THE YALE SHAKESPEARE
OTHELLO THE MOOR OF VENICE
Edited by
Lawrence Mason
Yale University Press
DUKE
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from Duke University Libraries
https://archive.org/details/tragedyofothello02shak
THE YALE SHAKESPEARE
Edited by
Wilbur L. Cross Tucker Brooke
Willard Higley Durham
Published under the Direction of the
Department of English, Yale University on the Fund
Given to the Yale University Press in 1917 by the Members of the Kingsley Trust Association To Commemorate the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Founding of the Society
• ! 77he 7 ale Shakespeare \ •
THE TRAGEDY OF OTHELLO
THE MOOR OF VENICE
EDITED BY
LAWRENCE MASON
NEW HAVEN • YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON • HUMPHREY MILFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Copyright, 1918 By Yale University Press Printed in the United States of America
First published, January, 1918 Second printing, October, 1920 Third printing, August, 1925 Fourth printing, October, 1929
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Page |
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The Text |
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1 |
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Notes |
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132 |
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Appendix A. |
Sources of the Play |
144 |
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Appendix B. |
The History of the Play |
150 |
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Appendix C. |
The Text of the Present Edi- |
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tion .... |
156 |
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Appendix D. |
Suggestions for Collateral Read- |
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ing .... |
158 |
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Index of Words Glossed .... |
160 |
The facsimile opposite represents the title-page of the Elizabethan Club copy of the first quarto edition. Thirteen copies of this edition are known to survive.
THE
Tragoedy of Othello,
The Moore of Venice.
<i£s it hath heene diuerfe times acted at the Globe , and at the Black-Friers , by
hit Maiejlies Serums.
Written by William Shakefpeare.
LONDON ,
Printed by N. 0. for Thomas v/alkley.^ nd are to be fold at bis ihop, at the Eagle and Child, in Brittans Burfle.
16 22,
[DRAMATIS PERSONvE.]
Othello, the Moor Brabantio, Father to Desdemona Cassio, an honourable Lieutenant Iago, a villain [Ancient to Othello ]
Roderigo, a gulled gentleman Duke of Venice Senators.
Montano, Governor of Cyprus [before Othello ] Gentlemen of Cyprus
Lodovico and ) two noble Venetians [kinsman and Gratiano ) brother, respectively, to Brabantio ] Sailors
Clown, [in Othello’s retinue ]
Desdemona, wife to Othello [and daughter to Brabantio ]
Emilia, wife to lago [and maid-in-waiting to Desde- mona ]
Bianca, a courtesan [in love with Cassio ]
[Messenger, Herald, Officers, Musicians, and Attendants]
[Scene: Act I, at Venice ; Acts II-V, at a sea-port in Cyprus .]
The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice
ACT FIRST
Scene One [Venice. A Street ]
Enter Roderigo and Iago.
Rod. Tush! Never tell me; I take it much un- kindly
That thou, Iago, who hast had my purse
As if the strings were thine, shouldst know of this.
Iago. ’Sblood, but you will not hear me: 4
If ever I did dream of such a matter.
Abhor me.
Rod. Thou told’st me thou didst hold him in thy hate.
Iago. Despise me if I do not. Three great ones of the city, 8
In personal suit to make me his lieutenant,
Off-capp’d to him ; and, by the faith of man,
I know my price, I am worth no worse a place ;
But he, as loving his own pride and purposes, 12 Evades them, with a bombast circumstance Horribly stuff’d with epithets of war;
And, in conclusion,
Nonsuits my mediators ; for, ‘Certes,’ says he, 16
‘I have already chose my officer.’
4 ’Sblood; cf. n. 10 Off-capp’d: doffed their caps
13 bombast circumstance: inflated circumlocution ; cf. n.
16 Nonsuits: rebuffs Certes: certainly
2
The Tragedy of Othello
And what was he ?
Forsooth, a great arithmetician.
One Michael Cassio, a Florentine, 20
A fellow almost damn’d in a fair wife;
That never set a squadron in the field.
Nor the division of a battle knows More than a spinster; unless the bookish theoric, Wherein the toged consuls can propose 25
As masterly as he: mere prattle, without practice,
Is all his soldiership. But he, sir, had the election; And I — of whom his eyes had seen the proof 28 At Rhodes, at Cyprus, and on other grounds Christian and heathen— must be be-lee’d and calm’d By debitor and creditor; this counter-caster,
He, in good time, must his lieutenant be, 32
And I — God bless the mark ! — his Moorship’s ancient. Rod. By heaven, I rather would have been his hangman.
I ago. Why, there’s no remedy: ’tis the curse of service,
Preferment goes by letter and affection, 30
Not by the old gradation, where each second Stood heir to the first. Now, sir, be judge yourself, Whether I in any just term am affin’d To love the Moor.
Rod. I would not follow him then. 40
I ago. O ! sir, content you ;
19 Cf. n. on line 31 _ 21 Cf. n.
23 division . . . battle: section of a battalion, or disposition of a battle-line
24 unless: except, unless you count bookish theoric: book-taught
theory
25 toged consuls: councillors in their togas or robes of peace pro-
pose: converse, discourse
30 be-lee’d and calm’d; cf. n. 31 Cf. n.
32 in good time: ( phrase of contempt) forsooth
33 God . . . mark; cf.n. ancient: ensign; cf. n.
36 letter : commendatory letter, favor 39 in any . . . affin’d; cf. n.
The Moor of Venice , I. i
3
I follow him to serve my turn upon him;
We cannot all be masters, nor all masters
Cannot be truly follow’d. You shall mark 44
Many a duteous and knee-crooking knave.
That, doting on his own obsequious bondage.
Wears out his time, much like his master’s ass.
For nought but provender, and when he’s old, cashier’d; 48
Whip me such honest knaves. Others there are Who, trimm’d in forms and visages of duty.
Keep yet their hearts attending on themselves,
And, throwing but shows of service on their lords, 52 Do well thrive by them, and when they have lin’d their coats
Do themselves homage : these fellows have some soul ; And such a one do I profess myself. For, sir,
It is as sure as you are Roderigo, 66
Were I the Moor, I would not be Iago:
Id following him, I follow but myself ;
Heaven is my judge, not I for love and duty.
But seeming so, for my peculiar end: 60
For when my outward action doth demonstrate
The native act and figure of my heart
In complement extern, ’tis not long after
But I will wear my heart upon my sleeve 64
For daws to peck at: I am not what I am.
Rod. What a full fortune does the thick-lips owe. If he can carry ’t thus !
Iago. Call up her father; 67
Rouse him, make after him, poison his delight,
50 visages: outward semblances 53 lin’d their coats: filled their pockets 60 peculiar: own particular, private
62 act: action, operation figure: configuration
63 complement: counterpart (?); cf. n.
66 owe: own
4
The Tragedy of Othello,
Proclaim him in the streets, incense her kinsmen, And, though he in a fertile climate dwell,
Plague him with flies; though that his joy be joy. Yet throw such chances of vexation on ’t 72
As it may lose some colour.
Rod. Here is her father’s house; I’ll call aloud. Iago. Do; with like timorous accent and dire yell As when, by night and negligence, the fire 76
Is spied in populous cities.
Rod. What, ho! Brabantio ! Signior Brabantio, ho! Iago. Awake ! what, ho ! Brabantio ! thieves ! thieves ! thieves !
Look to your house, your daughter, and your bags ! 80
Thieves ! thieves !
Brabantio [ appears ] above at a window.
Bra. What is the reason of this terrible summons? What is the matter there?
Rod. Signior, is all your family within? 84
Iago. Are your doors lock’d?
Bra. Why? wherefore ask you this?
Iago. ’Zounds! sir, you’re robb’d; for shame, put on your gown ;
Your heart is burst, you have lost half your soul; Even now, now, very now, an old black ram 88
Is tupping your white ewe. Arise, arise!
Awake the snorting citizens with the bell.
Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you.
Arise, I say.
Bra. What! have you lost your wits? 92
Rod. Most reverend signior, do you know my voice ?
86 ’Zounds; cf. n. on line 4
90 snorting: snoring
The Moor of Venice, I. i
5
Bra. Not I, what are you?
Rod. My name is Roderigo.
Bra. The worser welcome:
I have charg’d thee not to haunt about my doors : 96
In honest plainness thou hast heard me say My daughter is not for thee; and now, in madness. Being full of supper and distempering draughts. Upon malicious knavery dost thou come 100
To start my quiet.
Rod. Sir, sir, sir !
Bra. But thou must needs be sure
My spirit and my place have in them power To make this bitter to thee.
Rod. Patience, good sir. 104
Bra. What tell’st thou me of robbing? this is Venice;
My house is not a grange.
Rod. Most grave Brabantio,
In simple and pure soul I come to you. 107
Iago. ’Zounds ! sir, you are one of those that will not serve God if the devil bid you. Because we come to do you service and you think we are ruffians, you’ll have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse; you’ll have your nephews neigh to you; you’ll have coursers for cousins and gennets for germans. 114
Bra. WThat profane wretch art thou?
Iago. I am one, sir, that comes to tell you, your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.
101 star t: disturb 106 grange: lonely farmhouse
112 Barbary: a country on the north coast of Africa nephews: any
lineal descendants
113 coursers: swift and spirited horses
114 gennets: small Spanish horses germans: near relatives
6
The Tragedy of Othello
Bra. Thou art a villain.
I ago. You are — a senator.
Bra. This thou shalt answer; I know thee, Roderigo. 120
Rod. Sir, I will answer any thing. But, I beseech you,
If ’t be your pleasure and most wise consent, —
As partly, I find, it is, — that your fair daughter.
At this odd-even and dull watch o’ the night, Transported with no worse nor better guard But with a knave of common hire, a gondolier.
To the gross clasps of a lascivious Moor, —
If this be known to you, and your allowance,
We then have done you bold and saucy wrongs ;
But if you know not this, my manners tell me We have your wrong rebuke. Do not believe That, from the sense of all civility,
I thus would play and trifle with your reverence: Your daughter, if you have not given her leave,
I say again, hath made a gross revolt;
Tying her duty, beauty, wit and fortunes In an extravagant and wheeling stranger Of here and everywhere. Straight satisfy yourself: If she be in her chamber or your house,
Let loose on me the justice of the state 140
For thus deluding you.
Bra. Strike on the tinder, ho!
Give me a taper ! call up all my people !
This accident is not unlike my dream;
Belief of it oppresses me already. 144
Light, I say ! light ! Exit.
124
127
132
136
124 Cf.n. 128 your allowance: what you approve of
132 from . . . all: deprived of all regard for
137 extravagant and wheeling: vagabond and itinerant; cf. n.
The Moor of Venice , I. i
7
Iago. Farewell, for I must leave you:
It seems not meet nor wholesome to my place To be produc’d, as, if I stay, I shall.
Against the Moor; for, I do know the state, 148
However this may gall him with some check.
Cannot with safety cast him; for he’s embark’d With such loud reason to the Cyprus wars, —
Which even now stand in act, — that, for their souls, 152
Another of his fathom they have none,
To lead their business; in which regard.
Though I do hate him as I do hell-pains.
Yet, for necessity of present life, 156
I must show out a flag and sign of love,
Which is indeed but sign. That you shall surely find him,
Lead to the Sagittary the raised search;
And there will I be with him. So, farewell. 160
Exit.
Enter [below, ~\ Brabantio, with Servants and torches.
Bra. It is too true an evil: gone she is,
And what’s to come of my despised time Is nought but bitterness. Now, Roderigo,
Where didst thou see her ? O, unhappy girl !
With the Moor, sayst thou? Who would be a father ! 165
How didst thou know ’twas she? O, she deceives me Past thought. What said she to you? Get more tapers !
147 produc’d: brought forward as witness 149 check: rebuke
150 cast: dismiss embark’d: engaged, committed
151 loud reason: pressing necessity Cyprus wars; cf. n.
152 stand in act: are actually under way 153 fathom: capacity
159 Sagittary : an inn 160 S. d. torches: torch-bearers
162 what’s . . . time: the remainder of my wretched life
8
The Tragedy of Othello,
Raise all my kindred ! Are they married, think you ? 168
Rod. Truly, I think they are.
Bra. O heaven! How got she out? O, treason of the blood:
Fathers, from hence trust not your daughters’ minds By what you see them act. Are there not charms By which the property of youth and maidhood May be abus’d? Have you not read, Roderigo,
Of some such thing?
Rod. Yes, sir, I have indeed.
Bra. Call up my brother. O! that you had had her. 176
Some one way, some another ! Do you know Where we may apprehend her and the Moor?
Rod. I think I can discover him, if you please To get good guard and go along with me. 180
Bra. Pray you, lead on. At every house I’ll call; I may command at most. Get weapons, ho !
And raise some special officers of night.
On, good Roderigo; I’ll deserve your pains. 184
Exeunt.
Scene Two [ Another Street ]
Enter Othello, Iago, and Attendants, with torches.
Iago. Though in the trade of war I have slain men. Yet do I hold it very stuff o’ the conscience To do no contriv’d murder: I lack iniquity Sometimes to do me service. Nine or ten times 4 I had thought to have yerk’d him here under the ribs.
173 property: nature 3 contriv’d: premeditated
2 stuff : substance, essence 5 yerk’d: struck ( with dagger)
The Moor of Venice , I . ii
9
Oth. ’Tis better as it is, Iago.
Nay, but he prated,
And spoke such scurvy and provoking terms
Against your honour
That, with the little godliness I have,
I did full hard forbear him. But, I pray, sir.
Are you fast married? Be assur’d of this.
That the magnifico is much belov’d.
And hath in his effect a voice potential As double as the duke’s ; he will divorce you.
Or put upon you what restraint and grievance The law — with all his might to enforce it on — Will give him cable.
Oth. Let him do his spite:
My services which I have done the signiory Shall out-tongue his complaints. ’Tis yet know.
Which when I know that boasting is an honour I shall promulgate, I fetch my life and being From men of royal siege, and my demerits May speak unbonneted to as proud a fortune As this that I have reach’d; for know, Iago,
But that I love the gentle Desdemona,
I would not my unhoused free condition
Put into circumscription and confine
For the sea’s worth. But, look! what lights c
ts come 28
friends :
Iago. Those are the raised father and his You were best go in.
8
12
16
Oth.
12 magnifico: title of Venetian nobles 17 give . . . cable: permit 22 siege: rank demerits: deserts 26 unhoused: cf. n.
13, 14 Cf. n. 18 signiory: governing body 23 Cf. n. 27 confine: confinement
10
The Tragedy of Othello
My parts, my title, and my perfect soul Shall manifest me rightly. Is it they? 32
I ago. By Janus, I think no.
Enter Cassio, with Officers, and torches.
Oth. The servants of the duke, and my lieutenant. The goodness of the night upon you, friends !
What is the news?
Cas. The duke does greet you, general, 36
And he requires your haste-post-haste appearance. Even on the instant.
Oth. What is the matter, think you?
Cas. Something from Cyprus, as I may divine.
It is a business of some heat ; the galleys 40
Have sent a dozen sequent messengers This very night at one another’s heels,
And many of the consuls, rais’d and met,
Are at the duke’s already. You have been hotly call’d for; 44
When, being not at your lodging to be found,
The senate hath sent about three several quests To search you out.
C Oth. ’Tis well I am found by you.
I will but spend a word here in the house, 48
And go with you. [Exit.']
Cas. Ancient, what makes he here?
I ago. Faith, he to-night hath boarded a land carrack;
If it prove lawful prize, he’s made for ever.
Cas. I do not understand.
Iago. He’s married.
Cas. To who? 52
33 Janus: two-faced Roman god of beginnings 40 heat: urgency
41 sequent: successive
43 consuls: senators SO carrack: large merchant vessel
The Moor of Venice , I. ii
11
Iago. Marry, to —
[Enter Othello .]
Come, captain, will you go? Oth. Have with you.
Cas. Here comes another troop to seek for you. Iago. It is Brabantio. General, be advis’d;
He comes to bad intent.
Enter Brabantio, Roderigo, with Officers, and torches.
Oth. Holla ! stand there ! 56
Rod. Signior, it is the Moor.
Bra. Down with him, thief!
[ They draw on both sides .] Iago. You, Roderigo! come, sir, I am for you.
Oth. Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.
Good signior, you shall more command with years 60 Than with your weapons.
Bra. O thou foul thief! where hast thou stow’d my daughter ?
Damn’d as thou art, thou hast enchanted her;
For I’ll refer me to all things of sense, 64
If she in chains of magic were not bound.
Whether a maid so tender, fair, and happy.
So opposite to marriage that she shunn’d
The wealthy curled darlings of our nation, 68
Would ever have, to incur a general mock.
Run from her guardage to the sooty bosom Of such a thing as thou ; jo fear, not to delight.
Judge me the world, if ’tis not gross in sense 72
That thou hast practis’d on her with foul charms,
59 Keep up: keep sheathed, put up 64 of sense: capable of judgment 70 guardage: guardian's shelter
72 Judge . . . world: let the world judge gross in sense: manifest to the reason
12
The Tragedy of Othello ,
Abus’d her delicate youth with drugs or minerals That weaken motion: I’ll have ’t disputed on;
’Tis probable, and palpable to thinking. 76
I therefore apprehend and do attach thee For an abuser of the world, a practiser Of arts inhibited and out of warrant.
Lay hold upon him : if he do resist, 80
Subdue him at his peril.
Oth. Hold your hands.
Both you of my inclining, and the rest:
Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it Without a prompter. Where will you that I go To answer this your charge?
Bra. To prison; till fit time 85
Of law and course of direct session Call thee to answer.
Oth. What if I do obey?
How may the duke be therewith satisfied, 88
Whose messengers are here about my side.
Upon some present business of the state To bring me to him?
Off. ’Tis true, most worthy signior;
The duke’s in council, and your noble self, 92
I am sure, is sent for.
Bra. How! the duke in council!
In this time of the night! Bring him away.
Mine’s not an idle cause: the duke himself,
Or any of my brothers of the state, 96
Cannot but feel this wrong as ’twere their own;
For if such actions may have passage free, Bond-slaves and pagans shall our statesmen be.
Exeunt.
75 motion: self-control (?) ; cf. n. 79 out of warrant: unwarranted 86 course . . . session: due order of special procedure 98,99 Cf.n.
The Moor of V enice, I. Hi
13
Scene Three [A Council Chamber ]
Enter Duke, and Senators set at a table, with lights and attendants.
Duke. There is no composition in these news That gives them credit.
First Sen. Indeed, they are disproportion^ ;
My letters say a hundred and seven galleys.
Duke. And mine, a hundred forty.
Sec. Sen. And mine, two hundred: 4
But though they jump not on a just account, —
As in these cases, where the aim reports,
’Tis oft with difference, — yet do they all confirm A Turkish fleet, and bearing up to Cyprus. 8
Duke. Nay, it is possible enough to judgment:
I do not so secure me in the error.
But the main article I do approve In fearful sense.
Sailor within. What, ho ! what, ho ! what, ho ! 12
Off. A messenger from the galleys.
Enter Sailor.
Duke. Now, what’s the business?
Sail. The Turkish preparation makes for Rhodes; So was I bid report here to the state By Signior Angelo. 16
Duke. How say you by this change?
First Sen. This cannot be,
By no assay of reason; ’tis a pageant
Scene Three S. d. Enter . . . attendants; cf. n.
1 composition: consistency 5 jump: agree just: exact
6 aim: conjecture, rough estimate 10-12 Cf. n.
18 assay of reason: reasonable test pageant: pretense
14
The Tragedy of Othello
To keep us in false gaze. When we consider The importancy of Cyprus to the Turk, 20
And let ourselves again but understand,
That as it more concerns the Turk than Rhodes,
So may he with more facile question bear it,
For that it stands not in such warlike brace, 24
But altogether lacks the abilities
That Rhodes is dress’d in : if we make thought of this,
We must not think the Turk is so unskilful
To leave that latest which concerns him first, 28
Neglecting an attempt of ease and gain.
To wake and wage a danger profitless.
DuJce. Nay, in all confidence, he’s not for Rhodes.
Off. Here is more news. 32
Enter a Messenger.
Mess. The Ottomites, reverend and gracious. Steering with due course toward the isle of Rhodes, Have there injointed them with an after fleet.
First Sen. Ay, so I thought. How many, as you guess ? 36
Mess. Of thirty sail; and now they do re-stem Their backward course, bearing with frank appear- ance
Their purposes toward Cyprus. Signior Montano, Your trusty and most valiant servitor, 40
With his free duty recommends you thus,
And prays you to believe him.
Duke. ’Tis certain then, for Cyprus.
Marcus Luccicos, is not he in town? 44
First Sen. He’s now in Florence.
19 in false gaze: looking in the wrong direction
23 with . . . it: carry it with less effort 24 brace: readiness
35 after : additional, reserve 41 recommends: informs
The Moor of Venice, I. in
15
Duke. Write from us to him; post-post-haste dis- patch.
First Sen. Here comes Brabantio and the valiant Moor.
Enter Brabantio, Othello, Cassio, Iago, Roderigo, and Officers.
Duke. Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you 48
Against the general enemy Ottoman.
[To Brabantio.] I did not see you; welcome, gentle signior ;
We lack’d your counsel and your help to-night.
Bra. So did I yours. Good your grace, pardon me ; 52
Neither my place nor aught I heard of business Hath rais’d me from my bed, nor doth the general care
Take hold of me, for my particular grief Is of so flood-gate and o’erbearing nature 56
That it engluts and swallows other sorrows And it is still itself.
Duke. Why, what’s the matter?
Bra. My daughter! O! my daughter.
Sen. Dead?
Bra. Ay, to me;
She is abus’d, stol’n from me, and corrupted 60
By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks ; For nature so preposterously to err.
Being not deficient, blind, or lame of sense.
Sans witchcraft could not. 64
Duke. Whoe’er he be that in this foul proceeding
56 flood-gate: torrential
61 mountebanks: itinerant vendors of nostrums
64 Sans: without
16
The Tragedy of Othello .
Hath thus beguil’d your daughter of herself
And you of her, the bloody book of law
You shall yourself read in the bitter letter 68
After your own sense; yea, though our proper son
Stood in your action.
Bra. Humbly I thank your Grace.
Here is the man, this Moor; whom now, it seems, Your special mandate for the state affairs, 72
Hath hither brought.
All. We are very sorry for it.
Duke. [To Othello.] What, in your own part, can you say to this ?
Bra. Nothing, but this is so.
Oth. Most potent, grave, and reverend signiors, 76 My very noble and approv’d good masters,
That I have ta’en away this old man’s daughter.
It is most true; true, I have married her:
The very head and front of my offending 80
Hath this extent, no more. Rude am I in my speech, And little bless’d with the soft phrase of peace;
For since these arms of mine had seven years’ pith, Till now some nine moons wasted, they have us’d Their dearest action in the tented field; 85
And little of this great world can I speak,
More than pertains to feats of broil and battle ;
And therefore little shall I grace my cause 88
In speaking for myself. 1 Yet, by your gracious patience,
I will a round unvarnish’d tale deliver
Of my whole course of love; what drugs, what charms,
What conjuration, and what mighty magic, 92
69 proper: own 70 Stood . . . action: were involved by your charge 74 part: behalf 77 approv’d: tested and demonstrated
80 front: brow, forehead 84 wasted: past, ago
91*94 what . . . won: with what drugs, etc., I won
The Moor of Venice , I. in
17
For such proceeding I am charg’d withal,
I won his daughter.
Bra. A maiden never bold;
Of spirit so still and quiet, that her motion Blush’d at herself ; and she, in spite of nature,
Of years, of country, credit, everything, 97
To fall in love with what she fear’d to look on!
It is a judgment maim’d and most imperfect That will confess perfection so could err 100
Against all rules of nature, and must be driven To find out practices of cunning hell.
Why this should be. I therefore vouch again That with some mixtures powerful o’er the blood, 104 Or with some dram conjur’d to this effect,
He wrought upon her.
Duke. To vouch this, is no proof.
Without more certain and more overt test Than these thin habits and poor likelihoods 108
Of modern seeming do prefer against him.
First Sen. But, Othello, speak:
Did you by indirect and forced courses Subdue and poison this young maid’s affections ; 119
Or came it by request and such fair question As soul to soul affordeth?
Oth. I do beseech you,
Send for the lady to the Sagittary,
And let her speak of me before her father: 116
If you do find me foul in her report,
The trust, the office I do hold of you,
Not only take away, but let your sentence Even fall upon my life.
Duke. Fetch Desdemona hither.
93 withal : wit h 95 motion; cf. n. 103 vouch: assert
108 thin habits: insubstantial appearances 109 modern : mere, trivial 111 forced: violent 113 question: conversation
18
The Tragedy of Othello .
Oth. Ancient, conduct them; you best know the place. 121
[ Exeunt Iago and Attendants .] And, till she come, as truly as to heaven I do confess the vices of my blood,
So justly to your grave ears I’ll present 124
How I did thrive in this fair lady’s love.
And she in mine.
Duke. Say it, Othello.
Oth. Her father lov’d me; oft invited me;
Still question’d me the story of my life 129
From year to year, the battles, sieges, fortunes That I have pass’d.
I ran it through, even from my boyish days 132
To the very moment that he bade me tell it;
Wherein I spake of most disastrous chances.
Of moving accidents by flood and field.
Of hair-breadth ’scapes i’ the imminent deadly breach, 136
Of being taken by the insolent foe And sold to slavery, of my redemption thence And portance in my traveller’s history;
Wherein of antres vast and deserts idle, 140
Rough quarries, rocks and hills whose heads touch heaven,
It was my hint to speak, such was the process ;
And of the Cannibals that each other eat.
The Anthropophagi, and men whose heads 144
Do grow beneath their shoulders. This to hear Would Desdemona seriously incline;
But still the house-affairs would draw her thence; Which ever as she could with haste dispatch,
129 Still: always 140 antres: caves
139 portance: behavior 142 hint: cue
The Moor of Venice , I. Hi
19
She’d come again, and with a greedy ear 149
Devour up my discourse. Which I observing.
Took once a pliant hour, and found good means To draw from her a prayer of earnest heart 152 That I would all my pilgrimage dilate,
Whereof by parcels she had something heard,
But not intentively: I did consent;
And often did beguile her of her tears, 156
When I did speak of some distressful stroke That my youth suffer’d. (~My story being done,
She gave me for my pains a world of sighs :
She swore, in faith, ’twas strange, ’twas passing strange ; 160
'Twas pitiful, ’twas wondrous pitiful:
She wish’d she had not heard it, yet she wish’d That heaven had made her such a man; she thank’d me,
And bade me, if I had a friend that lov’d her,
I should but teach him how to tell my story, 165
And that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake: She lov’d me for the dangers I had pass’d.
And I lov’d her that she did pity them. 168
This only is the witchcraft I have us’d:
Here comes the lady; let her witness it.
Enter Desdemona, Iago, and Attendants.
DuJce. I think this tale would win my daughter too. Good Brabantio, 172
Take up this mangled matter at the best;
Men do their broken weapons rather use Than their bare hands.
Bra. I pray you, hear her speak:
151 pliant: suitable 153 dilate: re late in full
154 by parcels: piecemeal
155 intentively : with undistracted attention 166 hint: opportunity
20
The Tragedy of Othello
If she confess that she was half the wooer, 176
Destruction on my head, if my bad blame
Light on the man ! Come hither, gentle mistress :
Do you perceive in all this noble company Where most you owe obedience?
Des. My noble father,
I do perceive here a divided duty: 181
To you I am bound for life and education;
My life and education both do learn me How to respect you ; you are the lord of duty,
I am hitherto your daughter: but here’s my hus- band; 185
And so much duty as my mother show’d To you, preferring you before her father.
So much I challenge that I may profess 188
Due to the Moor my lord.
Bra. God be with you ! I have done.
Please it your Grace, on to the state affairs:
I had rather to adopt a child than get it.
Come hither, Moor: 192
I here do give thee that with all my heart Which, but thou hast already, with all my heart I would keep from thee. For your sake, jewel,
I am glad at soul I have no other child ; 196
For thy escape would teach me tyranny.
To hang clogs on them. I have done, my lord.
Duke. Let me speak like yourself and lay a sen- tence.
Which as a grise or step, may help these lovers Into your favour. 201
When remedies are past, the griefs are ended By seeing the worst, which late on hopes depended.
183 learn: teach
197 escape: transgression
191 get: beget 200 grise: stair
The Moor of Venice, I. in
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To mourn a mischief that is past and gone 204
Is the next way to draw new mischief on.
What cannot be preserv’d when Fortune takes, Patience her injury a mockery makes.
The robb’d that smiles steals something from the thief ; 208
He robs himself that spends a bootless grief. n b ra. So let the Turk of Cyprus us beguile; <- We lose it not so long as we can smile.
He bears the sentence well that nothing bears 212 But the free comfort which from thence he hears; But he bears both the sentence and the sorrow That, to pay grief, must of poor patience borrow. These sentences, to sugar, or to gall, 216
1 Being strong on both sides, are equivocal:
But words are words; I never yet did hear That The bruis’d heart was pierced through the ear. -* I humbly beseech you, proceed to the affairs of state. 220
Duke. The Turk with a most mighty prepara- tion makes for Cyprus. Othello, the fortitude of the place is best known to you; and though we have there a substitute of most allowed sufficiency, yet opinion, a sovereign mistress of effects, throws a more safer voice on you: you must therefore be content to slubber the gloss of your new fortunes with this more stubborn and boisterous expedition. 229
Oth. The tyrant custom, most grave senators. Hath made the flinty and steel couch, of war My thrice-driven bed of down: I do agnize 232
205 next: nearest 209 bootless: unavailing 212-217 Cf. n.
219 pierced: touched, healed (?)
225 opinion . . . effects: your reputation, a great producer of results 227 slubber: sully 232 driven : sifted agnize: acknowledge
22
The Tragedy of Othello
A natural and prompt alacrity I find in hardness, and do undertake These present wars against the Ottomites.
Most humbly therefore bending to your state,
I crave fit disposition for my wife, 237
Due reference of place and exhibition,
With such accommodation and besort As levels with her breeding.
Duke. If you please, 240
Be ’t at her father’s.
Bra. I’ll not have it so.
Oth. Nor I.
Des. Nor I ; I would not there reside.
To put my father in impatient thoughts 244
By being in his eye. Most gracious duke,
To my unfolding lend your gracious ear;
And let me find a charter in your voice To assist my simpleness. 248
Duke. What would you, Desdemona?
Des. That I did love the Moor to live with him,
My downright violence and storm of fortunes May trumpet to the world; my heart’s subdu’d Even to the very quality of my lord; 253
I saw Othello’s visage in his mind.
And to his honours and his valiant parts
Did T my soul and fortunes consecrate. 256
So that, dear lords, if I be left behind,
A moth of peace, and he go to the war,
The rites for which I love him are bereft me.
And I a heavy interim shall support 260
233 alacrity: eagerness _ _ 234 hardness: hardship
238 reference: assign ment exhibition: allowance, awarded means of
support .
239 besort: suitable retinue 247 charter: official sanction
251 Cf.n. 253 quality: profession (?) 258 moth, etc.; cf. n.
The Moor of V enice, I. Hi
23
By his dear absence. Let me go with him.
Oth. Let her have your voices.
Vouch with me, heaven, I therefore beg it not To please the palate of my appetite, 264
Nor to comply with heat, — the young affects In me defunct, — and proper satisfaction,
But to be free and bounteous to her mind;
And heaven defend your good souls that you think 268
I will your serious and great business scant For she is with me. No, when light-wing’d toys Of feather’d Cupid seel with wanton dulness My speculative and offic’d instruments, 272
That my disports corrupt and taint my business.
Let housewives make a skillet of my helm.
And all indign and base adversities Make head against my estimation ! 276
Duke. Be it as you shall privately determine,
Either for her stay or going. The affair cries haste, And speed must answer it.
Sen. You must away to-night.
Oth. With all my heart. 280
Duke. At nine i’ the morning here we’ll meet again. Othello, leave some officer behind,
And he shall our commission bring to you;
With such things else of quality and respect 284 As doth import you.
Oth. So please your Grace, my ancient;
A man he is of honesty and trust:
265 young affects: passions of youth 265,266 Cf.n.
268 defend: forbid
270 For: because toys: trifles 271 seel; c/. n.
272 My visual and mental faculties when officially commissioned (?)
274 skillet: kettle helm: helmet 275 indign : unworthy
276 Make head: take arms estimation: reputation 285 import: concern
24
The Tragedy of Othello
To his conveyance I assign my wife,
With what else needful your good grace shall think 288
To be sent after me.
Duke. Let it be so.
Good night to every one. [To Brabantio .] And, noble signior,
If virtue no delighted beauty lack.
Your son-in-law is far more fair than black. 292 Sen. Adieu, brave Moor! use Desdemona well. Bra. Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceiv’d her father, and may thee.
Exit [ with Duke, Senators, Officers, <fyc.]. Oth. My life upon her faith! Honest Iago,
My Desdemona must I leave to thee: 297
I prithee, let thy wife attend on her ;
And bring them after in the best advantage.
Come, Desdemona; I have but an hour 300
Of love, of worldly matters and direction,
To spend with thee: we must obey the time.
Exit [ with Desdemona'].
Rod. Iago!
Iago. What sayst thou, noble heart? 304
Rod. What will I do, think’st thou?
Iago. Why, go to bed, and sleep.
Rod. I will incontinently drown myself.
Iago. Well, if thou dost, I shall never love thee after. Why, thou silly gentleman! 309
Rod. It is silliness to live when to live is torment; and then have we a prescription to die when death is our physician. 312
Iago. O ! villainous ; I have looked upon the world for four times seven years, and since I
291 delighted : delighting 307 incontinently: immediately
The Moor of V enice, I. in
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could distinguish betwixt a benefit and an injury, I never found man that knew how to love himself. Ere I would say, I would drown myself for the love of a guinea-hen, I would change my humanity with a baboon. 319
Rod. What should I do? I confess it is my shame to be so fond; but it is not in my virtue to amend it. 322
Iago. Virtue ! a fig ! ’tis in ourselves that we are thus, or thus. Our bodies are our gardens, to the which our^ wills are gardeners ; so that if we will plant nettles or sow lettuce, set hyssop and weed up thyme, supply it with one gender of herbs or distract it with many, either to have it sterile with idleness or manured with industry, why, the power and corrigible authority of this lies in 330 our wills. If the balance of our lives had not one scale of reason to poise another of sensual- ity, the blood and baseness of our natures would conduct us to most preposterous conclusions ; but we have reason to cool our raging motions, our carnal stings, our unbitted lusts, whereof I take this that you call love to be a sect or scion. Rod. It cannot be. 338
Iago. It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will. Come, be a man. Drown thyself ! drown cats and blind puppies. I have professed me thy friend, and I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable tough- ness; I could never better stead thee than now. Put money in thy purse; follow these wars;
319 change: exchange
330 corrigible authority : correcting control 335 motions: impulses 337 sect: variety
343 perdurable: most durable
327 gender: kind
scion: off-shoot 344 stead: aid
26
The Tragedy of Othello,
defeat thy favour wi1’ >ed beard; I say.
put money in thy
cannot be that
Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor, — put money in thy purse, — nor he his to her. It was a violent commencement in her, 350 and thou shalt see an answerable sequestration; put but money in thy purse. These Moors are changeable in their wills ; — fill thy purse with money: — the food that to him now is as luscious as locusts, shall be to him shortly as bitter as coloquintida. (She must change for youth: when she is sated with his body, she will find the error of her choice. She must have change, she must: therefore put money in thy purse. If thou wilt needs damn thyself, do it a more delicate way 360 than drowning. Make all the money thou canst.
If sanctimony and a frail vow betwixt an erring barbarian and a super subtle Venetian be not too hard for my wits and all the tribe of hell, thou shalt enjoy her; therefore make money. A pox of drowning thyself! it is clean out of the way: seek thou rather to be hanged in compassing thy joy than to be drowned and go without her.
Rod. Wilt thou be fast to my hopes, if I depend on the issue? 370
Iago. Thou art sure of me: go, make money.
[ I have told thee often, and I re-tell thee again and again, I hate the Moor: my cause is hearted: thine hath no less reason. Let us be conjunc- tive in our revenge against him; if thou canst
346 defeat thy favour: disguise thy face usurped: false 351 answerable sequestration: similarly hasty parting 356 coloquintida: an intensely bitter drug 362 erring: roving ; cf. n. on I. i. 137
373 hearted: deep-seated in the heart
374 conjunctive: united
The Moor of Venice, I. in
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cuckold him, thou dost thyself a pleasure, me a sport. There are many events in the womb of time which will be delivered. Traverse; go: provide thy money. We will have more of this to-morrow. Adieu. 380
Rod. Where shall we meet i’ the morning?
Iago. At my lodging.
Rod. I’ll be with thee betimes.
Iago. Go to; farewell. Do you hear, Roderi- go ? 384
Rod. What say you?
Iago. No more of drowning, do you hear?
Rod. I am chang’d. I’ll go sell all my land. Exit. Iago. Thus do I ever make my fool my purse; 389 For I mine own gain’d knowledge should profane.
If I would time expend with such a snipe
But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor, 392
And it is thought abroad that ’twixt mv sheets
He has done my office : I know not if ’t be true,
But I, for mere suspicion in that kind.
Will do as if for surety. He holds me well; 396 The better shall my purpose work on him.
Cassio’s a proper man; let me see now:
To get his place; and to plume up my will In double knavery; how, how? jLet’s see: 400
After some time to abuse Othello’s ear That he is too familiar with his wife:
He hath a person and a smooth dispose To be suspected; fram’d to make women false.
The Moor is of a free and open nature, 405
That thinks men honest that but seem to be so,
376 cuckold him: seduce his wife 378 Traverse: march
384 Go to: come, come ! 39 5 in that kind: of that sort
398 proper: fine, good-looking 399 plume up: glorify
401 abuse: deceive 403 dispose: manner
28
The Tragedy of Othello .
And will as tenderly be led by the nose
As asses are. 408
I have ’t; it is engender’d: hell and night
Must bring this monstrous birth to the world’s light.
[Exit.-]
ACT SECOND Scene One
[A Sea-port Town in Cyprus. An open place near the Quay ]
Enter Montano and two Gentlemen.
Mon. What from the cape can you discern at sea? First Gent. Nothing at all: it is a high-wrought flood;
I cannot ’twixt the heaven and the main Descry a sail. 4
Mon. Methinks the wind hath spoke aloud at land; A fuller blast ne’er shook our battlements ;
If it hath ruffian’d so upon the sea.
What ribs of oak, when mountains melt on them,
Can hold the mortise ? what shall we hear of this ? 9
Sec. Gent. A segregation of the Turkish fleet;
For do but stand upon the foaming shore,
The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds; 12
The wind-shak’d surge, with high and monstrous mane,
Seems to cast water on the burning bear And quench the guards of the ever-fixed pole:
3 main : ocean 9 hold the mortise: remain unshattered
10 segregation: dispersal
IS guards: two stars in Ursa Minor pole: pole-star
The Moor of V enice, II. i
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I never did like molestation view 16
On the enchafed flood.
Mon. If that the Turkish fleet
Be not enshelter’d and embay’d, they are drown’d;
It is impossible they bear it out.
Enter a [third] Gentleman.
Third Gent. News, lads ! our wars are done. 20 The desperate tempest hath so bang’d the Turks That their designment halts ; a noble ship of Venice Hath seen a grievous wrack and sufferance On most part of their fleet. 24
Mon. How! is this true?
Third Gent. The ship is here put in,
A Veronesa; Michael Cassio,
Lieutenant to the warlike Moor Othello,
Is come on shore: the Moor himself’s at sea, 28
And is in full commission here for Cyprus.
Mon. I am glad on ’t; ’tis a worthy governor.
Third Gent. But this same Cassio, though he speak of comfort
Touching the Turkish loss, yet he looks sadly 32 And prays the Moor be safe; for they were parted With foul and violent tempest.
Mon. Pray heaven he be;
For I have serv’d him, and the man commands Like a full soldier. Let’s to the sea-side, ho ! 36
As well to see the vessel that’s come in As to throw out our eyes for brave Othello,
Even till we make the main and the aerial blue An indistinct regard.
Third Gent. Come, let’s do so; 40
16 molestation: disturbance 22 designment: enterprise
23 sufferance: disaster 26 Veronesa; cf. n. 36 full: thorough 39, 40 till the sea and sky become indistinguishable
30
The Tragedy of Othello
For every minute is expectancy Of more arrivance.
Enter Cassio.
Cas. Thanks, you the valiant of this warlike isle. That so approve the Moor. O ! let the heavens Give him defence against the elements, 45
For I have lost him on a dangerous sea.
Mon. Is he well shipp’d?
Cas. His bark is stoutly timber’d, and his pilot 48 Of very expert and approv’d allowance;
Therefore my hopes, not surfeited to death.
Stand in bold cure.
[Cry] within . ‘A sail! — a sail! — a sail!’ Enter [ another Gentleman ].
Cas. What noise? 52
Gent. The town is empty ; on the brow o’ the sea Stand ranks of people, and they cry, ‘A sail !’
Cas. My hopes do shape him for the governor.
[ Guns heard.']
Gent. They do discharge their shot of cour- tesy; 66
Our friends, at least.
Cas. I pray you, sir, go forth.
And give us truth who ’tis that is arriv’d.
Gent. I shall. Exit.
Mon. But, good lieutenant, is your general
wiv’d? 60
Cas. Most fortunately: he hath achiev’d a maid That paragons description and wild fame;
One that excels the quirks of blazoning pens,
42 more arrivance: further arrivals 49 Of very allowed and approved expertness 50, 51 Cf. n.
63 quirks: subtleties blazoning: extolling
62 paragons: surpasses
The Moor of Venice , II. i
31
And in th’ essential vesture of creation 64
Does tire the ingener.
Enter Gentleman.
How now ! who has put in ? Gent. ’Tis one Iago, ancient to the general.
Cas. He has had most favourable and happy speed: Tempests themselves, high seas, and howling winds, 68
The gutter’d rocks, and congregated sands,
Traitors ensteep’d to clog the guiltless keel,
As having sense of beauty, do omit
Their mortal natures, letting go safely by 72
The divine Desdemona.
Mon. What is she?
Cas. She that I spake of, our great captain’s captain,
Left in the conduct of the bold Iago,
Whose footing here anticipates our thoughts 76
A se’nnight’s speed. Great Jove, Othello guard,
And swell his sail with thine own powerful breath. That he may bless this bay with his tall ship,
Make love’s quick pants in Desdemona’s arms.
Give renew’d fire to our extincted spirits, 81
And bring all Cyprus comfort!
Enter Desdemona, Iago, Roderigo, and Emilia [with Attendants ].
O! behold.
The riches of the ship is come on shore.
Ye men of Cyprus, let her have your knees. 84
64 in her mere unadorned natural qualities
65 ingener: eulogist; cf. n.
70 ensteep’d: submerged 75 conduct: escort
69 gutter’d: jagged 72 mortal : deadly 84 knees: obeisance
32
The Tragedy of Othello
Hail to thee, lady ! and the grace of heaven.
Before, behind thee, and on every hand,
Enwheel thee round!
Des. I thank you, valiant Cassio.
What tidings can you tell me of my lord? 88
Cas. He is not yet arriv’d; nor know I aught But that he’s well, and will be shortly here.
Des. O! but I fear — How lost you company?
Cas. The great contention of the sea and skies 92 Parted our fellowship. But hark ! a sail.
[Crj] within. ‘A sail! — a sail!’ [ Guns heard.] Gent. They give their greeting to the citadel:
This likewise is a friend.
Cas. See for the news !
[Exit Gentleman .] Good ancient, you are welcome. [ To Emilia.'] Wel- come, mistress : 96
Let it not gall your patience, good Iago,
That I extend my manners ; ’tis my breeding That gives me this bold show of courtesy.
[Kissing her.]
Iago. Sir, would she give you so much of her lips 100
As of her tongue she oft bestows on me,
You’d have enough.
Des. Alas ! she has no speech.
Iago. In faith, too much;
I find it still when I have list to sleep: 104
Marry, before your ladyship, I grant.
She puts her tongue a little in her heart.
And chides with thinking.
Emil. You have little cause to say so. 108
87 Enwheel: encircle 98 extend: show 104 list: inclination
The Moor of V enice, II. i
33
Iago. Come on, come on; you are pictures out of doors.
Bells in your parlours, wild cats in your kitchens. Saints in your injuries, devils being offended.
Players in your housewifery, and housewives in your beds. 112
Des. O ! fie upon thee, slanderer.
Iago. Nay, it is true, or else I am a Turk:
You rise to play and go to bed to work.
Emil. You shall not write my praise.
Iago. No, let me not. 116
Des. What wouldst thou write of me, if thou shouldst praise me?
Iago. O gentle lady, do not put me to ’t.
For I am nothing if not critical.
Des. Come on; assay. There’s one gone to the harbour ? 120
Iago. Ay, madam.
Des. I am not merry, but I do beguile The thing I am by seeming otherwise.
Come, how wouldst thou praise me? 124
Iago. I am about it; but indeed my invention Comes from my pate as birdlime does from frize;
It plucks out brains and all: but my muse labours. And thus she is deliver’d. 128
If she be fair and wise, fairness and wit.
The one’s for use, the other useth it.
Des. Well prais’d! How if she be black and witty? Iago. If she be black, and thereto have a wit, 132 She’ll find a white that shall her blackness fit.
109 pictures: i.c., paint your faces 110 Bells: janglers
111 Saints . . . injuries: adopt saintly air when saying spiteful things
112 housewifery, housewives; cf. n. 123 The . . . am: my real feeling
125 invention : imagination 126 frize: rough woolen cloth
131 black: dark complexioned, brunette 133 white: quibble on 'wight'
34
The Tragedy of Othello .
Des. Worse and worse.
Emil. How if fair and foolish?
Iago. She never yet was foolish that was fair.
For even her folly help’d her to an heir. 137
Des. These are old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh i’ the alehouse. What miserable praise hast thou for her that’s foul and foolish? Iago. There’s none so foul and foolish there- unto 141
But does foul pranks which fair and wise ones do. Des. O heavy ignorance ! thou praisest the worst best. But what praise couldst thou be- stow on a deserving woman indeed, one that, in the authority of her merit, did justly put on the vouch of very malice itself?
Iago. She that was ever fair and never proud. Had tongue at will and yet was never loud, 149
Never lack’d gold and yet went never gay,
Fled from her wish and yet said ‘Now I may’:
She that being anger’d, her revenge being nigh,
Bade her wrong stay and her displeasure fly: 153
She that in wisdom never was so frail To change the cod’s head for the salmon’s tail:
She that could think and ne’er disclose her mind.
See suitors following and not look behind: 157
She was a wight, if ever such wight were, —
Des. To do what?
Iago. To suckle fools and chronicle small beer.
Des. O most lame and impotent conclusion ! Do not learn of him, Emilia, though he be thy husband. How say you, Cassio? is he not a most profane and liberal counsellor? 164
140 foul: ugly 146 put on: challenge 147 vouch: testimony
155 As to mistake show for substance (?) ; cf. n.
160 chronicle, etc. : keep petty accounts 164 liberal: licentious
The Moor of Venice, II. i
35
Cas. He speaks home, madam; you may relish him more in the soldier than in the scholar. 167
Iago. [Aside.] He takes her by the palm; ay, well said, whisper; with as little a web as this will I ensnare as great a fly as Cassio. Ay, smile upon her, do; I will gyve thee in thine own courtship. You say true, ’tis so, indeed. If such tricks as these strip you out of your lieutenantry, it had been better you had not 174 kissed your three fingers so oft, which now again you are most apt to play the sir in. Very good; well kissed! an excellent courtesy! ’tis so, indeed. Yet again your fingers to your lips ? would they were clyster-pipes for your sake ! [ A trumpet heard.] The Moor ! I know his trumpet. 181
Cas. ’Tis truly so.
Des. Let’s meet him and receive him.
Cas. Lo ! where he comes. 184
Enter Othello and Attendants.
Oth. O my fair warrior!
Des. My dear Othello!
Oth. It gives me wonder great as my content To see you here before me. O my soul’s joy!
If after every tempest come such calms, 188
May the winds blow till they have waken’d death! And let the labouring bark climb hills of seas Olympus-high, and duck again as low As hell’s from heaven! If it were now to die, 192 ’Twere now to be most happy, for I fear
166 in the: in the character of 169 said: done 171 gyve: ensnare 172 courtship: courtliness 176 sir: courtier, gallant
179 clyster-pipes: tubes for injections
36
The Tragedy of Othello .
My soul hath her content so absolute That not another comfort like to this Succeeds in unknown fate.
Des. The heavens forbid 196
But that our loves and comforts should increase Even as our days do grow !
Oth. Amen to that, sweet powers !
I cannot speak enough of this content;
It stops me here; it is too much of joy: 200
And this, and this, [ Kissing her ] the greatest discords be
That e’er our hearts shall make !
Iago. [Aside.] O! you are well tun’d now,
But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music,
As honest as I am.
Oth. Come, let us to the castle. 204
News, friends; our wars are done, the Turks are drown’d.
How does my old acquaintance of this isle?
Honey, you shall be well desir’d in Cyprus;
I have found great love amongst them, sweet,
I prattle out of fashion, and I dote In mine own comforts. I prithee, good Iago,
Go to the bay and disembark my coffers.
Bring thou the master to the citadel;
He is a good one, and his worthiness Does challenge much respect. Come, Desdemona, Once more well met at Cyprus.
Exeunt Othello and Desdemona, [with attendants, etc.]
Iago. Do thou meet me presently at the
O my 208
212
203 set . . . pegs: untune the strings by loosening
207 desir’d: beloved 212 master: ship’s captain
The Moor of Venice, II. i
37
harbour. Come hither. If thou be’st valiant, as they say base men being in love have then a nobility in their natures more than is native to them, list me. The lieutenant to-night watches on the court of guard: first, I must tell thee this, Desdemona is directly in love with him.
Rod. With him! why, ’tis not possible. 223
Iago. Lay thy finger thus, and let thy soul be instructed. /Mark me with what violence she first loved the Moor but for bragging and telling her fantastical lies ; and will she love him still for prating? let not thy discreet heart think it. Her eye must be fed; and what delight shall she have to look on the devil? When the blood is made dull with the act of sport, there should be, again to inflame it, and to give satiety a fresh appetite, loveliness in favour, sympathy in years, manners, and beauties; all which the Moor is defective in. Now, for want of these 235 required conveniences, her delicate tenderness will find itself abused, begin to heave the gorge, disrelish and abhor the Moor; very nature will instruct her in it, and compel her to some second choice. Now, sir, this granted, as it is a most pregnant and unforced position, who stands so eminently in the degree of this fortune as Cassio does? a knave very voluble, no further conscionable than in putting on the mere form of civil and humane seeming, for the better compassing of his salt and most hidden loose 246 affection? why, none; why, none: a slipper and subtle knave, a finder-out of occasions, that has
220 list: hear 221 court: post 237 heave the gorge : be nauseated
241 pregnant: obvious, plausible 243 voluble : variable, fickle
244 conscionable : conscientious 246 salt : lewd 247 slipper : slippery
38
The Tragedy of Othello
an eye can stamp and counterfeit advantages, though true advantage never present itself; a devilish knave ! Besides, the knave is handsome, young, and hath all those requisites in him that folly and green minds look after; a pestilent complete knave ! and the woman hath found him already. 255
Rod. I cannot believe that in her; she is full of most blessed condition.
Jago. Blessed fig’s end ! the wine she drinks is made of grapes ; if she had been blessed she would never have loved the Moor; blessed pud- ding! Didst thou not see her paddle with the palm of his hand? didst not mark that?
Rod. Yes, that I did; but that was but cour- tesy. 264
Iago. Lechery, by this hand! an index and obscure prologue to the history of lust and foul thoughts. They met so near with their lips, that their breaths embraced together. Villainous thoughts, Roderigo ! When these mutualities so 269 marshal the way, hard at hand comes the master and main exercise, the incorporate conclusion. Pish! But, sir, be you ruled by me: I have brought you from Venice. Watch you to-night; for the command, I’ll lay ’t upon you: Cassio knows you not. I’ll not be far from you: do you find some occasion to anger Cassio, either by speaking too loud, or tainting his discipline; or from what other course you please, which the time shall more favourably minister.
254 found him: recognized his qualities 257 condition: quality 270 marshal: lead 277 tainting: disparaging
269 mutualities: intimacies 271 incorporate: carnal 279 minister : provide
The Moor of Venice , II. i
39
Rod. Well. 280
Iago. Sir, he is rash and very sudden in choler, and haply may strike at you: provoke him, that he may; for even out of that will I cause these of Cyprus to mutiny, whose quali- fication shall come into no true taste again but by the displanting of Cassio. So shall you have a shorter journey to your desires by the means I shall then have to prefer them; and the im- pediment most profitably removed, without the which there were no expectation of our pros- perity. 291
Rod. I will do this, if I can bring it to any opportunity.
Iago. I warrant thee. Meet me by and by at the citadel: I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Farewell. 296
Rod. Adieu. Exit.
Iago. That Cassio loves her, I do well believe it; That she loves him, ’tis apt, and of great credit:
The Moor, howbeit that I endure him not, 300
Is of a constant, loving, noble nature;
And I dare think he’ll prove to Desdemona A most dear husband. Now, I do love her too;
Not out of absolute lust, — though peradventure I stand accountant for as great a sin, — 305
But partly led to diet my revenge.
For that I do jmspect the lusty Moor Hath leap’d into mv seat: the thought whereof Doth like a poisonous mineral gnaw my inwards ; 309
And nothing can or shall content my soul
281,282 in choler •.when enraged 284 qualification: pacification
285 true taste: satisfactory state 288 prefer: promote
299 apt . . . credit: natural and very credible
305 accountant: accountable 306 diet: glut 309 mineral: drug
40
The Tragedy of Othello
Till I am even'd with him. wifp_for wife;
Or failing so, yet that I put the Moor 312
At least into a jealousy so strong
That judgment cannot cure. Which thing to do,
If this poor trash of Venice, whom I trace For his quick hunting, stand the putting-on.
I’ll have our Michael Cassio on the hip; 317
Abuse him to the Moor in the rank garb, —
For I fear Cassio with my night-cap too, —
Make the Moor thank me, love me, and reward me 320
For making him egregiously an ass And practising upon his peace and quiet Even to madness. ’Tis here, but yet confus’d: Knavery’s plain face is never seen till us’d. 324
Exit.
Scene Two [ A Street ]
Enter Othello’s Herald, with a proclamation.
[ People following .]
Her. It is Othello's pleasure, our noble and valiant general, that, upon certain tidings now arrived, importing the mere perdition of the Turkish fleet, every man put himself into tri- umph; some to dance, some to make bonfires, 5 each man to what sport and revels his addiction leads him; for, besides these beneficial news, it is the celebration of his nuptial. So much was
315 Cf.n. 318 rank garb: grossest fashion
322 practising upon : using wiles against
323 to madness: to the point of driving him mad
3 mere perdition: complete destruction
4 put . . . triumph : give himself up to celebrating the occasion
6 addiction: inclination
The Moor of V enice, II. in
41
his pleasure should be proclaimed. All offices 9 are open, and there is full liberty of feasting from this present hour of five till the bell have told eleven. Heaven bless the isle of Cyprus and our noble general Othello! Exeunt.
[Scene Three A Hall in the Castle ]
Enter Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, and Attendants.
Oth. Good Michael, look you to the guard to-night: Let’s teach ourselves that honourable stop.
Not to outsport discretion.
Cas. Iago hath direction what to do; 4
But, notwithstanding, with my personal eye WiH I look to ’t.
Oth. Iago is most honest.
Michael, good night ; to-morrow with your earliest Let me have speech with you.
[To Desdemona .] Come, my dear love, 8 The purchase made, the fruits are to ensue;
That profit’s yet to come ’twixt me and you.
Good night.
Exit [with Desdemona and Attendants ]. Enter Iago.
Cas. Welcome, Iago; we must to the watch. 12 Iago. Not this hour, lieutenant; ’tis not yet ten o’ the clock. Our general cast us thus early for the love of his Desdemona, who let us not therefore blame; he hath not yet made wanton the night with her, and she is sport for Jove. 17 Cas. She’s a most exquisite lady.
9 offices : storerooms, kitchens, in the castle
Scene Three; cf. «.
42
The Tragedy of Othello
Iago. And, I’ll warrant her, full of game.
Cas. Indeed, she is a most fresh and delicate creature. 21
Iago. What an eye she has ! methinks it sounds a parley of provocation.
Cas. An inviting eye; and yet methinks right modest. 25
Iago. And when she speaks, is it not an alarum to love?
Cas. She is indeed perfection. 28
Iago. Well, happiness to their sheets! Come, lieutenant, I have a stoup of wine, and here without are a brace of Cyprus gallants that would fain have a measure to the health of black Othello. 33
Cas. Not to-night, good Iago: I have very poor and unhappy brains for drinking: I could well wish courtesy would invent some other custom of entertainment. 37
Iago. O! they are our friends; but one cup: I’ll drink for you.
Cas. I have drunk but one cup to-night, and that was craftily qualified too, and, behold, what innovation it makes here: I am unfor- tunate in the infirmity, and dare not task my weakness with any more. 44
Iago. What, man ! ’tis a night of revels ; the gallants desire it.
Cas. Where are they?
Iago. Here at the door; I pray you, call them in. 49
27 alarum: summons 41 qualified: diluted
23 parley: trumpet-call 30 stoup : two-quart measure 42 innovation : disturbance
here : in my head
The Moor of Venice, II. Hi
43
Cas. I’ll do’t; but it dislikes me. Exit.
Iago. If I can fasten but one cup upon him.
With that which he hath drunk to-night already, He’ll be as full of quarrel and offence 53
As my young mistress’ dog. Now, my sick fool Roderigo,
Whom love has turn’d almost the wrong side out.
To Desdemona hath to-night carous’d 56
Potations pottle-deep; and he’s to watch.
Three lads of Cyprus, noble swelling spirits.
That hold their honours in a wary distance.
The very elements of this warlike isle, 60
Have I to-night fluster’d with flowing cups.
And they watch too. Now, ’mongst this flock of drunkards,
Am I to put our Cassio in some action
That may offend the isle. But here they come.
If consequence do but approve my dream, 65
My boat sails freely, both with wind and stream.
Enter Cassio, Montano, and Gentlemen. [ Servants following with wine.]
Cas. 'Fore God, they have given me a rouse already. 68
Mon. Good faith, a little one; not past a pint, as I am a soldier.
Iago. Some wine, ho !
[Sing's]
‘And let me the canakin clink, clink; 72
And let me the canakin clink:
A soldier’s a man;
A life’s but a span;
50 it dislikes me: it is distasteful to me
57 pottle-deep: to the bottom of the tankard 59 Cf. «.
60 elements: typical representatives 67 rouse: bumper 72 Cf.n.
44
The Tragedy of Othello
Why then let a soldier drink.’ 76
Some wine, boys !
Cas. ’Fore God, an excellent song. lago. I learned it in England, where indeed they are most potent in potting; your Dane, your German, and your swag-bellied Hollander,
— drink, ho! — are nothing to your English.
Cas. Is your Englishman so expert in his drinking ? 84
lago. Why, he drinks you with facility your Dane dead drunk; he sweats not to overthrow your Almain; he gives your Hollander a vomit ere the next pottle can be filled. 88
Cas. To the health of our general !
Mon. I am for it, lieutenant; and I’ll do you justice.
lago. O sweet England! 92
‘King Stephen was a worthy peer.
His breeches cost him but a crown ;
He held them sixpence all too dear.
With that he call’d the tailor lown. 96
He was a wight of high renown.
And thou art but of low degree:
'Tis pride that pulls the country down,
Then take thine auld cloak about thee.’ 100
Some wine, ho!
Cas. Why, this is a more exquisite song than the other.
lago. Will you hear ’t again? 104
Cas. No; for I hold him to be unworthy of his place that does those things. Well, God’s
80 potent in potting: mighty in drinking
81 swag-bellied : fat-paunched 87 Almain : German
90 do you justice: keep pace with you in drinking 96 lown: loon, lout
The Moor of Venice, II. in
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above all; and there be souls must be saved, and there be souls must not be saved. 108
Iago. It’s true, good lieutenant.
Cos. For mine own part, — no offence to the general, nor any man of quality, — I hope to be saved. 112
Iago. And so do I too, lieutenant.
Cas. Ay; but, by your leave, not before me; the lieutenant is to be saved before the ancient. Let’s have no more of this ; let’s to our affairs. God forgive us our sins ! Gentlemen, let’s look to our business. Do not think, gentlemen, I am drunk: this is my ancient; this is my right hand, and this is my left hand. I am not drunk now; I can stand well enough, and speak well enough. 122
All. Excellent well.
Cas. Why, very well, then; you must not think then that I am drunk. Exit.
Mon. To the platform, masters; come, let’s set the watch.
Iago. You see this fellow that is gone before;
He is a soldier fit to stand by Caesar 128
And give direction; and do but see his vice;
’Tis to his virtue a just equinox,
The one as long as the other; ’tis pity of him.
I fear the trust Othello puts him in, 182
On some odd time of his infirmity,
Will shake this island.
Mon. But is he often thus?
Iago. ’Tis evermore the prologue to his sleep:
126 platform : rampart
130 just equinox: exact counterpart
46
The Tragedy of Othello,
He’ll watch the horologe a double set. If drink rock not his cradle.
136
Mon.
It were well
The general were put in mind of it.
Perhaps he sees it not; or his good nature Prizes the virtue that appears in Cassio,
And looks not on his evils. Is not this true?
140
Enter Roderigo.
Iago. [Aside to him.] How now, Roderigo! I pray you, after the lieutenant ; go.
Exit Roderigo.
Mon. And ’tis great pity that the noble Moor 144 Should hazard such a place as his own second With one of an ingraft infirmity;
It were an honest action to say So to the Moor.
Iago. Not I, for this fair island: 148
I do love Cassio well, and would do much To cure him of this evil. But hark! what noise?
[Cry] within. ‘Help! Help!’
Enter Cassio, pursuing Roderigo.
Cas. You rogue, you rascal!
Mon. What’s the matter, lieutenant?
Cas. A knave teach me my duty ! 152
I’ll beat the knave into a twiggen bottle.
Rod. Beat me !
Cas. Dost thou prate, rogue?
[Striking Roderigo.]
Mon. [Staying him.] Nay, good lieutenant;
I pray you, sir, hold your hand.
136 Cf. n. 146 ingraft: firmly rooted 153 Cf. n.
The Moor of Venice, II. in
47
Cas. Let me go, sir, 156
Or I’ll knock you o’er the mazzard.
Mon. Come, come; you’re drunk.
Cas. Drunk! They fight.
Iago. [Aside to Roderigo.\ Away, I say! go out, and cry a mutiny. Exit Roderigo.
Nay, good lieutenant ! God’s will, gentlemen ! 160
Help, ho ! Lieutenant ! sir ! Montano ! sir !
Help, masters ! Here’s a goodly watch indeed !
Bell rings.
Who’s that that rings the bell? Diablo, ho!
The town will rise: God’s will! lieutenant, hold!
You will be sham’d for ever.
Enter Othello and Attendants.
Oth. What is the matter here ? 165
Mon. ’Zounds ! I bleed still ; I am hurt to the death. Oth. Hold, for your lives !
Iago. Hold, ho, lieutenant ! Sir ! Montano ! gentle- men ! 168
Have you forgot all sense of place and duty?
Hold ! the general speaks to you ; held for shame !
Oth. Why, how now, ho ! from whence ariseth this ? Are we turn’d Turks, and to ourselves do that Which heaven hath forbid the Ottomites? 173
For Christian shame put by this barbarous brawl; He that stirs next to carve for his own rage Holds his soul light; he dies upon his motion.
Silence that dreadful bell ! it frights the isle 177
From her propriety. What is the matter, masters? Honest Iago, that look’st dead with grieving,
Speak, who began this? on thy love, I charge thee. 180
157 mazzard: head
163 Diablo; cf. n.
175 carve for : satisfy
48
The Tragedy of Othello ,
I ago. I do not know ; friends all but now, even now. In quarter and in terms like bride and groom Devesting them for bed; and then, but now, —
As if some planet had unwitted men, — 184
Swords out, and tilting one at other’s breast.
In opposition bloody. I cannot speak Any beginning to this peevish odds.
And would in action glorious I had lost 188
Those legs that brought me to a part of it !
Oth. How comes it, Michael, you are thus forgot?
Cas. I pray you, pardon me; I cannot speak.
Oth. Worthy Montano, you were wont be civil; 192 The gravity and stillness of your youth The world hath noted, and your name is great In mouths of wisest censure: what’s the matter.
That you unlace your reputation thus 196
And spend your rich opinion for the name Of a night-brawler ? give me answer to it.
Mon. Worthy Othello, I am hurt to danger;
Your officer, Iago, can inform you, 200
While I spare speech, which something now offends me,
Of all that I do know ; nor know I aught By me that’s said or done amiss this night,
Unless self-charity be sometimes a vice, 204
And to defend ourselves it be a sin When violence assails us.
Oth. Now, by heaven.
My blood begins my safer guides to rule.
And passion, having my best judgment collied, Assays to lead the way. If I once stir, 209
Or do but lift this arm, the best of you
182 In . • . terms: on a footing 187 odds: quarrel
195 censure: judgment 196 unlace: undo 197 opinion: good name 201 something: somewhat offends : harms 208 collied: darkened
The Moor of V enice, II. in
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Shall sink in my rebuke. Give me to know
How this foul rout began, who set it on; 212
And he that is approv’d in this offence.
Though he had twinn’d with me — both at a birth — Shall lose me. What ! in a town of war.
Yet wild, the people’s hearts brimful of fear, 216 To manage private and domestic quarrel.
In night, and on the court and guard of safety !
’Tis monstrous. Iago, who began ’t?
Mon. If partially affin’d, or leagu’d in office.
Thou dost deliver more or less than truth, 221
Thou art no soldier.
Iago. Touch me not so near;
I had rather have this tongue cut from my mouth Than it should do offence to Michael Cassio; 224 Yet, I persuade myself, to speak the truth Shall nothing wrong him. Thus it is, general. Montano and myself being in speech,
There comes a fellow crying out for help, 228
And Cassio following with determin’d sword To execute upon him. Sir, this gentleman Steps in to Cassio, and entreats his pause;
Myself the crying fellow did pursue, 232
Lest by his clamour, as it so fell out.
The town might fall in fright; he, swift of foot. Outran my purpose, and I return’d the rather For that I heard the clink and fall of swords.
And Cassio high in oath, which till to-night 237
I ne’er might say before. When I came back,- — - For this was brief, — I found them close together.
At blow and thrust, even as again they were 240 When you yourself did part them.
212 rout: riot 213 approv’d: convicted 217 mana ge: set on foot 218 on . . . safety; cf. n. 220 partially affin’d: bound by partiality
50
The Tragedy of Othello,
More of this matter can I not report:
But men are men; the best sometimes forget:
Though Cassio did some little wrong to him, 244 As men in rage strike those that wish them best,
Yet, surely Cassio, I believe, receiv’d From him that fled some strange indignity,
Which patience could not pass.
Oth. I know, Iago, 248
Thy honesty and love doth mince this matter,
Making it light to Cassio. Cassio, I love thee;
But never more be officer of mine.
Enter Desdemona, attended.
Look, if my gentle love be not rais’d up ! 252
[To Cassio.] I’ll make thee an example.
Des. What’s the matter?
Oth. All’s well now, sweeting; come away to bed. Sir, for your hurts, myself will be your surgeon.
Lead him off. [ Montano is led off.~\
Iago, look with care about the town, 257
And silence those whom this vile brawl distracted. Come, Desdemona; ’tis the soldiers’ life,
To have their balmy slumbers wak’d with strife.
Exit [ with Desdemona and attendants ]. Iago. What! are you hurt, lieutenant? 261
Cas. Ay; past all surgery.
Iago. Marry, heaven forbid !
Cas. Reputation, reputation, reputation ! O !
I have lost my reputation. I have lost the im- mortal part of myself, and what remains is bestial. My reputation, Iago, my reputation !
Iago. As I am an honest man, I thought you had received some bodily wound; there is more
244 him: i.e., Montano
The Moor of Venice , II. Hi
51
sense in that than in reputation. Reputation is an idle and most false imposition; oft got without merit, and lost without deserving: you have lost no reputation at all, unless you repute yourself such a loser. What, man ! there are 274 ways to recover the general again; you are but now cast in his mood, a punishment more in policy than in malice; even so as one would beat his offenceless dog to affright an imperious lion. Sue to him again, and he is yours. 279
Cas. I will rather sue to be despised than to deceive so good a commander with so slight, so drunken, and so indiscreet an officer. Drunk! and speak parrot! and squabble, swagger, swear, and discourse fustian with one’s own shadow!
O thou invisible spirit of wine ! if thou hast no name to be known by, let us call thee devil !
Iago. What was he that you followed with your sword? What had he done to you? 288
Cas. I know not.
Iago. Is ’t possible?
Cas. I remember a mass of things, but no- thing distinctly; a quarrel, but nothing where- fore. O God ! that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains ; that we should, with joy, pleasance, revel, and ap- plause, transform ourselves into beasts. 296
Iago. Why, but you are now well enough; how came you thus recovered?
Cas. It hath pleased the devil drunkenness to give place to the devil wrath; one unperfectness
271 imposition: adjunct 276 mood: temporary feeling
283 speak parrot: use words without being rationally self-conscious
284 discourse fustian: talk nonsense
52
The Tragedy of Othello .
shows me another, to make me frankly despise myself. 302
Iago. Come, you are too severe a moraler.
As the time, the place, and the condition of this country stands, I could heartily wish this had not befallen, but since it is as it is, mend it for your own good. 307
Cas. I will ask him for my place again; he shall tell me I am a drunkard ! Had I as many mouths as Hydra, such an answer would stop them all. To be now a sensible man, by and by a fool, and presently a beast ! O strange ! Every inordinate cup is unblessed and the ingredient is a devil. 314
Iago. Come, come ; good wine is a good familiar creature if it be well used; exclaim no more against it. And, good lieutenant, I think you think I love you. 318
Cas. I have well approved it, sir. I drunk ! Iago. You or any man living may be drunk at some time, man. I’ll tell you what you shall do. Our general’s wife is now the general: I may say so in this respect, for that he hath de- voted and given up himself to the contemplation, mark, and denotement of her parts and graces : 325 confess yourself freely to her; importune her; she’ll help to put you in your place again. She is of so free, so kind, so apt, so blessed a disposi- tion, that she holds it a vice in her goodness not to do more than she is requested. This broken joint between you and her husband entreat her to splinter; and my fortunes against any lay
303 moraler: moralizer 310 Hydra; cf. n.
316 familiar: serviceable 325 denotement: observation
332 splinter: bind with splints lay : wager
The Moor of V enice, II. in
£3
worth naming, this crack of your love shall grow stronger than it was before. 334
Cas. You advise me well.
Iago. I protest, in the sincerity of love and honest kindness. 337
Cas. I think it freely; and betimes in the morning I will beseech the virtuous Desdemona to undertake for me. I am desperate of my fortunes if they check me here. 341
Iago. You are in the right. Good night, lieutenant ; I must to the watch.
Cas. Good night, honest Iago! Exit Cassio. Iago. And what’s he then that says I play the villain ? 345
When this advice is free I give and honest,
Probal to thinking and indeed the course
To win the Moor again? For ’tis most easy 348
The inclining Desdemona to subdue
In any honest suit ; she’s fram’d as fruitful
As the free elements. And then for her
To win the Moor, were ’t to renounce his baptism, 352
All seals and symbols of redeemed sin.
His soul is so enfetter’d to iler love,
That jshe may make, unmake, do what she list.
Even as her appetite shall play the god 356
With his weak function. How am I then a villain To counsel Cassio to this parallel course.
Directly to his good? Divinity of hell!
When devils will the blackest sins put on, 360
They do suggest at first with heavenly shows.
As I do now ; for while this honest fool Plies Desdemona to repair his fortunes,
347 Probal: probable 357 function: character 360 put on: instigate
350 fruitful: bountiful 358 parallel: straight (?) 361 suggest: tempt
54
The Tragedy of Othello,
\ And she for him pleads strongly to the Moor, 364 I’ll pour this pestilence into his ear That she repeals him for her body’s lust;
And, by how much she strives to do him good,
She shall undo her credit with the Moor. 368
So will I turn her virtue into pitch,
And out of her own goodness make the net That shall enmesh them all.
Enter Roderigo.
How now, Roderigo ! Rod. I do follow here in the chase, not like a 372 hound that hunts, but one that fills up the cry. My money is almost spent; I have been to-night exceedingly well cudgelled; and I think the issue will be, I shall have so much experience for my pains ; and so, with no money at all and a little more wit, return again to Venice.
Iago. How poor are they that have not patience! What wound did ever heal but by degrees ? 380
Thou know’st we work by wit and not by witchcraft. And wit depends on dilatory time.
Does ’t not go well? Cassio hath beaten thee.
And thou by that small hurt hast cashiered Cassio. 384
Though other things grow fair against the sun.
Yet fruits that blossom first will first be ripe:
Content thyself awhile. By the mass, ’tis morning; Pleasure and action make the hours seem short. Retire thee; go where thou art billeted: 389
Away, I say; thou shalt know more hereafter:
Nay, get thee gone. Exit Roderigo.
Two things are to be done,
366 repeals: recalls to favor
372, 373 Cf. n.
The Moor of Venice, III. i 55
My wife must move for Cassio to her mistress;
I’ll set her on; 393
Myself the while to draw the Moor apart,
And bring him jump when he may Cassio find Soliciting his wife: ay, that’s the way: 396
Dull not device by coldness and delay. Exit.
ACT THIRD
Scene One [ Before the Castle ]
Enter Cassio with Musicians.
Cas. Masters, play here, I will content your pains ; Something that’s brief; and bid ‘Good morrow, general.’
They play, and enter the Clown. Clo. Why, masters, have your instruments been in Naples, that they speak i’ the nose thus? First Mus. How, sir, how? 5
Clo. Are these, I pray you, wind-instruments ? First Mus. Ay, marry, are they, sir.
Clo. O ! thereby hangs a tail. 8
First Mus. Whereby hangs a tale, sir?
Clo. Marry, sir, by many a wind-instrument that I know. But, masters, here’s money for you; and the general so likes your music, that he desires you, for love’s sake, to make no more noise with it. 14
First Mus. Well, sir, we will not.
Clo. If you have any music that may not be
395 jump: precisely 2 S. d. Clown; cf. n.
10 Marry: originally an invocation of the Virgin
3, 4 Cf. n.
56
The Tragedy of Othello
heard, to ’t again ; but, as they say, to hear music the general does not greatly care. 18
First Mus. We have none such, sir.
Clo. Then put up your pipes in your bag, for I’ll away. Go ; vanish into air ; away ! 21
Exeunt Musicians.
Cas. Dost thou hear, mine honest friend?
Clo. No, I hear not your honest friend; I hear you. 24
Cas. Prithee, keep up thy quillets. There’s a poor piece of gold for thee. If the gentlewoman that attends the general’s wife be stirring, tell her there’s one Cassio entreats her a little favour of speech : wilt thou do this ? 29
Clo. She is stirring, sir: if she will stir hither,
I shall seem to notify unto her.
Cas. Do, good my friend. Exit Clown.
Enter Iago.
In happy time, Iago. 82 Iago. You have not been a-bed, then?
Cas. Why, no; the day had broke Before we parted. I have made bold, Iago,
To send in to your wife; my suit to her 36
Is, that she will to virtuous Desdemona Procure me some access.
Iago. I’ll send her to you presently;
And I’ll devise a mean to draw the Moor Out of the way, that your converse and business 40 May be more free.
Cas. I humbly thank you for ’t. [Exit IagoJ\
25 quillets: quibbles 27 stirring: up and dressed (in the morning)
32 In . . . time: well met 38 presently : immediately
The Moor of Venice , III. ii
57
I never knew
A Florentine more kind and honest.
Enter Emilia.
Emil. Good morrow, good lieutenant: I am sorry 44
For your displeasure; but all will soon be well.
The general and his wife are talking of it,
And she speaks for you stoutly: the Moor replies That he you hurt is of great fame in Cyprus 48
And great affinity, and that in wholesome wisdom He might not but refuse you ; but he protests he loves you.
And needs no other suitor but his likings
To take the saf’st occasion by the front 62
To bring you in again.
Cas. Yet, I beseech you,
If you think fit, or that it may be done.
Give me advantage of some brief discourse With Desdemona alone.
Emil. Pray you, come in: 68
I will bestow you where you shall have time To speak your bosom freely.
Cas. I am much bound to you.
[. Exeunt .]
Scene Two
[A Room in the Castle ]
Enter Othello, Iago, and Gentlemen.
Oth. These letters give, Iago, to the pilot. And by him do my duties to the senate;
43 Florentine; cf. n.
49 affinity : family connection 58 bosom: private thoughts and feelings
45 displeasure: loss of favor 52 Cf. n.
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The Tragedy of Othello
That done, I will be walking on the works ;
Repair there to me.
Iago. Well, my good lord, I’ll do ’t. 4
Oth. This fortification, gentlemen, shall we see’t? Gent. We’ll wait upon your lordship. Exeunt.
Scene Three
[27ie garden of the Castle ]
Enter Desdemona, Cassio, and Emilia.
Des. Be thou assur’d, good Cassio, I will do All my abilities in thy behalf.
Emil. Good madam, do: I warrant it grieves my husband,
As if the case were his. 4
Des. O ! that’s an honest fellow. Do not doubt, Cassio,
But I will have my lord and you again As friendly as you were.
Cas. Bounteous madam,
Whatever shall become of Michael Cassio, 8
He’s never anything but your true servant.
Des. I know ’t; I thank you. You do love my lord; You have known him long; and be you well assur’d He shall in strangeness stand no further off 12
Than in a politic distance.
Cas. Ay, but, lady,
That policy may either last so long,
Or feed upon such nice and waterish diet,
Or breed itself so out of circumstance, 16
That, I being absent and my place supplied,
My general will forget my love and service.
12 strangeness: estrangement
IS nice: finical waterish: watered, thin
14-16 Cf. n.
The Moor of Venice, III. Hi
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Des. Do not doubt that; before Emilia here I give thee warrant of thy place. Assure thee, 20 If I do vow a friendship, I’ll perform it To the last article ; my lord shall never rest ;
I’ll watch him tame, and talk him out of patience;
His bed shall seem a school, his board a shrift; 24
I’ll intermingle everything he does
With Cassio’s suit. Therefore be merry, Cassio;
For thy solicitor shall rather die
Than give thy cause away. 28
Enter Othello and Iago [ at a distance ].
Emil. Madam, here comes my lord.
Cas. Madam, I’ll take my leave.
Des. Why, stay, and hear me speak.
Cas. Madam, not now; I am very ill at ease.
Unfit for mine own purposes. 33
Des. Well, do your discretion. Exit Cassio.
Iago. Ha ! I like not that.
Oth. What dost thou say?
I'lgo. Nothing, my lord: or if — I know not what. 36
Oth. Was not that Cassio parted from my wife? Iago. Cassio, my lord? No, sure, I cannot think it That he would steal away so guilty-like.
Seeing you coming.
Oth. I do believe ’twas he. 40
Des. How now, my lord !
I have been talking with a suitor here,
A man that languishes in your displeasure.
Oth. Who is ’t you mean? 44
Des. Why, your lieutenant, Cassio. Good my lord,
19 doubt: fear 23 watch him tame; cf. n. 24 shrift: confessional 34 do . . . discretion: do what seems to you discreet
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If I have any grace or power to move you.
His present reconciliation take;
For if he be not one that truly loves you, 48
That errs in ignorance and not in cunning,
I have no judgment in an honest face.
I prithee call him back.
Oth. Went he hence now?
Des. Ay, sooth; so humbled, 52
That he hath left part of his grief with me,
To suffer with him. Good love, call him back.
Oth. Not now, sweet Desdemona; some other time. Des. But shall ’t be shortly?
Oth. The sooner, sweet, for you. 56
Des. Shall ’t be to-night at supper ?
Oth. No, not to-night.
Des. To-morrow dinner then?
Oth. I shall not dine at home;
I meet the captains at the citadel.
Des. Why then, to-morrow night; or Tuesday morn ; 60
On Tuesday noon, or night; on Wednesday morn:
I prithee name the time, but let it not Exceed three days: in faith, he’s penitent;
And yet his trespass, in our common reason, —
Save that they say, the wars must make examples 65 Out of their best, — is not almost a fault To incur a private check. When shall he come ?
Tell me, Othello: I wonder in my soul, 68
What you could ask me that I should deny,
Or stand so mammering on. What ! Michael Cassio. That came a wooing with you, and so many a time.
When I have spoke of you dispraisingly, 72
66 not almost: almost not, scarcely
70 mammering: hesitating
The Moor of Venice, III. Hi
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Hath^ta’en yourjD&EkLtoJiave so much to do To bringHmin ! T rust me, I could dcTmuch —
Oth. Prithee, no more; let him come when he will; I will deny thee nothing.
Des. Why, this is not a boon;
’Tis as I should entreat you wear your gloves.
Or feed on nourishing dishes, or keep you warm,
Or sue to you to do a peculiar profit To your own person; nay, when I have a suit Wherein I mean to touch your love indeed.
It shall be full of poise and difficult weight.
And fearful to be granted.
76
80
Oth. I will deny thee nothing:
Whereon, I do beseech thee, grant me this, 84
To leave me but a little to myself.
Des. Shall I deny you? no: farewell, my lord.
Oth. Farewell, my Desdemona: I’ll come to thee straight.
Des. Emilia, come. Be as your fancies teach you ; 88
Whate’er you be, I am obedient.
Exit [ with Emilia ].
Oth. Excellent wretch ! Perdition catch my soul But I do love thee ! and when I love thee not.
Chaos is come again. 92
Iago. My noble lord, —
Oth. What dost thou say, Iago?
(~ Iago. Did Michael Cassio, when you woo’d my lady,
Know of your love? j
Oth. He did, from first to last: why dost thou ask? 96
74 in: into favor 82 poise: equipoise, uncertainty
90 wretch: expression of utmost fondness
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The Tragedy of Othello
Iago. But for a satisfaction of my thought;
No further harm.
Oth. Why of thy thought, Iago?
Iago. I did not think he had been acquainted with her.
Oth. O! yes; and went between us very oft.
Iago. Indeed! 101
Oth. Indeed! ay, indeed; discern’st thou aught in that ?
/is he not honest ?j
Iago. Honest, my lord?
Oth. Honest! ay, honest.
Iago. My lord, for aught I know. 104
Oth. What dost thou think?
Iago. Think, my lord!
Oth. Think, my lord!
By heaven, he echoes me,
As if there were some monster in his thought Too hideous to be shown. Thou dost mean some- thing: 108
I heard thee say but now, thou lik’dst not that, [jWhen Cassio left my wife;lwhat didst not like?
And when I told thee he was of my counsel In my whole course of wooing, thou criedst,
‘Indeed!’ 112
And didst contract and purse thy brow together,
As if thou then hadst shut up in thy brain Some horrible conceit. If thou dost love me,
Show me thy thought. lie
Iago. My lord, you know I love you.
Oth. I think thou dost;
And, for I know thou art full of love and honesty.
111 of my counsel : in my confidence
115 conceit: idea
The Moor of Venice, III. Hi
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And weigh’st thy words before thou giv’st them breath,
Therefore these stops of thine fright me the more ; 120
For such things in a false disloyal knave Are tricks of custom, but in a man that’s just They are close delations, working from the heart That passion cannot rule.
I ago. For Michael Cassio, 124
I dare be sworn I think that he is honest.
Oth. I think so too.
lago. Men should be what they seem;
Or those that be not, would they might seem none ! Oth. Certain, men should be what they seem.
Iago. Why then, I_ think Cassio’s an _honest man. 129
Oth. Nay, yet there’s more in this.
I pray thee, speak to me as to thy thinkings.
As thou dost ruminate, and give thy worst of thoughts 132
The worst of words.
Iago. Good my lord, pardon me;
Though I am bound to every act of duty,
I am not bound to that all slaves are free to.
Utter my thoughts? Why, say they are vile and false ; 136
As where’s that palace whereinto foul things Sometimes intrude not? who has a breast so pure But some uncleanly apprehensions Keep leets and law-days, and in session sit 140
With meditations lawful?
120 stops: pauses , reticences 122 tricks of custom: customary tricks
123 close delations: covert , involuntary accusations
139 But: but therein
140 leets: synonymous with * law-days' ’ (keep leet: hold court')
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The Tragedy of Othello,
Oth. Thou dost conspire against thy friend, Iago, If thou but think’st him wrong’d, and mak’st his ear A stranger to thy thoughts.
Iago. I do beseech you, 144
Though I perchance am vicious in my guess, —
As, I confess, it is my nature’s plague To spy into abuses, and oft my jealousy Shapes faults that are not, — that your wisdom yet, 148
From one that so imperfectly conceits,
Would take no notice, nor build yourself a trouble Out of his scattering and unsure observance.
It were not for your quiet nor your good, 152
Nor for my manhood, honesty, or wisdom,
To let you know my thoughts.
Oth. What dost thou mean?
Iago. Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, Is the immediate jewel of their souls: 156
Who steals my purse steals trash; ’tis something, nothing ;
'Twas mine, ’tis his, and has been slave to thousands ; But he that filches from me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him, 160
And makes me poor indeed.
Oth. By heaven, I’ll know thy thoughts.
Iago. You cannot, if my heart were in your hand; Nor shall not, whilst ’tis in my custody. 164
Oth. Ha!
Iago. QJ. beware, myjord, of jealousy;
1 1 is the green-ey’d monster which doth mock The meat it feeds on: that cuckold lives in bliss Who* certain of his fate, loves not his wronger ;
145 Though: supposing, granting that vicious: wrong
149 conceits: imagines 151 scattering: random
166, 167 mock . . . feeds on: tantalizes its victim
The Moor of Venice, III. Hi
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But, O ! what damned minutes tells he o’er 169
Who dotes, yet doubts ; suspects, yet strongly loves ! Oth. O misery !
I ago. Poor and content is rich, and rich enough, 172
But riches fineless is as poor as winter To him that ever fears he shall be poor.
Good heaven, the souls of all my tribe defend From jealousy.
Oth. Why, why is this? 176
Think’st thou I’d make a life of jealousy.
To follow still the changes of the moon With fresh suspicions? No; to be once in doubt Is once to be resolv’d. Exchange me for a goat When I shall turn the business of my soul 181
To such exsufflicate and blown surmises.
Matching thy inference. ’Tis not to make me jealous To say my wife is fair, feeds well, loves com- pany, 184
Is free of speech, sings, plays, and dances well; Where virtue is, these are more virtuous:
Nor from mine own weak merits will I draw
The smallest fear, or doubt of her revolt; 188
For she had eyes, and chose me. No, Iago;
I’ll see before I doubt ; when I doubt, prove ;
And, on the proof, there is no more but this.
Away at once with love or j ealousy ! 192
Iago. I am glad of it ; for now I shall have reason To show the love and duty that I bear you With franker spirit; therefore, as I am bound, Receive it from me ; I speak not yet of proof. 196 Look to your wife ; observe her well with Cassio ;
173 fineless: endless 180 resolv’ d: freed from uncertainty
182 exsufflicate: puffed up, empty
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The Tragedy of Othello
Wear your eye thus, not jealous nor secure:
I would not have your free and noble nature
Out of self-bounty be abus’d; look to’t: 200
I know our country disposition well;
In Venice they do let heaven see the pranks They dare not show their husbands; their best con- science
Is not to leave ’t undone, but keep ’t unknown.
Oth. Dost thou say so? 205
I ago. She did deceive her father, marrying you: And when she seem’d to shake and fear your looks. She lov’d them most.
Oth. And so she did.
I ago. Why, go to, then ; 20S
She that so young could give out such a seeming,
To seel her father’s eyes up close as oak,
He thought ’twas witchcraft — but I am much to blame :
I humbly do beseech you of your pardon 212
For too much loving you.
Oth. I am bound to thee for ever.
Iago. I see, this hath a little dash’d your spirits. Oth. Not a jot, not a jot.
Iago. I’ faith, I fear it has.
I hope you will consider what is spoke 216
Comes from my love. But, I do see you’re mov’d;
I am to pray you not to strain my speech To grosser issues nor to larger reach Than to suspicion. 220
Oth. I will not.
Iago. Should you do so, my lord,
My speech should fall into such vile success
2n0 self-bounty: inherent generosity 201 country : native, national
222 success: consequences
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As my thoughts aim not at. Cassio’s my worthy friend —
My lord, I see you’re mov’d.
Oth. No, not much mov’d: 224
I do not think but Desdemona’s honest.
Iago. Long live she so ! and long live you to think so !
Oth. And, yet, how nature erring from itself, — Iago. Ay, there’s the point: as, to be bold with you, 228
Not to affect many proposed matches Of her own clime, complexion, and degree,
Whereto, we see, in all things nature tends ;
Foh ! one may smell in such, a will most rank.
Foul disproportion, thoughts unnatural. 233
But pardon me; I do not in position Distinctly speak of her, though I may fear Her will, recoiling to her better judgment, 236
May fall to match you with her country forms And happily repent.
Oth. Farewell, farewell:
If more thou dost perceive, let me know more;
Set on thy wife to observe. Leave me, Iago. 240 Iago. My lord, I take my leave. [Going.]
Oth. Why did I marry? This honest creature, doubtless,
Sees and knows more, much more, than he unfolds. Iago. [ Returning .] My lord, I would I might entreat your honour 244
To scan this thing no further; leave it to time. Although ’tis fit that Cassio have his place.
For sure he fills it up with great ability,
225 honest: virtuous
236 recoiling to: falling bacR upon
237 fall: chance, begin
234 position: formal logical thesis 238 happily : perhaps
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The Tragedy of Othello
Yet, if you please to hold him off awhile, 248
You shall by that perceive him and his means:
Note if your lady strain his entertainment With any strong or vehement importunity;
Much will be seen in that. In the mean time, 252 Let me be thought too busy in my fears,
As worthy cause I have to fear I am,
And hold her free, I do beseech your honour.
Oth. Fear not my government. 250
Iago. I once more take my leave. Exit.
Oth. This fellow’s of exceeding honesty.
And knows all qualities, with a learned spirit,
Of human dealings ; if I do prove her haggard, Though that her jesses were my dear heart- strings, 261
I’d whistle her off and let her down the wind.
To prey at fortune. Haply, for I am black.
And have not those soft parts of conversation
That chamberers have, or, for I am declin’d 265
Into the vale of years — yet that’s not much —
She’s gone, I am abus’d; and my relief
Must be to loathe her. O curse of marriage! 208
That we can call these delicate creatures ours.
And not their appetites. I had rather be a toad,
And live upon the vapour of a dungeon,
Than keep a corner in the thing I love 272
For others’ uses. Yet, ’tis the plague of great ones; Prerogativ’d are they less than the base;
’Tis destiny unshunnable, like death:
250 strain his entertainment: urge his reinstatement 256 government: behavior
259,260 knows . . . Of: understands, learnedly, all kinds of 260-263 Cf. n.
264 soft . . . conversation: effeminate talents in social intercourse
265 chamberers: wanton courtiers 274 Prerogativ’d: privileged, protected
The Moor of V enice. III. Hi
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Even then this forked plague is fated to us 276
When we do quicken.
Look ! where she comes.
If she be false, O ! then heaven mocks itself.
I’ll not believe it.
Enter Desdemona and Emilia.
Des. How now, my dear Othello !
Your dinner and the generous islanders 280
By you invited, do attend your presence.
Oth. I am to blame.
Des. Why do you speak so faintly?
Are you not well?
Oth. I have a pain upon my forehead here. 284 Des. Faith, that’s with watching; ’twill away again :
Let me but bind it hard, within this hour It will be well.
Oth. Your napkin is too little:
[He puts the handkerchief from him; and it drops.~\ Let it alone. Come, I’ll go in with you. 288
Des. I am very sorry that you are not well.
Exeunt Othello and Desdemona. Emil. I am glad I have found this napkin;
This was her first remembrance from the Moor;
My wayward husband hath a hundred times 292
Woo’d me to steal it, but she so loves the token,
For he conjur’d her she should ever keep it.
That she reserves it evermore about her To kiss and talk to. I’ll have the work ta’en out.
And give ’t Iago: 297
276 forked plague: cuckold’s horns
277 When . . . quicken : in prenatal life
280 generous: noble, of gentle birth 285 watching: lack of sleep
287 napkin: handkerchief 296 work ta’en out: embroidery copied
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The Tragedy of Othello
What he will do with it heaven knows, not I ;
I nothing but to please his fantasy.
Enter Iago.
I ago. How now ! what do you here alone ? 300
Emil. Do not you chide; I have a thing for you. Iago. A thing for me? It is a common thing — Emil. Ha !
Iago. To have a foolish wife. 304
Emil. O! is that all? What will you give me now For that same handkerchief?
Iago. What handkerchief?
Emil. What handkerchief!
Why, that the Moor first gave to Desdemona:
That which so often you did bid me steal. 309
Iago. Hast stol’n it from her?
Emil. No, faith; she let it drop by negligence. And, to the advantage, I, being there, took ’t up.
Look, here it is.
Iago. A good wench ; give it me. 313
Emil. What will you do with ’t, that you have been so earnest
To have me filch it?
Iago. Why, [ Snatching if] what’s that to you? Emil. If it be not for some purpose of import 317 Give ’t me again; poor lady! she’ll run mad When she shall lack it.
Iago. Be not acknown on ’t; I have use for it. 320 Go, leave me. Exit Emilia.
I will in Cassio’s lodging lose this napkin.
And let him find it; trifles light as air
Are to the jealous confirmations strong 324
As proofs of holy writ; this may do something.
320 Be . . . on’t: avouch no knowledge of it
The Moor of V enice. III. Hi
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The Moor already changes with my poison: Sli* Dangerous conceits are in their natures poisons,
Which at the first are scarce found to distaste.
But with a little act upon the blood, 329
Burn like the mines of sulphur. I did say so:
Look ! where he comes !
Enter Othello.
Not poppy, nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world, 332
Shall ever medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou ow’dst yesterday.
Oth. Ha! ha! false to me?
lago. Why, how now, general ! no more of that. Oth. Avaunt! be gone! thou hast set me on the rack; 336
I swear ’tis better to be much abus’d Than but to know ’t a little.
Iago. How now, my lord !
Oth. What sense had I of her stol’n hours of lust ? 339
I saw ’t not, thought it not, it harm’d not me ;
I slept the next night well, was free and merry ;
I found not Cassio’s kisses on her lips;
He that is robb’d, not wanting what is stol’n.
Let him not know ’t and he’s not robb’d at all.
Iago. I am sorry to hear this. 345
Oth. I had been happy, if the general camp, Pioners and all, had tasted her sweet body.
So I had nothing known. O ! now, for ever 348
Farewell the tranquil mind; farewell content! Farewell the plumed troop and the big wars
331 mandragora: mandrake, a narcotic
343 wanting: missing 347 Pioners : miners, military menials
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The Tragedy of Othello .
That make ambition virtue ! O, farewell !
Farewell the neighing steed, and the shrill trump, 352
The spirit-stirring drum, the ear-piercing fife,
The royal banner, and all quality,
Pride, pomp, and circumstance of glorious war!
And, O you mortal engines, whose rude throats The immortal Jove’s dread clamours counterfeit, 357 Farewell! Othello’s occupation’s gone!
I ago. Is it possible, my lord?
Oth. Villain, be sure thou prove my love a whore, 360
Be sure of it; give me the ocular proof;
Or, by the worth of mine eternal soul.
Thou hadst been better have been born a dog Than answer my wak’d wrath.
I ago. Is ’t come to this?
Oth. Make me to see’t; or, at the least, so prove it, 365
That the probation bear no hinge nor loop To hang a doubt on; or woe upon thy life!
Iago. My noble lord, — 36S
Oth. If thou dost slander her and torture me. Never pray more; abandon all remorse;
On horror’s head horrors accumulate;
Do deeds to make heaven weep, all earth amaz’d; 372 For nothing canst thou to damnation add Greater than that.
Iago. O grace ! O heaven forgive me !
Are you a man ! have you a soul or sense?
God be wi’ you ; take mine office. O wretched fool ! 376
355 circumstance: ceremony 356 engines: cannon
366 probation: proof hinge nor loop: pivot nor strap
The 3Ioor of Venice, III. in
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That liv’st to make thine honesty a vice.
0 monstrous world! Take note, take note, O world! To be direct and honest is not safe.
1 thank you for this profit, and, from hence 380 I’ll love no friend, sith love breeds such offence.
Oth. Nay, stay; thou shouldst be honest.
Iago. I should be wise; for honesty’s a fool.
And loses that it works for.
Oth. By the world, 384
I think my wife be honest and think she is not ;
I think that thou art just and think thou art not.
I’ll have some proof. Her name, that was as fresh As Dian’s visage, is now begrim’d and black 388
As mine own face. If there be cords or knives. Poison or fire or suffocating streams,
I’ll not endure it. Would I were satisfied!
Iago. I see, sir, you are eaten up with passion. 392 I do repent me that I put it to you.
You would be satisfied?
Oth. Would! nay, I will.
Iago. And may; but how? how satisfied, my lord? Would you, the supervisor, grossly gape on; 396
Behold her tupp’d?
Oth. Death and damnation ! O !
Iago. It were a tedious difficulty, I think.
To bring them to that prospect; damn them then.
If ever mortal eyes do see them bolster 400
More than their own ! What then ? how then ?
What shall I say? Where’s satisfaction?
It .is impossible you should see this,
Were they as prime as goats, as hot as monkeys.
As salt as wolves in pride, and fools as gross 405
380 profit: profitable lesson 400 bolster: bed ( together )
381 sith: since
387 Her; cf. n. 404 prime: ardent
74
The Tragedy of Othello , '
As ignorance made drunk ; but yet, I say,
If imputation, and strong circumstances,
Which lead directly to the door of truth, 408
Will give you satisfaction, you may have it,
Oth. Give me a living reason she’s disloyal.
Iago. I do not like the office;
But, sith I am enter’d in this cause so far, 412
Prick’d to ’t by foolish honesty and love,
I will go on. I lay with Cassio lately;
And, being troubled with a raging tooth,
I could not sleep. 416
There are a kind of men so loose of soul That in their sleeps will mutter their affairs;
One of this kind is Cassio.
In sleep I heard him say, ‘Sweet Desdemona, 420 Let us be wary, let us hide our loves !’
And then, sir, would he gripe and wring my hand. Cry, ‘O, sweet creature !’ and then kiss me hard,
As if he pluck’d up kisses by the roots, 424
That grew upon my lips ; then laid his leg Over my thigh, and sigh’d, and kiss’d ; and then Cried, ‘Cursed fate, that gave thee to the Moor !’
Oth. O monstrous ! monstrous !
Iago. Nay, this was but his dream.
Oth. But this denoted a foregone conclusion: 420 ’Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream.
Iago. And this may help to thicken other proofs That do demonstrate thinly.
Oth. I’ll tear her all to pieces. 432
Iago. Nay, but be wise ; yet we see nothing done ;
407 imputation . . . circumstances: opinion based on strong circum- stantial evidence 410 living: real, not sham
429 a . . . conclusion : a previous experience
430 shrewd doubt: ground for dire suspicion
The Moor of V enice. III. in
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She may be honest yet. Tell me but this:
Have you not sometimes seen a handkerchief Spotted with strawberries in your wife’s hand?
Oth. I gave her such a one; ’twas my first gift. 437 Iago. I know not that; but such a handkerchief — I am sure it was your wife’s— did I to-day See Cassio wipe his beard with.
Oth. If it be that, — 440
Iago. If it be that, or any that was hers.
It speaks against her with the other proofs.
Oth. O! that the slave had forty thousand lives; One is too poor, too weak for my revenge. 444
Now do I see ’tis true. Look here, Iago;
All my fond love thus do I blow to heaven :
’Tis gone. 447
Arise, black vengeance, from the hollow hell!
Yield up, O love ! thy crown and hearted throne To tyrannous hate. Swell, bosom, with thy fraught. For ’tis of aspics’ tongues!
Iago. Yet be content.
Oth. O ! blood, blood, blood ! 452
Iago. Patience, I say; your mind, perhaps, may change.
Oth. Never, Iago. Like to the Pontic sea,
Whose icy current and compulsive course
Ne’er feels retiring ebb, but keeps due on 456
To the Propontic and the Hellespont,
Even so my bloody thoughts, with violent pace.
Shall ne’er look back, ne’er ebb to humble love.
Till that a capable and wide revenge 460
Swallow them up. [Kneels.']
Now, by yond marble heaven.
450 fraught: freight, burden 451 aspics asps’ , venomous snakes*
454-461 Cf.n. 460 capable : comprehensive 461 marble: shining
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The Tragedy of Othello
In the due reverence of a sacred vow I here engage my words.
Iago. Do not rise yet. Kneels.
Witness, you ever-burning lights above! 464
You elements that clip us round about!
Witness, that here Iago doth give up The execution of his wit, hands, heart.
To wrong’d Othello’s service! Let him com- mand, 468
And to obey shall be in me remorse,
What bloody business ever. [They rise.]
Oth. I greet thy love,
Not with vain thanks, but with acceptance bounteous, And will upon the instant put thee to ’t: 472
Within these three days let me hear thee say That Cassio’s not alive.
Iago. My friend is dead; ’tis done at your request; But let her live.
Oth. Damn her, lewd minx ! O, damn her !
Come, go with me apart ; I will withdraw 477
To furnish me with some swift means of death For the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant. Iago. I am your own for ever. Exeunt.
Scene Four [Before the Castle ]
Enter Desdemona, Emilia, and Clown.
Des. Do you know, sirrah, where Lieutenant Cassio lies?
Clo. I dare not say he lies anywhere.
Des. Why, man? 4
465 clip: embrace, enclose 467 execution: exercise
469 remorse: conscience
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Clo. He is a soldier; and for one to say a soldier lies, is stabbing.
Des. Go to; where lodges he?
Clo. To tell you where he lodges is to tell you where I lie. 9
Des. Can anything be made of this?
Clo. I know not where he lodges, and for me to devise a lodging, and say he lies here or he lies there, were to lie in mine own throat. 13
Des. Can you inquire him out, and be edified by report?
Clo. I will catechize the world for him; that is, make questions, and by them answer. 17
Des. Seek him, bid him come hither; tell him I have moved my lord in his behalf, and hope all will be well. 20
Clo. To do this is within the compass of man’s wit, and therefore I will attempt the doing it. Exit Clown.
Des. Where should I lose that handkerchief, Emilia ? 24
Emil. I know not, madam.
Des. Believe me, I had rather have lost my purse Full of cruzadoes ; and, but my noble Moor Is true of mind, and made of no such baseness 28 As jealous creatures are, it were enough To put him to ill thinking.
Emil. Is he not jealous?
Des. Who ! he ? I think the sun where he was born
Drew all such humours from him.
Emil. Look ! where he comes.
27 cruzadoes: Portuguese gold coins
78
The Tragedy of Othello
Des. I will not leave him now till Cassio 33
Be call’d to him.
Enter Othello.
How is ’t with you, my lord?
Oth. Well, my good lady. [ Aside .] Oh hardness to dissemble ! —
How do you, Desdemona ?
Des. Well, my good lord.
Oth. Give me your hand. This hand is moist, my lady. 37
Des. It yet has felt no age nor known no sorrow. Oth. This argues fruitfulness and liberal heart; Hot, hot, and moist ; this hand of yours requires 40 A sequester from liberty, fasting and prayer.
Much castigation, exercise devout;
For here’s a young and sweating devil here.
That commonly rebels. ’Tis a good hand, 44
A frank one.
Des. You may, indeed, say so;
For ’twas that hand that gave away my heart.
Oth. A liberal hand; the hearts of old gave hands. But our new heraldry is hands not hearts. 48
Des. I cannot speak of this. Come now, your promise.
Oth. What promise, chuck?
Des. I have sent to bid Cassio come speak with you.
Oth. I have a salt and sorry rheum offends me. 52 Lend me thy handkerchief.
Des. Here, my lord.
Oth. That which I gave you.
41 sequester : separation
50 chuck: chick (term of endearment)
52 sorry rheum: distressing discharge (of eye or nose )
47, 48 Cf. n.
The Moor of V enice. III. iv
79
Des.
Oth. Not?
Des. No,
Oth.
I have it not about me.
No, indeed, my lord.
That handkerchief
That is a fault.
56
Did an Egyptian to my mother give;
She was a charmer, and could almost read The thoughts of people; she told her, while she kept it,
’Twould make her amiable and subdue my father 60
Entirely to her love, but if she lost it
Or made a gift of it, my father’s eye
Should hold her loathed, and his spirits should hunt
After new fancies. She dying gave it me; 61
And bid me, when my fate would have me wive.
To give it her. I did so: and take heed on ’t;
Make it a darling like your precious eye;
To lose ’t or give ’t away, were such perdition 68 As nothing else could match.
Des. Is ’t possible?
Oth. ’Tis true; there’s magic in the web of it;
A sibyl, that had number’d in the world
The sun to course two hundred compasses, 72
In her prophetic fury sew’d the work;
The worms were hallow’d that did breed the silk. And it was dy’d in mummy which the skilful Conserv’d of maidens’ hearts.
Des. Indeed! is ’t true? 76
Oth. Most veritable; therefore look to ’t well.
Des. Then would to heaven that I had never seen it !
Oth. Ha! wherefore?
58 charmer: witch 71 sibyl: inspired prophetess
72 course . . . compasses: make . . . revolutions 75 mummy: drug made from embalmed bodies
80
The Tragedy of Othello
Des. Why do you speak so startingly and
rash? 80
Oth. Is ’t lost? is 't gone? speak, is it out o’ the way?
Des. Heaven bless us !
Oth. Say you?
Des. It is not lost: but what an if it were?
Oth. How ! 84
Des. I say, it is not lost.
Oth. Fetch ’t, let me see ’t.
Des. Why, so I can, sir, but I will not now.
This is a trick to put me from my suit:
Pray you let Cassio be receiv’d again. 88
Oth. Fetch me the handkerchief ; my mind misgives. Des. Come, come;
You’ll never meet a more sufficient man.
Oth. The handkerchief !
Des. I pray, talk me of Cassio. 92
Oth. The handkerchief !
Des. A man that all his time
Hath founded his good fortunes on your love.
Shar’d dangers with you, —
Oth. The handkerchief !
Des. In sooth you are to blame. 96
Oth. Away! Exit Othello.
Emil. Is not this man jealous?
Des. I ne’er saw this before.
Sure, there’s some wonder in this handkerchief ; loo I am most unhappy in the loss of it.
Emil. ’Tis not a year or two shows us a man;
They are all but stomachs, and we all but food;
They eat us hungerly, and when they are full They belch us. Look you ! Cassio and my band.
hus-
105
The Moor of Venice, III. iv
81
Enter Iago and Cassio.
I ago. There is no other way; ’tis she must do ’t: And, lo! the happiness: go and importune her.
Des. How now, good Cassio ! what’s the news with you ? 108
Cas. Madam, my former suit: I do beseech you That by your virtuous means I may again Exist, and be a member of his love Whom I with all the office of my heart 112
Entirely honour ; I would not be delay’d.
If my offence be of such mortal kind
That nor my service past, nor present sorrows,
Nor purpos’d merit in futurity, 116
Can ransom me into his love again.
But to know so must be my benefit ;
So shall I clothe me in a forc’d content.
And shut myself up in some other course 120
To fortune’s alms.
Des. Alas ! thrice-gentle Cassio !
My advocation is not now in tune;
My lord is not my lord ; nor should I know him,
Were he in favour as in humour alter’d. 124
So help me every spirit sanctified,
As I have spoken for you all my best And stood within the blank of his displeasure For my free speech. You must awhile be patient ; 128
What I can do I will, and more I will Than for myself I dare: let that suffice you.
Iago. Is my lord angry?
107 happiness •. fortunate happening 118 But: merely
120 shut . . . in: confine myself to
121 To . . . alms: in pursuit of fortune's favor
124 humour: disposition 127 blank: range {literally, target )
82
The Tragedy of Othello
Emil. He went hence but now.
And certainly in strange unquietness. 132
I ago. Can he be angry ? I have seen the cannon. When it hath blown his ranks into the air.
And, like the devil, from his very arm 135
Puff’d his own brother ; and can he be angry ? Something of moment then ; I will go meet him ; There’s matter in ’t indeed, if he be angry.
Des. I prithee, do so. [Exit Iago.~\ Something, sure, of state,
Either from Venice, or some unhatch’d practice Made demonstrable here in Cyprus to him, 141
Hath puddled his clear spirit; and in such cases Men’s natures wrangle with inferior things,
Though great ones are their object. ’Tis even so; For let our finger ache, and it indues 145
Our other healthful members ev’n to that sense Of pain. Nay, we must think men are not gods,
Nor of them look for such observancy 148
As fits the bridal. Beshrew me much, Emilia,
I was — unhandsome warrior as I am —
Arraigning his unkindness with my soul;
But now I find I had suborn’d the witness, 152
And he’s indicted falsely.
Emil. Pray heaven it be state-matters, as you think,
And no conception, nor no jealous toy Concerning you. 156
Des. Alas the day ! I never gave him cause.
Emil. But jealous souls will not be answer’d so;
140 unhatch’d practice: undeveloped plot
142 puddled: muddied, disturbed 145 indues: brings
148 observancy: tender devotion 149 Beshrew: a mild imprecation 150 unhandsome warrior: unfair assailant ( cf . II. i. 185 )
155 conception: mere fancy toy: whim
The Moor of Venice, III. iv
83
They are not ever jealous for the cause.
But jealous for they are jealous; ’tis a monster Begot upon itself, born on itself. 161
Des. Heaven keep that monster from Othello’s mind !
Emil. Lady, amen.
Des. I will go seek him. Cassio, walk here- about; 164
If I do find him fit, I’ll move your suit And seek to effect it to my uttermost.
Cas. I humbly thank your ladyship.
Exeunt Desdemona and Emilia.
Enter Bianca.
Bian. ’Save you, friend Cassio!
Cas. What make you from home?
How is it with you, my most fair Bianca? 169
I’ faith, sweet love, I was coming to your house.
Bian. And I was going to your lodging, Cassio. What ! keep a week away ? seven days and nights ? 172
Eight score eight hours? and lovers’ absent hours, More tedious than the dial eight score times?
0 weary reckoning!
Cas. Pardon me, Bianca,
1 have this while with leaden thoughts been
press’d, 176
But I shall, in a more continuate time.
Strike off this score of absence. Sweet Bianca,
[Giving her Desdemona’ s handkerchief .] Take me this work out.
168 ’Save: God save, preserve in health
172 keep a week away; cf. n. 177 continuate: uninterrupted
84
The Tragedy of Othello ,
Bian. O Cassio ! whence came this?
This is some token from a newer friend; 180
To the felt absence now I feel a cause;
Is ’t come to this? Well, well.
Cas. Go to, woman !
Throw your vile guesses in the devil’s teeth,
From whence you have them. You are jealous now 184
That this is from some mistress, some remembrance: No, in good troth, Bianca.
Bian. Why, whose is it?
Cas. I know not, sweet; I found it in my chamber. I like the work well; ere it be demanded, — 188
As like enough it will, — I’d have it copied;
Take it and do ’t; and leave me for this time.
Bian. Leave you! wherefore?
Cas. I do attend here on the general, 192
And think it no addition nor my wish To have him see me woman’d.
Bian. Why, I pray you?
Cas. Not that I love you not.
Bian. But that you do not love me.
I pray you, bring me on the way a little 196
And say if I shall see you soon at night.
Cas. ’Tis but a little way that I can bring you,
For I attend here; but I’ll see you soon.
Bian. ’Tis very good; I must be circumstanc’d.
Exeunt.
193 no . . . -wish', neither honorable nor desirable
194 woman’d: accompanied by a woman 200 be circumstanc’d: yield to circumstances
The Moor of Venice , IV. i
85
ACT FOURTH
Scene One [ Before the Castle ]
Enter Othello and Iago.
lago. Will you think so?
Oth. Think so, Iago !
Iago. What !
To kiss in private?
Oth. An unauthoriz’d kiss.
Iago. Or to be naked with her friend in bed An hour or more, not meaning any harm? 4
Oth. Naked in bed, Iago, and not mean harm?
It is hypocrisy against the devil:
They that mean virtuously, and yet do so.
The devil their virtue tempts, and they tempt
heaven. 8
Iago. If they do nothing, ’tis a venial slip;
But if I give my wife a handkerchief, —
Oth. What then?
Iago. Why, then, ’tis hers, my lord; and, being
hers, 12
She may, I think, bestow ’t on any man.
Oth. She is protectress of her honour too;
May she give that?
Iago. Her honour is an essence that’s not
seen ; 16
They have it very oft that have it not:
But for the handkerchief, —
Oth. By heaven, I would most gladly have forgot it: —
6 Cf. n.
17 Cf. «.
86
The Tragedy of Othello
Thou said’st, — O ! it comes o’er my memory, 20
As doth the raven o’er the infected house,
Boding to all, — he had my handkerchief.
Iago. Ay, what of that?
Oth. That’s not so good now.
Iago. What,
If I had said I had seen him do you wrong? 24
Or heard him say, — as knaves be such abroad,
Who having, by their own importunate suit.
Or voluntary dotage of some mistress,
Convinced or supplied them, cannot choose 28
But they must blab, —
Oth. Hath he said any thing?
Iago. He hath, my lord; but be you well assur’d. No more than he’ll unswear.
Oth. What hath he said?
Iago. Faith, that he did — I know not what he
did. 32
Oth. What? what?
Iago. Lie —
Oth. With her?
Iago. With her, on her; what you will.
Oth. Lie with her! lie on her! We say, lie on her, when they belie her. Lie with her ! that’s fulsome. Handkerchief, — confessions, — hand-
kerchief! To confess, and be hanged for his labour. First, to be hanged, and then to confess:
I tremble at it. Nature would not invest herself in such shadowing passion without some instruc- tion. It is not words that shake me thus. Pish ! Noses, ears, and lips. Is it possible? — Confess!
— Handkerchief! — O devil! Falls in a trance.
28 Convinced: overcome (those who needed importuning) supplied:
satisfied ( those who doted voluntarily )
35-44 Cf.n.
The Moor of Venice, IV. i
87
I ago. Work on, 45
My medicine, work! Thus credulous fools are caught ;
And many worthy and chaste dames even thus,
All guiltless; meet reproach. What, ho ! my lord ! 48
My lord, I say ! Othello !
Enter Cassio.
How now, Cassio!
Cas. What’s the matter?
I ago. My lord is fallen into an epilepsy;
This is his second fit; he had one yesterday. 52
Cas. Rub him about the temples.
Iago. No, forbear;
The lethargy must have his quiet course.
If not he foams at mouth, and by and by Breaks out to savage madness. Look ! he stirs ;
Do you withdraw yourself a little while, 57
He will recover straight; when he is gone,
I would on great occasion speak with you.
[Exit Cassio.~\
How is it, general? have you not hurt your head? 60 Oth. Dost thou mock me?
Iago. I mock you ! no, by heaven.
Would you would bear your fortune like a man!
Oth. A horned man’s a monster and a beast.
Iago. There’s many a beast then, in a populous city, 64
And many a civil monster.
Oth. Did he confess it?
Iago. Good sir, be a man;
Think every bearded fellow that’s but yok’d May draw with you; there’s millions now alive 68
54 his: its
63 horned man: a deceived husband
65 civil: civilian
88
The Tragedy of Othello
That nightly lie in those unproper beds
Which they dare swear peculiar; your case is better.
O ! ’tis the spite of hell, the fiend’s arch-mock,
To lip a wanton in a secure couch, 72
And to suppose her chaste. No, let me know;
And knowing what I am I know what she shall be. Oth. O ! thou art wise; ’tis certain.
I ago. Stand you awhile apart;
Confine yourself but in a patient list. 76
Whilst you were here o’erwhelmed with your grief, — A passion most unsuiting such a man, —
Cassio came hither; I shifted him away.
And laid good ’scuse upon your ecstasy; 80
Bade him anon return and here speak with me;
The which he promis’d. Do but encave yourself.
And mark the fleers, the gibes, and notable scorns, That dwell in every region of his face ; 84
For I will make him tell the tale anew,
Where, how, how oft, how long ago, and when He hath, and is again to cope your wife:
I say, but mark his gesture. Marry, patience;
Or I shall say you are all in all in spleen, 89
And nothing of a man.
Oth. Dost thou hear, Iago?
I will be found most cunning in my patience ;
But — dost thou hear? — most bloody.
Iago. That’s not amiss ; 92
But yet keep time in all. Will you withdraw?
[ Othello goes apart. ] Now will I question Cassio of Bianca,
69 unproper: not their own 70 peculiar: their own
72 lip: kiss secure: care-free
76 in . . . list: within the bounds of patience
80 ecstasy: fit 82 encave: conceal 87 cope: encounter
89. 90 all . . . man; cf. n. 93 keep time: proceed fittingly
The Moor of Venice , IV. i
89
A housewife that by selling her desires Buys herself bread and clothes ; it is a creature That dotes on Cassio ; as ’tis the strumpet’s plague 97 To beguile many and be beguil’d by one.
He, when he hears of her, cannot refrain From the excess of laughter. Here he comes:
Enter Cassio.
As he shall smile, Othello shall go mad; 101
And his unbookish j ealousy must construe Poor Cassio’s smiles, gestures, and light behaviour Quite in the wrong. How do you now, lieu- tenant ? 104
Cas. The worser that you give me the addition Whose want even kills me.
Iago. Ply Desdemona well, and you are sure on ’t. [Speaking lower .] Now, if this suit lay in Bianca’s power, 108
How quickly should you speed !
Cas. Alas ! poor caitiff !
Oth. Look! how he laughs already!
Iago. I never knew woman love man so.
Cas. Alas ! poor rogue, I think, i’ faith, she loves me. 112
Oth. Now he denies it faintly, and laughs it out. Iago. Do you hear, Cassio?
Oth. Now he importunes him
To tell it o’er: go to; well said, well said.
Iago. She gives it out that you shall marry her; 116
Do you intend it?
Cas. Ha, ha, ha!
102 unbookish: unskilled 105 addition: title
109 speed '.prosper caitiff: wretch fused pityingly) 110 Cf. n.
90
The Tragedy of Othello, '
Oth. Do you triumph, Roman? do you tri- umph ? 119
Cas. I marry her! what? a customer? I prithee, bear some charity to my wit; do not think it so unwholesome. Ha, ha, ha !
Oth. So, so, so, so. They laugh that win.
I ago. Faith, the cry goes that you shall marry her. 125
Cas. Prithee, say true.
Iago. I am a very villain else.
Oth. Have you scored me? Well. 128
Cas. This is the monkey’s own giving out: she is persuaded I will marry her, out of her own love and flattery, not out of my promise.
Oth. Iago beckons me; now he begins the story. 133
Cas. She was here even now; she haunts me in every place. I was the other day talking on the sea bank with certain Venetians, and thither comes this bauble, and, by this hand, she falls me thus about my neck; —
Oth. Crying, ‘O dear Cassio!’ as it were; his gesture imports it. 140
Cas. So hangs and lolls and weeps upon me; so hales and pulls me ; ha, ha, ha !
Oth. Now he tells how she plucked him to my chamber. O ! I see that nose of yours, but not the dog I shall throw it to. 145
Cas. Well, I must leave her company.
Iago. Before me ! look, where she comes.
119 Roman: used metaphorically , in association with ‘ triumph ’
120 customer : prostitute 121 wit: intelligence
122 unwholesome: unsound 128 scored me: taken my measure ( ?)
131 flattery: self-flattery, delusion
137 bauble: plaything, trifle 147 Before me!; cf. n. on I. i. 4
The Moor of Venice, IV. i
91
Cas. ’Tis such another fitchew ! marry, a perfumed one. 149
Enter Bianca.
What do you mean by this haunting of me?
Bian. Let the devil and his dam haunt you! What did you mean by that same handkerchief you gave me even now ? I was a fine fool to take it. I must take out the work ! A likely piece of work, that you should find it in your chamber, and not know who left it there ! This is some minx’s token, and I must take out the work! There, give it your hobby-horse; wheresoever you had it I’ll take out no work on ’t.
Cas. How now, my sweet Bianca ! how now, how now ! 161
Oth. By heaven, that should be my handker- chief !
Bian. An you’ll come to supper to-night, you may; an you will not, come when you are next prepared for. Exit.
Iago. After her, after her.
Cas. Faith, I must; she’ll rail in the street else. 169
Iago. Will you sup there?
Cas. Faith, I intend so.
Iago. Well, I may chance to see you, for I would very fain speak with you. 173
Cas. Prithee, come; will you?
Iago. Go to; say no more. [Exit Cassio.~\
Oth. [ Advancing ] How shall I murder him, Iago? 177
148 such another: a patronizingly fond intensive, like modern 'such
a’ fitchew: amorous creature ( literally , polecat )
1S8 hobby-horse: low person, of either sex 164 An: if
92
The Tragedy of Othello
logo. Did you perceive how he laughed at his vice?
Oth. O ! Iago ! iso
Iago. And did you see the handkerchief?
Oth. Was that mine?
Iago. Yours, by this hand; and to see how he prizes the foolish woman your wife ! she gave it him, and he hath given it his whore. 185
Oth. I would have him nine years a-killing.
A fine woman! a fair woman! a sweet woman! Iago. Nay, you must forget that. 1S8
Oth. Ay, let her rot, and perish, and be damned to-night; for she shall not live. No, my heart is turned to stone; I strike it, and it hurts my hand. O ! the world hath not a sweeter creature; she might lie by an emperor’s side and command him tasks.
Iago. Nay, that’s not your way. 195
Oth. Hang her! I do but say what she is. So delicate with her needle ! An admirable musician! O, she will sing the savageness out of a bear. Of so high and plenteous wit and invention ! 200
Iago. She’s the worse for all this.
Oth. O ! a thousand, a thousand times. And then, of so gentle a condition !
Iago. Ay, too gentle. 204
Oth. Nay, that’s certain; — but yet the pity of it, Iago ! O ! Iago, the pity of it, Iago !
Iago. If you are so fond over her iniquity, give her patent to offend; for, if it touch not you, it comes near nobody. 209
195 your way: the way for you (to think of her ) 208 patent: license
The Moor of Venice , IV. i
98
Oth. I will chop her into messes. Cuckold me !
Iago. O ! ’tis foul in her. 212
Oth. With mine officer!
Iago. That’s fouler.
Oth. Get me some poison, Iago; this night: I’ll not expostulate with her, lest her body and beauty unprovide my mind again. This night, Iago. 218
Iago. Do it not with poison, strangle her in her bed, even the bed she hath contaminated.
Oth. Good, good; the justice of it pleases; very good.
Iago. And for Cassio, let me be his under- taker ; you shall hear more by midnight. 224
Oth. Excellent good. [A trumpet within .]
What trumpet is that same?
Iago. Something from Venice, sure. ’Tis Lodovico, Come from the duke; and see, your wife is with him. 228
Enter Lodovico, Desdemona, and Attendants.
Lod. God save you, worthy general !
Oth. With all my heart, sir.
Lod. The duke and senators of Venice greet you.
[ Gives him a letter .]
Oth. I kiss the instrument of their pleasures.
[ Opens the letter, and reads.\ Des. And what’s the news, good cousin Lodo- vico? 232
Iago. I am very glad to see you, signior;
Welcome to Cyprus.
Lod. I thank you. How does Lieutenant Cassio?
217 unprovide : unfit, weaken
223 undertaker: caretaker (i.e., settle him)
94
The Tragedy of Othello
lago. Lives, sir. 236
Des. Cousin, there’s fall’n between him and my lord
An unkind breach; but you shall make all well.
Oth. Are you sure of that?
Des. My lord? 240
Oth. [.Reads] ‘This fail you not to do, as you will’ —
Lod. He did not call ; he’s busy in the paper.
Is there division twixt my lord and Cassio?
Des. A most unhappy one; I would do much To atone them, for the love I bear to Cassio. 245 Oth. Fire and brimstone !
Des. My lord?
Oth. Are you wise?
Des. What! is he angry?
Lod. May be the letter mov’d him ;
For, as I think, they do command him home, Deputing Cassio in his government. 249
Des. Trust me, I am glad on’t.
Oth. Indeed!
Des. My lord?
Oth. I am glad to see you mad.
Des. Why, sweet Othello?
Oth. Devil! [ Strikes her .]
Des. I have not deserved this. 252
Lod. My lord, this would not be believ’d in Venice, Though I should swear I saw ’t: ’tis very much;
Make her amends, she weeps.
Oth. O devil, devil !
If that the earth could teem with woman’s tears.
Each drop she falls would prove a crocodile. 257
245 atone: reconcile
256 teem with: be impregnated by
249 government: office 257 falls: lets fall
The Moor of V enice, IV. i
95
Out of my sight!
Des. I will not stay to offend you.
[Going.]
Lod. Truly, an obedient lady;
I do beseech your lordship, call her back. 260
Oth. Mistress !
Des. My lord ?
Oth. What would you with her, sir?
Lod. Who, I, my lord?
Oth. Ay; you did wish that I would make her turn: Sir, she can turn, and turn, and yet go on, 264
And turn again ; and she can weep, sir, weep ;
And she’s obedient, as you say, obedient,
Very obedient. Proceed you in your tears. Concerning this, sir, — O well-painted passion ! —
I am commanded home. Get you away; 269
I’ll send for you anon. Sir, I obey the mandate,
And will return to Venice. Hence! avaunt!
[Exit Desdemona.]
Cassio shall have my place. And, sir, to-night,
I do entreat that we may sup together ; 273
You are welcome, sir, to Cyprus. Goats and monkeys !
Exit.
Lod. Is this the noble Moor whom our full senate Call all-in-all sufficient? is this the noble nature Whom passion could not shake? whose solid
virtue 277
The shot of accident nor dart of chance Could neither graze nor pierce?
Iago. He is much chang’d.
Lod. Are his wits safe? is he not light of brain ? 280
268 painted passion: simulated emotion
96
The Tragedy of Othello,
lago. He’s that he is; I may not breathe my cen- sure.
What he might be, if, what he might, he is not,
I would to heaven he were !
Lod. What ! strike his wife !
Iago. Faith, that was not so well; yet would I knew 284
That stroke would prove the worst !
Lod. Is it his use?
Or did the letters work upon his blood.
And new-create this fault?
Iago. Alas, alas !
It is not honesty in me to speak 288
What I have seen and known. You shall observe him.
And his courses will denote him so That I may save my speech. Do but go after And mark how he continues. 292
Lod. I am sorry that I am deceiv’d in him.
Exeunt.
Scene Two
\_A Room in the Castle~\
Enter Othello and Emilia.
Oth. You have seen nothing, then?
Emil. Nor ever heard, nor ever did suspect.
Oth. Yes, you have seen Cassio and her together. Emil. But then I saw no harm, and then I heard 4 Each syllable that breath made up between them. Oth. What! did they never whisper?
Emil. Never, my lord.
Oth. Nor send you out o’ the way?
282, 283 Cf. n.
28S use: custom
The Moor of V enice, IV. ii
97
Emil. Never.
Oth. To fetch her fan, her gloves, her mask, nor nothing ? 8
Emil. Never, my lord.
Oth. That’s strange.
Emil. I durst, my lord, to wager she is honest, 11 Lay down my soul at stake: if you think other, Remove your thought; it doth abuse your bosom.
If any wretch have put this in your head,
Let heaven requite it with the serpent’s curse !
For, if she be not honest, chaste, and true, 16
There’s no man happy ; the purest of their wives Is foul as slander.
Oth. Bid her come hither; go.
Exit Emilia.
She says enough; yet she’s a simple bawd
That cannot say as much. This is a subtle whore, 20
A closet lock and key of villainous secrets ;
And yet she’ll kneel and pray ; I have seen her do ’t.
Enter Desdemona and Emilia.
Des. My lord, what is your will ?
Oth. Pray, chuck, come hither.
Des. What is your pleasure?
Oth. Let me see your eyes; 24
Look in my face.
Des. What horrible fancy’s this?
Oth. [To Emilia.] Some of your function, mistress; Leave procreants alone and shut the door;
Cough or cry ‘hem’ if anybody come; 28
Your mystery, your mystery; nay, dispatch.
Exit Emilia.
12 other: otherwise 15 serpent’s curse; cf. Genesis 3. 14
21 closet lock and key: complete storeroom
26 function: profession (i.e., of procuress) 29 mystery : trade
98
The Tragedy of Othello
Des. Upon my knees, what doth your speech im- port?
I understand a fury in your words.
But not the words. 32
Oth. Why, what art thou?
Des. Your wife, my lord; your true
And loyal wife.
Oth. Come, swear it, damn thyself;
Lest, being like one of heaven, the devils themselves Should fear to seize thee; therefore be double- damn’d ; 36
Swear thou art honest.
Des. Heaven doth truly know it.
Oth. Heaven truly knows that thou art false as hell.
Des. To whom, my lord? with whom? how am I false?
Oth. Ah ! Desdemona ; away, away, away ! 40
Des. Alas, the heavy day! — Why do you weep?
Am I the motive of these tears, my lord?
If haply you my father do suspect An instrument of this your calling back, 44
Lay not your blame on me; if you have lost him, Why, I have lost him too.
Oth. Had it pleas’d heaven
To try me with affliction, had they rain’d All kinds of sores, and shames, on my bare head, 48 Steep’d me in poverty to the very lips,
Given to captivity me and my utmost hopes,
I should have found in some part of my soul A drop of patience; but, alas! to make me 52
The fixed figure for the time of scorn To point his slow unmoving finger at!
S3, 54 Cf. n.
The Moor of Venice, IV. ii
99
Yet could I bear that too; well, very well:
But there, where I have garner’d up my heart,
Where either I must live or bear no life, 57
The fountain from the which my current runs Or else dries up ; to be discarded thence !
Or keep it as a cistern for foul toads 60
To knot and gender in! Turn thy complexion there. Patience, thou young and rose-lipp’d cherubin;
Ay, there, look grim as hell !
Des. I hope my noble lord esteems me honest. 64 Oth. O! ay; as summer flies are in the shambles. That quicken even with blowing. O thou weed !
Who art so lovely fair and smell’st so sweet That the sense aches at thee, would thou hadst ne’er been born. 68
Des. Alas! what ignorant sin have I committed? Oth. Was this fair paper, this most goodly book. Made to write ‘whore’ upon ? What committed ! Committed ! O thou public commoner ! 72
I should make very forges of my cheeks,
That would to cinders burn up modesty.
Did I but speak thy deeds. What committed! Heaven stops the nose at it and the moon winks.
The bawdy wind that kisses all it meets 77
Is hush’d within the hollow mine of earth,
And will not hear it. What committed!
Impudent strumpet !
Des. By heaven, you do me wrong. 80
Oth. Are not you a strumpet?
Des. No, as I am a Christian.
If to preserve this vessel for my lord
61 gender: engender, multiply Turn . . . complexion: change
color, grow pale
62 cherubin; cf. n. 66 quicken . . . blowing; cf. n.
100
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From any other foul unlawful touch Be not to be a strumpet, I am none. 84
Oth. What! not a whore?
Des. No, as I shall be sav’d.
Oth. Is it possible?
Des. O ! heaven forgive us.
Oth. I cry you mercy, then;
I took you for that cunning whore of Venice 88
That married with Othello. You, mistress.
That have the office opposite to Saint Peter,
And keep the gate of hell !
Enter Emilia.
You, you, ay, you!
We have done our course; there’s money for your pains. 92
I pray you, turn the key and keep our counsel.
Exit.
Emil. Alas! what does this gentleman conceive? How do you, madam? how do you, my good lady? Des. Faith, half asleep. 96
Emil. Good madam, what’s the matter with my lord?
Des. With who?
Emil. Why, with my lord, madam.
Des. Who is thy lord ?
Emil. He that is yours, sweet lady, loo
Des. I have none; do not talk to me, Emilia;
T cannot weep, nor answer have I none,
But what should go by water. Prithee, to-night Lay on my bed my wedding sheets: remember:
And call thy husband hither.
87 cry you mercy: ask your pardon 103 go by water: express itself in tears
The Moor of V enice , IV. ii
101
Emil. Here is a change indeed! 105
Exit.
Des. ’Tis meet I should be us’d so, very meet.
How have I been behav’d, that he might stick
The small’st opinion on my least misuse? 108
Enter Iago and Emilia.
I ago. What is your pleasure, madam? How is it with you ?
Des. I cannot tell. Those that do teach young babes
Do it with gentle means and easy tasks ; 112
He might have chid me so; for, in good faith,
I am a child to chiding.
Iago. What’s the matter, lady?
Emil. Alas ! Iago, my lord hath so bewlior’d her, Thrown such despite and heavy terms upon her.
As true hearts cannot bear. 117
Des. Am I that name, Iago?
Iago. What name, fair lady?
Des. Such as she says my lord did say I was.
Emil. He call’d her whore; a beggar in his drink 120
Could not have laid such terms upon his callat.
Iago. Why did he so?
Des. I do not know ; I am sure I am none such. Iago. Do not weep, do not weep. Alas the day ! 124
Emil. Has she forsook so many noble matches, Her father and her country and her friends.
To be call’d whore? would it not make one weep? Des. It is my wretched fortune.
107, 108 stick . . . misuse: place the least censure on my slightest misdeed
121 callat: basest of low women
102
The Tragedy of Othello
Iago. Beshrew him for it! 128
How comes this trick upon him?
Des. Nay, heaven doth know.
Emil. I will be hang’d, if some eternal villain. Some busy and insinuating rogue.
Some cogging, cozening slave, to get some office, 132 Have not devis’d this slander; I’ll be hang’d else. Iago. Fie! there is no such man; it is impossible. Des. If any such there be, heaven pardon him! Emil. A halter pardon him, and hell gnaw his bones ! 136
Why should he call her whore? who keeps her com- pany?
What place ? what time ? what form ? what likelihood ? The Moor’s abus’d by some most villainous knave. Some base notorious knave, some scurvy fellow.
0 heaven ! that such companions thou’dst unfold, 141 And put in every honest hand a whip
To lash the rascals naked through the world,
Even from the east to the west !
Iago. Speak within door. 144
Emil. O ! fie upon them. Some such squire he was That turn’d your wit the seamy side without.
And made you to suspect me with the Moor.
Iago. You are a fool; go to.
Des. O good Iago, 148
What shall I do to win my lord again?
Good friend, go to him ; for, by this light of heaven,
1 know not how I lost him. Here I kneel:
If e’er my will did trespass ’gainst his love, 152
Either in discourse of thought or actual deed,
129 trick: vagary 132 cogging, cozening: deceiving, cheating
140 notorious: egregious, preeminent
141 companions: base fellows unfold: expose 144 within door, quietly, not from the house-tops 153 discourse: process (?)
The Moor of Venice, IV. ii
103
Or that mine eyes, mine ears, or any sense,
Delighted them in any other form;
Or that I do not yet, and ever did, 156
And ever will, though he do shake me off To beggarly divorcement, love him dearly,
Comfort forswear me ! Unkindness may do much ; And his unkindness may defeat my life, 160
But never taint my love. I cannot say ‘whore’ :
It does abhor me now I speak the word;
To do the act that might the addition earn Not the world’s mass of vanity could make me.
Iago. I pray you be content, ’tis but his humour; 165
The business of the state does him offence,
And he does chide with you.
Des. If ’twere no other, —
Iago. ’Tis but so, I warrant. [Trumpets •within.'] Hark ! how these instruments summon to supper ; 169
The messengers of Venice stay the meat:
Go in, and weep not; all things shall be well.
Exeunt Desdemona and Emilia.
Enter Roderigo.
How now, Roderigo ! 172
Rod. I do not find that thou dealest justly with me.
Iago. What in the contrary?
Rod. Every day thou daffest me with some device, Iago; and rather, as it seems to me now, keepest from me all conveniency, than suppliest
154 that : if 159 Comfort . . . me: may happiness forsake me
160 defeat: destroy 162 abhor : fill with abhorrence
164 vanity: finery {or, vain mass, futile hulk?)
167 chide with: quarrel with, ‘ take it out on ’
170 stay the meat: are waiting for supper
175 What evidence have you against me?
176 daffest me : puttest me off 178 conveniency : opportunity
104
The Tragedy of Othello
me with the least advantage of hope. I will in- deed no longer endure it, nor am I yet persuaded to put up in peace what already I have foolishly suffered. 182
Iago. Will you hear me, Roderigo?
Rod. Faith, I have heard too much, for your words and performances are no kin together.
Iago. You charge me most unjustly. 186
Rod. With nought but truth. I have wasted myself out of my means. The jewels you have had from me to deliver to Desdemona would half have corrupted a votarist; you have told me she has received them, and returned me expectations and comforts of sudden respect and acquaintance, but I find none. 193
Iago. Well; go to; very well.
Rod. Very well! go to! I cannot go to, man; nor ’tis not very well: by this hand, I say, it is very scurvy, and begin to find myself fopped in it. Iago. Very well. 198
Rod. I tell you ’tis not very well. I will make myself known to Desdemona; if she will return me my jewels, I will give over my suit and re- pent my unlawful solicitation ; if not, assure yourself I will seek satisfaction of you.
Iago. You have said now. 204
Rod. Ay, and said nothing but what I pro- test intendment of doing.
Iago. Why, now I see there’s mettle in thee, and even from this instant do build on thee a better opinion than ever before. Give me thy
179 advantage: increase, furthering
181 put up : accept 190 votarist: religious devotee, nun
1 92 sudden respect : immediate notice 197 fopped: swindled
The Moor of V enice , IV. ii
105
hand, Roderigo; thou hast taken against me a most just exception; but yet, I protest, I have dealt most directly in thy affair. 212
Rod. It hath not appeared.
Iago. I grant indeed it hath not appeared, and your suspicion is not without wit and judg- ment. But, Roderigo, if thou hast that in thee indeed, which I have greater reason to believe now than ever, I mean purpose, courage, and valour, this night show it: if thou the next night following enjoy not Desdemona, take me from this world with treachery and devise engines for my life.
Rod. Well, what is it? is it within reason and compass? 224
Iago. Sir, there is especial commission come from Venice to depute Cassio in Othello’s place.
Rod. Is that true? why, then Othello and Desdemona return again to Venice. 228
Iago. O, no ! he goes into Mauritania, and takes away with him the fair Desdemona, un- less his abode be lingered here by some accident; wherein none can be so determinate as the re- moving of Cassio. 233
Rod. How do you mean, removing of him? Iago. Why, by making him uncapable of Othello’s place; knocking out his brains.
Rod. And that you would have me do? 237
Iago. Ay; if you dare do yourself a profit and a right. He sups to-night with a harlotry, and thither will I go to him; he knows not yet of his honourable fortune. If you will watch
212 directly : straightforwardly 222 engines for: plots against
229 Mauritania: supposed land of the Moors; cf. n.
231 lingered: prolonged 232 determinate: decisive
106
The Tragedy of Othello
his going thence,— which I will fashion to fall out between twelve and one, — you may take him at your pleasure; I will be near to second your attempt, and he shall fall between us. Come, stand not amazed at it, but go along with me; I will show you such a necessity in his death that you shall think yourself bound to put it on him. It is now high supper-time, and the night grows to waste; about it. 250
Rod. I will hear further reason for this. lago. And you shall be satisfied. Exeunt.
Scene Three
[ Another Room in the Castle ]
Enter Othello, Lodovico, Desdemona, Emilia, and Attendants.
Lod. I do beseech you, sir, trouble yourself no further.
Oth. O ! pardon me; ’twill do me good to walk. Lod. Madam, good night; I humbly thank your ladyship.
Des. Your honour is most welcome.
Oth. Will you walk, sir?
O ! Desdemona, — 5
Des. My lord?
Oth. Get you to bed on the instant; I will be returned forthwith; dismiss your attendant there; look it be* done. 9
Des. I will, my lord.
Exit [Othello, with Lodovico and Attendants ]. Emil. How goes it now? he looks gentler than he did.
2S0 grows to waste: is wasting away
The Moor of Venice, IV. iii
107
Des. He says he will return incontinent; 12
He hath commanded me to go to bed.
And bade me to dismiss you.
Emil. Dismiss me !
Des. It was his bidding; therefore, good Emilia, Give me my nightly wearing, and adieu: 16
We must not now displease him.
Emil. I would you had never seen him.
Des. So would not I ; my love doth so approve him, That even his stubbornness, his checks and frowns, — 20
Prithee, unpin me, — have grace and favour in them. Emil. I have laid those sheets you bade me on the bed.
Des. All’s one. Good faith! how foolish are our minds !
If I do die before thee, prithee, shroud me 24
In one of those same sheets.
Emil. Come, come, you talk.
Des. My mother had a maid call’d Barbara;
She was in love, and he she lov’d prov’d mad And did forsake her ; she had a song of ‘willow’ ; 28
An old thing ’twas, but it express’d her fortune.
And she died singing it; that song to-night Will not go from my mind ; I have much to do But to go hang my head all at one side, 32
And sing it like poor Barbara. Prithee, dispatch. Emil. Shall I go fetch your night-gown?
Des. No, unpin me here.
This Lodovico is a proper man.
Emil. A very handsome man. 36
Des. He speaks well.
12 incontinent: immediately 25 talk: talk idly 32 But to: not to
23 All’s one: no matter 27 prov’d : became, went 34 night-gown: dressing-gown
108
The Tragedy of Othello ,
Emil. I know a lady in Venice would have walked barefoot to Palestine for a touch of his nether lip. 40
Des. [i Singing]
‘The poor soul sat sighing by a sycamore tree.
Sing all a green willow;
Her hand on her bosom, her head on her knee.
Sing willow, willow, willow: 44
The fresh streams ran by her, and murmur’d her moans ;
Sing willow, willow, willow:
Her salt tears fell from her, and soften’d the stones ;’ —
Lay by these. — 48
[Singing'] ‘Sing willow, willow, willow:’ —
Prithee, hie thee; he’ll come anon.—
[Singing]
‘Sing all a green willow must be my garland. Let nobody blame him, his scorn I approve,’ — 52
Nay, that’s not next. Hark! who is it that knocks ?
Emil. It is the wind.
Des. [Singing]
‘I call’d my love false love ; but what said he then? 56 Sing willow, willow, willow:
If I court moe women, you’ll couch with moe men.’
So, get thee gone; good night. Mine eyes do itch; Doth that bode weeping?
Emil. ’Tis neither here nor there.
Des. I have heard it said so. O ! these men, these men ! 61
41 The poor soul, etc.; cf. ft. 50 hie thee: make haste
58 moe: more, other
The Moor of Venice , IV. Hi
109
Dost tliou in conscience think, tell me, Emilia,
That there be women do abuse their husbands In such gross kind?
Emil. There be some such, no question.
Des. Wouldst thou do such a deed for all the world ? 65
Emil. Why, would not you?
Des. No, by this heavenly light!
Emil. Nor I neither by this heavenly light;
I might do ’t as well i’ the dark. 68
Des. Wouldst thou do such a deed for all the world ?
Emil. The world is a huge thing; ’tis a great price For a small vice.
Des. In troth, I think thou wouldst not.
Emil. In troth, I think I should, and undo ’t when I had done. Marry, I would not do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor measures of lawn, 74 nor for gowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition; but for the whole world, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a monarch ? I should venture purgatory for ’t. Des. Beshrew me, if I would do such a wrong For the whole world. 80
Emil. Why, the wrong is but a wrong i’ the world; and having the world for your labour, ’tis a wrong in your own world, and you might quickly make it right. 84
Des. I do not think there is any such woman. Emil. Yes, a dozen; and as many to the vantage, as would store the world they played for. 88
72,73 undo’t . . . done : see lines 81-84 74 joint-ring: ring made in interlocking halves 86,87 to . . . vantage: to boot, in addition
110
The Tragedy of Othello
But I do think it is their husbands’ faults If wives do fall. Say that they slack their duties, And pour our treasures into foreign laps.
Or else break out in peevish jealousies, 92
Throwing restraint upon us ; or, say they strike us. Or scant our former having in despite;
Why, we have galls, and though we have some grace. Yet have we some revenge. Let husbands know Their wives have sense like them; they see and smell, 97
And have their palates both for sweet and sour,
As husbands have. What is it that they do When they change us for others? Is it sport?
I think it is; and doth affection breed it? 101
I think it doth ; is ’t frailty that thus errs ?
It is so too ; and have not we affections,
Desires for sport, and frailty, as men have? 104
Then, let them use us well ; else let them know,
The ills we do, their ills instruct us so.
Ties. Good night, good night; heaven me such uses send,
Not to pick bad from bad, but by bad mend ! 108
Exeunt.
ACT FIFTH Scene One
[ A Street near Bianca’s lodging ]
Enter Iago and Roderigo.
I ago. Here, stand behind this bulk; straight will he come:
94 having: allowance, pin-money despite: spite
95 galls: spirit to resent injury 97 sense: sensations, feelings
101 affection : inclination 107 uses: ways of conducting myself
108 Cf.n. 1 bulk: projecting shelter
The Moor of Venice , V. i
ill
Wear thy good rapier bare, and put it home.
Quick, quick; fear nothing; I’ll be at thy elbow.
It makes us, or it mars us ; think on that, 4
And fix most firm thy resolution.
Rod. Be near at hand; I may miscarry in ’t.
Iago. Here, at thy hand: be bold, and take thy stand. [ Retires .]
Rod. I have no great devotion to the deed; 8
And yet he has given me satisfying reasons:
’Tis but a man gone: forth, my sword; he dies.
Iago. I have rubb’d this young quat almost to the sense.
And he grows angry. Now, whether he kill Cassio, 12
Or Cassio him, or each do kill the other.
Every way makes my gain: live Roderigo,
He calls me to a restitution large
Of gold and jewels that I bobb’d from him, 16
As gifts to Desdemona;
It must not be : if Cassio do remain.
He hath a daily beauty in his life That makes me ugly ; and, besides, the Moor 20
May unfold me to him ; there stand I in much peril. No, he must die. But so — I hear him coming.
Enter Cassio.
Rod. I know his gait; ’tis he. Villain, thou diest!
[Makes a pass at Cassio .] Cas. That thrust had been mine enemy indeed 24 But that my coat is better than thou know’st;
I will make proof of thine.
[Draws, and wounds Roderigo."]
II quat: pimple (cf. modern ‘scab’) sense: quick 16 bobb’d from him: cheated him out of
25 coat: i.e., he wore defensive armor under his outer garments
112
The Tragedy of Othello
Rod. O! I am slain. [ Falls .]
[ Iago from behind wounds Cassio in the leg, and exit .] Cas. I am maim’d for ever. Help, ho ! murder ! murder! [Falls.]
Enter Othello [at a distance ].
Oth. The voice of Cassio: Iago keeps his word. Rod. O! villain that I am!
Oth. It is e’en so. 29
Cas. O, help, ho ! light ! a surgeon !
Oth. ’Tis he: O brave Iago, honest and just,
That hast such noble sense of thy friend’s wrong, 32 Thou teachest me. Minion, your dear lies dead,
And your unblest fate hies; strumpet, I come!
Forth of my heart those charms, thine eyes, are blotted ;
Thy bed lust-stain’d shall with lust’s blood be spotted.
Exit Othello.
Enter Lodovico and Gratiano [at a distance ].
Cas. What ho! no watch? no passage? murder!
murder ! 37
Gra. ’Tis some mischance; the cry is very direful. Cas. O, help !
Lod. Hark ! 40
Rod. O wretched villain!
Eod. Two or three groan: it is a heavy night; These may be counterfeits ; let’s think ’t unsafe To come in to the cry without more help. 44
Rod. Nobody come? then shall I bleed to death. Lod. Hark!
Enter Iago, with a light.
33 Minion : hussy 37 passage : passers-by 42 heavy : thick, cloudy
The Moor of V enice, V. i
113
Gra. Here’s one comes in his shirt, with light and weapons.
Iago. Who’s there ? whose noise is this that cries on murder ? 48
Lod. We do not know.
Iago. Did not you hear a cry?
Cas. Here, here ! for heaven’s sake, help me.
Iago. What’s the matter?
Gra. This is Othello’s ancient, as I take it.
Lod. The same indeed ; a very valiant fellow.
Iago. What are you here that cry so griev- ously ? 53
Cas. Iago ? O ! I am spoil’d, undone by villains ! Give me some help.
Iago. O me, lieutenant ! what villains have done this ? 56
Cas. I think that one of them is hereabout,
And cannot make away.
Iago. O treacherous villains !
[To Lodovico and Gratiano.\ What are you there? come in, and give some help.
Rod. O ! help me here. 60
Cas. That’s one of them.
Iago. O murderous slave ! O villain !
Roderigo.]
Rod. O damn’d Iago! O inhuman dog!
Iago. Kill men i’ the dark ! Where be these bloody thieves ?
How silent is this town ! Ho ! murder ! murder !
What may you be ? are you of good or evil ? 65
Lod. As you shall prove us, praise us.
Iago. Signior Lodovico?
Lod. He, sir. 68
48 cries on: cries out, calls
66 praise: appraise, estimate
114
The Tragedy of Othello,
Iago. I cry you mercy. Here’s Cassio hurt by villains.
Gra. Cassio!
Iago. How is it, brother?
Cas. My leg is cut in two.
Iago. Marry, heaven forbid! 72
Light, gentlemen; I’ll bind it with my shirt.
Enter Bianca-
Bian. What is the matter, ho? who is ’t that cried? Iago. Who is ’t that cried !
Bian. O my dear Cassio ! my sweet Cassio ! 76
O Cassio, Cassio, Cassio!
Iago. O notable strumpet ! Cassio, may you suspect Who they should be that have thus mangled you ?
Cas. No. 80
Gra. I am sorry to find you thus ; I have been to seek you.
Iago. Lend me a garter. So. O ! for a chair.
To bear him easily hence!
Bian. Alas ! he faints ! O Cassio, Cassio, Cas- sio ! 84
Iago. Gentlemen all, I do suspect this trash To be a party in this injury.
Patience awhile, good Cassio. Come, come.
Lend me a light. Know we this face, or no ? 88
Alas ! my friend and my dear countryman,
Roderigo? no: yes, sure, O heaven! Roderigo.
Gra. What! of Venice?
Iago. Even he, sir: did you know him?
Gra. Know him! ay. 92
Iago. Signior Gratiano? I cry you gentle pardon;
82 chair: sedan-chair, litter
The Moor of Venice , V. i
115
These bloody accidents must excuse my manners, That so neglected you.
Gra. I am glad to see you.
Iago. How do you, Cassio ? Ola chair, a chair ! 96
Gra. Roderigo ! [A chair brought in.]
Iago. He, he, ’tis he. — O! that’s well said; the chair :
Some good men bear him carefully from hence;
I’ll fetch the general’s surgeon. [To Bianca.~\ For you, mistress, loo
Save you your labour. He that lies slain here, Cassio, Was my dear friend. What malice was between you? Cas. None in the world; nor do I know the man. Iago. [To Bianca.'] What! look you pale? O! bear him out o’ the air. 104
[Cassio and Roderigo are borne off.]
Stay you, good gentlemen. Look you pale, mis- tress ? —
Do you perceive the gastness of her eye?
Nay, if you stare, we shall hear more anon.
Behold her well; I pray you, look upon her: 108
Do you see, gentlemen ? nay, guiltiness will speak Though tongues were out of use.
Enter Emilia.
Emil. ’Las! what’s the matter? what’s the matter, husband ?
Iago. Cassio hath here been set on in the dark 112 By Roderigo and fellows that are ’scaped:
He’s almost slain, and Roderigo dead.
Emil. Alas! good gentleman; alas! good Cassio!
106 gastness: ghastliness
116
The Tragedy of Othello
Iago. This is the fruit of whoring. Prithee, Emilia, lie
Go know of Cassio where he supp’d to-night.
What ! do you shake at that ?
Bian. He supp’d at my house; but I therefore shake not.
Iago. O ! did he so ? I charge you, go with me. Emil. Fie, fie upon thee, strumpet! 121
Bian. I am no strumpet, but of life as honest As you that thus abuse me.
Emil. As I! foh ! fie upon thee!
Iago. Kind, gentlemen, let’s go see poor Cassio dress’d. 124
Come, mistress, you must tell ’s another tale.
Emilia, run you to the citadel.
And tell my lord and lady what hath happ’d.
Will you go on afore? [ Aside .] This is the night That either makes me or fordoes me quite. 129
Exeunt.
Scene Two
\_A Bedchamber in the Castle ]
Enter Othello with a light, and Desdemona in her bed.
Oth. It is the cause, it is the cause, my soul;
Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars !
It is the cause. Yet I’ll not shed her blood,
Nor scar that whiter skin of hers than snow, 4,
And smooth as monumental alabaster.
Yet she must die, else she’ll betray more men.
Put out the light, and then put out the light:
117 know: learn 129 fordoes: unmakes, destroys
Scene Two S. d. Enter . . . bed; cf. n.
The Moor of Venice , V. ii
117
If I quench thee, thou flaming minister, 8
I can again thy former light restore,
Should I repent me; but once put out thy light,
Thou cunning’st pattern of excelling nature,
I know not where is that Promethean heat 12
That can thy light relume. When I have pluck’d the rose,
I cannot give it vital growth again,
It needs must wither: I’ll smell it on the tree.
Kisses her.
0 balmy breath, that dost almost persuade lfi
Justice to break her sword ! One more, one more.
Be thus when thou art dead, and I will kill thee,
And love thee after. One more, and this the last:
So sweet was ne’er so fatal. I must weep, 20
But they are cruel tears; this sorrow’s heavenly.
It strikes where it doth love. She wakes.
Des. Who’s there? Othello?
Oth. Ay, Desdemona.
Des. Will you come to bed, my lord? 24
Oth. Have you pray’d to-night, Desdemona?
Des. Ay, my lord.
Oth. If you bethink yourself of any crime Unreconcil’d as yet to heaven and grace.
Solicit for it straight. 28
Des. Alas ! my lord, what may you mean by that ? Oth. Well, do it, and be brief; I will walk by:
1 would not kill thy unprepared spirit;
No; heaven forfend ! I would not kill thy soul.
Des. Talk you of killing?
Oth. Ay, I do.
12 Promethean heat: divine fire ; cf. n. 27 grace : God’s mercy 30 by: aside , apart
13 relume: rekindle 28 Solicit: pray 32 forfend: forbid
118
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Des. Then heaven 33
Have mercy on me !
Oth. Amen ! with all my heart.
Des. If you say so, I hope you will not kill me. Oth. Hum! 36
Des. And yet I fear you ; for you are fatal then When your eyes roll so. Why I should fear I know not.
Since guiltiness I know not; but yet I feel I fear.
Oth. Think on thy sins.
Des. They are loves I bear to you. 40
Oth. Ay, and for that thou diest.
Des. That death’s unnatural that kills for loving. Alas ! why gnaw you so your nether lip ?
Some bloody passion shakes your very frame; 44 These are portents, but yet, I hope, I hope They do not point on me.
Oth. Peace, and be still!
Des. I will so. What’s the matter?
Oth. That handkerchief which I so lov’d and gave thee 48
Thou gav’st to Cassio.
Des. No, by my life and soul !
Send for the man and ask him.
Oth. Sweet soul, take heed.
Take heed of per j ury ; thou’rt on thy death-bed.
Des. Ay, but not yet to die.
Oth. Yes, presently; 52
Therefore confess thee freely of thy sin;
For to deny each article with oath Cannot remove nor choke the strong conception That I do groan withal. Thou art to die. 56
Des. Then Lord have mercy on me !
Oth. I say, amen.
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Des. And have you mercy too ! I never did Offend you in my life; never lov’d Cassio But with such general warranty of heaven 60
As I might love ; I never gave him token.
Oth. By heaven, I saw my handkerchief in’s hand.
0 perjur’d woman ! thou dost stone my heart.
And mak’st me call what I intend to do 64
A murder, which I thought a sacrifice :
1 saw the handkerchief.
Des. He found it then;
I never gave it him. Send for him hither ;
Let him confess a truth.
Oth. He hath confess’d. 68
Des. What, my lord?
Oth. That he hath us’d thee.
Des. How ? unlawfully ?
Oth. Ay.
Des. He will not say so.
Oth. No; his mouth is stopp’d:
Honest Iago hath ta’en order for ’t. 72
Des. O! my fear interprets. What! is he dead? Oth. Had all his hairs been lives, my great revenge Had stomach for them all.
Des. Alas ! he is betray’d and I undone. 76
Oth. Out, strumpet! Weep’st thou for him to my face ?
Des. O ! banish me, my lord, but kill me not!
Oth. Down, strumpet!
Des. Kill me to-morrow ; let me live to-night !
Oth. Nay, if you strive, — 81
Des. But half an hour !
Oth. Being done, there is no pause.
60 general . . . heaven: permission granted by heaven to all 63 stone: make stony 72 order: measures
75 stomach: appetite 82 Being . . . pause; cf. n.
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The Tragedy of Othello
Des. But while I say one prayer!
Oth. It is too late. Smothers her.
Emilia at the door.
Emil. [ within .] My lord, my lord! what, ho! my lord, my lord! 84
Oth. What noise is this? Not dead? not yet quite dead?
I that am cruel am yet merciful;
I would not have thee linger in thy pain.
So, so.
Emil, within. What, ho ! ray lord, my lord !
Oth. Who’s there? 88
Emil, [within.'] O ! good my lord, I would speak a word with you !
Oth. Yes; ’tis Emilia: by and by. She’s dead.
’Tis like she comes to speak of Cassio’s death;
The noise was high. Ha! no more moving? 92
Still as the grave. Shall she come in? Were ’t good? I think she stirs again: no. What’s best to do?
If she come in she’ll sure speak to my wife:
My wife! my wife! what wife? I have no wife:
O, insupportable ! O heavy hour ! 9T
Methinks it should be now a huge eclipse Of sun and moon, and that the affrighted globe Should yawn at alteration.
Emil, [within.] I do beseech you loo
That I may speak with you, O good my lord.
Oth. I had forgot thee: O! come in, Emilia:
Soft, by and by: let me the curtains draw.
Where art thou? [Unlocks the door.]
Enter Emilia.
92 The . . . high; cf. n.
100 yawn at alteration; cf. n.
103 Soft: stop, wait
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What’s the matter with thee now? 104 Emil. O ! my good lord, yonder’s foul murder done. Oth. What! now?
Emil. But now, my lord.
Oth. It is the very error of the moon;
She comes more near the earth than she was wont, 108
And makes men mad.
Emil. Cassio, my lord, has kill’d a young Venetian Call’d Roderigo.
Oth. Roderigo kill’d!
And Cassio kill’d?
Emil. No, Cassio is not kill’d 112
Oth. Not Cassio kill’d! then murder’s out of tune. And sweet revenge grows harsh.
Des. O! falsely, falsely murder d.
Emil. Alas! what cry is that?
Oth. That! what? 116
Emil. Out, and alas! that was my lady’s voice: Help ! Help, ho ! help ! O lady, speak again !
Sweet Desdemona ! O ! sweet mistress, speak.
Des. A guiltless death I die. 120
Emil. O ! who hath done this deed?
Des. Nobody; I myself; farewell:
Commend me to my kind lord. O ! farewell !
[Dies.]
Oth. Why, how should she be murder’d?
Emil. Alas! who knows? 124
Oth. You heard her say herself it was not I.
Emil. She said so; I must needs report the truth. Oth. She’s like a liar gone to burning hell;
Twas I that kill’d her.
106 But: just
107 error: aberration, deviation
122
The Tragedy of Othello,
Emil. O ! the more angel she.
And you the blacker devil. 129
Oth. She turn’d to folly, and she was a whore. Emil. Thou dost belie her, and thou art a devil. Oth. She was false as water.
Emil. Thou art rash as fire to say
That she was false : O ! she was heavenly true. 133 Oth. Cassio did tup her; ask thy husband else.
O ! I were damn’d beneath all depth in hell
But that I did proceed upon just grounds 136
To this extremity. Thy husband knew it all.
Emil. My husband!
Oth. Thy husband.
Emil. That she was false to wedlock? 140
Oth. Ay, with Cassio. Nay, had she been true,
If heaven would make me such another world Of one entire and perfect chrysolite,
I’d not have sold her for it. 144
Emil. My husband!
Oth. Ay, ’twas he that told me first:
An honest man he is, and hates the slime That sticks on filthy deeds.
Emil. My husband!
Oth. What needs this iterance, woman? I say thy husband. 148
Emil. O mistress ! villainy hath made mocks with love.
My husband say that she was false !
Oth. He, woman;
I say, thy husband: dost understand the word?
My friend, thy husband, honest, honest Iago. 152 Emil. If he say so, may his pernicious soul
130 folly: unchastity 142 such another: another such
143 chrysolite : a precious stone 148 iterance: repetition
149 made mocks with: made a dupe of
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Rot half a grain a day ! he lies to the heart:
She was too fond of her most filthy bargain.
Oth. Ha! 156
Emil. Do thy worst:
This deed of thine is no more worthy heaven Than thou wast worthy her.
Oth. Peace ! you were best.
Emil. Thou hast not half the power tu do me harm 160
As I have to be hurt. O gull ! O dolt !
As ignorant as dirt ! thou hast done a deed, —
I care not for thy sword ; I’ll make thee known. Though I lost twenty lives. Help ! help, ho !
help ! 164
The Moor has kill’d my mistress ! Murder ! murder !
Enter Montano, Gratiano, and Iago [ with Attendants ].
Mon. What is the matter? How now, general! Emil. O! are you come, Iago? you have done well, That men must lay their murders on your neck.
Gra. What is the matter ? 169
Emil. Disprove this villain if thou be’st a man:
He says thou told’st him that his wife was false.
I know thou didst not, thou’rt not such a villain. Speak, for my heart is full. 173
Iago. I told him what I thought, and told no more Than what he found himself was apt and true.
Emil. But did you ever tell him she was false? 176 Iago. I did.
Emil. You told a lie, an odious damned lie;
Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie.
She false with Cassio ! Did you say with Cassio?
161 gull: fool
124
The Tragedy of Othello,
Iago. With Cassio, mistress. Go to, charm your tongue. 181
Emil. I will not charm my tongue; I am bound to speak.
My mistress here lies murder’d in her bed.
All. O heavens forfend! 184
Emil. And your reports have set the murder on. Oth. Nay, stare not, masters; it is true, indeed. Gra. ’Tis a strange truth.
Mon. O monstrous act!
Emil. Villainy! villainy! villainy!
I think upon ’t, I think, I smell ’t ; O villainy ! 189
I thought so then; I’ll kill myself for grief.
0 ! villainy, villainy !
Iago. What ! are you mad ? I charge you, get you home. 192
Emil. Good gentlemen, let me have leave to speak: ’Tis proper I obey him, but not now.
Perchance, Iago, I will ne’er go home.
Oth. Oh ! Oh ! Oh ! Othello falls on the bed.
Emil. Nay, lay thee down and roar.
For thou hast kill’d the sweetest innocent 197
That e’er did lift up eye.
Oth. O ! she was foul.
1 scarce did know you, uncle. There lies your niece.
Whose breath, indeed, these hands have newly
stopp’d: 200
I know this act shows terrible and grim.
Gra. Poor Desdemona ! I am glad thy father’s dead.
Thy match was mortal to him, and pure grief Shore his old thread in twain : did he live now, 204
181 charm: silence, as if by a magic spell
204 Shore: cut
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This sight would make him do a desperate turn,
Yea, curse his better angel from his side,
And fall to reprobation.
Oth. ’Tis pitiful; but yet Iago knows 208
That she with Cassio hath the act of shame A thousand times committed; Cassio confess’d it:
And she did gratify his amorous works
With that recognizance and pledge of love 212
Which I first gave her. I saw it in his hand:
It was a handkerchief, an antique token My father gave my mother.
Emil. O heaven! O heavenly powers!
Iago. Come, hold your peace.
Emil. 'Twill out, ’twill out; I hold my peace, sir? no; 217
No, I will speak as liberal as the north;
Let heaven and men and devils, let them all,
All, all, cry shame against me, yet I’ll speak. 220 Iago. Be wise, and get you home.
Emil. I will not.
[ Iago threatens to stab Emilia.\ Gra. Fie!
Your sword upon a woman?
Emil. O thou dull Moor! that handkerchief thou speak’st of
I found by fortune and did give my husband;
For often, with a solemn earnestness, 225
More than, indeed, belong’d to such a trifle,
He begg’d of me to steal it.
Iago. Villainous whore !
Emil. She give it Cassio ! no, alas ! I found it, 228 And I did give ’t my husband.
205 do . . . turn: commit some desperate deed
207 reprobation: damnation 212 recognizance: token _ 215 Cf. n.
218 as . . . north: as freely and strongly as the north wind
126
The Tragedy of Othello
Iago. Filth, thou liest!
Emil. By heaven, I do not, I do not, gentlemen.
O murderous coxcomb ! what should such a fool 231 Do with so good a wife?
Oth. Are there no stones in heaven
But what serve for the thunder? Precious villain! [He runs at Iago. Iago stabs Emilia, and exit.'] Gra. The woman falls: sure, he has kill’d his wife. Emil. Ay, ay; O ! lay me by my mistress’ side.
Gra. He’s gone; but his wife’s kill’d. 236
Mon. ’Tis a notorious villain. Take ,you this weapon,
Which I have here recover’d from the Moor.
Come, guard the door without; let him not pass.
But kill him rather. I’ll after that same villain,
For ’tis a damned slave. Exit [with Gratiano].
Oth. I am not valiant neither, 241
But every puny whipster gets my sword.
But why should honour outlive honesty?
Let it go all.
Emil. What did thy song bode, lady? 244
Hark, canst thou hear me? I will play the swan, And die in music: [Singing]
‘Willow, willow, willow.’ —
Moor, she was chaste; she lov’d thee, cruel Moor;
So come my soul to bliss as I speak true; 249
So speaking as I think, I die, I die. [Dies.]
Oth. I have another weapon in this chamber;
It is a sword of Spain, the ice brook’s temper.
O ! here it is. Uncle, I must come forth. 253
232 stones: bolts 238 recover’d: taken
242 whipster: (cf. modern whipper-snapper) stripling
243 honour: mere dignity honesty : fundamental righteousness 2S2 the . . . temper : tempered in icy water ; cf. n.
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Gra. [within.] If thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear:
Thou hast no weapon, and perforce must suffer.
Oth. Look in upon me then, and speak with me, 256
Or, naked as I am, I will assault thee.
[Enter Gratiano.]
Gra. What is the matter?
Oth. Behold! I have a weapon;
A better never did itself sustain
Upon a soldier’s thigh: I have seen the day, 260
That with this little arm, and this good sword,
I have made my way through more impediments Than twenty times your stop: but. O vain boast ! Who can control his fate? ’tis not so now. 264
Be not afraid, though you do see me weapon’d;
Here is my journey’s end, here is my butt,
And very sea-mark of my utmost sail.
Do you go back dismay’d? ’Tis a lost fear; 268
Man but a rush against Othello’s breast.
And he retires. Where should Othello go?
Now how dost thou look now? O ill-starr’d wench! Pale as thy smock ! when we shall meet at compt, 272 This look of thine will hurl my soul from heaven, And fiends will snatch at it. Cold, cold, my girl ! Even like thy chastity.
O ! cursed, cursed slave. Whip me, ye devils, 276 From the possession of this heavenly sight!
Blow me about in winds ! roast me in sulphur !
Wash me in steep-down gulfs of liquid fire !
257 naked : unarmed (as Gratiano supposed)
263 stop: power of prevention 266 butt: goal (literally , target)
267 sea-mark: beacon, limit 268 lost : wasted, unnecessary
269 Man: wield 272 compt: reckoning, on the Judgment Day
277 possession: flaunting obsession
128
The Tragedy of Othello,
O Desdemona! Desdemona! dead! 280
Oh! Oh! Oh!
Enter Lodovico, Montano, Iago [prisoner], and Officers, Cassio in a chair.
Lod. Where is this rash and most unfortunate man ? Oth. That’s he that was Othello; here I am.
Lod. Where is that viper? bring the villain forth. 284
Oth. I look down towards his feet; but that’s a fable.
If that thou be’st a devil, I cannot kill thee.
[ Wounds Iago .]
Lod. Wrench his sword from him.
Iago. I bleed, sir; but not kill’d.
Oth. I am not sorry neither; I’d have thee live ; 288
For, in my sense, ’tis happiness to die.
Lod. O thou Othello ! that wert once so good, Fall’n in the practice of a damned slave.
What shall be said to thee?
Oth. Why, any thing: 292
An honourable murderer, if you will;
For nought did I in hate, but all in honour.
Lod. This wretch hath part confess’d his villainy: Did you and he consent in Cassio’s death? 296
Oth. Ay.
Cas. Dear general, I never gave you cause.
Oth. I do believe it, and I ask your pardon.
Will you, I pray, demand that demi-devil 300
Why he hath thus ensnar’d my soul and body?
Iago. Demand me nothing: what you know, you know:
285 I look for the devil’s outward sign, a cloven hoof
The Moor of Venice, V. ii
129
From this time forth I never will speak word.
Lod. What ! not to pray ?
Gra. Torments will ope your lips.
Oth. Well, thou dost best. 305
Lod. Sir, you shall understand what hath befall’n, Which, as I think, you know not. Here is a letter Found in the pocket of the slain Roderigo, 308
And here another ; the one of them imports The death of Cassio to be undertook By Roderigo. 311
Oth. O villain !
Cas. Most heathenish and most gross !
Lod. Now here’s another discontented paper. Found in his pocket too; and this, it seems,
Roderigo meant to have sent this damned villain.
But that, belike, Iago in the interim 316
Came in and satisfied him.
Oth. O the pernicious caitiff!
How came you, Cassio, by that handkerchief That was my wife’s?
Cas. I found it in my chamber;
And he himself confess’d but even now 320
That there he dropp’d it for a special purpose Which wrought to his desire.
Oth. O fool! fool! fool!
Cas. There is besides in Roderigo’s letter How he upbraids Iago that he made him 324
Brave me upon the watch; whereon it came That I was cast: and even but now he spake.
After long seeming dead, Iago hurt him,
Iago set him on. 328
Lod. You must forsake this room and go with us; Your power and your command is taken off,
330 taken off: taken away
130
The Tragedy of Othello,
And Cassio rules in Cyprus. For this slave,
If there be any cunning cruelty 332
That can torment him much and hold him long,
It shall be his. You shall close prisoner rest.
Till that the nature of your fault be known To the Venetian state. Come, bring him away.
Oth. Soft you; a word or two before you go. 337 I have done the state some service, and they know ’t; No more of that. I pray you, in your letters,
When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, 340
Speak of me as I am; nothing extenuate,
Nor set down aught in malice: then must you speak Of one that lov’d not wisely but too well; 343
Of one not easily jealous, but, being wrought, Perplex’d in the extreme; of one whose hand,
Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away Richer than all his tribe; of one whose subdu’d eyes, Albeit unused to the melting mood, 348
Drop tears as fast as the Arabian trees Their medicinable gum. Set you down this;
And say besides, that in Aleppo once.
Where a malignant and a turban’d Turk 352
Beat a Venetian and traduc’d the state,
I took by the throat the circumcised dog,
And smote him thus. Stabs himself.
Lod. O bloody period!
Gra. All that’s spoke is marr’d,
Oth. I kiss’d thee ere I kilTcl thee ; no way but this, [ Falling upon Desdemona .]
Killing myself to die upon a kiss. Dies.
Cas. This did I fear, but thought he had no weapon ;
344 wrought: wrought upon, worked up
345 Perplex’d: desperately troubled
346 Indian; cf. n. 356 period : ending, close
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For he was great of heart.
Lod. [To Iago.~\ O Spartan dog! 360
More fell than anguish, hunger, or the sea.
Look on the tragic loading of this bed;
This is thy work; the object poisons sight;
Let it be hid. Gratiano, keep the house, 364
And seize upon the fortunes of the Moor,
For they succeed on you. To you, lord governor, Remains the censure of this hellish villain,
The time, the place, the torture ; O ! enforce it.
Myself will straight aboard, and to the state 369
This heavy act with heavy heart relate. Exeunt.
360 Spartan: for fierceness and taciturnity 361 fell : deadly
365 seize upon: take legal possession of 367 censure: judicial sentencing
FINIS.
NOTES
I. i. 4. ’Sblood. An oath, contracted from ‘God’s blood’ ; as ’Zounds, line 86 below, is a contraction from ‘God’s wounds,’ — the reference in both cases being to Christ (as of one substance with God) on the cross. In 1605 the superstitiously pious King James caused an Act to be passed forbidding swear- ing, blasphemy, etc., on the stage, and accordingly these oaths are omitted in the 1623 edition of the play, while other similar expressions throughout are either omitted or softened; cf. Iago’s mild ejaculation in IV. i. 147.
I. i. 13. bombast circumstance. Bombast was a cheap kind of cotton stuff used for padding Elizabe- than garments ; the obvious metaphorical use was very common.
I. i. 21. Here, on the very threshold, is a serious stumbling-block. Cassio has no wife, in the play. This may be an accidental echo of Shakespeare’s source, for Cassio’s prototype has a wife in Cinthio’s novel (cf. Appendix A) ; or it may be a mere trick, an effective line put in for the moment, regardless of the later inconsistency, relying upon the audience’s inability to apply to the play the minute cross- examination possible in the study. (If any emenda- tion be adopted, Tyrwhitt’s suggestion of ‘life’ for ‘wife’ seems most plausible: the sense then being ‘too civil by half,’ ‘too good to be true,’ etc., in keeping with Iago’s later criticism in V. i. 18-20.)
I. i. 30. belee’d and calm’d. A nautical metaphor, meaning ‘Have the wind (of Othello’s favor) taken from my sails: be superseded by this interloper.’
I. i. 31. By debitor and creditor. ‘By a dealer in irrelevant technicalities.’
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counter-caster. ‘One who casts accounts, or reckons by counters’; cf. Iago’s earlier term, arithmetician, line 19 above. These expressions are all intended to cast contempt on Cassio as a man of books and figures, not of warlike deeds.
I. i. 33. God bless the mark! Originally this was a pious formula to avert the consequences of an evil omen ; then, by ironical inversion, it came to be a con- temptuous interjection equivalent to ‘forsooth’ or a mild oath.
ancient. This spelling represents the way in which the word ‘ensign’ was pronounced. Cassio and Iago were of much higher rank than their titles indicate, for they were staff-officers, the commander-in-chief’s immediate aides.
I. i. 39. in any . . . affin’d. ‘Am on any such footing (terms) with him as to be bound’; or ‘in any just sentence (opinion, manner of speaking) am bound.’
I. i. 63. complement. In spite of the unanimity of all the Quartos and Folios on this point, most editors have followed Rowe in spelling and interpreting this word as compliment, ‘outward ceremony’; but in its original form the word may mean ‘a completing accessory or adjunct’ (N. E. D.), a corresponding indication, or counterpart, which would make better sense here.
I. i. 124. The tedious time about midnight; a ‘toss-up,’ indeterminate odd or even, as to whether it be the last moments of one day or the first of the next.
I. i. 137. There is a reference here to Othello’s being a ‘soldier of fortune,’ not a native of Venice. Venetian law required that the commander-in-chief of Venetian forces should be a politically disqualified alien, so that no political ambition might distract him from the strict performance of his military duties and jeopardize the welfare of the state.
134
The Tragedy of Othello .
I. i. 151. Cyprus wars. The historical date at which the action of the play took place has usually been given as 1570, on the strength of Reed’s asser- tion that in that year ‘Mustapha, Selymus’ general, attacked Cyprus,’ after having effected a junction with another Turkish fleet at Rhodes. But in the play (1) the Turks did not ‘attack’ Cyprus, and (2) they were reported (I. iff. 14-31) as intending to ‘attack’ Rhodes — which had been in their hands since 1522. The date of the action of the play must there- fore be placed between 1471, the year in which the Venetians assumed virtual sovereignty of Cyprus, and 1522, the year in which the Turks became masters of Rhodes. The Turkish expedition described in the play must then have been either too abortive for record in history, or entirely fictitious: for none such is known, between those dates [according to Malone and Reed (Furness, 357) ; but the ‘hypothetical attack’ cited in Appendix A ( 1 ) as ‘meditated, accord- ing to report’ in 1508 (Furness, 374) would satisfy all Shakespeare’s requirements],
I. ii. 13, 14. ‘And has, in actual effect (though not by law), an influence as weighty as the Duke’s own.’ Iago was simply ‘talking big’ in order to alarm Othello by exaggerating Brabantio’s importance.
I. ii. 23. The word ‘unbonneted’ cannot be cer- tainly explained, but the general sense of the passage is clear: Othello, unknown to Brabantio, is of royal descent and may therefore properly enter, without sign or sense of inferiority, even upon the high es- tate of matrimonial alliance with Brabantio’s family.
I. ii. 26. unhoused. Possibly merely ‘unmarried’ ; but probably ‘unhampered,’ free as the open air; just the opposite of ‘cabin’d, cribb’d, confin’d,’ Macbeth III. iv. 24.
I. ii. 75. motion. The commentators are uncertain here. Perhaps ‘motion’ means ‘power of motion’ (as in Romeo and Juliet III. ii. 59), and thus ‘self-
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control.’ Cf. our modern phrase ‘of one’s own motion,’ which dates back to 1426, according to the Oxford Dictionary. — Ritson paraphrases: ‘impair the faculties.’
I. ii. 98, 99. ‘If Othello is allowed to commit such an outrage with impunity, Venice may just as well give over the governing power outright to him and his kind (slaves and aliens).’
I. iii. S. d. Enter . . . attendants. A typical specimen of the quaint stage directions frequent in early plays.
I. iii. 10-12. ‘I do not feel so reassured by the mere discrepancy in detail as not to credit, with dreadful apprehensions, the underlying main point.’
I. iii. 95. motion. The commentators suggest ‘impulse,’ ‘natural desires,’ etc. ; yet the usual modern meaning of the word is not impossible: ‘so still and pure by nature that the mere physical incidents of any action or exertion put her to the blush.’
I. iii. 212-217. ‘Anyone can bear well the sentence which inflicts a grievous penalty if he is not per- sonally concerned in anything but the moral consola- tions freely bestowed by the judge on such occasions; but the poor condemned man must both pay the pen- alty and suffer the sorrow, if he has no hope of re- dress beyond mere silent endurance. All these moral- izing adages are equivocal and worthless, however, for they work equally well both ways — whether for gratifying or embittering one’s feelings.’ Brabantio’s sententious couplets are uttered in scornful ridicule of the Duke’s stilted Senecan platitudes.
I. iii. 251. ‘My storming, forcing, daring of For- tune’s apportionments.’ Perhaps the First Quarto’s ‘scorne of Fortunes’ is the better reading.
I. iii. 258. moth, etc. A concentrated metaphor. It suggests the futile fluttering of a moth, its con- fined sphere indoors, and its triviality; while there is also implied the sharp contrast between the dis-
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carded, idle garments which are the moth’s prey, and the apparel in active (military) use far removed from the moth’s depredations.
I. iii. 265, 266. ‘Not to gratify mere lust and my normal marital right, — for the wanton passions of youth are dead in me.’ Othello is simply recipro- cating Desdemona’s high-minded utterance above, lines 254-256.
I. iii. 271. seel. Literally, a hawking term, mean- ing to sew the lids of a falcon’s eyes together in order to restrict the sight while the bird was being trained ; thence used metaphorically in a variety of senses, such as to blind, cover, conceal, restrain, fetter, etc.
II. i. 26. Veronesa. ‘Verennessa,’ Folio 1 ; ‘Vero- nesso,’ Folios 2, 3, 4; ‘Veronessa,’ Quartos 1, 2; and all these early editions have a colon after ‘put in,’ and a comma after the disputed word, — which would make ‘Veronesa’ refer to Cassio (whom we know to be a Florentine). The emended punctuation adopted in the text makes ‘Veronesa’ refer to the ship which has just arrived, with the explanation that Verona, though an inland town, might tit out a ship as part of her tribute to Venice; and Sir Edward Sullivan, in The Nineteenth Century for August, 1908, has added probability to this interpretation by showing that Verona was considered a maritime town in the sixteenth century owing to the navigability of the Adige.
II. i. 50, 51. ‘Therefore, while not foolishly over- confident, I am emboldened to hope for the best.’ A condensed figure almost incapable of precise literal paraphrase.
II. i. 65. A much disputed, much emended pas- sage. The gloss here and in the preceding line at- tempts only a free version of one possible interpreta- tion, based on the supposition that Cassio intended,
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not a climactic advance in idea over line 63, but an emphatic re-statement of the same idea.
II. i. 112. housewifery, housewives. Pronounced ‘huzzifry,’ ‘huzzivs.’ The modern ‘hussy’ (merely a phonetic transcription of ‘housewife’) shows the slur intended.
II. i. 155. Probably some cant saying or ‘double entendre/ now lost, gave point to this line in Shake- speare’s day. No entirely satisfactory interpretation has been brought forward, but one plausible expla- nation is this: to exchange the seemingly best part of a worthless thing for the seemingly worst part of a really good thing.
II. i. 315. ‘If this poor wretch, whom I stoop to follow up for the sake of utilizing his eagerness in this hunt, has manhood enough to carry out my in- structions about entrapping Cassio, why then I’ll have Cassio on the hip.’ It should be stated that this interpretation rejects Steevens’ emendation, almost universally adopted by modern editors, of ‘trash’ (hunting term, meaning to check a too forward dog by fastening a weight about its neck) for ‘trace.’ The interpretation of Steevens’ reading is this: ‘If this worthless wretch of Venice, whom I have to restrain because of his too great eagerness in pursuing Des- demona.’ But no one unfamiliar with the rest of the play could possibly extract this meaning from the words ‘trash for his quick hunting,’ for up to this point Iago has welcomed (not ‘checked’) Roderigo’s eagerness and in fact has found it insufficient (cf. I. iii. 340-392, and II. i. 217-220) ; and it is not until two scenes later, at the very end of this act (II. iii. 372-391), that there is the least indication that Iago is embarrassed by Roderigo’s over-eagerness.
II. iii. There was no new scene necessary here, on the Elizabethan stage, and none is indicated in the Folios or Quartos. Theobald first assigned a new
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location for the action after the Herald’s departure, and Capell first added the caption ‘Scene iii.’
II. iii. 59. ‘That keep their honor constantly in mind’ (and are quick to construe anything as an insult and to quarrel on slight grounds).
II. iii. 72. This song like the next (line 93) need not necessarily be credited to Iago’s invention, or to Shakespeare’s. The first was quite possibly an Eliza- bethan tavern catch, and the second was certainly an old English ballad.
II. iii. 136. ‘He’ll see the hour-hand of the clock make two complete revolutions’ ; i.e., stay awake for twenty-four hours at a stretch, get no sleep all night long.
II. iii. 153. Either ‘slash him till he resembles a Chianti bottle covered with straw net-work’ (Booth), or ‘beat him till he runs to hide himself in one of the wicker flasks we’ve just been using’ (Hart). Cf. also Much Ado About Nothing I. i. 267: ‘Hang me in a bottle like a cat And shoot at me,’ and the note thereon.
II. iii. 163. Diablo. Oath or exclamation of ex- citement: ‘the Devil!’ A typical Elizabethan affecta- tion of elegance was this garnishing of the speech with scraps of Spanish.
II. iii. 218. on . . . safety. ‘Guard-post estab- lished to secure the general safety.’ Hendiadys for ‘court of guard’ (cf. II. i. 221).
II. iii. 310. Hydra. A monster with several heads, one of them immortal ; but whenever one of the others was cut off, several new ones replaced it. The de- struction of the Lernsean Hydra was the second of the Twelve Labors of Hercules.
II. iii. 372, 373. ‘I seem to be hunting, not for any spoils that I may gain, but merely for sound and effect.’ To ‘fill up a cry’ was to contribute a needed note in the harmonious barking of a pack of hounds —
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which had nothing to do with the actual killing of the quarry.
III. i. 2. S. d. Clown. The Clown here must have been a licensed jester, like Touchstone, in Othello’s train: cf. III. iv. 1-23.
III. i. 3, 4. The Neapolitans spoke Italian with a marked nasal twang.
III. i. 43. Iago was a Venetian, Cassio a Floren- tine; the latter merely means to say, ‘I never expe- rienced more honesty and kindness even in one of my own countrymen than in this man.’ (Malone.)
III. i. 52. Opportunity, in the fable, had no hair on the back of the head and hence must be grasped by the fore-lock. (Cf. I. iii. 80, and gloss.)
III. iii. 14-16. ‘He may either of himself think it politic to keep me out of office so long, or he may be satisfied with such slight reasons, or so many acci- dents may’ arise to postpone from time to time his intended re-instatement of me, ‘that I may be quite forgotten.’ (Johnson.)
III. iii. 23. watch him tame. A metaphor drawn from falconry: hawks were tamed, i.e., their fierce spirit of resistance was broken, by deprivation of sleep.
III. iii. 260-263. An elaborate metaphor drawn from falconry. A ‘haggard’ was a wild hawk caught when mature and often found to be irreclaimable, unamenable to discipline; a word with such a mean- ing readily lent itself to use as a term of reproach applied to a loose woman. ‘Jesses’ were leather leg- straps by which the hawk was fastened to the leash. ‘The falconers always let the hawk fly [‘whistle her off’ = start her] against the wind; if she flies with the wind behind her, she seldom returns. If there- fore a hawk was for any reason to be dismissed, she was “let down the wind,” and from that time shifted for herself and “preyed at fortune.” ’ (Johnson.)
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III. iii. 387. Her. This reading, ‘Her,’ is based on Quartos 2, 3, and has been uniformly adopted in standard modern editions; but the reading ‘My,’ of the Folios and Quarto 1, may yet come to be consid- ered superior.
III. iii. 454-461. Steevens cites Holland’s trans- lation of Pliny’s Natural History, 1601, as the prob- able source of Shakespeare’s assertion about the cur- rent of the Pontic or Black Sea (the ancient Pontus Euxinus).
III. iv. 47, 48. The commentators have brought to light sufficient early plays on the words ‘hearts’ and ‘hands’ (to which might be added Herrick’s Panegerick to Sir Lewis Pemberton, lines 35-43) to show that this was a favorite quibble. The full mean- ing here is not readily grasped (even by Desdemona: cf. line 49), but one reasonable interpretation of the main drift is the following: ‘The joining of hands in marriage formerly meant the giving of hearts also, but nowadays we have a formal outward union of hands without any accompanying inward union of hearts’; i.e., he accuses Desdemona of secretly loving Cassio instead of her husband.
III. iv. 172. keep a week away. This passage, Lodovico’s arrival with the message from the Senators presupposing their receipt of a report from Othello about the Turks’ discomfiture (IV. i. 229 ff.), Rode- rigo’s ‘Every day thou daffest me’ (IV. ii. 176), and various other points in the play would seem to imply that many days must have elapsed since Othello’s arrival in Cyprus; yet an unbroken sequence of time- indications can be cited to show that he landed Sat- urday afternoon and killed Desdemona Sunday night. In this dilemma (which arises, of course, only in close study of the play, never in witnessing a performance) Professor John Wilson, in 1850, proposed the theory that Shakespeare consciously or unconsciously em- ployed ‘Double Time,’ i.e.. Dramatic or Short Time
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and Historic or Long Time: ‘Short for maintaining the tension of the passion. Long for a thousand gen- eral needs ; . . . one for our sympathy with Othello’s tempest of heart, one for the verisimilitude of the transaction.’ The question is ably handled in several works listed in Appendix D.
IV. i. 6. ‘It is dissimulation towards the devil to act wickedly in outward appearances and yet “mean virtuously.” ’ (Hart.)
IV. i. 17. ‘People often have honor (receive out- ward respect) who have no honor (possess no inward virtue)’; or, more simply: ‘Often some people seem to be honorable who really are not so.’
IV. i. 35-44. These are the disjointed ejaculations of an agonized mind on the verge of collapse. There are few phrases in it where the reference is not fairly clear.
IV. i. 89, 90. all . . . man. ‘Altogether given over to mere passionate impulse, and not a real man.’
IV. i. 110. This line and all Othello’s speeches down to line 176 are supposed to be spoken in his hiding-place, where he is both visible and audible to the audience but neither visible nor audible to Cassio and Iago.
IV. i. 282, 283. ‘I devoutly wish that he were his true self — if indeed (but far be it from me to assert that such is the case) he really is anything less than what we had hoped he might be.’ A purposely in- volved and guarded utterance: lines 288, 289 give Iago’s professed motive for his reticence; and cf. his similar tactics in III. iii. 133-154.
IV. ii. 53, 54. A much-discussed crux, capable only of some such tentative explanation as the fol- lowing: ‘The pilloried target for all scornful Time to pass slowly by and point his seemingly unmoving finger at.’ Othello shudders at his prospective un- enviable immortality as a proverbial bv-word or
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synonym for a deceived husband. The Folios read ‘slow, and moving,’ defensible as hendiadys for ‘slowly moving’ : but this reduces the vividly imagina- tive paradox of the Quarto reading to tame matter- of-fact prose.
IV. ii. 62. cherubin. A plural form used with a singular signification, by a common mistake. That the cherub was traditionally painted with a scarlet countenance is vouched for by Chaucer’s phrase, ‘a fyr-reed cherubinnes face’ ( Prologue , 624).
IV. ii. 66. quicken . . . blowing. The reference is to the blow-fly, which lays its eggs on meat — cf. shambles — and ‘again becomes pregnant [quicken] the very instant it has laid a batch of eggs [blow- ing].’ (Deighton.)
IV. ii. 229. Mauritania. It is on such expressions as this and Iago’s ‘Barbary’ (I. i. 112) that those rely who wish to prove that Shakespeare thought of Othello as a bronze-colored Moor, while those who maintain that he conceived of him as a jet-black full- blooded negro cite I. i. 66, I. ii. 70, III. iii. 388, 389, etc. The modern stage practice, of presenting Othello as light brown or bronzed, dates only from Edmund Kean’s innovation; see Appendix B. This problem is fully discussed in some of the works listed in Appendix D.
IV. iii. 41. The poor soul, etc. This is an old ballad, preserved in various versions with various musical settings. Shakespeare has altered it, appar- ently, for in the version in Percy’s Reliques the for- saken lover is a man.
IV. iii. 108. ‘Not to make ill-treatment an excuse for bad conduct, but to improve under adversity.’
V. ii. S. d. Enter . . . bed. Another interesting stage direction, taken from the Quartos. On the Elizabethan stage Othello would enter and, drawing
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the curtain before the innermost rear stage, under the balcony, reveal Desdemona in bed asleep.
V. ii. 12. Promethean heat. Prometheus, in classi- cal mythology, stole from heaven the sacred element of fire, originally unobtainable on the earth. Othello means here that the spark of life, once extinguished, cannot be rekindled without some superhuman agency.
V. ii. 82. Being . . . pause. A disputed line. ‘While it is being done, there must be no pause’ (re- ferring to lines 85-88, below) ; or, ‘The agony of un- certainty being over now and my decision made, the mere carrying out of my determination gives me no pause’ (referring to III. iii. 190-192).
V. ii. 92. The . . . high. Probably referring to the outcry resulting from the attack on Cassio; Othello is accounting to himself for Emilia’s disturb- ing presence outside.
V. ii. 100. yawn at alteration. ‘Crack open at this monstrous change.’ Earthquakes were believed to accompany or follow eclipses. These lines, 96- 100, recall Othello’s earlier saying. III. iii. 91, 92.
V. ii. 215. This statement is inconsistent with III. iv. 56, 57, though perhaps reconcilable by casuistry.
V. ii. 252. the ice brook’s temper. The gloss gives the usual interpretation; but ‘temper’ here may also mean ‘temperature’ (cf. N. E. D., s. v., 7). The sense of the phrase then would be ‘cold and ruthless as ice.’
V. ii. 346. Indian. This is the reading of Folios 2, 3, 4, and all the Quartos, as well as of practically all modern editions. The First Folio alone gives ‘Iudean’ (i.e., Judean), which has been defended by few modern critics.
APPENDIX A
Sources of the Play
Furness cites two actual historical personages who have been named as possible models for Shakespeare’s Othello. (1) Christopher Moro [the latter word signifying in Italian either mulberry or blackamoor], a heroic Venetian general, returned to Venice in 1508 from the lord-lieutenancy of Cyprus, after the failure of ‘an hypothetical’ or threatened Turkish attack on the island, in mourning for his recently deceased wife. (2) San Pietro di Bastelica, an Italian adven- turer of great distinction in the service of France, in 1563 returned abruptly from a mission to Constan- tinople (to beg assistance for the Corsicans from the Turks) because of artfully circulated reports of his innocent wife’s infidelity; thereupon, after a scene of mingled tenderness and ferocity on his part and gentle submission on hers, he asked pardon upon his knees for the deed he was about to commit and then deliberately strangled her with her handkerchief. The stories of both these personages may well have been retailed in England within Shakespeare’s hear- ing and so may have influenced him; but the chief accepted source for the play remains a prose tale by Cinthio.
Giovanbattista Giraldi, called Cinthio, was a sixteenth-century novelist, poet, dramatist, and university professor of Ferrara who compiled, and published at Monteregale, Sicily, in 1565, an edify- ing ‘philosophical’ work wherein ten moral virtues or their opposites are illustrated by ten appropriate tales apiece, — thence entitled Hecatommithi ( The Hundred Fables). The seventh novel of the third decade is the source of Othello; but Shakespeare,
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unless we credit him with a knowledge of Italian or French (a French translation appeared in 1583) or Spanish (a Spanish translation appeared in 1590), seemingly gained his acquaintance with the Hecatom- mithi at second hand, for no English translation of the work in the sixteenth or seventeenth centuries is known to us.
Cinthio gives a name to none of his prototypes of Shakespeare’s characters except the heroine, who is called ‘Disdemona’; Othello is simply ‘the Moor,’ Iago ‘the Ensign,’ Cassio ‘the Captain of the troop’ or ‘the Captain,’ Emilia ‘the Ensign’s wife,’ and Bianca ‘a courtesan,’ while Brabantio, Lodovico, Gratiano, Montano, Roderigo, the Duke, and the Clown do not appear, and on the other hand ‘the Captain of the troop’ is provided with an unnamed wife. Cinthio’s narrative may be summarized thus, for the sake of the instructive lesson it affords in Shakespeare’s method of plot-construction: —
Despite parental opposition, Disdemona loved and married a valiant Moor who had rendered distin- guished military service to the Venetian state, and the two lived happily together in Venice for some time, till the Senate appointed the Moor to the com- mand of the troops being sent out as a new garrison for Cyprus. Rather than be separated from her husband, Disdemona insisted upon sharing the perils of the voyage. They accordingly set sail and in due time ‘with a perfectly tranquil sea arrived safely at Cyprus.’1 Now a wicked Ensign among the soldiery, of whose wife Disdemona became very fond, fell pas- sionately in love with the Moor’s wife and ‘bent all his thoughts to achieve his conquest ; . . . but she, whose every wish was centred in the Moor, had no thought for this Ensign more than for any other man.’ The
i The quotations are taken from Taylor’s translation, 1855, as reprinted by Furness.
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Ensign, ascribing his failure to a certain Captain of a troop to whom Disdemona had always shown great kindness, because of the Moor’s affection for him, determined to revenge himself by bringing about the death of the Captain and destroying the Moor’s love for the lady. ‘Not long afterwards it happened that the Captain, having drawn his sword upon a soldier of the guard, and struck him,’ was punished by being deprived of his rank; Disdemona’s impulsive inter- cession thereupon, out of mere friendliness and con- cern lest her husband should ‘lose so dear a friend,’ gave the wicked Ensign a hint upon which he promptly acted by dexterously insinuating to the Moor, ‘after feigning at first great reluctance to say aught that might displease,’ that the lady sought the Captain’s restoration to favor for her own sake, ‘and all the more since she has taken an aversion to your blackness.’ The enraged husband’s demand for posi- tive proof was temporarily satisfied by lies and promises, and afterwards ‘the villain resolved on a new deed of guilt.
‘Disdemona often used to go to visit the Ensign’s wife, and remained with her a good part of the day. Now the Ensign observed that she carried about with her a handkerchief, which he knew the Moor had given her, finely embroidered in the Moorish fashion. Then he conceived the plan of taking this kerchief from her secretly, and thus laying the snare for her final ruin. The Ensign had a little daughter, a child three years of age, who was much loved by Disdemona, and one day, when the unhappy lady had gone to pay a visit at the house of this vile man, he took the little child up in his arms and carried her to Disdemona, who took her and pressed her to her bosom; whilst at the same instant this traitor, who had extreme dexterity of hand, drew the kerchief from her sash so cunningly that she did not notice him.’
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After this ‘it seemed as if fate conspired with the Ensign to work the death of the unhappy Disdemona.’ The handkerchief was dropped in the Captain’s apartment and found by him; the Moor was made to witness a conversation in which the Ensign’s pantomime seemed to indicate that the Captain was confessing everything; Disdemona naturally failed to produce the handkerchief when it was called for; and the Moor, wholly convinced now, ‘fell to medi- tating how he should put his wife to death, and like- wise the Captain, so that their death should not be laid to his charge.’ ‘The Ensign’s wife, who knew the whole truth, but dared not, from fear of her husband, disclose a single circumstance,’ tried to warn Disdemona indirectly, but the Ensign pointed out to the Moor the Captain’s wife ‘standing at a window, where she could be seen by all the passers-by in the street,’ with the handkerchief in her posses- sion, and the doom of the two innocent victims was sealed. ‘After much entreating and being richly paid,’ the Ensign finally overcame his fears and one dark night assaulted the Captain, who was ‘on his way to visit a courtesan,’ and with one blow cut off his right leg at the thigh; only the wounded man’s vigorous sword-play and the speedy response to his cries for assistance saved his life.
Then the Ensign and the Moor ‘consulted of one means and another — poison and daggers — to kill poor Disdemona, but could resolve on nothing. At length the Ensign said, “A plan comes to my mind, which will give you satisfaction and raise cause for no sus- picion. It is this: the house in which you live is very old, and the ceiling of your chamber has many cracks ; I propose we take a stocking filled with sand, and beat Disdemona with it till she dies ; thus will her body bear no signs of violence. When she is dead we can pull down a portion of the ceiling, and thus make it seem as if a rafter falling on her head had killed
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the lady. Suspicion cannot rest on you, since all men will impute her death to accident.” This cruel counsel pleased the Moor, and he only waited for a fitting time to execute the plot. One night, when he and Disdemona had retired to bed, the Ensign, whom the Moor had concealed in a closet which opened into the chamber, raised a noise in the closet, according to a concerted plan; whereat the Moor said to his wife, “Did you not hear that noise?”
‘ “Indeed I heard it,” she replied.
‘ “Rise,” said the Moor, “and see what ’tis.”
‘The unhappy Disdemona rose from bed, and the instant she approached the closet, out rushed the Ensign, and being strong and of stout nerve, he beat her cruelly with the bag of sand across her back ; upon which Disdemona fell to the ground, scarce able to draw her breath; but with the little voice she had left, she called upon the Moor for aid. But the Moor, leaping from bed, exclaimed, “Thou wickedest of women, thus has thy falseness found its just re- ward.” . . . The wretched lady, hearing these words, and feeling that she was near her end (for the Ensign had given her another blow), appealed to the justice of Heaven, since justice here had failed her, in proof of her fidelity and truth ; and as she was thus calling Heaven to witness, the wicked Ensign in- flicted a third blow, under which she sank lifeless on the floor. Then the Ensign and the Moor, laying Disdemona on the bed and wounding her head, pulled down part of the ceiling of the chamber as they had arranged; whereupon the Moor began to call aloud for help, exclaiming that the house was falling. Hearing this uproar, the neighbors all came running up, and there found Disdemona lying dead beneath a rafter, — a sight which, from the good life of that poor lady, did fill all hearts with sorrow.’
The two murderers escaped detection for the time being, but remorse finally caused the Moor so to hate
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his accomplice that, kept from slaying him by fear of consequences, he deprived him of his rank and dis- missed him. In revenge the Ensign told the Captain, now going about on a wooden leg, that it was the Moor who had cut off his leg and killed Disdemona; they both repeated these charges before the Senate; and the Moor was thereupon brought pinioned to Venice, tortured, imprisoned, and ‘condemned to per- petual banishment, in which he was eventually slain by the kinsfolk of Disdemona, as he merited. The Ensign returned to his own country, and following up his wonted villainy,’ lodged a false accusation against a companion, for which he was tortured so violently to make him prove his charges that ‘his body ruptured’ and ‘he died a miserable death. Thus did Heaven avenge the innocence of Disdemona.’
APPENDIX B
The History of the Play
On the strength of Malone’s assertion, backed by a now generally credited reference in the Revels Books, the composition of Othello is assigned to the year 1604; but no printed version is known to have appeared for eighteen years after that time, until the First Quarto was published by Thomas Walklev, in 1622, having been licensed October 6, 1621. This is the latest in date of all Shakespearean quarto first editions of single plays before the appearance of the famous collected edition of the plays by Heminge and Condell, known as the First Folio, in 1623; and indeed Walkley’s advance knowledge of the forth- coming folio publication probably accounts for this quarto issue as an attempt to make something out of his single holding while there was yet time. The texts of the First Quarto and the First Folio are presumably based on two different playhouse copies ; but, though the former is probably the earlier (for it contains in full the oaths forbidden by the Act against Swearing on the Stage, 1605, and duly expurgated in the Folio; cf. note on I. i. 4), the latter is unquestionably the better and more authoritative text. The Folio contains about 160 lines lacking in the Quarto, many of them absolutely essential, while the Quarto contains only about a dozen peculiar to itself, few of them important. The Folio includes all the modern divisions into acts and scenes but one (cf. note on II. iii.), while the Quarto records only three such divisions. The Folio gives the list of Dramatis Personas, as reproduced in the present edition, while the Quarto does not. And in the great majority of cases where the two versions differ
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verbally, the Folio gives the better reading (cf. Evans’ introduction to Praetorius’ facsimile reprint of the First Quarto). The later Quartos (1630, 1655, 1681, 1687, 1695) and Folios (1632, 1663-4, 1685-6) possess little or no independent authority.
The disputed reference in the Revels Books gives the earliest accepted date for a performance of Othello, viz., November 1, 1604, ‘in the Banketinge house at Whithall.’ Richard Burbage, the leading tragedian of Shakespeare’s company, ■won great fame in the role of Othello, as attested by tributes in verse upon his death, in 1619. The title-page of the First Quarto assures us that the play had ‘been diverse times acted at the Globe, and at the Black Friers, by his Maiesties Servants,’ but the Shakspere Allusion Book records only two performances between 1604 and 1622: one before the German Ambassador, at the Globe, April 30, 1610, and the other before ‘the Princes Hignes the Lady Elizabeth and the Prince Pallatyne Elector,’ presumably at Whitehall, in 1613. Three other performances can be definitely dated before the closing of the theatres, in 1642; viz., No- vember 22, 1629; May 6, 1635, ‘att the bla: ffryers’; and December 8, 1636, before the King and Queen at Hampton Court; but other references show that the play’s popularity was far greater than these meagre accounts would indicate. In the Allusion Book’s ‘List of Shakspere’s Works, arranged according to the number of allusions to each’ during the period from 1591 to 1700, Hamlet leads with 95 references, and Othello stands fifth with 56.
The modern era on the English stage begins with the reopening of the theatres at the Restoration, when actresses and painted scenery were first introduced as regular features of public performances. Here Othello figures conspicuously, for on the eighth of December, 1660, at the Red Bull, the first woman to appear on the public stage in England played the
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part of Desdemona. The experiment was under- taken with some misgivings, as Jordan’s defensive prologue shows:
In this reforming age We have intents to civilize the Stage.
Our ‘women’ are defective, and so siz’d
You’d think they were some of the Guard disguiz’d;
For (to speak truth) men act, that are between Forty and fifty, Wenches of fifteen;
With bone so large, and nerve so incomplyant.
When you call Desdemona, enter Giant.
As might be expected, Pepys has some interesting remarks on Restoration performances of Othello: ‘1660, October 11. — To the Cockpitt to see “The Moore of Venice,” which was well done. Burt acted the Moore ; by the same token, a very pretty lady that sat by me, called out, to see Desdemona smothered.’ ‘1669, February 6. — To the King’s playhouse, and there in an upper box . . . did see “The Moor of Venice”: but ill acted in most parts; Mohun, which did a little surprize me, not acting Iago’s part by much so well as Clun used to do : nor another. Hart’s1 which was Cassio’s; nor indeed, Burt doing the Moor’s so well as I once thought he did.’ These actors belonged to Sir William Davenant’s2 Drury Lane company; in one cast in 1663, with the above named, Cartwright, a great Falstaff, played Brabantio and Mrs. Hughes Desdemona.
Othello remained a particular favorite throughout the Restoration and Queen Anne periods, largely owing to the genius of the great Thomas Betterton (1635 P-1710). Steele’s tribute in the Tatler to Betterton’s ‘wonderful agony’ in the last three acts, is familiar, and Colley Cibber’s summary often quoted: ‘Betterton was an actor as Shakespeare was an author, both without competitors, formed for the
1 Shakespeare’s grandnephew.
2 Shakespear e’s godson (?).
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mutual assistance and illustration of each other’s genius’ (Genest I, 492). Genest’s record shows that Othello was produced practically every season during the period covered, 1660-1830, and, what is more significant still, produced in its original form, when almost every other Shakespearean or Elizabethan play was presented only in some mutilated ‘adapta- tion’ or ‘revision.’
Betterton’s mantle descended upon Barton Booth (1681-1733), whose Othello was considered by Colley Cibber his best role. Like Betterton, he probably played the part in the court-dress of the period. His successor, Quin, who dominated, the stage till Gar- rick’s triumphal entry in 1741, appeared in an English military uniform, a large powdered wig, and white gloves ; when the latter were removed, the sudden disclosure of his blackened hands made emphatic Othello’s alien race. David Garrick (1717- 1779) made one of his few failures when he attempted the role of Othello, in spite of his great success as Hamlet, Macbeth, and Lear, and wisely avoided the part. Barry’s splendid impersonation of the Moor, and Macklin’s and Henderson’s of Iago, save the credit of the performances of this period. Even Kemble failed to costume Othello properly, while his wonderful sister, Mrs. Siddons, was a far better Lady Macbeth than Desdemona. Edmund Kean won from all critics the most complete and superlative approval ever accorded any interpreter of Othello’s part; the descriptions of his performance make one wonder at the change that has come over actors (or audiences ?) in our own time. As is well known, Kean fell stricken upon the shoulder of his son Charles (playing Iago) during what was to have been his farewell appearance at Covent Garden, March 25, 1833, and died a few weeks later. He was the first to present Othello as a light brown or bronzed Moor instead of as. a jet-black negro; and he was also a
154
The Tragedy of Othello,
very fine Iago. Junius Brutus Booth played Iago to Kean’s Othello in a notable competitive perform- ance at Drury Lane, February 20, 1817, and later, chiefly in America, created an interesting if not wholly convincing interpretation of the Moor as a case of Oriental racial characteristics slowly over- coming an artificial Christian civilization. William C. Macready (1793-1873), who was the first to costume Othello with complete correctness, was really greater as Iago. Sir Henry Irving’s first appearance as Othello, February 14, 1876, at the London ‘Lyceum,’ was too untrammeled by tradition to be appreciated; but on May 2, 1881, he began a brilliantly successful engagement at the ‘Lyceum’ with Edwin Booth, the two actors alternating the roles of Othello and Iago at successive performances, to the Desdemona of Ellen Terry, the Cassio of William Terriss, and the Roderigo of Arthur Wing Pinero. Booth’s Othello far surpassed Irving’s, but the two were perhaps evenly matched as Iago. The famous Italian actor, Tommaso Salvini, was also thrilling audiences in Europe and America in the ’70’s and ’80’s by the almost animal passionateness of his interpretation of Othello’s jealousy. Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson essayed Othello in 1898, and again, with Gertrude Elliott as Desdemona, in May, 1913; but his Othello is vastly inferior to his Hamlet. Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree produced Othello in London, in April, 1912, witli his usual scenic elabora- tion, Laurence Irving playing the part of Iago and Phyllis Neilson-Terry Desdemona.
America may claim at least two very great per- formers of the two roles (for most great Othellos have also been great Iagos), in Edwin Forrest (1806- 1872) and Edwin Booth (1833-1893), while John Edward McCullough (1837-1885) was also successful. Richard Mansfield steadily declined to attempt the part, on the ground that he could add nothing to
The Moor of Venice
155
Salvini’s performance. E. H. Sothern appeared early in his career as Roderigo in one of McCul- lough’s last performances, but since then has confined himself for his chief undertakings to Shakespeare’s other plays. William Faversham gave a deserving but unsuccessful performance, in 1913. Robert Bruce Mantell has always included Othello in his Shakespearean repertory, and with some success; but his performances latterly have lacked inspiration and insight, while his supporting company has usually been very weak.
APPENDIX C
The Text of the Present Edition
The text of the present volume is, by permission of the Oxford University Press, that of the Oxford Shakespeare, edited by the late W. J. Craig, except for the following deviations:
1. The stage directions of the early editions have been restored as far as possible, with necessary modern additions in square brackets.
2. The spelling of a few words — such as vil- lainous, everywhere, Pontic, and deserts — has been normalized.
3. Since the Oxford text is admittedly eclectic, no violation of principle seemed involved in making several departures from it in punctuation and word- ing,— usually in the direction of a return to the First Folio. In the following list of verbal departures, the readings adopted in the present text precede the colon, while Craig’s readings follow it; and the folio or quarto authority is given wherever involved:
[Dramatis Personae] FI (spelling modernized): Dramatis Personae (wholly modern)
I. i. 35 of service Ff, Qq: of the service 39 Whether Ff, Qq: Whe’r 63 complement Ff, Qq: compliment 72 chances Ff: changes Qq
ii. 53 Iago. Marry, to — [Enter Othello.]: [Re-
enter Othello.] Iago. Marry, to —
iii. 4 hundred forty Ff : hundred and forty Qq F4
139 traveller’s Ff: travels’ Qq
200 grise Ff: grize
387 chang’d Qq: changed
I’ll go seU Q 2, 3: I’ll sell Ff
388 (Omitted. Ff): Go to; farewell! put
money enough in your purse. Q1
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157
II. i. 201
315 iii. 270
III. iii. 170 180 237
316
IV. i. 3, 5
137 ii. 47 54
197 iii. 107
V. ii. 350
[Kissing her ] the greatest discords be: the greatest discords be, [Kissing her. trace Ff, Qq: trash sense Ff: offence Qq strongly Qq: soundly Ff resolv’d Ff, Qq: resolved fall Ff, Qq: fail (misprint?)
Why, [Snatching it] : you? [Snatches it.]
what’s that Qq: what is that Ff
in bed Ff: a-bed
comes Ff, Qq: come (misprint)
they Ff: he Qq
unmoving Qq: and moving Ff, (substan- tially)
fopped Ff, Qq: fobbed uses Ff, Qq 2, 3: usage Q1 medicinable Ff: med’cinable
APPENDIX D
Suggestions for Collateral Reading
Thomas Rymer: A Short View of Tragedy . . . with some Reflections on Shakespear. London, 1692-3. (A curiosity of literary criticism. Chapter vii, covering pages 86-146, is devoted to coarse abuse of Othello ; it is faithfully reprinted in J. E. Spin- garn’s Critical Essays of the Seventeenth Century, II. 219-256. Oxford, 1908.)
Charles Lamb: On the Tragedies of Shakespeare, considered with reference to their fitness for stage representation. London, 1811.
William Hazlitt: Characters of Shakespear’ s Plays. London, 1817.
Mrs. Anna Jameson: Characteristics of Women, Moral, Poetical and Historical. London, 1833.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Specimens of the Table Talk. London, 1835. The Literary Remains in Prose and Verse. 4 vols. London, 1836-1839.
Henry Norman Hudson: Lectures on Shakespeare. New York, 1848.
Helena Faucit, Lady Martin: On Some of Shake- speare’s Female Characters. London, 1885.
William Robertson Turnbull: Othello: A Critical Study. Edinburgh, 1892. (The merits of this rather pretentiously elaborate work are almost entirely offset by its fulsome absurdities.)
Andrew Cecil Bradley: Shakespearean Tragedy. London, 1904. (The finest contribution, in its field, in recent years.)
Walter Raleigh: Shakespeare. (English Men of Letters Series.) London, 1907. (Contains an un- usually satisfying brief analysis of the tragic appeal of Othello .)
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159
Algernon Charles Swinburne: Three Plays of Shakespeare. New York, 1909. (The extreme of impressionistic appreciation. See also his A Study of Shakespeare, London, 1879, for further rhapsody.)
E. E. Stoll: Othello: An Historical and Compara- tive Study. Minneapolis, 1915. (The extreme of rationalistic depreciation.)
H. H. Furness: A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare. Vol. VI: Othello. Philadelphia, 1886. (Indispensable.)
INDEX OF WORDS GLOSSED
(Figures in full-faced type refer to page-numbers)
abhor: 103 (IV. ii. 162) abuse: 27 (I. iii. 401) accountant: 39 (II. i. 305) acknown on’t: 70 (III. iii. 320)
act: 3 (I. i. 62) addiction: 40 (II. ii. 6) addition: 89 (IV. i. 105) advantage: 104 (IV. ii. 179) affection: 110 (IV. iii. 101) affin’d: 2 (I. i. 39) affinity: 57 (III. i. 49) after: 14 (I. iii. 35) agnize: 21 (I. iii. 232) aim: 13 (I. iii. 6) alacrity: 22 (I. iii. 233) alarum: 42 (II. iii. 27) all in spleen, etc.: 88 (IV. i. 89, 90)
allowance, your: 6 (I. i.
128)
all’s one: 107 (IV. iii. 23) Almain: 44 (II. iii. 87) an: 91 (IV. i. 164) ancient: 2 (I. i. 33) answerable sequestration: 26 (I. iii. 351) antres: 18 (I. iii. 140) approv’d (tested) : 16 (I.
iii. 77)
approv’d (convicted) : 49
(II. iii. 213)
apt . . . credit: 39 (II. i. 299)
'arithmetician: 2 (I. i. 19) as . . . north: 125 (V. ii.
I 218>
'aspics: 75 (III. iii. 451)
assay of reason: 13 (I. iii. 18)
atone: 94 (IV. i. 245)
Barbary: 5 (I. i. 112) bauble: 90 (IV. i. 137) be circumstanc’d : 84 (III. iv. 200)
before me!: 90 (IV. i. 147) being . . . pause: 119 (V.
ii. 82)
be-lee’d and calm’d: 2 (1. i. 30)
bells: 33 (II. i. 110) beshrew: 82 (III. iv. 149) besort: 22 (I. iii. 239) black: 33 (II. i. 131) blank: 81 (III. iv. 127) blazoning: 30 (II. i. 63) bobb’d from him: 111 (V. i. 16)
bold cure: 30 (II. i. 51) bolster: 73 (III. iii. 400) bombast circumstance: 1 (I. i. 13)
bookish theoric: 2 (I. i. 24) bootless: 21 (I. iii. 209) bosom: 57 (III. i. 58) brace: 14 (I. iii. 24) bulk: 110 (V. i. 1) but: 63 (III. iii. 139) but (just) : 121 (V. ii. 106) but (merely): 81 (III. iv. 118)
but to: 107 (IV. iii. 32) butt: 127 (V. ii. 266) by: 117 (V. ii. 30)
The Moor of Venice
161
caitiff: 89 (IV. i. 109) callat: 101 (IV. ii. 121) capable: 75 (III. iii. 460) carrack: 10 (I. ii. 50) carve for: 47 (II. iii. 175) cast: 7 (I. i. 150) censure: 48 (II. iii. 195);
131 (V. ii. 367) certes: 1 (I. i. 16) chair: 114 (V. i. 82) chamberers: 68 (III. iii. 265)
change: 25 (I. iii. 319) charm: 124 (V. ii. 181) charmer: 79 (III. iv. 58) charter: 22 (I. iii. 247) check: 7 (I.i. 149) cherubin: 99 (IV. ii. 62) chide with: 103 (IV. ii. 167) chronicle: 34 (II. i. 160) chrysolite: 122 (V. ii. 143) chuck: 78 (III. iv. 50) circumstance: 72 (III. iii. 3551
civil: 87 (IV. i. 65) clip: 76 (III. iii. 465) close delations: 63 (III. iii. 123)
closet lock and key: 97 (IV. ii. 21)
Clown: 55 (III. i. 2) clyster-pipes: 35 (II. i. 179) coat: 111 (V. i. 25) cod’s head, etc.: 34 (II. i. 155)
cogging, cozening: 102 (IV. ii. 132)
collied : 48 (II. iii. 208) coloquintida : 26 (I. iii. 356) comfort forswear me: 103 (IV. ii. 159)
companions: 102 (IV. ii. 141)
complement: 3 (I. i. 63) composition: 13 (I. iii. 1) compt: 127 (V. ii. 272) conceit: 62 (III. iii. 115)
conceits (vb.) : 64 (III. iii. 149)
conception: 82 (III. iv. 155) condition: 38 (II. i. 257) conduct: 31 (II. i. 75) confine: 9 (I. ii. 27) conjunctive: 26 (I. iii. 374) conscionable: 37 (II. i. 244) consuls: 10 (I. ii. 43) continuate: 83 (III. iv. 177) contriv’d: 8 (I. ii. 3) conveniency: 103 (IV. ii. 178)
convinced: 86 (IV. i. 28) cope: 88 (IV. i. 87) corrigible authority: 25 (I. iii. 330)
counter-caster: 2 (I. i. 31) country: 66 (III. iii. 201) course . . . compasses: 79 (III. iv. 72)
course . . . session: 12 (I. ii.
86)
coursers: 5 (I. i. 113) court: 37 (II. i. 221) courtship: 35 (II. i. 172) cries on: 113 (V. i. 48) cruzadoes: 77 (III. iv. 27) cry you mercy: 100 (IV. ii. 87)
cuckold (vb.) : 27 (I. iii. 376)
customer: 90 (IV. i. 120) Cyprus wars: 7 (I. i. 151)
daffest me: 103 (IV. ii. 176) defeat (destroy): 103 (IV. ii. 160)
defeat (disguise) : 26 (I. iii. 346)
defend: 23 (I. iii. 268) delighted: 24 (I. iii. 291) demerits: 9 (I. ii. 22) denotement: 52 (II. iii. 325) designment: 29 (II. i. 22) desir’d: 36 (II. i. 207)
162
The Tragedy of Othello,
despite: 110 (IV. iii. 94) determinate: 105 (IV. ii. 232)
Diablo: 47 (II. iii. 163) diet: 39 (II. i. 306) dilate: 19 (I. iii. 153) directly: 105 (IV. ii. 212) discourse: 102 (IV. ii. 153) discourse fustian: 51 (II. iii. 284)
displeasure: 57 (III. i. 45) dispose (n.): 27 (I. iii. 403) division . . . battle: 2 (I.i. 23)
do a desperate turn: 125 (V.
ii. 205)
do . . . discretion: 59 (III.
iii. 34)
do you justice: 44 (II. iii. 90)
double, etc.: 9 (I. ii. 14) doubt: 59 (III. iii. 19) driven: 21 (I. iii. 232)
ecstasy: 88 (IV. i. 80) elements: 43 (II. iii. 60) embark’d: 7 (I. i. 150) encave: 88 (IV. i. 82) engines: 72 (III. iii. 356) engines for: 105 (IV. ii. 222)
ensteep’d: 31 (II. i. 70) enwheel: 32 (II. i. 87) erring: 26 (I. iii. 362) error: 121 (V. ii. 107) escape: 20 (I. iii. 197) essential vesture, etc.: 31 (II. i. 64)
estimation: 23 (I. iii. 276) execution: 76 (III. iii. 467) exhibition: 22 (I. iii. 238) expert . . . allowance: 30 (II. i. 49)
exsufflicate : 65 (III. iii. 182) extend: 32 (II. i. 98) extravagant: 6 (Li. 137)
facile question: 14 (I. iii. 23)
fall: 67 (III. iii. 237) falls: 94 (IV. i. 257) familiar: 52 (II. iii. 316) fathom: 7 (I. i. 153) favour: 26 (I. iii. 346) fell: 131 (V. ii. 361) figure: 3 (I. i. 62) fills up the cry: 54 (II. iii. 373)
fineless: 65 (III. iii. 173) fitchew: 91 (IV. i. 148) fixed figure . . . unmoving finger: 98 (IV. ii. 53, 54) flattery: 90 (IV. i. 131) flood-gate: 15 (I. iii. 56) Florentine: 57 (III. i. 43) folly: 122 (V. ii. 130) fopped: 104 (IV. ii. 197) for (because) : 23 (I. iii.
270)
forced: 17 (I. iii. Ill) fordoes: 116 (V. i. 129) foregone conclusion: 74 (III. iii. 429)
forfend: 117 (V. ii. 32) forked plague: 69 (III. iii. 276)
foul: 34 (II. i. 140) found him: 38 (II. i. 254) fraught: 75 (III. iii. 450) frize: 33 (II. i. 126) front: 16 (I. iii. 80) fruitful: 53 (II. iii. 350) full: 29 (II. i. 36) function (character) : 53 (II. iii. 357)
function (profession): 97 (IV. ii. 26)
galls: 110 (IV. iii. 95) gastness: 115 (V. i. 106) gender (n.) : 25 (I. iii. 327) gender (vb.) : 99 (IV. ii. 61)
The Moor of Venice
163
general . . . heaven: 119 (V. ii. 60)
generous: 69 (III. iii. 280) gennets: 5 (I. i. 114) germans: 5 (I. i. 114) get: 20 (I. iii. 191) give . . . cable: 9 (I. ii. 17) go by water: 100 (IV. ii. 103)
go to: 27 (I. iii. 384)
God bless the mark: 2 (I. i. 33)
government (behavior) : 68 (III. iii. 256)
government (office) : 94 (IV. i. 249)
grace: 117 (V. ii. 27) grange: 5 (I. i. 106) grise: 20 (I. iii. 200) grows to waste: 106 (IV. ii. 250)
guardage: 11 (I. ii. 70) guards: 28 (II. i. 15) gull: 123 (V. ii. 161) gutter’d: 31 (II. i. 69) gyve: 35 (II. i. 171)
haggard, jesses, etc.: 68 (III. iii. 260-263) happily: 67 (III. iii. 238) happiness: 81 (III. iv. 107) hardness: 22 (I. iii. 234) have it . . . have it not: 85 (IV. i. 17)
having: 110 (IV. iii. 94) hearted: 26 (I. iii. 373) hearts, hands: 78 (III. iv. 47, 48)
heat: 10 (I. ii. 40) heave tbe gorge: 37 (II. i. 237)
heavy: 112 (V. i. 42) helm: 23 (I. iii. 274) hie thee: 108 (IV. iii. 50) hinge nor loop: 72 (III. iii. 366)
■hint (cue) : 18 (I. iii. 142)
hint (opportunity) : 19 (I. iii. 166)
his: 87 (IV. i. 54) hobby-horse: 91 (IV. i. 158) honest: 67 (III. iii. 225) honour, honesty: 126 (V. ii. 243)
horned man: 87 (IV. i. 63) housewifery, housewives: 33 (II. i. 112)
humour: 81 (III. iv. 124) Hydra: 52 (II. iii. 310) hypocrisy . . . devil: 85 (IV. i. 6)
I look . . . fable: 128 (V. ii.
285)
ice brook’s temper, the: 126 (V. ii. 252)
import: 23 (I. iii. 285) imposition: 51 (II. iii. 271) imputation . . . circum- stances: 74 (III. iii. 407) in: 61 (III. iii. 74) in choler: 39 (II. i. 281, 282) in false gaze: 14 (I. iii. 19) in good time: 2 (I. i. 32) in happy time: 56 (III. i. 32)
in . . . terms: 48 (II. iii. 182) in that kind: 27 (I. iii. 395) in the: 35 (II. i. 166) incontinent: 107 (IV. iii. 12) incontinently 24 (I. iii. 307) incorporate: 38 (II. i. 271) Indian: 130 (V. ii. 346) indign: 23 (I. iii. 275) indistinct regard: 29 (II. i. 40)
indues: 82 (III. iv. 145) ingener: 31 (II. i. 65) ingraft: 46 (II. iii. 146) innovation: 42 (II. iii. 42) intentively: 19 (I. iii. 155) invention: 33 (II. i. 125) it dislikes me: 43 (II. iii. 50) iterance: 122 (V. ii. 148)
164.
The Tragedy of Othello ,
Janus: 10 (I. ii. 33) joint-ring: 109 (IV. iii. 74) judge . . . world: 11 (I. ii. 72)
jump (agree) : 13 (I. iii. 5) jump (precisely): 55 (II.
iii. 395)
just: 13 (I. iii. 5)
just equinox: 45 (II. iii. 130)
keep a week away: 83 (III.
iv. 172)
keep time: 88 (IV. i. 93) keep up: 11 (I. ii. 59) knees: 31 (II. i. 84) know: 116 (V. i. 117) knows all qualities, etc.: 68 (III. iii. 259, 260)
lay (n.) : 52 (II. iii. 332) learn: 20 (I. iii. 183) leets, keep leet: 63 (III. iii. 140)
letter: 2 (I. i. 36) liberal: 35 (II. i. 164) lin’d their coats: 3 (I. i. 53) lingered: 105 (IV. ii. 231) lip: 88 (IV. i. 72) list: 32 (II. i. 104) list (vb.): 37 (II. i. 220) living: 74 (III. iii. 410) lost: 127 (V. ii. 268) loud reason: 7 (I. i. 151) lown: 44 (II. iii. 96)
made mocks with: 122 (V. ii. 149)
magnifico: 9 (I ii. 12) main: 28 (II. i. 3) main article: 13 (I. iii. 11) make head: 23 (I. iii. 276) mammering: 60 (III. iii. 70) man (vb.): 127 (V. ii. 269) manage: 49 (II. iii. 217) mandragora: 71 (III. iii. 331)
marble: 75 (III. iii. 461) marry: 55 (III. i. 10) marshal: 38 (II. i. 270) master: 36 (II. i. 212) Mauritania: 105 (IV. ii. 229)
mazzard: 47 (II. iii. 157) mere perdition: 40 (II. ii. 3)
mineral: 39 (II. i. 309) minion: 112 (V. i. 33) minister: 38 (II. i. 279) mock . . . feeds on: 64 (III. iii. 166, 167)
modern: 17 (I. iii. 109) moe: 108 (IV. iii. 58) molestation: 29 (II. i. 16) mood: 51 (II. iii. 276) moraler: 52 (II. iii. 303) more arrivance: 30 (II. i. 42)
mortal: 31 (II. i. 72) mortise, hold the: 28 (II. i.
9)
moth: 22 (I. iii. 258) motion (self-control?): 12 (I. ii. 75)
motion (action ?) : 17 (I. iii. 95)
motions (impulses) : 25 (I. iii. 335)
mountebanks: 15 (I. iii. 61) mummy: 79 (III. iv. 75) mutualities: 38 (II. i. 269) mystery: 97 (IV. ii. 29)
naked: 127 (V. ii. 257) napkin: 69 (III. iii. 287) nephews: 5 (I. i. 112) next: 21 (I. iii. 205) nice: 58 (III. iii. 15) night-gown: 107 (IV. iii. 34) no . . . wish: 84 (III. iv. 193) nonsuits: 1 (I. i. 16) not almost: 60 (III. iii. 66) notorious: 102 (IV. ii. 140)
The Moor of V enice
165
observance : 82 (III. iv.
148)
odd-even: 6 (I. i. 124) odds: 48 (II. iii. 187) of my counsel: 62 (III. iii. Ill)
off-capp’d: 1 (I. i. 10) offends: 48 (II. iii. 201) offices: 41 (II. ii. 9) on . . . safety: 49 (II. iii. 218)
opinion . . . effects: 21 (I. iii. 225)
opinion (good name) : 48 (II. iii. 197) order: 119 (V. ii. 72) other: 97 (IV. ii. 12) out of warrant: 12 (I. ii. 79) owe: 3 (I. i. 66)
pageant: 13 (I. iii. 18) painted passion: 95 (IV. i. 268)
paragons: 30 (II. i. 62) parallel: 53 (II. iii. 358) parcels, by: 19 (I. iii. 154) parley: 42 (II. iii. 23) part: 16 (I. iii. 74) partially affin’d: 49 (II. iii. 220)
passage: 112 (V. i. 37) patent: 92 (IV. i. 208) patient list: 88 (IV. i. 76) peculiar (own): 88 (IV. i. 70)
peculiar (private): 3 (I. i. 60)
perdurable: 25 (I. iii. 343) period: 130 (V. ii. 356) perplex’d: 130 (V. ii. 345) pick bad from bad: 110 (IV. iii. 108) pictures: 33 (II. i. 109) pierced: 21 (I. iii. 219) pioners: 71 (III. iii. 347) platform: 45 (II. iii. 126) pliant: 19 (I. iii. 151)
plume up: 27 (I. iii. 399) poise: 61 (III. iii. 82) pole: 28 (II. i. 15)
Pontic: 75 (III. iii. 454) portance: 18 (I. iii. 139) position: 67 (III. iii. 234) possession: 127 (V. ii. 277) potent in potting: 44 (II. iii. 80)
pottle-deep: 43 (II. iii. 57) practising upon: 40 (II. i.
322)
praise: 113 (V. i. 66) prefer: 39 (II. i. 288) pregnant: 37 (II. i. 241) prer^gativ’d: 68 (III. iii 274)
presently: 56 (III. i. 38) prime: 73 (III. iii. 404) probal: 53 (II. iii. 347) probation: 72 (III. iii. 366) produc’d: 7 (I. i. 147) profit: 73 (III. iii. 380) Promethean heat: 117 (V„ ii. 12)
proper (fine) : 27 (I. iii.
398)
proper (own): 16 (I. iii. 69) property: 8 (I. i. 173) propose: 2 (I. i. 25) prov’d: 107 (IV. iii. 27) puddled: 82 (III. iv. 142) put . . . triumph: 40 (II. iL 4)
put on (challenge) : 34 (II.
i. 146)
put on: 53 (II. iii. 360) put up: 104 (IV. ii. 181)
qualification: 39 (II. i. 284) qualified: 42 (II. iii. 41) quality: 22 (I. iii. 253) quat: 111 (V. i. 11) question: 17 (I. iii. 113) quicken: 69 (III. iii. 277) quicken . . . blowing: 99 (IV,
ii. 66)
166
The Tragedy of Othello
quillets: 56 (III. i. 25) quirks: 30 (II. i. 63)
rank garb: 40 (II. i. 318) recognizance: 125 (V. ii.
212)
recoiling to: 67 (III. iii.
236)
recommends: 14 (I. iii. 41) recover’d: 126 (Y. ii. 238) reference: 22 (I. iii. 238) relume: 117 (V. ii. 13) remorse: 76 (III. iii. 469) repeals: 54 (II. iii. 366) reprobation: 125 (V. ii. 207) resolv’d: 65 (III. iii. 180) Roman: 90 (IV. i. 119) rouse: 43 (II. iii. 67) rout: 49 (II. iii. 212)
Sagittary: 7 (I. i. 159) said: 35 (II. i. 169) saints . . . injuries: 33 (II. i. Ill)
salt: 37 (II. i. 246) sans: 15 (I. iii. 64)
’save: 83 (III. iv. 168) ’Sblood: 1 (I. i. 4) scattering: 64 (III. iii. 151) scion: 25 (I. iii. 337) scored me: 90 (IV. i. 128) sea-mark: 127 (V. ii. 267) sect: 25 (I. iii. 337) secure (adj.): 88 (IV. i. 72) secure (vb.): 13 (I. iii. 10) seel: 23 (I. iii. 271) segregation: 28 (II. i. 10) seize upon: 131 (V. ii. 365) self-bounty: 66 (III. iii. 200) sense (quick) : 111 (V. i. 11) sense (sensations): 110 (IV. iii. 97)
sense, fearful (apprehen- sion): 13 (I, iii. 12) sense, gross in (reason) : 11 (I. ii. 72)
sense, of (judgment): 11 (I. ii. 64)
sense of all, from the (re- gard): 6 (I. i. 132) sequent: 10 (I. ii. 41) sequester: 78 (III. iv. 41) serpent’s curse: 97 (IV. ii. 15)
set . . . pegs: 36 (II. i. 203) shore (vb.) : 124 (V. ii. 204) shrewd doubt: 74 (III. iii. 430)
shrift: 59 (III. iii. 24) shut ... in: 81 (III. iv. 120) sibyl: 79 (III. iv. 71) siege: 9 (I. ii. 22) signiory: 9 (I. ii. 18) sir: 35 (II. i. 176) sith: 73 (III. iii. 381) skillet: 23 (I. iii. 274) slipper: 37 (II. i. 247) slubber: 21 (I. iii. 227) snorting: 4 (I. i. 90) soft: 120 (V. ii. 103) soft . . . conversation: 68 (III. iii. 264) solicit: 117 (V. ii. 28) something: 48 (II. iii. 201) sorry rheum: 78 (III. iv. 52) Spartan: 131 (V. ii. 360) speak i’ the nose: 55 (III.
i. 4)
speak parrot: 51 (II. iii. 283)
speculative . . . instruments:
23 (I. iii. 272) speed: 89 (IV. i. 109) splinter: 52 (II. iii. 332) stand in act: 7 (I. i. 152) start: 5 (I. i. 101) stay the meat: 103 (IV. ii. 170)
stead: 25 (I. iii. 344) stick . . . misuse: 101 (IV*
ii. 107, 108) still: 18 (I. iii. 129) stirring: 56 (III. i. 27)
The Moor of Venice
167
stomach: 119 (V. ii. 75) stone: 119 (V. ii. 63) stones: 126 (V. ii. 232) stood . . . action: 16 (I. iii. 70)
stop: 127 (V. ii. 263) stops: 63 (III. iii. 120) storm of fortunes, etc.: 22 (I. iii. 251) stoup: 42 (II. iii. 30) strain his entertainment: 68 (III. iii. 250)
strangeness: 58 (III. iii. 12) stuff: 8 (I. ii. 2) success: 66 (III. iii. 222) such another (another such) :
122 (V. ii. 142) such another (such a) : 91 (IV. i. 148)
sudden respect: 104 (IV. ii. 192)
sufferance: 29 (II. i. 23) suggest: 53 (II. iii. 361) supplied: 86 (IV. i. 28) swag-bellied: 44 (II. iii. 81)
tainting: 38 (II. i. 277) take . . . front: 57 (III. i.
52)
taken off: 129 (V. ii. 330) talk: 107 (IV. iii. 25) teem with: 94 (IV. i. 256) term: 2 (I. i. 39) that (if): 103 (IV. ii. 154) thin habits: 17 (I. iii. 108) thing I am, the: 33 (II. i. 123)
though: 64 (III. iii. 145) to fortune’s alms: 81 (III. iv. 121)
to madness: 40 (II. i. 323) to the vantage: 109 (IV. iii. 86, 87)
toged consuls: 2 (I. i. 25) torches: 7 (I. i. 160, S. d.) toy: 82 (III. iv. 155) toys: 23 (I. iii. 270)
trash . . . trace: 40 (II. i. 315)
traverse: 27 (I. iii. 378) trick: 102 (IV. ii. 129) tricks of custom: 63 (III. iii. 122)
true taste: 39 (II. i. 285) turn . . . complexion: 99 (IV.
ii. 61)
twiggen bottle: 46 (II. iii. 153)
unbonneted, etc.: 9 (I. ii.
23)
unbookish: 89 (IV. i. 102) undertaker: 93 (IV. i. 223) undo’t . . . done: 109 (IV.
iii. 72, 73)
unfold: 102 (IV. ii. 141) unhandsome warrior: 82 (III. iv. 150)
unhatch’d practice: 82 (III.
iv. 140)
unhoused: 9 (I. ii. 26) unlace: 48 (II. iii. 196) unless: 2 (I. i. 24) unproper: 88 (IV. i. 69) unprovide: 93 (IV. i. 217) unwholesome: 90 (IV. i. 122) use (n.): 96 (IV. i. 285) uses (n.): 110 (IV. iii. 107) usurped: 26 (I. iii. 346)
vanity: 103 (IV. ii. 164) Veronesa: 29 (II. i. 26) vicious: 64 (III. iii. 145) visages: 3 (I. i. 50) voice potential, etc.: 9 (I. ii. 13)
voluble: 37 (II. i. 243) votarist: 104 (IV. ii. 190) vouch (assert) : 17 (I. iii. 103)
vouch (testimony): 34 (II. i. 147)
wanting: 71 (III. iii. 343)
168
The Tragedy of Othello
wary distance: 43 (II. iii. 59)
wasted: 16 (I. iii. 84) watch . . . double set: 46 (II. iii. 136)
watch him tame: 59 (III. iii. 23)
watching: 69 (III. iii. 285) waterish: 58 (III. iii. 15) what . . . won: 16 (I. iii. 91- 94)
what he might be, etc.: 96 (IY. i. 282, 283) what in the contrary?: 103 (IV. ii. 175)
what’s . . . time: 7 (I. i. 162) wheeling: 6 (I. i. 137) whipster: 126 (V. ii. 242)
white: 33 (II. i. 133) wit: 90 (IY. i. 121) withal: 17 (I. iii. 93) within door: 102 (IV. ii. 144)
woman’d: 84 (III. iv. 194) work ta’en out: 69 (III. iii. 296)
wretch: 61 (III. iii. 90) wrought: 130 (V. ii. 344)
yawn at alteration: 120 (V. ii. 100)
yerk’d: 8 (I. ii. 5)
young affects: 23 (I. iii. 265)
your way: 92 (IV. i. 195)
’Zounds: 4 (I. i. 86)