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‘ Transactions
OF THE

Kentucky
Academy of Science

VOLUME ONE
(1914—1923)

DR. JOSEPH H. KASTLE

oe

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KENTUCKY
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOLUME ONE
(1914-1923)

WILLARD ROUSE JILLSON, Sc. D.
PRESIDENT OF THE ACADEMY AND
EDITOR OF THIS VOLUME

LEXINGTON, KY.
1924

THE STATE JOURNAL COMPANY
Printer to the Commonwealth
Frankfort, Ky.

CONTENTS

Page
IPURCHE BIOS ca ee ae ae er es ne eae cer RE ari ean pe 6
OftiCersies (COMA N92 3) ore cee ere etic igre et aaecte seater th oud sewer el ieee sles c anne 9
Constitution cand “by-laws =<. ss: caisson we we ee ne ee soe oe bas 10
INO CT, OVO Oye ee oot cease iets oe ese stn Savane aliap erect lat Suess: Sonus Gis O sere stouar ele 14
Memberships list ClOW4 O23) ies icc chase dusts soe tesla oe waite lscuslevse anes 15
Call for the onganization meeting .. 2.6... ee eee eens ns 21
Minutes of the organization meeting ............--... eee eee eee 23
Seconidsjannual mee tin ose. es eceecc tei tee teeson ste) epansons toe eee seo le
thom deranm ual ame 6 bin Pairs tes sc seccxs ie ace sso sic sols See one se ceenelery, cote a ecole estes 34
MH OULEMes AMM UA MC Chim Of cece lasz ccs snsisjers aeoers av sctuioe oa) so cetelotea Soatete oe 42
AH piste ts Fayaeer aed eb ery eC CELI say Serer pce eee es ose eee etree shia seve cceelore ope nnrenne 57
Sixtheeamnu alscmee him Os Pea ele 2s eis vy steast segs a soutien ci Qie ie emi casda situs saree 35
SEVEMt Mera mI een COLUM Oe ascars, chs etckoy uceaees io (ote ss a icts akceetereeas sis ve scolar: 2
JDiAAN DN GhnoRN WN A hen on oo noon 6 ooo Hoe Hon eommmnnaG 103
Ninéheeanmual = meetin Ose re sieeve Acocn. sie Soca erasnneains weenees eet 117
Membheramm i al ae CLV Or saree ciiece cre velovovsoce: steusro shell tyes eyes enegicosee 6 a 133
Obitwany-70 1 SAve TS Parle ria iecs ele telcos ci epeloseicnage lous esas steeowccecaeds iauegere™etsace 137
Resolutions on the evolution controversy..........0.cc cece cece aes 147
Resolutions of the A. A. A. S. on the evolution controversy........ 149

PREFACE

During the last few years the growing need of a unit
volume containing all of the transactions of the Kentucky
Academy of Science has often been expressed. It has been
repeatedly pointed out that such a volume would afford at
once a ready source of reference to the scientific papers which
have been presented at each of the annual meetings, and at
the same time provide an accurate and available chronology
of the activities and officers of the organization. A continued
lack of funds in the treasury of the Academy, however, made
the proposal, desirable as it was, quite impossible.

A year ago, at the tenth regular meeting, the writer of
these paragraphs realizing that the transactions of the Acad-
emy would undoubtedly be withheld from publeation for
many more years unless individual initiative provided the ways
and means to a considerable extent, offered to underwrite the
cost and edit Volume One of the transactions for the Academy.
This proposal was accepted by the Academy. As a result,
this book now appears in a limited edition sufficient, however,
for our entire membership, the regular exchanges of the
Academy, and the principal scientific libraries of the country
and abroad.

All papers herein presented, unless otherwise previously
arranged, appear in abstract form as printed in ‘‘Science’’
In the preparation of this manuscript and the reading of the
proof I have received most scholarly assistance and advice
from Dr. A. M. Peter, the veteran secretary of the Academy.
I have also been greatly aided by Dr. Peter’s personal secre-
tary, Miss Ethel V. T. Caswell. Without this generous co-
operation these transactions would necessarily have lacked
much in the way of completeness and real value.

Willard Rouse Jillson
Frankfort, Ky.,
March 1, 1924.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KENTUCKY ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE

OFFICERS. £

Kentucky Academy of Science
OFFICERS

(1914-1923)

Organization meeting, May 8, 1914, Dr. P. P. Boyd, Chairman.
Charles J. Robinson, Secretary.

1914-1915.
President, Joseph H. Kastle, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Vice-President, N. F. Smith, Central University, Danville.
Secretary, Garnett Ryland, Georgetown College, Georgetown.
Treasurer, W. M. Anderson, University of Louisville, Louisville.

1915-1916.
President, N. F. Smith, Central University, Danville.
Vice-President, A. M. Miller, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington,
Treasurer, Garnett Ryland, Georgetown College, Georgetown.
Member Committee on Publications, R. T. Hinton, Georgetown College,
Georgetown.
1916-1917.
President, A. M. Miller, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.
Vice-President, Garnett Ryland, Georgetown College, Georgetown.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, Paul P. Boyd, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.
Member Committee on Publications, Frank L. Rainey, Centre College,
Danville.
1917-1918.
President, R. C. Ballard Thruston, Louisville.
Vice-President, J. EK. Barton, State Forester, Frankfort.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, Paul P. Boyd, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.

1918-1919.
President, J. E. Barton, State Forester, Frankfort.
Vice-President, Paul P. Boyd, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, J. S. McHargue, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Member Committee on Publications, J. J. Tigert, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.

1919-1920
President, Paul P. Boyd, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.
Vice-President, Walter H: Coolidge, Centre College, Danville.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, J. S. McHargue, Experiment Station, Lexington.
1920-1921.
President, W. H. Coolidge, Centre College, Danville.
Vice-President, Geo. D. Smith, State Normal School, Richmond.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, J. S. McHargue, Experiment Station, Lexington.

10 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Member Committee on Publications, Dr. Paul P. Boyd, Univ. of Ky.,
Lexington.
1921-1922.
President, Geo. D. Smith, State Normal School, Richmond.
Vice-President, Lucien Beckner, Winchester.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, Charles A. Shull, Univ. of Ky. Lexington.

1922-1923.
President, Lucien Beckner, Winchester.
Vice-President, John A. Gunton, Transylvania College, Lexington.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington. —
Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. S., A. M. Peter, Lexington.

1923-1924,
President, W. R. Jillson, State Geologist, Frankfort.
Vice-President, Austin R. Middleton, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. S., A. M. Peter, Lexington.

CONSTITUTION OF THE KENTUCKY
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(As adopted May 8, 1914, and subsequently amended.)

ARTICLE I—NAME. This organization shall be known as The
Kentucky Academy of Science.

ARTICLE II—OBJECT. The object of this Academy shall be to
encourage scientific research, to promote the diffusion of useful scientific
knowledge and to unify the scientific interests of the State.

ARTICLE IIJI—MEMBERSHIP. The membership of this Academy
shall consist of Active Members, Corresponding Members, and Honorary
Members.

Active members shall be residents of the State of Kentucky who are
interested in scientific work. They shall be of two classes, to-wit:
National members, who are members of the American Association for
the Advancement of Science as well as of the Kentucky Academy of
Science, and Local Members, who are members of the Kentucky Academy
but not of the Association. Each alctive member shall pay to the
Secretary of the Academy an initiation fee of one dollar, at the time
of election. National members shall pay to the Secretary of the

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. i

Academy an annual assessment of five dollars,* payable Otctober Ist,
of each year, four dollars of which shall be transmitted by the Secretary
of the Academy to the Permanent Secretary of the American Association
for the Advancement of Science, and one dollar shall be turned over to
the treasurer of the Academy. Local members shall pay an annual
assessment of one dollar, payable October first of each year.

Corresponding members shall be persons who are actively engaged
in scientific work not resident in the State of Kentucky. They shall
have same privileges and duties as Active Members but shall be free
from all dues and shall not hold office.

Honorary members shall be persons who have acquired special promi-
mence in science not residents of the State-of Kentucky and shall not
exceed twenty in number at any time. They shall be free from dues.

For election to any class of membership the candidates must have
been nominated in writing by two members, one of whom must know
the applicant personally; receive a majority vote of the committee on
membership and a three-fourths vote of the members of the Academy,
present at any session or, in the interim between meetings of the Acad-
emy, the unanimous vote of the members of the council, present or voting
by letter.

ARTICLE IV—OFFICERS. The officers of the Academy shall be
chosen annually by ballot at the recommendation of a nominating com-
mittee of three, appointed by the President, and shall consist of a
president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and councilor of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, who shall per-
form the duties usually pertaining to their respective offices. Only the
secretary, treasurer, and councilor shall be eligible to re-election for
consecutive terms.

It shall be one of the duties of the Retiring President to deliver an
address before the Academy at the annual meeting.

The Secretary shall have charge of all books, collections, and records
that may belong to the Academy.

ARTICLE V—COUNCIL. The Council shall consist of the President,
Vice-president, Secretary, Treasurer, and President of the preceding
year. The Council shall direct the affairs of the Academy during the
intervals between the regular meetings and shall fill all vacancies
occurring during such intervals.

ARTICLE VI—STANDING COMMITTEES. The Standing Com-
mittees shall be as follows:

*A recent action of the A. A. A. S. requires the payment to be
made to the permanent Secretary in Washington, who returns one
dollar of each five to the Kentucky Academy.

12 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

A Committee on Membership appointed annually by the President,
consisting of three members.

A Committee on Publications consisting of the President, Secretary,
and a third member chosen annually by the Academy.

A Committee on Legislation consisting of three members appointed
annually by the President.

ARTICLE VII—MEETINGS. The regular meetings of the Academy
shall be held at such time and place as the Council may select. The
Council may call a special session, and a special session shall be called
at the written request of twenty members.

ARTICLE VIII—PUBLICATIONS. The Academy shall publish its
transactions and papers which the Committee on Publications deem
suitable. All members shall receive the publications of the Academy
gratis.

ARTICLE TX—AMENDMENTS. This Constitution may be amended
at any regular annual meeting by a three-fourths vote of all active mem-
bers present, provided a notice of said amendment has been sent to each
member ten days in advance of the meeting.

BY LAWS.

I—The following shall be the order of business:
1. Call to Order.

2. Reports of Officers.

3. Report of Council.

4. Report of Standing Committees.
5. Election of Members.

6. Report of Special Committees.
7. Appointment of Special Committees.
8. Unfinished Business.

9. New Business.

10. Election of Officers.

11. Program. :

12. Adjournment.

II—No meeting of this Academy shall be held without thirty days’
notice having been given by the Secretary to all members.

T1J—Twelve members shall constitute a quorum of the Academy
for the transaction of business. Three of the Council shall
constitute a quorum of the Council.

IV—No bill against the Academy shall be paid without an order
signed by the President and Secretary.

V—Members who shall allow their dues to be unpaid for two

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS. 13

years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by
the Treasurer, shall have their names stricken from the roll.

ViI—tThe President shall annually appoint an auditing committee
of three who shall examine and report in writing upon the
account of the Treasurer.

VII—The Secretary shall be free from all dues during his term
of office.

VIII—AlII papers intended to be presented on the program or abstract
of same must be submitted to the Secretary previous to the
meeting.

IX—These by-laws may be amended or suspended by a two-thirds
vote of the members present at any meeting.

14 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

IN MEMORIAM

They have crossed the river and are resting in the shade of the trees:

Arthur M. Breckler, = O19:
Alfred Fairhurst, 1843-1921
Joseph Hoeing Kastle, 1864-1916.
James Oscar LaBach, 1871-1922.
Alexander T. Parker, 1832-1922.
John D. White, , 1920.

Miss Cora Williams, O228
Charles O, Zahner, , 1918.
Percy Kendall Holmes, 1880-1924.
Charles IT. Brookover, 1870-1922.

MEMBERSHIP. 15

COMPLETE MEMBERSHIP LIST—1914-1923.

(Correct to March 1, 1924)

§—Corresponding member. {—Honorary member.
t—Life member. *—Dropped.
+—Deceased. c-0.—Care of

The date denotes the year of election to membership.

Name and Address. Branch of Science.

Allen, Harry, ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Chemistry.

Allen, W. R., ’23, University of Kentucky, Lexington........ Zoology.

*Anderson, F. Paul, 714, Univ. of Ky., Lexington...... Mechanical Eng.
Anderson, H. C., ’23, W. Ky. State Nor. Sclf., Bowling Green....Physics.

Anderson, W. M., 714, University of Louisville, Louisville..... Physies.

Anderson; W..S., 215, Univ; of Ky., Iuexingtom ¢)3 2... .00.%. Genetics.

*Andres, P. M., 719, 1870 Elmwood St., Toledo, Ohio........ Engineering.
Averitt, S. D., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Chemistry.

Baer, Louis, ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisvilie............ Chemistry.

Bales, C. E., ’23, Louisville Fire Brick Co., Louisville........ Chemistry.

Bancroft, Geo. R., 719, Univ. of W. Va., Morgantown, W. Va., Chemistry.

*Barnett,b.,.220, Univ. of Kentucky, lexington: .:......5.:.. Physics.
*Barr, T. J., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington....Mining Engineering.
*Barton, J. H., ’15, c-o Guif Refining Co., Huntsville, Ala. ....Forestry.
Beckunermbucien, 220; Wainchesteriycc uc secs ect cers stevens Gs Geology.

*Bedford, M. H., ’15, University of Kentucky, Lexington..... Chemistry.
Beebe, Morris W., ’23, Univ. of Ky., Lexington...Mining & Metallurgy.

Belknap William University ob alomisvalle= cic lose ce cclae« ssrastiae

Benjamin, Leonard P., 723, Huntington, W. Va., ...... Bacteriology.

Best, Harry, 721, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.. Sn ee Sociology.

*Bitner an. /., 716, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington: 3... 750... : Physics.
siBilumenthals seal Gis Butta dN Ye coerce acd oe cet yceatinrees Chemistry.
Boggs, Jos. S., 723, State Dept. Roads & Highways, Frankfort..... Eng.

*Bories, Miss Marie, 719, 4601 Grand Blvd., Louisville........ Chemistry.
IBORTICS Wiad) 25, MOUS Vall Ory seals cones cesta sespencie ots ote Mining Engineering.

Boyd, P. P., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.......... Mathematics.

Poreclder WAL Mier TW ouisvallew sD. OWO Ne cas coeieettneies sic Chemistry.
+Brookover, Charles, °22, Univ. of. Louisville, Lowisville........ Medicine.
Brown, l. A., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Chemistry.

*Brownell, Harry G., ’15, Bethel College, Russellville.......... Physics.
Brownie Mlevaib.. 722) sAshamd ere. cures ciue srs ecrcsects fects eee Geology.

*Bryant, T. R., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Agriculture.
§Bucher, Walter, ’22, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio ....Geology.
Buckner, G. Davis, ’15, Experiment Station, Lexington...... Chemistry.

Bullock, H. E., ’22, e-o Midland Mining Co., Lexington ....Geology.

Burroughs WG... 222.— Berea Colleces Berea gets... ee cto nee Geology.

WButts, Charles, ’22, U. 8S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D. C. ....Geology.

16 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Caldwell, Morley A., 715, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville....Psychology.
*Carrel, W. J., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington....Civil Engineering.

Chalkley, Lyman, ’22, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington............ Law.
§Clark, Friend E., ’15, Univ. of W. Va., Morgantown, ‘W. Va., Chemistry.
Conn John zh 20 S38 oliviaru NOt mryitessncees ie sri cramer Chemistry.
Coolidge, W. H., 717, Centre College, Danville.............. Chemistry.
Cooper, Thomas P., ’18, Director Experiment Station, Lexington, Agri.
(Coulter, ‘Stanley; 214 Lafayette, Imdiana . 2. tin. ower clecinernae Botany.
“ACOA DOL, Aloo datss Alay, IDPHINAIIIE eK s Sod omodooooome goc Biology & Chemistry.

§Cox, Benjamin B., ’22, State Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, lowa..Geology.
Craig, W. J., 720, W. Ky. State Normal School, Bowling Green....

SOUQv aoe uRnNH nine SHaand OoeodouMahe meome aa Physics and Chemistry
Crandall; Albert, 3: 715, Malton, Wasconsim: 7.5 .)<:<10 1) ternenene! Geology
Crider Ar Mas Ad SO hrevieportts lucene lace aie cesta lee cece theme tenn Geology.
Crooks, C. G., 715, Centre College, Danville.............. Mathematics.
Crouse, C. 8., 721, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...Mining Engineering.
Crump. Ma He 715. Bowling Gre emt sire «wie ete) sre) ovelete cnet Geology.
S@urri|er Wi, 2722) Syracuse w Ni Voie sa cece cain cisco Sects cel entire Geology.
Curtis, H. E., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Chemistry.
Dasher, Geo. F., 716, Bethel College, Russellville.............. Science.
*Davies, Hywell, ’14, (Washington, D. C. .......... Mining & Statistics.

Davis, J. Morton, 714, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Mathematics.
qDay, Arthur L., *17, Director Geophysical Laboratory, Washington,

DUE OL epee sre Een rine Si nari ey ine Tee eMC eRe Gib oro 6.0.0 Geology.
qDetlefsen, J. A., 718, The Wistar Inst. of Anatomy & Biology,
Phila delphi Pale wae en crate. crceyaebnene gos ane Sans see want eae gems Genetics.

Didlake, Miss Mary L., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington, Ent. & Bot.
Dilly, O. C., 719, Lou. College of Pharmacy, Louisville, Pharmacology.
Dimock, W. W., ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington, Veterinary Science.

Downing, H. H., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...... Mathematics.
Dutiield *sWall” Ward.22)-arlamesss sca acter accra ere Engineering.
ABaston, He), 714. Springfield). Dl... ts c se < 6 wae Mining Engineering.
Eichelberger, Marietta, ’20, Univ. of Ky., Lexington..Home Economics.
Ervin, Walter E., ’21, Centre College, Danville............ Education.
Eyl oWalliam< C5, = ./225< Iuexiniotoms cs acucnscmearcicier sions cera crete Geology.
jRaihurst, Alfred. 7415. hexing tons Di 192M ce ser os ces Chemistry.
Fergus, E. N., ’21, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Agronomy.
LAM eee DORE Ols Hea ay cee Gomme DoD Onan aoe ete ode obo oS Chemistry.
*Fleming, W. R., 715, 519 Maple Ave., Newport, Ky. ......... Chemistry.
Foerster, M. H., 716, Consolidation Coal Co., Jenkins........ Forestry.
Siohs; i) Julins, 715. Pulse; (Okla momma esis 5 sien s wtere edapee cles Geology.
Ford, N. C., ’23, W. Ky. State Normal School, Bowling Green, Agricul.
Freeman, W. E., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington..... Electrical Eng.
Funkhouser, W. D., 719, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington........ Zoology.
Gabbert, W. R., ’21, County Agent, Lexington............ Agriculture.

SGardnier:: Jo Ee obs Mull sar Oa acceso sr vous sack oust one a covonensreioeaionersronans Geology.

MEMBERSHIP. aly

Garman, H., ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington.............. Biology.
Gentry, H: V., ’23, Lou. Gas & Elec. Co., Louisville........ Chemistry.
*Calbenty Awe. 4. BurlineFoms ViermOmb.(.chs acs aavelemaieiecia ec cmec Botany.
PGmil@aane, Vik digh. Zilisy Abmlop ery) INE INeS A aicivala dai ao done Jiao Physics and Eng.

(Glenn, L. C., ’22, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn.....Geology.
Good, E. 8., 14, Experiment Station, Lexington....Animal Husbandry.

Gott, E. J., 718, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Bacteriology.
*Graham, Robert, *15, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois........ Biology.
Greenmeenebe 220) nam lek Ont is Myce cee atavsta/ evars aegevelivae accor rerne Geology.
Grinstead, Wren James, ’21, E. Ky. State Normal School, Richmond,
Ree dou sic a actee diye acute aNyrteterennclicetivanh ieclanalcgayiee toasSy we egret a toa apa Re Psychology.
Gunton, John A., ’22, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, Canada, Chem.
Harms, Miss Amanda, 719, Experiment Station, Lexington....Biology.
VHart, E. B., 719, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. ........ Nutrition.
§Havenhill, Mark, 719, Kansas State Ag’! College, Manhattan, Kans,
Pepi Pa ei ehatlesiols ose sbe rere eran wea taneanetoual Sie aviardie ene uiamieee Farm Mechanics.
Healy, Daniel J., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington...... Bacteriology.
Hemmenway, Ansel F., ’21, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson...... Chemistry.
§Hendrick, H. D., 714, Takoma Park, Washington, D. C. ...... Agronomy.
Henry, Miss Ruby A., ’23, Louisville Girls’ High School...... Science.
Hinton, Robert T., ’14, Georgetown College, Georgetown...... Biology.
TOC MMOs mre nie eye alone MOK IMO LOM ce ccenussecsyeloreuet eran siuuersetcieveeareleieny aie Geology.
xEotemeaneAtlen. 719) Miramonte ive cw sc sise © cele stelbve alloca am Chemistry.
HEV LIn ama Ee ue Wiles Wie Accor avaycelfateustarace: si tery Stes aile) sene serene a\lenensisy <beate Horticulture.
xolerotta a he aM bhiacacsNiy Nei cleisy esc essere) setae: « Mathematics.
+Holmes, P. K., 721, Univ. of Kentucky, D. 1924, Lexington ..Sanitation.
Homberger, A. W., 719, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville...... Chemistry.
Hooper, J. J., 717, University of Kentucky, Lexington........ Biology.
Hudnall, James S., ’21, Geological Survey, Frankfort ........ Geology.
Tler, W. D., ’18, Experiment Station, Lexington............ Chemistry.
inserson, N; J.,. 723, Centre College, Danville... 2. ....2.. 75% Geology.
Jackson, Eugene L., ’20, Emory Univ., Atlanta, Ga., ....Vegetable His.
Ee AMVNS Sep ises O rev MO rics gens Syceapeya ace snaccns oun leyet sucliesielsteraien cuca atone Agr’] Education.
DE aD FeATIAAL S OT MASeN O Nene Assi ay aie apts eMeliet su ecrseelbal siecrctozen elteleaNovsy stay stallelstonsie) eop-y(Vere History.
Tame she Wie Eitanceo my MOUS Valles a. cvrsisuccsyonsteveyellsyetayets ae ioist ei sis Chemistry.
Jewett, H. H., ’21, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Entomology.
tJillson, W. R., 719, State Geologist, Frankfort........... ...Geology.
*Johnson, J. R., 715, University of Kentucky, Lexington ..Mathematies.
*Jones, Parry R., 715, Williamsburg, Ky. .......... Chemistry & Math.
Jones, S. C., ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Agronomy.
Karraker, P. E., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Agronomy.

+Kastle, Jos. H., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington. D. 1916. Chemistry.
Koffman, Gladstone, ’23, Principal High School, Frankfort....Physics.
§Kercher, Otis, 719, Pike Co. Farm Bureau, Pittsfield, Ill. ....Hxtension.
Killebrew, ©. D., ’15, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn, Ala.

Physics.

eeobieleneelsieviallane elie: feriee) ss eile.\e(ei/e)lelep,o)ie ne} loins) leixsie;.ei0 1/0710 eqse? |e) (0! \e\\a\- 610) 16)/0) Je.te) ja) 0:8, 8/ 01 @)

18 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Kinney, E. J., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Agronomy.
§Kiplinger, C. C., 718, Mt. Union College, Alliance, Ohio...... Chemistry.
§Knapp, R. E., 714, 1037 Philip Ave., Detroit, Mich. ...... Bacteriology.
Kornhauser, 8. I., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville........ Anatomy.
*Kurk, Fred, 715, c-o Wilson & Co., Chicago, Ill. .......... Bacteriology.
yjLaBach, J. O., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington. D. 1922, Chemistry.
Meee Ss: 723; Maddlesboroivkty. ease caso ee eee Geology.
§Leigh, Townes R., 719, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. ....Chemistry.
*Lewis, C. D., ’15, Dept. of Education, Frankfort....... Natural Science.
*Lloyd, Henry, ’14, Transylvania College, Lexington, Math. & Astronomy.
Lowe, Miss Gladys Marie, ’21, Boston, Mass. .............. Psychology.
McAllister, Cloyd N., ’17, Berea College, Berea............ Psycho ogy.

*McCheyne, Gertrude, ’20, Univ. of Ill, Urbana, I.1., Home Economics.
McCormack, A. T., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisvi'le...Sanitation.
McFarland, Frank T., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington....... Botany.
McHargue, J. 8., "14, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Chemistry.

§McKinnon, Miss Jean, 719, Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill. .. Home Economics.
McVey, Frank L., ’18, President Univ. of Ky., Lexington. .Economics.

Maldisoni die aee oo a Kran ktonterivestss acre sce ers seniors Road Engineering.
Maney, Charles A., ’23, Transylvania College, Lexington..............
Martin, Dean W., 717, Georgetown College, Georgetown........ Physics.
Martin, J. H., ’15, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Chemistry.
*Martin, J. Holmes, 719, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Poultry.
Mathews, C. W., ’16, University of Ky., Lexington........ Horticulture.
Maxson, Ralph N., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...... Chemistry.
Mayfield, Samuel M., ’23, Berea College, Berea, Ky. ... Natural Science.
Meader, A. L., ’23, Experiment Station, Lexington .......... Chemistry.
Meier, Henry, ’15, Centre College, Danville........ Math. & Astronomy.
*Me!cher, C. R., 719, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.......... Languages.
Middleton, Austin R., ’22, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville...... Biology.
Miller, A. M., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington............ Geology.
(Maller “Dayton Cy2215. Cleveland, Olvos-cis gn a. clots eioreraeter ewe Physics.
Mallertod.) W223, Univ. of qouisvalle ouisville. sci..8... csceueenetscnerlen
Miller W. Byron, 722; -Wallins Creek,” Ky f.i.0 wees Engineering.
qMillikan, R. A., ’20, California Inst. of Technology, Pasadena,
Calitorniasc dente eens cae arcs eae ease oe SoM Guns ate ate sean Physics.
Miner, J. B., ’22, University of Kentucky, Lexington...... Psychology.
Morgan, Geoffrey, 719, c-o Farmers’ Union, Louisville...... Agriculture.
§Morgan, Thomas H., ’15, Columbia Univ., New York.......... Biology.
(Moulton, F. R., 716, Univ.. of Chicago, Chicago, Ill. ........ Astronomy.
+Mutchler. Pred, 715, Bowling Green, Koy. 2. 2. iic)e io cre clare sue Agriculture.
TAINS, (Oh Zan ly! (Claieryeno UR 3 ob eponodogapooGoomoddonho Go Chemistry.

*Nelson, J. B., ’20, 53 Federal St., Newburyport, Mass....Bacteriology.
Newell, Miss Anna Grace, ’21, Wellington, Cape Providence,

Sie GOGOL ANA iRAnsinl ater ae ae enh em eminent a burg inl o0 6O0.0f
Newton. Ha iPs 22) ChattanooGan Mem iit act. c.toycnels mys tsnorencenel= Chemistry.

MEMBERSHIP. 19

Nicholls, W. D., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington....Farm Economies.

SINGS WONG ER ila chases Altice) wal ceaielcie fyeteye’ sie o aneave sel ela) cycles Ent. & Botany.
SNola, es He 15: 4 Niorton: St. Newburg, NOW oi ost. = Chemistry.
Norwood, C. J., 714, Univ. of Ky., Lexington..... Mining & Metallurgy.
O’Bannon, Lester 8., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...Engineering.
Olney, Albert J., ’20, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...... Horticulture.
earkery eA helo mexinebOMes, Wi O22 cesar iia cles) ora re Microscopy.
Pence Mada. 14, Univ.ot. Kentucky, Wexington..5,5 sche sa. Physics.
*Perry, Miss Homer, (Mrs. John R. Herman) 718, Berkley, Cal.,....

5 Ai a REE) PR ec I eR CA era en a Genetics & Botany.
Peter, Alfred M., ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington...... Chemistry.
JET NOIR Ve (Ob bin a Deh ovals NG Re he cles gartaray Gero How o aol: Physics.
Porter, R. E., ’23, Ashland Leather Co., Ashland, Ky ...... Chemistry.
Pryor, J. W.; 14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington... 22.0.0... Physiology.
Rainey, F. L., 714, Centre College, Danville........ Biology & Geology.
He Conds kal lie / ilo HS Cb iamyn Vie Viele Menestatelsere alols e eusretecsity Chemistry.
Rees, E. L., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.......... Mathematies.
Rhoads, McHenry, ’21, Supt. of Public Instruction, Frankfort,

EM OCA he ce eialie es caliotee dete yay aviation ahiaateyc an aps ante Ma Ne crete cates) av ouch aes Education
Rhoads, Wayland, ’22, Experiment Station, Lexington....Animal Husb.

*Rhoton, A. L., 714, Georgetown College, Georgetown...... Mathematics.
qRichardson, Charles H., ’22, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse, N. Y. ..Geology.
siRaesemble spe oe mbnaCa Nii Ven sty sn pails cieistsl sci eharslstsileis lerelesalgecatteys Geology.
Roberts, George, 714, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Agronomy.
HRoOpiMsamVernons,, 7 Lo, AuOUIS VIC eel eales cieie eer lolerels cists Bact. & Chem.
ROM mMsona Chass ces VA MOUS VUNG sclera he cine) oie) alercilspencioGs stele « Chemistry.
shodes\) Walliam,) 7 loculiexinie toni Kayei ty.) ./s\ chats’ sehen wielerers Chemistry.

§Roe, Miss Mabel, 719, 209 E. Bdway., Anaheim, Cal. ..Plant Pathology.
Rogers, John C., ’22, Barrett Manual Training School,

VET ETS OMIA acl sare accra apc tayencieteoveleaene) slishetorsal suo reusrarecouevetcllsr el evevotells Medicine.
Routt, Grover, C., 714, County Agent; Mayfield .7.. 0... 2.5. Biology.
EDR CONY CHS: oN AEH op sl ope rca Celt iS pra eae eal Cee icy Pee eS Civil Engineering.
§Ryland, Garnett, ’14, Richmond College, Richmond, Va. ....Chemistry.
Sandstrom, W. M., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville...... Chemistry.
Scherago, Morris, ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...... Bacteriology.
Schneidercnalpheh. m7 25.6 Olevelamds: Om Mints). .iale le lotsne Chemistry.
*Shedd, O. M., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington.......... Chemistry.
*Shull; Charles A., 719, Univ.of Chicago, Chicago, Tll........... Botany.
Siff, Louis, 715, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville............ Mathematics.
SladessD sees 210 NS e e xamle Come tevaruleneystetoters euctere cieseradavete aieie eterna che Poultry.
Smith, George D., ’20, E. Ky. State Normal School, Richmond.
SURE R ah caae Nes fata a pedere Gaede Ps ators iactcceueteustsvatarile stare Natural Science.
§Smith, N. F., 715, Citadel College, Charleston, 8. C. .......... Physics.
(Smith, William Benjamin, ’23, New Orleans, Tua. »...........-.. 00508

Smithson, Frederick C. M., 719, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville....Chem.
Solomoniseon) by 20 Muouis valle siete ciacjatlsle es cise selene 00s Sanitation.

20 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

Sonnenday, Miss Dora, ’20, Cincinnati, Ohio ........ Home Economies.
South, Lillian H., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisville. .Bacteriology.
SSpahirwiee He ce 4 New ellaviens ICON, w-ntr ti colons sloheretsie clots olor enavee Physcis.
Sparks, Mrs. Sue D., ’14, 224 E. High St., Lexington....Ent. & Zoology.
*Spears, Howell D., ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington...... Chemistry.
States; NawM., 7175 Umiv. of iKentuclky,, luexin'gtonyc «7. -cciersiars Physics.
§Stiles, Charles F., ’14, A. & M. College, Stillwater, Okla. ..Entomology.
Suter, Arthur Lee, ’20, Washington, D. C. .............. Pharmacology.

Sweeny, Mary E., ’20, Univ. of Ky., Lexington....Home Economics.
§Tashof, Ivan P., 714, 487 Second St., S. E., Washington, D. C.

vodemd digas dacudodne dus oud quoondaSugaoOoUSH Mining & Metallurgy.
*Terrell, Glanville, 717, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington........ Philology.
Thrun, W. E., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.......... Chemistry.
Thruston. Kh. ©.-Ballard, 15; Mouisvilles jis... cies «ere ere ieiete ns Geology.
Tigert, J. J.. ’14, Com’r of Education, Washington, D. C., Psychology.
Mrelease--Samuel, (Umive of Wouisivalle= 25. 0c se. «are «are oiveeosastentereromicne
Tuttle, FY. E., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington............ Chemistry.
*Valandingham, John T., ’15, Williamsburg.............. Mathematics.
Valleau, W. D., ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington....Plant Pathology.
Van Becelaere, Rev. H. L., ’15, Cardome, Georgetown...... Philosophy.

Vance, Sarah H., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisville....Bacteriology.
*Vansell, George H., 716, Univ. of California, Berkley, Cal.

Beit ees ara ie Canter ere aeaat ations BEL anes ewes Regence onan Tae OTR Ent. & Zoology.
Vaughn, Erle C., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington ...Ent. & Botany.
Wiallinotord: Ji Ke 23; Bowling Greens ao... cst et coe eae Geology.

*Walz, EF. J., ’15, Weather Bureau, Louisville............ Meteorology.
(Ward, Henry B:, 721 Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill...... 2.2.5. Zoology.
Waugh Karl) 723. Berea: Colleme, Berean. ois .1.)- <6 eerie as Psychology.
PWC A Viet eh Otley UA Meee caxstiticy sietamegleaellce deUsoa a eks- tai Caleta coon ener English.
Webb, William §8., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ........ Physics
Weller, Stuart, 722, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago......:......- Geology.
hte e John ED bs outs ville Dy W920 eae... 0. arcieneecrene Geology.
*Wilhoit, A. L., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington..Mech. Engineering.
Williams, A. S., ’20, Georgetown College, Georgetown...... Chemistry.
WalllamisteCharlesy. 23) aslimeliyer Keyes crite coe cles eee enae eines Chemistry.

SALLE Satan ny CUlasrst cpr Reet cave deere aaitan ae sta oval avait uergt cae ioa te seteeene GREG Chemistry.
‘Mvalliams Cora,-721 /Bellevme: (Ds 1922 ic ce ion a + are cinsics se eran
*Wurtz, Geo. B., ’14, Weather Bureau, Lexington.......... Meteorology.

Yunker, J. A., ’23, Louisville Gas & Electric Co., Louisville.
+Zahner, Chas. O., 716 Univ. of Louisville, Louisville, D. 1918. .Biology.
*Zembrod, A. C., 14, Univ. of Ky., Lexington...... Modern Languages.

ORGANIZATION MEETING. 24

CALL FOR ORGANIZATION OF KENTUCKY ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE

The advantages and necessities of a State Academy of
Seience for the State of Kentucky, such as exist in at least
seventeen other states, viz.: Wisconsin, Kansas, Iowa, Indiana,
Minnesota, Nebraska, California, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Colo-
rado, Utah, Oklahoma, Maryland, Tennessee, North Carolina
and New York, are too numerous to mention in this brief
space. Science is essentially mutualistic—successes In one
branch are hailed with delight by those interested in other
branches. A discovery made in one may be the stepping
stone to future achievement along another branch of science.
At present it is difficult for one person to keep abreast with
the discoveries and achievements in one branch of science
alone. Thus you obtain, from the diversified program, the
grain from the chaff—that of which the author of the paper
has made a special study requiring months or even years.

Then the value of submitting results for discussion, of dis-
cussing others’ results, of broadening the scientific mind, of
mutual stimulus and encouragement, of personal education by
coming in contact with fellow workers. Then also the value
to the community at large, giving them that which is best and
most useful from the various branches. in the form of publica-
tions and otherwise, must not be overlooked.

In many eases they have served as scientific advisers, gov-
ernmental or otherwise, to the states in which they exist.
As expert non-partisan investigators they have linked
science to the problems of everyday life, suggesting legislation,
for the betterment of human welfare in industry, public health,
sanitation, and social conditions. The results are, that the
past quarter of a century has witnessed a more rapid progress
than any equal period of the world’s history.

Another reason for such an organization is the opportunity
for acquaintance and the establishment of good fellowship
among the laborers in this line of work. This in itself would
be sufficient.

The State’s interests are promoted in a number of ways

22 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

by the co-operation of these people who are interested in the
welfare of its citizens. This service may be political, literary,
scientific or social but after all they have in common the en-
couragement of the individual to nobler efforts and benefit to
the community.

The membership shall in the main consist of Active Mem-
bers, Nonresident and Corresponding Members and Honorary
Members. Everyone in the State of Kentucky interested in
any of the following subjects is urged to join the proposed
Association whether teacher or business man: Mathematies,
Astronomy, Physies, Chemistry, Geology, Geography, Botany,
Zoology, Physiology, Medicine, Engineering, Social and Eeo-
nomic Science, Agriculture and Anthopology.

The meeting for the Organization of the Kentucky Academy
of Science will be held at the State University of Kentucky,
Lexington, April 10th and 11th, 1914. More details and the
announcement of a program will be made later.

The Committee on Organization appointed by the Kentucky
Association of Colleges and Universities, urgently invites any
criticism or suggestions from any one interested.

R. H. Spahr, State University, Chairman.
F. L. Rainey, Central University.
Garnett Ryland, Georgetown College.

We, the undersigned, are in sympathy with and favor the
organization of a Kentucky Academy of Science, the organiza-
tion meeting to be held at the State University of Kentucky,
Lexington, May 8, 1914, and hereby pledge our moral as well
as our active support by attending, if possible, said meeting
as charter members.

Frank T. McFarland Jno. J. Tigert
R. E. Knapp A. C. Zembrod
Arthur M. Miller H. B. Hendrick
W. E. Freeman S. C. Jones
Fred W. Hofmann Knox Jamison
Geo. B. Wurtz G. C. Routt

Chas. P. Weaver W. D. Nicholls

ORGANIZATION MEETING. 23

H. H. Downing Geo. Roberts
H. D. Easton C. J. Norwood
Paul P. Boyd Hywel Davies
T. R. Holleroft Alfred M. Peter
S. D. MeCann Erle C. Vaughn
F. Paul Anderson O. M. Shedd
J. W. Pryor Howell D. Spears
F. E. Tuttle H. E. Curtis
Joseph H. Kastle T. R. Bryant
H. R. Niswonger Tee barr
Mary Didlake Ivan P. Tashof
H. Garman Walter E. Rowe
J. Morton Davis G. L. Wilhoite
E. L. Rees C. F. Stiles
M. Iu. Pence W. J. Carrel
A. H. Gilbert R. H. Spahr

I.

MINUTES OF THE ORGANIZATION MEETING

At the invitation of a committee composed of R. H. Spahr,
F. L. Rainey, and Garnett Ryland, about twenty-five scientists »
of the State of Kentucky met on May 8, 1914, at nine o’clock
A. M., in the Physics Building at the State University, at Lex-
ington, for the purpose of organizing an Academy of Science.

Dr. P. P. Boyd, of State University, at the request of the
above mentioned committee, called the meeting to order. After
a brief statement as to the purpose of the assemblage, by the
chairman, a motion was offered that the assemblage proceed
to the organization of a Kentucky Academy of Science, to be
duly incorporated under the laws of the State, by first electing
a presiding officer and secretary for the organization meeting.
The motion was unanimously earried. It was moved that the
temporary chairman, Dr. Boyd, be elected permanent chairman
of the organization meeting. The motion was seconded and
unanimously earried, and Dr. Boyd was declared elected. On
motion unanimously carried, Dr. Robinson was declared elected
secretary.

It was then moved and seconded that a committee of five
be appointed by the chairman to confer on a constitution and

24 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

by-laws for the proposed organization, and report to the assem-
blage before the close of the session. The motion was carried.
The presiding officer named Messrs. Spahr, Ryland, Rainey, W.
M. Anderson and Lloyd.

PAPERS PRESENTED
The following papers and addresses were then presented:

Dr. J. W. Pryor, of State University, ‘‘Some Interesting
Features of the Ossification of Bones,’’ with many illustrations
by lantern slides.

Dr. N. F. Smith, Professor of Physics, Central University,
Danville, ‘‘Theories of Thermal and Electrical Conductivity.”’

Dr. Joseph H. Kastle, Director of the Kentucky Agricul-
tural Experiment Station. ‘“‘The Significance of the Scientific
Work of the Experiment Station to the Agricultural Prosperity
of the State.’’

As defined in the Hatch act, the Federal law endowing agri-
cultural experiment stations in the states, the scope of experi-
ment station work is intended to be coextensive with the di-
versity of our agriculture; any problem which bears upon the
agricultural welfare of the nation or of the states may be in-
cluded. The work of the Kentucky Station has covered a great
variety of subjects, many of which were mentioned. The prod-
uets of Kentucky are many but her commercial resources,
preeminently, are corn, tobacco, whiskey, coal, timber and
live stock. The work of the Kentucky Station has been help-
ful, as shown by examples cited. The scientific method is
much better than the cruder methods of empiricism. The ob-
ject and purpose of the agricultural experiment station is to
arrive at the truth by exact scientific methods, and it is only
by the application of such methods to the problems in hand,
that we can ever hope to make any noteworthy contributions
to the agricultural prosperity of the State and Nation.

Van H. Manning, Assistant Director of the Bureau. Address
‘“The Work of the Bureau of Mines.”’

Mr. Manning explained that the general aim and purpose
of the Bureau is to conduct, in behalf of the puble welfare,

ORGANIZATION MEETING. 20

such fundamental inquiries and investigations as will lead to
increasing safety, efficiency and economy in the mining in-
dustry of the United States.

The problems dealt with are general, fundamental or of
nation-wide importance, the solution of such mining and metal-
lurgical problems as are purely local being left to state or local
organizations or to private enterprise.

Some of the investigations of immediate value to Kentucky,
aside from those relating to the safety and health of miners
and mining communities, are on the possible reduction of waste
in coal mining, lengthening the life and increasing the total
yield of oil and gas fields by improved methods of drilling and
casing wells, the study of quarrying and mining methods, modi-
fication of the plasticity of clays and economical use of fuel.
The author emphasized the importance of co-operation between
engineers and scientists and hoped that the investigations of
the Bureau will be of assistance to those members of the Ken-
tucky Academy of Science who are studying problems bearing
on the development of the mineral industries of the State.
Several examples of co-operation were given and a general plan
of co-operation between the Bureau and mine owners, man-
agers and miners was outlined as follows:

(1) That the National Government conduct the necessary
general inquiries and investigations, and that it promptly dis-
seminate, in such manner as may prove most effective, the in-
formation obtained and the conclusions drawn.

(2) That each of the several states enact the needed legis-
lation and make ample provision for the local police super-
vision or inspection of mining operations within its borders.

(3) That the mine owners make provision for the improve-
ments with a view to increasing safety, bettering health con-
ditions, and reducing waste as rapidly as the practicability of
such improvements may be demonstrated by the inquiries and
investigations of the Bureau of Mines.

(4) That the miners and mine managers co-operate in
making and enforcing such rules and regulations as experience
and investigations in this and other countries show will prove

26 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

to be helpful in carrying out the purpose mentioned, especially
such as will best safeguard the lives of all men who work
underground, where a single mistake may destroy many lives.

The author expressed the view that the Kentucky Academy
can exert a great influence upon public opinion and thus do
much to promote safety and efficiency in all industries.

Dr. Stanley Coulter, Purdue University, LaFayette, In-
diana. Address: ‘‘Science and the State.’’

The relation involves a mutual duty, offers opportunities
and opens splendid possibilities. The monastic idea has pre-
vailed too largely among scientists, so that science has not
done its full duty to the state. The duty to increase and con-
serve the material resources of the state may be the all-inclu-
sive duty of science, since if thoroly done, all other desired
conditions naturally follow. If science expects to justify her-
self to the state, and hopes for continued recognition by the
state, she must, from time to time, at least deseend from the
heights of pure science and mingle in the affairs of common
life. The duty of science to the state does not cease with the
discovery of truth; it extends to its dissemination in fairly
intelligible language, with sufficient suggestions as to its rela-
tions to make it practically useful. Thé truth, clearly put, is
what will give credit and standing to science among the peo-
ple. The Academy, as a body and thru its members, owes the
duty to the state of disseminating scientific truth in a straight-
forward, clear-cut way, that the people may have put into
their hands all the truths of science which have immediate
practical bearing. The Academy should stand for the com-
bined wisdom of all its members in all matters scientific which
pertain to the common weal. Several ways were mentioned in
which the Academy and its members may co-operate with state
enterprises, such as collaboration with the Geological Survey,
by bringing the knowledge of individual members to the Di-
rector of the Survey, when it could be co-ordinated and made
useful instead of remaining idle in the possession of the indi-
vidual; the collation of observations upon plant life as related
to soils; of native plants possessing useful properties; of min-
eral resources and many others. It seems only just that when
the scientists of the state are associated and organized for

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 27

an increase of knowledge of the resources that state at least
provide for the publication of this knowledge. The address
was upon the same lines as the presidential address before the
Indiana Academy of Science, Proceedings for 1896, pp. 33-46.

OTHER BUSINESS

At the conclusion of the program the committee on consti-
tution reported a constitution and by-laws which was read ard
adopted unanimously, after shght modification.

The nominating committee reported the following nomina-
tions for officers:

lor President, Joseph H. Kastle, Experiment Station.
For Vice-President, N. F. Smith, Central University.
For Secretary, Garnett Ryland, Georgetown College.
For Treasurer, W. M. Anderson, University of Louisville.

It was moved, seconded and unanimously carried, that these
nominees be elected as officers of the Academy for the ensuing
year.

Prof. Coulter was nominated and unanimously elected as an
honorary member of the Academy.

The motion was offered and carried that a vote of thanks
be extended by the Academy to the organization committee
and especially to Mr. Spahr for their efforts in bringing about
the organization.

It was also moved and carried that the Academy extend
a vote of thanks to the speakers on the program, and especially
to Prof. Coulter for his somewhat lengthy trip in order to
address the meeting.

(Signed) CHAS. J. ROBINSON, Secretary.

II.
MINUTES OF THE SECOND ANNUAL MEETING

The second annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science was called to order by President J. H. Kastle in the
Chemistry lecture room of the State University on Saturday,
May 15, 1915, at 9:30 A. M. After the President’s introductory
remarks the minutes of the last meeting were read and ap-

28 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

proved. The report of the treasurer, W. M. Anderson, was
presented showing a balance on hand of two dollars. The
Secretary showed that the roll of members contained the names
of sixty persons who had signed the eall for the organization
or otherwise indicated a desire to be recognized as charter
members of the Academy but that seven of these had since
left the State.

The Council reported thru the Secretary, that it had held
two meetings and had fixed the date for the payment of annual
dues at January 1st of each year, paymient to begin in the case
of new members on January lst following their election.

The Membership Committee nominated 65 persons for
active membership, 11 for corresponding membership and Pro-
fessor Dayton C. Miller for honorary membership, all of whom
were duly elected.

The President appointed as Committee on Nominations,
Professors Boyd, Pence and Davis, and as Auditing Committee
Messrs. Bryant, Pryor and Hinton.

President Kastle delivered an address on ‘‘ Recent Advances
in Our Knowledge of Animal Nutrition in Relation to Growth.’’

PAPERS PRESENTED

*‘Relation between Matter and Radiant Energy.’’ N. F.
Smith, Centre College, Danville, Ky.

The paper discusses several theories, more particularly that
of Planck as modified by Einstein. In conclusion the author
writes “‘Let no one think that the problem is completely solved,
for there remain many contradictions and inconsistencies. It
seems certain that the theory of Maxwell must be modified or
abandoned, but the great facts of interference and diffraction,
for which it offered so complete an explanation, have not been
accounted for on the basis of any other theory. In spite of
the confusion and uncertainty of the present, we may feel con-
fident that real progress is being made toward an ultimate
solution of the great problems of present-day physies—the
structure of matter and its relation to radiant energy.”’

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 29

‘‘Maulting in North Central Kentucky.’’ <A. M. Miller,
University of Kentucky.

The faults are of the normal type with wide drag zones on
their down-throw sides. A prominent feature in connection
with nearly all of them is the presence of a parallel secondary
fault on the down-throw side of the main fault, heading in
toward the latter to form a ‘‘fault block.’’ The following are
described in the paper:

1. The Kentucky River fault, traceable from near Levee,
Montgomery County, to near Burdetts Knob, Garrard County,
48 miles, with a maximum displacement of about 350 feet.
The Kentucky River follows the general course of this fault
from Boonesboro to Camp Nelson, causing a striking deflection
toward the southwest.

2. ‘The West-Hickman fault, recognizable from near Union
Mills, Jessamine County, to near Paris, Bourbon County, 28
miles, maximum displacement about 150 ft., notable for hav-
ing brought the Eden shale, with its relatively poorer soil,
down to the level of the Trenton limestone with its very rich
soil, thus affording a striking contrast in native vegetation
and agricultural characteristics.

3. The Kissinger and Switzer faults. Extend from near
Great Crossings, Scott County, to near Camp Pleasant, Frank-
lin County, about 11 miles. Displacement about 150 feet. This,
also, gives rise to a strip of relatively poor land.

4. The Gleneairn fault. From near Campton, Wolfe Co., to
Irvine, Estill County, 25 miles. Maximum displacement about
150 feet. An interesting feature in connection with the east-
ern end of this and also of the Kentucky River fault, is the
presence of an oil pool in the fault extension to where it ceases
to be a distinct break, but becomes a monocline.

Other faults of smaller vertical throw and horizontal ex-
tent were pointed out on the map.

Note: Since this paper was read, the Gleneairn fault has
been proved not to die out near Campton but to extend con-
tinuously eastward as far as the Big Sandy River near Paints-

30 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ville; therefore it is now called the Irvine-Paintsville Fault.
It has also been proved to be the structure most responsible
for oil in the Irvine sand as far eastward as Cannel City, in that
it has limited the northwestward migration of the oil up the
dip slope to this line.

‘“‘The Removal of Mineral Plant-Food by Drainage
Waters.’’ J. S. McHaregue, Experiment Station, Lexington.

The paper describes a study of the kind and amount of
mineral matter carried in solution by the water of springs and
streams in different geological horizons and points out inter-
esting and characteristic differences. The results are published
in full in Bulletin 237, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment
Station, Lexington, Ky., November, 1921.

‘‘The Translocation of the Mineral Constituents of the Seeds
of Certain Plants During Growth.’’ G. D. Buckner, Experiment
Station, Lexington. See Journal of Agricultural Research, Vol.
0, No. 11, Pages 449-58. December 15, 1915.

The Academy then adjourned to the Phoenix Hotel for
lunch, and reassembled at 2:30 in the Physics lecture room.

Dr. Dayton C. Miller, Professor of Physies, Case School of
Applied Science, Cleveland, Ohio, by special invitation of the
Academy, delivered an illustrated address on ‘‘The Science
of Musical Sounds.’’

The general nature of sound and sound waves is discussed
and a detailed explanation of noise and tone and of pitch,
loudness and tone quality is given. Sound originates in either
simple or composite harmonic motions, and these ean be repre-
sented by suitable curves. All musical tones are produced by
periodic vibrations and all varieties of tone quality are due
to particular combinations of a larger or a smaller number of
simple tones. Every motion of the air which corresponds to
a complex musical tone or to a composite mass of musical tones,
is capable of being analyzed into a series of simple harmonic
motions, to each of which corresponds a simple tone that the
ear may hear. An adequate investigation of the tone quality
of a sound, therefore, makes it necessary to have visible records
of the sounds from various sources which can be quantitatively
examined.

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 31

None of the methods previously in use seemed to be of suffi-
cient delicacy for the present investigations, and the result
of experimentation was the development of the Phonodeik
which has been in use since 1908. The Phonodeik consists
essentially of a diaphragm of thin glass mounted on the smal!
end of a resonating horn. Close to the diaphragm is a minute
steel spindle supported in jeweled bearings. A mirror about
one millimeter square is attached to the upper portion of the
spindle, while the lower portion is made in the form of a pulley.
A few silk fibres attached to the center of the diaphragm are
wrapped once around the pulley and are fastened to a delicate
spring. Light from a pin-hole is focused by a lens and is re-
flected by the small mirror on a moving photographie film in a
special camera. If the diaphragm vibrates in response to a
sound wave, the spot of hght will trace the record of the sound
on the film. In the instrument used for photographing sound
the motion of the diaphragm for sounds of moderate loudness
is about one-thousandth of an inch. This is magnified 2,500
times by the mirror and light ray, producing a record two and
one-half inches wide. For loud sounds the record may be five
inches wide. The film moves with a speed of from one to fifty
feet per second, according to the purposes for which the record
is desired. Besides the record of the wave, there is placed on
the film the zero line giving the axis of the curve and also time
signals one-hundredth of a second apart, enabling the exact
determination of pitch. The camera is arranged with several
shutters for hand, foot and automatic-electrie release and for
any desired time of exposure.

Thousands of photographs have been made of sound waves
from various sources, vocal and instrumental. While inspec-
tion and simple measurement will often give some information
concerning these curves, they are generally too complicated
for interpretation in their original forms.

The curves representing the sounds of music and of speech
are properly analyzed for comparative investigation by the
harmonic method based on the important mathematical prin-
ciple known as Fourier’s Theorem. This method is suitable for
the investigation of all phenomena that may be represented
by periodic curves. The numerical method of applying Four-

32 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ier’s Theorem to determine the components of a sound is very
long and difficult. For this reason, various mechanical dc-
vices known as harmonic analyzers have been made to assist
in this work. An analyzer on the principle devised by Pro-
fessor Henrici of London has been used, and this has been de-
veloped in our own laboratories, so that it will determine the
composition of a given curve up to the thirtieth harmonic com-
ponent.

The converse of the analytic process just described, that is,
a recombination of several simple curves to find their resultant,
is often required. This operation is most conveniently accom-
plished by means of a machine. An harmonic synthesizer for
thirty-two components has been especially designed and con-
structed in the laboratories of Case School of Applied Science.

The analytic investigation of sounds by the methods de-
scribed has been in progress since 1908 and is to be continued
indefinitely. Among the subjects under investigation are the
characteristics of tones from different musical instruments,
the effects of changes in material or construction of musical
instruments, the nature of vowel tones and other sounds of
speech, and the nature of noises and their prevention. The
method is helpful in the teaching of vocal music and elocution,
and it also provides a very convenient test for exact tuning.
The ideal of musical tone of any voice or instrument having
been selected by the artist, can be accurately defined and re-
produced by the aid of analysis.

The analytic study of several thousand photographs of
vowels from many different voices leads to the conclusion that
each vowel is characterized by a particular fixed region of re-
sonance. It is the particular pitch of the resonance of the
overtones that identifies the vowel. The studies lead to specific
quantitative definitions of each of the principal vowels.

The proof of this theory of the vowels consists in the re-
production of the several vowels by experimental synthesis
made with organ pipes. The number of pipes required varics
from three to sixteen for a single vowel.

For purposes of public demonstration, a Phonodeik of
special construction has been made, by means of which the

SECOND ANNUAL MEETING. 33

sound waves from the speaker’s voice and from various musi-
eal instruments can be projected on the screen, the move-
ments of the diaphragm being magnified 40,000 times, produe-
ing a wave which may be ten feet wide and forty feet long.

(The lecture was illustrated with slides and models and
experimental demonstrations with the Phonodeik. Many of
these illustrations, as well as detailed accounts of the methods
and instruments here briefly mentioned and of the results ob-
tained, have been given in a book by the author, ‘‘The Science
of Musical Sounds.’’)

BUSINESS SESSION

Afterwards a business session was held at which the Com-
mittee on Nominations made the following report which was
unanimously adopted:

For President, N. F. Smith.

For Vice-President, A. M. Miller.

For Secretary, A. M. Peter.

For Treasurer, Garnett Ryland.

For Member of Committee on Publication, R. T. Hinton.

These officers were then elected by unanimous vote.

Dr. Pryor, for the Auditing Committee, reported that they
had audited and approved the report of the treasurer.

It was moved and earried that the Academy express its
appreciation of Prof. D. C. Miller’s very interesting address.

The Academy then adjourned.
(Signed) GARNETT RYLAND, *Secretary.

MINUTES OF THE COUNCIL OF THE ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE

The Council of the Academy of Science met December 4th,
1915, at the University Club.

Present: President N. F. Smith, Messrs. Miller and Peter.

It was agreed that the next annual meeting should be held
the first Saturday of May; also that an effort be made to get

34 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

this date recognized as the fixed date of the annual meeting,
and in order to bring this about, an effort should be made to
have it given in the college catalogs.

President Smith announced as committee on membership,
Prof. W. E. Freeman, Chairman, Kentucky State University,
C. A. Nash, Centre College, Danville, and F. J. Walz, Weather
Bureau, Louisville; and as the Legislative Committee, J. B.
Hoeing, of Lexington and Frankfort, Chairman, R. C. Ballard
Thruston, Louisville, and N. F. Smith, Danville.

After some informal discussion about the program for the
next meeting, it was agreed that the members of the committee
should look out for a suitable person to make an address.

The meeting then adjourned.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

The Council met in the Physies laboratory, University of
Kentucky, April 6, 1916, at 10:15 A. M.

Present: Messrs. N. F. Smith, A. M. Miller and A. M. Peter.
The Treasurer’s account was approved.

Account of ten dollars for clerical work approved and
ordered paid.

A resolution favoring the use of the Centigrade Thermome-
ter scale in government publications was approved and Prof.
Miller was requested to present the same in the Academy meet-
ing.

Adjourned.

elie
MINUTES OF THE THIRD ANNUAL MEETING

The third annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science convened at Lexington, May 6, 1916, in the lecture
room of the Department of Physies, University of Kentucky.

The Academy was called to order at 10:30 A. M., by Presi-
dent Smith.

THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 35

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Secretary made an informal report, in which the mem-
bership was stated as 77 active members, 8 corresponding mem-
bers and 2 honorary members.

The Acting-Treasurer presented the report of the Treasurer
showing receipts $84.80, disbursements $26.50, balance on hand
May 6, $58.30.

Statement of the Acting-Treasurer from January lst, 1915,
to date (May 6, 1916).

RECEIPTS
HromeGarne tt Ryland se reasuren: sts. tntsie a cunctscesitalscces nt sone ieicaele $ 8.80
Amounts collected as dues and initiation fees ...............00. 76.00
HIRO Gell Gears ie he eerie oe iy ten cen res A tule ne sDeraetelive Soa thove lene eect ees $84.80
Tota eR GS DUTS CME TEE Shy Sieh arpa tea A ne Mec aee Th ak rayne CNNSI ye Be ae cee 26.50
Balanceeo neha dies. caret an he eeeeae nies ceates ere pasta eaeed au ca iebencinie eae ae $58.30

(Itemized statement and vouchers filed.)

Upon motion the report was received and referred to an
auditing committee consisting of Messrs. Boyd, Chairman,
Nash and McFarland, to report back at the afternoon session.

The President appointed as Committee on Nominations
Messrs. Crooks, Chairman, Davis and Killebrew, to report
nominations for officers at the afternoon session.

The Membership Committee nominated 9 persons for active
membership, 1 for corresponding membership and Dr. F. R.
Moulton, Professor of Astronomy, University of Chicago, for
honorary membership, all of whom were duly elected.

Professor Gilbert moved that the time of the annual meet-
ing be changed to the first week in April instead of the first
week in May. After some discussion the sense of the members
present was taken which resulted in 15 in favor of the present
time for the meeting and 5 in favor of a change.

On motion of Professor Miller the matter of changing the
time of the meeting was referred to the Council with the sug-
gestion from the President that the informal vote taken would
serve as an indication of the wishes of the members.

36 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The following resolution moved by Prof. Miller was un-
animously adopted:

RESOLVED, That the Kentucky Academy of Science
heartily approves the move to substitute the Centigrade ther-
mometer scale for the Fahrenheit scale in all government publi-
cations, and endorses the bill to that effect now pending in
Congress, H. R. 528.

RESOLVED, That the Secretary transmit a copy of this
resolution to the Thermometer Committee, A. A. A. S., Bureau
of Standards, Washington.

The following program was then given:

PAPERS PRESENTED

President’s Address—Problems and Progress of Twentieth-
eentury Physies: N. F. Smith.

Twentieth-century physics had its birth in the year 1895,
when Roentgen discovered the new form of radiation known as
X-rays. There followed rapidly after this a sucesssion of
important discoveries chiefly connected with radio-activity.
From the many new facts discovered there has gradually de-
veloped the electronic theory of matter and electricity. It has
been definitely established that every electric charge is made
up of an exact number of elementary electric charges or atoms
of electricity. The magnitude of this elementary electric
charge has been determined with great accuracy. From the
value of this elementary charge other important physical con-
stants can be accurately determined, among them the mass of
an electron, and the masses of different atoms. It has been
shown that every electric current is a convection current; the
inertia of matter is probably entirely due to its electrical na-
ture and is analogous to self-induction. It has been shown that
X-rays are of the same character as light, but with a wave-
length about one-ten-thousandth part as great. This has been
established by the use of crystals as a diffraction grating. A
reasonable theory of the structure of the atoms of the different
elements has been established which is in close agreement with
observed facts. The electro-magnetic theory, as worked out
by Maxwell, is incomplete and requires important modification

THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 37

to account for the facts of radiation. On the whole, remark-
able progress has been made in the development of physical
theory.

Astronomy Applied in Archeological and Historical Re-
search: Henry Meier.

The author had collected a large number of events and
circumstances mentioned in works on ancient history and
and given in ancient Greek or Roman classics, which events
referred to a probable total eclipse of the sun or moon taking
place about the time given and visible in the regions referred
to. He then calculated the times of all possible eclipses for
the time and place of each event and having thus established
accurately the year, month and day of the event given by
history he was enabled to determine with certainty other his-
toric dates related to the event.

Likewise from the accurately measured orientations of
certain ancient temples in Upper Egypt dedicated either to the
sun or to a well-known star, he determined, based upon the
facts that the obliquity of the sun’s ecliptic is a variable quan-
tity and that the declinations of fixed stars change from year
to year, the probable time of construction of each temple, and
thus he was able to fix chronologically the events related
through inscriptions in each temple.

Some Historic Fish Remains: Arthur M. Miller.

When the writer took charge of the department of geology,
State College, in 1892, he found stored in the basement of the
old Chemistry Building, some interesting fossil fish remains.
He later found that the labels pasted on them containing the
initials ‘‘J. S. N.’’ were placed there by J. S. Newberry and
that these were the indentical specimens described in Vol. 1,
Paleontology of the Ohio Geological Survey, under the names
Orodus and Ctenacanthus from the ‘‘Waverly Shale’’ exposed
at Vanceburg, Ky. It was the finding in this deposit of the
teeth of the fish which had been named Orodus in such close
juxtaposition with the spines of the fish which had been named
Ctenacanthus, that led Professor Newberry to conclude that
these two structures belonged to one and the same species.

38 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Reference was made to a previous account of these remains
given by Professor Andrews in a volume of the Ohio Survey
published in 1870 on work done in 1869, in which these speci-
mens were credited to a Captain James Patterson, who found
them in the Upper Black Shale (Sunbury Shale) at Vance-
burg, Ky.—presumably in the course of quarrying the shale
for oil distillation, an industry started in this country in
the fifties or sixties of the last century, but speedily aban-
doned, when the discovery by Silliman, of Yale, led to the
obtaining of paraffin more cheaply from petroleum.

Comment was made in this connection on how paleontology
is indebted to commercial operations for some of its more in-
teresting fossil remains.

A New Form of Frequency Meter: N. F. Smith. 2

A rotating disc marked off in sectors alternately black and
white is illuminated by an A. C. are light. Since the light
comes principally from the positive carbon, the illumination of
the dise is intermittent. Therefore a stroboscopic effect is pro-

duced, and with proper speed of rotation the dise appears to
stand still. From the rate of rotation of the disc, the fre-

quency of the current is at once determined.

The Dr. Robert Peter Herbarium of the University of Ken-
tucky: Frank T. McFarland.

The paper shows the value of the Peter Herbarium as com-
pared with the herbarium of the University of Kentucky.

In the University of Kentucky Herbarium are 4,106 speci-
mens, of which 3,157 were collected by Dr. Robert Peter and
Dr. Charles W. Short, of Lexington, from 1832 to about 1835.
For the State, Dr. Peter has listed a total of 1,205 species,
but only 470 mounted species are in the Herbarium. Only
592 species for the State are listed in the University of Ken-
tucky Herbarium, with which the Peter Hermarium is ¢con-
solidated, much fewer than the actual number in the State.

‘Stem Rot’’ of Alfalfa and Clovers Caused by Sclerotinia
Trifolorum, Erik: Alfred Holley Gilbert, Kentucky Station
Circular No. 8.

THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 39

The paper contains reference to previous observations, as
reported in Kentucky Experiment Station Circular No. 8, 1915;
also a brief resume of the history of the disease in Europe and
America, and a report of a recent attack upon crimson clover
in Kentucky.

Since the causal organism is a soil fungus and sclerotia
may remain in the soil, retaining their vitality, possibly, for
several years, a rotation of crops in which no one of the several
legumes which serve as hosts for the fungus is grown for at
least three years, is recommended as a control measure. The
host plants so far as known are all the cultivated clovers and
alfalfa. A common weed, Abutilon, was also observed to act
as a host plant.

On the Distribution of Phosphorus in a Section of Blue-
grass Soil: Alfred Mi Peter, ‘‘Soil Science’’ Vol. II, No. 4,
Oct. 1916.

Analyses of soil samples from each 6 inches, from the sur-
face to the rock, showed strikingly different percentages of
phosphorus, ranging from 0.258 in the second to 6.692 in the
twentieth 6 inches, with other maxima in the fifteenth and
twenty-fifth 6 inches.

These differences are similar in degree to those existing
between different layers of the phosphatic Lexington hme-
stone, and are accounted for by supposing that the calcium
carbonate of the limestone has been dissolved away, leaving
most of the phosphate in layers of greater or less richness,
according as the limestone layers were more or less phosphatic.

Precipitation of Cobalt and Nickel Salts in Gels: C. A.
Nash and John Ardery.

The following paper was read by title:

‘‘Note on a Specimen of Radioactive Mineral,’’ by J. W.
Pryor.

At the afternoon session Dr. F. R. Moulton, of the Univer-
sity of Chicago, delivered an illustrated lecture on ‘‘Some Re-
cent Discoveries in the Sidereal Universe,’’ in which the
present methods of determining the distances and motions
of the fixed stars were explained in a popular way.

40 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.
Dr. Moulton was given a rising vote of thanks for his very
able lecture.
BUSINESS SESSION

The auditing committee reported that they had audited the
Treasurer’s report and found it correct. The report was unani-
mously adopted.

The nominating committee reported the following nomina-
tions for officers:

HoreP resident casted aamenies maser ee ee Prof. A. M. Miller
MoroVice:Presidenty 2.0.0 cat oeen oe oie Dr. Garnett Ryland
HOPESCCRE ba Tay. mcr tee es ates Neen ere Dr. A. M. Peter
HOT eMReaS UL ely patarepe easece ote te seeyel cee ces Dr. Paul P. Boyd

For member of the Committee on Publications ..........
site a am ha fe aM et our REviM eu caigs Beanie pepisgey one Prof. Frank L. Rainey

The report was adopted and the nominees were unani-
mously elected.

The Society then adjourned without date.

After adjournment several members visited the observa-
tory of the University, upon invitation of Prof. Miller. Dr.
Moulton pointed out the planet Venus, visible in broad day-
light to the unaided eye, which fact was verified by a number
of members present.

The following members were noted as attending one or
both sessions: 8. D. Averitt, J. E. Barton, M. H. Bedford, R. E.
Bitner, P. P. Boyd, L. A. Brown, G. D. Buckner, C. G. Crooks,
J. M. Davis, M. L. Didlake, W. E. Freeman, H. Garman, P. L.
Blumenthal, A. H. Gilbert, D. J. Healy, P. E. Karraker, C. D.
Killebrew, F. T. McFarland, J. S. McHargue, H. Meier, A. M.
Miller, C. A. Nash, A. T. Parker, M. L. Pence, A. M. Peter,
J. W. Pryor, O. M. Shedd, N. F. Smith, C. F. Stiles, I. P.
Tashof, J. J. Tigert, F. E. Tuttle, E. C. Van Becelaere, G. H.
Vansell, W. S. Webb, G. E. Wurtz.

The following members met in the Phoenix Hotel grill at
an informal luncheon, with Dr. Moulton as guest of honor:
Professors N. F. Smith, C. A. Nash, Frank W. Rainey, Prof.
and Mrs. Henry Meier and Prof. C. G. Crooks of Centre Col-

THIRD ANNUAL MEETING. 41

lege. Prof. A. M. Miller, Dr. Paul P. Boyd, Prof. F. T. Me-
Farland and Prof. W. S. Webb, of the University of Ken-
tucky, and Dr. Alfred M. Peter, Dr. P. L. Blumenthal, 8S. D.
Averitt and J. S. McHargue of the Kentucky Agricultural
Experiment Station.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

The Council met in Professor Miller’s office May 5, 1917,
at 9 o’clock A. M., pursuant to the call of the President.
Present: Prof. A. M. Miller, Dr. Garnett Ryland, Dr. P. P.
Boyd and Dr. A. M. Peter.

President Miller reported that he had appointed a Member-
ship Committee composed of Dr. G. D. Buckner, Chairman,
Dr. P. L. Blumenthal and Mr. J. 8S. McHargue.

Several accounts were presented and approved for pay-
ment.

It was ordered that the Treasurer give Dr. Arthur L. Day
a check for fifty dollars ($50.00) to cover his expenses and a
small bonus for his address before the Academy.

It was ordered that the Treasurer give Dr. Peter a check
for three dollars to pay for Pullman reservation for Dr. Day’s
return trip to Washington.

It was suggested by Dr. Ryland and concurred in by the
other members present that it would be well to nominate a
Louisville man for President.

Adjourned.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

Lexington, Ky., June 20, ’16.

REPORT OF ACTING TREASURER, FROM MAY 6, TO
JUNE 20, 1916.

Balance on hand on date of annual meeting, May 6, ’16.......... $58.30

Amounts received as dues and initiation fees between May 6 and
VUUTE Ce 2 () Srmnril Gitta eves cvercnsycisbes «nario oie vacate emcee eee eeseeolensie lore mie hac aoeereneiee 11.00
$69.30

Disbursements between May 6 and June 20, 716:
F. R. Moulton, expenses for trip from Chicago, Ill.... $25.00

Wmiversity—bress-tor :l00efoldersianc.. asc acenciesce se sc 5.00
University Press’ for envelopes: i. i.a:.cc.0+0s. 000s 1.75
SAIN Set rater teu uersice their ccetsnseueetseesea a: ciie ease cisorsbonema vets 2.00
aR ala EDO Keser rarenetie eh chsh evel es oo svevs wich ayes esas esi mets eels 25

Glericnl wore Ste eee 10.00 $44.00

Balance san athentLeasutya vetcmsccsscloa cokes erat ico sess $25.30
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Acting Treasurer.

42 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

We

MINUTES OF THE FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE
KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The fourth annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Seience convened in the Physics Lecture Room of the Uni-
versity of Kentucky at 10 o’clock A. M., on Saturday, May
5th, 1917, President Miller presiding. Present, about fifty
members and visitors.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The reports of the Secretary and of the Treasurer were
read and approved.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY, MAY 5, 1917

The Secretary transmitted promptly to the Thermometer
Committee of the A. A. A. S., at Washington, an official copy of
the resolution passed by the Academy at its last meeting advo-
eating the adoption of the Centigrade thermometer scale in
government publications. No action ordering this change
seems to have been taken by Congress.

Abstracts of all the papers read at our last meeting were
forwarded to ‘‘Science’’ for publication and they appeared
in the issue of July 14, 1916. This being our only means of
publeation, it is desired that members supply the Secretary
with short abstracts of their papers, for this purpose.

Letter ballot of the Council was taken upon the matter of
changing date of the annual meeing proposed in Prof. Gilbert’s
resolution. The result was unanimously in favor of retaining
the present date, the first Saturday in May.

Of the 9 persons elected to active membership at the last
meeting, 6 paid the initation fee and their names have been
added to the lst. Prof. Moulton acknowledged his election
to honorary membership in a very cordial letter to the See-
retary.

As Membership Committee the President appointed Dr.
G. D. Buckner, Chairman, Dr. P. L. Blumenthal and Mr. J. 8.
McHareue.

The Academy has lost by death one of its most distin-

FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. 42

guished members and past president, Dr. Joseph H. Kastle.

We have lost by resignation two. regular members, Prof.
H. G. Brownell of Russellville and Prof. A. L. Rhoton, of
Georgetown.

The total membership is now 91, classified as follows:

Regular members in good standing .............. 39
Regular members in arrears for dues ............ 39
Corresponding, mem bersa ysis) vaneless aisasl)o ons jojete eis cues ener 10
IEVLONOT Ayes CTA CLS evans cs shateyscitcclot sj) ateaeieiel eisiata|lsuere ete 3

MSO GesTh isadeg ete se cies ee douitlrcrouaileuaWsy ancl emen chatatcnaene neue eevelewe 91

The Secretary has sent at least two notices to each mem-
ber in arrears.

Classified by subjects, our membership list is as follows:

Noriculit ure pam da OT OMOM Ys cy.veusrane tieieyeraic aerefarose sates =
CAM a ASR INT yaelce stash enenecs F/s/oyenaus qe eeserous nteiscsy<ccnaner ats
ANS URONOW, Noble aah amu e ao oh don otc out eptn mo
BA CEOTTOLO Oi iuersancajexctatanay sis milanencnalaie Geese ders hacia ol ict
JEOaean) Soa pebio conioh Hod boda erodes como un eoulanG ce
Botany, entomology and zoology.........:..+..4+.
CHIVES cA IER D ehiza en ah Rene Gate clean io) Ane a Niraie, lar ten rete PE 2
Mlectrica wenoiMeer Mp 22 cee cactlouerete sere) rss a o\alere or avats
OHI Hy es Henao a omdoe Boner DOE Oo eio andos oc
Gre OlO Rye iss citscsorel oel easbonal elley ouseassveltanogtelte race, seul eeneatt tas 1
LOL DICUUEMG ES acver te veycneko ters tomusnatshenayercrensretet at op occ aveastaliate
Mig Pema acl CQik; cuss cmaygys ener snerattMevs coy aUstous: efSa0 verttn onshersacsceesy 61%
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FeIny ST GSH Hae sanin generar Piagaenstacr ie syet kavavaoic aa aas ini waaay ah
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Wels site denon oneual ete ev cda med tabe aio vaeye a: waiererstel Serves

He KH ONWEHE NAM ONY ROAHFNN UY

Ko)
_

The Secretary desires to call attention to the predominance
of chemists among our membership, as shown in the list of
members arranged by subjects, and to make an appeal to the
workers in other branches of science to come to the support
of the Academy. There must be more workers in Kentucky in
the mathematical sciences and biological sciences than there
are in chemistry. Are these satisfied to allow the chemists
to outdo them in activity? Should not all the scientists of the

44 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

State vie with each other in supporting an organization like
ours?
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

ESOT OF TREASURER FROM JUNE 20, 1916, TO MAY 5, 1917

RECEIPTS
July, 1916, From A. M. Peter, Acting Treasurer ....... $25.30
OMG =, mite tomate es: cam cd duess = eiere.ns: oneeevatelfon-fsqeleneneaors 59.00
$84.30 $84.30
DISBURSEMENTS

Dee. 8, 1916, Welsh & Murray, printing receipt cards .. $2.50
May 3, 1917, Jas. M. Byrnes, account book ....:..... 40
i POSEAEE Hersh che tetcieret orewaqectee ave! suelous/olecedoua a ierete 50

dhe Ayo Printing CNVELOPCS esters ote wrote sinleneveteouatien crete 3.00
Siac na Printing PLOOT ANG am shlvestho cesta cesses 5.00
Nera GNU WE OSTAO Cur 4 tas (alent gotcterstaroneus are ecane acteloerekeeners 4.09
Sete nee t cape nO LOTAC AE AWiOL Ken iehuttetsrscact Vep-hens ie roi sry tucreke cere 10.00
ano. (ane xpensese Dr. sDayzss lecture) ceria +). 0-1 53.00

$78.49 $78.49

Balancer onweliamn igs ecisses ies Gan cieeeta ieee hie oe 5.81

The foregoing account has been examined and found ecor-
rect, the expenditures being supported by proper vouchers
and receipts.

(Signed) C. D. Killebrew
L. A. Brown Auditing Committee

J. T. McFarland,
May 5, 1917.

President Miller reported informally for the Council.

The Membership Committee nominated 4 persons for active
membership, and Dr. Arthur L. Day, Director of the Geo-
physical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institute, Washington,
D. C., for honorary membership, all of whom were duly elected.

PAPERS PRESENTED

The following program was then given:

“History And Present Status Of Opinions In Regard To

The Origin And Antiquity Of Man: Address of the President,
A. M. Miller.

FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. 45

The long persistence of crude and irrational conceptions
bearing on the origin and antiquity of man was ascribed to the
very great authority of the church coupled with the late de-
velopment of the Science of Geology furnishing a basis for
belief in the very great age of the earth.

The history of opinion from the time of Lucretius was
sketched in which especially Lyell’s and Darwin’s views were
set forth with their reciprocal reactions upon each other.

The secant geological evidence for the evolutionary origin
of man forthcoming at the time of the publication of Darwin’s
Descent of Man was cited in explanation for the total ignor-
ing of such evidence by Darwin.

Reasons for the imperfect geological evidence even today
bearing on man’s descent were found in his probable early
arboreal and later terrestrial habits coupled with his superior
intelligence.

The greater relative frequency of man’s implemental as
compared with his skeletal remains and among the latter the
predominance of lower jaw bones was explained. The rela-
tive frequency of lower Jaws was illustrated by citation of all
known instances of skeletal remains of Paleolithic Man.

The history of discovery of man’s ancient skeletal and im-
plemental remains was divided into two periods, an earlier
in which ecclesiasticism suppressed discovery and a later in
which there has been comparative freedom from such inter-
ference.

All the known instanees of alleged discovery of early traces
of man in Europe, North America, South America and Africa,
were enumerated in chronological order and the creditability
of each commented upon.

The opinion arrived at was that the existence of Paleo-
lithie Man outside of Europe and possibly Africa was not
proved.

In conclusion the upward trend of man was sketched in
panoramic view from a near human arboreal creature, origi-
nating ‘‘somewhere in Asia’’ through stages represented by

46 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

Pithecanthropus erectus, Heidelberg Man, Neanderthal Man
and Cro-Magnon Man with the various successive cultures at-
tained by the last two races. The times with reference to the
epochs of the glacial period assigned to each race and culture
were given according to Osborn.

‘““Some Possible Deductions Obtainable from Observations
of Places of Comet B-1916’’, Dr. Henry Meier.

‘‘Taxation Of Forest Land:’’’ J. E. Barton, State Forester.

The best thought in the United States in regard to forest
taxation embraces the dictum that forest land must be taxed
on an equitable basis with other property. The essential fea-
tures of the best laws on forest taxation at the present time
are: (1) the classification of land as forest land or otherwise;
(2) an agreement with the State to maintain forest land in
forest growth for a definite period of vears, and penalties for
failure to carry out the agreement; (3) assessment of the
land at a certain amount or rate per acre, which shall be a
fixed annual tax on the land during the entire period for which
the contract with the State calls; (4) assessment on the timber
in the form of certain percentage of the value of the forest
crop when it is harvested, this percentage to be distributed
among the proper county, State or school funds; (5) fixed
charges to meet other taxes which may be considered neces-
sary. If a code of taxation laws with relation to forest prop-
erty embodying these features were put into effect there is no
reason why the continuity of timber growth and consequently
of a forest crop should not be assured.

‘A Study Of The Proteins Of Certain Insects With Refer-
ence To Their Value As Food For Poultry:’’ J. S. McHaregue

The writer called attention to the greater efficiency of
animal proteins over vegetable proteins as shown by. the work
of previous investigators. It as also pointed out that wild
animals, including birds, show an instinet in their natural
selection of food for their young which is compatible with
the most recent scientific investigations concerning the re-
lation of the proteins to nutrition and growth. It was shown
that the desiccated bodies of grasshoppers contain more pro-

FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. 47

tein than does commercial meat-meal, as well as notable
amounts of fat, phosphorus and potassium.

The author expressed the view that, with the proper ma-
chinery for catching, drying and grinding these insects, a
valuable source of protein could be thus made available for
such purposes as feeding poultry, ete. See Journal, Agr. Re-
search: (Vol. 10> No. 12).Sept: 17, 1917, pp. 633-637:

‘“The Geologie Strueture Which Explains The Accumulation
Of Oil In The Irvine Feld:’’ A. M. Miller.

The oil sand in the Irvine field is the Columbus magnesian
limestone of middle Devonian age overlaid immediately by
Ohio Black Shale of upper Devonian age. It seems probable
that the oil was forced out of the shale into the porous lime-
stone by differential capillary attraction of the oil and salt
water, and working up the dip on the northwestern slope of
the great Eastern Kentucky Syneline, became trapped on top
of the saltwater against the plane of a fault which extends
with some interruptions on the surface from near Irvine to
near Campton. The mechanics of the process was illustrated by
reference to a diagram drawn upon the blackboard, and maps
were exhibited showing the positions of the producing wells in
their relation to this Irvine-Campton, or Glencairn Fault.

‘*A Method Of Ashing Organie Materials For The Deter-
mination Of Potassium:’’ P. L. Blumenthal, A. M. Peter, D. J.
Healy and E. J. Gott.

The authors have shown that potassium is lost mechani-
eally and by volatilization of its salts during the ashing of
organic material. While such losses cannot be entirely elimi-
nated they may be materially reduced by conducting all such
cperations in a muffle furnace and by preliminary treatment
of the sample with nitric and sulfurie acids before ashine.

The sample should be evaporated on a water-bath with
about 5 ee of molar nitric acid and 5 or 6 ee of 1:1 sulfurie
acid for each 0.7 gm. of organic material taken, and then
ashed. The quantities of potassium determined ranged from
3 to 21 mgms and the maximum loss was 0.46 mgm upon the
largest sample. See Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chem. Vol. 9, No. 8,
p 7538, August, 1917.

48 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

‘*Killing Frost, and Length of the Growing Season in Var-
ious Sections of Kentucky:’’ By F. J. Walz, B. S., U. S. Weather
Bureau, Louisville.

In his operations the farmer every season is confronted
with risks due to weather and climate. Among the risks
that he faces each season are those of damage by late frost
in spring, early frost in autumn, and a possible shortening
of the growing season below that needed for the proper de-
velopment and ripening of his crops. This paper summarizes
and presents in the form of tables and charts the results
of a study of the dates in Kentucky of the last killing frost
in spring and first killing frost in fall, and the length of
the growing season considered as the number of days be-
tween these dates. The records of the regular stations of
the U. S. Weather Bureau, and those of the co-operative sta-
tions with 20 years or more of record, were carefully ex-
amined and analyzed, employing mathematical methods used
in the investigation of statistics and probabilities. The aver-
age dates of last killing frost in spring and first killing frost in
fall, the average number of days in the growing season, and
the ‘‘standard deviations’’ from these averages were com-
puted for each station, and consequent risks or probabilities
determined. See Ky. Experiment Station Circular 19.

‘Some Factors Influencing Kentucky As An Oil State:’’
James H. Gardner.

At the present writing (June, 1917) Kentucky stands in
the limelight as a prospective oil state. Due to the fact
that the Irvine District of Estill County has been extended
over a large area together with the greatly renewed activity
in the older Kentucky fields, operators are now turning
their attention to the State as a whole. This is par-
ticularly true of oil men from the Mid-Continent Field. So
it appears that the latter part of this year and the early months
of 1918 will forever settle the question as to the State’s poten-
tial rank in the production of petroleum and natural gas.
Test wells are to be drilled in nearly every county in the State
and the most modern applications of petroleum geology are
being freely used. Up to the present time most of the ‘‘wild

FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. 49

eat’’ work has progressed only to the mapping or leasing
state but the high standing of the companies interested is a
good indicator of the developments that are surely to follow.

There are four important geological factors that are al-
ways met in the search for new oil fields. When all of them
are found to work in harmony great fields, like those of Okla-
homa, Kansas and Texas or those of Pennsylvania, Ohio and
West Virginia, are the result. Geological ‘‘structure’’, such
as anticlines, domes ete., constitute only one of these factors.
A large number of structures do not produce oil or gas. They
may or may not produce salt water. Furthermore they may le
in what would be considered favorable regions. In such eases
the detail which may have been expended in mapping them
is of no avail. Such conditions result from failure of one
or more of the three other factors, namely either (1) there
is no open ‘‘sand’’ or other porous medium under the struc-
ture to serve as a retainer for oil and gas; or (2) there has
never been present any salt water or other water in the sand
to serve as a concentrating factor; that is, no gathering of oil
and gas from a disseminated state to a commercial body;
or (3) there is an absence of petroliferous shale or other fossil-
bearing rocks that produce oil in a disseminated form.

Now the future of Kentucky as an oil state depends on the
four factors above mentioned: (1) structure; (2) sand; (3)
water; (4) original oil. There can be no question about the
State having three of the above points in its favor, namely
(1) structure; (2) water; (3) original oil. There are numer-
ous favorable structural conditions in various counties of the
State. The rocks contain plenty of water and there are some
good beds cf oil bearing shale. The Devonian Black Shale is
particularly a splendid carrier of original oil. The fourth
factor is, however, as yet to be proven of sufficient importance
to place Kentucky in high rank as an oil state; namely,
‘‘sand’’, In great oil fields there are large bodies of sand
or retaining reservoirs in close proximity to beds of oil bearing
shale. There are frequently several such ‘‘sands’’ in the geo-
logical column in close relationships to oil shale beds.

In Kentucky the ‘‘sands’’ or ‘‘porous beds’’ near the Devo-
mian Oil Shale are carrying most of the oil so far discovered.

50 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

In Wayne County these sands lie in the Waverly series above
the Black Shale, but in other districts the oil is held below the
shale in porous beds of limestone. This is true of the oil fields
at Irvine, Cannel City, Campton, Menifee County, and other
districts of Eastern Kentucky. In the coal basins of Eastern
Kentucky and Western Kentucky there are a large number of
beds of porous quartz sandstone: they he in the Chester and
Pennsylvania series but in connection with these sandstone
beds, oil shales must be proven to exist in order that any par-
ticular structure may be found productive. If for instance
a bed of oil shale like the Devonian Black Shale could be found
sust above or below the Big Clifty Sandstone at the base of
the Chester, then an anticline containing these beds at suf-
ficient depth would most certainly make a big oil and gas field
like those of Oklahoma; but it so happens that in a great many
eases in Kentucky the oil shales do not lie near dependable
porous reservoir rocks or else the porous sandstones in the
bigher portion of the geological column, such as those above
enumerated, do not have near them any great amount of typi-
eal oil shale.

In conclusion the writer desires to state it as his opinion
that Kentucky is not to rank high as an oil state in comparison
with many other areas in the United States where the four
factors work in harmony and there are numerous porous sands
near beds of oil shale; however, the writer wishes to empha-
size the probability that a number of structures in Kentucky
will find the four factors working together and will furnish
new oil pools that will be highly valuable to these who are
fortunate enough to discover them.

Careful studies by geologists working in the State will
serve to gather a great deal of important information in addi-
tion to merely mapping suitable structural conditions in any
particular locality.

‘““The Species of Nicotiana and Some Classifications of the
Varieties of Nicotiana Tabacum:’’ G. C. Routt.

The Index Kewensis lists 124 species of Nicotiana from many
countries; 75 are native to South America and 24 to North
America. Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana rustica are the

FOURTH ANNUAL MEUTING. 51

only ones grown commercially for the production of the var-
ious forms of tobacco and snuff. Plants of this genus were
among the first used by the geneticists for experimental work
in plant breeding, the first hybrids having been produced
by Koelreuter in 1760 by applying pollen of N. paniculata
to the stigmas of N. rustica. Much breeding and selection
work has been done on N. tabacum. Prof. Comes of Naples
gives 6 varieties of N. tabacum, viz: fruticosa, lancifolia,
virginica, brasiliensis, havenensis and macrophylla. N. lanei-
folia, to which the Kentucky Burley belongs, is a native of
South America. N. havanensis, to which Havana cigar tobacco
belongs, is a native of Mexico, having been carried to Cuba
by the Spaniards. Dr. G. E. Anastasia, of Seafati, Italy, enum-
erates only 4 varieties of N. tabacum, viz: havanensis, brasil-
lensis, virginica and purpurea.

The Academy then adjourned for lunch in the Phoenix
Hotel grill room where about thirty members gathered at an
informal luncheon in honor of Dr. Day.

Upon the reconvening of the Academy at 2:30, Dr. Arthur
L. Day delivered a very able and interesting illustrated lec-
ture entitled: ‘‘The Voleano Kilauea in Action.”’

From a physical-chemical viewpoint the study of voleanic
activity centers first on the nature of the participating ingred-
ients, then on the condition of equilibrium or the progress of
the reactions taking place between them. At the time of our
visit all the three states of matter—gases, liquid, and solid
—were found represented. Gases were emitted constantly in
great volume and displayed nearly all the great variety of cloud
forms which have been so frequently described in voleano lit-
erature, except the violently explosive type, which has been
rarely or never seen at Kilauea since the advent of the white
man (1820). There was a liquid lava basin of oval shape some
600x300 ft. (Figure 1) ineclosed by a lava dyke or rampart
built up from the surrounding floor of the basin by the tumul-
tuous, spattering, splashing of the lava lake. Both floor and
rampart are frequently overflowed when the lake is high and
rising, and again great masses of it fall into the lake and are
redissolved when it is low. The floor of the pit at the time
of onr first descent had been completely overflowed but three

VHONVIISN WO UALVUO ‘NISVE VAVI T ‘DI

VONVIIS AO UALVU) ‘SASVO DINVOIOA DNILOATIOO °% ‘Out

54 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

days before and was reasonably level. The fresh lava had
solidified to a dept of some 10 inches and was abundantly
solid to walk upon but was still uncomfortably hot and the
eracks were still glowing.

Surrounding this floor are the walls of the pit, some 200
ft. high at the time of our first descent, and made up of the
exposed edges of successive earlier overflows which individ-
ually rarely exceeded two or three feet in thickness. The pit
as a whole was about 1500 ft. in diameter, roughly cireular
in plan and with nearly perpendicular walls except for the
talus pile which extended about half way up the wall. All
these diameters vary somewhat from day to day and consider-
ably from vear to year with the state of activity in the basin.

It will be of interest to record some of the observations
made in the course of the extended study of this voleano, the
purpose of which is to obtain definite information about the
character of the chemical reactions which take place in an
active voleano and in particular to determine the role played
by the gaseous ingredients which are very important factors
in both its chemical and physical activities. In many studies
of voleanoes the gases have been allowed to escape entirely
while in others they were not captured until the nature of the
components was so much altered by oxidation or otherwise that
their identification, to say nothing of the determination of their
relative processes and the character of the equilibrium existing
between them, has remained uncertain. On these broader ques-
tions, which are laboratory problems, much work still remains
to be done. It is, however, possible to offer evidence of the
participation of water and of some of the other volatile in-
eredients in the activity of Kilauea in advance of this detailed
study which may require some. years before all the questions
which have been raised are satisfactorily elucidated.

The problem of collecting voleanie gases which are satis-
factory from the chemical viewpoint is a most difficult matter.
Hot gases of more or less complicated composition discharged
from an active voleanie vent into the air undergo immediate
and violent chemical and temperature changes, the conse-
quence of which with our present limited knowledge of gas
relations at these temperatures can be only partly inferred.

FIFTH ANNUAL MHETING.

Ol
On

It is therefore a matter of the first importance to eollect the
gases directly from the liquid lava or the explosive vents be-
fore contact with the air has given opportunity for altera-
tions to oceur. We accordingly made the somewhat difficult
descent into the erater without mishap and two erates, each
containing ten glass tubes of one-half liter capacity each, were
then lowered down to us. To one end of these series of tubes
a glass pipe line was attached which led directly into one of
the cracks in a lava dome (Figure 2) through which the gas
was escaping. The gases discharged through this dome were free
to escape only through narrow slits where they could be seen
at night burning with a pale blue sheet of flame, thereby
demonstrating (1) an excess pressure within and in conse-
quence (2) that the gases released from the liquid lava came
first in contact with the air on emerging from these eracks.
The other end of the tube system was connected to a piston
pump about four inches in diameter with a displacement of
about 2 14 liters per stroke. The gases entered the pipe line
at a temperature of about 1000 degrees. The pumping was
kept up for fifteen minutes in order to make sure that the
air originally contained in the pipe line and connecting tubes
was displaced by the gases from the voleano. In this pipe
line water began condensing with the first stroke of the pum»
and at the end of fifteen minutes about 300 cubic em. had ac-
cumulated in the collecting tubes.

Insofar as this reconnaissance yields final results it shows
that the gases evolved from the hot lava at the Halemaumau
are nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, free hydrogen, free sulphur, together with chlorine,
fluorine and ammonia in comparatively insignificant quantity.

The first plain conclusion which follows from the discovery
of this particular group of gases associated together at a tem-
perature of 1000 degrees or more is that they cannot possibly
be in equilibrium there and that chemical action between them
is still going on. Whatever may have been the previous op-
portunities for chemical readjustment among the gases as
they arose in the magma and were gradually set free with
the diminishing pressure, they are still in process of active re-
action when discharged into the air. Free sulphur for example

56 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

eould not have remained in permanently stable association
with carbon dioxide; neither could free hydrogen be found
in stable association with CO2 and SO? at 1000 degrees.

The consequence of the gradual release of these gases is
the interreaction between the gases thus set free in constantly
increasing quantity as the surface is approached. The reac-
tions are accompanied by evolution of heat which obviously
operates to raise the temperature of the surrounding lava so
long as the reacting gases remain in contact with it.

In full accord with the positive conclusion that these par-
ticular gases cannot exist together in stable equilibrium at the
temperature at which they are found, but are in process of
active reaction, the record of the analyses shows their composi-
tion to vary from one tube to another. It is therefore probable
that the proportions of the individual gases change with every
bubble which bursts from the liquid basin.

Further confirmation of the same conclusion is found in
the observation that when the gases given off by the lava in-
crease in quantity, the quantity of lava remaining the same, its
temperature increases, and conversely when less gas is dis-
charged this temperature diminishes again. The measured
change in the temperature of the surface lava during the per-
iod of our observations amounted in maximum to 115 degrees.

The heat generated by these gas reactions in the region
near the surface when the amount of gas is large may well
be more than sufficient to counteract the cooling effect of the
expansion within the rising lava calumn which may thus be-
come hotter and not cooler as it approaches the surface. It
appears further from the order of magnitude of the quantities
of heat thus released by chemical reaction within the voleano
conduit that we have here happened upon an enormous store
of voleanic energy which approaches its maximum tempera-
ture at the surface itself. It is not certain at the moment that
this discovery throws new light on conditions far below the
surface, except perhaps to relieve us of the necessity of postu-
lating extreme temperatures for the lava chambers below
which on other grounds must be considered highly improbable.

The Academy gave Dr. Day a rising vote of thanks.

“I

FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING.

Ol

BUSINESS SESSION

The Membership Committee made a supplementary report
presenting 3 more names for regular membership. The report
was approved and these gentlemen were unanimously elected
to membership.

The Auditing Committee reported that they had examined
the Treasurer’s report and found it correct. The report was
approved and the committee discharged.

The Nominating Committee reported the following nomina-
tions for officers:

Mormmbe resident css) c 2 woeeetireeh anes R. C. Ballard Thruston
ory Vice Presidemt ss cces sities Wi ieee cy aceaterl aes hs J. E. Barten
HOTS OCCRELATY ics iiarchc ciarke bee veh a Soecera Uussue rat days) allolenee A. M. Peter
orm easumenic:. (uty stay e.te ef Seats le em cia ceral ons Paul P. Boyd

The report was approved and these gentlemen were unani-
mously elected.

There being no other business, the Academy adjourned
without date.
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

Ve
MINUTES OF THE FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING
Lexington, Ky., May 4th, 1918.

The Academy was called to order in the Physics lecture
room, University of Kentucky, by Vice-President Barton.

The report of the Secretary was read and approved.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF
SCIENCE FOR THE YEAR ENDING MAY 4, 1918

As Membership Committee the President re-appointed Dr.
G. D. Buckner (Chairman), Dr. P. L. Blumenthal and Mr. J. 8.
McHargue.

Of the seven persons elected to active membership at the
last meeting, six paid their initiation fee and their names have
been added to the list.

KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

ot
ie 2)

The status of our membership, as shown by the Secre-
tary’s books May 8rd, is shown in the following table:

Am’t due
IAChVe Members; Ne SOOM StAN CIM Ogee cnued- cuctetetl leisy. ofetstetenetens 32
IMempberseiny aGrearse fOmiCUrrenGeyea Tee cmasmile istic etetentetons 33 $33.00
Memberss inv arrears or stWwO vVears) ..c. scr ai eerelcle era enols ll 22.00
Members-more than, 2) years, imearreans) <q ae ttelerd paee 6 21.00
Cornespoudinios mem erie grist sierra eee nel ieee 1]
HON OV AT yas MACMID ETS) Rae iatake ete se voret she cies sheep aes srsvcyensuaheden teen 4
Lota lemembership sxvaoi su aus ions, settee sete aa kee kee 97 $76.00

Several members have left the State since our last meeting,
some of them to take up different kinds of war work.

We have lost by resignation two regular members, Dr. J. R.
Cowan, Danville, and Prof. George F. Dasher, Bethel College,
Russellville.

In connection with the latter it should be mentioned that
Professor Dasher, in his letter of resignation, suggests that it
might be a good thing to hold the annual meeting of the
Academy in connection with that of the Kentucky Educa-
tional Association and in that way a larger number of out-
of-town members will be enabled to be present—especially
those interested in education.

If our membership be classified by subjects, chemistry
heads the list with 25 members, followed by physies with 11
and geology with 10. The other sciences less than 10 each.

Listed by localities, Lexington leads, with 41 members, out
of the State 25, Louisville, 12, Danville 4, Georgetown and
Frankfort, 3 each, Berea and Williamsburg, 2 each, and Rich-
mond, Jenkins, Fort Thomas, Bowling Green, Russellville and
Winchester, 1 each.

The Secretary received the following letter from Mr.
Roscoe Nunn, Secretary of the Tennessee Academy of Science:

‘“‘The Tennessee Academy of Science is seeking the
acquaintance of similar societies in other states. Recently
we have come in touch with a number of academies in
various states. We desire to exchange publications where
agreeable. Through Prof. Walz, of the Weather Bureau
Office, Louisville, I procured your address; hence this
letter.

FIFTH ANNUAL MEBRTING. 52

The Tennessee Academy of Science was organized in
1912. We have held a regular annual meeting each year,
in the fall, and occasionally a spring meeting. We have
issued two volumes of Transactions, the second one in
November, 1917. We would be glad to be placed on your
exchange list, and will forward our publications to you,
if such an arrangement would be satisfactory to you.”’

We have since received the two volumes of Transactions
mentioned above, which have been placed in the archives of
our Academy.

Also the following from the Kansas Academy of Science:

‘“‘The Kansas Academy of Science will celebrate its
semi-centennial anniversary in connection with the Annual
Meeting which will be held at the University of Kansas
in Lawrence on March 15 and 16, 1918.

The Academy will be pleased to have the Kentucky
Academy of Science send a delegate to this meeting.’’

The Secretary acknowledged the invitation regretting that
we were not able to send a delegate.

Dr. Arthur L. Day, who was elected an honorary member
of the Academy acknowledged his election in the following
20rdial letter:

‘‘T received in this morning’s mail your formal noti-

fication of my election to honorary membership in the
Kentucky Academy of Science.

‘‘May I take this opportunity to assure you of my keen
appreciation of the honor which you have done me by this
election, and of the many courtesies extended to me by
yourself and your colleagues of the Academy during my
visit there. Such cordial hospitality sufficed in a very
short time to make me feel as much at home as the ‘‘old-
est living member’’. It was therefore in no sense an obli-
gation but a pleasure and a privilege to meet with you and
to be given this opportunity to present certain phases of
my own work.

‘“With kind regards to President Miller and very cor-

dial thanks to the entire membership of your Academy
for the courtesies shown me, I have the honor to remain,

‘Very sincerely yours,
““(Signed) ARTHUR L.-DAY.”’

60 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Abstracts of papers read at the last meeting were not pub-
lished in ‘‘Science’’ because the Secretary was unable to get
all of them from the authors. The by-laws require that ‘‘ All
papers intended to be presented on the program, or abstracts
of the same, must be submitted to the Secretary previcus to
the meeting.’’ This provision has not been complied with by
all. The Secretary earnestly requests that all who present
papers this year will not fail to provide him with a copy of
each for our archives and a hundred-word abstract for pub-
Heation.

The report of the Treasurer was read by Prof. Downing,
in the absence of Treasurer Boyd, and approved. The report
showed:

Balancesonshan ds! Maw 70 sl Oli er 2..ctqcesit-s) 3. Sacdate teins ees oe oe eee $5.81

Received: forsfeessand (Ques crs ce qvscca acy toon wis oi tau ster eee 56.00
$61.81

PACU OT ei T OOVAMIS LN cite costes ce tye lrsre ees dai cnet tests srerst ssh oleae $4.25

LES AIG be BiCG eh RL 0. 0) eS eI De eR RA eG ee em RC 6.05

Rardstoryclericalawork. mm sine seat ice aoe cease 10.00

Paid Dro J. A; Detlefsen for expenses: .2...).:.04:02-- 30.00 50.30

Balance jon hand, “May 4, VOUS ioc sk eae os ecole ode $11.51

The report of the Membership Committee was read by Dr.
Buckner, the Chairman, nominating 8 persons for aetive mem-
bership and Dr. J. A. Detlefsen for honorary membership. All
persons nominated by the Committee were unanimously
elected.

On motion of Dr. Buckner, it was unanimously resolved
that the Academy go on record as offering its services to the
Government in any capacity, during the time of the war.

After some discussion as to whether it is advisable to hold
meetings of the Academy in Louisville at the same time as the
Kentucky Educational Association, this matter was referred
to the Council.

The Chairman appointed the following Committees: Mem-
bership Committee: Dr. Buckner, Mr. McHargue and Dr. N. F.
Smith. Auditing Committee: Dr. Pryor, Dr. Brown and Prof.
MeFarland. Nominating Committee: Dr. Pryor, Dr. Buckner
and W.S. Anderson.

FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 61

The following program was then rendered:

President’s address, by J. E. Barton, acting president, ‘‘The
Regenerative Forests of Eastern Kentucky and their Relation
to the Coal-mining Industry.’’

The extensive coal-measures of Eastern Kentucky support
a valuable forest growth, which is of great usefulness in the
mining of coal. At the present time it takes about three acres
of timber to mine one acre of coal. The ratio should be nearly
one acre of timber to one acre of coal. This condition can be
brought about by careful management, which is justified by
the fact that the coal supply will last about one hundred years.
at present rate of production. Timber can be raised in a thirty-
year rotation, of sufficient size and character for mining pur-
poses, by a proper selection of species, an area fully stocked
and adequate protection against fire and live stock.

Differences in the Ossification of the Male and Female
Skeleton: Dr. J. W. Pryor.

Scientific Education: J. J. Tigert.

The rapid development of scientific agriculture. Edu-
cation followed agriculture in scientific progress. Scien-
tific procedure dependent upon quantitative measure-
ment. Statistical methods and measurements in education.
Standard tests. The measurement of intelligence. Charts and
tables showing results of measurements in the Cynthiana
schools in 1916-17 and the Lexington schools in 1917-18. Age-
grade table, Cynthiana, shows 22 per cent of pupils retarded.
Comparison of promotions in Cynthiana and other American
cities shows a larger percentage of promotion in Cynthiana
than elsewhere. Ayres Spelling Test in Lexington and
Cynthiana shows Lexington three points above the average of
84 American cities, and Cynthiana equal to the average of 84
American cities. Handwriting tests in Lexington and Cyn-
thiana show both these cities below the average city in speed
and quality of handwriting. Arithmetic tests in Cynthiana
show Cynthiana below standard measured by the Woody Seale.
A comparison of boys and girls in spelling and handwriting
shows the girls to be superior to the boys.

S>
bo

KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

The Effect of Manganese on the Growth of Wheat: J. 8.
McHargue. Jour. Ind. and Eng. Chemistry Vol. 11, No. 4, p.
Boo April, 1oa9.

After reviewing briefly some noteworthy results ob-
tained by previous investigators on the relation of man-
ganese to agriculture, the author presented results ob-
tained by growing wheat in manganese-free sand and in
cultural solutions, with and without the addition of manga-
nese.

Wheat plants grown to within a few weeks of maturity
in cultura! solutions containing manganese and others of the
same age in which the manganese had been omitted, were on
exhibition. Where manganese had been added to the cultural
solutions the plants were apparently normal in every respect,
whereas the plants grown in solutions containing no manga-
nese showed a retarded growth in the blades, stalks and roots,
as compared with the plants of the same age receiving man-
geanese. There was evidence of lack of the proper development
of chlorophyl in the plants receiving no manganese and the
blades of these plants exhibited a drooping appearance in that
they were not able to hold themselves erect, which was quite
characteristic and not to be observed in any of the plants re-
celving manganese.

The author concludes from his experiments that manganese
plays a more important role in the growth of wheat than has
hitherto been suspected.

Formation of Petroleum: ©. J. Norwood (By title.)

Cryoscopic Work with an Ordinary Thermometer: C. C. Kip-
linger.

It has been found possible to read small temperature
intervals on a common thermometer, within an accuracy of
1/100 degree, by measurements of the parallax on an auxiliary
scale equipped with a sliding peep-sight.

Several heretofore troublesome sources of error in the
boiling point method of determining molecular weights have
been eliminated by using but one point as reference on a ther-
mometer scale, having established this point by the use of a

SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING. 65

known substance with a high degree of purity. This pro-
cedure eliminates the need of a calibrated thermometer.

The use of the parallax method is suggested in the estima-
tion of fractional parts of a scale division on other instru-
ments than the thermometer.

Generalization on the Mean-value Theorem: H. H. Down-
ing,

The speaker, applying the mean-value theorem which states
for certain functions that

f(x+h) —f(x) =h’f’(x+¢h), O<¢<1,

to certain elementary functions, obtained interesting relations
between @ and h. For the function f(x) = axs-+ bxe-+ cx
+ d the relation was an equation which was simplified by
setting ¢ = ¢h. This equation in terms of ¢ and h as vari-
ables represents a hyperbola with one focus, one vertex, the
center, the other vertex, and the other focus, lying on the lnes
whose equations are, respectively,

¢ =0,¢ =1/3h, ¢=2/3h,4 =h, g=4/3h.

Magnolia fraseri: Does it Occur in Kentucky?: Frank T.
McFarland.

List of Fungi from Kentucky: Frank T. McFarland.
An Equation Balance: E. L. Rees.

A Method of Constructing the Graph of an Equation in
which the Variables may be Separated: E. L. Rees.

Protein Metabolism in the Growing Chick: G. D. Buckner
and others. (By title.) See Bulletin 220, Ky. Experiment Sta-
tion.

Review and Observations on the Mosaic Disease of Tobacco:
G. C. Routt:

The author reviews the work of other investigators
and reports observations of his own upon the disease in
experimental plots of different. varieties of tobacco. He
favors the view that the best way to combat the disease will
be to develop a resistant strain of tobacco.

64 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Dr. J. A. Detlefsen, of the department of genetics of the
University of Illinois, addressed the academy on ‘‘Laws gov-
erning the transmission of characters from parent to off-
spring.’’

The speaker gave a brief review of the search by investi-
gators for the cause or causes of evolution. He then. ex-
plained the law for the transmission of mono-hybrids, di-hy-
brids, and tri-hybrids. He presented these laws and illustrated
them so well that there was left no doubt in the minds of
workers in other fields that great progress has been made in
genetics in recent vears.

He threw upon the sereen the tables giving the result of
his own breeding experiments to show how nearly actual
counts agree with the mathematical expectation, in the laws
of transmission. It is remarkable how nearly actual counts
of animals bred agree with the expectation of what, by Men-
del’s law, they should be.

A vote of thanks was given Dr. Detlefsen for his valuable
address.

The Committee on Nominations reported the following
nominations for officers for next year:

Mor President: i464). eislu aes bok de as oda lows VOPR em onOm
Bors Vace:President: ac... ssa. baa ee oe Paul P. Boyd
Hor, secretary (sas er een cae A. M. Peter
Mona Ureasunern ss anc cacn Ma oe ...-d. 9. Middareue
For member of Publications Committee ...... J. J. Tigert

Each of these was then duly elected.

The Auditing Committee reported that the Treasurer’s ac-
counts had been examined and found correct.

There being no further business, the Academy adjourned
sine die.

The following members and visitors were reported at the
morning session: J. EK. Barton, J. A. Detlefsen, A. M. Peter,
F. K. Sutton, J. S. McHargue, G. Davis Buckner, Frank T.
McFarland, 8. D. Averitt, W. D. Iler, W. S. Anderson, N. F.
Smith, Linweod A. Brown, G. F. Reddish, Foster F. Elliott,

SIXTH ANNUAL MERTING. 65

M. L. Pence, Jno. J. Tigert, E. L. Rees, H. H. Downing, N. M.
States, C. C. Kiplinger, C. D. Killebrew, J. W. Pryor, Vernon
G. Grove, W. E. Butt, S. A. Boles, R. F. Hemmenway, and the
following from Berea: Maxwell Morgan, Dewey Trosper, C. B.
Anderson, Cloyd N. McAllister, Alma B. Ackley.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

VI.
MINUTES OF THE SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING

The sixth annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science convened in the Physies Lecture Room of the Univer-
sity of Kentucky at 10 o’clock A. M. on Saturday, May 3rd,
1919, President Barton presiding. Present, about 40 members
and visitors.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved
as well as the reports of the Secretary and Treasurer.

Abstracts of papers presented at the last meeting were
forwarded to ‘‘Science’’ for publication and appeared in that
Journal under date of July 19, 1918, copies of which were
duly sent to the members.

Copy of motion by G. D. Buckner offering the aid of the
Academy to the country during the war, was sent to Hon.
R. C. Stoll, June 6, 1918, to be forwarded to the Government
at Washington.

In a circular letter sent out to the members November 12,
1918, an opinion was asked regarding the feasibility of chang-
ing the date of meeting of the Academy to coincide with that
of the Kentucky Educational Association. Your Secretary has
received only two opinions to date—one in favor of the change
and the other opposing it, namely, Mr. Ivan P. Tashof, of
Washington, D. C. says:

‘‘T think it is an exeellent idea to hold the annual
meeting of the Kentucky Academy of Science at the
same time as the annual meeting of the Kentucky Eduea-
tional Association. J think the Academy and various
scientific men seattered over the State will be mutually
benefited thereby. Undoubtedly the men interested in
science and teaching in the High Sehools will be glad to
join the Academy and no doubt they will be benefited
by the splendid annual address which is delivered before

66 KENTUCKY AGADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the members of the Academy each year. The idea is too
good to drop and I hope to hear that the next meeting
will be held in Louisville when the Kentucky Educational
Association meets.’’

Prof. C. W. Mathews of the College of Agriculture, says:

‘‘Regarding location, of headquarters of the Kentucky
Academy of Science, I feel that with a growing State
University at Lexington there will probably continue to
be a larger number of persons interested in membership
located in and near Lexington than at Louisville or any
other point, therefore, as I see it, would be opposed to
changing to Louisville as headquarters’’.

As no interest in the question was apparent and the mem-
bers of the Council saw no need for the change, no further
action was taken in the matter.

In the same circular letter the members were informed that
State Academies of Science are now counted as affiliated so-
eieties of the A. A. A. S. and that they have the privilege of
joing this Association without the payment of an initiation
fee but only the annual dues of $3.00 which entitles them also
to receive one of the publications of the Association. So far
only two of our members have taken advantage of this offer,
namely, Mr. Ivan P. Tashof, of Washington, D. C., and Mr.
N. M. States of the University of Kentucky, both of whom
were recommended by your Secretary for membership. Your
Secretary desires again to call the attention of our members
to the advantage of belonging to this Association and to urge
that all who do not belong to the Association take advantage
of this opportunity to join.

Our membership is now 93. Of the 8 persons elected to
membership last year all have paid their initiation fees and
their names have been added to the list.

Since our last meeting we have lost one member by death,
namely, Dr. Charles O. Zahner, Prof. of Physiology in the Uni-
versity of Louisville, who died of influenza, November 6, 1918.
We have lost 3 members by resignation, namely, Prof. Geo. F.
Dasher of Bethel College, Russellville: Prof. C. A. Nash, for-
merly of Centre College, Danville; and Dr. Charles J. Robin-
son, of the University of Louisville. One who has left the

SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING. 67

State, Prof. C. C. Kiplinger, desires to be transferred from
an active to a corresponding member.

The total membership is classified as follows:

RegulaGemembers. IN COO SUANGING: 5. <6 .fe ic cele esse! aaletal wl opsyane\o eos! 3, 3rer shece 30
heomaresmembers IM arrears efor) GUCS yas clatege cia: <)o.ssage. «(2 cave oo ape feos 45
Corresponding mem bersiiser saps. tel atenncs aloyorste le ci suerevalet seevsiin se stecsleustoqsnslrenos ets 12
OMOL A Wyye SIM CMI CL Sedyaycssesy.cs ar ska sess cosa ehclotesess east sonar a aes Gels ae ener desitts 6

93

The Secretary has sent two notices to each member in
arrears and he desires to again eall their attention to the im-
portance of attending to the matter at this meeting, Inasmuch
as the by-laws provide that any who are in arrears for two
years shall be dropped from the lst of members.

The report of the Treasurer showed:

iBalancesone hand sMayan4 sal OMS svors cesta ieee ccsecesye tone ia topo cceece ese oieester $11.51
IRECelVedetOTalGeS HANG (UES H oi sck ces sete occususrous, suates susie rome: shiny oc ove eseaieuieueee 41.00
HIRO Ga seem tei its tas h oats yn en cce aah vai ichs ont Seuviaccd cen suetia nal oaseeslow eer aaWease ee Ss 52.51
Paidstorsprocrams, Stavionery, CLC. 2... 02. 2.25.2 ees ee $27.17
andeomeclerlcal awOLkserimcs essences een cuser ee aera 10.00 BY foll7l
HES LTT C ORO TNS TNL ING ea oe basi aces acs ee Rema nena oes $15.34

The report of the Membership Committee was read by Dr.
Buckner, the Chairman, nominating 27 persons for active
membership, 2 to be transferred from active to corresponding
membership. All were unanimously elected.

An open discussion was held as to the advisability of hold-
ing our annual meeting jointly with the Kentucky Educational
Association. The change was opposed by Dr. Terrell, who
moved that the meetings be continued as heretofore. Motion
seconded and passed by unanimous vote.

Auditing Committee appointed by President Barton: A. M.
Miller, Chairman; C. D. Killebrew and N. F. Smith.
Nominating Committee appointed by President Barton:
Dr. Henry Meier, Chairman; Dr. Terrell and Dr. Buckner.
The following program was then rendered:

President’s address, by J. E. Barton, ‘‘The Relation of Pri-
vate Forestry to the Economic Interests of Kentuecky.’’

68 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

It was brought out that there are no public forests in
Kentucky, the large bodies of forest lands being privately
owned, mainly by coal companies. The preservation of timber
in Kentucky is therefore a problem in private forestry. It
was considered desirable that the legislature should pass some
law regulating private forests and stimulating timber develop-
ment by suitable modification of the methods of taxing timber
land.

New Fossil Invertebrates from a New Fossil Horizon in the
Coalmeasures of Eastern Kentucky: W. R. Jillson, State Geol-
ogist.

A new fossiliferous limestone horizon in the Coal Mea-
sures of Eastern Kentucky has been discovered by the author
who has done sufficient field work on it to demonstrate that
it possesses features of fundamental stratigraphic importance
to the unmapped geology of this section. A comprehensive
collection of invertebrates taken by the author from an out-
erop of this horizon on the Dr. G. T. Kendrick farm on the
headwaters of Cow Creek, Floyd County, and identified by
Professor Charles Schuchert, shows an incomplete list of about
forty species of which ten are new and about sixteen very rare.
It is a very unusual Pottsville fauna with the characteristic
index forms absent. Three other widespread fossiliferous
limestones in this same area are noted, all of which possess
virgin stratigraphic potentialities. The author tentatively
correlates them into the Norton (Middle) and Wise (Upper)
Pottsville.

A Phase of Evolution: W. S. Anderson.

In every breed of animals it is found that a few are ex-
ceptionally potent in passing on their good qualities. The
author illustrated this from certain families of horses and
advanced some speculations as to the possible cause.

Electrolytic Solution Glow: Dean W. Martin.

In December, 1917, the author observed a glow on the
aluminum terminal of an electrolytic rectifier with lead and
aluminum electrodes in a 10 per cent solution of sodium
phosphate. It was found possible to produce the glow with

SIXTH ANNUAL MEETING. ay)

solutions of many different salts, of different concentrations,
at temperatures from 0 to 100 degrees and with electrodes of
aluminum, zine or magnesium and with voltages ranging from
80 to 1,500. A simple apparatus was exhibited and production
of the glow was demonstrated. The observation is published
for the purpose of learning whether others have noted or
investigated the phenomenon.

The Bacteriological Descriptive Group Number: D. J. Healy.

The author has found it necessary to develop the group
number of the Society of American Bacteriologists in such a
manner that it will indicate the action of soil bacteria on nitro-
venous compounds, organic acids and sulfur. The group num-
ber, enlarged in this manner, has proved valuable in the study
of soil bacteria.

A Brief Discussion of Lexington Sewage Purification: H.
D. Spears.

A modern sewage-disposal plant operated by gravity
takes care of 3,000,000 gallons containing 2 1-2 tons of sus-
pended solids. The sewage passes through bar screens and
grit chambers into Imhoff tanks, where bacterial action takes
place and sludge is deposited. The effluent passes into ‘‘dosing
tanks’’ which empty automatically every 15 minutes into fil-
ter beds, 2 acres area, of coarsely broken limestone covered
with broken granite, together 6 feet deep. Thence the efflu-
ent passes through secondary sedimentation tanks and into
a near-by stream. It is clear, odorless and has a ‘‘relative
stability’’ of about 95 per cent. The sludge from the Imhoff
tank is drawn off periodically into drying beds whence it
is returned to the soil, when spadable.

A Specimen of Lodestone from Kentucky: <A. M. Peter.

A specimen of titaniferous magnetite possessing polarity
was exhibited, which had been sent in from Edmonson County.

The Composition of the Ash of Crab Grass Digitaria san-
guinalis as Affected by the Soil in which it is Grown: G. Davis

Buckner.

See Jour. Amer. Chem. Soe. Vol. 41, No. 9, p. 1384, Sept.,

70 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

1919. Crab grass Digitaria sanguinalis, when grown in garden
soil, contains an ash which is 16.1 per cent larger than the ash

of the same species when grown in a 4-inch limestone roadway.
The comparative composition of the ashes shows that the sample
grown in limestone contains 22.7 per cent more P2Os; 44.0 per
cent more CaO; 27.6 per cent more MgO, and 18.8 per cent
less KeO than the one grown in garden soil. The external
appearance of these two samples was identical.

Some Experiments in Adsorption Phenomena: P. l. Blumen-
thal, D. J. Healy and A. M. Peter. (Presented by P. L. Blu-
menthal. )

The adsorption of crystal violet by powdered phlogopite
was demonstrated and it was shown that the mineral which

had been acted upon by bacterial cultures withdrew from dilute
solution more of the dye than did the untreated mineral, weight
for weight.

An Improved Astatic Galvanometer: C. C. Kiplinger.

‘A new coil for an astatie galvanometer has been designed, the
simplicity and efficiency of which is described. A current
equivalent to 1° C. temperature difference between the termin-
als of a 5 couple iron-germansilver thermopile shows a swing of
8 inches on a scale 50 inches from the instrument.

A Modified Ebullioscopic Apparatus for Accurate Molecular
Weight Determinations: C. C. Kiplinger.

A method is suggested whereby an ebullioscopie apparatus
may be independent of variations in atmospheric pressure. It
has been shown that molecular weights may be determined by
this method of comparison without any knowledge of the con-
stant for the given solvent, thus rendering the experiment
independent of previous experimental errors involved in the
determination of C.

Notes on the Viability of Tobacco Seed: G. C. Routt.

Experience in Canada shows that home-grown seed germi-
nates better than seed from more southern localities and a higher
percentage of viable seed are set during bright, warm weather
than when cool, cloudy weather prevails. A higher percentage

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 71

of germination is obtained from seeds gathered when the pods
are half brown than when they are left until the pods are
wholly brown. Tobacco seed retains its viability for many
years; a sample eight vears old having shown 95 per cent.
germination, and one twelve years old, 70 per cent.

The Projection of Water Waves: N. F. Smith.

A simple method was described by which surface waves in
water could be produced and projected by means of the lantern
so as to illustrate important characteristics of wave motion.

The McCreary County Aerolite: A. M. Miller.

Portions of the aerolite which recently fell in McCreary
County, Ky., were exhibited and an account of the occurrence
was given. The body is stony and nearly white, containing very
little metallic iron. Dr. Peter reported a qualitative chemical
analysis showing that the mineral is essentially a magnesium
silicate, probably enstatite. Metallic particles amounting to
less than 0.2 per cent. were shown to be nickeliferous iron.
Chromium, phosphorus and sulfur were detected.

A Miea Deposit in Eastern Kentucky: W. R. Jillson, State
Geologist: Kentucky Geological Survey.

The discovery of a single stratigraphic unit deposit of nearly
pure flake mica in the Pottsville of Pike County—the first in
Kentucky—was described. The type locality is one mile above
Elkhorn City in the valley of the Russell Fork of Big Sandy
River, 50 feet east of the C. C. and O. R. R. tracks. This flake
mica is about 1 foot thick and of small areal extent.

At the afternoon session Dr. E. B. Hart, of the University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., addressed the academy on ‘‘The
Widening Viewpoint in Animal Nutrition.’’

An illustrated discussion was given of the most important
results of investigations concerning nutrition which had been
conducted in his laboratory at the University of Wisconsin
and elsewhere. A brief account was given of the accumulative
toxic properties of wheat embryos and the corrective properties
of corn stover which, however, did not equal the legume hays
in this respect. The vitamine factor was briefly discussed as
were the subjects of roughage, protein efficiency, and the neces-
sity of inorganic salts. Finally it was stated that a balanced
diet must contain sufficient fuel value, efficient proteins, food

72 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SUIENCE.

accessories, roughages and inorganic salts and be sensibly free
from toxic material.

President Barton suggested that Dr. Hart be made an hon-
orary member of the Academy. Dr. Terrell made a motion to
that effect which was seconded and passed by unanimous vote.

The Nominating Committee then made its report, and the
officers for the ensuing year were elected by unanimous vote:

KMornPresidemitie. Ucn uid nea ee tens Dr. Paul P. Boyd
Norm Vice-President a yo5 feces ee Dr. Walter H. Coolidge
HMOPASCChOlAry 2.5. ei oe ee Dr. Alfred M. Peter
HOA Pre aSUGeben «aire eno et eee Mr. J. S. MeHargue

Prof. A. M. Miller, Chairman of the Auditing Committee,
then reported that the accounts of the Treasurer had been
properly audited and found to be in good shape. His repert
was accepted.

The meeting then adjourned.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

Vil
MINUTES OF THE SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

The seventh annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science convened in the Physics Lecture Room of the Univer-
sity of Kentucky, at nine o’clock A. M., Saturday, May 8th,
1920, President P. P. Boyd presiding. Present, about 60 per-
sons in the morning and about 150 in the afternoon.

The reports of the Secretary and Treasurer were read and
approved.

SECRETARY’S REPORT

Abstracts of papers presented at the last meeting were
forwarded as usual to ‘‘Science’’ for publication and appeared
in that Journal under date of July 25, 1919, copies of which
were duly mailed to the members.

Membership in the Academy is now 110. Of the 27 per-
sons nominated for membership at the last meeting, 23 paid
the initiation fee and were added te the list of members.

Since our last meeting we have lost one member by death,

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 73

Mr. A. M. Breckler, of Louisville, who was killed on January
28th, at Cincinnati, Ohio, when his automobile was struck by
a passenger train on the Big Four Railroad.

Nine members have left the State, most of whom will be
continued on our roster as Corresponding Members. Several
have been dropped since the last meeting because they were
more than two years in arrears.

The total membership is classified as follows:

Regular members in good standing ....................4+- 51
Regular members in arrears for dues ................... 4]
Corresponding members: tic. sc Sie seo ele si ciete visto © sre stone sis ce» 12
VOM OT ATs eMVET DOTS ay ey ye eraeite ees aunseecies soe icporeparoucns lou akenelekeuey «ete sists 66

110

The Secretary has sent two notices to each member in
arrears.

Of the 35 different lines of activity represented in our mem-
bership, chemistry leads with 26 members; geology is second,
with 10 members; physics third, with 9 members; entomology
and botany, and mathematics fourth, with 7 members each,

biology and agriculture fifth, with 6 members each, and the
others with from 1 to 3 each.

Classified geographically and as to Educational Institutions,
our membership is as follows:

47 from the University of Kentucky, Lexington.
5 from the University of Louisville, Louisville.
4 from Centre College, Danville.

3 from Georgetown College, Georgetown.

2 from Berea College, Berea.

1 from Transylvania College, Lexington.

1 from Cardome, Georgetown.

1 from the College of Pharmacy, Louisville.

1 from Williamsburg Institute, Williamsburg.

Not connected with educational institutions in the State are:
5 from Lexington.

5 from Louisville.

5 from Frankfort.

1 from Bowling Green.

74 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

1 from Newport.
1 from Jenkins.
1 from Winchester.

Besides these are 26 from outside the State, including
honorary and corresponding members.

After the first year our membership has increased very
slowly. In 1914 there were 46 (charter members) ; in 1915, 88;
in 1916, 87; 1917, 91; m 1918, 97; in 1919, 93 and in 19207110.
The increasing interest in the Academy meetings may be in-
ferred from the number of speakers on our annual programs. In
1914, the organization meeting, there were five; in 1915, 6; in
19166102 a 1907, 91m 1908" 12 <i 19195 14 amid oO 4s

The distinguished scientists from other states, who have
addressed the annual meetings of the Academy are Van H.
Manning, Stanley Coulter, Dayton C. Miller, F. R. Moulton,
Arthur L. Day, J. A. Detlefson and E. B. Hart, to which list
we will add today the name of Dr. R. A. Millikan.

In November last we had some corresponderce with the
National Research Council which is getting in touch with all
the academies in the country. Their request for information
in regard to our work and for a list of members was promptly
complied with.

During the year we have received programs and publiea-
tions of several other state academies, which have been placed
in the archives.

Your Secretary has called attention heretofore to the
arrangement by which our members may join the American
Association for the Advancement of Science without payment
of the initiation fee, but only three of our members have taken
advantage of this opportunity.

The Association has increased its annual dues from three
to five dollars and has modified the terms somewhat, so that
members of affiliated academies may have membership in the
Association, Including journal, if the Academy remits to the
Association four dollars each for such members. It is neces-
sary, however, for the Academy to formally accept the Asso-
ciation’s proposition, by resolution. This is a matter which

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 75

deserves consideration at this meeting. If we should accept
the terms of affiliation, the further question will arise, whether
all of our members should become members of the Association
or should we have two classes; one belonging only to the
Academy, or Local Members, and the other belonging to, both
bodies, or National Members. ;

In this connection it is announced that members of the
Association who are in arrears of dues for 1917, 1918 and 1919,
may be reinstated upon payment of dues for 1920.

Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

The matter of the affiliation with the A. A. A. S. was re-
ferred to the Resolutions Committee.

The report of the Treasurer showed:

iBalancemonehnand MiayesSse 92 Oey. ees dareisicilete cnstorsieis ec thes eoeilecveccere cee $ 15.34

Recerved= forsde esis an ds GUC: re wis gers eves corstele) ey «ea ete scle sists cle ee svs 104.00
PLN tea aac esses esate ial enttancaturoaaallsiinirstis te aetna custard ced cictarnlemcrcv $119.34

Paid, Dr. Hart’s expenses for 1919 meeting ..... $47.00

Paid, for programs, letterheads, stamps, etc. ...... 25.50

aideetors-clericale WOrk 0 5.del.ascter ac snerrcrsiesieecee ee 25.00 97.50
Balanicemone han desis. e yclesct score sic e tacue ene $21.84

The report of the Membership Committee was read by W.
D. ler (Dr. Buckner, the Chairman, being absent). Twenty-
five persons were nominated for active membership; and 8
persons transferred from active to corresponding membership.

The President then appointed the following committees:

Auditing Committee: A. M. Miller (Chairman), George D.
Smith and E. S. Good.

Resolutions Committee: Glanville Terrell (Chairman), A.
J. Olney and Henry Meier.

Nominations Committee: Frank T. McFarland (Chairman),
W. S. Webb and Lucien Beckner.

Prof. Shull suggested that the Academy co-operate with
the Ecological Society for the preservation of natural con-
ditions. Referred to Resolutions Committee.

76 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Prof. Miller suggested that some steps be taken to have
the papers of the Academy published. Referred to Resolutions
Committee.

The following program was then rendered:

President’s address. The future of the Kentucky Academy:
Dean Paul P. Boyd, University of Kentucky. Science, Vol. 51,
p. 575, June 11, 1920.

The speaker presented first the summaries of state academies
given by Mr. D. D. Whitney in Science of December 5, 1919 and
then told the results of a questionnaire which he had lately sent
to secretaries of state academies, the object being to ascertain the
future and the field of such organizations. He concluded that
there is a definite need for them and urged that the Kentucky
Academy begin a forward movement in order to fill more
properly its field in the nation-wide organization of science.
Some of his suggestions were that the Academy co-operate
more effectively with the national bodies; that membership be
extended more widely to educational and industrial plants;
that science clubs be organized throughout the State; that
better science teaching in the high schools be promoted; that
funds be solicited from the legislature and private sources for
publication and research funds; that committees be formed
for the study of important State problems and for State sur-
veys; and that recommendations be formulated for presenta-
tion to the next legislature.

Blood Lines of Genetic Value: W. 8S. Anderson, Kentucky
Experiment Station.

In the domestic breeds of live stock great sires seldom pro-
duce more than one or two sons that are greater progenitors
than themselves. This means, in blooded stock, that the great-
ness of any given blood line is handed on by one or two in any
one generation, the others of the generation merely add members.
In support of the statement, the great sires of nine breeds of
domestic animals were cited and the few sons of each were
named who have been instrumental in handing on the breeds.

Failure of Lettuce to Head: A. J. Olney, and W. D. Valleau,
Kentucky Experiment Station.

The various physiological troubles associated with the failure

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 77

of greenhouse head lettuce, including those known as rosette,
tip-burn, black heart and elongation of the central stalk with the
production of laterals (Rio Grande disease), have been found to
be associated with a root rot apparently due to Fusarium, sp.
Soil sterilization by steam and formaldehyde have only partially
controlled the trouble, due probably to incomplete sterilization
of the lower soil layers.

Variation in Abutilon Theophrasti Medici: Charles A.
Shull, University of Kentucky.

This paper is a report of progress in an investigation of
variability in the number of carpels in the ovaries of A.
Theophrastt. The range of variability is from ten to seventeen,
with the mode usually on fourteen or fifteen. The material
shows a skewed frequency distribution, and tendency toward half
Galton-curves. A number of plants have been found with half
curves and the mode on 15. But whenever a number of plants are
counted together, there are usually a small number falling on
sixteen. Only three specimens in about eight thousand had
seventeen carpels to the ovary. The mode falls on a lower
number in material collected in Kansas than in similar material
from Kentucky. The drier climate of Kansas is probably
responsible for this difference. If plants from an unfavorable
habitat are counted the mode is found to be depressed. The
modifications of the variability curves noted are probably
related rather directly to nutritional conditions. Heredity and
suboptimal nutrition are believed to be responsible for the
half-curve variability.

Some Factors to be Considered in Attempting to Communi-
eate with Supposed Inhabitants of Mars: Henry Meier, Centre
College.

In the first place, the probable low temperature, rarified
atmosphere and absence of water are against the existence on
the planet of beings endowed similarly to us. Ability to signal
by lhght is negatived by the fact that the earth’s atmosphere
would absorb about 40 per cent. of the light sent out, and by
the great distance. The author estimates that an area of light
10 miles square, on the earth, if seen from Mars through a
telescope magnifying 500 times, would appear like an

78 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

area 1 inch square, viewed at a distance of 500 feet.
The possibility of signaling by radio is negatived by the dis-
tance, it being computed that it would require a current of a
million amperes at the sending station in order to obtain one
. of one ampere at a receiving station on Mars, when the planet
~ is nearest the earth. Besides, the powerful currents radiated
from the sun would probably overwhelm the weak waves from
the earth.

The Future of Nutrition and Medicine: Dr. A. W. Homber-
ger, University of Louisville.

The paper brought out the close relation between diets
in health and disease. It laid emphasis upon the benefits
derived from urine and blood analyses. Urine analysis
is not new and yet, with the modern methods of blood
analysis, it becomes a new and valuable aid in treating diseases.
The direct relations were illustrated by the conditions found
in the body under diabetic conditions. Tables showing analyses,
representing the work of some 80 men on blood and urine were
presented—also a classified schedule of dietaries the object of
each group being to throw together foods particularly adapted
to the diseases involved. The author predicts that in the
future there will be a closer scientific relation between the
nutrition of the sick and medicine than there has been in the
past.

Asphalt Coal: Willard Rouse Jillson, State Geologist of
Kentucky.

Unique in a list of about twenty-five high-grade Kentucky
coals, including steam, domestic, gas, and coking bituminous,
and cannel grades, all of which are of growing industrial im-
portance, there occurs an asphaltic coal—the Nolin seam
(Pottsville) of Edmonson and Grayson Counties. The Nolin
coal has been correlated with Dr. David Dale Owen’s 1-B*.
While this coal as a commercially important body eovers a
unit area of about 250 square miles (drainage cut outs not
excepted) only a relatively small area, possibly not more
than 20 square miles, is known to be impregnated with as-
phalt. The asphalt is found not in the coal itself but as a

*Miller, A. M., Geology of Kentucky, Kentucky Geological Survey, Series
sv; Vol. ra p. 283,

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 79

filler within the crevices of the coal which, it should be pointed
out, is completely fractured in the bed. These fractures, no
doubt, have had their origin in the structural strains and
stresses to which this regional sedimentary block has been at
various times subjected.

The asphalt enriched portion of the Nolin coal centers
about Kyrock postoffice on the Nolin River in northern central
Edmonson County, and has been noted in the literature.t It
has never, however, been adequately described, nor has an
hypothesis been advanced for its occurrence. The following
notes are based upon original field investigations ‘of ‘the
writer, which included sampling the coal, during October, 1919
and January, 1920.

The Nolin coal (Pottsville) occurs about 350 feet above the
top of the Mississippian series in the type asphaltic locality
which is found on the headwaters of Pigeon, Dismal, Second,
Bylew, and some adjacent creeks, all tributaries of the Nolin
River, which in turn is a south-flowing tributary of the Green
River. On the head of Pigeon Creek near the road leading
from Kyrock to Sweden postoffice this asphaltic coal occurs at
an elevation of about 780 feet. Dipping to the North from
this point, and occupying a well-defined syneline, it outcrops
at lower elevations on Dismal Creek beneath a strong bed of
bituminous sandstone—‘‘rock asphalt’’. On Dismal Creek the
Nolin coal has been opened at a number of points for domes-
tic use. Here this coal has a thickness of about 36 inches with
a blue shale roof and fire-clay bottom. Altho the Nolin
coal shows high in ash, ranging generally from 6 to 12%, and
fairly high in sulfur—2 to 3% its asphaltic content varying
from 4 to 5% is also considerable. This latter quality renders
it easily ignitable, and therefore keeps it much in
demand throughout the countryside. Removed about 15
miles from the nearest railroad, and therefore not accessible
from an industrial standpoint, this asphaltic coal enjoys a
good local reputation and finds a considerable use for domestic
heating, cooking and smithing.

Within general limitations the particular region in which

TBryant, J. Owen: The Economic Geology of a Portion of Edmonson and
Grayson Counties, Ky., Ky. Geol. Survey, Series IV, Vol. II, Part I,
pp. 177-178, 1914.

80 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the Nolin coal is enriched with asphalt, coincides with one
of the several regions of unusual enrichment of ‘‘rock asphalt’’
—the bituminous sandstone of this portion of Edmonson and
Grayson Counties. On Pigeon Creek the rock asphalt occurs
in the Pottsville conglomerate at a point about 230 feet above
the top of the Mississippian series. The asphalt impregnation
at this point averages about 25 or 30 feet in thickness, and 6
to 7% in bituminous matter. A second, but thinner and
leaner bituminous sandstone occurs irregularly at some little
distance above this main stratum of rock asphalt. In between
these bituminous strata occur sandstones and shales barren
of any bituminous matter on the outcrop. Superimposed
upon this second or upper ledge of rock asphalt, occurs an-
other sequence of barren sands and shales, and at an altitude
of 780 feet, or 120 feet above the main body of rock asphalt,
occurs the asphalt impregnated Nolin coal.

The distinctly disconnected bed positions of these three
asphaltic impregnated bodies, their synclinal position and
regional coincidence suggests the development of vertical or
semi-vertical joint plane or fissure connections from the lowest
and richest bituminous sand body up through the second and
leaner sand body into the Nolin coal long after the comple-
tion of the coal forming process. The marked degree of as-
phaltie impregnation of the crevices of the Nolin coal in this
region is interpreted as indicating that the liquid bitumens
were forced into the coal under hydraulic pressures at a com-
paratively recent date geologically and chronologically, tho
from a historical standpoint in the remote past.

Such a thoro impregnation, even with as light a petro-
leum as are most of those of Pennsylvanian age in Kentucky,
eould only have occurred during a time of considerable reg-
ional depression, possibly in the late Mesozoic or early Ceno-
zoic times. It is assumed that the liquid bitumens were grad-
ually moved upward thru the geological section by gravity
pressures of the saline waters of deposition until the con-
siderable regional uplift which followed the period of de-
pression arrested the movement, and locked the erude oil in
place in the Nolin coal.

Subsequently the Nolim River entrenched itself in the

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 81

broad plateau formed by the uplifted Coal Measures of this
part of Edmonson County, and exposed beneath the Bee
Springs sandstone the basal Pennsylvanian. This process
brought to outerop, (1) the Nolin coal, (2) the thin upper rock
asphalt beds, (3) the main lower body of rock asphalt (con-
glomeratic), and (4) the upper limestones and shales of the
Mississippian series. In the course of the entrenchment of
this drainage system practically all the volatile constituents
of the petroleum in the Nolin coal and the underlying conglom-
eratic sandstones made their escape by way of the outcrop,
leaving only a tarry or asphaltic residue. The most recent
event in the geologic history of the region is a well substan-
tiated subsidence of the entire lower Green River basin, which
has resulted in a ponding of these waters, valley filling of all
lowlands, and a certain reduction in elevation of all regional
stratigraphic units, including the Nolin asphaltic coal.

The Occurrence of Cretaceous Sediments Between the Cum-
berland and Tennessee Rivers in Western Kentucky: Willard
Rouse Jillson, State Geologist of Kentucky.

One of the most important and unexpected results of econ-
omic studies of the sediments of the west Tennessee River Val-
ley, made two or three years ago by Wade*, was the final as-
signment of Upper Cretaceous age to certain gravels extend-
ing more or less continuously northward from the Waynesboro
Quadrangle through central Stewart County, Tennessee, into
Trigg County, Kentucky. Prior to this time the age of these
gravels, which rest on a much eroded platform of Mississippian
limestones, had been greatly in dispute. They were regarded
by some geologists as of Tertiary age, having been indicated
as younger than the Cretaceous by Safford’. At least one
prominent text-book? on geology, however, had referred them
to the Cretaceous and had so indicated them on a small out-
line map. But Miller, holding to the older view, in his re-
eent work§ on the geology of Kentucky, denotes these deposits

*Wade, Bruce, Gravels of West Tennessee Valley, Tenn., Geol. Survey,
The Resources of Tennessee, Vol, VII, No. 2, p. 61, April, 1917.
7Safford, James M., Geology, of Tennessee, Tenn. Geol. Survey, pp. 434-

438, 1869.
tChamberlin, T. C. and Salisbury. R. D.. Geology, Vol. III (Farth His-
tory, pp. 140-141. Henry Holt & Co., New York City, 1907.
§Miller. Arthur M., Geology of Kentucky, Dept. of Geol. and Forestry
of Kentucky, Series V, Vol. II, pp. 168, 169, Frankfort, 1919.

82 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

as belonging to the Lafayette and hence Pliocene in age.
Stephenson, in his discussionf[/ of the Cretaceous—Eocene
contact of this region, ignored them entirely, following the
course of Willis who, in his monumental work on the strati-
eraphy of North America** marks the lower Upper Creta-
ceous as absent in Kentucky.

In 1919 Berry produced his monographt which extended
the Eutaw and Tuscaloosa formations undifferentiated through
Trigg County to a point slightly across the Lyon County, Ken-
tucky, line. The basis of this determination was almost entirely
paleobotanical whereas that of former investigations had been
to a considerable degree lithological, the take-off having been
in the latter case from deposits of known Cretaceous age within
the limits of the Waynesboro Quadranglet. Within the present
year further studies*** of the sands and gravels resting on
the Mississippian platform of this portion of the west Tennessee
River Valley indicate the probable differentiation of the Eutaw
sands and laminated clays from the subjacent Tuscaloosa gravels
in Trigg County, Kentucky, and further, the occurrence of lami-
nated sands and clays of Eutaw age in the vicinity of River-
view, a point some five miles above Paducah on the Tennessee
River in McCracken County, Kentucky.

During the fall of 1919 and early spring of 1920, the writer,
in the course of a general reconnoissance of a part of Western
Kentucky, found occasion to traverse that section lying he-
tween the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers from Grand Rivers
southeastward across southwestern Lyon and Trigg Counties
into Stewart County, Tennessee. Particular attention was given
to the position and character of the deposits of sands and
gravels. Some localities referenced in the literature were visited

qStephenson, Lloyd William, The Cretaceous-Hocene Contact in the At-
lantic and Gulf Coastal Plain, U. S. G. S., pp.90-J; and geologic map,
Die alibiipel OMb:

**Willis, Bailey Index to the Stratigraphy of North America, U. S. Geol.
Survey, p. 71, and geological map, pp. 654-660, Chart of Correla-
tions, opp. p. 654, Washington, 1912. z

+Berry, Edward Wilber, Upper Cretaceous Floras of the Eastern Gulf
Region in Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. U. S. Geol.
Survey. Prof. Paper 112, pp; 13 and 31; and attached geologic map,
1919.

tMiser, Hugh D., Mineral Resources of the Waynesboro Quadrangle,
Tennessee. Tenn. Geol. Survey, Bull. 26, 1921.

*** Wade, Bruce, Recent Studies of the Upper Cretaceous of Tennessee.
Tenn. Geol, Survey, Bull. 23, p. 58, 1920.

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 83

and lithological and altitudinal comparisons were made. It was
found that certain persistent gravels of this region, sometimes
conglomeratic, exhibiting generally well rounded quartz peb-
bles, and not infrequently subangular cherty pebbles, checked
closely with those which were regarded as belonging to the Tus-
ealoosa formation in Stewart County, Tennessee. Above these
gravels certain deposits of sands and their laminated clays oc-
cur at isolated points. These seem to be similar to the sands
of Stewart and adjoining counties which have been referred to
the Eutaw formation.

If these comparisons be accurate the Upper Cretaceous is
represented in Lyon and Trigg Counties, Kentucky, by rem-
nants of these two basal members of the Upper Cretaceous, the
Eutaw and Tuscaloosa formations. Taken together these sedi-
ments cover a considerable area ‘‘in between the rivers’’ extend-
ing as outliers in a northwest direction, possibly as far as the
Ohio River. While the lack of good topographic and county
base maps for the entire area involved has rendered a compara-
tive determination of the age of these unconsolidated deposits
difficult, and to a degree uncertain, it has not operated to obscure
the importance of the Northeast extension of these Cretaceous
sediments into Western Kentucky. Assuming that these sands
and gravels are a unit erosional outlier their thickness and rela-
tively high topographic position plainly indicate a former broad
and continuous extension of the Upper Cretaceous lagomal sea
to the northeastward in Kentucky very possibly as far as the
perifery of the western coal field. Detailed mapping in east-
ern Trigg, Caldwell, Crittenden and Livingston counties may
some day indicate smaller outliers of these sands and gravels of
Cretaceous age and substantiate the premises. This being the
ease the northward migrations into Kentucky of the Cumber-
land and Tennessee Rivers over Upper Cretaceous sediments,
for whatever structural or other causes, must have been effected
subsequently to the uplift of these sediments during Tertiary
time, probably since the withdrawal of the marine waters of
the eocene.

Some Observations in the Life-history of the Praying Mantis:
Miss Mary Didlake, Kentucky Experiment Station.

Two species, the common Stagmomantis carolina and a big

84 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Chinese one, Tenodera sinensis, were carried through several
generations in as many successive years, reared in the laboratory,
individuals being kept separate, at first in homeopathic vials,
then in 4-ounce, wide-mouthed bottles and finally in 6-inch
stender dishes. Hatching, molting, regeneration of limbs and
antennae, mating, egg-laying, all were frequently observed
and recorded. It was found possible to distinguish the sexes
after the first molt and with certainty after the second. The
native species required about 80 days to become adult, males
commonly molting only 6 times and females usually 7 times.
The Chinese species averaged 78 days to adult emergence and
both sexes molted 7 times, a few individuals requiring 8 molts.

Materia Prima: Rev. E. L. Van Becelaere, Cardome.

The medieval conception of the ‘‘ Materia Prima’’ may appear
thoroughly superseded by the discoveries of modern chemistry ;
however, such a conception, if properly understood, finds a
confirmation in them rather than a disproof. The possession
of a similar order of fundamental properties by each one of
the elements recognized by modern chemistry, in spite of the
differentiations peculiar to each of them, reveals one substra-
tum common to all, although diversified in each one. That
substratum is the ‘‘ Materia Prima’’ accessible only to the mind,
yet real and existing in each of the elements.

Some Interesting Fungi of the Kentucky Mountains. The
Lichens of Cowbell Hollow: G. D. Smith, Eastern Kentucky
State Normal School.

Nearly 100 excellent lantern slides in natural colors, pre-
pared by the author, were exhibited and explained, illustrating
fungi and lichens observed.

The Value of Memory Systems: J. J. Tigert, University of
Kentucky.

An experiment is described with a class of 45 students
in psychology. The test consisted in having the class
memorize an extract from Keats, before studying the memory
system, reproducing the words and ideas after three minutes
and repeating the same process with a similar extract after
studying the system. The result was negative.

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 85

A New Phyllopod Crustacean from Kentucky: By Harrison
Garman.

The second crustacean to which attention is directed is a so-
ealled fairy shrimp, once very numerous in early spring in the
spring fed pools of Bluegrass Kentucky, now becoming scarce
because of changed conditions. It is a near relative to the
Eubranchipus vernalis of Eastern States, but quite different in
the frontal appendages of the male, as will be apparent from
figures of each presented. In all probability it will become
extinct in course of time and on this account it seems worth while
to call attention to it. In its habits it agrees with other species
described from the Middle States, appearing while the water is
ice cold in February or March, reaching maturity in April or
May according to the forwardness of the season, then disappear-
ing completely but leaving its eggs each spring in the mud of the
stream beds, as the pools more or less completely dry out. When
the pools fill again a new annual brood appears.

Exeessive droughts exposing the soil for long periods to
the hot sun appear to be the cause of the disappearance of these
interesting crustaceans.

Eubranchipus neglectus, n. sp. Male with very strong large
first antennae, measuring 7 millimeters across the bases from
side to side, the slender distal portions turned forward between
their bases and measuring about 4 millimeters in length, each
laminate along one side and with a small oval expansion at the
tip. Frontal appendage but little longer than the basal sezment
of the second antenna, broad, blunt, or obtusely angulate at the
tip, where it lacks marginal serrations; one side evenly serrate
nearly to the tip; opposite side provided with about nine long,
fingerlike lobes; surface roughened with small tubercles and
transversely grooved; length 1.71 mm; diameter 1.28 mm;
Second antennae slender, the proximal segment measuring
about 1.57 mm. in length; the second segment about 1.14 mm.
Caudal appendages stout at base, gradually tapering, heavily
fringed with plumose hairs along the sides; about 5 mm. in
length, the hairs about 1 mm.

Female more slender. Ovisae measuring 2 mm. in width and

86 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

1.50 mm. in length. Genital dart slender, tapering, acute, one
margin with minute retrorse denticles.

The sexes of the Kentucky species are easily distinguished
by their colors. Males are much paler in the main, yellowish
white, the conspicuous eyes deep blackish brown, the caudal
appendages purple with white fringes. The female is the bril-
liantly colored sex. The front is sometimes touched with blue.
The appendages of the body are either fuscus purple, or in the
main yellowish with purple toward the bases. Egg pouch green-
ish at the sides dorsally, buffy yellow ventrally; the eggs, green
at first, are kept rolling from side to side by the motion of the
part to which they are attached. Abdomen touched with purple
along each side, blue ventrally; caudal appendages as in the
male, purple with white fringes.

A male taken March 10, measured 21 mm. in length; a female
taken at the same time measured 26 mm.

In Eubranchipus vernalis from New England the frontal
appendages of the male are relatively slender, lanceolate measur-
ing 1.74 mm. in length by 0.65 mm. in width and quite
regularly serrated along both margins from base to tip.
The first antennae are like those of the Kentucky species in
general shape, but are smaller, measuring 5 mm. across the
bases and the slender distal part commonly extends backward
instead of forward. The caudal appendages also are shorter.
The small size of the frontal appendages and their bluntness and
lack of serrations at the tip distinguish the Kentucky crus-
tacean from EL. ornatus and E. dadyt.

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 87

A B

Explanation of figure:

A Distal segment of first antenna of male Hubranchipus
neglectus; B. second antenna of same; C. C. outlines of frontal
appendages of EH. neglectus, from eamera lucida sketches; D.
outline of frontal appendage of EF. vernalis from camera lucida
sketch; E. Posterior somites and caudal appendages of E.
neglectus.

A Little Known Cave Crayfish: By Harrison Garman.

Scattered references to crayfishes with developed eyes appear
in the literature relating to cave animals, the authors having
generally assumed that the individuals they observed had been
the victims of chance, and would return to surface waters as
soon as an opportunity was afforded them. There is nothing in
the relation of our surface and subterranean streams to prevent
at all times this passage of aquatie animals from one to the other.
The underground channels and the dry parts of the caves them-
selves, in fact, are largely produced by the dissolving and erod-
ing action of streams, at one time continuous with and consti-
tuting a part of the systems at the surface. The surface

88 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

streams have in course of time cut their beds to lower levels
and have in consequence become disconnected a part or all of
the time from some of the underground channels.

When the water rises in winter or spring, however, under-
ground channels partly or wholly empty during the summer, be-
come filled again as they were originally. At such times the
movement of animals from surface to underground streams, or
the reverse, is unhindered. Animals adapted to these different
conditions are not, however, disposed te take advantage of the
opportunity, apparently recognizing the fact that they would be
at a disadvantage as a result of the change. But in some in-
stances they are caught in powerful currents and carried against
their will either into or out of caves. Such individuals we know
return to their normal habitats whenever they can, and a rather
prolonged observation of cave animals and of light loving species
in eave regions shows that the two faunae are somewhat sharply
delimited by the nature and structure of their members, the true
cave species never venturing voluntarily far into the light and
surface water species showing a similar aversion to the darkness
of the caves.

There is, it is true, an intermediate fauna living in partial
darkness near the mouths of caves, but it is made up largely of
species that habitually lurk under the banks and in deep holes
of surface streams, and while it is interesting as indicating a
probable course taken by species in becoming adapted to a cave
existence, its members show little more disposition to go into
the deeper parts of caves than those commonly living in bright
light.

All of the eyed crayfish observed by the writer in caves dur-
ing the past thirty years have proved to belong to one species.
It is different in a number of features from the blind species
(C. pellucidus). Its eyes are small, but evidently pigmented.
The exoskeleton is deficient in pigment, but not completely de-
void of it. Its general conformation is different, and some of
the appendages of the male commonly depended on for the dis-
crimination of these species, are so unlike as to place it in a dif-
ferent section of the genus Cambarus. Comparison of the two
soon suggests that the immediate relationship must be sought
in other directions.

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING, 83

It is of very great interest, notwithstanding, as a species in
process of losing its; eyes. It is already completely at home in
our eaves, living and breeding there at all times, but coming
to the outlets of subterranean streams in the spring of the year,
sometimes when the soil is saturated and the channels all filled,
emerging thru holes in the bottoms of quarries and sinkholes in
large numbers. On such occasions fine lots have been secured
at Lexington, enough at times for use with classes in zoology.
They retreat again beneath the surface as soon as these freshets
subside. At other times only a few small individuals are to be
found near the outlets of underground streams, while adults
with eggs are only secured far beyond the reach of light.

Early explorers of caves referred the eyed crayfish observed
by them in caves to a common and widely distributed surface
water species Cambarus bartoni, but while the latter is a very
variable species, the eyes of all those examined are much larger
than those of this cave species, the general conformation dif-
ferent, the amount of pigment in the exoskeleton greater. Some
of the features of the cave species might be assumed to be the
direct effect of absence of light on individuals transferred to the
caves but what we know of heredity implies that no such sud-
den reduction in the size of eyes occurs, and further that such
an effect if it resulted, would not be transmitted to offspring,
whereas the young found in the caves have the same small eves
and other peculiar features of the adult.

As a possible source from which the cave species is derived,
chimney-making crayfish with small eyes have been closely
compared with it. They belong to the same section of the family
and are thus more closely related by structure with it than is
the blind species (C. pellucidus) of Mammoth Cave. One of
them (C. diogenes) occurs in Kentucky, yet has not so far as I
know been observed in caves. The other (C. dubius) is West
Virginian, and resembles our cave species in many respects,
yet comparison with examples kindly loaned for the purpose
from the National Museum collection shows it to be quite distinct.

W. P. Hay has described what is doubtless this species as
Cambarus barloni var. tenebrosus, basing his description on
specimens obtained in Mammoth Cave. His types in the Na-

90 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

tional Museum were compared with specimens from Bluegrass
Kentucky recently and proved to be identical. In all probability
some of the older references to Cambarus bartoni as occurring
in Kentucky are based upon this small-eyed species, found near
the outlets of underground streams, instead of typical Cambarus
barton, for it appears that thru much of the region oceupied
by the cave species typical C. barton: does not occur. It has not
been seen for example in Bluegrass Kentucky. Unquestionable
examples have however, been collected from springs in Carter
County.

The surface of this crayfish is exceptionally smooth every-
where, a very alight roughness being apparent only on the sides
of the carapace. The cephalothorax is peculiar in being more
elongate, the sides more nearly straight and the dorsum more
decidedly flat than in any other crayfish known to me. The
nearly parallel sides are suggestive of the blind crayfish of our
eaves. The areola also partakes of this character, the sides be-
ing very nearly parallel and longer than in C. bartoni and C.
dubius. The abdomen is broader in both male and female than
in C. dubwus approaching more nearly that of C. bartoni.

The forceps of the first pair of walking legs are large, smooth,
rather slender in some examples, broader in others, but not so
broad relative to their length as either C. bartont or C. dubius.
The movable finger is long, and tapers gradually. The claws are
not depressed as in C. dubius, the first abdominal legs are of the
C. bartonit group type, but the outer ramus is very thin and
bladelike, its tip excised, its outer face striated. As a good spee-
ies the subterranean crayfish may be described from material
collected at Lexington, as follows:

Cambarus tenebrosus—Smooth and glossy, with no very
evident granulation of the surface of the carapace , a minute-
roughness only being visible under a magnifer on the ventral
anterior part of the sides. Carapace with a characteristic elonga-
tion, the sides nearly parallel, the back decidedly flattened both
anterior to and posterior to the cervical groove. Groove rather
shallow. Areola of moderate width, the sides disposed to be
parallel, but curved slightly inward. Antennal scale broad,
truneate, the spine short. Rostrum moderately short, broad,

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 91

converging to the acumen; no decided lateral angles; tip of
acumen upturned. Epistoma apiculate in front and bluntly at
base of each side; as broad as long. Postorbital ridge, grooved,
without terminal spine, the groove cutting through at the tip.
No decided angle behind the base of the antenna. Sides of
carapace without spinules. Eye very small, much smaller than
that of C. bartoni, being more like that of C. diogenes and C,
dubius. Flagellum of antenna as long as the body to the base
of the last segment. First pair of forceps large, long, often
rather slender, but variable in width in both sexes. First pair
of abdominal appendages of male with two blades curved back-
ward, the posterior almost acute at tip, the anterior slightly
eut out at tip, thin, blade-like and striated. Ventral annulus
of female open in front and tending to be unsymmetrical. The
color of living examples is dull olive green, varying to pale
bluish, with obscure dusky mottlings.

With one exception, all of the large male individuals of C.
tenebrosus examined are of Form 1. The exception, taken in
1913, measures 105 mm. in length. The first abdominal append-
ages are very much like those of C. bartoni, Form 1. Both rami
are blunt pointed, the inner rather thick at the tip. The anterior
forceps of this individual are noticeably long and slender (45.4
mm. by 15.8 mm), a feature sometimes observed in large individ-
uals of Form 11.

C. tenebrosus suggests the blind C. hamulatus from Nicka-
jack Cave, Tennessee, as described and figured by Doctor Faxon
and others. I have not seen this species, but judge that the
Kentucky crayfish is intermediate in some of its characters be-
tween it and C. bartoni.

Measurements of several examples of C. tenebrosus are given
below, together with others from C. bartoni, var robustus, and
C. dubws. My thanks are due to Dr. Ruthven Dean, of the
University of Michigan, for the opportunity to examine the
former. The species received from him were collected in Big
Creek, Oreada County, Michigan.

My thanks are due also to Doctors Harriet Richardson and
Mary J. Rathbun of the U. 8. National Museum for the privilege
of examining the two specimens of Cambarus dubius collected in

92 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Barrenshe Creek, West Virginia, and identified by Dr. Faxon,
the describer of the species. It is much smaller and very dif-
ferent in many ways from either C. barton: or C. tenebrosus.

After the above was written two examples of C. barton re-
garded as typical of the species were received for examination
from the United States Museum. One of them (No. 44385, U. 8.
Nat. Mus., a male of Form 11) from Union Ridge, Maryland,
approaches the Kentucky species more closely than any other
I have seen in the width of the areola (2 mm with a length of
body of 72.4 mm). Yet its eye is perceptibly larger as compared
with specimens of C. tenebrosus of the same size; the angle be-
hind the base of the antenna is decided ; the rostrum is more ex-
tensively excavated; the sides behind the cervical groove are de-
eidedly rounded. A female C. bartoni (No. 18964, U. S. Nat.
Mus.) from Wytheville, Virginia, measures 86.8 mm. in length
and has a wide areola 3.6 mm), being more nearly like those of
other examples studied.

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 93

Explanation of Figures:

1. Cephalothorax of C. dubius, showing broad, blunt, deeply
excavated rostrum; 2, anterior forceps of same; 3, antennal scale
of same; 4, epistoma of same ; 5, anterior abdominal appendage
of male of same; 6, ventral annulus of female of same.

7. Cephalothorax of C. tenebrosus, showing straight sides, and
small eyes; 8, anterior forceps of same; 9, antennal scale of
same; 10, epistoma of same; 11, 12, anterior abdominal append-
age of male of same; 13, ventral annulus of female of same.

14. Cephalothorax of C. bartoni, var. robustus, showing
rounded sides, broad areola, and large eyes: 15, anterior forceps

04 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

of same; 16, antennal scale of same; 17. epistoma of same; 18,
anterior abdominal appendage of male of same; 19, ventral an-
nulus of female of same.

Figure 20. From a photograph of Cambarus tenebrosus.

+

Natural size.

Studies in the Etiology of Infectious Abortion in Live Stock:
E. 8. Good, Kentucky Experiment Station.

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 95

Bacillus abortus Bang is the organism causing the disease
in the cow, in the United States, the same as in foreign countries.
In 1911, a bacillus was isolated at the Kentucky Station from an
aborted foal which we placed in Sub-group 2 of the Colon-typhoid
group, which was found to be the cause of the disease in mares
and jennets in Kentucky. Since that time, this germ has been
found to be the causative agent of the disease in different
states of this country, also in Canada, Holland and Sweden.
Our results in immunizing mares against the disease are en-
ecouraging. Our investigations, so far, show that the Bacillus
abortus Bang is the causative agent of the disease in sows.

Mineral Constituents of the Paired Seeds of Cocklebur: J. 8S.
MecHareue, Kentucky Experiment Station. See Ecology, Vol. 2,
Noo Apri, 1921, -P. 110:

The impression is general that one of the two seeds
of a cocklebur (Xanthiuwm) will germinate the first spring
after maturity and the second will remain dormant
until the second spring thereafter. Previous investi-
gators have attributed this apparent dormancy to inherent dif-
ferences in the embryos and the seed coats. The writer finds
that both seeds, if well devloped, will germinate at approxi-
mately the same time, if they are removed from the burs and
planted in moist sand. If allowed to remain in the burs, only
one seed germinates until the bur disintegrates and decays,
when the second seed will germinate. The mineral constituents
contained in the two seeds were found to be practically the same.
The large seeds average about 65. mgs. and the small seeds
about 45. mes. The large seeds produce larger seedlings. This
is accounted for by the fact that a large seen contains much
more plant food than a small one.

Hydrogen Ion Concentration and Biological Reactions: D. J.
Healy, Kentucky Experiment Station.

The fundamental importance of hydrogen ion concentration in
the study of colloids, gels, enzymes and microbes was pointed out
and illustrated by exhibits. An organic colloidal liquid at pH7.8
could not be past through a Pasteur-Chamberland F. bougie, but

96 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

on adjusting the value to pH2, it passed easily. A 10 percent. bac-
togelatin at pH5 formed a perfect gel, but with acidity equal to
N/2 HCl or alkalinity of pH10, there was no gel. The oxidase
of raw potato or apple was quite active at pH1.7, as shown by
change in color of slices exposed to the air, but when fresh
slices were soaked 15 minutes in water adjusted to pH1 and
pH1.4, respectively, they dried in the air, without material
change of color. A bacillus isolated from the afterbirth from
a mare grew readily on agar slants of pH6.8 but failed to grow
on similar slants at pH6.4. ©

A Study of Inheritance of Coat Colors in Jersey Cattle: J. J
Hooper, University of Kentucky. Bulletin 234.

Studies of inheritance of Jersey cattle coat colors
by the author show that white spots are recessive to
dominant solid color, and a white tongue and _ tail-switch
also are recessive. Colors of 1,145 calves were tabulated
and compared with those of their 2,290 sires and
dams. Some bulls studied seemed to be pure dominants, as
their calves were all solid in color, although as many as a
hundred were sired by each bull. It was found that 66 per
cent. of Jersey cattle are solid in color and have black tongue
and switch, while 12 per cent, are broken and have white
tongue and switch; 3.6 per cent. are solid and have white
tongue and black switch, ete.

Animal versus Vegetable Proteins in the Ration of Laying
Hens: J. Holmes Martin, Kentucky Experiment Station.

An experiment, now in its third year is deseribed, in which
4 pens of 25 S. C. White Leghorn pullets, each, are bemg fed a
basic ration of shipstuff and ground oats,supplemented by animal
and vegetable protein carriers. The total egg production per
pullet for the pen receiving buttermilk was 338 eggs; for that
receiving tankage, 268; for that receiving tankage and ecotton-
seed meal, 208; and for that receiving cotton-seed meal, 45.
On reversing the rations in the cottonseed-tankage and cotton-
seed pens, the egg production was reversed, showing that the

SEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 97

difference in production depended on the ration. All pens re-
ceived oyster shell, grit and charcoal.

The Seed-corn Situation in Kentucky: W. D. Valleau, Ken-
tucky Experiment Station.

Investigations carried on at the Kentucky Experiment
Station indicate that practically all seed corn in _ the
corn belt is infected with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon,
and that this organism is capable of causing a _ root
and stalk rot of corn. Infection on an ear appears not to be
localized. Slhehtly infected seed may show no signs of in-
fection, if’ grown only for a period of seven or eight days. Red-
dish discolorations developing in the seed coats during germina-
tion are an indication of infection. Seed studied was obtained
from Kentucky, Georgia, Mississippi. Tennessee, Kansas, Ar-
kansas, Missouri and Minnesota.

Veterinary Science: W. W. Dimock, Kentucky Experiment
Station.

The author stressed the pressing necessity for re-
search upon the nature and causes of diseases in live stock. He
showed that the future of animal industry depended upon the
control of animal diseases and that control can be secured only
after the cause is known. He cited as an example the need
for exact knowledge of the life histories of the internal para-
sites known as nematodes and showed how extensive are their
ravages in horses. He believes that here, in their life history
and in their effect on the host, is a field holding great promise
to the investigator.

Notes on the Rapid Analysis of Magnesian Limestone: 8S. D.
Averitt, Kentucky Experiment Station. See Journal Ind. and
Eng. Chem. Vol. 14, No. 12, P. 11389, Dee., 1922.

A differential method for the analysis of relatively pure
magnesian limestone, without an actual determination of either
Ca or Mg, which is quite rapid and sufficiently accurate for

98 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

agricultural and most other purposes, is described. Determi-
nations to be made are, A, neutralizing power of the limestone
against N/2HCl, expressed as CaCOs; B, weight of insoluble
matter +NH:OH precipitate, from the same portion. Then

100—B= % CaCO3+MgCOs,
and
5.35 (A—(100—B) )=%MgCOs.

Notes on Light and Light Pressure: C. C. Kiplinger, Mt.
Union College, Alliance, Ohio.

Some evidence is presented indicating that mass is not a
universal property of light and certain photochemical absorption
experiments are described which show no measureable increase
in weight of the reagents, following the action of lght.

Experiments with Lime, Acid Phosphate and Soil Fungicides
on Land Infested with Root-rot Disease of Tobacco: G. C. Routt,
Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada.

Experiments are described looking to the possible control of
the root-rot disease by appleations of lime, acid phosphate,
mixtures of lime and sulphur, dilute sulfuric acid, land plaster,
copper sulfate, potassium polysulfid, gas lime, ferrous sulfate
and formaldehyde. Acid phosphate seemed to be very beneficial]
in some instances, as did sulfuric acid, but the majority of the
experiments gave negative results. The author concludes that
the disease can not be controlled in this way.

Plant Growth: G. D. Buckner, Kentucky Experiment Station.

Comparative study was made of the translocation of the
ash, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium from the cotyledens
of germinating garden beans. Phaseolus vulgaris, when
grown in distilled water culture and in garden soil. In the
distilled water culture 55 per cent. of the original ash,
57 per cent. of the phosphorus, 25 per cent. of the calcium
and 59 per cent. of the magnesius was translocated to the seed-
ling, while, in the seedlings grown in garden soil, 91 per cent.
of the ash, 92 per cent. of the phosphorus, 78 per cent. of the
calcium and 83 per cent. of the magnesium was utilized by the
seedling. The abnormal condition caused by the distilled water

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 99

culture is shown and that less calcium than any of the other
elements studied was removed from the cotyledons by the
erowing seedling is suggestive of its insoluble form in the
cotyledons and its structural function.

‘‘The Twentieth Century’s Contribution to our Knowledge
of the Atom’’, Dr. R. A. Millikan, University of Chicago.

The physics of the last 20 years may be characterized as
the physics of atomism. Ten important discoveries of this
period bearing upon our knowledge of the atom are enumer-
ated. (1) Ejinstein’s mathematical analysis of the Brownian
movement and the experimental demonstration by physicists
of its correctness, affording direct experimental proof of the
atomic theory. (2) The proof of the divisibility of the atom
which grew out of the discovery of X-rays. (3) The discovery
of radioactivity. (4) The discovery of the atomicity of elec-
tricity; i. e., that electricity is made up of a definite number
of ‘‘specks of electricity’’, all exactly alike, and an electrieal
current is simply the passage of these ‘‘electrical specks’’
along a conductor. The speaker explained his method of
demonstrating this. (5) The discovery of evidence for the
electrical origin of mass. (6) The discovery of the nucleus
atom. (7) The discovery of the nature of X-rays, by Barkla.
(8) The discovery of crystal structure by means of X-rays, due
to Laue, in Munich and Bragg in England. (9) Moseley’s dis-
covery of the relation between the radiations given off by dif-
ferent elements when acted upon by X-rays. (10) The dis-
covery of quantum relations in photo-electricity, in X-rays
and in optical spectra. The lecture was along the same lines
as that by Dr. Millikan on ‘‘Twentieth Century Physies’’,
Smithsonian Report for 1918, pp. 169-184.

The Auditing Committee reported that they had examined
the Treasurer’s statement and found it correct. The report was
adopted.

The Resolutions Committee reported as follows:

“RESOLVED, that the Kentucky Academy of Science
hereby accepts the terms of affiliation with the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science and directs the Council
to take such steps as may be necessary to put such affiliation into
effect.

100 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

‘Tt is the sense of this Academy that two classes of members
should be provided for: First, Local Members, tnose who be-
long to the Academy alone; and second, National Members,
those who belong both to the American Association and to the
Kentucky Academy.’’

(Signed) G. TERRELL, Chairman.

This involves the payment of $5.00 per year for membership
in both Societies, $1.00 of which is to go to the Academy and
$4.00 to the A. A. A. S., voted on and adopted.

‘““RESOLVED, that at future meetings of the Academy the
number of papers be restricted and some time be given for the
discussion of each paper.”’

(Signed) G. TERRELL, Chairman.

This was referred to the Council.

Prof. Miller made various suggestions in this connection.
“RESOLVED, that the Publications Committee take steps to
provide for the publication of papers read or submitted by mem-
bers of the Society.”’
(Signed) G. TERRELL, Chairman.
Voted on and adopted.

‘“RESOLVED, that it is the sense of this Society that we
co-operate with the A. A. A. 8. in the preservation of such nat-
ural features and curiosities in Kentucky, or in that territory
which may seem best, as they may consider most worthy of
preservation. ’’

(Signed) G. TERRELL, Chairman.
Voted on and adopted.

A vote of thanks as given to Dr. Peter for his services as
Secretary.

The Nominating Committee then made its report and the
following officers for the ensuing year were elected by unanimous
vote:

For President... ..).2 Prof. W. H. Coolidge, Centre College,

Danville.
For Vice-President. ..Prof. George D. Smith, Richmond, Ky.

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 1U1

For Secretary..... Dr. A. M. Peter, Experiment Station,
Lexington.
For Treasurer...Mr. J. S. MecHargue, Experiment Station,
Lexington.

Then followed the principal speaker of the day, Dr. R. A.
Millikan, of the University of Chicago, whose subject was ‘‘ The
Twentieth Century’s Contribution to our Knowledge of the
Atom.’’

At this point President Coolidge took charge of the meeting.

A vote of thanks was given to Dr. Millikan for his scholarly
address.

It was moved, seconded and passed that’Dr. Millikan be made
an Honorary Member of the Academy.

The meeting then adjourned.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

MINUTES OF COUNCIL MEETING, JUNE 14TH, 1920

The Council met June 14, 1920, in Dean Boyd’s office. Pres-
ent; Messrs. Coolidge, Boyd, McHargue and Peter. Absent:
Geo. D. Smith.

President Coolidge appointed the following committees:
Membership: G. D. Buckner, Chairman; C. D. Lewis and J. S.
McHareue. Publications: P. P. Boyd was appointed in addition
to Messrs. Coolidge and Peter who are members under the consti-
tution.

Legislative: C. A. Shull, Chairman; R. C. Ballard Thruston
and Lucien Beckner.

It was ordered that the Academy of Science dues be pay-
able in advance, October 1st of each year, to conform with, the
time of collecting annual dues of the A. A. A. 8., and that the
Secretary send out bills for the 1921 dues on October Ist, 1920,
and that he make suitable arrangement for collecting the A. A.
A. 8. dues at the same time the dues for the Academy are col-
lected. In this connection it is noted that the A. A. A. S. will
remit to the Academy $1.00 per member for all Academy mem-
bers of the Association who have paid 1920 dues to the Asso-
ciation, according to the letter of the permanent secretary, Bur-.
ton HK. Livingston, of May 19, 1920.

102 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Upon motion of Dr. Boyd it was ordered that the Seere-
tary prepare a printed circular, including a letter of President
Coolidge, for the purpose of instituting a campaign for member-
ship in the Academy and that the Secetary obtain a list of in-
dustrial plants from Prof. May and a list of science teachers in
colleges and high schools from Prof. Gillis, to which the circular
and other matter should be sent, but he advised that the letter
be not sent to educational institutions until some time in Sep-
tember, after vacation.

The following proposed amendment to the constitution was
approved, to be submitted to the membership in time for the
next annual meeting:

Article III, paragraph 2, to read:

‘* Active members shall be persons who are interested in
scientific work and are residents of the State of Kentucky. They
shall be of two classes, to-wit: National members, who are mem-
bers of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
as well as of the Kentucky Academy of Science, and Local Mem-
bers, who are members of the Kentucky Academy but not of the
Association. Each active member shall pay to the Secretary of
the Academy an initiation fee of one dollar, at the time of elec.
tion. National members shall pay to the Secretary of the Acad-
emy an annual assessment of six dollars, payable October first
of each year, four dollars of which shall be transmitted by the
Secretary of the Academy to the Permanent Secretary of the
Association, and two dollars shall be turned over to the Treasurer
of the Academy. Local members shall pay an annual assessment
of two dollars, payable October first of each year.”’

There being no further business, the meeting adjourned.
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

MINUTES OF COUNCIL MEETING, OCTOBER 5, 1920.

By unanimous agreement of President Coolidge and Messrs.
Boyd and Peter, but without a formal meeting, it was decided
to accept the resignation of treasurer J. S. McHargue who is tak-
ing a year’s post graduate work at Cornell, and Prof. C. A.
Shull of the University of Kentucky was appointed to fill the
position of treasurer.

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 103

Dr. Shull was authorized to purchase for the Academy fifty
reprints of an article entitled ‘‘ Preserves of Natural Conditions’’
by Prof. Victor E. Shelford of the University of Illinois, for
distribution among the membership of the Kentucky Academy
in the interests of the work of the American Ecological Society
and the A. A. A. S. referred to in a resolution passed at the last
annual meeting. It was suggested that the name of the Ken-
tucky Academy should appear on the covers if this can be ar-
ranged.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

MINUTES OF COUNCIL MEETING, NOVEMBER 13, 1920

The Council met in Dr. Boyd’s office—present Messrs. Cool-
idge, Boyd, Shull and Peter. Absent, G. D. Smith.

Dr. Peter turned over to Dr. Shull, the new Treasurer, the
treasurer’s books, together with his personal check for $82.90 to
eover the balance of money on hand, and a check for $5.00 from
P. E. Karraker for National Membership.

After some discussion about selecting a distinguished scien-
tist to address the annual meeting, the council adjourned.
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

VIII.
MINUTES OF THE EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING

The eighth annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science convened in the Physics Lecture Room, University of
Kentucky, at 9:30 o’clock A. M., on Saturday, May 14, 1921,
president W. H. Coolidge presiding. Present, about 60 persons.

The President called for reports.

SECRETARY ’S REPORT

In accordance with the resolutions passed at the last annual
meeting of the Academy accepting affiliation with the American
Association for the Advancement of Science the Council ordered
that dues be payable in advance on October Ist of each year,
thus making the fiscal year of the Academy coincide with that
of the Association. Notices to this effect have been sent to all

104 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF: SCIENCE.

members and collections have been made.accordingly. We now
have 44 national members and 55 local members, making a total
of 99 active members, 24 of whom are in‘arrears for one or two
years’ dues. The result of the affiliation with the American Asso-
ciation has been a distinct increase in the number of our members
who belong to both organizations. We would like to see the pro-
portion of national members inerease so as to include practically
all our membership. On the other hand, the Association list shows
27 members in Kentucky who do not belong to the Academy.
All these should become members of the Academy and an invi-
tation to join and attend this meeting has been sent to each.

Of the 25 persons nominated for membership at the last
meeting, 23 paid their initiation fee and became active members
of the Academy. We have lost one member by death, Hon.
John D. White, of Louisville, who died in January, 1920. Ten
members have been dropt from the list either for non-payment
of dues or because of removal from the State.

©

The total membership is 127 and may be classified as follows:

Regular members in good standing.............. 75
Regular members in arrears for dues............ 24
Corresponding MEMPCTS!s wie aja cas cea che leneks este Cee renene 21
Honoraty: membersens sss seis: ae iets heats 7

127

The Secretary has sent three notices to each member in ar-
rears. It is important that back dues be paid at this meeting,
because all who are in arrears for two years will be dropt from
the list of members, after the meeting, as provided in the by-laws.

Of the 37 different lines of activity represented, chemistry
leads again with 26 members, followed by physics with 11, geo-
logy with 10, agriculture and agronomy with 8, mathematics
and biology with 7 each, bacteriology with 6 and all the others
with from one to four members each.

A broad elassification might be made into:

Physical and mathematical sciences, including chemistry... 64
1B MollopeaKeRM aes Wao beocdacoedddudndducobdbouuloobood> 48
Philosophical and educational sciences..................-. 15

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 105

Classified geographically and as to educational institutions
our active membership is as follows:

53 from the University of Kentucky, Lexington,

5 from the University of Louisville, Louisville,

4°from Centre*College, Danville,

4 from Georgetown College, Georgetown,

2 from Berea College, Berea,

1 from Cardome, Georgetown, {

1 from the College of Pharmacy, Louisville,

1 from the Western Kentucky State Normal School, Bow-
ling Green,

1 from the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School, Rich-
mond,

1 from Cumberland College, Williamsburg.

Not connected with educational institutions in the state are:

10 from Louisville,

4 from Lexington,

4 from Frankfort,

1 from Winchester,

1 from Bowling Green,
1 from Newport,

1 from Jenkins.

Four active members are temporarily out of the state.

Abstracts of papers presented at the last meeting were for-
warded as usual to ‘‘Science’’ for publication and appeared
in that Journal under date of July 9, 1920.

Upon request of the National Research Council, the Secretary
sent an account of the organization and activities of the Acad-
emy and a list of members.

President Coolidge appointed the following committees at a
council meeting on June 14, 1920: ©

Membership: G. D. Buckner, Chairman; C. D. Lewis and

J. S. MeHargue.
Publications: P. P. Boyd was appointed in addition to Messrs.

Coolidge and Peter who are members under
the constitution.

106 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Legislative: C. A. Shull, Chairman; R. C. Ballard Thruston
and Lucien Beckner.

Because of the absence from the state of Mr. J. S. McHargue,
the Couneil of the Academy elected Dr. C. A. Shull treasurer,
October 5, 1920.

Under the terms of affiliation with the A. A. A. S. the Acad-
emy is allowed a representative in the Council of the A. A. A. S.
Such a representative should be elected at this meeting.

The constitution of the Academy should be amended to pro-
vide for this and any other changes required by the affiliation.
The council of the Academy prepared such an amendment at a
meeting on June 14th, 1920, but thru oversight the Secretary
neglected to include it in the notice of this meeting, which pre-
vents its being voted upon now, unless the resolution adopting
the terms of affiliation may be construed as sufficient notice.

Of our 21 corresponding members, only one has ever sent a
paper or attended a meeting, as far as the Secretary is aware,
the several are interested enough to acknowledge receipt of pro-
orams and send good wishes. Your Secretary questions the ad-
visability of carrying on our membership lst indefinitely the
names of those who are not interested. Perhaps we should add
a provision to the by-laws for dropping the names of those
corresponding members who have not been heard from in a stated
number of years.

Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER FROM MAY 8, 1920, TO MAY 14, 1921
Charles A. Shull, Treasurer, in account with the Kentucky Acad-
emy of Science.

Receipts
May 8, 1920—Balance on hand..............-.2+000- $ 21.84
Imitvatione fees and dies sac. s:. cai. sue cnere 226.06 $247.90
Disbursements
Disbursements, including fees to the A. A. A. S. ...........- 153.00
ISMN) ChLIMNN ag eoebancunoaausoboboabodubOOd $ 94.90

The Membership Committee nominated 21 persons for active
membership all of whom were duly elected.

EIGHTH ANNUAL MERTING. 107

The report of the Legislative Committee was read by Dr.
C. A. Shull as follows:

Your Committee recommends the adoption of the following
program for passage at the next meeting of the Legislature in
1922:

1—A law providing $1,000 for publication of the Proceedings
of the Kentucky Academy of Science.

2—An inereased appropriation for the hastening of the com-
pletion of topographic mapping of the State.

3—A request that a Soil Survey be begun, to follow as rap-
idly as possible the topographic and geological mapping of the
State.

4A law creating a Natural History Survey of the State,
to center in the University, and to which all members of the Acad-
emy could contribute.

5—Legislation to provide a Natural History Museum, for
preservation of the collections secured by the Natural History
Survey. The museum should be located at the University, where
students could make use of the results of the Survey collections.

6—A law to increase the teaching of Science in the High
Schools of the State, and compelling Boards to appropriate more
for scientific equipment.

7—A law establishing a prize to be given annually for re-
search work, open to all competitors in Kentucky in every line
of scientific endeavor, the recipient to be determined by a com-
mittee from the Academy of Science.

8—A law compelling each person or corporation drilling a
well for oil or gas, or for other purpose to a depth greater than
100 feet, to file with the State Geological Survey a complete log
of that well showing the formations gone thru, and a careful
deseription of the location of the well so that it can be carefully
mapped.

9-—Endorsement of the law now before congress to make
of Mammoth Cave and its environs, a national park.

10—Ani act enabling the State of Kentucky to acquire and
set aside for the benefit of future generations, such areas as are
deemed worthy of preservation in natural condition, for pur-
poses of study and enjoyment of nature.

(Signed) CHAS. A. SHULL, Chairman.

108 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

The President then appointed the following committees:

Auditing Committee: A. M. Miller, Geo. D. Smith and E. S.
Good.

Nominating Committee: P. P. Boyd, W. S. Webb, Henry Meier.

Two amendments of the constitution covering the affiliation
with the A. A. A. S., as ordered, at the Seventh meeting, were
read by the Secretary and adopted as follews:

Article III, MEMBERSHIP, paragraph 2, to read:

‘* Active members shall be residents of. the State of Ken-
tucky who are interested in scientific work. They shall be of
two classes, to-wit: National members, who are members of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science as well
as of the Kentucky Academy of Science, and Local Members,
who are members of the Kentucky Academy but not of the As-
sociation. Each active member shall pay to the Secretary of
the Academy an initiation fee of one dollar, at the time of elec-
tion. National members shall pay to the Secretary of the Acad-
emy an annual assessment of five dollars, payable October 1st
of each year, four dollars of which shall be transmitted by the
Secretary of the Academy to the Permanent Secretary of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, and one
dollar shall be turned over to the treasurer of the Academy.
Local members shal! pay an annual assessment of one dollar,
payable October first of each year.”’

Article IV, OFFICERS, to read:

‘‘The officers of the Academy shall be chosen annually by
ballot, at the recommendation of a nominating committee of
three, appointed by the President, and shall consist of a presi-
dent, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and councilor of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, who
shall perform the duties usually pertaining to their respective
offices. Only the secretary, treasurer and councilor shall be
eligible to reelection for consecutive terms.’’

The following program was then rendered:

President’s address: The Relation of Chemical Training to
Industry: W. H. Coolidge. See Science, Vol. 54, No. 1399, p 367,
Oct. 21, 1921.

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 199

An Experiment in Mental and Physical Correlation: J. J.
Tigert, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. By title.

Summary of the Thurstone Intelligence Tests for College
Freshmen and High-School Seniors: Walter E. Ervin, Centre
College.

The average of 58 freshmen tested was 83, ranging from
30-39 (one student) to 150-159. The author remarks that such
tests are not conclusive as to the mental equipment of any boy
or girl, but they are helpful by placing the student in the school
with more fairness.

The Tragedy of the Passenger Pigeon: George D. Smith,
Eastern Kentucky State Normal School.

The author described his observation of the wholesale destruc-
tion of the pigeons in their roosting place in a marsh, at night,
by persons who came for miles around for this purpose, and
hauled away the dead birds by the wagon load. This incident
seems to have been one of the final stages in the extermination
of the pigeon.

The Last Warning of the Rattler: George D. Smith, Eastern
Kentucky State Normal School.

The paper describes a fight which the author observed be-
tween a diamond rattlesnake and a large blue racer. The fight
was long and fierce and ended in the destruction of the rattler.
During’ the fight the racer is badly bitten by the rattler, hastens
to a patch of weeds and bites several of the weeds, sucking out
the juice. He then hastens back to renew the combat. In the
progress of the fight the juice of the weed was applied a second
time and the racer rushed back to renew the fight as before.

Absorption in the Corn Grain: Charles A. Shull, University
of Kentucky.

Orthogenesis in the Membracidae: W. D. Funkhouser, Uni-
versity of Kentucky.

The attempt to expiain the remarkable developments of the
pronotum in the family Membracidae by natural selection fails
in the cases of the most bizarre and curious tropical forms.
Poulton and others have suggested explanations based on pro-

110 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

tective coloration and mimicry which must be carried into the
realm of speculation when applied to certain exotie species. Cer-
tain genera, including Heteronotus, Centrotus, Pyrgonota and
Spongophorus, seem to show very regular pronotal development
along definite lines when traced from the more generalized to
specialized forms. This is particularly true of the length and
position of the suprahumeral, dorsal and posterior horns. These
developments seem in many cases to be entirely without regard
to utility and even to threaten the existence of the species. In
comparison with the classical example of the Irish elk, many
species of Membracidae seem to show even greater evidence of
orthogenesis.

The Progress of Kentucky in the Second Decade of the Twen-
tieth Century: Edward Tuthill, University of Kentucky.

Kentucky Petroleum Problems: Lucien Beckner.

Kentucky offers many problems in petroleum geology which
the consulting geologist and the geologist of the private company
seldom have time to solve. The larger anticlines, the Cinecin-
nati, north and south, and the Kentucky, east and west, present
their peculiar characters that are not vet well understood. The
author points out many problems which, could they be solved,
would save the useless expenditure of thousands of dollars and
probably result in the production of much wealth.

The First Food of Young Black Bass: H. Garman, Experi-
ment Station, Lexington, hy.

A study of the food by use of the microscope on the stomach
contents of both large and small-mouthed black bass, taken from
the State Hatchery pools at Forks of Elkhorn, Kentucky, showed
that the dietary of both species during the first five weeks
of their active lives consists of small crustaceans belonging to
the orders Cladocera and Entomostraeca, and of insect larvae be-
longing to the dipterous family Chironomidae. The percentages
of the different kinds of food were determined, and, as far as
practicable, an exact determination was made of the crustacean
species most prevalent in the dietaries. The purpose
of the study was to learn just what food was most relished
and how it might be influenced artificially for the benefit of
young fishes produced at the hatchery.

EIGHTH ANNUAL MEETING. 111

The Tolerance of Hogs for Arsenic: D. J. Healy and W. W.
Dimock, Experiment Station, Lexington.

There is a popular belief that hogs are not very susceptible
to arsenical poisoning and an examination of the literature failed
to disclose a record of arsenical poisoning in hogs. The results
of four tests made by administering arsenic trioxid are given.
The total of 11 shoats received large doses of arsenic trioxid; in
some cases the doses were enormous. Nine of the shoats received,
im addition to the arsenic, hog cholera virus. One animal died
from acute arsenical poisoning, one from acute cholera, and
one from an undetermined cause. It would appear from these
results that young hogs possess a marked tolerance for arsenic
trioxid.

Growing Seedlings in Test-tubes with only Filter-paper Pulp
and Distilled Water: Mary Didlake, Experiment Station, Lex-
ington.

The lower third of a test-tube is filled loosely with crumpled
strips of filter paper, enough water to cover the paper is added
and the tube plugged with cotton and sterilized in the autoclav.
Sterilized seeds may be dropped in and allowed to germinate and
grow. Soybean, cowpea, garden bean, garden pea, Canada field
pea, vetch, alfalfa, red clover, Japan clover, velvet bean, peanut,
locust, acacia, corn, wheat, hemp, and morning glory have been
erown successfully in this way. Plants will grow thriftily for a
month or six weeks.

Effect of Frost and ‘‘Soil Stain’’ on the Keeping Quality of
Sweet Potatoes: A. J. Olney, University of Kentucky.

When the vines were cut away before frost, only 4 per cent
of the potatoes spoiled after storage at about 60 to 65 degrees
F. When the vines were cut immediately after a freeze, no loss
occurred. When the vines were cut 5 days after the freeze
the loss was 88 per cent. Potatoes badly affected with soil stain
(Monilochaetes infuscans) but otherwise sound, sustained a
loss of 55 per cent, while healthy checks suffered a loss of 12
per cent. Potatoes wrapped with paper sustained a loss of 20
per cent., as against 12 per cent in those unwrapped.

Attempted Inter-species Crosses of the Genus Nicotiana:
G. C. Routt.

112 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Crosses were attempted among 7 species of Nicotiana. Of
911 flowers experimented with, 201 set seed. Only 4 of the 19
combinations proved fertile in both crosses and reciprocals, 4
proved fertile in one way only, and 11 proved infertile. Plants
have not yet been grown from the seed obtained.

The Production of Antitoxin: Morris Scherago, University of
Kentucky.

The method of producing diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin
is described from the time the flasks of media are inoculated for
the production of the homologous toxin until the antitoxin is
ready for distribution. The factors influencing the potency of
a toxin are discussed and the method of estimating the M. F. D.
is outlined. The immunization of horses is discussed including
the types of animals desired, preliminary treatment, dosage and
time of injection. The time for taking trial bleedings and reg-
ular bleedings is indicated and the standardization of antitoxin
is briefly discussed. The method of concentrating antitoxin is
also described and discussed.

The Inefficiency of the Efficiency Expert: P. K. Holmes, M.
D., Head of Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Univer-
sity of Ky.

Efficiency is the magie word today. It is caught up by
every tongue. It is used most frequently and effectively in the
business and industrial world. The head of the great business
concern has to conduct the affairs of his great concern along ap-
proved lines of efficiency. There must be centralization of con-
trol; union to facilitate advantageous buying; stimulation
toward increased production; methods for utilization of bi-pro-
ducts; constant improvement in the quality and quantity of
goods turned out; lessening of waste; elimination of useless and
time consuming steps and muscular efforts; the application of
scientifically worked out rest periods to increase production py
decreasing fatigue; shortening of hours and increase of pay to
make employes more contented; the introduction of safety de-
vices; and many other things for the sake of efficiency.

The whole keynote here is production—efficieney, the vision
is focused only upon the product that is turned out, the ‘‘thing’’,

2?

and in the final analysis the money which the ‘‘thing’’ repre-

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 113

sents. In order to increase production mental and physical effi-
ciency on the part of the employee must incidentally be in-
creased.

The conception of such a well organized plan of efficient
production and the capacity for putting it into operation comes
from the master mind only. It is almost unbelievable to think
that the master mind that conceives of high standards of effi-
ciency fails completely to apply the same principles to the body
containing the brain which initiated the original idea; in other
words, our men of big business fail at the crucial point and apply
the principles to the creation and not to the creator. It is safe
to say that if our busy business men applied these principles
to themselves they would be able, thru better health, to plan
even more efficiently for others.

This plan of business efficiency will not permit of men who
have to operate delicate and expensive machinery becoming in-
eapacitated thru the effects of aleoholic poisoning. Quite a few
heads of business concerns today are refusing to employ men
or boys who use tobacco because indications point to a probable
loss of working efficiency as a result of its use. It is probable
that the person who largely depends upon coffee as an artificial
stimulant to carry him thru his day’s work is placing himself
on a lower level of efficiency. The man with weak flabby muscles
and shortness of wind cannot long meet the demands of manual
labor. The man who is being continually poisoned as a result
of chronic constipation which results in loss of mental keenness
and physical endurance cannot efficiently sell the products ere-
ated by the concern which employs him. The man who, thru keep-
ing late hours, over indulgence in aimless amusement, excessive
stimulation of the emotions, overdraws upon his bank account
of nervous force, is thus incapacitated for doing his best.

These are some of the fundamental principles of business
efficiency and repeated disregard of them by the employee means
eventual loss of his position. But who is going to discharge
the employer himself for falling below the standards of efficiency
which he has set up for others? There is nobody to directly tell
him that he will lose his ‘‘job’’ if he does not obey the ‘‘rules’’,
but his business competitors who sometime will get this new con-

114 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

‘

ception, will force him out of his ‘‘job’’ in the keen struggle

for business supremacy.

The averaga business man is probably not as clear a thinker
and as enduring a worker by virtue of his natural endowments
and observance of the laws of health as the average man he em-
ploys. The average man of big business does not have time to
live according to the laws of health. Theoretically he thinks this
important but practically he shows that it is not. The result
is that he shortens his working life here, but lengthens it in the
possible life elsewhere.

The average man of big affairs is one who has not paid much
attention to the rules of health since he left college, if he hap-
pens to be a college man. He may have gone thru four years
of strenuous athletics there, but has done nothing of that nature
since. His big powerful heart has gradually deteriorated into a
smaller and rather flabby muscle—a power engine of much less
working capacity—his lungs, because of lack of normal exercise,
have diminished in breathing capacity and power, but have in-
creased in susceptibility to disease. His muscles are smaller and
weaker because they have had comparatively little use. What
would happen if he had to run half a mile at a fair pace to meet
an emergency? In the first place he could not run that distanee,
but if he did attempt it he would be exhausted and perhaps ser-
iously injured or possibly killed. There is no physiological rea-
son why a man of forty or forty-five should not be able to safely
and with positive benefit run a half mile or a mile at moderate
speed. How many men can walk upstairs at a brisk pace to
their office on the eighth floor without being out of breath for
the next quarter of an hour He is very likely twenty or thirty
pounds over weight, not of muscle or nerve or gland tissue, but
of fat, and fat is an almost lifeless tissue—of no value in such
excess—but a burden to carry as a pack on the shoulders of a civ-
ilian going about his daily work would be. Further, it is an indi-
cation of senility or premature old age and is so eonsidered by
the life insurance companies. Again the organs of elimination
have not been kept up to the highest point of efficiency and the
waste accumulations and poisons are not properly gotten rid of
and he is fatigued and tired when he should not be. He whe

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 115

sits down all day in a luxuriously equipped office is often more
tired at night than the employee who has been working hard on
his feet all day in the machine shop or packing room. His appe-
tite is poor; plain, coarse, wholesome food does not appeal to
him. He must be tempted by delicacies or awakened by alco-
holic stimulants. Any slight excess in eating causes a ‘‘hold-up’’
in the digestive machinery. There is no margin of safety there.

He is more susceptible to disease because the body defenses
are unable to cope with invading disease germs. Because of ner-
vous tension, resulting from great responsibility, he has to re-
store his nervous balance and comfort thru the use of artificial
stimulants. He starts the day’s work on eaffein stimulation—
gets up an appetite for dinner thru a cocktail—gets soothed from
the irritations of the day’s work thru nicotine—gets rid of the
body waste products thru the use of a cathartic—chases business
cares away by amusement at the theatres and is finally lulled to
sleep until the next day thru the kindly action of a sedative.
To say the least, efficient living does not necessitate such a daily
program.

According to statistics, the death rate in America is higher
for the middle period of life, which is around fifty, than in any
other great nation in the world and this is more particularly
true of men who carry great responsibility. Unfortunately this
is the period of greatest usefulness.

The diseases which are peculiar to men of this age in Amer-
ica are called the ‘‘diseases of degeneration’’, some of which are
heart disease, hardening of the arteries, apoplexy, Bright’s dis-
ease or chronic inflammation of the kidneys, diabetes, ete. It is
a matter of observation that an increasingly larger number of
American men of prominence die as a result of one or more of
these so-called ‘‘diseases of degeneration’’. What is the cause of
these diseases? We do not as yet know. There is no one cause;
it is probably due to a combination of causes and some of these
which the indicator points to are: Lack of sufficient vigorous
physical exercise, over-eating, use of stimulants such as coffee,
tea, tobacco and alcohol; excessive social obligations, great -pro-
fessional and business responsibility, ete.

It is astounding to think that the efficiency expert is so in-

116 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENOE.

efficient when applying his principles to himself. This is one
of those strange human inconsistencies. Most men are content
to live on a low level of mental and physical efficiency. If we are
able to get out of bed, take our three regular meals and do our
day’s work, we say we are well, perfectly healthy. That is
existence not health. Our standard of health should include
bounding vitality and endurance, a spirit of optimism and in-
vineibility resulting from efficiently working bodily organs. It
should mean perfect digestion and elimination, capacity for rest-
ful sleep, an irresistible desire for muscular expression in the
form of enjoyable athletic recreation or its equivalent, a con-
tented and well poised mind and a joy in just being alive.

If a man is mentally efficient enough to create systems of
efficiency in his business he should be efficient enough to apply
them to his own life and follow them.

Happily there is an increasingly larger number of men who
are learning to live efficiently by taking time to play golf, attend
eymnasium classes in the club or Y. M. C. A., work gardens,
eat more rationally, and in general to obey the simple and ob-
vious laws of health that any man with ordinary horse-sense
would find time to obey.

On the Trail of the Alaska Salmon: Dr. Henry B: Ward, Uni-
versity of Illinois.

The marvelous life history of the Alaska salmon has been
worked out by the combined efforts of many investigators. In
the early summer the adult fish appear off the coast, move for-
ward into the inlets, start up stream, ultimately reach their
spawning grounds, and having spawned, die. No adult
salmon ever returns to salt water. The eggs rest in
their gravel nests over winter and hatch out in the spring;
the young fry play about in fresh water, descending slowly the
streams until they disappear into the ocean. The markings on
the scales carry a precise record of the age and wanderings of
the fish in fresh water and in the ocean. Reasons for their move-
ments in fresh water are not yet so well determined. The course
they follow is very precise but the influences that direct it are
still unknown. Partial explanations of the movements are to be
found in the influences of the current of the stream and the

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. Af

temperature of the water. The application of these principles
to special instances indicates the extent to which they serve to
explain the complex problems involved in migration. The author
described many of his observations while studying the salmon
in Alaskan waters. He also brought out forcibly the importance
of Alaska’s natural resources, of which the salmon is one of the
greatest.

A short business session was then held.

The President appointed a Membership Committee as fol-
lows: Dr. G. D. Buckner, Chairman; Dr. H. Garman and Mr.
J. S. MeHargue.

The Auditing Committee reported the Treasurer’s accounts
correct. Accepted.

The Nominating Committee reported the following nomi-
nations for officers:

Hors President....0.. 3... Prof. George D. Smith, Richmond
For Vice-President...... Mr, Lucien Beckner, Winchester
MoreSecretary i.e. ss Dr. A. M. Peter, Lexington
MOR eASUITER: 2c). sels «'s Dr. Charles A. Shull, Lexington.

The report of the committee was adopted and the officers
were duly elected.

The new President then took the Chair, and made a short
talk.

The meeting then adjourned.
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

IX.
MINUTES OF THE NINTH ANNUAL MEETING

The ninth annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science convened in the Physics lecture room of the University
of Kentucky at 9:45 o’clock A. M., on Saturday, May 20, 1922,
President George D. Smith presiding. Present: about 40 per-
sons in the morning and 75 in the afternoon. The minutes
of the last meeting were adopted without reading. The report
of the Secretary was read and accepted.

118 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

SECRETARY’S REPORT

Of the 21 persons nominated for membership at the last
meeting, 15 paid the initiation fee and became active members
of the Academy—9 becoming national members and 6 local
members. We have lost one member by death since the last
meeting, Dr. Alfred Fairhurst, formerly of Transylvania
University. Four members have been dropped from the list on
account of removal from the state and 9 for nonpayment of
dues.

The total membership is now 128, including 54 national
members, 46 local members, making a total of 100 active mem-
bers; 20 corresponding members and 8 honorary members.

The membership may be classified as follows:

Regular members in good standing.............. 79
Recular members) 1) Anvears.. «ce sci +. acer 21
Correspondiniewmembers wc yeu erie ese 20
On OTAT ys MEM) CLSisesee arto cl cerca che lrcneie aoe 8

128

In accordance with a resolution passed at the last meet-
ing, copies of a pamphlet entitled ‘‘ Preservation of Natural
Conditions,’’ published by the Ecological Society of America,
have been purchased and distributed to the membership.

President Smith, on December 29, 1921, appointed the fol-
lowing persons to co-operate with Dr. Middleton in his work for
the Ecological Society of America: Prof. C. D. Lewis, Berea,
and Prof. F. L. Rainey, Danville.

On account of Dr. Shull’s removal from the State, President
Smith appointed Dr. Wren Grinstead of Richmond in his place
on the Legislative Committee and Prof. W. S. Anderson in
his place as Treasurer.

Abstracts of papers presented at the last meeting were
forwarded promptly to ‘‘Science’’ for publication and appeared
in that journal under date of August 19, 1921. This being our
only means of publication, it is important that members supply
the Secretary with short abstracts of their papers for this pur-
pose without delay.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 119

The report of the Treasurer was passed as Prof. Anderson
was not present.

The report of the Council was called for and the Secretary
explained the activities of the Council were concerned mainly
with arrangements for the annual meeting so no formal report
seemed necessary.

The report of the Membership Committee was read by Dr.
Buckner, Chairman. The report was adopted as read, after
which the following were unanimously elected to membership :
15 active members, 3 corresponding members and 5 honorary
members.

The report of the Legislative Committee was ealled for but
it appeared that no business had been transacted in this com-
mittee.

The report of the Committee to co-operate with Dr. Middle-
ton of the American Society of Ecology was ealled for but in
the absence of the Chairman of this committee none was pre-
sented.

President Smith then appointed the following committees:

Auditing: Averitt, Vaughn and McHargue.
Resolutions: Meier, Healy and Gunton.
Nominations: McFarland, Valleau and W. 8S. Anderson.

Under the order of new business, Dr. Terrell moved that all
papers be short, thus allowing time for discussion. Dr. Buck-
ner moved to amend so as to limit the time for discussion. The
amendment was lost and the original motion was carried.

The following program was then rendered :

The Boleti of Kentucky: G. D. Smith, Eastern Kentucky
State Normal School (President’s address).

Colored lantern slides and stereoscopic photographs of 37
species of boleti observed in the vicinity of Richmond were pre-
sented and explained.

Factors Affecting the Germination of the Sclerctia of Clavi-
eeps (Ergot of rye): Frank T. McFarland, University of Ken-
tucky.

120 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Most mycologists are fairly well acquainted with the method
of germination of sclerotia of Claviceps, but there still remain
several factors which are poorly understood. During the past
two years, the writer has been engaged in a study of the scle-
rotia of ergot from various countries. In the course of these
investigations it has been found that sclerotia more than one
year old failed to germinate. Sclerotia sown out of doors, on the
surface of the soil, without any covering showed good germina-
tion of the sclerotia with many well-formed stromata but the
stalks usually are short. Some mycologists seem to have the
idea that these sclerotia may have the power to retain their
germination ability for more than one year. It is quite unlikely
that any sclerotia under out-of-door conditions should remain
dormant during the first spring after their maturity and germi-
nate the second season. Sclerotia of Claviceps must go through
a period of rest. The shortest period of rest so far found is
about eight weeks. During this time when the sclerotia are at
rest, they must be kept stratified in moist sand. Removal of the
cuticle of sclerotia with a scalpel does not prevent the germina-
tion, but the stromata are nearly always deformed, and all seem
to rise from a stromatie cushion. Treating the sclerotia with a
5 per cent and a 30 per cent. NaCl salt solution, and then com-
pletely removing all traces of the salt and stratifying the scle-
rotia in the usual manner did not injure their germination
power.

The Role of Manganese in Plants: J. S. McHargue, Kentucky
Agricultural Experiment Station. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soe. Vol.
44, No. 7, July, 1922, p. 1592.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if man-
ganese has any definite function to perform in plant economy.
The method of attack has been the preparation of plant nutrient
compounds and quartz sand, free from manganese, and the
erowing of plants in different portions of nutrient solutions or
sand cultures from which manganese was withheld and in an-
other equal number of portions of these media to which man-
ganese was added. All the plants were grown until those that
received manganese showed signs of fructification and a few to
maturity. The plants from which manganese was withheld made
a normal growth for about six weeks only. Thereafter they be-

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 121

came chlorotic and the young leaves and buds died back and the
plants made no further growth of any consequence, whereas
the plants to which manganese was available grew in a normal
way and fructified where the plants were grown to that state
of maturity.

The author concludes that manganese is necessary in the
plant economy and that, therefore, eleven elements are neces-
sary for the normal growth of autotrophic plants, whereas it
has been taught previously that only ten are necessary.

The Hydroxy-anthraquinone Derivatives in Plants: John
Aberdeen Gunton, Transylvania College.

A resume was given of the various plants containing deriva-
tives of this type as well as a description of the forms in which
these occur. The cathartic principles of cascara, senna, rhubarb,
aloes and buckthorn were shown to be irritant anthracene deriva-
tives that exist in the plant in the form of glucosides to which
the physiological action is presumably due. Plants containing
these bodies are found widely distributed throughout the globe
and present an interesting stage in the chemical evolution of
plant life. Considerable remains yet to be done on this group
from the analytical and synthetical standpoints.

Some Seed-borne Diseases of Agricultural Crops: W. D. Val-
leau, University of Kentucky.

Further studies on the extent of seed infection of corn with
Fusarium monliforme confirm previous reports that it is prac-
tically universal. The organism is carried between the various
seed-coat layers and may extend in as far as the aleurone layer.
In very flinty corn the organism remains dormant a longer per-
iod after the seed is planted than in the poorly filled starchy
kernels. A preliminary study of 8 lots of barley from 3 states,
12 lots of oats from 4 states, and 38 varieties of wheat from 5
states indicates that small grains are infected to a higher de-
gree with pathogenic organisms than has generally been sus-
pected. Morphological studies of lettuce seeds have demon-
strated the presence of an organism in a high percentage of
seeds which is believed to be the causal organism of lettuce
root rot. The universal presence of root rot on clovers and
the results of preliminary tests of seed infection suggest that

122 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

the causal organism is constantly present in clover seed. Ob-
servations on crops affected by seed-borne root disease organ-
isms, grown under different seasonal conditions, suggests that
these organisms may play an important part in geographical
and seasonal distribution of certain wild and crop plants.

A Preliminary Report on a Study of Various Clovers as
Found on Three Soil Experiment Fields of Kentucky with Spec-
ial Reference to Root Systems: E. N. Fergus and W. D. Valleau,
University of Kentucky.

An ecological and pathological study is being made of various
elovers, particularly red clover, growing on three soil types of
Kentucky, in order to determine the causes of clover failure.
Actual counts showed that red and alsike clover stands were
practically equal throughout the first year whether on produc-
tive or ‘‘clover sick’’ soils. Much diminution of stand oceurs
on most soils during the second summer, reaching 100 per cent.
on the least productive soil. Root rot was present to some extent
on all root systems examined. Those developed in least pro-
ductive soils were badly diseased or dead at the end of the first
season. All tap root systems examined were badly diseased or
dead at the end of the second season. The persistence of a
clover plant after death of the tap root system depends on its
ability to produce new roots from the crown.

Extraction of Crude Oil by Means of Shafts and Tunnels:
Henry Meier, Centre College.

This ; method ‘of | recovery ~ of oil] dromeasbeds
has been successfully carried on in Alsace since 1917.
Experience has shown that by means of wells and pumps not
more than 20 per cent. as a maximum of the oil contained in a
bed can be brought to the surface. The recovery by sinking a
shaft and digging tunnels through oil-bearing sand enables the
recovery by seepage and by treating the sand with hot water,
of two and a half times as much oil as by means of wells. This
method of recovery increases the value of a concession. It opens
to countries whose oil-bearing regions seem to have reached the
end of production, new and encouraging prospects.

Depletion of Kentucky Crude Oils: Willard Rouse Jillson,
Director of the Kentucky Geological Survey and State Geologist.

NINTH ANNUAL MERTING. 128

Since the year 1900, when, with a production of 62,259 bar-
rels, the petroleum producing industry may rightly be said to
have gained its feet in Kentucky, there have been many who
have held it impossible for the State to become an oil producer
of national importance. Others on the contrary, and to them
we owe unmeasured gratitude, have steadfastly claimed a bright
future for the oil operator in Kentucky. An analysis of the
erude oil production figures for Kentucky for the 22 years
which have elapsed since 1900 will do much toward presenting
the truth of the matter, and aid in arriving at depletion esti-
mates of future petroleum production for the Commonwealth.

Although oil was first produced in Kentucky on the South
Fork of the Cumberland River in 1819, nothing came of the dis-
eovery for many years. The increasing number of ~‘wildeat’’
wells which were drilled in various parts of the State served to
index oil producing areas rather than to augment the annual
total of barrels produced. The earlest oil production figures of
which we have an aecurate account are for 1883, and show only
4.755 barrels for the whole State of Kentucky. From this time
on until 1899 the total annual production of the State ranged
up and down from 3,000 to 9,000 barrels. At the end of the
eighth decade following the first oil strike in Kentucky, it would
have been impossible for anyone to have predicted with accu-
racy what the future score of years, now passed, might have
brought forth. In the same way it is hazardous at the present
to predict the rise and fall of erude oil production in Ken-
tueky, though with a certain fairly large production now es-
tablished, and with the State pretty generally ‘‘wild-catted’’ by
geologists and operators alike, there is considerably more to
work upon now than there was 20 years ago.

Certain established factors based on the economic and in-
dustrial life of this country, such as the increasing demand for
gas engine gasoline, industrial lubricants, and fuel oil, coupled
with the central eastern location of this State will tend as the
years go by to keep Kentucky well up in the ranks of the oil
producing states. These factors have operated in New York
and Pennsylvania for many years to put off the day of final
and complete depletion. The same principles are now operating

124 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SUIENCE,

in Kentucky, and will continue to operate even more vigorously
in the future.

A review of the production figures for Kentucky, when plot-
ted in the form of a curve shows a well defined cycle of acceler-
ated, followed by declining production extending from the year
1900 through to the year 1910. This period witnessed the devel-
opment of Ragland, Wayne County, Campton, Irvine, Bussy-
ville, and Fallsburg pools. From a minimum production of
2,259 barrels in 1900 oil production rose to a peak of 1,217,337
barrels in 1905, which was essentially maintained through the
year 1906 when 1,213,548 barrels were produced.

Crude oil production then dropped until 1910 when only
468,774 barrels of petroleum were produced in the State of Ken-
tucky. This figure continued to be about the index of produc-

tion through to the year 1915, when the impetus brought about
by the wartime prices of gasoline, lubricants, and fuel oils, ex-
pressed itself in a greatly renewed interest in ‘‘wild-catting’’,
and resulted in a substantial increase immediately. Petroleum
production jumped in 1916 to 1,144,750 barrels, and in 1917 and
1918 successfully passed the three and four million barrel mark.
The peak of the recent extensive oil production in Kentucky
was attained in 1919 when a total of 9,226,473 barrels, and a po-
sition eighth among the oil producing states were secured. This
advance, great for any Appalachian State, carried with it a
vast amount of speculation by Kentuckians and others, which
was largely responsible for the development.

A slowing up of industry following the close of the war,
shortly induced very much lowered prices for Kentucky erude
oil and cast a doubt in the hearts of producers. In 1920 the
total production of the State dropped to 8,546,027 barrels. The
interest in oil development, however, had been sufficient during
the five years preceding to bring about the discovery of several
large producing pools widely distributed throughout the State
of Kentucky. Chief among these in the order of their product-
ivity were the Big Sinking, Ashley, Ross Creek and Station
Camp; and other smaller pools in Estill, Lee, Powell, and Wolfe
Counties; the grouped pools of Allen, Barren, and Warren
Counties; the associated pools of Johnson, Magoffin and Lavw-
rence Counties; and the widely extended pools of Wayne, Me

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 12:

On

Creary, Clinton and Cumberland Counties. A strengthening of
the price of crude oil resulted in the extension and stabilization
of the oil producing industry in Kentucky during 1920. At
the end of the year petroleum production amounted to 9,080,845
barrels, an increase of 534,818 barrels during the year.

To the casual observer this increase has little of significance,
but when one considers that the principal producing pool of the
State the ‘‘Big Sinking’’, in Lee County, decreased steadily at
a rate averaging nearly 10,000 barrels a month, it will be seen
that this increase really meant the discovery and large develop-
ment of other new pools elsewhere in the State. These pools
were those of the Johnson, Magoffin, and Lawrence County ree-
ion, and those of the Allen and Warren County region. A state-
ment of the amount of petroleum produced in Kentucky from
1883 to the present time follows:

PRODUCTION OF PETROLEUM IN BARRELS IN KENTUCKY
FROM 1883 TO 1922*

AGRE: eA eae ert eae Nie ieee iar eC RD ENG Mraricng rte 4,755
FUNG 2 ge aR ice ak NE ce 4,148
TS MM ee a Ce athe a oat mcliauneene RO ae Nay 5,164
TOO MI oc tack gee etc ace ieee brn Me enc os 4,726
FS TM re eT em gee ee ee 4,791
He Me Se a ae See ea eh Ee eure mene eet 5,096
TC OMMMNN ee Sty el hs ORE aaa acti nt ey SR) a ee 5,096
LOD 5 LS Se PINE eee oe een er 6,000
MONE MERC Ret cin ot), Ane nS SO ad a oak 9,000
FUQOR — 3c es ee ee pare ene see reece hie rae A Sei een 6,500
SOS May kee Gk Sy od teen ee 3,000
TSO ee ee ce Re ty Sr ye eek oN a 1,500
MSO eres as ee Gi ee Saal ae EE 1,500
MOOG eae ete ii eRe Mole Mic Tes On, 8 1,680
TUCO eas es epee RGEC pe rca cg i Mee eI a ee 322
TSO SMR Aces aa lela Ca era WER a INN Eee MUP Sos a aneeors 5,568
NOOO es aR ey eRe a oc Ta Se nO tN aby teat ee 18,280
MOO ORR aerate a eek Ge a MON ny, St 62,259
HOD) ao Bee esp ee ct Svea a Recs 137,259
SUGOE) 2G We re oe ree Re no eee von ee An ce ean 185,331
DOE, a cee a pe eae ae iar ie ean 554,286
MO OREM Ste er ia Guy ee ee uAn Gee ree ate ca oh 998,284
OO Mere aa eel icant dae Gaon an epee ite aia, 1,217.337
LOO 5 Ge Ua Ne ee ee auntie peta MME Da atten a 1,213,548
MOA eos gke ui iahiice SeGgt A onmiaan GRIER I hans Mie 3 820,844
OOS i, Sa ENA MI ath reer ia run ae nei er ee 727,767
HOW Opener or cutie ened ter aetna en eM NT Se a 639,016
MOM re ee ey aoe tate ae Da on 468,774
TUQ)ILTL A ae es as NEE A eer aga ine Ua bare re Uae ee 472,458
TOTO" 5 OG ce rg est eee ances eee RE UO oC ree 484,368

*Figures for the year 1922 and 1923 have been added.—Kd.

126 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

CTE a aainean Kiba tan em Me Tse RABE demons Rabe ae > 522,550
TOM ee Sahn. ase te pes See ee oe eee 479,609
OMS eer ei UN cli MCR ae 407,081
TONG MG Fes Fein Sle) en ae ernie hale ong tC eae 1,144,750
LOD ee ee eit ean ee ee ee Se a eee 3,015,640
nee Ge NERA ny aha ee EINE onic g . 4,035,950
HOMO bes Sin Oe cele selhnee nen cee hee ag hen tere ae 9,226,473
(020-2 ee ron nee ener ones ae 8,546,027
TOD re ee Nahe ee eer see ie SON ee cee 9,080,845
(Cp ley es RA OMe a tee eet ae ERS ME co arth. | _ 8,889,303
HOSS po eee erro a a eR a SA coe eas Oe ee *8, 087,250

In predicting the figures of crude oil production likely to be
obtained in Kentucky in the future, estimates of certain and
sure depletion now in evidence in many of the oil pools of this
State, must be coupled with an unknown fraction representing
oil produced from new pools now undiscovered. This latter
factor is very much more difficult to come by than is an estimate
of depletion which may be figured with some reasonable degree
of precision.

The price of crude oil is also an important factor in the
ultimate amount of petroleum which will be produced in Ken-
tucky. With a return at any time to extended low schedules
for erude oil will come great demoralization in the producing
industry in Kentucky, especially in the small and old well dis-
tricts. On the other hand an increased price and a sustained
demand for crude oil in the near future will tend to strengthen
not only the entire industry as it now stands developed, but
induce widespread ‘‘wild-catting’’. If the price of crude oil
strengthens slightly and remains more or less stationary during
the next several years, it seems reasonable to anticipate a pro-
duction in Kentueky which will range between seven and nine
million barrels, probably close to eight million barrels.

The tenacity of some of the older wells in Kentucky, especially
in the ‘‘true sand’’ districts of eastern Kentucky, is surely in-
dicative of a somewhat more sustained production for these
districts especially ; and in the end for the entire State, than had
at first been assumed. Estimates of depletion for Kentucky
made but a year ago, giving undue importance to the rapid
decline of the ‘‘ Big Sinking”’ and associated pools, and assuming
that Warren County had reached its peak must now, it appears,

be revised in consideration of the new elements of long life in-

*These figures supplied in 1924. Ed.

NINTH ANNUAL MEETING. 127

troduced by the proving up of the characteristic of Eastern
Kentucky pools.

It is figured that the oil pools of Kentucky as now known
and partly developed will still afford production through wells
which are yet to be drilled, until the year 1980. For this period,
1922 to 1980 inclusive, it is figured that the known pools of
Kentucky will produce 120,000,000 barrels of crude oil. Pools
yet to be discovered in this State it is estimated will produce
80,000,000 barrels; a total of 200,000,000 barrels of petroleum
now in the ground. A total volume of 44,655,145 barrels for the
period 1883 to 1921 inclusive has been produced. The total
production of petroleum from discovery in Kentucky from 1819
to date may be listed as follows:

Petroleum produced in Kentucky.

1819 to 1882. inclusive (unmeasured, estimated) ....... 144,000 bbls.

(Szeto 192t anclusive Cactual oil rums)in iss. . Ce c eee. 44,655,145 bbls.

1921 to 1980 inclusive (figured decline known)..... 120,000,000 bbls.
1922 to 1980 inclusive (estimated undiscovered new

DIONNE MON) 5 So eigio do ole ¢ 80,000,000 bbls.

otal petroleum, reserves 2 de 22-4: Bera cee seal 244,799,145 bbls.

Of the above total of approximately 205,000,000 barrels,
44,799,145 barrels has been produced and consumed. The
figured depletion of 120,000,000 barrels is regarded as conser-
vative. It amounts to about 1,500,000 barrels annually until
1980. The estimate of 80,000,000 barrels of unknown, undis-
covered oil in Kentucky is probably well within reason and
probability for the period for 1922 to 1980, though it affords, it
must be admitted, the greatest element of probable error in these
calculations. With something over 200,000,000 barrels of petro-
leum reasonably possible for this State, Kentucky’s place among
the oil producing states of the Union and especially those of the
Appalachian district seems assured.

Oil Shales of Kentucky: C. 8S. Crouse, University of Ken-
tucky.

The oil consumption in the United States is outstripping the
domestic production, creating an alarming situation. New
sources of oil must be found. Oil shale will solve the problem
so soon as the extraction of oil from this source is made com-

128 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

mercially feasible. A research has been in progress at the Uni-
versity of Kentucky for three years with the development of a
commercial retort as its object. The results are more than en-
couraging. Kentucky has 90,000,000,000 tons of shale immed-
lately available for steam shovel methods of mining. This shale,
conservatively figured, represents 40,000,000,000 barreis of crude
oil. Kentucky shales show marked superiority over shales in
other parts of the United States. Such being true Kentucky is
the logical place for the genesis of the oil shale industry in this
country.

Model Showing Structure of Gainesville Oil Pool, Allen
County, Ky: E. 8. Perry, University of Kentucky.

The author exhibited the model showing the stratification
and explained its construction.

Table Moving by So-called Spirits: Glanville Terrell, Uni-
versity of Kentucky.

An example of table-moving produced in daylight by a girl
of fifteen and a boy of ten with no possibility of collusion, was
described by the author, as having come under his observation,
The author is convinced that the phenomenon was genuine but
asserts his disbelief that it was a spiritual manifestation.

A Kentucky Chemist of the Old School: Alfred M. Peter,
University of Kentucky.

(John) Lawrence Smith, M. D. (1818-1883), a citizen of
Louisville, Ky., from 1854 to 1883, is most esteemed
by the chemist engaged in mineral analysis by reason
of the unique and very practical method for the determination
of alkalies in silicates of his devising. Indeed, the extensive
study of the potassium content of Kentucky soils, by the Ex-
periment Station, was made practicable by the application of
this method. Dr. Smith’s publications number some 150 titles, a
large proportion of which appeared in the American Journal of
Seience. His work was mainly in mineral chemistry. His in-
vestigations on emery led to the development of the emery in-
dustry in the United States. He made a life study of meteor-
ites, of which he had a very fine collection, now owned by Har-
vard University. Dr. Smith oceupied a high position in the

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING, 29

scientific world and was an active member of many learned so-
cieties both foreign and American, including the National -Acad-
~emy of Sciences. The Lawrence Smith medal of. the National
Academy, a gold medal worth $200 to be awarded for re-
search upon meteorites, was established by Dr. Smith’s widow,
who used for the endowment the sum of $8,000 received from the
sale of his collection of meteorites to Harvard University. The
medal has been awarded only twice: to H. A. Newton, in 1888,
and to Dr. Geo. P. Merrill, in 1922. Dr. Smith was a man of
means, charitable, public spirited, always ready to contribute
his scientific knowledge for public good, and was held in high
esteem in the community.

Home Economies as a Science: Margaret Whittemore, Uni-
versity of Kentucky.

Before considering home economics in relation to
natural sciences it must be remembered that it has a
vital connection also’ with social sciences and with the fine arts.
For this reason, and also because it is distinctly an applied sub-
ject, its relation with the natural sciences should be eniefly that
of producer and consumer. Home economies, however, should
contribute to scientific knowledge by suggesting problems which
need attention and by providing the situations for application
and experimentation. The earnest attenticn now being given to
home economics reveals several weaknesses. One is the fact that
as a course of study it has been organized too much upon a logi-
eal in opposition to psychological basis. This seems still true
of much of the teaching of the natural sciences, as shown by
the requirement of inorganic before organic chemistry. Another
cause of weakness is the failure to recognize the desirable limits
of home economics and the frequent attempt to teach in the de-
‘partment the principles as well as the application of the arts
and sciences involved.

The Measurement of the Mental Changes after the Removal
of Diseased Tonsils and Adenoids: Gladys Marie Lowe, Uni-
versity of Kentucky.

A group of thirty-five school children operated upon for
diseased tonsils and adenoids was compared with a group of
twenty-five which did not undergo the operation. ‘This study is

130 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

unique in the use of a control group of children with diseased
tonsils and adenoids but not operated upon. Three
lines of evidence were used, namely, changes revealed by a
seale of tests of mental alertness, by the teacher’s estimate of
certain traits, and by the actual scholarship records. The com-
parisons are made between data obtained just preceding the
operation and those obtained one year after the diagnosis. The
Stanford Revision of the Binet-Simon Seale for measuring men-
tal alertness was used. The teacher’s rating for each trait was
obtained by estimating in which fifth of the class the pupils be-
longed. The traits estimated were: (1) companionhsip with fel-
lows, (2) emotional self control, (3) initiative, (4) self expression
(speech), (5) interest in school work, (6) attention and (7)
scholarship. The results show that: (1) While the average
scholarship of the operated group continued to be the same as
that of all the classes represented, the average scholarship of
the non-operated group fell one scholarship rank below the av-
erage of all the classes represented. (2) The operated group
showed no more change in the mental age, or in “‘brightness”’
(I. Q.) than did the non-operated group. The differences com-
pared with the error were so slight as to be negligible. (3) The
teacher’s estimates showed no significant change. (4) Pro-
nounced improvement was found in three of four cases.

The Importance of Scientific Investigation in Marketing:
O. B. Jesness, University of Kentucky.

Attention was called to the growing complexity of market-
ing methods and a comparison of present methods with the com-
paratively simple methods that sufficed a century ago was made
in order to suggest some of the reasons why the marketing sys-
tem of to-day necessarily is involved. Mention was made of the
prevalence of loose thinking and talking on marketing ques-
tions. Emphasis was placed on the importance of scientifie in-
vestigations in marketing. Facts are the only safe basis for
action and careful studies are needed in order to obtain essen-
tial facts. Agricultural experiment stations and departments
have studied production problems for years but have taken up
marketing activities only recently. Much work in this field is
now being undertaken and the future should witness the ac-
cumulation of much helpful material.

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 13]

Factors Involved in the Standardization of Tobacco Grades:
Erle C. Vaughn, University of Kentucky.

Standardization of tobacco grades is designed to
avoid confusion, to stabilize prices, and _ to _ protect
both producer and buyer. The factors involved are
the conditions which must be considered in bringing about
these results. The chief ones are: descriptive terms used, nat-
ural grades, manufacturers’ grades, methods of buying and sell-
ing, interest of producer in grading, and the many variaticns
which occur both in the product and in opinions and practices
concerning it. These factors, their true value and their rela-
tion to each other must be carefully considered in establishing
practicable standard grades of tobacco.

Factors which Influence the Cost of Gain in Feeding Cattle:
Wayland Rhoads, University of Kentucky.

The foundation of the beef cattle industry is the production
and sale of fat cattle for beef, so when cattle feeding: is profi-
.table, both the breeders of purebreds and the producer of feeder
steers have a good market for their stock. Pasture is the basis
of the cheapest gains while the winter feed lot is necessary to
produce fat cattle at that time, in order to have an even supply
of beef. The cost of putting gains on eattle varies with a num-
ber or a combination of things. They are the age of the cattle,
the time of the year the cattle are fed, whether on grass or on
dry feed, the length of the feeding period, the feeds fed, condi-
tions under which the eattle are fed such as barn room and
water supply, the daily gain which the cattle make, the quality
of the cattle, the way they were fed before going on feed, the
condition of the eattle and last the individual feeder himself.
The old saying is true that ‘‘the eye of the master fatteneth the
eattle’’.

Geology and Eggs: G. Davis Buckner and J. H. Martin, Uni-
versity of Kentucky.

An experiment was discussed wherein two lots of ten White
Leghorn hens each, all hatched the same day and coming from
a common parent stock, were fed rations consisting of: No. ],
corn, buttermilk and limestone, and No. 2, corn and buttermilk.
During the first six months of laying lot No. 1 consumed 11.1

132 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

pounds of limestone and produced 651 eggs while No. 2 laid
343 eggs. Among other things it was shown that the average
dried eggshell was 4.7 grams in lot 1 and 3.5 grams in lot 2.
This means that lot 1 produced 1,789 grams of dried eggshell
more than did lot 2. The relation of egg production to gecl-
ogy may be inferred.

Testing for Moisture in Transformer Oil: ©. C. Kiplinger,
Mt. Union College, Alliance, Ohio.

Freshly cut sodium dropped into the oil to be tested is a
convenient and sensitive means of detecting traces of moisture.
Evolution of gas bubbles is produced by smaller quantities of
moisture than can be detected by the usual test of rubbing the
oil with eosin.

A Simple Apparatus for Demonstrating Heat of Absorption:
C. C. Kiplinger, Mt. Union College, Alliance, Ohio.

A Bunsen ice calorimeter with a long horizontal capillary
tube attached serves as an air thermometer which may be used
to demonstrate thermal changes due to absorption of liquids by
charcoal.

The Present Status of the Cancer Problems: (lecture) Dr.
H. Gideon Wells, professor of pathology, University of Chicago.

Many lantern slides, most of them from photomicrographs,
were exhibited to show the nature of cancer, which may be de-
seribed as the continued unnatural growth of cells. This growth
euts off the supply of nourishment for other cells and makes
conditions more favorable for the growth of bacteria around the
affected area. It seems to have been established that the disease
is not caused by a specific parasite, nor has a specific causative
agent been isolated. Improved methods in the use cf radinm
and X-rays seem to give the best promise for the control of can-
cer, and great advances have been made in the last six years.
Drugs are useless. A very important factor is eduzaticn of the
people to recognize superficial cancers and have them treated
before they become serious. There is no evidence that cancer is
ever acquired by contagion either in man or in experimental
animals. It appears to follow the Mendelian law of inheritance
when studied in mice, resistance to cancer being dominant, sus-
ceptibility being recessive. The application of these facts to

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 133

human inheritance of susceptibility and resistance to cancer was
discussed. A study of statistics shows that cancer is not on the
increase, the apparent increase being accounted for largely by
more exact diagnoses; the actual number of deaths caused by
cancer is perhaps decreasing because of improved methods of
treatment.

ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

The President then called for the reports of committees:
Auditing Committee: Accepted the Treasurer’s statement as
given showing a balance in the treasury of $100.34.

Resolutions Committee :

It is recommended.

(1) That the technical papers be divided into two sections,
to come after the business and general papers are presented ;
one for the pure science and one for the applied science.

(2) That the time schedule for the main divisions be part
of the program.

(Signed) HENRY MEIER,
DANIEL J. HEALY,
J. A. GUNTON.

The Nominating Committee then reported:

We, the undersigned committee, duly appointed and after
consideration, desire to nominate the following persons for of-
ficers of the Kentucky Academy for next year:

For President, Mr. Lucien Beckner,
For Vice-President, Dr. John A. Gunton,
For Secretary, Dr. A. M. Peter,
For Treasurer, Prof. W. S. Anderson.
(Signed) FRANK T. MeFARLAND, Chairman.

W. S. ANDERSON,

“W. D. VALLEAU.
The meeting then adjourned.

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

X.

MINUTES OF THE TENTH ANNUAL MEETING
The tenth annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of

134 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

Science was ealled to order by President Lucien Beckner at
9:45 o’clock in the Physics lecture room, Universtiy of Ken-
tucky, about 100 members and visitors being present.

The Minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The report of the Secretary was read and approved.

SECRETARY’S REPORT, 1922-1923

Of the 15 persons nominated for active ntembershig at the
last meeting, all but 2 have paid the initiation fee thereby adding
13 active members to the roll of the Academy, 11 national and
2 local. We have lost 2 members by death since the last meeting :
Miss Cora Williams of Bellevue, Ky., and Mr. A. T. Parker, of
Lexington, our oldest member. Two members have dropped from
the list on account of removal from the state, J. B. Nelson and
George H. Vansell. .

The total membership is now 149, including 65 national mem-
bers and 48 local, making 113 active members; 23 corresponding
members and 13 honorary members.

The membership may be classified as follows:

Active members in good standing................ 89
Active.members in arrears for 1 year............ 12
Active members in arrears for two years.......... 12
Correspondinoe.memberse sae cic soe teste eee ieee 23
Honorary. anembers) Nahe. cyccelteis «1s are eves chs eecne menace 13

Members in arrears have been notified several times. The
names of those who are 2 years in arrears after this meeting
will be dropped automatically.

Our members represent 38 lines of activity. About half
belong to the group of physical sciences and about one-third
to the biological sciences.

Classified geographically and as to educational institutions
our active membership includes:

50 from the University of Kentucky, Lexington.

7 from the University of Louisville, Louisville.

5 from Centre College, Danville.

4 from Georgetown College, Georgetown.

2 from the Eastern Kentucky State Normal School, Richmond.
2 from Berea College. Berea.

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 135

2 from Transylvania College, Lexington.

1 from the Western State Normal School, Bowling Green.
1 from the Louisville College of Pharmacy, Louisville.
1 from Cumberland College, Wilhamsburg.

1 from Cardome, Georgetown.

Not connected with educational institutions in the State are:

9 from Louisville.

5 from Lexington.

3 from Frankfort.
and 1 each from Ashland, Wallins Creek, Harlan, Henderson.
Winchester, Bowling Green, Newport, Jenkins and Carrollton.
Total 26. Besides these there are 6 active members outside the
State.

Two new national members were elected since the last meet-
ing by action of the council, viz., Mr. Ralph F. Schneider and
Mr. Leonard P. Benjamin, both of the Public Service Laboratory
of the Experiment Station. Their names will be presented by
the Membership Committee to make their election entirely
regular.

In this connection I suggest that our constitution be amended
so as to enable the council to elect new members in the interim
between meetings of the Academy. This is for the benefit of
any who may want to join as national members between the time
of the Academy meeting and the end of the year, so as to be
qualified to attend the December meeting of the A. A. A. 8. as
members.

Notice has been received from the Permanent Secretary of
the A. A. A. S. in Washington of a change in the method of
collecting the dues of national members. Beginning October 1,
1923, dues of national members will be paid directly to the
Washingten office instead of to the Academy. The Permanent
Secretary will remit monthly, to the Secretary of the Academy,
so much of his collections as is due us; that is, one dollar out
of every five, paid him as annual dues by our national members
and all initiation fees ($5.00 each) paid by new national mem-
bers. Under this arrangement, a newly elected member of this
Academy who wants also to become a member of the A. A. A. 8.
(national member) remits ten dollars to the Permanent Secre-
tary of the A. A. A. S. covering initiation fee ($5) and annual

136 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

dues ($5) for one year in advance, beginning October 1st. The
Permanent Secretary records the new member as being fully
paid for one year, enters his subscription for the journal and,
in due time, remits six dollars to the Secretary of the Academy.
Two dollars of the six the Academy claims; one for the new
member’s initiation fee and one for one year’s dues, in advance.
The remaining four dollars your Secretary regards as a credit
due the new member, to be applied according to that member’s
wishes, unless the Academy instructs otherwise. Secretary Liv-
ingston’s letter announcing the new arrangement is made part
of this report.

I wish to call the attention of the Academy to the annual
meeting of the A. A. A. S. to be held in Cincinnati beginning
December 27, 1923. This is an unusual opportunity for oar
Kentuckians to participate in this important gathering of scien-
tists and every member of the Kentucky Academy should make
an effort to attend at least part of the time. It has been sug-
gested that we hold an extra meeting of the Academy at that
time, in Cincinnati.

The President appointed Dr. J. J. Tigert to represent the
Academy at the Spencer F. Baird Memorial Celebration in
Washington on February 3rd last. <A letter from Dr. Tigert in
regard to this is made part of this report.

The President appointed the following membership commit-
tee: P. EK. Karraker, Chairman; W. R. Jillson and A. W. Hom-
berger.

Abstracts of papers presented at the last meeting were for-
warded promptly to ‘‘Science’’ for publication and appeared in
that journal, July 21, 1923.

Finally, in arranging the program, your Secretary was not
able to place the titles in two groups, ‘‘pure science’’ and ‘‘ap-
plied science’’ as determined by resolution at the last meeting,
this distinction seeming to afford no practical line of division.
If the Academy desires to consider the papers in two groups,
they may be rearranged to conform to the wishes of those pres-
ent.

Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 137

The report of the Treasurer was received and referred to the
Auditing Committee to be appointed by the President. The
report shows receipts $343.59, disbursements $279.25, balance
on hand $64.34.

The report of the Membership Committee was read by Dr.
Jillson, in the absence of Chairman Karraker, and accepted.

No reports were presented by the Publications Committee
and the Legislation Committee.

Upon motion, duly seconded and earried, the Secretary was
ordered to cast one ballot for all the persons proposed for mem-
bership by the Membership Committee. Thereupon the Secre-
tary reported that the ballot had been cast and that 53 persons
were elected to active membership and Dr. William Benjamin
Smith of New Orleans, La., and Lexington, Ky. to honorary
membership.

Dr. Middleton, Chairman of the Committee to co-operate with
the American Society of Ecology, reported verbally that the
work of his committee had consisted in sending to the Society
the names of persons and organizations in the state that might
be interested in the work of the society. Dr. Middleton’s report
was accepted.

The President appointed the following committees:
Nominations: A. M. Miller, C. 8. Crouse, A. R. Middleton.
Resolutions: W. R. Jillson, W. H. Coolidge, F. T. McFarland.
Auditing: H. Meier, George Roberts, W. D. Iler.

The Secretary offered the following obituary notice of Mr.
A. T. Parker, the oldest member of the Academy, which was
adopted as part of the Minutes.

OBITUARY
A. T. PARKER

During the middle decade of the last century, when educated
persons took a lively interest in all scientific subjects, the de-
velopment and improvement of the miscroscope stimulated
popular interest in microscopy.

Many persons possessing means and leisure developed valu-

138 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

able technic and acquired real scientific knowledge. Such a
person was Alexander T. Parker, friend of Robert Peter and
Albert R. Crandall, and enthusiastic amateur of science, who
prepared the way for the modern professional scientist.

Mr. Parker died last November (1922) in his 90th year, and
the Kentucky Academy of Science lost a valuable member who
had followed with keen appreciation the development of modern
scientific thought.

Born January 1st, 1832, in Culpepper, Virginia, Mr. Parker
came, aS a young man, to Kentucky and for many years was a
suecessful merchant in Lexington. During the seventies and
eighties when few physicians were trained microscopists Mr.
Parker, by miscrosecopical examinations of pathological material,
afforded the Lexington physicians valuable assistance in their
work. When the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
was organized in 1885, Mr. Parker was appointed microscopist
of the Station, and his name appears as one of the Staff in the
early bulletins of the Station.

Mr. Parker retained his interest in scientific subjects, and
especially in microscopy, to the end. He visited the Experiment
Station from time to time and, at the age of 90, possessed much
of the keen interest and enthusiasm which had been his happy
possession during a long, honorable and useful life.

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT

The Secretary announced that the following proposed amend-
ment to the constitution had been published in the call for the
meeting, explaining that its purpose is to enable the Council to
elect members in the interim between meetings of the Academy
and that this is desirable because persons may want to become
National members in the latter part of the year in order to at-
tend the December meeting of the A. A. A. S., as members. Upon
motion, duly seconded the amendment was adopted unanimously,
as follows:

Amend Article III of the constitution by changing the last
paragraph to read:

‘*For election to any class of membership the candidate must

TENTH ANNUAL MERTING. 159

have been nominated in writing by two members, cne of whom
must know the applicant personally, receive a majority vote of
the committee on membership and a three-fourths vote of the
members of the Academy present at any session or, in the interim
between meetings of the Academy, the unanimous vote of the
members of the council, present or voting by letter.’’

President Beckner delivered his address upon ‘‘ Kastern Ken-
tucky’s Seashore,’’ illustrated by a geological map of the state
showing underlying formations at certain points as inferred
from the records of deep wells. The ancient shore line was des-
eribed as parallel, generally, with the axis of the Cincinnati
anticline and to the east of it. The general thickening of the
strata eastward, with increasing distance from the shore line
was pointed out and evidence was cited of the presence of
estuaries of great rivers. A very peculiar and interesting fea-
ture of the geology (stratigraphy) of Eastern Kentucky was
shown by a vertical cross-section of the rock formations, extend-
ing from Lee County into Pike County, constructed by plotting
well records graphically. The section shows that the deeper
rocks (Devonian) continue their eastward dip into Pike County
but that this is not the case with the surface formations; and
that all of the rock systems thicken towards the southeast, save
possibly the Mississippian series of the Carboniferous system,
causing the deeper strata to have increasingly greater angles
of dip.

The following papers were read:

‘The Occurrence of Two Fern Rusts in Kentucky:’’ Dr.
Frank T. McFarland, Botany, University of Kentucky.

So far as the writer has been able to learn, no rusts of the
Pteridophytae have ever been reported for Kentucky. While on
a collecting trip to Cumberland Falls the writer found several
patches of Pteridium aquilinum (lL) Kuhn bearing rust sori.
On examination this rust proved to be Uredinopsis pteridis Diet.
and Holw. collected at Cumberland Falls, Ky., August 31, 1922.
While the writer was working in the University greenhouse the
first day of December, 1922, his attention was attracted by some
whitish spots on the under surface of the leaves of a potted
Pellaea atropurpurea (Li) Link, fern. Cross sections of these

140 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

spots revealed a rust known as Hyalopsora cheilanthis (Pk.)
Arth. No teliospores were found in either collection. Speci-
mens are in the writer’s herbarium and that of the University
of Wisconsin.

‘‘ Association of Manganese with the So-called Vitamins :’’
J. S. MeHargue, Kentucky Experiment Station.

The author presented further data which confirmed his prev-
ious conclusions that manganese is an essential element for plant
growth and has a function in the synthesis of chlorophyl. Data
were presented which show that in the modern process of milling
rice, barley, wheat. and corn, the greater part of the manganese
contained in the pericarp and germ is removed in the offal when
these cereals are prepared as highly milled produets for: food.
Analyses were presented which showed that in the animal body
manganese occurs in the largest amounts in the liver, kidney,
pancreas, heart and brain. Since these organs are also richest in
vitamins the author concludes that manganese is in some way
responsible for the presence of the vital factors in these organs.
It was also shown that ege yolk contains an appreciable amount
of manganese whereas the white of the egg contains no man-
ganese—a fact in harmony with the observation that the yolk
of eggs contains vitamins whereas the white is deficient in vita-
mins. Similar parallelisms were shown in eod livers, cod liver
chum and refined cod liver oil; also in tomatoes, oranges and
lemons. The author concludes that manganese is closely asso-
ciated with vitamins and is responsible for the origin of the
vitamin factors in some way as yet undetermined, probably
catalytically.

Jeptha Knobs of Shelby County: Walter H. Bucher. Uni-
versity of Cincinnati.

The geological structure of Jeptha Knob was described as
that of an upthrown concentric fault block. The formations of
which the Knob itself is composed were described as horizontal
and of Ordovician age. On either side of the Knob evidence of
faulting was observed. It was inferred that only the area in-
cluded by the Knob was effected by the upward movement.

Late Frost Injury to Some Trees in the Bluegrass Region:
A. F. Hemmenway, Transylvania College.

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 141

The Easter freeze of 1921 injured the woody tissue of several
kinds of shade and fruit trees in this region. The writer has
examined three conifers, twelve deciduous shade trees and twelve
varieties of fruit trees. The Trancendent crabapple, Black
Tartarean cherry, linden, and hard pines were most noticeably
injured. The injury is more severe in twigs less than five years
old. Twigs injured by frost may render the tree much more
susceptible to attacks by fungi.

The Social Significance of Psychological Tests for College
Students: Prof. J. B. Miner, Psychology, University of Ken-
tucky.

Three statistical pictures of the results of the Army Alpha
test conducted at the University of Kentucky were presented.
The first shows how closely the scores of the freshmen parallel
the distribution curve of the officers in the American army. This
indicates the high type of individual which the University has
to train and the importance of clear recognition by the student
body that it is fitting itself for positions of leadership and re-
sponsibility. The second compares the seniors with the freshmen
in the College of Engineering. It furnishes a start toward the
problem of defining the minimum essential of intellectual
capacity necessary for completing the engineering course. The
third shows tests of the twelve Kentucky candidates for the
Rhodes Scholarship in the recent award. The results corroborate
the opinions of the Committee which made the selection after
an elaborate comparison of the personal histories and the scholar-
ship records of the candidates, supplemented by a half-hour
interview with each man. It shows strikingly that high records
on the psychological tests are correlated with the sort of personal
characteristics sought in making this appointment.

Market Milk—Free From B. Coli: E. J. Gott and L. A.
Brown, Public Service Laboratories, Kentucky Agricultural
Experiment Station.

This department has made a B. coli count as a routine pro-
cedure in the examination of milks for the past eleven years.
In order to determine if market milk was absolutely free from
members of the B. coli group, 5 to 10 ce portions of a number
of samples of milk were incubated at 3714° C. for 18 to 24

142 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

hours. Out of eighty-seven samples the authors failed to obtain
B. coli in thirty-one, or thirty-five per cent. Forty original pints
and quarts of milk from two dairies were incubated one day at
30° C. and the next day at 37144° C. After the final incubation,
thirty-one (77 per cent) were found to be free from members
of the B. coh group. It is possible for dairymen to produce milk
free from B. coli. The B. coli count is of distinct advantage in
the sanitary scoring of dairies and dairy products.

The Hydnaceae of Kentucky: Prof. G. D. Smith, Western
Kentucky Normal School, Richmond.

The occurrenée of the following species was noted and colored
lantern slides representing one or more forms of each were
shown and explained. Hydnum repandum, Linn.; Hydnum
eoralloides, Seopoli.; Hydnum imbriecatum, Linn.; Hydnum
albonigrum, Pk.; Hydnum adustum, Schw.; Hydnum caput-ursi,
Fr.; Hydnum erinaceus, Bull.; Hydnum caput-medusae, Bull. ;
Hydnum septentrionale, Fr.; Hydnum zonatum, Batsch.;
Hydnum putidum, Arkinson.

Notes on the Constitution of Benzene: C. C. Kiplinger,
Mount Union College, Alliance, Ohio.

The author attempts to prove that Kekule’s vibration hy-
pothesis, with a slight modification, is still as fruitful in afford-
ing explanations of the chemical behavior of benzene and re-
lated structures as the more complex hypotheses of later develop-
ment. It is a fallacy to expect two ortho di-substitution pro-
ducts of benzene, since these could be but two special phases
of the vibration cycle of a Kekule molecule, which cycle probably
oceurs very rapidly. The Thiele molecule becomes a special
phase of this cycle. The structures of naphthalene and anthra-
cene are discussed briefly along the same lines. The paper is
speculative and presents no new experimental evidence.

A Method of Demonstrating Seed Infection in Supposedly
Disease-Free Corn: W. D. Valleau, Kentucky Experiment
Station.

Comparative ear-to-row tests of heavily infected and _so-
ealled disease-free corn have indicated that yield will not be
inereased by the selection of ears which appear freest from in-

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 148

fection. Seed from ears which appear freest from infection
show, when grown in sterile sand a sufficient time, detinite
evidence of being infected internally with fungi. A microscopic
study of serial sections of corn seeds which appeared disease-
free when cultered in agar often showed extensive development
of hyphae between any parts of the pericarp and seed-coat walls.
In seeds which appeared to be free from infection for long per-
iods in the sand box the hyphae were found to be extremely
small and less extensive but always present in the seeds ex-
amined. It is concluded that negative evidence obtained by
petri plate or test-tube cultures of corn seeds are valueless as
an indication of freedom from fungi.

Effect of Developing Fetus on Production of Milk of Dairy
Cows: Prof. J. J. Hooper, Dairy Husbandry, University of
Kentucky.

Records of 24 cows studied indicate that the growing fetus,
5 or 6 months after conception, exerts a decided influence in
ehecking milk secretion of the mother cow. When left unbred
for most of the lactation, cows maintained a higher milk yield
during the last months than when bred early. The author in-
fers that the 6-months old fetus secretes something that dries
off the cow preparatory to rest and calving.

Ulcerative Cloacitis in Chickens: M. Scherago, Bacteriology,
Oniversity of Kentucky.

This is either a rare disease in Kentucky or it is not readily
recognized by the poultryman. If the latter, the number of
cases must be very few and the disease itself of little importance.
The rather sporadic occurrence of ulcerative cloacitis in a flock
and failure to transmit the disease to healthy fowls seem to
indicate that it is not contagious and is not transmitted by coitus.
Birds affected may be treated with a single cleansing of the
anal region and cloaca and one or two applications of a 1-1000
solution of mercuric chlorid; they recover without further treat-
ment. An attack of this disease does not seem to affect the
future laying capacity of the hen.

Land of Ten Thousand Sinks: W. R. Jillson, State Geologist.
The pitted or sink hole characteristic of the St. Louis, Ste.

144 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

Genevieve, and Chester divisions of the Mississippian System
in Kentucky has long been recognized. The widely ramifying
sub-surface drainage developed in these limestone rocks, which
are frequently of high purity, is well exemplified in the karst
and cave region of Edmonsen and Hart Counties, Ky., and in the
natural sewage channels of the City of Bowling Green, Warren
County, Kentucky. The peculiar topographic figure of the ‘‘sink”’
country is well shown on either side of the Louisville and Nash-
ville Railroad, and the Dixie Highway from Munfordville in
Hart County to Bowling Green.

The recently completed Mammoth Cave topographic sheet
exhibits 2833 sink holes, and is regarded as a model for stud-
ents. The number of sinks on other completed quadrangles fol-
lows: Brownsville 1150, Bowling Green 2563, Princeton 1429,
and Monticello 1096, giving a total of 9071. The Brownsville
topographic sheet shows the largest mapped sink hole just south
of the Dripping Springs escarpment, and located between Girkin
and Tuckertown postoffices. This gigantic sink has an area of
4.865 square miles or 3,114 acres. It is estimated on a basis of
mapped areas that the Mississippian plateau in Kentucky con-
tain between sixty and seventy thousand sink holes of varying
size and description.

The Haddix—Coalburg Geosynecline: W. R. Jillson, State
Geologist.

During recent years much interest has been evinced by geo-
logists, engineers and others in the exact location and nature
of the geosyncline of Eastern Kentucky. It was shown by the
writer in 1919 that this geosyncline, so evident in the surface
rocks (Pennsylvania), was in fact a feature of economic im-
portance only in the Coal-measures, since their great and rapid
thickening to the southeast obliterated it in all Mississippian
and older strata. Structural work now approaching completion
in the trough portion of the Eastern Kentucky evoal field—all
elevations being reduced to the Fire Clay Coal as the key hori-
zon—shows definitely that the line of low points in the Coal-
measures, known in the Kentucky literature as the Haddix or
Eastern Kentucky Geosyneline, enters the State from Tennessee
at an elevation of 1,600 feet in the vicinity of Jellico, Whitley

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 145

County, and progresses irregularly northeastward through Knox,
Clay, Perry, Breathitt, Magoffin, Floyd and Martin Counties.
In the southwestern part of Martin County this major syneline
narrowly escapes a plunge to the north through Martin County
to join the deep geosyneline which progressing southwestward
through West Virginia terminates abruptly in Lawrence County,
Kentucky.

The Eastern Kentucky geosyncline (Haddix) leaves Ken-
tucky just south of Wolfe Creek on the Tug Fork of the Big
Sandy River at an elevation of 580 feet, and continues on to the
northeastward as the Coalburg Syncline of West Virginia, pass-
ing through Mingo, Logan and Boone Counties into Kanawha
County where it dies out in a broad monocline on the head-
waters of Blue Creek of Elk River at a point about 12 miles
east of Charleston. Where it crosses the Kanawha River at
Coalburg it has a computed elevation of about 540 feet indicat-
ing a drop of 1,060 feet in the Fire Clay Coal in course. Of this
great northeastward fall, 1,020 feet were completed in Ken-
tucky.

A study of the profile of the Haddix-Coalburg Geosyncline
(plotted by the writer to scale) brings out clearly for the first
time the following facts:

I. This geosyncline is divisible into three units: (1) Kan-
awha River westward to Tug Fork. Low elevations between
580 and 540 feet. (2) Tug Fork southwestward to Middle Fork
of Kentucky River in Perry County. Low elevations between
855 and 580 feet. (3) Middle Fork of Kentucky River to
Jellico region (Tennessee line). Lowest elevation 855 feet and
highest elevation 1,600 feet.

II. Regional coincidence of pronounced structural highs
in Floyd and Clay Counties with important developed gas fields,
and lack of coincidence with large and important developed oil
pools in all of its course until the Cabin Creek region of southern
Kanawha County, West Virginia, is entered.

III. Coincidence of synelinal structure with all lines of
major drainage from the South Fork of the Kentucky River
northeastward to the Kanawha River.

146 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE.

A Gigantie Slate Slide: W. R. Jillson, State Geologist.

The largest and most destructive ‘‘slate slide’’ in the history
of mining operations in Kentucky occurred at Burdine, Letcher
County, on the waters of Elkhorn Creek adjoining the north-
west flank of Pine Mountain, on February 3, 1928. About 125,000
eubie yards of ‘‘slate’’ taken from the parting of the Elkhorn
coal (Pottsville) at Mine No. 201 of the Consolidation Coal Co.
and gobbed in Slate Hollow became supersaturated with rain-
water and wash during an abnormal precipitation of 3.27 inches
for the 48 hours immediately preceding the slide.

The direct causes of this slide were: (1) abnormal precipita-
tion combined with inadequate sub-slate drainage, (2) unstable
angles of rest (35°) on the breast of the fill, (8) excavation and
ditching operations following the first minor slips, (4) seismo-
logical disturbances of record, and (5) unusual regional geo-
tectonic relationships. The total length of the slide was 929
feet. The semiliquid ‘‘slate’’ moved out fan-shaped entirely
across the bottom of Elkhorn Creek to a maximum depth of 75
feet. The movement was entirely within the ‘‘gobbed’’ slate
and did not affect the underlying country rock or soil. Casual-
ties were narrowly avoided.

The Largest Fort of the Mound Builders in the Knobs of
Kentucky: Wilbur Greeley Burroughs, Asst. Geologist, Ky.
Geological Survey.

The fort is in Madison County, Kentucky, 314 miles south-
east of Berea, on the flat top of a mountain, 620 ft. vertically
above the surrounding valleys. It covers about 250 aeres.
Rough stone barricades guard each of 13 possible approaches
and cliffs 100 to 180 feet high form the other sides. Even cer-
tain accessible joint planes four feet wide are barricaded with
regularly laid rough stone walls. Piles of stone ‘‘ammunition’’
occur at intervals. The author made the first detailed survey
and explored this fort in 1922-23, for the State Geological Sur-
vey. With voluntary assistants he has excavated in the caves
and rockhouses of the fort in search of remains of the prehistoric
people.

The Academy adjourned for lunch at 1 P. M. Upon re-
assembling after lunch Pr. E. N. Transeau, Head of the Depart-

TENTH ANNUAL MEETING. 147

ment of Botany, University of Ohio, addressed the Academy
upon ‘‘The Postglacial History of the Vegetation of Ohio,”’
illustrating his lecture with many fine stereopticon views.

The lecturer presented results of studies of the influence of
the Glacial period on the vegetation of Ohio, pointing out the
fact that during glacial times much of Ohio was covered by
an ice cap and that the distribution and character of the present
ultimate or climax flora is not so much due to influences coming
from geological formations, from soils or from moisture condi-
tions, as from a migration of plants that followed up the ice
as it disappeared. The vegetation now consists largely of plants
derived from a few outside centers of dispersal, a southeastern,
roughly represented by the Allegheny Mountain region, a
western prairie center from which many plants have come in by
way of the western end of the state, and a boreal center, the
latter during the Glacial period being pushed southward and
now furnishing a few species, remnants of those that during the
Glacial period hung on the flanks of the ice and followed it up
as fast as it retreated. Some of these plants are still to be found
in isolated and protected spots. The lecture was highly ap-
preciated by those present because of its bearing on the flora
of Kentucky, a region which was profoundly influenced by the
same conditions, though only touched by the ice sheet. The
vegetation of the state, it had been noted, was derived largely
after Glacial times from the centers that have furnished most
of the plants of Ohio; for while its surface was not as greatly
affected by the ice, its climate and such vegetation as existed
must while the ice remained have been decidedly boreal in char-
acter.

The Auditing Committee reported that they had examined
the Treasurer’s books and found them correct. Accepted.

The Resolutions Committee reported that the Kentucky
Academy of Science approves the recent action of the Council
of the A. A. A. S. with respect to the facts of organic evolution
and the teaching of the same in the public schools and that
suitable resolutions be drawn by the committee and forwarded
to the Council of the A. A. A. 8. Upon motion, duly seconded,
the report was adopted unanimously.

148 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

The resolutions submitted by the Committee several days
after the meeting are as follows:

Resolution :

Whereas: A group movement is recognized in the United
States, seeking to restrict by legislation the content of science
teaching in our schools and colleges, and

Whereas: This constitutes an open attack on the freedom of
scientific teaching, whether the schools or colleges be tax sup-
ported or privately endowed, without which freedom there can
be no true scientific progress, and

Whereas: The Council of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, at its last meeting, passed resolutions
in which it repudiates the charge that leading scientists are
abandoning the doctrine of evolution and

Whereas: The forenamed Council affirmed that, per contra,
‘‘no scientific generalization is more strongly supported by
thoroughly tested evidence than is that of organic evolution;”’
and

“¢

Whereas: The same Council deplored as ‘‘a profound mis-
take’’ the attempt to limit the teaching of any scientific doctrine
so well established and so widely accepted by specialists as is
the doctrine of evolution, which, if it should succeed, ‘‘ Could not
fail to injure and retard the advancement of knowledge and of
human welfare, by denying the freedom of teaching and inquiry
which is essential to all progress.’’

Now, therefore, be it Resolved:

That the Kentucky Academy of Science, an organization af-
filiated with the American Association for the Advancement of
Science, does hereby concur in the forenamed resolutions of the
Council of that Association in ity affirmation of belief in evolu-
tion and in the stand it takes for freedom in scientific inquiry,
teaching and research.

For the Kentucky Academy of Science.
(Signed) W. R. JILLSON, Chairman,
FRANK T. McFARLAND,
W. H. COOLIDGE.
Committee on Resolutions.

TENTH ANNUAL MERTING. 145

May 12, 1923
Lexington, Kentucky.

Resolutions adopted by the Council of the A. A. A. S., as
published in ‘‘Science,’’ January 26, 1923, pages 103-4.

RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE COUNCIL

A Statement on the Present Scientific Status on the Theory
of Evolution:

Inasmuch as the attempt has been made in several states to
prohibit in tax-supported institutions the teaching of evolution
as applied to man, and

Since it has been asserted that there is not a fact in the
universe in support of this theory, that it is a ‘‘mere guess”’
which leading scientists are now abandoning, and that even the
American Association for the Advancement of Science at its
last meeting in Toronto, Canada, approved this revolt against
evolution, and

Inasmuch as such statements have been given wide publicity
through the press and are misleading public opinion on this
subject.

Therefore, the council of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science has thought it advisable to take formal
action upon this matter, in order that there may be no ground
for misunderstanding of the attitude of the association, which
is one of the largest scientific bodies in the world, with a mem-
bership of more than 11,000 persons, including the American
authorities in all branches of science. The following statements
represent the position of the council with regard to the theory of
evolution.

(1) The council of the association affirms that, so far as the
scientific evidences of the evolution of plants and animals-and
man are concerned, there is no ground whatever for the assertion
that these evidences constitute a ‘‘mere guess’’. No scientific
generalization is more strongly supported by thoroughly tested
evidences than is that of organic evolution.

(2) The council of the association affirms that the evidences
in favor of the evolution of man are sufficient to convince every

150 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

scientist of note in the world, and that these evidences are in-
creasing in number and importance every year.

(3) The council of the association also affirms that the theory
of evolution is one of the most potent of the great influences for
good that have thus far entered into human experience; it has
promoted the progress of knowledge, it has fostered unpreju-
diced inquiry, and it has served as an invaluable aid in human-
ity’s search for truth in many fields.

(4) The council of the association is convinced that any
legislation attempting to limit the teaching of any scientific
doctrine so well established and so widely accepted by spec-
lalists as is the doctrine of evolution would be a profound mis-
take, which could not fail to injure and retard the advange-
ment of knowledge and of human welfare by denying the
freedom of teaching and inquiry which is essential to all pro-
eTess.

Upon motion, duly seconded, it was voted to hold an extra
meeting in Louisville to be devoted to a symposium on evolu-
tion, arrangements to be made by the Council of the Academy,
it being understood that the annual meeting will be in Lex-
ington as usual.

Upon motion, duly seconded, Dr. Jillson’s proposal to under-
write the cost of publication and edit Volume I of Transactions
was accepted unanimously by the Academy.

The Nominations Committee reported:

Hors bcesidemi-oter ene vcs Dr. W. R. Jillson, Frankfort
For Vice-President:....... Dr. A. R. Middleton, Louisville
HOP ASC CLOtARY wiiccs eens eee Dr. A. M. Peter, Lexington
ora iredsurer:.slaenakien Prof. W. S. Anderson, Lexington

For Councilor to the A. A. A. 8...Dr. A. M. Peter, Lexington.

The report was adopted unanimously and upon motion, duly
seconded, the Secretary was ordered to cast one ballot for
all the nominees. This having been done, the Secretary re-
ported them elected unanimously.

There being no further business, the Academy adjourned
without date.
(Signed) ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary.

INDEX

Abutilon; theophrasti, variation in, Shull... 5.20. oe eee eee oe
MNdsorpiion-inkithemcornsoraim, Slullc 2 4 sejceas + toe cieees eee aie syste ote
Adsorption phenomena, Blumenthal, et al.......................
AMI eTSON Wis, As DhASe OL MeVOlUGIOMG Is: a. se nates ieiserseys cretion:
Anderson, W. 8., Blood lines of genetic value..................45.
Animal vs. vegetable proteins for laying hens, Martin............
Apparatus for demonstrating heat of absorption, Kiplinger......
Ardery, John, and Nash. Precipitation of Co and Ni in gels......
Ashing organic materials for determination of K, Blumenthal, et al.
PASolnell Geer O lee UES OMA sree sees eke ch eraay eas acn Muatle novies Sat Sagar sonfatiatcuce Ce NAR Sa afte sa aiertayle as
Atoms, the 20th century’s contribution to our knowledge of, Millikan
Averitt, S. D. Rapid analysis of magnesian limestone............
Bacteriological descriptive group number, Healy.................
anbOner pa heey NaxablOnnOt LONE Stal an cree a cestere ni vctoisnerele else secon le opens
Barton, J. H., Regenerative Forests of Eastern Kentucky ........
Barton, J. E., Relation of private forestry to economic interests

0 LRIESRE TIN UC beater Ge a cacee aia elisa svcrraalcal None epesioieltotay Nossa /snetiebialinta, sree eiromune te
Beckneriia. Wastern= Wentucky “si SCashore cae «0 c-s1e see cs «scare alee
Becknier lu. Kentucky petroleum problems. .3... 0.2... 220025 .-s0s
Bloodslinessof genetic value, W. .S. Anderson... 1. .......- 6222s ee es
Blumenthal, P. L., et al, Ashing organic materials for determination

OtepeRereet pe tice rescence one cpslocieieccye reste daze ons hegenste tues ones setter oiete/ orelets
Blumenthal, P. ‘L., et al, Some experiments in adsorption........
Bole timotwkentuckay, Gus Simi tlic caer .cehscecr ous) sistance a shauna s1e eerste
Boyd; Pk: Huture of the Kentucky Academy...) 2.002... 25.
Brown, L. A., and Gott. Market milk free from B. coli..........
Bucher, W. H., Jeptha Knobs of Shelby County..................
Buckner, G. D., Composition of the ash of crab grass as affected

lose Cys One eae pae sese. ce cwatacaseks tics euteoucgcls Se Savoueiet site mudas tues rececste wanes
Buckivere GO MnGe lOO, Ob 16 POS ose wie ciers c edete/ es che niece cere: tees ceiene gars
BUCkner ye GoD sy Pla mites Oro wslee cis ccels oe cscs yteletelasceeyses ies elejcies opened
Buckner, G. D., Protein metabolism in the growing chick..........
Buckner, G. D., Translocation of mineral constituents in plant

MO Webilgeuet yee sey tre cicetteseans coca secten i eronsrahe aeoianegeMerst ayo eh aan eral oe omens apele
BuncausoteVamesuMiam nim Oy pet: ta cise efoedh art wo tere afore tsar or Sieus susiers
Burroughs, W. G., The largest fort of the mound builders in the

knobssotelWemtuchey-2e sie s srcss nein ci elecee ie Niaas yet ses, auesieb geo sto erdtes e ce
Call oir sCRaAMmVANALOMN AC NM chin bay doo boos moos cea dan os Ones
Cancer: problem, present status, of, Wells... 32. 05..).3.2 5. ccincee se
Cavencraytish a little-known Garman. steric es seers ieee wield © neterais
Chrarst ere me mb CTS Sess oie wesc ees caret nes olstiotaueroks tolonaheteheter sieter sl eeanegecestie URcusuc
Clovers found in Kentucky soil experiment fields, Fergus and

BY fell BA Ue eeg se stercins cove (ti aiirs slsepayeel oneal cwaret serach ae) vioqenOne fey Scal wcieuces wade, aaah alate
Cocklebur, mineral constituents of the seeds, McHargue..........
Come fers lO ml Ge rMiele resale) sais: ep acuare nth es chee ce edshe tee onal cha aeree
Composition of the ash of crab grass as affected by the soil, Buckner
Womdctivai yea, we SiG eee oi eaten ce Sol ceiret se tees dee let e. ca eas ch ehmiee sate
Constibutromeramides by lawsincscacseecoreves tere: caeueceier a Gueieusi sie stereosnel's) easterensioiene
Constitutional amendment cession. cas cicrseeteecasieh s/o) aeect ec ieesie ears
Constitution=of benzene, Kiplinger... 2... ess ccc ce te ee oe oe
Coolidge, W. H., Relation of chemical training to industry........
Costiofcainvin® feeding cattle, Rhoads. 252... 0. io. 6 2c eee os oe
Coulter, Stanley, Science and the State..........0... 2.0. ec ee eee
CWounicilieminubes, Be ed eaensen eer nines letalc elatenacn s biel aia) ckale Suudelaverens 33, 101

152 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page
Crayfish, a little-known, subterranean, Garman.................. 87
Cretaceous sediments in western Kentucky, Jillson................ 81
Crouse CS. 1OileshalesotaKWentuclkyir secre) cys ere eee 127
Cryoscopic work with an ordinary thermometer, Kiplinger........ 62
Day, Arthur’ L., The volcano Kilauea in action. ..2..0......es080 oe 51
Depletion; of) Kentucky acrude (oils; Jallsomei2..- lsc 1 te teen 122

Detlefsen, J. A., Transmission of characters from parent to offspring 64
Didlake, Mary, Growing seedlings in test-tubes with only filter-

PAPEL aANGMWaLON, sosc ci aisicians sus cis ereesas auearecuelietce a cue lestue ten ener eewemen 111
Didlake, Mary, Observations on the life history of the praying

LONI ae rae PEIN Coan On aE nei Gd ROPE NOTS EOLA BIAS 5 0.06.0'0 dic 83
Dimock; “Waaw-, Veterinary sSClenCe = 21.05 «fey cassie clolene teres 97
Downing, H. H., Generalization on the mean value theorem........ 63
Hastern Kentucky ‘seashore, Beckner.)...... 0.22.2 0c cne cis eievacig ems 139
Ebullioscopic apparatus for molecular weight determinations,

REV PITTS OTe aie yercncie sta isyectee 3 sShezt-e, date orae s odeie siete icvers Gen eeepoe Re RAR ee
highth vannual ame e bin Gy yarsowasssye leis cs, stsere a ole sralesons oeateneleae ae reworen ee 103
Hlectrolyticesolutronolows Martin :):c:a).delsiele on sneicicrenekotoee ee ean 68
Hquation sbalance tees. see tis cs) aes ab ele ey erate eietetens castrate ECR 63
Ervin, W. E., Thurstone intelligence tests for College freshmen and

high’ School: Seniors eo) vitesse ee wisi tie «© ole cleiaiel shales tre lO eMne nares 109
Hubranchipus: vernalis' and|.E. neglectus. 0... 00... o ss oe ie ees 85, 86
Hvolution,<a.phases ot. (WSs Andersons... ons oo citer 68
Hx periment Stations WICAStIC sic. sicieisic e's ose 0 lle, oj otete toons areleueneleenele ern 24
Extraction of petroleum by means of shafts and tunnels, Meier... 122
Factors in attempting to communicate with supposed inhabitants

Co et) pth fc penal en = perme eu earn aa Nera rena ee REP ER SLAMS G6 ag hon 6:0 Ue
Faulting in north-central Kentucky, A. M. Miller................ 29
Fergus, E. N., and Valleau, A study of clovers found in the Ken-

tucky soil experiment fields, with reference to root systems... 122
Witth> annualmMeeting :.50,3c ets. 1s) sie saeie, = sieloseraels cata euselaterem eee enone 57
First food of young black bass, Garman...-...........++scsseeee 110
Burst SIC CIN Orta rslneoredeersials: slcadelevauecelecaleke Nice) diavtyel ceaycoearadn oleae aera 23
Hishsremaimse@Devoniam), WAl Mi; Maller... : cay. tals ares creteetenegs meres 7
Food value of. certain insects, McHargue...................6---- 46
Hormation,of petroleum, Norwood ...25 3:0, 2 selec siesit wie aoe le gel eoreyeneeees 62
Bourtho annuals ime etim oo. seeks wins cape sare ap cuelsie austere Magee eee eee 42
Hrequency, meter, NiORs Smithis 22 ae oa eres eee sao oeen eee 38
Frost and length of growing season in Kentucky, Walz.......... 48
Frost injury to some trees in the Bluegrass region, Hemmenway.. 140
Future of nutrition and medicine, Homberger Se eee a ORT boIcioicny O18 o 78
Hunioicot Kentucky, IMicharlands ce sicc.cec a «smi ol -\-ste secvelenensyetslencusieneise 63
Fungi of the Kentucky mountains, G. D. Smith.................. 84
Funkhouser, W. D., Orthogenesis in the membracidae............ 109
Huturevof the. Kentucky Academy, Boyd... 6.0. << cccsslteloncitoremerente 76
Galvanometer, an improved astatic, Kiplinger................... 70
Gardner J. H.; Kentucky. as anol state... (2.0. iacls ae ieee ee 48
Garman; H.,, A) little-known) Cave Crayfish... o/s. acatenotelener eeenaees 87
Garman, H., A new phyllopod crustacean from Kentucky.......... 85
Garman, J. -H., First: food of youns, black: bass. 2..5- cenit ee 110
Geology Of eros, TBUCKmer ys ciccte ie eG rcsites a soi ae ler ole etalon le dle nem ren Ree ee rane aril
Geologic structure in the Irvine oil fields, x M. Millers 2. eorisis 47
Germination of sclerotia of claviceps, McFarland: .:...0ssoss0ce 119
Gilbert eAw He sotem roteod call hela cs atta scree caencrse eee eee 38
Good, E. S., Etiology of infectious abortion of live stock.......... 94
Gott, E. J., and Brown, Market milk free from B. coli............ 141
Graph of an equation in which variables may be separated, Rees... 63

Growing seedlings in test-tubes with filter-paper and water, Didlake 111

INDEX

Gunton, J. A., Hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives in plants........
Haddix-Coalburg geosyncline, Jillson ..............- eee eee eee ee
Hart, E. B., The widening viewpoint in animal nutrition..... euaare
Healy, D. J., Bacteriological descriptive group number............
Healy, D. J., H-ion concentration and biological reactions..........
HealyeD J. Lolerance ot hogs: for arsenic.:.t.2..- ites eite ete
Hemmenway, A. F., Late frost injury to some trees in the Bluegrass

ME CUON Ms pysmye cetyige ce Un aRe eet ea Snea er ateds ohe aN apaslner slang terauelsa ciel olsseleettals
H-ion concentration and biological reactions, Healy..............
Holmes, P. K., Inefficiency of the efficiency expert...............
Homberger, A. W., The future of nutrition and medicine..........
Home economics as a science, Whittemore....................--
Hooper, J. J., Effect of developing fetus on production of milk of

lasiltayaa COWS anemone y cai’ sree euatorsrsiceosi cnete ores mista retaen ontzinn ie cette ene eenteee
Hooper, J. J., Inheritance of coat colors in Jersey cattle..........
Hydnacedveronewentuckiys (Gers smiths a cieces, aie eee cleustcaseoicdeneneliciene cits
Hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives in plants, Gunton............
Inefficiency of the efficiency expert, Holmes.................0.4.
Infectious abortion of live stock, etiology of, Good..............
Inheritance of coat colors in Jersey cattle, Hooper...............
Interspecies crosses in the genus Nicotiana, Routt.................
Jeptha Knobs of Shelby County, Bucher... 0 ioc. setes oe ene
Jesness, O. B., Importance of scientific investigation in marketing. .
JUS Omer A vOlganticcslate ‘Sldeicg. aces sleet cieuctneetatere teers one
Jilison, W. R., A mica deposit in eastern Kentucky..............
Spill Som wa saukvss A Sp baltic Oailecc ie o's sate asceiee a, spade sete alehenesetepeasloe sare
Jillson, W. R., Cretaceous sediments between the Cumberland and

Tennessee rivers in western Kentucky...................0.-
Jillson, W. R., Depletion of Kentucky crude oils.................
Jnlison Wek. iuand, of ten thousand: isimks. oe iien ee sete e dus ee soerees
Jillson, W. R., New fossil invertebrates from the Coal Measures of

eels be mmbesee mit Clyiscctsmeee ec rerzeat oni seitaceatiren sliaceuinepatatatale ieciraleliet Om tacts
Jillson, W. R., The Haddix-Coalburg geosyneline..................
Kastle; J. H., Work of the Experiment Station..................
Kastle, J. H., Recent advances in knowledge of animal nutrition..
Kentuckysas, anol state; iGatdner:. aa cacic. 0. veueecigene Gate ss ures
Kentucky chemist of the old school, A. M. Peter..................
Kentucky petroleum problems, Beckner.................:...-2--
GAS ater CE VOM sD Aye sec ees eucsenares sscuern oeouake tanec ofictoy soasal suv tetn ahenaeenneey aes
Kiplinger, C. C., A modified ebullioscopic apparatus..............
Kiplinger, C. C., An improved astatic galeanometer..............
Kiplinger, C. C., Cryoscopiec work with an ordinary thermometer..
Kaplinger, ©. C., Notes on, light. and light pressure............:.
Kiplinger, C. C., Notes on the constitution of benzene............
Kiplinger, C. C., Simple apparatus for demonstrating heat of ab-

SMONGT EM OMe ary ayarce cas vais gvitesce Stour tos ances Caney basement arnumstcace taaeliate hier e /aeicdas atage
Kiplinger, C. C., Testing for moisture in transformer oil..........
WandHote ten thousands simi SOM ieee on cess leu tsses cates lees wees
lasthwarnine of thesrattler: Ga Di iSmithieia <5 oc ce is silent ce ee
ieoislatuve committee, erphth= meeting ic cs) sists oe eter ioe acim oe
Lettuce, failure to head, Olney and Valleau....................6.
Michens of Cowbell Hollow, G. D.-Smith.... 20... . cece ee cc wees
iiohteands lish tapress umes. sharp limo eM year) ss ene ucts cssteiniee) seers sae cee
wodestonemtromuken tuck, sR et ete acscpepicveene ties eteccu-uavaleke ssc ches chee
Lowe, G. M., Mental changes after removal of diseased tonsils and

ACeIOMM Sei reiraicecmasiapecs ten essere, saci al ousventetiy earn ala shucs: oka emeneraraacee
Magnesian limestone, rapid analysis of, Averitt..................
Maenolia fraseri; does it occur in Kentucky? MecFarland..........

154 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page
Manganese and the growth of wheat, McHargue.................. 62
Manganese iand= vitamins: Micklanrome: sce.) se cine eee 140
Manganese. in plants; McHarouess any. «ci. ss 2 seriteeret eta 120
Manning, Van H., Work of the Bureau of Mines.................. 24
Market milk free from B. coli, Gott and Brown........-.s2. 6: 141
Marketing, importances of scientific investigation in, Jesness...... 130
Martin, Dean W., Electrolytic solution. glow:-......- cca scene 68
Martin, J. Holmes, Animal vs. vegetable proteins in the ration of
ayaa PW CMs 2.55 sipcke eae Cisne tte iene isretetol siecle ori cegeren ee aer 96
Matenanprinma. Vian: Becelaere wen cssaseictee cose kei ern 84
Matter and sradiant energy. N). Smith. . 2.0 see eee eee 28
Mean- value theorem, =D ownine’ -ls. 20> a1.c0s «ores <4 eee eee 63
MeversclennryasAs tronomuy applied ss ss. sss ie oe See eee 37
Meier, Henry, Deductions from places of comet B., 116........... 46
Meier, Henry, Extraction of petroleum by means of shafts and
GAUTVTVICIS stress eapeegs Sencatey dees settee, abe ons reeai bi Caeenalrenewele etc ue ce Cece ca ara 122
Meier, Henry, Extraction of petroleum by means of shafts and
cate with supposed inhabitants of Mars............:.....:.. UL
Members hap cM OWAas) Bis oi) Vos eso oitca conc asusial cacao etc ee RSI 15
MiemionyarsivSit ems avialuem- Ot amMio erties ic: \ces coccste a aees oe lense Mea Ie 84
Mental and physical correlation, experiment in, Tigert............ 109
Mental changes after removal of diseased tonsils and adenoids,
TS OMS ae errr hereMeot hors. c aacie Bocoaesvejangcscns tar ocseonePateraiers ere aah ae ee ee 129
McFarland, F. T., Factors affecting the germination of the sclerotia
OP RACALVTC EDS) adi hace csr eta cesdh ot dhosaels sete oe eee aR RE ee 119
MeMarland; HT. list: of fungi from Kentucky... 40. ss oeeeaee 63
MeFarland, F. T., Magnolia fraseri; does it occur in Kentucky?.... 63
McFarland, F. T., Occurrence of two fern rusts in Kentucky....... 139
Micharland, i Io The Robert Peter herbarium....)..22n eee 38
McHargue, J. S., Association of Mn with so-called vitamines..... 140
McHargue, J. S., Effect of Mn on the growth of wheat.......... 62
MecHargue, J. 'S., Food value of certain insects..........55..28005 46
MeHargue, J. S., Mineral constitutents of the seeds of ocklebur.. 95
McHargue, J.8., Plant-food in drainage waters................... 30
Meklaroues dS. The role of Mn inviplamts\.. sce .c4 sarees 120
Mica deposit: im eastern Kentucky, Jillson.......% 1. oss sseaeeuaee (fal
Maller, A’ M., Faulting in north-central Kentucky....:....4..5.04 29
Miller, A. M., Historic fish remains (Devonian).................. 37
Miller, A. M., Geologic structure in the Irvine oil field.......... AT
Muller, “As MM... McCreary. County Acrolite.. <... 0.4.0 eee val
Muller Aes Mi -Orioim: and. antioqultya<of- mane ....s.0e cel aera 44
Maller gD eC SScrence Of- Musi Calas OUMGS si). esac cee eee 30
Millikan, R. A., The 20th century’s contribution to our knowledge
obsath Oa tO, wile ata nck cusiahe ere ectecte. set ote da eaeeys aa batare tee ee 99
Milk production as affected by the developing fetus, Hooper...... 143
Miner, J. B., Social significance of psychological tests for college
SLUM Sear iaecrs eo aes ay cyaiteye ered egace a doyeve aqnt Gras abot nese ce Re gene 141
Model showing structure of the Gainesville oil pool, Perry........ 128
Mosaicudiscase of tobacco Routbies oscsncnec sate hn oe eee 63
Moulton, F. R., Recent discoveries in the sidereal universe........ 639
Mound builders’ fort, largest in the Kentucky knobs, Burroughs... 146
Miusicallsounds) Dayton iG. Mullica ricco sls ca clean ena 30
Nash, C. A., and Ardery, Precipitation of Co and Ni in gels......., 39
ING CT ONO Wye cke Si Si ot hse: acetal cuagecsacce (Mase: sanuuclsreyse lereilsleotelinus [esses pal eect Ree 14
New fossil invertebrates from the Coalmeasures of eastern Ken-
buckeye Jal SOs Sc wscege oeenvehisie cust susiaenshs|cesakeamentel alae ieusee eR aceon 68
ING h Samal me) @ FAN O wien ce say otcddes o. c.sdciaeseereceich cacy einicicucieeeme ne eRe 117

Norwood, Cs J, Eormation of petroleum...) 50. 1. scien aeereer 62

INDEX

Nutrition of animals, the widening viewpoint in, Hart............
OoritamyyarO fasAve Par kerr ctr scsi tse esetelerate chee es ecoe cbse a) sseler ensbeker sees: eat
Occurrence of two fern rusts in Kentucky, McFarland............
@ Tha ers saelO Ml Be ee Ae acacia taredayes ecuagavevereeeteaile a ele se loceuntauelay wag loenetty atyceetels
Oilgshales ofskentuckys rouse. cin csc oe «yo sc ule sicioie Sele ie soe «
Olney, A. J., Effect of frost and soil stain on the keeping quality

Olas WAC Chea POLALOC Shr Wa sac tes arene tieka Guereieus ‘ie tosh tiie, aktaseuancnscomereteons
Olney, A. J., and Valleau, Failure of lettuce to head.............
Ongthestrail-of ithe Alaska jsalmon, Warde.) visa ses ctewis «fe riel ss
rors at NOM MINS SLUM OER eh Mette eZ eo cus fare co eiers ya b/ole «, slchetaiclisucistetolstal sts
Onicineandsantiquity of man, Ax Mi. Maller. 0... es ots sus woisietels
Orthogenesis in the membracidae, Funkhouser..................
OsciiiCatiomBot bones = PryOrnw. srlaccaceatia sie? eer ehenrhelcccel Sepia
Ossification of male and female skeleton, Pryor..................
Pak rages OM MGWAT Ven Odes ois: cco jacemis ie elsicos ele araveoaiel ewe Nene ts ci ieiots
Passencer piseon,< tragedy ot: G. WD. Smith. et tee eae
Perry, E. S., Model showing structure of the Gainesville oil pool...
Peter, A. M., A Kentucky chemist. of the old school. .........:.....
Peter, A. M., A specimen of lodestone from Kentucky.............
eter A. ve. Vertical distribution of (Pin soils. oie. ass. ne ese
Phosphorus in a-vertical section of soil, A. M. Peter.............
hyvAlopodiecrustaceam: ia mew? Garman ss wey ciiclecueao ease ese e ees
Riantztoodsins drainage “waters, MeHargue...0.).. 0.620%... s0s sw
alert eromOwatiss SEU CRMC rie auc vortasee secoue raya lec siouectioaen sels ca pain enakcest stsio on Ashe
Postglacial history of vegetation in Ohio, Transeau..............
Praying Mantis, observations on the life history of, Didlake.......
Precipitation of Co and Ni in gels, Nash and Ardery............
Private forestry in relation to economic interests of Kentucky,

AES UTyt OM Meee ant ste cous leha arse a cfice eae cr atee sseaayanse sire shis sesleal lok sie G Stleiin el es ejfasial shane see
ProductvOne Of san tit OxiMs SCHETAG Olsens. clare pays eters ese e) ceric esc
Progress of Kentucky in the 2nd decade of the 20th century, Tuthill
Rrovectwonso: water waves, IN. Ma Smith 35... se selects cists c\eiee
Protein metabolism in the growing chick, Buckner..............
POR sede We, Note On ia radvoactive) mineral... orcs... cee c -
BGVOle ey Wis OSSTACATION Of I OMCSiaasce s. coe oo cle eisccets eee) iene
Pryor, J. W., Ossification of male and female skeleton............
Psychological tests for college students, Miner..................
ACHOA CVE miner ab RyiOT a aa iec.cals ile! « susiecaicicus donate a7 sue ekeusey socuoecereze ae
Recent discoveries in the sidereal universe, Moulton..............
NGC, 1 1h Ga COME moms \opiEMeC sens Bua aae Gore qo aa coe cone oo
Rees, E. ., Graph of an equation in which variables may be

SOP AT eut © Cee eetreease esas Make receleicaieise ete se alee tee v isean ioc grouctlns een cteneatic ceueneta
Regenerative forests of eastern Kentucky, Barton................
Rhoads, W., Factors which influence cost of grain in feeding cattle
Robert beter herbarium, “McMarlandij2.). .2 202 stuetes cusiscess vo cies cee
Routt, G. C., Inter-species crosses in the germs, nicotiana..........
Routt 3G. .C. Mosaic. disease of tobaccon .. 2 .ns. os. sees nee
Routt, G. C., The species of nicotiana and varieties of N, tabacum
INOW, Cr Che Wake olitiny oie WOWRKACO xh we can ous dosuGondodod dude
ROWE; Cr Oh Oe aro Che WOH Kan ooo oucodon Ss odcantboanoD Sends
Schera cow Mew Production: Of amtitOxiMe 022-4 ce cas ee ee
Scherago, M., Ulcerative cloacitis in chickens...................-
Scilencemandethie tater Comltenica. hive sie ica ccs c1ets coasts eager &
Serentincmeducation. Wien tiis cc wcy ca tarcrtecs oat clei tecdey is aEAIs Giant eee
Secondeanmualeemee tin ove > cessor ces cteeein Gre eaters Wal nets cs ene sey
Seed-borne diseases of crops, Valleau..............00 cece eee eeees
Seed-corn situation in Kentucky, Valleau...............00.00e0 ee
Seed infection in supposedly disease-free corn, Valleau..........

156 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page
Seventhisann wal smie et im or css vi-i uous sy ceasneienel aval ctescllet ile civeiey oe ehyeerencneeets 72
Sewage purification at Lexington, Speers................---e-+-- 69
Shull CsA: Adsorption inet hevcorneyoraimy.) 3.c.y1-0s ie) cl-teroineter enon 109
Shull, C. A., Variation in abutilon theophrasti................... UC
SPX Ges ANU AEs e CLL TUG ry aretesohs ves kate ease sei encied= eileucy viele ofetslisrecoremenenonteeeaemeMente 65
Slates slide; a7 Si gamtacss dill SOM spatres.sei evcuers! stare siesieastetenie sterner temenoe 146
Smith, G. D., Fungi of the Kentucky mountains, Lichens of Cowbell
FAOULO Wesiee. PeNsete war cucisetisse totals even acle avelaee in crabeneusveNeiee sl enema Olea teeaee eee 84
Smitha GsD The Bolet of Kentucky. oes ccm deer cee errs 119
Smith: G. <D.; The Hydnaceae of Kentucky. . 0.2 a. te eee 142
Smith GD wast warning of the rattler: 1.2 sce sore 109
Smith, G. D., Tragedy of the passenger pigeon.................. 109
Smith, J. uawrence, note on (A. M. Peter).............--..--+-- 128
Smith, N= ., Matter and; radiant ‘energy-) 2... 2a. o- se eeek eee 25
Smath,. Nivck.= News frequency, smeters ..: 2:2 .cs co neachel caer re emeeere 38
Smith, N. sh) Projection, of water waves... . swe circle 71
Smith, N. F., Thermal and electrical conductivity................. 24
SmitheseN; Twentiethy Cemtunya DySiCs =... .saeene nee eee 36
Spears, H. D., Lexington sewage purification...................-- 69
Species of nicotiana and varieties of N. tabacum, Routt.......... 50
Standardization of tobacco grades, Vaughn...............--...... 131
Stem-rot<ot-alfaltauGaulbert iis cvseccusiemescancecc is areternetoies Dame keen 38
Sweet potatoes, effect of frost and soil-stain on keeping quality
OPM OMMS Ye so Ua ols scatete eek ai ave ae Se alc aires ouaticualeciasb nana eee oe alalal
Table moving by so-called spirits, Terrell. ......:...3..002--0506 128
Mentheanmuals 1Me Stim oe cis ss ooe hs paeusliedeeraie ssiene cece elec Meo disears newer Cnme 133
Terrell, G., Table moving by so-called spirits................... 128
Testing for moisture in transformer oil, Kiplinger............... 132
Mind san NU ails aM! LAM Oe ere ois cap ss er ob ce otousloces a cavoton er sks ae) oiler Meetensp eneeneaee eR REN 34
Thurstone intelligence tests for college freshmen and high school
SOMUOTS eT VMs eee iG a sane brags es Reta sudenae cole Maa CCR 109
Tigert, J. J.. Experiment in mental and physical correlation...... 109
MG ent a Ieee WI CLEMbINC. YOCM CATON rs se. siete as cen craic os) eletstee eee 61
Tigert, J. J.. The value of memory systems..................... 84
Molerance:of hogs for arsenic, lealiy:2). ci... nas cess cie sieve hen eS 111
Transeau, E. N., Postglacial history of vegetation in Ohio........ 146

Translocation of mineral constituents in plant growth, Buckner.... 30
Tuthill, E., Progress of Kentucky in the 2nd decade of the 20th

IG ONUG UMN acetate cate aac tolscgar seat cee) nue tnayre sr etteysus couse aaiapeuatanetoms eee neem een en 110
Twentieth century physics, Ne HH. Smithy cisycw <class evs eile) seer cee 36
Ulcerative. cloacitis’ aim chickens; Schenago. 2. 3.2 3s cee see 143
Valleau, W. D., Method of demonstrating seed infection in sup-

posedly« disease-free COMM =o. 15 5 ois osc een coe os ce leieiniauerescee ere 142
Valleau, W. D., Some seed-borne diseases of agricultural crops..... 121
Valleau, W. D., The seed-corn situation in Kentucky.............. 97
Valleau, W. D., and Olney, Failure of lettuce to head............ 76
VanBecelaere Rev. We iu. Materia prima. sa. ..0 cera ere 84
Vaughn, E. C., Factors involved in standardization of tobacco

OT UMC Ser re aia! ass secs er dea sactee aera tarietee ajtenetis bs Coal ay alas ance eu caso nene gaye ees 131
Veterinary. science, Dimockoy sci s.c0 st wee tas 1 anole een 97
Waabrlity, (of tobacco seed, Routt. cm soc ck solo nchoe eee eee 70
Walz, F. J., Frost and length of growing season in Kentucky...... 48
Ward, H. B., On the trail of the Alaska salmon.................. 116
Wells, H. G., Present status of the cancer problem.............. 132
Whittemore, Margaret, Home economics as a science.............. 129
Xanthium, mineral constituents of the seeds of, McHargue........ 95

END OF VOLUME I

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KENTUCKY
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOLUME TWO
(1924—1926)

Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth Meetings

ee FOO bi i)
APRS 3 a £:))

yy

LEXINGTON, KY
1927

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KENTUCKY
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

VOLUME TWO
(1924—1926)

Eleventh, Twelfth and Thirteenth Meetings

This Volume was Edited by
A. M. PETER and ETHEL V. T. CASWALL

LEXINGTON, KY
10927

f ‘
are “4 arcs oe
‘ ' 7 .
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5 , bs
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Printed by
James M. Byrnes Co.
_ Lexington, Ky.
f : :
:

CONTENTS

Page
AO) fifi Cx, Ep eereirnes eae Pee eon dess gpeaiel Pi ten pec a Aopen ks. 2d Sa pat eI ee ey a 4
CO MSUNTUIGTO Menges see's ee aes So st To Ee 2 ee 5
SV IG AWS feet ees mates eS Se SUE os Ves Sut aba ee se Ns a I ke Se 6
IN(S CHONG Sige arene oe mcrae nmemrsss Mh su Peete i oe oats Pin ee oe oe ena OMe Ree Ne 8
Merb ership pel Sie een Say Ta TIS ak sa, SIE es ee eee 9
Ninitesvot thes Lith annual meeting, 2. 22i2c ee ee ee aly
Mintitesnotethe eth annual meetin e 2.2... 22--2- ee 79
VAMUECSE Otte othe amniual amieeting: 28222... Se eee 165

Kentucky Academy of Science

OFFICERS
1923-1924

President, W. R. Jillson, State Geologist, Frankfort.
Vice-President, Austin R. Middleton, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.

Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. S., A. M. Peter, Lexington.

1924-1925

President, Cloyd N. McAllister, Berea College, Berea.
Vice-President, Sam F. Trelease, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. S., A. M. Peter, Lexington.

1925-1926

President, A. R. Middleton, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.
Vice-President, W. G. Burroughs, Berea College, Berea.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. S., A. M. Peter, Lexington.

CONSTITUTION OF THE KENTUCKY
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(As adopted May 8, 1914, and subsequently amended.)

ARTICLE I.—NAME. This organization shall be known as The
Kentucky Academy of Science.

ARTICLE II.—OBJECT. The object of this Academy shall be to
encourage scientific research, to promote the diffusion of useful scien-
tific knowledge and to unify the scientific interests of the State.

ARTICLE III.—MEMBERSHIP. The membership of this Acad-
emy shall consist of Active Members, Corresponding Members and
Honorary Members.

Active members shall be residents of Kentucky who are inter-
ested in science, or other persons actively engaged in scientific in-
vestigation within the state. Active members are of two classes,
national and local. National members are members of the Academy
and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science;
local members are members of the Academy but not of the Associa-
tion. Each active member shall pay to the Academy an initiation fee,
upon election, and annual dues beginning October 1 next after elec-
tion, the amounts to be fixed in the by-laws. The amount of annual
dues to be paid by a national member shall equal the difference be-
tween the amount to be paid by a local member and the amount
allowed per member by the A. A. A. S. Any member in good stand-
ing may become a life member by payment at one time of a suitable
sum, prescribed in the by-laws, and is thereafter relieved from pay-
ment of dues.

Corresponding Members shall be persons who are actively engaged
in scientific work not resident in the State of Kentucky. They shall
have the same privileges and duties as Active Members but shall be
free from all dues and shall not hold office.

Honorary Members shall be persons who have acquired special
prominence in science not residents of the State of Kentucky and
shall not exceed twenty in number at any time. They shall be free
from dues.

For election to any class of membership the candidate must have
been nominated in writing by two members, one of whom must know
the applicant personally, receive a majority vote of the committee on
membership and a three-fourths vote of the members of the Academy
present at any session or, in the interim between meetings of the
Academy, the unanimous vote of the members of the council, present
or voting by letter.

6 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ARTICLE IV.—OFFICERS. The officers of the Academy shall
be chosen annually by ballot, at the recommendation of a nominating
committee of three, appointed by the President, and shall consist of
a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and councilor of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, who shall per-
form the duties usually pertaining to their respective offices. Only
the secretary, treasurer and councilor shall be eligible to reelection
for consecutive terms.

ARTICLE V.—COUNCIL. The Council shall consist of the Presi-
dent, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and President of the pre-
ceding year. The council shall direct the affairs of the Academy dur-
ing the intervals between the regular meetings and shall fill all
vacencies occurring during such intervals.

ARTICLE VI.—STANDING COMMITTEES. The Standing Com-
mittees shall be as follows:

A Committee on Membership appointed annually by the Presi-
dent consisting of three members.

A Committee on Publications consisting of the President, Secre-
tary, and a third member chosen annually by the Academy.

A Committee on Legislation consisting of three members ap-
pointed annually by the President.

ARTICLE VII.—MEETINGS. The regular meetings of the Acad-
emy shall be held at such time and place as the Council may select.
The Council may call a special session, and a special session shall be
called at the written request of twenty members.

ARTICLE VIII—PUBLICATIONS. The Academy shall publish
its transactions and papers which the Committee on Publications deem
suitable. All members shall receive the publications of the Academy
gratis.

ARTICLE IX.—AMENDMENTS. This Constitution may be
amended at any regular annual meeting by a three-fourths vote of
all active members present, provided a notice of said amendment has
been sent to each member ten days in advance of the meeting.

BY-LAWS
I—The following shall be the order of business.

Call to order.

Report of Officers.

Report of Council.

Report of Standing Committees.
Election of Members.

Report of Special Committees.

aonrFrwohd H

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING tf

7. Appointment of Special Committees.
8 Unfinished business.

9. New business.

10. Eleciicn of Officers.

1) Program:

12. Adjournment.

II—No meeting of this Academy shall be held without thirty
days’ notice having been given by the Secretary to all mem-
bers.

III—Twelve members shall constitute a quorum of the Academy
for the transaction of business. Three of the Council shall
constitute a quorum of the Council.

IV—WNo bill against the Academy shall be paid without an order
signed by the President and Secretary.

V—tThe initiation fee for active members shall be one dollar.
Annual dues shall be two dollars and fifty cents, for local
members, and two dollars for national members. A life
membership shall be fifty dollars.

VI—Members who shall allow their dues to be unpaid for two
years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by
the Treasurer, shall have their names stricken from the roll.

ViII—tThe President shall annually appoint an auditing committee
of three who shall examine and report in writing upon the
account of the Treasurer.

ViIlI—tThe Secretary shall be free from all dues during his term
of office.
IX—AIll papers intended to be presented on the program or ab-
stract of same must be submitted to the Secretary previous
to the meeting.

X—These by-laws may be amended or suspended by a two-thirds
vote of the members present at any meeting.

XI—The program committee shall consist of the Secretary of the
Academy and the Secretaries of the divisions with the Presi-
dent of the Academy, ex officio. They shall serve from one
annual meeting to the next.

THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

68

Su Memoriam

They have crossed the river and are resting
in the shade of the trees.
Percy Kendall Holmes, 1882-1924
Malcolm H. Crump, 1849-1925
Osear C. Dilly, -1925

Albert Rogers Crandall, 1840-1926

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 9

COMPLETE MEMBERSHIP LIST OF THE ACADEMY
OF SCIENCE FOR YEARS 1923-4, 1924-5 and 1925-6

“ce”? indicates Corresponding member.
“*h’’ indicates Honorary member.
“1? indicates Life member.

““*’? indicates No longer a member.
““§”’ indicates Deceased.

The date denotes the year of election to membership.

Name and address Branch of Science
*-Allen, Harry, ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington..___........_.. Chemistry
Allen, W. R., ’23, University of Kentucky, Lexington ........._...... Zoology
Anderson, H. C., ’23, W. Ky. State Normal School, Bowling

GTC CTib mene Noni teeta koala eh oe Poe hee Siren oe Memes sed a Physics
Anderson, W. M., ’14, University of Louisville, Louisville -..-.... Physicg
Anderson, W. S., 715, University of Kentucky, Lexington _....... Genetica
Averitt, S. D., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington ~............... Chemistry
Baer, Louis, ’23, University of Louisvlile, Louisville -..........- Chemistry
Bake raeAl SOM. (22/6, CTC A cer ok. ee ee Pe ee Anthropology
Bales, C. E., ’23, Louisville Fire Brick Co., Louisville .......... Chemistry
e-Bancroft, George R., 719, Univ. of West. Va., Morgantown,

VV SVS OL TMT A se eet Fp Sage a en ath IS Me ih pn se a el Chemistry
Bangson,; John S., ’26, Berea College, Berea _.-...----...2.--2.222 2 Lele Biology
Barbour, Henry G., ’25, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville -_............ Physiol
Becknerswewcien a2 0. Winchester! 25 228: 2 Se eee Geology

Beebe, Morris W., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington

Se esa ae as og ea mea pp nL reer Mining & Metallurgy
*-Benjamin, Leonard, ’23, Kessler-Hatfield Hospital, Hunt-

LTUOSE OME Viele Sete na Sa aT D TRS te eek AEN au a Fale ness is Sees Bacteriology
*-Best, Harry, ’21, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington -...__..........._.. Sociology
c-Blumenthal, P. L., 716, 176 Franklin St., Buffalo, N. Y....... Chemistry
Boggs, Jos. S., ’23, State Dept. Roads & Highways, Frank-

TECOW ELE eos 9S 1 ey se ae eNO Be esc MUI Pes Heel PRA Beet rer Engineering
Boyd, P. P., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington -............... Mathematics
Branham, J. C., ’24, Massie School, Versailles _..2.-.....2..22....2.22..- Science
Brauer, Alfred, ’26, University of Ky., Lexington -.-_......--......2. Zoology
§-Brookover, Charles, ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville........ Medicine
Brown, L. A., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington ................ Chemistry
Brownins, Dey, Bs 72.2, Ashland: +25 2.222). 2 ee ee ees Geology
c-Bucher, Walter, ’22, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, O........... Geology
Buckner, G. Davis, ’15, Experiment Station, Lexington _...... Chemistry
Bullard, John F., ’26, Experiment Station .........2.....2.2.2...--- Vet. Science

VB UUOGg. Tal IDEN AA D(Sb-abal=d oy ol ee eel nee ed el Geology

10 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Burrowshs: Wa iGi 722.) Berea “College. Berean ie 2 an eee Geology
*-Butler, J. H., 724, Stearns Coal & Lumber Co., Stearns. .___...--2222. 22...
h-Butts, Charles, ’22, U. S. Geol. Survey, Washington, D. C..... Geology
Caldwell, Morley A., 715, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville _______. Psychology
Carmichael. Hawt. 24 Ky. “Asphalt (Coz, Keyrock Kyi 2 SS eee
Cashick, Hdward! A}. 26, Clairborne stud, Baris, =. eee Vet. Med.
Chalkley, Lyman,.(22, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington! = 2 ease Law
e-Clark, Friend E., ’15, Univ. of W. Va., Morgantown, W. Va.....

ebties. See een Scent ec ved! Te cose A I ae es ae Ea aE An ener St Chemistry
*-Coolidge, W. H., 717, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio.--..-.. Chemistry
Cooper, Dr. Homer E., ’26, Dean State Normal School, Rich-

TUM OM see ravens seh Le Ere SN oe a te net ns EE al ce, RR Educazion
Cooper, Mrs. Clara C., ’26, Wallace Court, Richmond.....--..... Education
Cooper, Thomas P., 718, Director Experiment Station, Lex-

TINO Di oy se re se eee Pee ene ete Ae eee RCN Cn Oe. ane Economics
h-Coulter, Stanley, 714, LaFayette, Indiana, Purdue Univ........-.. Botany
c-Cox, Benjamin B., 722, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa...........- Geology

Cox, Meredith, ’24, EH. Ky. State Normal School, Richmond....Chemistry
Craig, W. J., ’20, W. Ky. State Normal School, Bowling Green
reat toca oe Mere Aten ea eo sl ee egere HOT DO RUT CORSE ie Physics and Chemistry

§-Crandall; Albert sR:,, 7255 Milton, Wascoms in: 2)1 le nase Geology
Crooks,.C:7G;, 15.7 CentrerColleze. Danville: eee Mathematics
Crouse, C378..." 214 Univ. of Wentucky, lexiniston: 2 Mining Eng.
C=CIMETIET WL ZWa 2 ai VAC US UNIS Vie ee Ee ee eae Geology
Davies, PA., *26) Univ:-of Louisville, Louisville: eee Biology
*-Davis, J. Morton, ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington........ Mathematics
h-Day, Arthur L., ’14, Director Geophysical Laboratory, Wash-

LIV POM De iG Bese EAL Tie BEE ne Ue oy lense SS a ee Geology
h-Detlefsen, J. A., 718, Wistar Inst. Anatomy and Biology,

Philadelpniay: Paes 2.232. es a Se ae see eee Genetics
Didlike, Miss Mary L., ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington....._-

Pie SSH ee tea aac ee Se aig be aside oe tie Boo ata aE ee x Ent. and Botany
§-Dilly, O. C., ’19, Louisville College of Pharmacy, Louisville

PWT ae Ut ea PRINT be ER ED een Cn Lop Wine) pee Pa en RET AN eR N aD. Si Pharmaology
Dimock, W. W., ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington............ Vet. Science
Downing, H. H., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington............ Mathematics
“FID oumaleleley WAWAUUL AWW hel Aes Ae eee Nala sg egos es Engineering
Edwards, Philip R., ’26, Experiment Station, Lexington....Vet. Science
Erikson, Miss Statie, °26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington _._.. Home EHcs.
Hyd ee Wallan (Cee 2i2). NGC ME GON. cick 5 oie ee See ace el Rien cna eee Geology
Fehn, Arthur R., ’24, Centre College, Danville ........2....... Mathematics
Fergus, E. N., ’21, Experiment Station, Lexington.--...._.._....- Agronomy
Flexner, Dr. Morris, ’26, Francis Building, Louisville.-_............ Medicine
Foerster, M. H., ’716, Consolidation Coal Co., Jenkins..........._...- Forestry

c-Hohs;: BH. Julius, 15, 60) Broadway, New.) York]. 2]222= Geology

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING qa

Ford, M. C., 723, W. Ky. State Normal School, Bowling Green
eI See Se ere em Uren Ue DAN at NG Ae San. Shue N Ec aiteee meets oe oe ee eS Agriculture

Frank, Dr. Louis, ’26, Francis Building, Louisville.................... Medicine
*_RWranklin, Samuel, ’24, Ky. College for Women, Danville....Philosophy
*-Wreeman, W. E., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexingston....._...... Elec. Eng.
Funkhouser, W. D., 719, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington............ Zoology
e-Gardner, J. H., ’215, 843 N. Cheyenne St., Tulsa, Okla............. Geology
Ganman, ae, 14° Experiment. station, Lexineton..i)2..22 2222... Biology
Gentry, H. V., ’23, Louisvilie Gas & Electric Co., Louisville....Chemistry
Giovannoli, Leonard, ’26, S. State St., Ann Arbor, Mich............. Zoology
h-Glenn, L. C., 722, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tenn........ Geology
Good, E. S., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington.............. Animal Husb.
Gott, EH. J., ’218, Experiment Station, Lexington...-__._......_.. Bacteriology
Graham, Charles, ’25, Berea College, Berea.______._.....2222222222 22222... Science
a uBR etn: glee wai ee MPa ROM bret ses.) vee oi Se A Geology
Grinstead, Wren James, ’21, E. Ky. State Normal School,

TECHNOL arab 0p 0 6 Fi ha eA re AR a Psychology

Guilliams, John Milton, ’25, Berea Normal School, Berea........
ae ee Sree bettie Hebe WS ONO Nae Ei ery. Semele ste oe . Mathematics
1-Guthrie, Dr. William A., ’26, So. Ky. Sanatorium, Frank-

DASE 2 2 Se ae a em Med. Science
Hismilton; W. F., ’26, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville...--_.......... Geology
Harms, Miss Amanda, ’19, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Biology
hearth. B:, 719, Univ: of Wisconsin, Madison, ‘Wis...:.--..22-2.. Nutrition

ce-Havenhill, Mark, ’19, Woodland High School, Woodland, Cal.
NGM NDR eI ET Re Veen OL a Ree re aw a eueo ahs hoya ON 5 ples a Ie Farm Mechanics

Healy, Daniel J., ’°14, Experiment Station, Lexington........ Bacteriology
ce-Hendrick, H. D., °14, Takoma Park, Washington, D. C..... Agronomy
*-Henry, Miss Ruby A., ’23, 517 West Oak St., Louisville____... Science
Hinton, Robert T., 714, Georgetown College, Georgetown.......... Biology
§-Holmes, P. K., ’21, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.........._... Sanitation
Homberger, A. W., 719, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville......._.. Chemistry
HOOper Wd) Jase Univ. of Kentucky, lexington.) Biology
Hopkins, Miss Mariel, ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...... Home Hes.
Hudnall, James S., ’21, Geological Survey, Frankfort...............- Geology
Hull, F. H., ’26, Experiment Station, Lexington_.............. Vet. Science
Hutchins; William J., ’25, President Berea College, Berea....................
Iler, W. D., 718, Experiment Station, Lexington..._._..........2.2..-.- Chemistry
Ingerson, M. J., ’23, Centre College, Danville..............22....2...... Geology

invime: George A., 924; Ky. Utilities Co., Danville ..1.__.22.2 2.
*-Jackson, Eugene L., ’20, Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.

ee A a et gy De es eo es EOE RRR Gee oe Vegetable Histology
Jewett, EH. H:.,221, Experiment Station, Lexington.....2....0... Entomology
le son, VW. IR. 219, State (Geologist, Frankfort: 2.2... Geology
Johnson, EK. M., ’25, Experiment Station, Lexington...............- Agronomy

12 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Jones, S. C., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington__..._..........__.. Agronomy
Karraker, P. E., ’715, Experiment Station, Lexington__-.__...__. Agronomy
c-Kercher, Otis, ’19, Pike Co. Farm Bureau, Pittsfield, Ill.....Agriculture
Killebrew, C. D., ’15, Alabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn,

SAC Bais eRe Bue CARON Fe ad OS tgs a eS Physics
King, Miss Effie, ’25, Morehead State Normal School, More-

Wear dh oe res De ees Fes a Ne Biology
Kinney, E. J., ’715, Experiment Station, Lexington__..-........__. Agronomy
ce-Kiplinger, C. C., ’°18, Mt. Union College, Alliance, Ohio__... Chemistry
c-Knapp, R. E., ’14, 2232 Cliff St., San Diego, Calif.........._.. Bacteriology
Koffman, Gladstone, ’23, Principal High School, Frankfort._.__..- Physics
Koppius, O. T., ’25, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington....._..........___.. Physica
Kornhauser, S. I., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.__.......-....- Anatomy
liane: RoC: 726, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexineton 2s Geology
eee: oS. vo, —MaAddleSbORO: .2220 es Se ere eS 2 ee eee Geology

c-Leigh, Townes R., ’19, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.....Chemistry
Lester, William J., ’26, 909 Frederica St. Owensboro......-...........-----.------
LeStourgeon, Miss Elizabeth, ’24, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexing-

COM a sa ihe Rae ea eee ee RES ate. oe Mathematics
Lewis, Charles D., ’15, Dean Morehead Normal School, More-

1 OTT SY 1 0 lgeaenON ani ccera ica che RAE te a ec ciene eae URS SAN gee Pras Natural Science
Lynch, John T., ’26, Road Engineer, Frankfort....-.........-.._.. Engineering
McAllister, Cloyd N., ’17, Berea College, Berea....-............-.. Psychology
McCormack, A. T., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisville__..Sanitation
McFarlan, Arthur C., ’24, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington........._.. Geology
McFarland, Frank T., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington_______- Botany
McHargue, J. S., ’714, Experiment Station, Lexington_.._-_.....- Chemistry.
MacIntyre, Miss Thelma, ’26, Univ. of Pittsburg, Pittsburg,

Peg eee ee te nto GEA Sd Sadie NS nee Petts | Saale Pe a aa Wak Zoology
c-McKinnon, Miss Jean, ’19, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill....Home. Ecs.
McNamara, Miss Catherine B., ’25, Geological Survey, Frank-

POT See a tee ee een eae hole et sce we oe ae ee ee Geology
McVey, Frank L., 718, President, Univ. of Ky., Lexington....Economics
Vita SOMs ac ales ae ool, MAT CuI Ket ON bees been eaeeee oe ese see Road Engineering
*-Maney, Charles A., 723, Transylvania College, Lexington_______- Physics
Martin, J. H., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington___............_.. Chemistry
Mathews, C. W., ’16, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington......__.... Horticulture
*-Maxson, Ralph N., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.__.._.. Chemistry
Mayfield, Samuel M., ’23, Berea College, Berea............ Natural Science
Meader, A. L., ’23, Experiment Station, Lexington_...._........ Chemistry

Meier, Henry, ’15, 1820 Date Ave., Sanger, Calif....Math. & Astronomy

Middleton, Austin R., ’22. Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.___._.- Biology
Miller, A. M., ’714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington..._..-................- Geology
h-Miller, Dayton C., ’15, Cleveland, Ohio..--......-..2.2.2.22.2222-2+.-------- Physics

Miller, J. W., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville._..................-_-. Medicine

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 13

Miller, Raymond, ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington................ Geology
MilleriWe Byron, 22:2, Wallins’ Creeki-:.0. 420.0222 ee Engineering
h-Millikan, R. A., ’20, Calif. Inst. of Technology, Pasadena,

CO TT i a a ca OV eo a Physics
Miner, J. B., 722, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington................_... Psychology
c-Morgan, Thomas H., 715, Columbia University, New York........ Biology
h-Moulton, F. R., 716, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago, II1............. Astronomy
Newton Hae. 3241 1Chattanooga,’ Tenn... 2.28. Chemistry
Nicholls, W. D., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington......._....... Farm Ecs.
Nickell, Clarence, ’25, Morehead Normal School, Morehead....

(hI ES ie ae UI RISE TIO Ua oO oO ES TY TC ee Chemistry
CaNOa uae Haken b uN wi UT Sie Ni Yor toes ose Ne Un ee Chemistry

Norwood, C. J., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.....-..........

IS ANS A ey Pe Mining and Metallurgy
O’Bannon, Lester S., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...... Engineering
Olney, Albert J., ’20, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington............ Horticulture
Parker, George H., ’26, Ky. Actuarial Bureau, Louisville

PANO MARK 20d UNS Mel neice Wa Te od) Mia a buiRcns 2h de eit Neg Engineering
Payne, V. F., ’24, Transylvania College, Lexington-................ Chemistry
Pence, M. L., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.-....-.--.2.. 2202222222. Physics
Peter, Alfred M., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington_._......._. Chemistry
Pierce, J. Stanton, ’26, Georgetown College, Georgetown........ Chemistry
AD Tee Geet Doe TINT NG 22s ean Min Sek Nh SE oo ae es a OE Physics
Porter, R. H.,.’23, Ashland Leather’ Co., Ashland....-.-222..2.2.... Chemistry
Posey, M. E. S8., ’25, Dept. Roads & Highways, Frankfort....Engineering
PEyOn daw ol4. Univ. of Kentucky, lexington ist 22 2 Physiology
Pyles, Henry M., ’26, Wesleyan College, Winchester.._..__.._...... Biology
Rainey, F. L., ’?14, Centre College, Danville..__..__.... Biology and Geology
Rees. He hee 4 Univ. ot) Kentucky, Lexington. 2.28: Mathematics
Rhoads, McHenry, ’21, Supt. Public Instruction, Frankfort....Education
Rhoads, Wayland, ’22, Experiment Station, Lexington..._.... Animal Hus.
h-Richardson, Charles H., ’22, Sycracuse Univ., Syracuse, N. Y....Geology
h=Ries) He. 222; Cornell University, Ithaca; N.Y. -22 2222 Geology
Roberts, George, ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington....._.....- Agronomy

c-Roe, Miss Mabel, ’19, 257 Roswell Ave., Long Beach, Calif.
LI ae a a ORR a cee eNO ee Plant pathology
Rogers, John C., ’22, Lab. Preventive Medicine, Univ. of

=i) GH at ICORE RE s¥ 0 ie ues a i aha ee een Ae ge ee cya RE EA Medicine
Routt, Grover C., 714, County Agent, Mayfield, Graves Co......... Biology
c-Ryland, Garnett, ’14, Richmond College, Richmond, Va....... Chemistry
Sandstrom, W. M., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville............ Chemistry
SauUMCdersiJeVe 25.339" Park wAve.= Iextme tomate 2h es ia ee
Scherago, Morris, ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington........ Bacteriology
Schneib, Miss Anna A., ’26, E. Ky. State Normal School,
RertCt) op 018 1( 00 Gr ee ced ra CD ara gM er I Psychology

14 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Scott, Miss Hattie M., ’25, Ky. Geological Survey, Frankfort................
Shelton, William A., ’25, Prin. High School, Vine Grove....Education
Siff, Louis, ’°15, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville___._............... Mathematics
--Slade, D! Di; 719, Kentucky Hatchery, Wexineton..) sau Poultry
Smith, George D., ’20, E. Ky. State Normal School, Richmond

Natural Science

c-Smith, N. F., 715, Citadel College, Charleston, S. G.--.....2........ Physies
h-Smith, William Benjamin, ’23, New Orleans, Lr......____... Mathematics
Solomon, Leon L., ’20, The Solomon Clinic, Louisville. Sanitation
South, Lillian H., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisvitle....Bacteriology
c-Spahr, R. H., 714, 237 Willow Ave., Takoma Park, D. C......... Physics
States, M. N., ’17, Univ. of Kentucky,. Lexington__....._..._.......- Physics

c-Stiles, Charles F., 714, A. & M. College, Stillwater, Okla.__.. Entomology
Strandskov, Herluf H., ’25, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.____...__..

Stas oe eee ace Rene earn ROM a ae te eer NE EIN Plant physiology
Suter, Arthur Lee, ’20, Suter’s Drug Store, Washington,

PA Ci ge seat Seat pate a Mile OREN Mire ete ce SiMe a Se iat eee Pharmacology
*-Sweeney, Miss Mary E., ’20, Lexington...._..........___.. Home Economics
c-Tashof, Ivan P., 714, 724 Ninth St., N. W. Washington, D. C.

aE Fda ela RES Soe hs ve abs EE eee acne oI tet Se Mining and Metalurgy
Taylor, William S., ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington......-. Education
*-Thrun, W. E., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville................ Chemistry
Thruston, R: C; Ballard; 71'5,- Wowisvillle. 22222 oes eae Geology
*-Tigert, J. J., ’°14, Com’r. of Education, Washington, D. C.

PSR eS plat aE ben SCS eae en daghe So a Rine Pie 9 ots tn chal ee Psychology
Todd, E. N., ’25, Dept. Roads and Highways, Frankfort-..-.- Engineering
*-Travis, Boyd W., ’24, Marlington, W. Va..............-..----.---.--- Chemistry
Trelease, Sam, ’24, Columbia University, New York...... Plant physiology
Tuttle, Hs We, 14, Univ. of Kentucky, lexington..2-5 =e Chemistry
Valleau, W. D., ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington....... Plant pathology
+-Van Becelaeres IRe6ve Be. nj) 2s 22. al eee eee Philosophy
*-Vance, Miss Sarah H., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisville
Van Slyke, Edgar, ’26, Centre College, Danville.............-.............. Biology
Van Winkle, John S.,°’42, Centre College,- Danville. .22-.2 3 Geology
Vaughn, Erle C., ’714, Experiment Station, Lexington____.__. Ent. & Botany
Walker, William H., 726. Berea College, Berea.....................- Psychology
h-Ward, Henry B., ’21, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, II1.--_........._._.. Zoology
Waugh, Karl, ’23, Berea College, Berea...................--.------------ Psychology
Webb, William. S., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington.._.._-.._._...- Physics
h-Weller, Stuart, ’22, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago....._...-....._........ Geology
Williams, A. B., ’24, Ky. Geological Survey, Frankfort....._...__- Geology

Williams, Charles W., ’23, 215-25 Central Ave., Louisville....Chemistry
Wilson, A. H., 724, 41 S. 17th St., Richmond, Ind.__.. Geology & Zoology
Walson. Samuels Ms,» 2'6. Vue eto Meee oe ce eee eee Law

Wyckoff, Richard Tyson, ’26, Indiana Univ., Bloomington,
Pe Pe ea Se a ws IC ER ak a ne SI ee rade ae Education

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 15

MINUTES OF THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

The Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Kentucky Academy
of Science was called to order by President Jillson at 9:45
o’clock in the Physics Lecture room, University of Kentucky,
May 10th, 1924, about 50 members and visitors being pres-
ent.

On motion of Dr. Meier, the reading of the Minutes was
dispensed with.

Dr. Peter read the Secretary’s report in outline. Upon
motion, the report was adopted.

SECRETARY’S REPORT, 1923-1924

Of the 33 persons nominated for active membership at
the last meeting all but 3 have paid the initiation fee there-
by adding 30 active members to the roll of the Academy,
14 national, 16 local, and one honorary member. We have
lost one member by death since the last meeting, Dr. P. K.
Holmes. Seven members have been dropt from the list on
account of removal from the state and 5 for nonpayment of
dues.

The total membership is now 162, including 75 national]
and 50 local members, making 125 active members; 23 cor-
responding members and 14 honorary members.

Classified geographically and as to educational institu-
tions our active membership includes:

56 from the University of Kentucky, Lexington,

11 from the University of Louisville, Louisville,

5 from Centre College, Danville,

4 from Berea College, Berea,

from Georgetown College, Georgetown,

from Western State Normal School, Bowling Green,
from the Eastern State Normal School, Richmond,
from Transylvania College, Lexington,

from Cardome, Georgetown,

from the Louisville College of Pharmacy.

He Fe po DS & ~

16 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Not connected with educational institutions in the state
are:

Ten from Louisville, 7 from Frankfort, 4 from Lexing-
ton, 2 from Ashland, and 1 each from Shively, Danville,
Winchester, Bowling Green, Middlesboro, Wallins Creek,
Mayfield, Harlan and Jenkins.

Four new members have been elected since the last
meeting by action of the council, viz:

Mr. R. E. Porter, of the Ashland Leather Co., Ashland,

Ky.

Dr. Sam Trelease, of the University of Louisville, Louis-
ville.

Dr. William Belknap, of the University of Louisville,
Louisville.

Dr. V. F. Payne, of Transylvania College, Lexington.

The new method of collecting dues from national mem-
bers went into effect October 1st—that is, national members
pay their dues now directly to Washington instead of thru
their local Academy, the permanent secretary sending check
once a month for our share of the dues collected. Article
III, paragraph 2 should be amended to cover this new ruling,
and notice of such an amendment has been given, in the an-
nouncement of the 11th annual meeting.

The President appointed Dr. J. J. Tigert to represent
the Academy at the Joseph Leidy celebration in Philadelphia
on December 6, 1923. Dr. Tigert was not able to attend,
however, because of another engagement, and your Secre-
tary sent the following telegram to the Corresponding Sec-
retary of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:
“Congratulations of the Kentucky Academy of Science on
the occasion of the celebration of the Joseph Leidy centen-
ary’. Signed by A. M. Peter, Secretary. This was duly
acknowledged by the Philadelphia Academy.

The President appointed the following Membership
Committee: Erle C. Vaughn, Chairman, Henry Meier and
W. G. Burroughs.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING ily

Abstracts of papers presented at the last meeting were
forwarded to “Science” for publication and appeared in that
Journal of Sept. 7, 1923. The editor of Science has informed
your Secretary that it may not be possible to continue this
custom of publishing our abstracts as it takes up too much
room in the journal. This is another reason why we should
make a special effort to finance our own publications in the
form of ‘‘Transactions’”. To this end, we should seriously
consider increasing our annual dues.

The extra meeting voted upon at the last meeting, to
be held in Louisville, and to be devoted to a symposium on
evolution, was not held.

In compliance with the resolution past at the last meet-
ing, Volume I of the Transactions has been published. This
has been accomplished thru the kindness of President Jill-
son in underwriting the cost of publication. Hach member
in good standing is entitled to one volume free and other
copies can be obtained at $1.25 each. The book is bound in
paper and contains 150 pages and 5 halftones. Five hund-
red copies were printed, at a cost of a little more than $600,
making the actual cost $1.25 per volume. Inasmuch as the
Treasurer has not more than $100 that can be used to pay
for this publication, we will owe President Jillson about
$500 on the transaction. It will be very helpful, therefore,
if the members buy as many extra copies as possible.

Announcements of the Cincinnati meeting of the A. A.
A. 5. were sent to all local members, who were urged to at-
tend. Our Academy was well represented at this meeting.

No meetings of the council were held, all business, in-
cluding the election of new members, having been done by
correspondence and conference.

At the suggestion of President Jillson, the council, by
unanimous letter vote, approved a donation of $25 to the
American Institute of Sacred Literature, in aid of their work
against anti-evolution legislation. Accordingly, President
Jillson mailed our treasurer’s check for this amount to Pro-

18 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

fessor Shailer Mathews on March 5th, 1924, and received due
acknowledgement.

In accordance with a suggestion from the Committee
on Preservation of Natural Conditions, of the Ecological
Society of America, a letter was mailed April 3, 1924, in
favor of that Society’s project of having the region about
Glacier Bay, Alaska, reserved as a national monument. A
letter of thanks was received from William 8S. Cooper, Chair-
man of the Committee of the Ecological Society of America
having this project in charge, and one from Arno B. Cam-
merer, Acting Director of the National Park Service, stating
that the land in question had been temporarily withdrawn
for classification and determination as to the advisability of
its permanent reservation as a national monument. The
correspondence is attached to this report.

A request for cooperation has been received from the
society of Friends of Medical Progress, Boston, of which Dr.
Charles W. Eliot is honorary president. This is a lay society
founded for the purpose of counteracting the organized ef-
forts of anti-vivisectionists and others who are trying to
hinder scientific investigation in medicine and the applica-
tion of modern methods of preventing disease. The society
works by giving publicity to sane views upon the subject
and to the truth as to what investigators really are doing.
The society desires an expression from this Academy in
approval of this work and also desires to increase its mem-
bership. Accordingly, your Secretary has prepared appro-
priate resolutions for your consideration and has sent a list
of our membership to the Secretary of the Society for use
in distributing its literature. The correspondence is at-
tached.

An invitation has been received from the general secre-
taries of the British Association for the Advancement of
Science to attend the meeting of that Association in Toronto,
August 6 to 18, inclusive, 1924. This means is taken of
calling the attention of our membership to this meeting,

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 19

which will afford an excellent opportunity for coming in
contact with leading scientific men and women from abroad.
The letter of invitation is attached.

One life membership has been accepted at $25.00, with
consent of the Council, and the Treasurer has invested the
money in a Federal savings certificate. Our constitution
does not provide for life memberships, so I think an amend-
ment should be adopted to cover that point.

Respectfully submitted,

ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary

The Councilor of the A. A. A. §., Dr. Peter, stated that
he was not able to attend any of the council meetings and
therefore had no report.

Dr. Jillson, for the Committee on Publications, reported
that Volume I of the Transactions, covering the first 10
meetings of the Academy, had been in the hands of the
printer for some time and soon would be ready for distri-
bution. He urged members to take extra copies to help
meet the cost of publication.

Dr. Middleton reported verbally that the work of the
committee to cooperate with the Ecological Society of
America was about completed.

The President appointed the following committees:

Nominations: Prof. Burroughs, Chairman, Dr. Middle-
ton and Dr. Meier.

Resolutions: Messrs. Beckner, Chairman, and Crouse.

A proposed amendment to Article III of the constitu-
tion was read by the Secretary. After some discussion, Mr.
Beckner moved that the dues be increased to $2.50. This
motion was seconded by Dr. Middleton and adopted unani-
mously.

The amendment to the constitution, including this
change, was adopted unanimously, to read as follows:

20 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Article III—second paragraf:

“Active members shall be residents of the State of
Kentucky who are interested in scientific work. They
shall be of two classes, to-wit: National members, who
are members of the American Association for the Ad-
vancement of Science as well as of the Kentucky Acad-
ery of Science, and Local Members, who are members
of the Kentucky Academy but not of the Association.
Each active member shall pay to the Secretary of the
Academy an initiation fee of one dollar ($1.00), at the
time of election. National members shall pay to the
Secretary of the Academy an annual assessment of one
dollar and fifty cents ($1.50) due October first of each
year. Local members shall pay to the Secretary an
annual assessment of two dollars and fifty cents ($2.50)
due October first of each year. Any member in good
standing may become a life member by payment of
fifty dollars to the Secretary at one time.”

The program was then taken up and completed, with
an intermission for lunch.

At the afternoon session Dr. L. C. Glenn, of Vanderbilt
University, Nashville, Tennessee, addressed the Academy on
“Stratigraphy and Structure of the Western Kentucky Coal
Field,” illustrated with lantern slides depicting some aspects
of the human and economic geography of the region.

Upon motion, $80.00 was appropriated from the treas-
ury to be applied upon the cost of Volume I of the Trans-
actions.

The Resolutions Committee reported as follows:

“Whereas, Professor A. M. Miller, a charter member of
this Academy and its third President, has been sick for the
past two years and is now being treated in a hospital in
Indianapolis, the Academy desires to express its sympathy
and hopes that the present treatment will prove efficacious
and that he will be restored to complete health.

“Whereas—A number of organizations professing vari-
ous objects, such as vivisection, antivaccination, medical
liberty, new thought, christian science and others, have put

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 21

on foot a wide-spread and dangerous movement to discredit
the medical profession and to procure legislation which
would prevent the progress of medicine and surgery; and

“Whereas—This movement has come to pass mainly
because kindly and well-meaning persons are being mis-
informed and misled by a few ignorant or fanatical leaders;
and

“Whereas—Scientific investigation, including experi-
mentation with animals, has supplied the principal means
by which diseases that formerly took fearful toll of human
and animal life are now checked or prevented; therefore,
be it

“RESOLVED—That the Kentucky Academy of Science
strongly approves the efforts of the Society of Friends of
Medical Progress to guide public sentiment in the right
direction by means of a popular presentation of the facts
in the case: that we earnestly oppose the enactment of legis-
lation which would prevent intelligent scientific experimen-
tation with animals and the production and use of vaccines,
serums and antitoxins; and that all clear-thinking persons,
whether scientists or not, should place themselves on the
side of the Society, either by taking membership or by lend-
ing moral support.

“That the Academy approves the efforts of Dr. W. R.
Jillson, State Geologist, to secure a complete topographical
base map of the State, a necessity for so many industrial
enterprises.

“That whereas it is impossible to report many of the
most important activities of our members in ten minute
addresses, and

“Whereas, time should be allowed for the discussion of
papers that are read at our meetings, and

“Whereas, this situation discourages many from at-
tempting papers that should be read, thus having a bad
effect on our membership,

22 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

“Therefore be it resolved, that a committee be appointed
to work out a system by which this trouble can be remedied
or reduced to a minimum and report to the council in time
to effect the necessary changes at the next meeting.

(Signed) C. S. CROUSE
LUCIEN BECKNER, Committee

The resolutions were adopted unanimously.

The Resolutions Committee also drafted a letter to be
sent to Professor Miller, which was done.

The Nominations Committee reported as follows:

For President, Prof. Cloyd N. McAllister, Berea.

For Vice-President, Dr. Sam F. Trelease, Louisville.

For Secretary, Dr. A. M. Peter, Lexington.

For Treasurer, Prof. W. S. Anderson, Lexington.

For Councilor to the A. A. A. §., Dr. A. M. Peter, Lex-
ington.

The report was adopted unanimously and the Secretary
was directed to cast one ballot for the nominees and they
were declared unanimously elected.

The Membership Committee recommended the follow-
ing persons for election to membership in the Academy, and
they were duly elected, by unanimous vote.

A. B. Williams, Kentucky Geological Survey, Frankfort.

W. H. Lambeth, Kentucky Geological Survey, Frankfort,

A. C. MecFarlan, Department of Geology, University of
Kentucky, Lexington,

B. W. Pirtle, Department of Geology, University of Ken-
tucky, Lexington,

H. D. Crider, Department of Geology, University of Ken-
tucky, Lexington,

John 8. Van Winkle, Department of Geology, Centre
College, Danville

Arthur R. Fehn, Dept. of Mathematics, Centre College,
Danville

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 23

George A. Irvine, Dist. Mgr. Ky. Utilities Co., Danville

J. E. Butler, Supt. Stearns Coal & Lumber Co., Stearns,
Kentucky

Samuel F. Franklin, Kentucky College for Women, Dan-
ville

Boyd W. Travis, Asst. in Chemistry, Centre College,
Danville

Elizabeth LeStourgeon, Asst. Prof. Math., University of
Kentucky, Lexington

Everett A. Carlton, Ky. Rock Asphalt Co., Kyrock, Ky.

H. T. Carmichael, Ky. Rock Asphalt Co., Kyrock, Ky.

V. F. Payne, Transylvania College, Lexington.

J. C. Branham, Head Science Dept., Massie School, Ver-
sailles, Ky.

Meredith Cox, Dept. of Chemistry, Richmond Normal
School, Richmond, Ky.

A. H. Wilson, Transylvania College, Lexington, Ky.

There being no further business, the Academy adjourned

without date.
ALFRED M. PETER, Secretary

The following papers were presented:

President’s address. Geology of some proposed State
Parks. W. R. Jillson. (The address was published by the
Kentucky Geological Survey in a volume entitled “Kentucky
State Parks” Frankfort, Ky., 1924, pp 92, 34 illustrations, to
which reference is made.

0 9

“Cumberland County Oi! Horizons;” Lucien Beckner.

Cumberland County is the oldest commercial oil field
in the world, its first commercial well coming in in 1839
and pumped thence to about 1860, producing about 50,000
barrels cf oil. It experienced “booms” in 1858, 1866, 1894,
1901, and the present one which began in 1920. It may be
said at present to be about ten percent developed. It may
also be said to be the oldest oil field in the world geologi-
cally since many of its best sands are below the Trenton

24 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

and the deepest one perhaps in the Cambrian. The first
well was drilled for salt and its oil production was a calam-
ity, the gullibility of the public permitting it to take com-
mercial rank as the producer of a quack medicine or ‘“‘cure-
all.” But long before Col. Drake hegan the Pennsylvania
“boom” which is popularly supposed to begin the drilling
for oil in America men were drilling with the set purpose of
finding oil in Cumberland County which was to be used for
delousing hogs, building fires, burning in lamps, and for in-
ternal and external remedies for all the ills the flesh is heir
to. But after having been discovered, the field was forgot-
ten; and geologists working on the analogy of the Penn-
sylvania geology of oil are said to have refused at first to
consider the possibility of oil occurring in the Trenton rocks
of Ohio because of their age and lack of silica content, know-
ing nothing about the old Trenton fields of southern Ken-
tucky, America’s first producer. Possibly had the geologists
given their first study to the Trentow field of southern Ken-
tucky, the development would have spread first into Ohio,
the sandstone sands of Pennsylvania would likely have been
spurned because of their too great youth and silica content,
we may have been just bursting into those rich horizons.
What a reversal of history this would have been. But the
old lost field has been found again and is pouring out its
golden flood, by pumpers and gushers, thru a forty mile pipe
line to the railroad at Glasgow, where it goes into the world’s
Dusiness to try and keep John D. Rockfeller and Henry
Ford out of the Poor House.

Geologically speaking, the “sands” of Cumberland
County fields are all Ordovician save the lowermost which
are probably Cambrian and the oldest rocks producing oil
commercially in the world.

All surface structure is worked on the bottom of the
Chattanooga black shale of Devonian Age. This is a coal
black, carbonaceous, fissile shale, so distinctive in appear-
ance, topography, agricultural value and the springs along
it, that its outcrop is easily followed. It is from 20 to 30

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING

bo
Ol

feet in thickness, averaging 22 to 24 feet. It rests upon
rocks of the Richmond stage of the Cincinnatian series of
the Ordovician.

All of the Silurian and most of ihe Devonian do not oc-
cur in the County, which is why the Devonian shale rests
upon the Ordovician limestone. From the base of the Chat-
tanooga down the rocks encountered by the driller are lime-
stones, sandy, shaly, massive, blue, black, brown, with the
exception of the thin stratum of bentonite, a light green to
white shale, having a curved pencil like fracture, composed
of volcanic ash with minute specks of iron ore, running from
0 to 10 feet and averaging 2 to 3 feet, which is found at
about 550 feet under the Chattanooga in the southern part
of the County and from 600 to 650 feet in the northern part.
This is known to the drillers as the ‘“‘Pencil Cave” and is the
base of the Trenton formation which bears so abundantly
in Ohio. Upon it, all the sub-surface structure work is based,
the sands being correlated by their distance above or below
the Pencil Cave.

Oil seeps occur in several places immediately below the
Chattanooga and were the rocks in which such occur cov-
ered over with an unbroken rock mantle instead of being
cut thru everywhere by the drainage, they might produce
commercially. About 40 or 50 feet under the Chattanooga
is a “sand” that shows oil in many places and is the oil hori-
zon in the old Phelps well on Oil Fork, the depth of which
was 47 feet. At about 160 feet to 190 feet under the Chatt-
anooga is a sand that is usually covered and has produced
small commercial wells, the latest well on Fanny’s Creek
being a 17 barrel producer in it. But these upper sands are
so shallow that they have been injured by the surface weath-
ering or by the diastropic movements in which, having no
overburden to hold them down, they find their quickest re-
lief in cracking. The first one is Saluda sub-stage of the
Richmond; the second is at the base of the Richmond or top
of the Maysville; and the last is either Eden or Cynthiana

26 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(Catheys), probably the former. It is often a calcareous sand
with grains rounded and fine.

The greatest producing sand in the County to date is
the “Upper Sunnybrook” which lies about 250 feet beneath
the Chattanooga shale. This is the best producer to date
only because it is the one first encountered and consequently
is the one most developed. The recent well on Galloway
Creek that produced over 1,000 barrels the first six hours
was in this sand and, owing to its anticlinal position, only
100 feet deep.

The next sand is the “Anderson’’, about 325 to 350 feet
below the Chattanooga. This has produced a number of
good wells and is often taken for the Upper and Lower
Sunnybrook, so similar is it in appearance.

The next is the “Lower Sunnybrook,” about 250 feet
below the Upper and about 450 to 500 feet below the Chat-
tanooga. It runs from 380 to 70 feet above the Pencil Cave.
The three last sands are known as the Sunnybrook series
and are very similar in appearance and performance, but
the middle one is the least valuable. They are all dolo-
mites of a rich brown color except that the Upper Sunny-
brook is frequently a light gray shelly lime, with streaks of
what seem to be pure white sand but which are only slightly
quartzitic; none of the sands of the County being more than
about 15 per cent quartz. The two Sunnybrooks will run
from 5 to 30 feet thick, perhaps averaging 15 feet, but not
drilled thru enough to define positively. The Anderson sand
is not so thick, running from 5 to 10 feet only.

Beneath the Lower Sunnybrook are 40 or more feet of
black lime at the top of which is a black pencil cave, with
a fracture similar to the green, and perhaps containing a
large proportion of volcanic ash but also containing car-
bonaceous material and lime. In the bottom of this the
Fudge sand, from 5 to 10 feet thick, that has produced com-
mercial wells, notably the Fudge gusher on Dutch Creek,

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 27

and is watched closely when drilling. Beneath this, usually
immediately, lies the green Pencil Cave.

Just under the green Pencil Cave lies the “Judie Sand,”
named for the Creek upon which it is now producing some
wells that come in (rather low on the structure) at about
40 to 70 barrels and settle to 5 to 15 barrels. So far this
sand has not gushed but it seems a very steady producer.
It is also a dolomite, a brown “sugar sand” and very porous
in its type locality.

At 90 feet below the Pencil Cave comes the ‘‘Modoc’’
sand. This is another dolomite and has been drilled to so
rarely that it is not well understood as yet but is thought to
be about as thick as the Sunnybrooks. In drilling of former
years, it was not fully appreciated for it is undoubtedly a
permanent sand under the field and has some splendid re-
sults to its credit. It first attracted attention last year in
No. 1 well on the wonderful Huddleston lease of the Morris
Petroleum Company on Sulphur Creek, one of the best wells
in the field; and later in the Modoc well of Treat-Simmons
& Company in the southern Bear Creek area where it flowed
for a time at the rate of a barrel a minute.

Beneath the last sand the oil formations are but poorly
known, but in the former drilling campaigns a sand was de-
veloped at from 175 to 225 feet below the Pencil Cave, not-
ably in the wells on the Heard lease, from which I have
called it the “Heard” sand. The thickness and performance
of this sand are unknown to us of this generation but it
has been noted lately.

Beneath the Heard sand there is one that ranges from
375 to 425 feet below the Pencil Cave that was developed
in some of the former drilling campaigns, notably in the
wells on the Cloyd farm, from which I have called it the
“Cloyd” sand. Little is known about it save that it has pro-
duced some wells. The Kanawha Oil Company has a pro-
ducer in this sand in their No. 1 John Groce on Upper Sul-

28 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

phur Creek. The Morris Petroleum Company drilled to it
in its No. 1 Anderson on Galloway Creek and got a show of
oil and a good showing was also obtained in this sand by
the Oil Fork Development Company in their No. 1 Bud Hud-
dleston on Bear Creek.

Somewhere below this comes the division between the
Ordovician and Cambrian systems; and in the Cambrian,
and about 700 to 800 feet below the Pencil Cave, is a sand
that is producing in the Kanawha Oil Company’s Williams
lease on upper Sulphur Creek. This is probably the oldest
producing sand in the world. It is the sand that produced
the gusher of many years ago on the A. W. Bryant lease on
Dutch Creek in the northern part of the County, and the
Zach Cloyd No. 8 in 1908, in the Salt Lick Bend pool. It
is also doubtless the sand that produces the oil at 1,000 feet
below the Pencil Cave in the deep wells of the Illiken Oil
Company at Mill Springs in Wayne County, 30 miles east
of this field, the normal thickening of the measures to the
east accounting for the increased distance from the Pencil
Cave.

There is no shallow field in North America with so many
pays in the same well, for, while not all of these will pay
in the same well, more than one can be counted on for a
certainty and sometimes more than two. Another feature
is that the Upper Sunnybrook is inclined to be a synclinal
sand as well as anticlinal one so that structure is not es-
sential, such synclinal fields as Bear Creek, Neeley’s Ferry
and Salt Lick Bend proving this to be so. Nor is that the
only sand so inclined.

The recent structural work shows that the great struc-
tures have been merely touched here and there and that if
they will pay as such structures do elsewhere this field has
its greatest wells and greatest production in the future and
that the excitements of the past will be rivaled and exceeded
in the years before us.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 29

“Geographic Influences in the Kentucky Knobs,”* Wilbur
Greeley Burroughs.

The Kentucky Knobs are a belt of conical and flat-topped
hills and mountains with a narrow strip of rolling land form-
ing their inner margin, which extends in the form of a
horseshoe from near Vanceburg on the Ohio River in Lewis
County thru portions of the counties of Fleming, Rowan,
Bath, Montgomery, Clark, Powell, Hstill, Madison, Rock-
castle, Garrard, Lincoln, Boyle, Marion, Nelson, Bullitt,
Jefferson, to the northern part of Oldham, a distance of 233
miles.

Within the horseshoe formed by the Knob Belt lies the
Bluegrass.

Outside of the curve on the east and southeast the
Knobs merge into the Eastern Kentucky Mountains. On
the south and west the Knobs pass into the Mississippian
Plateau. Along the northern ends of the Knob Belt Quater-
nary and Recent deposits form a narrow strip between the
Knobs and the Ohio River.

The strata from which the Knobs are sculptured by
erosion extend in age from the base of the Silurian into the
Mississippian and in some places into the Pottsville of the
Pennsylvanian System.

The principal rivers of the Knobs are the Ohio which
flows past the northern extremities, the Licking, Red, Ken-
tucky, Dix, Rolling Fork, and Salt River. These rivers have
cut important gateways for commerce thru the Knob Belt,
thereby connecting the Bluegrass with the Mountains and
Plateau regions. Railroads wind along these river valleys,
and tunnel thru the passes as at Boone’s Gap. They con-
nect the Knobs with markets in Kentucky and other States.

*This paper is a condensed summary of an investigation carried on
for the Kentucky Geological Survey. It was read by permission of
Dr. W. R. Jillson, Director, and State Geologist of the Kentucky Geo-
logical Survey.

30 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Boats ply back and forth upon the Ohio and Kentucky
Rivers.

Numerous smaller streams are also eroding the Knob
areas. The gradient of many of the streams is so steep that
sudden fluctuations in the volumes of the lower creeks occur
after heavy rains or melting snows. The rapid run-off in-
creases soil erosion, thereby ruining large areas of Knob
land which under correct farm management could have been
made to pay a net income. The valleys and divides have
controlled the location of the trails and wagon roads.
Streams serve as boundaries between many of the Knob
Counties.

The Knobs have a humid, temperate, continental type
of climate. The prevailing annual winds are from the south-
west, except during a few months in certain sections. The
Knobs as a whole have a mean annual temperature of 55.7
degrees. The annual minimum and maximum means are
44.0 and 67.5 degrees, respectively. Killing frosts in the
Spring cause damage chiefly to fruits. Fall frosts damage
corn and tobacco. The climate permits of the growing of
a variety of crops of which corn is the chief cereal. Little
rain falls during the Autumn. Snow remains on the ground
only a few days at a time. The ground is often frozen as
much as six inches deep, but it does not remain frozen con-
tinuously, and the process of freezing and thawing is re-
peated during the Winter. This results in a greater amount
of soil erosion than would occur in the Northern States under
similar physiographic conditions.

The Knob soils, taken as a whole, are naturally poor
and thin. Over most of the area residual soils occur. Those
derived from the Ohio shale are usually considered especially
poor for agricultural purposes. The soils, however, can be
built-up to produce good crops. Fruit-growing on the lime-
stone soils of the tops of some of the knobs is an industry
that has yielded excellent returns in certain instances. Soil
erosion is rapid on the steep, bare slopes. Unless the land

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 31

is forested, cover crops should be planted when the land is
not in cultivation.

The Knobs contain enormous quantities of excellent
shale and clay suitable for the manufacture of many dif-
ferent kinds of clay products. Pottery clay is found near
Waco, Madison County. The clay products industries are
especially important in the Knob Belt near Louisville, as
for example at Coral Ridge.

Sand and gravel are obtained from the rivers, and from
weathered Pottsville conglomerate outcrops. The glass sand
district of Carter County extends into Rowan County. Sand-
stone and limestone formations occur in the Knobs. They
are suitable for the construction of buildings, foundations,
culverts, road metal, etc. The limestone is also used for in-
terior decoration, lime, natural cement, Portland cement,
agricultural lime, and many other purposes. Great reserves
of stone, favorably situated as to transportation and mar-
kets, yet remain untouched.

Coal occurs in small quantities in limited areas near
the tops of the highest knobs. It is not an important re-
source. Oil has been found in large amounts in Knob Coun-
ties. It is obtained chiefly from the Onondaga limestone
of the Devonian. Oil doubtless still exists in the Knobs in
areas as yet untouched by the drill. Oil shale occurs in
enormous quantities and is a potential source of wealth for
the not distant future. Iron ore occurs, but it is too low
grade to compete at present with the high grade ores of
other States. In time, however, it also will be a valuable
mineral resource.

The water supply of the Knobs is obtained from streams,
springs, artificial ponds, and wells. In the Autumn many of
the smaller streams dry up. This necessitates driving the
cattle of that area to larger streams, generally some dis-
tance away. Springs are found in many places. Wells of
water can be obtained at a depth usually less than 50 feet.
Care should be taken to investigate before using spring or

32 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

well water for it may have become contaminated and con-
tain typhoid germs.

Pure spring water, and mineral waters containing
sulfur, iron compounds, salt and other chemicals occur.
Large quantities of spring water are shipped to nearby
cities for table use, and the medical waters have earned a
well deserved reputation. Salt has been obtained from saline
springs and wells since early pioneer days.

The native forests have to some extent been protected
by the more rugged topography. The rougher surfaced areas
still have a higher proportion of forests per square mile than
occurs on the more level districts. The sawmills which cut
the logs into smaller sizes or rough lumber, are located in
the Knobs and Mountains. Logs are still floated down the
Kentucky River to mills at Irvine and farther downstream,
but large amounts of rough lumber and logs are carried by
rail to the sawmills and planing mills near the cities, as it
has been found that transportation by rail has many ad-
vantages over transportation by water, especially since the
locks have been constructed in the Kentucky River.

In the Knobs the larger trees have been mostly cut, and
the slopes are being ruined by erosion or covered by second-
growth of less value than the original forests. Correct for-
estry methods should be practiced and the lumber industry
revived in the Knobs. The vanishing of the forests is
even reflected in the fewer number of wooden fences and
log cabins that are seen on the more level and scantily for-
ested areas, aS compared with the more rugged and heavily
wooded lands.

The wild animal life of the Knobs consists of birds, rav-
bits, squirrels, and other small creatures, gray and red foxes.
and an occasional wildcat. Copperheads and rattlesnakes
are sometimes seen. The streams that flow intc the Ken-
tucky River afford good fishing, particularly near their
mouths. Here and there are found ponds which have been
stocked with fish.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 33

The more level or rolling areas have a higher percen-
tage of land improved, than the rougher districts. Drainage
of swamp land is not a problem often met in the Knobs on
account of the rapid fall of the streams. An extensive Swamp,
however, once existed in the vicinity of South Park, Jeffer-
son County. It is now drained and the land is being farmed.
Tile and other forms of drainage will improve the crop yield
of the Knob soils even where the ground is not actually
swampy.

The total number of farms increased during the last de-
cade. At the same time the average farm became smaller
by subdivision. On the richer limestone soils it was pos-
sible to reduce the size of the farm without unduly lower-
ing the standard of living to the extent it might have been
lowered if the country had been entirely rough knob or Ohio
shale topography. Cultivation of tobacco often enabled the
farmer to make a living from fewer acres of land than other-
wise might have been possible.

The per cent of increase in land values bears a relation
in most of the Knob Counties to the increase in the num-
ber of farms. Increase in the number of farms coincided
with increase in the average value of farm property. Dis-
coveries of oil in Estill County had a greater influence, how-
ever, upon the increase in value of farm land than did the
additional number of farms formed in that county.

The topography also greatly influences the value of the
land. Rugged counties with their poorer soilS and more
numerous difficulties in farming and in reaching a market,
have lower land values, other things being equal, than
the more level Knob Counties.

The per cent of increase in valuation bears a relation
to the amount of improved land per farm. In the more rug-
ged counties the per cent of increase in valuation from 1910
to 1920 was large, but the actual increase in valuation was
a fewer number of dollars per acre and there was a smaller
aimber of improved acres per farm, than in the more level

34 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Knob Counties. Of course, the greater acreage of improved
land per farm usually was dependent upon the fertility of
the soil and the ease with which the land could be cultivated,
so that the increase in valuation per acre was determined
fundamentally by the geographic conditions.

The increase in price of all farm products a few years
ago caused an increase in land values. The per cent of in
crease in land values was greatest, with few exceptions,
where tobacco was grown extensively. This was because the
value of an acre of land is dependent largely upon the net
earnings which can be secured from it.

The decline in price of farm products which followed
the period of prosperity resulted in a sharp decline in land
values. The more mountainous counties which did not raise
so much tobacco and other crops that had a severe fall in
price, did not have their land values decrease as much as the
richer, more level areas where tobacco and other crops which
had fluctuated widely in price, were raised extensively. The
assessed value of all farm property per farm, and the farm
incomes from gross crop returns, are larger in the richer,
more level Knobs than in the hilly districts.

The principal crop is corn. Other cereals raised are
oats, wheat, rye, and barley. The reasons that corn is grown
so extensively on the more level, richer soils is because the
yield per acre is good, being above the average for these
counties and one man can farm many acres with machinery.
Thus a greater number of tractors are used on the farms of
the more level Knob Counties than in the rougher surfaced
counties. Corn is fed to the live stock in the richer farming
districts of the lowlands where animal husbandry is carried
on more than in the hilly districts. In the rougher surfaced
areas of poorer soils, corn is grown because it requires but
few and inexpensive tools to plant, cultivate, and harvest
this cereal. The steep slopes make farming with machinery
not advisable and often economically impossible. Corn
yields more per acre than the other small grains which might

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 35
be raised. It yields fairly well even when poorly cultiva-
ted, provided the soil has not already been cropped too many
years in succession. Corn can be stored readily and fed
to the animals on the farm. Thus transformed into meat
on the hoof, it can be gotten to market more easily than
raw corn. Also corn is of less value per pound than the
meat into which it can be changed on the mountain and
knob farm. It is thus more economical to transport as
meat, especially when the animal is made to walk to mar-
ket. Corn is ground at the local mill and used for food by
the farmer’s family.

Irish potatoes are produced in large quantities near
Louisville, where two crops of potatoes are raised the same
year. The nearness to transportation lines and to large
markets are important factors in locating the potato indus-
try in Jefferson County.

Sorghum is raised in greater amounts in the more re-
mote and inaccessible areas where all of the necessities of
life are produced as far as possible on the farm, than in the
districts nearer to the outside world.

Tobacco is the chief cash crop on many of the farms.
If the patch is large and the farmer does not hire help, the
work is performed by the entire family. Tobacco furnishes
quite steady employment thruout the year, but it ex-
hausts the soil rapidly. Unless the soil is cared for properly,
erosion completes the ruin of the field. Farmers who de-
pend almost entirely upon their tobacco patch for their
ready money are unwise, as unfavorable climatic conditions
may cause a loss. The average yield of tobacco per acre in
the Knob Counties is decreasing. The price of tobacco has

an important influence upon the acreage planted and on
land values.

Truck garden crops and small fruits are raised mostly
near the large towns and cities, such as Louisville, where
a good market is assured. Orchard fruits are grown quite

36 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

extensively in the Knobs. The climate is suitable, but frosts
sometimes cause considerable damage.

The animal industries are increasing in the Knobs.
Dairy and beef cattle are found in the more level areas in
greater numbers than in the hilly districts. Dairy cattle are
kept, especially for the sale of whole milk, near the large
cities. Butter, cream, and cheese, for well known economic
reasons, can be produced with a profit farther from market
than can whole milk. Beef cattle are fattened in greater
numbers on the richer, more level Knob and Bluegrass soils
than in the hills. The more level counties which had the
greater number of cattle, also raised more hay and forage
per square mile in 1919 than was grown in the hilly districts.

More horses are kept per square mile in Knob Counties
which have wider areas of level and rolling land than in
the rougher regions. Horses, however, are decreasing, due
to automobiles, better roads, tractors, and by mules dis-
placing horses. Mules, which can do heavier work than
horses and are considered surer footed on the steep, rough
knob and mountain slopes, increased from 1909 to 1919.
This increase was greatest in the hilly Knob Counties.

The sheep industry is often associated with hilly land,
but due to losses incurred by dogs where the sheep are not
carefully fenced and guarded, sheep are kept in greater num-
bers on the richer, more level farms than in the rougher
districts. Swine, in general, are raised and fattened in
greater numbers on the richer, more level farms. On the
average, counties containing the largest numbers of swine
also produced heavy yields of corn per square mile of terri-
tory. Poultry and bees are profitable industries in the Knobs.
The hilly counties have increased their production of honey
greatly since 1909. Poultry products and honey are products
of high value per pound that can be brought to market over
rough roads and shipped economically long distances.

The summits of flat-topped knobs in certain regions still
have the remains of forts which were built by the pre-his-

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 37

toric inhabitants of Kentucky. Such a fort is that of Indian
Fort Mountain, near Berea, Madison County, which was
described by the author at the tenth meeting of the Ken-
tucky Academy of Science.*

The rockhouses in the cliffs of the higher knobs, and
mounds in the stream valleys and on the crests of even the
lower knobs, are the graves of these first Kentuckians. In
the graves can still be found the bones of these people, to-
gether with their implements of peace and war. Also in the
graves are layers of charcoal which are the remains of fires
that burned at the time of burial. Bones, apparently from
sacrifices, have been found by the author in the charcoal of
certain graves.

Most of the rural population of the present day come
from Scotch-Irish, Irish, and English settlers of pioneer
times. The names of these inhabitants of the Knobs bear
evidence of their direct descent from these early settlers.
At present native white farmers are increasing in numbers
in the Knobs, and the few negro and other non-white farmers
are decreasing in numbers.

Living conditions, especially on Ohio shale soils, are
difficult for the farmer of small means. The limestone soils
usually have more prosperous farms. The farm income
might be increased by weaving and basket making which
are industries that can be developed in the home. Better
roads will greatly improve farm life and increase farm in-
comes and farm values. These better roads are gradually
being made. As it is, the inexpensive, light weight auto-
mobile, the United States Rural Free Delivery, and the radio
have brought the country people into closer union with the
towns and outside world.

Illiteracy exists to a higher per cent in the more rug-
ged counties than in the level and rolling counties. It has
decreased during the last decade. The rural schools are a
fundamental factor in the educational development of the

*Transactions, Vol. 1, P. 146.

38 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Knobs. They should be aided in every way. Roads should
be improved so that the children can attend school even in
bad weather. Reading circles are being organized under
the auspices of the Berea College Library. In this way many
of the older members of the community are being educated.
High schools, academies, normal schools, and colleges are
located in many of the Knob towns.

Health conditions can be improved. The death rates
from tuberculosis and pneumonia are both greatest in the
Bluegrass with its large cities, the Knobs ranking second,
and the Mountains third. A breeding place for germs in the
Knobs is the ill-lighted, poorly ventilated and aften over-
crowded one-room dwelling.

Typhoid fever is more prevalent in the Knobs than
in the Mountains or Bluegrass. The reason may be that in
the Knobs the dwellings are often nearer together than in
the Mountains. Thus unsanitary conditions would tend to
spread disease more easily than in the sparsely populated
Mountain areas. In the Knob Belt contaminated water
readily seeps along the joint and bedding-planes of the Ohio
shale and enters wells and springs. Polluted water is car-
ried underground in streams in the limestone formations
of the Knobs. The better sanitary conditions and city water
supplies of the Bluegrass cause a lower death rate in that
physiographic division.

Hookworm and trachoma occur and cause much suffer-
ing. Hookworm can be easily cured, as also can trachoma
in the early stages. Both diseases can be avoided.

The more hilly counties, with their low average value
per acre, do not have nearly so high a percentage of tenants
on the farms, as do the counties containing large areas of
more level land of a much greater value per acre. Jefferson
County, however, has a rather small per cent of tenancy even
tho the average land value is high. This is due to the
nearness to Louisville and the intensive farming that is
practiced in this county where numerous owners care for

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 39

their own truck farms. Tenancy in the Knob Counties has
increased 30.2 per cent during the last twenty years. This
increase in tenancy has been chiefly in counties containing
rich, level soils.

The Knob Belt contains the cities of Irvine and Lebanon.
Irvine owes its rapid growth to the discovery of oil in Estill
and adjacent counties. Railroad shops are now located near
Irvine. Part of Louisville is built on Knob strata.

The density of the rural population in the Knob Coun-
ties in 1920 was 47.1 per square mile. The rural popula-
tion to a small extent during the last decade has moved from
the farms to the cities.

Counties having large areas of level or rolling land with
richer soils, rank highest in total taxable wealth both per
square mile and per capita.

In conclusion it should be remembered that great as has
been the development of the Knobs up to the present time,
enormous undeveloped natural resources yet remain in the
form of clay, shale, building stone and rock for other pur-
poses, oil shale, oil, gas, and farm land that will yield well
under scientific management. The steep slopes await mod-
ern forestry methods. Sheep and other livestock can be in-
creased. Poultry and bees will add to the farm income.
Fruit growing can be developed still further. Near the cities
market gardening can be carried on. Good roads will aid in
every way. If the potential possibilities in the Knobs are
developed, an increasing revenue will result to the individual
citizen, to the County, and to the State..

Hydro-Electric Development of Dix Rivers John S. Van
Winkle.

The builders of Kentucky’s first large water driven elec-
tric power plant give their tribute to Daniel Boone, who
first discovered the power possibilities of Dix River. In
1784 a pamphlet was printed at Wilmington, Delaware, en-

40 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

titled the ““The Discovery, Settlement and Present State of
Kentucky,” wherein the intrepid Boone gives a statement,
which follows: “Dick’s river runs through a great body of
first rate land, abounding with cane, and affords many ex-
cellent mill seats. Many mills are already built on this
stream x x x and will have a plentiful supply of water in
the dryest season.” Two items above stated must have pas-
sing reference, the first relating to a change in spelling the
name “‘Dick’s’’, now expressed with three letters “Dix’’. The
old way was altered by usage, as appears in County records,
as far back as 1830. As to the second item, unfortunately,
there is not a plentiful supply of water in the dryest season
in the streams of our State in these days, owing to deple-
tion of the forests. The same quantity of water falls, but
races away to the seas in floods, carrying precious soil with
it. The Dix river dam will be of such great height that all
water will be arrested and held back for driving the tur-
bines thruout all seasons, even dry ones. Early Kentucky
history, and Daniel Boone a history maker, thus have recog-
nition in the modern life in our Commonwealth.

This generation presents another pioneer in the per-
son of Mr. L. B. Herrington who, while yet quite a young
man, and aided by a group of supporters, caused the re-
searches which convinced finally the present-day builders
that Dix river should be the site of a great “mill seat’.

Nearly 15 years before construction commenced, geole-
gists were called to study the rock formation. In this direc-
tion the Departments of Geology of the State of Kentucky
and of the University of Kentucky sent qualified men to
examine the structure to ascertain whether there might be
caverns in the massive limestone cliffs that would permit
an escape of impounded water; and, to test the quality of
the rock which would be covered, and possibly disintergrate,
by constant exposure to water under high pressure. This
work was done with the care and thoughtful consideration
which commends the geologist as a “practical’? man to mod-
ern men who supply the finances for great enterprises like

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 41

this. The reports of the geologists gave assurance that the
rock walls of Dix river canon had no caves that would lead
the water, behind the dam, into channels of escape; and,
further, that the stone underneath the proposed dam site
might be relied upon to sustain in safety any weight that
was imposed there by the structures contemplated.

Other men of science, eminent engineers, were called
many years ago to apply the rules of their calling to the
problem of constructing a dam and placing water wheels
in Dix river to the end that its destructive tides might be
turned into useful electricity.

Before engineers may discover the capacity of a stream
in terms of electric energy, they must know what has been
the rainfall, and consequent “run-off”? of water for a long
period of years. Records of rainfall were at hand, showing
the daily precipitation within the watershed of Dix river,
since 1892. In company with rainfall statistics, there must
have been simultaneous records of the amount of water
which flowed thru the channel, before the engineer can
compute the result in electric energy. This information
was not lacking, for the stream gage had been installed.
In course of their studies the engineers also found that Dix
river was worthy of its early reputation as a source of power,
hence they made maps of the strangely sinuous canon thru
which it flows, measuring its width and finally computing
the areas to be occupied by impounded water in billions of
cubic feet. A sentence description of the windings of this
river may be compassed in this statement: from the dam
to the limit of the pool back water will be 35 miles by way
of the channel, whereas a straight line between these ex-
trems will be little over 10 miles.

Gathering of data mentioned consumed several years,
for such information can only be had from the records of
accumulated seasons; therefore, the decision to erect a
hydro-electric project may not safely be hurried. In the
year 1915 the interest of Mr. Samuel Insull and his brother,

42 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Mr. Martin J. Insull, of Chicago, was drawn to the Dix
river project. This marked the beginning of still further
thoro investigation, a first step in which was to have cores
taken from below the surface at the dam site. Many holes
were drilled with the usual diamond core bit, some to the
depth of 200 feet, with the result that firm stone was found
to the lowest level touched. Dams, these days, are not built
until the diamond drill has explored the sub-structure, bring-
ing up samples for testing. Some of the disasters which
have followed the construction of dams, so often discussed
by the people when a new dam is begun, would never have
occurred had the builders drilled deep at their foundations.

Next came the delay caused by the great War, during
which, and for the unsettled period immediately following,
little was done save maintain the gage station whereby still
more information was gained as to the quantity of water
that passed down the river at all seasons.

After a delay of some five years, progress became pos-
sible and here enter the lawyers with the task of looking
into the title records of three counties. This work went
along rather constantly many months, for there were near
200 tracts of land to be acquired. In most cases but a small
portion of an owner’s property was needed, that part which
was along the river bank and in the cliff adjacent. Explor-
ing the bed of Dix river, in the records, revealed many of
the ancient mill seats forecast by Daniel Boone. There re-
mained, however, but one mill dam still intact. Steam, elec-
tricity, gasoline and modern transportation leave small busi-
ness to the slow wheels of a water-mill.

Karly in 1923 enter again the men of science, this time
engineers fresh from similar hydro-electric projects, situated
in many portions of the United States. The problems of a
high dam, types of structure, designs of turbines and all
the intricate, delicate details of electric machinery are but
parts of a day’s work with them. Applying themselves to
the collected data, making new observations of the materials

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 43

a

provided by Nature, using the experiences of other engineers
and builders of great dams in many remote parts of the
earth, they assemble and balance all elements, physical and
financial, and prepare a plan. After many weeks of con-
stant study, a report is ready which recommends the con-
struction of a rock-fill dam, which is to be the highest yet
constructed in all the earth, 270 feet from its base to crest.
Safety is the first consideration; the dam must be so secure
and dependable that the dwellers in the valleys of the Ken-
tucky and Ohio rivers may sleep with no thought of danger
because of the vast lake of water above their cities.

Representing the United States, in this demand for
safety, came Mr. Arthur P. Davis, then chief engineer of
the U. S. Reclamation Service, under whose direction about
100 dams had been built by that single branch of our
Government, one of which (in Idaho) is full 300 feet in
height. Besides requiring the highest factor of safety
in the dam itself, a by-pass for any overflow water
was specified, this spilway to be cut so wide and its floors
so inclined that it would readily carry a flood produced
by the fall of 20 inches of rain in a period of 24 consecutive
hours. Such a by-pass is being cut thru solid limestone,
250 feet in width, and will have walls 100 feet in height.
The lower end of this by-pass will discharge into a natural
ravine which enters the gorge of Dix river half a mile below
the dam. No one need fear that this dam will ever menace
the life or property of those who live below it.

To the capable minds of Mr. Geo. W. Hamilton, chief
engineer of Middle West Utilities Company and Mr. L. F.
Harza, consulting engineer, both of Chicago, had been in-
trusted the problems of construction and design. They have
called from California a well trained assistant in Mr. Geo.
W. Howson, as resident engineer, to watch every detail.
Final plans call for three turbines, each of 10,000 horse-
power, to be installed in connection with a like number of
electric generators in the power house to be situated at the
mouth of a tunnel, immediately at the foot of the dam. This

44 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

tunnel is to be 900 feet in length, cut thru the solid rock on
the level of the river bed, at the upper end opening thru a
control valve into the water of the lake, and at the other
end terminating in three penstocks, each eight feet in dia-
meter, one for each turbine.

Despite the many years that have been required to pro-
mote and bring into active construction this great project,
the lapse of time should not be considered a loss. Aside
from well considered plans, preceding actual work, a de-
cided improvement has been made in both the water tur-
bines and electric equipment with which this plant will be
equipped. This will be a gain for the generations to be
served by this truly great enterprise.

Marine Invasions in Eastern Kentucky in Pennsylvan-
ian Times: J. S. Hudnall

Marine invasions in Pennsylvanian times in Eastern
Kentucky were numerous, as evidenced by thin limestones
and carbonaceous shales laid down during this great coal
forming period. The time of these invasions is given below
in ascending order with mention of the character of the
strata formed.

1. Below the Pottsville Conglomerate. The carbon-
aceous and calcareous shales below the conglomerate indi-
cate a marine invasion during the initiation of the Penn-
sylvanian sedimentation.

2. Inter-conglomerate. Between the Corbin conglo-
merate and Rockcastle conglomerate, members of the Potts-
ville conglomerate there is from 0 to 50’ of black calcareous
shale, containing Lingula, which is of marine or brackish
water origin.

3. On top of the Pottsville Conglomerate. Following
the formation of the conglomerate there was a time of
marine invasion more widespread than any preceding it, as
shown by the widespread carbonaceous and calcareous shale
containing marine fossil brachiopods.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 45

4. Campbell Creek Limestone. Above the Pond Creek
Coal and below the Wayland Coal is a thin limestone 2’ in
thickness interbedded in a marine shale containing many
limestone concretions and fossil brachiopods.

5. Kendrick Shale (Dingess Limestone). Immediately
following the formation of the Amburgy coal the sea was
widespread covering all of Eastern Kentucky and most of
West Virginia. Many brachiopods, molluscs, and cephal-
opods give testimony to this time of epicontinental sea ex-
pansion. From 2’ to 5’ of limestone and 100’ to 150’ of
calcareous shale were formed.

6. Fossil Limestone. Following the formation of the
limestone coal (second coal above the Fire Clay Coal) the
epicontinental sea again spread over Hastern Kentucky,
parts of West Virginia and Hastern Tennessee. This inva-
sion was perhaps of longer duration than any previous and
teemed with marine life.

7. Kanawha Black Flint. Following the formation of
the Hindman coal a marine invasion of considerable con-
sequence occurred. During this time the Kanawha Black
Flint of West Virginia was formed.

8. Flint Ridge Limestone. Late in the Allegheny or
early Conemaugh times the epicontinental sea perhaps
reached its maximum expansion during the Pennsylvanian
times in Eastern Kentucky. From 10’ to 40’ of limestone
was formed rich in marine fossils.

9. Conemaugh Invasion. In what is now the youngest
formation in the Pennsylvanian sediments is a marine lime-
stone interbedded in red shale in Boyd County. The extent
of this invasion can only be inferred.

Present data indicate that there were two areas from
which expansion of the seas occurred during the Pennsyl-
vanian time: (1) Northeastern Kentucky (in Boyd and
Lawrence Counties) and (2) Southwestern Kentucky. Per-
haps the latter invasion crossed the Cincinnati Arch between

46 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the Nashville and Rutherford dome thru Cumberland, Clin-
ton, and Russell Counties, Kentucky.

The Proportion and Significance of Copper, Iron, Man-
ganese and Zine in Some Mollusks and Crustaceans.* by J. S.
McHargue, Research Chemist, Department of Chemistry,
Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.

The purpose of this paper is to report analyses which
show the proportions of copper, iron, manganese and zinc
in a few species of mollusks and crustaceans and to point
out the significance of the occurrence of these metals in
animal life. In considering the data presented it is impor-
tant to keep in mind two facts: first, that small amounts
of these elements are widely distributed in nature and can
be found by chemical methods in rocks, soils, waters, plants
and animals; and, second, that some of these elements oc-
cur in greater proportion in some species of animals than
in others—a fact which suggests the idea that compounds
of these metals perform important functions in the meta-
bolism of the animals in which they are found.

Bradley’ analyzed for manganese several hundred speci-
mens of the mollusks, Unio and Anodonta, from streams
and lakes in the northeastern and north central parts of
this country and determined the amount of manganese in
more than 60 independent samples. His results show about
one per cent of manganese in the dry matter, or about four
per cent in the ash. He states that manganese is constant
and uniform in its occurence in these mollusks, and con-
cludes that this element has important functions in the
metabolism of these two genera.

Griffiths? studied the composition of the blood of the
mollusk, Pinna squamosa, and isolated from it a compound
which he has named pinnaglobin. According to his results

*Read also at the Fall Meeting of the American Chemical Society.

1Bradley. H. C., Jour. Biol. Chem., Vol. VIII, p. 237-249. 1910-11.

2Griffiths. M. A. B. Paris, Academie des sciences, Compt. Rend. V.
114, p. 840, 1892.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 47

the pinnaglobin molecule has the composition, (© 724H93;-
Nis34nS4O0o10. He states that pinnaglobin has a_ respira-
tory function in the blood of Pinna squamosa similar to that
of hemoglobin in red blood and hemocyanin in blue blood.
Pinnaglobin, therefore, affords an example in which man-
ganese apparently replaces the respiratory function that
iron performs in red blood. The blood of the fresh-water
mollusks Unio and Anodonta is colorless and because of
this fact one would infer that it contains very little of either
iron or copper.

Willard? determined the copper content of thirty-four
samples of oysters obtained at New York, Manhattan, Phila-
delphia, Baltimore, and Washington. His results show a
minimum of 50 parts per million, a maximum of 1,700 parts
per million and an average of 480 parts per million of cop-
per in the dry matter. He states that in no instance was
copper absent and because of the uniformity of the presence
of this metal he concludes that copper is a normal consti-
tuent of oysters.

It is generally assumed that certain species of crustac-
eans contain the most copper of any shellfish. The lobster
and the crab have been referred to as examples of animals
having blue blood, the blue color of their blood being due
to the presence of the respiratory pigment, hemocyanin,
whose molecule has the composition, Cgg7H1363N203CUN4Oo258
in which copper is supposed to perform a similar function
to that of iron in hemoglobin and manganese in pinnaglobin.

For the purpose of determining the proportion of
copper, iron, manganese and zinc in a few of the more im-
portant edible species of mollusks and crustaceans the fol-
lowing samples were obtained for analysis, all but the first
having been bought of a local dealer in sea foods:

Unio and Anodonta. A sample consisting of about twenty-
five specimens, some of which were small, others medium

8Willard J. T. Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol. 30, p. 902, 1908.

48 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

and a few full size, was collected on April 12, 1924, from
North Elkhorn Creek near its intersection with Russell
Cave Pike. The exterior surfaces of the shells were cleaned
by means of tap water and a brush and the bodies dried at
110° C. The fresh bodies contained 86.1 per cent of water.
The moisture-free bodies were ashed and the amount of
copper, iron, manganese and zinc determined by means of
standard methods of chemical analysis.

Clams (Venus mercinaria) One hundred clams _ ob-
tained at Crisfield, Maryland, were delivered at the labora-
tory alive and in good condition. They were cleaned and
dissected from their shells and dried at 110° C in the same
way as the mussels. They contained 88.3 per cent of water.

Oysters (Bluepoints). One hundred oysters, from Bal-
timore, were delivered at the laboratory alive and in good
condition. Their shells were cleaned and the bodies dis-
sected and dried at 110° C in the same way as described
except that a further dissection was made of a few of the
oysters after they were removed from their shells. The
digestive organs which have a dark brown color, including
the stomach and liver, were dissected from the rest of the
body, and each of the two parts placed in a separate, clean
dish, dried at 110° C and ashed, for analysis. Some liquid
was lost in the process of dissection. The fresh whole bodies
contained 89.7 per cent of water.

Lobsters (Homarus americanus). Two medium-sized
lobsters, having a total weight of 1466 grams, were obtained
from Baltimore, Maryland. They had been killed and packed
in ice, and were in a fresh condition when delivered at the
laboratory. The bodies were rinsed with distilled water and
dissected into three parts, shell, thorax and abdominal con-
tents, and tail and leg meat. Each of the three portions
was dried at 110° C and analyzed separately. The tail and
leg meat contained 80.75 per cent water; the thorax and
abdominal contents, 78.4 per cent; and the shells, 40.2 per
cent.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 49

Crabs (soft shell) One dozen soft shell crabs, obtained
from Norfolk, Virginia, were delivered at the laboratory alive
and in good condition. Their bodies were washed under
the tap, rinsed with distilled water, placed in a clean porce-
lain dish and dried at 110° C, for analysis. They contained
86.7 per cent of water. The results recorded in Table 1 rep-
resent the entire crab.

Table No. 1.—Copper, iron, manganese and zine, in parts
per million of the moisture-free substance:

Copper Iron Manganese Zine

Fresh-water mollusks, Unio and
Anodonta, in a mixed sample 1233 1,325.0 5,424.0 5, Of
Salt-water mollusk, Clam

(Venus mercenaria ) 16.1 711.0 42.5 LOO
Salt-water moliusk, Oyster

(blue points) Digi vont 207.6 49.4 4,284.
Oyster stomach and liver ibaa (0) 9056 Ono 2,970.
Oyster mantle, ete. 174.0 Door 34.8 Bia oleh
Lobster, tail and leg meat 85.0 Bete AZO 160.
Lobster, thorax, stomach, etc. 160.0 134.4 64.0 128.
Lobster, shell BH a}al) 112.0 40.0 2:02.
Crabs, whole 68.0 134.4 16.0 1,216.

In the foregoing table some of the results appear to be
outstanding in their significance and therefore worthy of
comment. The mixed sample of the fresh-water mollusks
Unio and Anodonta contains more than four times as much
manganese as iron. The manganese content represents a
little more than one-half of one per cent of the dry matter.
The proportion of manganese is a little less than those re-
ported by Bradley. The blood of the mollusks Unio and
Anodonta is colorless and therefore apparently contains lit-
tle, if any, hemoglobin, altho considerable iron is present in
the tissues of their bodies. It is stated that the corpuscles
in the blood of fresh-water mollusks are similar in structure
to the white corpuscles in the blood of man. It is to be as-
sumed that these two species of fresh-water mollusks also
contain in their blood a manganese globin which performs
a respiratory function in their metabolism. Their habitat
and method of locomotion is such as to make the respiration
of oxygen indirect and therefore requiring different and per-

50 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

haps a more efficient means for the transfer of oxygen than
would be the case if their blood contained hemoglobin.

It is also of interest to note that these mussels appar-
ently assimilate small amounts of copper and zinc from fresh
water which contains only very small amounts of these ele-
ments, and that they contain more than one hundred times
as much manganese as the clam, altho it appears that the
environment may have been more favorable tor manganese
assimilation in the case of the clam than in the case of the
fresh-water mussel.

The iron content of the clam is a little more than half
the iron content of the mussel, and the zinc content of the
clam is nearly twice that of the mussel.

The copper content of the clam is only a little more
than that of the mussel, altho the opportunity for copper
assimilation must have been much more favorable in the
case of the salt-water mollusk.

The results obtained on the sample of oysters are of
particular interest because of the relatively large amounts
of copper and zine contained in the bodies of this mollusk.
Zine exceeds copper nearly twenty times and copper exceeds
manganese by nearly five times. The blood of the oyster
is colorless, which indicates that very little, if any, either
of hemoglobin, which is red, or of hemocyanin, which is
blue, is present in the blood of the oyster. That copper does
function in the metabolism of the oyster there can be little
doubt, tho from the color of its blood it appears that copper
is in some other form of combination than as hemocyanin.

The fact that the oyster is richer in zinc than in any
other metals considered and that its blood is colorless indi-
cates that zinc probably plays a predominating role and cop-
per a role second only in importance to it in the metabolism
of this species of mollusk.

The analyses of separate parts of the oyster show that
the mantles and gills ete. are richer in the different metals

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 51

than are the digestive organs. This fact indicates that these
metals have been assimilated in the metabolism of the oys-
ter and are not accidental in their occurrence.

The results also show that two different species of salt-
water mollusks, the clam and the oyster, living under a
similar habitat, utilize the elements copper, iron, manganese
and zine in quite different proportions in their metabolism.

The lobster has long been regarded as the king among
blue bloods. However, judging from the amount of copper
found in the different portions of the lobster, it is apparent
that the oyster contains considerably more copper than the
lobster, neither is the blood of the oyster blue. The stomach
and thorax of the lobster appear to be richer in copper than
the other parts analyzed. It is quite probable that the liver
of the lobster is richer in copper than any other of its organs.
The edible portion or tail meat contains quite appreciable
amounts of both copper and zinc.

The crab contains appreciable amounts of copper and
considerable zinc. The soft-shelled crab contains perhaps
as much copper in its edible tissues as the lovster and con-
siderably more zinc. Since the shell was included in the
analysis of the crab it is quite probable that the edible meat
would give a larger figure for copper than that in this ana-
lysis.

The writer has shown that the leafy parts of plants
and the germs and pericarps of seeds contain small amounts
of the elements copper, manganese and zine and in highly
milled cereal products most of these elements are elimin-
ated in the bran and offal. Heretofore it has not been gen-
erally accepted that the small amounts of copper, manga-
nese and zinc known to occur in the higher forms of animal
life, including man, have any particular function to perform
in metabolism. However, recent investigations tend to show
that small amounts of these elements perhaps are essential
in the metabolism of higher animals, including man. It is
evident that the consumption of oysters, clams, lobsters and

52 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

crabs and other sea-foods will supply the minerals which
have been eliminated in the highly milled and demineralized
cereal products which form a very important part of our diet.

Summary and Conclusions

(1) Of the shellfish tested, manganese occurs in largest
amount in the fresh-water mollusks Unio and Anodonta and
is undoubtedly an essential factor in their metabolism. It
is to be assumed that the blood of these mollusks contains
a globin in which manganese performs a respiratory func-
tion similar to that of iron in hemoglobin of red blood and
of copper in hemocyanin of blue blood.

(2) Different species of mollusks living under a simi-
lar habitat apparently assimilate different proportions of
the elements copper, iron, Manganese and zinc.

(3) From the relatively large amounts of copper and
zinc found in the oyster it is reasonable to assume that each
of these elements performs a vital function.

(4) The samples of lobster and crab analyzed did not
contain as much copper and zinc as the oyster, a fact which
probably explains the more general use of the latter in the
diet.

(5) Further work is contemplated on the proportion
of copper, iron, manganese and zinc in vertebrates and in-
vertebrates.

Physiological Balance and Antagonism in Nutrient Solu-
tions for Wheat: Sam F. Trelease, Helen M. Trelease, and
Joseph Carmin, University of Louisville.

Studies have been made of growth in very young wheat
seedlings supplied with solutions containing one or more of
the salts, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium nitrate,
and magnesium sulfate. One of the principal aims of these
studies was to attempt to work out a method which would
allow some of the problems of the salt nutrition of plants

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 53

to be attacked in their very simplest form. Many of the in-
consistencies encountered in the study of experimental re-
sults with solution cultures are due unquestionably to the
extreme complexity of both the internal and the external
complexes of environmental conditions. A study of the
initial behavior of germinating seeds may be expected to
involve less complexity, within as well as outside the or-
ganism, than would be involved in a study of later phases
of growth. Notably the experiment period could be very
short in the experiments here briefly described, thus prac-
tically avoiding many of the alterations in organisms and
solution that increase with time. Also, the whole question
of photic environment was avoided, since such tests can be
carried out in darkness. It appears that this general type
of experimentation is very promising indeed and that really
reliable solution-culture results may be secured if attention
is confined to the first few days of seed germination.

In the first set of experiments, 387 different solutions
were tested, each with a total concentration of 0.06 gram-
molecule per liter. Besides 3 single-salt solutions, the series
included 9 two-salt solutions and 25 three-salt solutions.
The results are presented by means of triangular coordi-
nates. It was found that marked retardation of root elonga-
tion did not occur unless the volume-molecular concentra-
tion of at least one of the three salts constituted less than
about 15 per cent of the total volume-molecular concentra-
tion. The roots were not very sensitive to small differences
in salt proportions except when the partial concentration
of calcium nitrate in the solution was below about 5 per
cent of the total concentration. It is apparent from the
data that no three-salt solution of this type, with a total
concentration of 0.06 gram-molecule per liter, if tested with
these seeds and these non-solution conditions, would be apt
to give markedly more rapid root elongation than actually
was observed from either of the solutions: (1) 0.018]/
KH,PO,+ 0.03317 Ca(NO3)2.+0.009M MgSO,, or (2) 0.0331
KH2PO;,+0.0181/ Ca(NO3)2+ 0.009 MgSO.

54 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

In the second set of experiments, a study was made of
top and root elongation in very young wheat seedlings sup-
plied with single-salt solutions of potassium dihydrogen
phosphate, calcium nitrate and magnesium sulfate, ranging
in concentration from 0.0005 to 0.12C0j/. For roots, all
tested solutions were found to be toxic, in the sense that
root growth in salt solution is less rapid than in distilled
water. At the lowest concentration potassium dihydrogen
phosphate was most toxic for roots and the other two salts
were much less toxic, while at higher concentrations magne-
sium sulfate was most toxic, potassium dihydrogen phosphate
less toxic, and calcium nitrate least toxic. Lateral roots grew
more rapidly than principal roots in solutions of magnesium
sulfate; they grew less rapidly than principal roots in solu-
tions of calcium nitrate and in the lower concentrations of
potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The tips of the roots be-
came swollen in solutions of magnesium sulfate and hook-
shaped in those of potassium dihydrogen phosphate; branch
roots were developed in solutions of calcium nitrate. It
was noted that the variability of the seedlings was greater
in lower than in higher concentrations of the salts. For
tops, magnesium sulfate was distinctly toxic and calcium
nitrate slightly toxic in all tested concentrations, while
potassium dihydrogen phosphate accelerated growth, in com-
parison with that occurring in distilled waiter.

In the third set of experiments, several series of two-
salt solutions were tested. In each series one salt was held
at a constant concentration and the other salt was added in
concentrations ranging from 0.00051/ to 0.1200. The
growth rate in every two-salt solution was compared with
that in a simple solution of the first salt in the concentra-
tion in which it existed in the mixture and with that in a
simple solution of the second salt in the concentration in
which it existed in the mixture. Since every tested single-
salt solution was toxic for roots (in the sense that it retarded
growth more than did distilled water), antagonism was re-
garded as existing in a two-salt solution if the growth in

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 59

the latter was more rapid than in the more toxic single-salt
solution. By this criterion marked antagonism for root
growth was shown by two-salt solutions of magnesium sul-
fate and calcium nitrate and by solutions of potassium dihy-
drogen phosphate and calcium nitrate. In each case, solu-
tions were found which allowed es rapid growth as did dis-
tilled water. Two-salt solutions of potassium dihydrogen
phosphate and magnesium sulfate showed clear antagonism,
but the growth rate in these was less rapid than in the pre-
ceding cases. The growth responses of tops were very dif-
ferent from those of roots, but antagonism was indicated
for all three sets of two-salt solutions. The growth of
principal roots was different from that of lateral roots.

The Last Wild Pigeon in Kentuekys: by Lucien Beckner.

So much of our native flora and fauna are vanishing
that it behooves any of us who knows aught of it to put that
knowledge on record that the coming generations may have
an idea of what they were and the causes of their disappear-
ance to the end that in the future such calamities may be
avoided.

In my short life I have seen vanish from the north
American continent and its islands a number of interesting
species and from the state of Kentucky the bear, the panther,
the wolf, the otter, the deer, the beaver, the prairie chicken,
the wild pigeon, the swan, the crane, the ivory-billed wood-
pecker, and many others, and see approaching extinction
for the beautiful wood-duck, the ruffed grouse, the eagles,
end perhaps others of which I can not now think. History
records the passing cf the bison and wapiti or elk as we
called it, two of the noblest of creatures.

On or about the 20th of November, 1898, Mr. Seth 8.
Beckner, my brother, went dove hunting in a hemp field
south of Winchester, Kentucky, about three miles and, while
watching the limbs of a dead tree in which the doves were
wont to perch, shot what he at first thought was a dove but

56 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

which, when he picked it up and observed its size, he saw
at once was a wild pigeon. Delighted with having shot a
bird which he had not seen for many years he hastened
home and had it plucked and cooked as a surprise for his
sister-in-law, my wife, who was lying at home sick in bed.

After it was all done the realization of the mistake made
came over every one acquainted with the facts, and time
and again the feathers have been wished back on the bird
that was accidentally killed and thoughtlessly served as a
lunch, which might have graced the case of the richest
museum in the land. I have been induced to read this short
paper for the sole reason that I deem it proper that this bit
of pigeon history be preserved as it is possibly the last wild
pigeon to be killed in Kentucky and one, at least, of the last
to be seen alive anywhere.

The Mosses of Kentueky: G. D. Smith.

The author exhibited and explained about 50 excellent
colored lantern slides of mosses and liverworts which he
had made from specimens collected and photographed by
himself. Most of the specimens were in fruit. The local-
ities include Natural Bridge, Kentucky River region, Berea,
Rockecastle County, and other mountain districts. The
Species identified are:

Mosses

Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw.
Leucobryum commune.

Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.
Catharinea angustata, Brid.
Catharinea crispa, James.
Catharinea undulata, Web. & Mohr.
Dicranum flagellare, Hedw.
Climacium Americanum, Brid.
Climacium Kinbergi.

Hypnum imponens, Hedw.
Hypnum crista-castrensis, Linn.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 57

Hypnum Boscii, Schwaegr
Hypnum scoparium

Bryum roseum, Schreb.

Bryum caespiticium, Linn.

Webera sessilis, Lindb.

Povtia irunceata, Muern., 1. ¢.
Anomodon apiculatus, Bruch. & Schimp.
Ulota crispa, Brid.

Pogonia brevicaulum

Thuidium delicatulum, Lindb.
Thuidium abietinum, Sch.
Polytrichum commune, Linn.
Polytrichum Ohiense, Ren. & Card.
Thelia hirtella, Sulliv.

Funaria hygrometrica, Sibth.

Liverworts

Marchantia polymorpha, Linn.
Riccia natans, Linn.

Conocephalus conicus, Dumort.
Kantia trichomanis, S. F. Gray.

Farmer’s Earnings and Standard of Living in an Agri-
eultural Area in Northern Kentucky. _By W. D. Nicholls.

The investigation was carried on during the summer
of 1923 by the Department of Farm Economics of the Col-
lege of Agriculture of the University of Kentucky. The study
involves two phases. First, a farm business analysis and
second, an analysis of the cost of living of farm families.
Complete analyses were made of the business of 241 farms.
Complete data were secured on the cost of living on 360
farms. The office of Farm Life Studies of the U. S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture cooperated with the College of Agricul-
ture in the second phase of the study. The period covered
was the farm year 1922. The figures were obtained by per-
sonal visits to the farms. The so-called survey method was
used. The business analysis data were secured from the

a8 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

farm operators, the cost of living data in nearly all cases
from the housewives. The area included was principally
that part of Mason County within a radius of five miles from
Mayslick and in Fleming County mainly the territory on
the side of the county between Flemingsburg and the Mason
County line. Farms were taken as the investigators came
to them, the effort being made to have them representative
of the general average of farming and living conditions.
The area studied is a typical agricultural region and is one
of the oldest settled regions of the state. Productivity, pros-
perity and standards of living are considerably above the
average for the state. The region is one of diversified farm-
ing, the most important enterprises being the production
of burley tobacco, corn, wheat, hay, beef and dairy catile
and dairy products, hogs and sheep.

The purpose of the business analysis study was to bring
out the factors for profitable farm operation under post-war
conditions. A complete list of receipts and expenses, inven-
tories and net profits for each farm was obtained. The value
of the perquisites furnished by the farm, including meat,
dairy and garden products and poultry, was also secured in
each case. The figures obtained brought out the relative
profitableness of the farms studied. The records were diges-
ted and classified for the profitable and unprofitable farms
for such factors as size, crop yields, production of livestock,
price per pound of tobacco. The comparison gives a good
idea as to the most important factors for farming success in
the region.

The cost of living schedule shows the kind and quanti-
ties of food and other materials used by each family and
the cost of the various items.

The question of the cost of living on farms and the
value of the perquisites furnished by farms has a bearing on
a number of farm problems. One of these is the rate of
exodus of the farm population to the cities. Another is that
of programs and methods of extension work among farm-
ing people. The question has been raised from time to time

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING d9

whether farmers get a fair share of the social dividend. Any
attempt to form a judgment on this question must take into
account the returns which farmers receive from the farm
other than cash. The cost of living figures are also sug-
gestive to home makers of a more effective allotment of the
budget of expenditures. |

This gives a summary of the outstanding points brought
out in this study. A more detailed discussion will be given
in publications now in preparation (Ky. Agr. Exper. Station
Bul. 2538).

Table one shows a comparison of the factors on suc-
cessful farms with the average of 241 farms in the Mason
and Fleming area. A significant point is that these farmers
made an average return of $1029 as pay for their labor and
management. That figure represents their pay above 6 per
cent on their investment. An equally significant point is
that the best 15 farmers were able to make over three times
as much for their year’s work and management as the aver-
age farmer. A study of the table indicates why these 15
farms were more profitable than the average. The princi-
pal factors of superiority are: better crop yields (lines 11,
12, 13, 15); better returns per head of livestock (lines 16
and 17); better use of labor, as measured by productive day’s
work per man (line 18) and per horse (line 19); greater
volume of business, as measured by receipts per 100 acres
in the farm (line 8); and better control of expenses. Out
of each dollar taken in they spent 42c as against an aver-
age of 52c for all the farms. They produced a higher qual-
ity of tobacco as indicated by the price per pound.

Many classifications were made on various factors which
might exert a casual influence on profits.*

*Presented in detail in Bulletin 253, Ky. Agricultural Experiment
Station
wR cel .

60 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Table 1. Comparison of Factors on Successful Farms with Aver-

age Farms in Mason-Fleming Farming Area.

Average of Average Best

241 Farms 15 Farms
1. Net earnings for year’s work and .
MVAN ASSN Bo eee eee eee nee eee ee Gee $1029 $3205
Deepal al) OC OIC sete ee es os ee ee ate $478 $2494
Seen “Oval AcCkesein sammy 2.— sss Aish Sete Ree Ate 152 185
Aves otal. Capit alle ees oo 2 a re ee eee $17927 S23
Hat eACheS! IND ASGUT Cm s= 225.2 eel ee. eA 78.6 88
Gre otal tarinenSCeip tS 1s. -ese ee 53714 $7124
Te AbMoneeyl steheiony ep qavenistelsy) 2 $1941 $3038
8. Receipts per 100 acres in farm ._.........-. $2443 $3851
9. Expenses per 100 acres in farm _........... eS UAH CTE $1642
10. Hxpenses per $100 income ..2..2........-: $52 $42
1i.~. ¥Yield-of corn per ‘acre, “bushels ~.....-.-.- Dee 41.3
12. Yield of tobacco per acre, pounds .....--- 1094.1 1192.3
3. Yield of wheat per acre, bushels ........ nee! 15.4
4s - Yaeld “or *heay: pervacres tons’ 23-225... 1.4 ICS}
15. Yield of all crops (Community aver-
aAVieragceh MOOV Pe reCent)) sae eae 100% 105%
16. Returns per productive livestock unit.... $52.86 $76.03
17. Returns per $100 feed fed .|..-..-..........- $95.12 $151.19
18. Productive day’s work per man .......... 203.26 2 5:O20m:
19. Productive day’s work per horse ........ 47.02 56.21
202 “Price per lb. forstobacco 2 = PASO 28e

*Includes value of products farm furnished
er Rhea meee ene ie ee ee eee Seow $422

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62 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Table 3. Distribution of Average Expenditures Among Different

Groups of Items. 360 Farm Families

Owner Tenant All
Families Families Families

(229) (131) (360)
Per cent Per cent Per cent
EHO © Cigtss St a ole Shi tc net an ate Mee 34.5 43.3 S70
GUO thins - <2: oe ae Ne 14.6 50 AT,
TEU GTC econ eee a eee sete Nee ee ae 14.4 10.9 13.4
EMUGNISHING Ss, Seek ee ee 1.9 mill 2.0
Operating expense -...---.--.-.--.----..-.-.---: 14.8 basal 14.0
Maintenance of health ~.__.................... 3.0 3.5 2.9
INGIVAINCCMUGTIG eases sseseee nesses ee ate Gert 2.9 5.6
IETS OMAN © seen sccm eee eet eae ene ae Peal 1.8 2.0
SAVANE See eee eee hee ee ee le ae 7.6 8.0 ert
WmiclaSSiNie Gh” 2 Ace sees See eee 4 4 4

Table 2 for the cost of living phase of the study shows
the average expenditures covering a period of one year for
the various items, both those furnished by the farm and
those purchased. The families were sorted on the basis of
owner families and tenant families. Table 3 shows the per-
centage which each class of expenditure is of the total ex-
penditures. These figures are given more in detail in a
preliminary report which has been prepared in mimeo-
graphed form, copies of which are available upon request.

The study showed that the largest single item of ex-
penditure was that for food, this amounting to nearly 2-5
of the total expenditures. Of this the farm furnished about
70%. The average cost of clothing per family was $237.20.

The figure used for the item of rental was 10 % of the
estimated value of the dwelling house. This figure was in-
tended to cover interest, taxes, insurance, repairs and de-
preciation. The average value of owner’s dwellings was
$2505; of tenant’s $1404.

Eleven and three-tenths per cent of the houses had
running water, 151-2 per cent gas or electric lights, 9.4 per
cent had furnaces or other central heating plants. Seven
and two-tenths per cent had bathrooms.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 63

One and one-tenth per cent of the homes had power
washer or power vacuum cleaners, 14 per cent had hand
vacuum cleaners. Windows and doors of 69.2 per cent of
the homes were fully screened; 25.8 per cent partially
screened. Only 5 per cent were entirely without screening.
Pianos were in 25.3 per cent of the homes, and phonographs
in 38.3 per cent.

Summary

There is a marked difference in the economic efficiency
of farms and their operators. The reasons for these dif-
ferences are to a considerable extent determinable by an
economic analysis. The factors which are most influential
in determining profits in the farming area studied are:

Better crop yield per acre.

Better returns per head of livestock.

A larger volume of sales per 100 acres operated.

Greater efficiency in performing the farm work.

A more adequate control of expenses in relation to
receipts.

A higher quality of tobacco.

In general the farms which were strong in all ora
majority of these factors were profitable. The significance
of this analysis is that it serves as a diagnosis and points
out the phases of the farm business which must be improved
in order to make the business profitable. The cost of liv-
ing data indicate the distribution and proportioning of the
various cost items, and can be made useful by farm families
in improving the effectiveness of the expenditure of the
yearly budget and in suggesting ways of reducing the cost
of living without loss to the standard of comfort and well-
being of the family. One point suggested is raising more
and purchasing less of the foods used by the family.

64 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Laboratory Apparatus for the Dehydration of Aleohol
Vapors by Means of the Mariller System. C. S. Yueh and
C. C. Kiplinger, Mt. Union College, Alliance, O.*

Apparatus is described wherewith alcholic vapors can
be almost completely dehydrated with a single distillation,
using glycerol as the dehydrating agent. This is an adap-
tation to laboratory use of an industrial method described
in Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 18, p 375, February, 1924. A 3-
liter pyrex boiling flask is used, from which the vapor passes
into the lower end of a fractionating column (size not
stated) made of the jacket of a Liebig condenser, filled with
fragments of porcelain, with a 2-inch layer of glass beads
on top. During the distillation glycerol is allowed to drop
into the top of the column and flow away thru a U-shaped
trap at the bottom. In several experiments, a 75 % alcohol
yielded 98% by one distillation. Addition of anhydrous
Cu SO, or NasCO;3 to the glycerol had no appreciable effect.
See also Chemical Abstracts, Vol. 18, p 769, March, 1924, in
which a similar process is described, using quicklime.

The Harvard Summer School of Geology at Cumberland
Gap, 1875. By Malcolm H. Crump.

The writer, after leaving the V. M. I, Lexington, Va.,
July 4th, 1873, began work with the engineer corps of the
Lexington Branch of the B. & O. R.-R. and there remained
until the panic of December of that year when 150 engineers
were thrown out of employment at one feli Swoop. Work
was immediately begun in the chemical and engineering
department of the V. M. I. and continued till St. Patrick’s
day, 1874, when Hopkinsville, Ky., was first sighted by him
as the commandant of a military school where his first ser-
geant is charged later with being the leader and organizer
of the night-riders who did so much for the greatly improved
price of tobacco. The 2nd July, 1875, found him at Morris-

*The complete paper, with drawing, is to be published in the Chemi-
cal Age.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 65

town, Tenn., with some twenty or more of the most helpless
members of the genus homo that it had ever been his mis-
fortune to meet. They haled chiefly from Harvard, Boston,
Cape Cod, etc. They had reached this point via steamer to
Norfolk, then by rail to Morristown with The Harvard Sum-
mer School at Cumberland Gap, 50 miles away, reached only
by foot and a weekly mail.

At the suggestion of a gentleman from Virginia, Capt.
Kable, the only man from the South save the writer, a move
was made about 2 P. M. toward the Gap, with an ambulance
for the baggage and the extra aged men of whom there
were several. A distance of some ten miles was made by
wading the Holston and Clinch rivers, and we camped for
the night in the very commodious quarters of Bean Station,
which was occupied by a small family with absolutely no
facilities for taking care of such a crowd. No supper could
be had at the hour of our arrival, nearly nine o’clock, but
soon there was a great disturbance and the owner appealed
to Kable and myself to know what sort of a crowd we had
brought upon him. They had cleaned up his pantry and
apparently attempted, as he thought, to invade the sanctity
of the bedroom of his family. We soon pacified him and
had them in bed or possibly on the floor, for there was not
sufficient bedding.

The next morning, after our ambulance had deserted
us, we succeeded in securing a light two-horse covered wag-
on for the light baggage and the aged and struck out for
another day’s march. The second night we landed at Mr.
Patterson’s in sight of the Pinnacle but some five miles or
more from our destination. Here the same trouble occurred
as on the previous night—utterly impossible to have these
people understand the difference between the home of a
private gentleman and a hotel, for they thought that since
they paid they should demand what they wanted, especially
at the table; whereupon Mr. Patterson became enraged at
supposed indignities to his daughters who acted as wait-
resses at the table. His wrath was finally appeased, break-

66 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

fast was eaten and we reached the Camp in Bell County,
Ky., at the Harlan C. H. road some mile or more from Cum-
berland Gap and at the foot of the Pinnacle about 10 A. M.
The first person the writer met was a gentleman of most
charming personality, Mr. Lucien Carr, Archeologist of the
party. It was next to impossible for such a personage to
have descended from the Mayflower gang, and so he was
told, but in reply stated that he lived in Cambridge, Mass.,
tho later admitted he was born in Kentucky and raised in
Missouri where he died within the last few years. I saw
much of him and was more and more pleased as time went
on.

The officers of the Camp were Nathaniel Southgate
Shaler, of Harvard, b. in Newport, Ky. (with his charming
wife, nee Page of Virginia). A. R. Crandall, of New York,
P. N. Moore, St. Louis, C. J. Norwood, Missouri, J. H. Tal-
butt, Chemist, Lexington, Ky., John R. Procter, Maysville,
Ky., Chief of the Camp, and Mr. Lucien Carr, Archeologist.

The Camp followers were:

Col. Gordon McKay, the millionaire shoe-maker of the
McKay stitch notoriety, James Mullen, Lexington, Ky., the
photographer, Col. W. C. P. Breckinridge and family, con-
sisting of his wife, her sister, Miss Desha, and Mrs. Desha,
Mrs. Pickett and daughter, Miss Annie Kinkead and Miss
Ella Breckinridge, together with Shaler’s very attractive ten
year old daughter whom I first noticed with a beautiful little
harmless grass green snake about her neck. The first named
men were all members of the Kentucky Geological Survey
which was reorganized in 1873.

The roll of students follows:

1. Col. W. H. Adney, aged 40, grad. Ohio Univ., teach-
ing Wash-Jeff. College, Washington, Pa. Married.

2. W. F. Barclay—22, Bethel College, Ky., of W. & L.
_Univ., teaching in Russellville, Ky. Unmarried.

3. Jno. Bryan—23, Mo. State Normal. Unmar. Car-
thage, Mo.

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 67

4, KH. R. Benton—23, Harvard Col. Unmar. Brook-
line, Mass.

bo MH. Crump—25, V. M. ‘I, luex. Va. Unmar. Mil.
School, Hopkinsville, Ky.

6. J. A. Cooper—40, Yale. Prin. Nor. School, Edinboro,
Pa.

7. Wm. M. Davis—25, Harvard, Bookkeeper. Unmar.
Philadelphia, Pa.

8. J. 58. Diller—25, Westfield Normal. Unmar. In Nor-
mal School, Westfield, Mass.

9. Geo. H. Eldridge—20, Harvard. Studying surgery.
mar. Cambridge, Mass.

10. J. W. Fewkes—23, Harvard. Studying zoology. Un-
mar. Cambridge, Mass.

11. 8S. S. Green—28, Univ. Mich. Teaching Swarthmore.
Unmar. Swarthmore, Pa.

12. A. E. Gibbs—40, Grad. Westfield Nor. Mar. Prin.
high school, Westfield, Mass.

13. Eben Hunt—29, Dartmouth. Unmar. Teacher Pa.
Mil. Academy, Chester, Pa.

14. J. B. Harper—20, Purdue. Unmar. Student. In-
dianapolis.

15. E. H. Hartwell—25, Harvard. Boston, Mass.

16. B. F. Jackson—25, Harvard. Student. Unmar. Bos-
ton, Mass.

17. Wm. H. Kable—35, Univ. Va. Teacher. Charles-
town, W. Va.

18. W. M. Linney—40, Grad. of no school. Shoemaker.
Mar. Perryville, Ky.

19. W. LaMonte—41, Union Col. Teacher. Central Nor.
Mat: oN. Yo State.

20. Jno. Alva Myers—22, Bethany. Teacher. Unmar.
West Liberty, W. Va.

21. H. A. Mertz—28, Bethany. T. Public school. Mar.
Wheeling, W. Va.

22. Jno. Murdock—23, Harvard. Student Nat. Hist. Un-
mar. Cambridge, Mass.

68 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

23.. G. H. Phelps—28, Cornell. O. Wesley Univ. Teacher.
Unmar. Waukesha, Wis.

24. Richard Parsons—28, Ill. Univ. Teacher. Mar.
Plymouth, Ohio.

25. H. 8S. Reynolds—25, [1]. Univ. Mar. Urbana, III.

26. H. H. Straight—29, Oberlin. Teacher. Mar. Os-
wego, N. Y.

27. A. J. Steele—27, Wis. Nor. Mar. Memphis, Tenn.

28. S. F. Stratton—35, Wheaton Coll. Ill. Teacher. Mar.
Wheaton, II].

29. J. HE. Todd—29, Oberlin. Teacher. ‘Tabor Col? Un=
mar. Tabor, Iowa.

30. W. L. Titus—22, Unmar. So. Amesbury, Mass.

31. R. H. Wildherber—23, Ky. Mil. Inst. Commandant
K. M. I. Unmar. Farmdale, Ky.

Of this number only Barclay, Kable, Linney, Wildberger
and Crump were from the Sunny South, this side of Mason
& Dixon’s line and South of the Ohio. We made a close
corporation—were a band of real brothers, so unlike in al-
most every way, in manners, customs, habit of thought, mode
of dress—few if any of this set wore such essential under-
garments as necessary drawers (B. V. D.’s and union suits
unknown) for sanitary purposes, if nothing else, were un-
known—never saw a pair among them.

Within a week after our arrival it was noised around
that a rather noted fisherman would be with us soon, so
one morning aS we were about to take our seats for break-
fast under the dining tent, there appeared on the horizon
about the queerest looking duck seen to that time, among
the many rather unusual members of our gang. He was
bare-footed, with a foot as flat as a flounder and big as a
barn door. His excuse for a shirt was decidedly decollete,
a ten-cent straw hat, gone to seed, trowsers much abbre-
viated and of no describable color. He had walked from
Lancaster, Ky., some 75 miles, there being no near rail-:
road point on the Kentucky side of the Cumberland range.
He was about the most dilapidated looking individual pos-

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 69

sible, rivaling the mountaineers in general appearance. This
was the personage destined to become that rather noted
David Starr Jordan, long time President of Stanford Univer-
sity, who has recently blown his own horn to the extent
of some two voluminous volumes concerning deeds and
doings, for which he expects the fabulous sum of $10 or $15
each. He is now the supreme authority on American Fish
if not of the world. I have seen him but once since and
think it quite improbable that he was convinced that we met
at Cumberland Gap in 1875.

There were three large tents, one for sleeping, occupied
by many cots, earth floor; dining tent capable of seating
the entire crowd; then on an elevated point the lecture
tent, with paper black-boards, etc., where Shaler held forth
in his incomparable manner, probably the most learned and
lucid speaker I have ever heard. The day after our arrival
we were taken down the mountainside, thru the Gap from
the upper coal measures to the Lower Silurian, now the
Ordovician, each armed with a notebook (from which this
information comes) and pencil, with instructions to note
everything of interest seen. I was among the first called on
but my notes were very limited and so were they all. Shaler,
sitting on a pile of black Devonian shale, where the natives
had dug a deep shaft for coal, told what he had seen on
his way to that point. My eyes were opened wide and when
the scales fell therefrom, I was thoroly convinced that abso-
lutely nothing was known of geology by me. His daily
method was to send parties of four or five, under the con-
trol, usually, of some member of the Kentucky Geological
Survey, to some distant point, to come back with a section
of the territory which was later drawn on the boards of the
lecture tent where he explained and discoursed upon them.
The writer, with a pack mule, Myers, Mertz and Wildberger,
made the section from the Gap to Morristown, paced the
‘distance and put in the geology. Many other trips were
made, such as up Shillalah Creek, over on Straight Creek
where the coal was seen, over which the fighting is now

70 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

going on; Yellow Creek, Pineville, etc. Later all the moun-
tains and peaks were climbed, in that vicinity.

When the_ school dispersed, Barclay, Wildberger,
Straight and myself joined Mr. Kerr, State Geologist of
North Carolina, at the North Carolina line and spent the
first night at Warm Springs, where we met Mrs. Stonewall
Jackson and her 14 year old daughter, Julia. The next
night we stopped with Gen. Vance, brother of Governor Zeb
Vance. Here we had a little experience with Straight, who
had the unfortunate habit of removing his shoes and socks
very soon after entering a house at night. On this occa-
sion we had rather pleaded with him to keep them on as
it was not the custom among gentlemen with homes of re-
finement and culture, but within half an hour Straight was
seen to he stealthily removing both his shoes and socks.
The attention of Gen. Vance, to whom it was very con-
spicuous, was called to the fact that Straight was a speci-
men from the wilds of New York State where probably this
eustom prevailed, and not of us.

The General lived only five miles from Asheville, which
we reached in the early morning and where we remained
sufficiently long to meet some of the very interesting citi-
zens, among them Gen. Clingman after whom the peak of
that name was called, which he claimed was a few feet
higher than Mt. Mitchell. In settling the matter against
Clingman, Dr. Mitchell lost his life by falling over a cliff
at night. About 11 A. M. we started up the beautiful Swann-
anoah and spent the night in a small cabin which contained
the Post Office known as Grey Eagle. We were up before
daybreak next morning and in less than half an hour had
a beautiful string of a dozen or more speckled trout—I have
never seen the like since—which were in the frying pan
before they ceased to kick and made us a breakfast equal if
not superior to anything of the kind I have had before or
since. It was 11 miles to the top of Mt. Mitchell, 6711 feet
above the sea—the highest point east of the Rockies. This
we reached about dark in a heavy rain, but fortunately a

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 71

dozen or more cattle herders were there with a fire which:
was kept burning during the night. The next morning the
sun came up over and above the clouds producing a scene
which cannot be adequately described. Here our guide left .
us with instructions not to fail to keep to the almost worn- |
out blazes on the trees. Only two of us were left—Straight
and Wildberger returned with the guide—leaving Barclay
and myself alone. Wildberger was sick with what turned
out to be a very long and dangerous attack of typhoid fever,
while Straight was compelled to return for some cause per-
sonal to himself. Within an hour after the departure of
the guide Barclay and I found ourselves lost—no trace of a
blaze. More than an hour was spent in a most bewildered
manner but when a marked tree was again found it was
never left until another was sighted. Thus we were all day
descending without seeing any sign of a human being till
near the foot of the mountain when a 6 foot mountaineer
suddenly appeared, who proved to be Big Tom Wilson, whose
skill and mountain lore discovered the body of Dr. Mitchell
in a ten foot pool of water at the foot of a very steep bluff
ever which the doctor had fallen. We had a late dinner
with him and after passing Bakersville, Burnsville, and
erossing Roan Mountain, we found ourselves at nightfall
near a small cottage with a dirt floor occupied by a widow
and sons. Here Barclay and I had supper, lodging and
breakfast for 25 cents. On counting cur cash we found ten
eents to make the trip of 40 miles to Jchnson City, on the
railroad, at which point our valises and money to take us
home were expected to be found. The cause of financial
depletion was occasioned by the fact that our money was
used to secure transportation for our sick friend Wildberger
to the nearest railroad. We moved on toward Johnson City
via Elizabethton, where Andrew Johnson was born, till
about 2 P. M. when hunger began to gnaw. Passing a very
nice farm house I went in to find the lady proprietor on the
front porch. When she was made to understand that there
was only a dime between us to be expended in as much but-

72 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

termilk and corn bread as that sum would buy, she smiled,
asked me to be seated and call in my friend who was in the
road some 100 yards away. She soon returned and ushered
us in to a dinner second to none I have had, which she said
was prepared for a couple of visiting fishermen who had
failed to appear. This we greatly enjoyed and we kept our
last dime which she declined to relieve us of. We reached
Johnson City in time for the train and to find that Barclay’s
money had come and been returned. I happened to have
enough to land us in Nashville where we broke our fast at
the Maxwell, and still owe five cents on that meal. We were
yet 75 miles from home without a cent. We went out to
find someone with whom we could negotiate a loan. As
we neared the door of the Maxwell House I ran into an old
V. M. I. friend from Little Rock but soon discovered he had
been there a week without a dollar and was trying to locate
his mother—no chance there. Hence on I went after my
old friend S. Shelby Barrow whom I knew was connected
with a bank. He was readily found and my conversation
was gradually leading up to the momentous affair of secur-
ing this very important loan when, looking down the street
I saw in the distance Barclay driving up in a buggy. He
had found Overton Lee, a Washington & Lee University man,
from whom he had secured $20. and his buggy in which he
had driven to the city, living as he did a few miles beyond
the limits. With the buggy we drove over the city, called
on Dr. Safford, the State Geologist of Tennessee, who had
visited us at the Gap, met his beautiful young daughter who
was on the point of fleeing when she beheld two tramps at
the front door, but the doctor recognized our voices, came
to our rescue with a formal introduction, which gave us the
pleasure of meeting her for an hour or more. Later re
caught our train—I went to Hopkinsville and Barclay to
Russellville, and thus ended a summer of some 400 miles
of travel on foot. The summer of 1876 was spent at the
Philadelphia Centennial and later I took the summer course
in law at the University of Virginia under that most charm-

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 73

ing of lecturers, John B. Minor. The summer of 1878 I was
again with Shaler from Columbus on the Mississippi to
Pound Gap. In 1875 or 76 I became a member of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of Science at its Nash-
ville meeting, whence, after a buffet lunch with Mrs. Jas.
K. Polk, I came to Bowling Green and here I am still.

Glacial Pebbles in Eastern Kentucky,* W. R. Jillson.

Within the last year (1928-24) the discovery of erratic
pebbles of apparent glacial origin widely distributed thru-
out northeastern Kentucky has provided the first concrete
evidence in support of an hypothesis of Pleistocene glacial
ponding in a part of Kentucky heretofore thought to be
without glacial characteristic. The occurrence of old ele-
vated stream channels along the Ohio, notably at Hunting-
ton, West Virginia; Ashland, Kentucky; Ironton, Wheelers-
burg, and Portsmouth, Ohio, has been known for some time,
having been described by Leverett (1) and Tight (*). These
abandoned channels occur at elevations ranging from 680
feet to 690 feet above sea level. While they contain gravels
chiefly composed of quartzite and chert of stream origin,
_ possibly more remotely glacial, these are not to be con-
fused with the pebbles which are now being found in re-
mote parts of Eastern Kentucky at much higher elevations.

In the course of non-glacial field work geologists on
the Kentucky Geological Survey, including the writer, have
found 18 pebbles varying in size from a few ounces to 13
pounds, consisting principally of quartzites, but with an oc-
casional granite, gneiss or other crystalline or metamorphic
rock. These pebbles range in elevation from 720 feet on the
Big Sandy River to 850 feet on the North Fork of the Lick-
ing River, and have been found in Lawrence, Elliott, Lewis,
Morgan, Carter and Boyd Counties. Field evidence indi-
cates that similar pebbles may also be found at similar ele-

(1) Monograph XLI., U. S. G. S., p. 106. 1902.
(2) Prof. Paper No. 13, U. S. G. S., Plate XV2. 1903.
*Science, Aug. 1, 1924 (Vol. LX. No. 1544) p. 101-2.

74 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

vations in parts of Menifee, Greenup, and Rowan Counties,
tho the last is not a certainty. The drainage systems in-
volved in these discoveries include the Big Sandy River,
Little Sandy River and Tygarts Creek, and the North and
Elk Forks of the Licking River.

Based on evidence now in hand which will be supple-
mented this year by further investigations, the following
hypothesis is advanced:

The general accordance of elevations of these pebbles,
coupled with their certain extraneous origin and decidedly
glacial characteristic suggests their invasion into Kentucky
by means of floating ice. It is held that they probably rep-
resent a complex assortment derived from both river and
glacial front sources during the period of readjustment of
the northward flowing drainage of this portion of the Cum-
berland plateau, while cols were being degraded to form the
present course of the Ohio River at points just above (1)
Ironton, (2) Portsmouth, and (3) Manchester, Ohio, and
possibly just above Cincinnati. It is thought that the higher
and more remote pebbles (800 to 859 feet) represent inva-
sions by floating ice at the time of the first cutting of the
Manchester col which may have been originally about 850
or 900 feet. Ridges in the vicinity of Manchester now show
elevations ranging up to 1000 feet above sea level. Pebbles
occurring in Kentucky at points near to the major drainage
at elevations ranging from 720 to 750 feet are taken to rep-
resent subsequent ponding during the latter cutting of the
Manchester col, and possibly those at Ironton, Portsmouth,
and Cincinnati. Ridge elevations at Ironton now range be-
tween 800 and 850 feet; at Portsmouth between 900 and 950
feet; and at Cincinnati (Dayton, Ky.—Walnut Hills, Ohio)
between 850 and 860 feet.

The section involved in this ponding in Eastern Ken-
tucky has not been topographically mapped except in part.
Barometric elevations run thruout this section indicate that
the highest ridges range from 1000 to 1200 feet. At the

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING 7d

highest level of ponding, ridge topography in this section
would have appeared insular, the region resembling some-
what the Thousand Island region of the St. Lawrence. A
study of the elevations of these pebbles, their position and
the gradient of some high-level fluviatile gravels and ter-
races may possibly bring out the fact of uplift in the south-
western part of the section, subsequent to the Pleistocene.
The period of ponding at an elevation of 850 feet appears
to have been short as terraces apparently were not widely
developed. There is no evidence now in hand to prove the
extension of glacial ice lobes into this part of the State.
Stratified drift is absent and ridge topography does not show
a general beveling. Ponding in northeastern Kentucky at
this time very possibly covered an area of about 2000 square
miles.

The occurrence of pebbles at high levels on that part
of the drainage of the Licking River which adjoins the Lit-
tle Sandy River may mean (1) that these ponded glacial
waters flowed over one or more low divides in this interior
part of Kentucky, and (2) that these southern cols were in
direct competition for a time at least with those which were
removed at such northern points as Manchester and else-
where. To accept this theory the assumption of regional
uplift in Morgan County and vicinity during and subsequent
to the Pleistocene becomes a necessity. Yet this assumption
would seem to be far more plausible than (1) a high dam-
ming of the Licking River, and (2) glacial ice floating south-
eastward along the serpentine course of the Licking over
100 miles to the Elliott County line.

If the Morgan-Elliott County passes thus brought into
prominence were indeed temporary debouchures for im-
pounded glacial waters, to the superior hardness of the lower
Pottsville clastics of this region and some coincident reg-
ional uplift may be ascribed the present course of the Ohio
River bordering northeastern Kentucky. Had the Coal
Measure sediments of Morgan and Elliott Counties less
competently met the erosive action of surging glacial waters

76 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the course of the then formative Ohio River would undoub-
tedly have been directed up the valley of the Little Sandy
River and down the Licking River. Such a hypothetical
change in the pattern of the Ohio River would have (1) re-
duced the area of Kentucky by 2,500 square miles, (2) placed
Lexington the heart of the Bluegrass Region within 35
miles of the Ohio, and (8) profoundly altered the history
and economics of the entire lower Ohio valley.

Unit Characters in Poultry. W. S. Anderson and J.
Holmes Martin.

Reciprocal crosses of White Silkies and Black Cochin
Bantams were made. The strawberry comb, crest and black
skin color of the silky are dominant to the single comb, ab-
sence of crest and yellow skin of the Cochin. The black
feather color and normal form of feather of the Cochin are
dominant to the white feather color and silky form of feather
of the Silky. Out of 22 hybrids 16 had the fifth toe of the
Silky indicating that the Silky is heterozygous in respect
to the presence of the fifth (extra) toe.

Reciprocal crosses of Buff Orpingtons and White Leg-
horns were made. The white color of skin, beak and shanks
of the Orpington is dominant to the yellow color of skin,
beak and shanks of the Leghorn. The white color of egg
shell of the Leghorn is recessive to the brown tint of egg
shell in the Orpington. The mode of inheritance in plum-
age and ear lobe color is more like blending or particulate
inheritance. Black was present in the shanks of 19 out of
the 22 female hybrids. Of the 26 male hybrids only one
showed a slight tint of black in the shanks. This is an
example of sex limited inheritance in which the black is
limited to the females. It also holds true in the F* genera-
tion.

Reciprocal crosses of White Plymouth Rocks and Black
Minorcas were made. The rose comb, white skin and black
plumage color of the Minorca are dominant to the single

ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING {66

comb, yellow skin color and white plumage of the Plymouth
Rock. The mode of inheritance of ear lobe color is in the
nature of blending or particulate inheritance.

Davenport, after crossing Silkies with Frizzles, found
that the black skin color of the Silky was dominant to the
white skin color of the Frizzle. The authors find that the
white skin color of the Minorca is dominant to the yellow
skin color of the Plymouth Rock. This presents an example
of white skin color within one family of fowls being domin-
ant to yellow and recessive to black. Davenport, in cross-
ing Black Minorcas with White Leghorns, secured only white
feathered hybrids. The authors, in crossing Black Minorcas
with White Plymonth Rocks, secured no white feathered
hybrids. Here we have the interesting case of black feather
eolor in the Minorca proving recessive to Leghorn white
and dominant to Plymouth Rock white. In the Leghorn we
have a dominant white feather color and in the Plymouth
Rock a recessive white. That the Plymouth Rock white
should be recessive is perhaps explained by its origin, since
the original fowls of this breed were white sports from the
Barred Plymouth Rock variety.

Geology of the Carter Caves. W. R. Jillson.

These caves, situated in a forested, hilly plateau region
on Cave Branch of Tygarts Creek, 10 miles N. E. of Gray-
son, are the most important in Eastern Kentucky. They
are in the Gasper and St. Genevieve (Mammoth Cave) lime-
stones of the lower part of the subcarboniferous limestones.
Much of the limestone is very porous and the usual fracture,
joint and bedding planes have favored the entrance of meteo-
ric water, thus bringing about the excavation of these caves.
The thick, nonsoluble Logan formation beneath the lime-
stone beds forms a flow bed for the subterranean water.
The paper is published in full as Chapter III, p. 23, in the
volume “Kentucky State Parks’, Ky. Geological Survey,
Frankfort, 1924.

78 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Influence of Season of Calving on Milk and Butter Pro-
duction of Cows. J. J. Hooper.

Records of official tests of eighty-eight cows were used
in this study, 22 calving during each season of the year.
The relative yields of milk and butterfat from these cows,
over the course of a year, were as follows, taking the yields
of the winter-fresh cows as 100 per cent:

Yield of
Frosh Milk Kat
WALT Tee ee Seek oe he eo ae 100% 100%
ENED Meat tie pee sais ae Se ers aa 94 99
PND TST es ae A le a cts tee 92 88
SUMMON see eee ee eee 81 85

The winter-fresh cows yielded 23 per cent more milk
and 18 per cent more fat than those calving in summer.
The production of the cows freshening in spring and fall
was intermediate between these extremes.

A review of the test reports shows that 30 per cent of
the cows freshened in spring, 29 per cent in summer, 26
per cent in fall and 21 per cent in winter. Considering the
fact that the fall and winter-fresh cows produce more milk
and butterfat, and produce it at a time when milk and fat
are more valuable, it is unfortunate that more cows are not
bred so as to freshen in the fall and winter. See Ky. Ex-
periment Station Bulletin 248, pp 79-85.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 79

MINUTES OF THE TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING

The meeting was called to order by President McAllister,
at 9:25 A. M., in room 108, Science Building, University of
Kentucky, May 15, 1925. About 30 members present.

The Secretary’s report was read in outline by Dr. Peter.
Upon motion, it was adopted unanimously.

The Treasurer’s report was read by Prof. Anderson
showing total receipts of $410.84, including balance from last
year, and expenditures of $296.87, leaving a balance of
$113.95 in the treasury. Two instalments on the printing of
the Transactions are included in the expenditures. Upon
motion of Dr. Middleton the report was referred to the audit-
ing committee.

President McAllister called upon Dr. Jillson to explain
the matter of the Academy medal. Dr. Jillson stated that it
was the sense of the Council that it would be a good thing
if this Academy could award frequently an Academy medal
for first excellence in scientific investigation, based on some
paper presented before our annual meeting, and that he
had been appointed a committee of one to see what could
be done towards securing funds for the endowment of such
a medal. The assistance has been secured of a citizen of
this State who will give the money necessary to endow such
a medal but who wishes to remain anonymous. The medal
will be known as the Kentucky Academy of Science Medal
and can be awarded every other year following presenta-
tion of papers before our Academy by members of the
Academy and of a subject relative to Kentucky. Rules should
be established governing the award. If an arrangement
agreeable to both parties is reached this gentleman will set
the money aside to the credit of our treasurer, during the
course of this year, and the funds will be deposited in some
Lexington Bank to the credit of the Kentucky Academy of
Science and unavailable for any other use. The awarding
of such a medal by our Academy probably would do much to
improve the character of our programs, increase the attend-

80 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ance at our annual meetings and advance the development
of scientific investigation in Kentucky. This is a matter
which should be decided by the Academy itself. It is not
the desire of the council or of its committee of one to foist
this presentation upon the Academy without its approval.
If the Academy accept, it will result in an unusual distinc-
tion being given to some member every two years.

Dr. Buckner moved that the Academy accept this gift,
that it be written into the minutes of this meeting and that
a letter be written to the donor expressing the thanks and
gratitude of the Academy. Also that the Academy thanks
Dr. Jillson for his efforts in bringing about the establish-
ment of this award of merit which will add much to the
interest in the work of this Academy.

The motion was seconded and adopted unanimously.

Dr. Jillson explained that the medal will be of gold and
bear a suitable inscription and emblem. It is not the inten-
tion of the donor that the award be in the nature of a money
prize.

Dr. Boyd moved that the matter be placed in the hands
of the Council, in cooperation with Dr. Jillson, to work out
the details of the award.

Dr. Boyd’s motion was seconded by Dr. McHargue and
adopted unanimously.

The report of the Committee on Membership was read
by Prof. Burroughs. Upon motion of Dr. Jillson the report
was adopted by unanimous vote and the Secretary was
directed to cast one ballot for the election of all the nom-
inees. Accordingly, the following persons were unanimously
elected to active membership:

Mr. Roth Janes, Louisville Testing Laboratory, Louisville.

Mr. Henry Clay Barbour, 101 W. Chestnut St., Louisville.

Mr. W. F. Hamilton, 101 W. Chestnut St., Louisville.

Dr. H. O. Calvery, Dept. Chemistry, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.

Dr. H. Jensen, Dept. Chemistry, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville.

Prof. F. M. Shipman, Dept. Chemistry, Univ. of Louisville, Louis

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 81

Mr. Chas. Wilson Logan, Levelman for Survey, Frankfort.

Mr. Silas T. Wilson, Civil Eng. on Survey, Frankfort.

Miss C. B. McNamara, Secy. to Dr. Jillson, Frankfort.

Miss H. M. Scott, Chief Clerk, Survey Office, Frankfort.

Dr. Homer E. Cooper, Richmond, Ky.

Dr. Clara Chassell Cooper (Mrs. H. E. Cooper), Richmond, Ky:

Mr. E. M. Johnson, Experiment Station, Lexington.

Mr. Lewis C. Robinson, Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.

Mr. Hugh Tanner, Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Ky., Lexington.

Dr. E. M. Wilcox, Ph. D. Dept. Biology, Transylvania College.
Lexington.

Prof. J. M. Saunders, Dept. Chemistry, Transylvania College, Lex-
ington.

Dr. George F. Weida, Centre College, Danville.

Dr. William J. Hutchins, Pres. Berea College, Berea.

Prof. Waldemar Noll, Prof. of Physics, Berea College, Berea.

Prof. John Milton Guilliams, Prof. in Mathematics, Berea College,
Berea.

Prof. Luther M. Ambrose, Assoc. Prof. Science, Berea College,
Berea.

Prof. Chas. C. Graham, Instr. General Science, Berea College,
Berea.

Dean Charles D. Lewis, Normal School, Morehead.

Miss Effie King, State Normal School, Morehead.

Prof. Clarence Nickell, State Normal School, Morehead.

Prof. Henry Haggan, State Normal School, Morehead.

Prof. Wm. Jesse Baird, Jr. High School, Berea College, Berea.

Prof. D. V. Terrell, Dept. Road Engineering, Univ. of Ky., Lex-
ington.

Mr. E. N. Todd, State Highway Engineer, Frankfort.

Mr. E. N. Posey, State Highway Engineer, Frankfort.

Mr. W. A. Shelton, Engineer, Geological Survey, Frankfort.

Mr. Leo Gilligan, Principal High School, Bellevue, Ky.

Dr. O. T. Koppius, University of Kentucky, Lexington.

Mr. Herluf Strandskov, University of Louisville, Louisville.

Dr. George R. Bancroft, University of West Virginia,
Morgantown, West Virginia, was transferred from active to
corresponding membership.

Reporting for the Publications Committee, Dr. Peter
stated that Volume 1 of the Transactions had been prepared
and distributed to the membership, each member in good
standing being entitled to one without charge. The Publi-

82 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

cations Committee proposes to publish two meetings in Vol.
2 of the Transactions.

Dr. Middleton of the Ecological Committee reported that
the publication of the Ecological Society of America is prac-
tically completed in regard to setting aside special areas for
preservation.

President McAllister appointed as Nominating Commit-
tee W. S. Anderson, Chairman, Prof. Mayfield and Prof. V.
KF. Payne.

For Resolutions Committee: Jillson, Meier and Crouse.

The business session adjourned until 2 P. M., in the
Physics lecture room.

Professor McAllister then gave his Presidential address
on “What are the results of science teaching in the schools?”
After which the meeting divided into two sections, biologi-
cal and physical.

The Biological Section organized by electing Dr. J. S.
McHargue Chairman and Dr. A. R. Middleton Secretary, after
which papers 1 to 9 were read and discust. The Section ap-
preciated the presence of Dr. E. N. Transeau, of the Ohio
State University, as a visitor.

The Physical Section elected Dr. W. R. Jillson, Chair-
man, and Prof. W. G. Burroughs, Secretary. Papers 10 to
12 and 14 to 17 were read and discust. Dr. J. W. Pryor ex-
hibited a photographic negative taken by the light of fireflies.

The afternoon session was called to order by President
McAllister, at 2:10 P. M., in the Physics lecture room.

The Auditing Committee reported the accounts correct
and tendered the thanks of the Academy to Prof. Anderson
for his efficient services. Adopted unanimously.

Papers 18, 19, 20 and 21 were read and discust.

Mr. Howson, engineer of the Dix River dam, was in-
troduced by Dr. Meier. Mr. Howson said the dam is 270 ft.
high, backing the water up 34 miles. It was started in

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 83

August, 1928, and work continued day and night since then
in an endeavor to keep ahead of the high water of the spring.
The gates were closed March 17th and water rose 90 feet in
the next two or three days. Today the depth is 1511-2 feet
in the reservoir. The dam has a capacity for about 40 feet
more. This is by far the largest dam of its kind. They en-
deavor to let the water in before the dam is completed, as
it is better to work it up by degrees just ahead of the water;
that the pressure of the water against the dam helps to
consolidate it. The dam is curved towards up-stream. It
will be sixty days before the work will be entirely com-
pleted. Everything is working along smoothly. The rock
blasted out for the spillway was used to build the dam. Dr.
Jillson asked if it would be practical to build such a dam at
Cumberland Falls. Mr. Howson could not tell as he had
not seen the place.

The following amendment to Article III. of the con-
stitution was read and adopted by unanimous vote:

Active members shall be residents of Kentucky who are
interested in science, or other persons actively engaged in
scientific investigation within the state. Active members
are of two classes, national and local. National members
are members of the Academy and of the American Associa-
tion for the Advancement of Science; local members are
members of the Academy but not of the Association. Hach
active member shall pay to the Academy an initiation fee,
upon election, and annual dues beginning October 1 next
after election, the amounts to be fixed in the by-laws. The
amount of annual dues to be paid by a national member shall
equal the difference between the amount to be paid by a
local member and the amount allowed per member by the
A. A. A. S. Any member in good standing may become a
life member by payment at one time of a suitable sum, pre-
scribed in the by-laws, and is thereafter relieved from pay-
ment of dues.

Also the following was added to the by-laws:

84 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

V. The initiation fee for active members shall be one
dollar. Annual dues shall be two dollars and fifty cents, for
local members, and two dollars for national members. A
life membership shall be fifty dollars.

Mr. Mayfield presented the report of the nominating
committee nominating the officers as follows:

For President: Dr. Austin R. Middleton.
For Vice-President: Prof. W. G. Burroughs.
For Secretary: Dr. A. M. Peter.

For Treasurer: Prof. W. 8S. Anderson.

Upon motion of Dr. Jillson, duly seconded, the report
was adopted unanimously and these officers were elected by
unanimous vote.

Prof. Anderson nominated Dr. Jillson for member of
Publications Committee, seconded by Dr. Meier. Upon
motion, the Secretary was directed to cast the ballot for
Dr. Jillson, which he did.

The Resolutions Committee presented the following re-
port which was unanimously adopted:

WHEREAS, the need for the preservation and restora-
tion of forests has been recognized by Congress in the pas-
sage of the Clarke-McNary Act which provides for the pur-
chase of lands by the Federal Government, for timber pro-
duction and protection of watersheds, and

WHEREAS, such purchases should be made according
to a definite plan which provides for the necessary expendi-
tures within a reasonable time, and

WHEREAS, a program has been suggested by the Ameri-
can Forestry Association calling for the purchase of 8,000,000
acres over a period of ten years, involving the expenditure
of $3,000,000 per year for the first five years, and $5,000,000
per year for the second five years; therefore

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Kentucky Academy of
Science urges the adoption by the Congress of the United

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 85

States of an adequate program covering the acquisition of
forest lands by the Federal Government, with the necessary
appropriations, either in accordance with the program of
the American Forestry Association or such modification as
will fulfill the same ‘purpose, and

BE IT FURTHER RESOLVED, that copies of this reso-
lution be sent to Congress, all of the Kentucky Representa-
tives and Senators, and that copies be printed in the daily
press of the State, and spread upon the minutes of the Ken-
tucky Academy of Science.

WHEREAS, the Cook Forest in northwestern Pennsyl-
vania, a tract of 8200 acres, includes one of the largest re-
maining bodies of primeval white pine, besides having hem-
lock, oak, maple, hickory and other broad-leaf trees native
to that region, and is easily accessible, and

WHEREAS, it is good public policy to preserve some
such tracts for their high scientific, educational and in-
spirational value, therefore

BE IT RESOLVED, that the Kentucky Academy of
Science approves the efforts being made by the Ecological
Society of America and the Cook Forest Association look-
ing to the acquisition of the Cook Forest tract by the State
of Pennsylvania for protection and preservation.

There being no further business, the afternoon session
then adjourned.

The evening session was called to order at 7:30 in the
Physics lecture room. Dr. Jillson introduced the speaker of
the evening, Dr. Rollin T. Chamberlin, of the University of
Chicago, who delivered a very interesting lecture on “EHarth-
quakes’’, illustrated by stereopticon views, some of which
showed the slipping which had caused the California earth-
quake, as it appears in the landscape.

The Academy then adjourned sine die.

About 100 persons were present.

86 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

MINUTES OF THE COUNCIL

The Council met on call of President McAllister, March
27, 1925, in Prof. Anderson’s office: Present, Messrs. Cloyd
McAllister, W. R. Jillson, W. S. Anderson and A. M. Peter;
absent, Dr. Sam Trelease.

1. The report of the committee on procedure at the
annual meeting was adopted without change and the Secre-
tary was instructed to arrange the program accordingly.

2. Friday, May 15, was selected as the date of the
meeting, in the physics lecture room, University of Kentucky.

3. After some discussion as to a suitable person to de-
liver the annual address, Drs. Jillson and Peter were made
a committee to find someone, with power to act.

4. The account of the State Journal Company for
$94.23, being the balance due on Volume 1 of Transactions
was approved and ordered paid out of any money in the
treasury.

5. Dr. Jillson suggested that the Academy award a
medal annually or at stated times for the most meritorious
piece of work done in Kentucky, and expressed the opinion
that a small endowment fund could be raised for this pur-
pose. He was requested to investigate the matter of raising
the fund, and report as soon as convenient.

6. The Secretary was instructed to prepare an amend-
ment to the Constitution and make the proper announce-
ment of the same in the call for the annual meeting. The
amendment will cover:

(a) Payment of $2.00 by national members, instead
of $1.50, to correspond with the change in the A. A. A. S.
allowance, from $1.00 to 50 cents.

(b) Define active members as “Residents of Kentucky,
who are interested in science, or any one actively engaged
in scientific investigation in Kentucky, whether a legal resi-
dent of the state or not.”

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 87

(c) Transfer the provision as to the amount of dues
from the constitution to the by-laws.

7. The Secretary was directed to have application
blanks for membership printed and distributed with the
announcement of the annual meeting.

8. It was determined to include two meetings in Vol.
2 of the Transactions and publish this volume as soon after
the coming meeting as practicable.

9. The Council adjourned to meet at 8 A. M., Friday,
May 15, 1925.

The committee on procedure at annual meetings met at
the Phoenix Hotel, Lexington, November Ist, 1924. Present:
Messrs. Peter, Meier, Hinton and Boyd. Absent, Mr. Best.

The following resolutions were passed and recommended
to the Council for adoption:

1. That the meetings begin promptly at 9:15 A. M.—
first for transaction of business and then the President’s
address to be given.

2. That at 10 o’clock the members present divide into
two groups, viz: that of the Physical Sciences (mathematics,
astronomy, physics, chemistry, etc.) and that of Biological
Sciences (botany, physiology, zoology, bacteriology, agricul-
ture, animal husbandry, genetics, etc.). These two groups
to meet separately until 12:30 o’clock for the reading and
discussion of papers that belong to the respective groups.
Each group is to elect a temporary chairman and a secre-
tary, one of them to present a digest of the papers read and
of the discussion of each at the afternoon meeting.

3. The afternoon meeting is to begin at 2 o’clock, and
the first order of business shall be the reports, mentioned
above, from each of the two groups. Then shall follow the
reading and discussion of papers of general interest. This
meeting is to close with the transaction of the unfinished
business and the election of officers.

88 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

4. The public address is to be given at the evening
meeting which is to begin at 7:30 o’clock.

5. The author of each paper is to select the group be-
fore which he wishes to read his paper.

6. Itis also recommended that the Department of Jour-
nalism of the University of Kentucky, or the publicity man
of the Experiment Station, prepare a digest of each paper
read, aS well as of the public address and to have these
printed in the Sunday papers. Likewise a digest of each
paper shall be sent to the home papers of the respective
authors.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 89

REPORT OF THE COUNCILOR OF THE A. A. ALS.

The Academy was represented in the Council meeting
by Dr. Sam F.. Trelease, who had been given credentials as
substitute. Much business was transacted by the Council
at this meeting. The action which concerns this Academy
most directly is the adoption of the following resolutions
concerning arrangements with affiliated academies of science
and local branches:

(a) In view of the rapid increase in the number of
members concerned, it has become impossible to continue the
annual grants to affiliated academies and local branches as
in the past, and the association consequently finds it neces-
sary to reduce the allowances for these organizations, for
1926 and until further notice, to one-half of the present
amount permember. This reduction is to go into effect Octo-
ber 1,- 1925.

(b) All members of any affiliated academy are to be
at all times, until further notice, eligible to admission to
the association on certification by the proper academy of-
ficer and without payment of the usual entrance fee.

(c) The permanent secretary is instructed to take up
the application for academy affiliations according to the
modified arrangements for academy affiliation now author-
ized.

For a full account of the doings of the council, see
“Science”, Vol. LXI, No. 1571, (February 6, 1925) pp. 1381-

136.
(Signed) A. M. PETER, Councilor.

90 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
SECRETARY’S REPORT

Of the 17 persons elected to active membership at the
last meeting, twelve have paid the initiation fee and have
been added to the roll of the Academy.

We have lost two members by death since the last meet-
ing: Col. M. H. Crump, of Bowling Green, and Dr. O. C. Dilly,
of the College of Pharmacy, Louisville. Three members will
be dropt on account of removal from the state (Van Bece-
laere, Coolidge and Sweeney), and 4 have resigned (Allen,
Best, Vance and Freeman).

The total membership is now 172, including 76 national
and 59 local, making 135 active members, 238 corresponding
members and 14 honorary members.

The membership may be classified as follows:

Active members in good standing
Active members invarrears year 2... 27

Active members in arrears 2 years .............-----..-------- 19
Connesponidinigs miei eirge se ee 23
I SRonalopeshere waalenqaovencs) soe ee ee 14

MOE, > 0. | AON ee cer a ie a ee 172

Classed geographically and as to educational institu-
tions our active membership includes:

Or
TS

from the University of Kentucky, Lexington.

from the University of Louisville, Louisville.

from Centre College, Danville.

from Berea College, Berea.

from Eastern State Normal School, Richmond.
from Western State Normal School, Bowling Green.
from Transylvania College, Lexington.

from Georgetown College, Georgetown.

from the College for Women, Danville.

FPmowwwwnraso

Not connected with educational institutions in the state
are: Nine from Louisville, 7 from Frankfort, 4 from Lex-
ington, 2 from Ashland, and 1 each from Shively, Wallins

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING wal

Creek, Danville, Mayfield, McAfee, Stearns, Versailles, Ky-
rock, Winchester, Harlan, Jenkins and Middlesboro. Be-
sides these there are 7 active members outside the state.

The Council of the A. A. A. S. at their annual meeting
in Washington voted to decrease the refund allowed to af-
filiated Academies to 50 cents for each national member,
instead of $1.00, beginning October 1st, next. In view of
this change the Council of the Academy proposes an amend-
ment to our constitution whereby the dues of our national
members will be increased 50 cents, making national mem-
bers pay $2.00 a year to the local Academy instead of $1.50.
The proposed amendment was sent to the membership with
the announcement of the present meeting, in order that it
might be acted upon at this meeting.

The President appointed the following Membership
Committee: W. G. Burroughs, Chairman, 8. I. Kornhauser,
and V. F. Payne. Also a committee on arrangement of pro-
gram for this meeting composed of A. M. Peter, Chairman,
Henry Meier, Robert T. Hinton, Harry Best and P. P. Boyd.
This committee met at the Phoenix Hotel on November 1st,
1924, and prepared a report to the Council. This report was
adopted at a meeting of the Council on March 27th, 1925.
(See copy attached). It has been followed in arranging
the program.

The Council held two meetings during the year, on
March 27, and May 15, 1925, the minutes of which are at-
tached to this report.

The program of our last meeting, with a short account
of the meeting, was published in “Science” under date of
June 13, 1924.

Volume 1, of Transactions, covering the first 10 meet-
ings of the Academy, was mailed to the membership shortly
after the last meeting, each member receiving one copy free.
Extra copies will be sold to members at actual cost, $1.25
per volume. We have about 50 of these volumes left. The
printing has been paid for, Dr. Jillson having assumed $242.
of the amount, the Academy paying the balance of $174.23.

92 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The Secretary received the following letter from Wil-
liam S. Cooper, Chairman of Glacier Bay Committee, of the
Ecological Society of America, in regard to Glacier Bay,
which he promptly acknowledged.

“You will be glad to learn that on February
twenty-sixth President Coolidge issued a proclama-
tion establishing the Glacier Bay National Monu-
ment in Alaska. On behalf of the Ecological So-
ciety of America, which has had the movement in
charge, I wish to express sincere appreciation of
vour valued assistance in the campaign.”

Our Academy endorsed this movement at the last meet-
ing.

The American Forestry Association, thru its executive
secretary, Mr. Ovid M. Butler, Lenox Building, Washington,
has asked the endorsement of the Academy for the acquisi-
tion of forest land by the Federal government, under the
Clarke-McNary act. The movement has been endorsed by
Section O (agriculture) of the A. A. A. S., and seems worthy
of our support. Your endorsement has been asked, also,
by the Committee on Preservation of Natural Conditions of
the Ecological Society of America for the project to pre-
serve the Cook Forest in northern Pennsylvania.

A cordial invitation has been extended to this Academy
by the Indiana Academy of Science, to join their field meet-
ing at Madison, on May 14, 15, and 16. Your Secretary ack-
nowledged the invitation with thanks and the explanation
that we could not change the plans already made for our
annual meeting, but that individual members are free to
attend.

On request of the management, your Secretary named
Dr. G. Davis Buckner to represent the Academy on the gen-
eral committee of arrangement for the sesqui-centennial
celebration of Lexington. Dr. Buckner has attended all
meetings.

Respectfully submitted,

A. M. PETER, Secretary.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 93

Mare bi 925.

The following papers were presented at the Twelfth
Annual Meeting of the Academy:

(1) Caleium Metabolism in the Laying Hen. G. Davis
Buckner, J. Holmes Martin and A. M. Peter.

We have shown experimentally that a calcium deficiency
in a diet abounding in protein was not the primary cause
of the production of shell-less eggs but that it caused a gen-
eral depletion of the body material of laying hens, especially
the bones, and a general lowering of the vitality of the hens.
We have further shown that unless the ordinary food stuffs
fed to laying hens are properly supplemented by some mat-
erial which is high in calcium carbonate, such as cracked
oystershell or limestone, there will be a gradual cessation
of egg production, accompanied by a thinning of the egg
shell.

Again we have shown that calcium carbonate greatly
increased the efficiency of buttermilk for egg production by
increasing the number of eggs laid and causing the produc-
tion of eggs that had heavier shells and a larger edible part.
The experiment described in this paper was undertaken to
determine how such increase in weight of the edible part
of the egg was distributed between the yolks and whites
and whether the protein and calcium content of the whites
and yolks were changed.

With this idea in view, three lots, each containing 10
white Leghorn hens were selected having egg records for
the pullet years ranging from 153 to 170 eggs. These hens
were the same age, 19 months, and were grouped so as to
make the lots as nearly equal as possible in weight, vigor
and egg production. Lot No. 1 was allowed a fair sized grass
range and lots 2 and 3 were confined to their houses during
the experiment with ample direct sunlight available. A
trapnest record was kept thruout the experiment and
the eggs were weighed. The yolks and whites of the eggs

94 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

were separated, weighed separately, and nitrogen and cal-
cium were determined in each portion.

All three lots were given buttermilk ad libitum with a
grain mixture of wheat and yellow corn and all received
some green food such as lettuce, cabbage and kale twice a
week. An oat straw litter was used and sufficient grit that
was free from available calcium was supplied. Crushed
oystershell was supplied ad libitum from Nov. 1st to May 1st
to lots 1 and 2 and withheld from lot 3. Beginning May 1st
and continuing 3 months the oystershell was withheld from
lots 1 and 2 and given ad libitum to lot 3.

To summarize briefly the results obtained we can say
that the total edible part, yolks and whites, of eggs pro-
duced by the hens that received oystershell during the first
6 months weighed distinctly more than those produced by
the corresponding hens that had not received calcium car-
bonate.

When oystershell was added to the diet of the hens that
had not received it for 6 months, the weight of the contents,
whites and yolks, was not increased, but the number of
eges per hen was trebled.

When oystershell was withheld from the diet of the
hens that had received it for 6 months, the total content, yolk
and white, weighed distinctly less than before.

When oystershell was withheld from the diet of the
hens that had received it for 6 months, the number of eggs
produced per hen was halved in the pen confined to the
house but was not effected in the pen that had daily range.

The presence or absence of oystershell in the diet had
no appreciable effect upon the percentages of protein and
of calcium in the whites and yolks.

From a practical standpoint it will be seen that the
addition of a calcium supplement such as oystershell to a
grain, buttermilk diet, causes an egg to be produced whose
edible portion is approximately 10 per cent larger, besides
increasing the number of eggs laid three-fold.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 95

(2) Lactobacillus Acidophilus vs Lactobacillus Bul-
garicus. M. Scherago, Head of Department of Bacteriology,
University of Kentucky.

The reports of recent investigations, that the alleged
beneficial effects on the intestinal tract which Metchnikoff
attributed to Lactobacillus bulgaricus are in reality due to an
implantation and proliferation of Lactobacillus acidophilus,
have stimulated renewed interest in the comparative study
of these two aciduric organisms. Any one working with
Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus is
soon impressed with their marked similarity in morphology
and in cultural characteristics and wonders at the differences
displayed by these two strikingly similar organisms in their
ability to implant themselves in the intestinal tract.

When Bouchard announced his theory of intestinal in-
toxication in 1884, many diseases and conditions were treated
with the idea of overcoming intestinal putrefaction by means
of various so-called antiseptics. In 1907 Metchnikoff pub-
lished his book ‘‘Prolongation of Life’ in which he claimed
that auto-intoxication and premature senescence were
brought about by the absorption of the products of putre-
factive bacteria from the intestinal tract. Metchnikoff pro-
posed to combat these harmful toxin-producing micro-organ-
isms by crowding them out by the ingestion of large num-
bers of harmless bacteria and used for that purpose milk
soured with Lactobacillus bulgaricus. He decided to use
this organism because he believed it to be the predomnant
one in the milk and milk products used by the famously
long-lived natives of Bulgaria. It is interesting to note that
since the first appearance of Metchnikoff’s book the greatest
interest has been shown in the prevention of the onset of
old age by changing the intestinal flora, as manifested by the
appearance on the market of all kinds of preparations of
Lactobacillus bulgaricus in the form of tablets, capsules,
liquid cultures and even in the form of Bulgarian Milk, and
these preparations were used with more or less enthusiasm
by practically all physicians.

96 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Altho several observers, including Leva, Cohendy and
Belonowsky, at first reported the presence of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus in the feces of persons who had ingested Lac-
tobacillus bulgaricus milk, later work failed to substantiate
Metchnikoff’s claims. Among the first to demonstrate that
Lactobacillus bulgaricus cannot grow and be colonized in
the intestinal tract were Herter and Kendall. By killing a
monkey three and a half hours after it had been fed 500cc
of milk soured with Lactobacillus bulgaricus, they found
that the organism did not survive below the ileocecal valve.
In an earlier experiment with the same animal they failed
to detect Lactobacillus bulgaricus in the feces after feeding
the sour milk for three days. Distaso and Schiller, and
Rettger and his associates have also shown independently
that the implantation of Lactobacillus bulgaricus cannot
be brought about in the intestines of the white rat by the
ingestion of this organism even when taken in enormous
numbers. In a more recent extensive investigation Rettger
and Cheplin have definitely proved that Lactobacillus bul-
garicus cannot be implanted in the intestinal tract of either
white rats or man. After feeding large quantities of this
organism to several rats for a week or more, in no instance
could the organism be found in the feces; and on autopsy
none were found in cultures made from various portions of
the intestine 24 hours after the last feeding. They also
failed to isolate the organism in a single instance from the
feces of human beings who had previously ingested large
quantities of milk soured with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and
had taken the milk over long periods of time.

Metchnikoff, in his search for a harmless organism, at-
tempted to acclimate a lactic acid organism to such an un-
natural environment as the alimentary canal. Furthermore,
he evidently overlooked the important influence of diet on
the predominating type of bacteria in the intestines. It is
now well known that there is a definite relation between
the character of the food and the type of intestinal flora.
Herter and Kendall first noted this in 1909 when, by substi--

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 97

tuting a diet of milk and sugar for meat and eggs, they
were able to convert a proteolytic putrefactive bacterial flora
in the intestinal canal into an aciduric non-proteolytic type.
In other words, the intestinal canal acts as an ideal culture
tube in which certain organisms thrive best in media con-
sisting of large amounts of carbohydrates, while others
thrive best in media containing large amounts of animal
protein. Asa result of the proteolytic action of the putre-
factive bacteria, toxic substances are formed, which are as-
sumed to be the cause of the various forms of intestinal tox-
emia; and in addition, considerable amounts of gas are pro-
duced. Combe, Herter and others have shown that the fecal
flora of the adult consists almost always of putrefactive bac-
teria which are therefore potential disease producers. Pro-
teus, Cl. putrificus, Cl. welchii and E. coli, all of which are
normal inhabitants of the human intestinal tract, have been
shown by various investigators to have at times been the
cause of various types of diarrhea, cystitis, cholecystitis and
intestinal poisoning. This predominance of putrefactive
bacteria in the adult is however dependent upon the con-
tinued ingestion of a proteinaceous diet. For, as Rettger
and Cheplin, and others have pointed out, if we change
from a proteinaceous to a carbohydrate diet the intestinal
flora changes from a proteolytic type to an aciduric type.

Tissier, in 1900, demonstrated that the meconium of the
new born baby is sterile, but if it is breast fed exclusively
there is established in a few days an intestinal flora con-
sisting almost exclusively of B. bifidus. This organism re-
mains predominant in the intestinal tract as long as the
infant is breast fed and can be obtained in almost pure cul-
ture from the feces. In 1900 Moro described another acid-
producing organism which is also found in the intestinal
flora of nursing infants. He named this organism Bacillus
acidophilus and claimed that it was the predominating form;
but after closer study accepted the claim of Tissier that B.
bifidus is the predominating organism in the intestines of
nursing infants. As the infant is given other food the num-

98 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ber of B. bifidus organisms gradually decreases and there is
a corresponding increase in the number of Lactobacillus
acidophilus organisms so that by the time that breast feed-
ing is discontinued the intestinal flora consists almost en-
tirely of Lactobacillus acidophilus. This organism remains
predominant for about a year or two after breast feeding
is discontinued and then the flora gradually becomes more
complex as the diet becomes more complex so that even
before adult age is reached the simple aciduric flora is re-
placed by a great variety of other types that become estab-
lished. In adults only a few, if any, acidophilus organisms
can be found in the intestinal flora. It is evident, then, that
diet has a marked influence upon the bacterial flora of the
intestines and, therefore, the simple aciduric type of bac-
teria as represented by the B. bifidus and Lactobacillus acid-
ophilus in the baby gradually gives way to the more complex
proteolytic and putrefactive type as the diet of the baby
gradually approaches that of the adult.

If diet plays such an important part in influencing the
type of intestinal flora, is it possible, by proper feeding to
change the intestinal flora? Attention has already been
called to the work of Herter and Kendall and that of Rett-
ger and Cheplin. The latter found that they could trans-
form the intestinal flora of white rats from the gas forming
putrefactive type to the Lactobacillus acidophilus type by
feeding them in addition to their daily diet two grams of
either lactose or dextrin. They began to notice an increase
of Lactobacillus acidophilus within two days and the maxi-
mum implantation took place within four to eight days.
They also fed these sugars to men and found that whenever
they fed 300 grams or more per day they produced a change
in the intestinal flora within four to eight days, the putre-
factive bacteria having practically disappeared and the Lac-
tobacillus acidophilus constituting the most predominant
organism present. Smaller quantities of sugar would bring
about an increase in the number of Lactobacillus organisms
but there was not an appreciable decrease in the number

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING ys)

of the other bacteria present, especially the gas formers.
Bass’ experiments substantiate these results and indicate
that the amount of sugar necessary to bring about a trans-
formation in man is 300 to 450 grams per day, a quantity
that can hardly be continued over long periods of time and
therefore a limiting factor in its general usefulness for thera-
peutic purposes. :

Rettger and Cheplin in 1919 resorted to the use of cul-
tures of an aciduric organism, Lactobacillus acidophilus,
with the expectation that these organisms would remain in
the intestinal tract and colonize there as they do normally
in the intestines of babies. They fed broth cultures of Lac-
tobacillus acidophilus to white rats, in addition to their
daily diet, and found that when they fed a sufficient quan-
tity the fecal flora changed rapidly to the Lactobacillus acido-
philus type. They obtained similar results in man when
they fed sufficiently large quantities of the broth culture.
Early in 1920 Rettger and Cheplin substituted for the whey
broth cultures, milk cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus
because, as they put it, ‘acidophilus milk is much to be pre-
ferred to the lactose broth or whey broth cultures of the or-
ganism for the following reasons: the milk is tolerated by
those who are unable to retain the simplest and most whole-
some foods for convalescents; when properly prepared and
preserved the acidophilus milk remains practically un-
changed and free from bacterial contamination and deterio-
ration; it contains at least four per cent lactose which in
itself serves to stimulate Lactobacillus acidophilus prolifera-
tion in the intestines; it is nutritious, and for those who
cannot take or do not tolerate other foods it does much
toward the maintenance of nitrogen balance and the pre-
vention of tissue waste, when taken in the usual amounts,
from one pint to one quart daily, and finally,.as a young
culture of viable bacteria it is particularly potent in bring-
ing about the desired transformation of bacterial types in
the intestine.” Their first experiments were performed upon
animals and apparently normal human beings and their con-

100 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

clusions suggested that the simplification of the fecal flora
might possibly be of benefit in certain pathologic cases in
which there is associated a predominance of the putrefactive
forms of bacteria in the intestinal tract. They applied their
Lactobacillus acidophilus milk therapy to more than 60 cases
and reported that the ingestion of Lactobacillus acidophilus
milk resulted in relief from chronic constipation, chronic
diarrhea, mucous colitis and sprue. They also reported bene-
ficial results in the treatment of eczema referable directly
to the bacteriology of the intestinal tract. Kopeloff and
Cheney also reported good results from the use of acidophi-
lus milk in seven cases of marked constipation occurring in
patients with various psychoses, in four normal patients
with mild constipation and in two patients with inter-
mittent diarrhea. Kopeloff has also shown that relief from
constipation has persisted for six months after the ingestion
of Bacillus acidophilus has been discontinued. A more re-
cent communication from Kopeloff reports good results with
Bacillus acidophilus milk in thirty constipated cases and
two cases of diarrhea. The constipated cases were observed
from a week to about a year after treatment, and almost
without exception all had more normal defecations than be-
fore treatment. Gompertz and Vorhaus in their experiments
with 200 cases of chronic constipation and 100 cases of
diarrhea and mucous colitis were very favorably impressed
with the results, 70 per cent of all the cases of either group
showing complete relief from symptoms and toxemia and
15 per cent showing some relief and improvement. Mizell,
experimenting with 20 patients, reports that ‘Relief from
chronic intestinal toxemia, putrefactive type, and _ stasis,
even in the presence of intestinal adhesions, has been se-
cured while feeding acidophilus milk in conjunction with a
general diet; and that chronic ileo-colon and colon stasis
of undetermined origin as well as secondary to intestinal
adhesions may be relieved by feeding acidophilus milk.’
Bass and Norman and Eggston have also given the acido-
philus therapy widespread application and strongly advo-

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 101

cate the acidophilization of the intestinal tract by means
of milk cultures.

Experiments to determine the therapeutic value of Lac-
tobacillus acidophilus milk cultures were carried out at the
University of Kentucky on 40 individuals who had the fol-
lowing conditions as diagosed by their respective physi-
cians: Chronic constipation, 20 cases; Chronic colitis, 2
cases; Debility and anemia, 4 cases; Chronic diarrhea, 2
cases; Rheumatism, 1 case; Dermatitis and acne, 5 cases;
Intestinal toxemia in children, 6 cases. The amount of
acidophilus milk taken per day and the duration of the treat-
ment varied with the age and the condition of the patient.
In every case the patient and his physician reported marked
improvement. One of the patients with chronic constipa-
tion, who was an epileptic, reported fewer attacks during
his period of treatment than ever before within a similar
period. It is intended to carry out experiments on a larger
number of epileptics to see if a transformation of the in-
testinal flora has any effect on the number of attacks.

The therapeutic value of Lactobacillus acidophilus, be-
cause of its ability to colonize in the intestinal tract and
displace the putrefactive bacteria, is definitely established.
The instances of presumably successful implanations with
Lactobacillus bulgaricus all show long periods of feeding
of large quantities of milk soured with this organism. Such
soured milks contain as much as four per cent lactose which
in itself would bring about a proliferation of Lactobacillus
acidophilus in the intestine if fed over a long period of time.
It is not surprising then, because of the close resemblance
of the two organisms, that Metchnikoff and his followers
thought they were getting an implanation of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus when in reality the organism that they observed
in the feces after the feeding of milk soured with Lactobacil-
lus bulgaricus was not this organism, but Lactobacillus
acidophilus.

The close resemblance of Lactobacillus acidophilus and
Lactobacillus bulgaricus, both morphologically and cultur-

102 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ally, makes differentiation between these two organisms ex-
ceedingly difficult. As a matter of fact this similarity has
caused some investigators to conclude that the two are iden-
tical. A separation of the two species is based largely on.
their action upon maltose, sucrose and levulose. Most strains
of Lactobacillus acidophilus ferment these three sugars while
most strains of Lactobacillus bulgaricus do not attack them.
Lactobacillus bulgaricus being more variable in this respect
than Lactobacillus acidophilus. Recently Albus and Holm
have been able to differentiate the two species on the basis
of surface tension using sodium ricinoleate and sodium tau-
rocholate as surface tension depressants. They found that
all of their fifteen strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus grew
very well in a medium having a surface tension as low as
36 dynes, while a similar number of strains of Lactobacillus
bulgaricus in the same medium depressed to a surface ten-
sion of 40 dynes, failed to show growth after seven days in-
cubation at 37°C. They conclude that a surface tension of
40 dynes represents the extreme lower limit for Lactobacil-
lus bulgaricus. Kopeloff and Beerman state that they have
good reason to believe that the enzymes of Lactobacillus
acidophilus differ from those of Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

Just why two organisms so strikingly alike in all other
aspects should manifest such marked diversity in their be-
havior in the alimentary canal has been puzzling. It may
be that the enzymes of the digestive tract have a differen-
tial action upon the two species. Albus and Holm suggest
that surface tension may be a factor in the implantation of
these organisms. However, this does not explain the failure
to recover any Lactobacillus bulgaricus organisms in feces
after feeding milk soured with this organism. It is possible
that a specific bacteriophage, lytic for Lactobacillus bul-
garicus and not for Lactobacillus acidophilus may be the
important factor. This problem is at present under con-
sideration.

TWHLETH ANNUAL MEETING 103

(3) The Asscciation of Copper with Substances Con-
taining the Fat-Soluble A Vitamin. J. S. McHargue.

(Abstract) Small amounts of copper are widely distri-
buted in rocks, soils, waters, plants and animals. A method
for its estimation in tissues of plants and animals is des-
cribed. Copper occurs in the largest amounts in the young
and tender leaves and in the germs of the seed of plants.
It is a normal constituent of the blood and tissues of mam-
mals and occurs in greatest concentration in the offspring
previous to and at the time of their birth. Colostrum is
relatively rich in copper and normal milk contains appre-
ciable amounts. It occurs in the fat, and most of that car-
ried in normal milk is separated with the cream. Upon
churning, the copper remains in the butter. On heating the
butter, curd is precipitated and carries with it considerable
copper. The occurrence of copper in greatest concentration
in some of the mosi vital organs of plants and animals leads
the author to infer important biological functions for this
element in the normal metabolism of plants and animals.
(For the complete paper, see American Journal of Physio-
logy, Vol. LX XII May, 1925, pp 583-594).

(4) Anaphylaxis and Hydrogen Ion Concentration.
Daniel J. Healy, Howell Spears and Louise B. Healy, From
the Laboratory of the Kv. Agricultural Experiment Station.

Of the many theories regarding the cause of anaphylaxis,
that offered by Besredka and Steinhardt, (') that the. phe-
nomena of anaphylaxis and of anti-anaphylaxis result from
conditions similar to the precipiting and absorbing actions
which govern the relations of colloids among themselves,
is of interest. Von Behring’s (°) claim, that anaphylaxis
results from thrombosis of the cerebellar vessels caused by
agglutination of the blood platelets, is of further interest.

(2) Ann. de I’Inst. Past.; 1907, 21, p. 384 otck
(2) Deutsche. Med. Wchnschr. Leipz. u. Berl., 1914, 40, p. 1857

104 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Kopaczeoski and Vahram (*) maintain that anaphylac-
tic shock is a physical phenomenon. They demonstrated
that the introduction of suspensions or of colloidal gels into
the serum disrupted the colloidal equilibrium, producing
flocculation of colloids, obstruction of the capillaries,
and death from asphyxia. Among recent investigators there
is a distinct tendency to consider colloidal precipitation the
cause of anaphylaxis and also, of specific agglutinations.

Of the many conditions associated with the colloidal
state none is more important than the hydrogen ion con-
centration. As Beatty (4) points out, colloids are distinctly
influenced by hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, tending to pre-
cipitation under their influence, the rule being that ions
possessing an electric charge of opposite sign to that of the
colloidal particles precipitate such particles. The ions are
precipitated with the colloidal particles and, in certain cases,
may be removed by washing, which indicates a physical and
not a chemical action.

Bayless (°) has shown that the intravenous injection
of half normal hydrochloric acid, in quantity sufficient—
10.4 cc per kilogram of body weight—to reduce to one-third
of its normal value the bicarbonate present, does not alter
the H-ion concentration of the blood.

Crile (°) has shown that in certain conditions, as nar-
cosis, anaesthesia, and shock, the H-ion concentration of
the blood may increase with the increased CO. tension. The
greatest concentration which Crile observed was pH 6.98.
Crile states the normal value as pH 7.67 and Bayless states
it as pH 7.4.

It occurred to us that it would be of interest to know
the H-ion concentration of the blood during or immediately
after anaphylactic shock. This we determined in the fol-
lowing manner:

(83) Compt. rend. d’l Acad. des Sciences, 169, 1919, p. 250
(4) The Method of Enzymic Action, James Beatty, 1917, p. 16
(5) Jour. Physiol., 53, 1919, Nos. 3-4, p. 162

(6) Amer. Jour. Physiol., 38, 1915, P. 225.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 105

Five guinea-pigs, Nos. 29, 31, 33, 34 and 35, average
weight of 397 grams, were each given intraperitoneally, 2
cc of a 1 to 1 solution of fresh egg-white in distilled water.
Two guinea-pigs, Nos. 32 and 386, average weight of 569
grams, were placed under similar conditions but received no
ege-white; they were controls.

Four months later, the control pigs, Nos. 32 and 36, to-
gether with another normal pig, were anaesthetized with
ether, the hair clipped over the cardiac area and this area
washed with 98% alcohol. Using a sterile, oiled (paraffin
oil), and chilled hypodermic syringe, 4.5 cc of blood was
withdrawn from the heart, and immediately transferred to
an oiled and chilled centrifuge tube and centrifuged for 10
minutes. The cells were thrown down but the plasma coagu-
lated. The coagulum was separated from the cells, cut into
small pieces and each piece tested with a drop of either
phenol red or cresol red in .02% solution. The resulting
colors were compared with those obtained with the standards
recommended by Clark and Lubs (*). The H-ion concentra-
tion of the coagulum was pH 7.8 in each case. These guinea-
pigs recovered.

We were unable to obtain blood from the heart during
anaphylactic shock; therefore, immediately after death, we
exposed and opened the heart, obtaining such blood as it
contained. The quantity of blood thus obtained was insuf-
ficient for centrifuging. It was, therefore, diluted with 4
volumes of distilled water. Clark and Lubs (°) have shown
that colored or cloudy liquids may be diluted in the propor-
tion of 2 cc of the liquid to 10 cc of distilled water with but
slight change of the H-ion concentration. They determined
electrometrically the H-ion concentration of various colored
and cloudy liquids: such liquids were then diluted in the
above proportions, and the H-ion concentration determined
colorimetrically. Of two hundred such determinations the

(<)> Jour. -Bact., Vol. 2, Nos. 1, 2, 3, pp. 1, 109, 191.
(8) Ibid.

106 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

average variation between the two methods was .11 of one
pH value, the maximum being .75 and the minimum being
.O1 of one pH value.

Four months after the initial injection the test pigs each
received, intraperitoneally, 5 cc of a 1 to 1 solution of fresh
egg-white in distilled water. With pigs Nos. 29 and 381,
marked convulsions occurred in twenty minutes. They were
anaesthetized, an attempt to draw blood from the heart
failed, the pigs dying within five minutes from the onset of
convulsions. After death the heart was quickly exposed and
2.5 ce of liquid blood obtained from it. This blood was
quickly diluted 1 in 4 with distilled water and the H-ion con-
centration of the dilution determined, using cresol red, .02%
solution. The H-ion concentration in each case was pH 6.5.
Pigs Nos. 33, 34 and 35 were anaesthetized immediately fol-
lowing the second dose of egg-white and blood removed from
the heart before the onset of convulsions. The H-ion con-
centration of such blood was in each case pH 7.8. Death
from anaphylactic shock occurred in each case within twenty
minutes after the second dose of egg-white. Immediately
after death, blood was obtained from the heart, diluted 1 in
4 with distilled water, and the H-ion concentraton deter-
mined as with pigs 29 and 31. The H-ion concentration
was, in each case, pH 6.5.

Summary. Among recent investigators there is a ten-
dency to consider colloidal precipitation the cause of ana-
phylaxis. No condition of colloids is more important than
the H-ion concentration. The H-ion concentration of the
blood of anaesthetized normal guinea-pigs and of guinea-
pigs before the onset of anaphylactic convulsions was pH
7.8. The H-ion concentration of the blood of guinea-pigs
immediately after death from anaphylactic shock was pH
6.5 which is a marked increase compared with the maxi-
mum increase under CO. tension of pH 6.98 as determined by
Crile.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 107

(5) The Vegetation of the Barrens. Harrison Garman.

What is here presented is merely a suggestion of a point
of view, but is based upon a careful study of the flowering
plants of Western Kentucky, these brought into comparison
with the prairie flora of Illinois with which the writer has
been familiar from childhood.

It may be thought too late to determine what the vege-
tation of the region called the barrens was when the coun-
try was settled, but enough may be gathered from early writ-
ings to show its general character, and a study of the plants
now found growing wild in these parts of the State and their
comparison with those of other parts of Kentucky gives, it
is believed, a fair conception of the plant life of the great
treeless areas as they were when the white man appeared
in Kentucky. It has often been asserted, and need hardly
be repeated, that the barrens were not regions of sterile
soils. The soils were and are in fact of good quality in many
places, but ranged widely from poor to rich. The feature
of the barrens that most impressed the pioneers was the
lack of forest growth. They were not used to it. It was
prairie, in fact, and like the settlers of prairie states north
of us they were afraid at first to take up farms in this open
country and chose land along the watercourses. Coming
thru the densely wooded sections of Eastern Kentucky the
vast open plains must be accounted for as something un-
natural. The most obvious explanation of the general ab-
sence of trees was accepted by them, namely, the destruc-
tion wrought by forest fires started by the Indians. This
explanation has been passed on to our time, and has done
service from pioneer days as an explanation of the prairies
of the North.

But the important fact seems to have been overlooked
that forest fires do not result in a typical prairie vegetation
such as was present in the barrens and in the prairie region
of Illinois. Forest fires in Michigan and other northern
states have been of frequent occurrence, but in a short time

108 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the burnt-over land is occupied again by woody growth simi-
lar to that destroyed. Among some of this young growth can
now be found charred stumps and logs of the primitive for-
ests. Nothing of this sort was observed in the prairies or in
the barrens. They had evidently been prairies and nothing
else for hundreds of years. When our barrens were first
visited by botanists they were described as covered with
waving grasses ‘‘so tall as to conceal a man on horseback.”’
In wet places were rushes and sedges, on drier ground a
great variety of flowers, goldenrods, asters, shootingstars,
adder’s tongues and the rest, low-growing plants in the great-
est profusion, with only a few woody species, dwarf willows,
blackjack oak and the like, pushing in along the streams
from surrounding forests. Many of the woody plants came
from the East, from the South and Southeast.

These great meadows have now largely disappeared and
the places of the tall grasses and other plants have been
taken in part by weeds from foreign countries, but the native
species are still to be found by the botanist in bits of waste
land along railroads and highways and probably few have
been completely exterminated. The tall grasses of the early
writers were undoubtedly the same as those of the prairie
regions north of the Ohio River. The species are still here,
but could not stand the close grazing to which they were
subjected by the settlers, and have retreated to such shelt-
ered places as they can find. The tall bluestem (Andropogon
furcatus) was one of the dominant grasses and probably con-
stituted much of the tall growth among which cattle grazed,
as it did in Illinois. Both bluestem and Indian grass (Sorg-
hastrum nutans) actually grew tall enough to conceal a man
on horseback in both the prairies of Illinois and the barrens
of Kentucky.

The original prairie grasses were certainly not Ken-
tucky bluegrass. In the barrens this grass does not now
thrive very well in most sections after all its tall native
competitors have been scattered and greatly reduced in num-
bers. As late as 1868 whole sections of land in Central I[lli-

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 109

nois had been untouched by the plow and were covered by
their original prairie flora, the tall bluestem often domin-
ating and affording both pasturage and hay. A little later
a fringe of bluegrass mixed with ragweed and other intro-
duced plants began to creep in from surrounding cultivated
land. Bluegrass seems to have invaded our barrens in simi-
lar fashion and tracts of land never tilled can be found,
or could within a few years, with the original prairie grasses
still dominating. The expression “taller than a man on
horseback”’ never applies to our bluegrass, as any one fam-
iliar with it knows.

The barrens seem to have been merely outlying tracts
of prairie of the same nature, the same origin and plants,
as the prairies of Illinois. It seems certain that this flora
was prepared for by a removal of vegetation over large
tracts during glacial and post glacial times and the prairie
flora that first appeared was assembled by conditions of
moisture and temperature unfavorable at first to the estab-
lishment of forests.

Attention was first drawn to these considerations by
noting the strong resemblance of the present native flora
of the barrens to that familiar to the writer in childhood
on the prairies of Central Illinois. Many of the dominant
prairie plants of the regions north of the Ohio River are
still to be found in the barrens. Tall bluestem, a dominant
prairie grass, is there. The small bluestem (Andropogon
scoparius), its associate, is present. Indian grass (NSorghas-
trum nutans), one of the very tall species, has not entirely dis-
appeared. It may be said that a large proportion of the typi-
cal prairie plants of Illinois still exist in the barren regions
of Kentucky. With the grasses named, occur the purple and

white prairie clovers (Petalostemum), the button snakeroot
(Eryngium — yuccifolium), Indian hemp, two blazing-stars
(Liatris), the cup plant, compass plant (Nilphiwm laciniatum),

and the purple coneflowers.

Such assemblages of species do not appear after fires in
other regions of the State. They did not appear in either

1106 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

the Eastern or Western Coal Fields. The plants did not
assemble here in a year or two. It required hundreds of
years to establish a turf that resisted the penetration of
forests except where the soil was disturbed along streams.
It seems probable that if the white man had not appeared,
these open tracts of meadow would exist today.

The pioneers were witnessing, not, as they supposed,
the results of recent disturbances of plant conditions due
to the Indians, but the much more profound effects of glacial
conditions* during which plants were destroyed over large
areas, leaving swamps and boggy tracts at first, these as the
temperature rose and the waters subsided affording an op-
portunity for growths of rushes, in turn to give place, as the
land became drier, to sedges, the climax vegetation of tall
grasses and Compositae appearing finally and covering much
of the affected territory when the pioneers arrived.

Cheracteristic Plants of the Barrens, also Characteristic
of the Illinois Prairies:

Scouring-rush (EKquisetum hyemale)
Cattail (Typha latifolia)

Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius)
Tall bluestem (Andropogon furcatus)
Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans)
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
Panicum scribnerianum

Mesquite grass (Bouteloua curtipendula)
Turk’s cap lily (Lilium superbum)
Partridge pea (Cassia chamaecrista)
Wild sensitive plant (C. nictitans)

Purple prairie-clover (Petalostemum purpureum)
White prairie-clover (Petalostemum candidum)
Button snakeroot (Eryngium yuccifolium)
Indian hemp (Apocynum androsaemifolium )

*The writer must not be assumed to hold that the ice cap ex-
tended into Western Kentucky. It is well Known that it reached but
little south of the Ohio River and only in Eastern Kentucky. The in-
fluences referred to are those of low temperature and of great quan-
tities of cold water coming from melting ice at the North.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING alata

Indian hemp (Apocynum cannabinum)
Butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa)

Green milkweed (Acerates viridiflora)
Green milkweed (Acerates floridana)
Puccoon (Lithospermum canescens)

Wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa)
Venus’s looking-glass (Specularia perfoliata)
Cardinal flower (Lobelia cardinalis)
Blazing-star (Liatris squarrosa)
Blazing-star (Liatris spicata)

Goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)
Goldenrod (Solidago altissima)

Rosin-plant (Silphium terebinthinaceum)
Rosin-plant (8. trifoliatum )

Cup-plant (S. perfoliatum)

Compass-plant (S. laciniatum)

Silphium integrifolium

Purple conefiower (Brauneria purpurea)
Coneflower (Brauneria angustifolia)

Pale Indian plantain (Cacalia atriplicifolia)

(6) Preliminary Inoculation Experiments with Fusa-
rium Species on Seedlings Growing in Nutrient Agar. W. D.
Valleau and E. M. Johnson.

The impression appears to be quite prevalent that the
Fusaria as a group are somewhat specific in their host pre-
ferences. This is especially true of the wilt-producing
species which it would seem from a review of the literature
are only capable of attacking a single species or at best
only species within a genus. Wollenweber (‘) in describing
F. tracheiphitum Smith and F. vasinfectum Atk., states that
they cause the wilt disease of Vigna, and Gossypium her-
baceum and G. barbadenese, respectively, and are “Sapro-
phytic on various hosts”. He states also that “the parasite
from one host, as a rule, has not been found on the living
organs of another host.”’

Taubenhaus, in his “Diseases of Truck Crops (p. 47) ex-
presses the same idea when he states that “The Fusarium

(1) Phytopath. 38; 24-50, 1913

112 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

of the sweet-potato wilt cannot, as far as we know, attack
potatoes, tomatoes, or any other host. This is similarly
true for the Fusarium which produces a wilt on tomatoes,
etc.”

Bolly (°) states that; “Though living normally as a
decay form (saprophyte) this low type of fungus (F. lini)
can also invade the living tissues of its host. As it can live
and increase upon decaying matter found in soils, especially
upon old roots and stems of flax, it can readily thrive there
for a long period.” And further; “It can live from year
to year upon the humus of the soil, hence the soil is soon
ruined for flax.” This implies that the organism is quite
specific for the flax crop and does not live on other living
plants.

Tisdale (*) in studying the nature of wilt-resistance in
flax found ‘that Fusarium conglutinans would penetrate the
root hairs of flax seedlings. Likewise, F’. lini was evidently
able to penetrate cabbage seedlings as they were killed by
it in tube cultures.” He also found “that F’. lini can pene-
trate the young seedlings of the resistant strain of flax as
readily as it can penetrate the seedlings of the susceptible
strain under those conditions”’.

Pratt (*) has stated that F. trichothecidides, F. radicicola
and Rhizoctonia solani, organisms which are commonly con-
sidered as potato pathogens, are found in the virgin soils of
southern Idaho.

Bisby (°) made cross inoculations with several species
of Fusaria and as a result of these studies and other obser-
vations states that “Rots of carrots and other vegetables due
to various Fusaria are quite common, particularly in stor-
age and following wounds.” But “despite their semi-para-
sitic nature many Fusaria, such as F. orysporum, exhibit

(2) North Dakota Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 50: 27-58, 1901
(3) Jour. Agr. Res. 11: 573-606, 1917
@) Journ, Agr “Res. 132 (3-005. FOS

) Minnesota Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 181, 1919.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 113

what amounts to a considerable specificity of parasitism to
certain crops’.

The impression to be gained from these statements and
others of a like nature which can be found in the extensive
Fusarium literature is that the wilt-producing Fusaria are
quite specific in their host preferences and live from one
crop of the host to the next, even tho the interval be one of
many years, aS saprophytes in the soil. That this is prob-
ably not the only method of survival in the soil is indicated
by the inoculation experiments to be reported in this paper.

Milier (°) working in this laboratory, made numerous
isolations from tobacco roots affected with the so-called
brown root-rot both from fields in which the root-rot was
severe enough to cause extensive injury to the plants, and
from fields in which the injury was comparatively slight as
judged by the development of the plant.

The Fusaria obtained have not yet been completely iden-
tified, but a comparative study of them indicates that quite
an extensive list of species are concerned.

Miller made inoculation tests, with 7 of the cultures
which he isolated, on young tobacco seedlings growing in
tubes on nutrient agar and found that all of them killed the
plants in a period of from 3 to 10 days. Since then we have
carried on extensive inoculation experiments in test tubes
both with seedlings just producing the first true leaf and
with older plants having several true leaves. The results
of these tests may be summed up by saying that nearly all of
the Fusaria isolated from tobacco roots cause injury to to-
bacco seedlings under the conditions of the experiment.

The results of these tests indicated so clearly that
tobacco was susceptible to many species of the unidentified
root Fusaria that a number of the better known species were
obtained thru the courtesy of Dr. E. C. Stakman, University

{*) Miller, Paul W., Brown root-rot of tobacco. University of Ken-
tucky thesis, 1924.

114 THH KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Farm, St. Paul. These have been tested, in comparison with
some of the identified Fusaria isolated from tobacco, on
seedlings of various kinds. The identification of our cul-
tures of tobacco and other Fusaria used in these tests have
been made, in some cases tentatively, by Dr. C. D. Sherba-
koff. They are as follows: F. acuminatum Ell. et Ev.? from
alsike seed; F. succisae (Schroet.) Sacc. from tobacco seed;
F. solani (Mart.) App. et Wr. and F. oxysporum like, but
differing in certain characters, from red clover roots; F.
argillaceum (Fr.) Sare.; FF. angustum Sherb.; F. aurantiacum
(Lk.) Sacco.; F. bulbigenum Cooke et Massie; F. falcatum App.
et Wr., F’. lycopersici (Sacc.) Wr.?, F. orthoceras App. et Wr.?,
F. solani cyanum Sherb.?, and Gibberella saubinetii? from tobacco
roots.

The following were identified by one of the writers, G.
saubinetii from a wheat seed, fF’. moniliforme from a corn seed
and F. moniliforme from clover roots.

The named species of Fusaria obtained from Dr. Stak-
man are as follows: F’. conglutinans, F. conglutinans calistaphani
(Michigan Agricultural College No. 58), F. discolor sulphureum
(North Dakota 2007), F. lycopersici (C. D. Sherbakoff),
F. lycopersici (M. A. C. 158), F. lycopersici (S. H. Essary), F.
lycopersici (Edgerton), F. martii? (F. R. Jones), F. lint (No.
54), F. lini (H. O. B.), Gibberelia saubinetii (HE. C. $.), and G.
scubinetii (MacInnes thesis), F. batatatis (M. A: C. 60), F.
batatatis (Massachusetts), F. orysporum (M. A. C. 52), F. oxry-
sporum (G. R. B.), F. oxysporum resupinatum (M. A. C. 52),
F. oxysporum asclerotium QCM. A. C. 56), F. hyperoxysporum (M.
A. C. 57), F. orthoceras triseptatum and F. radicicola (M. A. C.
84). Gibberella scubinetii (Wis. 259) was received thru the
courtesy of Dr. James Dixon, University of Wisconsin.

The inoculations reported in this paper were all con-
ducted on seedlings growing in test tubes of nutrient agar.
The tubes containing the young plants were kept in the light
near a window in a room kept uncomfortably warm
(75+°F). Inoculations were made by transferring a small
bit of mycelium from a vigorously growing culture to the

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 115

surface of the agar and usually near the plant. It was then
necessary for the fungus to spread over the agar and pene-
trate the uninjured seedling. This development usually re-
quired at least 2 days so that this time might be subtracted
from the time required to kill the plant.. The seed were
treated in various ways to rid them of seed-borne organisms
or at least to prevent the development of these organisms
in the tubes.

The details of the various inoculation tests are too ex-
tensive to be given at this time but a summary of the re-
sults obtained and their possible significance will be given.

In all, 25 distinct named species or varieties of Fusaria
have been used in these tests, together with a large num-
ber of isolations from the roots of various crops as tobacco,
corn, clover, etc., including isolations from several weeds.
These root organisms have not been completely identified
but the majority fall into the section Elegans of the genus
Fusarium, a section which contains the most important wilt-
producing Fusaria. The remainder belong, with a few ex-
ceptions, to the section, Martiella, which is supposed to con-
tain but very few pathogenic forms.

The named species were tested on seedling plants of
corn, soybeans, wheat, radish, onion, tobacco, clover, alfalfa
and cabbage. In all more than 1000 inoculations were found
to be capable of killing at least some of the species of plants
inoculated in a period of five to ten days from the date of
inoculation. The majority of them were capable of partially
or completely destroying the roots of all of the plants, with
the exception of corn, within a period of about 12 days.
Corn was found to be the most resistant, of the plants tried,
to injury by these organisms. Fifteen of the cultures used
had caused no injury to corn seedlings after 14 days, while
22 cultures had rotted a portion of the roots, in some cases
killing the seedling.

Tests with organisms other than Fusaria, some of which
are generally considered to be somewhat pathogenic, as

116 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Alternaria sp., and others generally not so considered, as
the common penicillia, have shown that these organisms
usually cause less injury than the least pathogenic of the
Fusaria tested.

Certain of the Fusaria as Gibberella scaubinetiii, F. suc-
cisae, a wilt-producing strain of F. lycopersici (S. H. Essary)
and others proved to be very injurious to all of the plants
tested. A few cultures, as Ff’. hyperoxrysporum, F'. lint (A. O. B.),
F. faleatun and F. acuminatum caused very little injury to
nearly all of the plants against which they were used.

Extensive tests of the unidentified fusaria from roots
of various crop plants show that nearly without exception
they are capable of causing the death of seedlings of clover,
alfalfa and tobacco and of penetrating either slightly or ex-
tensively the roots of corn. An interesting feature of this
part of the work has been the results obtained with cultures
belonging to the section Martiella, usually considered non-
pathogenic. The cultures of the Martiella section, most of
which were probably F’. solani, appeared to be just as injurious
to clover, alfalfa and tobacco seedlings as most of the cul-
tures of the Elegans section. They were, on an average, only
slightly less injurious to corn seedlings than the most in-
jurious of the cultures of the Elegans section, and decidedly
more injurious than many others of this section, particulariy
those tentatively identified as F. «ngustum.

It appears from these inoculation experiments that the
species of Fusaria commonly isolated from the rotting roots
of plants, the common wheat scab organism, and several of
the wilt-producing species of Fusaria are capable, to a
greater or less degree, of injuring and penetrating the ten-
der roots of seedlings of several common crop plants. The
wilt producing species appear to be particularly injurious
as evidenced by these tests. When we consider the severe
competition going on between micro-organisms in the soil,
and the fact that under certain conditions these fusaria are
capable of penetrating the injured roots of several crop

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 11,

plants, the possibility is suggested that they are
not soil saprophytes in the true sense of the word, but
rather weak parasites on a large number of plants, main-
taining themselves from year to year partly by rotting
rootlets and partly by remaining in these decayed tissues the
remainder of the year. In the case of the wilt-producing
Fusaria, which remain in cultivated soils for many years in
the absence of their specific host, the conclusive determina-
tion of this point is of economic as well as scientific interest.

(7) A Kentucky Thorobred. G. D. Smith.

The paper described a fine thorobred racehorse that was,
when young, a little difficult to start in a race and grew more
so each year until finally he became useless as a racer.

(8) Relation of Some Constituents of Tobaceo to Grade.
O. M. Shedd, Kentucky Experiment Station. (Synopsis)

This investigation is a comparative study of the total
content of nitrogen, nicotine, nitrate nitrogen, crude ash,
silicon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium
found by chemical analysis in the different grades of tobacco
represented by 145 samples of burley and 109 samples of
dark tobacco grown in Kentucky in 1920 and 1921. The
mineral constituents were determined in composite sampies
but the other determinations were made in the individual
samples.

The burley crop of 1920 was abnormal, being infected
to an unusual degree with leaf-spot diseases. The dark
tobacco of that year employed in this investigation, was less
diseased than the burley. Both burley and dark tobacco
samples taken from the 1921 crops were more nearly nor-
mal, as they were freer of disease. This affords a compari-
son of abnormal versus normal leaf, as well as variations
in different years.

The “good” division of any grade usually contained a
larger percentage of nicotine than the “common”. The nit-

118 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

rogen and nitrate were more variable but in the majority of
instances, the “‘good” carried larger percentages of these
constituents than the “common”.

Of the burley grades, the fillers usually contained the
largest percentages of nitrogen and nicotine and the
smokers, the smallest. In the dark tobacco the leaf usually
had the largest percentage of nitrogen, nicotine and nitrate,
and the trash the smallest.

The burley tobacco of 1921 contained larger percentages
of all constituents determined, except calcium, than that of
1920. The dark tobacco of 1921 also carried larger percent-
ages of all except calcium and phosphorus, than that of 1920.
The proportions of phosphorus and magnesium, altho dif-
ferent in the two kinds of tobacco, showed the least varia-
tion in the same crop, in the two years.

The burley tobacco of each year contained larger per-
centages of nitrogen and nitrate but a smaller percentage
of nicotine than the dark tobacco. The combined burley
samples showed 4.5 per cent more total nitrogen and 78.8
per cent more nitrate nitrogen, but 40.9 per cent less nico-
tine than the dark.

The ranges for the nitrogen constituents determined
in the dry burley were 1.96 to 6.05 per cent total nitrogen,
0.29 to 6.18 per cent nicotine, and 0.009 to 1.37 per cent nit-
rate nitrogen. For the dry dark tobacco they were 2.07 to
5.75 per cent total nitrogen, 2.12 to 7.83 per cent nicotine,
and 0.002 to .73 per cent nitrate nitrogen.

The proportions of the ash constituents, other than
phosphorus and magnesium, differed considerably in the
“good” and “common” grades. The ‘“‘good’’, apparently, had
the most potassium.

The averages obtained for burley tobacco apparently
show that the wrappers had the smallest percentages of
silicon and calcium but the largest potassium; the fillers,
the smallest percentages of ash and potassium, and the

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING ay)

smokers the largest percentages of ash, silicon and calcium.
The averages for dark tobacco show that the leaf had the
smallest percentages of ash and silicon but the largest of
potassium and calcium, while the trash had the largest per-
centages of ash and silicon but the smallest of potassium
and calcium.

The burley tobacco of each year contained smaller per-
centages of ash, silicon and magnesium, but larger per-
centages of phosphorus, potassium and calcium than the
dark tobacco of the corresponding year. The averages of
the analyses of burley tobacco representing the two years
show 1.7 per cent less ash, 67.7 per cent less silicon and 36.9
per cent less magnesium, but 81.0 per cent more phosphorus,
51.7 per cent more potassium and 37.8 per cent more cal-
cium than the corresponding averages for the dark tobacco.

Burley leaf badly infected with leaf-spot disease con-
tained a considerably smaller percentage of nicotine but a
larger percentage of nitrogen than that which was less
diseased. This indicates that such tobacco either had part
of its nitrogen in combinations which were detrimental or
the deficiency of nicotine vitiated its quality. (For the de-
tailed report see Ky. Experiment Station Bulletin No. 258.)

(9) <A Mineral Mixture as a Supplement in Hogging
Down Corn. E. J. Wilford, Ky. Exp. Station.

The Kentucky Station, in 1915, commenced a series of
investigations to determine the best crops and the best com-
bination of crops and supplements for hogging down. The
first year’s work eliminated cowpeas. It was shown that
even tho the peas were supplemented with 2 per cent
of the live weight of the hogs in corn meal, only 100 pounds
of pork was produced per acre, resulting in a heavy finan-
cial loss. Hogging down soybeans, supplemented with 2
per cent of the live weight of the hogs in corn meal, proved
to be very profitable. One acre produced 825 pounds of
pork at a cost of $4.54 per hundred. We have not been

120 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

_ able to equal or even approach these figures since, and ap-
parently only one station has gotten as many pounds of
pork per acre on soybeans.

The good results obtained from this experiment led to
other combinations with soybeans; First, soybeans hogged
down with corn self-fed, which proved to be unsatisfactory
for four years; second, soybeans and corn grown together,
which showed an average net profit for five years of $34.68
per acre. To get a comparative basis, corn alone was tried
three years, which gave an average net profit of $25.39, or
an average of $9.29 less than the corn and soybeans grown
together. During this series of experiments tankage was
given a trial. Corn hogged down with tankage self-fed gave
an average net profit per acre for two years of $47.82, or
$138.14 more than the corn and soybeans grown together.
The criticism may be advanced that there were only two
years’ results, while the other combinations had three or
more years, but in comparing these crops for the same two
years we find tankage and corn have a larger margin of net
profit than that just stated.

Thus we have corn hogged down with tankage self-fed
ranking first, corn and soybeans grown together, second;
corn alone, third; soybeans plus 2 to 3 per cent of the live
weight of the hogs hand-fed in corn, fourth, and soybeans
hogged down plus corn self-fed, last.

The good results obtained by the use of mineral
supplements and the high price of tankage caused us to
compare them in this year’s test (1925). Poland China,
Duroc Jersey, Hampshire, Berkshire and Poland China
and Duroc Jersey crossbred hogs were used. Their aver-
age weight was a trifle over 100 pounds, which is the most
desirable weight for hogging down corn, as they have the
size and weight to break the corn down. With all con-
ditions equal, they make more rapid gains than pigs of
lighter weight and more economical gains than those of
heavier weight.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 121

The usual precautions were taken to have the lots
as uniform as possible in representative pigs. The variety
of corn used was Iowa Silver Mine and the soybean varie-
ties were Ito San, Haberlandt and an early maturing bean
raised on the Kentucky Experiment Station farm. This
unnamed variety gave us just as good returns as the other
two mentioned.

The corn and bean yield was very good, the weather
conditions having been ideal to produce these crops. The
corn was just denting and the beans were in the dough
stage when the hogs were turned into the lots, August 29.
This is an ideal condition for hogging down these two
crops. Previous work with soybeans had shown that it
is advisable to turn in as early as possible, as the beans
become less palatable with age. The hogs in all lots re-
mained healthy during the hogging down period which was
favored with almost ideal weather, there being only a few
extremely hot days and only one cold, drizzling rain. A
comparison of the trials is shown in the table.

122 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Results of hogging down corn with and without tankage

and mineral mixture

Lot 7 Lot 8 Lot 4 Lot 3
Corn Corn Corn Corn
with with plus plus
soybeans soypeans tankage mineral
in row in row self-fed self-fed
plus
mineral
PS ST Oi eases ee eee ee No. 10 10 iL) 39)
WanyiseOnlmeh eC Om teesseseteeee eee Days 58 46 26 25
No. of pig days.-....-...-....--. 580 460 494 475
Imitial west, 2222222 Ibs. 1025 1025 2010 2010
men wie iets sess eee eeteane Tosh Lb510 1810 2840 2765
Pork “produced: sss 22s Ibs. 525 785 830 (C555
Average daily gain -__._....... Ibs. .90 TAO) 1.68 1.59
Value of pork produced at

DuletDIO) (CiWilie cee es eeee eee o 39.38 0 5S.Oo be G222 50d a DOnolS
Weight of tankage ............ LDS s= Sateet ee oe eee ee S152 Dine See Saas
Weight of mineral mixture fbs. -._._... .... DID 00 Sesto 30
Cost of producing crop,

DEW aCEee Satan $ 22.238 §$ 22.23 $§ 19.40 § 19.40
Cost of supplement _.....--2 00200 lees. oe Al eGo 50
Total cost per acre ............ 22.23 22.64 PAB Bi) 19.90
Net gain per acre ...........- 7/55} 36.24 39.10 36.73
Estimated yields -............. bu. 50 NG) 60 60
Price received per bu. corn $ aS ed LO. She lO) ieee Semen cc4:
Pork produced per bu.

COM 2st). 2 eee Ibs. 180) 5) 14.2 SES 12.6

*Includes plowing and cultivation, seed and rent of land for five
months. Cost of tankage was $60 per ton; mineral mixture, 1.6c per
pound. The mineral mixture was composed of 2 parts, by weight,
steamed bone meal, 2 parts ground limestone, and 1 part salt.

Lot 8, with corn and soybeans together supplemented
with a mineral mixture, excels all other lots in the rapid-
ity of gains and the number of pounds of pork produced
per bushel of corn, based on estimated yields which checked
very closely with actual yields on the agronomy plots. Lot
7, which is like Lot 8, but received no mineral mixture,
was the least productive of the four.

Lot 4, with corn hogged down and tankage self-fed,
produced 8380 pounds of pork, which was 45 pounds bet-
ter than any other lot, but the average daily ein was a
trifle less than that of Lot 8.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 123

Lot 8, corn hogged down and supplemented with a
mineral mixture, ranks third in average daily gain and in
the amount of pork produced, but in net profit it ranks sec-
ond. It is unfortunate we did not have a check plot of corn
alone this year, but as compared with results obtained from
corn alone in previous years, Lot 3 is by far the better.

Lot 4, corn and tankage, led in net profits per acre,
with a return of $39.10. Lots 8 and 3 ranked close to it
with net profits $36.24 and $36.73, respectively.

Conclusion

It is seen that tankage has not been dethroned yet,
but that it has very close contenders in corn and soybeans
grown together, plus a mineral mixture, and in corn alone
hogged down, plus a mineral mixture.

There are indications that a mineral mixture is a
material aid to corn alone hogged down and that it is prob-
ably the missing link which will aid the farmer to get
better results from his corn and soybeans grown together,
when hogs are used as harvesters.

A Universal Resistance Box. M. N. States, U. of Ky.
(Abstract)

For the experimental verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws
of electrical circuits and for various other purposes, as, for
example, the determination of the figure of merit of a gal-
vanometer, a network circuit is extremely useful in the aver-
age physical laboratory. Such circuits usually are construc-
ted of several so-called resistance boxes of the dial or plug
type. With the ever increasing cost of electrical equipment
even the simplest of such circuits involves the use of equip-
ment amounting to several hundred dollars. The purpose
of this paper is to explain the design of a new resistance box
which functions in the normal way and in addition is cap-
able of forming network circuits of three branches without
additional equipment. Practical application is made show-

124 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

ing the use of this divided circuit in obtaining the figure of
merit of galvanometers as well as its use in demonstrating
Kirchhoff’s laws.

Geography of the Western Kentucky Coal Field.* Wil-
bur Greeley Burroughs, Professor of Geology and Geography,
Berea College, Asst. Geologist, Kentucky Geological Survey.

The Western Coal Field includes the area underlain by
the Pennsylvanian strata in Western Kentucky. It is bounded
on the east and south by the Mississippian formations and
on the north and west by the Ohio River. The Coal Measures
strata have been preserved from erosion by being in a geo-
syncline on the west side of the Cincinnati Arch.

The principal streams flowing thru the Coal Field are
the Green and Tradewater Rivers which empty into the
Ohio River, and their larger tributaries.

The rougher surfaced areas are along the southern, and
portions of the eastern borders. Northward and westward
the Coal Field becomes more gently rolling as the Ohio is
approached, except for a strip of hills that are formed where
the streams leave the uplands for the Ohio River bottoms.
The bottom lands along the Ohio are level and in places
very wide. The stream valleys thruout the Coal Field, ex-
cept along the rough margin areas, are often broad, flat and
poorly drained. They are being aggraded by wash from the
surrounding uplands.

The climate is humid, temperate and of the continental
type. The Coal Field lies within the path of the moisture
bearing storms which move from the Gulf northeastward to
the Great Lake region and the North Atlantic coast.

Residual and transported soils occur. Transplanted
soils are found chiefly in the stream bottom lands. Loess

*The material given in this paper was secured by the writer dur-
ing his investigations of the geography of the Western Coal Field for
the Kentucky Geological Survey. Field work was carried on in the
summer of 1923. The condensed account here given is read by per-
mission of Dr. W. R. Jillson, Director.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 125

covers large areas in the uplands of Union, Henderson and
cther counties, along the Ohio River. There are many large
swamps in the more gently rolling portions of the Coal Field
and along the Ohio River bottoms. These swamps are being
drained in Daviess and other counties. The land thus re-
claimed is valuable for agricultural purposes.

Coal is the greatest mineral resource. Seams Nos. 9
and 11 are the most important coal beds mined. Large quan-
tities of shale occur which are suitable for brick, tile and
the like. Sandstone and limestone suitable for building stone
are quarried. The limestone is also used for road metal
and agricultural lime. Certain limestones might be used in
Portland cement. Gravel is dredged along the Ohio River
and used for surfacing the roads and other purposes. Glass
sands occur. Oil and gas have been found in commercial
quantities, but much territory remains to be prospected. Oil
shale of the Pennsylvanian System has been found, but is
too low grade to compete with the Ohio shale of the Ken-
tucky Knobs. Rock asphalt is being quarried along the
southern margin of the Coal Field and beds of rock asphalt
still await development along the southern and eastern mar-
gins. Iron ore occurs but is too low grade to be of economic
importance at present.

Drinking water can be obtained at shallow depths in
the river bottomiands, but deep wells are safer from the
standpoint of purity. Mineral springs occur, as at Dawson
Springs. Many of the towns and cities have their water sup-
plies filtered and thoroly purified. Thus Henderson and
Owensboro have excellent systems of water supply.

Forests cover wide areas of river bottomlands and the
steeper slopes of the uplands. The large trees, however, have
been mostly cut away, but some virgin timber still remains
and is now being cut. Many of the smaller trees are used
for mine props, ties and the like. Some of the coal mining
companies have large acreages of forest land for this pur-
pose. :

126 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The wild animal life consists of the common birds,
snakes, rabbits, squirrels, skunks, occasional foxes and other
animals found elsewhere in the State. The rivers contain
fish.

The rougher surfaced counties and those containing
large Swamps have in general a lower percentage of im-
proved land than the more gently rolling counties with cul-
tivable land. Farms have increased in number and decreased
in size chiefly by subdivision, especially in the tobacco-pro-
ducing counties. The percent of increase in land values in
general, bears a relation to the increase in the number of
farms. Also, rugged counties with poorer soils and greater
difficulties in farming and in reaching a market, have lower
land values, other things being equal, than the more level
counties. The percent of increase in valuation of farm land
has been greatest in the counties which raise tobacco ex-
tensively or have large acreages of swampy land reclaimed
by drainage projects. The increase in price of all farm pro-
ducts a few years ago caused farm land to increase in price.
When the depression came after the War, farm land values
declined the most where products were raised extensively
which decreased in price to the greatest extent. Thus
tobacco-and corn-producing counties had their land values
decline more than did the rough surfaced counties where
these products are not raised in such quantities.

The assessed valuation of all farm property and incomes
from gross crop returns were greater in the more level coun-
ties than in these having a rougher topography.

The principal crops grown are corn, tobacco and wheat,
which are raised in greatest amounts in counties having level
or gently rolling topography. Oats, rye, barley, potatoes and
sorghum are produced in smaller amounts. Sorghum is
raised in greater quantities in districts remote from rail-
roads where all the necessities of life are produced, as far
as possible, on the farm. Truck gardening is carried on
chiefly near the large cities. Small and orchard fruits are

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 27

raised. Apples are of especial importance in Henderson
County. Hay and forage crops are raised most in the more
level counties.

Horses are decreasing and mules are increasing in num-
bers. Dairy and beef cattle are found in greater numbers
in the more level counties which have a greater abundance
of forage crops than in the rougher surfaced areas. Cattle
are increasing in numbers. Whole milk is produced in
greatest quantities near the cities. Cream, butter and cheese
can be produced at a distance from markets if there are
railroad transportation facilities. These dairy products of-
fer the farmer in many localities an opportunity to increase
his income. The sheep industry has declined due, in part,
to the difficulty in protecting the sheep from dogs. The
topography, however, is suitable for the raising of sheep.
Swine are fattened in greater numbers in the more level
counties which produce heavy acreage yields of corn per
square mile. Many of the hogs are killed in packing houses
at Owensboro and Henderson. The poultry industry is in-
creasing. Bees are kept successfully in a rough as well as
level topography. Poultry products and honey can be pro-
duced in the more remote districts and shipped to market.

In prehistoric times the Western Coal Field was inhab-
ited by an unknown race called the Mound Builders. Relics
of peaceful and warlike pursuits can still be found. At pres-
ent, the level and rolling areas are dotted with well-kept
farms and farm buildings. Near the large towns and cities
the roads are piked. In the rugged areas log cabins and box-
houses are found, as well as larger houses. The roads are
often narrow and rough. Many of the mining towns and
camps are composed of regularly spaced. neatly painted
houses. On the outskirts of some of the camps may be seen
the shacks where the “floating” population live. Everywhere
in the rural districts, better roads will benefit the citizens.
Even as it is, the rural mail service has brought the most
remote areas into contact with the outside world.

128 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Illiteracy exists in all the counties, but the more hilly
regions have a higher percent of illiteracy than the more
level counties with their better roads. The condition of the
dirt roads influences the dates of beginning and closing the
school year. High schools, academies, business colleges, and
institutions of higher learning are located at many of the
towns.

Health conditions are influenced by the geographic loca-
tion. Counties having large towns and cities have higher
tuberculosis and pneumonia death rates than the more en-
tirely rural counties. The typhoid rate is higher than in
the Knobs and Bluegrass. Ordinary precautions will greatly
lower the number of deaths due to typhoid. Malaria is be-
coming less common as the Swamps are drained. Hookworm
and trachoma occur in some districts, but can be eradicated.

Tenancy is more customary in the more level, tobacco-
growing areas than in the rougher districts. Native white
farmers are increasing in numbers. Foreign-born and negro
farmers are decreasing. Nearly ali the farmers in the more
mountainous areaS are native white. More foreign-born
whites are found along the Ohio River where the land is
more accessible to the outside world than in the more iso-
lated, hilly counties. In the agricultural districts negroes are
found in greatest numbers where tobacco is raised, and on
the larger farms as hired labor or tenants, They also flock
to the cities. In the Western Coal Field as a whole the negro
population is steadily decreasing.

The Western Coal Field is well served by railroads thru-:
out the important agricultural and coal mining districts, al-
tho Butler, Edmonson and certain areas in other counties are
badly in need of railroad transportation. The railroads gen-
erally follow the valleys and tunnel thru the hills which they
encounter. The Coal Field is in touch by rail with Louis-
ville, Evansville and other large city and rural markets. .The
Ohio and Green Rivers with their dams and locks are navi-
gable to steamboats of quite large size. The majority of the.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 129

wagon roads are dirt. The Dixie “B” Line auto trail passes
from Indiana into Kentucky by ferry across the Ohio River
at Henderson. Other auto roads pass thru the Coal Field.

In the country, small stores are found at the intersec-
tions of the more frequented roads. Small towns have
grown up at the intersections of main highways. Mineral
springs have aided the growth of a few towns. Many vil-
lages and towns owe their existance to nearby coal mines.
Nortonville is a railroad junction as well as being a coal min-
ing town. Livermore is located at the union of Rough and
Green Rivers, and logs floated down these rivers are used
at the two chair manufactures in this town. It is also ona
railroad. Several towns which formerly were important
Ohio River ports before the development of railroads, have
ceased to grow or have decreased in population. Improve-
ments in the Ohio River may stimulate navigation and there-
by aid these towns. County seats are often located near the
center of the county; but a few are in the most important
cities irrespective of geographic location.

Favorable locations for towns relative to the topography
are on the edge of an upland where the drainage is good,
access to both upland and lowland easy, and a railroad fol-
lowing the lowland is nearby. Providence is an example.

Cities of the Western Coal Field are Owensboro, Hender-
son, Madisonville, Providence, Karlington, Central City and
Morganfield. Owensboro is situated on the most southerly
portion of the Ohio’s meandering course along the northern
boundary of Kentucky, before the river finally turns south-
ward on its last comparatively short stretch to the Missis-
sippi. Thus Owensboro with its river traffic is brought
nearer to all portions of Kentucky directly south of that
town, than any other point along the Ohio east of Mt. Ver-
‘non. Railroads have since aided in developing the city.
Henderson also is strategically situated on the most south-
erly curve of the Ohio since the strean passed Owensboro.
Madisonville is located in the heart of the Western Coal

130 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Field. Prcevidence, Earlington and Centrai City owe their
importance to coal mining. Morganfield, located in the cen-
tral part of Union County, is a county seat, has a trade from
the surrounding rich agricultural areas, and has several coal
mines.

The density of population in the Western Coal Field in
1920 was 54.9 per square mile. The rural population has
moved away to a small extent from the farms to the cities
during the last decade. In 1920, Daviess County ranked first
among the Western Coal Field counties in total taxable
wealth. Counties having large areas of level or rolling rich
farm land, or coal seams have a higher taxable wealth per
Square mile than do the hilly areas along the southern and
eastern margins of the Coal Field.

In conclusion it should be remembered that great areas
of coal land, rock asphalt, oil and gas pools, and many other
mineral resources remain undeveloped. The forest lands
under scientific management wil! prove a source of enor-
mous wealth. Live stock can be kept profitably on the farms
in increased numbers. Poultry and bees will add to the farm
income. Correct rotation of crops and care of the soils will
increase the returns from the land. Fruit culture is really
in its infancy as compared to the development that can take
place. Near the towns and cities truck gardening can be
increased. Better roads will prove of benefit to everyone in
many ways. The cities, due to their natural resources and
strategic positions, will continue to grow as industrial cen-
ters. The future of the Western Coal Field both socially and
economically is very bright.

Suberustal Expansion as a Possible Factor in Earth Dia-
strophism. Walter H. Bucher. (Abstract)

Three times within the last twenty-five years the sug-
gestion that subcrustal expansion may have played a role
in the major diastrophism of the earth, has arisen in the
minds of geologists. Each time the suggestion arose inde-

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 131

pendently, in the course of reasoning from entirely different
premises. The author sketches the three lines of reasoning,
dwelling especially on the last, as contained in a paper by
J. Joly, published in the Philosophical Magazine, vol. XIV,
1923. Joly has based on the suggestion an elaborate theory
which, in its implications is at least most interesting and
may well represent a step in the direction toward a satisfac-
tory explanation of the mechanism of earth diastrophism.

The Present Status of the Oil Shale Industry. C. S.
Crouse, University of Kentucky.

The oil shale industry has been slow of growth. Since
1922, there has been very little development, apparent to the
layman at least, of the eastern shales and those of Kentucky
in particular. Nevertheless a great amount of work has been
done in the past few years looking toward the industrial de-
velopment of shale not only in this country but in the world
at large. It is the purpose of this paper to briefly sketch
these developments.

The outstanding features of the past year in England
were two; the demonstration of the Crozier retort before
the Empire Mining and Metallurgical Congress in London
combined with the intense interest in shale shown by leaders
in Mining and Metallurgical work in the United Kingdom
and the contribution by subscription of approximately $600,-
000 to the University of Birmingham for the purpose of re-
search work on English oil shales.

In Sweden a commercial plant has been erected which
can produce annually 250,000 tons of crude oil at a cost which
will enable it to be sold at less than the imported oil.

In Esthonia a Swedish syndicate proposes to expend
60,000,000 Swedish kronen in erecting retorts, building a har-
bor and constructing a railroad. Two English companies
are also interested here, Cunningham-Craig of London es-
timating a net profit of $5 per ton for these companies. In
addition half the locomotives in Esthonia use raw shale as

132 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

a fuel and an ever increasing amount is being used for gen-
eral heating.

France has oil shale to the amount of about 50,000,000
tons in seven distinct regions and the first unit of a 200-ton
plant is now in successful operation.

The Italian shale is being worked in Sicily, the bitumen
product being used for asphalt paving and the lubricating oils
being of excellent quality.

Ichthyol, a skin specific, is being produced from the
Swiss oil shales.

In Spain, about 110 miles south of Madrid, a commercial
Shale plant has been in successful commercial operation for
some time.

The oil shale situation in Japan is very interesting.
The navy requires 500,000 tons of oil annually and industry
300,000 tons. The great Fushan coal deposits are overlain
with shale which it is estimated will yield 1,900,000,000 bbls.
of oil. The financial plans for the exploitation of this shale
involve the expenditure, over a period of years, of $25,000,-
000, part of which is to be contributed by the South Man-
churian Railroad and part by the Japanese Government.
The initial plant to be erected will have a daily capacity of
2,000 tons and the profit is estimated at 13% on a capital in-
vestment of $3,000,000.

In Burma-Siam, 13,5v0,000 tons of shale of an average
yield of 33 gal. of crude oil to the ton have been proved by
core drilling.

In New South Wales it is estimated that 40,000,000 tons
of crude oil can be expected from known deposits. These
deposits are in the experimental stage only, however.

The geological survey in Tasmania estimates the avail-
able amount of shale at 43,000,000 tons of an average yield
of 40 imperial gallons to the ton with the cost of mining and
retorting estimated at $2 per ton. Both governmental and

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 13:3

private interests are concentrating on the development of
these shales.

Considerable development work has been done on the
torbanite deposits in the Transvaal the area to be exploited
covering 40 square miles and containing at least 25,000,000
tons. This torbanite is richer than the ordinary oil shale.

Rather extensive preliminary work has been done in
New Brunswick, Canada, by a subsidiary of the Anglo-Per-
sian Oil Company. It is tempororily at a standstill but will
undoubtedly proceed in the near future not only on these
shales but also on those found in Nova Scotia and New-
foundland as well.

In the United States the four outstanding events of the
year have been the pioneer distillation work of M. J. Trum-
ble in making water-white gasoline from shale in one opera-
tion; the completion and continuous operation of a com-
mercial oil shale plant, the first in the United States, by Mr.
Catlin at Elko, Nevada; the oil shale conference last fall
at Sacramento; and the very active interest of the govern-
ment in oil shale due primarily to the needs of the navy for
a dependable supply of oil.

The oil shale conference at Sacramento, held in con-
nection with the annual meeting of the American Mining
Congress, was attended by Rear Admiral Rousseau as the
representative of the navy. In an address before that body,
Admiral Rousseau, after making the statement that there
are two naval shale reserves, one in Colorado and one in
Utah, the two together containing about 160,000 acres, said,
“The President’s commission on oil reserves considers that
the production of shale oil is so essential to the future of
our United States that it recently made a recommendation
to the effect that the Government should undertake, at once,
experimental work that would lead to an adequate output
of shale oil thru the construction of a plant of commercial
size’.

134 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

As a result of this recommendation an appropria-
tion of $90,000 to be used by the Bureau of Mines, was re-
quested of Congress. This appropriation was passed and on
March 12th last an invitation was extended by Mr. H. Foster
Bain, Director of the Bureau of Mines, to those of us vitally
interested in shale, to attend a conference at the University
of Colorado. The purpose of this conference was to assemble
a group of shale men to advise with the engineers and chem-
ists of the Interior and Navy Departments on the construc-
tion of the oil shale plant above mentioned.

On April 22nd the Federal Oil Conservation Board which
consists of Secretaries Work, Weeks, Wilbur and Hoover and
of which Secretary Work is Chairman, sent out, over Sec-
retary Work’s signature, a letter which began as follows:
“Under the instructions of the President, this Board is under-
taking a comprehensive, cooperative study of the problems
which the United States is facing as the largest producer and
the largest consumer of petroleum, with rapidly diminishing
reserves”. A large part of this letter was then devoted to
oil shale and its possibilities.

Thus it will be seen that the United States Government
is awake to the necessity of the immediate development of
the oil shales of the nation. Whether this interest will take
the form of a subsidy or some other form is not apparent
at the present time. However, with the active interest of
the government and the concentrated effort of the many pri-
vate interests involved it can not but follow that the next
few years will see a real oil shale industry started; and the
factors that make for the establishment of an oil shale in-
dustry in the western portion of the United States make
equally well for the establishment of such an industry in
Kentucky, for Kentucky, more than any other portion of this
country, combines, in her oil shales, all the conditions most
favorable for commercial exploitation.

Therefore, tho the only thing of moment that has been
done in Kentucky in the past year is the publication, by the

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 135

Kentucky Geological Survey, of a symposium by various
authors, on Kentucky oil shale, nevertheless world develop-
ment and development in the United States at large, will
inevitably force the commercial development of Kentucky’s
shales in the not far distant future.

The Characteristic X-rays of Melybdenum. TT. M. Hahn,
University of Kentucky.

The famous researches of the Braggs' on X-rays which
won for them the Nobel prize, the subsequent work of Hull’,
Debye and Scherrer*, and others which extended the use of
X-rays to the analysis of the atomic structure of all sub-
stances are well known. The problem of the arrangement
and spacing of the atoms in most of the simple and a few of
the more complicated crystals has been solved. In the study
of the very complex organic and inorganic salts, the need
for a powerful source of monochromatic X-rays has been
quite apparent. Hence it is very important that the charac-
teristic X-radiations of the elements be accurately known.
It is the purpose of this paper to describe the determination
of the characteristic X-radiations of molybdenum.

The tube used was a special type Coolidge tube, with a
water-cooled anode. This anode consists of a large hollow
copper rod, in the end of which is set, perpendicular to the
electron stream, a molybdenum button. A water flow of a
quart a minute at a pressure of from 25 to 80 pounds per
square inch was maintained by means of a specially con-
structed closed U-tube manometer. For a source of high
potential a Kny-Scheerer apparatus of the rotating cross
arm type was used. This was found to be quite satisfactory.
At a difference of potential of 35,000 volts, the tube current
was about 35 milliamperes.

(1) X-Rays and Crystal Structure, W. H. and W. L. Bragg
(2) Hull, Phys. Rev.,.10, 661, 1917
(3) Debye and Scherrer, Phys. Zeit. 17, 277, 1916 also 18, 291, 1917

136 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Both NaCl and calcite crystals were used, surfaces being
selected which gave undistorted reflections of the scene thru
an open window when the crystal was held a millimeter or
so from the eye.

The X-ray spectograph used was designed by Dr. Muel-
ler, and built by Hilger, London. It is adapted for use by
either Brages’ crystal method, Hull’s transmission method
or Debye and Scherrer’s reflection method. The crystal or
crystals are mounted upon a graduated crystal table which
may be made to oscillate thru a small angle about any set-
ting. For the Bragg method, the crystal face, as well as
the central plane of the X-ray stream, must pass thru the
axis of rotaticn. This adjustment was accomplished by a
series of photograrhs.

Sixteen exposures were taken, the Bragg method being
used thruocut. The time of exposure was varied from fifteen
minutes up to seven hours. The effect of a filter of zir-
conium, which is especially suited for use as a filter with
molytdenum since its upper K series limit lies just below the
K® lines of the latter, was investigated. A thickness of the
nitrate equivalent to 0.35 mm. of the oxide was used. This
filter was prepared by impregnating a strip of blotter paper
of Known area with a water solution of the salt. This gave
a uniform thickness of the filter. Only the lower half of the
plate was covered by this filter, giving a direct comparison
between the filtered and unfiltered radiation. One of the
phctographs and a table of results follow.

Lambda
Line Order Displace- Theta Lambda (Bragg)
ment

ay ik 1.2746 T° 15’ 40” OFTLISS ie Oral
ay 2 2.7801 14° 38’ 00” 0.7109 Or ale2al:
ay 1 1.26838 Te. ailseoOn 0.7078 0.7078
ay 2 2.7683 14° 35’ 00” 0.7085 0.7078
b 1 1.1288 622267 00% 0.6306 0.63811

(All wave lengths given in Angstrom units)

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING aks

A comparison of the results with those obtained by many
‘others as given by Bragg is also shown. The filter very
nearly eliminated the beta and gamma lines and the general
radiation, but passed the alpha doublet with but slight dim-
inution.

Early Glaciation in Kentucky. W. R. Jillson, State
Geologist. (Abstract)

The paper reports the finding of glacial pebbles and
boulders of igneous and metamorphic rock, apparently of
Canadian origin, in Lawrence, Elliott, Morgan, Carter, Row-
an, Lewis, Montgomery, Clark, Robertson, Harrison, Scott,
Owen and Franklin Counties, Kentucky. This indicates that a
very thin but widespread mantle of glacial material, in size
both large and small, covers Northern Kentucky from the
Big Sandy River as far south as 38° 10’ and as far west, at
least, as the northwestward drainage of the Kentucky River.
The widely disseminated characteristic coupled with the ab-
sence of glacial shaping of topography, glacial sands and
gravels tends to substantiate the author’s early hypothesis
that these erratics belong to the first continental glaciation
of the Pleistocene period and are equivalent to the Nebras-
kan or Jerseyan epochs. (For the complete paper see the
Pan-American Geologist, Vol. XLIV, August, 1925, pp. 17-20,
with map).

Mator Drainage Modifications of the Big Sandy River.
W. R. Jillson, State Geologist. (Abstract)

The Big Sandy River of Southwestern Virginia, West
Virginia, and Eastern Kentucky is only the upper middle por-
tion of a former much larger stream. Recent discoveries
of many erratic stream-worn quartzite boulders, some of
which carry pronounced scolithus (worm) borings have been
made on the upper waters of the Licking River and the
middle waters of the Big Sandy River. These boulders,
ranging in weight from two to one hundred pounds, indicate

138 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

that the ancient Big Sandy River had its headwaters in the
Roan Mountain region of Western North Carolina. It is in
this section of the Southern Appalachians that the parent
ledges of Cambrian quartzite occur from which these old
stream boulders were derived. This inference is further sub-
stantiated by many specimens of erratic vein and milky
quartz found at the same levels and in the same region as
the quartite boulders. Both are apparently identified with
the old Cretaceous peneplain—the present summit levels of
this part of Eastern Kentucky.

Headwater piracy of the Clinch and the Blue Stone
Rivers operating advantageously along Northeast and South-
west lines of favorable structure, beheaded, probably during
the middle Tertiary, the upper one-fifth of Big Sandy River.
The occurrence of so many of these quartzite boulders close
to levels of the old Cretaceous peneplain on the upper waters
of the Licking River as well as adjacent drainage courses,
indicates that the Big Sandy River was flowing thru the Lick-
ing to the northwest as late as the Cretaceous. The prob-
ability is that it had occupied this course since the uplift
which marked the close of the Paleozoic. Subsequent struc-
tural elevation along the nearly North-South axis of the
Paint Creek Uplift in Johnson County has operated to bisect
the waters of the original Big Sandy, and shunted the upper
waters to the northeast to join the Tug Fork—the course oc-
cupied today.

At the time the Big Sandy flowed in the course of the
Licking River it did not, however, join the Ohio River in
the vicinity of the present townsite of Cincinnati, for during
the Cretaceous there was no Ohio River—this stream being
one of the direct products of the Pleistocene glaciation. The
original Big Sandy, therefore, probably flowed on to the
Northwest in the region of Southwestern Ohio and South-
eastern Indiana until it met major drainage and was turned
to the southwest to the Gulf of Mexico, then heading at
Cairo, Illinois, or what is more likely to have been the case,
to the Great Lakes basin via Lake Erie.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 139

The old Big Sandy basin has thus been cut transversely
three times: first, about seventy-five miles below its head-
waters, by the Clinch and Blue Stone Rivers; second, one
hundred and fifty miles below its headwaters, by the Paint
Creek Uplift; and third, three hundred miles below its head-
waters, by the newly formed glacial Ohio River. That all
these modifications occurred at the same time is highly im-
probable, but that they are all post Cretaceous is quite cer-
tain. Various indications point to the early and middle Ter-
tiary, and the early Quaternary.

Exploration for Oi] and Gas in Boyd County, Kentucky.
W. R. Jillson, State Geologist. (Abstract)

Altho Boyd County is the smallest subdivision of Hastern
Kentucky, it occupies a very strategic geographical position
at the juncture of the Big Sandy and Ohio Rivers. Ashland,
its principal city, with an estimated population of about
26,000 (1926) isa rapidly growing iron, fire-brick, and manu-
facturing center using large amounts of industrial natural
gas.

The surface rocks of this region consist of shales, sand-
stones, coals and limestones, given in the order of their im-
portance in the geological section. Stratigraphically these
sediments belong to the Pottsville and Allegheny divisions
of the Coal Measures (Pennsylvanian). Structurally, Boyd
County exhibits a sweeping monocline dipping to the South-
east, aS measured on a surface bed, the Fire-Clay coal, at the
rate of about thirty-five feet to the mile. This general struc-
ture is interrupted by but a few pronounced irregularities.
These structures are : (1) Midland Trail Dome, (2) Laurel
Dome, (8) Four Mile Creek Dome, (4) Ashland Anticline,
(5) Laurel Anticline, and (6) East Fork Anticline. The
domes are small. The anticlines are of the finger type
plunging to the southeast. The subsurface structure has re-
cently been detailed on the Sunbury black shale (Mississip-
pian). It erases the surface domes and smaller features en-

140 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

tirely, and increases the dip to the southeast because of the
thickening of many beds in this direction.

Nine oil and gas “sands” are recognized, these being,
in descending order, Ist Salt sand, 2nd Salt sand, and 38rd Sa!t
sand (Pennsylvanian), Big Injun gas sand, Berea Oil and
Gas sands (Mississippian), Gordan and Ashland gas sands
(3 in number) and the Corniferous limestones (Devonian).
The Ohio shales contain the three separate Gordon and Ash-
land gas sands, all of which are of commercial importance.
Beneath the Corniferous, a long sequence of limestones and
calcareous shales extends, the entire sequence of the Silu-
rian and Ordovician, to depths of at least 4000 feet. In-
cluded in these lower rocks are the “Clinton sand” and Tren-
ton sand” which here are thought to be unproductive. The
Gordon and Ashland gas sands are lenticular and very ir-
regular.

Drilling was first undertaken in Boyd County during the
decade 1880-1890 and was carried forward sporadically un-
til 1919, when a considerable body of gas was developed in
the vicinity of Ashland for industrial purposes. Successful
natural gas drilling is in progress at the present time. A
total of about 80 wells have been drilled in Boyd County.
This prospecting indicates that oil from the Berea and Corni-
ferous may be developed in small commercial quantities,
particularly in the vicinity of Bolts Fork and Laurel Creek,
but that the particular commercial production of this county
will be natural gas varying in volume from 200,000 cubic
feet to 8,000,000 cubic feet in individual wells.

Regional metamorphism in the interior of Boyd County
is relatively high being indexed by the 60% isocarb which
circles Cannonsburg as a center. The anomalous cause of
this island of high regional metamorphism in northeastern
Kentucky is unexplained. A volume of several million cubic
feet open flow of natural gas is now at the casing head in
Boyd County. Rock pressures vary from 350 pounds in the
Salt sand (Pennsylvanian) to 800 pounds in the Gordon and

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 141

the Ashland gas sand (Devonian). The gas is used locally
for both industrial and domestic purposes. This gas pro-
duction is derived chiefly from the three separate and some-
what irregular Ashland “sands” encountered in the black
Ohio shales (Devonian) at depths ranging from 1800 to 2200
feet.

Some Problems in Pauperism. W. S. Anderson, Profes-
sor of Genetics, U. of Ky. (Synopsis).

The infertile soils in many sections of the country are
divided into small farms. The mountain regions of the
eastern section of the United States are thus divided. It is
remarkable how many people live on these super-rural farms
—more than 3,000.000. The farms will not support the fam-
ilies in comfort. Often the children are raised in poverty,
in ignorance and frequently without any church advantages.
The long distances without roads cut off many of these com-
munities from contact with industries and there is no hope
of ever bringing such neighborhoods in touch with the out-
side world thru good roads. There are thousands of streams
with from three to twenty families whose land and entire
natural resources, if sold, would not bring money enough
to build a hard surfaced road for the convenience of the
families. These isolated sections may become centers of
crime in some form or another. In the past this has taken
the form of the manufacture and sale of whisky.

Another sociological problem of very great importance
is the tenant family in the richer sections where tobacco is
raised. Many of these families do not make enough to prop-
erly clothe and educate the children. The price of tobacco
varies so much that one year they may have a fair income,
while perhaps the next they have almost nothing. They
live in mere shacks for houses, stay as a rule but one year
in the same place and take no care of the property they live
in. The land owners are unwilling to constantly spend
money on their tenant houses to keep them in livable con-
dition. Surveys in some of the bluegrass counties have

142 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

shown that one-third of the children in the rural schools
are improperly clothed, poorly nourished and receive no
medical attention or dental corrective work except that
which is furnished by public charity.

The mountain and infertile soils and tenant shacks have
not brought about the poverty-stricken condition of the
people described as much as the people themselves select-
ing these out-of-the-way places for their families because
they are unwilling to meet the competition in more pros-
perous sections. They can live on an isolated farm without
much labor and as their neighbors are in the same condi-
tion they seem not to object to their poverty.

The greatest problem in rural sociology either is to bet-
ter the condition of these people or to prevent their continued
rapid multiplication.

An Experiment in Cooperation. O. B. Jesness, Kentucky
Agricultural Experiment Station.

The subject of my discussion, “An Experiment in Co-
operation”, has been selected not entirely because of the
appeal it may have to those of you who are accustomed to
work with and think in terms of experiments, but because
the undertakings to which I shall refer are not entirely be-
yond the experimental stage. Tobacco is a leading industry
of our State. We are all interested in it. I am therefore
going to speak briefly of the tobacco marketing associations
in Kentucky.

Please do not conclude from the title that cooperative
marketing is merely an experiment. Cooperative marketing
has been developed successfully for a considerable period
of time and is a permanent part of our agricultural industry.
However, the establishment and successful conduct of an en-
terprise such as the Burley Tobacco Growers’ Cooperative
Association, involving a hundred thousand individuals and
business totalled in millions of dollars, is not a matter of
overnight mushroom growth but one of gradual development

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 143

with come experimentation, as in any pioneering field, in
finding the best methods.

I must not trespass on your time to the extent needed
to give a detailed review of the development and progress
of the Burley and the Dark Tobacco Growers’ Cooperative
Associations. It will be my endeavor to supply merely some
of the more important features of the picture. The Burley
Association received its impetus in the war period. Prices
rose to high points, the peak being reached in the sale of
the 1919 crop. The growers were encouraged by the profit-
able returns to increase acreage and the crop of 1920 turned
out to be a record breaker. Conditions changed very mater-
ially, however, between planting time and marketing time
the folowing winter. Deflation set in. Business conditions
became unsettled and prices of many commodities, especially
raw materials, took decided drops. The combination of an
unusually large crop of disease-damaged tobacco and un-
settled business conditions resulted in a severe price drop.
The Lexington market averaged 46 cents for the 1919 crop
(a record average, being higher than the district), while
the 1920 crop brought only about 13 cents a pound. This
crop had been produced at high costs and many growers
saw disaster staring them in the face.

It was under circumstances such as these that coonera-
tive marketing was proposed in the spring of 1921. Tobacco
erowers in the Carolinas and Virginia already had started
an crganization campaign and the Burley district adopted
practically the same plan. A spectacular organization cam-
naicn was staged during the summer and by November 15,
1921, over 50 thousand individuals had sizned marketing
contracts, binding themselves to sell their tobacco to the
association up to and including the crop of 1926.

Briefly, the plan of organization adopted was what stu-
dents of cooperative enterprises speak of as the “centralized
plan”. It is centralized in that it has no formal locals. The
members are all members of the central association and

144 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

authority is centralized in the overhead management. Thus,.
it differs from the “federated” plan in which there are defin-
ite local bodies that have control over local questions. The
association is of the nonstock, nonprofit type. Hach mem-
ber pays an initial membership fee of five dollars. Binding
contracts are signed, these being agreements of purchase
and sale whereby the title of the tobacco passes to the asso-
ciation upon delivery. Separate warehousing corporations
have been organized to acquire the necessary receiving and
storing facilities.

The characteristics of a crop and its market are impor-
tant factors to consider in connection with cooperative de-
velopments because they determine what can be done and
the method of doing it. Tobacco is a nonperishable com-
modity. It not only can be carried over from one season to
the next but is carried over in unusually large amounts.
This is part of the aging and blending processes. The re-
sult is that much of the tobacco is over a year old before
being used. There is, therefore, the problem of carrying
over the crop until consumed. Another important feature
is the high degree of concentration of the outlets. In the
case of burley tobacco, four manufacturers supply the mar-
ket for the major portion of the crop. Unlike wheat and
cotton, tobacco has no highly organized market where large
numbers of buyers and sellers meet and where opportunity
is given to the factors of supply and demand to register their
influence upon price.

Let us take a moment to note the effect of this upon
the marketing association plan. The concentrated outlet
made it seem advisable for the organization to have control
over a large proportion of the burley production. The con-
tract, therefore, called for a seventy-five percent sign-up in
order to make it effective. The organization, instead of fol-
lowing an established market, under the circumstances is
an important factor in price determination. One of its prin-
cipal services is in the use of bargaining power in selling

TWELHYTH ANNUAL MEETING 145

to the buyers. Effective bargaining can not well be obtained
without adhering to a policy of gradual selling. Hence, the
association adopted the plan of pooling the tobacco from
each crop year according to grade. An advance is made to
the member upon delivery of his tobacco and further pay-
ments are made from time to time as tobacco is sold. Final
payment is not made until all the tobacco of a crop year has
been sold. The tobacco that is not sold in loose leaf form
soon after delivery is redried and placed in hogsheads. In
that form it may be warehoused and the warehouse receipts
which are issued furnish collateral which may be employed
as security in borrowing money for the making of additional
distributions to members.

The low prices for the 1920 crop of burley curtailed acre-
age in 1921. The association received about 120 million
pounds of the 1921 crop. Approximately half of this was
sold during the winter of 1921. The balance was carried
over until the fall of 1922. Final payment was made to
the growers in February, 1923. Almost 200 million pounds
of the 1922 crop was received by the Association. The sales
of this crop were not completed until late in 1924, the final
payment being made in March, 1925. The association’s re-
ceipts of the 1923 crop amounted to about 245 million pounds.
Part of that crop as well as part of the 1924 crop remains
unsold at this time, consequently final payments for these
two years have not been made.

No extended mention of the Dark Tobacco Growers’
Cooperative Association is necessary for our purpose. The
plan of organization employed by the association is essent-
ially the same as that for burley. The formation of a separ-
ate association for the dark types of tobacco of Western Ken-
tucky and Tennessee is explained by the fact that those
types, for the most part, have different outlets from those
of the burley. While the burley is used almost entirely by
domestic manufacturers for chewing and smoking tobacco
and cigarettes, much of the dark tobacco is exported to for-

146 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

eign countries. Some slight change in the details of the
plan was made for the dark district because several types
of tobacco are involved, namely the dark fired, the Hender-
son, the Green River and the one sucker types. The Dark
Association was organized in 1922.

I referred at the outset to the fact that these enterprises
are somewhat experimental in that there are many problems
for which the solutions need to be obtained before enter-
prises of this kind can be said to be on a permanent basis.
Some persons heralded the achievement of signing up the
thousands of members as assuring success. Without in any-
way discounting the importance of that accomplishment, it
must be appreciated that the sign-up was only the initial
step.

It would be too much to expect that these enterprises
could operate without bringing upon them criticism of vari-
ous kinds. The source of the most frequent criticism is to
be found in the delays occurring in paying the members for
their tobacco. Under the loose-leaf method of selling the
growers have been accustomed to receiving all the returns
for their tobacco immediately after delivery. Naturally it
is not an easy matter for every grower to adjust his finances
so that it will not be inconvenient for him to wait a con-
siderable time for part of his returns. Sight must not be
lost of the fact that a long time intervenes between the time
the expenses for producing begin to pile up and the time of
final payment. Another point which causes some difficulty
is that the nonmember growers appear to fare about as well
as the members without having to share in the expenses and
delays in payment of the organization.

Since these are encountered so frequently, a brief con-
sideration of the problems involved may be in order. Men-
tion has already been made of the custom of carrying large
quantities of tobacco over from one season to the next in
order to age the leaf and permit of blending to maintain
uniformity of brands. Previous to the organization of the

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 147

associations, this service was performed by the manufac-
turers and dealers. After the establishment of the associa-
tions to render marketing services, it is only natural that
part of this work has been delegated to them. Furthermore,
the effective exercise of bargaining power would be impos-
sible without gradual marketing. But gradual marketing
means delayed payments. The solution to this difficulty
would seem to be one of adjustment by the growers of their
finances so that the hardships and inconveniences of delayed
returns will be reduced to a minimum.

As to the objection that nonmembers obtain benefits
without sharing the burdens, it must be remembered that
the tobacco associations necessarily are important factors
in establishing the price level in the market. It is likely
that the outside price will continue to be as attractive as
that obtained thru the association. Naturally, this is not
pleasant for the member who sees his neighbor reap advan-
tages without sharing the load. However, the basic consid-
eration of the member should be how the association has
helped him rather than how it has helped the outsider, and
he must realize that if everyone were outside there would
be no benefits.

These by no means represent all the difficulties exper-
ienced by the tobacco associations. The Burley Association
has over 100,000 members and the Dark Association about
70,000. Cooperative marketing on the present basis is a
new thing to most of them. It is new to business interests.
It also is new to many of those connected with the man-
agement. The members are no different from the rank and
file of folks in that many have but little grasp of the econo-
mic principles involved in organization and marketing. As
every economist knows, problems of price are little under-
stood and it is on the question of price and price control
that much of the difficulty hinges. It is frequently suggested
that the purpose of organization of farmers is to enable
them to command prices for their products which will rep-
resent cost of production plus a fair profit. Other industries

148 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

are held up as shining lights of the application of this prin-
ciple.

An economist friend of mine has found a quotation from
Shakespeare’s Henry the IV which is apropos of the limits
of price control. It is the dialog between Glendower and
Hotspur where Glendower boasts “I can call spirits from the
vasty deep” and Hotspur retorts “Why so can I and so can
any man; But will they come when you call for them.” In
other words, any one can fix a price on his product but
that does him no good unless some one is willing to pay
that price. There is no magic power in cooperative organi-
zation which enables it constantly to obtain more than the
market conditions warrant. It is unquestionably true that
the mistaken notion has been somewhat prevalent that or-
ganization furnishes the tobacco grower with the means of
price control. The purpose of cooperative marketing is to
get all that the market justifies. This is by no means the
same as arbitrary price control.

May I also invite your attention to the fact that a farm-
ers’ marketing association is not an exact counterpart of a
manufacturing corcern? The factory has direct control over
the amount of its output; the marketing association leaves
acreage control in the hands of the growers, merely selling
the products turned over to it. A favorable price stimulates
production and that is exactly what has occurred in burley
tobacco. The low price for the 1920 crop reduced the 1921
crop of burley to about 220 million pounds. Favorable prices
for the 1921 crop, the first handled by the Association,
brought a crop of 275 million pounds in 1922. In 1923, the
largest crop on record, estimated at 326 million pounds, was
produced. Last year’s crop was almost as large, being esti-
mated at 310 million pounds. This production is an evident
response to price. Overproduction has taken place as shown
by the increasing stocks on hand. Dealers and manufac-
turers reported 562,769,273 pounds of burley on hand, April
1, 1925. The supply on hand has been increasing during
the last three years, being over 40% larger this year than

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 149

on April 1, 1922. The oversupply, no doubt, has delayed
sales by the association and payments to growers have been
delayed thereby. It is a logical conclusion that the burley
prices will have to go to lower levels in order that supply
and demand may be brought back into line.

If the purpose of these associations is not to fix prices,
what is it? Their real functions lie in the field of perfor-
mance of services. Among these services may be mentioned
the sale of tobacco on the basis of grade, giving uniform
treatment to the members and placing the growers more
nearly on the same level as the buyers in bargaining. Year
in and year out, these associations should be able to sell
tobacco in line with market conditions.

There is evident need at present for a more general un-
derstanding of the problems as well as the real possibilities
of organized marketing. A closer contact between manage-
ment and member is important. An understanding of the
relations between production and price and price and pro-
duction needs to be obtained. The associations have prob-
lems of great magnitude resulting from the human element
involved and considerable experimentation probably will be
needed before the most satisfactory solutions are determined.

The Applieation of Seience Thru the Agronomy Exten-
sion Service in Kentucky. Ralph Kenney.

The farmers of Kentucky are continually faced with a
shortage of good legume hay and pastures. More and bet-
ter livestock cannot be realized on a large scale until more
of this quality of feed is produced. With a steady decline
in the acreage sown to clovers there has been a steady de-
cline in fertility, rendering clover growth still more difficult
and livestock profits have rapidly decreased.

Most soils in the state are in a low state of productivity
at the present time and their reclamation can only be ac-
complished with the aid of science. Crop yields may be in-
creased thru the extensive use of lime and sweet clover as

150 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

soil builders, or by the use of phosphate and lespedeza for
the same purpose. A large development along either line
would be the result of past years of scientific investigation
followed by the current and past years of publicity to over-
come popular prejudice against the growing of sweet clover
and the prejudice against lespedeza, both of which are mani-
fested even yet in parts of our state.

Scientific investigation has shown that one-fourth of
the cultivated land must be kept in legumes if an adequate
soil nitrogen content is to be maintained. The United States
census of 1919 shows that one acre in thirty-three acres of
cultivated crops in Kentucky was in a legume. These statis-
tics show Kentucky with the rank of forty-fifth among all
states in comparative legume production and indirectly in
the maintenance of soil productivity in so far as related to
the growth of legumes.

This situation calls for a large effort to be directed to-
ward the stimulation of growing more legumes. Those best
adapted appear to be red and alsike clovers, soybeans, al-
falfa, sweet clover and lespedeza. Extensive experimental
work conducted by the Agronomy Department of the Ex-
periment Station on eight outlying soil fields during the past
twelve years has shown (1) that two tons of ground lime-
stone and eight hundred pounds of 16-per-cent acid phos-
phate per acre, applied once every four years, has raised the
hay yield of red and alsike clover mixed from 912 pounds
to 3070 pounds per acre: (2) that soybeans without soil
treatment have produced an average hay crop of 2273 pounds
per acre: (8) that the soil treatment mentioned has in-
creased the soybean hay yield to 3602 pounds per acre: (4)
that 5600 pounds of lespedeza hay per acre were grown the
third year after six hundred pounds of 16 per cent acid phos-
phate per acre was applied to tobacco followed by a wheat
crop in which lespedega was sown: (5) that the largest
average yield of dark tobacco harvested at Mayfield followed
lespedeza treated with phosphate alone, this exceeding the
yields following red and alsike clover mixed and treated with

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 151

a combination of two tons of limestone and six hundred
pounds of 16-p-cent acid phosphate per acre every three
years.

During the past two years extensive deposits of lime-
rich maris have been found in all limestone formation coun-
ties in the State. This is the greatest development of many
years tending to stimulate the use of lime in Kentucky.
During 1924 approximately 60,000 tons of lime materials
were used and should this practice continue without increase
for five years it will result in at least 150,000 acres being
made capable of growing good clover, alfalfa and succeeding
grain crops.

The scientific facts above cited show the feasibility of
readily increasing the legume acreage. Kentucky farmers
readily grasp the situation when shown the facts and are
at present perhaps more receptive toward the ideas presen-
ted than ever before. It therefore behooves an extension
organization to carefully guide and direct the ideas upon
which a farmer may be expected to act. When lands are
treated with lime and phosphate as indicated for red and
alsike clover, they are prepared equally well for alfalfa and
sweet clover. Since alfalfa produces an average of 50 per
cent more hay per acre, as determined by various experi-
ment stations, then treated soils should be used in a larger
sowing of alfalfa for hay, in place of clovers which are lower
yielding crops. Where pasture is desired on such treated
soils, sweet clover is more productive of highly nutritious
feed in Kentucky than any other plant at present known.

With two such excellent legumes to choose from, it is
not at all surprising that a man of no experience should pick
either one or the other, depending largely on the enthusiasm
of the advocate for either crop who may appear before him
while his mind is in the process of reaching a decision. En-
thusiasm is a necessary part of any field agent’s ability, but
slow, conservative judgment must be used to the limit be-
fore enthusiasm is allowed to develop. All legumes will do

152 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

some good to a farmer but an improper choice may result
in his not satisfying an immediate need and a disappointed
and prejudiced farmer may result from having encouraged
such an improper choice.

For example, alfalfa makes a finer quality of hay that
is easier handled than sweet clover hay; but alfalfa is ser-
iously injured by continuous heavy grazing. It is true alfalfa
can, with intelligence, be profitably handled entirely as a
grazing plant but few Kentucky farmers have either the ex-
perience or sufficient livestock to utilize it in this manner.
On the other hand, sweet clover grows vigorously, even while
being grazed, and, being a biennial, can be grazed heavily dur-
ing its second years growth without subsequent shortening
of its natural life. Sweet clover is a difficult crop to handle
for hay production. These crops require practically the
same soil amendments in most parts of Kentucky and care-
ful guidance must be given to the farmer whose enthusiasm
has been aroused to the extent that he spends money and
works hard to lime the land in order to grow one or the other.

That alfalfa is the logical choice in the long run is
shown by the large alfalfa acreage now growing in Pendle-
ton and Campbell counties where sweet clover once reigned
supreme. Such long time farm demonstration of relative
values or adaptability to farmers needs should guide our
recommendations to a large degree. Having learned by
thirty yeers experience that alfalfa more fully meets most
farm needs and will replace sweet clover in the long run,
it is inadvisable to continue starting new growers in a way
to learn only by experience a fact so well demonstrated.

Most of the work in inducing farmers to apply the facts
cited above is carried on by county agricultural agents. Field
Agents of the Agronomy Department serve in a variety of
ways among which may be listed: (1) assisting the agents
to plan logical things to be done and ways and means of
doing them; (2) directing the attention of the public to the
county agent for information on the subjects planned to be

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 153

worked upon. A specialist, by the use of proper publicity,
can bring to the county agents’ offices more new cooperators
in a season than either he or the agents can secure thru
many days of personal interviews. The agents also find
profitable returns from local news service. Direction of pub-
lic interest is done largely in two ways, (a) In the prepara-
tion and distribution of posters. For example, this year sev-
eral thousand each of posters on alfalfa, soybeans, alsike
clover, lespedeza, lime and marl! have been used. When the
agent displays fifty to one hundred and fifty such posters in
public places over his county the result is that every farmer
gets some idea in regard to the subject. The idea may be
wrong but the farmer is made to think of it every time he
passes one of the posters. (b) In the preparation of timely
news stories distributed thru the extension editor to the
papers of the state. An example of action from such a source
was an item in the Louisville Courier Journal and other
state papers about January 6th, 1923, stating that county
agents had root rot resistant tobacco seed for free distri-
bution. In ten days time 2000 lots of seed were given out
for demonstrations and the agents had the requests directed
to them by this publicity service.

Soil improvement is brought about by the growing of
any of these legumes. The immediate need of the Kentucky
farmer is for more feed and cash crops, hence we are ap-
proaching him from those angles rather than featuring the
soil building powers of legumes.

During the past 5 years the soybean acreage has in-
creased from less than 2,000 to approximately 125,000 acres
in 1924. The normal increase seems to be approximately as
follows: 75 to 100 acres in one county the first year, scat-
tered among ten or fifteen men; 200 to 300 acres the second
year, and 1000 acres the third year, followed by the crop be-
coming a regular part of the farm practice. It is not un-
reasonable to assume that half a million acres of soybean
hay will be an annual crop in Kentucky and that three-

154 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

fourths of the corn will be planted with soybeans in the
same row. The states of Illinois and Missouri already grow
three quarters of a million acres of soybeans annually and
Fulton County, Kentucky, has for three years planted 75 to
90 per cent of its corn with beans in the row. 15,000 to
20,000 acres of new alfalfa were sown in 1924. It is expected
that 50,000 acres will be sown in 1925 and 100,000 acres
sown in 1926.

There are more than 1,000,000 acres of cultivated land
in twenty-five counties in the outer Bluegrass Region with
plenty of lime in the soil to grow good alfalfa. Three-fourths
of all the alfalfa in the state is now in that region. There
are over half a million acres of other cultivated lands rich
in lime in various parts of Kentucky ready to grow alfalfa.
With the universal change in the corn belt to alfalfa and
sweet clover Kentucky must in a few years harvest annually
a million acres of alfalfa hay where at present we have per-
haps 100,000 acres.

In 1923, so far as known, only three men saved les-
pedeza seed in Kentucky. In 1924, 78 seed pans were pur-
chased or made in Graves County alone and several thous-
and bushels of seed were saved in the Purchase Region.
Seven years ago not over ten men were sowing lespedeza
seed as a regular farm practice in the entire state. Now each
of five counties uses from five hundred bushels to three
thousand bushels of seed each spring and demonsirations of
such seeding with good results were completed in over half
the counties in the state last year. Prospects are good for
the building of a 100,000 bushel annual lespedeza seed in-
dustry and an incalculable increase in carrying capacity of
Kentucky pastures thru extensive seeding of lespedeza in all
grass and clover mixtures.

Agricultural Marls in Kentucky. S. C. Jones, Kentucky
Experiment Station. (Abstract)

The need for a cheap and easily accessible source of
lime for improving the soils of the State caused the writer,

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 155

on behalf of the College of Agriculture and Experiment Sta-
tion, to investigate the extensive deposits of calcareous clays
or marls found in the state. Kentucky marls are soft, cal-
careous or calcareo-magnesian materials which quickly dis-
integrate when exposed to atmospheric agencies. The most
extensive deposits are found in the Silurian formation, but
usable deposits are found, also, in the Chester, St. Louis or
St. Genevieve, Upper Waverly and Cincinnatian horizons.
Chemical analyses of many samples have been made and
show a wide range of neutralizing value, some as high as
95 per cent, estimated as calcium carbonate. Most samples
were highly magnesian, especially those from the Silurian.
Mainly thru the activity of County Agricultural Agents, the
marls are coming into extensive use in many counties to
the great advantage of farmers. (The subject is treated
more fully in Ky. Experiment Station Circular No. 32, Ken-
tucky Marls, by S. C. Jones)

The President’s address, What are the results of science
teaching in the schools?) was given at the open session by
Dr. Cloyd N. McAllister, of Berea College. He scored slavery
to textbooks which discourages independent thinking, and
said that the teaching of science should be a fascinating and
rewarding inquiry into the phenomena of the world. He
declared that memorized content of textbooks does not
answer natural inquiries, and urged field work, outside read-
ing and definite attempts to make knowledge function in the
lives of students. Science releases men from superstitions,
but all science adds to the mysteries of life and leads to
recognition of the principle that all things are in accord
with law. Science adds to the joy of living, brings respect
for nature, and gives all literature, including the Bible, a
much stronger place in the lives of its students.

Earthquakes. Dr. Rollin T. Chamberlin, University of
Chicago.

From the very earliest times the attention of man has
been arrested by earthquake phenomena.

156 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

What is an Harthquake? Harthquakes are tremors or
quakings of the earth’s surface, due to causes not connected
with human activities. If, as occasionally happens in cer-
tain of the limestone districts of this state, the roof of a
cave collapses and falls in, a slight earthquake results. Great
landslides in mountainous districts are the cause of some
minor earthquakes and probably slumping on the slopes of
deltas in the ocean and on the borders of the continental
shelves also causes earth shakings of considerable magni-
tude. But the vast majority of quakes are not produced in
these ways, and for most of them we must look to other
causes.

As the horizon of man became wider thru geographi-
cal discovery, the intimate relation ketween the distribution
of volcanoes and earthquakes became apparent, and it was
natural that earthquake phenomena should be attributed to
voleanic activity. This was the dominant view of the last
century. But now the theory that volcanic action is the
chief cause of earthquakes has been generally abandoned.

Most earthquakes are now known to be due to tectonic
forces which produce faulting, or the slippage of rock along
fracture planes. (‘) In Japan, where volcanoes are numer-
ous, the districts surrounding the volcanoes are less fre-
quently shaken than other parts of the islands. In the same
way many of the disastrous earthquakes of South America
originate along the shores as well as beneath the Pacific
Ocean, many miles from the volcanic vents of the Andean
chain. The great earthquakes of India and Turkestan oc-
cur in regions from which volcanic action is now entirely
absent, but which lie on the steep slopes of mountain ranges
that are known to be of recent growth.

(1) The term ‘‘tectonic’’ is used for these forces because they are the
forces concerned in the building and construction of the earth’s major
relief features, such as the uplift of continents, the upheaval of moun-
tain ranges, or the downsinking of the Red Sea trough, or the great
rift valleys of Africa. Earthquakes produced by tectonic forces are
thus called tectonic earthquakes.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING Lo?

On the other hand, the intimate relations between lines
of crustal weakness and the distribution of earthquakes have
been abundantly demonstrated. The internal forces involved
in the slipping of the rocks along these lines of weakness
are very great, as we think of forces in ordinary human af-
fairs. Each slip involves both a tremendous amount of fric-
tion and a tremendous amount of inertia before the rocks
are again brought to a state of rest. If the slip is very sud-
den, the entire region may be given a violent shaking. Such
earthquakes, resulting from faulting, are tectonic earth-
quakes. They are of first importance; volcanic quakes are
of decidedly secondary importance. Let us, however, con-
sider first the volcanic quakes.

Volcanic Harthquakes. A volcanic earthquake, accord-
ing to Professor Omori, is one which is due to the direct
action of the volcanic force, or one whose origin lies under,
or in the immediate vicinity of a volcano, whether active,
dormant or extinct. Some of the characteristics of volcanic
earthquakes may be listed as follows:

1. The shock is usually felt over but a very small area.

2. The earthquake centers, or foci, are usually small
and seldom more than four or five miles in length.

3. The foci are situated at a very slight depth below
the surface.

4. Some, but not all volcanic earthquakes are preceded
and followed by a rather large number of accessory shocks.
In this they resemble tectonic earthquakes. But the after-
shocks of volcanic earthquakes are distinguished by the
short period of their action, and these after-shocks are prac-
tically confined to the epicentral area. They point to lit-
tle extension of the original focus.

Origin of Volcanic Harthquakes. Professor Davison, the
British authority, groups the possible causes of volcanic
earthquakes under the following heads:

158 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(1) The formation of new fractures or the extension
of old fractures in a volcanic mountain mass, due to the
pressure of the columns of lava or of gaseous materials, in
their progress toward the surface.

(2) Explosions of any kind, such as those from the
sudden generation of steam within the volcano by the ac-
cess of water to the highly heated rocks below.

(3) The sudden injection of fluid rock into fractures
or cavities formed in the mass of the volcano.

(4) The slipping of the rock surfaces adjoining a frac-
ture due to subterranean movements of the magma.

All of these possible causes doubtless have produced
earthquakes but they have been among the less important
ones.

Within the last few years the view has been gradually
gaining ground that many of the stronger earthquakes which
have been called volcanic are in reality tectonic quakes pre-
cipitated by volcanic action; that they are due, not so much
to the actual formation of fractures within the mass of the
volcanic mountain, as to slipping along preexisting fractures.

Tectonic Earthquakes. Let us consider the earth as it
is at the present time, essentially solid thruout, with only
small reservoirs of liquid magma locally here and there.
Under the force of gravity the pressures in the interior are
enormous. Under this great compression the rock material
is undergoing rearrangement in favor of greater density.
Shrinking of the interior is thus taking place thruout the
globe, both beneath the continents and also the ocean basin.

But the oceanic segments, larger in area and of heavier
and stronger material, sink more than the continents. They
thus crowd the borders of the continental masses. The
greatest crowding on the globe tends to be along the borders
of the continents. As the greatest crowding occurs there,
there it should be that the rocks should give way first under

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING Ay)

the strain, unless they be stronger there than elsewhere.
As a matter of fact, long strips of unusually weak sedimen-
tary rocks occur near the borders of the continents in many
places. And so it is that the belts of unusual disturbance
on the globe are located very generally along the margins
of the continents. Those are the belts in which earthquakes
are most abundant.

In yielding under strain the rock strata may wrinkle and
fold somewhat like the loose wrinkled skin of an apple which
is drying up and shrinking. Or the rocks may actually break
and slide over one another and become adjusted in that way.
Folding ordinarily does not cause earthquakes, but each in-
dividual slip in the long continued process of faulting pro-
duces an earthquake, slight if the slip be slight, great and
destructive if the slip be sudden and large in amount.

Such earthquakes, incidental to the construction of the
earth’s major relief features, have certain distinctive char-
acteristics:

(1) As individual fault planes are in many instances
traceable along the surface for several hundred miles, tec-
tonic quakes may originate over a long strip.

(2) As fault planes may extend deep below the sur-
face, the foci of many tectonic quakes have been at consid-
erable depths. Professor Matsuyama tells me that the first
fault slip in the Tokyo disaster of September 1, 1923, was
at a depth of approximately twenty miles.

(3) Because of the depth and because of the length of
the faulted strip in many cases, such earthquakes strongly af-
fect large areas on the surface. And because of the inten-
sity of many such shocks, seismographs in all parts of the
globe are set in motion and record the tremors. Such earth-
quakes are of a very different order of magnitude from the
much feebler and very local volcanic quakes which disturb
only a small tract. All world-shaking quakes are believed
to be of tectonic origin.

160 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Harthquake Belts. Observation shows that while earth-
quakes occur in all parts of the world, they are most likely
to happen in certain well-defined tracts which lie in what
we may call the great seismic belts. The great belt of the
western hemisphere follows the Pacific coasts of both North
and South America from the Aleutian Islands nearly to Cape
Horn.

The seismic belt in Columbia, instead of swinging thru
the Isthmus of Panama, veers sharply to the east along the
Caribbean coast of South America and follows the curving
chain of the Antilles. This is a strip of much crustal un-
rest at the present time, as exemplified in the formation of
volcanic islands and much trough faulting associated with
the development of the islands and the development of sev-
eral remarkable deep troughs in the floor of the Caribbean.

In the eastern hemisphere a continuation of the seismic
belt from the Aleutian Islands extends southward thru Japan,
the Philippines and the Celebes to Java where it meets the
east and west belt. The great east and west belt starts in
the Atlas Mountains and the adjacent coast of Spain, and
includes Italy and the eastern Mediterranean. In Persia the
belt divides, one branch following the Tian Shan Mountains
toward northern China, while the other follows the Hima-
layas to Burma and thence thru Sumatra and Java into the
East Indies.

It will be noted that these seismic be!ts are also the
zones of newly-formed mountain ranges and of present active
volcanoes as well as earthquakes. Clearly these three phe-
nomena are all results of the same underlying cause. The
mountains are growing by the repeated rending asunder of
the earth’s crust. With the growth of these ranges are
countless quakes. Also, where fracturing of the earth shell
is occurring, there the molten magmas come the more easily
to the surface, bursting forth in volcanic eruptions. All
three phenomena are related.

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING ILab

What we see, therefore, is that certain unstable tracts
of the earth’s surface are shaken by many earthquakes,
while other stable tracts, which are much greater in area,
suffer from very few earthquakes. These stable tracts, which
are relatively free from quakes, are in general the interior
portions of the continents. What quakes do occur there are
mostly very slight. We should be thankful that we live in
a comparatively stable region.

Earthquakes of the Interior. Let us consider next the
interior of this continent and the region nearer home. In
the central states, the only really severe earthquake of his-
toric times, so far as I know, was the famous New Madrid
earthquake of 1811. New Madrid is situated in the south-
east corner of Missouri, across the Mississippi River from
the extreme southwest corner of Kentucky. It is a well
known region of quakes, for a year rarely passes without
some slight shock being felt in the neighborhood.

The primary cause of the New Madrid earthquake, ac-
cording to Dr. Stuart Weller, was probably a slip along one
of the fault lines in the belt of very intricate faulting which
extends from the New Madrid region northeastward on both
sides of the Ohio River, in Kentucky and Iliinois.

Farthquake Situation in Kentucky. Let us now consider
the earthquake situation in Kentucky. In the western part
of the state, particularly near the Ohio River and presum-
ably extending southwest under later formations to the Mis-
sissippi River and beyond, is a remarkable belt of ancient
faults. These have been carefully mapped in detail by my
colleague, Dr. Weller. This belt presumably continues past
New Madrid and far to the southwest across Arkansas to a
faulted belt in Texas, familiar to the oil companies. These
are old faults, along most of which movement ceased long
ago. But along a few of these fracture lines slight move-
ments are still going on from time to time. While the earth
strains in this interior region are not great, still they do
amount to something, and with the rocks so thoroly broken

162 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

by these fractures, small adjustments are likely to take
place. It was one of these on an exceptionally large scale
which produced the New Madrid quake. Other much lesser
movements cause the slight quakes which are felt in western
Kentucky one or more times every year. The quake of
April 26, 1925, may have been due to such a movement, or
it may have been due to the cave-in of mine workings as
claimed by Herrin in my own state. Either one is possible.
I do not know which it actually was.

The western portion of Kentucky may therefore expect
slight earthquakes on the average of one or more every year.
But as earthquakes they are only slight, and rarely destruc-
tive and scarcely any attention need be paid to them, out-
side of the passing interest in their occurrence. One cannot,
of course, dismiss the possibility of another severe shock in
the New Madrid region, but it may not come in a lifetime
and even if it should, it would not be nearly so bad as the
Californian, Japanese, or other quakes in the well-defined
earthquake belts. Nobody should worry about the uncertain
possibility.

Central Kentucky is more stable. In the cave regions,
to be sure, the collapse of a cave roof may cause a small
quake, but such quakes are purely local and trivial affairs.
Southeastern Kentucky, bordering on the Appalachian tract
of Virginia, is close enough to the mountains to participate
in some of the light quakes originating in the faulted moun-
tain district. But compared with many other mountains
these are now fairly stable, so that dangerous earthquakes
are not to be expected here.

All in all, Kentucky, in my opinion, does not need to
worry much about earthquakes, for the interior of the con-
tinent is comparatively safe. The most stable portion of
the state, in my judgment, is the central portion, probably
no portion safer than the Bluegrass Region. The New Mad-
rid shock, to be sure, was felt over the entire state and be-
yond, but it was really destructive only near the place of

TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING 163

origin. A city situated like Lexington seems to me nearly
as safe from serious earthquakes as Chicago, where we re-
gard the danger from earthquakes as practically nil.

Prediction of Earthquakes. No means have yet been
found for predicting the time and place of earthquakes with
any considerable degree of success. I believe that a pre-
diction as to where is likely to be easier and safer than as
to when. In regions of recently active faults, where earth-
quakes have been numerous in the past, earthquakes are to
be expected in the future. But beyond this generalization
that earthquakes tend to recur at intervals where they have
occurred before, predictions must not be taken too seriously.

Professor Matsuyama has pointed out the fact that five
destructive earthquakes have occurred in the Tokyo region
between March 1, 1633, and September 1, 1923. The inter-
vals between them have been as follows: 70.8 years, 78.3
years, 69.5 and 70.6 years. Here is a rather regular interval
avaraging 72 years. On this basis one might predict the
next destructive quake in the Tokyo region for 72 years from
1923, or the year 1995. But it is a slim basis for prediction.

Dr. Lawson, of the University of California, has recently
presented a method of estimating the approximate date of
the next bad earthquake in the San Francisco region. This
is by an application of the doctrine of elastic rebound. Very
accurate latitude and longitude determinations by the U. 8.
Coast and Geodetic Survey have showed that the San Fran-
cisco region had been moving slowly northward at an aver-
age rate of .05 meter per year for many years prior to the
earthquake of 1906. This is interpreted as creep with in-
creasing strain. At the time of the earthquake slip, sudden
rebound brought the strained area back toward its former
less-strained position. The amount of elastic rebound on
the two sides of the fault at the moment of release was found
to be approximately the same. Hence one-half of the total
rebound is considered to be the measure of strain which
the crust will stand before a slip occurs on the fault. The

164 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

half rebound near Tomales Bay was approximately 3 meters.
This divided by .05 meter, the strain creep per year, gives
58 years as the length of time necessary to accumulate strain
to the point of slip. Estimates at other stations gave 35
and 46 years—an average of about 45 years. Forty-five
years is thus the best estimate, now available, of the time
which should elapse between 1906 and the next slip on the
San Andreas fault. While this figure has been taken up by
the public press, Dr. Lawson states explicitly that the aver-
age is far from satisfactory, and that he has little confidence
in the exact figures.

In conclusion, earthquakes are not mysterious outbreaks
due to inscrutable forces. They are regular and as orderly
as any of the other processes of Nature. They are the nat-
ural growing pains in a changing earth. In certain well
defined areas they are very numerous; in other portions of
the globe they amount to little. In the regions where they
are abundant the best protection against their danger is not
the knowledge of the particular dates upon which they are
expected to occur, but the realization that they may occur
at any time, and that foundations and structures should be
built sufficiently strong to withstand their shocks. In the
regions where they are not important, such as Kentucky,
people should not worry in the least about earthquakes.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 165
MINUTES OF THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

The 13th annual meeting of the Kentucky Academy of
Science was called to order by President A. R. Middleton at
9:30 A. M. on Saturday, May 1, 1926, in room 108, Science
Hall, University of Kentucky. Present about 35 persons.

The Treasurer read his report which showed total re-
ceipts $505.45, including balance from last year; expenses,
$153.51, leaving a balance of $351.94. From this, $50. is to
be invested to cover a life membership, leaving $301.94
available for expenses. The report was referred to an audit-
ing committee composed of Drs. Boyd and Koppius and Miss
Didlake, who later reported the account correct, after which
the Treasurer’s report was adopted.

The Secretary’s report was read in outline and adopted.

President Middleton presented the report of the Coun-
cil, including the following recommendations:

(1) That the by-laws be amended to provide for a
Program Committee composed of the President, the Secre-
tary and the Secretaries of the Divisions. Upon motion, the
following by-law was adopted: “XII The program com-
mittee shall consist of the Secretary of the Academy and the
Secretaries of the Divisions, with the President of the Acad-
emy, ea” officio.”

(2) That the Academy go on record as favoring the
establishment of the metric system in the United States.
Referred to the Resolutions Committee. The President ap-
pointed on this committee Messrs. Chalkley, Caldwell and
Fergus.

(3) That the matter of a union of the Kentucky Acad-
emy of Social Science with the Kentucky Academy of Science
be left in the hands of the Council. So ordered.

(4) That the matter of cooperating with the Univer-
sity and certain other organizations in the publication of a
quarterly journal be left in the hands of the Council. So
ordered.

166 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The Council elected 9 persons to active membership in
the Academy, 8 of whom have qualified.

The Council authorized by a majority vote (1 member
dissenting) the sending of a circular letter to the member-
ship asking contributions to the Scopes Scholarship fund.

President Middleton suggested the advisability of the
Academy holding its annual meeting in Louisville, in con-
nection with the meeting of the Kentucky Educational Asso-
ciation. After considerable discussion, the prevailing opin-
ion seemed to be that the Academy meeting would be over-
whelmed by the K. E. A. The matter was passed without
formal action.

Dr. Payne presented the report of the Membership Com-
mittee, by which the following persons were recommended
for election to active membership:

Alfred Brauer, Dept. of Zoology, University of Kentucky

John F. Bullard, Veterinary Dept,, Experiment Station

Philip R, Edwards, Veterinary Dept., Experiment Station

Miss Statie Erikson, Home Economics Dept,, University of Ken-
tucky

P. A. Davis, Asst. Prof. Biology, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville

Leonard Giovannoli, Dept. of Zoology, University of Kentucky

W. F. Hamilton, 101 West Chestnut St., Louisville

Miss Mariel Hopkins, Home Economics Dept,, University of Ken
tucky

F. E, Hull, Veterinary Dept., Experiment Station

Coleman Hunter, Dept, of Geology, University of Kentucky

W. L, Hyden, Dept. of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville

R, W. Jackson, University of Louisville

R. J. Kaufman, University of Louisville

R. C, Lane, Dept. of Geology, University of Kentucky

Raymond Miller, Dept. of Geology, University of Kentucky

Miss Thelma MacIntyre, Dept. of Zoology, University of Kentucky

J. S. Pierce, Dept, of Chemistry, Georgetown College, George-
town

Henry M. Pyles, Dept, of Biology, Ky. Wesleyan College, Win-
chester

Walter T. Tucker, Dept. of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville

Edgar Van Slyke, Dept, of Biology, Centre College, Danville

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 157

Samuel M. Wilson, Lexington
Spencer Withers, Dept. of Geology, University of Kentucky
R. Tyson Wyckoff, Berea College, Berea.

Upon motion, the report was adopted and all the nom-
inees were formally elected.

Dr. Buckner was authorized to represent the Academy
in the Sesqui-Centennial Association of Lexington.

The Committee on Publications reported that the manu-
script of volume 2 of the Transactions, to include three meet-
ings, was in an advanced stage of preparation and that a
very reasonable estimate for the printing had been obtained.

The President appointed as Committee on Nomination
of Officers, Messrs. McHargue, Bangson and Buckner.

The President delivered his address on “The effect of
teaching of evolution on the religious convictions of under-
graduate students, as evidenced by theses upon this subject,”
after which the two divisions convened in separate session.

In the Biological Division, Dr. A. R. Middleton was elec-
ted Chairman and Dr. G. D. Buckner, Secretary. In the Phy-
sical Division, Dr. O. T. Koppius was elected Chairman-Sec-
retary.

In the afternoon session, Dr. H. H. Laughlin, Head of
the Eugenics Record Office of the Carnegie Institution, Cold
Spring Harbor, N. Y., delivered a very interesting and in-
structive address on “The Principles of Eugenics’’.

Transaction of business was continued in the general
session.

The establishment of a Mathematical Division of the
Academy was authorized, details of the proposed organiza-
tion to be worked out by a committee composed of Dr. P. P.
Boyd and two others to be chosen by him.

The establishment of a Division of Philosophy and Psy-
chology was authorized, the organization to be in the hands
of Dr. Morley A. Caldwell.

168 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The establishment of the class of Fellow in the mem-
bership of the Academy was authorized, the details to be
worked out by the Council.

An invitation was voted to the ornithological societies
of the state to become a section of the Academy. Mr. Beck-
ner was appointed Chairman of a committee of three in
charge of this matter, he to select the other two. The three
last mentioned committees are to report to the Council.

The Committee on Nominations reported as follows:
For President, Prof. W. G. Burroughs, Berea College
For Vice-President. Prof. Henry Meier, Centre College
For Secretary, Dr. A. M. Peter, Experiment Station

For Treasurer, Prof. W. S. Anderson, University of Ken-
tucky

For Councilor, to the A. A. A. S., Dr. A. R. Middleton,
University of Louisville

For member of the Publications Committee, Dr. W. R.
Jillson, Ky. Geological Survey, Frankfort.

The report was adopted and these officers were duly
elected.

Report of the Committee on Resolutions

The Committee on Resolutions presented the following
report which was adopted unanimously:

Resolved: That the following telegram be sent immediately by
the Secretary to Hon. Randolph Perkins, the Chairman of the House
Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures, House of Representa-
tives, Washington: By unanimous resolution of the Kentucky Acad-
emy of Science adopted in regular session to-day, your committee is
urged to aid legislation which will place the United States on the
world-uniform metric basis in merchandising and in education,

Resolved: That the Secretary communicate to the President of
the University of Kentucky expressions of appreciation and thanks
of the Academy for the courtesies shown, and the accommodations and
conveniences furnished the Academy at its present session.

Resolved: That it be recorded by this resolution that the thanks
and sentiments of deep appreciation on the part of the Academy are

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 169

tendered to Dr. Middleton for his earnest labors for the advancement
of the Academy as its President, and especially for the valuable ad-
dition to the archives of the Academy which he has contributed in
the annual address delivered at the present session.

Resolved: That the Academy tenders to Dr. Laughlin assurance
of its professional good-will and support in recognition of the valu-
able service he is tendering to science, and to the progress of know-
ledge, and to the advancement of humanity and the very sincere
thanks of the Academy for the valuable enlightenment he has given
to the members and to the scientific world in the paper he has just
read before the Academy, ‘‘The Principles of Eugenics.’’

Resolved: That the Council be instructed to take under most
earnest consideration the devising of means by which the papers and
proceedings of the Academy may be published annually, to the end
that they may speedily be made available to members and to scientific
men.

Resolved: That the Academy expresses its appreciation of the
valuable, efficient «nd untiring services during the past year of ail
the officers now serving the Academy, and thanks them,

LYMAN CHALKLEY, Chairman
VE.2 Ac CALDWELL,
E. N. FERGUS.

The Academy edjourned sine die.

SECRETARY’S REPORT

Of the 35 persons elected to active membership in the
Academy at the last meeting, 15 have paid the initiation
fee and have been edded to the roll of the Academy. We
have lost one member by death since the last meeting, Pro-
fessor Albert R. Crandall, of Milton, Wisconsin, a Corres-
ponding Member. For many years Prof. Crandall was one
of the geologists on the staff of the Kentucky Geological
Survey and also professor in the A. & M. College of Kentucky.

The President appointed as the membership committee
Messrs. V. F. Payne, Transylvania College, Lexington, Chair-
man; W. G. Burroughs, Berea College, Berea, and EH. C.
Vaughn, Experiment Station, Lexington.

170 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

During the year the Council elected 8 new members,
voting by letter and these have duly qualified and been en-
rolled on the membership list. They are:

Dr. Edward A. Caslick, Veterinarian, Claiborne Stud,
Paris, Ky.

Dr. Morris Flexner (M. D.), Francis Building, Louis-
ville, Ky.

Dr. Alson Baker (M. D.), Berea, Ky.

Prof. William H. Walker, Professor of Psychology,
Berea College, Berea, Ky.

Dr. William A. Guthrie, Southern Kentucky Sanatorium,
Franklin, Ky.

Mr. John T. Lynch, Road Engineer, Frankfort, Ky.

Prof. John 8. Bangson, Professor of Biology, Berea Col-
lege, Berea, Ky.

Mr. George H. Parker, Kentucky Actuarial Bureau,
Louisville, Ky.

Dr. Guthrie qualified as a life member. This gives us
now two life members, Dr. Guthrie and Dr. Jillson.

In accordance with the resolution adopted at the last
meeting, the Secretary wrote a letter of thanks to Dr. Jill-
son, to be transmitted to the donor of the Academy Medal.
Dr. Jillson has not yet been able to effect a satisfactory ar-
rangement with the proposed donor, so that the medal is
not yet established.

Also in accordance with a resolution adopted at the
meeting, approving the program of the American Forestry
Association, copies of the resolution adopting the program
were sent to all Kentucky representatives and Senators in
Congress, to the daily press of the state and spread upon
the minutes of the Academy.

A copy of the resolution passed by the Academy in favor
of securing the Cook Forest in Pennsylvania as a forest re-
serve was sent to the Committee on Preservation of Natural
Conditions of the Ecological Society of America, W. G. Wat-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING eet

erman, Senior Chairman, Northwestern University, Evans-
ton, Ill.

The Secretary received a number of copies of a pamph-
let entitled ““Wood—not Food” from the American Forestry
Association, which he distributed to one or more members
of the Academy or to County Agents in each Congressional
District of Kentucky asking them to write to their Congress-
men asking endorsement of the Association’s program.

President Middleton appointed Dr. W. R. Jillson to act
for the Academy in reporting to Secretary Livingston what
transpires in the evolution controversy in Kentucky, includ-
ing the doings of the legislature.

In response to the circular letter sent out at the request
of the committee in charge of raising a scholarship fund
for Mr. Scopes in recognition of his loyalty to the cause of
science, $47.00 was raised among our membership and for-
warded to the treasurer of the fund, Mr. Watson Davis, clo
Science News Service, Washington, D. C., on November 23rd,
1925.

We received from Dr. Livingston printed copies of the
A. A. A. S.’s “Statements on Evolution” which were sent
to several newspapers; Paducah News-Democrat, Paducah
Sun, Lexington Herald and Leader, Cincinnati Enquirer,
Louisville Courier Journal, Louisville Herald, and the pub-
licity man of the College of Agriculture and to the school
superintendent of McCracken County. The Secretary also
sent to Secretary Livingston the addresses of all members
of the Kentucky General Assembly and copies of the leaflet,
140 in number, were mailed to them from the Washington
office.

The Secretary prepared and sent to Secretary Livings-
ton a short history of the Kentucky Academy for filing in
the records of the A. A. A. S.

The new ruling of the A. A. A. S. as to allowance to
affiliated academies went into force October 1st, 1925, so

172 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

that the Academy now receives fifty cents refund for each
national member instead of one dollar.

The program and a short account of the 1925 meeting
were forwarded to “Science” but did not appear in that
journal.

On December 15th we wrote the Chairman of the House
and Senate Committee on Forestry enclosing a copy of the
resolution adopted by our Academy.

The Council of the Academy has endorsed the appoint-
ment of Dr. W. R. Jillson to represent the State of Kentucky
in the 14th International Geological Congress, at Madrid,
Spain, May 24-31, inclusive, and a letter was written Gover-
nor Fields to that effect. The governor appointed Dr. Jill-
son. <A letter signed by the President and Secretary was
given Dr. Jillson authorizing him to represent the Academy
in the Congress.

The Secretary, as Councilor of the Academy, authorized
Dr. M. N. States to act as his proxy in the meeting of the
Council of the A. A. A. S. at its meeting in Kansas City in
December, 1925. Inasmuch as the minutes of that meeting
have been published in full in Science, it seems unnecessary
to make further report here.

A. M. PETER, Secretary

The Effect of the Teaching of Evolution upon the Re-
ligious Convictions of Undergraduate Students as Evidenced
by Theses upon this Subject. A. R. Middleton (President’s
Address )

Perhaps the principal argument against the teaching of
evolution is the charge that the religious faith of stu-
dents who become convinced of the truth of evolution is
destroyed or at least seriously shaken. If this is true then
there would seem little if any defense for the teaching of
it to undergraduates. This charge is almost universally on
the lips of clergymen who are opponents of the doctrine.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 173

Professor Luba has attempted to show statistically that
an increasing number of the students of any given class be-
come atheistic or agnostic as the group proceeds thru the
four years of college work. If asked whether he believes
in a “personal God” a freshman student would doubtless
answer without any material consideration of the implica-
tions of that term. When that same question is put to a
senior student he would be prone to consider this phase of
the question seriously. He might, therefore, answer that
he did not believe in a “personal God’’ and not intend that
it should be inferred from his answer that he did not be-
lieve in the existence of a Supreme Being. The same would
be true of other questions submitted in a questionaire. Yet
affirmative answers to such questions would seem to indi-
cate that the student had lost his faith or become irreligious.
I think that this is the answer to Professor Luba’s calcula-
tions. Further, in certain cases, the normal decrease in
the number of students from class to class would effect the
percentages in question. In any case, such increasing per-
centages as those published by Professor Luba may be amply
accounted for without a single student becoming agnostic
or atheistic aS a consequence of his exposure to an educa-
tion.

It so happens that there are several large classes in
the Biological Laboratories of the University of Louisville
and it occurred to me that here was the opportunity to se-
cure some direct testimony from the student himself on this
question. Accordingly I called for a written thesis from
each of these students on any phase of the subject of evolution
that he might elect. I was gratified to find that 137 of them
chose to discuss the effect of evolution upon their religious
convictions. Of this 1387 only 5 were anti-evolution. But
from the point of view of the present paper the most signi-
ficant fact is that of the 132 who are convinced of the truth
of evolution 80 state unequivocally that their realization of the
truth of evolution has confirmed and strengthened their religious

174 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

convictions while the remainder state that their religious convictions
have not been weakened or modified in any manner.

These papers were not written by the students in ques-
tion with any knowledge that they would be put to the pres-
ent use and I had no idea of using them in this way when
I called for them. The results were so intensely gratifying
to me personally that I described them to my friend Dr. J.
F. Fraser, until recently pastor of the Fourth Avenue Bap-
tist Church in Louisville, Ky., and we agreed that the Louis-
ville Ministerial Association might wish to learn of them.
The request of that association that I appear before them
led to the preparation of this paper.

In reply to the charge that “evolution makes agnostics
and atheists of students” we have the unbiased written state-
ment of 132 students that such a result does not accrue while
80 of these state that it has confirmed and strengthened their
religious convictions.

To afford the opportunity of judging of the characters
of these students’ papers I shall quote from certain typical
ones of them, but first I wish to cite, by way of contrast,
two rather characteristic ministerial tirades against evolu-
tion.

In the American Mercury of February, 1926, Rev.
Charles F. Bluske, Asheville, N. C., is quoted as follows:
“After many years of study I have found that every Bol-
shevist of Russia, socialist, infidel and anarchist, believes in
evolution... This gang of infidels is joined by a narrow-
minded set of devil-bound preachers, who stand in the church
and blaspheme Christ, .... they are jackass preachers with-
out faith. This gang consists of newspaper editors and
scientists who should be exiled out of our country for insult-
ing the high moral standard of the creation of human life,
Christianity and civilization, for they are not one hundred
percent American, but an insane set of ignorant educated
fools... Take a jackass, a hog and a skunk and tie them

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 7

ol

together and you have a scientific evolutionist and a mod-
ernist.”’

I also have seen somewhere the statement that a
preacher in the middle west has demanded that every evo-
lutionist be crucified, head down.

Now, by way of refreshing contrast, let us see what
students have to say upon this question:

A young man says “Evolution has solved for me prob-
lems that had troubled me for many years. I have a more
broadened view of the higher things of life and my belief
in God is strengthened. To my mind it is impossible for
anyone to believe in evolution and then disbelieve in God.”

A young woman writes: “The theory of evolution is
one of the most potent influences for good that have come
into man’s experience. It is only those who are ignorant
of our universe who are afraid science will make them lose
their religion.”

A young man writes: “Often you hear someone say that
when a person believes in evolution he cannot believe in
the Bible. This old statement has been disproved many
times, and I think people are coming to realize how untrue
it is. I do not believe that a man can understand the Bible
unless he has some knowledge of evolution, because the two
go hand in hand.”

A young man writes: “Education and religion cannot
help humanity as long as ignorant congressmen continue to
pass such laws as the anti-evolution law. It would help much
more if the congressmen would pass a law compelling each
high-school student to take a course in general biology. If
the state could spend all the money it now spends in keeping
up poorhouses, jails, asylums, etc., on the biological educa-
tion of its youth, what a wonderful land this would be. The
only way we can better the human race is for the leaders of
science, religion, education and art to get together and all
pull together for the same goal.”

176 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

A young woman writes: “Attempts by a church to keep
evolutionary teachings from its young people is an admis-
sion, on the part of that church, of its failure to give its
youth a religion which can meet the needs of everyday life.
The anti-evolutionist says that evolution detracts from the
power and glory of God. Evolution does not.”

A young woman writes: “Religion is not undermined
but strengthened by the theory of evolution. The evolution
theory enhances our conception of Diety.”

A young woman writes: ‘We realize anew the divine
wisdom of God in His ‘plan of life’.”

A young woman writes: “Both science and religion
have their place in the world. There can be no doubt as
to the essential truth of religion; its fruits proclaim its
worth. There can be no doubt of the essential truth of evo-
lution. .. God is a deeper, finer, nobler something than hands,
ears or eyes. The image of God lies within ourselves; it is
that which makes us what we are. This it is that links us
with the Eternal; this it is that makes it worth while that
we should be eternal.”

A young woman writes: “Instead of destroying all pre-
concieved ideas of God, it helps fashion a far nobler, far
more beautiful conception than ever before has been con-
cieved of Him Whose image lies within ourselves—the image
that makes us what we are. Never has evolution weakened
my faith in God, instead it has strengthened it. It is not
the scientists of today who are disillusioning our college
boys and girls, but the so-called men of God who for the
sake of sensationalism, tear out by the roots the love, the
reverence, the admiration that is inherent in them for things
divine.”

A young man writes: “Antipathy to it was all that I
was familiar with. Today it is a wonderful discovery to me.
The realization of the fact or idea of evolution came to me
as a flood of light illuminating the whole of life.” (This
boy intends to enter the protestant ministry. )

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING Le

A young Catholic man writes: “Thus the religion of
the ecclesiast is a thing man-wrought, the religion of the
scientist is a religion inspired by the Maker of all.”

A young Jewess writes: ‘Not so long ago in actual time
I never questioned the whys and wherefores of the doc-
trines of the religious faith I had been taught and brought
up in, but I accepted them blindly. I would never think and
reflect on my religious beliefs for fear of arousing any
doubts. That was the trouble, I wished to steer clear of any
doubts that might possibly arise, I truly feared to face the
truth and know it for the truth, be it what it may. How-
ever, aS soon as I began to understand the theory of evolu-
tion my religious beliefs, my ideals, indeed my opinions on
any and every subject have become transformed from dim
phantoms to substantial practicalities. There has been no
marvelous miracle, just a plain clearing up in my mind by
the throwing of light on heretofore unseen facts. In the
past, when asked what God meant to me. my reply was eva-
sive; and if pressed, I had to admit that I did not know.
There was the reason for the disquieting thoughts I was
always repressing. The generally accepted version did not
satisfy me for I felt the need of a personal conception. That
conception was given me by the theory of evolution. To
me God is the source of life and all that is. Secure in this
knowledge, I can face any questions, any arguments, any
facts; .. Science, the revealer of that Source, has shown
me the whys and wherefores, Its facts are the foundation
for the realizing of all ideals of goodness and beauty which
constitute, in their turn, the basis of race progress and bet-
terment. I truly believe that Science reveals God’s works,
and Oh, what a revelation!”’

A young man writes: “There is nothing in the concept
of evolution to deny God or to make men irreligious or to
lessen the aspiration of his soul.”’

A young woman writes: ‘Evolution means a reason-
able, satisfying and ennobling conception of life, a concep-
tion that gives life infinite promise.”

178 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

A young man writes: “There is nothing in the concep-
tion of evolution to deny God or to make men irreligious,
or to lessen the aspiration of his soul.”

A young man writes: “The clear-thinking men, both
scientists and teachers of religion, have long realized that,
basically and inevitably, there can be no conflict between
the truths of religion and the truths of science.”’

A young man writes: “There is nothing more real and
romantic in science than the colorful presentation of the
actual record of evolution as read from the rocks and seen
in existing life. Such interpretation, unadulterated by gen-
eralized philosophies and unsolvable inquiries into ultimate
origins, only serves to strengthen the basic religious con-
victions of the students. Christ-like attitudes and broad
evolutionary understandings are not incomparable.

A young man writes: “Does it not appear to be heath-
enish to believe God to have moulded an image from clay
and breathed upon it? As human knowledge increases we
should get away from such a crude conception of God. Evo-
lution is too great, too true, too fascinating a tale to be
known only to the specialist. Unless we know the story of
evolution we do not know ourselves.

The above quotations have been selected from all re-
ligious beliefs represented in the department. They include
Protestant, Catholic, Jewish and one Christian Scientist per-
son. It is evident from all this THAT THE TEACHING OF
EVOLUTION TENDS TO CONFIRM AND STRENGTHEN
ALL THE TYPES OF THEOLOGICAL CONVICTION PRE-
VALENT IN THIS COUNTRY. THERE WAS NOT RE-
PORTED A SINGLE CASE IN WHICH RELIGIOUS CON-
VICTIONS WERE IN ANY MANNER UNDERMINED.

PAPERS PRESENTED

(1) The Growth of Chickens Raised Without Grit.
G. Davis Buckner. Ky. Experiment Station. (Abstract)

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING Leg

An experiment is described in which two lots of 10
leghorn chicks each were raised from the egg to 8 months
old, one entirely without grit and the other with grit as
usual.

No significant differences were observed in growth,
thriftiness or egg production between the two lots. The
gizzards of the chickens that did get grit were distinctly
heavier than those of the other lot, suggesting greater mus-
cular activity. It appears that grit was not essential to the
growth and egg-production of these chickens. The author
thinks that chickens consume more grit than they need. (For
the complete paper, see Poultry Science, Vol. V, June-July,
1926, pp. 203-208.

Kentucky Bluegrass—Whence Did it Come? J. S. Mc-
Hargue, Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station.

Two points of interest pertaining to Poa pratensis, Ken-
tucky bluegrass, are somewhat obscure: How did it get
the name, bluegrass, implying a property which the grass
does not possess to any marked degree, and, is it a native
of this country, particularly of the Bluegrass Region of cen-
tral Kentucky? The purpose of this paper is to discuss each
of these questions briefly, from the standpoint of historical
research.

At the present time the term “bluegrass” is applied to
a. large number of species of grass. Sampson (1), in his
book on Native American Forage plants, states that there
are probably more than 200 species of bluegrass widely dis-
tributed in the temperate and cool regions of both hemis-
pheres. In the United States about 90 species have been
reported. However, in the central and northern portions
of the United States only two species are of economic im-
portance, Poa pratensis, Kentucky bluegrass, and Poa com-
pressa, Canada bluegrass. One not familiar with either of
these two grasses would naturally infer that they possess a
characteristic blue color. Doubtless many persons have

180 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

wondered how the word “blue” became associated with Poa
pratensis, or Kentucky bluegrass, the foliage of which is
intensely green.

A search of the literature for an explanation of this
question reveals a very interesting fact which is not appar-
ently well known to the laity.

Dr. John Torrey (2) who was one of the first and most
outstanding authorities on botany in this country does not
describe Poa pratensis as having any blue appearance—in
fact the word “blue” is not used in his description of this
grass at all. However, in his description of Poa compressa
he says that the leaves are short, linear, carinate, smooth
and glaucous. Blue grass.

EKaton’s Manual of Botany of North America (3) pub-
lished in 1829, describes Poa pratensis and Poa compressa and
to the latter he assigns the common name “blue grass” and
does not use the words “glaucous” or “blue” in connection
with Poa pratensis.

Beal (4), in his discussion of Poa compressa, in his book
on the Grasses of North America, says “It (Poa compressa)
well deserves the name ‘blue grass’, by which it is often
known, as the whole plant has a dark, bluish, glaucous-
green color. It is to be regretted that the name ‘blue grass’
was ever applied to Poa pratensis, as is commonly the case
in Kentucky and vicinity.’”’ Beal also quotes Professor D. L.
Phares, as follows: ‘In his manual of grasses for the South-
ern States, he says: ‘Poa compressa is blue, the true blue
grass, from which the genus received its trivial name. It
has priority of claim to the name, blue grass, and justly too,
as the leaves have a deep bluish tint’’’. Beal, in further
emphasizing the characteristic bluish hue of Poa compressa,
writes (p 134) “We have a rather thin, short, late grass,
with short leaves, a small top, and a flattened stem. This
is very rich, of a dark bluish-green color, and is often called
‘blue grass’, a name which it richly deserves. It is Poa
compressa.”

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 181

Piper (5), in discussing Poa compressa, says the whole
herbage is pale and glaucous. Sampson (6), in his descrip-
tion of Po compressa, says the species closely resembles Ken-
tucky bluegrass (P. pratensis), from which it differs in being
lower in stature and having a bluer color, etc.

The only time Poa pratensis possesses any blueness of
color during its growth is when the grass is in full bloom,
the anthers have a purplish hue and when the grass is tall
and thick on the ground a bluish cast may be seen in look-
ing over a considerable expanse of the grass. However, the
purplish color is very transient and is more pronounced if
the weather happens to be warm and dry previous to and
at the time of blooming which is usually the latter part of
May for Kentucky. If the season happens to be rainy at
the time of blooming, no purple color will be observed be-
cause the rain beats the anthers off about as fast as they
appear.

From the literature just quoted it is to be concluded
that Poa compressa is the original and true blue grass as shown
by its more marked bluish green color and that Poa pritensis,
(so-called Kentucky bluegrass), which in many respects is
a much superior grass, has acquired the common name of
an inferior species, Poa compressa (Canada bluegrass).

The Introduction of Poa pratensis into this Country. Re-
cently local interest has been awakened in regard to whether
or not Pow pratensis is a native of this country and particu-
larly to the bluegrass region of Kentucky.

According to Carrier and Bort (7), the earliest reference
to the native grasses found by the early English settlers
in this country occurs in the records left by Captain John
Smith (8). As early as 1612 he wrote: “Virginia doth af-
ford many excellent vegetables and living creatures, yet
grasses there are little or none but what groweth in lowe
marshes for all the country is overgown with trees whose
droppings continually turneth their grasse to weeds by rea-
son of the rankness of the ground.”

182 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Again, in 1629, he is quoted as saying “James Towne is
yet their chiefe seat most of the wood destroyed, little corne
there planted, but all converted into pasture and gardens;
wherein doth grow all manner of herbs and roots we have in
England in abundance and as good grasse as can be, etc.”
And again, in 1630, Captain John Smith wrote, “There is
grasse plenty though very long and thick stalked. You may
have harsh sheare-grass enough to make hay of till you can
cleare ground to make pasture; which will bear as good
grasse aS can grow anywhere as now it doth in Virginia.”

From these statements of Captain John Smith it is
reasonable to assume that Pou pratensis was one of the
grasses grown in the pastures of Virginia as early as 1630
because bluegrass, orchard grass, red top, timothy and the
clovers had their origin, according to various authorities,
in the Eastern Hemisphere and were brought to this country
by the early colonists that formed the first permanent set-
tlements on the Atlantic coast.

According to Carrier and Bort loc cit, William Penn, in
1685, sowed English grass-seed in his courtyard and says
that “it grew very thick but I ordered it to be fed (grazed)
being in the nature of a grass plot on purpose to see if the
roots lay firm, and though it had been mere sand cast out
of the cellar but a year before, the seed took much root and
held so fast and fastened itself so well in the earth that it
held and fed like old English ground.” Quoting further from
the same authors, “Thomas Budd, in 1685, advised farmers
to sow ‘English grass-seed’; and the New England Almanack
for 1720 makes the statement for the month of June, ‘‘Cut
your English grass’. If Poa pratensis had been native to
New England it probably would not have been called “Eng-
lish grass.”” Since Poa pratensis is the only grass that reaches
maturity in June, undoubtedly that was the grass referred
to in the New England Almanack of 1720. The above cita-
tions lead the author to infer that Poa pratensis was grown
at various points along the Atlantic coast for approximately

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 183

one hundred and fifty years before the first permanent set-
tlement was made west of the Allegheny mountains.

In 1782, Thomas Jefferson (9), published his “Notes on
the State of Virginia’. On page 76 of this book he discusses
the various agricultural crops that were grown in Virginia
at that time. He says “The following were found in Vir-
ginia when first visited by the English; but it is not said
whether by spontaneous growth or by cultivation only.
Most probably they were natives of more southern climates
and handed along the continent from one nation to an-
other of the savages.” The list includes the following plants
with their botanical names: Tobacco, Nicotiana; Maize, Zea
mays; Round potatoes, Solanum tuberosum: Pumpkins, Cucurbita
pepo; Cymlings, Cucurbita verrucosa; Squashes, cucurbita melo-
pepo.

These were the native agricultural plants found in Vir-
ginia by the English in 1607 and those that followed soon
after. Furthermore, Jefferson says, “There is an infinitude
of other plants and flowers for an enumeration and scien-
tific description of which I must refer to the Flora Virginica
of our great botanist, Dr. John Clayton, published in 1762.
This accurate observer was a native and resident of this
State and passed a long life in exploring and describing its
plants, and is supposed to have enlarged the botanical cata-
log as much as almost any man who has lived.” Continuing
he says, “Besides these plants, which are native, our farmers
produce wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, broomcorn and
Indian corn. The climate suits rice well enough, wherever
the lands do. Tobacco, hemp, flax, and cotton are staple
commodities. Indigo yields two cuttings. The silkworm is.
a native and the mulberry proper for its food grows kindly.”

“We cultivate also potatoes, both the long and the round,
turnips, carrots, parsnips, pumpkins, and ground nuts
(Arachis). Our grasses are lucern, St. foin, burnet, timothy, ray
and orchard grass; red, white and yellow clover; greenswerd, blue
grass, and crab grass.”

184 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

It is interesting to note that Jefferson includes in his
list of grasses cultivated in Virginia, greenswerd and blue
grass. Piper (10), in his recent book on grasses, says that
in Virginia, Poa pratensis was formerly known as greenswerd.
This same author, in his description of Poa compressa, Can-
ada bluegrass, says, “also known as Virginia bluegrass’’.
From the foregoing statements it is evident that Poa pra-
tensis and Poa compressa, were among the grasses commonly
grown in Virginia, in the time of Thomas Jefferson. It is
quite possible that Poa pratensis adorned the historical es-
tates of both Washington and Jefferson.

Piper, in his discussion of Poa pratensis, says that in its
ordinary cultivated form it is quite certainly not native to
North America.

Hitchcock (11) says that forms of Poa pratensis, occur
natively north of the United States in Canada and Alaska,
but all of the United States material he has examined and
all cultivated material is of the old world type and that as
a cultivated plant Kentucky bluegrass is not American but
European.

Rafinesque, (12) was one of the early botanists to make
explorations in Kentucky. He does not mention bluegrass
as occurring in Kentucky. John Filson’s History of Ken-
tucky (18) contains one of the earliest maps made of the
country and on it are located cane brakes, the barrens, for-
est, but no place is labeled “bluegrass area’. Neither does
Filson make mention of having found bluegrass growing in
Kentucky. Dr. Thomas Walker (14) explored Kentucky in
1749 and according to one historian partly for the purpose
of botanical research. He describes the barrens but does
not mention blue grass. No one has attributed any state-
ment to Daniel Boone (15) as having seen bluegrass in Ken-
tucky, altho he was undoubtedly familiar with Poa pratensis
because he had at one time lived in Virginia and traveled
extensively in other states before coming to the wilderness
of Kentucky.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 185

It is also of interest to note that apparently no mention
of bluegrass is made in the first five or six volumes of the
Kentucky Gazette, altho numerous farms and tracts of land
are advertised for sale in the first volumes of this paper.
The writer has scanned the pages of the first six volumes
of the Kentucky Gazette, column after column, without find-
ing any mention of bluegrass growing on the farm lands
that are advertised for sale in its columns. Apparently this
fact is of significance because if bluegrass pastures existed
in Kentucky at that early date presumably the farmers would
have taken particular pains to emphasize this important
fact in their advertisements just as they do to-day.

In 1882, Dr. Robert Peter (16) and other authors con-
tributed articles to Perrin’s History of Fayette County. Dr.
Peter wrote the first chapter in this book and the subject
discussed by him is: The Blue Grass Region. On the first page
of his article on the Blue Grass Region, Dr. Peter says,
“The introduction of live stock by the white settlers caused
the gradual extermination of the cane, which was almost
the only under-growth on the rich land, and its place was
soon monopolized, all over the region, by what has now a
world-wide reputation as ‘Kentucky blue grass’ so that at
this time the cane is found growing only in spots which are
inaccessible to grazing animals, which are fond of its leaves
and young shoots—a forage said to be very nourishing and
fattening to them.”

“But whence came the blue grass?” asks the author.

“The late Dr. John Torrey, of New York, one of the
most learned and experienced botanists of our country, stated
his belief that this grass had been introduced into this coun-
try from England (See Natural History of New York); and
this seemed to be quite a prevalent belief with our farmers
and early settlers, strengthened by the fact that this blue
grass from time immemorial had been recognized as the
“smooth-stalked meadow ‘spear grass’ of England, known
to botanists as the Poa pratensis’.

186 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

In the library of Transylvania College are copies of
Torrey’s (17) books on botany. In Volume 1 he describes
Poa pratensis, and it is of interest to note that he does not
use the common name “Kentucky blue grass” in his descrip-
tion. He does, however, insert the word “introduced” at
the end of his description of Poa pratensis, thus showing that
it was the opinion of one of the earliest and best authorities
on botany that Pow pratensis was introduced and confirms the
statement of the foregoing author quoted above.

In 1872, William Stickney (18) published a biography
of his father-in-law, Amos Kendall, and in this connection
he gives the following description of the original site of
Lexington and the surrounding country. “Originally, the
site of Lexington and the surrounding country were cov-
ered with heavy timber under which was a thick growth of
cane so intertwined with pea-vine as to be almost impene-
trable to man and beast. The leaf of the cane very much
resembles that of Indian corn, and constituted the favorite
food as well of the buffalo as of domestic cattle. As soon
as the latter became numerous, they fed the cane so closely
as to kill it as well as the pea-vine leaving the forest with-
out any undergrowth. The cane and vine were soon replaced
by a thick and luxuriant growth of bluegrass, affording the
richest pastures in the world—as beautiful to look upon and
wander over as pleasure-grounds kept in order by incessant
labor in other regions.”

Apart from the legendary and traditional evidence af-
forded in various stories of the Goff family bringing a piece
of bluegrass sod from Virginia and the account of the seed
being brought at an early date to Boonesboro by a mem-
ber of the Boone party, we have an additional account of
its introduction by Dr. J. B. Killebrew (19) who was a good
authority on grasses. Writing to the farmers of Tennessee
in 1878 he says:

“If the farmers will watch the system of managing
bluegrass and learn it from those who have succeeded, they

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 187

will soon become so enthusiastic that every acre capable
of producing it, in Tennessee, will be seeded and we shall
have a country as beautiful as the world-wide famous Blue-
grass region of Kentucky. It may be interesting to know
how and when that region began the cultivation of it. Dr.
F. H. Gordon, of Smith County, Tenn., early became impres-
sed with its importance and visited the neighborhood in
which its culture began for the express purpose of investi-
gation, and here is the result of his visit:

“Some 70 years ago,’ says Dr. Gordon, writing in 1871,
‘two young men named Cunningham, came from the south
branch of the Potomac, in Virginia, to Strode’s Creek, in
Bourbon County, Kentucky. They. had studied and prac-
ticed the bluegrass system on the Potomac. They jointly
purchased 200 acres of land on Strode’s Creek, and sowed the
whole tract in timothy and bluegrass. In a few years their
whole tract was covered with a luxuriant coat of grass. They
had brought with them the seed, on a pack horse, all the
way from Virginia. Their farm soon attracted the atten-
tion of their neighbors, who began to visit and learn how
to manage grass. In 1835, I, too, went to see the Cunning-
hams, and many other farmers in the bluegrass region, in
order to learn the system. I devoted many weeks to the
study of the system, going with the best farmers over their
farms and seeing their management; asking many questions
and writing down their answers. Then the Cunninghams,
like many others, had grown to be wealthy on the profits
of the bluegrass. One of them, Robert, then had 2,000 acres
in bluegrass and Isaac had 3,000 acres. Nearly all the farm-
ers I visited owed the luxury of their bluegrass to the direct
instruction of the Cunninghams. To me it was a feast to
travel over and view the fine sod of grass on the first 200
acres which had caused the whole bluegrass region to be-
come so beautiful, prosperous and wealthy.’ ”

This very interesting account carries conviction of its
authenticity because the author had scientific training and
experience in the subject dealt with and therefore would not

188 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

have taken the pains to include it in an important publica-
tion of which he was the author, if it had been merely an
idle tale or a stretch of the imagination.

The central part of Tennessee has a similar geological
formation and similar soils to the bluegrass region of cen-
tral Kentucky. If Poa pratensis was native to Kentucky it
would have been native of Tennessee and it would not have
been necessary for Dr. Killebrew to make such a strong ap-
peal to the farmers of Tennessee at so late a date as 1878
to sow bluegrass seed and make the limestone soils of that
state as beautiful with luxuriant bluegrass pastures as those
in the bluegrass region of Kentucky.

There is some evidence on record from which conclu-
sions have been drawn to the effect that Poa pratensis is
native of this country. However, when such evidence is
carefully considered from historical and scientific stand-
points the idea is overwhelmed by more substantial evi-
dence to the contrary. For example, Gray, (20) who is a
well recognized authority on botany, states that Poa pratensis
is a native of this country, yet Torrey, the man under whom
Gray received much of his early training and experience,
was of a contrary opinion. Gray was not born until 1810
and published his first text book on botany in 1836. There
is much evidence that Poa pratensis had been grown in this
country for at least one hundred years or longer before Gray
was born.

Christopher Gist (21) recorded the presence of blue-
grass north of the Ohio River in 1753. However, the state-
ment is questioned by Durrett who published Gist’s notes in
the publications of the Filson Club. Gist was a surveyor
and not a trained botanist and might easily have been mis-
taken in the identification of bluegrass, because his obser-
vation was probably no more than a casual one.

Long before any permanent settlements were made in
the country west of the Alleghany Mountains, both French
and English fur traders had traversed the country and had

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 189

established an extensive trade and traffic in the furs of the
wild animals that occupied the Mississippi Valley. Hence
it is quite plausible that seeds of Poa pratensis could have
been distributed to Indians for the purpose of sowing in
the vicinity of the natural haunts, watering places and salt
licks to attract the wild game and to aid the Indian in stalk-
ing and trapping game for food or for their furs.

The fact that bluegrass was first founa in a greater
abundance at grassy lick than at any other point in Ken-
tucky is very strong evidence that the seeds were sown
there by the Indian or white man for the purpose of allur-
ing wild game.

Summary. The phrase “Kentucky bluegrass” as applied
to Poa pratensis, is of recent and local origin. The word
“blue” as commonly applied to Poa pratensis (Kentucky blue-
grass) is a misnomer and apparently was acquired because
of the similarity existing between so-called Kentucky blue-
grass (Poa pratensis) and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa),
the latter having bluish-green blades, received its common
name because of this fact.

The best authorities on botany are of the opinion that
Poa pratensis (so-called Kentucky bluegrass) is not a native
of this country, but was introduced by the early colonists
who came from England and other parts of Europe. If it
had been a native of the Mississippi Valley its presence
would have been widespread and such a fact would have
been commented upon by the first explorers and early
pioneers in the country west of the Alleghany mountains.

CITATIONS

1—Sampson, A. W. Native American Forage Plants, 1924, page 148.

2—Torrey, John. Flora in the North and Middle States. 1824.

3—Eaton’s Manual of Botany of North America, 1829.

4——Beal, W. J. Grasses of North America. 1887. Page 139.

5—Piper, C. V. Important Cultivated Grasses. U. S. D. A, Farmers’
Bull. 1254, 1922.

€—Sampson. Loc cit,

190 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

7—Carrier, L., and Bort, K, S. Jour. Soc. Agron, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1916.

8—Czaptain John Smith. Works, 1608-31, edited by Edward Arber,
pp, 56, 887, 951. Birmingham. 1884.

9—Thomas Jefferson. Notes on Virginia, Ist ed., 1782, p. 76.

10—Piper, Loc cit.

11—Hitchcock, A. S. The Genera of Grasses in the U.S. U.S. D.A.
Bull, 772, 1920.

12—Rafinesque, C. S, Ancient Annals of Kentucky or Introduction
to the History and Antiquities of the State of Kentucky.
Frankfort, Ky., 1824.

13—Filson, John, Journal. Filson Club Publication.

14—Walker, Dr. Thomas. Journal. Filson Club Publication No, 13,

15—Boone, Daniel. Autobiography, edited by John Filson. History
of Kentucky. 1784.

16—Peter, Robert. Perrin’s History of Fayette County, Kentucky.
1882 Page 2.

17—Dr, John Torrey. Flora in the North and Middle States, Vol. 1.
1824.

18—Amos Kendall, by William Stickney.

19—Killebrew, J. B. Grasses, Cereals and Forage Plants. Nashville,
Tenn., 1878, page 163-180,

20—Gray, Asa. Menual of the Botany of the Northern United States.

1847.

21—Gist, Christopher, Journal. Filson Club Publication No. 13.

(3) The Regeneration of the Epithelium of the Uri-
nary Bladder. Alfred Brauer.

A review of our present-day textbooks of histology shows
that histologists are quite uniformly agreed that the regen-
eration of stratified epithelia takes place by mitosis in the
deeper layers of the epithelium and that in consequence of
the divisions of the cells in these lower strata the cells lying
above them are gradually pushed outward to the surface
where they become desquamated. All the cells of such an
epithelium consequently occupy successively positions in
each of the several strata of the epithelium during their
life history.

In reviewing the literature on the transitional epithe-
lium of the urinary tract one may find suggestions of regen-
eration in the deeper strata in the literature antedating the

THIRTHENTH ANNUAL MEETING aba

work of Flemming on mitosis of tissue cells and before it
was known that this method of cell division played the im-
portant role that it does in the rebuilding of the tissues.

Burckhardt, 1859 (1) thought that the basal cells of
this epithelium had their origin in the underlying connec-
tive tissue and that these basal cells, in turn, by elongating
and constricting off their upper portion, produced the cells
of the next more superficial layer. The cells would then be
pushed up by the next generation forming below them.

Linck, 1864 (2) held that there was no continuous re-
generation after the epithelium was once formed. He con-
sidered the epithelium of the bladder a composite of several
epithelia and that the different strata originally were formed
independently of each other.

Obersteiner, 1871 (3), and Paneth, 1876 (4) described
only the structure of the epithelium and did not allude to
the method of regeneration.

Hamburger, 1880 (5) also thought it probable that the
cells of the lowest layer of the epithelium originated in the
underlying connective tissue and that these, in turn, were
responsible for the more superficial cells.

At this time, however, new light was thrown on the
problem of regeneration of animal tissues by the well-kKnown
work of Walther Flemming 1879-1885 (6, 7, 9, 10, 11) on in-
direct division of tissue cells, and his observation on the
method of regeneration of various animal tissues. His ob-
servations on epidermis of salamanders and finally on that
of man and on the stratified squamous epithelium of the
oesophagus led him to conclude that regeneration of strati-
fied epithelia occurred by mitosis in the deeper strata.

Pfitzner, 1882 (8) noted that in the stratified epithelium
of the urinary tract of salamanders “Mitotic figures were
especially large and numerous, and occurred in various
strata”.

192 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Oberdieck, 1884 (12) found that regeneration occurred
by indirect cell division of the cells of the third stratum, but
did not find mitoses in cells of any other layers. Accord-
ing to him the epithelium of the bladder consists of the
First, or superficial stratum, a Second stratum of several
rows of cells, and a Third, or basal stratum. Regeneration
according to him, then, takes place by mitosis in the basal
stratum. (After Dogiel)

Flemming, 1889 (138) however found amitotic division
to be common in the cells of the bladder epithelium of sala-
manders, but that mitosis also occurred in the deeper strata.

Dogiel, 1890 (14) employing the improved technical
methods which had been developed, studied the bladder
epithelium of white rats, mice, dogs, cats and man. In all
these he found amitotic nuclear division to be common in
the superficial cells. In the basal layer (his fourth layer)
he found mitosis to be not uncommon but he rarely found
figures in the middle strata. His conclusion was that cell
‘division in the epithelium was chiefly amitotic but was as-
sisted by mitosis in the cells of the basal layer.

Practically all of our well known textbooks of histology
state that the regeneration of stratified epithelia takes place
by mitosis in the basal stratum or in the ‘deeper strata’’.
I shall list some of these statements.

Lewis and Stohr (15) “In stratified epithelia the basal
cells ... multiply by mitosis and give rise to cells which are
pushed toward the free surface.”

Bohm, Davidoff, Huber (16) “It is clear that all cells
of a stratified epithelium cannot be equally well nourished
by the blood supply from the vessels in the highly vascu-
lar connective tissue beneath. The middle and outer layers
of cells accordingly suffer. The deeper ceiis are much bet-
ter nourished and as a consequence their cells increase much
more rapidly than those above; they push outward, replac-
ing the superficial cells as fast as they die or are thrown off.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 193

The proliferation of celis in a stratified epithelium occurs,
therefore, chiefly in the basal layers.”

Schafer (17). “The deeper cells of a stratified epithe-
lium multiply by karyokinesis. The newly formed cells
tend as they enlarge to push those superficial to them nearer
to the surface, from which they are eventually thrown off.”
Of transitional epithelium in particular he says: ‘The epi-
thelium seems to be renewed by mitotic division of the
deeper cells. It is possible that the superficial cells also
multiply. It is stated that the division of their nuclei is
amitotic.

Schaffer (18). “Originally mitosis occurs in the cells
of the upper strata as well as in those of the lower ones and
the division planes of the mitoses are at right angles to the
upper surface. In the deeper strata they may also occur
parallel to the surface. In this manner a stratified epithe-
lium is formed; then the divisions in the upper strata dis-
appear, and are found only in the basal layers, this applies
to all stratified squamous epithelia in the finished state.”
Again he says: “The many cell forms of stratified epithelia
may easily be explained genetically; cell division occurs
only in the deeper strata by mitosis, and after the losses of
successive superficial layers are slowly shoved upward.”

Sczmonowisz-Krause (19) “Replacement of cells in
stratified epithelia is brought about by mitotic divisions of
the cells in the lowest layer, so that the lower strata are
slowly shoved upward and after each superficial layer is
thrown off, the next layer beneath it becomes the super-
ficial one.”

Jordan (20) “The deeper cells, those nearest the base-
ment membrane, are nucleated, of soft consistence, and may
contain mitotic figures indicating that it is at this level
that cell reproduction is most active.” Of transitional epi-
thelium in particular he says: “The cells of the deeper
layers divide by karyokinesis and push toward the surface
to replace the more superficial cells which are gradually

194 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

desquamated. Direct cell division occurs in the large, plate
like cells of the superficial layer.”

In 1924 Thuringer (21) observed in the epidermis of
man that regeneration was accomplished not primarily by
mitosis of the basal layer nor even in the deeper layers but
by an active mitosis of the cells thruout the stratum spino-
sum.

Desiring to determine if this method of regeneration
applied to other stratified epithelia, I decided upon the epi-
thelium of the urinary bladder of mammals and have used
for the purpose the bladders of five cats and five sheep.

Methods and Technique. Urinary bladders of freshly killed
animals were fixed in Bouin’s or Zenker’s fluids, embedded
in paraffin, sectioned at seven to ten microns and stained
with hematoxylin and eosin. In order to secure rapid pene-
tration by the fixing fluid the muscular coats of the sheep
bladders were first removed. The sections were searched
for mitotic figures, and when these were found they were
recorded as to phase, stratum in which they were found and
plane of division. The thickness of the epithelium in num-
ber of cell layers was likewise recorded. No figures were
listed from parts where the epithelium was cut tangentially,
nor from epithelium in the folds. Seven microns was the
most favorable thickness of sections because it lessened
chance of error as to position of the figures and plane of
division. The sections were mounted serially from several
different parts of the same bladder and the number of figures
found in the different parts was later compared.

Mitosis in Epithelium. In the normal mucosa of the con-
tracted bladder of the cat we found an epithelium of about
four to five nuclear rows. The basal or first layer is com-
posed of small more or less cuboidal cells consisting of a
small amount of cytoplasm and relatively large densely
staining nuclei. In the two or three middle strata the cells
become larger with more cytoplasm and large nuclei. These
cells may have long, slender processes extending downward

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 195

between the more basal cells. In the sheep bladder these
central cells may become tall and conical with a long,
pointed, basal end. Some authors describe them as pyri-
form cells. The superficial cells may be quite flat or may
be large and rounded on the free surface. They frequently
contain two or even three vesicular nuclei. On the lower
surface of these cells are depressions into which fit the up-
per surfaces of the cells of the more superficial central layer.

In examining the epithelium for the occurrence of mito-
sis we shall consider first that of the five cat bladders used.
That of cat 1 was contracted. The epithelium consisted of
4__5 cell layers. Two hundred mitotic figures were listed.
In this total 17 percent were in the basal stratum, 29 per-
cent were in the second stratum, 42 percent in the third
and 12 percent in the fourth. 64 percent of the mitotic
spindles were parallel to the surface. The cat from which
the material was taken was a young half-grown female.

The bladder of cat 2 was likewise fixed in contracted
state. Thickness of epithelium was 4—5 strata. Total num-
ber of figures listed was 100. 16 percent of figures were in
basal stratum, 16 percent were in the second, 8 percent were
in the third, 88 percent were in the fourth. 76 percent of
the spindles were parallel to the surface. The cat was a
mature but young female.

Cat bladder 3 was slightly distended and was fixed in
this condition. The total number of cell layers was 4. Num-
ber of figures counted was 200. 5 percent of the divisions
were found in the basal layer, 60 percent in the second, 34
percent in the third, and 1 percent were in the fourth. 61
percent of spindles were paralled to the surface. The cat
was a young but mature female. This epithelium was under-
going an active regeneration in all parts of the bladder. The
number of cell layers was usually four but occasionally five.
Due to the partial distention of the bladder the cells were
somewhat more flattened and more of them were drawn
toward the basal layer.

196 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The bladder of cat 4 was fixed in a distended state by
filling it with Bouin’s fluid. Due to the distention half the
cells of the epithelium were in the basal layer. The total
number of figures listed was 100. 53 percent of the mitoses
were in the basal layer, 40 percent were in the second and 7
percent in the third. The fourth layer was usually the super-
ficial, but often the third was superficial.

The bladder of the 5th cat used was contracted. Epi-
thelium consisted of 4—5 cell layers. Only 20 mitoses were
listed. 20 percent were listed in the basal layer, 20 percent
were in the second; 40 percent were in the third, and 20 per-
cent were in the fourth. The fifth layer was superficial. 80
percent of spindles were parallel to the surface. Here again
the large polygonal cells of the central strata were most ac-
tive mitotically, but the epithelium as a whole was under-
going very slow regeneration. The cat was a young, mature
male.

The bladders of the first four sheep were from mature
animals. The epithelium of the bladders was thick, not so
much because of a larger number of strata but because the
cells of the middle layers were tall. Unfortunately these
epithelia were not undergoing active regeneration and only
100 figures could be listed. 15 percent of mitoses were found
in the basal stratum, 35 percent were found in the second,
38 percent were in the third, and 12 percent were in the
fourth. The epithelium was 5—6 cell layers in thickness.
48 percent of spindles were parallel to the surface.

Sheep 5 was a new-born lamb. Number of cell layers
in epithelium was 4—5. 100 figures were listed. 15 percent
of the divisions were found in the basal layer. 385 percent
were found in the second; 38 percent occurred in the third,
and 12 percent were in the fourth. The epithelium of this
sheep bladder was completely formed and some superficial
cells had been shed and were frequently found in the sec-
tions.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 197

Discussion. The results of this study are at variance
with the accepted views of the regeneration of transitional
epithelium. The study reveals that mitosis not only is not
confined to the cells of the deeper strata but that it takes
place more actively thruout the middle strata. Due to the
fact that the cells of the basal stratum are smaller and more
crowded, about one-third of all the cells of contracted blad-
der epithelia are located here, leaving two-thirds for all the
strata above this layer. This ratio applied to the contracted
sheep bladders as well as to those of the cats. In the dis-
tended bladder about one-half of all the cells were located
in this stratum. Conseqently, if these cells were more ac-
tive mitotically than the larger cells of the middle layers,
more than one-third of all of the divisions should have been
found in this stratum. Furthermore, it would have been ex-
pected that the division plane of the majority of the mitoses
in this stratum were parallel to the surface. Instead of this,
seventy per cent of the division planes of these basal cells were at
right angles to the surface. Since a larger percentage of the
divisions was found in the larger polygonal cells, these
must be considerably more active in proliferation than the
smaller basal cells. A gradual upward movement to the
superficial layer must be accomplished by a division of all
the underlying cells, which would thus produce a crowding
out of the cells of the central layers.

The plane of division of the central cells of the epithe-
lium may be largely determined by the contraction or dis-
tention of the bladder. In the completely contracted sheep
bladder the epithelium showed not only a larger number of
strata but the central cells were tall with their nuclei at
different levels, due to crowding. Here the long plane of
the mitotic spindles was more frequently oblique to the sur-
face. In the bladder of the fifth sheep the crowding was
not nearly so apparent and consequently the majority of
the spindles were parallel to the surface.

Thuringer, (20) suggests that a function of the stratum
cylindricum of the skin epidermis might be to maintain the

198 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

integrity of the epithelium. That would not seem an un-
likely function of the basal layer of cells in transitional epi-
thelium, especially since this epithelium does not rest upon
a basement membrane but directly upon the connective tis-
sue of the tunica propria.

Summary.. 1. Observations were made on normal tran-
sitional epithelium of the urinary bladders of cats and sheep;
the mitotic figures were noted and recorded as to stratum
in which they occurred and as to the plane of their division.
2. Mitotic divisions in this transitional epithelium were en-
countered regularly in all cells, from the basal layer up
thru the central strata, until the cells showed signs of de-
generation in the most superficial layers. 38. In all cases ex-
cept one, that of a much distended bladder, the larger percen-
tage of divisions was found in the central strata. 4. The
long axes of the mitotic spindles were most frequently so
directed that the division plane of the cells was at right
angles to the surface and not parallel to it, so that the divi-
sions do not cause directly, a movement upward of the more
basal cells.

(Published, also, as ‘‘The Rejuvenation of Transitional Epithelium”’
The Anatomical Record Vol. 33, No. 2, June, 1926, pp 137-146, 4
Micrographs. )

1. Burckhardt, G. 1859. Das Epithelium der ableitenden Harn-
wege. Virchow’s Arch., Bd, 17. 8. 94.

2. Linck, H, 1864. Ueber das Epithel der Harnleitenden Wege.
Arch. f. Anat, u. Physiol., Bd. 17, S. 137.

3. Obersteiner, Heinrich 1871. Die Harnblase und die Ureteren.
Stricker’s Handbuch der Geweblehre. 8. 517.

4 Paneth, Joseph 1876. Ueber das Epithel der Harnblase. Sit-
zungsbericht der K. Akad. d. Wissensch. in Wien.

5. Hamburger, Ad. 1880. Zur Histologie des Nierenbackens und
des Harnleiters, Arch. f. mikr. Anat., XVII. 8S. 14.

6. Flemming, Walther 1879 . Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Zelle,
und ihrer Lebenserscheinungen. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 16,
Serooue

8, Pfitzner, Wilhelm 1882. Beobachtung uber weiteres vorkom-
men der Karyokinese. Arch. f. mikr. Anat., Bd. 20. S. 135,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 19/9

9, Flemming, Walther 1882. Beitraege zur Kenntniss der Zelle und
ihrer Lebensercheinungen. III. Theil. Arch. f. mikr. Anat.,
Baw 202 Rt:

10. Flemming, Walther 1884. Zur Kenntniss der Regeneration des
Epidermis beim Saeugethier. Arch. f mikr. Anat., Bd. 23. S.
148.

11.. Flemming, Walther 1885. Ueber die Regeneration verschiedener
Epithelien durch mitotische Zelltheilung, Arch. f. mikr. Anat,
Bdiv24 82. 3 72).

12. Oberdieck, 1884. Ueber Epithel und Druesen der Harnblase.
Goettingen 1884. (After Dogiel, 14.)

13. Flemming, Walther 1889. Amitotische Kerntheilung im Blas-
enepithel des Salamanders. Arch. f. mikr. An«t,, Bd. 34.

14. Dogiel, A. S. 1890. Zur Frage ueber Epithel der Harnblase.
Archie i miler Amat. sd 73:0. 9.0 50.

15.. Lewis and Stoehr 1913. A Textbook of Histology. 2nd. ed. p. 49.

16. Bohm, Davidoff, Huber. 1914. Textbook of Histology. 2nd, ed.
Ds, 85.

17. Schafer, Sir Edward Sharpey, 1920. The Essentials of Histology.
pp. 66 and 67.

18. Schaffer, Josef. 1922. Lehrbuch der Histologie und Histogen-
ese: Zweite Auflage S. 76 und 98.

19. Scymonowisz und Krause. 1924. Lehrbuch der Histologie.
Fuenfte verbesserte Auflage. S. 96.

20, Jordan, Ernest 1924. A Textbook of Histology. p. 43. pp. 446,
447.

21: Thuringer, Joseph M. 1924. Regeneration of stratified squa-
mous epithelium. Anat. Rec., V. 28, No. 1.

(4) Micrognathy and Accompanying Anomalies in a
Lamb. Alfred Brauer, University of Kentucky.

Since the facial features are formed from a number of
separate rudiments which must develop, grow and fuse prop-
erly, anomalies of the face are common. The most familiar
of these are have lip and cleft palate, which result when max-
illary and nasal processes fail to fuse. Arrested development
of rudiments sometimes also produces malformations of
this region but these are far less common. The formation
of the facial features is primarily dependent upon the de-
velopment from the first branchial arch, two processes, the
maxillary and the mandibular on each side of the neck.

200 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Each of these grows medially. The former fuses with medial
nasal and lateral nasal processes to form the upper jaw,
upper lip and nose. The latter or mandibular process like-
wise grows medially and fuses on the medial ventral line
with its fellow from the other side to form the lower jaw
and chin. Later a cartilaginous shaft, Meckel’s cartilage, de-
velops in the mandibular processes. This, in turn, gives
rise to the mandibles and two of the auditory ossicles.

Arrested development of the mandibular process would
cause complete absence of the lower jaw, agnathy, or very
poor development of it, micrognathy. This anomaly in turn
brings about synotus or fusion of the ears across the ventral
side of the neck and in cyclostomus, a very small circular
mouth opening which is merely an opening thru the skin
under the nose and does not communicate with a mouth cayv-
ity.

A case of micrognathy recently came under our observa-
tion when H. C. Downing a stockman living near Lexing-
ton brought to our laboratory a lamb apparently without
lower jaw, and with ears fused on the ventral side of the
neck. A desire to know how this deformity had affected the
other structures dependent upon the development of the
lower jaw led me to make a dissection of the head and neck.
The structures which might thus have been affected are:
mandibles, tongue, musculature of the mouth and neck, sali-
vary glands, and auditory ossicles. Besides these parts the
bones of the region involved, the blood vessels, nerves would
be affected as to location.

Upon opening the skin of the neck it was found that a
pair of mandibles had been formed. These were small but
properly shaped and well ossified. The articulation between
the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone was properly
effected but due to the synotic condition had been carried
far ventrally. They were lying flatly on the ventral side of
the neck and their distal ends were directed caudally toward
the larynx. They had not met and their symphasis there-

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 201

fore had not been accomplished. The distal end of each
rested on the hyoid cartilage a half inch above the anterior
end of the thyroid cartilage. The hyoid cartilage between
the mandibles supported a rudimentary tongue. The mus-
cles of the floor of the mouth were apparently all present
but very small. Those identified were mylohyoideus, sty-
lohyoideus, geniohyoideus, keratohyoideus, and hyoglossus.
In the sides of the pharynx was a pair of tonsils. The cyclos-
tomic opening thru the skin under the nose thus did not
communicate with this mouth cavity under the skin of the
neck.

Muscles of the neck affected by the anomalies were the
sternomandibularis. They originate on the manubrium
sterni and terminate normally on the mandibles. The ter-
minal portions of these were poorly developed and had few
muscular fibers. Some of their fibers mingled with those of
the cleido mastoideus, others terminated just at the base of
the mandibles. The omo-hyoideus muscles were present and
normal. Ear muscles were all present. They were abnormal
only because of their relation to other structures, as for ex-
ample the paratido-auricularis which normally crosses the
parotid gland was an inch anterior to the gland.

On the salivary glands, parotids and submaxillaries were
identified. Sublinguals were not found. The parotids were
in their normal position with reference to the ears. Sub-
maxillaries lay on each side of the mandibles farther down
in the neck than in the normal sheep.

The ears, as previously stated, were fused across the
ventral side of the neck. On the median ventral line where
the ears were fused was a common external auditory meatus
which led to a single tympanum. In the cavity of the mid-
dle ear only one set of auditory ossicles could be located.
This was the set belonging to the left ear. From each side
of the cavity an eustachian tube led to the pharynx and
opened into it. The inner ears were both present.

In development the ossicles are derived from two
sources, as follows: in the first branchial arch a cartilagi-

202 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

nous rod, Meckel’s cartilage, develops. From the proximal
portion of this rod two masses are constructed which be-
come the anlagen of the malleus and the incus. In the sec-
ond branchial arch a cartilaginous rod also develops which
forms the lesser horn of the hyoid bone, the stylohyoid liga-
ment, and the styloid process. In the mesoderm a mass of
cartilage appears which gives rise to the stapes or third os-
sicle. It might, therefore, have been expected that both
stapes were present.

The lamb was one of three dropped by the ewe. It was
of average size and aside from the arrested development of
the mandibular process had no doubt had a normal intra-
uterine development. Death came at birth when the pla-
cental circulation ceased, because there was no communica-
tion between the trachea and pharynx with the exterior.
The lungs were those of the stillborn, small and in the dor-
sal part of the thorax.

(5) The Eifeet of Diet upon the Rate of Learning and
Forgetting by Domesticated Rats. A. R. Middleton, Univ.
of Louisville.

In the present investigation the attempt has been made
to ascertain whether there is any effect of diet upon the
rates of learning and forgetting by domestic rats. The prob-
lem-box method of discrimination was applied in the deter-
mination of possible modifications in the rates of learning
and forgetting, arising as the result, perhaps, of modified
physiological processes concomitant upon the oral adminis-
tration of incretion products.

It is obvious that a diverse heredity might cause con-
sistent differences in the rate of learning; therefore the ex-
perimental and the control groups of animals in each of
the four experiments performed were composed of litter
brothers and sisters.

The problem-box used afforded a choice between two
alternatives, namely, an illuminated and a dark run-away,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 293

and the animals were trained to go to the light. This train-
ing was accomplished by the use of the reward-punishment
method. The punishment administered consisted in a shock
from a medical induction coil. The trials were given the
animals in a light-proof and a sound-proof room. Provision
was made for the elimination of smell and the prevention
of the formation of the so-called ‘direction habit’. The prob-
lem was considered correctly solved when the animal in
question made one hundred correct consecutive choices at
the rate of ten per day.

It was found that the experimental group of the first
experiment learned itS problem, on the average, in 11.25
days while the corresponding control group required an
average of 17.25 days. This experimental group required
an average of 5.50 days to forget the solution while its con-
trol group required an average of 4.75 days.

In experiment 2 the corresponding rates were 16.8 days
for learning by the experimentals and 18.6 days for learning
by the controls. The experimental group required 6.60 days
to forget while their control group required an average of
5.40 days to forget.

In experiment 3 the corresponding rates were 6.75 days
for learning by the experimentals and 9.60 days for learning
by the controls. The experimental group required an aver-
age of 6.25 days to forget while the control group required
an average of 4.60 days for forgetting.

In the 4th experiment the corresponding rates were an
average of 5.33 days for learning by the experimentals and
6.00 days for the average rate of learning by the controls.
The experimentals required an average of 6.00 days for for-
getting while the controls required an average of 5.66 days
for it.

Since the experimental agent used was “Hormotone’”’,
prepared by the G. W. Carnrick Company of New York City,
which consists of thyroid, pituitary, testis and ovary, in tab-
let form, each tablet containing 1-10 grain of desiccated

204 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

thyroid, and 1-20 grain of whole pituitary, there is no rela-
tion of the present work with “endocrine balance’. The
Hormotone used was furnished gratis by the Carnrick Com-
pany and a grant of money was also given to finance this
work. Both these gifts are gratefully acknowledged in this
connection.

As far as these experiments are concerned we may con-
clude: First; differences of diet do affect the rate of learn-
ing by domesticated rats in the problem-box method; sec-
ond, that differences in diet also may modify the rate of
forgetting of the same animals after having learned by the
problem-box method.

It is, of course, recognized that the small number of
animals used, 17 experimentals and 17 controls, does not
justify one in drawing final conclusions from these results.

The demonstratable effects of differences in diet are
probably the expression of induced modifications in the phy-
siological processes concerned.

(6) Balanced Selection in the Fission Rate of Para-
mecium Caudatum. A. R. Middleton, Univ. of Louisville.

The question of the heritability of the effects of selec-
tion within the clone has been repeatedly investigated and,
with almost perfect unanimity, all these investigations have
shown the non-heritability of acquired characters in uni-
parental reproduction.

,In the work in which the non-inheritability of the effects
of selection within the clone was shown, that heritability
was tested by reversed selection or by randon selection.
Middleton (1915)* pointed out the lack of precision in re-
versed selection and proposed the method of ‘balanced selec-
tion” as an adequate test of the heritability of differences
in rate of division within the clone. Balanced selection is

*Heritable Variations and the Results of Selection in the Fission Rate
of Stylonychia Pustulata. J. Exp. Zool., Vol. 19, No. 4, Nov. 1915,

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 205

the process of compensating for every selection that one is
compelled to make by making the reverse selection at the
next opportunity, i. e., one makes the same number of plus
and minus selections in any given line during each succes-
sive time interval adopted. It was shown by actual experi-
ment that reversed selection is selection and that, therefore,
to reverse the direction of selection in a clone is not to test
the heritability of results previously produced by selection
but is to obliterate and ultimately to reverse those results.

In his “Heredity and Environment in the Development
of Men” Prof. Conklin, referring to the later results ob-
tained by Professor Jennings and to my results obtained in
15 and ’16 says: “These results differ totally from Jen-
nings’ earlier work on Paramecium, Which has been repeated
and confirmed by Ackert. It is hard to believe that different
organisms differ irreconcilably in so fundamental a matter
and it seems much more probable that these discrepancies
are due to an incomplete analysis of the phenomena in
question. It is possible that the division of the cell body in
these protozoans is not always into exactly equivalent hal-
ves, in which case variations might take place in the des-
cendants, which might then be heaped up by selection; or
perhaps there are multiple or modifying factors in this case
also, so that selection has acted as in Castle’s rats.”’

It now seems worth while to determine whether, in the
absence of selection, variations in the rate of division of
lines within a clone, will culminate in heritably different
groups within the clone, as might result were the variations
in question the expression of the presence of “multiple or
modifying factors’. If the two halves of a clone maintain
the same average rate of division under balanced selection
then it is evident that balanced selection is an accurate
method of eliminating selection and that the results obtained
by the present writer by this method in °15 were actually
due to the cumulative effect of the selection of very slight
variations in the rate of division of the members of a clone.
Whether the variations in question are due to “multiple or

206 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

modifying factors’ would seem to be entirely beside the
point, since we are here concerned with binary fission.

A single clone consisting of 40 lines of Paramecium
caudatiun was isolated and cultivated for 52 days on
ground-glass slides, one animal to a concavity. The first
group of twenty lines underwent 1041 divisions and the
other group of 20 lines underwent 1020 divisions, an average
of 52.05 fissions for the former and of 51.00 for the latter.
The range of the first set was 44 to 61 fissions, that of the
latter, 46 to 57 fissions. The mode of each case was 51 fis-
sions. The uniformity of the average fission rate of these
40 lines is further emphasized by the fact that the 20 highest
lines gave an average of 1.042 fissions per line per day while
the 20 lowest lines have an average of 0.903 fissions per line
per day, an average excess of the fastest over the slowest
of only 0.139 of a fission per line per day.

These experiments justify the conclusion that, in the
particular clone in question if in no other, in the absence
of selection, heritable differences in the average rate of divi-
sion of the two halves of a clone do not occur. They also
show that balanced selection is a demonstrably accurate
method for the avoidance of selection.

(7) Some Relations of Seience to Philosophy. M. A.
Caldwell, University of Louisville. (Abstract)

Both science and philosophy represent vital and impor-
tant endeavors of the human mind. They stand in close
relationship, and each can and does aid the other. Science
is the acquisition, description and explanation of facts. It
is the systematic interpretation of some portion of reality,
obtained by observation and experiment, and made socially
available. It seeks knowledge which is accurate, universal
and organized. It studies proximate causes. Philosophy
attempts to gain an interpretation of reality as a whole. It
tries to understand the universe and our place in it, not by
knowing all details but by coordinating general truths. It

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 207

seeks a comprehensive interpretation of experience. It
tries to coordinate the sciences and to examine and criticize
their presuppositions. It is theory concerning ultimate
causes. It attempts to interpret nature and human values.
It is a universal activity; every one philosophizes or holds
a philosophy in some degree or other.

In seeking knowledge, science does not raise questions
concerning the nature of the knower, the nature of truth,
or the nature of knowledge. Philosophy does raise these
questions. The philosopher critically examines various
scientific concepts, believing that this will aid him in getting
an interpretation of reality. Thus he may examine such
concepts as those of matter, life, mind, space, time and
causality, trying to find their ultimate nature.

Scientists and most philosophers have emphasized the
use of reason. But a few philosophers have preferred in-
tuition. The scientist generates and applies laws and prin-
ciples. The philosopher tries to use these laws and prin-
ciples in an interpretation of reality. There is no sharp
dividing line between science and philosophy. Every science
leads gradually into certain philosophic problems. Thus
psychology may lead gradually into problems concerning the
ultimate nature of mind. Biology may lead to questions
concerning the ultimate nature of life.

The scientist uses mental imagery more than does the
philosopher. The former’s work iS more concrete. The
scientist uses measurement and the philosopher does not.
But the latter uses generalizations from these measurements
in his interpretations. Science makes mary concrete pre-
dictions, while philosophy makes more general ones.
Science gives us a great deal of control over nature, while
philosophy influences our conduct and happiness. The scien-
tist seeks truths. So does the philosopher, but he also tries
to define truth itself. He will ask whether we discover truth
or make it, and whether truth is subject to correction. He
will try to define knowledge itself. He will ask whether

208 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

we can gain certainty or merely probability. Many have
held the view that those who say that they have no cer-
tainty and that they can gain none contradict themselves;
for they are certain that they have no certainty and that
they can gain none.

Science has influenced philosophy. Thus the philosophy
which holds that everything is energy grew out of the study
of physical sciences and psychology. And the _ scientfiic
theory of relativity is influencing philosophy today. The
philosopher may find ways of using the fact that size, motion
and direction are all relative to an infinite number of arbi-
trary frames of reference. Each truth may be unchangeable,
but relative to a context. Astronomy, with its discoveries
concerning galaxies millions of light years from us, influ-
ences the philosophy of nature. Scientific discoveries may
influence philosophy, and philosophy, in turn, may make
speculations which may lead to further scientific research.
Philosophy also tries to classify and evaiuate the sciences.

Science and philosophy serve each other, and they both
serve humanity. Science brings us many satisfactions, theo-
retical and practical, and so does philosophy. And we could
gain relatively few practical results if we did not encourage
theoretical activity. Theory and practice go hand in hand.

(S) An Experience in Collecting Insects In a Sink-Hole
Cave. Harrison Garman.

Those who are unfamiliar with caves sometimes get
fantastic ideas about these underground cavities from ac-
counts written by agents of cave owners. After reading
their highly colored descriptions one is likely to be disap-
pointed in what he sees and to come out cf a cave with a
very different impression from that with which he entered.
Our caves are wonderful enough to be described exactly as
they are. Many of them are abandoned underground chan-
nels of streams, with a more or less gradual slope and an
occasional fail, but in the main extending parallel with the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 205:

surface. They are formed wholly or in part by the action
of running water. If very old, they may be nearly or quite
dry at all seasons of the year. If more recent in origin, they
may be full of water in wet weather, when the soil is satur-
ated and surface streams are at flood, and are dry enough
to be entered with comfort only in midSummer. Some, now
being excavated, are occupied with water at all times and
constitute permanent subterranean branches of surface
streams.

But there is another type of cave in Kentucky, one with
which this brief narrative is especially concerned. It starts
in the bottom of what we here call sink-holes. Water col-
lects in a depression of the surface and remains there as a
pond. It fills all crevices in the limestone beneath, and the
carbonic acid in it dissolves the rock, eventually producing
a very small channel finding an outlet at some lower level,
possibly on the bank, or in the bed, of a creek, or river.
Year after year the channel is enlarged by the dissolving
action, and later by erosion resulting from carrying thru
it soil and bits of rock, until at length it becomes so large
that it allows the water to run out as fast as it comes in,
thus leaving at the point of origin only a bowl-shaped hol-
low with a hole in its bottom. Within the last thirty years
a sink-hole pond has been observed to go dry within the
city limits of Lexington. Some one sought to clean it out
and in removing mud and rubbish that had accumulated
in it, opened an old outlet, when the water at once disap-
peared and the pool did not form again.

One of my experiences with a cave formed from a sink-
hole came near being an adventure. A good many years
ago a trip was being made with a companion down Green
River in a canvas boat, starting at Greensburg and stopping
at Mammoth Cave, a distance, following the windings of
the stream, of perhaps sixty-five miles. In the course of the
journey we saw and entered several caves that opened in the
steep, rocky banks of the river. One day a heavy shower
drove us to the shelter of overhanging rocks at the edge

210 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

of the stream. While there we noticed the opening of a
cave not much above the river, and lighting our candles
proceeded to explore it. The walls were wet and the floor
muddy, conditions thought to be the result of water having
been backed into the entrance earlier in the season when
the river was higher. We had gone in some distance, when
it was observed that the flames of our candles were con-
stantly turned toward the entrance by a slight current of
air moving in that direction. It made seeing so bad finally
that my companion went out. I was reluctant to leave with-
out learning whether or not the cave harbored cave insects,
but the current kept the flame of my candle in such a state
that I was compelled to turn back, not, however, before
several cave crickets were seen high up on the walls re-
treating into small crevices. We sat down outside waiting
for the storm to subside, when suddenly there was a rush
of water from the mouth of the cave we had just left, in-
creasing before our eyes into a muddy torrent that plunged
into the river carrying with it sticks and various other deb-
ris, not derived from the cave but evidently from the sur-
face of the ground, how far away we did not learn. With
this drift came numerous ground beetles of species found
everywhere at the surface in soil and among rubbish. When
I saw some of these insects floating on the water and cling-
ing at its edge it seemed to be a good opportunity to obtain
cave insects, but not a single cave cricket or other true
cave species emerged.

What had occurred while we were in the cave was this:
A sink-hole, perhaps a mile or more away, had received
rainfall from its surrounding drainage area, and flowing in-
to the upper part of the cave the water was coming rapidly
down toward us driving the confined air before it, thus pro-
ducing the current that had given us trouble. We had nar-
rowly escaped a ducking, or something worse, it seemed;
and tho we escaped, our experience illustrates the truth of
Stefansson’s claim that adventures are generally the result
of inexperience and ignorance. The cave crickets knew more

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 211

about sink-hole caves than we did. For, while the current
of air caused them to retreat as it did us, they showed some
sort of recognition of its meaning by seeking the highest
part of the cave, while we went out merely because we could
not see and in ignorance at the time of what caused the
movement of air.

(9) Tests of “Moth-Proofing” Substances. Mary Did-
lake, Agricultural Experiment Station.

In March, 1925, large numbers of the Furniture Beetle
(Anthrenus vorar) were found infesting an old sofa. A
study of the life-history showed that eggs usually hatched
in 10 to 14 days. Larval development varied greatly; some
young ones kept for over a year were apparently only half
grown, others nearly full grown, certain individuals being
twice the size of others of the same age, and some a year old
no larger than some only six weeks old. Larvae molted
many times, usually 16 to 20 days apart, but often longer—
27 and even 36 days between molts. During fall and winter
there were practically no molts, larvae remaining 5 and 6
months without casting the skin tho active and feeding;
and those which appeared to be full-grown in November did
not pupate until March. They sometimes ate each other,
choosing a victim in the quiescent stage of molting or pupat-
ing. The pupal period lasted 12 or 15 days (occasionally
as long as 18 days); at about the 7th-9th day the elytral
markings appeared, but it required 4 to 6 days longer for
the adult to free itself from the old skin. Adults lived
2 or 3 weeks, depositing eggs on bits of flannel kept in the
vials.

Thinking they might be more resistant than Clothes
Moths, larvae of this species (Anthrenus vorar) were used
to test several ‘“‘moth-exterminating” and “moth proofing”’
commercial products,—Enoz, Larvex, Eulan F. Extra and
Eulan B L.

Kinoz proved a satisfactory insecticide; it was readily
absorbed and drawn into the wool fibers, as watery solutions

212 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

were not, and killed larvae even after the goods treated with
it had been aired and dried for a week.

Pieces of woolen goods soaked in Larvex and HEulan
seemed effectively protected for 5 months, which is as long
as the experiment has lasted, the substances coming up
pretty well to the claims made for them. It would seem that
treatment of woolen goods at the factory and dry cleaners
and dyers (“moth-proofing”’) might be very desirable. Soak-
ing material is to be recommended rather than spraying,
as it is difficult to saturate the wool with watery solutions.
On a small scale, as used by housekeepers, the fluid Larvex
is costly, and the powder for making the solution at home
can be bought only in wholesale quantities. The Eulan F
powder can be had in small or large amounts (but only from
one firm) and is reasonable enough in price. Hulan BL
seems expensive, but combines the two processes of clean-
ing and moth-proofing and the cost varies with the price
of the solvent, carbon tetrachloride, for example, costing
twice as much by the gallon as by wholesale and still more
by pints and quarts.

Larvae of the Black Carpet Beetle (Attagenus piceus)
were equally susceptible as those of A. vorax. The young
of the Varied Carpet Beetle (Anthrenus verbasci) were more
resistant, remaining alive longer than the others, but even
they did not eat the treated goods to any noticeable extent.

An experiment with White Ants (Termites), on a very
small scale indicated that’ the substances were effective
against these pests also.

A butterfly already stretched and dried, was submerged
in Kulan BL (using carbon tetrachloride for the solvent)
without apparent injury to the specimen and the Cabinet
Beetle (Trogoderma tarsalis) refused to attack it for several
weeks, but finally penetrated to the interior of the body and
fed on it, the check having been much more promptly and
completely demolished.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 2138

(10) Steps Really Essential in the Production of Clean
Milk. J. J. Hooper, University of Kentucky. (Abstract)

The routine at the Experiment Station dairy was des-
cribed. Producing clean milk is not a matter of expensive
equipment but of cleanliness in the use of equipment, pre-
ferably simple, speedy cooling and preservation at a low
temperature. A healthy cow normally produces pure, clean
milk and it is not difficult to keep it clean until it is deliv-
ered to the consumer.

(11) Notes on the Amphibia of Kentucky. Thelma
MacIntyre, U. of Ky. (Abstract)

The expectation for Kentucky, based on Stejneger and
Barbour, is twenty-nine species of tailed Amphibia and eigh-
teen Anura. Seventeen of the former were secured or
authentic records were obtained; thirteen of the latter. This
makes a total of thirty out of a possible forty-seven, a fairly
good showing for a year’s collecting and study in so restric-
ted a group. No new species have yet been revealed. Col-
laboration with the author on the part of the naturalists
of Kentucky should bring to light the missing members of
Kentucky’s amphibian fauna.

(12) Fishes of Boone’s Creek, Kentucky. Leonard Gio-
vannoli, U. of Ky. (Abstract)

This survey was conducted for two purposes: (1) as a
contribution to our knowledge of the life of the typical small
stream of the Bluegrass Region; (2) as a part of a larger,
state-wide ichthyological survey. Thirty-three species were
recorded. The rapid fall of Bluegrass streams and the flood-
ing of the mouths by the backwaters of the dams affect the
number and distribution of fish species.

(13) The Falling Drop Method for Determining the
Specific Gravity of Body Fluids. W. F. Hamilton and Henry
G. Barbour, Univ. of Louisville. (Abstract)

214 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

A 10-cubic millimeter drop is timed as it falls a dis-
tance of 30 cm thru a mixture of xylene and bromobenzene
in a tube of exactly 7.5 mm bore. Its falling time is com-
pared with that of a 10-cubic millimeter drop of a standard
solution of potassium sulfate of known density. By using
an alignment chart correcting for temperature the density
can be calculated with an accuracy of one in ten-thousand.
The method is applicable to blood and other biological fluids
and can be extended to other aqueous solutions and to oils.
For the complete paper see J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 69, 1926,
p. 625.

(14) Achondroplasia in a Family Recently Investi-
gated. John S. Bangson, Berea College.

Three brothers, two normal and one a dwarf, came from
Scotland to Virginia. One of the normal men married a
normal woman and dwarfism was transmitted to a son, a
great grandson and to three out of six great great grand-
children. Nothing is known about the descendants of the
other two brothers. For the complete paper see Journal of
Heredity, Vol. 17, No. 11, November, 1926, pp. 393-395.

(15) The West Hickman Fault Zone of Jessamine and
Fayette Counties, Kentucky. A. C. McFarlan, U. of Ky.

The West Hickman fault zone is one of three systems
of normal faults modifying the Jessamine dome of the cen-
tral bluegrass region of Kentucky. The zone consists of
eight more or less north-south faults and a number of trans-
verse faults breaking up the major fault blocks. The great-
est displacements are found a short distance south of the
northern Jessamine County line. From here there is a gen-
eral simplification of the system both to the north and south
except for a rejuvenation of the zone in southern Jessamine
County. Maximum displacement is something in excess of
two hundred and thirty feet, where in northern Jessamine
County the Eden is faulted below drainage.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 215

The distribution and nature of the faults are shown in
the accompanying areal sketch and structure sections.

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216 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Structure Sections Ns . <n
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(16) The Base of the “Big Lime” as a Key Horizon
for Structural Work in Northeastern Kentucky. A. C. Mc-
Farlan, U. of Ky.

Field observations on the Mississippian limestones of
northeastern Kentucky show that contrary to earlier pub-
lished work, the St. Louis limestone is present at the base
of the series over much of the area, and that where absent
it is due to post St. Louis erosion instead of non-deposition.
Where the St. Louis limestone is absent, the St. Genevieve
limestone lies in contact with the Waverly shales. There is
evidence to indicate that not only has this period of erosion
resulted in the elimination of the St. Louis limestone over
large areas but has also resulted in an irregular trenching
of the Waverly beds. Such a contact, since it does not rep-
resent a stratigraphic plane, at least in detail, loses much of
the value hitherto attached to it by geologists as a key hori-
zon. Attention is likewise directed to a locality in northern

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 217

Greenup County where the Chester beds lie in contact with
the Waverly shales.

(17) The Relation Between Drainage Area and Water-
way Required for Culverts and Small Bridges in Kentucky.
John T. Lynch, Kentucky State Highway Department.

In the construction of permanent highways, one of the
most perplexing problems confronting the engineer is the
determination of the proper sizes of openings for drainage
structures. This is particularly difficult for the smaller
structures, such as culverts, since it is often impossible to
obtain definite high-water information for very small
streams, frequently remote from dwellings. Furthermore,
the cost of cne such structure is generally not sufficient to
justify extensive and costly investigations. It is, therefore,
almost imperative to establish some method, of general ap-
plication, whereby the required size of opening may be es-
timated from the size of the area drained and its physical
characteristics.

There are, in more or less general use, a number of
formulae which contain, as a definite term, the size of the
drainage area and also contain a variable factor ‘“C” to be
determined according to the conditions existing in the par-
ticular area under consideration. Most of the formulae are
of the form: X — CA®, where “X”’ is the required size of
opening in square feet, “A’’ the drainage area in acres or
square miles, “n” a fractional exponent varying from 0.5
to 0.8 in the different formulae and ‘C” the variable factor.

Talbot’s Formula states that the required waterway in
square feet is equal to the three-fourths power of the drain-
age are2 in acres multiplied by a factor “C” which is to be
determined according to local conditions. This formula has
been widely used in the Mississippi Valley states and gen-
eral experience indicates that the exponential term (three-
fourths) takes care, with sufficient accuracy, of variations
in area up to three or four square miles. The only prob-

218 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

lem then remaining in the application of this formula is the
correct determination of the value of the variable factor
“C” for the particular area under examination. Most text
books suggest values of “C” varying from one-third for flat
country to one for hilly country and on up to two for moun-
tainous or very steep country, the assumption being that
the required size of opening increases with the steepness of
the area drained and that all other factors are negligible.

When, about two and a half years ago, I was first as-
signed the task of making field studies and recommenda-
tions for drainage structures to be built by the State High-
way Department, there had never been any systematic study
made of this problem and tables were in use giving values
of “C” increasing with the steepness of the topography. On
this basis, a much larger opening would be required for a
drainage area in the eastern or mountainous part of the
State than for one of equal size in the western, or flatter
part. It soon became apparent, however, that the reverse
was true and that smaller values could be used for “C” in
the eastern than in the western sections. This discredited
any method of determining “C’’ based on topography alone
and if the formula was to be used at all, some new method
had to be found for determining the variable factor, based
on broader considerations and adapted to conditions as they
exist in this particular State. It was obviously necessary
to discard all preconceived theories and to begin to assemble
data to be used as a basis for study.

After a drainage structure has been in use for a num-
ber of years, it is usually possible, by questioning local resi-
dents, to determine whether it is too large or too small and
to estimate fairly closely the correct size for this location.
Frequently, also, at locations where there are no existing
structures, fairly reliable high-water information can be ob-
tained and conditions are such that the required waterway
can be estimated with a fair degree of accuracy. It was
thought that if studies should be made of these locations

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 219

where conditions were reasonably definite, rules might be
evolved which could be applied to other locations where con-
ditions were more uncertain.

From time to time, therefore, as the opportunity of-
fered, such locations were examined and notes made as to
the topography, shape of drainage area, vegetation and
other factors which it was thought might affect run-off.
Drainage areaS were measured on maps or otherwise esti-
mated as accurately as possible and the value of “C” in Tal-
bot’s Formula computed for each location. This informa-
tion was recorded on blanks prepared for the purpose and
filed for future reference. About 250 streams were thus
examined and the results recorded. The investigations were
made in 385 different counties, well distributed thruout the
State.

From an examination of the assembled data, it appeared
that for streams in a particular locality there was not a
wide variation in the computed values of “C” but that for
streams in widely separated sections there was a consider-
able variation. This suggested the preparation of a map
giving average values of “‘C’’ for each section of the State.
All of the values which had been computed for streams in a
particular locality were therefore averaged and the result-
ing average value placed upon a map in its proper location.

After the average values for each locality had been thus
plotted, the figures were studied with a view to determining
their general trend so that values could be assigned to other
localities where no data had been obtained. The figures
showed a gradual increase from East to West, averaging 0.4
along the Big Sandy and about 1.0 in the Jackson Purchase.
In Barren, Cumberland and Metcalfe counties, there appeared
a group of abnormally high values ranging from 1.0 to 2.0.

An effort was then made to determine the cause for this
sectional variation and several geologists were consulted
with the thought that it might be due to variations in the
porosity of the underlying strata. From these it was ascer-

220 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

tained, that in Barren, Cumberland, Metcalfe and neighbor-
ing counties there is a particularly hard, impervious shale
or slate lying close to the surface, which might account
readily enough for the abnormal run-off found in that sec-
tion. It was thought that the other variations might be
similarly accounted for and accordingly a geologist was em-
ployed to prepare a map of the State showing variations in
the porosity of the formations in the different sections. This
map explained the abnormally high run-off above referred
to aS well as several other erratic groups of figures, but it
failed to explain the gradual increase in values from East
to West, which was the most striking and unexpected re-
sult of the investigation.

It was then thought that there might be some varia-
tions in storm rainfall intensity which would explain this
condition and accordingly the Technical Reports of the
Miami Conservancy District of Ohio were examined. These
reports give the results of a study by the Morgan Engineer-
ing Company of storm rainfall in the eastern half of the
United States, which was the most exhaustive that has ever
been undertaken. They contain maps, called Isopluvial
Charts prepared from the records of the U. S. Weather
Bureau, showing variations in storm intensity in different
sections. For example, one chart shows the maximum 24
hour rainfall, in inches, which on the basis of previous rec-
ords, would be expected to occur on an average of once every
fifteen years. Other charts give similar information for
storms of different duration and for different periods of ex-
pectancy.

An examination of these charts, which all indicate simi-
lar trends, reveals that much heavier storms are to be ex-
pected in the western part of the State than in the eastern
part. On an average of once every fifteen years, a maximum
24 hour rain of 2.8 inches might be expected in Eastern Ken-
tucky while in Western Kentucky a maximum 24 hour rain
of 5.2 inches might be expected with the same frequency.

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222 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

This condition gives at once a reasonable and satisfactory
explanation for the increase from east to west of values of
“C” in Talbot’s Formula.

Having thus determined the causes for the sectional
variations in the average values of “C’’ which had been com-
puted, the map on which these had been plotted was com-
pleted by drawing lines, much like contour lines, assigning
values to all sections of the State. These lines were made
to conform to the computed values, which had been deter-
mined from actual field observations, and the Isopluvial
Charts and the geological map were used as guides in pro-
jecting them across sections where no definite field infor-
mation had been obtained.

The engineer in the field can, from this map, determine
the average value required for “C” in Talbot’s Formula in
the section in which he is working. In applying this to a
particular problem, he must consider whether the topo-
graphical conditions in the drainage area being examined
might be considered normal for the general section and if
not, he must use his judgment in making a corresponding
adjustment. Factors, such as storm rainfall intensity, which
he cannot determine from an examination of the ground,
are taken care of in the average, sectional value, and with
experience he should be able to make the adjustment re-
quired by variations in topography, etc.

The investigations were considerably handicapped be-
cause of the fact that only about half of the State has been
topographically mapped and drainage areas could not
be accurately determined in many sections without ex-
pensive surveys. It is hoped that further studies will per-
mit the construction of a more accurate map and will also
indicate more clearly the adjustment which should be made
on account of variations in topography, vegetation and
stream conditions.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

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(18) .A Newly Discovered Prehistoric Fort in Ken-
tucky.* Wilbur Greeley Burroughs, Berea College.

A prehistoric stronghold which white men have never
before known existed, was discovered by the author, Novem-
ber 9, 1925. This fort is situated 31-2 miles east of Berea,
Madison County, Kentucky, and one-half mile northeast of
the north end of Indian Fort Mountain previously explored
and surveyed by the author. The newly discovered fort in-
cludes the entire top of a knob which is Separate from all
other knobs except for a narrow ridge at the base of the
cliffs on the west end of the fort. This ridge extends to the
cliffs on a knob to the west of the fort. The lower portion
of the knob on which is the prehistoric fort, consists of a
steep shale and talus slope which rises rapidly four hundred
feet vertically above the adjacent valleys. Above this slope,
cliffs of Mammoth Cave and Gasper limestone, except at one
point, completely surround the upper parts of the knob.

The limestone is broken in a few places by joint planes
two to four feet wide up whose extremely steep floors an
active climber can reach the top of the cliff. Two of these
joint planes occur at the west end of the fort where the
limestone cliff is fifty feet high. The east end also has a
similar crevice. Along the north side the limestone has
been worn away for a few yards but all of these points
can be defended easily.

A narrow terrace occurs at the east and west ends of
the knob and at irregular intervals along the sides where
the limestone is capped by Pottsville conglomerate, in places
forty feet high. Joint planes occasionally break this con-
glomerate cliff, but access to the crest could easily be pre-
vented by determined peopie armed with stone weapons.
At certain points the conglomerate and limestone cliffs unite
and fall 200 feet straight down where the talus does not
rise high along the base of the limestone. On the south
side a stream has worn away the cliffs and formed a ravine

224 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

which is the only readily accessible entrance to the top of
the knob and fort.

Across this ravine the prehistoric people constructed a
stone barricade 465 feet long which extends from the top
of the limestone cliff on the east to the top of that on the
west. The barricade is in the form of a V with the apex
upstream. At present this rampart is in places five feet
two inches vertically from the top to the bottom of the front
side, and at this point seven feet across. The V shape of
the barricade permitted the defenders to hurl missiles upon
an attacking force from three sides. This barricade differs
in shape from those on the large prehistoric fort of Indian
Fort Mountain where barricades crossing ravines of equal
width are crescent-shaped. The top of the newly discovered
fort is gently rolling and covers about eighteen acres. ,

A few inches back from the edge of the conglomerate
on the north central part of the fort is a roughly rectangular
basin which has been hollowed out of the conglomerate.
The rock here is exactly the same as in other exposed sur-
faces of this knob. The basin is eight feet by five feet eight
inches by five inches deep. The long axis extends about
northwest--southeast. The basin contains water. A theory
for the origin of this basin which the author suggests is
that since there is no spring within the walls of the fort, as
far as known, the prehistoric people who held the fort may
have drawn water up the side of the cliff and emptied it
into the basin which they had hollowed in the rock. Skins
could have been used to hold the water and grapevines or
other material used for rope. On another promontory to
the east is a smaller basin in the conglomerate which ap-
pears to have been just started when work was abandoned.
This second basin is also rectangular and located near the
edge of the precipice. .These points are the best places on
the fort for water to be drawn up the cliff and poured into
the basins. Also, being exposed to the sky, they easily catch
rain-water. Because of these basins, this knob will be called

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 225;

“Basin Mountain’, and the prehistoric stronghold, “Basin
Mountain Fort’’.

Along the east and northeast sides of the fort especially
where the conglomerate comes in contact with the under-
lying limestones, many of the joint planes have been en-
larged by solution into long, narrow caves. Fifteen to
twenty feet from the entrance to these caves, they usually
become larger where the limestone floors have been dis-
solved away. In several caves are pits about 150 feet deep
in the limestone. In two caves thus far explored are num-
erous pieces of charcoal and charred branches and sticks.
Some of these pieces are far back toward the interior of
the caves where water could not have washed them. In-
deed it is doubtful whether water could have washed any
of the pieces of charcoal from the entrance to their present
positions as many large boulders of conglomerate cover the
floor of the cave and block the passage so that these rocks
have to be climbed over to penetrate the cavern.

It would appear as tho these pieces of charcoal had been
taken into the caves by the prehistoric inhabitants while
the charcoal was glowing. The warm charcoal would have
given heat to those clustering around without making any
disagreeable smoke. The ventilation is excellent in these
caves and the temperature is comfortable even without fire
when snow is falling out-of-doors. It would seem improb-
able that the charcoal and charred branches were carried
to their present positions by white hunters, as in order to
reach these caves on the northeast side of the knob, one
has to descend a 20 to 30 foot cliff and move carefully along
a narrow terrace below which the limestone falls away for
about 100 feet. The most logical explanation for this char-
coal is that it was taken into the caves by the prehistoric
defenders of the fort, who lived in the caves during cold
and rainy weather.

One cave has a large, oval-shaped mound of earth near
the entrance. A boulder of conglomerate lies across the en-

226 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

trance, placed there evidently by the prehistoric people. It
prevented the earth of the mound from being washed out of
the cave. In the mound are scattered patches of the whitish
substance similar to that found in the graves of the rock-
houses of the Indian Fort Mountain stronghold. Pieces of
charcoal are mixed thru the earth of the mound. It is a place
of burial.

At the west end of the knob, below the limestone cliff,
a perpendicular rock wall about 220 feet long and two to
four feet high extends from near the south side of the joint
plane in the limestone partially across the narrow ridge
of land that stretches from the fort to the knob to the west.
It is not a fence made by white men as it does not extend
the entire length of the ridge and could not keep cattle con-
fined to any spot on the slopes. It is probably part of the
defences of “‘Basin Mountain Fort’’.

The fort has not as yet been thoroly explored and further
investigation may reveal new facts about these prehistoric
people.

(19) On the Origin of Fibrous Serpentine. L. C. Robin-
son, U. of Ky. (By title)

(20) Subsurface Conditions in Northeastern Kentucky
as Shown by Well Reeords. E. S. Perry. (By title)

(21) Geology of the Oil Shales of the Eastern United
States. W. R. Jillson, State Geologist, Frankfort, Kentucky.
(Abstract)

It has been estimated that at the present rate of pro-
duction and consumption—714,000,000 barrels in 1924—the
known petroleum reserves of the United States will be ex-
hausted within fifteen to twenty years. The oil shales of
the United States broadly distributed and vast in quantity
are suggested as the ultimate source of substitute artificially
produced petroleums. The Green River (Eocene) oil shales

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 227

of the West, rich and extensive, having been abundantly dis-
cussed, this paper concerns itself only with the high-grade
bituminous shales of the Eastern United States. These are
divided into three groups, ascending stratigraphically: (1)
Chattanooga, early Upper Devonian; (2) Sunbury, Lower
Mississippian, and (38) various oil shales and cannel-shales
of the Pennsylvanian.

The first group—Chattanooga (New Albany—Ohio)
black shale of early Upper Devonian age is rich, thick and
extensive. The type locality described is Southern Indiana
and Ohio, Central Kentucky and Tennessee, and Northern
Alabama, but low-grade correlatives extend into Missouri,
Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania,
West Virginia and Virginia. This shale is estimated to pre-
sent at the surface alone ready for operation when economic
conditions became favorable 275,000,000 thousands of tons
of easily workable deposits equivalent to 60,000,000 thous-
ands of barrels of oil, a volume sufficient to supply the United
States at the present rate of consumption for upwards of
one hundred years or more. The Sunbury (Mississippian)
and the various Pennsylvanian high-grade bituminous shales
are regarded as oil shale reserves of secondary importance.

(The complete paper was read at the Fourteenth Interna-
tional Geological Congress, Madrid, Spain, May, 1926).

(22) Some Electronic Structural Formulas. V. F.
Payne, Transylvania College. (Abstract)
Four structural formulas of hydrogen peroxide are con-

sidered :1) H-O-O-H,;; (2) Kingzett’s formula, #-O =O; (3)
ae

Bruhl’s formula, (4) H-O =O-H; and Rins’ formula O:::O .
He
It is pointed out that by dropping one bond between the oxy-

228 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

gen atoms in Kingzett’s formula it becomes a tautomer of
formula (1). The corresponding electronic formulas are (1)
H

H-O..0-u and HOO.

(23) A Simple Method for the Determination of In-
ductanece. R. B. Scott, U. of Ky.

Object: To make an absolute determination of self-
inductance.

Theory: The usual method of measuring self-inductance
by means of the Wheatstone’s bridge (Rayleigh’s method)
is somewhat tedious because the bridge must be adjusted
each time a different inductance is used. However, in meas-
uring mutual inductance the method is very simple; the
secondary circuit is connected directly to a ballistic galvano-
meter and the inductance is measured by calculating the
quantity of charge, Q, from the galvanometer throw when
the current in the primary is started or stopped. This sim-
plicity suggests the possibility of a similar method for meas-
uring self-inductance. The chief difficulty of the measure-
ments lies in the fact that in measuring self-inductance
the battery circuit and galvanometer circuit cannot be sep-
arated so there is danger of current from the battery pass-
ing thru the galvanometer. This difficulty is overcome in
the circuit shown in figure 1. The current from the bat-
tery flows thru the inductance L and the resistance R,,
The switch S is especially constructed so that the switch
arm leaves the two contacts as nearly simultaneously as
possible, thus leaving the galvanometer in circuit with the
inductance and resistance.

When the switch is opened, the self-inductance of L
will cause a current to flow around the circuit L — R; — Rs
— G — L, the battery being disconnected. Calling the total
resistance of the circuit R, the current thru the inductance
as the switch is opened ip, and the inductance L, we may

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 229

Fig. 1. Wiring diagram for inductance experiment.

make a determination of the inductance by measuring the
quantity of electricity which flows thru the galvanometer.

When a circuit containing an inductance and carrying
a current is suddenly opened the E. M. F. induced by the
inductance is —L di/dt.

but E — iR
then —L di/dt — Ri
or —Ldi — R idt

Integrating both sides of this equation between the
proper limits we obtain

Li = RQ

230 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Where Q the quantity of electricity passing thru the
galvanometer

then L — RQ/ig
Q is a function of K, the galvanometer constant, t the

period, d the deflection and r the damping factor of the cir-
cuit and galvanometer used or

Ktdr*%
Cee Sszice:
RKC TZ d
1 ee
3.1416 i

If we keep the resistance of the galvanometer circuit
constant, then the first term of the expression is a constant
since the damping factor and period are constant for a given
total external resistance of the galvanometer.

d
then == Cl.
i
This fact makes the method very easy and efficient for
we may insert one inductance after another and measure
them by reading the current thru the ammeter, which is
the current thru the inductance, and noting the deflection.

Apparatus and Procedure: The apparatus used in the ex-
periment consisted of the special switch, a ballistic galvano-
meter, and suitable noninductive resistance; also a double
pole, double throw switch for reversing the galvanometer
connection.

The problem of breaking the two circuits simultaneously
was solved by having one element of the switch, as shown
in Figure 2, in sliding contact with two parallel brass rods,
and connected to a spring which, when released, would cause
the element to slide along the brass rods until the ends were
reached and then break both circuits. The fact that the
sliding element reaches a high velocity before the contacts
are broken tends to reduce the time interval between the

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 231

Fig. 2. Special switch for the experiment.

breaking of the contacts until it does not affect the readings,
as shown by repeated experiments.

The method of measuring the inductance is rather
straightforward. The switch must be adjusted, with the in-
ductance replaced by a non-inductive resistance, until break-
ing the circuits does not deflect the galvanometer. This
shows that the contacts are breaking simultaneously. Since
there is some resistance in the sliding contacts there will
probably be a potential drop across the galvanometer caus-
ing a constant deflection. This may be eliminated by ad-
justing the resistance, R;, that is in parallel with the in-
ductance. An easier and just as accurate method, however,
is to leave the galvanometer switch open until ready to take
a reading, then close the galvanometer switch and release
the inductance switch in rapid succession. Of course if the
constant deflection is too great some error will be intro-
duced unless the resistance is adjusted. For measuring
fairly large inductances where the inductance of the am-
meter would be negligible it may be placed directly in the
inductance circuit thus enabling one to read the current iy
directly.

The range of deflection obtained in measuring the va-
rious inductances was from 1 to 6 centimeters. For this

232 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

range the constant of the galvanometer was found to be
7.49 X 10-° amps per radion.

The half period of the galvanometer was found to be
3.32 seconds.

The damping factor of the galvanometer for this cir-
cuit was r2 — 1.098.

The total resistance in the galvanometer circuit was
40507.

A standard inductance in the form of a variometer was
first measured. This was a Leeds and Northrup instrument
and had a scale calibrated in millihenrys. The inductance
was measured for different settings and the results com-
pared with the scale readings.

Other inductances measured were, a coil of wire con-
sisting of 3000 turns of number 22 B & § gage, a large coil
with an iron core, and a honeycomb coil such as is used
in radio circuits.

Deflection
Inductance R R I R B
Std. .035 18.16 9.08 aT ules 3.08
Std. .030 18.16 9.08 B07 25 2.5
Std. .020 18.16 9.08 eA B bel 4,
Std. .005 18.16 9.08 eOUM 42 4
3000T No. 22 9.08 0388 Pal 2.65
Iron Core 9.08 401 175 12583
H.C. 9.08 .056 1.92 1.82

Rk tre d
= — xX ———

3.1416 i
L 40507 x 7:49 x 102 x 3.32 x 1098 x a
i

3.1416
16; 852 x d

i

Substituting the values of d and i in this we obtain
the values of L.

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 233

Inductance Value To
Measured Obtained Diff
Std. .035 .0357 + 2.0%
Std. .030 .0298 — 7%
Std. .020 .0195 — 2.5%
Std. .005 .0047 — 6. %
3000T No. 22 247
Iron Core 0157
HC oil a Le?

Conclusion: Since the error was much greater for small
inductance, and correspondingly small deflections, we may
conclude that the principal source of error is in reading the
deflections, for larger deflections can be read more accur-
ately. For inductances greater than 20 millihenrys the er-
ror was less than 2%, with an increase of accuracy for
higher values of inductance. The accuracy for large in-
ductances is limited only by observational error in reading
the deflections and in determining the constants of the gal-
vanometer.

(24) The Principles of Eugenies. Abstract of address
by Harry H. Laughlin, Carnegie Institution of Washington.

Eugenics has been practiced for hundreds of human
generations. The proof is found in the fact that man, dur-
ing the many thousands of years since the origin of the
human species, has greatly differentiated into races, each
highly adapted to specific conditions. For the most part,
this successful practice was not consciously directed toward
race improvement, but was the natural and eugenically un-
conscious accompaniment of the struggle for self-preserva-
tion. This struggle prompted selective mating and selective
elimination. Early human culture had not advanced far
before it was observed by the leaders of clans and states that
high fecundity on the part of the most valuable members
of the social unit constituted the best assurance of future
prosperitv. As civilization advanced and the analytical

234 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

sciences took rise, man began to reflect more upon the es-
sential principles which govern his own racial and family
fortunes. He was thus enabled to foresee a possible science
of eugenics. The materials which he used for analysis were
the actual records of past behavior of mankind in relation,
particularly, to the forces which govern differential migra-
tion, mate selection and differential fecundity. A more ac-
curate understanding of the rules of heredity of human phy-
sical, mental and temperamental qualities made the final
major contribution to the essential ‘“‘tools,’ so that finally
and but recently the science of eugenics was successfully
organized. Guided by science, the practice of eugenics can
now take on a more conscious purpose. Without destroy-
ing the finest customs and the most cherished family rela-
tionships, it is within the power of the several families and
races of man greatly to improve the hereditary physical,
mental and temperamental endowments of their successive
generations.

The science of eugenics did not spring forth full grown
as an invention without ancestry, but rather it is the logi-
cal development of work in many allied sciences, such as
biology, geology, anthropology, psychology, history, politics,
geography, archaeology, statistics, psychiatry and theology.
From these and from many other sources certain facts and
principles have been taken and constructed into an harmon-
ious whole. Galton did not call eugenics either a science
or an art; he called it simply “the study of the agencies un-
der social control which may improve or impair the racial
qualities of future generations either physically or men-
tally”. It is clear from this definition that eugenics in Gal-
ton’s conception would develop into a science and also in-
to a purposefully applied art. In genetics, as applied to plant
and animal breeding, it must be acknowledged that the
science arose long after the art of improvement of plants
and animals under domestication had made tremendous
headway. The rise of the science of genetics is logically

THIRTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 235

expected to reflect back to the applied art new tools for
greatly improved efficiency.

If, in eugenics, we tried to list categorically a number
of basic principles, they might well be stated as follows:

1. Man is an animal and consequently, in reference to
hereditary traits, is susceptible to the same laws of natural
inheritance which govern other animals.

2. The end result, or development stage, of a human
quality is the resultant of the interaction of hereditary ele-
ments with training and environment.

3. Environment and training being constant, the char-
acter of an individual, family or race depends primarily up-
on inborn endowment.

4. The hereditary endowment being constant, the re-
sulting character of an individual, family or race depends
upon training and environment.

5. A gene, which is the hereditary foundation of a trait
or quality, is not affected by association in different com-
binations nor by training nor environment.

6. Within the limits of hereditary constitution of the
population of one generation, the constitutional character
of the next generation depends upon differential migration,
differential mate selection and differential fecundity.

7. Mate selection depends primarily upon propinquity
and compatibility.

8. Within the same race and social setting, and ex-
cepting within the extremes of poverty and luxury, differen-
tial fecundity and survival depend largely upon economic
factors. The so-called high levels tend toward lower fecun-
dity and more conservative survival rates.

9. Human migration is a phase of the struggle for ex-
istence among families and among races. Relative over-
population and economic stress tend to produce migration
to regions less densely populated or in which the struggle
for existence is less severe.

236 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

10. Knowledge of the principles of eugenics makes
possible the more purposeful control of the hereditary en-
dowments of future families and races.

It is clear that a family or a nation must maintain high
ideals concerning hereditary constitution, if it desires to
raise or even to maintain its present inborn standards in
future generations. The economic, the social, the educa-
tional and the religious world must work so to govern cus-
tom and so to elucidate the facts of eugenics, that more fit
mate selections will be made, and that those who are best
endowed by nature, so far as the standards of the family
and the race are concerned, will have high fecundity, while
those less well endowed in hereditary qualities must have
the lowest fecundity. Finally, the state must see to it that
the very lowest in inborn qualities must not be permitted
to reproduce at all. Research and education must lead the
way; legislation can function only in bringing up the rear.

When coldly considered, we know that there are assets
which control falling in love, such as social position, wealth,
talent, education, gracious behavior, charming personal qual-
ities and comely features. When hereditary endowment be-
comes one of these major factors and possibly the overpow-
ering factor in mate selection, altho the person who falls in
love may not clearly recognize the fact, then family and
consequently national eugenics will be established on a
sound practical basis.

The whole task of eugenics is a continuous one. But
the movement is under way and every future year should
mark considerable headway, both in establishing the prin-
ciples of eugenics thru analysis of facts, and in the practi-
cal application of these principles thru education and the
organization of custom.

Finally, we conclude, in view of the evidence, that man
achieved one of his major advances in history when he dis-
covered that by applying certain essential principles, he
could more purposefully direct his own evolution.

INDEX

Page
A vitamin, association of copper with, McHargule ...................--..-.- 103
Achondroplasia in a family recently investigated —_...................... 214
Agricultural marls in Kentucky, S. C. Jones -.........22.2.2..2.222.222...- 154
Alcohol, apparatus for dehydration of, -..-.......2..02220.2.222222-22222-2--2--- 64
AmiphibialoL Kentucky, mMotesnon: - 2. /.-sae oe ye a 213
Anaphylaxis and hydrogen ion concentration, Healy, Spears and

ES USER 5s eB aE a a Ae eR Celt 103
Anderson, W. S., Some problems in pauperism, ...................--------- 141
Anderson, W. 8S. and J. Holmes Martin, Unit characters in poul-

LE Tes apres eal cae UNS UGA Se Ae ROaeaI SNA SA SINAN a UPON AMO La oa nth LR a 76
Application of science thru the agronomy extension service in

DES 9Gey sl ere) by 0p a ged fe 0 a= cea een ela a Ee A i ea co tg 149
Association of copper with substances containing fat-soluble A

VACATE Iie e IM CRTAT 2 UG ics -te ae. ett ae ans a Met le ede eel I Ih 103
Balanced selection in the fission rate of paramecium caudatum,

AR VEC OT EE OME teks 22 a ee NE ae eels ted wes Tee thd 204
Bangson, J. S., Achondroplasia in a family -_-__......2..222222.222.2222.--2..- 214
Barbour, H. G., Falling drop method for specific gravity __.........- 213
Barrens, vegetation of, Harrison Garman ...._._._..........0.2222222222222.-- 107
Beckner, Lucien, Cumberland County Oil Horizons -...................... 23.
Beckner, Lucien, The last wild pigeon in Kentucky .................... 55,
“Big Lime” as a key horizon for structural work in N. E. Ky. 216
Big Sandy River, Major drainage of, W. R. Jillson ...................... 163
Bluegrass, Kentucky, whence did it come? J. S. McHargue...____. 179
Boyd County, Kentucky, exploration for oil and gas in, W. R.

aI pIBLET SSG Ti tapgrat ees toes Cea = arate EU Peek Dee aah ee Or ow Mtns ACR uD rts Pn ee Sho euleee 139
Brauer, Alfred, The regeneration of the epithelium of the uri-

MAG Va OLA Gen: se F250 selina 3 ee bla a eye 2 a a Geta 190
Brauer, Alfred, Micrognathy and accompanying anomalies in a

FT ealryalo epeter eee eee ce at eee enn eee ni Scheie awh saan anew a ina ec es Oe ely Soe natant a 199
Bucher, Walter H., Subcrustal expansion as a possible factor in

Carthediastrophismy-i.22.0.. 5.25. ste oe Oe 130
Buckner, G. Davis, The growth of chickens raised without grit... 178
Buckner, G. Davis, J. Holmes Martin and A. M. Peter, Calcium

metapolismain “the layinge Wen 22. 2s ee ae 93
Burroughs, W. G., Geographic influences in the Ky. Knobs... 29
Burroughs, W. G., Geography of the Western Ky. Coal Field. 124
Burroughs, W. G., A newly discovered prehistoric fort _—_......._.. 2203
By Saw Sapere erent cee ewe VV SALE NOONE Sopa tee ae RS a a2 eo ge At 6
Calcium metabolism in the laying hen, Buckner .........................- 93
Caldwell, M. A., Some relations of science to philosophy _.......... 206
Canter; Caviesssre ology of, Wer Re Jillsom jets: ee ee oe ae ie Fin
Carmin, Joseph, Physiological balance in nutrient solutions.____... 2
Chamberling er. Rollin ww. Harthquakes 222.2 ee ais
Characteristic X-rays of molybdenum, T. M. Hahn __............._... 135
(CGP ANSH LUE EBSCO he a sc lg er ec eR NE Be er) 2
Cooperation, an experiment in, O. B. Jesness ~.__._..-.2222.22.22222 22222. 142
Copper, association of, with substances containing the fat-solu-

DLE wACeVA CAT et Se MC Ear oe iSy eae cia lh Ue NIL Sst lca ela aU ll 103
Copper in mollusks and crustacea, J. S. McHargue __.___...... ep 49
Crouse, C. S., Present status of the oil shale industry _.............. 1esal
Crump, Malcolm H., Harvard summer school of geology in 1875 64
Cumberland County oil horizons, Lucien Beckner _............-......... PAS
Didlake, Mary, Tests of moth-proofing substances ...............-...... Zabel
DixeRivier dam: iCONSEVUCtIONYOL. 20h Tey eee 39-44

Drainage area and waterway for culverts, etc., relation between 217
Drainage modification of the Big Sandy River, W. R. Jillson .... 137

Early glaciation in Kentucky, W. R. Jillson -..............-...-2-22.2.---.-
Harthowakess Diss ollime wh) Cblaimilp erin sess eee eee
Effect of diet upon the rate of learning and forgetting by domes-
ticatederats; Ae Re Middleton ee ee
Effect of the teaching of evolution upon the religious convictions
of undergraduate students, A. R. Middleton —__--....--

bleventh ‘annual=mectine, minutes 0b =) = ee
Epithelium, regeneration of, of the urinary bladder, Alfred
IST ANWOT, seer Re ee Nee ee oes ee Te a
Husenics, the principles of, EH. Ey Waughlim 222) 2)
Evolution, effect of teaching, etc., A. R. Middleton -__.-__._...........
Experience in collecting insects in a sink-hole, Harrison Garman
Hxperimentanscooperation, Of B.) JieSWeSs sss te eee
Exploration for oil and gas in Boyd County, Ky., W. R. Jillson__..
Falling drop method for specific gravity ___..-_____._.....5 2
Farmers’ earnings and standard of living in northern Keys. Weeb:
INTC OM gies et Sek Peet a GE aM al Bie The TUS ye ss
Mishes! Of sBooneiss Creek: eee 5 ee vn. n eis
Fusarium species, inoculation of, W. D. Valleau -..-.......-.-.-..-...--.-
Garman, Harrison, An experience in collecting insects in a sink-
NOTE CAVGl ice lee, Ee Ee es ee leaner eee
Garman, Harrison, Vegetation of the barrens -..-...-.....-.-...-.-----------
Geographic influences in the Kentucky knobs, W. G. Burroughs
Geography of the Western Coal Field, W. G. Burroughs -...........
Geology of the ‘Carter caves, W. Ri Jillson 2.22.2 ee
Giovannoli, L., Fishes of Boone’s Creek __.___.-..-.----2--22-2:-2022222
Glacial pebbles in Eastern Kentucky, W. R. Jillson -...-.............-
Glaciation, carly, int Kentucky, W. Re Jillson ee
Growth of chickens raised without grit, G. Davis Buckner ____.__.

Hahn, T. M., Charecteristic X-rays of molybdenum __._____-.-....._-.
Hamilton, W. F., Falling drop method for specific gravity _._.__..
Harvard Summer School of Geology in 1875, M. H. Crump .......-
Healy, Laniel J., Spears and Healy, Anaphylaxis and hydrogen

JOM CONCENMtTALIONG 5221. eet ee eee

Hooper, J. J., Influence of season of calving on milk and butter
PLO CAMUCHOMNORLCO WSs ate 2s a ee ee ee
Ieloxeyoxenes dis dlgqr deneovebhevemyonaroye welkereaeanail Nie: Sel) ee ee
Hudnall, J. S., Marine invasion in Eastern Kentucky in Pennsyl-
VERT ELUM eteT NS ett es te re TEI ASSES Ce Sue Ss
Hydroelectric development of Dix River. J. S. Van Winkle __.__.-
Hydrogen ion concentration and anaphylaxis, Healy, Spears and
I (=e Ly gem nents Oe Rea en reed ol De ee ed SR ee a pe Ne eer

Inductance, simple method for determining, R. B. Scott —_..-.....
Influence of season of calving on milk and butter production of
COWS) HOODET 2802 Se eR Ee ee ee ee
Iron, manganese and zinc in some moliusks and crustaceans, J.
SoUIMIGHaT PUG. shat eh ee So Suna a sad stds Ai de cde anes aoe eee ee

Jesness, O. B., An experiment in cooperation _..._...._...-.-....---.-.-.---
Jillson, W. R., Early glaciation in Kentucky ...._..........................-
Jillson, W. R., Exploration for oil and gas in Boyd County, Ky.
Jillson, W. R., Geology of the Carter caves ....._..-..-...-....-.------.---
Jillson, W. R., Geology of the oil shales of eastern U. S. ~....-...
Jillson, W. R., Glacial pebbles in Eastern Kentucky |...................
Jillson, W. R., Major drainage modification of the Big Sandy

EU TIVG GIS! Ip ooo ete cn in a Ree 2g ier Ie ee eee ree
Johnson, E. M. and W. D. Valleau, Preliminary inoculation ex-

periments with fusariwum: Species 2.2. eee
Jones, S. C., Agricultural marls in Kentucky -.........-. acl Sas

Kenney, Ralph, The application of science thru the agronomy ex-

COM SIO MM SOTVAC EM eyes eee eae ere en Se ees eee ae 149
Kentucky bluegrass—whence did it come? J. S. McHargue -.___... 179
Ken tuckyathonrobreds At. Ge 1h. Smit ne eee ibale
Kiplinger, C. C.,; Dehydration of alcohol, ¢:.:.2_-2-2.2-..21.2 225: 64
Laboratory apparatus for the dehydration of alcohol. C. C. Kip-

UY ate ees ae eis a, Pee beta cone iia dus ete ere pu eee ine, Ue See el ae 64
Lactobacillus acidophilus vs. Lactobacillus bulgaricus _............ 95
Last wild pigeon in Kentucky, L. Beckner . ....__...............-.--------.-- 55
lauchlin, Ho A. The principles of eugenics .2.22-2..22 2220 223
Lynch, J. T., Drainage area and waterway for culverts, ete. _____.- 21:7
Macintyre, Thelma, Amphibia of Kentucky —.2.2.-.5.2..:20) 2422 Dele
McAllister, Cloyd N., Results of science teaching — in the schools 155
MecFerlan, A. C., West Fickman: ra wilite7 OMe. 2e8 ot ee Se eee es 214
McFarlen, A. C., mB TS MMe d aS aa kiG yar lOI17 OMe ss eee ss eter 216
McHargue, J. S., Association of copper with substances contain-

Ine eEhestat=sOlbDlevwAs vitamins fe seek eel SO eS ee eee ase ae 103
McHargue, J. S., Copper, iron, manganese and zine in some mol-

UISKSHaATIGd CRUSTACEANS shel 2 Ssircr se ea NA Ah Delian Ue aI Se a Hh 46
McHargue, J. S., Kentucky bluegrass—whence did it come? __..__.. 179
Major drainage modifications of the Big Sandy River, W. R. Jill-

S ODE ee sec beni reste. GON EE Ste ney ake PRON UR ae imran hap eer tees eee St ea IBY {
Manganese in mollusks and crustacea, J. S. McHargue ___.._......... 49
Marine invasion in eastern Kentucky in Pennsylvanian times,

Dex EB UCo Eva eT) LU at aie hdr Ty ame ea Re ce a gga ee oem pn ee ees ee el) 44
Marls sAoricuitural;: in Kentucky, S:7C. Jomes 2%. 2 220 ee 154
Martin, J. Holmes, Buckner and Peter, Calcium metabolism in

ING eye NO Ts reese eM ei nae ten ohh aoe 50, ini ae ANCE Wh aA dete dee ae Nae te ale 93
Martin, J. Holmes, and W. S. Anderson, Unit characters in poultry 76
VIE TIN CUCU weG G2 eee teas Sd ES le eee ied anus UALS eon ec ensayo Oe 9
Metabolism in the laying hen, Buckner, et al. ___.__.-.. 2202 22..0222222.L... 93
Metals occurring in mollusks and crustacea, McHargue __..__....__... 46
Micrognathy and accompanying anomalies in a lamb, Alfred

BSCE AT CS SER es ee a el Pe ao SR SESE ee eee 199
Middleton, A. R., Effect of the teaching of evolution, etc. -_..._...... 172
Middleton, A. R., The effect of diet upon the rate of learning and

LORSEtEIN Saye sCOMEStICALEd Tals eA ee ee ee 20/2
Middleton, A. R., Balanced selection in the fission rate of Para-

TOQUE KERB Ua ow = OF: Fy DCG b> 0m D Una 0 eae pam ene tn Ly Ne Sloat Be eee 204
Milk and butter production of cows, influence of season of calv-

INS ON i VacLLOODCY 0252 Ne ee plese Mae ene ce ae cok fue Dee 78
VMLKeE pM ROGUCEIONsOb Clea 222.2 ee ee ee Se ee seas Dies
Mineral mixture as a supplement in hogging down COED, aHne J:

EVV AINE ONT; Cl eager esi ae ne re fate clemaey R ee tht ES Aue eae ene a ea ee ee eee 119
Minwtes-of theeleventh: annual meeting, 2.0 15
Minwtessor the tweltth vannwal meeting, 22... 20 ee G9
NMinwtes;ore the thirteenth annual meeting (so. 2 see 165
Molybdenum, characteristic X-rays of, T. M. Hahn __._._........_._.- 135
IMIOSSC Ste Ole cent UG Keyae) Geico eee ee 56
Noth=prootine Substances: tTeStswOles 222 228 2h), ee ee Pal
INS COI) O Sys sess ee a oe ah ee OB SEE LOY, ot ea ase ses ee nee ela 8
Nicholls, W. D., Farmers’ earnings and standard of living —_.__.... 57
Omicerskeotmthies Aca diem yaeo 52 lee SR ie ee ee See ean eo ae eens 4
Oil and gas, exploration for, in Boyd County, Ky., W. R. Jillson 139
Oilssandsvor- Cumberland), County, Wye ee 24-28
Oil shale industry, present status of, C. S. Crouse _____.-........... 13
Oil shales of Eastern U. S., geology of, W. R. Jillson __............. 226
Orizin of fibrous’ serpentine; lu: C. Robbins 222. 226

Pauperism, some problems in, W. S. Anderson __..............2....2.....- 141

Payne, V. F., Some electronic structural formulas ~..........-.......-
Perry, E. S., Subsurface conditions in N. E. Ky. from well records
Peter, A. M., Martin and Buckner, Calcium metabolism in the

LRT TN 7 aN is Vn Soe Sear een en Se ee oN
Petroleum, first discovery of, in Kentucky _......_.................-...-_.-
Philosophy, some relations of science to, M. A. Caldwell __......._.-
Physiological balance and antagonism in nutrient solutions for

wheat, Sam Eo ‘Trelease, etal 2 Sen ee eae
Pigeon, the last wild, in Kentucky, Lucien Beckner ...................-
Prehistoric fort newly discovered, in Kentucky __.........................
Preliminary inoculation experiments with Fusarium species, W.

De Valleauand Hee Me Johnson) 2.2.2 ee ee eee
Present status of the oil shale industry, C. S. Crouse ~__._......._.-
Problems in pauperism, W. S. Anderson ................2.2222222.22-2-2--------
Regeneration of the epithelium of the urinary bladder, Alfred

PB RAUCTY or eects ee tet a een ees ek Slane HC ny eee oe Sek A
Relations of science to philosophy, M. A. Caldwell —_..................
Relation of some constituents of tobacco to grade, O. M. Shedd
Resistance box, a universal, M. N. States: __.__....- 2.222.222 lees
Robbins, L. C., Origin of fibrous serpentine __.__.-.....2..2.2.22.2222.2 2...

Scherago, M., Origin of fibrous serpentine _..._.._..........-.2..22-22.2.-.---
Science, relation of, to philosophy, M. A. Caldwell ___...............--
Science teaching in the schools, the results of, Cloyd N. Mc-
PATS EI eee Pees Pe OSes Bie SR ee Da
Scott, R. B., Simple method for determination of inductance______.-
Secretary7s: reports W923 -4 o.oo ee
Secretany.sumeports (924-522 222 slosh ee eos a
Secretary svinepo nye 92 5S Oise ae Be ee VS ae eileen Sula De gee ag en
Shedd, O. M., Relation of some constituents of tobacco to grade
Smith, George D., A Kentucky thorobred .......-...........2..2..2.2.2.-.-------
Smith, George 'D., The mosses of Kentucky ~.._.....-..----2-.222 2-22-22...
Some electronic structural formulas, V. F. Payne ..................... vey
Spears, Howell, Healy and Healy, Anaphylaxis and hydroge
10D /CONCENtTAtION Leek se Ne ee
States, M. N., A universal resistance box ...-.......2...2.-22.-.... 23a
Status of the oil shale industry, C. S. Crouse ~.............2222.2.22.2......-
Subcrustal expansion as a possible factor in earth diastrophism,
Nia lter (ea aBUChier wien es Ue Woe Sac aie st 2 os inal alee eae ee
Subsurface conditions in N. E. Ky., from well records, E. S. Perry

Thirteenth annual meeting, minutes of —___....---.2222..22222 22222.
Thorobred, A Kentucky;,:G. D. Smith’ 221 22.2 eee
Tobacco, relation of some constituents of, to grade, O. M. Shedd
Trelecse, Sam F., and Helen M., Physiological balance in nutrient

SOLUEITOMS\: Voss! lores Seed eh Ue BG le ce Re oat eT ee oul eR eae ala a nea
Unit characters in poultry, Anderson and Martin __.____...................
Universal resistance box, A, M. N. States ~.._..-..222.22222222222 222222222222...
Valleau, W. D., and E. M. Johnson, Preliminary inoculation ex-

periments with Fusarium’ species, _._...<_.....). 2 eee
Van Winkle; John iS2, 7 Dix River Diam crs ae ee eee eee
Vegetation of the barrens, Harrison Garman ......-..............----.-------
Western coal field, geography of, W. G. Burroughs -._____...._..._._.-
West Hickman fault zone in Jessamine and Fayette Counties ___.
Wilford, E. J., A mineral mixture as a supplement in hogging

GOWAN CONT hee eG PDS Nn Ray iN URL es, Ts ica ee ee en
X-ray, characteristic, of molybdenum, T. M. Hahn
Yueh; €. (Ss, Dehydration of alcohols 3-22 ee eee
Zinc in mollusks and crustacea, McHargue

eTL' ; E AWAY :

TRANSACTIONS

KENTUCKY
POADEMY OF SCIENCE

AFFILIATED WITH THE A. A. A. S.

VOLUME THREE
(1927 - 1928)

Fourteenth and Fifteenth Meetings

LEXINGTON, KY.
1930

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

KENTUCKY
ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

AFFILIATED: WITH THE A. A.A. Ss:

VOLUME THREE
(1927-21973)

Fourteenth and Fifteenth Meetings

This Volume was Edited by
A. M. PETER and ETHEL V. T. CASWALL

LEXINGTON, KY.
1691330

PRESS OF
TRANSYLVANIA PRINTING CO.
LEXINGTON, KY.

W

CONTENTS
(EEC CIS epee Sa Sees ae A ae es Sue ie eee eS tee ar eres cate ee Fes
CO TUS CUES EMO ine wee Se nas ed Ae VP 8s Fae Eee LUBE ROS ee tele
ES Vex VES Mees ents le Sent Oe 29 Te Siu Phe atk Vie eee eel hd SINE ort as Ae ae soe i Pell
ING CLOT Oey ie rit tae ree kact oe wren ea eee Ieee cries Bape eu eee AEE eh se eae EE tage ee eee
IMG TMD GrSMMp OUT SiG e> 20 soe ee SS eS a ie Pe Seite e See a
Miniiteston che L4th annual) mee time) se. eer ee ee eee
Papers presented at the 14th annual meeting +222... ee
Minutessotgchent>thsanimual: meetin eres: see ss ee ee ee
Papers presented. at the L5th annual meeting -....22-.22..----2-2222
AT Gl Gee ete eh eee cE Se ate ee ate A Ae J eas

15

Kentucky Academy of Science

OFFICERS

1926-1927

President, W. G. Burroughs, Berea College, Berea.
Vice-President, Henry Meier, Sanger, California.

Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. §., A. R. Middleton, Louisville.

1927-1928

President, W. D. Valleau, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Vice-President, C. S. Crouse, University of Ky., Lexington.
Secretary, A. M. Peter, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Treasurer, W. S. Anderson, Experiment Station, Lexington.
Councilor to A. A. A. S., A. R. Middleton, Louisville.

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS

(As adopted May 8, 1914, and subsequently amended.)

ARTICLE I.—NAME. This organization shall be Known as The
Kentucky Academy of Science.

ARTICLE II.—OBJECT. The object of this Academy shall be to
encourage scientific research, to promote the diffusion of useful scien-
tific knowledge and to unify the scientific interests of the State.

ARTICLE III.—MEMBERSHIP. The membership of this Acad-
emy shall consist of Active Members, Corresponding Members and
Honorary Members.

Active members shall be residents of Kentucky who are inter-
ested in science, or other persons actively engaged in scientific in
vestigation within the state. Active members are of two classes,
national and local. National members are members of the Academy
and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science,
local members are members of the Academy but not of the Associa-
tion. Each active member shall pay to the Academy an initiation fee,
upon election, and annual dues beginning October 1 next after elec-
tion, the amounts to be fixed in the by-laws. The amount of annual
dues to be paid by a national member shall equal the difference be-
tween the amount to be paid by a local member and the amount
allowed per member by the A. A. A. S.. Any member in good stand-
ing may become a life member by payment at one time of a suitable
sum, prescribed in the by-laws, and is thereafter relieved from pay-
ment of dues.

Corresponding Members shall be persons who are actively engaged
in scientific work not resident in the State of Kentucky. They shail
have the same privileges and duties as Active Members but shall be
free from all dues and shall not hold office.

Honorary Members shall be persons who have acquired special
prominence in science not residents of the State of Kentucky and
shall not exceed twenty in number at any time. They shall be free
from dues.

For election to any class of membership the candidate must have
been nominated in writing by two members, one of whom must know
the applicant personally, receive a majority vote of the committee on
membership and a three-fourths vote of the members of the Academy
present at any session or, in the interim between meetings of the
Academy, the unanimous vote of the members of the council, present
or voting by letter.

6 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Article IV.—OFFICERS. The officers of the Academy sha}l
be chosen annually by ballot, at the recommendation of a nominating
committee of three, appointed by the President, and shali consist of
a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, and councilor of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, who shall per-
form the duties usually pertaining to their respective offices. Only
the secretary, treasurer and councilor shall be eligible to reelection
for consecutive terms.

ARTICLE V.—COUNCIL. The Council shall consist of the Presi-
dent, Vice-President, Secretary, Treasurer and President of the pre-
ceding year. The council shall direct the affairs of the Academy dur-
ing the intervals between the regular meetings and shall fill all
vacancies occurring during such intervais.

ARTICLE VI.—STANDING COMMITTEES. The Standing Com-
mittees shall be as follows:

A Committee on Membership appointed annually by the Presi-
dent consisting of three members.

A Committee on Publications consisting of the President, Secre-
tary, and a third member chosen annually by the Academy.

A Committee on Legislation consisting of three members ap-
pointed annually by the President.

ARTICLE VII.—MEETINGS. The Regular meetings of the Acad-
emy shall be held at such time and place as the Council may select.
The Council may call a special session, and a special] session shall be
called at the written request of twenty members.

ARTICLE VIII.—PUBLICATIONS. The Academy shall publish
its transactions and papers which the Committee on Publications deem
suitable. All members shall receive the publications of the Academy
gratis.

ARTICLE IX.—AMENDMENTS. This Constitution may be
amended at any regular annual meeting by a three-fourths vote of
all active members present, provided a notice of said amendment has
been sent to each member ten days in advance of the meeting.

BY-LAWS

I—The following shall be the order of business.
1. Call to order.
2. Report of Officers.
3.1 Report of-Councils

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS 7

4 Report of Standing Committees.
5. Election of Members.
6. Report of Special Committees.
7. Appointment of Special Committees.
8. Unfinished business.

9. New Business,

10. Election of Officers.

11? “Program:
12. .§ Adjournment.

II—No meeting of this Academy shall be held without thirty
days’ notice having been given by the Secretary to all mem-
bers.

IJI—Twelve members shall constitute a quorum of the Academy
for the transaction of business. Three of the Council shail
constitute a quorum of the Council.

IV—No bill against the Academy shall be paid without an order
signed by the President and Secretary.

V—tThe initiation fee for active members shali be one dollar.
Annual dues shall be two dollars and fifty cents, for local
members, and two dollars for national members. A life
membership shali be fifty dollars.

ViI—Members who shall allow their dues to be wnpaid for two
years, having been annually notified of their arrearage by
the Treasurer, shall have their names stricken from the roll.

ViII—The President shall annually appoint an auditing committee
of three who shall examine and report in writing upon the
account of the Treasurer.

VIII—The Secretary shall be free from all dues during his term
of office.

IX—All papers intended to be presented on the program or ad-
stract of same must be submitted to the Secretary previous
to the meeting.

X—These by-laws may be amended or suspended by a two-
thirds vote of the members present at any meeting.

XI—The program committee shall consist of the Secretary of
the Academy and the Secretaries of the divisions with the
President of the Academy, ex officio. They shall serve
from one annual meeting to the next.

MECROLOGY

Iu Memoriam

They have crossed the river and are resting

in the shade of the trees:

Wayne Dickerson Iler, 1892-1928
Charles Joseph Norwood, 1853-1927
Louis B. Siff, 1865-1926

Stuart Weller, 1870-1927

MEMBERS 9

COMPLETE MEMBERSHIP LiST FOR THE YEARS

1926-27 AND 1927-8

c indicates Corresponding member; h indicates Honorary mem-

*

ber; 1 indicates Life member; indicates No longer a member; 7+ in-

dicates Deceased. The date denotes the year of election to membership.

Name and address Branch of Science

Allen, W. R., ’23, University of Kentucky, Lexington -.__.-.......... Zoology
*-Anderson, H. C., ’23, W. Ky. State Normal School, Bowling

(Gara eee cs ae oe nh aE Sal poet Ulla es ue de Mie esi AAA ear Physics
Anderson, W. M., 714, University of Louisville, Louisville -..._..... Physics
Anderson, W. S., 715, University of Kentucky, Lexington ........ Genetics
Averitt, S. D., 714, Experiment Siation, Lexington -............... Chemistry
*-Baer, Louis, ’23, University of Louisville, Louisville ___._..... Chemistry
IB Aker eA s Omi?! 216) IB CTC as: tes ce 2 er en Anthropology
*-Bales, C. E., ’23, Louisville Fire Brick Co., Louisville -....... Chemistry
c-Bancroft, George R., 719, Univ. of West Va., Morgantown,

YUASA rat Boa rs Hsin og ne team ee ee Leo ey ea Chemistry
Bangson, John §., 726, Berea College, Berea, -....2....-22....22222.c2e ee Biology
Barbour, Henry G., 725, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville _....... Phvsiology
Bassett, G. C., ’?27, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington __._......._.... Psychology
Bear, Robert M.,.’2:7, Centre College, Danville _.:2:...22:0.222220 Education
iBecknerm lucien, 72:0) “Wamehester, 2:22 .-.02. Sees ee ee eee Geology

*-Beebe, Morris W., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington
2 TS Pt ee a gogo Sa ae POO aS ae Mining & Metallurgy

Birckhead, E. F., ’28, Supt. City Schools, Winchester -.._......_. Hducaticon
c-Blumenthal, P. L., 716, 316 Parker Ave., Buffalo, N. Y. ....Chemistry
Boggs, Jos. S., 723, Waverly Apartments, Lexington __..__.__... Engineering
Boyde e147 Univ. of Mentucky;, bexine tom: 2-2-5 22272 Mathematics
-—pranhame~: J. O..0 24.° Massie school). Versailles 2.25 ae Science
Brauer, Alfred, 9216, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington. -2.22...2.222 Zoology
Brown; I. ‘A., °?15, Experiment Station, Lexington ....2-22...2.-. Chemistry
BRO WANING MN Giys Bi. 22. AS a rn iteou 2 ees = se er NT Se eee Geology
e-Bucher, Walter, ’22, Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio....Geology
Buckner, G. Davis, ’715, Experiment Station, Lexington _....... Chemistry
Bullard, John F., ’26, Experiment Station —_._._............ _.....Vet. Science
Bullitt, William Marshall, ’28, Inter-Southern Bldg.,

TOMS alll Ces eeensa ee SUR «oie ce Ws oe ene MOU Peleg Zens ee nae Gana ss soa Science
Burrouchis® W....G.. 222° Berea, Collese; Berea 22) 22282 ee Geology
h-Butts, Charles, ’22, U. S. Geol. Survey, Washingion, D. C..... Geology
Caldwell, Morley A., ’15, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville _._._.. Psychology
Capps, Julian H., ’28, Berea College, Berea ---.....-.2.----22---<-.---: Chemistry

Carmichael, H. 'T., ’24, Ky. Asphalt Co., Kyrock; Ky _.-..2—:

10 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Caslickiih diwand Av 226. Claiborne. StudsePanis tas ee ees Vet. Med.
Chalkley, Lyman; 72:2, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington (:.23. 22 Law
c-Clark, Friend E., ’15, Univ. of West Virginia, Morgantown,

AV SV LY UT i Si eee AERTS Wide Zen ees EN AMES OE see Se Se ae Eee ee Chemistry
Cooks Hh wailbur’ 228. Centres Collese. Danville 22-4 eee Biology
*-Cooper, Dr. Homer E., ’26, Dean State Normal School,

ECT CUT TYNO TG peor a See we Re A eee ek ee Education
Cooper, Mrs. Clara C., ’26, Wallace Court, Richmond ....--.-._.. Education
Cooper, Thomas P., 718, Director Experiment Station,

TGS NAIVE EON aioe bers NON Maley mace ae yce eet Siler Eaceaty S A REO Rake ea Agriculture
h-Coulter, Stanley, 714, LaFayette, Indiana, Purdue Univ. ......-. Botany
c-Cox, Benjamin B., ’22, 855 Ontario St., Shreveport, La. -....... Geology
*-Cox, Meredith, ’24, Eastern Ky. State Normal School,

SEU TC TINO TAGE oS eae AN Yili ee ery ON Nig etait een od en Chemistry
*-Craig, W. J., 720, W. Ky State Normal School, Bowling

GTEC eee oot tee ee RO eed Doc ae See Lees Se Physics & Chem.
Crooks. CG. 7b. “Centre iCollese, Danwille <2 - ee Mathematics
Crouse: iC21S:, 1241" Univ of Wentucky,, lexington wakes Mining Eng.
CECURTICT SE Di Winy 22:2) sO VGA CUS CA Nise LY cnc eee fe ol ae ee eee Geology
Davies, P. A., ’26, University of Louisville, Louisville __._..._...._... Biology
h-Day, Arthur L., ’17, Director Geophysical Lab., Washington,

Pi Oe oh as POON eth or SN ators teen AINE Ans eet, «SATS 3 NA A NUE Ee paew nme Geology
h-Detlefsen, J. A., 718, Wistar Inst., Philadelphia, Pa -...-....... Genetics
Didlake, Miss Mary L., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington

SP eh UA Se WN Saas tes SENG IR te end AL aes ent, DR NLT eh Ent. & Botany
Dimock, W. W., ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington _...._._.. Vet. Science
*-Downing, H. H., ’°14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington _.___.. Mathematics

Edwards, Philip R., ’26, Experiment Station, Lexington _...Vet. Science
Erikson, Miss Statie, ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...Home. EHcs.

Te Hive eV aN wi Ge ela. UCR TS tO Mie tens aes 22. oa ee Geology
Rehn: “Arthur R., ’?24, Gentre College, Danville 1.22272 Mathematics
Meresus, HW. N.,' ’21, Experiment ‘Station; Lexington: 12.230 Agronomy
Flexner, Dr. Morris, ’26, Francis Building, Louisville —.__........ Medicine
Hoerster, M. H.,.’16, Consolidation Coal Co.; Jenkins 2227-2 Forestry
c=-hohs. He drirlius: 715,460 Broadway. New York, No Yo =] eae Geology
Ford, M. C., ’23, W. Ky State Normal School, Bowling

GrCGne pir red DE NMR eh Re Re eS rane oe Na et Agriculture
Frank, Dr. Louis, ’26, The Heyburn Bldg., Louisville --...:...... Medicine
Funkhouser, W. D., 719, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ...........- Zoology
ce-Gardner, J. H., 7215, 505 Exchange Nat. Bank Bldg., Tulsa,

OR Tahoma, | seein i ae a Pals hoe Nee 5 Sia eae Geology
Garman, H.,.°14, Experiment: Station, Lexington 3.42.2 Biology
*-Gentry, H. V., ’23, Louisville Gas & Electric Co.,

TE OUTS VAT Be ne iE a a Sa ple SEER ECR SO ANd hae nin ee eee Chemistry

Giovannoli, Leonard. ’26, 162 N. Ashland Ave., Lexington........ Zoology

MEMBERS ab

h-Glenn, L. C., ’22, Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, Tenn -.-......... Geology
Good, E. S., ’214, Experiment Station, Lexington ................ Animal Hush.
fam Gr OUtster Hasire t ried Gis. Ls OX TING OM: eee ee ee Bad oe a teat ae Bacteriology
Graham Charles-C:, 725, Berea, College, Berea’ 2222222 2 Science
Graham, James L., ’27, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ........ Psychology

*-Grinstead, Wren James, ’21, Univ. of Penna., Philadelphia,

ET O10 01s pS Se see Tc Pea an A Psychology
Guilliams, Jonn Milton, ’25, Berea Normal School, Berea....Mathematics
l-Guthrie, Dr. William A., ’26, So. Ky. Sanitorium,

1 ENT p€215 a] el aT epeenee rele pe en ee e e RAIL RUN oe eed eC oy Med. Science
Hamilton, W. F., ’26, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville -.........2..... Geology
Harms, Miss Amanda, 719, Experiment Station, Lexington _...._.. Biology
h-Hart. He, Bz, 7195. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. .....-..-2 Nutrition

c-Havenhill, Mark, ’19, 629 Poirier St., Oakland, Calif.....

Healy, Daniel J., ’14, Experimenz Station, Lexington -....... Bacteriology
c-Hendrick, H. D., ’214, Takoma Park, Washington, D. C......... Agronomy
Hendricks, PA: "275: Berea College, Berea 2:2.422.4 222i0cx

Hinton, Robert T., 714, Georgetown College, Georgetown .......- Biology
FainewChariles;, 92.8. state Normal School, Murray 22... Physics
Homberger, A. W., ’19, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville --.. _.Chemistry
Peet NO Ol) Ciara ike (hal ee tee aude ae i tM Pet Rela Biology
Hopkins, Miss Mariel, ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington...-._-. Home KEcs.
Hudnall wames! S.5 021, Coleman, Texas 22x ee ee Geciogy
Aniline Wo 726. Hxperiment Station, Lexington: ~...2%.....22 Vet. Science
Hutchins, William J., ’25, President Berea College, Berea _.._.Education
+-Hler, W. D., 718, Experiment Station, Lexington...-_.-....-..-..._- Chemistry
=“Ingerson, MW. J., 23, Céntre College, Danville: 2.2.2. .222..22- Geology
=—invines George... 24, iy. Utilities: Co... Danville... ————__—_—_.
Jewett, H. H., 21, Experiment Station, Lexington -.-...._._.. Entomology
I=Iilsony We Rs, 719, State Geologist; Mrankforte.2 12210 2 Geology
Johnson, H. M., ’25, Experiment Station, Lexington ............ Agronomy
Jones. S.C. 714" Hxperiment.. Station, (WMexingtom 2.2682..." Azronomy
Karraker, P. E., 715, Experiment Station, Lexington —__....._.... Agronomy

c-Kercher, Otis, 719, Pike Co. Farm Bureau, Pittsfield, II11.-_.. Agriculture
*_Killebrew, C. D., ’715, Alabama Polytechnic Inst., Auburn,

PACE ETI ely ote sehen Lan Sees Sie au ny MINA Ae Bene geen ae OEE Physics
King, Miss Effie, ’25, Morehead State Normal School,

HIVES Te 2a Ui aise re Re eer eres OM Sola al ok Se Rothe es eie be Biology
Kinney; J. 715. Mxperiment. Station, -Wwexington) 2.22222: Agronomy
e-Kiplinger, C. C., ’718, Mt. Union College, Alliance, Ohio _.... Chemistry
caKknapproR: Ha 4 2939" Clit. St. sane Mlero,1@alib. aa Bacteriology

*_Koffman, Gladstone, ’23, Principal High School, Frankfort.__._. Physics
KoppiusssO. Ta. 225. Univ. of Kentucky, lexington. Mee Physics
Kornhauser,’ S21.,:’23: Univ. of Louisville, Woulisville 220.5. Anatomy

12 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Mame sR Cand 64Colemrane “Mex asies iieeis 120i, Vallis Vee inl bee enema Geology
I OLEKS Ue haabe pend eac teed alike io ilyax=i avo pet oN) We eennea tn ean Mn EEOC Sa MRED AI te Geology
c-Leigh, Townes R., 719, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville,

EEO TAG aig eee Neca SUS ne AB esa Ie rh Ws eee he UL ee Chemistry
Lester, William J., 726, Russellville, Arkansas -....-......2.....-
LeStourgeon, Miss Elizabeth, ’24, Univ. of Kentucky,

Ts SRT OTS Vg g See eet ete ane Len ee eel Oona s BAN. RENUETE ROI dO Mathematics
*-Lewis, Charles D., ’15, Dean, Morehead Normal School,

INE OTC TSE Clty pee cet Ca i hy eases ee INE a Uv ee oe Re a Nat. Science
Ligon, M. E., ’28, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington .....-........2...-- Education
Lynch, John T., ’26, Road Engineering Dept., Frankfort ....Engineering
McAllister, Cloyd N., ’?17, Berea College, Berea .-........2.......... Psychology
McCormack, A. T., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisville _..Sanitation
McFarlan, Arthur C., ’?24, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington .......-.... Geology
*-McFarland, Frank T., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington _....... Botany
McHargue, J. S., 714, Experiment Station, Lexington —......._... Chemistry
MacIntyre, Miss Thelma, ’26, Springfield, Ky. ---......................--- Zoology
= VMckunnon, Masse Team. CsiOii Maes yy fo ee el ee aes Home Kes.
McNamara, Miss Catherine B., ’25, Geological Survey,

Byam h Otis. yet oe ck eat ae a Gite 2. BE ea Geology
MeVey, Frank L., 718, President, Univ. of Kentucky, Lex-

PIV EG OW ooteeet ota. O8 eM 2S a see Rt eee ao Le Ne Economics
Marshall, Matcolm (Y!, MiD 3.227," Elendersom) 22.228 sien Medicine
Martin, J. H., ’15, Experiment Station, Lexington -.--.-._.-_.._.- Chemistry
Mathews, C. W., 716, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ____...___.. Horticulture
Mayfield, Samuel M., ’23, Berea College, Berea __.._..__..-.... Nat. Science
Meader, A. L., ’23, Experiment Station, Lexington_._._...._._._.- Chemistry
Meier, Henry, 715, 1820 Date Ave., Sanger, Calif. ...Math. & Astronomy
Middleton, Austin R., ’22, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville ._..- ---Biology
Miller, A. M., 714, Belleview Cottage, Sunset Drive, Asheville,

TING Seta La a GRR oS Sly SE eine soe a alates ae rd fu Ie ue ee ae Geology
h-Miller, Dayton C., ’715, Case School of Applied Science, Cleve-

VEVINTs MOTI OG Mie oo tees ENS AME 1 HS cal Ces eye 2 pe Physics
Miller Je Wa, 723, Univ: of Louisville: Louisville (2s Medicine
Miller, Raymond, ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington -............... Geology
Miller WeiBy rons 12 2°n Wallis i @neekiiecs 20 tones eet euaaae dngineering
h-Millikan, R. A. ’20, Calif. Inst. of Technology, Pasadena,

EDT ith ee oe RN Lie MN SAT es UI A ti Physics
Miners: J: By ?22.Univvot Kentucky, lexington 2222 oe ee Psychology
c-Morgan, Thomas H., ’15, Columbia University, New York........ Biology
h-Moulton, BOR. 716, Univ. of Chicago, Chicago; Tl) 23222 Astronomy
Munroe, Donald James, ’28, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas..__..._...- Geology
SING WGOM ee RDU NG ee alu OU Renee AIL RE ol, UU I OR a Chemistry
Nicholls, W. D., ’?14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ..............-- Farm Ecs.

Nickell, Clarence, ’25, Morehead Normal School, Morehead _...Chemistry

MEMBERS 13

c-Nollauw Hb. Hi. 714. Norton'St:,, Newburg, N. Y..2-2..22272 22: Chemistry
Norton, Mrs. Charles F., ’27, Transylvania College, Lexing-
TEC Tae es a Pe RUE hehe Sok aN ie one Teed a NE CE 1a on PEMISE Tigges ote CeRue. po Library

+-Norwood, C. J., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington........._......
fee a OG et STR kA as I ES Mining & Metallurgy
O’Bannon, Lester S., ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington _...Engineering

Olney, Albert J., ’20, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington -......... Horticulture
Parker, George H., ’26, Ky Actuarial Bureau, Louisville_..__. Engineering
Payne, V. F., ’24, Transylvania College, Lexington --::.:.--.2..2.- Chemistry
zohence,.Me i... 14. Unive of Kentucky; bexington: 2.1.02 Physics
Peter, Alfred M., ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington —__..._.. Chemistry
Pierce, J. Stanton, ’26, Georgetown College, Georgetown ...... Chemistry
SPT CheMNVs Oumaaon ND amv Gates ots. SU SEE 2 ay a be eee: Physics
*-Porter, R. E., 723, Ashland Leather Co., heed OE AE AS cote Chemistry
Posey, M. E. S., 725, Dept. Roads & Highways, Frankfort—Engineering
PGLyOL «ds W., 4, Univ. of Kentucky, lexington .222..4 22.2 Physiology
Pyles, Henry M., ’26, Wesleyan College, Winchester _............... Biology
Rainey, F. L., ’14, Centre College, Danville -............. Biology & Geology
*-Rees, H. L., 714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ................ Mathematics

Rhoads, McHenry, ’21, Supt. Public Instruction, Frankfort....Education
Rhoads, Wayland, ’22, Experiment Station, Lexington ....Animal Husb.
h-Richardson, Charles H., ’22, Syracuse Univ., Syracuse

IN ae eae Orr ee Erin me A i Rik hh DAL IE Ao I ae CUES eae Geology
NaRvesheeioe Oormell UWitive. Wbivarcay IN Yulee 2. ees eee Geology
Roberts, George, ’14, Experiment Station, Lexington ___------.- Agronomy

c-Roe, Miss Mabel, ’19, 257 Roswell Ave., Long Beach, Calif.
PRR RM Ee NE eR tn Mi LRN Ns ae SIS Pee Plant Pathology
*-Rogers, John C., ’22, Lab. Preventive Medicine, Univ. of

@lMi Calo ORME Ss Am ce eas et eS BON ns ths eh) oe Pees Medicine
Routt, Grover C., 714, County Agent, Mayfield, Cree Dope tee

(BUTE Eyes ase NS oe AUN ae cat ae ME td Sa eee see LOM wets a Biology
c-Ryland, Garnett, ’14, Richmond College, Richmond, Va.....Chemistry
*-Sandstrom, W. M., ’23, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville -._.-- Chemistry
Saunders Jeni 7 2'5..33'9 Park Ave. dueximetoml 2.22) .2222.2 2: 2
*Scherago, Morris, ’23, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington -..-.. Bacteriology
Schnieb, Miss Anna A., ’26, E. Ky. State Normal School,

RHC Tria TN ee eel enema cee QE Ol ics eee ER Salve 2 Ua ea ease 3 Psychology

Scott, Miss Hattie M., ’25, Ky. Geological Survey, Frankfort ....Geology
Shelton, William A., ’25, Principal High School, Vine Grove....Education

Shephard, Nat L., 728, Franklin Fluorspar Co., Marion....._.. Chemistry
+-Siff, Louis, ’15, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville -............... Mathematics
Smith, George D., ’20, E. Ky. State Normal School,.............-.-

J BUTT(ell ala a a1 Oy 010 beaut geet es ee eae et ea eg eg det ed ay eae Nat. Science

C-SmithoN. bh, Citadel Collese, Charleston, S. (C.- .2--....- Physics

14 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

h-Smith, William Benjamin, ’23, 9 Price Ave., Columbia,

MUO SF 02s oe a Nee celta aR Eee GES SO ae eae oe aS oe Ee eee Philosophy
Solomon, Leon L., ’20, The Solomon Clinic, Louisville -_...______.- Medicine
South, Lillian H., ’20, State Board of Health, Louisville -.-

ee ern Shea Oo Sunn sate Pelee Ae ea ies Jo LON see SOS Bacteriology
CaS Dar Ria eles a ye ee ees Ne Ge Physics
states, MN. 17%, Univ.cof Kentucky, Lexinzton 2222.29 Physics
e-Stiles, Charles F., 714, A. & M. College, Stillwater Okla. -...

Bie a eae oe re Rete LIS Aantal hers oa Me esas aces te set Se oe ng eee Entomology
Strandskov, Herluf H., ’25, Univ. of Louisville, Louisville _..

SF ee ae I ei PELE EIS eS Ae a Rah YS DP I PR Ce Plant Physiology
Suter, Arthur Lee, ’20, Suter’s Drug Store, Washington, D. C.

eases foe fos wuts t cack) sewed en ee, Sy Be sine) Soe Seb ite cases yaa nea seuer mea Pharmacology
c-Tashof, Ivan P., ’14, 724 Ninth St., N. W., Washington,

Le) ied Oty wre reteset ne en ae 7 eee eee SMa aos Mining & Metallurgy
Taylor, L. W., ’28, Experiment Station, Lexington -...._....._--2:.... Poultry
Taylor, William S., ’26, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ........ Education
Terrell, Glanville, °27, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington ........ Philosophy
Threlkeld, Miss Hilda, ’27, Dean of Hamilton College, Lex-

ATS COM + - osc es ee a aas sea de cts coe es ee ee Education
Thruston, Re CeuBallandsy: 15, AuOUiSivallll Gis 2. 5 tee. eee eee Geology
Todd, E. N., ’25, Dept. Roads & Highways, Frankfort ........ Engineering
*-Trelease, Sam, ’24, Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y. ....

BAIL oe 2 oe Ben pees A eee MND oat ody CEU Jee BOE eee em Plant physiology
*-Tuttle, F. E., ’14, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington __.__.-.._..... Chemistry
Valleau, W. D., ’20, Experiment Station, Lexington _...Plant pathology
Van Slyke, Edgar, ’26, Centre College, Danville -...............222.... Biology
Van Winkle, John S., ’24, Centre College, Danville ~.............. Geology
Vaughn, Erle C., ’714, Experiment Station, Lexington __... Ent. & botany
Walker, William H., ’26, Berea College, Berea .......-............ Psychology
h-Ward, Henry B., 221, Univ. of “illinois, Urbana, Til eee Zoology
eeWaush. Karl, 22:3, Berea: College, Berea. 2 2... 2s eee Psychology
*-Webb, William S., ’714, Univ. of Kentucky, Lexington _..._._._.. Physics
Weidler, Albert G., ’27, Berea College, Berea ..............-....-.-...--- a
T-VWieller Stuant,-2e, Univ. of Chicago, Chicaeo: fn. =eae Geology
Will) Re 'G:. 222.8" Centre. College: Danviller 2.2. eee Psychology
*-Williams, A. B., ’24, Ky. Geological Survey, Frankfort..-....... Geology
Williams, Charles W., ’23, 215-25 Central Ave., Louisville __.Chemistry
=oWilson, A. BH. “24. 41° S: dath St.. Richmond> ind 22s

ge MNS a Err a l Pepe OM ae rae aah LOE Geology & Zoology
Walson:: Gordon, 72,7, Bowling (Green 2222-2 eee
Wilson, Samuel M..)72'6.) Lexington] 22, 2 eee Law
Wurtz, George B., ’28, Weather Bureau, Lexington __.....- Meteorology

WyckoOfi.. IRs DYSON. 72107 yie oo ee ee th, Se See ne ee Education

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 15

MINUTES OF THE 14th) ANNUAL MEEZING,

MAN 7; 1927

The meeting was called to order by president Burroughs
ate cia Oo clock, A. M., im-room 200 of the Physics: Building,
University of Kentucky. Present, about 30 members.

The President announced that Dr. Middleton’s Presidential
address of last year, on the effect of the teaching of evolution
on the religious convictions of undergraduate students, had
been printed in book form and that Dr. Middleton had brought
copies for distribution.

Treasurer Anderson presented his report showing a balance
of $369.62 in the treasury and $51.00 invested to cover a life
membership. On motion the report was received and referred
to an auditing committe, composed of Dr. Boyd, Dr. Middle-
ton and Mr. Payne.

Secretary Peter presented his report in outline. Upon mo-
tion it was accepted.

Dr. Buckner moved that the Academy prepare resolutions
on the deaths of Prof. Norwood and Dr. Siff, Academy mem-
bens;.,to be spread ‘on the minutes and sent to the, bereaved
families. Seconded by McHargue and adopted unanimously.
The resolutions follow.

PROPESSOR CHARLES JOSEPH NORWOOD

The death of Dean Norwood has caused the Kentucky
Academy of Science to lose one of its most valued members.
Professor Norwood, aged 73 years, Head of the Department of
Mines and Metallurgy of the College of Engineering of the Unt-
versity of Kentucky, died at his residence in Lexington, Ken-
iucky on) January 20th, 1927.

Charles Joseph Norwood was born at New Harmony, In-
diana, on September 17, 1853. The son of a distinguished sci-
entist, Joseph Granville Norwood, he inherited characteristics

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 1

a

which placed him in the front rank as a teacher, scientist and
leader"of.men. He received his education at the University. of
Missouri and under private teachers. He was given the degree
oOmviaster of Science, in 1906; by the Keritucky, State! College:
now the University of Kentucky.

After many years spent as a geologist and mining engineer,
Professor Norwood came to the University of Kentucky, in
1901, as professor of mining engineering. In 1911, Professoi
Norwood became Dean of the College of Mining and Metallurgy,
a position he held until the consolidation of the engineering
colleges in 1918.

Professor Norwood was a teacher of the highest ability and
produced many valuable publications which record his contrt-
butions to science. He was instrumental ima large measure in
developing the coal mining industry of Kentucky.

The Kentucky Academy of Science mourns the loss of
one of its most valued and respected members.

DOCTOR) LOUIS;SI EE

Byte death “or, Wector Louis Siff, Professor, of -Mathe-
matics in the University of Louisville, on December 26th, 1926,
the Kentucky Academy of Science has lost a valued member.

Louis Siff was born in Kasien, Russia, in the year 1865.
He was the son of a Rabbi and his early education was with
the view of following his tather’s calling. At the age of 19 he
came to America, having had an education well grounded in
languages by private tutors and the Rabbinical College at Ra-
sien. He studied at Worcester. He was a student of the high-
est order, spoke several languages, read several more and took
special pleasure in the study of mathematics. Somewhat later
he moved to. New York City and studied music. Professor Siff
had held the professorships of languages in the University of
Maine and in Union College, Barbourville, Ky., before accept-
ing the chair of mathematics in the University of Louisville.
This latter position he held at the time of his death. Professor

18 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Siff was a serious-minded man, studious and conscientious in
his teaching.

The report of the Council was read by President Burroughs.

The report of the Membership Committee was read by
Chairman Payne. Upon motion, the report was adopted and the
Secretary was ordered to cast one ballot for all the nominees.
Accordingly, the following named persons were declared duly
elected active members of the Academy:

James Llewellyn Leggett, M. A., Professor of Psychology and
Education, Transylvania College.

Mrs.-Charles F, Norton, A. B., Librarian, Transylvania College.

Miss Florence Schcenleber, A. M., Professor in Home Econom-
ics, Hamilton College.

Elmer Elsworth Snoddy, M. A., Professor of Philosophy, Tran-
sylvania College and The College of the Bible.

James Clyde’ Vannetter, A. B., M. D. Assistant Protessonpor
Biology, Transylvania College.

Miss Hilda Threlkeld, A..B., Dean of Hamilton College:

The President appointed as nominating committee Messrs.
Jillson, Crouse and Buckner, to report nominations for officers
of the Academy at the afternoon session.

The Publications ‘Committee, reported thru Dra; Petenmthar
part of.the manuscript for Volume II. of the: Transactions had
been given to the Tas. M. Byrnes Company for printing. This
volume will cover the 11th, 12th, and 13th meetings.

Dr. Middleton gave a short report on the meeting of the
A. A. A. S., in Philadelphia, which he attended as representa-
tive of the Academy in the Council of the Association.

Dr. Jillson announced that he had brought a number of
publications of the Kentucky Geological Survey for distribu-
tion to any one wanting them.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 19

President Burroughs read his presidential address on “The
prehistoric forts of Kentucky.”

Dr. Oscar Riddle, by invitation, gave an illustrated lecture
on “Studies on the thyroid glands.”

At 10:45 the general session adjourned until 2 P. M. and
the Divisions assembled in separate rooms for reading papers.

ihe senetal session was called to order'at.2 P.M.

Dr. Martin Hz Fischer, of the Untversity of :\Cincinnati
delivered an address on “The constitution of living matter.”

The nominating committee reported as follows:

For President, W. D. Valleau.

For Vice-President, C. S. Crouse.

or secretary, AY M. Peter:

For Treasurer, W. S. Anderson.

Councilor to the A. A. A. S., A. R. Middleton.

Upon motion, the report was adopted and the Secretary
was ordered to) cast one ballot tor the nominees. | They were
then declared elected unanimously.

The Divisions reported election of officers as follows:
Biological sciences—G. D. Buckner, President; E. N. Fergus,
secretary. Physical and Mathematical Sciences—W. R. Jillson,
Bresident;C: 5. Crouse, Secretary. Philosophy and Psychol-
ogy—M. A. Caldweli, President and Secretary.

A telegram was read conveying a greeting from the session
ortthe: North. Carolina. Academy, Phe Secretary was’) directed
to send the following reply: “Appreciate your message. Ken-
tucky Academy sends cordial greetings to the Carolina
Academy.”

There being no further business, the Academy adjourned
sine die.

bo

THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

SECRETARY'S REPORT, 1926-7

The President appointed the following committees to serve
during the year 1926-7: Memberhip: V. F. Payne, Transy!-
vania College, Chairman; E. C: Vaughn; Experiment -Station,
and Lucien Beckner, ‘Winchester:

Legislation: W. R. Jillson, Frankfort, Chairman; J. S. Me-
Hargue, Experiment Station, and John S. Bangson, Berea
College.

Of the 23 persons elected to active membership at the last
meeting, 18 have paid the initiation fee and have been added
to the roll.of the Academy. Besides these, since the meeting,
3 have come in thru the A, A. A. S. (Krank, Lester-and Sclniep))
and 8 were elected by the council (Terrell, Boynton, Graham,
Bassett, Bear, Hendricks, Hatcher and Weidler), 4 of whom
have paid the initiation fee and have been added to the roll.
We have lost 2 members by déath: - Prof. Charles J. Norwood,
of the University of Kentucky, and Dr. Louis Siff, of the Univer-
sity of Louisville.

The total membership is now 174, including 86 national and
51 local members, making 137 active members, besides 23 corres-
ponding members and 14 honorary members.

The membership may be classified as follows:

Active members in good standing, including 2 life members. 101

Active members in arrears. Wyent ite. Nala ae 24
ANCEIVe MEMIDERS Mr achears 2 Wears wee). catia cult eee 2
Corresponding, Vnrenabersy ioe se Nat ine ae eee 23
TIOHOPAT WMD GES {RI el eI a AA on A Oe A 14

174
Number ot members at last meetiie (1926) 20 ae 179
Dropped fromthe roll/tor all reasons. ee 30

149
New | Mienibers added i.e) wie i RN ie ie Sa) ee 25

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 21

Classified geographically and as to educational institutions
the active membership includes:

95 from the University of Kentucky, Lexington,
9 from the University of Louisville, Louisville,
11 from Berea College, Berea,
5 from Centre College, Danville,
5 from Eastern State Normal School, Richmond,
3 from the Western State Normal School, Bowling Green,
2 from Morehead State Normal Schoo!, Morehead,
from Georgetown College, Georgetown,

2
1 from Transylvania University, Lexington,
1 from Massie School, Versailles,

1

from the Kentucky Wesleyan College, Winchester.

Not connected with educational institutions in the state are
8 from Frankfort, 8 from Louisville, 3 from Lexington, 2 from
Berea, 2 from Ashland, and 1 each from Owensboro, Middles-
boro, Kyrock, Winchester, Paris, Jenkins, Danville, Wallins
Creek, “Mayfield and Vine Grove. Besides these there are 5
active members outside the state.

Your Secretary had some correspondence with Dr. Gerhard
Dietrichson, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Secketary or ocection © of the A. ALA. S.,\1in tegard to the pro-
Siam con tne Chemistry Section ot the A. A. A‘. S for the) Phila-
delphia meeting. The Council approved the program by letter
vote.

The council has considered the advisability of forming a
division of philosophy and psychology of the Academy (this be-
ing left to them for decision by the last annual meeting) and
has appointed Dr. M. A. Caldwell, of the University of Louis-
ville, as Secretary of the division, with instructions to prepare
a program and organize the Division at the coming meeting.

The matter of making this a physics meeting memorial to
Isaac Newton, the 200th anniversary of whose death occurs this
year, was proposed by Dr. Boyd and taken up by the council.
This was not approved.

22 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Two meetings of the Program Committee were held in Dr.
Peter’s office. No meetings of the Council were held but busi-
ness transacted by letter.

A letter was received from A. G. McCall, Executive Secre-
tary of the First International Congress of Soil Science to be
held at Washington; D.C., Tune 13 to 22,1927, askinew toned
committee to cooperate with the general committee. The presi-
dent appointed George -Roberts, Chairman; P. E. Karraker and
2S. Merlareue:

In December a letter was written to our Senators in Wash-
ington urging them to do all they could to help forward the
passage of the McNary-Woodruff Bill providing for increasing
the acreage of the National Forests in the Eastern part of the
United States.

The Secretary took up with Dr. Livingston the matter of
the National Association sending a delegate to the meetings of
the Academy, to which Dr. :ivingston replied: at slengthyae”
delegate was not appointed.

As noted in the minutes of our last meeting, Governor
Fields ‘appointed Dr. W. R. Jillson to represent :the Statevor
Kentucky at. the 14th’ International Geological Congress vat
Madrid, Spain, May 24 to 31, inclusive, 1926. Dr. Jillsonpat-
tended and also represented the Kentucky Academy.

Dr. Austin R. Middleton, of the University of Louisville,
attended the council meetings at the Philadelphia meeting of
the A: A.A. S: last December, as representative of the Academy,

A letter was received from Hon. Samuel M. Wilson invit-
ing the Academy to join in the celebration in memory of Henry
Clay and Thomas ‘Jefferson, on April 12, 1927, in Lexington:

The Secretary sent the telegram to Hon. Randolph Per-
kins, as instructed in the resolutions, and also wrote letters of
thanks to President McVey and to Dr. Laughlin.

Respectfully submitted,

Al Mo PA WEIR. Seeretaiye

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 31

Discusses certain chemicophysical effects of high pressure,
its direct effect on germination, and on the percentages of soit
and hard seeds. The application of 2,000 atmospheres hydraulic
pressure to seeds of Medicago sativa (alfalfa) increased the
total germination over 50 per cent when the seeds were dried
and were germinated after 30 days and after 6 months. Appli-
cation of 2,000 atmospheres pressure between 5 and 20 minutes
to seeds of Jelilotus alba (sweet clover) increased the total
germination over 200 per cent when the seeds were dried and
stored for 30 days before the tests were made. An increase of
over 150 per cent in germination was obtained with seeds from
the same bulks when the seeds were dried for 6 months before
the germination tests were made. The application of 500 atmos-
pheres hydraulic pressure for 2 and 8 hours failed to produce
the high percentage germination obtained with 2,000 atmos-
pheres. Short exposures at high pressures are more advaii-
tageous than long exposures at low pressures. For a full ac-
countvor the work see Jour. Gen. Physiol.,, Vol!-9; pp., 805-9,
1926, and Amer. Jour. Botany, Vol. 15, pp. 149-56 and ‘pp.
433-36. 1928.

6. Breeding Red Clover. E..N. Fergus. Ky. Agricultural
Experiment Station.

Red clover is a decidedly variable plant. From being grown
in different localities for many years numerous geographic
varieties have arisen. These varieties often show some mor-
phological differences, but exhibit greater physiological varia-
tions. Consequently, the yield of clover grown on the Station
farm from different lots of seed has ranged from nothing to
about 2% tons of mow-cured hay to the acre, under uniform
conditions. Photografs were exhibited showing the differences
described. An attempt is being made to further improve adapted
strains by modern methods of crop breeding.

7. The Effect of Chlorides in the Fertilizer Application on
the Chlorine Content of Burley Tobacco. P. E. Karraker. Kv
Agricultural Experiment Station. By title.

bo

THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Cs

8. A Chemical Analysis 0: the Bean and Pod of the Ken-
tucky Coffee-Nut Tree (Gymuocladus canadensis). C. A. Bar-
kenbus and A. J. Zimmerman, Chemistry Department, U. of Ky:

Besidés the chemical analyses of the bean and podmthe
physical and chemical constants of the oil were reported. For
a tull account of the work see’ four. Am. Chem, Soc. Vols?

pp. 2061-64. 1927.

9. The Mountain Flora of Kentucky. Geo. D. Smith, East-
ern Kentucky State Normal School.

Exhibited many fine lantern shdes of wild plants, and com-
mented on them.

10. An Organism Isolated From the Feces of a Colitis
Patient. - Earle’ K. Borman. Ky. Agricultural, Experiment
Station.

The organism was first thought to be Salmonella morgant
but differs in producing acid in sucrose broth. Further work is
planned.

11. Geology of the Island Creek Oil Pool.* (Abstract)
Won. jillson,, State Geologist: of Kentucky;

The Island Creek Oil Pool is situated in southwestern
Owsley County, Kentucky, in the central western part of the
Eastern. Kentucky coal field. It is fifteen milés im an-air line
slightly west of south of Beattyville and twenty miles in an
air line slightly west of south of the Big Sinking Oil Pool in
Northern Lee County. Island Creek, thé principal line of local
drainage, is an entrenched eastward flowing tributary of the
South Fork of the Kentucky River. Physical relief varies from
50 to 450 feet in this district which, broadly described, is
maturely dissected and steep of slope. The valley bottoms are
entrenched and meandering, while the ridge tops are narrow
and winding.

The hard rocks exposed 2: the Surface and to) avdepthion

*See Ky. Geol. Survey Series VI., Pamplet XII., 20, Illust., 55pp. 1927.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 45

athletics and non-participants revealed only a negligible mentai
difference and a five point difference in academic averages. The
younger students were brighter and more successful, as a rule,
than the older. Students from Kentucky high schools compared
favorably with those from the East and from the North Centrai
States and did better work than those from the South. The
study suggests a close relation between intelligence and purpose
in college with success within its halls. For a detailed account,
sec ioum ot Applied: Psycholasy, Vol...12,. Noy, 5, pp.)517-23:

20. A Study of Moral Judgment. Paul L. Boynton, Psy-
chology Department, Univ. ot Ky.

The results of 10 tests are reported. Students in the Psycho-
logy Department, 74 girls and 80 boys, took part. The papers
were turned in unsigned. The following conclusions are drawn:
Boys judge less strictly in moral situations such as those pre-
sented in this test than do girls, the average score for boys be-
ing 532.2, and for girls, 582.1. Girls show more intra-group dis-
agreement than do boys, in practically all instances. It 1s worse
for a girl to commit a given immoral or questionable act than
fora boy to do it. A slight tendency appears for girls to be
more uniform in their judgments than boys. Very great varia-
tion in moral standards appeared.

21. The Social Origins of Religion. William H. Walker.
Berea College.

The theory that there is an impersonal stage of religion
before the personal rests on a false interpretation of the religion
of primitive peoples, like the Australians and the Todas. It
assumes that primitive man develops from the impersonal to
the personal, which is false psychologically. The reverse is the
case, in spite of vague conceptions of the personal.

The theory is due to the over-working of the definition of
religion as “the effort to conserve socially recognized values.”
That would make religion coextensive with all the activities of
primitive man save actual eating and procreation. The differ-

46 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

entiation of religion is in the agency thru which such conserya-
tion is sought, namely, God or gods.

But the idea of God deveiops for its own sake before 114
is used as a means to the conservation of other values. Man
could not live in an unsocial world. Hence on the one side
came the formation of social groups. On the other, came the
socialization of the universe, the peopling of it with creations
of his fancy, his need, with whom he could hold fellowship,
to whom he could appeal for help. Only exceptionally has he
ever been able to persuade himself that he is in an unrespon-
sive world.

22. The Relation of Philosophy to Science. Glanville Ter-
rell. Philosophy Department, Univ. of Ky.

The line of argument was to show that scieuce deals with
facts while philosophy is an exercise of pure reasoning {a
priori) without the facts. Before the facts have been’ found)
the question is said to be in the philosophical or metaphysical
stage. As soon as the facts are reached the question at once
passes over into the scientific stage. The speaker endeavored
especially to show that the iruitfulness and econemy of ail
scientific experimentation depend largely on the accuracy ana
correctness of the thinking done while the question is stiil
philosophical. Further, that the importance of facts, on which
scientists are inclined to lay so much stress, is due largely to
the interpretation of these facts by the human mind and the
demonstration of the relation of these facts to the universe in
which we live. This last is philosophy no less than the think-
ing which precedes the facts and leads to their discovery. An
isolated fact is without meaning. All great scientists have
combined the philosophical attitude of mind, the ability to rea-
son without the facts (a priori) and the scientific attitude, the
ability to reason from the facts. The errors of one method.
pure reason, must be corrected by the other, the evidence of
the senses.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 47

23. The Constitution of Living Matter. (Abstract.) Martin
H. Fischer, Laboratory of Physiology, University of, Cincin-
nati, Ohio.

I. LYOPHILIC COLLOIDS.

The characteristics of lyophilic colloid systems are best
explained on the assumption that they are mutually soluble
systems of the type phenol/water, butyric acid/water, etc.

Any lyophilic colloid system (like soap/water or pro-
tein/water) is, like phenol/water, capable of forming two types
of solution, one of phenol in water and a second of water in
phenoi. When an ordinary soap/water system is permitted to
cool, say from 100° to room temperature, it changes from the first
of these two types of solutions to the second. In the course
of such change two zones of mixed systems are passed which
ate; Of “Special significance. As ‘shown inthe “diagrams of
Figure 1 we pass from the original non-colloid, “molecular” or
ionized. solution’ of “soap: in water (zones A) thru: a first
type of mixed system which is a dispersion of solvated soap in
soaped-solvent (zones B, C. D. E) into a second which is a dis-
persion of soaped-solvent in solvated soap (zones V. W. X. Y).
At the bottom lies the second type of true solution which we
have called water in soap (zones Z). All the systems between
the true solution at the top and the true solution at the botto7i
are, if the dimensions are correct, “colloid.”

athis concept explains readily the “peculiarities’, of; the
so-called lyophilic colloid systems. Obviously it sets no limi-
tations upon the nature of the materials that: may makeup
such a colloid system and makes no specifications as to the
nature of the forces which guarantee its stability. They are
any or all which may appear or be operative whenever “solu-
tion” of any kind occurs. Electrical notions of colloid stability
are at present particularly acceptable... But how can such be
the dominant factors in those most typical lyophilic colloids
which consist of nothing but nitrocellulose with ether and
alcohol, agar-agar with water, or rubbed with benzene? They
are of minor significance even in those lyophilic colicid systems

48 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

which; are composed, of “an: “electrolyte. ‘and watem(ike
soap/water). The most stabile of these systems show the least
evidences of electrical charges. When such appear they are
not the cause of the colloid behavior but the accidental con-
sequence of having an overplus of “solvent” present in the
system into which some of the soap has gone in true solution
with secondary hydrolysis and electrolytic dissociation.

SOAP IN WATER SOAP IN WATER
a
A
ee byes ee 4 oe eS
ore Ce 2 A
B ee Bilin kee ee eee vernal
@©@ ee, ee
@@ Sa a a ae a a ee 2
Cc @e O| [Pe FF Fe ee ee
@ @ eee yO RH HR YX
@©G@00000003080 eK OF
GOSS COCOCE8O® Bike Sk Se ie Se A SS a
p||eeeeeoeeeoes | |e ae Be ee ee Se Se ee ae
©8008 OCO8O08 Nie Sk Se ie ke He Se Se SK ee
EOE OEOEY Rae, ts ti, tain Atal
E El IS ie | |U
NN
NAS
F, v FIN
W Ww
X xX
Y Y

WATER IN SOAP WATER IN SOAP

A Fig. ik B

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 49

This theory of the solvated colloid clarifies the concepts
of hysteresis, gelation capacity, swelling and syneresis. Hyste-
resis is the expression of the fact that solution takes time,
wherefore two mutually soluble substances cannot quickly come
to equilibrium. The point at which a lyophilic colloid “gels”
(zones F) is that at which the solvated colloid phase becomes
the external one. The system as a whole still carries at this
point as an internal phase a solution of the colloid in the
solvent. The combination marks the gelation capacity of a
colloid with its solvent and is always greater than the solva-
tion capacity. of the colloid. The latter is a measure only of
the solubility of the solvent in the colloid material. The in-
crease in the: volume of the latter as the solvent’ is taken, up
measures its ability to “swell.” The zone Zin the diagrams
covers the swelling capacity of a given material with its sol-
vent; the gelation capacity embraces all the zones above this
up to and including the zone V. As soon as this zone is pass-
ed the external solvated colloid phase may not inclose all the
solution of colloid in solvent, wherefore the system as a whole
begins to sweat; in other words, exhibits the phenomenon
known as syneresis. Colloid systems in which one of the
mutually soluble materials is solid (diagram B) will obviously
fail more easily to inclose adequately the internal phase than
will such in which both materials are liquid (diagram A),
wherefore colloids of the type sodium stearate/water, silicic
acid/water, etc., show a greater liability to syneresis than more
liquid ones like sodium oleate/water, rubber,/benzene, etc.

II. CELLS AS COLLOID SYSTEMS.

Living cells behave like hydrophilic (lyophilic) colloids.
Not only are the laws which govern water absorption or secre-
tion by the two identical but the absorption and secretion of
dissolved substances are identicai in both.

These analogies between living matter and lyophilic col-
loid systems demand that the former find some place in the

50 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

diagrams of Figure 1. The physico-chemical properties of pro-
toplasm are such as place it definitely in the lower regions of
the diagrams. Protoplasm is essentially, in other words, a solu-
tion of water in protoplasm. ‘the more solid structures of the
body never, normally, lie above the middle of the diagrams and
even such liquid protoplasmic structures as blood and lymph
cannot lie much above the level E. On the other hand, the
more aqueous secretions from the body, like urine and swear,
approximate the level A (that of the true solutions) tho even
these, thru admixture with colloid substances (colloid salts and
proteins)” are. better comparable to levels “hike. BeomiG a alice
physical chemists have for the most part sought the solution
of physiological behavior by trying to rediscover in living mat-
ter the laws of the dilute solutions. But protoplasm does not
lié in or near the levels A of the diagrams but nearest the
levels Z. The physico-chemical laws which govern systems of
this type are those which are most likely to find unobjectionabl:
applicability to protoplasm.

Ill... MUTUALLY SOLUBLE SYSTEMS AND PROTOPLASM.

The system phenol/water in its two phases, water-dissolved
in-phenol and phenol-dissolved-in-water, yields in handy labora-
tory fashion the analogues respectively of the zones Z and 4
of the diagrams of Figure 1.

Phenol is a crystalline material which, upon the addition
of water, becomes an oily liquid. A chemist caugnt unawares
is likely to-say that this is a concentrated (95 per cent)esolu:
tion of phenol in water. But when more water is poured upos
the oily mass two !uyers are formed. The first liquid was really
a solution (about 5 per cent) of water in phenol and the new
solution formed over the oily one is one of (about 5 per cent)
phenol in water. If the thing is done quantitatively (50 cc. of
melted phenol crystals being mixed with 50 cc. of distilled
water) the picture represented diagrammatically in Tube 1
of Figure 2 is obtained. Above a lower, stratum (of 65 ‘ce, of
hydrated phenol is found an upper one of (nearly) 35 cc. of

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING D1

phenolated water. The lower one of these phases corresponds
with the black zones Z of Figure 1, the upper one with the white
zones A. Let tt be emphasized at once that the properties of
living matter are rediscoverable in the lower phase (that of hy-
drated phenol) and not im the upper one (of phenoiated water)
as we have been taught. Proof for this may be brought as
follows.

1. Living matter does not mix with water. A fowl, or a
piece of muscle or a bone may be stewed or boiled indefinitety
to make soup but it does not dissolve or mix with the water.
Rained on, or in swimming, we do not dissolve in the surround-
ing waters. Neither does hydrated phenol dissolve in or mix
with the water phase that covers it. When Tube 1 of Figure
2 is shaken, the hydrated phenol breaks into droplets which
float about in the water like so) many amebae.

+2. [Pa

4 ‘ +Na0H ~
2. The hydrophilic colloids derived from living plant or
animal structures “swell” when thrown into water. Phenol,
similarly, shows a 30 per cent volume increase when exposed to
water. The basic hydration oj the protein colloids of the tis-
sues may be enormously increased thru the additicn of any
alkali jor. acid’ -Simularly, ‘alkalies: ancrease “the “‘swelling’.
capacity of hydrated phenol as shown in the tubes marked 2

S74 and oot Picure: Z,

52 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

3. Living matter rarely “dissolves” any proffered substance
as would an equal volume of water or any salt solution. Cer-
tain things like the anesthetics and various dyes dissolve better
in living substance than in water; others, like eosin or iodine.
occupy a middle position; while various salts, particularly those
of the heavier metals dissolve in protoplasm so poorly that
some authors teach that they never enter the living cells. The
same may be said, uot only in general, but almost specifically of
the solubility characteristics of the hydrated pheno! phase as
compared with the solubility characteristics for the same sub-
stance of the phenolated water phase.

4. The electrical resistance of protoplasm is unexpected-
ly high. In spite of the fact that living matter contains a fair
fraction of electrolyte (say 1 per cent of salt in the ordinary
soft tissue) it is nevertheless a very poor conductor of elec-
tricity as compared with a solution of these salts in water.
Where. with standard electrodes, a 1 per cent salt sclution will
register a resistance of several ohms, the fluids (blood or lymph)
or tissues. of the body wili register several hundred. The
same is true when the two phases, phenol-dissolved-in-water and
water-dissolved-in-phenol are compared. Even tho the for-
mer contains only one twentieth as much “electrolyte” as the
latter, the first shows a resistance of only 50 ohms, or less,
compared with a resistance of 20,000 ohms shown by the second.

The initially high electrical resistance of living matter 1s
reduced thru “injury,” by acids, alkalies, various anesthetics
and certain salts. The addition of the same materials to the
hydrated phenol phase lowers its electrical resistance in the
same striking fashion.

IV. CELL “PERMEABILITY.”

These findings are of significance for a better understand-
ing of certain aspects of cell behavior, more particularly the
phenomena of “permeability” cf “cell membranes” or of ”pro-
toplasm”’ in general. The attempt is still being made to under-
stand these phenomena thru some modification of Pfeffer and

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 53

de Vries’ osmotic concept of the living cell or Overton’s lipoid
membrane modification of it. The physico-chemical and biologi-
cal objections which may be raised against either of these
notions are too numerous to reed repetition here. The living
cell is capable of absorbing znd secreting water, of absorbing
and secreting the most varied types of dissolved materials, the
two moving at times in the same direction and at times in
opposite directions. There can be no adequate physico-chemical!
concept of the living cell which does not contain within it the
possibility of understanding all these characteristics at one and
the same time.

The volume of the hydrated phenol phase described above
“swells” and “shrinks” when subjected to the action of alkalies
or Gf salts; it shows, in other words, the biological phenomena
cf plasmoptysis and plasmolysis, just as does any hydrophilic
colloid (protein) or the living cell. But such a phenol system
shows also the “strange” phenomena of permeability to dis-
solved substances so characteristic of living matter. It is quick-
ly permeable, for example, to the most varied dyes; to another
group of such or to iodine it is less permeable. While per-
meable to the salts, hydrated phenol takes these up most slowly
and in certain instances practically not at all. Identical observa-
tions are characteristic of protcplasm and the living cell.

The high electrical resistance characteristic of living mat-
ter has always been difficult tc understand as long as we held
to the view that protoplasm was essentially a somewhat modi-
fied dilute solution. In spite of the conclusion that a physiologt-
cal salt solution is supposed to be osmotically comparable with
the salts dissolved in a living animal or its body fluids, the
former will register only 1-5 to 1-35 the electrical resistance
of the latter. This old biological truth can be understood oniy
by denying to the salts found in protoplasm any large existence
in uncombined form or by concluding that the cell is a dif-
ferent sort of solvent for these salts than is water. Experimen,
tal evidence supports both these conclusions. Aside from the fact
that the electrolytes are for the most part “combined” with
the protoplasmic constituents and are not “free’’ as in an ordi-

54 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

nary salt solution, the high electrical resistance of protoplasm
is further accounted for as soon as it is remembered that pro-
toplasm is not a solution of protoplasmic material in water but
one of water in protoplasmic material, a solution comparable, in
other words, to the solution of water in phenol. The effects of
acids, of alkalies, of single salts, of anesthetics, ete, all) of
which reduce the normal electrical resistance of living matter,
are then to be understood in the same terms in which these
factors reduce the electrical resistance of systems of the type,
hydrated phenol. Even the physiological antagonism between
different salts so characteristic of living matter reappears in the
case of hydrated phenol.

V. REMARKS ON HYDRATION.

These analogies between mutually soluble systems, hydro-
philic colloids and living matter compel the conclusion that in
the last named system we have to deal with what is essential-
ly a solution of water in the pretoplasmic mass, a system which
bears no relation in its fundamentals, therefore, to the ordi-
nary dilute solution of our chemical laboratories and to the
properties of which we have been so long accustomed to look
for the explanation of physiological or biological behavior. If,
now, we ask regarding the nature of such inverse type of
solution, say of water in phenol, water in a coiloid or water
in protoplasm, the answer, somewhat dogmatically expressed,
is that in all these the water is no longer “free” but combined
with the material which is hydrated. The combination is also
quantitative in character, in other words, it is “chemical.” Can
something be picked out of chemical laboratory experience to
make clearer what is; meant? This can’ be done.) Whenia
selid soap, like sodium stearate in water or alcohol, changes oa
cooling to what even the chemists are willing to call a “solid
solution” of the solvent in the soap, we have before us, in the
end, something strongly reminiscent of the crystailization of
any compound with several molecules of water of crystalliza-
tion. When, on the other hard, some crystals of phenol take
up a limited amount of water to yield an oily solution of water

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 55

in phenol, this is the analogue of what is seen when sulphur
trioxide changes to the oily sulphuric acid upon the addition
of water. In a certain sense, it all these illustrations, an anhy-
dride becomes hydrated.

It this general statement is correct, we should be able to
find in homely laboratory materials the analogues of the prop-
erties here emphasized for various colloid systems.

The ordinary sulphuric acid of our laboratories is viscid and
exhibits a Tyndall cone. These are properties familiar to us
when discussing solvated coiloids. Upon exposure to an at-
mosphere which contains water, concentrated sulphuric acid
takes this up. The sulphuric acid, in other words, “swells.”
Such swelling whether of sulphuric acid or of a colloid is asso-
ciated with the liberation of heat.

How, now, does the ordinary concentrated sulphuric acid
of our laboratories behave electrically? As every chemist knows,
not. as simply as. might be expected. The electrical resistance
of dilute sulphuric acid decreases with every increase in the
concentration of the acid. But this law.is valid-only for the
heavily diluted acid. As soon as more concentrated sulphuric
acid/water mixtures are approached, the electricai resistance
increases with every increase in the concentration of the HzSOa,
proof again that, with change in concentration, we pass from
what was originally more of a solution of the sulphuric acid
in the water to one of water in the sulphuric acid.

VI. REMARKS.

The significance of the point of view which is here being
urged can be demonstrated by some simple jaboratory experi-
ments. Other differences besides those already discussed shou!d
be discoverable between the two types of solutions, A dissolv-
ed in Band B dissolved in, A> To two of these which’ are of
great significance for our every day biological thinking, I want
to refer now. The first has to do with the behavior of indica-
tors and the second with the type of equilibrium establishable

56 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

if

in consequence of the fact that a chemical reaction is allowed
to take place in the one or the other of these two types of solu-
tion.

1. Experiments with Indicators.

Suppose we ask what is the reaction of any chemically
neutral soap like a mixture of 20 per cent potassium oleate with
water. Such a mixture is viscid and reminiscent of blood
plasma or egg white. To test the neutrality, we drop into the
liquid a little phenolphthalein solution. The mixture remains
colorless. Water is now carefully poured down the side of the
tube until it is filled. The tube contents become increasingly re:
as the dilution becomes greater. At the bottom, the soap/water
mixture is still colorless, but at the ‘top it is: bright red.” Be=
tween the bottom of the tube and the top any pH that suits
us may be read off. The physica! chemists tell us that we have
in this instance begun with a “concentrated” solution of an
electrolyte in water—a solution in which ionization was “sup-
pressed’—and that thru dilution with water, increasing hydro-
lvsis was invited. Potassium hydroxide being a stronger alkah
than oleic acid is an acid, an overplus of hydroxyl ions yielded
the red color with phenolphthalein. I do not deny that some
of these things do happen but the first and primary change in
this experiment has been missed. This is the conversion thru dilu-
tion of what was originally a solution of the water m the soap to
one of the soap in the water. The indicator serves to show us
that these two solutions are different. What is of importance
to us is the fact that we have been using indicator methods
derived from and perhaps applicable to the study of solutions
eof the type, electrolyte dissolved in water, upon solutions of
the opposite type (blood, lymph, body tissues) as tho these
were solutions of the same construction. Obviously there is
danger in such thinking.

In the case of potassium oleate with water, the solution
of water in soap passes smoothly and quickly into the solution
of soap in water. What is here discussed can, therefore, be
even more strikingly illustrated if, instead of a liquid soap/water

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

-j

ol

system, a hydrated solid soap/water system is chosen. Any
cake of toilet soap which contains a considerable fraction of
water may be used, tho the experiment can be made more
scientific and expensive by utilizing a chemically neutral solid
white soap of the acetic series. If some phenolphthalein is pour-
ed over the surface of such a cake, no color change takes place.
As soon, however, as distilled water is sprayed upon it, the
cake drips red. Here is the fundamental answer, I think, of
how a neutral pancreas, salivary gland or kidney comes to yield
an alkaline secretion.

An acid “secretion” may be derived from a neutral source
when, instead of a soap, a chemically neutral acid proteinate
is diluted with water.

Such indicator experiments may be repeated upon the con-
centrated sulphuric acid which has just been declared to be 2
hydrated system not dissimilar to the hydrated colioids. Methyl
red turns red in acids and yellow in alkalies. When this indica-
tor is added to concentrated (Sp. Gr. 1.84) sulphuric acid, it
turns bright yellow. Sulphuric acid is, therefore, violently ai-
kaline. Distilled water is now added. With a little, the sul-
phuric acid, to judge by the indicator, turns neutral, and with
more, the mixture becomes increasingly acid. In the fact of
such facts, what must be thought of the present-day unrestricted
application of indicator methods to even the ordinary chemical
systems of the “concentrated” type found in our laboratories, or
specifically to the biological systems upon which the physiolo-
gist or biologist works daily?

Zo) Syuthests in Living Matter.

The evidence indicates, therefore, that neither living mat-
ter nor any fraction of it is to be thought of primarily as a
dilute solution or as anything approximating such a system.
It is, rather, a protein to which the salts have been bound chemi-
cally (fundamentally as a base-protein-acid compound) and in
which the water has then been “dissolved” (or to which the
water has been bound as a hydrate). This triple affair is to my
mind the fundamental unit of the living mass.

58 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

If this conclusion is accepted, then the chemical reactions
which occur in living matter must occur in a medium far
different from ordinary water. But this coinpels the conclusion
that hving matter is normally a practically anhydrous medium. The
view brings significant corollaries with it. Jt means that the chemi-
cal reactions characteristic of the normal life of the cell occur in
an anhydrous medium and that their course and products must,
m consequence, be quite different from the course and products of
these same reactions occurring and familiar to us in aqueous solution.

The physiologists and the biochemists are always astonish-
ed at living matter’s remarkable powers of chemical synthesis.
While the chemist, by the use of acids and alkalies, or heat
and water, or thru the gentler action of those fragments of the
living mass which he calls ferments has been able to break
up the complex organic proteins, carbohydrates and fats into
their simpler building blocks, he has had great difficulty in
resynthesizing these materials into their original forms. Yet
living matter does this with the ‘sreatest ease. A beeisteak
with bread and butter which melts in the lumen of the intes-
tine into amino-acids, simple sugars and fatty acids and glycer-
ine and is thus “absorbed,” is so rapidly resynthesized into
protein, glycogen and fat by the living celis that the building
blocks can scarcely be discovered in the blood or lymph which
carries the absorbed meal away. It was a great step for-
ward when A. Croft Hill, Kastle and Loeverhart, Hanriot and
their successors first showed that the ferments were capable
of catalyzing not only an analysis but a synthesis. It must
be said, however, that in test tube experiments this “rever-
sible action of the ferments’ never proved to be very great
so far as the synthesis half of the problem. was concerned.
Still, in the body, synthesis is as easy as analysis. The answer
to the problem is, I believe, written in the fact that nature always
makes her analyses in an aqueous medium and her syntheses in an
anhydrous one. The agencies which digest a meal in the alimentary

tract always work in the presence of much “free” water; the
same agencies working in the body substance operate in the presence
of none.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 59

The importance of this arrangement is illustrated in the
making of soap. To make soap, a fatty acid and a suitable
quantity of an alkali are put together with very little water.
As chemical combination takes place, the soap as formed binds
the; water so -that-in the end- 100 per:cent of hydrated soap ‘is
formed—synthesis, in other words, is carried te completion.
When water is added to the reaction mixture, the soap hy-
drolyzes into alkali and free fatty. acid—a reaction which
again, at proper concentration, tends to be complete. With a
medium amount of water either reaction “tends toward an
equilibrium’’—in other words, to a mixture of soap with alkali
and fatty acid.

Iron and iodine combine directly to iron iodide. If this
reaction is carried out in water, nothing but a reddish green
mixture of a little iron iodide, much iron hydroxide and
hydriodic acid is obtained. Add cane sugar to the original
mixture (which combines with the water to make “syrup’’)
and a clear solution of ferric icdide in the hydrated sugar 1s.
obtained,—in other words, with water, hydrolysis and analysis,
without it, synthesis.

Over what route, in general, does the organic chemist
accomplish his syntheses? The fact has -o be whispered to
the pure line physical chemists—the anhydrous one. Fat pro-
duction in the body is ester production. What is the approv-
ed method for producing an ester? When, to illustrate the
general truth, ethyl butyrate is diluted with a considerable
quantity of water, the ethyl butyrate collar becomes percepti-
bly thinner. because it hydrolyzes rather rapidly into ethy!
alcohol and butyric acid both of which are readily soluble is
water. This hydrolysis may be hastened by adding sulphuric
acid. We deal here with the decomposition of an ester in the
presence of much water (the analogue of the digestion of a
“fat” into fatty acid and alcohol in the lumen of the gut).

In the reverse of this experiment butyric acid has added
to it a molar equivalent of absolute ethyl alcohol (17.6 gms.
butyric acid + 9.2 gms. ethyl alcohol). If the mixture is merely

60 KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

allowed to stand, a considerable synthesis of ethyl butyrate
takes place within a few days. To hasten the matter, the con-
tents of the tube are divided between two tubes. While one
is kept as control, the second has added to it a few drops of
concentrated sulphuric acid. The contents of both tubes are
now diluted with much water. The original mixture mixes with
the water to yield a water-white fluid but the mixture treated with
sulphuric acid has a thick collar of ethyl butyrate at the top.

In place of the butyric acid any other water-soluble fatty
acid (thru valeric) may be employed and in place of ethy!
alcohol and other water-soluble alcohol (thru butyl) while
instead of sulphuric acid any one of several other “driers,” like
phosphorus pentoxide, calcium chloride or any coiloid capabie
of maintaining its water-holding powers in the mixture may be
used. The essential thing is the removal of the “free” water
present in the original mixture or formed chemically.

VI. CLOSE.

Where must the new physiologist or biochemist look to
get answer to his eternal question regarding the nature and
the constitution of living matter? He can obviously not get
it thru further increase in his knowledge of what l:ving mat-
ter yields upon chemical analysis. And his iiving mass :s
evidently not, as so long taught, a dilute solution of these
materials in water. Wherefore it seems that he must forsake
increasingly the methods, findings and modes of thought of
the dilute: solution chemists: Living matter is a* solution or
the “concentrated” type; to. use, the’ words /ot “they physical
chemist, and of the solvated, water-dissolved-in-x type to use
the terminology of the colloid chemist. It :s the properties of
such systems which will interest the physiologist of the future.

(1) The same is true of nitration and sulphonation. In nitration
the sulphuric acid of the nitric-sulphuric acid mixture used does
not appear in the end products but serves to keep the reaction
mixture anhydrous, while in sulphonation the excess of sulphuric
acid used serves the same end.

FOURTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 61

We are only on the threshold of an understanding of their
properties, laws and behaviors but as such 1s obtained we shail
discover as corollary an understanding of the nature of hving
matter itself.

62 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

MINUTES OF THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL Masai,
MAY" 1 Zire 1928

The meeting was called to order at 9 o’clock, a. m., by Presi-
dent Valleau in room 200 of the Physics Building, University
of Kentucky. About 14 persons were present at the beginning,
others coming in later.

The Secretary's: report was tread in’ outline by Drymeten

Lhe Treasurer's report was read by Prot: Andersonsaiive
President appointed as auditing committee, Messrs. Jewett,
Marshall and Fergus.

Dr. Peter reported that the council had’ held: one niecting
for routine. business and approving accounts. The election of
the 10 members was by letter vote.

Dr. Peter submitted volume 2 of the Transactions as the
report of the publications committee.

Report) of, the ‘membership: committee, was) read™ by. (Dir
Koppius, submitting 16 names, which included the 10 men-
tioned above. Resolved that the Secretary cast one ballot for
all members and they were elected unanimously.

The President appointed Messrs. Bangson, McHargue and
Payne as nominating committee.

The President delivered his address on tobacco disease in-
vestigations in Kentucky.

The general meeting then rose, and the divisions separated.

The general séssion was called to order by “resident
Valleau at 2 o'clock.

The report of the auditing committee showing that the
Treasurer’s accounts had beer examined and found correct was
adopted unanimously.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 63

Dr. Koppius, for the Membership Committee, presented a
supplementary report recommending the following persons for
membership:

CG |. Latimer, Dept. of Mathematics, University of Kentucky.

Ro Rush, Head: Department of Chemistry, Centre College;
Danville, Ky.

George B. Wurtz, Weather Bureau, Lexington,’ Ky.

ieeG. Wall, Centre ‘Collese, Danville, Icy:

RetC.-Miller, Animal Husb..Dept., Experiment : Station, » Lex-
ington.

HG. Campbell, Ph. D., Dean’ of Men and Head of ‘Biology
Dept. Transylvania College.

William M. Clay, Instructor, Biology Dept., Transylvania
College, Lexington.

J. L. Leggett, Professor of Psychology: and Education, Tran-
sylvania College, Lexington.

Frank M. Shipman, Asst. Prof. Chemistry, Univ of Louisville,

‘ Louisville.

Grover ll. Corley, Ph. Dy Asst. Prot: ‘Chemisiry, Univ. of kous-

: ville, Louisville.

ice Capps... Dept..of Chemistry, (Berea. -Collece, Berea; ‘Ky.

The report was adopted and these persons were unani-
mously elected members of the Academy.

The Nominating Committee reported nominations for
officers as follows:

for. President:< G. Davis: Buckner:

Hor vy ice resident _ George DD Smith.

For Secretary: A. M. Peter.

or, Preasurer >. W. 5. Anderson:

For Member of the Publications Committee: W. R. Jillson.

Mon svepresentative.in the Council of the -A.7 Aw AO Sie Aca:
Middleton.

The report was adopted and, upon motion, duly seconded
and carried’ unanimously, the Secretary was: ordered to ‘cast
one ballot for all the nominees. This having been done, these

64 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

persons were declared unanimously elected to their respec-
tive offices.

Professor Roberts reported briefly on the First Interna-
tional Soil Congress.

The following resolution was adopted unanimously:

Whereas The Fifteenth International Geological Congress
will meet in Pretoria, South Africa, next May. Resolved that
Dr.) Jillsonv represent the Aczdemy -at- this “Congress!

President Valleau gave a short report of the Publications
Committee stating that it was their opinion that the Transac-
tions should be published each year but the material included
be cut down so that it comes within the income of the Academy.

Dr. Stakman then delivered a very interesting illustrated
lecture on “Biologic Specialization” followed by a general dis-
cussion in which several members participated.

There being no further business, the Academy adjourned
sine die.

Ai MsePE TEAR, Secretary.

REPORT Or THE SECRETARY: FOR 192728

The President appointed the following Membership Com-
mittee: O. T. Koppius, Chairman; S. M. Mayfield, and) MigA®
Caldwell.

The following 4 persons who were elected at the last meet-
ing have qualified and been added to the roll:
Prof. James ;L. Graham, University of Kentucky.
Mrs. Charles F. Norton, Transylvania College.
Miss Hilda Threlkeld, Hamilton College.
Prot, /G.\C, Bassett, University of Kentucky.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 65

The following 10 persons elected by the council have quali-
fied;

Dr. Malcolm Y. Marshall, Henderson, Ky.

Prof. Gordon Wilson, Bowling Green, Ky.

Pros He Wilbur ,Cook, Centre Collese, Danville, Ky.

Mr. William Marshall Bullitt, 1711-26 Inter-Southern Bldg.
Louisville, Ky.

Prot. Charles Hire, State Normal.School, Murray, Ky.

Mr. Nat L. Shepard, c/o Franklin Fluorspar Co., Marion, Ky.

Mri W. Taylor, Poultry. Dept... Experiment Station, Lex-
ington.

Prof. M. E. Ligon, University of Kentucky, Lexitigton.

Mr. Donald James Munroe, 374 Spring St., Lexington, Ky.

Prom Birkhead, ‘Supt: City Schools; Winchester, Ky.

Nine persons have been dropt from the rol! for various
reasons: Stuart -Weller,: Jean McKinnon; Homer Cooper, R
EePonter, W. |. Craic, |. [: looper, Gladstone Kofiman,: Karl
Waugh and W. S. Webb.

Dr. Lester has resigned to take effect at the end of the
fiscal year, he having left che state.

The total membership is now 179, including 90 national
and 54 local members, making 144 active members, besides 22
corresponding members and 15 honorary members.

The membership may he classified as follows:

Active members in good standing, including two life

UME NID ID ET Syl le helen MN to es Dre ihe Peeall Bee eer 114
INGtiV en IMenLb ers win arreabs: desyearia stam ene. |e ie 10
INCtIVe MeMpDEnSeIl satrearsy 24 yeatsy. 0s ude eS 20
Correspondinic: wmreminens tee tet vite Teens uh eo 22
Elonoreryaimemibersusl ss ea Aili) 8 a eG ene Cine Se 13

66 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Number of members at time of last meeting (1927) 20. 174
Dropped! tor alllgreasons. ee. ee %
165

NewrdMembers vadded 2:20 yan a 14
‘Total 223s aaa eee 179

In January of last year President Burroughs appointed the
following committee to attend the First International Con-
egress of Soil Science at Washington, in “June: 19272 {Georce
Robests,, Chairman; P.“E. Karraker and’ Dr. J-"S., Weblarene
These men attended the meeting.

At the request of Shirley W. Allen, Forester, The. Ameri-
can Forestry Association, the Secretary wrote to our congress-
men in Washington (Dec. 31/27) urging the passage of the
McNary-Woodruff Bill (S. 1181) which was to come up very
shortly thereafter for hearing. These letters were duly ac-
knowledged.

The Secretary received a réport from the Kentucky asec
tion of the Mathematical Association of America, by Arthur
R. Fehn, of Centre College, Danville, Ky., August 20, 1927.
with regard. to their formine a separate. division in athe
Academy. The letter follows:

wives dear r--Peter:

I have been instructed to inform you that the Ken-
tucky Section of the Mathematical Association of America
does not favor becoming affiliated and holding joint ses-
sions with the Kentucky Academy of Science. However,
it is the opinion of the Association that mathematics
should be recognized by the Kentucky Academy of Science
and therefore it recommends to the Academy of Science
that the name “Physical Section” be changed) to readethe
“Mathematical and’ Physical: Section’ of they Kentuck,,

FIFTHENTH ANNUAL MEETING 67

Academy of Science. This action’ was. taken-—at the meet-
ing May 14, 1927, of the Kentucky Section of the Math
Assoc. of America.

Sincerely yours,
Gisned) AR TAUIR Re MEEDN O Sec y=dineas:
iy Seco1 WE Ae rot pe

Volume II. of the Transactions has been received from
the ‘printer and distributed to all members not in arrears
for dues.

Respectfuliv submitted,

AS VE PB AMER: Secretary.

TREASURERS REPORT

Palanceutny pane Wha ye4. O27 cee aaa ical eee $ 369.62
Receipts: from. May 4.1927: to May 10; 1928 468.72
Otay Sets Ree ees ee $ 838.34

Motal.expenditures from May 4, 1927 to May 10,1928... 574.83

Balancesin batikest: 23S" 263,51

Investments of Life Membership funds:
Pexineton Building Woen Stock 2 “ac $ 51.00
Was: Postal Savings Certincate 5. 25.00
$ 76.00

WW. St ANDERSON, Treasurer

68 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

PAPERS READ‘ AT THE 15TH ANNUAL MEERTING:
MAY WZ, 1928.

1. Tobacco Disease Investigations at the Kentucky Agri-
cultural Experiment Station. W. D. Valleau. President’s ad-
dress, (Abstract.)

Among the most important diseases of tobacco studied by
the Agronomy Department in the past 8 years are black root-
rot of Burley tobacco, the so-called brewn root-rot, the
virus diseases, of which mosaic is the well-known representa-
tive, the leaf-spot disease; known variously as wildfire, rust,
blackfire, fieldfire and angular leaf-spot, thought to be caus-
ed by at least three distinct species of bacteria, and a physic-
logical disease called frenchine.

Black Root-Rot. Caused by a soil-inhabiting fungus of
very wide distribution (Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk) Ferraris)
causes most damage in the Burley district, probably because
of a difference in soil reaction, inasmuch as neutral or slight-
ly acid reaction seems to favor the disease.* Black root-rot
causes serious loss in about a third of the crops in the Burley
district. Tests at Lexington indicate that the common varie-
ties of dark tobacco and Burley are very susceptible, except
certain moderately resistant. strains of Burley. Extensive
breeding work has been done to develop resistant strains of
both Burley and dark tobacco and the moderately resistant
burley has been used quite largely, with success.

Brown Root-Rot. Appears to. be present in all tobacco-
growing areas of Kentucky, tho not recognized by growers.
It causes rotting of the new rootlets as they develop, follow-
ing setting and apparently during the rest of the season. The
disease appears not to persist in the soil, and growing tobacco
year after year on the same land seems not to have a cumula-
tive effect, but rather the opposite. Control probably is to be
expected thru cultural methods.

*Mass, Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull. 299. 1926.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 69

Leaf-Spot Diseases. These are of great economic import-
ance especially during wet seasons. Two bacterial diseases,
angular leaf-spot and wild-fire are concerned but their im-
portance has probably been vover emphasized as factors in
spotting of nearly mature tobacco. There appears to be a
physiological disease occurring toward maturity and during wet
periods which has been contused with the bacterial diseases.
This type of spot is characterized by concentric zones. It has
been produced in the greenhcuse in the absence ot the leaf-
spot bacteria and cases have been observed in the field where
complete control has been obtained thru the use of sufficient
quantities of well rotted manure. Sanitary measures have been
found insufficient to control the bacterial diseases in the plant
bed and the suggestion is made that weeds may act as over-
wintering hosts of angular leaf-spot and wild fire.

ve

Mosaic. Caused by a “filterable virus” and present almost
everywhere that tobacco is grown. At least four distinct
strains, were observed. It is an important disease to many
Kentucky growers, tho some suffer little loss from it. Ap-
parently, infection occurred during transplanting, the plants
in the bed being free from the disease. The possibility of infec-
tion from the hands of the workers suggested itself, inasmuch as
they habitually chewed natural leaf tobacco. Experiments
showed that when these men kept their hands clean and chew-
ed only sterile tobacco while pulling and setting platts, infection
ithe held averaged less than 0.5 “per cent, against about 3
per cent ordinarily. Also, if the hands of the workers were
dipped in a decoction of natural leaf tobacco, before pulling
plants, infection ranged as high as 80 per cent. The simple
precaution of having the men who pull and set the plants.
chew only sterile tobacco, avoids infection almost entirely.

Tests of old samples showed that the disease may persist
m the dried tobacco leaf for 31 years. Tests of commercial
tobacco showed that most of the granulated smoking tobacco.
cigarettes and five commonly-used plug tobaccos were some-
what viruliferous. Most of the plug tobaccos, however, and
10"or 12 of the: twists: tested, were free from. the disease.

70 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Other Virus Diseases. Several diseases were studied, the
viruses of which do not survive in cured tobacco but over-
winter on perennial hosts. We have named these Ringspot,
Putt, Vein-banding, Etch; Etch —:, Severe Etch; and- Coarse (Bich
They are injurious to other p!ants than tobacco, such as toma-
toes. Probably some or all were derived from potatoes.

Frenching. ‘True frenching is quite commmon in Kentucky
but is not serious except in spots in an occasional field and
then, perhaps, only in certain seasons. It is characterized by
the top of the plant becoming quite chlorotic, sometimes near-
ly white. Our experiments, using a forest soil and sand cul-
ture, show that the disease is caused by lack of avaiiable nitro-
gen in the growing point of an otherwise healthy, rapidly-
growing plant. In this soil the remedy is application of nitro-
genous fertilizer, as needed. This work on trenching may lead
to the understanding of certai: diseases of other plants.

2. Recent Developments in Investigations of Vitamin Bb.
Miss Statie Erikson. Home Economics Department, Univ. of Ky.

A preliminary report of work in progress.

3. Mineral Metabolism During Pregnancy. ODaniei J.
Healy and Floyd E. Hull. Ky. Agricutural Experiment Station.

In-aistudy made at the Experiment Station, the authors
obtained the following resuits: Average inorganic blood-
calcium content of 8.normal: sheep, in July; 13:1, me peralooice
Of ‘serlim; ‘of ‘S.normal, pregnant ewes, in December.9 sums,
of 7 normal pregnant ewes, at term, 9.1 mg; of 13 ewes having
acidosis of pregnancy, 6.6 mg. The average content of phos-
phorus and of potassium for the same normal ewes, at term.
was 5.1 mg and 22.4 mg, respectively, per 100 cc of serum, and
for the ewes with acidosis, 5.6 mg and 43.0 mg, respectively.
The average ratios of calcium to phosphorus to potassium were
1 : 0.56 : 2.47 for the normal ewes at term, and 1 : 0.86 : 6.5
for those with acidosis. With diminished buffer value in acido-
sis of pregant ewes, there are unbalanced calcium, phosphorus
and) potassium ratios. For the full’ report, see Jour Aim aver
Med). Asso, 72) (1928) p. 511, “and ‘Cornell’ Veterinarian 1026,
Dio:

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 71

4. Hemoglobin Determinations. J. S. McHargue and
Daniel J. Healy: Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.

The von Fleischl, Dare, Tallquist and Newcomer methods
were compared using 18 sampies of blood from as many dif-
ferent white rats. The average readings, as per cent, were: von
Hleischl,,86.7;, Dare, by. McHareue, 78.7, by Healy, 87.1; Tali-
quist, 76.5; Newcomer, 90.4. Agreement of readings by the
two observers was good, except with the Dare method. The
authors prefer the von Fleisch] method for clinical use because
of its rapidity, the small quantity of blood required, the close
agreement between different observers and the agreement of
the readings with the condition of the animals.

5. The Production of CO» From Irreversibly Injured Cells
of Nitella Fiexilis. P. A. Davies, Laboratory of Plant Physiology,
University of Louisville,

It is a well established principle that COz2 is produced ab-
normally in stimulated and injured tissue. The mechanism of
COz production by “dead tissue” is in doubt. “Irreversible in-
jury’ and “death” are not synonymous terms, for. irreversible
injury may be considered to occur at that point on a curve of
injury beyond which the cells fail to recover beyond a certain

point, while “death” signifies inability to recover to any degree.

Whexauthors experiments’ seem. to indicate that the rate of
COz production from cells of Nitella flexils drops below the normai
rate at the time of, or-very shortly after, irreversible injury
occurs= The findings are not in‘agreement with those of other
workers, who found an increased rate (above the normal) of
COz production with other types of tissue for an extended period
after the cells were dead. For complete data, see Bot. Gaz.
87; 660-664, 1929.

6. Canebrakes of Kentucky in Prehistoric Time and the
Importance of Cane as a Forage Plant. J. S. McHargue, E. S.
fill and W. A. Anderson, Jr.,.Kentucky Agricultural Expert-
ment Station.

Analyses of 2 samples of native cane are reported. See p. 72.

THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

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FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

-J
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A historical review is giver: to show the abundance of cane
in Kentucky in pioneer times and that certain wild animais
subsisted on it. Also that it was found to be an excellent forage
for livestock, both summer and winter.

7. Experiments in Methods of Inoculating Soybeans. P.
E. Karraker, Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.

Results were reported from field experiments planned to
determine the relative effectiveness of applying inoculating soil
in different ways. Various amounts of soil were applied broad-
cast, mixed with the seeds in the hopper of the drill, and a¢-
hering to moistened seed. Small amounts of soil applied direct-
ly with the seed in either of the latter two ways gave better
production of nodules than the broadcast application. Equal
production of nodules was secured from half as much soil ad-
hering to the seed as when mixed with the seed in the hopper
of the drill. Soil gotten three years after soybeans had been
grown on the land gave good production of nodules, but that
gotten within one year was somewhat more effective. Soil
taken from around the roots of soybeans grown in rows was
appreciably more effective than that taken from midway be-
tween the rows. Soil after retaining in air dry condition three
months was slightly !ess effective than that kept moist.

Inoculation increased the weight of hay one year but not
the other. The percentage of nitrogen in the hay was marked-
ly increased both years.

8. Chicken Feed and Mold. L. V. Amburgey, Department
of Feed Control, Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.

During the starting and growing period ot chicks in the
spring, the Department of Feed Control receives numerous
samples of starting and growing mashes. The feeds usually
are accompanied with the statement that the chicks are dying
and that the feeds are suspected of poisoning them. Frequent-
ly it is stated that the feed is moldy.

74 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

In March, 1928, two such samples were received from differ-
ent sections of the same county; one sender complained that
baby chicks were dying in “piles”; the other, that pullets were
dying at the rate of 40 a day. A microscopic and chemical anaiy-
sis of these feeds failed to reveal the cause of the birds’ death.
unless it was due to molds which were present in each feed.
With the object of determining whether or not these molds
were responsible for the death of the chicks, the following ex-

ce

periments were carried out.

A sterile raisin agar medium was prepared and inoculated
with very small amounts of feeds. At the end of twenty-four
hours, molds had developed enough to be visible to the naked
eye. In seventy-two hours f:iting bodies had developed and
an attempt was made at classification. Numerous molds were
present and the one that was most conspicuous was isolated
and classified as Fusarium. Two portions, of about 100 grams
each, of a different feed were taken, one of which was inoculat-
ed with the isolated mold, the other with all the molds. These
feeds were then placed in an incubator at room temperature
and. leit there for’ one week. During this time, molds «had
developed on both feeds to such an extent that there appear-
ed to be more molds than feed. Enough fresh feed was thoroly
mixed with each of the two 100 gram portions of moldy feed
to feed*two pens, No! Il and No. 2; of two pullets each fora
period of ten days. Pen No. 3 of one pullet was used as a
check. The following results were obtained:

Pen No. 1 fed isolated mold (Fusarium) with xo ill efect.

Pen No. 2 fed all the molds with no ill effect.

Ii. order to test the possibility that the original feed did
not sicken the pullets, this feed was fed to the check pullet
with no ill effect. Therefore, we formed the following con-
clusions:

1. Moldy feed does not ordinarily cause the death of chickens.
Z,. The feed in the first place cid not cause the chickens’ death:

This investigation will be continued as circumstances

permit.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING

=~]
vi

9. Oxidation of Sulfur in Limed and Unlimed Soils. O.
M. Shedd. Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.

This investigation consisted of a study of the oxidation
Mor sulfur, both“in the presence and absence of calcium ‘carbo-
nate, when added to 31 Kentucky surface soils. The treated
soils containing 15 per cent of water were incubated at rooim
temperature for 4 months, with occasional stirring. Suliste
sulfur, hydrogen ion contentration, acidity and alkalinity de:
terminations were made. Sufficient quantities of sulfur were
oxidized in every soil, with or without calcium carbonate, eve?
after 30 days, to supply the sulfur requirements of almost any
crop under maximum production. Very little consistent reia
tion was found between the hydrogen ion concentrations of “ne
treated soils, either in the initial or final pH values, and their
acidity or alkalinity by nitration or the amounts of sulphur ox1-
dized by them. For a detailed account of the experiments, :¢e
Soil: Science; 26 (2), pp: 93-105.

10. Causes Affecting the Apparent Geographical Distribu-
tion of Cancer Mortality in Kentucky. W. G. Burroughs, Berea
College:

According to statistics of the State Board of Health, the
death rate from cancer, per 100,000 for 1911-1921, in the princi-
pal physiographic divisions of the state was: Bluegrass, 62.4;
Southern and Southwestern carboniferous Plateau, 47.9; Knebs
40.8; Jackson Purchase, 37.8; Western Coal Field, 36.4; Moun-
tains, 20:9)- The death’ rate is decidedly greater’ in.cities thas
in rural districts, perhaps because of the presence of hospitals
in the cities, and because of better diagnosis. This circum-
stance may account for part of the difference in different areas.
but other causes must operate. Differences in the character
of the food should be studied, especially with reference to
possible causes of irritation.

11, ‘Gravitation. “Daniel. |; Healy, Ky. Agricultural Ex-
periment Station.

The swinging of a chemical balance with 100 ¢. in each
pan, was timed, at about 8 A. M. and 5 P. M. The numbe: of

76 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIBNCE

seconds required for the deviation of the pointer of the swing-
ing balance to change from 10 to 5 on the scale was observed.
The average of many observations showed an appreciably
longer time in the afternoon than in the morning. On certain
days, the time was much longer than the average. The author
argues that variation in the force of gravitation is indicated

12. Air Adsorption in Water Vessels. Charies Hire, Mur-
tray State Teachers College.

Everyone has observed the accumulation of bubbles of gas
on the bottom and sides of a vessel in which water is being
heated. It is commonly believed and sometimes stated in
science texts and by science teachers that these bubbles
consist of air which has been driven from the water as its
temperature rises. Knowing, as we do, that water readily ab-
sorbs air and many other gases under ordinary conditions of
temperature and pressure, this statement is believed without
difficulty unless one asks why the air bubbles should go +o
the bottom and sides of the vessel as they form rather than
the top. A study of this question and the fact that some vessels.
for instance everwear aluminum, collect more bubbles tha:
others, lead to the experiments described in the followire
paragraphs.

Two pyrex beakers of 600 ccm, capacity were washed in
warm soap water, rinsed with tap water and wiped dry with
a towel which had been slightly used in the laboratory. The
beakers were then partially filled with tap water and heated.
Bubbles formed in the ordinary
then emptied, one washed, rinsed and dried again, both pas-
tially filled with tap water and heated. The beaker which had
been washed the second time accumulated practically the same

amount of gas bubbles as before, while the one which had

manner. Both beakers were

not been washed the second time accumulated almost nore
Both beakers were again emptied and allowed to stand in the
open air for about an hour after which they were refilled with
tap water and heated. Both accumulated practically the same
amount of gas as in the first ‘test. Both beakers were agam

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 77

emptied, washed in : warm chromic acid cleaning solut.on
which removed all traces of organic matter, rinsed with tap
water, refilled, and heated, and practically no bubbles formed
on either. However, when the beakers were washed with the
warm chromic acid, rinsed, and wiped with the laboratory
towel which probably was not entirely free from fatty and other
animal matter, both accumulated bubbles very readily. Brief-
ly, it was found that either or both beakers could be prevent-
ed from accumulating the gas bubbles by cleansing thoroly
with warm chromic acid, rinsing, refilling and heating quickly
However, bubbles formed if several moments were allowed to
elapse, with the beakers either empty or full, between the rins-
ing and heating. These tests were repeated with distilled
water with exactly the same results.

Several variations of the tests were tried, but an example
from one other series will suffice for this paper. The beakcrs
were cleaned with chromic acid, rinsed, and dried with heat.
c<\ cross of organic material was then marked on the bottom
@tone beaker by. means ‘of the experimenter’s- index finger
which he had rubbed across his face. Both beakers were then
partially filled with distilled water and the bunsen applied
As the temperature rose, the cross became clearly visible as
two intersecting lines of bubbles. This was used as the “in-
dex cross.” Some redistilled water was boiled in a chemicatly
clean vessel for several moments to remove all! absorbed gases
then quickly cooled to room temperature by setting the vesse!
in an ice bath. The beakers, which had been cleaned and heat
dried, just previously, and one of which had been marked with
the index cross, were partially filled with this gas-iree water.
So far as could be judged by the eye, heating this water form-
edi the indéx cross as’ plainly. as it had been formed ' in. other,
tests where tap water had been used. Of course practically
no bubbles were formed on any other part of this beaker and
none were formed in the other beaker.

These simple tests do not give any information as to the
composition of the bubbles. They may be made up of air which
had beem adsorbed: by the vessel: due. to the: presence of the

78 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

organic material, or they may have been made up wholly oi
the organic material in a gaseous state. Severa! ccm. of this
gas were caught above the water by means of a funnel. No
analysis of the gas was made but it is evident that if the gas
had been of organic composition, it would have gone back te
its liquid or solid state upon cooling. As this did not occur.
it is concluded that the bubbies were composed of air. The
tole played by the organic matter is not exactly cleary Wins
matter may have been.the agency of air adsorption, or its pres-
ence may have made the glass a good adsorber. The volume
of gas given off indicated that the strong forces of adsorption
came into play, but the precise manner of thei action is not
evident.

The tests show that no considerable amount of the ais
within the bubbles could have come from the water, but that
it came from the surface of the vessel itself. It is also showz
by the tests that the amount of gas forming in bubbles is
determined by the state of cleanliness of the vessel containing
the water.

It is hoped that quantitative results on these tests can be
shown in a later paper.

13. Recent Developments in Oil Shale Technology. C. 5
Crouse, Dept. of Mines and Metallurgy, Univ. of Kentucky.
(By title.)

14. A Reversed Compton Effect. T. M. Hahn, Physics
Department, Univ. of Kentucky.

Using an improved form of X-ray spectrometer designed
in this laboratory, photographic spectra of the fourth order
of the Molybdenum Kai and Kaz lines were obtained with a
separation of 0.16 centimeter, where the width of the a, line
on the photographic film was 0.01 centimeter. With this re-
solving power there was no evidence of fine structure in eithe:
oi or a2 line, but there was a pronounced broadening of both
the a1 and a2 lines, resembling very much the Compton effect
for scattering at a very small angle, but with a shift of ap-

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 79

proximately 0.0003 Angstrom unit toward the short wave-length
side. Similar results were obtained in second order spectra.

It is presumed that this indicates an actual absorption ot
energy by the X-ray beam from the high-speed cathode stream
Of -electrons, due to -collisions: betwéen X-ray quanta: and
electrons, with a resultant change in direction and increase in
energy for the quanta, and a corresponding loss in energy hv
the electron, assuming that the ordinary relativistic laws of
conservation of energy and momentum are valid in this. case
as in the Compton effect. The increase in energy here observ-
ed must necessarily be small, since only X-rays which had beer
deflected thru a small angle could enter the slit system. . The
energy of a quantum of Ka radiation, hc/d, is 2.76x10-5 ergs,
whereas the energy Ve of an electron which has fallen thru
a potential of 30,000 volts is 4.77x 10-5 ergs, nearly twice as
much as that of the quantum.

If one postulates an equipartition of energy in an equili-
brium between quanta and electrons, as in two gases of different
temperature mixed together, it is seen at once that all wave-
lengths, up to the minimum A=hc/Ve would result. Thus this
also indicates that the general radiation from an X-ray target
may be due to a reversed Compton effect.

15. Note on the High Phosphate Areas of the Middle Cin-
‘cinnatian. S. D. Averitt, Ky. Agricultural Experiment Station.

Small areas of soil, geologically well up in the Cincinnatian,
containing distinctly more phosphorus than is usual in trat
horizon, have been known for some years. Such soil was col-
lected by the writer in 1916, on Bullskin Creek in Western and
Northwestern Shelby County, Ky., always first or secoiid
bottom, and associated with Arnheim limestone.* Samples
from Shelby and other counties analyze from 0.2 to 0.7 per
cent of phosphorus. Two samples of Arnheim limestone
analyzed for the Ky. Geological Survey yielded 0.39 and 0.36
per cent of phosphorus, and a selected sample, 0.81 per cent.

*Soil Survey of Shelby Co., Ky., Field Operations of the Bureau of
‘Soils, 1916, pp. 59 and 63. Elg Silt Loam and Huntington Silt Loam.

80 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

The phosphatic character of this limestone is thought to ac-
count for the unusual phosphorus content of these soils. The
Arnheim limestone occurs above the middle of the Cincinnatian
series, at the top of Maysville.

16. Verification of Lord Kelvin’s Theory of Radio-Fre-
quency Resistance. R. B. Scott, Physics Dept.,. Univ. of Kyz
(Abstract.)

The first practical solution of the problem of alternating
current resistance was given by Lord Kelvin in 1889. His
solution has since been used for the computation of tables
which give the ratio of alternating current resistance to direct
current resistance for wires of any diameter. Various experi-
menters have checked Kelvin’s solution for certain frequencies
but the author has seen no extended experimental study of
this subject. In view of this fact the work was planned to
cover a considerable range of frequencies and wire diameters.
The source of power used was a simple vacuum tube oscillator
and the measuring instrument was a vacuum tube voltmeter.
For the most part the results checked with the theory, with an
error of less than two per cent.

17. Purification of Helium. D.%S. Hughes, Physics Dept.
U. of Ky.

18. Series Spectra in Helium. Daniel Bailey, Physics
Dept; Wot Ky.

An analysis was made of the spectrum of neutral helium
produced by a condensed discharge in a quartz discharge tuhe.
and analyzed by means of a concave grating spectrograph. The
formula: giving the position of any lime in aiy Series is a:
follows:

R

Ge Mien Keeler s) —
Moo kK -k (Me Kok)
where R is the Rydberg constant and M, K and k depend upon

the series under consideration. All the lines in the spectra of
Parhelium and Orthohelium in the principal, first subordinate

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 81

and second subordinate series, which were in the range of
sensitivity of the photographic plate used, were identified, with
the exception of two lines in the second subordinate series of
Parhelium.

19. The Value of the Acceleration of Gravity at Lex-
ington:..S.C, Gladden, Physics Dept.; U.of Ky.

A history of pendulum determinations of the acceleration
of gravity was compiled, access being obtained to many rare
papers dealing with the work of Kater, Sabine, Foster, and other
pioneers in this field.

An absolute determination of the acceleration of gravity
at Lexington, Kentucky, was made, employing a chronograph
and standard clock in conjunction with a Kater’s pendulum
of late model. A cathetometer was employed to measure the
distance between the knife edges, and corrections were made
for temperature effects, arc of swing, and flexure of the pen-
dulum support. The acceleration of gravity was found to be
979°2-em./séc?, with a. probable. error of 0.24-cm./sec?.

20. A Comparative Study of Delinquents and Non-Delin-
quents. Clara Chassell (Cooper; Eastern Ky. State. Teachers
Golllege=(Abstract.*)

The method of the present study consists.in.a tabular
presentation for paired delinquent and non-delinquent groups
_of certain prescribed information obtained from studies made
by many investigators, and the subsequent statistical reductisn
of selected data by means of the calculation of coefficients cf
colligation. Ninety-five coefficients were caiculated for the
following groups: Feeble-minded, Adult Criminals, Juveniie
Delinquents, Sex Offenders, and Alcoholics. The countries
represented by these results are the United States, Porto Rico.
the Philippine Islands, Canada, Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden.

*See The Relation between Morality and Intellect: A Compendium
of Evidence Contributed by Psychology, Criminology, and Sociclogy.
(Address Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia Uni-
versity, New York City.)

bo

THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

(oe)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Belgium, France, and
Australia.

The principal findings of the study are concerned with
the relation between delinquency and mental inferiority, as
disclosed by the following types of evidence: Reports of the
Prevalence of Delinquency, Estimates of the Prevalence of
Mental Deficiency, Reports of Educational Status (The Preva-
lence of Illiteracy, the Amount of Schooling, School Progress.
Educational Achievement), and Results of Intelligence Tests
(Tests of Verbal, Abstract Intelligence, Arnrv Mental” Tests,
Tests of Non-Verbal Concrete Intelligence, Tests of Mechar-
cal Intelligence).

The central tendencies of the coefficients for the several
groups consistently disclose a relation between delinquency and
mental inferiority in each of the types of evidence tabulated.
The degree of relationship indicated, however, varies from
group to group and from one type of evidence to another. The
median of the ninety-five coefficients representing all groups
and all types of evidence is .48.

The study is a part of a research of much wider scope on
the relation between morality and intellect. Uhe central’ ten-
dencies of the correlational results for all parts of the research
support the finding of a positive correlation between delin-
quency and mental inferiority, and at the same time reveal! a
positive correlation between moral character and intelligence:
but suggest a somewhat lower degree of relationship between
morality and intellect than that indicated by the central ten-
dency of the correlational results for the comparative study
of delinquents and non-delinquents.

21. The Results of a Consanguineous Marriage. R. G
Will, Centre-College.

A young man, unwittingly, married his half sister. Both
apparently, were of normal intelligence, as were their parents.
Eleven of the descendants were feeble minded, four being in
the third generation, one in the fourth and six, probably seven

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEHETING 83

in the fifth, the economic situation in each generation 1s worse
than in the one before.

22. Some Phases of Measurement in the Field of Latin.*
R. Tyson Wyckoff.

The test movement may be said to have been born with
the present century and to have-originated in the simple spel!l-
ing lists or embryonic tests evolved by Dr. J. M. Rice in 1894-5.
His idea that a test on a part may indicate proficiency in the
whole met with a storm of disapproval and he was unable iv
give a scientific base to his contentions. His arguments, how-
ever,..were of such sort’as to draw the attention of Dr. E, 1.
Thorndike and to result in studies on the theory of educationai
measurement and statistical method which culminated in Dr.
Thorndike’s Mental and Social Measurements, published in 190+,
and in the various tests and scales prepared by his students
for use in the elementary school.

The first noticeable effect of the test movement in the fie!d
of Latin or in the other high school subjects occurred when
Dr. Gonzales Lodge counted the frequency of Latin words in
Caesar’s De Bello Galico, books I-V; the six commonly read ora-
tions of Cicero; and Vergil’s Aeneid, books I.-VI. When he pub-
lished his statistics in the Vocabulary of High School Latin in
1907;;-figures’ for the first time were made available whereby.
a teacher might determine which words were most common
and therefore most deserving of emphasis in preparation foi
Caesar, Cicero, and Vereil:- ‘Lodge's, methods of vocabulary
analysis were imitated in Byrne’s Syntax of High School Latin.—
a study of the frequency of occurrence of the various types of
syntax in Caesar, Cicero, and Vergil.

*The content of this paper was based upon a tabulated analysis of
sixty four Latin tests, twenty-nine of which are partly stan-
dardized and thirty-five non-standardized tests composed by
seven different authors. All the non-standaidized tests were
made in 1925 or later. It was necessary in making the tabu-
lation to assume that an author’s failure to mention any cer-
tain essential item of information constituted an admission
that the particular test was lacking in just that respect. The
tests were judged by the Otis Scale For Rating Tests.

84 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

In 1912 Dr. Paul H. Hanus of Harvard decided. that; since
the successful elaboration of elementary school tests had al-
readv been demonstrated by Thorndike in handwriting and
Stone and Courtis in arithmetic, it should be possible to apply
test principles to measurement in Latin. Accordingly, with the
help of three graduate students, he prepared Latin tests on
grammer, vocabulary, and translation, with the endeavor of
measuring growth in power in Latin and the correlaticn exist-
ing between the three language skills assumed. Altho tire
tests were an advance over the subjective tests of the past.
they could certainly not be classed as objective in any true
sense of the word. The author succeeded in indicating that,
so-far as the tests showed, there seemed to be little corre-
spondence between the types of abilities necessary for success
in grammar, translation, or vocabulary. It is not required
especially that we interpret this tack of correspondence as in-
dicating failure of the three skills to function in Latin attain-
ment. “. Dr, :-Hanus- did not: attempt’ to) establish@either sthe
validity or the reliability of his tests, altho he did provide some
tentative median norms of achievement by the various years.

Dr. H...A. Brown, now President: of the’ State, Normal
School, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, in 1915-17, elaborated tests on
isolated Latin sentences, connected Latin, Latin grammar, and
isolated Latin vocabulary. These tests were administered, to
between 813 and 2,160 pupils and tentative median norms were
obtained for each test by years. Neither reliability nor validity
of the tests is stated in the published bulletins on the develop-
ment of the tests. Dr. Brown attempted to score his connected
Latin test objectively by dividing the passage into so-calied
thought units, which were made to serve as a scoring key. The
words of his vecabulary test were chosen from a list found
to be common to seven elementary Latin texts. © He seemed
to. make little attempt at objectivity im scoring the jsentence
and grammar tests.

The Starch Latin Tests appeared in 1915 and agaimasmtlie
Starch-Watters Latin West in 1918. This test consists of

FIFTHENTH ANNUAL MEETING 85

section on vocabulary, which was obtained by taking every
twentieth word in Lodge’s list, and a section on translation of
sentences which were found by selecting sentences located ai
equal intervals in five first-year texts and in Caesar, Cicera.
and Vergil. Median norms were calculated on five hundred
pupils by years of Latin studied. The scoring was highly
subjective.

In general, the tests published between 1912 and 1920
dealt with translation, mostly of unconnected discourse cr
vocabulary, and with syntactical analysis. No test had equiva-
lent forms. Brown’s connected Latin Test seems to have been
the only test with which a scoring key or suitable directions
for scoring were provided. The objectivity of the scoring wis
questionable. In most cases the spaces for answers were ss
arranged on the page that error in scoring was likely. Ten-
tative median norms were found' for each test. There were n
directions for interpretation or application of results. No
sample exercises preceded the tests to show the pupil the char-
acter of the. construction of the test. There was no attempt to
linait: atest to.a particular stade or year of Latin, Very litte
endeavor was made to arrange the test content in order of difi1-
culty. There was no manual with any test and no effort to
obtain validity or reliability.

a)

The Henmon Latin Tests had been published in 1917 and
nevisearin 1971 in revised torm: ‘ests li Ii ill) and) IV.
became somewhat comparable. The scoring of these tests was
more objective than that of previous tests and the spaces fer
answers were arranged conveniently for scoring. For the first
time a manual, directions for scoring, and a class record sheet
were supplied, but there was no scoring key. In the pericd
from 1920-24, among others were published the Pressey Latin
Syntax .lest.: the Jiyler-Pressey atin Forms, Pest, andthe
Ullman-Kirby Latin Comprehension in two forms in 1922;
Briggs’ Semester Latin Test, Inglis’ Latin Syntax, Vocabulary.
and Morphology Tests in several forms, the Lohr-Latshaw
ltatin Forms Vests,>the Godsey~ Vatin Composition. ‘Test,’ the

86 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Stevenson Latin Vocabulary Vest, and the Stevenson-Coxe
Latin Derivative Test in 1923; and the White Latin Test in
1924. These tests show considerable advance in objectivity
simplicity of scoring, use of scoring key, preparation of equiva-
lent forms, isolation of particular types or elements to alioxs
for diagnosis of difficulties, lessening the amcunt of time re-
quired for reading the preparatory instructions of the tests and
for making explanations. Several of the tests give limited sug-
gestions in interpretation, such as methods of obtaining medians
and percentiles, and in application ot results, such as in class
sectioning (White), comparison of individual’s or class stand-
ing with absolute attainment (Inglis), tabulation of types oi
errors for diagnosis (Godsey, Pressey, Tyler-Pressey, New
York Latin Achievement Tests). Whereas, from 1912-20 most
of the tests either had not been published for distribution or
were sold by the test or by the hundred tests, it came to be

the custom to put them up in packages of twenty-five.

It may be rather interesting in passing to compare differ-
ent methods of score derivation employed by two men in the
same institution. Dr. Inglis felt that the words of his vocabu-
lary test should be scored upon the basis of their frequency
of occurrence. ‘That is to say, the more-often a word is met.
the more important the word and the greater the amount the
student should be penalized for not knowing the word Then,
the commoner the word, the higher the score to be assigned
to it as its value. In line with about the same type of reason-
ing, Dr. Hanus also felt that his vocabulary test should be
scored upon the frequency of occurrence of the words. Accor¢-
ingly, a word which is met frequently is less difficult than an-
other word met less frequently. The rarer the word is and
therefore the more difficult, the greater the assigned score
should be and the commoner the word is and therefore the
less difficult, the lower the score must be. Apparently we have
no great reason to consider those two vocabulary tests equiva-
lent, except in inverse ratio, unless we assume that the fact
the authors were both teachers in Harvard would be sufficient
justification for concluding reliability.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 87

During the period from 1920-24 Latin test development
seemed to be directed toward refining and meking mere care-
ful application of test principles. The Ullman-Kirby Latin
Comprehension Test measures understanding ot passage con-
tent much more skilfully than its predecessor, the Brown Con-
nected Latin Test, which was striving awkwardly after the
same aim: Moreover, the former test is somewhat more ob-
jective than the latter. . The. Ullman-Kirby,; the Godsey, the
Pressey, and” the) Tyler-Pressey.; seem: .to: be of some value.
altho no one of these may be considered as a highly depend-
able measure when used alone. It is desirable to employ a
Latin achievement test in comparing class standing thru suc-
cessive semesters or years, in the same classes or in different
classes, schools, or systems; but when the individual is judg-
ed, one should have an average of several tests. of one or more
tests and a habit-rating scale, teachers’ marks, teachers’ rank-
ings, or some other means.

Since the publication of the Classical Investigation Report +1
the spring of 1924 the quality of Latin tests has been on the
whole higher than in the two preceding periods. The Deferrari
Test in Vocabulary and Forms, so far without norms, and the
‘Deferran’ Test in atin’ Comprehension, with norms ‘tor the
fifth and seventh semesters. were published in 1925. The
Orleans-Solomon Latin Prognosis Test (1926) and the Wyckoff
Latin Prognosis Test (1927) both show marked reliability and
validity and pre-high school norms. The New York Latin
Achievement Tests for first and second semester pupils were
published in 1928 with norms but with no stated validity or
reliability. Each of the two New York tests is a composite
of a number of sections which contain but few items per
section. Several of the tests published since 1924 are incon-
venient. to use because they are too long to be given in the
ordinary class period.

The most promising aspect of Latin test development has
proceeded directly from the emphasis placed upon test con-
struction, by the’ Service’ ‘Bureau For: Classical “Veacheis.

88 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Columbia University, New York. Under the influence of the
Service Bureau excellent non-standardized tests have been
made by Dr. Mason D. Gray, Miss Simpson, Miss Downes,
and others. These tests for the most part caver phases which
have been dealt with very little or not at all in previous tests.
Some of these phases are the cultural, the historical, deriva-
tives, general language ability, quotations, Latin in English
spelling, Latin phrases, prefixes, rhetorical figures, word order.
In the Service Bureau tests we find the following types of test
organization: completion, recognition, classification, cld-type
translation, recall, true-false, matching, lsting. analogies, op-
posites, ranking. Two criticisms to be made of the Service
Bureau tests are that, while the tests are skilfully prepared in
point of choice of material for inclusion, the number of items in
any one test is probably too few. Also, in some instances three
or four different types of test development are employed in
the same test, so that gross item scores of the various parts
are certainly not at all comparable. Both objections may be
miet,,1i a seriesof tests’ be given -and the items ‘or alliithesseries
be classified according to the different types of test develop-
ment employed. Then, when all items of each type are added.
there will be a sufficient number of items that the scores for
each type may be thrown into a frequency distribution, an.ap-
proximation of the normal curve applied, and consequently
the errors pointed out in the two objections may be avoided.

The, Holz tests and: “the “Sellers“tests ‘of them@mponia
Kansas, State Teachers’ College and the North Carolina High
School Senior Examination (Section H on Latin) are among
the most recently published non-standardized. The same ob-
jections may be raised to these as were made in respect to the
Service Bureau test. In addition, the Holz tests and the
Sellers tests, which are composite tests, do not seem to preserve
proportion in the amount of space devoted to the several skills
dealt with. The North Carolina Examination puts an undue
amount of emphasis on isolated vocabulary, very little stress
upon comprehension, even of isolated sentences and compre-
hension of connected discourse is completely ignored.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 89

It would seem for effective test making that there is great
need to determine what are the Latin aims (probably suffi-
ciently handled in the Classical Investigation Report, Vol. III.),
what skills are concerned with the aims, how much of each
skill we shall want acquired, and what activities enter into
the ‘desirable skills’. -We may approach the matter by -dis-
integration of aims to obtain activities or by building up ac-
tivities to obtain aims. The latter method will presuppose that
existing activities in Latin are worth-while activities and that
they will lead to desirable aims. We have great need for Latin
tests which will really begin to reach the Latin objectives
rather than merely the kind of tests we have now which deal
with small skills that enter into the Latin objectives we do
not know how much or how Httle.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PUBLISHED TESTS

Anderson, F. M.: A True-False Test For Comprehension of Archias.
Service Bureau For Classical Teachers, Coiumbia University,

No. 198.
IRR WARS elke An Examination in First Term Latin. Classical
Weekly, March 19, 1923, v. XVI., No. 19, Whole No. 442.
*Brown, H. A.: Connected Latin Test, Latin Sentence Tests, Latin

Grammar Test, and Latin Vocabulary Test. Are contained in
Brown, H. A.: Latin Im Secondary Schools (1919) and A
Survey of Instruction In Latin In New Hampshire Secondary
Schools (1921). State Normal School, Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

*Deferrari-Foran Latin Comprehension Test. 1925. The Catholic
Education Press, 1326 Quincy St., Washington, D. C.

Deferrari-Foran Tests in Vocabulary and Forms, 1925. The Catholic
Education Press, 1326 Quincy St., Brookland Sta., Washing-
ton; D:. €;

Downes, Juanita: Latin Tests For the Highth Grade. March, 1928.
Service Bureau For Classical Teachers, Coitmbia University,
No. 302.

Downes, Juanita: Latin Tests For the Ninth Grade. March, 1928.
Service Bureau For Classical Teachers, Columbia University,
No. 303.

*Godsey, Edith R.: Diagnostic Latin Composition Test. 1922, World
Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York.

*Has norms.

90 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Gray, Dr. Mason D.: A Written Lesson to Test the Pupil’s Under-
standing of the Background of the Orations Against Catiline.
March, 1928 Service Bureau For Classical Teachers, Columbia
University, No. 305.

*Hanus, Paul H.: Latin Tests (Vocabulary, Translation, and Gram-
mar). 1912. Found in Hanus: School Administration and
School Reports (1920). Houghton, Mifflin Company, Chicago,
Illinois.

*Henmon, V. A. C.: Latin Tests. 1917 and 1921. World Book Com-
pany, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York.

**Inelis, Alexander: Latin Morphology, Latin Syntax, Latin Vocabu-
lary. 1923. Ginn and Company, 70 Fifth Avenue, New York.

*Lohr-Latshaw Latin Form Test. School of Education, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 1923.

*New York Latin Achievement Test. 1928. World Book Company.
Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York.

North Carolina High School Senior Examination, Section H. 1927.
School of Education, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Yill, North Carolina.

*Orleans-Solomon Latin Prognosis Test Form A. 1926. World Book
Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York.

*Pressey, L. W.: Test In Latin Syntax. 1922. Public Scnvol Pub-
lishing Company, Bloomington, Illinois.

Simpson, Elizabeth: Test on Word Order in Latin. March. 1928.
Service Bureau For Classical Teachers, Coiumbia University.
New York. No. 307.

Simpson, Elizabeth: A written Lesson For a Review of Rhetorical
Figures in Vergil, March, 1928. No. 306. Service Bureau
For Classical Teachers, Columbia University, New York.

*Starch-Watters Latin Test. 1918. Published by Dr. Danie! Starch,
1374 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Mass.

*Stevensen Latin Vocabulary Test. 1923. Public School Publishing
Company, Bloomington, Illinois.

*Stevenson-Coxe Latin Derivative Test. 1923. Public Scheol Pub-
lishing Company, Bloomington, Illinois.

*“Pyler-Pressey Test in Latin Verb Forms. 1922. Public Scheol Pub-
lishing Company, Bloomington, Illinois.

*Uliman-Kirby Latin Comprehension Test, 1922. Extensicen Divi-
sion, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

*White Latin Test. 1924. Worid Book Company, Yonkers-on-Hudson,
New York.

*Has norms.
**Some of the forms have norms.

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING oi

23. The Psychological Processes In Learning History In
The Secondary School. M. E. Ligon, Education Dept. Univ
of Kentucky.

The definitions, conceptions and forms of history are nouz
fixed and therefore the psychology involved in the study of
history will be determined by. the point of view adopted.
Opinions differ as to what the aims of history teaching shall
be. This further complicates the psychology of its teaching
and study. The author has taken the generally accepted view in
the methods and processes and the common methods of teach-
ing. He points out that imagination, memory, judgment, rea-
soning, and sympathy are involved.

24. Some Cases of College Vocational Guidance. G. C
Bassett, Psychology Dept., Univ. of Kentucky

Two cases were reported informally. The paper will be
published elsewhere.

25. Certain Factors Contributing to the Delinquency of
Reform School Girls. Mrs. Juanita Curry Boyuiiton.

The study was made of all girls confined in the Kentucky
Houses. of Reform at Lexington, within the ages of 12.10.16
years, inclusive. It was not intended to inciude all tactors.
Seventy-one per cent of the girls had lived in houses where
abnormal parental conditions existed. The median number of
children in the families was 8.25. Forty-eight per cent of the
girls and twenty-eight per cent of their mothers had held posi-
tions outside the home, mostly of a servant nature. The
average school grade was the sixth. More than 75 per cent
of the girls had one or both of the social diseases.

The conclusion seems justified that these girls reached
their delinquent careers thru a more or less watural: process
when low mentality was forced to react to poor environment.

26. Kentucky Fluorites. W. R. Jillson, State Geologist,
Frankfort, Kentucky.

Within the last’ few years the mineral fluorite (CaFe).

92 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

commonly referred to as fluorspar, has become of much eco-
nomic significance in Kentucky. Occurring in commercial
quantities in two general localities, the North-Central Ordovi-
clan outcrop and the western tip of the Mississippian pieateau
its production has steadily increased until at the present time
Kentucky stands first in the United States and the werld. In
1926 Kentucky produced 62,459 tons of commercial fluorite

valued at $1,167,129.00.

Altho the volume indicated is considerable it is certain
that much more fluorite could have been produced in Kea-
tucky had it not been for the rather considerable foreign 1m-
portations. In fact, during recent years, post war industria!
and shipping conditions abroad have so materially aided the
importation of foreign fluorite as to elevate it to the point
of a rather serious menace to the domestic fluorite mining in-
dustry. This is particularly true in Kentucky.

With this fact in mind, the’,Director of the Kentucky
Geological Survey while in Spain during May and June, 1926
attending the meetings of the 14th International Geologica:
Congress, entered into relations of mineral exchange with many
of the National Geological Surveys for the purpose of secur-
ing representative specimens of cabinet size from all commer-
cial “and smaller’ deposits of: fluorite, “At “the same timesand
later, one or two important fluorite collections were purchas-
ed to which many recently obtained specimens from points
widely distributed thruout the world have been added.

As a result of these endeavors it is thought that the fluo-
rite collections of the Kentucky Geological Survey are probably
of the first order in point of geographic representation and
variability of mineral occurrence. All known commercially pro-
ducing and scientific localities are represented by one or more
specimens, duplicates, triplicates and quadruplets of some
areas being a-part of the collection’s reserve. In this unique
and beautiful cabinet displayed in the office of the suite oi
the Survey at Frankfort, the Kentucky fluorite is well repre-
sented by over 125 specimens. The entire fluorite cabinet con-

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 93

tains over two hundred separate trays. Thirty-five other states
and foreign countries are represented, the complete list being
as follows: Albuquerque (New Mexico), Arizona, Baden, Ba-
varia, Bohemia, Butte (Montana), California, Cayote Springs
(New Mexico), China, Colorada, Connecticut, Cornwall (£ng-
land), Crystal Peak (Colorado), Derbyshire (England), Dur-
ham (England), France, Freiburg (Germany), Germany, Green-
land, Hastings County. (Ontario), Pennsylvania, Rhodesia,
Rochester (New York), Salzburg (Germany), Saxony, Siberia,
South Africa, Sydney, St. Gothard (Switzerland), St. Lawrence
County (New York), Spain.) Switzerland); Vennessee, Valoes
(Switzerland), Weisseck (Germany) and Windhoek (South
chiICa’)!.

27. Racial Specialization of Parasitic Fungi. FE. C. Stak-
man, Univ. of Minnesota and U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Many species of fungi which cause plant disease comprise
distinct physiologic races or parasitic strains, usualiy known
as physiologic forms. The phenomenon of physiologic speciali-
zation has been known for many years, first having been
demonstrated clearly by Eriksson, a Swedish investigator, in
1894 Hlowever, the extent.of the phenomenon and its tar-
reaching consequences in mycology and plant pathology have
not been appreciated until recently, and probabiy are only 1m-
perfectly appreciated now.

Physiologic specialization is common in many groups of
very destructive plant pathogenes: the rusts, the smuts, the
powdery mildews, the fungi which cause root rots of cereals,
the organism causing flax wilt, and a great many others. In
order really to understand the course of development of a
plant disease, and especially the development of epidemics, it
is essential to know the number, geographicel distribution,
pathogenic capabilities, and ecological peculiarities of the dii-
ferent physiologic forms of the causal organism. An investiga-
tion of physiologic specialization must become regular pro-
cedure in the investigation of plant diseases.

94 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Physiologic forms can be recognized in several different
ways: (l) By. theireffect:on) host, plants; (2) ‘sometinresssb
shght morphologic differences between the different forms, al-
tho these differences are not sufficiently great to justify cali-
ing the forms species or varieties; (3) by differences in cultural
characters; (4) by their reaction to physico-chemical environ-
ment, such as temperature and hydrogen-ion concentration.

Certain obligate parasites, like the rust fungi and the
powdery mildews, can be recognized best by their effect on
certain selected, varieties of ‘crop, plants: The’ morphologt:
species Puccinia gramins, the fungus causing the black stem rust
of cereals and grasses, is a good example. P. gramums tritici
causes infection on wheat and barley, but not on oats and rye.
Puccinia graminis secalis causes infection on rye and barley, but not
on wheat and oats, while P. graminis avenae causes infection on
oats, but not on wheat, barley, and rye. But P. gramims tritici in
itself comprises more than 40 parasitic strains which can be recog-
nized by their effect on certain varieties of wheat; P. granumis
secalis consists of at least a dozen forms which can be recognized
by their action on certain varieties of rye, and P. graminis avenae
consists of parasitic strains which can be recognized by their
effect on certain varieties of cats.

Physiologic forms of facultative sapropnytes often can be
distinguished by their appearance in artificiai culture. The
cultural characteristics of a given form are remarkably con-
stant on the same medium and under the same conditions.
3ut on different media the same form may behave entirely
differently. Furthermore, ditferent forms may look aimost
exactly alike on certain media, but may ‘be entirely different
in appearance on certain other media. This means, of course.
that in order to differentiate forms it is necessary to grow them
under proper conditions.

Forms may differ also in their physico-chentical reactions.
Some of them may have a low optimum temperature, while
that of others mzcy be very much higher. | Obviously, this has an
important application in controlling diseases by regulating the time

FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING 95

of planting of certain crops. Many of the forms differ also in
their reaction to hydrogen-ion concentration and in their fermen-
tative abilities.

The question naturally arises as to how titese physiologic
forms originated, whether they still are originating, and whether
they are stable. Several theories have been advanced regard-
ime theorioin: of -forms: - (1), Ecological adaptation 3.(2)
hybridization; (3) mutation.

Many of the earlier investigators, and even some at the
present time, asserted that ferms might arise as a result cf
association with certain host plants, a sort of ecological adap-
tation. These investigators were of the opinion that physio-
logic forms were very unstable and that their parasitic capabui-
ities could be changed at will by keeping them on certain hos:
plants. This idea probably is erroneous. Physiologic forms of
many fungi are just as stable as morphologic species. This
has been demonstrated clearly in experiments made at Minne-
sota. Furthermore, we have collected the same physiologic
tormm!.of, PP, gramiuus initict im. India, . Hungary, France, “the
British Isles, and on the North American continent. Another
form was collected in Japan, France, Norway, the British Isles,
United States, and Canada. The parasitic behavior of each of:
the forms was: the same regardless of the place i which it
was collected.

There is a strong probability that forms may originate
thru. hybridization of previously existing forms;:, but. this
has not been demonstrated for plant pathogenic fung?

Many fungi apparently niutate abundantly. The so-called
mutants probably are similar to bud mutations in higher plants.
They often appear as pie-shaped sectors in colonies growing om
artificial media. The frequency of mutation can be influenced
by environmental conditions, such as amount and kind of nutri-
ents and temperature, The mutants may also be ‘different
pathosenically:;. some of them “are less virulent than. their
parents, some of them more so, and some of them about equal-
ly virulent.

THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

it~)
for)

Physiologic specialization is important in piant quarantines.
In epidemiology studies, forms may be important as biological
reagents, and in attempts to breed disease-resistant crop plants.

It is essential to attempt to prevent the introduction into
any country of parasitic strains more virulent than those now
there. It is known that the parasitic strains of certain patho-
genes in foreign countries are much more virulent than any
which now occur in the United States. Obviously, therefore.
they should be excluded by quarantines. And certain other
countries have good reason to exclude some of our parasitic
strains.

It has been shown conclusively that certain varieties of
crop plants are resistant in some regions and susceptible in
others because of the existence of different physiologic forms
in different regions. Futhermore, the distribution of physio-
logic forms can be used as a criterion of the source of inocu-
lum in certain areas.

Physiologic -forms have been used to identify certain
varieties of crop plants. In order to make sure of the varietal
identity of some whieats, it often is necessary to inoculate them
with the proper physiologic form of rust.

It is obvious that it is essential to take into consideration
physiologic forms in the production of disease-resistant varie-
ties of crop plants, because varieties and hybrids may be immune
from or resistant to certain forms of a pathogene and complete-
ly susceptible to others. Therefore, the parasitic capabilities
of all physiologic forms of the pathogene must be known and
attempts must be made to combine in one variety resistance
to all of them.

INDEX

A comparative study of delinquents and non-delinquents, Cooper
AXStiId yO moral judd srnemv; MEsOyaCO 222s eee ee
AIrvadsorpbionm IMs Walter VESSELS, srtdie so. 220 sce Mere ee ele see swe eeee need caalete
Amburgey, L. V., Chicken feed and MOI -............. cece cece eee
PASIAN SSE Oil CAINS oe os ON Be SE Sn Us ed ee
Anderson, W. A., Jr.. McHargue and Hill, Canebrakes of Kentucky

and cane as a forage plant
Acreversed. Compton eftect, Plaka 22.2 2 see A
ACcstudy. orvmorall judgment, iIBoymtom. 2.222..: 2 es
Atmospheric electricity, a study of, Henry —.-..0002202. eee
Averitt, S. D., The high-phosphate areas of the Middle Cincinnatian
Barley, D:. Series Spectra dim helium 2
Barkenbus, C. A., and Zimmerman, Chemical analyses of the bean

and pod of the Kentucky coffee nut tree _..2 2.
Bassett, G. C., Some cases of college vocational guidance..........._....
Bear, R. M., Factors affecting the success of college freshmen
Beckner, L., Utica shale in Kentucky
Bibliography Ol testsy tml, Waitrose 5 ee es 2 oe ae
Borman, E. K., An organism isolated from the feces of a colitis

LU LLG Gag es OS a SINS UE GALE SNR ee OS ie
Boynton, Mrs. J. C., Certain factors contributing to the delin-

quency ot -Retorm “School: girls 2: v2.1 ee ee
Boynton, P. L., A study of moral judgment
Breeding. Lede clover. cher ews, 2.280 eo gels aie Oe SU aor Soni
Buckner, G. D., Hegshell-tormine materials. 2...)
Burroughs, W. G., Geographical distribution of cancer mortality

AUN es Wi GUC easy SS a ioe Se SB eo EY ne Sha et, ee UN ota ae Week hn
Burroughs, W. G., Prehistoric forts of Kentucky
HESS UW Sy eee Bd eS Di, Tans LOE, eae a een aed ts eee JAN uae ee tac Leela |
Cancer mortality, causes affecting the apparent distribution of, in

Kentucky, Burroughs
Came Chicmmi Cala mallyiSes Oi we eos eve ee eR ee
Canebrakes of Kentucky in prehistoric time and the importance

of cane as a forage plant, McHargue, Hill and Anderson, Jr.
Causes affecting the apparent distribution of cancer mortality in

Kentucky, Burroughs
@ellsanermae aout yee eee NN WR Ae le diel ARMac
Cellsisas aC OlMOlGsS VSteMiSh os a5. ae ee ie EU eel 2 tA
Certain factors contributing to the delinquency of Reform School

SS Ae GVM OMe te ee sees ie as ae ee Be SO MMU ee CCH AUN atl
Chemical analyses of the bean and pod of the Kentucky coffee-nut

tree, Barkenbus and Zimmerman
Chicken feed and mold, Amburgey
COMO TA SPs ly.0 Po Mila CBee ao se oie SANDE SO ae Oe Piensa sill ot ce) tl ce
Constitwubiomss aim Gey erwin eee SVE Cees 8 Se SIN a
Constitution Zok livin es matters sMISChen sects selec ee)
Cooper, C. C., Comparative study of delinquents and non-delin-

PULTE TOE Spe Se NS Bo adie 8 Ce Ue CUA oa Le EMA Uy iy
Crouse, C. S., Recent developments in oil shale technology
Crouse, C. 8., Recent oil shale development —....20..0-2000022oo oe
Davies, P. A., High pressure and seed germination
Davies, P. A., Production of CO, from irreversibly injured cells
Dimock, W. W., and Healy, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

bon
So oo Ol

a1-1
be O%

poral 1-9
co bo O11 e

Ne)
a

32
73
47

5

47

81
78
43
30
al
30

$d ’ THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Eitect of chlorides on the chlorine content of tobacco, Karraker....
geshiell_Tormine MateriaissBUCkMNiCT === 2 ee ene
irikson, Miss 38., Recent developments in investigations of
AVG A TY L1Sy Saroes ahe tiene On ep TNO FA Rc et! whet Ae lS a eee
Experiments in methods ot inoculating soybeans, Karraker..............
l'actors afiecting the success of college freshmen, Bear ~.........0........
Mer AUS se Live Nee mised TMS Teds CLO, Crise lols see ee Ts ace ey eee Ie eee nn
bisecher) Martin Ey’ Constitution of living’ matter). Ss
TANTO TAGES, Te MiG CK yay eS © ray eee enee ete eins et a IE ee ae eae ea
rourteenth international geological congress, Jillson
Hungi, Racial specilization of parasitic, Stakman ~.........1..4.222.
Gsological congress, 14th international, Jillson = 222
Geologyrot@the (sland Creek.oil pool. sillson Sates oe se eee
Germination of seeds, effect of pressure on, Davies —......020..2.0.-
Gladden, S. C., value ot the acceleration of gravity at Lexington...
Gravitawlom. MEG aye oe PEA ee A eel ee
Gravity, value of the acceleration ‘of, at Lexington, Gla dden siete
Hahn Vis As reversed \Womptonverect, 2 a ee
plea lsyien Osea ron Aa: TielsVal CAtd Odes rae seetek ON ne i OT ee ee
Healy, D. J., and Dimock, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis -...._.....
Healy, D. J., and Hull, Mineral metabolism during pregnancy..........
Healy, D. J., and McHargue, Hemoglobin determinations -.....2...........
Heim, -Puriti cation (Of, ENV SiiSS Wy ee es eee le Ee eee
Hiehume Series: SpectT ay dn: fees a ee Se et eee
Hemoglobin determinations, McHargue and Healy ARE Re oR
Henry, RG. Ac study. of atmospheric iclectricity 24.22 2 ees
High pressure and seed germination, Davies ...... o FAMED in
Hill, E. S., McHargue and Anderson, Jr., Canebrakes of Kentucky
andy Gane fase Loraeemplant: 0 ence 2s Se en ee ees
Hire, CS Air. eee in NENA hess re SR RIS ce 5 A le ae eee

Hull: F. E., and Healy, Mineral metabolism during rOSNaAN Gyles
Riv aration eM arks Om este ee weet ONS Gen 1 SUN ee AUS SE eee
Indicators, experiments with
Island Creek oil pool, geology of, Jillson
Isolation and cultivation of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis,

Ve arlivea Nice MOT OC Kas tae eae are Ee ea eset er
Jillson, W. R., 14th international geolcgical congress
Jillson, W. R., Geology of the Island Creek oil pool -..-.............. ee
SMISONGOV Ee es SNUG Kay TUT OGLUCS). 6 ea eee ee ewe

7

Johnson, . M., and Valleau, Effect of tok
Karraker, P. H., Hifect of chlorides on
EOD ACE Org es A FN SS ees Md 61 Ske Re ee
Karraker, P. H., Experiments in methods of inoculating soybea
Kentucky tniwroritess siligoms i 22 eh ae le Ee a ae ee
atin. Bibliosraply. Ob bests yim: 2 aE Uae aes eae
Latin, Some phases of measurements in the field of, Wyckoff........
Ligon, M. E., Psychological processes in learning history in the
secondary school

Living. matter constitution. ot, uscher = ee eee
McFarlan, A. C., Structural features of the Bluegrass Region..........
McHargue, J. S., and Healy, Hemoglobin determinations —...............
McHaregue, J. S., Hill and Anderson, Jr., Canbrakes of Kentucky

andvcane:as’ avtoraceh plants 222s ee eee

Membership list

co OT ON
boo HS

INDEX

Mineral metabolism during pregnancy, Healy and Hull -..................
Minutes on the (4th annwal meeting. ieee se So scsi
Mimutes=ohe thiesd: 5th amniumalwmiee tiie sis. 2 bese eo oes ee eeeeteeceeee
MoOUmtaAim: tora vot uentuckya Sim iti tnes.) moe Se ae ee
Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, isolation and cultivation of,
a Gay ares Cie) TINO Che ct-c i eees sete Hata eter ervey ewe se ENORAE Eee ane
INFECT ONO Sayers ras esse ae aN a OU tie ood cutee ae ee ESS RWrsnie Pals vee use
INORWOOds C22 Jk COOLER: MOLTCGX@ Lats aco OS irs eau A AMIE uel
Note on the high-phosphate areas of -the middle Cincinnatian,
PANTS FD tc et Lh ee UV OL OL 2 a ae
OTPICERS ee VO G Lh ODER) | eels aie Ae Pee A eg a MRO SL Fare LAE
Oilsshale. recent: development; Crouse 22.02) Ee ea
Oxidation of sulfur in limed and unlimed soils, Shedd
Papers: read atthe <V4th -meetin gee). oi2 en ee
PADERSereaceraics tives Ph bl IMeGbIIM ge ot swe re oe TLD Micusgon ee eee pete ae
Randive: livA X= Ray- Spectrometry... .res: 2.2500 ee ea
Philosophy, elation: or co -Scrences, erro.) <1 ee ae
Phosphatie soil and limestone of the Arnheim formation
Prehistoric <FOnts 1Ob WWentucky,. Bwhrouwess: wee se a eee
President’s address, 14th meeting, Burroughs
residents, GOGLess:- {hth meeting. Valea wee
Pressure, Effect of on the germination of seeds, Davies
Problem’ in two degrees of freedom, Hughes ....2..0 cl
Production of CO, from irreversibly injured cells, Davies
Protoplasm and mutually, soluble systems 0/2
Psychological processes in learning history in the secondary school,
ITSO) Nag Se Peete ga A ciara eee eit. Sie ais Nee nies lath Png 8.) «2 Celipe aan Caan en ae Nie
TE WLTeTEBK ORE eNO aly Copii ved cs Se nib ire ates al ca yb eal OM SYS cee Se een ee eee ee gee eee ear
Racial specialization of parasitic fungi, Stakman —....000002000 2202...
Radio-frequency resistance, verifications of Kelvin’s theory of, Scott
Recent developments in investigations of Vitamin B., Hrikson........
Recent developments in oil shale technology, Crouse
Relation of philosophy to science, Terrell
Religion, The social origins of, Walker
Report of the secretary, 1926-27
VED OLUAOWMrMiesSeCKetaryin MOOT =o Cay ek wc Cee eile eae Se eee
Results.otuasconsaneuinous marriage, Wall)... ee ee ee
Scott, R. B., Verification of Lord Kelvin’s theory of radio-frequency
NGO SUS CENITIG Gx fears te woe Pi GR oem he sid) Si AE aa uae ee ee Us
Secretaryis report, 11996-3722 2 Se
SECHELALVESH TED OTe OO ie ase NE eed es RR EE sate ange Meet
Seniesnspectrayin. nelimmse Bailey, = eas ee eee
Shedd, O. M., Oxidation of sulfur in limed and unlimed soils
SMe 1 OWS VODLEUALY /RVOCICS Ob pene ss iN ES as
SmithG. Deane mountain fora vot: Ment U Chyic. 20. See ee eee ee
Some cases of college vocational guidance, Bassett —....002.c2.222c lees.
Some phases of measurement in the field of Latin, Wyckoff.............
Some structural features of the southern Blue Grass Region,
VICHY EL T.NG, 2 eee Sees a Ae mRNA Ley aT PRU Oe nce yp LbNia yer lls as apa au deaioN a ereaeyen ee
Stakman, E. C., Racial specialization of parasitic fungi
Sulfur, oxidation of, in limed and unlimed soils, Shedd
SVM EMEST SM Tse [vo TIT EEE Tyee ee re Ne eas cal Tene UUs Shee Mines asaalebe alba tae
Terrell, Glanville, Relation of philosophy to science _.....0....2202222.....
APH SMSO. ClaleORTSIN S40 hee] SOM AV Vs Tey pee bee ta ee ote setae eee wee et
Tobacco disease investigations at the Ky. Experiment Station,
Valleau

100 THE KENTUCKY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

Page
Tobacco mosaic, effect on yield, Valleau and Johnson —.......- 30
Utica shale in Kentucky, Beckner 2 2 eee 40
Valleau, W. D., Tobacco disease investigations at the Kentucky

Hxperiment Station: (ieee eee aes ee Ae ee 68
Valleau, W. D., and Johnson, Effect of tobacco mosaic on yield........ 30
Value of the acceleration of gravity at Lexington, Gladden............ 81
Verification of Lord Kelvin’s theory of radio-frequency resistance,

SSC OE Es ees Se Ne ES I ia aT EN aie Nie ARE Osi IM ee 80
Vitamin B., Recent developments in investigations of, Erikson ........ 70
Walker. W. H:, The social-origins) of religiony:.. 3) ee 45
Will, R. G., Results of a consanguinous marriage -................2.2.--...---. 82
Wyckoff, R. T., Some phases of measurement in the field of Latin.... 83
X-Ray spectrometry, Pardue’... 2 ee ee ee 44

Zimmerman, A. J., Chemical analyses of the bean and pod of the
Kentucky coffee; mwt tree so a eee 32

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