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‘RELATIVE TO

BOTANY,

’

‘ TRANSLATED

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FROM
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Different Languages,

Loe Ted LM. K

S Otis "

ILLUSTRATED BY NINE COPPER PLATES,

AND LIBRARY

NEW YORE
- ¢ ; ROTANICAI!
OCCASIONAL REMARKS,

(GARDE!

London :

FRINTED AND SOLD BY PHILLIPS AND FARDON,
,
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‘| Se alten’ sod 9 ea

ie wn mae cab

CONTENTS,

Page
On the Organs of Perspiration in Plants, by 7. Hedwig . 1

On the Botanical Geography of the South-Western
Parts of Europe, by Professor Link . . . 27

On the Nature and Mode of Production of the Aloes
Pod, Wy. Fide Durie: i ache sina), 6 pk ae

‘On the Genera of Orchidezx, and their Systematic Ar-
rangement, by Professor O Swarz . . . . QI

_ Genera and Species of the Natural Odes of ae

by Professor O Swarz . 2. . « . » wOt
Botanical Observations, by Dr. M. Borkhausen . .« . 214

& Account of the Ule Tree, and of other Trees produ-
cing the Elastic Gum, by Don V. de Cervantes , . 230

Observations on the Genera Juglans, Fraxinus, and
, Quercus, in the neighbourhood of Lancaster
in North America, by the Rev, H. C. Muh-
lenberg—With the Remarks of cana C.
LL. Willdenow . . « «wit a ee |

Observations on the Plant called Erica Diaboecia,
shewing the necessity of referring it to a
different Genus and Order, by Prof. Fuffieu . 261

Botanical Observations, by Frederi Ehrhart . . « 269

st ee
Boh ey

trot mls ty thi wad a

rf

res ms say ny
ce pige scsi i

BARNHART LIBRARY

ied

~
°

g

x

PURCHASED 1926

ON THE ORGANS OF PERSPIRATION
OF PLANTS. .

BY J. HEDWIG.
{Tranflated from the German, |*

eR

N O one wlio has attended tothe phenomena of
vegetation, can doubt that plants perspire as well as
animals. It has been ascertained by many experi-
ments, that this function is performed chiefly by the

leaves, or other parts of the plant analogous to them;

Sand principally by their under surface. A number

of experiments made by Hates, Du Hamez, and
more especially Bonnet}, have demonstrated, that
both in animals and vegetables, the same pores by

which they perspire serve to absorb moisture from

* Sammlung von Abhandlungen tiber botanisch-dkonomische Gegens

stinde. Leipzig. 1793,
¢ Recherches sur l’usage des fewilles dans les plantes, et sur quelques

autres sujcts relatifs a l’histoire de la végétation, a Leyde. 1754,

A

2 HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

the atmosphere. From this, Bonnet adopted an
opinion-which -has-since preyailed,..that water .con-
stituted the chief nutriment of plants, and that
they received it by means of the leaves as well as.
the roots. ee

‘Without examining whether these great philoso-
phers have been sufficiently accurate in their expe-
riments, and the inferences drawn from them, I
shall only observe, that, though all who have
written upon this subject have never omitted
mentioning these ‘pores, yet from the’ description
they have given of them, Iam inclined to doubt of
their having actually seen them.

With a view to direct the attention of the phy-
siological botanist to the use which vegetable
ceconomy derives from these organs, I shall give a
more particular description of what has fallen.
under my immediate observation.

"I pretend no claim, however, to the uate of
being the first who saw them; for that is due to

Mr. Von GuieicuEeNn,* who, in searching for the

* It appears from this, as well as from some other passages occurring in
this paper, that ‘the candid author was a stranger to a pamphlet of
Saussure, “ Observations sur Pecorce des feuilles & des petales, a

eg at

\ PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS: $

imale parts of fructification of the common polypody,
and soon after of the wall-rue, discovered under the
cuticle of their leaves, (whether fruit-bearing oor
not) oval bodies, containing a sort of granulated
matter, and each having an aperture, with which
vessels communicated. ‘Thése bodies, however, he
mistook for the male organs of ferns, and afters
wards gave a long description of them, and of
their method of impregnating the females, to»
gether with a good figure, in his New botanical

Discoveries.*

Geneve 1762. 12°:” which; being very scarce, and containing much
observation unconnected with theory, deserves the more to be reprinted.
It was not Von Gui eicuen, but this ingenuous philosopher of Geneva,
who first pointed out thé remarkable structure of the membranes that
cover the leaves and petals of plants. What he calls.ecorce he found te
consist of two distinct membranes, the undermost of which was stiled by
hint Rescau cortical or lecorce proprement dite, to distinguish it from
the upper cuticle, adhering so closcly to it, that a separation can seldom
be effected either by boiling or niaceration. The latter, which he éalls
epidermis in the strict sense, and to which also Hzpwre alludes, is,
according to his observations, unorganized, perfectly transparent, and
analogous to the epidermis or scarf skin of the human body; while the
subjacent membrane, which perhaps may be compared to the organized
cutis in man, he found provided with those ducts arid oblong bodies
(his glandes corticales) which Gleichen and Hedwig discovered after him,
and which constitute the subject of the above dissertation. T.

* Das neueste aus dem Reiche der Pflanzen, &c. i..€. New discoveries
ip the vegetable kingdom, by W. Fr.Von Gleichen, 1764. fol. p. 244—30.T.

AZ

Fi HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS. OF

The appearance, contents, structure and situ-
ation of these bodies seeming completely to warrant
the opinion their discoverer entertained, I was in-
duced to adopt it myself, as soon as I observed
them. Before I had heard of the prize question pro-
posed by the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg,
respecting the sexual parts of cryptogamous plants
in general, my attention had already been directed
to this particular point upon the musci frondosi
& hepatice ; as to the remaining families of cryp-
togamia, I had only examined them curserily in
this regard: but having resolved to attend to them
generally, I investigated more minutely the ferns —
and their male organs of fructification, as described
by Mr. Von Gleichen.

A portion of the cuticle immersed in water
presented to me exactly what he had seen and
described; but I also observed the same in
such parts of the plant, as were only found at an
early period, and when the first rudiments of the
fruit beneath the covering membrane were yet
very minute. This made me suspect that the

parts which Mr. Von Gleichen took for the male

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. 5

organs, were not such; especially as they also
appeared upon the old leaves with ripe fruit, in
the same state of vigour as upon young ones, ata
time when a new crop of female organs was not to
be expected. Such a circumstance was in- direct
contradiction to a universal law of vegetable pro-
creation, according to which the male organs,
not only (as happens in animals) become flaccid
after having performed their office, but even drop
off before the fruit arrive at maturity. This last
circumstance has never yet attracted the notice
of physiologists; though, in my opinion, it affords
the only incontestible character by which the plant
is to be distinguished from the animal.* -

In pursuit of my experiments, I also separated
the cuticle from the leaves in other plants, and,
examining it in the same manner, I as regularly

found the fame parts which were discovered and

* The difficulty of establishins characteristic distinctions for the ani+
mal and vegetable kingdoms, arises, no doubt, from plants and animals
obeying equally the laws of vitality, though differently modified, and
therefore both possessing the most essential character in common with
each other. Of all discriminating definitions given of vegetable and
animal productions, that of Linn aus has become the most universal
and still prevails with most writers on natural history. According to hing

ێ . HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

considered as male organs by Von Gleichen; even
the very seed lobes, and many parts taken for
trunk or stalk, were not destitute of them.

But as the cuticle cannot be taken off from all
leaves with equal faciliry (in several of them it is
impossible) nor its component parts observed witly
equal facility in all states, I fhall previously say
something on the best method of treating and ob-
serving it.

Mr. Von Gleichen observes, ‘that he easily
raised the epidermis or cuticle of the common
polypody with a pin, but in the wall-rue he
was only able to perform this operation close to.
the covering of the seeds. The reason of this
was, that the old leaves of the former plant begin
in autumn (the season in which he ‘made his expe-
vegetables grow and live; animals grow, live and feel. But even if i€
were possible to conceive the existence of totally senseless life, the idea
would be too abstract for the foundation of distinctive characters, Ifso,
the above suggestion of Hedwig will merit at least the attention of the
naturalist According to him, animals would be such organized bodies
as retain their sexual parts after their function has been performed, and
repeat it with the same; vegetables would, onthe contrary, be organized
bodies, which, loosing their sexual organs after impregnation, muft bring

forth new ones for the reiteration of it. ‘The chief objections against this

definition, however, seem to be those animals which propagate once only
before they dic. T.

"PERSPIRATION QF. PLANTS. yi

riments) to separate from their lower menibrane ;
which in this plant, as also in the leaves of Buxus
sempervirens, is found entirely detached by the
spring—a circumstance at no.scason incident to the
wall-rue. bois

_ In cases in which it is difficult to perform. the
operation, the following method succeeded. best
with me: I introduced a very thin sharp-pointed
knife, its edge turned towards me, for several lines
beneath this tender membrane, and cutting it, I
took hold of the detached part with a pair of
small pliers, and drew it softly upwards.—IF it still
proved inseparable, even by this method, or too
great a portion of the parenchyma of the leaf
adhered to it, recourse was had to maceration.

| The-epidermis of some plants is so very fine and
‘tender, that, when detached, it collapses and ap-
pears a mucilaginous mass; in others, more elastic,
it rolls up immediately after separation. Frequently,
the membrane already detached, loosing its natural
means of expansion, becomes wrinkled, by which,
in addition to the moisture that usually remains,

the minuter objects contained in it appear but in-

§ HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

distinetly under the microscope, or not at all. To
avoid this, I put, with the handle of a small dis-
secting knife, two or three drops of clear water
upon the glass-slider, in which I] immersed the
portion of membrane. When treated thus, the
whole appears distinct, and in its natural states
ducts or vessels are perceived communicating with
rings, or squares; and in the middle of each of
the latter, an aperture, or dark line.

These ducts, which I shall call the yep :
vessels of the cuticle, are constantly met with in
the epidermis both of the upper and lower sur-,
faces; nor are those of the other pate of the
plants entirely without them.

Their direction, which is not the same im every
plant, is usually very different from that pursued
by the vessels of the net in the leaves. In some
plants they run directly upwards, and communicate
by means of transverse ducts; particularly in the
grasses and bulbous plants, (Pl. I. Fig. 5.) In
Indian Wheat (Zea Mays), the ascending ducts
are slightly serpentine, and the communicating

horizontal ones, straight. (Ib. Fig. 6.) The cuticle

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. 9

of many exotic succulent plants, as the different
species of aloe, &c. displays united pentagons or
hexagons. In the generality of plants the ducts
maintain no precise order in their direction, but are
curved in various ways, (Ib. Fig. 1, 2, 3.)

They will remain not only when the cuticle is
gently, detached, but will bear the friction of a
- hair-pencil, even when the leaf has undergone
putrefaction. In my collection of skeletons of
leaves, I preserve the membranes of both surfaces ;
which, in order to cleanse them, I haye handled
rather roughly without any injury to the vessels;
a strong proof of the firmness of their texture,
and their intimate connexion with the membrane
itself.

It frequently happens, in separating the cuticle
from the fresh leaf, that some portion of the paren-
chymatous matter still adheres to the sides of the
ducts or to their interstices. Such particles appear
under the microscope like small orbicular bodies
or grains. (Fig. 1. & 4.) .

The lymphatic vessels are not only found on the

leaves, and leaf-like appendages of the stem and

10 - HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

and branches, but also in the seed lobes; (Ph 3.
Fig. 1.2.) and in the outer and inner covering of
flowers, generally called corolla and calyx. ~
' T now come to the perspirative pores connected
with the ducts just described. Those which I had
an opportunity of seeing were all oblong; but
when ‘closed, their form was sometimes changed.
They all agree, however, in this circumstance, that
they occupy a variously shaped area, marked out
at least by a very faint line. This area is some-~
times round, as in the leaves of the pink, some-
times oval (Fig. 1.2. 3. 4.) or rhomboidal, as
jn the Indian corn, or square, as in the variegated
and other aloes, in Cactus curassavicus, &c..
Thefe, as also their oblong apertures, generally
take the longitudinal direction of the leaves, with
this exéeption, that where the lymphatic vessels do
not purfue direct routes (as mentioned above) de-
viations will take place with respect to them also,
Tn such eases, they will incline more or lefs to the
left or right, and sometimes even assume an hori-
zontal position. !

~The above-mentioned adhering portions of the

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS, it

parenchyma are often observed in these areas, in
greater of lefs quantities; but are never found in
this case to extend so far as to the circumference
of the area, from which they are separated by a
light coloured streak that resembles oné of the
communicating ducts, and the inner side of which
is more closely covered with them. In many cases ne
grains at all appear in the areas (PI. 1. Fig. 1. 2.
5.6.); nor dothey forma constituent part of these
organs, for they are not, as it appeared to Von
Gleichen, incorporated with, but only adhering to
the imner surface.
* The number of the lymphatic vessels, or per-
gpirative ducts, communicating with the areas, are
subject to variation; but there are generally four
(as appears from the figures) or only two, as in
the leaf of the pink, Those that are irregular in
their direction, vary also in this respect; so that
for instance in areas which should have four of
them, three, two, or one only, are found inserted.
This last case, however, is very rare.

The place of their insertion is generally at the
sides of the oval bodies; or, if there be but rwo

iz HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

(as in the pink) precisely in the middle of the op-
posite sides; but I have also observed communi-
cations of these vessels, with the upper and lower
extremities of the areas.

In some plants these areas are, comparatively
speaking, of a considerable size ; as for instance in
the common and male polypody, in the red lily,
(Lilium bulbiferum) &c. The leaves of these
plants, especially their under surfaces, when seen
through a magnifier of but moderate power, exhi-
bit them in the shape of elevated points, or in
the appearance of small glittering pearls. If the
separation of the cuticle be well performed, the
lateral shades upon it, which may be observed by
the help of a good microscope, will discover an
elevation of the central part of the areas, and the
margin of the oblong aperture will appear to have
a considerable microscopical latitude. From this
circumstance, I conclude that the two laminz of
the cuticle in the area do not lie close together, as
is the case in the interstices of the ramifications of
the ducts, but form a kind of receptacle for the

perspirable matter; for, that the tender covering of

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. 13

the leaves is composed of two distinct laminz, is
not only proved by the presence of its vessels, but
particularly by the above-mentioned circumstance,
viz. that I was not able to dislocate these vessels
by the continued friction of a hair pencil.

Having already mentioned the oblong shape of
the aperture contained in the middle of each recep-
tacle, I shall now give a fuller account of my ob-
servations upon these organs. Their closing and.
opening, ‘Mr. Von Gleichen has already noticed
in the ferns. On examining a small portion of
this membrane under water upon the glass-slider
of a compound microscope, it is found, that the
light reflected by the mirror, makes this opening
appear as splendidly illuminated as the water about
it.. Now as this is not found upon any other part
of the surface, it is a sufficient proof of the com-
pleteness of these apertures.

Each of them when shut, represents a dark
coloured line, broader or narrower; but when
open, the two extremities run out into acute.
angles, which make it appear like a fissure with
sides forming an arch.

4 HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

From the first three figures (PI. I.) it appeats
that the acute angles of the apertures do riot ex-
tend so far as to touch the margin of the area 5
which is the case in tnost plants I have exathined:
In the Indian corn (Fig. 6.) however, they come
very near to the tpper and lower corner of the
quadrangular receptacle. In the grasses, thesé

apertures are longer than in other plants, at least .
in proportion to the receptacles ; for they extend |
to the very limits of the areas; This is, perhaps,
the reason why they have two different ways of
opening and closing ; for they aré either contracted
in the middle, and remain open at both ends, (as
represented in the Indian corn, Fig. -6.), or their
ends are contracted, while the fissure remains oper
in the middle fot about one-fourth of its length ;
as I observed in the leaves of oats.

I have before observed, that lymphatic vessels
are found in both surfaces of the leaves, and such
parts as are analogous to them; but, with respect to
the described apertures and areas it is quite other«
wise. They indeed are often, though not univers

sally, found in annual and biennial plants on both

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS.. 15

surfaces of the leaves; but.the upper surface of
perennial plants is seldom furnished with them;
nor was I able to discover them on the inner sur-
- face »of the calyx of the red lily, but. the lower
and outer one, of these parts. was. constantly sup-
plied with them, ‘hey appear in great abundance
upon the whole exposed surface of all leafless suc-
culen: plants from warmer climates. 7

_. The number of these organs in a given space of
a leaf may easily be found out; for as the real
size of each of the represented particles was 7; of
a square line, and as that of the red lily (Fig. 3.)
contains thirteen and a half of these apertures, we
may calculate from this, that their number in a
square line will amount to. about 577. _ From this
calculation, an idea may be formed of the prodi-
gious number existing in the total of the leaves of
a plant; particularly when both surfaces are pro-
vided with them. | ) .
That there must alfo be a difference with re:
spect to their number and size, according to the
different vegetables and the different parts of

the same plant, requires no demonttration, but

.
re

6 HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

may be seen in the figutes; for it is evident that
the areas in the seed lobes of Perilla ocymoides,
(Pl. I. Fig. 1.) are more numerous and larger
than those in the stock gilly-flower; Cheitanthus _
incanus (Fig: 2:), arid thé calyx of the red lily
(Fig. 4.) contains fewer of them than the leaves
of its stalk. (Fig. 3.)

‘Though the’ observatiofis here given on the
ducts and apertures in the cuticle of different
parts of plants are but few, yet they séem clearly té
prove that these organs are calculated for the put-
pose of vegetable perspiration. ‘The circumstaricé
that the apertures alluded to are always found
abundantly on the lower surface of the leaves,
and indeed in many plafits exclusively so, seems
to throw some light on several phoenomena ;
as for instance, why the leaves with their uppet
surface turned downward, always regain theit
former direction ; why those leaves which Bonnet
covered with oil; soon turned black,—and why a
shower of rain, or an imitation of it, is so very
beneficial to plants. With respect to the last men«

tioned circumstance, it seems probable to me, that

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS ae

by the numerous subtle particles floating in the
air, or perhaps also by a sediment of the matter
of perspiration, obstructions may take place in
these organs; and indeed, even within a small
microscopical compass, several apertures are ob-
served to be entirely filled up with a dark coloured:
matter. There can be. no doubt, but that free
perspiration is, in most vegetables, as necessary to
their health, as to that of the animal creation,
That moisture may likewise be conveyed through
the described passages into the different parts of
vegetables, can scarcely be denied; but whether
this moisture contributes to the nourishment of
plants, or not, remains a subject for future exami-
nation. Indeed our knowledge in the physiologi-
cal part of botany being still so very limited,
and. the erroneous notions carried along with it,
s@ numerous, it is to be wished that those
botanists who have it in their power to examine
the productions of the vegetable kingdom, bur
whose minds are engrossed by terminology and
rage for system, would divert some part of their

attention to the physical department of their

18 HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

science. By so doing, the vague, and sometimes
erroneous ideas of many botanists, respecting the
different parts of plants and their functions, would
be cleared up; they would then better understand
the value of the characters; bestow proper, and
consequently lasting, denominations upon vegetable
organs; and many doubts in theoretical botany

might be removed.

!

“ADDITION OF THE TRANSLATOR,

SINCE the publication of Hedwig’s dissertation,
some other observations have been made on this
subject, which it may not be improper to mention
here. Mr. Francis Bauer of Kew, who,
besides his distinguished excellence in botanical
painting, is well skilled in micrgscopic investiga-
tion, has made accurate. drawings (not yet pub-

lished) taken from both the surfaces of the
| separated cuticle of various leaves, when strongly
magnified. He has depicted the above described
oval bodies, and their, as he thinks, supposed

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. ig
ducts, as they appeared to him in several species
of Dianthus, Begonia nitida, Crassula umbellata,
Orchis mascula, and Massonia scabra; which
exhibit great variety in their construction. But
what merits particular attention are his figures of
pieces of cuticle of Doryanthes hastata Corréa*
and of a fpecies of Hzemanthus, which being of a
thicker texture, exhibit a cellular subsiance of two
or three storiés, not unlike a part of a honeycomb.
Each of the above described orbicular receptacles
communicates with another benéath it, but no
further communication with other receptacles is to
be seen. What appear to be vessels or ducts, as
described by Saussure and Hedwig, are, in Mr.
Bauer’s opinion, nothing more than the edges or
remaining parts of the dissepiments of the cells in
the cuticle. He therefore denies the existence of
vessels going to the orbicular receptacles, unless
they are supposed to be within the substance of
the upper edge of the dissepiments.
How far these observations are correct, and if
*A new liliaceotis plant, above 15 feet high, from New Holland,

described in the Transact. Linn. Soc. Vol. 6, p. aIf.
B2

20° HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

correct, whether the same construction be found

in all plants, or only in some of the succulent, the

future researches of Mr. Bauer, or other natu--
ralists, cultivating this interesting part of phytology,
will determine. |

M. Decanpotie, well known by his work

upon succulent plants, has also written an instruc-

tive paper upon those orbicular bodies, which he

calls les pores de !’ecorce des feuilles*. According

to him, they are never met with upon the nerves,

where the meshes of the net are narrower and
more elongated than in other placest. The hairs,

on the contrary, are always placed upon the nerves

or their ramifications. He is of opinion that the

fibres of which the leaf-stalk consists, spread-
ing within the surface of the leaf, have their last

ramifications connected with the described pores.

As a proof of this he refers to the leaves of

* Extrait d'un memoire sur les pores de |’Ecorce des Feuilles par le
Citoyen Decandolle, lu 4 la classe physique & mathematique de ]’Institut
national. Journ. de Physique Vol. 52. p. 130.

4In a drawing which Mr. Bauer has made of the cuticle of the leaves
of Massonia hespida, the thornlike excrescencics appear to be without
those orbicular bodies, but furnished with the same net nearly up to
their tops, the meshes becoming gradually narrower. .

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. 2r

Crassula punctata, lactea, Cotyledon, &c. which
have their. surfaces covered with round points
visible to the naked eye. Upon raising the
cuticle, he observed each of these points to be
formed by a pencil of fibres terminating here, after
having traversed the parenchyma of the leaf. In
plants with leaves very fibrous, such as Camellia
japonica, and Celastrus buxifolius, &c. he found
about sixty pores in the space of two square milli-
metres (about a square line) while there appeared
only from five to eight within the same extent.on
the cuticle of several succulent plants, that have
leaves much less fibrous.

In general, no such pores are to be found upon
the stalks, except in such as are of a soft texture,
approaching to that of most leaves; and upon
several of those which have no leaves, as_ the
species of Ephedra, Stapelia, &c. There are none
to be seen upon the leaves of Cuscuta europeea,
which singular plant, when immersed in water, ac-
cording to the observations of M. Decandolle,
affords no gas whether exposed to light or

darkness.

22 HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

The roots have no pores, nor have the
scales of the bulbs of liliaceous plants. _The sti-
pules and bractes, the membranous excepted, and:
such as drop off very quickly, are furnished with
them as well as the leaves. They have not been
discovered on fleshy fruits, such as pears, peaches,
gooseberries, though found on several pericarps
not succulent (as in those of Coluteas, &c.) and
upon the fruits of most of the monocotyledonous
plants. There are none upon the membrane
covering the seeds, but upon all seminal leaves,
except the fleshy seed-lobes of beans, peas, and .
the like. |

M. Decandolle further observes, that , those
plants which are really acotyledonous, such as
Fungi, Lichens,. Hepatice and. Fuci, are totally.
destitute of cortical pores. Indeed, according to
him, these vegetables are without any ecorce, and
perhaps even without the fine epidermis: which
he thinks may account for a number of the Fungi
decaying so very fast. Hence it is also that. the
Hepatice fill themselves with water as soon as

immersed, and that coloured liquors are so easily

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. 28

introduced into the substance of Lichens through
their surfaces.

M. Decandolle adopts it as a principle that
such pores are never found but on those parts
of vegetables, exposed to the influence of air and
light. He has not been able to find them on
those parts of the stalk of grasses which are
covered by the sheaths of the leaves, nor on the
inner surface of these sheaths. ‘The same is the
case with the inner surface of the calycular scales
of the Composite.

No part of such plants as live constantly in the
water are furnished with these pores; neither are
they observed on the immersed leaves, nor the
~ lower part of the stalk in Callitriche, Sparganium,
Polygonum amphibium ; while on the other hand
all the upper parts above the water are covered
with them. ‘The under surfaces of the leaves in
Nymphea, in Menyanthes nymphoides, and_ in
Hydrocharis, which float upon the water, have
none, while the upper surface is furnished with
them. But plants entirely destitute of pores, while

living in the water, regain them when growing out

24 HEDWIG ON THE ORGANS OF

of it, and vice versa. These observations M,
Decandolle has made with Ranunculus aquaticus,
and other water plants. Mentha viridis, culti-
vated in a garden, has about 1800 pores on the
under surface of one fingle leaf; but a stalk of
this plant, immersed in water, and left there for
some time, will produce new shoots and leaves
without pores. The blanched plants (plantes
etiolées) are also without them. M. Decandolle
has counted about 250 pores upon each surface of
the seminal leaves of Sinapis alba and Lepidium
sativum, cultivated in the open air; while those of
several plants of the same species, raised in the
dark, did not show a single pore. In a cellar
lighted by six lamps he raised some plants from
the seeds of the two species last mentioned, but
could not discover more than 150 upon each sur-
face of the seminal leaves.

Some naturalists have been of opinion that these
organs or pores served to elaborate the glaucous
dust which covers the leaves of certain plants ;
but no such pores are observed on the fleshy

fruits, as plums, which, however, are furnished

PERSPIRATION OF PLANTS. 25

with this dust; and several succulent plants have
a great abundance of it, though the number of
their pores is inconsiderable.

M. Decandolle believes them to be organs of
insensible perspiration, which is common to all
vegetables ; aquatic.and submersed plants perhaps
excepted, in which pores in fact are not found.
The succulent plants, which have very few, per-
spire but little.—He conceives it also probable
that the pores in certain cases serve to absorb
moisture.

: —ialpr
‘EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1

Fig. ** Scale of the relative magnitude, each part being en-
larged 62 times in its linear dimensions.

Fig. 1. The 4, part of a line of the cuticle on the lower

"surface of a seed-lobe of Perilla ocymoides.

Fig. 2. The same of the seed-lobes of the stock gillyflower
(Cheiranthus incanus. )

Tig. 3- The same of a leaf of the red lily (Lilium bulbiferum. )

Fig. 4. Of the corolla or calyx of the same plant.

Fig. 5. The same of the common onion (Allium Cepa.)

Vig. 6. Of a leaf of Indian Corn (Zea Mays.)

SOME MATERIALS FOR THE ILLUSTRATION

OF THE

BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY
OF THE

SOUTH-WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE,

BY PROFESSOR LINK.
———
[Translated from the German]*
ae
Ir it is important to the mineralogist to know
what fossils he is to expect in any particular place,
it may be fupposed of equal importance to the

naturalist, who wishes to form a judgment of the
climate of a particular country, and of its present
or possible: productions, to become: acquainted
with the plants of it, whether they be indi-
genous or exotic. Botanical geography forms
a distinguished but hitherto neglected branch of

geology. What I have to offer are mere fragments

* From H. F. Linx’s Beitrige zur Naturgeschichte. Vol. 2. 180r.
p- 189.

28 oN THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

and materials to assist in the future completion

of the subject.

‘I shall review in this point the North of Germany,
France, Spain, Portugal, and the South of England ;
and shall begin by enumerating such plants as are
found in the greatest part of Europe, from the
sath to the 38th degree of Northern latitude,
They are the following ;

Aphanes arvensis, —

Chara vulgaris, and some,other species of this
genus, Zanichellia palustris, and all species of
Callitriche. cal ign

Veronica agrestis and arvensis.

Gratiola officinalis and Utricularia vulgaris,

Lycopus europeeus, Verbena officinalis.

Orchis latifolia, Morio.

Several species of Lemna.

Salix triandra, alba,’ decipiens and vitellina are,
indeed, found occasionally throughout the Welt
of Europe, but become scarcer and scarcer
towards the South.

¥raxinus excelsior.

SOWTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 29

Tris Pseud-Acorus, Sparganium erectum, Typha
latifolia and angustifolia .

Plantago coronopifolia,

Galium palustre, uliginosum.

Sherardia arvensis.

‘Several species of Potamogeton.

Urtica urens, but not U. diocia Linn

Parietaria officinalis. Echium vulgare

Myrica Gale. Betula Alnus,

Lithospermum arvense. ,

Myosotis palustris & arvensis.

Convolvulus arvensis, sepium.

Datura Stramonium, ‘ Hyoscyamus niger,

Solanum nigrum, Dulcamara.

Lonicera periclymenum.

Hedera Helix. ©

Ilecebrum verticillatum.

Gentiana Centaureum, but with many varieties.

Chenopodium viride, album, murale, maritimum.

Herniaria glabra, but more frequently H. hirsuta.

Eryngium maritimum, Hydrocotyle vulgaris.

Heracleum Spondylium,

Tordylium Anthriscus.

30 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Conium maculatum.

Alsine media.

“Linum Radiola.

Statice Armeria.

Atriplex hastata.

Juncus conglomeratus, effusus ; ‘but less frequently
in the South; Juncus aquaticus & sylvaticus.
RotuH. |

Peplis Portula.

Rumex Acetosa and R. Acetosella.

Alisma Plantago.

Erica vulgaris. Polygonum aviculare. |

Butomus umbellatus.

Dianthus prolifer.

Arenaria serpyllifolia, marina.

Sedum album.

Spergula arvensis and pentandra.

Agrostemma Githago.

Oxalis corniculata.

Agrimonia Eupatoria. Reseda lutea.

Euphorbia Peplus, helioscopia, exigua.

Prunus spinosa.

Crateegus Oxyacantha, monogyna.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 31

Spirzea Filipendula.

Rosa canina. Rubus fruticosus.

Tormentilla erecta.

Papaver hybridum. Chelidonium majus, but less
frequently in the South of Europe.

Nymphezea alba & lutea.

Delphinium Consolida.
Ranunculus Ficaria. There is, however, 4 much
larger variety of this in the Southern countries.
Ranunculus repens, Flammula, arvensis, liete-
rophyllus, aquatilis and fluviatilis.

_ Zostera marina.

Myriophyllum spicatum.

Poterium Sanguisorba.

Lamium purpureum, amplexicaule.

Digitalis purpurea. It is not found in the Northern-
most parts of Germany.

Clinopodium vulgare. Only found in the South
of Europe, in cool places.

Cochlearia Coronopus.

Thlaspi Bursa pastoris.

Arabis thaliana.

Bunias Cakile.

32 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Geranium Robertianum, molle, rotundifolium,
cicutarium. |

Polygala vulgaris.

Ulex minor. But less frequently in the North.

-Ononis spinosa. ;

Lathyrus palustris. Vicia sativa.

Trifolium arvense, procumbens, pratense. The
latter is much less frequently seen in the South
of Europe.

Cichoreum Intybus..

Sonchus oleraceus levis.

Eupatorium cannabinum.

Bidens tripartita, cernua.

Chrysanthemum segetum.

Arnica montana.

Erigeron canadense.

Senecio vulgaris.

Anthemis arvensis, Cotula.

Aster Tripolium. Jasione montana.

Viola canina, arvensis.

Anthoxanthum odoratum.

Cyperus flavescens, fuscus.

Scirpus palustris, lacustris, setaceus, maritimus.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 23

Carex paniculata.

Phalaris arundinacea. Is becoming rarer in the
southern countries.

Panicum glaucum, sanguinale; are likewise be-
coming more rare in the southern countries ; as
also Phleum pratense. |

Aira canescens, caryophyllea.

Poa pratensis RotH, (trivialis WILLD.) annua.

Briza media.

Feftuca ovina, fluitans, procumbens.

Bromus mollis, secalinus, pinnatus.

Arundo arenaria, Phragmites.

Lolium temulentum. Hordeum murinum, secalinum.

Triticum repens (but much lefs frequent in
southernmoft Europe) T. junceum.

Osmunda regalis.

Polypodium vulgare. Pteris aquilina.

Polytrichum juniperinum, piliferum.

Leersia pulvinata.

Dicranum perpureum, varium.

Tortula subulata, ruralis.

Barbula muralis, rigida.

Didymodon rigidulum,
c

34 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Bryum argenteum.

Fissidens bryoides.

Leskea complanata, sericea.

Hypnum purum, cupressiforme, prelongum.

Fontinalis antipyretica. |

Jungermannia tamariscifolia, eo Maneen

Verrucaria confluens, Glaucoma, geographica,
arenaria, immersa, scruposa, punctata, tes-
sellata, pertusa, Perella, Ruscorum (Psora
Horr.) purpurascens, farinosa, petraea. The
following are much less frequently met with in
the most southern than in the most northern parts
of Europe; V. pallida, rubra, atra, subfusca.

Lobaria lentigera, aculeata, citrina (this is more
frequently found in the South of Europe),
olivacea, centrifuga, parietina, ciliata, prunastri.

Peltigera canina. ‘Umbilicaria pustulata.

Collema crispum.

Cladonia rangiferina, pyxidata, foliacea.

Usnea hirta, florida.

Lepraria antiquitatis, flava, rubens, botryoides.

Opegrapha atra. | :

Geastrum stellarum.,

_ SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 35

_ Tremella Nostoc, mesenteriformis.

Agaricus campestris (but less frequently in the
South of Europe) arvensis, Bulliardi, procerus,
porcellaneus.

Boletus igniarius, edulis, versicolor.

Helvella Mitra.

Peziza cochleatay_ hirta.

_ Phallus impudicus.

Spheeria clavata, deusta, virescens, uda, corylea,

acuta.

Stemonitis typhina, fusca.

Ulva intestinalis.

_Conferva bullosa, amphibia, capillaris, glomerata,

a

_ corallina, and most of the Fuci.

From the above, the following conclusions may

be drawn :

_1, Plants which grow in swamps and standing

waters are the most general. The reason why
‘they are less common in the south-west part of

/ Europe.in particular, is merely because swampy

places are there less frequent.. In the swamps in

, Portugal or the South of Spain, very few plants are

found peculiar to the most southern parts of Europe.
c 2

36 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

2. Next to these in point of generality, are
those plants peculiar to the sands of the sea shore ;
for moft of those that grow in the North are also
found in the South. But then many are found on
the southern shores that are not to be met with on
‘the northern. ,

3. Mosses (Musci frondosi & hepatici) are far
from being frequent in the South of Europe, and
but few of them it has in common with the North.
Lichens are, however, very general; fungi the
least so. ,

4. There are many plants that grow in all parts
in great abundance, as Veronica agrestis & ar-
vensis, Urtica urens, Solanum nigrum, -Cheno-
podium viride, album, Alsine media, Erica vulgaris,
Thlaspi Bursa, Geranium molle, Trifolium pro-
' cumbens, Senccio vulgaris. But it may be laid
\ downas a rule, that the above enumerated species
“are more frequent’ in the northern than in the
southern countries ; except the following, which
are perhaps’ more abundant “in. the South:

“-Plantago coronopifolia, Linum Radiola, Rumex

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 37

Acetosella, Oxalis corniculata, Rubus fruticosus,
Scirpus setaceus, Aira canescens.

_g. Although some plants peculiar to corn-fields,
as Chrysanthemum segetum, Agrostemma Githago,
Bromus secalinus, Lolium temulentum, are aiso
indigenous in the South of Europe, yet this is not
the case with all. Centaurea Cyanus is often
found in the gardens of the most southern parts of
Europe, but not in the corn-fields.

That swamps and stagnant waters produce the
same kind of plants under different latitudes, is, I
think, the natural consequence of the small differ-
ence in the temperatures in which they exist. In
the northern climates, a covering of ice is their
protector during the winter; in hotter regions
they are cooled by the exhalations increased during
summer. Hence also it proceeds that the above
remark applies only to f{wamps and stagnant waters,
but does not extend to peat-bogs. ‘These last,
being filled up with moss, and freezing to a consi-
derable depth, do not permit the roots of the plants
to penetrate, so deep, which are therefore more

exposed to the action of the frost.

38 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

That plants peculiar to the sea-coast, and grow-.
ing in the sand, are also to be found in the South,
seems to arise from their being habituated during the.
summer even of the northern countries to ‘sustain a
considerable degree of heat, as well as from the
air during winter being rendered considerably
milder by the sea-water which remains unfrozen.
The Floras of northern shores are often graced
with flowers, which belong only to warmer climes.
But we must except from the rule above laid
down, the succulent plants of the dry part of the
sea-shore. Sea-weeds, as fuci, are also very ge-
neral; but here we should distinguish between
those that grow actually on the rocks and stones
of the place, and such as are merely thrown on
the shore by the tide, and are the produce of
many different waters. ,

Mosses are scarce in the South of Europe, be-
cause moist, shady, cool spots are very seldom to
be found in those parts. Lichens on the contrary
require drought and naked rocks, which they
here find no want of. The fungi of northern
and southern climes differ in some degree from

each other, as in the one they are the produce of

’

50UTH WESTERN PARTS QF EUROPE. 39

moist forests, in the other of dry hills, and warm
damp winters. All that are peculiar to dead putrid
wood, must of course be scarce in the South of
Europe. |

As the greater number of those plants which
are the most universal appear to be aborigines of
the North, hence towards the South they are less
frequent: znd, indeed, plants of northern climates
adapt themselves with greater facility to the south-
ern regions than vice versa. Hence it is, that

. plants, found in the greatest abundance in the
most southern parts of Europe, take their rise but
‘Tittle farther towards the North. Nothing is more
common in the South of Spain and Portugal than
some species of Cistus, of which the North of
Spain contains but very few.

This last observation proves, that the power of
naturalization in plants has its fixed boundaries.
Many plants growing with us in corn-fields are not
become spontaneous in the South of Europe;
Centaurea Cyanus of our corn-fields, for instance,
is not to be met with in those parts.

Several species of plants are not, indeed, so

universal as the above enumerated, but we find

40 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

two very nearly related species, the one in northern,
the other in southern climates. These are often
so closely a-kin, that they might be considered
as originating from one species, but that they are
never found to degenerate the one into the other.
An accurate observation of such plants might lead
to the discovery of the original effect of climate
upon vegetables. I must, however, previously
observe, that the limits of extension between these
species are never distinctly drawn ; but on the
contrary, that there are countries which produce.
both. This again affords a ground for considering
both as originally distinct. In the following cata-
logue I shall also introduce those that are varieties.

Salicornia herbacea and fiuticosa are both found
in the South of Europe; in the parts farthest
South, the latter only.

Agrostis stolonifera does not grow in the most
southern parts of Europe, but A. alba does. In
the middle region both species are found together.
Agrostis -hispida does not. appear in the most
southern parts of Europe, but in its stead a new

species, or else A, capillaris,

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 41

Avena elatior is merely A. bulbosa in the most
southern parts of Eurepe.

Bromus pinnatus, together with B. ramosus, in
the South of Europe.

Bromus sterilis—in Portugal and Spain B.
madritensis.

Dactylis glomerata—In the most southern parts
of Europe, only the var. D. hispanica.

Poa bulbosa—not viviparous in the South of
Europe.

Lolium perenne becomes annua! in the South
of Europe.

Juniperus communis in the North of Europe ;
I. montana WILLD. on the mountains, I. Oxycedrus
upon plains of the South of Europe.

Teucrium Scordium in the northern, T. scor-
dioides Scures. in the most southern parts ox
Europe.

Stachys germanica appears somewhat changed
in Portugal. This also is the case with Ballota
nigra.

“Marrubium vulgare looses its scent in the South

'

of Europe.

42. ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Instead of Mentha aquatica, M. hirsuta. be-
comes more frequent in the South of Europe.

A shaggy variety of Mentha Pulegium, becomes
more frequent in Portugal. }
The white variety of Origanum vulgare is only
to be found in the southermost regions of Europe.

Scutellaria galericulata disappears in the South
of Europe; in its stead S. minor. ;

Euphrasia officinalis not in the most southern
parts of Europe, but in its stead the somewhat
different E. latifolia.

A very large variety of Pedicularis sylvatica is
only met with in the most southern parts of Europe.

Instead of Antirrhinum Elatine of middle
Europe, A. spurium is more in dis in the
most southern parts. :

‘Instead of” Antirrhinum Orontium, A. calyci-
num Encyclop. is more prevalent in the South of
Europe.

Plantago lanceolata is scarce in the South of
Europe, but in its place the kindred species, P.
altissima, Serraria, argentea.

A particular variety of Scabiosa columbaria in
‘the South of Europe only.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 43

With Parietaria officinalis a kindred annual
/ species is found in Portugal.

Urtica dioica is not found in-the most southern
parts of Europe, but only U. caudata Van,
Both these species are, however, sometimes found
together on their respective boundaries.

Cuscuta europa; in the South of Europe C+
Epithymum is more frequent. :

Anchusa officinalis in the North of Europe, A,
italica in the South,

Echium vulgare is scarce in the South of Europe,
instead of it other nearly related species, as E.
lusitanicum and angustifolium LAMARK, are more
plentiful.

Cynoglosstm officinale is not found in the South
of Europe; but C. pictum in its place.
~ Cynoglossum Omphalodes in the middle of
Europe ; a nearly allied species, called Omphalodes
lusitanicum by TournerorT, and transferred to
Cynogl. lusitanicum by Linnzeus, is found in
Portugal. - ;

Primula yeris and P. elatior are not to be
found in the most southern regions of Europe ; but

P. acaulis.

44. ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Verbascum thapsoides in the South of Europe ;
not V. Thapsus. .

Vinca minor in the North of Europe, V. major
in the South.

’ Bupleurum rotundifolium in the North of
Europe; a nearly related new species with longer
leaves, in the South.

Atriplex portulacoides is a shrub j in the South of
Europe.

Statice Armeria has many kindred species in the
South of Europe; so has S. Limonium. 3
_ Triglochin palustre; var. bulbosa in the South
of Europe.

Colchicum autumnale ; in the most southern
parts of Europe a variety with spotted flowers,
like C. variegatum. / :

Fumaria officinalis; in the South of Europe F.
capreolata only. my 7

Instead of Polygonum Hydropiper, we find P.
angustifolium more frequently in the South of
Europe. |

Spartium Scoparium ; in stead of this many very

nearly related species in the South of Europe.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 45

Ulex major Rot more in the North, U. minor
more in the South of Europe.

Trifolium angustifolium is more frequent in the
South of Europe than T. arvense.

Lotus corniculatus varies very much in the
South of Europe, where it has also many nearly
related species.

Anthyllis Vulneraria flore rubro is more frequent
in the South of Europe, than A. Vuln. fl. luteo. ~

Lathyrus . sylvestris only in the North, L.
latifolius in the South of Europe. :

Pinus sylvestris only in the North, P. maritima
GERARD in its stead in the South of Europe.
~ Mercurialis annua, not in the South of Europe,
but in its place a nearly allied species, M.
polygama.

Reseda Luteola has undulated leaves in the
South of Europe. I
- Thalictrum flavum ; a‘larger variety is only met
with in the southern parts of Europe. __ |

Ranunculus Ficaria. In.the South of Europe

this plant is much larger in all its parts.

46 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPAY OFTHE

Arum maculatum in the Nowth, A. italicum in
the South of Europe. |

Just as for Cytioglossuni. Omphalodes, sista.
lodes lusitanicum Tourn. is found in Portugal, so
is Doronicum plantagineum Tourn. seen there
instead of D. Pardalianches. Both the above Por-
tuguese species stand in the same relation to the
two of Switzerland; with respect to the form of
their leaves, &c.

Bellis sylvestris Cyriix. with B. annua in the
most southern parts of Europe, sire the > place
of B. perennis. "ae

For Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum a new nearly

related species is mét with in Portugal.

"From the above we may establish the following
propositions :

1. Many plants are Tarab in-all their parts in
southern than in northern regions. ‘This pheno-

menon was. naturally to be expected from a more

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 47

favorable climate. However some grasses and
mosses are exceptions to this rule.

2. Many species, which are smooth in the North
of Europe, prove hairy inthe South, as Teucrium
‘Scordium, Lotus corniculatus, &c. A similar phe-
nomenon is observed in alpine plants, and in the
vegetables of the highest northern latitudes. In-
tense cold and intese heat in this instance produce
similar effects.

3. Many plants, perennial in northern, are
annual in southern regions. The heat and drought
of the latter cause the roots to die away. Talfo
find that many annual plants from the South of
Spain and Portugal easily become perennial when
kept in green-houses; but on the contrary, I know
of no instance in which a plant, indigenous both to
northern and southern regions, is annual in the
former and perennial in the latter. Ricinus is often
adduced as a case in point, but this is not a native
‘of ‘the North, and its extraordinary rapid growth
‘seems to be the cause of its exception from the
general rule. Salicornia herbacea is no exception,

as it is found together with S. fruticosa.

48 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

I leave to others the deduction of further con-
clusions from similar analogies, and am contented
-with having offered the first materials. I now
come to those plants which, in the North and
middle of Europe, grow in plains, but which
_are found upon mountains or in cool places in the
OUR. i's ,

Veronica officinalis, serpyllifolia, Beccabunga,
haederifolia are only found in the mountainous
cooler regions of Portugal and Spain; V. Becca-
-bunga descends the lowest of them.

Nardus stricta; only met with on the highest
northern mountain tops of Portugal. The same
is the case with Scirpus caespitosus.

Carex ovalis (leporina Autor.) flava, distans,
patula, panicea only appear on very high mountains
in Spain and Portugal.

Agrostis vinealis is attached to the cooler regions
_of the South of Europe. a

Aira flexuosa upon the highest northermost
mountains in Portugal; A. cespitosa on elevated

spots.

a

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 49

Holcus lanatus & mollis prefer the cooler res
gions of the most southern parts of Europe.

Ajuga reptaris, genevensis are only found in the
cooler parts of the most southern Europe, as aiso Be-
tonica officinalis, Lamium maculatum, Clinopodium
vulgare, Melittis Melissophyllum, Prunella vul-
garis.

Melampyrum pratense in Portugal and Spaiii,
only upon high mountains.

Plantago major prefers cool places in the most
southern parts of Europe; so do Dipsacus syl-
vestris, Galium Aparine, G, Mollugo, Valantia
cruciata, |

Betula alba is a rate tree in Spain, Portugal,
the South, and even the middle of France. , It is
only fotind there upon high mountains, on the
Estrella, the Getez, &c.

Hex Aquifolium very common in the middle of
France, in Portugal and Spain, only found in the
cooler parts.

Primula acaulis common in England and the
middle of France, is only met with in the cooler

parts of Portugal.
D

s

a
“

§O ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPY OF THE

Lysimachia nemoram upon high mountains in
the South of Europe. )

Campanula Rapunculus in the North of Porte-
gal and Spain.

Rhamnus Frangula o on the side of babies and
rivers of the North of Portugal. .

Viola canina agrees’ only with cooler places
in the most southern parts of Europe; V. odorata
inhabits mountains only.

Thesium pratense upon the high- mountains in
Portugal. :

Sanicula europeea on elevated shady places in
Portugal and Spain. |

Linum catharticum in the South of Europe
upon high and cool mountains.

Corylus Avellana, Ulmus campestris, Humulus
Lupulus, in cooler parts of the South of Europe.

Sambucus nigra is, indeed, cultivated through-
out the South of Europe, yet in its wild state is
only found there on high and rude mountains.

Anthericum ossifragum is. very abundant pin

the high mountains ae Portugal.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 51

Lilium Martagon only upon high craggy
mountains in the South of Europe.

Juncus nemorosus Ponticn, only’ upon high
mountains in Portugal ; J. vernalis Euru. descends
lower, but still belongs to mountains. J. campestris
spreads yet lower down; J. squarrosus on the
highest mountains in Portugal.

Convallaria Polygonatum by the sides of cool
brooks in the South of Europe; C. majalis is
not found there at all.

Epilobium grandiflorum, parviflorum, tetrago-
num are found near the brooks of Northern
Portugal; E. montanum, angustifolium are not
inhabitants of the most southern parts of Europe.

Vaccinium Myrtillus. This is the only species of
Vaccinium, which extends pretty far towards the
South; in Portugal, however, it is only met with
upon high and craggy northern mountains.

Acer Pseude-Platanus in the North of Spain and
Portugal, but not A. platanoides.

Quercus longipedunculata and brevipedunculata,
Both trees become rare in Spain, and are only
found on the tops and sides of high mountains.

D2

§2 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

The former is still scarcer than the latter, and in
the most southern regions of Europe disappears
entirely. :

Scleranthus arinuus and Saponaria officinalis on
high spots in the South of Europe. ,

Arenaria trinervia upon pretty high mountains in
the South of Europe.

Stellaria Holostea is fondest of cool places in
the South of Europe; S. graminea is only fouhd
there on mountains. |

Lychnis Flos cuculi in cool places in soutltern
Europe. |

Taxus baccata is only found, in the South of
Europe, on very high and craggy mountains. ;

Chelidonium majus is less frequent in the South
than in the North of Europe, and chooses cool
places only. » | |

Hypericum quadrangulare in the cooler spots
of southern Europe.

Fagus castanea. The chesnut tree is peculiar to
the middle of France and the North of Italy. In
Spain and Portugal it is only found on high

mountains and in cool places. Fagus sylvatica be-

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 53

comes less frequent even in France; in Spain and
Portugal it is scarcely to be found at all.

Pyrus communis appears rather to belong to
the South than the North of Europe.

Crategus Aria & Sorbus aucuparia are only
seen upon the highest and very craggy northern
mountains of Portugal.

Aquilegia vulgaris in cool places in the South of
Europe.

Rubus cesius only upon high and cool moun-
tains in the South of Europe; but R. fructicosus
every where.

Fragaria vulgaris in cool shady spots of the
South of Europe.

Helleborus foetidus plentifully in middle Eu-
rope; inthe South, upon high mountains,

Sonchus oleraceus laevis every where in the most
southern parts of Europe; S. asper in cool places
only,

Hieracium Pilosella as well as H. sylvaticum only
upon very high mountains in the South of Europe.

Tanacetum vulgare only upon high mountains

54 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

-in the South of Europe; as also Matricaria Par-
thenium, Chrysanthemum corymbosum.

Solidago virga aurea upon high hills in the South
of Europe, as also Asclepias Vincetoxicum.

Artemisia Absinthium and A. vulgaris in the
North of Portugal and Spain.

Achillzea Millefolium on high mountains in the
South of Europe; as likewise Asclepias Vince-
toxicum. 3 |

Polypodium Filix mas, P. Filix foemina, P.
fragile are found only in the South of Europe in
high mountainous regions; but P. vulgare is com-
mon every where; P, aculeatum descends the far-
thest into the plain, the most so towards the South.

Osmunda Spicanthus Linn. is more frequent in
the woody and mountainous countries of South
Europe than in the North. |

The mosses which are only found in high
mountains in the southern parts of Europe are,
Buxbaumia foliosa; Sphagna; Polytrichum com-
mune (P. juniperinum and P, piliferum being much
more common), P. nanum ; Orthotrichum affine,
striatum, crispum 5 Hedwigia ciliata; Dicranum

scoparium, glaucum ; Trichostomum lanuginosum,

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 55

canescens; Mnium cuspidatum, undulatum, fon-
tanum; Fissidens taxifolia, polycarpos; Neckera
crispa, curtipendula; Leskea complanata, lucens ;
Hypnum nitens, proliferum, -squarrosum; Bar-
tramia pomiformis.

Most Jungermanniz (with the exception of J.
tamariscifolia and complaniata) grow, in the South
of Europe, upon high mountains only; as does
also Anthoceros,

Lichens, which likewise, in the South of Europe,
are only found on high mountains, are, Ver-
rucaria tatarea, grumosa; Psora decipiens; Lo-
baria farfaracea, saxatilis, fahlunensis, rigida,

saxicola, verrucosa, ciliaris, czesia, muralis, phy-
sodes; Peltigera papyracea, sylvatica; Stereo-
caulon paschale, fragile, lanatum.

This catalogue will be considerably enlarged,
when all the mountains of the southern parts of
Europe have been more closely examined.

T now come to the consideration of the particular
Floras, and shall begin with the countries that are

the farthest to the West of Europe.

§6 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Portugal has three Floras, that of the South,..
that of the middle country, and that of the North.
_ The countries near the Tagus, and upon the
South side of this river belong to the first, with
the exception, as usual, of some high mountains.
This tract of land, not being separated by any
natural boundaries from Andalusia, has many plants
in common with it, as might be expected; but, on
the other hand, not so many by far with the middle
of Spain, and still fewer with the South of France.
Only Sicily and the most southern parts of Provence
bear some, though not a very strong, resemblance
to these tracts in their vegetable productions. The
Floras of Andalusia and the South of Portugal
are those that resemble the most that of the coast
of Barbary.—Here are some instances of plants,
which formerly were thought peculiar to the North
of Africa, but which are also found in the southern
parts of Portugal and vice versa: Scirpus pu-
bescens Desronr. Fl. Atl., Iris;alata Lam. Festuca
phleoides Desr. Stipa paleacea VauL, Thymus
Cephalotes, Phelypea lutea Dzsr. Urtica caudata

Van. Cynoglossum pictum Van_, C. clandestinum

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 57

Desr. Also most of the Cisti, which cover large
tracts of land in the South of Portugal, are met
with in the North of Africa. Many others will be
shewn hereafter in the Flora Lusitanica.*

These North African plants are only found ia
the plains and hotter districts; the woody moun-
tains, on the contrary, yield some vegetable pra.
ductions, which have hitherto been detected only
in Madeira, such as Myrica Faya, Pteris arguta,
Trichomanes canariensis, and some others. The
calcareous mountains, even those of Algarve, have
fewer North African plants, but more of thase
that belong to the other regions of the South of
Europe. There are a greater number of plants,
peculiar to the South of France, in Algarve than ia
Alentejo; and it is well known in the country,
that the former (with the exception of some spots)
is not so hot as the latter. The proximity of the
sea, and a chain of mountains which extends
almost to the sea; are evidently the causes of this

* Count Hor FMANNSEGG, who is returned from his botanical

travels in Portugal, isnow employed upon a Flora Lusitanica, which it
is expected will soon appear. T.

58 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

phenomenon. The highest mountains in this tract
of land afford particularly plants belonging to the
South of France, and to the North of Italy.
Another class. of mountains, ‘for instance those .
round Mertola, bear some plants peculiar to the
middle of Spain.
- The Flora of Middle Portugal i is composed of
the foregoing, and of the northern Flora of the
same kingdom. It contains indeed far more
‘plants of northern Europe, particularly such as
are very universal, and marks as it were the
boundaries between both; in the more elevated
parts the northern Flora immediately presents itself.
The Flora of the North of Portugal has many
peculiarities. That it should be nearly the same .
with that of Gallicia might be expected from their
mutual proximity. With that of Biscay, as well as
with that of the Asturias, it corresponds in many
respects; but not in so many as might have been
expected. A material cause of this difference con-
sists in the hills of North Portugal being of |

granite, whilst those of North Spain are calcarious,

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE 59

Ta the deeper parts not many more plants of the
North of Europe are perceived than in the middle of
Portugal ; but on the contrary, on the high moun-
‘tains, especially in shady and boggy spots, they
appear in abundance. On the sunny exposures of -
high mountains we meet with plants belonging to
the South of France and the Middle of Spain.

The South-West of England singularly cor-
responds with many parts of Portugal, and es-
pecially wih the northern and cooler districts, in its
“vegetable productions. The white Dog-rose (Rosa
arvensis,) which has hitherto been found only
in England, is not uncommon in the hedges of the
North of Portugal. Moreover Spergula subulata
SmituH, Sibthorpia ecuropzea, Scutellaria minor |
are to be found on the rocks of North Portugal ;
while Pinguicula lusitanica has been discovered in
England. Perhaps further examination would
prove a still greater concordance.

Many plants are peculiar to North Portugal
as Antirrhinum triornithophorum and Omphalodes

Jusitanicum TourNEF. two very common plants in

60 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

the hedges of the high county of Beira and Entre
Minho e Douro. |

Comparatively speaking, Portugal has no great
number of plants in common with the rest of Europe;
and the resemblance of its Flora even to those
of Spain and the South of France, is not found to
correspond with the opinion that has been enter-
tained of it. And on the other hand, its corres-
pondence with that of the North coast of Africa,
and with that of the South-western districts of Eng-
land, is much ftronger than could have been ve
pected. . Scarcely any resemblance, or. at leaft
much less than what might have been suspected,
exists between it and that of the Levant. I scarcely
know one oriental plant which is to be found in |
Portugal.

The Portuguese Flora, when united with that of
a part of South Spain, displays great originality ;
which is chiefly owing to the extensive sandy heaths
and barren slate rocks, which in other European
countries are not of such extent. A considerable
number of the larger species of Cistus, to which

heaths only are congenial, and such like plants,.are

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 6f

here in their favourite situation. The following
may serve as the foundation of a more complete
botanical view of this country.

The chain of the Gerez mountains in North
Portugal, is high, well watered, and shady, where
Quercus Robur and Q. pubescens W1LLp. with the
olive, grow in the greatest abundance. In the more
elevated regions the birch, yew, and Sorbus
atieuparia are found, and on the banks of the rivers
Rhamnus Frangula. The underwood is Erica
arborea, Prunus lusitanica and Arbutus Unedo.
The still higher, and especially the shady parts,
are full of plants of North Europe; which,
mixed with the Portuguese plants, ascend to con-
siderable heights ; hence an extraordinary medley
is produced. Thus upon one of the highest levels
are found Scirpus ceespitosus, Nardus stricta, along
with Betula alba, Scrophularia sambucifolia, &c.
The middle regions abound in Cytisi, Geniste,
Spartia, of which only Genista alba Lam. is
known; on lower mountains several Cisti espe-
cially C. hirsutus Lam. C. scabrosus TH. Kew. C.

cheiranthoides are common.

\

62 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

The whole province of Entre Minho e Douro,
consists of shady cultivated vallies, in which some
plants of North Europe, grow along with many
beautiful ones peculiar to Portugal. Here are seen
Antirrhinum triornithophorum, Omphalodes lusi-
tanicum Tourn. Spergula subulata, Sibthorpia
Europea, Aquilegia vulgaris. Upon arid moun-
tains are found the above mentioned Cisti ; on the
heaths, Erica umbellata, E. Daboecia, E. cinerea.
The more elevated districts of Beira, particularly
the shady well cultivated spots about Coimbra,
afford a similar Flora.

The chain of the Marao-mountains is for the
most part dry and naked, and of course not. so
rich in plants as the Gerez-mountains. Plants of

North Europe are but scarce on the naked
spots, except Hieracium Pilosella and a few
more round the village of Campeam, where there
is a small wood of birch, oaks, and Cytisi. Thefe
latter, the largest and. most abundant species of
which is as yet a non-descript, here attain a con-

siderable height.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 63.

The deep vallies of Traz-os-montes, for instance
the valley of the Douro, are distinguished by the
production of Spanish plants.

The mountains along the Douro as well as the
Cape Estrella, are naked and dry. The} produce
some plants of Northern Europe, as Scleranthus
' annuus, Achillea Millefolium, &c. with some few
belonging to middle Spain, and several that are
exclusively their own.

The Estrella is not so well watered nor so shady
as the Gerez. On its higher regions we find, in-
deed, birch and mountain-ash, but, upon the whole,
fewer plants of the North of Europe than on the
Gerez. The under wood consists of Erica arborea,
and australis, with some Cytisi. Their naked sum-
mits and rocky parts produce’ several plants belong-
ing to the South of France, but none belonging to
the North of Europe. From this it appears, that
it is the want of shade which principally prevents
the extending of these plants.

The heaths of Middle Portugal are covered with
Pinus maritima Gerarp. The most common

Cisti upon them are C, Cheiranthoides, C. sambu-

64 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

cifolius ; the usual heaths, Erica cinerea and E. um-
bellata. ‘They have also many plants exclusively
their own, as Scilla unifolia, Hypericum linifolium
and several which are yet undescribed.

The hills ‘on the borders of the Tagus, espe-
cially near Lisbon, which are composed of limes
stone and basalt, afford an uncommonly rich Flora«
We find there many plants which are. peculiar
to North Africa; many are common throughout
the South of Europe, such as the Trifolia, Medi-
cagines, &c. and finally an abundance of Por-
tuguese plants and such as are peculiarly their
own.

The Cintra chain of mountains produces some
plants of North Portugal, some few of North
Europe, and some peculiar to Madeira. Hence
the Flora of these mountains is very complicated,
but highly interesting.

The heaths of Alentejo are of two sorts; those
which consist of deep sand are rich in Cisti, and
many other plants, peculiar to these parts or other-
wise only to be found in North Africa. The dry

heaths, which have a covering of granite grave

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 64

are cloathed with Cistus ladaniferus and monspeli-
ensis, and but poor in other plants; though several
rare vegetables, peculiar to Portugal, are there dis-
covered. Serra da Arabida, a chain of calcareous
mountains, strongly resembles those of Algarve,
except tliat there are some shady spots in which
are found some rare and mostly undescribed
plants: The country bordering upon the Guadiana
is full of vegetables peculiar to Spain.

Serra de Monchique has some few plants peculiar
to North Europe, some to Madeira, and others to
the South of France. Rhododendron ponticum is the
common underwood on the sides of the brooks.

Spain in proportion as it is more extensive, is
also more varied in its productions than Portugal,
The first that presents itself for distinction is the
Flora of the Pyrenees; this is rich in peculiar
plants, that are not met with on the more elevated
parts of those mountains, which constitute the
branches of the Pyrenees, as for instance in
Biscay and Catalonia; somewhat lower we come
to plants indigenous to southern France.

E

66 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE.

The Flora of New and Old Castile, and of
a part of Estremadura, is a: singular and very
distinct Flora from the rest. The plains of sand
and gypsum, in these provinces, produce a.medley
of peculiar plants. most exclusively their own.
Leeflingia, Queria, Minuartia, &c. are well known}
but a great number of them, even of those in the
neighbourhood of Aranguez, are yet undescribed.
The chain of mouatains have also many that are
peculiarly their own, although not in proportion
to the plains. The excessive heat of the summer,
the intense cold of the winters, the shadeless plains,
and the gypseous soil, considered elsewhere as
phenomena, are here in the order of nature.

The Flora of Valencia, especially that of the
range of “the calcareous mountains, which run
through the whole of that province and part of
Catalonia, has many peculiarities. The species
of Teucrium are here in abundant diversity, as
also Cistus, Sideritis, &e. Of Cistus, however,
only the smaller species are found, the larger
ones belong to the hot sandy heaths of Andalusia

and Portugal, |

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE: 67

The Floras of Gallicia and Andalusia appear. to

harmonize with those of North and South Por-
tugal. .
South Germatiy, Northern and Middle France,
and the South of England, have, altogether, great
resemblance to each other; and-it appears frona
mineralogical geography, how much they agree
on the whole in their respective soils, and how
widely these latter differ from the soil on the other
side of the pyrenees.. The South of France, that
tract of land which Linneus called Gallia narbo:
hensis, perhaps the richest country of all Europe
in the diversity of vegetable genera, has a Flora
peculiar to itself; which only exterids over the
middle sized mountains beyond the pyrenees. Pro-
vence has. plants peculiar to South France, but
not in great abundance.

The following is a catalogue of plants which are
frequent in North Europe, but not found in the
South of Spain and Portugal :

Veronica Chameedris, triphyllos, verna.

Orchis bifolia, mascula.

68 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THZ

Ophrys ovata.

Salix pentandra, Caprea, acuminata.
Valeriana officinalis, dioica.

Scabiosa succisa, arvensis.

Plantago major, lanceolata, maritima,
Galium verum, sylvaticum. |
Asperula odorata.

Alchemilla vulgaris.

Cuscuta europea. Viscum album.
Pulmonaria officinalis.
-Lithospermum officinale. Lycopsis arvensis.
Asperugo procumbens.

Cynoglossum officinale. Anchusa officinalis.
Primula veris & elatior.

Menyanthes trifoliata. Hottonia palustris.
Verbascum Thapsus, nigrum.

Vinca minor.

Phyteuma spicata.

Campanula rotundifolia, Trachelium, glomerata.
Lonicera Xylosteum. |
Rhamnus catharticus.

Omnes Ribesii species.

Evonymus europeus,

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE, 69

Gentiana campestris, cruciata. |

Chenopodium bonus Henricus, rubrum, glaucum,
hybridum, polyspermum.

Bupleurum rotundifolium, falcatum.

Sium latifolium, anguftifolium.

Aethufa Cynapium.

Cherophyllum sylvestre.

Cicuta virosa. Pastinaca sativa.

Aegopodium podagraria.

Pimpinella saxifraga, Carum Carvi,

Viburnum Opulus.

Sambucus racemosa,

Parnassia palustris,

Drosera rotundifolia, longifolia,

Berberis vulgaris.

Allium Scorodoprasum,

Convallaria majalis, bifolia.

Ornithogalum luteum, minimum and all related
species.

Aristolochia Clematitis.

Trientalis europea,

Vaccinium vitis Idea, uliginosum, Oxycoccos,

72 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE .

Polygonum Bistorta. ,
Adoxa Moschatellina. Paris quadrifolia.
Mercurialis perennis.

Monotropa Hypopithys. :
All species of Pyrola.

Ledum palustre. Andromeda polifolia.

Dianthus Carthusianorum, Armeria, deltoideus,

superbus.
Arenaria peploides.
Oxalis acetosella.
Prunus Padus. Crataegus torminalis.
Spiraea Ulmaria,
Rubus ideus,
Tormentilla ereé&a. Potentilla Anserina,
argentea. :
Geum urbanum, rivale.
Comarum palustre.
Anemone Hepatica, pratensis, sylvatica,
rosa, ranunculoides.
Ranunculus auricomus, lanuginosus,

Trollius europzus.

Calla palustris, Arum maculatum.

VEIila,

nemo-

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE, vt

Fagus sylvatica.

Leonurus Cardiaca.

Galeopsis Ladanum, Tetrahit, Galeobdolon,

Stachys sylvatica, palustris, recta,

Nepeta Cataria.

Scutellaria galericulata,

Thymus Acinos,

Euphrasia officinalis, odontites.

Rhinanthus Crista galli.

Melampyrum cristatum, arvense, nemorosum,
sylvaticum.

Lathrea Squamaria.

Antirrhinum Linaria.

Draba verna. Alyssum incanum, calycinum,

Cochlearia Armoracia.

Thlafpi arvense,

Erysimum officinale, Alliaria,

Sisymbrium Sophia. -

Brassica orientalis.

Turritis glabra.

Crambe maritima.

Pinus sylvestris, Abies, &c.

72 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE

Juniperus communis.

Fumaria cava, solida.

Orobus vernus, tuberosus, niger.
Lathyrus pratensis, sylvestris, tuberosus.
Vicia sepium. ;

Astragalus glycyphyllus,

Medicago falcata.

Tragopogon pratense,

T.eontodon autumnale, hispidum.
Prenanthes muralis,

s

Hieracium paludosum, sabaudum, umbellatum, |

‘

Sonchus arvensis. |
Lapsana communis.

Carlina vulgaris. Cnicus oleraceus.
Carduus crispus, acaulis.

Onopordon Acanthium. |

Serratula tinctoria.

Gnaphalium dioicum, arenarium, sylvaticum,
Chrysathemum Leucanthemum. |

Erigeron acre.

Cineraria palustris.

All species of Tussilago.

SOUTH WESTERN PARTS OF EUROPE. 73

Achillea ptarmica.

Centaurea Cyanus, Jacea,

Schoenus compressus.

Scirpus sylvaticus.

Eriophorum polystachion.

Alopecurus pratensis, geniculatus, arvensis,

Agrostis vulgaris, hispida.

Aira aquatica.

Poa aquatica, trivialis autor. (pratensis WiLLp.)
is at least very scarce inthe South; compressa,
angustifolia, nemoralis, cristata.

Cynosurus cristatus.

Avena elatior, pubescens.

Elymus arenarius.

Carex dioica, pulicaris, remota, digitata, praecox
Tacq. pallescens, Pseudocyperus, vesicaria, hirta.

Ophioglossum vulgatum. Osmunda Lunaria.

All species of Lycopodium to be met with in the
Northern parts of Europe.

Polypodium Thelypteris, Dryopteris, phegopteris,

All species of Phascum; Gymnostomum ovatum;
Tetraphis pellucida ; Leersia vulgaris; Grimmia

apocarpa; Orthotrichum anomalum; Lefkea

74 ON THE BOTANICAL GEOGRAPHY, &c,

XN

polyantha; Hypnum triquetrum, serpens, abie-
tinum, crista castrensis ; Webera’ pomiformis.
Marchantia polymorpha.

Bacomyces vulgaris.

Lobaria pulverulenta, stellaris, pulmonaris, frax-

inea,

ON THE NATURE AND MODE OF PRODUCTION
OF

AGALLOCHUM OR ALOES-WOOD.
BY I, DE LOUREIRO.

eee

[Translated from the Portuguese.]*

We find by the works of Dioscoripgs, Ort-
BAsius, and P. Arcynerra, that the veget ble
production, commanly called Aloes-wood, has been
known time immemorial, and that it was in use
among the Grecks under the name of Agallochon,
in latter times under that of Xylaloe. The Ro-
mans called it Lignum Aloes and Agallochum.
PLINy mentions it under the name of Tarum.
The Arabian naturalists adopted the greek deno-

mination and called it Agalugin, Of these Avyi-

* Memorias da Academia Real das Sciencias de Lisboa, Vol. x.
p. 402—415.

76 LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MODE

CENNA, SERAPIAS, Ruasis, Isaac, and AveR-
ROES are particular in their mention of it.

Before the Portuguese had in the fifteenth cen-
tury with a perseverance truly heroic, by doubling
the Cape of Good Hope, opened to the world the
direct commerce of India (where only it is to be
found), it had been imported thence to Arabia
and afterwards by way of Suez to Cairo and Alex-
andria; from which port it was brought by the
Venetians to Europe. But previous to this, and
‘even before the Christian era, it was carried, with
other valuable Asiatic commodities, from the East
to the West, by the merchants of Tyre oy
Pheenicia; who, in those times, were. of all na-
tions the most skilled in the arts of navigation
and commerce. Patol

The tree which yields this valuable material, is
a native of that part of India, which lies beyond |
the Ganges, and there only in some places not far
removed from the Equinoctial line, as in the king-
doms of Cochin China, Laos and Siam. Jn the king- |

dom of Tonquin it is only found in small quantity,

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOES-WOOD. 77

and of an inferior quality. Some seem to think
that it exists likewise in China, but this [I
doubt; for that which is sold at Canton, and
thence distributed over the whole empire, and also
over Japan, Malacca, Surate, and. Arabia, ap-
pears evidently to have been bought in the ports
of Cochin China. We find that when by the
devastation of continued wars, which were only
ended in the year 1773, in which the tyrant Nhai
revolted, this kingdom no longer possessed a suf-
ficient number of hands to collect the aloes-wood
in the deserts and on the mountains of the western
regions ; the sale of this valuable article then also
ceased in the emporium of China.

In the islands of Borneo, Macassar, the
Moluccas, Sumatra, at Malabar, Pegu, and in
the territories of Malacca, are also found some
sweet-scented sorts of wood, which I have .seen
and which have been by some authors called Pa
de Aguila (Aloes-wood) but they are far inferior
both in scent and virtue, and are sold at a much

cheaper rate.

#8 LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MODE

But however distinct from each other, the
trees are, which afford these species of wood, the
ignerance of travellers, and the avari¢e of the
druggists, suffer them all to go under the appel-
lation of true Aloes-wood.

Among these substitutes, that species which is
found (and really taken by some for the genuine
one) in the Malacca Territory, where it is known
according to. Rumptius* by the name of Garo
Malacca, appears to be the best. But then Rum-
phius, who, in the year 1693, received -some
branches with both leaves and fruit, gives a figure
of the latter} which is made to resemble 4
small plum; the inner side is divided into two
or four cells with as many seeds. Hence I infer,
that this tree is not the trie Agallochum, the fruit
of which (as will be hereafter shewn) is a sort of
woody monospermous pod.

# Rumph. Herbar. Amb. 2 cap. 14.

+ L. c. tab. ro.

¢ Though the figure mentioned in Herbarium Amboinénse is not
exactly like Loureiro’s plant in the Banksian herbarium, yet from the
description of Runiphius and sonie allowance necessary to be made for,

the stiffness of almost all the figures of that work, it appears that both

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOES-WOOD. 79

Those authors who have endeavoured to obtain
correct information of this vegetable on the spot,
and whose descriptions (though neither clear nor
scientific) come nearest to truth, are the above
Rumphius and the famous Portuguese naturalist
Garcia DE Horta, the latter of whom describes
it in his treatise on spices*, which appeared
first in Portuguese and was afterwards translated
into other languages. Many other authors, an-
cient and modern, mention the Aloes-wood as an
object of profit to merchants, as an article used in
temples, as a perfume, &c. ;- but as relative to
Botany it has not hitherto been sufficiently attended
to. It was known ‘to be the produce of a tree,
but the tree itself and the manner in which it pro-
duces the Aloes-wood was unknown. Some at-

tempted to describe the plant without having seen

are the same. As for the fruit, the representation in Rumph. Herb:
Amb. certainly does not agree with the description, the author of the
above paper gives of it, but approaches nearer to the figure of Cavanilles
(Dis. Botan. t. 224) given from a fruit which was. brought from India
by Sonnerat. Rumphius owns that the fruit which he represented had
not been found growing upon tbe branch of the tree which he received,
but only tied to it. Oy '
* Gare ab 5torto de Arom. 1. 1. C. 16,

80. LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MODE

it, and consequently were wide of the truth;
others passed it over in silence, because they knew
nothing of it. Among these is Linnaus, who
has not introduced it in his Systema Plantarum 5
being, however, obliged to mention it in his
Materia Medica,* he describes it asa poisonous,
corroding, inebriating plant, belonging to Ficus,
and lactescent; which is contrary to truth.t Af-
terwards, indeed, Bercrust quoted WEDEL,
who considers it as an excellent medicine not at all
violent in its operation.

I had opportunity of seeing and of examining
it during many years, while employed in the

mission to Cochin China, its native country ;

\

% Linnxi Materia Medica, Amst. 1749, p.184.

+ Linnzus, mentioning the Agallochum in his Materia Medica as a
poisonous drug, does not allude to the plant of Loureiro, but to that
which he himself afterwards called Excoecaria Agallochum, and which,
according to Rumphius (Herb. Amboin. Vol. 2. p. 237) yields likewise a
substance scarcely to be distinguished from the true Agallochum. That
Linnzus referred it to Ficusin the mentioned work, was a mistake,
which /not knowing the true plant producing the drug/ he seems to have
been Jed into by the analogy of the milky juice of Excoecaria. Mr, von
Schreber in his editions of Linnzus’s Materia Medica suggests, indeed,
his doubts of its belonging to that genus. T.

+ Bergii. Mat, Med. ¢ regno veget. Vol. II. p.go3.

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOES-WoopD. 81

and where it is found more plentifully and of better
quality than in any other part of the world. But
even there to acquire a thorough knowledge of,
and to become intimately acquainted with its his-
tory, much assiduity and labour is requisite, as
these trees are only to be met with at a great dis-
tance from the, inhabited parts of the country, on
- elevated and chiefly deserted tracts, extending for
more than eleven degrees in the direction of N. W.
inclining to W. and separating the kingdom of
Laos from those of Tonquin, Cochin China and
Champa. |

The tree which gives us the true Aloes-wood is
of considerable size and its branches ascending.
Its bark is smooth, consisting of strong, flexible,
threadlike fibres, resembling those of hemp.

The wood is white, not very hard, and des-
titute of coloured veins, Leaves alternate, Jan-
ceolate, coriaceous, smooth, flat and undivided.
Flowers terminating the branches in small corymbi.
Each has a calyx of four acute, hairy, deciduous leaf-
lets ; the under one curved, bent inward, crescent-

F

82 LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MODE

shaped, and almost double the length of the rest.
Coroila of six unequal petals, longer than the
calyx. Filaments distinct, ten. Style simple. Fruit
an oblong, acuminate, crescent-shaped, ligneous
pod, with a single seed of the same form, sur-
rounded by an aril.
From the examination oe its flowers, it appears
to constitute a new genus, belonging to Decandria
Monogynia of Linnzeus, and which I have distin-
guished by the names of Aloexylum verum, the
first of them meaning the same as Xylo-Aloe or
Aloeslignum, a name by which it was already
known. | ; :
But why is the wood of the Aloexylum white,
even, and destitute of coloured veins, as the
pieces of Agallochum are uneven, dark-coloured
and with large veins? Why is no oily and resinous
matter perceivable in the former, since the latter
abounds with it?. Why is the mother-tree insipid
-and scentless, as the Agallochum is remarkable
for its bitter taste, and strong pleasing scent, in
which its virtue and consequent value reside? This

physical metamorphosis, displaying such distinct

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOEFS-WOOD. 83

qualities, and affording such unforeseen results in
the same subject, I shall now explain from the
observations I have made.

The manner in which Agallochum is formed
within its mother-tree, is analogous to that by
which scirrhous tumours, consequent gangren, and
mortification are produced in animal bodies ;
which, unlefs checked in their progress by art,
prove fatal. Now it often happens in various parts
of the trunk or branches of the Aloexylum, that
its alimentary juices, rising in an unconcocted state,
(hence too thick or too viscous for the slender
and confined passage afforded by the vertical ves-
sels) form these obstructions, which are constantly
increasing by the accumulations of others that
continue to be impelled towards them from the
root; and whilst the more subtle parts exhale by
the lateral vessels and pores in the bark, the thicker.
and oily ones remain behind, and in the course of
time are coagulated into a resinous mass. This »
when accumulated to a sufficient degree, extends
and bursts the vessels and channels in which. it

E2

84 LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MODE

was contained, and then presents a shapeless,
hard, dark coloured, fragrant mass, full of coarse
veins, called Agallochum. |
Thus this substance, however. precious, is the
immediate result of disease, and often contains a
Teredo and a brown species of Meloe; which, by
gnawing -and penetrating into the interior of the
| stem, give it the rugged appearatice we perceive in
the pieces, and bore them full of holes. The
disease having spread far into the stem, the upper
part at least loses its communication with the lower
part through which it received its support and
aliment ; while the sound parts of the tree decay,
and yield their precious perfume, by the production
of which it had paved its way to its own destruc-

tion; and, as Ovip sings of the Phoenix:

Se super imponit finitque in odoribus evum. ;
As the Agallochum-trade is very lucrative in the
East, the natives of those regions go every year in
search of it, at the expence of much hazard and
labour, among the mountains ;, for which purpose

they keep together in bodies of ten, twenty or

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOES-WOOD. 85

more, with provisions for a month, and with arms
for defence against the wild beasts ; such as tigers,
rhinoceroses, elephants and snakes, which abound in
those parts; and with implements requisite for cutting
the wood. They traverse the distant parts of forests,
and examine every Aloexylum-tree they find.
Such as are very healthy and have green leaves
they pass by ; those on the other hand, which are
either already dead, or have their leaves of a pale
yellow hue (a symptom of approaching disso-
lution), they immediately fell, cut them open in a
longitudinal direction with their hatchets, and dis-
cover the object of their pursuit. They sometimes
find it accumulated into large pieces, one Arroba
or more in weight, sometimes only into smaller ones
of a few pounds, according to the length of time
the tree may have been deceased.

The traders distinguish three sorts of true Agal-
lochum produced by the Aloexylum-tree.: The first
the Europeans call Calamba; the natives of
Cochin China, Ki-nam. This is the most valuable
and rare, being found in Cochin China only; and

there, only upon those mountains which lie towards

86 - LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MODE

the west from the province of Binh-Khang, for-
merly a part of the kingdom of Siampa in the
latitude 30° North.

The Calamba is of a brown or dark yellow
colour, mixed with black; it consists of coarse
fibres, intermixed with numerous veins of resin ;.
so that when placed over a fire, it evaporates almost
entirely, and sheds a most sweet and permanent
perfume. Newly gathered, it is softish, but be-
comes sradually harder. Those who fetch it an-
nually from the forests, find it in very small quan-
tities, and are obliged, under the penalty of death, |
to deliver the whole of it to their king, who ap-
plies it to his own use in the palace, and gives
away some few ounces to his favourites, and but
seldom sells it.
The second species, which is commonly called
Pao de Aguila by the Portuguese, Fram-huong by
the natives, ‘has the same scent as the former, but
neither so penetrating or delicate ; and is therefore
far lefs valuable. Upon being evaporated, it
leaves more residuum, and does not show those

coarse threads and resinous veins so remarkable in

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOES-WooD. 87

the Calamba, except when counterfeited by the ex®
ternal application of hot irons, which the druggists
use, to give it the appearance of the genuine Ca- -
lamba. That Pao de Aguila which is the heaviest,
and sinks in water, is esteemed the best; though I
have found pieces of lefs specific gravity, and not
so dark coloured, which had however a very strong
and pleasant smell. ne

There is one sort of a pale hue, which is taken
from trees, long perished, and which have
by exposure to the weather, lost much of its
fragrance and virtue ; this is called by the natives
Huong-tu, or dead Aloes-wood. Another sort of
an ash-colour, called Huong-sinh, or living Aloes-
wood, is superior to this ; being obtained from
trees still living, or newly dead, and consequently
in better preservation.

A third species, called by the natives simply
Huong (perfume), is the least valuable, as well in
regard to specific gravity, as in scent and virtue ;
it is taken from trees in which it had scarcely
begun to form. This species is entirely white

inside, as is the sound part of the tree, or it con-

,

88 LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND MOD

“tains some small black knots which have just
begun to form. The outside, however, is often
found of the same colour and shape as that of the
best Agallochum, which it owes to the black
colour, wax, and hot irons employed by the drug-
gists to impose upon unexperienced purchasers.
It has some smell, but a weaker and less agreeable
than the other two species, and therefore sells
much cheaper. eG

In some parts of the East, the Agalluchum is
frequently used as a corroborant, and in some
degree astringent medicine. Its smoke revives the
animal spirits, and is efficacious in vertigo from
debility; but not in that kind which proceeds
from hysterical: affections. Taken in the form of
powder or pills, it promotes digestion, checks
‘vomiting and diarrhea.

As for the economical uses of the Aloexylum-
tree, the natives of Tonquin and Cochin China make
writing paper of it. To do this, they macerate
the bark in water for some days, and having re-

duced it, by beating, into a pulp, they put it into

a Fe

OF PRODUCTION OF ALOES-WooD. 89

moulds. The paper thus prepared is not so white
as common European paper, but thinner and more
durable. |

The perfume of Agallochum, especially that
called Calamba, is very much esteemed in all
parts of the East. In their temples the natives
burn it upon their altars, either unmixed or formed
into lozenges with other odoriferous- ingredients,
as sandel-wood, benzoin or musk. ‘The princes
of Japan, China, Cochin China, and Siam, haye
censers of gold or silver for this purpofe; these
are nearly filled with pure. sifted ashes, upon
which a live coal, without flame, or smoke, is
placed to receive thesCalamba. The vessel is so
placed and arranged, that the smoke, which rises
in a fine white thread-like stream, inclines towards
and perfumes, the guest on whom they wish to
bestow honor or attention. The Chinese and
Japanese use this ceremony when they take their
tea, the Turks and Persians at their coffee or
sherbet. -

In Indostan, they generally embalm their dead

QO LOUREIRO ON THE NATURE AND,MODE &c.

bodies with compositions of sandel-wood and other
precious odoriferous substances, but for kings and
princes the Agallochum is used, the fragrance of ©

which keeps for a longer time and extends farther.

ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEZ,
AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT.

By PROF. 0, SWARZ.

eaten) ete
{ Translated from the Swedith. ]*

EE ar

THE Orchidex have been confidered, ever fince
‘Mortson’s time, as belonging to a proper na-
tural family, easily distinguished ‘by the following
charaéters ; leaves undivided, and generally reticu-
lately veined; flowers mostly polyphyllous, situated
above the germ, and having one of the petal-like
leaflets differently shaped from the others ; fruit
unilocular, opening, when ripe, by three valves,
and scattering its seeds as fine as dust ; a peculiar
smell, proceeding either from the root or from the
inner parts of the flower. But in defining. and

distinguishing the various genera from one another,

* Kong]. Vetenskaps Academiens nya Handlingar. 1800. p+ IIs. seq.

92 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEA,

each founder of a system has pursued a different
method.

TourwerorT was the first who undertook this
task; it was not, however, from the peculiar
figure or internal structure of the flower, but from
the habit of the whole plant, that he constructed
the generic characters of his Nidus avis, Limodo-
rum, Ophrys, Orchis, Helleborine, and Calceolus.
Ray, Rivinus, and Borruaave followed him in
this. C. Knaut and Kramer took their charac-
ters (though not with great fuccess) from the spur
and other external parts, and partly even from the -
root. WEDEL gave six petal-like leaflets to the
flowers of Orchidez ; three of which he termed
the calyx, and distinguished his genera by the
difference of the lip. Lupwic defined them (as ©
did also HAuLeEr at first) by the form of the root.
MicHe Lt also made use of this part for the form-
mg of some genera of this natural order.

Liny2zus, endeavouring to extraét better cha-
racters than thofe given by his predecessors,
distinguished the plants of his twentieth class

(Gynandria) from the others, by their male parts

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT, 93

being situated upon the style, or upon an elongated
receptacle analogous to it, bearing both pistil and
stamens. All the genera of the first order (to
which his Orchidee belong) were required to be
diandrous. The essential characters of the different
genera he borrowed from the external parts of the
flower, partly from the Labium nectarii (or necta-
rium, as he sometimes calls it), and partly from the
spurs, when present. These characters appeared
for the first time in the Genera plantarum; in a
subsequent edition he still retains them, and in the
fifth changes a part, and gives up some genera,
the species of which he transfers to others, and
finally establishes the charaéters of Orchidex as
follows: Filamenta semper duo brevissima ; stylus
vix distinctus ; anthere bine nud@ tunica carentes,
cellulis tecta quae deorsum aperiuntur, Fc. Fur-
ther experience has shewn how uncertain and
insufficient this was. :

While these improvements, or rather changes,
were making, Hauuer, by his assiduous exami-
nation of more than fifty species of Orchidex

growing wild, was enabled to propose characters,

94 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEA,

which (in his opinion) were sufficient for distin-
. guishing the different genera. From the changes’
to which the lip and spur are subject, this naturalist
endeavoured (perhaps with reason), to demonstrate
the insufficiency of the Linnean arrangement of
Orchidez, and therefore fouaded his own upon
the parts peculiarly belonging to fructification, or
what he calls machina staminifera, in qua fovea ungui-
nosa est, que ad ovaria videtur ducere.* His method,
however, has not been so generally adopted as
that of Linnzus, though Cranrz endeavoured to
give it additional strength, and Scopox1 adopted
it in his Flora Carniolica, as well as ALLIONI in
his Flora of Piedmont.

In the mean time Apanson had given an
arrangement, comprehending feven of the eight
Linnean genera; founding it, however, on such
uncertain characters, as pefala convoluta, pen-
dentia, <Sc. it would not merit to bé mentioned,
were it not for his -having first guessed, that the
‘Orchidez had only a single bilocular anther ; on

which I shall presently remark further.

* Act, Helv. T, 4. p. 91.

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. 9§

Others (as Guepirscu, &c.), though authors
of systems ‘distinct from that of Linn aus, have
retained the essential characters, which this natu-
ralist had prefixed to his genera of Orchidee.

_ Jusstev, in his excellent work, Genera plantar.
secund, Ord. nat. disposita, ranking the Orchideze
among his “* Monocotyledones staminibus epigynis,”?
certainly adopts a new principle of definition
in the order; but in establishing its genera he
- mostly makes use of the same characters as Linnzus,
viz. Cornu and Labellum, or r what he calls Jacinia
inferior calycis.

THuUNBERG, who has carefully examined many
Cape-species, which in fact possess still greater
peculiarities than the European ones, has given,*
together with his general observations on the
natural order, his arrangement of its genera,
which is taken, like that of Linneus, partly from
the cornu nectarii, and partly from the Jabellum
and corolla.

Garrtyer and Necker must likewise be men-
tioned here. In the unparalleled work ‘of the

* Tranfact. Soc, reg. Stockh, 1786. p. 254,

96. SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDE A‘,

former, the fruits of Epidendium and Serapias _
are very well represented. The essential cha-
racters of these two genera, he appears to have
taken from the interior parts of the flower, as well
as of the fruit, in which he has followed HALLER 3
though, with regard to the nature of these parts,
both naturalists seem to be of different opinions. ,
Necker, the all-changing author of Phytozoologia
philosophica, has founded his species ‘naturales
sinarmophytea* (as he calls them), as well upon
the difference in the lip and spur (the whole of
which he terms productum), and the nature of the
fruit, as upon the situation of the flower, and the
conformation of the root. :

From what I have said, it appears that most
attention has been paid to the exterior of the:
flower, and indeed, I think, that good charactérs
taken from parts Hehe to be discovered, ought in
general to be preferred ; but.as those of the
Orchideze do not always unite species naturally

related, it will perhaps be necessary to find out

* Elem. bot, T. 3. p. 125.

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. 97

others which are certain, without doing violence
to nature.

It is with this view, that I propose giving the
outlines of a new systematical arrangement of the
whole order of Orchidea. This I may perhaps
be the more justified in attempting, as I have had
the advantage of examinitig a considerable number
of these singular vegetables in their native climate,
the West-Indies; and, through the kindness of
Prof. THunBerc, SPARRMANN and AFZELIUs,
of many African Orchidez, brought by them from
that part of the globe. Nor is the number of
those considered European ones, which have fallen
‘under my examination, by any means inconsider-
able; in short, after having minutely examined
more than two hundred different species, I think it
incumbent upon me to communicate the results of
my observations to the botanical world. -

“It will be found that I have often changed the
generic, and more frequently still the specific,
characters; adding several genera, and removing
others ‘to very different places, which, in my opi-
nion, they ought to occupy. Perhaps I shall be

G

‘

98 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEA,

reproached for having too much multiplied the ge-

nera, since HaLuer and Cranvz justly diminished

the number of those established by Linnzus ; but
as I have examined four times more species than

these botanists were acquainted with, I hope to
meet the approbation of those who know how ne-

cessary, in an artificial system, it often is, for the

sake of facilitating the determination of plants and

preventing confusion, to separate species which
seem to be naturally allied, provided that good

distinguishing characters can be found. This.
necessity will be still more. evident, when we

consider how many remain undiscovered. The

authors of the new Flora Peruviana et Chilensis call

the region of the Cordilletas the country of
Orchidez ; and state, that more than a thousand

distinct species of them may there be found within

a very smal] tract of country.

Previous to my proposing the changes I baye
made with respect to the generic characters of the
Orchidez, I think it necessary to say something of

the manner in which the fructification of these

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. 99

plants is performed, and of the vety differently
constructed parts that are instrumental to it.

One part belonging to the flowers of Orchides
is a leaf, larger or less, situated beneath the germ,
of each flawer, and generally of a thinner texture
than the other leaves of the plant. This LiInnzxus
called spatha, and to the whole he gave the name
of spadix. Compared with those of other plants,
these leaves are in fact nothing else than bractex,

_as Linnzeus himself calls them in his description of
several Orchides. |

However irregular and various in the shape of

their flowers, all the Orchidee agree in their habit.*
The flower consists of a ‘calyx, generally called
corolla, situated above the germ, and consisting of
several leaflets, two, three or five of which are
apparently placed outside; but two of them are
constantly found placed within the outer, with
‘which they alternate. In some few the outer
leaflets cohereé at the base, the inner being entirely
free (Stelis, Lepanthes); in others, both the inner

and outer cohere at their bases (Satyrium Thunb.);

*Hence a new botanical term, flos orchidews.
G2

“YOO SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDES;-

‘and the calyx of Orchis Burmannia has a real
tube. In this latter, it might as well be called
“quinquepartite ; but this’case is very rare, the calyx
‘being generally pentaphyllous. Both in flowers
‘that entirely expand, and in those that connive,
‘and are as it were ringent or vaulted, that
leaflet of the calyx which is situated behind the
back of the style, and is generally broader, forms,
either alone or unitedly with the two inner lateral
ones, a helmet or fornix, beneath which the parts
of fructification are situated. ‘Thefe leaflets are
‘generally coloured, particularly the inner ones;
“whence, by some (though without reafon), a pen-
‘tapetalous corolla has been attributed to the
-Orchideze. Other botanists (as WEDEL), ob-
serving the outer leaflets to be commonly larger,
thicker, less coloured, remaining longer after frue-
tification, and surrounding the two inner ones; and
these, on the other hand, together: with the third
(generally called lip or nectary) appearing later,
thinner, and, in certain genera, rather unlike the
former, more shining and, differently coloured,—

attributed to the plants of this order, a three leaved

~ ‘

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT, I01

calyx, and a corolla of three petals. But these
characters, far from being universal, can perhaps
only be applied to some few plants of this natural
order, We generally find those leaflets which
principally constitute the flower, to be cuticula
germinis continua s. adnata, by which the calyx may
in most cases be distinguished from the corolla.
The two inner lateral leaflets have, indeed, often a
more immediate connexion with the parts of fruc-
tification ; but, being partly or entirely, united by
means of the outer surface of their bases with
those of the outer leaflets, they cannot be con-
sidered as true petals, except in some few where
they communicate (2s well as the lip) with the
style, nay are even placed upon the body of it.
(Disa melaleuca. )

Owing to the above-mentioned variations, the
character given by the great French botanist to the
Orchideze, Calyx sexpartitus, laciniis quinque superi-
oribus, sexta inferiore majore 8 dissimili, is not to be
admitted, as both the number and situation of the
leaflets are subject to change; and what he calls

the sixth I consider as the corolla of these singular

1602 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEA,

flowers. My reasons for this I shall give here-
after. Mean time, I consider the Orchidez as an
exception in this respect to the rest of Monocoty-
ledonous plants, which are destitute of a corolla.
The lowermost third inner leaflet, situated
between and within the two outer leaves of the
calyx, and fixed opposite the uppermost outer one,
to the lower or upper end of the style, has been
called either the nectary itself or its under lip,
labium inferius nectarii, by some; and considered
by others as a part properly belonging to the
corolla. I have the same idea, as I find this part
to have a fimilar insertion with other petals;
and, like a corolla, to be connected with the parts
of fructification. Nor can J consider it as a con-
tinudtion of the cuticle of the germ $ not to’
mention the remarkably anomalous form and con-
struction I generally find it possessed of. There
are, indeed, genera in which it is not unlike the
leaf of the calyx, as in Thelymitra and others,

which have the divisions of the calyx united with

% BorKxuHAusEN’s botanisches Worterbuch (botanical dictionary )
T, TQ 2. 70.

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. 103

‘

it at the base, and seem to confirm what Jussizv
says of its inseparability from the calyx; but in
fact their separate insertion may easily be distin-
guished.* And genera also occur in which this
petal is situated upon the upper part of the style

— itself, without the least connexion with the germen
or calyx (as in Prerygodium, Corycium), which is a
further confirmation that this part of the flower is
distinct from the others. I know but one single
genus, in which it is wanting; and in this the
deficiency appears to be supplied ~by-two small
petals inserted at the sides of the sexual parts
(Lepanthes). — -

From the situation and form of this part of the
flower, I have been induced to call it the lip
(labellam). .It is found of different forms, many-
parted, fringed, cut, inflated, coloured, and often
the whole beauty of the flower consists in it.
Sometimes it is furnished at its insertion, but very
seldom at the upper extremity (as in Aerides),

* In some Epipactides (as Nidus avis) this petal, though fixed to the
style, appears to be united by its under surface with the skin of the germ

The same is the case with the hinder part of the spur in several Orchides
But this is not a general rule.

104 SWARZ ON THE GENERA-OF ORCHIDEA, -.

with something that. might properly be. called
nectarium. This consists of a. longer or shorter,
pointed or blunt spur, sometimes: in the form of a
purse, pit, &c;* sometimes entirely empty, at other
times: filled with a small quantity of liquid. In
some genera itis not found at all, though the lip
be not wanting (Ophrys, &c.). It is. therefore
not consistent to consider the labellum as a part of
the nectarium, which some botanists’ have thought
nécessarily to: belong to the Orchidee ; or as the
nectarium itself, which has been done by others.
This is so much the more obvious. as. such
spur- or purse-like elongations are also found (and
sometimes double). upon the back-part. of the
upper vaulted leaf of the calyx, situated oppo-
site the labellum (Disa, Satyrium). Sometimes,
however, when these excrescencies are wanting
both upon the helmet and lip, the lateral leaves of
the calyx themselves are pursed or concave (Cory-
cium, Pterygodium, Disperis). That in several
Orchidez any nectareous liquid should be secreted
at the lower part of the lip, I can deny.

* This might be called with a general name Calcar instead, of Cornu.

AND, THEIR SYSTEMATICAI. ARRANGEMENT, 105

: But, however analogous the outer parts of the
flower of Orchideze may be to those of other
- orders, they differ widely with regard to those
that are peculiarly allotted to the office of fructifi-
cation; the sexual. parts of the Orchidew being
constructed in the most anomalous manner.

The germ (germen or ovarium), as we have
before noticed, is always situated beneath the
corolla; round or oblong, angulated, frequently
somewhat twisted (for which reason the position of
the flower is different before and after the deve-
Jopement), generally sessile, sometimes. peduncu-
lated, (as in Arethusa gentianoides), and often,
especially before impregnation, so smal], that it
resembles a peduncle. From its upper end ad-
scends, within the corolla, a fleshy, thick, roundish,
pointed or blunt, straight or incurved style, chan-
nelled in front, and bearing on its upper extremity
the male organs without filaments,

These male organs consist of masses of pollen,
anda containing membrane. Linn us, (who says
that the lip, his Jabium inferius nectarii, .was, in

those species which he examined, united or cohe-

106 SWARZ ON THE GENEBA OF ORCHIDEA,

rent on the-other side with the style, and considers
both these parts of the nectary), ‘calls that small
part, which is situated upon the style, either fixed
or moveably, Jabium superius ; the two apertures

or loculaments of which he describes as a duplica-

tura bilocularis, formed by the same upper lip for.

the covering of the pollen-masses contained within,
and to which he gave the name of Anthers.

This part is no more deserving the name of

labium superius nectarii than that of labinm supe-

-rius corolle. Of all the Orchideze yet known to
me, Cypripedium bulbosum Linn. is the only one
which really has ‘such an ‘upper lip fixed to the
base of the style, and opposite the upper leaf of the

calyx. T o discover the real use of this pretended

upper Jip, we have only to observe its struéture.

and insertions, and that it is often deciduous, pare

ticularly in the Indian and Cape genera. We see

“that it is nearly -wanting in the genus Corycium,

where the anther, in-form-of a saccus didymus, is

situated beneath the lip itself, and at the sides of
_ the style nearly as in Cypripedium calceolus, which

on the other hand has two very distinct bilocular

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. I07

anthers; and do not these constitute an upper lip
in that genus, or can one deny them to be the >
anthers? In Lepanthes, the flower of which has no
Jabellum at all, the scarcely visible membranaceous
integument, covering the pollen, and soon dropping,
cannot be considered as an upper lip, since two |
distinct petals appear at the sides of the style.
The upper lip therefore, as it is calied, does not
belong to the corolla, but rather to the parts of
fructification, and is to be considered as the true
_and only anther, to be met with in all the species
hereafter to be mentioned, Cypripedium only ex-
cepted, which has two of them; all the other genera
hitherto known are monandrous. DANSON was
the first who formed this opinion, afterwards
adopted by Jusstzu, Scureser and SALiIsBuRY.
Besides the above-mentioned, many other names
have been given to this anther; such as fungus,
glans, cucullus, squama, operculum, and other
vague appellations.
This part is found to differ very much in the
different Orchidez, with regard to form as well as

insertion, In Orchis and Ophrys, for instance, it is,

108 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDE Es

almost upright, connate with the upper part of the -
style, but in such manner that the part where it
joins, is visible, fleshy behind, with two oblong
cells,. each of which has a membranous valve at
the front that opens and emitsthe pollen.* The
same is the case in Disa; but here the anther re-
clines, assumes an horizontal position, and is con.

‘cealed in the helmet.

~

In Satyrium it resembles a scrotum, and is
attached near the summit of the elongated style.

Corycium and Pterygodium have an anthera
didyma, the cells of which constitute, as it were,
two anthers, at the sides of the style, but join at.
the back part of this organ.

Disperis has a simple. upright anther covered in
front, the integument having two cells, formed by
two cartilaginous twisted side-lobes.

In Neottia, Cranichis, and Diuris, it is fixed to
the back-part of the style, upright, acuminate,

* At the front of the base, beneath the anther, above the stigma pro-
jeets a blunt point, which Cranrz callsclitxris; SpRenceEr, kappchen;
Linnzvs took it for the stigma. In many species both of Orchis and
Disa, there appears another smal] point projecting between the cells of
the anther, over the above-mentioned blunt one, which Hari re called
‘spinula. Its-use is unknown.

‘

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. 1609

-with two cells, between which and the correspond-
‘ing cavities of the style, the pollen masses are
‘found.

In Epipactis it is fixed to the hinder part of
‘the upper end of the elongated style.

In Cymbidium, Epidendrum, and in all the
genera which I shall hereafter notice, as having an

anthera opercularis mobilis, the style-is generally

- elongated. The anther in these is like a convex,

fleshy, or membranous lid, slightly fastened, as if

by an articulation, to the edge pointing towards

“the back part. This is lifted up and often’ drops

off, as soon as the pollen issues from the one, two,

or three celis, which open opposite the eave?" ac

the top of the style.

Now as an anther consists of a Joculament ¢ or

‘membrane in which the pollen is contained or
‘prepared, that part which I have just described

‘must be considered as such, and indeed as a single

anther, in all the Orchidez: except in Cypripedium.
The pollen, or that impregnating substance
which in the anthers of the Orchidez appears, as

it were, to constitute a distinct part, displays a

110 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEZ5

singular diversity, both with regard to its compo-
sition, and the manner in which it is lodged within
the anthers of the different genera. In many, as
for instance in Orchis, Cphrys, &c. it resembles
two club-shaped masses, which are supported by
means of a fine transparent thread-like pedicle,
furnished with a small orbicular gland; above the
stigma, at the sides of the above-mentioned blunt-
topped point. These masses, which, till mature,
remain concealed within the cells of the anthers,
appear to be composed of an infinite number of
oblong vesicles tapering downwards, and imbri-
cate at their narrower extremities. They are’
transparent, yellowish, white or green, and filled
with a fluid into which they seem almost to dis-
solve when they come in contact with the stigma.
To this fluid their chain-like: connexion, which
appears in separating them from one another, is
likewise owing. . No less remarkable is the elasti-
city of these masses, particularly in those of. the
different species of Orchis; in which, when they:
have been forcibly extended to four times. their

length, being left to themselves, they immediately

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. IIf

return to their former shape. In some genera (as
Epipactis), the masses appear to be surrounded by
a thin membrane, perhaps belonging to the inner
surface of the cell. This they either lose in the
course of time, or it remains, and may then be
separated longitudinally into two or more coherent
parts; which, when the elastic masses protrude
from the cells in the anthers, easily adhere to one
another or to different parts of the flower, by
means of the gland which is situated there,
and which appears at first dry, but afterwards be-
comes juicy. This is what Navensure and
ScHKuuR call ‘the emigration of the males, or
_. the infidelity of the males to their females.*) The
former author has observed this only in Orchis
bifolia, but I also found it in Orchis maculata, in
the beautiful Orchis habenaria, and in some species
of Epidendrum. |

Disa Corycium, and a few other genera,
have masses of pollen resembling those of Orchis ;
but in Thelymitra, Cranichis, Neottia, Diuris, Are-

thusa, &c. they do not separate so easily from the

*Ustert’s neue Annalen, No,2. Scuxunr bot. Hanpeucn, No, 21.

ti2 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDER, +
anther and resemble more the pollen of the getie-
rality of plants; the microscope shows, however;
that they consist of numberless transparent globules.
In the Epidendra, the masses consist ‘of uniform,
round, flattish bodies closely united, and covered
by a fine membrane; they may be divided, but alf
their parts are upon a common pedicle. We find
eight of them in Limodorum Tankervilliz ; four;
or two pair upon one footstalk in aerides flor aéris,
&e ; ; Lepanthes cochlearifolia has but a single oes
in its anther. . )

Unless examined in a fresh state; one might,
with regard to the last mentioned genera, think -
with GAERTNER, not indeed that each mass of
pollen, as he imagines, is an anther, but that these
masses are to be considered as solid. In his opi-
nion these supposed anthers are “* ex uniformi subs
stantia subcornea s. carnosa formate.” This is how-
ever not the case; for they really consist of a
granulated substance, as may be easily seen Me
help of water, and a magnifying glass. ,

‘That these masses lie as it were loose, in

their proper cells, having at the same time the

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT, 113

habit of dissolving, proves clearly that they ought
mot to be considered as the anthers themselves,
as they hitherto have been; but as the genituia,
or impregnating substance analogous to pollen.
With regard to their nature and the humour con-
tained in them, they have some resemblance to the
Asclepiadeeg, the male parts of which display a
construction equally uncommon. ‘

The style ascends, as it is before said, from the
germ, within the corolla, bearing the male parts
fastened to or connate with it; and therefore it is
to be considered as the common receptacle of both
the sexua! parts. On account of its remarkable
thickness and shape, as well as the singularity and
Situation of the stigma, it deserves a peculiar
denomination distinct from stylus.*

The stigma of the Orchidez, a part as import-
ant as the germ, has been but little understood.

Linnzus’s idea of it I venture to pronounce erro-

* That many botanists bave been of the same opinion, appears from
the numbers of names given to this part ; such as tuba; scapus stamineus,
spermaticus,tubz ; machina staminea, fructificationis, prolifera, seminalis,
foecundans; columna staminum, staminifera, genitalium, foecundans; mas

chinula, &c.
‘

H

li4 SWARZ’ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDE,

neous, as he took for this part, that blunted point
which in orchis is found projecting beneath the
cells of the anther, and above the real stigma. In
cases of entire deficiency of this projecting point (as
in Ophrys, &c.) he made use of the expression stigma
obsoletum, &c. KézrREUTER imagined the whole
inner surface of the cells of orchis, containing the
pollen-masses, to be the stigma which absorbed the
fructifying substance, by which means it was con-
ducted to the ovarium ; but ‘this theory is not
better grounded than that of Linneeus.—SprencEL
and Scuxuur* have certainly hit upon the
right part.** It is distinctly to be seen in Orchis
‘below the anther, and behind the opening into the
spur ; as also in Ophrys, though the spur be wanting
in this genus. - In Disa it is spherical, and situated
‘at the base of the style; in Epipactis at the end of
‘the style, facing the anther; in Satyrium (Thunb.)
above; and in Corycium behind it. Neottia and

Diuris have it upon the front of the style towards

* Srrencecs entdecktes Gcheimniss der Natur, &c. p. 402.
**Harzer and CRAntz mention it in several species described by

them under the name of pectus unguentarium, or fovea unguinosa.

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. 115

the lip, as also Epidendrum, Arethusa, &c. but in
these latter before the atither, perhaps also beneath
it. In Cypripedium, ,the stigma is more distinet
than in any other} it is crooked, hollow, and pro-
boscis-like, and situated at the end of the style.
The moisture issuing from the stigma renders it
- shining and visible. The small particles, globules
or vesicles of the pollen-masses, accumulate and
dissolve upon it. These paiticles I have seen upon
the stigmas of several species of Disa, and in great
abundance deep down the singular channel of the
calyx of Orchis burmannia L. (O. pectinata Thunb.
Capens,) the stigma of which is situated near the
upper end of thegerm. They dissolve upon the viscid
stigma; by which perhaps is caused the peculiar
smell that the sexual parts of even the well scented
Orchidex diffuse when touched; and which is
even to be perceived, many years after, in their
flowers, if soaked in warm water.
The mode of fructification in these plants is not
less remarkable than the organs employed in it.
Schkuhr and Sprengel have already communicated

7 H2

116 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDES, |

something concerning this operation, in those spe-
cies which have fallen under their inspection. ‘In
-orchis, and those‘ genera, the pollen-masses of
which are furnished with a thread-like pedicle,
these are ejected, on the unfolding of the flower,
out of their cell, and, either by elasticity, or (ace
cording to SPRENGEL) by the assistance of insects,
find their way to the stigma: In Epipactis, Neottia, |
Cranichis, and others that have no pedicles to the
pollen, the pointed ends of the masses are stuck to
the opposite gland, and thus brought nearer to the
stigma. But in those genera that have a moveable
anther situated upon the top of the style, as Are-
thusa, Epidendrum, Cymbidium, &c. it is lifted up
backwards like a lid, by which means the pointed
parts of the ‘pollen-masses, fixed to the foremost
and projecting upper part of the style, remain in
the cavities beneath the anther, and thus find the
way, without difficulty, to the neighbouring stigma.
In Cyprepedium, the sexual parts of which are still
more distinct, the dilated stigma stoops. towards
the anthers, which are situated underneath at the

sas of the style. Those species, the floral parts

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. I17

of which are particularly large, as for instance,
Limodorum Tankervilliz, the style, when opened.
longitudinally, distinctly shows slender ducts, run-
ning from the upper end of the stigma down to.
the germ; and when put into water and slightly
pressed, the absorbed fluid soon appears to issue
out of the stigma.

The fruit, of which GAERTNER has given a com-
plete description, i is almost the same in all Orchidex,
except as to size and external form. It consists of
an unilocular capsule, with three projecting angles,
along which it at last opens, with three valves, con-
nected at their bases. The seeds, the receptacle of
which is an elevated, shaggy, or hairy ridge, are in
immense number, small, globular, and surrounded
each by a membranaceous, transparent, white,
veined and channelled aril, closed at one end. The
genus of Vanilla, however, differs from the rest by
having a seed-vessel which, though a capsule, yet
approaches nearer in form to a pod, and contains,
within a succulent matter, an immense number of
subtle, roundish seeds, covered by a glittering,

brittle integument, but without a proper aril.

118 SWARZ ON THE GENERA OF ORCHIDEA,

From the before-mentioned it is evident, that
the sexual parts widely differ in the several genera
of Orchidez ; yet in those species, which appear
nearest related, the resemblance is very close.
Hence I have been induced to look for ‘the princi-
pal characters (as Hater did also), among those
organs that have as yet been least attended to. Of all
parts of the flower of Orchidee, both inner and
outer, I consider the anther as the most to be de-
pended upon. From its situation and insertion, there-
fore, I have taken the primary distinctions ; the reft
have been furnished by the outer, parts of the
Somer, as appears in the annexed table. |

But, befides the characters derived from the
jabtics of the anther, there is another principal
-one, which must not be overlooked, viz. the qua-
lities of the pollen-masses. In the Orchidee of
the first division, which have the anther intimately
connected with the style, these pollen-masses are
furnished with a long thread-like pedicle, and are
-‘compofed of small yesicular grains, which adhere
closely. In those which have the anther fixed to.

the back of the style, the pollen:masses are with-

AND THEIR SYSTEMATICAL ARRANGEMENT. IQ

out a pedicle, and, of such fine grains, that they
resemble a farinaceous substance. In those of the
last division, with deciduous anthers, the pollen-
_masses consift of round, and often divisible globules,
but never acquire the mealy appearance of the
former. The anthers of the second division, when
unripe, resemble indeed thofe of the third, but
never drop off. These circumstances seem to give
additional weight to the proposed arrangement.

As all the genera I have given are founded
upon the results of my own observations, I did
not choose to take up the several new ones of the
Prodromus florze Peruvianze & Chilensis ; most of
them being known to me by figures only. Gongora,
Masdevallia, and perhaps Anguloa appear to be
distinct from the genera established by me, though
it is certain, that they all belong to the third di-
vision.

Rig,

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subterminali, | 5 Pepe | Cpeemte 5 anlenthicg arate. nun. «2s euts co ag ek a os See Satygium
: stylo brevifli- ¢ - (foliolis Jateral. exterior. horizontalibus concavis ...-.----..- - Pterygodiam:
| mo connata ; | nullo; | foliolis lateral. exterior. horizentalibus calcaratis -....-_...- -Disperis
Calcare floris | < 4—phyllo, foliolis lateralibus erectis, basi ventricosis......-. - ~Corycium
t —_ calyce | foliolis‘omnibus-subpatentibus....2---..eece ees eee eens Ophrys
| Anthera F : (foliolis omnibus conniventibus.........------+e---cee ~-Serapias:
erecta | foliolis lateralibus basi antice productis......-...-.--.-.--.Neottia
stylo parallela J calyce resupinato ; labello galeato ..--... wee - eee eee ------- ~~ Cranichis
. | Jateri ejus | patente ; labello foliol. calyc. conformi.....----- -~--+------Thelymitra
> postico afixa. { _ CZ—phyllo; foliolis 2 anter. elongatis labello suppositis.......Diuris
| Monandre. x = 2 persistente s j SUDINIRENGC. <2 wae ase aber eee eel eS. eS rerbuta:
pulmepraume| sthpatente. ~~ 2. <2 an = Seen Ss 2 es -e ----.-Epipactis
| loso ; Calyce. — ~ f resupinato ; labello adscendente..........--~.-Malaxis
: lnbello BahicayG Mee -— ck pee --Cymbidium:
| 3 plerumque | Inbello pinnae nbc ge oes. a ae ee Sciam
| Anthera __ decidua; labello erecto, inferne styloeonnexo-..-.--.... Epidendrum
operculari,. 43 polline glo~ 4 Calyce 4 labello subcucullato; capsula ecarinata ......- -- Vanilla
margini posti- bulasi. "4 patente. > Iabello Janina saccata -.<--.-- av eee s o-- ul Aérides
co apicis styli | lshello dst Maleamtows— 2. eens oe. oc imedoruin
inmserta, mobili. ! labello a foliel. calyc. anter. basi productis incluso. Dendrobium
: | { | labello foliol. cal. conformi ; exteriorib. basi coalitis-Stelis
L L t=: Ulabello-nullo, . 2-2-2. -eaceneeaceess+---<~Lepanthes

Diandrum oe Cypripedium

GENERA AND SPECIES OF THE NATURAL ORDER
OF THE
ORCHIDEZ.
BY PROF, O. SWARZ.

a -
"Character generalis Orchidearum.

FLOS irregularis, ringens s. patens. Pl. 3. seq.
CaLyx superus, 4-5-7-phyllus. (Vid. fg. E.G.M.)
- Foliola conniventia s. patentia, colorata, mar-
cescentia ;
Exteriora duo (G.c¢.), tria s. quinque (M. a.)
quorum unum semper superius 8 posterius
(nisi flos resupinatus) szepe fornicatum, fub-
inde postice calcaratum (B. a. C..a.); duo
s. quatuor (C. b.) Jateralia anteriora.
Interiora duo Jateralia exterioribus alternantia,
M petaloidea, cum postico superiore interdum
~- connexa galeam formantia. (A. a. b.)
Corotia: Petalum unicum sive Labellum, foliolo
calycis superiori oppositum, inter foliola
Jateralia exteriora Stylo ad basin, medieta-

em s. apicem insertum, basi planum,—ex-

122

SWARZ ON THE

cavatum—concavum—calceiforme-——subtus _

carinatum s. calcaratum :

Lamina fornicata. (K. d. e.) s. ‘foliolis calyci-

STAM,

nis interioribus confermis a. a.) Se lobata
(D. b.)-multifida ; disco plana (Q. a. b.)-
depressa; situ adscendens—horizontalis—
dependens. Meee

Filamentum nullum. Anthera unica, (raris-
sime due) stylo adnata s. inserta, oblonga
(A. c.)-subrotunda-didyma (C. ©); termi-

nalis erecta-incumbens (B. c.); s. postica,

Jateralis stylo parallela (I. d.); s. tantum

margini postico apicis styli operculi instar
inserta ; fixa s. mobilis; persistens Sigh cd, )

s. decidua ; I-2-4- locularis. ,

Pollen in s. sub loculis antherz liberum con-

globatum e congerie granulosa simplici s.
partibili pedicellata (A-H.) s. sessili; matu-.
rum ex anthera erumpens, in stigmate deli-

quescens.

Pist. Germen inferum, sessile s. pedicellatum, line-

are-cylindraceum-oblongum-subrotundum-

costatum, sepe leviter tortum.

-

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 1243

Stylus brevissimus (A. f.) s. elongatus (C.c. e.)

crassus, teres s. angulatus, antherifer,

Stigma convexum-concavum-globosum ;_ basi

(A. c. B. c.) s. apice (C. c.) amtice s, pos-

tice (E. e. G. g.) stylo insidens.

‘Per. Capsula forma diversa, 1-locularis, trivalvis,
plerumque carinata, sub angulis dehiscens,
basi & apice cohzrens.

Semina receptaculis ternis parictibus capsule
aduatis adherentia, minutissima, plurima :
Arillo scobiformi membranaceo tubulato
obvelata; s. rarius nuda, in pulpa carnosa
nidulantia, .

N. B. In Statyrium, all the leaflets of the calyx,
as also the Labellum, are connected at the
base.

In Orchis Burmanniana the calyx is tubular

- below.

Stelis § Masdevallia have the outer leaflets
of the calyx connected ; but the inner ones
are distinct.

Lepanthes has no Labellum, but in its plaee
the upper or under part of the style has

two lateral petal-like lobes.

124 SWARZ ON THE

Character differentialis Orchidearum.

Monocotyledones.
Flos superus, irregularis,
Genitalia coalita.

Capsula unilocularis, trivalvis, polysperma.

Habitus.

Radix tuberosa s. fibrosa; simplex s. divisa.
Caulis herbaceus, simplex, rarissime divisus s.
scandens, foliosus s. subnudus, vaginatus.

Folia simplicia, basi vaginantia s. sessilia.

Inflorescentia uniflora, spicata~ paniculata-sub-
racemosa. |

Flores sessiles, rarius pedunculati.

Bractee floribus subjectz.

I. Orchideea with one Anthera.

1. ORCHIS. Pl. 2. A.

Char. essent. Calyx ringens, foliolo superiore
fornicato.
_ Labellum basi subtus calcaratum.

Juthera terminalis adnata.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEA. 125

Char. naturalis.

Calyx irregularis, ringens, 5-phyllus :

Foliola 3 exteriora, quorum unum posterius
fornicatum; duo lateralia anteriora. Duo
interiora \ateralia, superiore exteriore ple-
rumque conniventia in galeam.

Cor. Labellum a latere inferiori stylo antice ad-
nexum, diverse formz, patens, basi tubo
calcariformi subtus porrecto.

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero oblongo contorto
brevis, columnaris.

Anthera magna, oblonga, terminalis, stylo
adnata, erecta, dorso gibba subcarinata,

bilocularis : Joculis antice dehiscentibus.

Massa pollinis clavato-pedicellate, s. granula
oblonga vesiculosa, imbricatim pedicellis in-
sidentia basi glandulosis ad sinus inferiores
loculorum insertis.

Stigma infra antheram pone meatum in calcar,
convexum, obliquum.

Per, Capsula oblonga, unilocularis, tricarinata,
trivalvis, sub carinis trifariam dehiscens,

apice & basi coh@#rens.

126 SWARZ ON THE
Semina ‘tumerosa, minima, subrotunda, arille

scobiformi induta.

Species.

‘

a. Radic. indivisis.

©. Susanne L. O. hispidula Th.
ciliaris L, et | secunda Th. é
bifolia L. viridiflora Roitl.
habenaria, L. cucullata L.
MonorthizaSws -— érnithis Jacq. |
japonica Th. globosa L.
speciosa L. | pyramidalis L.
foliosa Sw. 7 ~ -coriophora Ls
plantaginea cubitalis L.

Roxb. Cor... - morio L.

pectinata The mascula L.

. " ~ - 2s mews ls
a a nL aS Rp 6 re

‘ O. foliosa: labello lineari obtuso, denticulo fili-
; , formi ad basin utrinque, caule vestito,
foliis ovatis acutis.—-E, ‘Cap. b. sp. ?
SPARRMAN, :

O. viridiflora : labello tripartito, laciniis lineari-

bus, lateralibus patentibus, inter-

~

NATURAL ORDER OF QORCHIDEX. 127

O. ustulata L. rubra* Jacq.
militaris L. pallens Jacq.’
fusca Jacq. palustris Jacq.
variegata Jacq. hircina.
foetens Hall. Satyrium hir-
moravica Jacq. _ cinum Linn.

papilionacea L.

b. Radic. palmatis.

latifolia L. flava L.
cruenta Fl. dan. viridis
sambucina L. Satyrium viri-
incarnata L. de L,
maculata L. nigra.
odoratissima L. Satyrium ni-
conopsea L. grum L,

St

medio obtuso deflexo ; foliis radica-
libus ensiformibus. Ex India Orienc.
RotTTLerR.

’s Orchis rubra and Opbrys crucigera of Jacquin (pl. rarior. Vol. 1
tab. 183 and 185) are both to be considered as nonentities. They were 2
drawn by the juvenile pencil of a now eminent botanical painter, from
the dry mutilated specimens, and the verbal description given to him by

the Rev. Norbert Botcius, who had found them in the vicinity of
Rome. T. .

128 SWARZ ON THE

c. Radic. fasciculatis.

fuscescens L.
strateumatica L.
albida. _

_Satyrium. albi-

dum Linn.

hirtella Fl. ind.occ.
plantaginea. Saty-
rium Linn.
hyperborea L.
fimbyiata H. Kew. |

d. Radic. nondum coguitis.

sancta L.

_psycodes L.

ra

spectabilis L.
tipuloides L.

dentata Sw.
Ichneumonea Afz.
procera Afz.

membranacea Afz

e. dubia.

calcarata Walt. car.
lata Walt.
ophioglossoides W.
longicornis Poir.
elata Poir. |
Koenigii Fl. dan.

suaveolens Villars

aphylla Forfk.
viridis Forfk.
batrachites Schrank.
vomeracea Hall.
macrophylla Col.

holosericea Hall.

siaasaihloleeeeidflidchlasa slice

O. dentata: radicibus—; labello tripartito, la-

ciniis lateral. oblongis dentatis, intermedia

lineari obtusa integra; calcare germine duplo

longiore. E China.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEH. 129

N.B. Among the species of the first four
divisions only O. birtella & plantagenea are
an exception in regard to the Anthers.
They have, like Neottia, a lateral anther
and farinaceous pollen. If more such
species should be discovered they. ought
to be separated from Orchis. They have

also a peculiar foliation.*

~

g.HipA.. Pha. B,

Char. essent. Calyx resupinatus, subringens :
Foliolo gosteriore dorso unicalcarato;
interioribus stylo accretis.
Labellum ecalcaratum.
Anthera Orchidis.

Character naturalis.
Calyx subringens, plerumque resupinatus, 5-

phyllus.

© All speciesprinted in italics are new ; those marked Afee/. are from
Africa, and will hereafter be described by this naturalist,

I

“130 SWARZ ON THE

Foliola tria exteriora, quorum unum posterius
(situ. szepissime anterius.), erectiusculum,
concavum s. fornicatum, basi. s. medio
Calcare postice exserto; duo anteriora erec:
tiuscula. alin

Duo lateralia interiora, minora, diverse figu-
re, styli columne ad latera utrinque
adnata. :

Cor. Labellum inter foliola lateralia majora ante
basin styli insertum, rarius divisum ; ecal-
caratum.

Genit. Stylus e germine infero oblongo, brevissi-
THIS

Anthera oblonga, stylo adnata, erecta s. in-
cumbens cum foliolis cal. iaterioribus in
galea reclinata ; bilocularis.

Pollen ut in Orchide.

Stigma globosum prope basin.

Per. ut in Orchide. |

N. B. The length of the spur is different in
different species, being very long in some,
and quite short'in others. In Disa Mela-

leuca and patens it appears to be entirely

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ. I3C

wanting, but still the hindermost leaflet of
the calyx is convex, and the other parts

agree perfectly with the generic characters.

Species.
a. Calcare longiore.

D. grandiflora L. D. cornuta.
Satyrium grandi- Orchis L.
florum. Th. Satyrium Th.

macrantha Sw.

longicornis Th.

D. grandiflora: galea acuta erecta, calcare co-
nico nutante ; labello lineari obtuso; caule
subbifloro.

D. cornuta: galea obtusa, calcare conico deflexo;
‘foliolis inter. bidentatis; labello “ obovato
velutino plano; spica laxa.

D. macrantha: galea acuta erecta, calcare conico
porrecto; foliolis inter. retusis; labello
oblongo acuto carinato, E C. b. {p.

D. longicornis: galea obtusa supina, calcare
germine longiore deflexo; labello lanceo-

lato obtuso ; caule unifloro.

12

132 SWARZ ON THE .

D. draconis. { D. ferruginea,
Orchis L. Satyrium Th.
- Satyrium Th. porrecta Sw.
rufescens.

Satyrium Th.

ee

D. draconis: galea obtusa erecta, apice dilatata,
calcare subulato germine Jongiore nutante ;
labello iaeari obtuso ; spica fastigiata ;
bracteis reticulato-nervosis.

D: rufescens : galea obtusa erecta, calcare subu-
lato. germine longiore nutante; labello
Janceolato obtuso ; spica laxa; foliis ensi-
formibus. :

D. ferruginea.: galea acuminata dorso conica,
calcare subulato deflexo; foliolis inter.
cuspidatis ; labello, lanceolato obtuso ; spica
ovata multiflora. |

D. porrecta: galea obtusa dorso conica, calcare
subulato porrecto; foliolis inter. biden-

_tatis; labello oblongo undulato ; spica

ovata multiflora. ¢ C. b. sp. SPARRMAN.

\

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEE. 133

D. cernua. D. chrysostachya Sw.
Satyrium cer-
Tuuméy Th. — -. bracteata Sw.
physodes.

Satyrium cer-

nuum 2x. Th.

D. cernua: galea acuta, calcare oblongo com-
presso nutante ; foliolis inter. acuminatis ;
Jabello lineari ; foliis lanceolatis basi sube-
quitantibus.- .

D. physodes: galea obtusa, calcare subrotundo
inflato ; foliolis inter. retusis emarginatis ;
labello lineari ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis.

D. chrysostachya : galea obtusa, calcare oblongo
deflexo; foliolis inter. obovatis; Jabello
lineari; spica longissima; bracteis apice
reflexis. e C. b. sp. SPARRMAN.

D. bracteata: galea obtusa, calcare oblongo;
Jabello lineari apice Jatiore; spica cylin-
drica, bracteis erectis floribus longioribus.

e C. b. sp. SPARRMAN.

134 SWARZ ON THE

D. torta D. flexuosa.
Satyrium tor- Satyrium Th.
tum Th. Orchis flexuosa.
Orchis flexuosa Ameen. Acad.
Lin. suppl. p- 108.
Orchis biflora Bifidas sisi sadgan
sp. pl. Satyrium Th.
— tenella.

Satyrium Th.
Orchis. Suppl.

a a en a Ne Be ee

5 torta: galea acuminata, calcare obtuso ad-
scendente; foliolis inter. 2-dentatis ; labello
oblongo apice subulato convoluto ; caule
flexuoso. .

D. flexuosa: galea obtusiusila,, calcare obtuso
porrecto; foliolis inter. apice. linearibus —
acutis; labello ovato acuminato crispo ;
caule flexuoso.

D. bifida: galea obtusa, calcare adscendente
apice bifido; foliolis interior. labelloque
lanceolatis acutis. :

D. tenella: galea acuta, calcare porrecto acuto ;
foliolis inter. rhombeis; labello lineari ob-~

tuso; foliis subfiliformibus flexuosis.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEH. 135

D. sagitalis. D. barbata.
Satyrium Th. Satyrium Th.
Orchis. Suppl. Orchis Suppl.

lacera. Sw.

b.Calcare conico abbreviato porrecto obtuso.
D. maculata. Th. L. secunda.
Satyrium Th.

Disa racemosa L.

D. sagittalis: galea apice dilatata triloba calcare
nutante subulato ; labello lanceolato undu-
lato.

D. barbata: galea acuta basi conica, calcare

| subporrecto acuto; labello ovato, margine
multifidollalciniis linearibus ; foliis setaceis.

D. Jacera: galea obtusiuscula ; calcare porrecto ;
labello oblongo concavo, apice laciniato.
e C. b. Sp. SPARRMAN.

D. maculata: galea obtusiuscula supina saccata ;
foliolis inter. linearibus; labello Janceo-
lato-obtuso ; .caule unifloro.

D. secunda: galea acuta erecta; labello subfili-

formi; caule flexuoso, floribus secundis.

s

136 SWARZ ON THE

D. excelsa. D. spathulata
Satyrium Th. Satyrium Th.
Orchis tripeta- Orchis L. Suppl.
‘loides L. cylindrica

venosa SW. - Satyrium Th.

ee me

~

D. excelsa: galea suberecta acuta; foliolis int.
pice dentatis ; labello oblongo; caule ©
multifloro, foliis lanceolatis. |

D. venosa: galea erecta acuta venosa; foliolis
inter. lanceolatis integris ; labello subfili-
formi; caule paucifloro, foliis lanceolatis
glaucis. eC. b. sp. SPARRMAN.

D. spathulata: galea erecta. acuta; labello
petiolato, apice dilatatolWifido ; caule pau-
cifloro, foliis linearibus. |

D. cylindrica: galea obtusa, labello lineari apice
Jatiori obtuso ; spica cylindrica; foliis ob-

longis nervosis.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEA. 137 °

D. melaleuca D. patens
Serapias Th. Serapias Th.
Ophrys bivalvata Orchis filicornis
Suppl. Suppl.

tenuifolia Sw. :
Ophrys patens Suppl. ~

3. SATYRIUM. (Tuuns.) Pl. 2. C.

Char. essent. Calyx ringens: foliol superiore fore
nicato, postice bicalcarato, ceteris

labelloque basi coalito.

D. malaleuca: galea acuta subreclinata concava
ecalcarata; labello lineari obtuso ; spica

fastigiata ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis.

D. tenmifolia: galea acuminata erecto-patens
concava ecalcarata ; labello filiformi; caule
subbifloro, foliis setaceis.

D. patens : galea acuminata erecto-patens con-
cava ecalcarata; labello filiformi; spica

ovata multiflora ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis.

{

138 SWARZ-ON THE

' Anthera stylo elongata adnata sub

Stigmate terminali.

Charaéter naturalis.

Calyx ringens, 5-phyllus :

Foliola omnia basi coalita. Tria exteriora
quorum uxum superius s. posterius maxi-
mum, fornicatum, basi calcaria duo varie
longitudinis postice exserens; duo anteri-
ora, lanceolato-linearia.

Duo interiora minora stylo foliolisque exterio-
ribus basi accreta.

Cor. Labellum foliolis interiorib. conforme illisque
basi connatum, indivisum.

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero, oblongo, con-
torto erectus, elongatus, superne gibbus,
sub-galea reconditus. :

Anthera zlobosa, didyma, versus apicem dita.
tatum.. styli adnata, bilocularis : Joculis
‘superne hiantibus.

Pollen ut in precedentibus, sed pedicelli. ad
sinus superiores loculorum inserti.

Stigma supra antheram ! concavum.

Per. Capsula priorum.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 139

N. B. The /abellum is not with five divisions
(Ameen. Acad. p. 109.) but simple, con-
nected at the base with the leaves of the
calyx.

The situation of the stigma above the anthera is
peculiar to this genus. |

The generic name of Satyrium is, according
to THUNBERG, reserved for Orchides with
the spurs attached behind; the Linnean
species of Satyrium find their place in the

genus Orchis.

Species.

S. cucullatum S. membranaceum Sw.
Orchis bicornis L.

S. cucullatum: foliis radicalibus binis cordato

subrotundis concavis, caulinis remotis
cucullatis subretusis ; floribus cernuis.

S. membranaceum : foliis radicalibus binis cordato
ovatis, caulinis vagineformibus approxi-
matis membranaceis retusis; floribus cer-

—nuis; foliolis cal. serrulatis. C. b. sp.

SPARRMAN.

140 SWARZ ON THE

oS. coriifolium Sw. 5S. striatum Th.
erectum Swe | bicallosum Th.
‘parviflorum Sw. bracteatum Th. .
foliosum Sw. | Ophrys bracteata
pumilum Th. | Suppl.

S. coriifolium : foliis ovatis acuminatis subreflexis
vaginantibus coriaceis, margine membrana-
ceo-crenatis, floribus galeaque cernuis.—
Orchis lutea caule purpureo maculato.
Buxs. Cent. 2, t. 10. ¢€.- Cap, bil sm.
SPARRMAN. :

S. erectum : foliis radicalibus ovatis, caulinis
approximatis cucullatis carinatis membra-
naceis; floribus galea calcaribusve subrec-
tis. Cap. b. sp.

S. parviflorum : foltis radicalibus ovato-lanceo-
latis, caulinis latere apertis, floribus subro-
tundis cernuis. CC. sp.

S. foliosum : foliis ovatis acutis concavis approxi-
matis, basi cucullatis, floribus bracteisque

erectis. C.b. sp. THUNBERG.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEA. 14!

dubia:
Orchis carnea Hort. Kew.

~

4. PTERYGODIUM Sw. Pl. 3. E.

~ Char. essent. Calyx subringens : foliolis laterali-
bus exferioribus. horizontalibus
concavis.

Labellum medio stylo inter loculos
Antherz remotos insertum.

Stigma posticum.

Character naturals.
Calyx subringens 5-phyllus :

Foliola tria exteriora ; unum superius erectum,
concavum, carenatum cum duobus lateralibus
intertoribus obovatis patulis connexum,
galeam formans. Duo anteriora, ovato-lan-
ceolata, horizontaliter patentia, concava.

Cor. Labellum varie figure, stylo inter-loculos
Antherze insertum, replicatum, patens.
Genit. Stylus e germine infero oblongo erectus,

brevis, apice obtusus s. acuminatus.

142 SWARZ ON THE

Anthera medio stylo adnata, didyma, bilocu-
laris: Joculis (in diversis speciebus) diversi-
formibus, ad latera divergentibus.

Masse geniture Orchidis.

Stigma posticum (versus galeam) ad basin

dorsi antherze, convexum.

Per. Congenerum.

N. B. The name is taken from the Greek
areeuyades AlatUs : cui scapule aperte alarum in
modum extant, as the leaflets forming the
helmet, and the two lateral ones.

The cells of the anthera being distant from each —
other, one could suspect two anthers in
this genus; but the partitions have but
one cell each, and are connected with one

another at the sides of the style.

Species.

P. alatum | P. catholicum
Ophrys alata L. Ophrys catholica
Ls sp.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 143

Ophrys alaris —P.. caffrum

Lin. suppl. Ophrys caffra L.
P. volucris inversum

Ophrys volu- Ophrys inversa L.

cris L. atratum.

Ophrys triphyl- Ophrys atrata L.

la Th.

5. DISPERIS Sw. Pl. 3. F.

Char. essent.:Calyx ringens: fofiolis lateralibus
exterioribus horizontalibus subcalca-
ratis.

Labellum e basi styli, erectum, genitalibus
connexum.
Anthera velo tecta, lacinias duas antice circum-

flexas exserente.

Char. naturalis :
Calyx ringens, 5-phyllus :.

Foliola tria exteriora, quorum unum superius
erectum fornicatum, cum duobus iuteriori-
bus lateralibus illo contiguis galeam erectam
s. incumbentem efficiens. Duo lateralia

anterigra horizontaliter exstantia ; utroque

344 " SWARZ QN THE

perula s. calcare brevi obtuso deorsum
spectante.
Cor. Labellum e basi styli erectum, inferne at-
| tenuatum, genitalibus adnexum, apice fub
galea reflexum. st 3 |
Genit. Stylus brevissimus e Germine infero ob-
longo-cylindraceo.
Anthera stylo ‘apice adnata erecta s. recli-
nata, oblonga, bilocularis: tecta velo mat-
gine utroque lacinulam cartilagineam re-
curvato-circumflexam antice exserente. |
Masse Pollinis Orchidis similes, pedicellis
apicibus lacinularym veli adglutinatis.
Stigma anticum, prope Antheram.

Per. precedentium.

N. B. Name from 4s (bis) and vga (pera), as
both the horizontal lateral leaflets are
furnished with a small bag or short spur.

This genus comes nearest to the foregoing, but
is distinguishable from it by the spurs of
the lateral leaflets, by the insertion of the:
labellum, the structure of the anther,

and the situation of the stigma.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ. “145

Species.
Difperis capensis. cucullata Sw.
Arethusa ca- fecunda.
pensis L. Areth. secunda Th.
villosa. Ophrys circum-
Arethusa vil- flexa. L.
losa. cordata Sw. —

D. capensis: caule diphyllo unifloro ; foliis lan-
ceolatis.

D. villosa: caule diphyllo unifloro bractea ger-
mineque villoso; foliis cordato-ovatis sub-
tus glabris margine ciliatis.

D. cucullata: caule diphyllo unifloro, germine
glabro, foliis oblongis bracteaque subtus
pubescentibus. e C. b. fp. SPARRMAN.

D. secunda: caule diphyllo multifloro, foliis
Imearibus ; floribus secundis.

D. cordata: caule diphyllo multifloro, foliis cor-
datis glabris; floribus distinctis.. Ex Ins,

Mauvriri.

wo CO” SWARZ ON THE

6. CORYCIUM S. Pl. 3. G.
Char. effint. Calyx xingens, 4-phyllus; _foliolis

erectis, Jateralibus basi ventricosis.
Labellum stylo supra Antheram ad-
natam infertum.
Char. naturalis. :
Calyx. ringens, 4-phyllus :
Foliola erecta: duo exteriora, quorum untim
supertus emgustius cum duobus dateralibus
interioribus majoribus retusis, :basi concavo-
wenwwicosis connexum, galeam referens.—
_.. Alterum-exterius inferius obovatum.
Cor. Labellum basi attenuato apici styli fupra |
-» antheram .infertum, Jamina replicatay pa-
vente. : | |
Genit. Stylus e Germine infero .oblongo torto
erectus, brevissimus, basi angustior, apice
obtusus alatus ; alisiad latera deflexis.
| Anthera medio stylo ‘sub Jabello adnata,
didyma, bilocularis: Joculis xremotiusculis,
ab alis styli postice tectis.

oon

‘

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 147

~ Masse geniture Orchidis, pedicellis ad sinus
superiores loculorum, lacinulis propriis in-
seftis.
Stigma posticum, convextum (versus galeam)
infra loculos.

Per. Congenerum,

N. B. This genus, which derives its name from
Keigvnos (galea, cassis) on account of the struc-
ture and position of the flower, is easily
to be distinguished from the rest, by its
four-leaved calyx. The insertion of the
Labellum and the two small wing-shaped
leaflets at the upper end of the style, hang-
ing down behind the anthera, represent as
it were an inverted orchideous flower.
Thefe wings seem to be of the same na-
ture with the two inner leaflets, which
are commonly met with in the flowers oF i
the Orchidez. )

Species.

Cyryciem Orobanchoides.

Satyrium Orobanchoides L. Th.
K 2

ws. aS _SWARZ ON THE

C. crispum. a Set
- Arethusa crispa Th.
vestitum. :
Ophrys Volucris-Th.
-bicolorum.

‘Ophrys bicolor Th.

yOPHRYS Hh) Pha De
Char. essent. Calyx subringens : foliolis patentibus.
| Labellum e basi styli, ecalcaratum,

patens.
Anthera Orchidis.

Character naturalis.
Calyx subringenti-patens, 5-phyllus :
Foliola tria exterioria: unum fuperius conca-
vum, cum dyobus lateralibus interioribus

angustioribus connivens. Duo lateralia an-
teriora patentia.

Cor. Labellum basi styli antice adnexum, subtus
ecalcaratum, ssepe carinatum; Jamima in-

divisa f. partita, patente.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDE. 149

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero, oblongo, torto
brevissimus, erectus.

Anthera stylo apice adnata, erecta, magna,
gibba, bilocularis : loculis antice hiantibus.
Masse Pollinis clavatee ut in Orchide, pe-
dicellis basi glandulosis ad sinus. inferiores

loculorum insertis.
Stigmainfra Antheram, anticum, convexum,

Sete datUDy.

_. Per, precedentium.

N.B. This genus distinguishes itself by the .
absence of the spur at the /Jabellum, from
Orchis, which it resembles however in
regard to the other parts of the flower.

: Species.

Ophrys MonorchisL. =O. Jancea Th.
alpina L. crucigera Jacq.*
anthropophora L. Myodes L.

fuciflora.

- O. lancea: scapo nudo; labello sublineari deflexo
trifido, lacinia media obsoleta. e Java. THUN-

BERG. |
* See the note, page 127.

¥50 SWARZ ON THE

O. arachnites. O. feolopax Cav. »
lutea Cav.

dubia :
O. trifolia Walt.
* fimbriata Walt.

barbata Walt. :

ra

8. SERAPIAS L. Pl. 3. H.
Char. essent. Calyx ringens: foliolis conniventibus,
Labellum ecalcaratum, Jamina de-

flexa. Anthera stylo clongato adnata,

Character uaturalis.
Calyx vingens :

Foliola 5. acuminata, erecta. Tria exéeriora,
duo inferiora angustiora, Omnia conniven-
tia in galeam.-

Cor. Labellum concavum, /amina acuminata de-
flexa. :

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero oblongo erecta,
elongata. |
Anthera ovata, adnata, erecta, postice gibba,

bilocularis.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 15t

Pollen Orchidis.
Stigma anticum sub & prope Antheram,
concavum.

Per, Congenerum.

Species.
Serapias cordigera L.
lingua L.
Huc referende plures forsan distinctz species
ex Orchidibus Etrurie secundum B. Tozzi
a Petiverio in Oper. hist. nat. spect, T. II.

delineate,

9. NEOTTIA. Jace. Ph 4k
Char. essent. Calyx ringens: foliol. lateral. exte-
rioribus antice circa basin /abelji
ventricosam connexis.
Anthera stylo parallela, postice in-

ferta,

Character naturalis.
Calyx rmgens, 5-phyllus :
Foliola tria exteriora, duo interiora, conniventia

sed apice patula,

52 - SWARZ ON THE

Exteriora lateralia basi antice producta,
sepe connexa s. in formam calcaris ad
basin labelli utrinque decurrentia.

Cor. Labellum basi attenuatum subventricosum,

foliolis calyc. lateral. amplexum: Jamina .

erecta, patula.

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero, oblongo, 3-gono
erectus, cylindraceus, apice scarloso acu-
minato. i

Anthera stylo postice adfixa, illoque pa-
rallela, erecta, acuminata, bilocularis.,

Mass@ Pollinis pulvereo-granulate, lineares,
in sulcis binis longitudinalibus styli, loculis

Anthere oppositis, semiincluse.

Stigma anticum, versus apicem styli obliquum,

convexum. y

Per. Capsula 1-locularis, trivalvis, &c.

N.B. The generic name is taken from Jac-
quin, who re-established it, having been
given before to some of the Ophrydes Linn.
The dissections of the flower of Neottia spe-

ciosa in Jacquin’s Icon. rar. Vol. III. charac-

7

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEX. 153.

© terize this genus tolerably well, but for the

a
¥

stigma, which is not well represented.

Species. ,
Neottia speciosa Jacq. N. cernua.
elata. Ophrys cernua L.
N. minor. Jacq. adnata.
Satyrium ela- Sat. adnatum Sw.
tum Sw. pr. Orchioides.
spiralis. Satyr. orchioides Sw.
Ophrys spira- repens.
lis L. Sat. repens L.
tortilis. calcarata Fl. Ind. oce.

| Satyrium spi- polystachya Fl. Ind. occ.
rale Sw. pr. flava Fl. Ind. oce.
: dubia:
Ophrys peruviana. Aristotelia spiralis.
Aubl. Lour.
Limodorum lanceo- Epipactis Nuil.
Jatum. Audi. Feuill.

10. CRANICHIS. S. Pl. IV. K.
Char. essent. Calyx. resupinatus, subringens.
“Labellum fornicatum.
Anthera Neottiz.

154 / < §SWARZ ON THE °

Character naturalis.
Calyx resupinatus, subringens, 5-phyllus :
Foliola tria exteriora. Duo Iateralia supe-
riora, wnum.anterius inferius ; subequalia,
erecta, patentia.
Duo lateralia inferiora vix minora.

Cor.. Labellum (situ supremum) inter foliola ¢a-
lycis lateralia superiora, fornicatum, ova-
tum, subcarinatum, basi sepe bifidum,
tenerum, genitalia tegens.

Genit. Stylus.¢ Germine infero ovato, obliquo,
erectus, medio dilatatus, apice membrana-

_ceus, acuminatus.

Anthera;sty\o parallela, postice adfixa erecta,
acuminata, bilocularis.

Masse Pollinis oblong, subsessiles, pul-
Veree, |

Stigma anticum (versus labellum) conca-
viusculum.

Per. Capsula obovata, basi attenuata, 3-gona, &c.

N. B,. This new genus has already been adopted
by Von Scureper; but the generic.
character is here given more completely.

%

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEA. 155

Species.
Crenichis aphylla Flor, Ind. occ.
diphylla — —
oligantha — —_
stachyodes =- > — J
MmuyscQsa..

pauciflora — —

dubia;
Galeola nudifolia Loureiro.

11. THELYMITRA. Forst. Pl. 4. L.
Char. essent. Calyx subregularis, patens.
Labellum foliol. calyc. conforme.

Genitalia cucullo 2-penicillato cincta,

Char naturalis.
Calyx subregularis, 5-phyllus:

Foliola ovato-lanceolata, concava, patentia.
Tria exteriora vix s. paullo maiora, postico
erecto. Duo interiora.

Cor. Labellum magnitudine & figura fol. cal.
interioribus conforme, genitalia antice basi
amplectens, erectiusculum.

156) MG era Oe ee’ OY 7

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero, oblongo erectus,
cucullo membranaceo superne retuso s. pli-
cato-crenato amplexus, /acinulis duabus Ia-
teralibus erectis, penicillato-barbatis.

Anthera sinu cuculli inserta, erecta, stylo
postice parallela, stigmate contigua, acu-
minata, bilocularis.

Massa Pollinis subtilissime granulose.

Stigma anticum, obtusum, infra apicem sca-
rioso-bifidum styli.

Per. Capstla clavato- turbinata, Bees

Cetera con generum. |

Species.
a salymiira Forsteri.
Thelymitra Forst. een Nl. 49.
Serapias regularis Forst. prodr.

\

Ixioides.*

12. DIURIS. Smitn. Pl. 4. M.
Char. essent. Calyx subringenti-patens, 7-phyllus :
Foliola duo anteriora elongata Le-
belfo ecalcarato supposita.

Anthera Neottiz.

# Ex nova Hollandia, communicata a Cel. Smitu.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEH. 157

Char. naturalis.
Calyx subringens, 7-phyllus :

Foliola quinque exferiora, quorum unum sa-
perius sessile subfornicatum ; duo lateralia
superiora unguiculata, ovata, erecta; duo
anteriora pedicellata, elliptica, patentia,
labello supposita.

Duo interiora lateralia, rhomboidea, sessilia.

Cor. Labellum e basi styli subunguiculatum ecal-
~caratum ; ‘Jamina ovata, convexa, lateribus
deflexa.
Genit. Stylus € Germine infero, oblongo, contorto
erectus, gibbus, acuminatus.

Anthera \ateralis, stylo parallela, postice
inserta, erecta, acuminata, bilocularis.
Masse@ Pollinis oblonge, pulverez, sessiles,
apici lateris opositi styli adfixe.

“Stigma anticum, subterminale, obliquum, ob-
tusum. |

Baas
“Per. Congenerum.

-ouN. B.. The. flower of this genus consists of
eight petal-like leaflets, the labellum in-

“1g8 SWARZ ON THE
cluded, not of nine, which ate attributed
to it in the Transact. of the Lin. Soci Vol.
4. p. 222. ‘

Of the two species of Diuris, which are taken -
up, we expect a farther description from
the celebrated owner of the Linnean Col-

lections. -

13. ARETHUSA L. Pl. 5.0
Char. esseat. Calyx subxingens: foliglis subconni-
--ventibus. - )
Labellum ecalcaratum.
Anthera opercularis, persistens.

Pollen pulvereo-granulatum.

Character naturalis.

Calys subringens, basi angustior, $-phyllus :
Foliola tria exteriora, duo interiors erecta,
subconniventia.

Cor. Labellam erectum, basi attenuato ant

culato stylum amplectens ; /amina dilatata,
patente, longitudinaliter’ sailed plerum- -

- que. Danae

-

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ, 159

Genit. Stylus e Germine imfero tereti-oblongo
erectus, parum gibbus, antice concavus.
-Anthera terminalis, opercularis, subrotunda,
bilocularis, non decidua.
Pollen pulvereo-granulatum.:
Stigma anticum, in parte concava styli infra
Antheram.
Per. Capsula oblongo-ovata, &c.

Species.
_Arethusa bulbosa L. A. gentianoides Sw. Fl.
ophioglossoi- Ind. occ.
des L. triauthophoros Diuk.
divaricata L, petreaa Afzel.
biplumata L.

‘34, EEIPAU tio. Teatr. Pi. N.

Char. essent. Calyx erecto-patens.

Labellum eca\caratum.

ee a

A. trianthophoros ; caule remote vaginato aphyllo
subquadrifloro, vaginis foliaceis ; pedunculis
florum elongatis. Ex America sept. Commu-

nicata ab IJ]. ScHREBER.

160 SWARZ ON THE

_Anthera opercularis, persistens.

Pollen pulvereo-granulatum.,.

Char. uaturalis :

Calyx 5-phyllus : ;

~ Foliola. erecto patentia,. concava; tria exte-
riora; duo interiora parum minora. :

Cor. Labellum e latere inferiore styli, basi at-
tenuatum s. concavum s. carinatum, calyce
longius ; /amina concava s. plana, deflexa,
integra s. fissa. |

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero oblongo-erectus,

_ teretiusculus, apice subbifidus.

Anthera margini postico apicis styli inserta,
ovata, erectiuscula s. incumbens, non (s.
rarius) decidua, bilocularis. ,

Massa geniture oblonge, pulvereo-granulate
subinde partibiles. Wh

Stigma anticum, obliquum, convexum, dorso
adscendenti, cujus facies concava Anthere
incumbit. ; |

Per. ut in congeneribus.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ. 161

N. B. Epipactis is very like the foregoing genus
(Arethusa), but the peculiar form of the
flower in particular, as well as the manner
of growth by which the genus is distin-
guished, do not admit of their being united.

This genus is one of HaLLer’s, and most of the
species, which he refers to it, are also

‘retained here. ‘the difference in the anther

distinguishes it from the genus Ophrys.
Species.
a. Jabello lamina integra.

Epipactis latifolia L.. S. lancifolia Ebrb.

Serapias latifoliaL. _ E. ensifolia.

palustris * Ser.grandifloravar.L.
Serapias longi- Ser. ensifolia. Ebr.
folia L. rubra |
microphylla Serapias rubra L. }
Serapias micro- erecta
phyla L. ' . Serap. erecta
pallens | Th. jap.
Serapias grandi-
flora L.

162 SWARZ. ON THE

E. faleata ORS ovata
Serapias falcata ~ Ophrys L.
Th. jap. Convallarioides Swe
b. /abello lamina jissa. Camtschatea
FE. nidus avis ~ Ophrys L.
Ophrys L. porrifolia :
cordata Ophrys unifolia
Ophrys'L. } Forst.

iy. MALARIS OS. Fl Rev:
Char. essent. Calyx patens, resupinatus : |

Labellum concavo-patulum, adscen-
dens. |

Anthera opercularis.

eee ees es ee

ame eS

E. Convallaricides: caule Ddifolio, foliis cor-
dato-subrotundis acutis, labello oblongo :
apice dilatato obtuse bilobo,—E Terra
Nova Amer. Sept. communicata a cl. amico
S. TORNER. :

E. porrifolia : scapo tereti, folio fistuloso. acuto

_ levi vaginato ; labello apice bilobo.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEH. 163

Char. naturalis :

Calyx resupinatus, 5-phyllus :

Foliola tria exteriora: duo superiora, unum
inferius s. anterius ; lanceolata, obtusa, pa-
tentia.

Duo interiora latetalia linearia.

Cor. Labellum basi concavo stylum amplectens,
calyci incumbens, adscendens ; /amina ob-
tusa s. acuta, erecta s. subreflexa.

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero teretiusculo, obo-
vato erectus, parum gibbus, antice apice-
que excavatus.

Anthera terminalis, opercularis, heemisphzrica,
bilocularis, oblique insidens, decidua.

Masse@ pollinis sessiles, oblongz, globulares,
margini anteriori apicis styli incumbentes
solitarize. |

Stigma anticum (situ posticum) infra Anthe-
ram, versus labellum, concavum.

Per. Capsula pedicellata oblonga s. @bovato, &c.

N. B. This genus approaches to the next, but
- besides the situation of the flowers which

2

164 _ SWARZ ON THE

are turned upside down, the species be- ©
longing to it havea peculiar habit, which
distinguishes them from all the other Orchi-

deous plants.

Species 4

Malaxis spicata. Flor. Ind. occ. .
umbellulata- - =
monophyllos.

Ophrys monophyllos L.

nerd ees Mee RRS SET ee CN ERE SE el

By

M. spicata: foliis binis ovatis; scapo 4-gono
racemifero ; labello subtrilobo, medio acu-
minato. hey

M. wmbellulata : foliis binis ovatis ; scapo 5-gono,
floribus umbellulatis; Jabello subtrilobo,
medio acuminato.

M. monophylles: folio subsolitari-ovato acuto ;
scapo triquetro; labello concavo acumi-

nato.

‘ NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 165

M. Rhedii Sw.
Epidendrum resupinatum Forst.
Basaala poulou maravara Rheed, mal.
$2. 1.027.

paludosa.
Ophrys paludosa L.

liliifolia. :
Ophrys liliifolia L.

Leeselii.

Ophrys Leeselii L.

a
M. Rbedii: foliis pluribus Janceolato-ovatis
-_acutis plicatis ; scapo triquetro ; labello con-

cavo obtuso crenulato.

M. paludosa : foliis subquaternis apice scabris ;
scapo 5-gono; labello concavo acuto.

M. Uiliifolia: foliis binis ovato lanceolatis, scapo
3-quetro; foliol. cal. intern. reflexis disco-
loribus; labello concavo obovato, apice
acuto.

M. Leselii: foliis binis ovato-lanceolatis ; scapo

3-gono 3; labello apice ovato recurvato.

166 SWARZ ON THE

M. nervosa. ie das
Ophrys nervosa Th. fl. jap.

Epidendrum nervosum Th. ic. jap.

dubia.

_ Katou'ponnam marawara. Rheed. mal. 12. t. 28.
Bela pola Rhced. mal. 11. t. 38.
Epidendrum caudatum. L

~ Limodorum nutans. Roxb. Cor. t. 40.

N.B. Malaxis Lilifolia, Loeselii, & nervosa,
which formerly (Act. Soc. Scient. Ups. 6.
p- 76.) I transferred to Cymbidium, ought
not to be separated from Malaxis. Though
the flowers of these species have not com-
pletely that resupinate position like the rest,
yet they are so much turned, that the lip
is not directed outwards, but generally

towards the scapus, and adscending.

M. nervosa: foliis pluribus ovatis acutis ; scapo
angulato; labello ovato sulcato subreflexo,
basi bicallosa.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDE. 167

_Tuunserc calls the lip of M. nervosa
petalum supremum ; the flowers, therefore,

are distinctly resupinate.

16. CYMBIDIUM Sw. Pl. 6. R.

Char. essent. Calyx erectus s. patens.
Labellum basi concavum, ecalcara-
tum; /amina patula.
Anthera opercularis, decidua.

Pollen globosum.

Character naturalis.

Calyx 5-phyllus rarius 4-phyllus:

Folicla erecta.s. patentia. Tria exteriora;
duo interiora plerumque parum minora.

Cor. Labellum basi concavum (nec stylo margini-«
bus adnatum) ecalcaratum; /amina patula,
indivisa s. lobata, erecta s. deflexa,

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero, oblongo s. ovato

m erectus, semicylindricus, spe gibbus, an-
tice concavus.

Anthera opercularis, heemispherica, 2-4-locula-

ris, decidua.

168 ‘SWARZ ON THE

Masse Pollinis globulosze, solitariz s. gemi-
nz s. partibiles, pedicello insidentes apici
styli antice adglutinato.

Stigma anticum, prope antheram & apicem
styli, concavum s. convexum.

Per. Capsula oblonga s. ovata, 3-6-carinata,
t-locularis, trivalvis, secundum costas de-
hiscens, fenestrata. |

Semina numerosa, minima, arillo scobiformi in-
duta; sulcis elevatis valvularum . villosis

adsidentia.

5 he C. Z es ©
A. Parasitica.
a Calyce erectiusculo.

Cymbidium’ coccineum.
Epidendrum L.

oe SS ST SRS SS NT NEES A

C. coccineum : subcaulescens, foliis terminalibus
aliisque radicalibus bulbo innatis, subensi-
- formibus obtusis, scapis filiformibus axilla.

ribus unifloris.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEX. 169

C, tripterum, C. echinocarpum.
Epidendr, Smith Limodorum pen-
vestitum Fl. I. occ, dulum Audi,
- proliferum, muricatum Fl. I, oc.

oe

C. sripterum: acaule, foliis bulbo innatis radi-
calibus vaginatis multifloris ; germine tria.
dato. Obs: Receptaculo pollinis instruitur, ©
quod negavit Cel. SmirH.

C. vestitum: caule dichotomo, vaginis undique
imbricato, apice axillisque bulbiferis, bul-
bis monophyllis, floribus confertis e vaginis
caulinis.

C. proliferum: caule adscendente prolifero, fo-
liis distichis ovato Janceolatis floribus axilla-
ribus sessilibus, bulbis e vaginis foliorum
diphyllis——Proveniunt in India occidentali.

C. echinocarpum: caule compresso, decumbente,
pendulo imbricato, foliis bifariis ovatis
acuminatis, capsulis muricatis.

(. muricatum: caule compresso erectiusculo im-
bricato, foliis bifariis oblongis acutis lineatis,

capsula muricata.

#70 SWARZ ON THE

trichocarpum FI. I. oc. C. testzefolium Fl. I. occ.

glaucum °-- Imeare.
graminoides --- | Epidendrum Lizz.
equitans.

Epidendr. Forst.

C. trichocarpum: caule tereti-compresso radi- |
cante -imbricato, foliis bifariis linearibus
subreflexis, capsulis pilosis. ;

C. glaucum:, caule compresso erectiusculo imbri-
cato, foliis bifariis lato-lanceolatis subtus
glaucis; capsulis nudis. ;

C. graminoides : caule compresso assurgente mul-
tifloro imbricato, foliis bifariis lineari-lance-
olatis remotiusculis ; capsulis glabris, pedi-
cellis elongatis. :

C. testafolium: caule repente, foliis incumbentibus
subrotundis acutis convexo-concavis cari-
natis, floribus sub foliis sessilibus.

C. lineare: caule simplici erecto; foliis distichis
linearibus obtusis, apice emarginatis, flori-
bus terminalibus subspicatis.—Habitat in

India occidentali.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 171

C.teretifolium Fl.I.oc. b Calyce patente

serrulatum. C. autumnale.
globosum. Epidendrum Forst.
Epidendrum Yacg. © montanum FI. Ind. oc.

C. teretifolium: caule simplici, foliis sentitereti-
bus, floris solitarii terminalis labello apice
triquetro. |

-C. serrulatum: caule subdiphyllo ; foliis lanceo-
latis carinatis seirulatis, spicis terminalibus
laxis filiformibus.

C. globosum: caule’ simplici subunifloro, foliis
tereti-canaliculatis; labello ovato; capsulis
globosis.

C. autumnale: caulibus e radice reptante simpli-
cibus ancipitibus, foliis confertis lanceo-
latis, spicis subpaniculatis terminalibus.

- Hab. in Nova Zeelandia.

C. montanum: caule simpliciusculo, foliis lato-

lanceolatis apice subrecurvis, racemo ter-

minali, floribus secundis, lamina lab. 3-fida.

172 SWARZ ON THE

C. nodosum. C.aphyllum. ©
Epidendrum L, Limodorum Roxb.
: scriptum. aa Aloifolium.
Epidendrum L. EpidendrumRowb.
cucullatam. . .
Epidendrum L.

C. nodosum: caule simplici monophyllo tuber-
culo radicato, folio | semicylindraceo subu-
lato, lamina lab. integra. ae
C. scriptum: foliis bulbo innatis ovato lanceolatis
trinerviis, scapo multifloro, petalis maeu-

latis. . |

C. cucullatum: caule simplici unifloro diphylle
foliis subulatis sulcatis, Jamina lab. ciliata-
Incolunt insulas Ind. Occ.

C. aphyllum: caule simplicissimo aphyllo tereti-
aruculato, floribus lateralibus subsessilibus,
Jabello basi convoluto.—Generis Dendrobii
adsine. Patria Bengala.

c.. Alvifolium : foliis radicalibus lato-linearibus |
canaliculatis carnosis apice retusis, scapis

multifloris erectis.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDE. 174

C. pendulum. C."preemorsum.
Epidendrum Rowxd. Epidendrum Roxd.
tessellatum. flabelliformeF'.I. oc.
EpidendrumRoxb. —_ subulatum.

C. pendulum: foliis radicalibus distichis lato-

linearibus apice retusis concavis; scapis
declinato-pendulis multifloris. Utrumque
ex Malabaria.

C. tessellatum: caulescens, foliis imbricato disti-
chis lineari-canaliculatis carnosis, apice tri-
dentatis, racemo axillari.

C. premorsum: caulescens, foliis remotiusculis.
distichis lato-linearibus canaliculatis apice
premorsis, spicis oppositifoliis. ~ Patria

. Malabaria, Coromandel.

CC. flabelliforme: foliis radicalibus basi attenuatis
compresso carinatis, superne planis: ovato-
lanceolatis nervosis, scapis abbreviatis
unifloris.

C. sibulatum: foliis subulatis sulcatis racemisque

radicalibus.

174 SWARZ ON. THE

C.triquetrum. —- Limodorum tube-
pusillum. — rosum L.
Epidendrum L. - C. verecundum.
B, Terrestria. Limodorum altum
pulchellum. : Facqe

oe

C. triquetrum : foliis radicalibus subtriquetris
canaliculatis recurvatis, marginibus dorso
apiceque compressis, scapo multifloro, flo-

-ribus 4:petalis, labello basi cordato.

C. pusillum: foliis radicalibus ensiformibus basi
equitantibus, scapis paucifloris, labello basi
angustiore, Jamina triloba.

C. pulchellum: foliis radicalibus ensiformibus
nervosis, scapo paucifloro, labello erecto
basi attenuato, lamina expansa, disco con-
¢avo piloso. Habitat in America septen-
trionali.

C. verecundum: foliis radicalibus lato-lanceolatis
plicato-nervosis, scapo multifloro, foliolis
calycis interioribus conniventibus, labello
ventricoso, lamina emarginata crispa sul-

cata.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 175

C. diurnum. C. giganteum.
Limodorum ¥acq. _ Limodorum ZA.
utriculatum F1.1. Oc. Satyrium Linn.

suppl.

C. diurnum: foliis radicalibus lineari-lanceolatis

carinatis, scapo paniculato, foliolis calicis
_ patentibus, labello erecto, lamina triloba.

C. utriculatum: foliis radicalibus geminis lanceo-
lato-ovatis scapoque multifloro vagina inflata
basi cinctis, fol. cal. subconniventibus,
radice maxima tuberosa.—Cum preceden-
tibus in Amer. merid.

C. giganteum: foliis radicalibus equitanti-ensi-
formibus subrecurvis, scapo tereti, floribus
remotis; labello hastato, lacinia intermedia
ovato-plicata. ,

‘Obs. Labellum hastatum nec sagittatum basi
subtus gibbum nec cornutum, _laciniis
baseos deltoideis prominentibus, intermedia
5-lamina magna oblonga integra primum
concava demum convexa, carinata, disco

Jongitudinaliter plicato, limbo undulato.

176
C. tabulare.
Satyrium Linn.
suppl.
Serapias Thunb.
pedicellatum.

Satyrium capense

SWARZ ON THE

C. aculeatum.
Satyrium Lin
suppl.
Serapias Thunb.
squamatum.

Ophrys squamata

Linn. Sp. pl. Forst.
Satyrium pedicel- corallorrhizon.

latum Suppl. Ophrys corallhor-
Serapias pedicel- thiza L.

Tata Thunb.

cr SG NR CE ES CREE CERES RI OER SIREN FRR

C. tabulare: folio radicali linéari, scapo erecto

Whoo, hoa

paucifloro, lamina labelli trifida, laciniis
ovatis integris. al
Obs. folia nulla caulina, nec lacinia media
labelli emarginata. Radix bulbosa. |
C. pedicellatum: folio radicali lineari-lanceolato
nervoso, scapo angulato, floribus subpedi-
cellatis nutantibus, cal. foliol. erectis.
C. aculeatum: foliis radicalibus~subternis ensi-
formibus, scapo vaginato, spica ovata.

Radix in utroque bulbosa. Scapus illius lon~

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEX. 177

C. grandiflorum. C. boreale.
Limodorum 4ub/. Cypriped. bulbo-
sum L.

?
eee tee at es es ee

gissimus, hujus digitalis vaginis foliaceis
veftitur. Calix erectus. Labellum basi
gibbum, lamina trifida, lacinia intermedia
superne muricata.

Omnia in Africa australi vigent.

C. grandiflorum: scapo subtrifloro vaginato, va-
ginis remotis foliaceis ovato-lanceolatis,
labello trilobo, intermedio emarginato.
Incolit Americam meridionalem.

C. boreale: folio radicali unico ovali acuto, scapo

~~ tereti unifloro, corolla bilabiata, labio infe-
riore subinflato, lamina replicata, fauce
barbata. Hab. in Lapponia, Siberia,
Terra Nova, Amer. Sept.—Columna geni-
talium ut in Cymbidio monandra ; minime

Cypripedii, cui Anthere duz distinctz.

M

1978 SWARZ ON THE

C. ensifolium. C. striatum.
Epidendrum L. Limodorum Th. Fe.
Species dubia.

Epidendrum tuberosum Linn. —

Epidendrum caudatum L. Malaxis forte
species. a

Epidendrum tenuifolium L..

“Epidendrum furvum L.

Epidendrum ovatum L.

Epidendrum juncifolium L.

Epidendrum guttatum L.

Epidendrum Cebolleta Facq..

Epidendrum violaceum Facq.

Epidendrum Clypeolum Fors¢.

C. ensifolinm : foliis radicalibus ensiformibus ner-
vosis, scapo tereti paucifioro, labello ovato,
subrecurvato, maculato, )

-C. striatum: foliis radicalibus ensiformibus ner-
vosis, scapo angulato paucifloro, -dabello
oblongo, lamina plana trifida.

Proveniunt in China, Japonia.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 179

Epidendrum triste Forst.

Epidendrum Calceolarie Retz.

Epidendrum plantaginifolium Retz.

Epidendrum Lycopodioides Retz.

Limodorum floridum Salisb.

Limodorum altum Lizn.

Helleborine radice arundinacea, Plum.

Epipactis flore virescente, vulgo Piquichen
Feuill.

Epipactis amplo lore lateo, vulgo Gareilu

Feuill.

Bletia Flor. peruy. & chil. prodrom.

Sobralia Flor. peruv. et chil. prodr.

Fernandezia? Flor. peruv. & chil. prodr.

Chichiltic Tepetlauchpochitl Hernand.

Tzaupochitl Hernand.

Helleborine foliis rigidis angustis Plum.

Thrixspermum Centipeda Loureiro.

Renanthera coccinea Loureiro.

Angrecum nervosum Rumph.

Herba supplex prima Rumph.

Augrecum terestre primum Rumpbh.

M 2

180 ~- SWARZ ON THE
N. B. The foregoing species, being of
a polymorphous habit, might perhaps
hereafter require a further subdivision.
With regard to the characters taken from

the anther and lip they all ge to agree,

17. ik rae ste Sw. Pl. hing

ie &

Char. Essent. Cals patens. ~
Labellum planum, basituberculosum:

Anthera opercularis, decidua.

Character naturalis :
Calyx 4-5-phyllus :
Foliola patentia, ‘subunguiculata; tria pots

duo interiora majora, plana, subrepanda ; j8.
duo exteriora, duo interiora a, (ots cays 4-
phyllus. ae | ine

Cor. Labellum e basi. styli, patens, Jobatum,
lobo medio magno, disco _superne gibbis
duobus ‘elevatis.

Genit. RO gd c Germine infero, subteret lineari

erectus, antice excavatus, marginibus
apicis alatis.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEA. 181

Anthera subrownda; opercularis inter alulis
apicis styli, bilocularis, decidua.
Masse@ Pollinis globulares, binz, pedicello
communi juncte.
| Stigma infra antheram, concavum.

Per. preecedentium. TF

N. B. This genus, which derives its name from
Oyxid0y ( Luberculum) on account of the
form of the labellum, distinguishes itself,
not only by its flowers, but its stalk being
of a harder and lefs herbaceous nature
than that of the other Orchidez, and
divided something like a Thyrsus.

Species.

Oncidium carthaginense.
Epidendrum Jacq.
altissimum, —
Epidendrum acq.
quadripetalum.

Epidendrum Yacq.

182 | SWARZ ON THE
©. variegatum.
Cymbidium FY. Ind. 0 oct.

Cebolleta.
Epidendrum Facq.

18. EPIDENDRUM L. Pl. 7. U.

Char. essent. Calyx patens.
~ Label/um basi tubulatum, stylo antice
-adnexum, ecalcaratum. ©”

Anthera opercularis, decidua. ~

Char, naturalis.
Calyx 5-phyllus :
Foliola subequalia, patentia. Tria exteriora
duo interiora. ©
Labellum basi turbinatum, stylo connexum,
—ecalcaratum ; /amina erecta, agi indi-

visa s. lobata.

Ec ut in Cymbidio.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDER. 183

Species.
Epidendrum cochlea- E.bifidum Fi, Ind. occ.
tum L. polybulbon - -

fragrans Fl.Ind. occ. = labiatum - - -

E. cochleatum : foliis geminis oblongis bulbo inna-
tis, scapo elongato, Jamina labelli cordata,
obtusa.

_E. fragrans: folio lanceolato. bulbo innato ;
scapo abbreviato multifloro, lamina labelli
cordata acuta.

E. bifidum: foliis subternis Ianceolatis bulbo
innatis ; scapo ramoso, lamina labelli 3-par-
tita, lobo intermedio reniformi bifido,

E. polybulbon :. caule repente bulbifero, bulbis
diphyllis unifloris, flore pedunculato, lamina
labelli cordata. )

E. labiatum: foliis radicalibus oblongis, bulbo
medio solitario monophyllo, scapis pauci-
floris, lamina labelli obovato -incrassata.

Cum preced. in India occid. provenit.

184 SWARZ QN THE

E.amabile L. E. verrucosum Fl. Ind. oc.

patens Fl. Ind. occ. , punctatum L.

eee
¥

E. amabile: foliis radicalibus lato-lanceolatis,
scapo subdiviso, cal. fol. lateralibus orbi-
culatis, lamina lab. tripartita: lacinia inter-
‘media hastata, apice bifida.

Hab. in Ind. Orientali.

Obs. Labium basi angustissimum nec columna ut
in ceteris connatum ; glandula tamen
magna bifida ad basin lamine inserta, apice
_columnz connexa antheramque tegens.

E. patens: caule simplici, foliis oblongis, pani-
cula terminali simplici diffusa, lamina labelli
triloba, lobo intermedio bipartito.

E. verrucosum: caule simplici folioso verrucoso,

-foliis lanceolatis nervosis; scapo paniculato
corollisque impunctatis.

E. punctatum: caule simplici vaginis imbricato,
foliis lanceolatis nervosis; scapo panicus

lato corollisque punctatis,

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEH. 185

E. nutans Fl. Ind. occ. E.ramosum Facg.
umbellatum - - rigidum - -

diffusum - -

ES TE RE,

“ E. nutans: caule simplici foliis ovato lanceolatis

- amplexicaulibus, floribus subspicatis nutan-

tibus, lamina lab. triloba, lobo intermedio
tridentato,

E. umbellatum : caule simplici, foliis ‘oblongis
subemarginatis, floribus in sinu folii termi-
nalis confertis, lamina lab. triloba, lobo
intermedio emarginato.

E. diffusum: caule simplici ancipiti, foliis oblon-
gis, panicula terminali ramosissima ; lamina
lab. cordata acuminata.

E. ramosum: caule ramosissimo, foliis linearibus
obtusis emarginatis, spicis terminalibus
laxis, floribus distichis.

E. rigidum: caule simplici, foliis oblongis, ob-
tusis, spica terminali laxa ancipiti, floribus

distichis, lamina Jab. cordato-ovata acuta,

186 SWARZ ON THE

E. bifarium Fl. Ind. oc. E.secundum L,

nocturnum L. fuscatum Smith.

_ciliare L.

eel

E. difarium: caule simplici, foliis cordato-lance-
olatis horizontalibus, spica terminali laxa
ancipiti, floribus distichis, lamina labelli
triloba. |

E. nocturnum: caule simplici, foliis oblongis
aveniis, floribus terminalibus, lamina lab.
‘tripartita integra, Jacinia intermedia lineari-
elongata.

E. ciliare: caule simplici, foliis binis oblongis
aveniis, lamina lab. 3-partita, lacinia inter- _
media lineari. ‘

E. secundum: caule simplici, foliis oblongis
emarginatis; pedunculo terminali longis-
simo, spica laxa secunda, columna Tongi-

' tudine petalorum. ae )

E. fuscatum : caule simplici, foliis oblongis acu-

minatisve, pedunculo terminali elongato,

spica globosa, columna petalis breviore.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEE. 187

E, elongatum facq..
Species dubia.

E. vomiforme. Fl. Indy occ.

E. anguftifolium. Fl. Ind. occ.

E, liliifolium. Rez.

E, sessile. Retz.

Helleborine floribus atropurpureis. Plam.

Helleborine amplissimo flore vario. Plum.

19. VANILLA. Puivum. Pl. 7. T.

Char. essent. Calyx patens.

Labellum basi subcucullatum, ecai-
caratum ; /amina patente.
Anthera opercularis, decidua.

Capsula siliqueeformis, carnosa.

ent

E. elongatum: caule simplici, foliis oblongis,
pedunculo terminali elongato, spica laxa,
lamina lab. dentato ciliata. Omnia para-
sitica Ind, Occid.

188 ‘SWARZ ON THE

Char. naturalis.

Calyx 5-phyllus, wo,

Foliola subzequalia, patentia. Tria exteriora,
duo zuteriora.. :

Cor. Labellum basi subventricoso stylum amplec-
tens, ecalcaratum ; Jamina dilatata patula,
apice convoluta, deflexa.

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero, longo, cylindra-
ceo, 3-gono erectus, trigonus, gibbus,
antice planiusculus.

- Anthera magna, opercularis, conyexa, bilocu-
laris, decidua.
Masse Pollinis globulares, bipartibiles.
Stigma anticum versus apicem styli, con-
vexum. | |

Per, Capsula etincdea cylindracea s. oblonga,
obsolete trigona, 1-locularis, carnosa, trie
bus-lineig notata.

Semina numerosissima, lenticularia, nuda, in

pulpa nidulantia.

NATWRAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 189

Species :
Vanilla aromatica—Epidendrum L.

claviculata—Flor. Ind. Occ.

Sp. dubia.

V. flore violaceo, fructu breviore rubro. Plum.
V. flore albo, fructu breviore corallino. Plum.
Angurek Warna. Kampf.

Visco-aloes quinta Kamel. ex Luzonia Ray.

20. LIMODORUM Tourner. Fl. 6. S.

Char. essent. Calyx subpatens. |
Labellum e basi postice in Calcar
productum. Lamina patula.

3 ‘- Anthera opercularis, decidua.

_

a
as

V~ aromatica: foliis ovato-oblongis nervosis cap-
sulis cylindraceis longissitnis.

V. claviculata: foliis lanceolatis acutis. concavis
recurvatis rigidis, capsulis subellipticis.

Epidendr. claviculatum Sw. prodr.

190 ‘ SWARZ ON THE

Char. naturalis.

Calyx 5-phyllus, plerumque patens, rarius resu-
pinatus.

Feliola tria exteriora, duo interiora, foepe
minora. et
Cor. Labellum basi concavum, postice in calcar |
_ variee figure & longitudinis prominens.

Lamina patula indivisa s. lobata.

pa ut in Cymbidio, Epidendro.

Species.

‘Limod. Tankervilliz. Hort. Kew.
| Phayus Lour.

ftriatum Banks.

L. Tankervillia : foliis radicalibus ovato lance.
~~ olatis nervosis, scapo simplici multifloro,

~ labello cucullato integro, cornu abbreviato.
L. striatum: foliis radicalibus lato Janceolatis
nervosis, scapo simplici, lamina labelli tri-
loba, cornu germine breviore.—Habitant

in China Japonica.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEX. 19t

L. virens Roxb.
recurvum Roxb. -
triste Thunb.
_L. capense Berg.
Satyr. triste Linz.
falcatum
Orchis falcata Th. jap.

L. virens : foliis radicalibus Jinearibus acutis
concavis, scapo ramoso punctato, labello
concavo, cornu abbreviato.

L. recurvum: foliis subradicalibus Jato-lanceo-
latis mnervosis scapo duplo longioribus,
spica globosa recurva, cornu brevissimo.

L. triste: foliis radicalibus ensiformibus erectis,

| scapo ramoso, floribus subcampanulatis,
cornu obtuso germine breviore. Promont.

__ bone spei.

L. falcatum: foliis subradicalibus equitanti-
ensiformibus falcatis, scapis paucifloris,

cornu filiformi longissimo,

192 SWARZ ON THE

L. Jongicorne Thunb. _L. fasciola

| Epidendrum ca- _ Epidendrum: Forf.
pense L. barbatum Thunb.
funale Flor. Ind. oc. _ Serapias capensis L.
filiforme :
at Mais ee in ae

L. Jongicorne: foliis radicalibus equitantibus lato-
linearibus obtusis, floribus scapi secundis,
cornu filiformi longissimo. Hab. ad pro-
mont. b. sp. |

t. finale Pee et bifloro,
labello bilobo, cornu subulato longissimo.

Ly filiforme : aphyllum, radicans, pedunculis sub-
trifloris, labello ovato, cornu apice capitato.
Hab. in Jamaica. :

L. fasciola: | aphyllum, radicans, pedunculis mul-
tifloris, labello integro, cornu compresso
obtuso. Hab. in Ins. societatis maris
‘pacifici. .

‘L. barbatum: foliis radicalibus equitanti ensi-
formibus subfalcatis, scapo flexuoso vagi-
nato, floribus approximatis, cornu obtuso

germine breviore, lamina labelli subtriloba.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 193

L. hians Thunb. abortivum.
Satyrium hians L. Orchis abortiva L.
Limodeorum Tourn.

a a -

L. Aians: foliis radicalibus equitantibus lineari-
bus, scapo paucifloro, corollis cernuis hian-
tibus, cornu longitudine germinis, labello
trilobo, intermedio subobcordato.

Obs. Petala 5 subzequalia absque galea. Cornu
e basi labelli nec posticum.—Flos ante
florescentiam resupinatus, unde labellum
pro galea calcarata perperam habitum.

L. abortivum : aphyllum, fcapo vaginato, petalis
erectis, labello ovato undulato, cornu subu-
lato germinis Jongitudine:

Habitus, fol. calic. situs, & imprimis figura
columnz genitalium pristinum Limodorum
Cxuusi1 & Tournerorti ab Orchide
ablegant.—Provenit in Europa australi.

Obs. Labellum minime bifidum sed trilobum ;
lobis Jateralibus minoribus medio ovato,
disco striato subbarbato.

N

194 SWARZ ON THE

L. Epipogium. L. cucullatum. Afz.
Satyrium L. bidens. Afz.
cristatum Afzel. emarginatum. Afz%e

Species dubia :

Epidendrum spathulatum Linn.
Epidendrum orchideum Retz.

' Epidendrum pusillum R.
Epidendrum complanatum R.
Epidendrum clavatum R.
Epidendrum subulatum R.

-Epidendrum bidentatum R.
Serapias Epidendraa R.

Califta amabilis Loureiro.

as

SSE a Serre terre

L. Epipogium: aphyllum, scapo vaginato pauci-
floro, floribus pendulis resupinatis, labello
trilobo concavo, cornu adscendente ovato.

Calice patente (licet resupinato) et co-
lumna. Limodoro proximum. Ex Alp.
austr. Helvet,

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ. 195

Helleborine aphyllos flore luteo Plum.

Flos triplicatus Rumph.

Orchis triplicate Willemet. Ust. Ann. bot. 18.
Pp» 52- .

Katu-Kaidu-Marawara Rheed. Limod. virenti

affine,

a1. AERIDES Lovr. Pl. 8. Y.

Char. essent. Calyx patens.
Labellum ecalcaratum: Jamina sac
cata.

Anthera opercularis, decidua.

Char. naturalis :

Calyx 5-phyllus, patens.
Foliola subzequalia, subinde repanda s. apice
Jatiora.
Cor. Labellum foliol. calycinis brevius, e basi
styli ortum; /amina in saccum depressa,
super genitalia szepe reversa.

Genit. bears
Per, ut in Limodoro, &c,

N2

196 SWARZ ON THE

Species.
Aérides retusa. A. coriacea.
Epidendr. retu- Limodor. coria-
sum L. ceum J7/. mus.
r“airmehigiges.,* " latifolia.
Epidendr. flos Limodor. latifo-.

aéris L. lium Jf. mus.

Limodorum Act.
3 ups. VI.

dubie :
- Aérides odorata Loureiro.

Biti maram maravara Rheed.

ence aac

so

A. retusa: foliis subradicalibus linearibus apice
bifariam retusis, racemis longissimis axilla-
ribus. Habitat in Malabaria.

A. arachnites: caule subramoso radicante, foliis
fanceolatis, petalis apice dilatatis, sacco la-
belli antice bifido, processu erecto biden-
tato. Hab. in Japonia. |

A. coriacea: foliis caulinis ovatis acuminatis sub-,_
coriaceis lineatis, apicis paniculatis. Pro-
venit in Madagascar.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ. 197

22. DENDROBIUM S. Pl. 8. V.

Char. essent. Calyx erecto patens ; in quibusdam
resupinatus. Foliola lateralia ex-
teriora circa basin /abelli ecalcarati
conniventia s. connata, spe
calcar mentientia. )

Antherg opercularis, decidua.

Chara&ter naturalis.

Calyx 3-phyllus; in aliquot speciebus resupina-
tus :

Foliola tria exteriora oblonga, erecto patentia ;

duo interiora lateralia frequenter minora.

- Lateralia exteriora ad \atera styli inferne pro-
minentis antice basi producta, conniventia
s. coalita, seepe calcar mentientia.

Cor. Labellum a foliolis calycinis lateralibus basi
inclusum illisque subinde connatum, ecal-
caratum. Lamina subrecurvata, concava

s. plana, integra s. divisa.

Genit. ut in Limodoro.
Per. .

198 SWARZ ON THE

N. B. When the flower is turned upfide down,
the calyx appears to consist of four leaves
only, but then the two outer leaves are
Jarger than the rest and connected, so as
to form a sort of helmet, beneath which
the labellum is fixed in a pendent situation.
Though remote from the Szy/e, it, however,
communicates with it by means of a keel
running from it to the end of the connected
leaves of the calyx. Thus the flower of
this genus appears almost like that of
Cranichis.

Species.

a. floribus rectis.

D. palmifolium Fl. Ind. D. Barringtoniz.
Occ. Epidendrum Sauth.

D. palmifolium: foliis lato lanceolatis nervosis,
singulis bulbo innatis, scapis radicalibus
multifloris. |

D. Barringtonie: foliis pluribus bulbo innatis

latioribus, scapis subunifloris.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDE. 199

D.sanguineum Fl. Ind. oc. D.utricularioidesFl.1.oc.
Myosurus. testiculatum - - -

Epidendr. Forst. corniculatum - - -

D. sanguineum: foliis geminis oblongis bulbo in-
natis, scapo subdiviso, petalis lateralibus in
formam cornu, germini adnati, decurrenti-

_ bus. Hab. in Ind. Occidentali; Jamaica.

D. Myosurus : fol. Yanceolatis linearibus canalicu-
latis subemarginatis, scapis nudis, spica
filiformi nutante. Ex Ins. Soc. mar. austr.

D. Utricularioides: foliis Janceolatis lineatis pla-
‘Nis, scapo paniculato, petalis lateralibus
sub labello magno obcordato in cornu bre-
vissimo basi unitis.

D. testiculatum : fol. tereti subulatis, scapo sim-
pliciusculo, cal. basi ‘antice didymo-ventri-
cosis.

D. corniculatum : crule brevissimo, folio cuneato-
oblongo subpetiolato, pedunculo. unifloro,

cal. acuminato curvo.

200 4 SWARZ ON THE

D. Lanceola =» - Dz alpestre mde.
sertularigides-- + - . laxum eouhll
racemiflorum - - - iueclfoliheabiq’

Epidendrum Linn, :

)

D. Lanceola: caule brevissimo, folio lanceolata
subpetiolato, pedunculo bifloro. :

D. sertularioides : caule communi filiformi re-
pente radicante, partialibus erectis mono-
| phyllis brevissimis, foliis Ianceolatis subpe-
tiolatis, pedunculis.unifloris.

D. racemiflorum: caule elongato, folio ovato,

| racemo foliis longiore erecto, floribus ses.
cundis acuminatis tetragonis. |

D. alpestre: caule elongato, folio ovato lanceos
lato, racemis’ laxis, carinis capsularum
muricatis. | hag

D. lexum: caule elongato, folio oblongo acu-

; minato, racemis laxis, capsulis nudis.

D, ruscifolium: caule elongato,. folio ovato-

lanceolato, floribus in sinu folii aggregatis,

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEZ, 201

b. floribus resupinatis.

D. biflorum, D. moniliforme.
Epidendrum Forst. Epidendrum L.

anceps Sw. crumenatum Sw.

D. biflorum: caule tereti simplici, foliis distichis
- lineari-lanceolatis planis, pedunculis binis
oppositifoliis e basi vaginarum brevissimis.

D, anceps : caule ancipiti simplici, foliis distichi
scalpelliformibus planis, pedunculis binis ¢
basi vaginarum brevissimis, Ex India

orient,

D. moniliforme: caule tereti simplici basi tube-
roso, foliis lineari-lanceolatis, spicis erec-
tis, floribus. remotis alternis solitariis, pro-
cessibus obtusis. .

D. crumenatum: caule subramoso compressius-
culo basi tuberoso, foliis ovato-lanceolatis,
spicis erectis, floribus remotis alternis gemi-
natis, processibus acuminatis. Angraecum
crumenatum Rumpu.

© Java GRONDAHL.

202 SWARZ ON THE

D. polystachion Sw. D. javanicum Sw.
Epidendrum mi- lingueforme SWe
nutum Aub/. . reptans Sw.
crispatum.

Epidendr. Forst.

eee

D. polystachion : foliis subradicalibus lato lace.

olatis, scapo ancipiti, ‘spicis pluribus alter-
nis secundis.
Ex Amer. Africa & Asia. a

D. crispatum: caule ramoso virgato, foliis cylin:
draceis filiformibus subincurvis, racemis
lateralibus simplicibus. .

D. javanicum: caule radicante, foliis petiolatis
erectis lato-lanceolatis obtusis, scapis *€
basi vaginarum petiolorum multifloris.

E Java THUNBERG.

D. lingueforme: caule radicante, foliis sessilibus
ovatis carnosis, scapis e basi foliorum mul-
tifloris. Ex insulis maris pacifici. Commu-

a nicavit cel SMITH.

D. reptans: caule radicante bulbifero, bulbis

diphyllis, foliis ovatis, scapis radicalibus.

Cymbidium reptans. Act. ups. VI.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDER. 203

D. galeatum Afzel. D. paniculatum Afz.
pumilum Afz. roseum Afz.

dubia:

Epidendrum carinatum L.
Maxillaria Fl. per. & chil. prodr.
Ceraja simplicissima Lour.
Lincea Hernand.
Epidendrum graminifolium L,
Epidendrum concretum Jacq.
Angrecum flavum vel septimum Rumpbh.
Angrecum nonum Rumph.
Angrecum caninum Ryumph,

_ Herba supplex secunda Rumph.
Herba supplex quinta Rumph.

a3. STELIS S. Pl. 8. W.

Char. essent. Calyx subduplex : Foliola exteriora
basi coalita: interiora labello
conformia, apice subfornicata su-
pra stylum.

Anthera opercularis, decidua. —

Of SWARZ ON THE

Character naturalis. —

Calyx sub 5-phyllus, s. subduplex :

Foliola tria exteriora basi coalita, triangularia,
planiuscula; duo i#teriora minuta, stylo
contigua, erecta, obcordata, apice subfor- |
nicata. a‘

Cor. Labellum figura foliol. cal. interiorum,
erectiusculum.

Genit. Stylus e Germine infero ovato insidens,
brevissimus, foliol. inter. & labello am-
plexus, apice dilatatus, excavatus, triden-
tatus. ;

Anthera subrotunda, opercularis, antice bifida, .
bilocularis, decidua.

Mass@ Pollinis globulares, {olitariz.

Stigma anticum, prope antheram, convexum,

Per. Capsula ovalis, trigona, trisulca, sulco su-

periore carinata, 1-locularis, trivalvis.

N. B. Stelis, vox greca, significat viscum quod
arbort innascitur, que natura hujus generis

est.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDE. 995
Species.
Stelis ophioglosseides - Epidendrum Yacq. Lin.
micrantha, - - - - Dendrobiisp. Act. Ups. VI.

N. B. To this the whole genus Humboltia Flor.
peruv. & chil. t. 27. is to be referred.

24. LEPANTHES S. Pl. 8. X.

Char. essent. Calyx sub 5-phyllus, patens: foliola
exteriora basi subcoalita; duo
inieriora difformia.

Labellum nullum, sed Stylus basi
s. apice alatus.

Anthera opercularis, decidua.

S. ophioglossoides : caule unifolio, folio oblongo
lanceolato racemum subaquante, floribus
trigonis.

S. micrantha: caule unifolio elongato, folio
lato-lanceolato racemo breviore, — floribus
hexagons. Habitat in Ind. Occ. & Amer.
meridionali.

20g _ SWARZ ON THE

Character naturalis.
Calyx sub 5-phyllus
Foliola tria exteriera, cordata, ovata, acuta,
patentia, basi subcoalita. Duo interiora
minuta, variz figure, ad basin styli utrin-
que adnata, exterioribus incumbentia.
Cor. Labellum nullum.

_Genit. Stylus e Germine infero subrotundo 3-gono
erectus, cylindraceus ; Alulis s. lobis duobus
minutis Jateralibus oppositis, ad basin s.
apicem styli insertis.

Anthera opercularis, subrotunda, 1-2-locularis,
decidua.
Massa Pollinis globulares, solitaric.
Stigma intra antheram.ad apicem styli, con-
cavum. ,
Per. Capsula pedicellata, subrotunda, 3-6-gonay

3-sulca, 1-locularis.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDEA. 207.

Species.
Lep. concinna. Fl. Ind. occid.
Epidendr. ovale Sw. prodr.
- pulchella. |

Epidendr. pulchellum Sw. pr.
tridentata.

Epidendr. tridentatum Sw. pr.
cochlearifolia.

Epidendr. cochlearium Sw. pr.

L. concinna: folio ovate acuminato, cal. foliolis
subrotundatis acutis: interioribus postice
obtusis.

L. pulchella: folio subrotundo acuto, cal. fol:
acuminatis ciliatis: interioribus utrinque
acutis postice cruciatis.

L. tridentata: folio ovato acuto marginato apice.
tridentato, floribus basi triquetris, cal. foli-
olis acuminatis, aliis styli erecto incurvis.

L. cochlearifolia: folio orbiculato covexo con-

cavo. Omnes, in India Occidentali vigent.

208 SWARZ ON THE -

' Il. Orchidee with two Anthers.

2s. CYPRIPEDIUM L.

Char. essent. Calyx 4-phyllus, patens. |
Labellum ventricosum, calceiforme:

Character naturalis.
Calyx 4-phyllus :
Foliola patentia, quorum supremum erectum,
infimum dependens, lateralia subdeflexa.
Cor. Labellum inflatum, calceiforme, obtusum.
Genit. Stylus © Germine infero pyriformi, gibbo,
basi atténuato, contorto, sexangulari erec-
tus, cylindraceus, /obo subterminali, pedi-
cellato, diverse forme, subtus carinato,
plano 6. lateribus deflexo dorso auctus. :
Anthere dux, distinctz laterales, subsessiles,
biloculares, Jacinula lanceolata utrinque
- subjecta.
Mass@ Pollinis pulvureo-granulose.
Stigma terminale, cernuum, inter antheras
lobo styli tectum, dilatatum, fovea triangu-

Jari umbilicatum.

NATURAL ORDER OF ORCHIDES. 209

Per. Capsula obovata, obtuse trigona, tricari-
nata, &c.

Semina receptaculo lineari singule valvule lone
gitudinaliter adnata, adsidentia.

Species.

C, calceolus Linn. C. spectabile Salish.
parviflorum Salisb. humile Salish.

Seen ete

C. calceolus: lobo styli ovali concavo subtus
canaliculato carinato, Jabello petalis bre-
viore compresso.

C. parviflorum: lobo styli sagittaeformi basi de-
flexo, labello petalis breviore compresso.

C. spectabile: lobo styli ovali basi retuso con-
cavo subtus obtuse carinato, labello peta-
lis longiore grosso. C. album H. Kew.

€. humile: lobo styli rhomboideo acuminato,
lateribus deflexo, labello petalis longiore
antice fisso, foliis binis radicalibus. C.
acawe H. Kew. _

210 SWARZ ON THE NATURAL ORDER, &C¢.

C. ventricosum. C guttatum.

macranthos. japonicum Thunb.

C. ventricosum: lobo styli sagittato concavo,
labello petalis breviore ventricoso, antice
fisso. E Sibiria.

C. macranthos: \obo styli cordato-acuminato ses-

sili, labello petalis longiore, ore contracto
crenato. E Sibiria. ee

C. euttatum: lobo styli adscendente ovali apice—

emarginato, labello petalis longiore, ore
-patulo plano. Gwe. Sib. E Sibiria.»

C. japonicum : lobo styli subsessili ovato apice

_ acuminato reflexo, labello petalis breviore

antice fisso foliis binis, caulinis subopposi-

tis sabrotundis. THuNB. ic. Jap.

EXPLANATION or Pr. 2—38.

Pl 2. 4. represents Orchis mascula L: a. the flower in its
natural size. &. magnified. c. male parts on the

“body of the style. * pollen-masses coming out of
their cell aboye the stigma. d. the pollenmasses sepa-
rating. e. one of those bodies of which the pollen-
masses consist, greatly magnified. /. a back view of
the style with the anther.

B. a. a flower of Disa cornuta, natural size. 6. the
same with the helmet drawn back, to see the inner
leaves. c, anther and stigma. * magnified. d,
flower of Disa maculata in its natural size. * the
inner leaflets within the helmet. e. flower of Disa
tenella. f. its inner parts magnified.

C. a. flower of Satyrium cucullatum nat, size. 6. a front

_. view of the same, with helmet drawn back, and the
foremost leaflets bent down. c. style with its anther
and stigma. * above, magnified. d. natural size.
e. a front view of the same, magnified. f. flower of
Satyrium striatum. g. front view of the same. 4. back
view, magnified. 4. style with its anther. 4. pollen-

mass. 3

D. a. a flower of Ophrys Myodes natural size. b. mage

nified. ¢, sexual parts with a part of the germ and lip.
Pl. 3. £.a flower of Pterygodium inversum closed and in nat,
size. 6.the same open. c.,a back view of it, rather
magnified. d. the sexual parts with the lip viewed in
front, * pollen-mass. e. back view of the sexual

O02

O19

parts. *the stigma. f. the same of Pyer. atratum
viewed from: before. * from behinds *the stigma—
all magnified. | may
F, a. Front view of a flower of Disperis capensis in its
natural size, 4. back view of the same. c. sexual
parts with the lip, greatly magnified. d, integument
covering the anther in front. ¢. anther separated,
_f. view of one of the cavities in the integument with
~ the spiral lobe. |
G. a. b. a flower of Corycium orobanchoides viewed from ;
both sides, natural size. c. the same opened, and
magnified with its different parts displayed, d. one
of the lateral leaflets still more magnified. e. front
view of the sexual parts with the side-lobes and lip.
fa back view of the same. g. the same with the
ateNtes h. one of the Peat aed ral greatly mag-
nified.
Maa lower of Senin cordigera nat. size. 6. the
same expanded, c. lateral view of the sexual parts.
d. front view. e. pollen-mass, magnified.

Pl. 4. J..a..a flower of Neottia Orchioides nat. size, J. front
view of the opened flower. c. sexual parts with lip,
rather magnified. d. the same without lips magnified.

K. ag. a flower of Cranichis aphylla nat. size. &. mag-
nified, o> a flower of Cranichis diphylla. e. still
more cites to show the sexual parts, particularly
the situation of the stigma, f. the lip. separated.

'. g. sexual parts. A. front view of the same, with the
anther bent downward. 4 pollen-masses, 4. front
part of the style with stigma—all magnified.

Le a. flower of Thelymitra Inioides nat. size. b. sexual
parts of the same, c.-of Thel. Forsteri, magnified.
d, the part on which the anther is situated, in an ex-

213

panded state. ¢, the part on which the stigma
appears, separated. f. anther. g. pollen—all mag
nified. at :
MM. a. flower of Diuris nat. size. 4. the same, the four
outer leaflets being removed, magnified, c. d, sexual
organs. e. anther separated, greatly magnified.

Pl. 5. N.-a. flower of Lpipactis palustris nat. size, 4, the
same of £, Nidus. c, sexual parts of the former,
with the stigma in front. d, anther. e. pollen.

~ ff. sexual parts of the latter—all magnified,
0. a. flower of Arethusa ophioglossoides L. nat. size.
4. the same somewhat expanded, c. d. a lateral and
front view of the sexual’organs. e¢. anther viewed
from the under side. -f. pollen—all greatly magnified.
Pea, flower of Malaxis monophyllos nat. size. 5. mag-
nified. c. sexual organs. d. the same, situated on a
part of the germ, with anther bent downward and
pollen-masses fixed near the stigma. e, anther and
pollen-masses. _f. stigma situated on the front part of
the style. g. flower of Malaxis Laselii in its natural
size and situation. d. the sexual parts of the same,
magnified.
Q, a. flower of Oncidium variegatum nat. size. 6. back
view. c, the tubercules on the lip, greatly magnified.
d, the sexual organs. e, the same with anther dropped.
jf: anther. gg. pollen-masses, with their pedicle—all
strongly magnified.

Pl. 6. R. Cymbidium. a. the flower of several species .of this

genus. 4. the lip and style of Cymb. ensifolium nat.
size. c, the flower of Cymb. Leselii, rather magnt-
fied. d. the lip of C. echinocarpum nat. size.» ¢. the
flower of C. pusillum. 3

214
S. a. the flower of Limodorum funale nat. size. Be the
resupinate flower ‘of Limod. Epipogium nat. size. _

Pl. 7. TZ. a. the flower of Vanilla claviculata nat. size. 6. the
capsule of V. aromatica, with one valve opened and
cut off. ¢. the seeds of Vanilla both nat, size, and
magnified. —

Uva. the flower of Epidendrum fragrans with entire lip.
b. flower of E. bifarium with three-lobed lip, both nat.
size. ¢. three-carinated capsule. d. seeds in their
nat. size, and magnified, covered by the aril.

Pl. 8. V. a. flower of Dendrobium Barringtonie and D. palmi-
_ folium. ‘6. the flower of D. moniliforme opened in
‘front to fhow the insertion of the lip, &c.

W, a. the flower of Stelis ophioglossoiles nat. size. 6. the \
~same magnified. c. flower of 8. micrantha magnified.
d. the same laid open. ¢. the inner leaves: of the
calyx, lip and style. f lip separated, & style with
‘anther.

X. a. the flower of Eapisedse robe ifolia nat. size, b.

, the same greatly magnified. c. flower of L. pulchella
d. the same magnified.

7. a. the flower of Acrides flos acris nat size. b. the lip
divided in the middle. c. style with anther drawn
backwards. d. pedicled pollen-inasses. e. flower of

A. coriaceum nat. size.. f. the sac of the lip eed to
the style, nat. Size.

SOME BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS
BY DR, M. B. BORKHAUSEN.
ea iT RS a 0
['Tranflated from the German.*]
eS
AMONG the various charges brought forward
with a view to disparage the merits of the great
U
Swedish naturalist, we find it imputed to him, that
he has often neglected the study of nature, and
not only formed many spurious genera, but, what
is deemed still more detrimental to the science,
many spurious species, and, on the other hand,
that he has sometimes degraded real species into
varieties. Subsequent botanists, therefore, have
taken great pains to correct these Linnean errors,
_ by searching for those plants reduced into varieties,

and reinstating them in their specific rights.

_

* Romer’s Archiv fir die Botanik.vol, I. p. 4g.

216 | BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS

However great the merit of such exertions when
properly applied, it should always be remem-
bered, that the éxamination of a plant, to ascer-
tain whether it be a species or variety, ought
to be made in its natural situation, and never from
specimens preserved in herbariums. The dubious
plants should not only be observed in different

soils, but also in the different regions of air, |
which a mountain traverses, or through which a
whole tract of éountry, with all its diversity of
soil, adscends, to see whether or not they will
retain their distinguishing characters in the com-
bination of many different circumstances. I shall
here communicate some cases, in which this care-
ful examination has been neglected, and species
have been established, which, according to. my

own observation, are mere varieties. ¢

1. Orobus tenuifoliis Rotu Beytr. Zur Bot. 1. f
p. 78. n. 7. Ejusd. fl. Germ. ‘I. p. 305+ &
Il. 2. p. 170.

Orobus pannonicus Jaca. Viad. Fi. p. 128. |

Orobus austriacus CRrantz Stirp. Austr, P» 374s
tab. 1. fig. ies wie |

BY DR. M- B. BORKHAUSEN.. 217

- Having observed this plant for several years in
various soils, in high and low situations, the result
of all my observations has been, that it is merely a
variety of Orobus tuberosus. All the above distin-
guishing characters which the authors attribute to
it, and which indeed are chiefly taken from relative
qualities, such as Jength and width, are not suffi.
cient to establish it as a species. I am possessed
of specimens of all shapes; with leaves broad-lan-
ceolate, nearly oval, going over by slow degrees
to very narrow and nearly capillary, so as to make
it impossible for words to convey a clear idea of
‘the different gradations. Several observations made
by me upon the Bergstrass-mountains (which from
the foot to the highest summits are equally covered
with a stratum of fine argillaceous earth, producing
this plant in abundance), have proved the truth of
this assertion. At the foot of these mountains it
| is found with lanceolate, and nearly oval leaves; as
we ascend higher, the leaflets are seen to become
gradually longer and narrower, and the stalk more |
delicate ; upon the summits of the Kuotenheimer

. Hohe, an elevation of about 1800 feet above the

\

218 ‘BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS

Rheinthal, I observed none but with weak and de-
‘cumbent stalks, and leaves very long and capillary.
The specific character taken from. the stipules, as ~
-being toothed in O. tenuifolius, and without teeth
in O. tubefosus, is not less inconstant than that
taken from the leaves. . I observed them on the
“same plants, nay upon the same stalk, both with
and without teeth. The stalk of O. tuberosus as
well as of O. tenuifolius is four-cornered below,
two-edged or winged above, and in both some-
times quite simple, sometimes branched and diva-
ricate at the base. According to these observa-
tions, therefore, the character of Orobus tuberosus,
as comprising both varieties, would be as follows;
Orobus radice tuberasa, caule inferne quadran-

gulo, superne ancipiti alato, foliis pinnatis.
Var. a. foliis bi- et trijugis, lanceolatis et lineavi-

bus. |

b. stipulis denticulatis et integerrimis.

e. caule simplici et basi ramoso diffuso.

2. Polygala amara, vulgaris & monspeliaca.
Linnzus and all subsequent botanical writers

BY DR. M. B. BORKHAUSEN. 21

‘separate these three plants into so many species,

which, however, appear to be mere varieties. The

‘distinguishing characters attributed to each of them

‘are not so constant or exclusively their own, as to

entitle them to the rank of real species, Accor-

ding to the difference of soil the plant varies very

much; with stalk upright or trailing, simple or

branched below; with root-leaves alternate or

opposite, abovate or oval, cauline leaves lanceolate
or linear. The soil most favourable to its growth,
and in which it attains the most intense bitterness,
appears to be a fine argillaceous soil, covered with
bog-earth, such as is found on the Bergstrass-
mountains. Here the plant. always appears as
Polygala amara, varying, however, frequently,
both with respect to the stem, which is either
simple or branched below, and to the root-leaves
which are generally opposite, but also alternate,
even on the same specimen. As the argillaceous
soil is gradually mixed with gravel, and at last
becomes entirely gravelly,’ the plant loses more

and more of its luxuriant appearance, both the

radical and cauline leaves become narrower,

220 BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS

the stalk more ligneous, rigid, and upright, and
thus it is converted i into Polygala monspeliaca. In
dry meadows and poor grass-plots, in woods, the
pleat generally appears as Polygala vulgaris,
though, according to the different quality of the
soil, the stalk is either entirely decumbent or’ some-
what adscending, the reot-leaves more or less —
. crowded, opposite or alternate, and it gradually
runs both into Polygala amara and monspeliaca,

that no limits can: be drawn.

: DN Ne al ih Coa ’

3.. Scabiosa Colinade and ochroleuca L. (S.

tenuifolia Rota.)

I very much doubt whether these plants be dis-
tinct species, having seen them in many forms both
in the same and in different soils. In good, rather
“moist ground, the stem is slender and smooth,
with ong tender. branches, and flowers rather
nodding ; in a gravelly and stony ground, on the
contrary, the plant becomes more rigid, the
branches are shorter, and, ‘as well as the stem,
more or less rough with hairs, in proportion to the

greatcr or less barrenness of the soil. In the

s

‘

BY DR. M. B, BORKHAUSEN. 22%

‘rough as well as in the smooth variety, both the
radical and cauline leaves are subject to variation, so
that I have never been able to find distinct specific
characters for Scabiosa Columbaria and tenuifolia
‘(ochroleuca L.) In that which I consider as the
smooth variety, I found the following diversities ;

a. root-leaves obovate, crenate ; cauline leaves
pinnate ; ‘leaflets lanceolate or linear.

b.. root-leaves obovate, deeply notched or cut;
an lower cauline leaves pinnatifid; the upper

a. pinnate: leaflets entire, lanceolate.

8, pinnate: leaflets lanceolate, gashed, some-
times partly pinnatifid.

y: doubly-pinnate: the last leaflets very
_ narrow and pointed.

c. root-leaves pinnatifid, the odd segment very
large (nearly as in Erysimum Barbarea) and
notched or deeply cut; the lower cauline leaves
pinnate: leaflets narrow, sharp-pointed; the upper
doubly pinnate, or also simple. |

d. root-leaves and lower cauline leaves pinnate ;
leaflets. pinnatifid; upper cauline leaves doubly
pinnate, as in No. c,

.

239 BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS”

In the rough variety I met with the following
diversities;

a. leaves as in No. b; of the smooth variety.

b. as in No. c; of the same. 7

c. as in No. d, of the same. |

d. root-leaves and lower 'cauline leaves doubly
pinnate ; the last leaflets entire, the upper cauliné
leaves simply pinnate ; leaflets linear, entire. |

e. all leaves doubly pinnate: the last leaflets
entire. ; : : |

f, leaves as in No. d, the last leaflets with distant
teeth. : | |

In both these varieties ] found the flowers of a
blue, pale, violet, pale red, ycllowish-white, and

white colour.

47. Viola tricolor et arvensis.

Linnaus made both plants: varieties of the
same species, but other botanists, thinking them-
selves better informed, accused him of a
great error, and again dissolved this pretended

species composita into. two, with the above names.

!

BY DR. M. B. BORKHAUSEN, 223

-Every unbiassed observer, however, comparing
both plants in nature, will find, that Linnzus
was-perfectly in the right; they very gradually
run into one another, and it frequently happens
that both these varieties are found upon the ‘same
stalk.

5. Pimpinella Saxifraga Linn. and P. dissecta.

Retz. & Roru.
~ Linwzus united both plants under the common
name of Pimpinella Saxifraga; RetTzius and Rotru
separated them, and endeavoured to find a specific
difference in the root-leaves. But in observing
these plants at a spot where they grow in abun-
dance so many gradations and varieties offer with
regard to habit, proportion and partition of the
leaves, as to make often utterly impossible to
decide, whether a specimen belong to Pimpinella
Saxifraga or P. dissecta. I myself saw the root-
leaves of the following plants.

a. pinnate : leaflets roundish, acutely serrated.

b. pinnate : leaflets roundish, gashed.

c. pinnate: leaflets pinnatifid.

224° BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS | -

d. doubly pinnate :; Jast leaflets entire.

e. doubly pinnate: last leaflets toothed or
gashed. ua

f. doubly pinnate: last leaflets pinnate, cians
In the first year when the stalk of the plant is
not yet much divided, I constantly found the reot-
leaves simple, with roundish serrated leaflets ; the
next year, on the other hand, I often observed

different leaves from one root. -

¢

6. Hieracium muroram and pilosissimum

SCHRANKIL Pia

Both plants, which former botanists, as
TABERNZMONTANUS, BARRELIER, &c. had con-
sidered as two distinct species, Linnavus united
under the name of Hieracium mur oroum 5 but Mr.
ScHRANK, in his Bavarian Flora, again divides
them into two species, to which, according to my
own observations, they are no way intitled. The
characters assigned to them by this latter botanist
are not sufficiently distinctive and exclusive, but
- both plants gradually run into each other in such a

manner as to preclude all possibility of fixing their

7

BY DR. M. B. BORKHAUSEN. 225

boundaries. In both the single cauline leaf is
sometimes perfectly formed and distinctly petiolated ;
sometimes it appears stopped in its growth, and
often more resembles a stipule than a leaf. The
radical leaves are sometimes, in one and the same
plant, nearly orbicular or oval, sometimes they are
perfectly entire, sometimes rather undulated at the
margin, not seldom obsoletely, but as often dis-
tinctly and sometimes deeply toothed. This cir-
cumstance, as well as the greater or less pubes-
cence, is merely owing to the greater or less
sterility of the soil. Those leaves which are entirely
without teeth, are the most hairy of all, and the
deeper they are toothed, the more they lose in
hairiness, This hairiness is also different at the
different ages of the plant. The young leaf,
which has not yet arrived at maturity, is the most
hairy, but in proportion as it grows, the pubes-
cence becomes gradually thinner, and_at last disap- .
pears entirely. Mr. Scuranx thinks he has found
a constant character for his Hieracium pilosissimum
in the persisting wool of the leaf-stalks ; but accor-

» ding to what I have observed, this character is as
p

226 BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS

liable to change as others; the leaf-stalks as well
as the leaves being very variable with respect to
their pubescence.
7. Hieracium sylvaticum et maculatum.
SCHRANK.

All the characters mentioned by Mr. Schrank,
though varioufly modified, are found in either ‘of
thefe plants, and the liver-coloured spots are of
no moment, as in both the varieties, nay even
sometimes in Hieracium murorum, they appear
more or less intensely displayed.

According to these observations, the four above-
mentioned’ species of Hieracium of Mr. Schrank
might be reduced into two, Hieracium murorum.
and Hierac. sylvaticum. But are even these really
different from each other? In both, as I have
-mentioned above, the liver-coloured spots are
visible on the leaves, which of itfelf betrays some

affinity of their interior structure. Hieracium

murorum and H. Sylvaticum are said to be distin-,

guished from each other by the stalk being either
aphyllous, or oniy monophyllous in the former,

and polyphyllous in the Jatter, But also in this case

BY DR. M. B. BORKHAUSEN. _ 227

there are many modifications and approximations,
which make it often very doubtful, whether a plant
_ belong to the one or the other. I observed the
stalk—r. entirely without leaves. 2. with a leaf
not grown out and resembling a stipula. 3. with
leaf completely grown. 4. with a leaf and a sti-
pule. 5. with a broad petiolated leaf, and another
narrower and sessile. 6. with two distinct leaves,
the lower petiolated, the upper sessile, and another
- not grown out, and resembling a stipule. 7. with
three complete leaves, the lower petiolated, the
two upper sessile. In both, when in a young
state, I observed the leaves to be hairy, as in
Hieracium murorum; which pubescence disap-
peared from the upper surface when the plants
were on the decline. Should not these obser-
vations warrant the inference, that also Hieracium
murorum and H. sylvaticum are mere varieties of |

the same species?

?2

ay si oil

ACCOUNT OF THE

ULE-TREE, (CASTILLA ELASTICA),
AND OF OTHER Terie PRODUCING THE ELASTIC CUM,-<

By Don VICENTE pve CERVANTES,

PROF. OF BOT. IN MEXICO.
—_aa——

[ Translated from the Spanish* ]

WHEN we cast a view over the great variety of
remarkable natural productions, which decorate the
fertile plains of New Spain, our attention is parti-
cularly arrested. by that valuable plant, which the
ancient inhabitants of . Mexico called Holguaheitl+
and which is now known to the natives by the
name of Arbol del Ule. Previous to giving a cir-

cumstantial account of this tree and its produce,

_ *Suplemento a la gazeta deliteratura. Mexico. 2 de Julio de 1794.

+ Franecrscr Hernanpez nova plantarum, animalium et minera-
lium Mexicanorum historia ed. Rom. 1651. fol. pag. 50 (edit. matri-
tens. cur. Prof. ORrz6A, Vol. 2. p. 336.)

‘230 ACCOUNT OF THE ULE-TREE

the elastic gum, or Ule of the Mexicans, it will not
be foreign to my purpose to say something of
several other South and North American vege-
tables, which likewise yield this substance. 4

The Jatropha elastica of the younger Linnazus*
(called Pao-Siringa by the Portuguese of Brazil;
Jeve by the inhabitants of the province of
Esmeraldas, and Caoutchor by the Mainas-Indians,
inhabiting the borders of the Amazone river) pro-
duces the elastic gum in so great abundance, that
several travellers have been inclined to believe,
this tree provided all Europe with it. The
hotter parts of the kingdom of Mexico pro-

duce several species of the fame genus, such as

* This is the plant of which Auster has givena figure inhis Plantes —
de la Guiane frangoise, under the name of Hevea. As this author has not |
represented the flower, which he never saw, but only the fruit, the
youngerLin wn 4,uswas induced, from the general appearance ofthelatter,
to refer this plant to Jatropha; a genus, into which, indeed, many plants
of the order of Euphorbiz have been thrown, that cannet be properly
faid to belong to it. R1rcuanrp, who had an opportunity of examining
the flowers of the Hevea, in Cayenne, afterwards communicated the de- .
scription of the sexual parts, together with a representation, in the
“fournal de Physique, Vol. 27. p. 138, from which ScuRreser established
the generic character of his Siphonia; a name corresponding with that of
Pase-Siringa or siringe-wood of the Portuguese, and given to it, because
the natives of Brazil; among other commodities, fabricate fyringes of
the fubstance yielded by this tree. T. ;

EY VICENTE DE CERVANTES, 231

Jatropha urens, commonly called mala muger (the
wicked woman), J. Curcas L. and other new
species * described in the Flora Mexicana, all

* JATROPHA peltata: floribus caliculatis, foliis
peltatis. Flor. Mex. cum icone.

J. edulis : floribus caliculatis, foliis cordatis inte-
gerrimis sublobatisque. Flor. Mex. cum
icone.

J. ciliata: floribus caliculatis, foliis cordatis ova-
tis ciliato denticulatis. Fl. Mex. cum icone.

J. dioica: floribus caliculatis dioicis, foliis ob-
longo spathulatis. Flor. Mex. cum/icone,.

J. palmata: floribus caliculatis, foliis cordatis
lobatis denticulato-ciliatis. Flor. Mex.

J: triloba; floribus excaliculatis, foliis trilobis
acuminatis, integerrimis. Flora Mexicana.
Hucipochotl Hernanpez edit. Roman.
61. Matritens. Tom. 2. p. 361.

J. quinqueloba: floribus excaliculatis, foliis quin-
quelobis oblongo ovatis integerrimis. Flora
Mex,

232s ACCOUNT OF THE ULE-TREE

which, efpecially J. ciliata, afford a great quantity of
a milky juice, from which probably some resinous
parts might be extracted. i

‘The Cecropia peltata, L. called Coylotapala and
Yarumba by the Indians of Jamaica, and Ambayba
by those of Brazil, likewise produces a similar
substance; so do Ficus nympheei-folia L.* (the
elastic gum of which is known in Mexico by the
name of Texcalama), Ficus Benjamina L. and F.
indica L.. Perhaps all the true species of this
genus agree in this quality, differing however in
the quantity and elasticity of the resinous} sub-
stances: a circumstance observable in the Texca-
Jama, which is inferior in this respeét.- ‘
Besides the above-mentioned plants, which we

find in the works of both old and modern bota-

\

SRR ems neem SS Se ee

-

J. octandra: floribus excaliculatis octandris, foliis
palmatis, lobis intermediis hastatis. Flor.

Mex. cum-icone.

%*Hernanpez hist. ed. Rom. p. 81. ed. Matritens. tom. 1. p. 166.

+ We use the term of the author ; it ought however to be remembered _
that the elastic substance has no analogy torcsin. T.

_ BY VICENTE DE CERVANTES. 233

nical writers, there are some other trees not so
well understood, that produce the substance in
question, such as those of which Mr. Fresnav,
whilst ‘engineer at Cayenne, communicated the
descriptions to the academy of sciences at Paris,
who published them in their memoirs for the year
1751.
_ Among these we find the Mapa or Amapa, of
which, however, no description is given by Mr.
Fresnau, except that it is a very lofty tree of con-
- siderable thickness, with smooth bark and leaves
resembling those of the Dutch lime-tree, but
rather larger. ;
‘The juice of this tree, mixed in equal quantities
with that of Comacay, a species of Ficus, produces,
according to Mr. Fresnau, a sort of leather; a
similar result, he says, takes place in mixing three
parts of the juice of the same Comacay, with two
parts of the milk from a sort of pear-t?ee, called

Couma by the Portuguese of Para.*

* This is certainly a species of Ficus, as the fruit reprefented in the
Memoires deVacademie roy. des sciences 175%. pl. 19. fig. 4. clearly shows ;
but whether it be Prumier’s Ficus folio citrei acutiore, fructu viridi, or
some other of the unsettled species of this genus, requires further investi-
gation, T,

234 | ACCOUNT OF THE ULE-TREE:

The Pao comprido of the Portuguese of Para is
another tree, discovered by the same gentleman,
‘producing a milky juice, which, when inspissated,
without any addition, very much resembles the
elastic gum. ‘This tree he describes as very
lofty, and proportionably thick, with branches,
at the top only, forming a roundish head. Its
leaves are tapering towards both extremities,
smooth on the upper surface, and rough on the
under, of a light green colour, inclining to yellow.
The fruit is about the fize of the little finger, of
a straw-colour when come to maturity, and includ-.
ing a large hard nut. ,

From such an imperfect description it is impos-
sible to determine the genus to which this tree
belongs, though it is beyond doubt, that it cannot
be ‘Jatropha elastica L. or the Pao siringa of the
Portuguese, since its fruit appears to be a drupe,
while that of the Jatrophas is a tricoccous cap-
sule.*

* A sketch of probably this same tree, which though rudely done, still

expresses the above character, is preserved among the drawings in the
Banksian library. From an annexed observation we learn, that “ this tree,

BY VICENTE DE CERVANTES. 235

Lastly Mr. Fresnau acquaints the Royal Aca-
demy of his having found in Aprouage, and on
the banks of the Maturini river, a great quantity
of the true Poa Siringa, which, from his more
circumftantial description, can be no other than
_ Jatropha elastica of Linnzus.

From this digression I return to the Uk-tree,
which, in commemoration of the merits of the late
indefatigable Don Juan DEL CasTILLo, I have

named Castil/a.*

NATURAL CHARACTER OF CASTILLA.

Mascuti FLores.
Cai. Perianthium hemisphericum monophyllum

imbricatum, squamis ovatis acutis.

“a native of Brazil particularly Para, is called Massaradub; that the
«* Indians extract from it, by incisions in the bark, a viscous white sub-
* stance like what comes from fig-trees, which they receive into earthen
** moulds to make squirts to play with in carnival time, as also boots,
“ hats, figures of animals, &c.’’ The sketch is taken from a drawing in
the possession of Mr. WxH1TEHzAD, which was sent from Brazil. T.
*Don Juan vex CasTiito, a native of Jaca in the kingdom of
Aragon, was sent to Porto-Rico, when 27 years of age, as first botanist to
the Royal Hospital, in this island. This province he held with great
exertion for seventeen years, when government appointed him, together ©
with other naturalists, to examine the natural produétions of Mexico,
where he dicd the 26th of July, 1793, having attained the age ef 49 yearr

236 ACCOUNT OF THE ULE+TREE

Cor. nulla. !

Stam. Filamenta plurima filiformia intus calycis
parieti inserta, exteriora gradatim longi-

ora. Anthere simplices subrotunde.

FoemMINEI FLORES in eodem ramo masculis alterni. -

Cai. ut in masculis, squamulis paululum latiori-
bus et crassioribus, persistens; fructibus
perfectioribus expansus.

Cor. nulla.

Pist. Germina plurima (15 ad 20) ovata. Styli
duo raro tres divergentes persistentes.
Stigmata simplicia revoluta.

Per. Drupe 15—20 basi connate, obsolete tri-
angulares, apice excavate. ;

Sem. Nux ovata unilocularis. Nucleus con-

formis.

\ ¢

The Castilla elastica is one of the loftiest and
most luxuriant of the trees which adorn the hot
N. E. coasts of Mexico, and greatly resembles at
first view the Annona muricata, generally called by

the Spanish Cabeza de negro (negro-head.)

BY VICENTE DE CERVANTES. 237

Its stem is from three to four yards (varas) in
circumference, and very straight.

Bark smooth,’ soft, from three to four lines
thick, cinereous and of a bitter nauseous taste, as
is the milky juice, issuing from every wounded
part. BARRE oe

Branches alternate, horizontal, round, flexible,
and furnished at the upper end with stiff hairs.

Leaves alternate, a foot and half long, and seven
inches broad, strongly sinuate at the base, generally
terminating in a point, pubescent on both surfaces,
entire, though appearing toothed at first sight,
especially the younger leaves, in consequence of
the villous brushes formed by the pubescence at
the margin of the leaves, and disposed at equal
distances from each other; the upper part obliquely
striated in the direction of the greater veins with
an intermediate network ; leaf-stalks thick, round,
hairy, and somewhat more than half an inch long.

Stipules at both sides of the younger leaf-stalks,
oblong, becoming gradually narrower from the
middie to the point, membranaceous, generally
falling off before the leaf has attained its full fize.

238 ACCOUNT OF THE ULE-TREE,

Flowers axillary to the leaves, the female solitary
and sessile, the male on.a very short pedicle, two
or more, seldom three together, alternate with
the female flowers at the lower part of the
branches; at the top are male flowers only, gene-
rally solitary. }

Calyx both of the male and female flowers im-
bricated, with hemispherical straw-colored mem-~
branaceous scales; at the time of faevindigians those
of the male usually lengthen out and split to let
out the stamens, and those of the female extend
in proportion to the growth of the germ. The
small pedicle that supports the male flowers, and
which scarcely exceeds the length of two lines, is
like the calyx, covered with minute scales.

Stamens white, and though the outer ones are
gradually longer, and all of them appear to become
more extended at the time of fecundation, yet
they scarcely exceed the length of the last scales
of the calyx. Anthers roundish, and of a deep
yellow color. A nah tig

Fruit: from five to twenty oval drupes obsoletely .

triangular, somewhat larger than a pea, fixed with

‘

BY VICENTE DE CERVANTES. 239

their bases to the extended calyx, and with their
sides adhering to one another; orange-coloured

when ripe, mucilaginous and almost tasteless.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.
a

a. a. male flowers.

b. b. female flowers. :

c. back view of the calyx of the female flowers,
d. the stamens. , sia

e. the drupaceous fruit.

f, the same cut transversely to shew the kernel,
g. the kernel, _

h. a branch cut, from which the Ule distils,

aren

OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENERA
| JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, AND QUERCUS,
. IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF
LANCASTER, w NORTH AMERICA,
By rue Rev. H. E. MUHLENBERG, |
WITH THE REMARKS OF PROF. C. L. WILLDENOW;
a
[Translated from the ‘German.*}

eee amen

PROPOSING to communicate to the friends of
dendrology some of my observations upon the
trees that grow in the neighbourhood of Lancafter,
I fhall begin with the genera Juglans, Fraxinus, _
and Quercus, as these stand peculiarly in need of
a More accurate examination.
JUGLANS.

I arrange the species growing with us under

two divifions; the first, containing the common

* Neue Schfiften der Berl. Naturforschenden Freunde. Vol, 3. 180%.

Q.

242 MUHLENBERG’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE

walnut, exa@ly corresponds with the characters
Linnaus has given of Juglans; the second, com-
prehends several species of what the inhabitants call
Hickery-trees.. In the flowers of the latter I never
found more than four square anthers, and I leave it
to others to decide whether on this account they
ought to be separated into a new genus. The
species I observed are the following: ne

A. 1. Fuglans nigra L. Universally known by
the name of the black walnut, and so well described
and figured by WancEnuHEIM, that any addition
would be fuperfiluous. It flowers here in. the
beginning of May, having twenty or more square:
anthers arid two pistils. The buds are axillary in
the Spring, but during Summer appear above the.
axils. The nut is in most cases perfectly round,
but sometimes oblong; without any concomitant
difference in the tree. — .

2 Fuglans cinerea WANGENH. This species is
well-known by the name. of white walnut or butter-
nut. The description and figure of Wangenheim are
very accurate. I have no doubt but that this is

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 243
the same with Juglans oblonga of Mitier; but
whether Linn us has considered it as a variety

of I. nigra only, or whether. it be J. cinerea of this
| naturalift, I am unable to decide. It is easily dis-
tinguished by its whitish bark, and by the viscidity.
of its leaf stalks and. nut shells. The small buds
are (as in the foregoing species) simple and axil-.
lary in the Spring, but during Summer there issue
others above the axils, On account of its medicinal
quality. it is called Juglans cathartica by Curier.
If this species required a new name I should call it
J. viscosa.*

B. 3. Fuglans alba L. By this Linnzeus pro-,
bably means the commonest kind of hickery, known.
by. several names in this country, such as “black
Hickery, mountain H. &c. It is the Juglans alba
acuminata. MarsHALL, Juglans alba WaLTeER.

The shells of the nut are variously shaped, more

* Juglans cinerea Wa nGeENu. iscertainly the same which Linn 2us
has described under this name, and of which Jacquin (Misc. 2. p. 7.
Icon, rar. 1. tab. 92.) has given a good description and figure. The
number of the leaflets varies very much; I have counted from 12 to 17
on the leaves of one and the same tree.

Q2

244 MUHLENBERG’s OBSERVATIONS ON THE

or less oval, but casily distinguished from the
others by their four edges. Another distinguish-
ing character is the wool covering the under sur-
face of the leaves, their stalks, and peduncles.
This species might be called J. villosa.*

4. Fuglans compressa. This approaches to the
foregoing, but may easily be distinguished by. its
bark being very much furrowed and ridged.
The leaves and their stalks are pubescent, as are
also the young branches. The aut is very well
represented by GarrTNER under the name of
J. compressa. In this country it is known by the
name of Shell bark, and sold in the markets. i
cannot believe it to be the same with J. ovalis of »

WaNCENHEIM, but it certainly is J. ovata of

* Linnzus, as is proved by the authors he has quoted, has brought,
several species under his Juglans alba, considering them) as varieties,
which, however, is contrary to experience. It is difficult to decide,
which is his original J. alba. It appears to me most probable, that he
means the same described by Katm inthe Transactions of the Swedish
Academy for the year 1769, which also corresponds with Mr. Min-
LenBERG’s J. alba. As the Hickery species are but little known, I
shall attempt giving the specific characters of those which were examined
by me.

J. alba: {foliolis septenis oblongis acuminatis subtus pubescentibus
scabris, fructibus sub-quadrangulis levibus.

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS &c. 245

MARsHALL and MituER. I have observed a. 8
7 leaflets.*

Fuglans amara. This is J. cinerea of
WaLrerR, but I cannot decide whether also
of Linnzus. It is universally known in’ this
country by the name of Bitter-nut, Hog-hickery,
white Hickery. MarsHALt calls it J. alba minima.
It is easily distinguished by its compressed leaf
stalk and the leaflets, “which are 7—12 and
smaller; but more particularly by its rough and
furrowed nut, containing a bitter kernel. Juglans
cordiformis WANGENH. appears to be different
from J. amara; but the description and figure
of Juglans sulcata WiLLp.} agree very well with
it. The wood of this species is not esteemed so

good fuel as that of the two former.

© J. compressa: foliolis septenis oblongo-lanceolatis acuminatis subtus
pubescentibus mollibus, nucibus obliquis compressis.

+ WiriveNnow’s Eerlinische Baumzucht (description of the trees in
the neighbourhood of Berlin) Berlin 1796. 8. pag. 145. tab. 7.

fJ. sulcata: foliolis subseptenis lanceolatis acuminatis subtus pubessenti-
bus, fructibus subrotundis quadrisulcatis.
This appears not to be J. cinerea L. though it has sometiines yz leaflets.

“246 MUHLENBE RG’s OBSERVATIONS ON THE

6. Fuglans glabra. To this belong at least three
varieties, all possibly distinct species :* ac

a. A very lofty tree, with bark rather ridged,
thick branches, and very small nuts, easily cracked.
Leaflets five, sometimes seven, with both surfaces
smooth. J. glabra WancENH. comes nearest to
it. In this part of the country it is known by the
name of the red Hickery, a great part of the inside
of the wood being red. It is also called Pigent,

b. A variety with exactly oval nuts, and like-
‘wise easily cracked. They do ‘not seem to vary in
any other respect. The lower surface of the
leaves in both species are furnished with many
yellow resinous points, whence the specific name
of odorata given to it by MarsHaLL.—It seems
to be J. ovalis WANGENH.

C. Perhaps more than a mere variety, being a
tall tree with smooth bark and slender branches.
Known in this neighbourhood by the names of
Besen-Hickery, Herz-Hickery, (Broom H., HeartH.)

Leaflets from five to six, quite smooth. ‘Nut ob-

* J. glabra: foliolis septenis ovatis acuminatis utrinque glabris subtue
resinoso punctatis, nucibus oblongis.
\ \ 4

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 247

cotdate, without angles. ‘This species is slower in
arriving at maturity. It is: probably mistaken by
W.AncENHEIM for J. glabra. In my Index Fore
Lancast. I have called it J. obcordata.*

7. Fuglans Pecan MarsHaux, does not grow
here, but in the back-country. It is Juglans rubra

ot GAERTNER, as far as I am able to judge from
the fruit. Juglans illincinensis Wancenu. has
no sort of relation to it either as to its leaves or

fruit
>

FRAXINUS.

Of the ash I have observed three different
species in this part of the country, and several

varieties. .

“* ¥, cbcordata; foliolis septenis ovatis acuminatis utrinque glabris punc-
tatic, nucibus obcordatis levibus.

This appears to be a distinct species, though nearly related to the
foregoing, but as Thad a few leaves only to compare, I cannot decide
whether they be constant in their form, They differ from those of the
foregoing species by their leaflets being tapering at their base, and
doubly-toothed towards the point; the base of the leaflets of the other
species, being, on the contrary, very unequal, tapering z at the upper, and
blunt at the lower end; teeth simple. Perhaps the latter characters may
be subject to change, but that of the nut is constant.

+ This species is entirely unknown tg me. W. (it is Juglansangus-
ifelia Hort. Kewens, T. ) 7.

248 MUHLENBERG’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE

1. Fraxinus sambucifolia Witup. This species
has different names in eaiuny with others, as
white ash, black ash, &c.. It is but small, and
stands generally in or near the water; and is best
distinguished by its sessile serrated leaflets, with
woolly ribs, and by its linear seeds. I find con-
stantly male flowers upon some, and hermaphro-
dite upon other stems. They have neither calyx nor |
corolla, and the anthers are blunt at the upper end.
This species of ash is F. nigra of MarsHALL and
of Port*, excluding the synonym of F. excelsior
of Kam. |
2. Fraxiaus pubescens Witip. This is easily
known by the lower surface of the leaves, the leaf.
stalks and peduncles being furnished with soft hairs.
Male and female flowers upon different trees.
Anthers 2-4, pointed at the upper end. The seed
is the longest of all the species that grow in this
country, and elongated into a point. Corolla none.

Calyx of five divisions. It is very well described

* J. P. Du Rov’s Harbkesche wilde Baumzucht. Second edition in
«3, vels, (enlarged) by Dr. Port of Brunswic, 1800. i

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 249

‘by Marsa. under the name of Fraxinus pen-
sylvanica.

3. Fraxinus americana. \s distinguishable by its
smooth leaf- and flower-stalks. Leaflets entire or
slightly serrated, petiolated, upper surface rather
glossy, lower surface sea-green, with brown wool
with near the midrib; the rest smooth, or furnished
white soft hairs when young; male flowers dice-
‘cious. Anthers tapering upwards. Fruit round
below, flat from the middle to the upper end.

By this, and the preceding species, varieties are
produced, which partake of the characters of both,
so that it cannot be determined to which they
belong. Between Fraxinus caroliniana and F.
americana of MarsHAuu there is hardly any
specific difference.

As to the aeconomical uses of these species of
Fraxinus, No. 2 & 3 are reckoned very good fuel,
and are used promiscuously for that purpose.
No. 1 is scarcely good for any thing but for making
brooms aud baskets. When used for the Jatter

purpose the wood is previously beaten, whence the

250 MUHLENBERG’s OBSERVATIONS ON THE

name of Pachgammak (beaten-wood) given to it by

the Indians.
QUERCUS.*
Of the oak I shall only here notice those species

* Of all trees and shrubs, oaks and willows prove the most difficult of
botanical investigation; the former because their leaves vary yery much
accofding to the soil, the situation, and climate in which they grow; the
latter because the observer has not always an opportunity of comparing
both sexes, and because they are apt to produce hybrid offspring ; to
which may be added, that the form of their leaves is likewise subject to
change from the soil, and the different periods of their growth. As for
the oaks, it is so much the more difficult to distinguish species from varie=
ties, as they have been but little observed in their native countries. Of
such of the above species as I have had an opportunity of examining, ¥
shall attempt giving the specific characters. W. 2

Since the publication of this paper, M, M1cuaux,a native of Charles-

“town, in South Carolina, and well known as an indefatigable traveller
in the service of Flora, has published a work of great utility on the same
subject, under the title, Histoire des Chénes de l'Amerique ou description et
figures de toutes les especes et varietés de chénes de l’ Amerique septentrionale. a
Paris, 1801. fol. Aware of the great confusion in which the North Ame-
rican species of this difficult genus were involved, this botanist has sown
and cultivated, during his residence in America, all the species he had an
opportunity of procuring. By this means he became, indeed, enabled to
mark the multiplied variations through which they pass, until. they
arrive at their full growth, and to discover their mutual affinities; but
on the other hand he found it a matter of great difficulty to distinguish
and define many of them by true and constant specific characters, Find-
ing that neither the structure of the sexual parts, nor that of the acorns
and their cups proved sufficient for his purpose, he finally had recourse to
their leaves. The leading charactertaken from these, is their being with
or without terminating bristles. A subordinate character is derived from
the time that intervenes between the first appearance of the flowers, and
the fruit’s arrival at maturity. Some ripen their fruit within six, others

- got in less than cighteen months, Of the former the frnit is perma-
x \ -

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 251

. that are common in the neighbourhood of Lancaster.
- Marsuatv has the following divisions. |

A. White Oaks.

“1. Quercus alba. This is vety common, and has
been often figured.

Thave only to add, that the scales at the cup of
the acorn are round, and that the cup has a foot-
stalk half an inch long.*

2. Quercus alba minor; grows generally upon
hills, and, when in richer soil, approaches very
hear to the original species). WaNcENHEIM de-
scribes it under the name of Quercus stellata.
Bartram in his journal mentions it as Q. lobata.
nently axillary, of those that require two years to arrive at maturity, it
is only so during the first year, as in the second it is left naked by'the
leaves falling off; though some of these last are, from the concomitant
permanency of their leaves, also permanently axillary, as Quercus coccti-
fera L. and Q. virens Hort. Kew.—The number of the specics with their
varieties described in this work is twenty. To those species of the
above paper, as could clearly be traced, we have subjoined their spe-

@ific character given by Micnau x; referring the reader for their
more minute investigation to the work itself. TT.

* Quercus alla; {oliis oblongis ‘sinuatis glabris, junioribus subtus te~
mentozis, lobis lanceolatis obtusis indivisis. 1

This is the Linnean species, which also varies, the divisions of the
leaves being sometimes linear, sometimes lanceolate.

252 MiiHLENBERG’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE

This tree is frequently dwarfish and stunted, wher
it is called Grund-Eiche (ground oak.)*

3» Quercus alba palustris is a genuine species, but
very subject to vary. Leaves wedge-shaped below,
denticulated, under surface tomenrasds often ap-
proaching very near to those of the white oak.
This species is easily distinguished from others by
its acorn having a very long foot-stalk, and the

scales of the cup being almost prickly. In this

neighbourhood ir is called swamp white oak.
There is a variety of this species that never

* Quercus stellata: foliis oblougis sinuatis subtus pubescentibus, lobis
obtusis, superioribus bilobis, W. ~

This is Q. obtusiloba of Mrcnaux (N. r. Pl. x.) who gives its spe-
cific character as follows: Sate

Q. obiusiloba: {oliis subtomentosis profunde sinuato lobatis, lobis retusis,
basi acute cuneata; fructu mediocri, cupula craterata, glande brevi
ovata. T. f

+It isnew and as yet undescribed. I call it Quereus bicolor: foliis
oblongis subsinuatis subtus tomentosis, lobis obtusis apice callosis.

Jeaves more or less sinuate, sometimes coarsely toothed only; the
middle rib of each lobe projecting over its blunt point, and forming @
cartilaginous projection. The lower surface of the leaves is constantly ~
clothed with a white cotton. W.

This appears to be Q. lyrata of Water, figured (Pl. 4.) by
Micxuau x, who defines it thus: ,

Q. lyrata: foliis subsessilibus glabris lyrato sinuosis, summitate dila~
tata divaricato-triloba, lobis acutangulis, terminali tricuspide: cupula
depresso-globosa, muricato-scabrata; glande subtetta. T.

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 253

exceeds the height of four feet, but bear abun-
dance of acorns.

B. The chesnut-leaved oaks ought to stand nearest
to the white oak, having a similar bark. Q. alba
palustris is the intermediate species.

4. Quercus Castanea mihi. Resembles the
former, and when growing in a moist soil, is
often scarcely to be distinguished from it; but
in a dry one it approaches more to Q, prinus,
and from Mitier’s and WancenHeim’s de-
scriptions, I suspect it to have been considered as
a mere variety of the latter. Its cups are sessile.*

5. Quercus prinus humilis MarsHauu. Is per-
haps only a variety of the former, with an abun-
dance of small fruit.+ |

6. Quercus prinus is very well known; it grows
on dry ground in company with Fagus Castanea.

The acorns are of the largest kind, and fall off

s Quercus Castanea: foliis oblongo lanceolatis.acuminatis subtus tomen-
tosis, grosse dentatis, dentibus subequalibus dilatatis apice callosis. W.
Appears to be Quercus Prinus var. palustris of Michaux, n.5. pl. 6.

+A new species, different both from the last and the following. I
call it ;

Quercus prinvides: foliis obovatis obtusis glabris, grosse dentatis, denti-
bus subequalibus dilatatis apice callosis, W. Micuavx considers it as
a variety of Q. Prinus: Querc. Pumile n. 5.pl.9. T.

254 MUHLENBERG’S. OBSERVATIONS, ON THE

early. Cups upon footstalks half an. inch long, nog,
scaly. ‘The wood of this species is, very durable,*.
C. Redoaks, or such.as have long, white, smooth
and broad streaks in the bark, and deeply. sinuated
leaves, the points of which are terminated by.

bristles. To this division Lrefer:. _
7. Quercus rupra maxima Marsu.—Q. latifolia
Hort. Kew. . It is known here by the name: of the
ff 6 . fas my
broad Jeaved Spanish Oak, and may easily be dis-
tinguished by its short shallow cups, and large
acorns.f | we sg Bi

CaM)
* Duercus Prinus: foliis ovato-ellipticis obtusis subtus pubescentibus
" grosse dentatis, dentibus subxqualibus dilatatis apice callosis.

In autumn the leaves turn smooth on their lower surface. W.

2. Priaus: foliie oblongo-ovalibus acuminatis acutisve subuniformite?
dentatis deciduis; cupula craterata subsquamosa 5 glande Woe Mr-
cHAux. T. P

ft is difficult to mark out by distinct characters the. species of North
American Red Oaks, unless such be taken from the fize of the leaves
and fruit, the depth of the incisions, and the different angles of the
leaves, But magnitude being a relative quality, ought not to be ad=
mitted as a character, except when the proportion of one part to the
other be expressed at the same time. The oaks mentioned above under
No. 7, 8, 9, and 11, only differ with regard to the size of their leaves
and fruit, which may, however, be subject to change. I know from
experience, that the obtuse and acute angles of the leaves as well as the
depth of, their incisions are very liable to variation; and therefore do

not venture to establish the oaks described under the above-mentioned

numbers as distinct species, particularly as they all agree in the following
characters;

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 255

8. Quercus rubra ramosissima Marsu. ws Q.
palustris Wancenu. & Du Roi t. 5. fig. 4. Its
leaves are comparatively small, as are the cups of
the acorns.* |

g. An Oak very similar to the latter, with regard
to its leaves, is that which they call here Black
Jack. It never attains any remarkable heighr,
but its wood is considered as very good fuel. As
it does not grow in any place nearer to me than
the islands of the Susquehanna, ] have not as yet
been able to ascertain whether it be any more
than a mere variety. The wood of No. 8 and 9
is not good for fuel. .

Lo. Quercus coccinea, the Scarlet Oak, is dise
tinguished from No. 7 and 8 by its leaves turning
to. a fearlet-red color before they fall of The

cups of the acorns are not flat at the base, but

|

Q. rubra: foliis oblongis sinuatis glabris, lobis divaricatis apice denta-
tis acutis setaceo-mucronatis, calycibus fructus basi planis.

* The specific character Mreu aux gives of it is as follows :

Q. palustris: foliis longe petiolatis, profundius 7-lobis sinubus latis,
lobis oblongis, acute subdivisis ; fructu parvo; cupula scutellata, levi;
glande subglobosa.—-Mich, n. 19. pl. 33.34. T.

256 MUHLENBERG’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE

tapering. WaAncENHEIM has given a figure of
ie | | |

What I take to be a variety of this, with leaves
deeper indented, smaller, and not shed before
spring, grows upon the mountains. |

D. Black Oaks. So I call those that have a
blackish bark, by which they may be distinguished
at a distance. ‘To this division I refer. .

r1. Quercus rubra WANGENH. p. 14. Fig. 72.
-and Du Roz Pl. 5. Fig. 2. is certainly distinct
from Quercus rubra maxima, by its bark and fruit.
Leaf-stalks very smooth, long; leaves also smooth
on both surfaces, except within the angles of the —
nerves. Is universally known here by the name of
the black oak.

12. Quercus nigra Wancenusim, MARsHatn,
Du Rox. This varies very much in its leaves,
and sometimes can scarcely be distinguished from
the foregoing, whence it is generally considered

here as a variety of it. Whether it really be

* This should be separated from the red oaks. Its specific character is,
Quercus coccinea: folits oblongis profunde sinuatis glabris, lobis distan-

tibus divaricatis apice dentatis acutis setaceo-mucronatis, calycibus fructus
basi attenuatis,

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &C. 257

Quercus discolor Hort. Kew. remains still to be
ascertained.” |

13: Quercus marilandica Gronov. Fl.Virg. 140.
Q. nigra pumila Marsn. is very well figured by
Du Ror, Pl. 6. Fig. 2. and WancEeNHEIM, PI. 5.
13. Leaves very much variable. Grows upon
dry hills only.

E. Of’ willow-leaved oaks there are none in
this neighbourhood; but about Philadelphia the
narrow-leaved Quercus phellos grows’ in abun-

dance, and in the back countries another which

MarsHatt calls Q, phellos latifalia. The leaves

of the latter (probably a distinct species) are
oblong, veined, and woolly on the lower surface.

F. Water Oaks.— Quercus aquatica Hort. Kew.
is not to be met with in this neighbourhood.
Quercus uliginosa of Wangenheim I have seen ina

dry state, as also some others with leaves cottony

* It is the true Quercus discolor Hort. Kew. to which I give the fol-
lowing specific character :

Q. discolor: foliis cbovato oblongis sinuatis subtus pubescentibes, lobis
oblongis obtusis dentatis setaceo-mucronatis.

+ 1 take this to be Q, nigra L. which I distinguish thus :

Q. nigra: foliis cuneiformibus glabris basi subcordatis subtrilobis, lobis
diyaricatis intermedio breviore, dentibus setaceo-mucronatis.

RQ
~

258 MUHLENBERG’S OBSERVATIONS ON THE

below, and perhaps belonging to Q. discolor, or
else to the following species : *

G. Grund-Eichen(Ground oaks) I callsuch which
are constantly of a dwarfish size. They delight in
situations exposed to the sun and dry ground.
When intermixed with large trees, they die, being.
impatient of shade. To this division several oaks
are referred not properly belonging to it: Quercus
alba pumila becomes, lofty, as also does Quercus:

prinus humilis. The only one mn this country

which I always found small-sized, is
14. Quercus rubra nana of MarsHatt, Q. ilici-
folia of WANGHENEIM and WitiDENow. ‘This

species is pretty well known in-Europe. Whether

* Quercus aquatica Hort. Kew. certainly contains several species de-
scribed by Wangenheim, which deserve to be, more closely examined.
The above mentioned with leaves cottony below, and which Mr.
MiinLensere takes to be Q. discolor Hort. Kew. is a non-descript.
I define it :

9. elongata: foliis trilobis subtus tomentosis, lobis divaricatis, inter-
medio duplo longiore trifido, apice setaceo-mucronatis.

The leaves are very distinctly divided into three lobes, the middle of
_ which, being subdivided into three smaller ones, is double the length of
the two lateral ones, which form right angles. Lower surface of the
leaves cottony; upper surface dark-green, shining. The flowers and
fruit I had not an opportunity of examining. W.

Is it Q. falcata of Michaux? T.

GENERA JUGLANS, FRAXINUS, &c. 259

the specific name of ilicifolia be very characteristic,
I leave to the decision of other botanifts* ; Q. nana
is the old name. It bears fruit in abundance, as
aoes also the variety No. 3. Both of them would
deserve to be cultivated, but for their roots spread-~
ing so very far, and impoverishing the soil.
Perhaps it may be worth the attention of the
botanist to know what colours the leaves of diffe-
rent oaks assume before they fall off. The follow-
ing are my observations on some of them : |
Q. alba of a brownish red (cottony at the
flowering time).
Castanea yellowish.
Prinus brownish red.
- Q. rubra max. yellowish (cottony at the time
of flowering).
rubra cocc. scarlet-red. *.
rubra 11. yellowish.
nigra 12. brown, brownish red, and fome-
times yellow. 7

* In my opinion the specific name of ilicifolia of Wangenheim is very
, proper. I have described this speciesin my Berlincr Baum Zucht. p. 275»

R 2

——

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PLANT

CALLED
ERICA DABOECIA,

SWEWING THE NECESSITY OF REFERRINGIT TOA
DIFFERENT GENUS AND ORDER.

By PROF. ¥USSIEU.*

TOURNEFORT was the firft who pointed out
this vegetable, under the name of Erica cantabrica
flore maximo, foliis: Myrti subtus incanis,t and de-
scribed it as a plant with a low and woody stem,
not unlike that of a heath, to which, as far as
general habit, it bears great resemblance. Ravi
afterwards mentioned it under the same generic
name, adding, that by the inhabitants of Ireland
it was called St. Dabeoc’s heath. Linnvus, to
‘whom the plant was but imperfeétly known from
* Annales du Muséum National I’. Cahier, 102.

+ Instit. rei herb. pag. 603.
¢ Dendrologia, pag. 98.

262 JUSSIEU’S OBSERVATIONS

thefe accounts, placed it, in the second edition of
his Species plantarum, pag. 509, at the end of the
Genus Erica, as E. Daboecia; ‘hot, however,
without suggesting his doubt as to the propriety
of this position. When this naturalist afterwards
received, from CoLuinson, the description of the
flower and fruit, he called it Andromeda daboecia,
in the twelfth edition of his Systema, pag. 300 3
where he observed, its habit required this trans-
lation, though in regard to the number of the
parts, it shewed greater affinity to the ‘heaths.
This change was adopted by Murray and
REICHARD; but THunsBeERG, in his * Dissertatio
de Erica,”’ returned it to that genus under its
former name; in which he has been followed by
LAMARCK, GMELIN, WILLDENOW.

Such flu€uation among botanists as for generic
determination, proceeds either from not attend-
ing sufficiently to. the whole of the sexual parts
of plants, or from overlooking charatters as
unimportant, which really are far from being so.
The followers of systematic order often think, for

instance, that they have given a complete idea of

ON ERICA DABOEFCIA. 263

a capsular fruit by pronouncing it of four locula-
ments, many seeded and opening by four valves;
but the observer of natural affinities, not satisfied
with this charaéter, inquires into the form and
structure of the valves, their mode of union, the
situation and insertion of the seeds; and by com-
bining these several observations, derives more
accurate results, and is thus often enabled to fix
immutably the place which a plant ought to occupy
in the natural order.

The plant in question is a very striking instance
of what has been advanced.. In the present series
‘of Dicotyledones with monopetalous and perygy-
nous corolla (or corolla attached to the calyx), we
find two families, which formerly were united in
one, and adulterated befides by the introduction of
other genera in the Ordines naturales of LINN &Us,*
in the family of Vaccinia of ADANson, and also in
the series of orders in the garden of Trianon.
These two families, which of late have been
determined by characters no ways ambiguous, but

sufficiently distinct to keep them for ever separate,

* Ordo xviii,

264. JUSSIEU’S OBSERVATIONS

are the Rhododendra and the Erica ; both adopted
in the ** Genera plantarum,” published by me in
1789. The fruit of the former isa capsule, of which
each valve, folding itself so as to make its edges
approach inwardly, forms a complete loculament,
_absolutely separate from, and independent of;
the loculament formed by the neighbouring valve
(valve introflexe loculum proprium constituents).
The edges of the valves are attached to a central
receptacle, bearing numerous minute feeds.
‘The valves constituting the capsule of the heaths
are of quite a different structure. Each of them
bears along its middle a septum (valve medio septi-
fera.), which, being applied against the central
seed-bearing column, forms a separate loculamenty.
produced by two valves, conjointly contributing
cach its half. This distinction, as it affords (even
without cther distinctive characters) an invariable
line of partition between these’ two orders, is
now adopted by the followers of the natural
system, and has-enabled M. VaenrENaT to
shew, that the Epigeea, arranged by me among
the Ericze, must be transferred to the Rhodo-

ON ERICA DABOECIA. © 265

dendra, having valve introflexe, each forming a
Toculament by itself. ;

Dr. Smitu,* guided by the same circumstances,
has referred to the Rhododendra his Menziesia, a
genus, ‘which, with the characters of a fourcleft
pitcher-shaped corolla, of eight perigynous sta-
mens, of an ovarium liberum furnished with a style
and stigma, unites that of a capsule with four
valves introflected exactly in the manner of those
of Rhododendrum and Epiga. }

On examining the capsule of Erica Daboecia,
the same structure will be perceived as in the
Rhododendra, viz. four retroflected valves; from
which circumstance it is naturally to be inferred;
that this plant, so far from remaining allied to the
genera Erica or Andromeda, must even be entirely
detached from the Order of Erica, and transferred
to the neighbouring one. ‘The inspection of its
other characters, as derived from formand number
of its several .parts, moreover proves that it must

belong to the genus Menziesia,+ from which it

* Plantarum icones hactenus ineditz, Fasc, III. pag & tab. 56.
4 Also Mr. SarrssurY, in his edition of ‘TuuNBERG’s Dissertatie
de Erica, printed at Featherstone, 1800, mentions the circumstance of

266 JUSSIEU’s OBSERVATIONS

cannot be separated, though there does exist some
difference in the habit of the two plants. As the
ieaves of this species bear great resemblance to
those of Teucrium polium L. and of Andromeda
polifolia, 1 propose to call it Menziesia polifolia.
The specific character may be given as follows:

Menziesia polifolia : folis alternis, ovatis, revo-
lutis, supra viridibus, glabris, passim pilosis,
subtus tomentosis, incanis; floribus race-
mosis, terminalibus.

And that of Dr. Smitu’s species, which he has

called M. ferruginea, thus :

Menziesia ferruginea: foliis terminalibus, fasci-
culatis, lanceolatis, denticulatis, non revo-
lutis, supra pilosis, subtus levibus ; floribus
inter folia pariter fasciculatis, singulis longe
pedicellatis. | |

A third species of this genus may, perhaps, be

found in the Azalea pilosa of MicHaux, which

Lamarcxk* quotes, as a dubious species, ar the

the fruit of E, Daboecia being that of Menziesia, to which genus he refers
this plant in his Species Ericarum. Linn. Trans. Vol.6. T.

* Tableau encyclopédique et méihodique, &c. pag. 494.

ON ERICA DABOECIA. 267

end of Azalea, from which it differs in the number
of its stamens, which are eight instead of five. As
the author has made an Azalea of it, we may sup-
pose that the structure of its capsule is similar to
that of Menziesia; the number of stamens points
out that of the valves to be four, instead of
five: and from these two considerations results a
real approximation of that species to Menziesia;
which is confirmed by its corolla being oval,

according to the description of LAMARCK.

BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS

‘SY

)

” PREDERIC EHRHART.

—
[ Translated from the German.*]

leet need :

VERONICA Teucrium and Veron. prostrata
Linn. are rather to be considered as varieties;
it is often impossible to distinguish them from one
another.

Monarda capitulis terminalibus, caule obtusangulo
Mitt. Fig. p. 122. t. 183. f. 1. is not Monarda
fistulosa of Linnzus, but Monarda so sy of
this botanist. :

Monarda floribus capitatis subdidynamis, caule
acutangulo, Mill. Fig. p. 123. t. 183. f. 2. is not :
Monarda didyma of Linn vs, but hid M. fistulosa.

Unless the synonym of Mixxer, quoted by

* F, Ebrbart’s Beitrige zur Naturkunde, &c, Hanov. 1787—92,

270 FREDERIC EHRHART’S

Linnzus for his Salvia paniculata, be -wreng,
Salvia africana Mill. dict, ed. 8. is nothing else
than S. paniculata L. and therefore the synonym
of Miller is either improperly applied to S. africana
Reichh. Syst. vol. 1. p. 69. Hottuyn Pfl. Syst. vol.
3. p. 42. Etling. Salv. p. 21, &c. or both the
mentioned species are one and the same plant.*
Crocus has a spatha monophylla according to
Linnzvs, but I have always found a spatha
duplicata in Crocus vernus. The outer one is a
tube, which, opening at the top at one side, lets
out the flower; the inner is awl-fhaped, nearly
surrounding the tube of the flower, and inclosed
by the outer spatha as far as the’ top. Both are
opposite each other like the glumes of the grasses.
~ Schoenus fuscus L. is not’a variety of Schoenus

albus, as Hupson thinks, but a distinct species.

* The plant figured by Miller, (ic. ot 225. fig. I.) appears to be
Salvia africana L. and therefore RErcuHARpD’s and Er LiNGER’s refer-
ences are right. In W1LipzNOw’s cdition of the species plantarum,
both S. africana and S, paniculata are referred to Miller's figure. T.

+ The same observation has been made before by Jacqurn, in his
Fl. austr. V. pag. 48. where he describes Crocus vernus :

“ Apprimi hac (folia) flori solent spathis vaginantibus, obsolete albentibus,ternis
guandoque quaternis, ut nesciam cur Linnaus dinerit spatham univalvem radi-

calem ?°-T

BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS. 271

The latter is a diandrous plant, has stylum gluma
pauco longiorem ‘8 setas receptaculi decem; Schoenus
fuscus, on the contrary, is a triandrous plant,
stylo glumé duplo longiore &F setis receptaculi tribus,
semine multo longioribus, ec, ;

Cyperus palustris hirsutus minor, paniculis ailbis
Moris. hist. Vol. 3. S. 8. t. 9. f. 39. is Schoenus
albus, though Linneus refers to this figure at his
Juncus niveus.

Schoenus Mariscus L. cannot belong to the other
Linnean species of Schoenus, or to the Marisci of
HAuuer, being diandrous, and its fruit a nut,
containing a four-winged kernel.

Eriophorum polystachium is sometimes a poly-
gamous plant.

Cornucopiz is not a good generic name, and
Cornucopia is worse. |

Saccharum arundinaceum Retz. appears not to
have trivalved corollz, but two-flowered glumes,
as feveral of the polygamous grasses have. The
outer floret (flosculus) is generally one-valved.

Phalaris is a compound genus, some species

272 FREDERIC EHRHART’S

having two-valved flowers, others of three, four,
five, and six valves. as | }

Agrostis pumila L. which I gathered, in com-
pany with my late friends, Linnavus and Griino,
near the Linnean villa Hammarby, and which .
- both acknowledged to be a distinct species, is
nothing, according to my own observations, but a
diseased Agrostis stolonifera. I preserve speci
mens which are half Agrostis stolonifera, half
A, pumila.* : |

Cynosurus cristatus has not bractez pinate, but
piunatifide.

Cynosurus echinatus has not a bifid style, but is
truly digynous. | : ,
_ The Cynosuri digitati do not properly belong
to the rest of Cynosuri of Linnzeus, but conftitute a
‘proper genus. With regard to the situation of the
locust they approach to Capreola of ADANSON,
and to Andropogon barbatum and polydactylon.

Bromus secalinus, squarrosus, hordeaceus, arven- ~,

sis and tectorum Linn. are, indeed, very nearly

* In Agrostis pumila, the flowers, as a consequence os the disease,
zppear constantly smutty, and display, when dissected, a great number
ef small blackish globules, resembling minute seeds, T,

BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS. 273

related, but far from being one and the same species.
Such species as Bromus polymorphus of Scoport
are what other botanists call ‘* divisions.’’

The same may be said of Avena pilosa ScopoLt
Carn. ed. 2. n. 124. |

Avena Leeflingia Gort. sept. n. 110. is Avena
preecox Linn.

Elymus caput Meduse and Hordeum jubatum,
in my opinion, belong to one and the same genus.

The synonym of Baunin and Morison
which Linnzus and other editors of the species
plantarum have given to Hordeum vulgare, ought
to be Hordeum polystychum hibernum.

The second synonym of Hordeum spica subdisticha
calyce folioso setaceo, fioribus omnibus hermophroditis,
longe @ristatis HALL hist. n. 1533. 1s not right, but
ought to be as follows: Hordeum polystichum hyber-
num ‘BauH. theatt, p. 438. Moris. hist. V. 3.
p- 206. S. 8. tab. 6. fig. 3.

Hordeum polystachyum hibernum Baun. theatr.
p- 439. which, by RetcHarp and HoutrTvuyy, in
their Syst. plantarum, is taken up for a synonym
of Hordeum hexastichum, ought to be erased,

$

294 FREDERIC EHRHART'S

The Bauhinian fynonym of Hordeum spice poly-
sticha, floribus omnibus hermapbroditis, longe avistatis
Hau. hist. n. 1534. fhould be changed La a
Hordeum polystichum vernum Bauh. theatr. P- 439.
Moris. hist. Vol. 3. p. 206.

Triticum hibernum & <estivum of Linneus, 1
consider as varieties, as does alfo Haller.

‘WILLDENow attributes 2 quadrilocular capsule
to the genus Sagina; to me it appears unilocular.

Not all Cynoglossa have a funnel-shaped
corolla; Cynoglossum linifolium, for instance, is
furnished with a wheel-shaped, and Cynogl. apen-
ninum with a tubulous corolla.

Cerinthe has not a perianthium quinquepartitum
laciniis equalibus, but a calyx pentaphyllus foliolis
inequalibus—Anthere serrulate basi bisete—Germen
didymum-—Nuces dua biloculares : loculis monospermis.

The situation of the bractes ought not to be
neglected in the arrangement of Convolvuli. Con- |
volvulus sepium, for instance, has Bracteas flori
approximatas; C. purpureus bracteas ad basin pedi-
cellorum. |

Atropa physalodes L. has a five-celled berry;

BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS. 275

the éssential character which Linnzus gives to the
genus, is therefore not applicable to this species.

The corolla of Phyteuma spicata does not open
from the top to the bottom, but from the bottom
to the top. Sometimes its laciniz are separated
near the base a whole day before they begin to.
_ disengage themselves at the top. Out of each of

the lateral openings issues a stamen, which gives a
| singular appearance to the flower. Probably the
whole process of fructification is completed before
the flower be entirely open.

Rapunculus umbellatus latifolius Baus. pin. p.
92. is not Phyteuma orbicularis of Linnzvs, but
his Campanula glomerata. Neither does Rapuncu-
lus umbellatus angustifolius BauH. pin. Pp. 92.
belong to it, but to Campanula Cervicaria L.

Ribes grossularia L. and Ribes uva crispa L.
cannot be considered as distinct species.

Linneus, in his Gen. plantar. Ed. 6., ascribes
petala caduca to Vitis; in his Systema Nature, ed.
14. I find petala emarcida. ‘The former appears to

be more correct.
$2

276 . FREDERIC EHRHART’S

None of the Linnean species of Chenopodium
ought to be considered as varieties, except Cheno-
podium album & viride, which do not appear to
be distinct species. 3

Scopo.t is of opinion that Drosera rotundifolia
and D. longifolia L. degenerate into each other.

‘IT for my part never observed this to be the case
cither in Swiss, German, or Swedish specimens of
these plants; nor did I ever find it a matter of:
difficulty to distinguish them.

Aloe perfoliata Var. i. Linn. sp. ed. 2. 458."
or Aloe africana caulescens perfoliata F non spinosa
Camne.. prelud. p. 74. t- 23. is Crassula perfo-
liata L. |

Murray and Weice. think Hauer in the
wrong, for taking his Juncus caule brachiato, foliis
setaceis, floribus funiculatis ad ramos sessilibus (HALL.
hist. n. 1320.) and Juncus bulbosus of the first
edition of LInnus’ Species plantarum pag. 327,
for one and the same plant. The fynonyms and
figures quoted by Linnzus prove, however, that |

Haller was not mistaken. That Linnzus originally

* Aloc perfoliata Var $ Wixxp, sp. pl. Vol. 2. p. 186. T.

‘

BOTANICAL OBSERVATIONS, 277

meant Haller’s Juncus by his J. bulbosus, appears
also from the trivial name, which is by no means
applicable to the present Juncus bulbosus L.*

Hyacinthus is not the only genus in Hexandria
Monogynia which has pori melliferi; Asphodelus
and several other genera are likewise furnished
with them.

Berberis vulgaris has no spines (spin@_), unless
one would also give this appellation to the prickles
of Rosa, Ribes, &c.

The generic name of Disandra ought to be
-Distandra, as it is not derived from % (dis) but
from 3Crafw (dubito).

Rosa pimpinellifolia and R_ spinosissima L. are
one and the same species; nor do Rosa alpina
and R. pendulina L. appear to be two distinct
species.

Prunus Padus L. has not ‘ folia basi subtus
glandulifera” but supra.

Prunus Cerasus aproniana is, by Linnzus and

his followers,erroneously called Pr.Ceras.caproniana.

* The above mentioned Juncus of Haller is Juncus uliginosus of Smit
Fl. Br®. p. 380. T.

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