ERICAN FISHERIES
SOCIETY

TRANSACTIONS

Volume 19
1890

®

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN

FISHERIES SOCIETY.

NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING.

HELD IN THE PARLOR OF THE
c= BEEBE HOUSE, PUT-IN-BAY, -2
OHIO,

WEDNESDAY, MAY 14TH, 1890.

Reprinted with the permission of the American Fisheries Society

JOHNSON. REPRINT CORPORATION Jounson Reprint Company LIMITED
111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003 Berkeley Square House, London, W. 1

as) il4o6'71

OFFICERS FOR 1890-91.

PRESIDENT, EUGENE G. BLACKFORD.....Mew York City.
Vicr-Pres'T, Dr. JAMES A. HENSHALL...... Cincinnati, O.
TREASURER, HENRY \G” FORD? 62.) Abie: Philadelphia, Pa.
REcorpDinG Sec’y, EDWARD P. DOYLE.....NWew York City.
Cor. Sec’y, Dr. TARLETON H. BEAN ..... Washington, D. C.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

W. L. MAY, CuHatirRMAN . - - - Fremont, Neb.
HERSHEL WHITTAKER - - - Detroit, Mich.
CALVERT SPENSLEY- ~ - - - Mineral Point, Wis.
Dr H. H. CARY - - - - - Atlanta, Ga.
Dr. M. M. HUDSON - : . - Hartford, Conn.
JAMES VERNON LONG . oe ee Pittsburg, Pa.
Dr. R. ORMSBY SWEENY - - - Duluth, Minn.

Reprinted from a copy in the collections of
The New York Public Library

First reprinting, 1965, Johnson Reprint Corporation

Printed in the United States of America

NINETEENTH
ANNUAL MEETING

—OF THE—

AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY.

PAR ORES.

MINUTES OF MEETINGS.

THE Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Society was held
on Wednesday, May 14, 1890, at 2 o’clock p.m., in the
parlor of the Beebe House, Put-in-Bay, Ohio.

Eugene G. Blackford, the President of the Association,
promptly called the meeting to order, and, in the absence
of the Recording Secretary, Fred. W. Brown, of Pennsyl-
vania, Edward P. Doyle, of New York, was elected Secre-
tary pro tem.

Before proceeding with the regular business of the Asso-
ciation, the President requested Mr. C. V. Osborne, of
Ohio, to explain to the members the programme provided
for their entertainment during the meeting.

After Mr. Osborne’s explanation, the President, by
unanimous consent, appointed C. V. Osborne and Dr. J.
A. Henshall, of Ohio, a committee on local entertainment.

Mr. Hasbrouck, of the Castalia Trout Club, extended an

4

invitation to the Association to visit the ponds of the Club
and partake of a trout dinner.

On motion of Dr. H. H. Cary, of Georgia, the thanks of
the Society were given the members of the Castalia Trout
Club for their kind invitation.

The President read a letter from Mr. Frank Clark, of the
United States Fish Commission, regretting his absence
from the meeting.

The President then addressed the meeting at length.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

Gentlemen of the American Fisheries Society :

I congratulate you upon so large an attendance at so re-
mote a place as Put-in-Bay, Ohio. For many of our mem-
bers to come here involves a journey of some hardship
and considerable expense; that we have here to-day gen-
tlemen from Georgia, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Minne-
sota, and Wisconsin is proof that interest in the Society
and its work has by no means lessened.

I hope that when we shall meet at some more central
place, although none perhaps can equal this as to beauty
of surroundings, a still larger number of our members may
be present. All things considered, however, this promises
to be one of the most successful of our meetings, and I
have no doubt that the object of our Society will be grati-
fyingly promoted.

It may not be amiss at this point to say something about
the original design of this Association, and to give some
idea of the work it has accomplished. Eighteen years ago
the Society was organized under the name of the American
Fish Culturists Association by a few practical fish cul-
turists, who hoped to make it an aid to the financial part of
their business, and to secure, if possible, a better and more
uniform price for the product of their skill. The aims and

5

scope of the Society’s work were enlarged from year to
year, until we now have a Society embracing within its
list of members the most distinguished tish culturists of
the world.

It has broadened out with its growth in membership un-
til its original object has been forgotten, and the question
of how to best advance purely scientific interests of fish
culture and fish distribution and fish protection have be-
come of paramount importance.

It is unnecessary for me, perhaps, to remind you of how
much we have accomplished in the past, for you have all
shared in the labors and are acquainted with the facts.
There can be no doubt but that the present United States
Fish Commission, with its value and importance and its
great success, owes its origin and development, in a great
measure, to this Society. Papers read at our several an-
nual meetings have done more than anything else to stim-
ulate the growth of the interests in fish culture and fish
protection throughout the United States, and I think we
can say, without boasting, that the present advanced con-
dition of this science in this country is due, in a large
measure, to the work of the American Fisheries Society.

As illustrative of the practical advance of fish culture
and the great results now obtained by it, it may not be out
of place for me to give you at this point a brief account of
the work of the Commission of which Iam the President.
This Commission has been remarkably successful, and the
past year was one of the best in its history. Its work has
been divided into three heads—first, fish propagation ;
second, fish and game preservation; third, granting fran-
chises for oyster cultivation and protecting natural-growth
oyster-beds.

The first and principal work of the Commission is, of
course, the artificial propagation of fish. By the terms of
the act creating the Commission, they are to examine the
streams and lakes of the State, with a view to stocking

.

6

them with fish. In this department the Commission is
doing a great work. Last year they operated five hatch-
eries, and the coming year two more will be added. This
will give the Commission seven hatcheries, all capable of
producing excellent results. These hatcheries are at Cale-
donia, Cold Spring Harbor, Adirondack, Sacandaga, Fulton
Chain, Clayton, and Chautauqua, and their importance is
in the order I have given them.

The total output last year of the five then in operation
was 31,489,638 fry. Of this number there were 3,099,900
brook trout, 927,500 brown trout, 5,329,000 lake trout,
863,000 California trout, 1,350 quinnat salmon, 78,000 land-
locked salmon, 687,188 salmon, 4,600,000 smelts, 30,000
shrimps, 4,100,000 tomcod, 1,900,000 white-fish, 6,053,200
shad, 3,780,000 frost-fish, and 2,625 adult fish of various
kinds.

This year’s distribution will be much larger than ever
before, and an increase of at least 30 or 40 per cent. is
looked for.

The entire distribution for the past ten years was, in
round numbers, 203,363,600 fry, of which the principal
distribution was of lake trout, brook trout, and shad;
39,055,000 of lake trout were distributed, 18,140,000 brook
trout, and 81,138,000 of shad.

The correspondence of the Commission from various
parts of the State shows conclusively that artificial propa-
gation and stocking have been wonderfully successful. In
spite of continuous fishing, consequent to the rapid in-
crease of population, the Adirondack streams, stocked
yearly by the Commission, are full of trout, the large lakes
in the central part of the State afford excellent lake trout
fishing, and shad and salmon are increasing in numbers in
the Hudson every year. The Commissioners recently suc-
ceeded in obtaining appropriations for the necessary fish-
ways in the last-named river, and as soon as they can be
built the work of the Commission in this stream will show

a

more abundant results. The last Legislature has made an
appropriation of $3,500 for a fish-car for fish hatching and
fish distribution, and this, it is also believed, will mate-
rially aid our work in this department.

The prospects for the future work of the Commission in
fish propagation and in stocking streams are excellent, and
great results will certainly be obtained.

In the department of fish protection the Commission has
been most successful. The Legislature of 1888 provided
for the appointment of a corps of fish and game protectors
forthe State, and created an executive head, to be known
as the Chief Game and Fish Protector, all of whom are
appointed by and subject to the Fish Commission. This is
what the State most needed, and the enforcement of the
fish and game laws has been much more thorough and
satisfactory.

During the year ending September 30, 1889, 180 suits
for penalties were successfully prosecuted, the receipts
from fines amounting to $4,104 51.

The work this year has been even more successful, and
the results have been most gratifying. At the last session
of the Legislature the Commission succeeded in having
passed an act for a commission to revise and codify the
game-laws of the State. This commission will consist of
one member from the Fish Commission, one from the
Society for the Preservation of Game, and one Deputy
Attorney-General of the State. The work of this Commis-
sion will be most important, and the presentation by them
to the Legislature and the subsequent adoption of a con-
cise and consistent code of game-laws will do a great deal
towards securing the successful and vigorous protection of
game and fish.

In the department of oyster culture great progress has
been made, although the first surveys are not yet finished ;
261 franchises have been issued and $4,520 in fees have
been paid into the State Treasury.

8

A large number of applications for oyster territory are
now ready for favorable consideration, and the receipts by
the State this year will be correspondingly large.

In addition, the benefit derived by this important in-
dustry from this law cannot be overestimated, and is
thoroughly appreciated by the oystermen. We think that
the Commission, in its various departments, can claim,
without boasting, that valuable results have been obtained
for the State, and that no investment made by it shows
more gratifying returns.

You will pardon me for the time I have taken in speak-
ing of my own State, but the work done by the Commis-
sion there is simply indicative of the progress of fish
culture, and shows the great value of the work this Society
may do and has done in stimulating the interests of the
country in the artificial propagation of fish.

Many other States have vigorous and successful commis-
sions, perhaps, of greater efficiency than that in which I
am possibly more particularly interested, and that all the
State Commissions have been helped by our Society is
beyond question. These meetings cannot fail to produce
excellent results. Aside from the pleasures of social re-
union and intercourse, the mutual expression of practical
experiences in fish work is of great value to all of us.

I thank you for the attention you have given me, and
congratulate you upon the present standing and member-
ship of the Society, and await your further pleasure.

The Treasurer, Henry C. Ford, presented the financial
report of the Society for the year ending May 14, 1890,
which report was received, and, on motion, accepted.

9
TREASURER’S REPORT.

The American Fisheries Society in account with Henry C.

Ford, Treasurer.

Cr.
May 12, 1890, By cash received from membership
ee eee: Soe Tea, ME le
Dr.
May 15, 1889, To cash paid E. G. Black-
ford, Treasurer, balance due........ $5 29

May 15, 1889, To cash paid A. M. Spang-
ler for printing circulars and postal

notices for May, 1889, meeting..... 4 00
May 15, 1889, To cash paid for 150 post-
Se SIAMpPses aaa ee oer: 3 OO

May 15, 1889, To cash paid for envelopes 1 00
June 12, 1889, To cash paid for printing

notices of yearly dues............. 1 00
June 12, 1889, To cash paid for postage

stamps for yearly dues.............. 3 00
June 12, 1889, To cash paid for stationery

bmtenyelopes: wits il anime + 1 20
June 12, 1889, To cash paid for postage

stamps for returning receipts, &c.... 3 00

May 12, 1890, To cash paid F. W.

Brown, wrappers, stamps, envel-

opes, &c., for sending annual re-

Posy ewic es! Usa xisegt eed odes 7 66
May 12, 1890, To cash paid Spangler &

Davis for printing annual report.... 101 00
May 12, 1890, To cash balance on hand.. 76 85

$207 00
May 12, 1890, By balance on hand......

$207 00

$207 00
$76 85

H. C. Forp, Treasurer. .

10

On motion of W. L. May, of Nebraska, the President
was authorized to appoint a committee of three to present
to the Association nominations for officers for the ensuing
year.

The President appointed W. L. May, of Nebraska, J.
Vernon Long, of Pennsylvania, and Fred Mather, of New
York, as such committee.

Dr. R. O. Sweeny, of Minnesota, moved that the
accounts of the Treasurer be audited and allowed.

The motion was unanimously adopted.

Hershel Whittaker, of Michigan, moved that a recess of
ten minutes be taken to enable the Committee on Enter-
tainment to prepare a list of papers to be read before the
Association.

On re-assembling, Dr. Henshall, from the Committee on
Entertainment, reported as follows :

That papers by the gentlemen whose names are given
below would be read: Fred Mather, Hoyt Post, Dr. R. O.
Sweeny, Hershel Whittaker, Emory D. Potter, Dr. J. A.
Henshall, John M. Bissell, John Gay, and William P. Seal.

On motion of Hershel Whittaker, of Michigan, the
President was authorized to appoint a committee of three
to draft resolutions expressing the sentiments of the Society
as to the bill of Senator Paddock relating to the United
States Fish Commission now before the Congress of the
United States. The President appointed Hershel Whit-
taker, of Michigan, C. V. Osborne, of Ohio, and W. L.
Powell, of Pennsylvania, as such committee.

The following persons were proposed for membership in
the Society, and by unanimous consent were duly elected :
Charles F. Imbry and George T. Moon, of New York (pro-
posed by E. G. Blackford); Hon. Seymour Brown, of
Deerfield, Mich. (proposed by Hershel Whittaker) ;
William P. Seal, Washington, D. C., and A. H. Miller,
1020 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia (proposed by
Henry ©. Ford); Hon. J. J. Stranahan, Chagrin Falls;

11

Ohio (proposed by J. A. Henshall), and Hon. Emory D.
Potter, Sandusky, Ohio (proposed by Fred Mather).

On motion of Dr. R. O. Sweeny, Washington, D. C.,
was chosen as the place for holding the next meeting of
the Association.

On motion of Hershel Whittaker, of Michigan, the
question as to the time for holding the next meeting was
made a special order for the evening session.

On motion of C. V. Osborne, of Ohio, the Secretary was
directed to write the members of the Fishing Club at
Middle Bass Island to attend the evening session of the
Society.

Dr. Sweeny, of Minnesota, moved that Mr. Hasbrouck, of
the Castalia Trout Club, be invited to sit with the Society
during its-sessions.

The motion was unanimously adopted.

The President read letters, regretting their inability to
be present at the meeting, from Col. Marshall McDonald,
W. T. Dennis, N. D. Tomlin, Charles G. Atkins, and
W. P. Seal.

The reading of papers then began and continued for some
time. These papers will be found in full in Part Second of
the proceedings.

Dr. R. O. Sweeny moved that the question as to the
advisability of printing an edition of the reports of the
Society from its organization be referred to the Executive
Committee.

The motion was unanimously adopted.

Henry C. Ford, President of the Fish Commission of
Pennsylvania, addressed the meeting on the work of the
Pennsylvania Fish Commission, and gave testimony as to
the value of fish-ways. He said that large numbers of shad
have been seen ascending the fish-ways at Lackawaxen.

On motion, Dr. R. O. Sweeny was permitted to read
two papers by title, which papers the Secretary was directed
to print in the annual report.

12

A number of interesting papers were read, after which,
on motion, a recess was taken until 8 P.M.

Minutes of an adjourned meeting of the American Fish-
eries Society, held Wednesday, May 14,at 8 p.m., in the
parlor of the Beebe House, Put-in-Bay, Ohio.

Reading of the minutes of the afternoon session was on
motion dispensed with.

Henry C. Ford, of Pennsylvania, proposed for member-
ship C. T. Hasbrouck, of Cleveland, Ohio; Dr. J. A. Hen-
shall, of Ohio, proposed Mr. J. E. Gunkell, of Toledo, Ohio.

By unanimous consent the by-laws were set aside, and
the gentlemen elected to membership by acclamation.

Hershel Whittaker, of Michigan, from the committee
appointed for the purpose, reported the following pream-
ble and resolution, which, upon motion, were unanimously
adopted :

Whereas there is now pending before Congress a prop-
osition to change the organization of the United States Fish
Commission, attach it and make its chief and employes of
every grade and position subject to the appointment and
removal by the Secretary of Agriculture, which legisla-
tion we feel to be directly inimical and prejudicial to the
progress and proper consummation of the original
intent and present practical and efficient work of the
Commission ;

Resolved, That the American Fisheries Society, which for
the past twenty years has been actively interested both in
the science and practical development of fish culture, does
most earnestly and emphatically protest against such
legislation, and therefore would respectfully urge our
Senators and Representatives, by every proper means, to
oppose and defeat such obnoxious enactment,

On motion, the Secretary was instructed to have these
resolutions printed and sent to every Senator and Repre-
sentative in Congress.

Mr, Mather, from the committee appointed to make nom-

13

inations for officers for the Society for the ensuing year,
presented the following report:

To the American Fisheries Society :

Your Committee on Nominations for officers would re-
spectfully report the following :

President, EUGENE G. BLACKFORD....New York City.
Vice-President, Dk. JAMES A. HENSHALL, Cincinnati, O.
Treasurer, HENRY C. FORD........... Philadelphia, Pa.
Recording Secretary, EDWARD P. DOYLE, New York City.
Cor. Sec’y, Dr. TARLETON H. BEAN, Washington, D. C.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

a) LD MA oChaitmean S30 4... LPOOTSE . Fremont, Neb.
HERSEEL, WHITTAKER. . -j.0<. -e ssi ... Detroit, Mich.
CALVERT SPENSLEY.............Mineral Point, Wis.
Mires Ee ATARI ook ge Stee Oe, Sa Ged Me
fog WM ALL SOB. yt gh ee St .Hartford, Conn.
JA MERA GRINON cBON Gijessioend! cnalaeny Pittsburg, Pa.
DE Ry CORMSEY 3S WEEN Y 23.) /ud, Sadids Duluth, Minn.

On motion, the report of the committee was received and
accepted.

Upon motion, the Secretary was then directed to cast one
ballot for the officers recommended by the Committee on
Nominations, which was done, and the President declared
the officers named duly elected.

The special order for the evening session then came up,
and it was moved and seconded that the next annual meet-
ing of the Society be held at Washington, D. C., the second
Wednesday in February, 1891.

The motion was put and carried.

14

At this point Mr. Osborne, from the Committee on Enter-
tainment, explained the character of the excursions to be
made on the following day, and gave the necessary infor-
mation to the members as to the time of leaving.

A paper was then read by Hon. E. D. Potter, of Ohio
(see Part Second), on Origin of Artificial Propagation of
Fishes in the United States.

On motion of Dr. Cary, thanks of the Society were voted
Mr. Potter at the conclusion of his paper.

Mr. Broman, of Put-in-Bay, one of the oldest fishermen
of that place, gave the Society some interesting information
as to the habits of white-fish.

A paper was read by Dr. J. A. Henshall, as to fish pro-
tection. (See Part Second.)

A paper by John A. Bissell, of Michigan, entitled ‘‘ The
Grayling,’ and one by the same gentleman entitled ‘* Mich-
igan White-fish Hatchery,’’ were ordered printed. (See
Part Second.)

Mr. Ford, of Pennsylvania, read a paper prepared by
John Gay and William P. Seal, of the U. 8S. White-fish
Commission, entitled ‘‘ Past and Present Aspect of Fish-
culture,’ with an inquiry of what may be done further to
promote and develop the science. (See Part Second.)

Mr. Fred Mather moved to reconsider the vote by whi
the date of the next annual meeting was fixed.

The motion was carried.

The question then recurred on the original motion.

Mr. Whittaker moved to amend so that the meeting
should be held the last Wednesday in May.

The amendment was adopted.

The original motion was then carried.

W. L. May, of Nebraska, offered the f ollowing reso
lution, which, upon motion, was adopted :

Resolved, That this Society urge upon the different State
Fish Commissioners the necessity of sending to future
annual meetings the Superintendents of their respective

15

State Hatcheries at the expense of proper funds under their
control.
On motion the meeting then adjourned.

EDWARD P. DOYLE,
Recording Secretary.

Pei” aC WIN,

EGGS OF PIKE-PERCH—S. Vitreum.
By Frep MATHER.

On April 25 of the current year I had some eggs of this
fish in hand. They were not in good order on receipt, but
there were hopes of some. On looking up the literature of
the hatching of pike-perch, but little was to be found
beyond statistics, and that little was in the reports of this
Society, in an article by Mr. James Nevin. On measuring
the eggs, my estimate of the number in 2 quart greatly
exceeds that of Mr. Nevin, who gives it as 100,000.

From my notes, taken at the time of receiving the eggs
(in water), I find the following: the eggs measure thirteen
to the linear inch, 169 to the square inch, and 2,197 to the
eubic inch. As there are 57,775 cubic inches in a quart,
there would seem to be 126,931 eggs in it; but the above
calculation is made on the supposition that the eggs would
be piled up in such a way that their diameters are in line,
thereby wasting the greatest space in the interstices. As
this is not the zase, I have, after careful counting and esti-
mating, added 350 eggs to each thousand for this filling of
chinks, land in this case the addition would be 44,450,
making the total number of pike-perch eggs in a quart to
be, in round numbers, 171,000, which I believe to be nearly

16

correct if the eggs measure thirteen to the linear inch, as
mine did.

In the last report of the New York Fishery Commission
I gave an estimate of the number of eggs in a common sun-
fish, but did not add for the filling of interstices. After-
wards I gave the facts to a newspaper man at more length,
and he printed the following:

‘‘Last summer Mr. Fred Mather, Superintendent of the
New York Fishery Commission, computed the eggs in one
of our common pond sun-fishes. The extreme length of the
fish, including the caudal fin, was 64 inches, and its weight
was 54 ounces. The fish was captured on June 16, and was
nearly ready to spawn; the weight of the ovaries was 1}
ounces. The eggs measured twenty-eight to the inch,
making 21,962 to the cubic inch. The displacement of the
ovaries in water was a trifle over two cubic inches, and the
number was estimated, in round numbers, to be 44,000—a
most enormous number forso small a fish. This fish makes
a nest in the sand or gravel near the edge of ponds or on
shallow spots, and, according to Mr. Mather, it is the male
fish which guards off intruders after the eggs are laid—a
fact not known to ichthyologists, who study fishes after
they have been kept in alcohol.”

Adding 350 eggs to each thousand, for closest packing,
and the total in this smali fish would reach 58,000, a figure
that I believe to be a more correct one.

CoLp Spring Hargor, N. Y., April 30, 1890.

THE. DETROIT WHITE-BISH SEA LION.
By J. H. Bissett, or MICHIGAN.

Among the notable fish-cultural establishments of the
United States, there is one of which very little has been
said in the public press outside of the State. It is the
White-fish Hatching-house of the Michigan Fish Com-
mission, located at Detroit.

17

The commercial value of the white-fish very early attracted
attention to its artificial culture, after it began to be in-
quired about and discussed whether any fishes could be
advantageously cultivated by artificial methods. Even in
the early sixties attempts were made at it—of course, crude
and, in the main, unsuccessful—but still they were steps
ahead and in the right direction.

It was not, however, until a Fishery Commission had
been reluctantly granted by the Legislature in 1873 that
efforts were made in the systematic way necessary to
insure success. After two years of hatching by contract
with a private individual, Orren M. Chase came from Cale-
donia, N. Y., and erected a humble building near the river
front, in Detroit, on a rented lot. The house was about
20x50 feet, one story, and battoned. It was equipped with
Holton boxes, which, in their day, were the best known
apparatus for that work. A few years of observation on
the working of the Holton box showed to the clear mind of
Orren Chase a better way, one which has held its place for
twelve years, and has not been improved upon yet—that is,
the glass jar. There is not space here to go into the history
of the evolution of Mr. Chase’s idea ; it was, like most inven-
tions, a series of experiments which, step by step, led the
seeker after truth, who steadfastly follows true principles,
to a correct conclusion.

The glass jar furnished the eggs a regulated flow of
water upward, which gives constant motion, keeping the
eggs clean and preventing the dead or imperfectly fecun-
dated ones from injuring the sound ones. Besides enabling
the handling of a very much greater number of eggs with a
given water supply and a given room space, by using the
Same water over and over; it allows two persons to take
better care of 40,000,000 eggs than eight or ten persons could
of 10,000,000. This house contained 212 jars, with a capacity
each of about 140,000, making the aggregate of the house, if
all were filled, of nearly 30,000,000. In 1883 the Legislature

18

furnished the means for erecting and equipping the present
house. It is located at the corner of Champlain Street and
Campau Avenue, in a nice residence neighborhood, and
has often been mistaken for a plain church. Its dimen-
sions are 40x 80 feet, with a wing 38x55 feet. The main
building is a single room full length and width, excepting
a small office and bedroom partitioned off from one corner.
The floor is of solid concrete. The water supply is from
the city water-supply pipes in the adjoining streets, the
connections being equal to five one-inch pipes.

The equipment was 312 glass jars of larger size than used
in the old house, as they showed, by actual measurement
and count for three seasons, an average of 156,000 to the
jar, making a total for the house of 48,672,000 white-fish
eggs.

This house was very carefully constructed with a view to
maintaining an equable temperature. Outside of the stud-
ding it is sheathed with common boards, over which very
heavy building-paper is placed, and the clapboards outside
of that.

The space above the ceiling being quite large, is opened
at both ends and covered with sloping boards; three aper-
tures were left from this space connecting with the main
room of the house, which are controlled by hatches.

The windows are all rather high, and on the inside are
supplied with wooden slat-shades, which allow of regu-
lating the light as desired. It is generally understood that
no more light should be admitted than is necessary for the
proper handling of the eggs.

Over the wing are large storage-rooms for the cans and
other apparatus necessary about such an establishment.

The jars stand on frames about twelve feet high, placed
the long way of the house, each frame carrying on its out-
sides rows of the jars one above the other. Within the
frame are alternate feed-troughs for water supply to the
jars and the wasteways into which the water flows from the

19

lips of the jars, there being a feed-trough and waste for each
row of jars. The jar-frames were about twenty-three feet
apart at one end, and they were connected by cross-tanks
or troughs, by which the waste water from one side was
carried across the house to the feed-trough on the other
frame. The large cross-tank on the floor into which the
water finally flowed, and in which the young fish were
gathered in hatching-time, was connected with a long tank
extending between the jar-frames, 48 feet in length, 4 feet
wide, and 23 feet deep.

In 1888 a hatching-house on the Little Traverse Bay was
given up, and its complement of jars were accommodated
in the Detroit house, making its number of jars 520 and
the house capacity over seventy millions. In 1889 the
house was remodelled within by the erection of two addi-
tional frames, taking out the central tanks, and making
each frame carry four tiers of jars on each side. The
number of jars was increased to 1,125, giving the house
now a capacity of carrying 150,000,000 white-fish ova.
By the new arrangement the storage-tanks for the
young fish, four in number, are placed in the wing, or
tank-house, the storage-tanks there being connected by
siphons to the. collecting-tanks in the main or jar-house,
for transferring the young fish.

This house is supplied with a steam-boiler and pump.
The boiler answers the double purpose of heating in ex-
tremely cold weather, and furnishes power for the pump
in case of accident to the water supply occasioning a stop-
page of water from the city mains; the pump will lift the
water from the tanks on the floor to the upper trough, and
use the same water over and over as long as needed. The
house is furnished with a stove, and that most necessary ad-
junct for ventilation—an open fire. Every hatching-house
ought to be provided with a good, large, open fireplace to
keep it dry by proper ventilation. There is no provision that
can be made for the comfort of the men equal to that.

20

The present season there are about 900 jars filled in this
house, the take of eggs in Detroit River in November last
not being sufficient to fill the jars. However, with the
average hatch, the house will turn out about 121,566,000
white-fish fry, to be planted in April and May, 1890, in
Michigan waters.

The Detroit hatching-house, as constructed and equipped
in 1883, cost about $6,500; its subsequent improvement
and alteration, with increased apparatus, about $4,000
more. How such an establishment is stocked with eggs,
as it requires nearly one hundred solid bushels, and how
its millions of product are planted, it will take another
article to tell.

ON THE DESIRABILITY OF THE ESTABLISHMENT,
OF GREAT PUBLIC AQUARIA IN THE
UNITED 'SDATES:

By WituiaAM P. SEAL.

The beginning of the development of great public aquaria
in the United States will undoubtedly be hailed by anglers,
fish-culturists, biologists, and as well by the general public,
as a ‘‘consummation devoutly to be wished.’’ Some past
experiences in this direction offer but little encouragement
if not positive discouragement, in this direction. But, as
in all advances in human knowledge, there is an experi-
mental stage of development by which, through repeated
failure, there comes finally a general knowledge of the
conditions required for success. In the case of fishes,
living in another element, the difficulties in providing
them with suitable conditions are apparently greater than
with land animals. There is the necessity of providing for
fishes in an artificial condition an abundance of oxygen, or
air, the amount of which, in suspension in water, from
various causes, is exceedingly variable, therefore requiring
an artificial system of aeration.

21

There is, no doubt, a more rapid accumulation of car-
bonic acid gas and other deleterious gases in the water.
There is the difficulty of providing suitable food. There is
also the delicate nature of fishes to contend against ; the fun-
gus growths which infect them wherever scratched or bruised,
or in weak or diseased condition, and the numbers of parasites
infesting them, some of which are very destructive.

And yet, upon a fair examination, it may be said that,
in the present state of our knowledge, the handling of fish, or
the keeping of them in captivity, is probably attended with
but little, if any, greater mortality than is usual in the keep-
ing of any but domestic animals. And even among do-
mestic animals the ravages of epidemics are frequent, and
the unaccountable deaths occur at times in quite as great
a proportion as ever occur among wild animals in captivity.

The fact that some species of animals are more amenable
to the conditions of captivity than others, and that the
same is true of the individuals of a species, is, of course,
generally understood; but it is not usually recognized in
such a way as to make the knowledge of practical value
by providing for each the conditions necessary for their
comfort and happiness. We recognize this necessity in
providing for our pet animals or our stock, because this is
a matter that comes home to the individual; but in our
aggregations of animals for purposes of exhibition or obser-
vation, through a false economy generally, or, perhaps,
often through ignorance of the real necessities (for such
work is often taken up by inexperienced persons), we
provide what may be called comfortable prisons for the
confinement of animals whose natures chafe at all restraint,
and whose natural instincts are thus wholly checked and
thwarted; the sexual instinct, that of migration, hiber-
nation, the variation of food and temperature, and, in the
case of certain fishes, perhaps, a necessity for a change of
character of water—fresh, salt, or brackish, as required—
and the activity possible in greater space, ete.

22

When we consider that we may confine the smaller
species of fishes, such as the gold-fish, minnows, shiners,
sticklebacks, darters, and others, in ordinary aquaria,
which, owing to the small size of the fish, give them
considerable room, and have them to live contentedly,
spawn naturally, and live in every respect, apparently
as happily as in their native waters, it becomes ap-
parent that when we provide conditions proportionately
adequate, we may expect the same results with any of our
fishes. The desirability of the accomplishment of such
results needs no argument to the mind of the fish culturist.
It is, in fact, the only way in which we may obtain a
knowledge of the habits of many of our fishes, hidden as
they are from our view in the depths of the waters. To
the biologist the opportunities afforded for investigation
by such means are very great and of increasing necessity.
To the general public, as a means of recreation and educa-
tion in a branch of knowledge in which the ignorance is
very great, but in which the popular interest is equally
great, the value of great public aquaria would be well
worthy a general popular support.

It is quite apparent that in most of the attempts hereto-
fore made to establish aquaria in the United States, the con-
ditions established were such as from our present knowl-
edge we can say were inimical to any permanent success.

Of course, it should be understood that we are at present
but on the threshold of our knowledge in this direction ;
but we may claim that there are certain great principles
underlying success in the keeping of living things in
healthy and happy condition, and that a violation of these
plain requirements invites certain failure.

From a standpoint of practical experience established by
years of observation, in accordance with these principles,
and in view of minor results actually achieved, we may
now confidently proceed to the successful establishment of
great aquaria.

23

A brief explanation of these fundamental principles may
be necessary for a proper understanding of the subject from
the writer’s standpoint. It is well known that many ani-
mals, when held in restraint, exhibit all the symptoms
of fear, grief, rage, etc., and frequently refuse all food,
and pine and die. Many birds will beat themselves to
death on the wires of their cages. All such restraint,
evidently involving great suffering, is necessarily cruel and
objectionable from that standpointalone. From a financial
standpoint it is altogether objectionable, because the great
mortality resulting from keeping animals in an unhealthy
or unhappy condition makes the expense of maintenance
of great collections of animals of any kind too great for
financial return for private enterprise, or for popular sup-
port for educational purposes,

The attempts heretofore made in this direction in the
United States, as well as the known financial aspects of
the establishment of aquaria abroad, and of zoological
gardens as well abroad and at home, justify the statements
herein made. There is nothing to be gained by ignoring
them. Whatever advance is made in the future must
come from a recognition of the general principles herein
sought to be explained. The establishment of the
National Zoological Garden at Washington, under the
direct management of a naturalist who has studied animals
in their natural homes and haunts, instead of in books,
promises to make a departure in such work in many re-
spects, in a closer approximation of natural conditions, as
far, at least, as the limited extent of space provided will
allow. A much greater park, such as the entire Rock
Creek Valley would make, affording all the room and vari-
ability of surroundings necessary to the contentment of
animals of widely divergent natures, would only be worthy
of so great a country.

In the establishment of great aquaria, when the subject
assumes an importance deserving consideration, it will be

24

found that to follow in the methods of the past will, as
heretofore, be to invite failure. The question of, in a
measure at least, imitating natural conditions underlies all
success. There can be no further question of its necessity,
whether with aquatic or terrestrial animals. In regard to
the mere question of space, it has been found with fishes
that those which it is impossible to keep in an aquarium of
a certain size, will live comfortably in one considerably
larger. This has been tested in the cases of a number of
species very difficult to keep, and it may be emphatically
stated as a principle that as the area or space allotted to
animals in captivity increases, the symptoms of depression
will decrease and the difficulties in keeping them diminish
in a like ratio.

In the question of fishes, the question of the purity of the
aquarium is one of the greatest importance. The oxida-
tion of metals, the decomposition of paints, and the gal-
vanic action resulting from the use of more than one metal
in salt water, are all inimical to success. The further inju-
rious effects of the decomposition of organic matter, the
food or excreta of fishes, etc., in combination with the
first-mentioned elements of injury, still further increase
the difficulty. Thus the necessity for purity or freedom
from injurious chemical action in tanks or circulatory
apparatus is one of the principles upon which success
depends.

It has been satisfactorily demonstrated that an abundance
of light, and at least some sunlight, is necessary for the
healthy development of aquatic plants. This is probably
true of almost all living things. The healthy development
of plant-life in its turn has its beneficial effect on the de-
velopment of animal life, aside from the direct benefits
conferred by the action of sunlight in liberating oxygen.
Even where animals live in a state of semi-darkness, con-
cealed among stones or plants, the air or the water pene-
trating to their homes is revivitied by the potent influence

25

of sunlight. The establishment of an aquarium therefore
demands, as one of the conditions of success, an abundance
of light, the same conditions, in fact, necessary to life in
the pond. The closer we approach this ideal, the greater
the success will be.

The establishment of a marine aquarium at Washington
by the United States Fish Commission has furnished the
means of making many interesting observations, and has
practically demonstrated that it is possible to maintain
marine aquaria away from the sea without very great diifi-
culty and without greater mortality, probably, than is usnal
where the water may be pumped directly from the sea.
The chief difficulties are in the transportation of fishes
from the sea without injury, some of them being of very
delicate nature. This is more easily accomplished at a
time when the temperature is moderate, being neither at
one extreme nor the other. The control of temperature in
the aquarium, owing to our extremes of heat and cold, is
a matter of some difficulty, but must be overcome as an
element of success. The more nearly we can approach an
equalization of temperature, the more satisfactory will be
the results, no doubt.

The Washington Marine Aquarium is built ina green-
house-like annex to the central station of the United States
Fish Commission. This style of structure affords the
necessary light. Twenty-four aquaria, of from sixty to
seventy tive-gallons capacity each, are arranged to form a
gallery in a cavern or grotto built in imitation of rock,
which is lighted wholly by the daylight passing through
the water from above; 6,000) gallons of water are used.
This is pumped from a brick reservoir outside to a tank at
an elevation of about forty feet, from which it descends
under the resulting pressure—about twenty pounds—into
the aquaria through very small glass nozzles, thus effect-
inga most efficient aeration. The materials of construction
of aquaria, reservoir tanks, circulatory apparatus, ete.—

‘

26

everything with which the water comes in contact—are
hard and soft rubber, wood, slate, glass, and brick, nothing
whatever of an injurious character. Most of the loss of
salt water is supplied by water made sufficiently salt by
the use of sea salt. Asa result of the abundance of light
afforded, the slate backs and sides of the aquarinm, and
the bare stones placed in them, are being gradually covered
with a dense growth of alge developed directly from the
spores of alge brought from the sea, just as it is seen de-
veloping on sea-walls and rocks, something, perhaps, alto-
gether unknown under the usual unfavorable conditions.
The observations of the habits of fishes afforded by these
aquaria have been of great popular interest, while the
advantages of the observations to the general work of fish
culture in opening up new avenues for experiment in prac-
tical work may prove to be considerable.

Some recent statements concerning the breeding habits
of the common sunfish elicited the fact that the knowledge
of the subject is not positive. Referring to this, Prof.
Theodore N. Gill was led to say to the writer that ‘‘ it is
a Shame that we know so little of the habits of our com-
monest fishes.’”? To which might be pertinently added, it
is ashame that the facilities afforded for observation of
fishes are so limited.

It is to be hoped that a great aquarium may be developed
in connection with the work of the United States Fish
Commission, inasmuch as in addition to its practical use-
fulness to that organization, and its great popular interest,
the experience there afforded will be of general public
benefit in affording a sure basis of practical knowledge
upon which the great cities of the country or institutions
of learning may draw when they decide to take up such
work.

27

GRAYLING IN MICHIGAN.
BY JOHN H. BISSELL, OF MICHIGAN.

Having been asked some questions about this rare
member of the salmon family, I assume that the subject
may be of interest to your readers who are anglers.

Where is the Michigan grayling found to-day? Any
one really wishing to know may take a map of Michi-
gan to follow my answer. Begin at a point on Sag-
inaw Bay at the mouth of Saginaw River, and draw a
line west by southwest to the mouth of the Muskegon
River, on Lake Michigan, and all of the grayling waters
are to the north and west of your line. Let us start again
at the same point on Saginaw Bay and fo low the coast
northward towards the Straits. The first stream of any
size is the Rifle River. I am informed upon good authority
that grayling have been found within the past three or
four years in the Rifle and its tributaries. I am not
sure that the appearance of the fish there is of so recent a
date as my informant believed, but with a fairly extended
knowledge of such matters I had never before heard of
their being there. There is no reason why they might not
live and flourish in the Rifle, as its waters are suitable.

The next river to the north is the Au Sable, where gray-
ling have been known since 1841. This is one of the most
famous of fishing-grounds. While to those who fifteen
years ago used to kill from one to two hundred grayling a
day, this river seems to be ‘‘ fished out ;’’ it still furnishes
fair sport to the humble philosopher who is satisfied with
a moderate reward for his day’s work.

To the north, in Presque Isle, Montmorency, and Alpena
counties, is the Thunder Bay River, with its numerous
branches of fine water. I have never heard of grayling in
any of them, but from their situation and the character of
the waters, Ishould want good proof that grayling were not
to be found in the head-waters of this system. This is des-

28

tined to be a great brook-trout region, as the railway facil-
ities now permit its being stocked.

The Pigeon and Sturgeon rivers, flowing nearly north
into the Straits of Mackinac, at Sheboygan, are well
stocked with grayling.

From the Straits around to the head of Grand Traverse
Bay are the rivers and brooks which contained brook-trout
before any were planted by the State. Originally there
were grayling in all these streams, but for twenty years or
more these fish have been so scarce here that they have
really ceased to be grayling streams. South of the Board-
man River, which flows into Grand Traverse Bay to our
imaginary line, is a distinctively ‘‘ grayling country.”’
The main rivers are the Manistee and the Muskegon, the
whole region spoken of being drained by their tributaries,
except two much shorter streams, the Pere Marquette and
W hite rivers.

This comprises the grayling region of Michigan. There
is one stream on the Upper Peninsula, about twenty miles
from Houghton, where grayling are found—the east or
north branch of the Ontonogon River, crossed by the
DeS25; we. Rai.

The rivers and their branches above mentioned are most
conveniently reached from the interior of the State by the
Michigan Central Railway (Mackinaw Division) for the
eastern and northern, and by the Grand Rapids, Indiana,
& Chicago and West Michigan for the western streams.

Over a large part of the territory described the grayling
has beyond question become very scarce, mainly by reason
of the indiscriminate fishing of the citizens, lumbermen,
and hunters, as well as fishermen from other States. The
lumbermen and hunter have speared and netted and used
dynamite for meat during the close season. The others
have killed more than they could use. The running of
logs has undoubtedly done great injury to the grayling
by the disturbance of their spawning beds, as they use the

29

channel of the main stream, not seeking the brooklets and
shoals, as the trout usually do. Still there are grayling
yet to be had, and most delightful sport it is to capture
them with delicate tackle.

Nothing has been done by the State for preserving the
grayling beyond experiments to determine to what extent
the grayling can be bred in captivity like the brook-trout.
The experiments have not been successful. Grayling kept
in stock-ponds have gone for several seasons without show-
ing any signs of spawning. The experiment is now being
prosecuted in a large wild-pond—that is, a portion of a
natural grayling stream screened off, where the fish re-
main in entirely natural conditions of bottom and shade
without any molestation. Unless the approaching spawn-
ing season turns out better than 1888 and 1889, I think the
State Fishery Commission will conclude that the only
feasible way to increase the grayling will be to establish
one or more camps on the Manistee, or other stream where
spawners can be secured, and handle the fish there, taking
the eggs from fish caught in spawning season, as is done
with white-fish and shad, and hatching in shad-boxes or
some similar appliance, in the river, turning loose the fry
intended for the stream where operations are conducted
and transporting to other localities in carrying-cans.

There is no doubt that if nothing is done to save them
they will become practically extinct in the next five or
ten years.

There are some inaccessible places where they will un-
doubtedly linger many years; but they are or will become
practically extinct when they are so few and so scattered
that their pursuit no longer furnishes reasonable sport to
a reasonable and modest angler.

The grayling waters of Michigan are cold, clear, rapid
streams, flowing through bottom-lands and sand regions,
and in no case, to my knowledge, over rock formations,
an alternation of the most beautiful ripples and pools.

30

EXPERIMENTS IN THE IMPREGNATION OF PIKE-
PERCH EGGS.

By HersCHEL WHITAKER, OF MICHIGAN.

The eggs of the wall-eyed pike, after having been for
some time in water, measure about two millimeters (about
1-12th of an inch) indiameter. The egg has an‘enveloping
membrane (or zona radiata) of the usual form. Outside
this is a second thinner membrane, which wrinkles and
stains more deeply in the hematoxylin than does the
inner zona radiata. The eggs are very adhesive, and it is
to this outer membrane that the adhesiveness is due.
‘There is probably also a third membrane within the zone,
but this has not been determined with certainty. Within
these membranes is the yolk, having a diameter of 1.4 mm.
(about 1-18th of an inch). The yolk is spherical, and in
one side of it is imbedded a spherical oil-drop having a
diameter of .8 mm. (about 1-31st of an inch). The oil-
drop causes the surface of the yolk-sphere to protrude to
one side. The oil-drop being lighter than the yolk, is
always turned upward, so that in looking at the egg from
above the oil-drop appears to be in the middle of the yolk,
while in looking at the egg from the side the oil-drop
appears to be at the top of the yolk.

I shall speak of that pole of the yolk in which the oil-
drop is imbedded as the upper pole, and of the opposite
side as the lower pole. A line drawn about the yolk, half
way between these two poles, will be spoken of as the
equator. When the egg is at rest the lower pole of the
yolk rests upon the egg membranes, so that the space
which separates the yolk from the zona is altogether above
and at the side of the yolk and oil-drop. This space may
be spoken of as the breathing space. Surrounding the
yolk and oil-drop is a layer of protoplasm, which forms an
investment for them and separates them from the water in
the breathing space.

31

This layer of protoplasm is extremely thin over the
greater part of the yolk, and is tightly stretched over the
protuberance formed by the oil-globule. It is not, how-
ever, uniformly thin, but in one place has a disk-shaped
thickening. This thick disk of protoplasm (germinal disk)
is concave towards the yolk and convex on its opposite
side, and is fitted like a saucer against one side of the
yolk. Its position is such that its center is upon the
equator of the yolk, so that in looking at the egg from
above one sees the edge of the germinal disk. Outside the
disk the layer of enveloping protoplasm is so thin that it
cannot be easily seen except by the use of reagents. So
long as the yolk is within this enveloping layer of proto-
plasm it is entirely transparent and colorless. If the en-
veloping layer be ruptured so that the yolk passes out
and comes into contact with the water, it becomes instantly
opaque and of a milk-white color.

The foregoing description applies to the egg after it has
been some time in the water. As the egg leaves the
female the egg membranes are not separated from the yolk
by a water-filled space, but are everywhere in close contact
with the layer of protoplasm which invests the yolk.
When the egg is placed in water, the water passes rapidly
through the egg membranes and accumulates between
them and the yolk. In this way the membrane becomes
gradually separated from the yolk by a water-filled space
—‘‘ the breathing space.”’

By this passage of water through the membranes they
become tightly stretched and tense, so that an egg which
at first feels under the finger like a piece of soft putty,
becomes hard to the touch by the absorption of water, and
feels like a shot. This ‘‘filling’’ of the egg takes about
two hours.

The foregoing account of the structure of the egg is
sufficient to an understanding of the mechanical arrange-
ments that it presents.

32

As it seemed likely that forsome reason a large per cent.
of the eggs failed to be impregnated, my attention was
first directed to determining the first differences between
impregnated and unimpregnated eggs.

In order to determine the question with certainty for
this particular animal, the following experiment was
tried (quoted from note-book) :

APRIL 16, 8:45 A.M.

After washing the surface of the body of a female fish
in the region of the external opening with weak acetic
acid, in order to destroy any spermatozoa, the eggs were
stripped into dishes containing water. Into one dish milt
was immediately stripped ; the other was left without milt.
These were marked lot 1 and lot 2 respectively.

Lot 1. Examined at 1:45 p.m. (the eggs having been kept
in a cold room), and found segmentation going on. The
germinal disk is divided into either two or four cells.

Lot 2. Examined 8 a.m., April 17th, twenty-four hours
after impregnating lot 1. The eggs were firmly set in a
mass on the bottom of the dish. One hundred taken at
random were examined with following results:

Showing normal germinal disk without trace

OF SCOMENtAMON 6 chee. mye ee 82— 824
Showing abnormal germinal disk with aac laile
traces of first or second segmentation. .... 4— 4%

Injured by rupture of protoplasmic invest-
ment of yolk, so that yolk had escaped

and egg had ‘turned white’... -.. 6s: +. 14— 144%
Dota se: SRR ES LD ese 100 100%

This experiment was pceigaieds repeated without, how-
ever, counting the eggs, and always with the same result.

Segmentation of the germinal disk is, therefore, the first
easily recognized sign of impregnation.

In order to determine the percentage of unimpregnated
eggs among those taken by the men and ready for ship-

33

ment to the Detroit hatchery, the following counts were
made :

April 17th, 1 p.m., 252 eggs taken at random from a
tub, after stirring the eggs in the tub, were examined with
the following results :

Segmented normally (i.e., impregnated)......... 141— 56%
Unsegmented, normally (not impregnated)...... 26— 11%
Injured by escape of yolk (white eggs)....... 85— 33%

Potala dias. Shae hes cats - . ...-202=1004

The eggs marked as unimpregnated were set aside,
and were found to be still unsegmented after twenty-four
hours.

This was several times repeated on other lots of eggs,
with similar results.

It shows that about 33% of the eggs are injured mechan-
ically by the rupture of the protoplasmic investment of the
yolk, while only about 11% perish from lack of impregna-
tion. Even superficial examination shows that in nearly
every case this rupture of the yolk takes place over the
oil-globule. A consideration of the mechanical arrange-
ment of the parts of the eggs shows that this is its weak
spot.

In the natural position the yolk sphere lies with its
lower half against the egg membranes. These membranes,
therefore, support this half of the yolk, surrounding it as
if it were resting at the bottom of a cup.

The upper half of the yolk is, on the contrary, not of
the same form as the investing membranes; its spherical
surface is interrupted by the protruding oil-globule.

The result of this arrangement is that when any pressure
is brought to bear on the egg membranes, so that the space
within which the yolk lies is reduced, the yolk is able to
resist this pressure by fitting itself against the egg mem-
brane at every part of its surface except over the oil-

34

globule. The strain, therefore, comes on that part of the
protoplasmic investment of the yolk which covers the oil-
globule, and here it bursts. In almost every case the white
spot which indicates the rupture of the yolk investment
makes its appearance at the oil-globule, usually at its
equator.

Owing to the fact that the eggs are adhesive, it is the
practice of the men in taking them to stir the eggs with
the hand. By this means they detach the eggs that have
adhered to the sides of the pail, and separate from one
another those that have adhered together in bunches.
This stirring takes place shortly after the eggs are placed
in the pail and before they have filled with water. In this
condition the space between the membranes and yolk is
either absent or it is so small that it forms rather an aid
than a hinderance to the bursting of the yolk investment.

It is therefore desirable to find some means of handling
the eggs so they will not adhere to the vessel in which they
are placed, and so they will not adhere to one another to
such an extent as to render it necessary to separate them
by the hand.

As to the first point, the men handling the eggs have
found that they do not adhere to an ordinary unpainted
wooden pail which by use has become rough inside, while
they do adhere to the galvanized iron pails now in use. I
have observed that while the eggs adhere strongly to glass,
they adhere but slightly to cloth. I have no doubt that
by the substitution of wooden pails for metal this difficulty
will be overcome.

It is likely that a metal surface might be oiled or other-
wise so prepared as to prevent the adhering of the eggs.

With regard to the second point, it has been found that
if water be added to the eggs very slowly, while at the
same time they are kept in motion by rocking the con-
taining vessel, they do not then adhere to one another.
This is true whether or not milt be mixed with the water.

35

Two lots of eggs were taken from the female and placed
in two similar glass dishes, and to one milt was added.
Water was then gradually added to each lot with con-
tinual agitation of the eggs by rocking the dishes.
This was continued until the dishes had been tilled with
water and until the eggs had ‘‘filled.’’ In neither dish did
the eggs adhere to one another or to the dishes. Eggs
taken from either dish and transferred to another dish
containing a larger quantity of water adhered at once.

In order to test the effect on the eggs of not introducing
the hand, about two quarts of eggs were impregnated in
a galvanized iron pail. The water was added slowly and
the pail kept in motion. The eggs did not adhere to one
another, but adhered in a layer one or two eggs thick
over the bottom and sides of the pail. Without distrib-
uting those eggs that had adhered to the pail, those in the
center were removed, and 154, taken at random, were
examined with results as follows:

Pryarede esr. 90 Se Re TT as 15= 10¢
Mot. uipresnated . 00550. See ee ee eee O— 0%
Impregnated and afterwards segmented.........139= 904

ited tay ech dane St ees an ee ie Oe

A second trial resulted as follows:

Ra uaed ist teeth wc. oe abpad dee pep stents a’ 12— 7%
Not unpropnated: >i. 9 seis beeps oo smth aes 2— 1%
Pi prcgmnted isis: bovsh« 06 De. cage oa wees oes l65— 924

Tt a ta a ie a le ....-179=100%

An attempt was made to determine the result of using a
wooden pail and taking account of all of the eggs, whether
they had adhered to the pail or not. About a quart of
eggs was used, and they were examined shortly after being
impregnated. They had not adhered to the pail nor to
one another, and the percentage of injured eggs did not
appear to be more than five. Unfortunately, the eggs

36

were afterwards mixed with others and the whole lot
roughly handled before an opportunity was had of making
a careful examination of them. The suspension of opera-
tions shortly after this prevented a repetition of the ex-
periment.

It is to be noted that when the eggs are permitted to
adhere to the pail and to one another, so that the percentage
of those injured is large, the percentage of those impreg-
nated is also greater. The same method of handling that
reduces the percentage of injured eggs reduces also the per-
centage of those unimpregnated.

From the two causes about 45% of the eggs examined
could never have developed. Since the percentage of eggs
lost during the present year is estimated at 40, there
remains 15% still to be accounted for.

A lot of eggs, 45% of which are dead, requires much
more handling than would be the case if all were sound.
Such a lot of eggs also invites the attacks of the fungus
which spreads from the dead eggs to the living ones, and
is likely to kill those in turn.

In such a lot many living eggs become clogged among
the dead ones, and are probably either smothered or
poisoned.

In short, if the loss of eggs which takes place at first
from mechanical injury and lack of impregnation can be
stopped, it is fair to expect that the subsequent loss will
be much reduced.

THE STURGEON ; SOME EXPERIMENTS IN
HATCHING.

By Hoyr Post, oF MICHIGAN.

Of the numerous fish which abound in the great lakes
and deep rivers that surround the State of Michigan, one
of the most valuable, commercially, is the sturgeon.
Nearly every part of it is utilized in some way; the flesh

37

is eaten, either fresh or pickled, and when dried and
smoked is sold as halibut. The bladder, which is large, is
converted into isinglass and glue. The skin is sometimes
tanned, and even the dorsal cord is cut and dried and used
as food. Every bit of waste is tried out for oil. The head
is cooked and eaten by the Indians. The roe is much the
most valuable part of the fish. In the full-grown fish it
weighs from fifteen to forty pounds and upwards, and at
times constitutes nearly one-third the weight of the fish.
From this caviare is made. The eggs are rubbed with the
hand through a sieve until they are separated from the
connecting membrane, and then a fine German salt is
added, and the product thoroughly stirred with the hand
and drained. It is then dried and packed in kegs for
shipment. It is eaten as a relish and used as a substitute
for meat in sandwiches. It is quite rich, and hasa decided
fishy, oily, and salty flavor. It is highly prized by the
Russians, and is said to be much used in fast seasons in
Italy, Greece, and Turkey. It finds a ready market in
this country in St. Louis, Sandusky, New York, Philadel-
phia, and Pittsburgh.

The sturgeon is taken largely in pond-nets, and a good
many are caught by set lines in the narrow, deep channels
that traverse the St. Claire Flats, near Detroit. A strong
line is stretched upon stakes on either bank of these chan-
nels, and from this depend many shorter lines to which
are attached large hooks which rest on the bottom. The
sturgeon, in rolling upon the bottom, becqmes entangled
in these hooks and is captured with a gaff.

The Michigan Fish Commission last year tried the ex-
periment of artificial propagation of this valuable fish. A
station was selected at Algonac, a small village on the
St. Clair River, where a caviare factory was in operation.
The fish that are handled there are caught principally in
the channels of the St. Clair Flats by the Indians, Canucks-
and half-breeds in the manner above described ; they are

38

towed by a tugina covered yawl from the places of capture
—a distance of from three to ten miles—to the station at
Algonac.

In the early part of June a pen about forty feet square
was made adjoining the factory, by means of an old seine,
between the bank of the river and some old spiles which
had once been part of the dock; this pen was from one to
five feet deep, with sandy bottom, and a swift current of
clear water swept through it.

On June 6th six females were placed in this pen, and on
the next day eight males, and on the 18th of June ten
more were added ; but they did not do well in confinement,
on account of the injuries they had received from the gaff
when captured. On June 17th the fish commenced dying,
and six were taken out, when it was found the eggs had
become hard and baked, and were almost the color of gold.
The milt of some of the males had shrunk to almost
nothing, and in others appeared to have ripened some-
what. On June 27th the remainder of these fish, having
become very weak, were all taken out. Up to this time
only six spent fish had been taken, though upwards of
4,000 were handled ; and none were captured that were ripe
except two that were taken on the 20th nearby, in the North
Channel. Of these two, one was nearly spent and the
other was about half gone. The fish were but just alive.
A male that was taken in the same catch was cut open and
the milt-bags crushed into a tub containing about six
gallons (say four inches deep) of water, and the half-spent
female was laid across the tub and split next to the vent,
and the eggs allowed to fall into the milt. The tub was
then kept in motion in the water for three and one-half
hours, until the eggs became pretty well separated and
ceased sticking. Two tubs were used, and one man
handled each tub, standing in the water above his knees.
There were probably in all about 40,000 eggs, of which
perhaps one-half were thoroughly separated and fertilized.

39

The fertilized eggs measure about forty-nine to the square
inch, while the eggs in caviare go about sixty-eight to the
square inch.

These eggs were taken from the tub and put into about
a dozen Seth Green shad-hatching boxes and placed in the
river, harnessed together and attached at the upper end to
the dock and anchored at the lower end, so as to float
freely in a swift current of clear water of about twelve
feet indepth. The temperature of the water was about fifty-
nine to sixty-one degrees. For two days the eggs appeared
to be doing well, but on the third day a fungus began to
appear and spread rapidly, and thereafter it was difficult
to tell the good eggs from the bad ones; on the fourth day
the good eggs showed a brown side with a yellow streak
through it; on the fifth day the young fish could be seen
in the egg; on the seventh day motion could be detected,
and on the eighth day hatching commenced, and was com-
plete on the ninth day.

The number hatched was estimated at from eight to ten
thousand, and they were released in the river at the place
of hatching, on July 2d, the twelfth day after they were
taken.

The eggs are a rich, dark bronze color, and are very
tender, so that they will not bear hard stirring or rough
usage ; this necessitates great care and patience in the first
handling. The milt seemed to form a heavy coating on
the eggs that were fertilized, which would stick the egg to
everything it came in contact with. The adhering of good
eggs to each other did not seem to hinder hatching, but
wherever a dead egg came in contact with good ones it
destroyed them all; and many good eggs were lost in
removing the fungused ones.

Afterwards, about July 5th, eighteen sturgeon—twelve
females and six males—caught in nets, were procured at
La Butte’s Point, in Canada, above Detroit, and were
towed by row-boat in a crate about ten or twelve miles toa .

40

large fish-pond made of sheet piling, in Detroit River, at
the Fort Wayne fishery, below the city of Detroit. This
pond was in clear water, in the current, and detached from
the shore, with soft bottom and of an average depth of
about six feet. The fish arrived in apparent good con-
dition. One small male, supposed to be about four years
old, was killed to ascertain the growth of the milt, which
was found to be well developed. A small platform or slide
was erected at one end of the pond. and a small seine was
used to handle the fish. They were carefully handled
twice a week for more than two months without any suc-
cess. No eggs were taken from them.

Finally, upon opening a female, the eggs were appar-
ently blasted. The milt of the males also appeared to
have dried up or shrunk away. A male and a female were
left in the pond until October, and at that time, when
taken out, the female had shot her eggs, and appeared in
good shape, with new eggs forming.

The facts stated in this paper as to the experiment in
hatching sturgeon eggs are principally derived from Mr.
Aaron W. Marks, the assistant superintendent in charge
of the work. He was formerly a pupil of Seth Green, and
assisted him in about the year 1876 in, perhaps, the first
successful hatch of sturgeon in this country. That hatch
was made at New Hamburg, on the Hudson. The number
of eggs taken was about 200,000, and they were taken from a
single fish. The hatch was about 140,000. The manner of
treating the eggs was about the same described above, as
adopted at Algonac last year.

Further experiments in this line will doubtless be made
in Michigan the coming season.

4]

THE ORIGIN OF ARTIFICIAL FISH CULTURE IN THE
UNITED STATES.

BYE, <b) °Porrer.

I had intended on this occasion to speak upon the sub-
ject of propagating the different kinds of fishes with which
I have had some experience, and the earlier and the im-
proved methods which from time to time have been adopted
in bringing that art to the perfection which it has attained ;
but, unfortunately, at Christmas I was attacked with that
malady which has held so many in its ‘‘Grippe’’ in the Old
as well as in the New World, disqualifying them for labor
in the ordinary avocations of life. I have suffered from
its effects for the last four months, most of the time con-
fined to my house.

I offer this as an apology for not carrying out my
original intentions. However, as but few persons now
living, beside myself, since the death of the lamented Dr.
Garlick, who were present at the birth of the first fish
artificially produced in America, it might be interesting to
some of the gentlemen of this Society to hear some
account of the first fish artificially propagated upon this
continent.

In the winter of 1853 an account was published in the
National Intelligencer, of Washington, of the experiments
of two unlettered fishermen, Gehin and Remy, of the
Vosgen mountains, in Lorraine, then a province of France,
in which they had succeeded in the incubation and hatch-
ing of a great number of the fishes of that region. This
account fell under the notice of Dr. Theodatus Garlick, of
Cleveland, who at once entered into the scheme of making
experiments in the artificial propagation of the brook-
trout. (Salmo fontinalis.) A few miles from Cleveland
was a deep ravine through which passed a small, cold
stream, fed by several cold springs issuing from the adja- ;

42

cent banks. Across this ravine was thrown a dam, raising
a deep pond covering over half an acre of ground. The
next thing was to procure the parent fishes. An expedi-
tion was started to Port Stanly, in Canada, and another
to Sault Ste. Marie, in Michigan, both of which were
successful, procuring in all some fifty trout of good breed-
ing size. These were placed in the pond in June, 1854.
A breeding-place was leveled off at the head of the pond,
covered with gravel. I spent the season in Cleveland, and
visited the pond daily with Dr. Garlick, and found the
fish doing well. About the first of November, on visiting
the pond, we discovered two small trout making a spawning
bed, and in the course of ten days the bed was covered
with fish. The next thing was to prepare hatching facil-
ities. A small cabin was erected over one of the largest
springs, about ten feet square. Six boxes were procured
about one foot square. There was over a dozen feet fall
from the spring. These boxes were terraced from the
spring down, with a spill from one box to the other,
guarded by a screen filled about two-thirds full of fine
gravel, and the hatchery was complete.

I shall never forget the expression of the countenance as
he lifted the first pair of gravid fish from the pool.
The usual operation of stripping the fish and fecundating
the eggs was performed, and the eggs gently spread over
the gravel in box number one, and the water was let on.
In the same way the boxes were all filled and the work was
done. A padlock was placed on the door, and the Doctor
was happy. We visited the hatchery often to remove un-
fecundated eggs, of which very few were found. On visit-
ing the hatchery, about the latter part of January, the eyes
appeared in the eggs, and about the first of March, 1854,
on visiting the works, there lay prone on his side on his
gravelly bed the first baby fish artificially propagated on this
continent. Then followed the hatching till the boxes were
alive with the young trout. Dr. Garlick soon after wrote

43

a full account of his methods, and the success attending his
first experiments was widely circulated, and soon Seth
Green, of New York, Samuel Wilmot, of Canada, Nelson
Clark of Michigan, and others, all making improvements
of Dr. Garlick’s process, until fish propagation has become
a national industry, and, fostered by adequate appropri-
ations, is furnishing cheap and wholesome food for
millions of people.

DANGER TO FISH-EGGS IN TRANSIT.
By Frep MATHER.

In a note to Shooting and Fishing I made use of a term
that seemed to demand explanation ; and while I do not
intend at this time to say anything about methods of pack-
ing fish-eggs for foreign shipment—a thing that I have had
much to do with—I wish to say something about their
condition on receiving them. The remark alluded to was:
‘*T have noticed that foreign eggs often appear good, but
[as often] hatch deformed fish,’’ ete. The bracketed words
should have gone in. This requires explanation, because
it may appear to reflect on the fish culturists on the other
side. In former years I have reported eggs from Europe
to be good because they were not dead, and my reports of
loss of eggs and fry have, on some occasions, been out of
all proportion to the after-mortality. The reason of this
lies tn the fact that an injury toa living thing is not always
fatal (a notable instance of this may be found in the first
chapter of ‘‘ Tristram Shandy ”’), and fish-eggs may be in-
jured in transit by heat, concussion, or a lack of moisture,
so that the embryo will come into the world only to die.

When eggs have come across the sea I now report that
a certain number appear to be good, reserving a positive
decision until the eggs hatch and the fry begin to take

44

food. High temperatures, lack of moisture, and concus-
sion are the principal, if not the only, causes of injury to
the embryo.

It is my present opinion that concussion is more imme-
diately fatal than a high temperature; it kills within a
few days. Lack of moisture is shown at once by indented
eggs, and upon the degree of indentation rests the damage.
I have experimented with such eggs, and have found that
those only slightly indented have produced fairly good
fish, while others somewhat dryer did not. A high tem-
perature on eggs of Salmonide—and it is of these that I
speak—makes weak embryos, if they live to break the
shell. They hatch head first, and all fish culturists know
that such fish have a small chance for life, or, that they
have not strength enough to straighten from the coil in
which they have been, and are ‘‘ whirligigs,’’? spinning
round in one direction at every effort to move. These die
of starvation because they cannot swim.

A lot of salbling eggs received from Germany a year
ago looked first-rate, but one-fifth of the embryos had not
strength enough to straighten after hatching, the cause
being a high temperature through lack of ice in the pack-
ing, which was my own ‘‘ wet’? method. This is the main
risk in this method, while the ‘‘ dry’ packing is all risk.
I know by letters received that many eggs are prematurely
reported to be good, 7. e., because they are not dead, and
that the injury to an indented egg is not taken into con-
sideration by some fish culturists; hence I write of it,
although aware that there are men at this meeting who
understand this source of injury to a fish-egg, but it is not
for them that this is written. Another result of high tem-
perature, en route, is a softening of the egg, either the
outer covering or some part beneath, and these embryos
hatch, but do not live to take food.

I have seen soft trout-eggs which seemed to have cast one

45

skin and retained a thin one. These were always eggs that
had received a high temperature some time in transit, and
the embryos only hatched to die.

To the journal named I wrote the following for its issue
of April 3rd, 1890: ‘* In consequence of an unguarded ex-
pression I have been compelled to write a treatise on fish-
eggs in order to save myself from appearing to be unfair to
the fish culturists of Europe, and also to explain why the
eggs of brown trout sent by the A’shing Gazette, of Lon-
don, to Shooting and Fishing, in my charge, were not
reported to be in as good condition as they looked to be
when opened. When I receive eggs from Europe that look
good, a doubt about their history in transit arises, and
I have learned to be careful in reporting their condition,
unless such as may have turned white. When they hatch
we can judge of chances of life. I can now say that the
eggs sent by Mr. R. B. Marston, from the hatchery of
William T. Andrews, of Guilford, England, have produced
a fine lot of fish. Of the original 10,000 we found about
1,000 dead—notes not handy, and can’t be exact—and sent,
as per your order, 3,000 to Mr. Peter Cooper Hewitt, Ring-
wood, N. J. The remainder will produce fully 5,500
strong fish up to the feeding point.’’

Deformed fish seldom live, and those which spin round
and round never do. These deformities are the result of
injury to the egg, and cannot be detected until the shell is
broken ; hence I will be careful in future in reporting that
eggs are really good after coming across the sea, because
my superior officers naturally expect a certain number of
good fry from each thousand reported good eggs.

CoLp Sprine Harpor, N. Y., May 1st, 1890.

46

EXPERIMENT IN TROUT HATCHING AND REARING
IN ARKANSAS.

By. PN Pow HYERSON, PRESIDENT MammMoru
SPRING FisH Farm.

The Mammoth Spring Fish Farm Company was organized
and incorporated December, 1888, and received their first
100,000 brook-trout eggs J anuary, 1889, and their next 125,-
000 of brook and rainbow trout, February, 1889. The eggs
came from Gilbert, of Plymouth, Mass., and were packed in
wooden cases of 50,000, with moss and ice, the tempera-
ture of the weather being 50 to 60 degrees here. The eggs
came through by express in good order, and in ten days
from receipt of same—January 2ist and February 1st—
they began to hatch. The percentage of loss in hatching
these 225,000 was about 20 per cent. Gravel was used
instead of wire. The young fry appeared healthy and
thrifty, and at six weeks old they began to throw off the
sack. However, at thirty days old our hatchery met with
an accident from an oversight of those in charge. The
water was allowed to come into the hatchery from the
spring without being filtered, and, unexpectedly, millions
of insects (a water-beetle) got into the hatching-troughs
among the young fry, and before they could successfully
be transferred into other quarters, where the water was
filtered, the mortality became alarming and ran into many
thousands per day; so that at six weeks old, when the
young fry began to throw off their sacks, their numbers
were reduced 70 per cent. At ninety days old we had
not over 50,000 of both brook and rainbow trout. At this
period there appeared a trouble with many of the eyes of
the trout, and one, and sometimes both, would protrude
out, and finally the fish would either go totally blind or
die; so that at the age of five months we did not have on
hand over 25,000 to 30,000 trout. After this the mortality

47

became very light, and, save from carelessness, or rather
from oversight in placing our plant in proper position,
not to be affected by the draining of the large stone dam
below us, we suffered comparatively little loss. So at six
months old we found about 20,000 stock on hand measuring
4 to 5 inches; at eight months, 6 to 7; ten months; 84
to 10 inches; twelve months, 10} to 12; fourteen months,
123 to 134 inches. At twelve months we found them full
of spawn, and now at fourteen months they are very heavy
with spawn. We frequently find from 1,000 to 15,000 eggs
in them, with strong indications of their depositing the
spawn during the next three months—a phenomenon we
would look upon probably unfortunate forus. As October
would be soon as we should feel perfectly safe in working
out their spawn; yet it may be that the first being accli-
mated, and our spring ranging even through the summer
at 60 to 70 degrees, and they being in all other respects
precocious and extremely far advanced and developed for
their age, will possibly be a success in early spawning.
The question will occur at once, How do you account for
this remarkable rapid development? ete. Well, Mammoth
Spring is 70 feet deep, 190 feet in diameter, and discharges
a volume of water 60 to 62 degrees temperature, equal to a
capacity of 40,000 cubic feet per minute. Some 600 yards
below the spring is a masonry dam 14 feet high; hence
the volume of water covers some 16 acres. This 16 acres
abounds in almost innumerable varieties of aquatic weeds
and mosses, and upon one of these plants there is bred
millions of periwinkles (snails)—an inexhaustible supply.
Now, these plants and their periwinkles afford the fish a
superabundance of animal life which, together with the
beef-liver we feed them, causes a marvellous growth, and a
healthy growth too. Again, there isasufficient quantity of
iron in the water to ward off disease, and a scientist will at
once detect the presence of iron in the beautiful tinge the

48

rainbow exhibits upon the California trout and the bright
red spots upon the brook trout. We feed only beef-liver,
but the animal life that clings to the plants counteracts
any taste the beef-liver might convey to the trout. Our
supply of water is inexhaustible; hence this isa large factor
of success. Our ponds are separated from the main spring
pond by a dirt lever. The English watercress covers our
pond, and each sixty days we have to thin it out or it will
be impassable for the trout to swim in. This article is
lengthening out, I fear, to a size of interest to the writer
only, and I will say that any reader of same that may wish
any items of our farm they will be cheerfully furnished
upon application. Any pisciculturist reading this will see
that the writer is notof his class, but rather a poor excuse for
an amateur, but the facts are here to show for themselves.
We have rainbow and brook trout 133 inches long at that
number of months old.

Plate I.

Transactions American Fisheries Society. 1890.

(Coregonus richardson).

1.—The Broad Whitefish.

Fig.

oregonus quadrilateralis).

(Ci

Fig. 2.—The Round Whitefish.

(Coregonus laurettae).

fish.

‘ig. 3.—The Lauretta White

Plate II.

Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890.

(Coregonus nelsont).

Fig. 4.—Nelson’s Whitefish.

TN ag Bar
eras
Los gy Sat,

ai ane taat

We

(Coregonus pusillus).

Fig. 5.—The Small Whitefish.

(Stenodus mackenzii).

Fig. 6.—The Inconnu.

Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890. Plate III.

eer oo
° o ——_
+ 2

boot “sea.
! ue

5

I }
: oad
a e849
J

=e

Fig. 7.—The Alaska Grayling. (Thymallus signifer).

Fig. 8.—The Dolly Varden. (Salvelinus malma).

Fig.-9.—The Lake Trout. (Salvelinus namaycush). '

Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890. Plate IV.

Wey
Wi
a .

Fig. 10.—The Rainbow Trout. (Salmo irideus) Young.

Fig. 11.—The Rainbow Trout. (Salmo irideus) Adult male.

¢
»
ry

ant

ie

os

‘6.

Fig. 12.--Gairdner’s Trout. (Salmo gairdnert) Young.

Plate Y.

Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890.

(Salmo purpuratus).

ark’s Trout.

le

3.--C

Fig. 1

(Osmerus dentex).

Fig. 14.—The Smelt.

(Hypomesus olidus).

Fig. 15.—The Surf Smelt.

Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890.

Plate VI.

Fig. 16.—The Capelin. (Mallotus villosus).

(Oncorhynchus chouicha).

ies
ion

*
yi),
NT

eh

U¢ t)

Bs

Shine tyes

aia
Ye ys

anno

4 " eee

Fig. 18.—The Dog Salmon. (Oncorhynchus keta).

Transactions American Fisheries Society, 1890. Plate VII.

Fig. 19.—The Silver Salmon. (Oncorhynchus kisutch),

Fig. 20.—The Humpback Salmon. (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha).

Fig. 21.—The Red Salmon. (Oncorhynchus nerka) Breeding male.

beri | |

—

Play
tune i
wd

49
THE ALASKAN SALMON AND THEIR ALLIES.

By Tarvteton H. Bean, ICHTHYOLOGIST OF THE
Unitrep Stares FisH Commission.

The greatest wealth of Alaska is represented by its fishes,
and among these by far the most important are the mem-
bers of the salmon family and other closely related forms,
such as the white-fishes, grayling, smelt, and capelin.
The salmon alone represent an annual value for canning
purposes of about $3,000,000, derived almost entirely from
three species. |

The undeveloped resources which may be obtained from
the salmon-like fishes have undoubtedly equal importance
with the material now utilized.

In March of the present year, I delivered an address on
the salmon of Alaska, in the National Museum, under the
auspices of the scientific societies of Washington. This
lecture was published in part in Forest and Stream of
April 8rd and April 10th, 1890, and is made, to a consid-
erable extent, the basis of the remarks which follow :

For eighteen centuries literature has noted the passage
from sea to stream of the anadromous salmon. Nobody
knows whence it came, no one can tell whither it strays.
River and lake, perhaps since tertiary times, have fur-
nished it a birthplace and a scant subsistence, while gen-
erous ocean has given it sea room and ample nourishment,
converting it gradually into a thing of beauty, majesty,
and mystery—the crowning reward of the angler’s skill
and a prime recompense of the toil of fishery.

No principal division of the earth’s surface within Arctic
and temperate limits, except South America, lacks repre-
sentatives of the salmon family. Even in South America
man has attempted to supply what nature has omitted,
but we are not yet informed of the result of the experiment.
Tasmania and New Zealand have demonstrated the prac-

50

ticability of acclimatizing the river-trout and sea-trout of
England, while France and Germany are congratulating
themselves upon the successful introduction into their
waters of our rainbow-trout and quinnat-salmon from Cali-
fornia.

In the distribution of the Salmonide Alaska received a
generous share. Lying entirely within the area in which
the family is indigenous, plentifully supplied with long
water -courses, rapid snow-fed streams, and cool, deep
lakes glistening in mountain valleys, over beds of clean
gravel and boulders intermingled with sheltering water-
plants, free from obstructions to the movements of the
migratory species, its invitation to the salmon to come
in and possess the waters and multiply therein was readily
accepted.

Ichthyologists at present recognize about one hundred
species in the family under discussion, divided among
the genera of true white-fishes, nelma white-fishes, gray-
ling, Pacific and Atlantic salmons, brook-trout, the short-
lived ai of Japan, and the lenok of Siberian rivers and lakes.
All of these genera, except the last two, occur in our out-
lying province, and. they are represented by seventeen
known species, or about one-sixth of the entire number.

The rivers and lakes of Alaska contain five species of
white-fish, the largest one (Coregonus richardsont, Plate I,*
fig. 1) sometimes reaching a weight of thirty pounds. For
many years this was believed to be identical with the com-
mon white-fish of our great lake fisheries, but it differs from
this in many particulars. The species was known to the
Russians asthe ‘‘muksun.’’? In the report of the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture for 1870, p. 386, Dall refers to it as the
‘broad white-fish,’’ which, he says, ‘‘ is usually very fat,
and very good eating. It abounds in both winter and sum-
mer; spawns in September in the small rivers falling into the
Yukon.”’ This is the species which Milner named Coregonus

* The line under the tail of the figures represents one inch of the length.

51

kennicotti, in honor of Robert Kennicott. Captain E. P.
Herendeen, of the Signal Service Expedition to Point
Barrow, found this white-fish in Meade River in October,
1882. This stream is a tributary of the Arctic Ocean to the
eastward of Point Barrow. The southern limit of this
species is not known, but it probably extends at least as
far south as the Bristol Bay region. The great size and fine
quality of its flesh make it one of the most important
food-fishes of the territory.

The round white-fish, shad-waiter, or chivey of New
England (Coregonus quadrilateralis, Plate I, tig. 2); ex-
tends through the upper great lake region, the Northwest
Territory, and other parts of British Columbia, into
Alaska. Specimens have been obtained as far north as
the Kuwuk, or Putnam River, a tributary of Hotham Inlet.
This fish does not reach a large size, seldom exceeding two
pounds in weight, but it is very abundant and very palat-
able, and, consequently, is an important food resource.

A third species, called Coregonus lauretta, Plate I,
fig. 8, abounds from the Bristol Bay region to Point Bar-
row. It is a little Jarger than the round white-fish, but
seldom exceeds three pounds in weight. It resembles the
so-called lake herring (C. arted7) of the great lakes, and
is an excellent food species.

The fourth species is known as the hump-back white-
fish, and was named in honor of Mr. E. W. Nelson (Core-
gonus nelsoni, Plate II, fig. 4). It bears considerable
resemblance to one of the Siberian species, from which,
however, it can be readily distinguished. As food for man
it has little value, but enormous quantities are consumed
by the dogs. This species is found in all parts of the
territory from the peninsula of Alaska northward. Breed-
ing males have a very large hump developed on the nape,
which is compressed to a thin edge.

The fifth species of white-fish (Plate II, fig. 5) is the

52

smallest of all, and has a reputation of being more bony
than any of the others. It is used chiefly by native travel-
ling parties and as food for dogs. This fish seldom exceeds
a foot in length, and an average weight of less than one
pound, but it extends over a very large portion of Alaska,
and is represented by a vast number of individuals. As
far as our information goes it is found in all parts of the
territory except the southeastern portion.

The largest and handsomest fish of this category is the so-
called Mackenzie River salmon or ¢7connzu (Plate LI, fig. 6),
which is known to the Russian-speaking people as the
nelma. This species is intermediate between the white-fish
and the salmon. It hasa strongly projecting lower jaw, on
account of which the additional name of shovel-jawed white-
fish has been applied toit. This beautiful species attains toa
length of five feet, and individuals weighing fifty pounds
are recorded. It occurs in the rivers during the greater
part of the year, is in the finest condition in the early
summer, and is ‘‘ fullof spawn from September to January,
when it disappears.’’ The species is known to occur from
the Kuskoquim to the Kuwuk. The largest individuals
are recorded from the Yukon. It is found also in the
Mackenzie. A closely related species is found in the
Volga and other rivers of Russia, and is attributed also
to the Obi, Lena, and Colima, which flow into the Arctic
Ocean.

The grayling (Thymallus signifer, Plate III, fig. 7) is a
very common fish in Alaska, especially in the northern por-
tion of the territory, and it is one of the most attractive of all
the Alaskan fishes. Atonetime the grayling had the repu-
tation of being the only fish in the fresh-water of Alaska
that could be caught with hook and line. It is known also
as the ‘‘ blanket fish,’’? and occurs southward at least to the
Nushagak region, where McKay found it ‘‘ very abundant
in small rivers and lakes.’? He speaks of it as “a good

53

food-fish, much sought after by the natives in the fall,
along with the white-fish and the great smelt.’’ The high
and beautifully colored dorsal-fin of this species, the rich
purple lustre of the sides, and the jet-black spots not far
behind the head, make it one of the most conspicuous and
beautiful species of the fresh-waters.

The red-spotted brook-trout of California, also known as
the dolly varden (Salvelinus malma, Plate III, fig. 8) is one
of the best-known and most abundant fishes of Alaska. In
the sea-run condition, when its sides are uniform silvery and
do not show the red spots, it is called the salmon trout, and,
preserved in brine, forms a staple article of commerce. In
Alaska the species increases in size northward. Individ-
uals measuring thirty inches in length and weighing eight
or ten pounds are frequently obtained. Natives of northern
Alaska make waterproof clothing from the skin of this
trout. The dolly varden abounds in all parts of the terri-
tory, even in the Aleutian Islands and in the extreme
northern limits. It is Known to occur also in the Mac-
kenzie and in the tributaries of the Saskatchawan—this
basin apparently representing its eastern limit. The dolly
varden takes the artificial fly very freely. On one of the
islands of the Shumagin group several hundred individuals
were so captured in one hour by a party from the United
States steamer Albatross in 1889. Salmon eggs prove very
effective also in taking this trout, and it is very destructive
to the eggs of the various species of Pacific salmon. The
young trout are destroyed in enormous numbers by gulls,
terns, and other aquatic birds.

The lake trout, Mackinaw or namaycush, tuladi, togue,
lunge, etc., etc., of the great lakes, New England, Labrador,
Idaho, and British America (Plate III, fig. 9), has been ob-
tained in the Putnam, or Kuwuk, River, where it reaches a
fine state of development. The southern limit of this species
in Alaska is not known. This is the largest trout of North

54

America and the most widely distributed. Its great size
and the good quality of its flesh render it a very important
species wherever it is known. This is one of the most
variable of the North American trout. in color, and much
confusion has arisen from this circumstance. Individuals
from the Kuwuk are similar in appearance to Labrador
specimens, differing only in being slightly darker.

The rainbow trout of California (Plate IV, figs. 10 and 11),
appears to extend northward into southeastern Alaska, but
is very little known in the territory, and, consequently, is
not of much importance there. One specimen of this trout
was taken at Sitka by Captain Beardslee about ten years
ago.

Gairdner’s trout (Plate IV, fig. 12), known also as the
steel-head salmon, or ‘‘ soomgah”’ of the Russians (Salmo
gairdnert), reaches a very large size in Alaska, and extends
northward at least to the Bristol Bay region. At Sitka
this species is called ‘‘ Ah-shut’’ by the Indians. We
found gravid females at that place in June. This trout
generally finishes its spawning before the arrival of the
salmon, and is charged with the destruction of salmon
egos in large quantities. The species has not much im-
portance, commercially, although it reaches so large a
size, attaining to the proportions of the Atlantic salmon,
which it resembles in shape and color; but small quan-
tities are dried by the natives and at the various fish-
ing stations. This is the trout which is shipped from the
Columbia River early in the spring to markets on the east
coast, and sold in the fresh state under the trade-name of
‘* Kennebec salmon.’ It will undoubtedly become an im-
portant species before many years. At the present time it
is practically a waste product of the salmon fisheries of
Alaska, and the same may be said of the dolly varden.

Clark’s trout, Plate V, fig. 13, recently styled the red-throat
@Salmo purpuratus), is very abundant in Alaska, extending

5D

northward at least tothe Bristol Bay region. Inthe streams
it can be readily taken with various baits, and greatly in-
creases the pleasures of angling. As a food-fish its quality
is excellent, and it reaches a weight of 20 pounds or more.
The species is black-spotted, the spots being larger and
less numerous in Alaskan individuals than in most of the
varieties which range southward in the Rocky Mountain
region. The crimson streak around the throat is a conspic-
uous characteristic color-mark in all the many forms of
this well-known trout.

Before passing to a review of the Pacific salmons we must
recall the fact that Alaska has a bountiful supply of small
tishes which are closely related to the Salmonide.

A true smelt (Plate V, fig. 14) and two kinds of surf-
smelt (Plate V, tig. 15), are among the common fishes, the
first being a food-fish of considerable value. The capelin
(Plate VI, fig. 16), abounds on all parts of the coast, and
is one of the most important food species of the cod and
salmon. The eulachon, or candle-fish, is extremely abun-
dant in southern Alaska, and is considered one of the finest
pan-fishes known. A kind of fat is expressed from it
which the Indians use as a substitute for butter, and some
pharmacists in the place of cod-liver oil. The species is so
full of oil that when dried it will burn with a bright flame,
so that when the overworked Indian has finished a bounti-
ful supper of fish—doubtless procured and prepared for
him entirely by his frivolous wife—he needs merely to
touch a match to the tail of a dried eulachon and light
himself to bed. In addition to their value directly as food
for man, these allies of the salmon play a very important
part in attracting the larger commercial fishes of the salmon
family to certain localities.

The largest and finest of the Alaskan salmon is the king,
or chowichee, known also as the Takou, Columbia River,
chinnook, and quinnat(Plate VI, fig. 17). This valuable fish

56

occurs in the large rivers, as a rule, but runs into some of
the small streams also, notably the Karluk and some of the
rivers of Cook’s Inlet. The Yukon and the Nushagak are
the greatest king-salmon rivers in Alaska. The average
weight of this salmon is above 20 pounds, and indi-
viduals weighing upward of 100 pounds are on record.
At St. Paul, Kadiak, Mr. B. G. McIntyre weighed one
which registered 873 pounds without its viscera, and the
entire fish must have exceeded 100 pounds. Captain Wm.
Kohl has recently told me that he once obtained reliable
information in Cook’s Inlet of a salmon weighing about
140 pounds, and individuals of equal size are reported in
the Yukon. These large fish are interesting in connection
with the solution of the problem whether all king-salmon
die after spawning, as some competent observers positively
assert they do. The flesh of this species is superior in flavor
to that ofall the rest. In Alaska the bellies are salted, but
the fish is used chiefly in the fresh state and for canning.
Three of these salmon will make a case of 48 pounds.
This is one of the greatest travellers in the territory,
ascending the Yukon more than 1,500 miles from its mouth.
The natives of Karluk watch from the headlands for its
arrival in May, and set upa great shout when they have
discovered this pioneer of the salmon hosts. Like the
other species, it can be seen 14 miles off shore in great
schools, which break up before approaching close to the
land.

The dog-salmon (hyko of the Russians), Plate VI,
fig. 18, is not used by Americans, but it is one of the
most important species to the natives. It is found chiefly
in the small rivers and creeks, and is usually abun-
dant in all parts of the territory as far north as Hotham
Inlet, and probably Point Barrow. When it arrives
from the sea its flesh has a beautiful red color, but it
deteriorates rapidly in fresh-water. The jaws become en-

57

larged and distorted during the breeding season, and the
flesh unpalatable. To the exaggerated size of the teeth at
this time is due the name dog-salmon. The average size of
the species is about 12 pounds, but individuals of 20 pounds
are not uncommon. Early in July the fish-drying frames
on the shores of Cook’s Inlet are brilliant with the flesh of
the dog-salmon. The natives cut off the head, split the
fish in halves, which remain attached at the tail, remove
the backbone, and gash the sides at short intervals, to facil-
itate the drying process.

The fur-traders lay in a large stock of this dried salmon,
which is known as wkali. Many small streams of Alaska
never contain any other salmon than dog-salmon and
humpbacks, and for the very good reason that when these
fish begin to run in they occupy the whole of the water
and sometimes a narrow strip of the adjacent land besides.

The silver-salmon (Plate VII, fig. 19), is not so highly
esteemed in northern Alaska as it is in the Puget Sound
region; it is used to some extent for canning, but it is
far less important for this purpose than the red-salmon.
Its average weight is less than 15 pounds, and the maxi-
mum about 30 pounds. Running late in the fall, when the
fishing season is nearly closed, it is not much sought after
by the whites. The natives, however, dry it in large
quantities.

The humpback (Plate VII, fig. 20), so called because of
the enormous hump developed on the back of the male during
the breeding season, is the most abundant salmon of Alaska,
and, doubtless, of the world. It has given rise to more tales
suspected of being fish-stories than any other fish in the
territory. One collector in the Norton Sound district,
speaking of its advent from the sea, remarked that ‘‘ they
appear at the surface of the water like the pin-drops of an
April shower.’’ A gentleman who lived eight years at
Karluk informed me that about the 6th of July, and con-

58

tinuing for five weeks, there was in the Karluk River a
glut of humpbacks which kept all other salmon out of
the stream. It was impossible to pull a boat across the
river. A haul was made with a 90-foot seine at 6 A.M.,
and the men were dressing fish from that haul until 6 P.M.,
caring for about 140 barrels, or about 11,200 fish, during
twelve hours. After this they were occupied three hours
in clearing the seine, in which the remaining salmon were
about four feet deep. Ido not think of any way of inten-
sifying the statement of fact here recorded, for it is a
fact repeatedly observed and abundantly verified. When
the humpbacks enter a stream in force they simply fill the
water from shore to shore and from bottom to top. This is
the smallest of the Pacific salmons, averaging about five
pounds in weight and seldom reaching ten pounds; but it
makes up in numbers what it lacks in size, and it occurs
throughout the territory and eastward to the Mackenzie
River. As a food-fish, in the sea-run condition, it is ex-
cellent. It is salted in moderate quantities for disposal in
San Francisco and other markets. Natives dry it, either
with or without salting, and store up vast numbers for use
in winter.

The red-salmon, or red-fish (Plate VII, fig. 21), also known
as blueback and sawgui—the krasnya ryba of the Rus-
sians—next to the humpback is the most abundant salmon
of the territory. Commercially, it is the most important fish,
and, indeed, the most valuable product of Alaska. The
Government has a prospective revenue of $1,000,000 annu-
ally from its seal islands. The people engaged in the salmon-
fishery last year took about $3,000,000 worth of fish from
Alaskan waters, and they were chiefly the little red-salmon.
This is not a large tish, for it averages only seven or eight
pounds in weight; individuals weighing fifteen pounds are
occasionally seen. Like the king-salmon, it travels the
whole length of rivers, pushing on to their sources, but,

59

unlike its big relative, it spawns chiefly in lakes. We
have traced it with certainty as far north as the Yukon. It
is said that the species will not enter a river which does
not arise from a lake, and abounds only in snow-fed
streams.

The marine life of the Alaskan salmon is unknown from
the time the young, in their newly-acquired silvery dress,
leave the fresh-water nursery to become salt-water sailors,
until they have ended their cruise, obtained their liberty,
and come ashore, when, as in the case of so many other
salt-water sailors, their serious trouble begins. Salmon
remain in fresh-water until the second or third spring of
their existence, and, not having a bountiful supply of
food, they grow very slowly, and seldom exceed eight
inches in length when they start seaward. In the ocean
they feed on the capelin, the herring, and a small needle-
shaped fish called the lant. They are reputed also to
consume large quantities of pink-fleshed crustaceans, and
derive from them their attractive color. Opposed to this
theory is the fact that many other sea-fishes whose food
consists almost entirely of such crustaceans are never
pink-fleshed.

There is no fishery at sea for any of the Pacific salmons
as there is in the Baltic for the Atlantic salmon. After
the great schools have broken up and the scattered fish
come into the bays, some of the species can be caught on a
herring-baited hook by trolling.

The king and silver salmon are captured inthis way. As
a rule the fish remain at sea until they are about ready to
deposit their eggs, and then they approach the coast in
great masses. A few young males accompany the schools
every year, and may or may not return to sea without
entering the rivers. The adult fish come up from the sea
at a certain time of the year, the king-salmon arriving
first in the month of May in Southern Alaska and about

60

the 6th of June in Norton Sound. The dog-salmon and
the red-salmon appear in June, the humpbacks in July,
and the silver-salmon in August. The length of their stay
at the river mouths before ascending-and the rate of ascent
to the spawning-grounds depend upon the urgency of the
breeding condition. In the long rivers the king-salmon
travels from twenty to forty miles a day; this species and
the red-salmon are reported to be the greatest travellers.
The silver and dog salmon, however, are recorded by Dr.
Dall as traversing the Yukon at least 1,000 miles. Asa
rule, they frequent the smaller streams, and the little hump-
back runs into mere rivulets.

From the time the salmon enters fresh-water it begins to
deteriorate in flesh and undergoes remarkable changes in
form and color. Arrivingas a shapely fish, clad in shining
silvery scales, and with its flesh pink or red, it plays
around for a little while between salt-water and fresh, and
then begins its long fast and its wearisome journey. No
food is taken, and there are shoals, rapids, and sometimes
cataracts to be surmounted ; but the salmon falters not, nor
can it be prevented from accomplishing its mission by any-
thing but death or an impassable barrier. Its body soon
becomes thin and lacerated, and its fins are worn to shreds
by contact with sharp rocks. In the males a great hump
is developed on the back behind the head, and the jaws
are lengthened and distorted so that the mouth cannot
be closed. The wounded fish are soon attacked by the
salmon fungus, and progress from bad to worse until they
become unsightly. In the mean time the body colors will
have varied from dark gray in the humpback, with the
lower parts milky white, to a brilliant vermilion in the
red-salmon, contrasting beautifully with the rich olive-
green of its head. The excessive mortality of salmon
during the ascent of the streams and on the breeding
grounds has led to the belief that none of the spawning

61

fish leave the fresh-water alive. There is a substantial
basis for this view in the long rivers, and it is doubtless
true that a journey of 500 miles or more is followed by the
death of all the salmon concerned in it.

The nest is a very simple affair, or it may be wanting.
The humpback struggles and crowds up a few rods from
the sea, and deposits its eggs between crevices in the
boulders covering the bottom, or sometimes they are
strewn in thin layers over a large area in shallow water
without covering of any kind. The king-salmon seeks
the head-waters of streams, and excavates a nest in clear,
shallow, gravelly rapids. The dog-saimon spawns in small
rivers and creeks.

The silver-salmon does not usually ascend streams to a
great distance, and I have seen it return to salt-water alive,
after spawning. The nest ismade among gravel and stones,
from which all dirt and slime has been removed. Both
sexes take part in the building operation, and the male
especially guards the nest. Turner states that the silver-
salmon use their snouts in collecting material for the nests,
and he has seen them with the nose worn off completely.

The red-salmon spawns around the shores of deep, cool
lakes, and in their tributaries, preferring waters whose
highest temperature rarely exceeds 55 degrees. The nest
is a shallow, circular pile of stones about as large as a
man’s hand, and some of them smaller. The eggs are
placed in the crevices between the stones.

The enemies of the salmon are numerous. Small fish,
called sculpins, or miller’s thumbs, swarm in the nests, and
eat large quantities of the eggs. Trout devour great num
bers of eggs and young salmon. Gulls, terns, loons, and
other birds gorge themselves with the tender fry. When
the young approach the sea they must run a cruel gauntlet
of flounders, sculpins, and trout; and in the ocean a larger
and greedier horde confronts them. There the adults are

62

attacked by seals and sea-lions. Before they have fairly
entered the rivers huge nets are hauling them to the shore
almost every minute of the day, during six days in a week.
When they return to their spawning-grounds, bears are
waiting to snatch them from the water and devour them
alive. The salmon, it appears, would have been better off
had it never been born in fresh-water, where its dangers
are cumulative and deadly.

The methods of taking salmon are many and various, as
might be expected from the extent of the territory and the
variety of its fishing population. Arrows and spears are
still employed by natives, and trolling-hooks are success-
fully used in certain bays; but all these partake more or
less of the character of angling refinements. The dip-net,
seine, and gill-net are universally applied; the latter even
in winter-fishing, under the ice. Baskets and traps of
several kinds are very useful in river-fisheries, particularly
in winter.

Dr. Dall has given a full description and figures of traps
constructed by Indian tribes of the Yukon and the adjacent
region; these will be found in the Report of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture for 1870.

Fish-traps of modern type are freely and, it is said,
injuriously, used in some parts of Alaska by white fisher-
men, the injury charged being that of preventing the
ascent of the spawning salmon. In 1889, at Ice Bay, a
trap was reported which was three-fourths of a mile long,
and spanned the river from bank to bank, making it im-
possible for a fish to pass up-stream. It is said that many
of the other traps, of which there were more than fifty in
operation in the territory in 1889, are so arranged as to
prevent the ascent of the salmon in the rivers. According
to our information, these traps are built in places that
can be fenced across by driving piles about six feet apart,
and stretching wire screen, which is securely fastened to

63

the piles. In most cases a wing is commenced beyond
high-water mark, and extends to low-water mark, where a
pocket, about forty feet in diameter, is placed. Then another
wing is built out into the stream as far as the depth of
the water will allow. All the fish which come within these
leaders are caught, and the mesh of the trap is so small
that no salmon over a foot in length can get through it.

The Russians built impassable racks of timbers and rocks,
which enabled them to kill every salmon that came into
the stream, if they desired. These were called zapors,
and have been legislated out of existence, we trust. It
was doubtless picturesque in the early days to see an Aleut
standing on the crib-work of the zapor, with his spear
gracefully poised and ready to transfix the silvery salmon ;
but it was like the boy’s sport with the frog, and we are
glad it is ended.

The great bulk of the salmon now caught in Alaska are
taken in seines, varying from 600 to 1,500 feet in length,
and many of them more than 20 feet deep. The mesh is
generally about 34 inches. The seines are set from seine-
boats, similar to those used for shad on the Potomac,
and are hauled by from twenty to thirty men. Experience
has shown that windlasses and similar appliances for sav-
ing labor are undesirable adjuncts of the fishery, at least
on Kadiak, where the seining is almost entirely limited to
salt-water. Fishing goes on at Kadiak six days in the
week, subject only to the presence of salmon and suita-
bility of the weather. Night does not stop the work,
except for a few hours, as it is short in this latitude. At
Karluk, the principal red-salmon station in Alaska, the
seining beach is less than half a mile long, and the seiners
are obliged to wait their turns to set. Several seines are
in the water almost constantly, one behind the other.

Upward of 150,000 salmon have been taken here in a day.
A first-class cannery can use about 26,000 red-salmon daily.

64

After the fish are caught they are carried in dories and
other boats along the beach, and through the river mouth
to the cleaning-houses on the river bank ; or, when it is too
rough, they are taken across the spit in hand-barrows.
Large lighters and scows are also used as fish-carriers,
and these are towed by steam launches. In the cleaning-
houses the salmon are prepared for the cannery by cutting
off the heads and fins and removing the viscera. Then they
are washed, and finally thrown into hand-carts, to be
hauled into the cannery, where they pass through various
processes, almost all of which are carried on by machinery.
First, they are cut into lengths suitable for the size of the
can. These pieces are carried along and fed into cans,
inequalities in the filling being supplied by hand-work.
The cans are then topped in the topping-machine, from
which they pass to the soldering-machine; and then fol-
low the processes of venting, cooking, steaming in great
retorts, cooling, japanning, and labelling. The cans are
then boxed and stored in warehouses until a cargo is accu-
mulated, and then, by means of scows and lighters, towed
by steam launches, they are carried to vessels lying in the
roadstead, and soon start upon a voyage to San Francisco,
Portland, or Astoria, and eventually to other sides of the
globe—for these are the greatest globe-trotters of modern
times.

Thirty-six canneries were operated in Alaska in 1889,
located principally in the southern part of the territory,
none of them north of the Nushagak River, in the Bristol
Bay region. Nearly one-third were established on the
Kadiak group of islands, and these secured fully one-half
of the Alaskan catch. Sixty-six vessels were engaged in
carrying the equipment and workmen for these canneries
and the products of theirindustry. There were 13 steamers,
4 steam schooners, 1 ship, 18 barks, 2 brigs, 10 barkentines,
and 23 schooners.

65

Hundreds of boats of various kinds—-dories, seine-boats,
Columbia River boats, besides scows, lighters, and steam
launches—are employed in the business. The seining is
done chiefly by white men, and the work inside the can-
neries by Chinese. It is estimated that 4,000 men are
engaged in the salmon fishery. The capital invested in
1889 was nearly four million dollars, and the value of the
pack, at an average price of five dollars per case, was about
$3,000,000.

Is this tremendous drain of eight and one-half millions
of salmon in a year likely to endanger the food supply of
the natives? At present many of the Alaskans work for
the fishing companies, and receive more than they could
earn if left to themselves. Again, the dog-salmon and the
humpback, which are the most abundant of the species
and the most valuable for the natives, are not yet impor-
tant commercially. Canneries have not extended their
operations north of the Nushagak ; and the territory be-
yond this river teems with all kinds of Pacitie salmon,
and especially with the two preferred by the natives.

One great source of trouble for the Alaskan people is
caused by the illegal sale of intoxicants by some unprin-
cipled persons. By this means their usefulness is destroyed,
a naturally harmless disposition is incited to mischief,
and there is a steady increase of victims of pulmonary
diseases. Will this industry decline in value from year to
year, as it has on some of the more southern rivers? Un-
doubtedly it will, if over-tishing and injurious methods
are continued. Impassable barriers obstructing the ascent
of breeding-tish will unquestionably exterminate the spe-
cies in a few years. Continual seining across the mouths
of rivers will certainly hasten the same unfortunate result.
The necessity of protecting this valuable resource must be
apparent to every intelligent person. Alaska to-day fur-
nishes one-half of the American yield of salmon, and it

66

will be our own fault if the industry is destroyed. We
must regulate the fishing by suitable laws, and refuse inju-
rious privileges on Government lands. The supply must
be kept up, and increased also, by artificial propagation.
Fish culture cannot find a more promising field or a more
propitious and urgent occasion. There are still plenty of
breeding salmon ; sheltered harbors in accessible localities ;
rivers not subject to excessive fluctuations of level, and not
obstructed by natural barriers; and there are unlimited
supplies of suitable water to be conveyed by gravitation
alone. Materials, labor, and transportation are cheap.
There are no dams, no mill-refuse, no pollutions from
sewers and factories. The climate is favorable, and the
population is in sympathy with fish cultural work. Surely
here is an opportunity not to be neglected, and the time to
improve it is now !
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION,
Washington, D.C., Mz. 7th, 1890.

THE PAST AND PRESENT OF FISH CULTURE, WITH
AN INQUIRY AS TO WHAT MAY BE DONE TO
FURTHER PROMOTE AND DEVELOP* THE'’SCE
ENCE.

By JoHn Gay AND Wm. P. SEAL.

It is now almost a score of years since the passage of the
bill, by Congress, which resulted in the establishment of the
United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. This may
be said to be the beginning of the practical development
of fish culture in the United States, for the tirst time, at
least, carrying it on on a scale of magnitude sufficient to
produce appreciable results. The record of failures and
successes since that time are matters of history, and

67

familiar to all fish culturists. Failure is as much a part
of the development of any economic theory as is success,
and it is only through repeated failures that success is
finally achieved. It is unfortunately the case that every
failure in human effort is seized upon by those hostile or
indifferent to form adverse argument, while the successes,
not being attacked, attract little attention, and are often
overlooked. It is probable that in the earlier years of the
United States Fish Commission the high character and
attainments of Prof. Spencer F. Baird alone sustained the
popular interest in the work, and tided it over the shoals
of legislative hostility or indifference.

Looking backward, we can see the gradual evolution of
a complex but systematic scientific organization grap-
pling with questions absolutely new and untouched, the
development of methods simple and efficient from those
heterogeneous and crude, and the final creation of an enthu-
siastic body of trained experts thoroughly imbued with a
faith in the latent possibilities to be achieved in the great
future of tish culture.

The fact that so great a scientific authority as Prof.
Huxley should have expressed a doubt as to man’s ability
to diminish or in any way to control the harvests of the
sea, and that, too, from the standpoint of actual investi-
gation, together with many failures, through inadequate
measures, has no doubt in the past had the effect of pyro-
ducing at least a very conservative feeling in the minds
of many regarding the possible limits of the fish cultural
attainment.

The difficulties to be encountered and the influences to
be overcome were fully appreciated by the great founder
of practical fish culture, Prof. Spencer F. Baird. As a
preliminary to a brief review of the more notable successes
of tish culture, it will be well to recall Prof. Baird’s retro-
spect concerning the depletion of our game and fishes,

68

and his forecast of the progress to be expected in fish
cultural development.

Concerning the influence of civilized man on the abun-
dance of animal life, he said (Fish Cultural Report, 1878,
p: 45):

‘‘It may be safely said that wherever the white man
plants his foot, and the so-called civilization of a country
is begun, the inhabitants of the air, the land, and the
water begin to disappear. The bird seeks a new abiding
place under the changed conditions of the old; but the
return of the season brings him again within the danger-
ous influence, until taught by several years of experience
that his only safety isin a new home. The quadruped is
less fortunate in this respect, environed as he is by more
or less impassable restrictions, such as lofty mountains,
deep rivers and lakes, and abrupt precipices, and sooner
or later reaches the point of comparative extinction, or
reduction to such limited numbers as not to invoke a con-
tinuance of special attack.

The fish, overwhelmingly numerous at first, begin to
feel the fatal influence in even less time than the classes
already mentioned, especially such species as belong to
the fresh waters and have a comparatively limited range.
The case of this rapid deterioration is not to be found in
a rational and reasonable destruction for purposes of food,
of material for clothing, or for other needs. The savage
tribes, although more dependent for support upon the
animals of the field and forest than the white man, will
continue for centuries in their neighborhood without seri-
ously diminishing their numbers. It is only as the result
of wanton destruction for purposes of sport, or for the
acquisition of some limited portion only of the animal,
that a notable reduction is produced, and the ultimate ten-
dency to extinction initiated.

Of the abundance of animal life in North America in
the primitive days of its occupation by the European

69

immigrant we haveanample history in the accounts of the
earlier travellers. Buffaloes in enormous herds reached
almost to the Atlantic coast, wherever extensive plains
existed. The antelopes rivalled in numbers those of Cen-
tral and South Africa. The deer of various species were
distributed over the continent from the Arctic regions
southward, and from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The
moose existed far south of its present limit. The elk was
a familiar inhabitant of Pennsylvaniaand Virginia. Wild
fowl, such as ducks, geese, swans, etc., of many species,
were found during the winter in countless myriads in the
Chesapeake and other southern bays and sounds.

Now what remains of this multitude? The buffalo has
long since disappeared from the vicinity of the Mississippi
River; the deer is nearly exterminated in many localities,
though still holding its own under favorable circumstances,
and the antelope is limited to restricted areas. The wild
fowl, congregated at one time in bodies many miles in
extent, are now scarcely to be seen, although proportion-
ately more abundant in the winter season on the coast of
California, and towards the mouth of the Rio Grande, in
Texas, than anywhere else.

Perhaps a still more striking illustration is seen in the
fishes. It is still within the recollection of many old
people (showing how plentiful the fish must have been)
that the apprentice and pauper in the vicinity of Connect-
icut River protested against eating salmon more than
twice a week. This noble fish existed in all the waters
of New England as far west as the Connecticut, and even
to the Housatonic, though we have no evidence that they
ever occurred in the Hudson River, or farther to the
south. The shad was found in every stream of the coast
from Georgia to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and although
still ascending most of these waters during the spring, has
been sadly reduced in abundance,

70

Within even fifty years no waters of the same extent in
the world could show such numbers of shad and herring
as the Potomac River, below Great Falls. Martin’s
‘*Gazeteer,” of Virginia, published in 1834, at Alexandria,
states that the preceding year twenty-five and a half
millions of shad were taken by the various Potomac
fisheries, as well as 750,000,000 of fresh-water herring.
This, by a moderate estimate, would amount to 600,000,000
pounds of fish secured in six weeks in this single system
of waters.

This ‘‘ Gazeteer’’ also states that during the same year
nearly 1,000,000 barrels of tish were packed on the Poto-
mac, requiring as many bushels of salt. These were con-
sumed in the United States, or shipped to the West Indies
and elsewhere. What is the condition of things at the
present time? In 1866 the catch of shad on the Potomac
had dwindled to 1,326,000; 1878, to 224,000—the latter not
one per cent. of the yield of 1833. The catch of herring
in 1833 (estimated), as stated at 750,000,000, had been
reduced in 1866 to 21,000,000; in 1876, to 12,000,000; and
in 1878, to 5,000,000—again less than one per cent. of the
yield of the tirst-mentioned period.

A similar reduction has taken place in the abundance of
striped bass, or vocktish, a species inferior to none in its
excellence and eco 11omical value for food.

John Josslyn, Gent, in 1660, says that 3,000 bass were
taken at one haul of the net in New England. Thomas
Morton, in 1632, says, of the Merrimac, that he has seen
stopped in the river at one time as many fish as would load
a ship of a hundred tons, and that at the going out of the
tide the river was sometimes so full of them that it seemed
as if one might go over on their backs dry-shod.

Mr. Higginson, in 1630, says that the nets usually took
more bass than they were able to land. Even so recently
as 1846, 148 tons are said to have been taken on Martha’s
Vineyard at two hauls of the seine. Per contra, the catch

71

in the Potomac in 1866 amounted to 316,000 pounds; in
1876 to 100,000; in 1878 to 50,000. Many instances of the
enormous abundance of the anadromous tishes in different
parts of the country in former times could easily be ad-
duced. Similar illustrations of the former abundance of
tish inhabitants of the salt water can be brought forward to
any extent. In the early days of the Republic the entire
Atlantic shore of the United States abounded in fish of all
kinds. Where cod, mackerel, and other species are now
found in moderate quantities, they occurred in incredible
masses.

The halibut, one of the best of our fishes, was so com-
mon along the New England coast as not to be considered
worth of capture, and was considered a positive nuisance
when taken. It is only within a few years that our people
have come to learn their excellence and value; but they
have disappeared almost entirely from the in-shores of
New England, and have even gradually become extermi-
nated in nearly all waters of less than 500 feet in depth.

It would be impossible, after all this lapse of years, to
present more striking conceptions of the problems of fish
culture than those abounding in the writings of Prof.
Baird at those early periods.

Concerning the probable progress of fish culture, he says
(Report, 1887, p. 18):

‘* A patient whose constitution has been undermined by
disease of long continuance is unreasonable in expecting
good results and a radical cure after a short application of
approved remedies, yet he and his friends may be disap-
pointed if the recuperation from the excesses or lesions of
many years is not manifest in as many days. In reality
the reverse is rather the rule, the time of recovery more
frequently being much longer than the continuance of the
morbific influences.”’

The expectations in regard to the results of fish culture

72

are somewhat of the same character. Although decades of
years, even a century, may have witnessed the continuance
of agencies for the diminution of fish in our waters, the
public mind is unsatisfied, and perliaps inclined to severe
criticism, if the recovery of a supply is not appreciable
within the first two or three years of effort. Weare, how-
ever, clearly entitled to maintain, in view of the experi-
ence of foreign countries and our own, that no reasonable
anticipation in this respect will be disappointed, and that
the proper measures of legislation and of artificial prop-
agation will exhibit a marked result long before the end
of the present generation. In no instance can even the
beginning of a success be achieved in.a shorter period than
four or five years, as the young, especially of the anad-
romous fish, such as the shad, the alewife, and the salmon
require that period for arriving at maturity. The parent
fish are first obtained, the eggs extracted and fertilized,
and after being hatched out, the young are finally deposited
in the waters to take their chances. Whatever be the ex-
tent of time during which the progeny remain in the sea,
they are more or less withdrawn from observation, and it
is only when the young fish has reached full maturity and
revisits its place of deposit for the purpose of spawning
that its presence is appreciated.

It sometimes happens, too, that for one reason and
another the first deposit of young fish proves to be a
failure. They may be introduced while in a sickly condi-
tion, so that a difference of temperature causes them to
succumb, or else in such small numbers that in the pres-
ence of an unusual abundance of its enemies they may all
perish. What special agencies there may be in the ocean,
after they reach it, we are unable to say; but from the
wider dissemination their chance of escape is greater.

Again, we may misunderstand the period required for
the maturity of a certain species. While four years may
be considered the general average for cod and herring, five

73

are probably required for the Eastern salmon, and it is not
improbable that the California salmon will show itself
only after the lapse of six years from its birth.

THE VALUE OF FISH CULTURE.

The value of fish culture and the extent and value of
the fishery industries are well known to the members of
this body and to those directly interested, but with the
great mass of our population they are not properly
appreciated.

Prof. Baird has truly said (Report, 1890) :

‘* It may be safely stated that, as a source of anima] food
to man, the sea is the great fountain-head, and that with-
out this resource the supply of such food would be com-
paratively limited and far inferior to the demand of the
various populations of the globe. In the much greater
population of ocean to land this reservoir of food is prac-
tically inexhaustible; and not only do the people living
near its shores find a daily supply for consumption in a
fresh state, but, by proper methods of preparation and
preservation, the product of the sea can be fitted for
long-continued keeping and for transportation to distant
markets, where fishing is difficult, or into the interior,
where it is impracticable. ”’

And again:

‘Tt is difficult to make a comparison as to the com-
parative amount of animal food drawn from the ocean
and the land; but it is stated (‘ Report of the British Sea
Fisheries, 1886’) that the weight of fish supplied to the
London markets in 1880 was 130,000 tons, being more than
400 tons for every working-day, and equal to 1,000 fat oxen
per day ; and that the price paid to the fishermen for this
food was only one-eighth of that paid to the first producer
of beef.”’

It is stated in the ‘‘ Report of the United States Fish

74

Commission for 1873, ’74, ’75,’’ concerning the value of fish
culture, ‘‘That a further evidence of the importance of
this effort is shown by the fact that China, with its
enormous population—greater to the square mile than any
other part of the world—derives the greatest portion of its
animal food from the interior waters of the Empire, the
methods of fish cultivation there being conducted ina very
efficient manner, and every cubic yard of pond and stream
thoroughly utilized.”’

A statement of a German fish culturist, given in the
‘‘ United States Fish Commission Report of 1878,”’ is as fol-
lows:

‘‘Christian Wagner, of Oldenberg, Germany, says:
‘The area of my property would scarcely support a laborer
and family, while by pisciculture it gives employment to
tifteen men, three horses, and a steam-engine. The profit
to myself is much greater than farmer or gardener could
make off it; for the water is much richer than the field if
pools are cultivated like land.’ ”’

As to the extent and importance of the fisheries of the
United States, we are told, in the report on the Fishery
Industries, by Prof. G. Brown Goode and associates, that
in 1880 the number of persons employed in the fisheries
was 131,426, of which 101,684 were fishermen, and the
remainder shoremen. The fishing fleet consisted of 6,605
vessels, aggregating 208,297.82 tons and 44,804 boats, and
the total amount of capital invested was $37,995,349. It
is believed that the census of 1890 will show an increase
of not less than twenty-five per cent. on these figures.
While the production of salt fish is decreasing, the sale of
fresh fish is increasing ina greater proportion, owing to
the wonderful advance made of late years in methods of
refrigeration, rendering possible their preservation for an
indefinite period.

This review of some of the more salient features of the
fundamental ideas governing fish development and of the

7D

great economic value of fish culture, with which you are
familiar, is only for the purpose of giving a perspective,
as it were, to the ideas herein to be suggested for considera-
tion as a possible means of further promoting this great
cause. It is well, also, at times to review the ground over
which we have passed, so that by noting the successes our
enthusiasm may be newly awakened.

We have now reached a point in the history of fish cult-
ure when we may proudly point to great results achieved
in the actual and undoubted restoration of depleted waters,
and from which we may fairly hope for a realization of the
dreams of the enthusiasts, who have patiently plodded
along in the paths laid out by the pioneers of tish culture,
undismayed by the discouragements awaiting them at
every turn. What has been, and is, should give a sugges-
tion of what may be. Doubtless, in the minds of many,
we have, in some directions at least, almost achieved the
limits of possibility. To others, however, familiar with
the statistics of output and production, increased produc-
tion is only a matter of increased propagation. Whe we
consider that in the case of the shad alone, the survival of
tive per cent. of the fry distributed by the United States
Fish Commission will supply the entire shad-catch of the
Atlantic coast, we begin to get some idea of the possibili-
ties resulting from work carried on on a seale of adequate
magnitude. When we realize that in this fish alone, since
1880, the catch has been doubled, resulting in an addition
of over $1,000,000 per annum to the food production of the
country, the great economic value of tish culture becomes
moreapparent. The great influx of shad during the present
season, completely glutting the market, shows a continued
rapid ratio of increase as the work of propagation is
increased. The introduction and rapid spread of shad on
the Pacific coast is a further proof of the beneficent effects
of fish culture.

The whitefish is another notable example of the great

76

value of, and necessity for, extensive artificial propaga-
tion. The valuable paper by Mr. Fred Mather, read at the
last meeting of the American Fisheries Society, gives
evidence that in the case of that noble fish, the salmon,
nothing is needed for its restoration, and perhaps a con-
siderable extension of its range, but adequate outpout
of fry.

Fish culture, therefore, we may fairly conclude, no
longer needs defence, but may move forward serenely to
a realization of the brightest conceptions of those who first
conceived its value.

It may be well now to inquire what may yet be done by
the American Fisheries Society to further promote and
stimulate this great work. As to the past influence of the
Society the ‘‘ Report of the United States Fish Commis-
sion for 1875, ’76”’ pays it the following tribute:

‘‘The American Fisheries Society is an organization
which has also performed a large part of the work of prog-
ress referred to. Its annual meetings begun in 1871, and
continued since, invoking the presence of large numbers of
experts in fish culture, as well as many members of State
Fish Commissions, and giving an opportunity for the inter-
change of ideas and suggestions, and of forming personal
acquaintances between those who are endeavoring to pro-
mote the common object. It must not be forgotten that
the first authoritative suggestion of the propriety and im-
portance of federal action in regard to the stocking of the
common waters of the United States was made by this
body, a committee having been appointed at the meeting
of 1871 to memorialize Congress on the subject, as men-
tioned in the previous portion of the report. The val-
uable counsel and advice of the officers and members of
this: Association have always been at the service of the
United States Fish Commission, and have been made use
of in many important instances.”’

It is with some diffidence that the following suggestions

77

are presented for consideration as an inquiry as to whether
this Society might not in the future occupy a still broader
sphere of usefulness in promoting the great work of fish
culture.

First. Should not this Society urge and demand the
absolute elimination of politics from all questions con-
cerning the organization or government of the United
States Commission and the various State Commissioners /
The continued attacks upon the autonomy of the United
States Fish Commission are at once a menace and a warn-
ing. There are perhaps none of us who are not aware that
the success of fish culture depends upon an expert knowl-
edge gained through years of experience, and that the
direction of such work can only be successful in the hands
of one who is thoroughly familiar with the past and present
aspect of fish culture, and who has comprehensive ideas of
the possibilities in its future.

Second. Would not the influence and power for good of
this Society, as a great national organization, be greatly
enhanced by the establishment of State branches, having
again county organizations, as in the case of other bodies
having a far-reaching influence; thus to secure the sym-
pathy and co-operation of all classes of our citizens, to
disseminate a correct knowledge of the value of fish culture,
and to establish an efficient system of observation and
espionage of the waters of the country, without which
laws are inoperative? It is well known that in the more
remote districts there is utter disregard of the laws enacted
for the preservation of game and fish, and that this is owing
largely to ignorance or a misconception of the effects of
such legislation, in the main believing it to be solely for
the benefit of certain favored classes. To disseminate a
proper knowledge of the work and to enlist more general
sympathy would alone constitute a broad field of use-
fulness.

Third. Would not it be possible, through a national

78

organization, having branches throughout the States, to
bring about a closer sympathy and co-operation among
the States concerning restrictive legislation and more
uniformity in methods of work? Also, to secure for the
State fish commissions and the National Fish Commis-
sion more liberal appropriations as the scope of the work
advances ?

Fourth. Would not the preparation and dissemination
of the latest and most approved literature of the subject
in a popular way in the form of tracts, or through matter
prepared systematically by a committee of publications
for the public press, tend greatly to advance the knowl-
edge of fish culture, or would such work be beyond the
scope of usefulness desirable for the American Fisheries
Society ?

Fifth. Would not the collection of all the literature of
the subject for purposes of reference and preservation be
worthy the efforts of the Society? This of course would
only be possible in the event of a permanent national
organization having a proper repository.

Siath. Would not the establishment by the American
Fisheries Society of a system of rewards (medals such as
are bestowed by similar bodies abroad) for able treatises
upon the various branches of the science of fish culture or
for the development of new and valuable ideas or methods
of work tend to encourage and stimulate a more rapid
development in this direction? Such medals are usually
highly valued, and are undoubtedly an active stimulus to
human effort.

Seventh. Would the establishment of a national school
of fish culture, under the auspices of the United States
Fish Commission, tend to a more general dissemination
of a knowledge of fish culture and more harmonious con-
duct of such work throughout the country ?

Eighth. There being honest differences of opinion con-
cerning certain effects of the fishery industry upon the

79

tisheries themselves, would not an impartial investigation
by a national organization, of the scope and influence
herein proposed, tend to remove prejudice or to influence
the correction of destructive methods /

As to whether or not a realization of the objects sought
to be attained in fish culture may best be promoted by the
independent action of heterogeneous organizations scattered
throughout the country, working without unison, and often
without sympathy, or by a mighty homogeneous organiza-
tion, reaching from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from
the Great Lakes to the Gulf, isa matter worthy of the con-
sideration of this body. In the minds of some, perhaps,
the idea will appear Utopian; but there are some at least
who feel that the time has arrived when to realize the
fullest benefits possible to tish culture such a far-reaching
organization is imperatively demanded.

FISH PROTECTION.
By Dr. James A. HENSHALL, OF OHIO.

Fish protection is as important as fish culture.

After a deposit of young fish is made in suitable waters
it is of the most vital importance that not only the fish,
but the water itself should be properly protected, to insure
the best results from such planting.

There seems to be a widespread popular fancy that the
introduction of tish in any waters should be followed by
a great and continual increase of such fish, without further
care or consideration. Nothing could be further from the
truth; but it is owing to this erroneous opinion of the people
at large, and the stocking of unsuitable waters, or the intro-
duction of unsuitable fish in other waters, that fish culture
and the restocking of waters is often looked upon with
doubt, if not contempt.

80

Different waters vary greatly in their characters and
conditions, and fishes vary very much in their habits;
therefore the successful stocking of waters requires much
intelligent thought, consideration, and experience.

We should as soon expect to raise lobsters and oysters
in the Ohio River as California salmon or brook-trout;
but where the proper conditions exist and the right kind
of fishes are introduced, the results will fully justify the
experiment, and fish culture will achieve a triumphant
success: for instance, the artificial culture and introduc-
tion of white-fish in the Great Lakes and the shad on the
east coast. In fact, these results could be confidently an-
ticipated, because the character of the waters of the ocean
and of the Great Lakes are so well understood, are reason-
ably pure, and contain an unlimited abundance of food for
both old and young fishes, and if these fishes are properly
protected by the rigid enforcement of wise laws, there need
never be any complaint as to the scarcity of either.

But the stocking of small lakes and streams is an en-
tirely different matter, because of the wide difference in
their character and condition. In the first place, it is
necessary that the character and condition of a stream
should be thoroughly and intelligently investigated before
any attempt should be made in the direction of stocking
it with fish of any kind; and if found reasonably pure,
with an abundance of fish-food, then the kind of fish to
introduce should be the next consideration. Then both of
these matters being accomplished, the most important con-
sideration is to follow—the proper care and protection of
the fish and the water, without which it were better that
the work had not been begun.

If a stream that is known to have failed in its fish supply
is polluted by the refuse of mills and factories on its
banks, it is useless to attempt to restore its fish-life by
the introduction of a fresh supply so long as the poisonous

81

emanations continue. Even if the water is not poisoned
to such an extent as to cause the death of the fishes, it is
fatal to nearly all of the ordinary fish-food, which amounts
to the same thing.

This is a matter that is not often thought of, but it is
a very vital one, nevertheless, and one that lies at the very
root of the cause of the decline of fishes in our inland
streams. To destroy the food of fishes is to destroy the
fishes themselves, or compel them to evacuate streams
thus depleted of food for more favorable locations, if
possible.

A farmer who shuts up his poultry in an empty house,
or turns his cattle into a newly-ploughed field, and ex-
pects them to thrive and grow fat, is not more foolish
than the fish culturist who plants a lot of young fishes in
a polluted stream with the expectation or intention of re-
stocking it or of restoring it to its former abundance.

Then, again, a stream may be reasonably pure, but be so
obstructed by dams of saw-mills, grist-mills, etc., that
fishes passing over them at certain times cannot return.
It is useless to stock such streams with migratory or anad-
romous fishes. Only tishes of quiet and non-migratory
habits should be introduced, and yet millions of brook-
trout have been planted in just such streams, only to pass
down over the dams, never to return.

Brook-trout streams are usually depopulated by the axe
of the lumberman. In the first place, by cutting off the
timber at the head of a brook, the sunlight finds entrance
to its once cool, moist and mossy banks, where the feathery
fern and the trailing arbutus and the partridge-berry once
luxuriated, and where the larval and insect food of the baby-
trout was bred in myriads ; the mosses and ferns wither and
die, the arbutus and the ground-pine shrivel up, the soil
gives up its moisture, the insects disappear, and when the
newly-hatched trout absorbs its yolk-sack, its little life

82

follows in the mournful train. Then the lumberman fills the
little brook with logs, the spring freshets come with the
melting of the snow and the warm rains, and the spawning-
beds of the doomed trout are ripped up and ploughed out,
and the jewelled trout disappears forever. True,if the water
is pure, the stream may be restocked from year to year
with yearling trout, but never again will they breed natu-
rally, owing to the altered conditions and the lack of
food for the young at the heads of the brooks or breeding-
places.

As I said before, the question of fish-food, and more
especially of the food for the newly-hatched fishes, is the
most vital one to be considered in the re-stocking of
waters. It is the food of the very young fishes—the
microscopic crustaceans—that is the first to succumb to
the pernicious effects of polluted waters, and it is to this
cause more than to over-fishing, or seining, or dynamite,
that we must impute the disappearance of the fishes from
our streams.

It is important, then, that the fullest protection should
be given the fishes by a proper protection of the waters in
which they live. To do thisevery dam should have a fish-
way, in order that migratory fishes can pass up the streams.
This would insure the right of way to their spawning-
grounds. Then, strict laws should be enacted by the legis-
lative bodies of every State in the Union to prevent the
offal and refuse of manufacturing establishments from
being discharged into the streams.

Noman, orcompany of men, have the moral or legal right
to pollute or poison the waters of any flowing stream, there-
by rendering the water unfit for the stock of the farmer or
for domestic uses, and poisonous to the fishes or their food.
If it were a fact, and could be proved, that the smoke or
gases from the chimneys of factories when blown over the
tields and habitations of men were poisonous to animals

83

and detrimental to the growth of crops, it would at once
be remedied by law, or the factories suppressed as nui-
sances ; and the law is justas ableand effective and power-
ful in the one case as in the other.

The refuse from manufactories of all kinds, as saw-
mills, distilleries, paper-mills, pulp-mills, starch-factories,
oil-refineries, etc., usually found on the banks of streams,
should be required by law to be run into pits and converted
into fertilizers. or other products, or burned, or otherwise
disposed of. In most cases such a law would be a bless-
ing in disguise to the manufacturer, for the refuse or
offal could be made a source of profit, as is now being
proved in several instances in various parts of the country.

If this were done, and our beautiful streams restored to
their normal condition of reasonably pure waters, the work
of the fish culturist and the fish commissioner would be
returned a million-fold, and in many cases the fishes
would multiply and increase naturally.

The net and seine fishing of the estuaries and at the
mouths of coastwise streams should be regulated by good
and effective laws, so that a reasonable proportion of the
fishes would be enabled to pass freely and unharmed up
the streams for the purpose of spawning. And the young
should be protected at all times, and their catching or sale
be declared illegal.

Just and rigid laws should likewise control the fisheries
of the Great Lakes and large streams, and the protection
of the young fish especially provided for.

The fishes of the inland streams and the water of the
streams should be effectually protected by similar laws,
which should provide close seasons during spawning-time,
the prohibition of nets and seining, spearing, or the use
of dynamite.

The penalties for violating these laws should be so
severe as to cause a due respect for the same; but above

84

and beyond everything else, the pollution of the streams
should be prevented.

THE SISKIWIT.

By R. O. SwEEny, Sr.

Some time ago, in a communication to Mr. G. Brown
Goode, of the Smithsonian Institution, which communica-
tion was elicited by some previous correspondence with
my distinguished friend, Mr. Fred Mather, upon the sub-
ject of the siskiwit of Lake Superior—in the material
set forth in my letter, which was very largely the result
of my own personal and careful investigation of the fish
themselves, with statements from the fishermen and dealers
carefully collated and compared, to secure only facts if
possible—among the items so stated was that setting
forth that the ‘‘siskiwit were spawning all the time,”’
ripe fish being taken at all seasons. This anomalous con-
dition of affairs being so at variance with my actual knowl-
edge of the habits of fishes generally, I hesitated to put
it forth without most carefully questioning the fishermen
and those who have actually seen the fish lifted from the
nets, and testified as to the eggs always dripping from the
tish. This unusual, if not unique, habit or condition of the
siskiwit has always challenged my investigation, and since
my residence again upon the lake, have gathered a few
more items, which may prove not uninteresting.

The siskiwit—and I tind there are two of him recog-
nized by the tishermen—are deep-water fishes, living down
in the icy and mysterious profound from 600 to 1,000 feet !
At this enormous depth, in this truly wondrous lake, the
pressure is so enormous that the wooden floats of the nets,
though thoroughly seasoned and boiled in oil repeatedly,
to make them waterproof, are dragged up with difficulty,

85

so heavy, so water-soaked, and misshapen by the pressure
as to be hardly recognizable as the symmetrical floats pre-
pared with such care and sunk only a few hours before, many
of them so crushed and broken as to be useless ever after.

There are curious things going on in the deeps of this
great abyss. One locality is pointed out, and is called by
the fishermen ‘‘ The Hospital,’’ because of the great num-
ber of crippled and misshapen tish raised from the bot-
tom; with its sharp, jagged rocks, among which a fierce,
strong current seems ever surging, I conjecture to be the
cause of the great number of maimed and unsymmetrical
tish taken at this particular spot.

In the neighborhood of Isle Royale, in water from 120
to 150 fathoms, on a blue clay bottom, over which myriads
of worms seem to swarm and upon which the siskiwit
delight to feed, it is a noticeable fact that the deeper the
water the fatter the fish. Indeed, the deepest-water fish
are so exceedingly fat that when brought to the surface,
relieved from the enormous pressure, seem almost jelly-
like and ready to burst, in fact the floating oil on the surface
of the lake show many of the oil vesicles are ruptured,
even the bones of the head are so soft and tender that the
hook or gaff tears through them, so little resistance is
offered. That the relief from the deep water pressure has
greatly changed the appearance of the fish there is no
doubt, and the flabby, almost liquid, animal at the surface,
when at its chosen habit, at from 150 to 200 fathoms, is firm
of texture and as active of every function as those of the
watery strata above. Upon examination, fish were found
in various stages of development; in some the eggs are
tirm and hard and undeveloped, in others fully developed,
soft, and ripe, ready for spawning. The males are also in
the same stages of readiness; from some the milt flows
freely and in great abundance; others seem spent, while
others, again, seem immature and the milt undeveloped.

86

In November, several seasons ago, when taking our regu-
lar supply of the eggs of Namaycush, we took some of the
Siskiwit eggs for intended observation of their peculiarities.
Under some conditions they are slower in hatching than
Namaycush, the fry are lighter in color, very decided
difference in looks and behavior; they are not as active,
and slower in swimming up, seem to be more delicate and
susceptible to the ‘‘ blue bag’’ development than the Namay-
cush, feed about the same as Namaycush, and were doing
well up to middle of March, when by one of those aggravat-
ing incidents hard to guard against in experimental work,
they were turned in with a large lot of Namaycush for dis-
tribution by one of the men who thought they were so few ;
they took up more room than they were worth.

This fish, hitherto described in foregoing pages, is of the
larger and deepest-water species from the profundity about
Isle Royale and that neighborhood. The largest specimens
I can learn of weighed 60 lbs.—females always larger
than males, whose flesh is always firmer than the spawuners.
The smaller species of Siskiwit rarely exceeds 30 lbs. for
the female and half that weight for the male. They are
taken in water at 100 to 120 fathoms. The flesh of the
male is hard and firm, even when compared with Namay-
cush. Another very great peculiarity of his is the abundant
and inordinate secretion of milt with which he is provided.
In quantity and efficiency the milt of one Siskiwit is
superior to the yield of six good conditioned Namaycush.
It is a well-known fact that certain foods stimulate the
generative functions in warm-blooded vertebrates, and
no reason appears why the same should not occur among
tishes. This may explain the ever-apparent readiness
to spawn of certain individuals at all times among the
Siskowet.

87

THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AND ITS
PROCEEDINGS.

By Frep MATHER.

This Society is now twenty years old, and has issued
eighteen reports of proceedings of its meetings. By an
error the second meeting, held at Albany, N. Y., February
7th and 8th, 1872, was called the first Annual Meeting (see
first Report of Proceedings of the American Fish Culturists’
Association, page 9); therefore the present meeting is
actually the 20th instead of the 19th. The meeting of
organization, held in New York, December 20th, 1870, was
the first. Under this date the first printed Report (Albany,
The Argus Company printers, 1872) opens as follows:

‘““New York City, December 20, 1870: A meeting of
practical fish culturists was held in this city to-day, in
compliance with a call issued November 1st by W. Clift,
A. 8. Collins, J. H. Slack, F. Mather, and L. Stone.”’ It
then relates that Mr. Clift was chosen Chairman and Mr.
Stone Secretary; a permanent organization was formed
and a Constitution adopted. The Report of this meeting
appeared in newspapers only, until it was copied into the
Report of the second meeting in 1872, which, as before
stated, was erroneously called the first.

The earlier Reports are not to be obtained now, and I
doubt if more than half a dozen complete sets are in exist-
ence. As an original member, having all the Reports, it
has been thought that a review of the proceedings, in the
nature of an index with notes, might be of value, and the
following is offered :

LIST OF REPORTS PUBLISHED.

1. Proceedings American Fish Culturists’ Association,
‘‘organized December 20th, 1870,’’ Albany: The Argus
Company, printers, 1872, [56 pages including two meetings].

88

2. Proceedings American Fish Culturists’ Association
‘fat its Second Annual Meeting, February “11th, 1873,
Albany: The Argus Company, printers, 1873’’ [84 pages].
This meeting was held at the office of George Shepard
Page, No. 10 Warren Street, New York City.

3. Proceedings American Fish Culturists’ Association ‘at
its Third Annual Meeting, February 10th, 1874 [48 pages],
Rochester, N. Y.: Evening Express Printing and Engrav-
ing Company, 1874.”’ Held at the office of Mr. George
Shepard Page, 10 Warren Street, New York.

4. Proceedings American Fish Culturists’ Association,
‘‘atits Fourth Annual Meeting, February 9th and 10th, 1875.
Rochester, N. Y.: Evening Express Printing and Engrav-
ing Company, 1875.’’ Held at Mr. Page’s office, New York
[43 pages].

5. Proceedings American Fish Culturists’ Association,
‘‘at its Fifth Annual Meeting, February 8th, 1876, Rut-
land: Tuttle & Company, printers, 1876.’’ This meeting
was also held at the office of Mr. Page, New York [20 pages].

6. This Report contains two meetings; the title-page, on
which the first seal of the Association appears, reads as
follows: ‘‘ Transactions of the American Fish Culturists’
Association; Special Meeting held at the Centennial Exhi-
bition, Philadelphia, October 6th, 1876; Sixth Annual
Meeting February 14th, 1878, New York: John M. Davis,
printer, 40 Fulton Street, 1877” [131 pages]. On page 46
is the heading: ‘‘Sixth Annual Meeting. The American
Fish Culturists’ Association held their Annual Meeting at
the New York Aquarium on Wednesday, February 14th,
1ST?

7. Transactions American Fish Cultural Association,
‘* Seventh Annual Meeting, February 27th and 28th, 1878.
Held at the Directors’ Rooms of the Fulton Market Fish-
mongers’ Association, New York: John M. Davis, typog-
rapher, No. 40 Fulton Street, 1878” [124 pages]. The

89

name of the Association was changed, as above, at this
meeting.

8. Transactions American Fish Cultural Association,
‘**Kighth Annual Meeting, held at the Directors’ Rooms of
the Fulton Market Fish-mongers’ Association, in the City
of New York, February 25th and 26th, 1879. New York:
John M. Davis, typographer, 40 Fulton Street, 1879”
[66 pages}.

9. Transactions American Fish Cultural Association,
‘*Ninth Annual Meeting, held at the Directors’ Rooms of
the Fulton Market Fish-mongers’ Association, in the City
of New York, March 30th and 31st, 1880. New York [no
printer's name, but was done by Mr. Davis, as above},
1880”’ [72 pages].

10. Transactions American Fish Cultural Association
‘‘Tenth Annual Meeting, held at the Directors’ Rooms of
the Fulton Market Fish-mongers’ Association, in the City
of New York, March 30th and 31st, 1881. New York
[no name, but Davis did it], 1881”’ [136 pages].

11. Transactions American Fish-Cultural Association
[the hyphen appears in the name for the first time},
‘**Kleventh Annual Meeting,’’ held at above rooms on April
3d and 4th, 1882, [157 pages. Davis was the printer, but
his name does not appear on title-page].

12. Transactions American Fish-Cultural Association,
“Twelfth Annual Meeting, held at Cooper Institute, in the
City of New York, June 6th and 7th, 1883”’ [83 pages.
Davis printed it, but his name does not appear}.

13. Transactions American Fish-Cultural Association,
“‘Thirteenth Annual Meeting, held at the National
Museum, Washington, D. C., May 13th and 14th, 1884.
New York, 1884,’’ [253 pages. Davis printed it, but his
name is not on title-page]. The name was again changed at
this meeting.

14. Transactions American Fisheries Society, ‘‘ Four-

90

teenth Annual Meeting, held at the National Museum, in
Washington, D. C., May 5th and 6th, 1875. New York,
1885°’ [106 pages; no printer’s name, but Davis did it].

15. Transactions American Fisheries Society, ‘“ Fif-
teenth Annual Meeting, held at the Palmer House, Chicago,
Ill., April 13th and 14th, 1886. New York, 1886” [100
pages; no printer’s name, but Davis did it].

16. Transactions American Fisheries Society, ‘‘ Six-
teenth Annual Meeting, held at the National Museum,
Washington, D. C., May 31st and June Ist, 1887. New
York, 1887”’’ [72 pages; no printer’s name, but was done
by Davis].

17. Transactions American Fisheries Society, ‘‘Seven-
teenth Annual Meeting, held in Elk’s Hall, Detroit, Mich.,
May 15th and 16th, 1888. New York, 1888”’ [115 pages;
no printer’s name; the work was done by Martin B. Brown,
New York].

18. Transactions American Fisheries Society, ‘‘ Kight-
eenth Annual Meeting, held at the rooms of the Anglers’
Association of Eastern Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, May
15th and 16th, 1889; Spangler & Davis, 529 Commerce
Street, Philadelphia’’ [87 pages].

These Reports are filled with interesting papers on sub-
jects not only connected with fish culture, but also on
molluscs, crustaceans, ichthyology, chemical composition
and nutritive value of food fishes, fish-ways, statistics of
fisheries, and other subjects of interest, by some of the
foremost scientists and fish culturists of the world. After
many of the papers a discussion on the subject follows,
which is often of as much importance as the paper itself,
inasmuch as it gives, in terse language, the views of others
on the subject, and frequently causes the writer to elucidate
some point which, while perfectly clear to himself, has not
been treated in detail.

It is fortunate for the owners of the earlier Reports that

91

they are all of uniform size to bind together, those already
published making two, or better, three, handy octavo
volumes, and comprising, as they do, so many subjects
which cover a wide field, making almost a library of fish
culture and kindred subjects.

THE CONSTITUTION AND AMENDMENTS.
1870.

Art. Il. Name and Objects.—The name of this Society
shall be ‘*‘The American Fish Culturists’ Association.”
Its objects shall be to promote the cause of fish culture; to
gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical
success; the interchange of friendly feeling and intercourse
among the members of the Association; the uniting and
encouraging of the individual interests of fish culturists.
(Amended, 1878, after the final word ‘‘fish culturists”’
was added, ‘‘and the treatment of all questions regarding
tish, of a scientific and economic nature,’ VII., 118; also
changing the name from the American Fish Culturists’
Association to the American Fish Cultural Association,
VIL., 76; again changed to present title, XIII., 238; again,
1884, name changed to ‘‘American Fisheries Society,”
XIII., 230-238].

Art. Il. Members.—All fish culturists shall, upon a
two-thirds vote of the Society, and a payment of three
dollars, be considered members of the Association, after
signing the Constitution. The Commissioners of the
various States shall be honorary members of this Associ-
ation, ex-officio.

[Amended to read that ‘‘ all those who had paid $5.00,
and signed the Constitution, were made members of the
Association without further action,’’ III., 4. Last para-
graph making Commissioners honorary members stricken
out, III., 5.

92

Amended, 1874, by striking out the words ‘all fish
culturists,’’ and inserting ‘‘any person.” IIL., 5.

Amended, 1875, making annual dues $3.00.

Amended, 1880, members who do not pay their fees for
two years to be dropped, IX., 34.

Amended, 1884, to elect corresponding members, XII1.,
239.

Amended, 1881, honorary members to be approved by a
two-thirds vote, X., 3].

Art. III. Officers.—The officers of this Association shall
be a president, a secretary, and a treasurer, and shall be
elected annually by a majority vote. Vacancies occurring
during the year may be filled by the president.

(Amended to include a Recording Secretary, VIII., 50.

Amended, 1871, to read: The officers of the Association
shall be a president, secretary, treasurer, and executive
committee of three members, and shall be elected by a
majority vote. Vacancies, etc.*

Amended again in 1877, increasing the Executive Com-
mittee to five [III., 5]. Againin 1878, increasing the Com-
mittee ‘‘from three to seven members,” VII., 76.

In 1882, President and vice-President to hold office one
year, and arethen ‘‘ ineligible for the same office until after
an interval of one year,’ XI., 4.

Art. IV. Meetings.—The regular meetings shall be held
once a year, the time and place being decided upon at the
previous meeting.

[Norr.—In 1879 it was decided “to meet again in
March or April, 1880, at the call of the Exe-
cutive Committee,’ VIII., 60. Up to 1884
there is no record of the date of any meeting
being fixed at a previous one. See 13th Re-
port, page 7—a foot-note to the Constitution].

*The transcript is made verbatim with punctuation as used, and capital
letters as omitted. F. M.

93

Art. V. Changing the Constitution.—The Constitution
of the Society may be amended, altered, or repealed by a
two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular
meeting.

NOTES ON THE CONSTITUTION.

A Committee on the nomination of officers was appointed
at the meeting in 1871,* and the rule continued until the
meeting of 1882, when nominations were made. See XI.,
15. In 1884 a Committee was again appointed, XIII., t22.

A Committee to revise the Constitution was appointed in
1885, XIV., 7. It was last published in full in the Report
for 1887, and some changes of phraseology made which
escaped the writer's notice, but nothing important.

OFFICERS.

A history of the Society would not be complete without
a record of its officers; therefore, with the exception of the
members of the Executive Committees, who change yearly,
and have of late years been simply ornamental, the
following record is given :

Presidents: Wm. Clift, Mystic, Conn., 187073, four
years; R. B. Roosevelt, New York, 1874-’81, eight years;
Geo. Shepard Page, New York, 1882; James Benkard,
New York, 1883; Hon. Theodore Lyman, Brookline,
Mass., 1884; Col. Marshall McDonald, Washington, D. C.,
1885; Dr. Wm. M. Hudson, Hartford, Conn., 1886; W. L.
May, Fremont, Neb., 1887; John H. Bissell, Detroit,
Mich., 1888; Eugene G. Blackford, New York, 1889.

*This Committee practically appoints the officers, and has, at times, given
dissatisfaction. I have steadfastly opposed this method, but have always
been voted down, because the Committee disposes of the question in the
least time, and the members are always in a hurry to get away. I believe it
to be the very worst way to select officers, its only advantage being in saving
time. F. M.

94

Vice-Presidents (none until 1874): Geo. 8. Page, New
York, 1874~’81; James Benkard, New York, 1882; Geo.
S. Page, New York, 1883; Col. Marshall McDonald,
Washington, D. C., 1884; Dr. W. M. Hudson, Hartford,
Conn., 1885; W. L. May, Fremont, Neb., 1886; Dr. H. H.
Cary, Atlanta, Ga., 1887; S. G. Worth, Washington, D. C.
1888 ; Herschel Whitaker, Detroit, Mich., 1889.

Secretary: Livingston Stone, Charlestown, N. H.,
187072; A. S. Collins, Caledonia, N. Y., 187375; M. C.
Edmunds, Weston, Vt., 1876; Barnet Phillips, New York,
187778 (up to 1877 there had been but one Secretary).

Corresponding Secretary: Barnet Phillips, New York,
187983; R. Edward Earll, Washington, D. C., 1884;
W. V. Cox, Washington, D. C., 1885; W. A. Butler, Jr.,
Detroit, Mich., 188687; Henry C. Ford, Philadelphia,
Pa., 1888; C. V. Osborn, Dayton, O., 1889.

Recording Secretary: James Annin, Jr., Caledonia,
N. Y., 187982; Fred Mather, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.,
188388 ; Frederic W. Brown, Philadelphia, Pa., 1889.

Treasurer: B. F. Bowles, Springfield, Mass., 1870—75 ;
E. G. Blackford, New York, 1876-88; Henry C. Ford,
Philadelphia, Pa., 1889.

TREASURER’S REPORTS.

B. F. Bowles, 1873, balance on hand.......-.....-- $29 08
3 1874, COT ERPMIR AG BY S |, , SESPSS
. 1875, SEiL ny MAME ELD INS ae 72 58
BS 1876, no report. *

E. G. Blackford, 1877, no figures. t
es 1878, due Treasurer, $232 25
“ 1879, z 131 70
“ 1881, « 26 73

* Mr. Bowles died previous to this meeting.
+ The Report of special meeting, VII., 7, says: ‘‘Report accepted.”

95

E. G. Blackford, 1882, due Treasurer, $57 26

in 1883, “i 89 55
a: 1884, balance on hand, $205 75
ef 1885, due Treasurer, 102 58
4 1886, balance on hand, 37 63
as 1887, due Treasurer, 80 17
ps 1888, balance on hand, 61 65
a 1889, due Treasurer, 5 29

INDEX OF AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS.

In compiling this index great care has been taken, yet
there may be errors in it. Cross references are given when
the subject seems to demand it. For instance: Dr. Bean
writes an article on ‘‘ Hybrids in Salmonide ;”’ it is indexed
under ‘‘Bean,’’ ‘‘ Hybrids, ‘‘ Hybrids, claimed to be fertile,”’
‘‘Salmonide,’”’ ‘‘Hybrids for the table,’ and ‘‘ Trout,
hybrid,”’ covering the main points of interest.

The references are to the number of the Report, not to the
year—as: “ XIII., 91,’ for Thirteenth Report, 91st page.

Trusting that the index may be of value to those who
may wish to look up any subject that has been treated of,
or discussed by the Society, or who need to refer to the
opinions or the writings of individuals, the following
is offered.

INDEX TO AUTHORS AND SUBJECTS.

Agassiz circulars, I., 5.

Ainsworth’s spawning race, II., 10.

Alewife in fresh water, X., 70, 74, 75.

‘* Albatross,” deep sea-dredging on the, XV. 17.

Amia. See dogfish.

Amphiecious fishes, X., 65-75; XIII.. 69.

Anglers’ Association of East Pennsylvania, XVIII., 3, 75.
made honorary member, XVIII., 78,

Annin, James, Jr., VII., 114; VIII., 15-17.
on enemies of fish, X., 76-81.

96

Annin, James, Jr., on fish culture, XIII., 109.
on outlets for ponds, IX., 14, 62-64.
on strips trout at a meeting, IX., 34.
Aquaria, management of public, VIII., 46-50.
Aquarium car, IITI., 10; X., 51.
for New York, IV., 9-11; VI., 107.
the New York, VI., 3, 4; VI., 8, 36, 108, 110; VIII., 57, 58.
New York, all future meetings to be held at, VI., 8.
Atkins, Charles G., I., 16; VI, 65; X., 52.
credited with first dry impregnation, VII., 23; X., 49.
invention for penning fish, X., 48.
on biennial spawning of salmon, XIV., 89.
on land-locked salmon, XIII., 40.
on salmon breeding, III., 24-30.
Atwater, Prof. W. O., XIII., 194.
on chemical changes in oysters, XVI., 37.
on chemical composition of fish, etc., X., 124-131; XIII., 171.
on digestibility of fish, XVII., 69.
on nutritive values of fish, IX., 44-58.
on nutritive values of oysters, XVI., 37.

Baird, Prof. Spencer Fullerton, I., 12; II., 25-82; IV., 8; VI., 5, 64, 70;
V1IL., 66, 72; XXTII., 87, 122; XIV., 97.
in memory of, XVII., 28.
on work of the U. S. Fish Commission, III., 31-88.
Bartlett, S. P., XV., 8, 25, 31.
Bean, Dr. Tarleton H., X., 124.
on change of habits in transplanted fish, X VIII., 34.
on the commercial cod of Alaska, X., 16, 34.
on hybrids in Salmonide, XVIII., 11, 18, 19.
on red flesh of fishes, X VIII,, 20.
on species of North American whitefish, XIII., 32.
Beardslee, Capt. L. A., U.S.N., X., 124.
Bell, Charles F., II., 15.
and Mather hatching-cone, XII., 35; XVII., 27.
Belostoma, VIII., 6, 8, 9.
Benkard, James, XI., 15, 19; XII., 33, 75, 66.
Billingsgate, a glance at, XIV., 76.
Black bass : discussion on species, IV., 8, 10.
distribution of, XII., 21.
food of, XII., 32.
hibernation of, XIV., 12.
in New York markets, VIII., 9.
in shad streams, VI., 37; XII., 26.
in trout waters, XII., 26, 27.

97

Black bass, laws protecting, VIII., 9.
mature in one year, VII., 110.
must have rocky bottoms, VIITI., 23.
observations on the, XVII,, 33.
planted in Maine, [X., 58, 62; XI., 19; XIII, 57.

Blackford, Eugene G , III., 5; IV., 9, 11; V., 567; VI., 21, 61-63, 79,
124-127; VII., 77-82, 116, 119; VIII, 9, 10, 11, 18, 14, 21; X.,

XI., 26, 27, 83; XITI., 20; XIII., 122; XV., 26, 72.
on California salmon, XI., 28, 24, 83; XVIII., 31.
on carp, X., 14, 15.
on food of fish, XII , 5, 8.
on hatching cod, XI., 14.
on license for nets, IX., 44.
on lobster laws, XI., 41, 42.
on oyster beds of New York, XIV., 85.
on oyster protection, XIII., 163.
on pollution of waters, XII., 75; XIII., 65, 66.
on protection of sea fisheries, XIII., 60.
on rainbow trout, XI., 23.
on shad for England, X., 58.
on spawning seasons of fish, XII., 5-8.
Bissell, John H., XV., 8, 14, 15, 24, 25, 34, 48, 50; XVIT., 104.
address by, XVIII., 6.
on co-operation in fish culture, XVIT., 89.
on fish culture as a practical art, XV., 36.
on protection and propagation, XV., 43.
Blind fish, I., 8; XVIII, 73, 74.
Bluefish disappear, XIIT., 89.
Book-case to be purchased, VI., 9, 127.
Booth, A., XV., 25.
on oyster culture, XV., 32.
on protection and propagation, XV., 47.
on stocking salmon rivers, XV., 43.
Bottemanne, J. C., VI., 5, 49; [X., 30, 32; XITI., 123.
Bowles, B. F., I., 39; III., 5; VII., 4,
Brevoort, J. Carson, VII., 65, 66.
Bryson, Col. M. A., XII., 75, 76.
Buffalo fish, X., 14, 15.
Burden, Henry, XVIII., 53, 56, 60, 65.
Butler, W. A., XTV., 98; XV., 7.
on trout work in Michigan, XVIII., 25.

Carp as food, VI., 69; XV., 91.
buffalo sold for, X., 15.
distinguishing mark of, X., 14.

107,
124:

98

Carp, food and habits of, X., 11-16; XI., 5-7.
growth of, VI., 69; X., 138; XI., 5-7.
how to cook, XI., 48.
in Illinois, XVII., 104.
in the Hudson River, X., 14.
introduction to America, VI., 67, 69; VII., 66; X., 54 (2).
is it profitable ? XV., 91.
sent from America to Germany, X., 13.
will it take the hook? X., 16,
varieties of, X., 15.
Carp-suckers, X., 13, 14.
Cary, Dr. H. H., XIII., 236; XVIII., 33.
on oysters of Florida, XVI., 5.
on temperature of Indian River, XVI., 6.
Catfish, food of, XVII., 67.
Centopristis. See seabass
Chambers, W. Oldham, XYVII., 25-27.
Chase, Oren M., invents a hatching-jar, X., 53.
Cheney, A. N., on food fish and fish food, XII., 27-32.
on salmon in the Hudson, XY., 72; XVIII., 55.
on transplanting fish, XIV., 55.
Clams, giant, of Puget Sound, XIV., 8.
soft, VII., 95.
Clapham, Thomas, VIII., 4.
Clark, F. N., X.,.58:; XIL, 353cX1V., 7,,97; XV.,:6 7,.8,, 25), 31.
attempts to separate dead and living eggs, XII., 35.
keeps whitefish eggs in ice, X., 59.
on adhesive eggs, XV., 16.
on food of whitefish, XVII., 67.
on grayling, XV., 65, 66.
on migration of whitefish, XV., 49.
on planting fish when too young, XV., 81, 82.
on planting whitefish, XIV., 40; XV., 49.
sends whitefish eggs to New Zealand, X., 53.
Clark, Howard, on iced and frozen fish, XV., 68.
on preserving fish with acids, etc., XVI., 28.
Clark, N. W., breeds whitefish, X., 47.
invents a hatching-trough, X., 50.
invents a case for transporting eggs, X., 50.
Cold Spring Harbor, work at, XIV., 94; XV., 84; XVI., 8; XVII., 104.
Codfish, of Alaska, X., 16-34.
first hatched, X., 46.
hatching the, VIII., 3; X., 56; XI., 18, 14; XIII.. 11, 18.
migration of, XI., 82.

99

Collins, Capt. J. W., on the haddock fisheries, XI., 43.
Color of fishes, XVIII., 65.
Comstock, Oscar, VIII., 21.
Coregonus. See whitefish,
Corresponding Members first elected, XIII., 240.
Coup, W. C., VI., 5, 108.
gives the Society a dinner, VI., 70.
Cox, Hon. S. 8., speech of, XIII., 91.
Cox, W. V., on Billingsgate, XIV., 76.
on transporting fish to market in the British Isles., XV., 56.
Crawfish, fresh-water, IX., 16, 17.
Crustaceans, transportation of, XII., 46.

Dogfish of the lakes is eatable, VIII., 27.
Duning, Philo, XV., 9; XVII., 88.

on fish food, XV., 78, 79.

on fishing for lake trout, XV., 80.
Dykeman, on impregnating trout eggs, II., 13.
Dytiscus, VIII., 27.

Earle, R. E., hatches first moon-fish, X., 57.
hatches first Spanish mackerel, X., 57.
on oysters, XIII., 243, 244, 247; XVL., 7.
on State Fish Commissioners, XVI., 23.
Edmunds, Dr. M. C., I., 8, 11, 32, 39; VI., 80, 82, 83, 84, 86.
Eel, curious habits of, [X., 19, 20.
dies if its slime is removed, X., 69.
geographical distribution of the, X., 81.
number of species of, X., 81, 84, 86, 87.
ovaries of the, VIII., 45, 46; X., 119.
planting the, VI., 47; X., 83.
question, the, X., 116, 118.
reproductive habits of the, VII., 90,99; VIII, 32-44, 45; X.,
100, 108, 105, 109, 111.
sexual characters of the, X., 89, 100, 119.
conger, the, X., 116, 118.
Embryo salmon, XI., 7, 11.
Endicott, Francis, XIII., 65, 286; XV., 22.
on black bass, XII., 26.
Evarts, Charles B., VI., 85, 87; XI., 4; XIII., 2384.

Fairbank, N. K., XV., 25, 35, 65, 66, 79, 80, 89, 90.
on planting fish not indigenous, XV., 73, 74.
Ferguson, Major Thomas B., invents plunging buckets for shad eggs, X., 65.
Field, the American, XVII., 107.
Fish, and fishing in Alaska, XIII., 3.

xz
to
x
~

100

Fish, as food, VI., 88, 100; XIII., 27.
blind, I., 8; XVIII., 73, 74.
chemical composition of, XIII., 171, 194.
Commissioners, article on State, XVI., 23.
Commissions, establishment of. See epochs in fish culture.
Commissions, [linois, XV., 90.
Commissions. Michigan, XV., III., 25.
Commissions, New Jersey, VIII., 3.
Commissions, New York, XI.. 39; XIII., 6.
Commissions, United States, III., 31; VI., 64; XIII, 87.
Commissions, Wisconsin, XVII., 100.
comparative excellence of, XIII., 115.
dead ones usually sink, X., 9, 10.
digestibility of, XVII., 69.
distribution of, XVII., 4.
eggs, adhesive, XIV., 17; XV., 10-16; XVI., 11-14.
eggs, establishing price of, IV., 4.10; V., 5; VIII, 55, 56, 58, 59.
eggs, experiment with, XIII., 110.
eggs, fertility of from confined parents, XIII., 13. 200.
eggs, fishes that produce the most, XIII., 195, 199.
eggs, forms of different, XIII., 196.
eggs, hatching, floating, XI., 13, 14.
eggs, impregnation of, instantaneous, VI., 6, 77-88; VIII., 26.
eggs, prices of in 1871, XVIII., 24.
eggs, protective contrivances of some, XIV., 59.
embryos, forces that determine survival of, XIII., 195.
enemies of. See Poachers.
fauna of North America, XIV., 69.
fecundation of, II., 15.
feeding in confinement, VII., 67-72.
food of, XII., 5-8, 27-88; XV., 79-88; XVII., 37.
fry, devices for feeding, XVII., 25, 26.
Hawk (steamer), trip on the, XVIII., 75.
hibernation of, X., 10; XIV., 12.
hooks, prehistoric, VIII., 51-55.
iced and frozen, XVY., 68.
influence of temperature on, VII., 31-43.
laws, III., 45, 46; VI., 62, 63; VIII., 9, 10; XIII. 60.
live ones carried in snow, VI., 8, 110.
migration of, VII., 27-64; XI., 80-83; XIII., 164; XVI., 60.
names, confusion of, I., 8; VI., 40-41; VIII., 3.
native of Utah, II., 24, 25.
nutritive value of, IX., 44-58: X., 124-129; XIII., 171.
preserved by acids, etc., XVI., 28, 35, 36.

101

Fish, propagation of, V., 8-13.
propagation of food for, XVII., 29.
protection of, [V., 23-384; XVII., 28.
protectors, XI., 42.
spawning seasons of, XII., 5-8.
stocking waters with, VIII., 22-26.
suffocated by ice, X., 9, 10, 11.
transplanted ones change their habits, XVIIL., 34.
transplanting, does it affect food and game qualities ? XIV., 55.
transportation of, I[X., 20-30.
which can live in salt and fresh water, X., 65-75.
wounds on, VII., 12.

Fish culture abroad, I., 17, 24; IV., 84-38.

and protection, IV., 23-24.

announcement of the discovery of, X., 37.

a practical art, XV., 36-43,

at Cold Spring Harbor, XIV., 94.

beginning of in America, XII., 47; XIII., 47, 48.
begun by the States, XIII., 81.

by the U. 8. Government recommended, I., 10, 11; II , 3; VI., 64.
co-operation in, XVII., 89-99.

discovery of the art of, X., 35-88; XIII, 80.
epochs in, X., 34-58.

first practised in States and countries, X., 34-58; XIII., 81.
first publication of treatise on, X., 37, 38.

first recognition of by Governments, X., 37, 38.
in California, I., 18; III., 9.

National, II., 25-32.

notes on, XIII., 109.

objective points in, XTV., 72.

pension for the discoverer of, X., 38.

permanent exhibition of, I., 12.

progress of, X., 43.

the ‘‘ father” of American, XIII., 122.

versus protection, XV., 43-48.

Fish Cultural Society, the American, X., 57, XV., 24.
donates its funds to the American Fisheries Society, XV., 25.
meeting of ex-members of, XV., 25.

Fisheries: of Alaska, XTITI., 111.
of Japan, XVI, 17.
of Norway, VI., 97-100.
protection of the ocean, XIII., 60.

Society of Japan, XVIL., 28.
Fishery exhibition in Berlin, VIII., 60; X., 57.

102

Fishery exhibition, prizes at, X., 58.
Society of Germany, X., 47.
Fishes, color of, XVIII., 65.
Fish-monger’s Association of Fulton Market, VII,, 74, 75, 109, 116, 117, 118;
VIII., 3, 59; IX., 65.
Fishways: new system of building, XII., 57.
of Pennsylvania, III., 38; IV., 40; VI., 34, 41, 44, 45.
the McDonald, excellence of, X., 58; XII., 74.
Fishing Gazette (London) sends over eggs of brown trout, XIII., 10.
Fitzhugh, D. H., XVII., 106.
Forbes, Prof. S. A., on food of fishes, XVII., 37.
Ford, Henry C., XVII., 104; XVIII., 18.
Forest and Stream : appointed the official organ of the Society, III., 3.
appointment rescinded, IV., 4.
mentioned, XI., 40; XII., 8; XIII; 8; XVII., 28.
report taken from, IV., 6-41.
row about its printing-papers, XVII., 106.
Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, made an honorary member, XIII, 249.
death of, XVIII., 77.
Frog culture, IX., 16.
Frost-fish (Prosopium), VII., 14. See smelt; see tomcod.
Fungus killed by salt, VII., 5, 14; XIII., 15.

Gammarus, IX., 15.
Garlick, Dr. Theodatus : made an honorary member, X., 3.
makes a correction, XIII., 123.
on the beginning of fish culture, XII., 47, 48.
the ‘‘ father” of American fish culture, XI., 40; XIII., 122.
German Fishery Society, VIII., 60.
Gill, Dr. Theodore: on eggs of fishes, XIII., 199.
on fishes of North America, XIV., 69.
Goode, Prof. George Brown: XIII., 54, 280, 288; XIV., 97, 98; XVILI., 28.
on color of fishes, XVIII., 65.
on eels, X., 81-1238.
on epochs in fish culture, X., 34-58.
on European shad, X., 5.
on fishes that live in both fresh and salt water, X., 67.
on haddock, XI., 43.
on oyster industries of the world, XIII., 146
on oyster protection, XIII,, 145, 162.
on retarding fish embryos, X., 59; VII., 27-64, 99, 108, 114.
on swordfish, XI., 84-150.
on the porpoise, XIV., 36.
on quinnat salmon in Eastern waters, XVIII., 33.
Grayling : discussion on, IV., 6, 7; XV., 65-67.

103

Grayling : eggs from France, XVI., 10.
first attempts to propagate, X., 52 (2); XV., 64, 65.
observations on, XVII., 83, 87.
the Michigan, acclimatization of, IV., 38, 39; VI., 41; VIL, 11, 12,
14, 116.
Grilse, do they spawn ? IX., 30.
Green, Seth : articles and talks by, VI., 36, 37, 44, 64, 82-86; IX., 13-19; XI.,
Bie AVAL. eo
breeds whitefish, X., 47
claims to have crossed shad with striped bass, XVIII., 19.
claims to have discovered dry impregnation in 1864, VI., 83; VIL.,
22, 24,
claims to have hatched lobsters, III., 24.
first to make fish culture pecuniarily profitable, X., 45.
first trout eggs taken by him (1864), III., 22.
first shad taken to California by, VI., 71.
hatches lake trout, X., 48.
hatches sturgeon, X , 53.
invented a hatching-trough, X., 50.
invented the shad-box, X., 46, 47.
may have made a mistake, XVIII., 19.
on experiences of a practical fish culturist, III., 22.
on frog culture, [X., 16.
on hybridizing fishes, X., 5-9.
on lake trout, XV., 74.
on Jand-locked salmon, IX., 40.
on pound-nets, VII., 85-87.
on propagation of fish, V., 8.
on season of black bass, VIII., 9.
on stocking depleted waters, IV., 19-22; VIII., 22.
on trout culture, VII., 9-16.
resolution on the death of, XVIII., 77.
tries to propagate grayling, X., 52..

Haddock fishery of New England, XI., 43-56.

propagation of, X., 56.
Hall, Thomas J., VI., 100-103, 111.
Hallock, Charles, III., 45, 46; VI , 105-107, 111; VII., 112.

on Labrador fisheries, [X., 34-40.
Hatching apparatus, ITI., 14; X., 46, 50 (4), 51, 53 (2), 55 (2); XII., 34-36.
Henshalf, Dr. James A.: compares food fishes, XIII., 115.

on black bass, XII., 34-36.

on hibernation of black bass, XIV., 12.

* Often Mr. Green had no heading to his papers, and when he did, he had a habit of straying

over so many other subjects that it is difficult to index them.

'

104

Herring, Hatching the, X., 54.

Hessel, Dr. R., X., 54.

Holland, fisheries of, VI., 49.

Holt, C. F., on black bass, XVIII., 33.

Holton, M. G., invents a hatching-box, X., 50.

(Honorary Members: to be elected by a two-thirds vote, X., 3.)

(Norr.—The first time these appear in the lists isin XI., 155. At
the first meeting there was an inclination to make everybody an
honorary member. These were all dropped at the third meeting.
See III., 5. The following gentlemen were afterwards elected,
but do not appear on the rolls: W. C. Coup, VI., 5; Sekizawa
Akkekio, VI., 6, 50, 108. A partial list of the first elected
appears II., 34, but these were dropped, as above stated.)

Hudson, ‘Dr. "Wim: M. >°V 5-45) 2X. °26, 227529 2232. eV 8s: AVS
5; XVII., 106; XVIII., 5, 33.

called to the chair, XVIII., 3.

on decrease of shad in Connecticut River, X VIII., 35.

on hybrids, XVIIL., 18.

on oyster culture, XV., 31, 34, 35.

on salmon in the Connecticut, XVIII., 31.

on shell fisheries of Connecticut, XIII., 124, 144, 145.
Hybrids; X., 5-9; XIII, 55. 56; XVIII., 12.

claimed to be fertile, XVIII., 19.

would keep fry till the sac isabsorbed, XVII., 88.

Ito, Ke; -Xevile, 16:
on fisheries of Japan, XVL., 17.

Johnson, S. M., VIII., 17.
on lobsters, XI., 41; XIII, 124.
on lobster culture, XII., 18-20.
Jones, John D., XIIL., 7.
Jordan, Prof. D. 8., on distribution of fresh-water fish, XVII., 4.

Kingsbury, Dr. C. A., VI., 45; XVIII., 18, 20, 35.
has seen blind salmon, XVIII., 74.

Labrador, shore fisheries of, [X., 84-40.
decrease of, XIII., 20.
Lamphear, George, IX., 42.
on sales of fish in Fulton Market, IX., 48.
Lapham, Hon. Elbridge G., XIII., 71.
Lobsters, protection of, VIII., 17-21; IX., 64, 65; XI., 41; XITf.. 124. (On
a slip added at end of Report [X., added after going to press, it says
that the bill on p. 64 became a law of New York).

105

Lobsters, culture of, XII., 18-20.
statistics of, XII., 13.

Long, James Vernor, XVIII., 78.

Lyman, Col. Theodore, VI., 3, 30-83; XIII., 5; XIV., 30, 31.
addresses by, XIII., 72; XIV., 5.
on porpoise flesh as food, XIV., 87.

Madue marena, introduction of, X., 54.
Maitland, Sir James G., sends Loch Leven trout to America, XIV., 9.
Marks, W. D., XVI., 18; XVII., 28.
on grayling, XVII., 87.
Marston, R. B., sends brown trout to America, XIII., 10.
Mascalonge, said to be hatched, XVII., 28.*
Mather, Fred, I., 3; V., 3, 4. 7; VI., 21, 41, 45, 80, 81, 84. 88, 100, 110; VIL.,
115; VIII., 8; X., 10, 11, 124; XI., 25; XII., 20; XIII, 234, 238-
240; XIV., 7, 98; XV., 5, 24-26, 88; XVII., 25, 27, 104; XVIII., 32.
attempts to propagate grayling, X., 52.
attempts to propagate sea bass, X., 52.
calls for organization of the Central Fish Cultural Society, X., 57.
compiles the Constitution, XIII., preface.
devises plans to ship eggs by sea, VIII., 24.
devises refrigerator-box for eggs, X., 55.
estimates number of eggs in an eel, VIII., 46.
feeds sheepshead in confinement, XVII., 67.
finds a strange fish, VII., 67. (See Fishery Industries, plate 203.)
goes twice to Europe with salmon eggs, X., 55 (2).
gold medal for, X., 124.
hatches the first grayling, XV., 65.
invents the shad hatching-cone, X., 53.
on amphicecious fishes, X., 65-75.
on blind trout, XVIII., 73, 74.
on carp, growth of, X., 13.
on carp, species of, X., 14, 15.
on codfish eggs, XIII., 11, 13.
on crustaceans, XII., 46.
on destruction of shad-fry, XVII., 88.
on European shad, X., 5.
on food of fish, XTI., 32; XV., 80; XVII., 33.
on food of fish in confinement, VII., 67.
on grayling in trout streams, XV., 67.
on hatching smelts, XIV., 17; XV., 10, 13-16.
on history of the Society, VIII., 55.
on hybrids, XVIII., 19.

* This was premature ; no fish resulted.

106

Mather, Fred, on lake trout, XV., 82, 83.
on measuring meshes of nets, XI., 42.
on migration of shad, XVIII., 36.
on oyster culture, XV., 26, 31-383; XVI., 6.
oyster, the food of the, XVI., 7.
on places for meetings, XV., 89.
on poisoning and obstructing waters, [V., 14.
on preserving fish with acids, XVI., 35, 36.
on public aquaria, VIII., 46.
on quinnat salmon in Eastern waters, XVIII., 33.
on rainbow trout, XI., 22.
on salmon in the Hudson, XV., 71; XVI., 59; XVII, 36, 104.
on salmon, remarkable development of embryo, XI., 7.
on salmon, structure of, XI., 83.
on sawdust in streams, XVIII., 35.
on spawning, natural versus artificial, II., 10.
on sunfish, XIJ., 10.
on terrapins, XVIII., 74.
on work at Cold Spring Harbor, XIII.. 6; XIV., 94; XV., 84; XVI., 8.
resigns as Recording Secretary, XVIII, 5.
soles brought from England by, X., 56.
tried to get shad to Europe, X., 52-59. .
trout eggs, his prices for in 1871, XVIII., 24.
May, W. L., XIV., 98; XV., 6, 65; XVIIT., 34.
on places for meetings, XV., 89, 90.
McDonald, Col. Marshall, XII., 9.
invents a fishway, X., 56.
on adhesive eggs, XVI., 13.
on black bass, XII., 26, 27.
on blind trout, XVIII., 74.
on fishways, XII., 57.
on food of shad, XIII., 53.
on hatching floating eggs, XI., 18; XIII., 14.
on hatching-jars, XII., 34.
on influence of temperatures on fish, XI., 80; XIII., 166.
on movements of fish in rivers, XIII., 164.
on objective points in fish culture, XIV., 72.
on retarding development of eggs, X1., 11.
McGovern, H. D., VIIL., 6.
on habits of carp, X., 11: XI., 5.
on habits of eels, 1X , 19.
Menhaden, food of, VII., 65, 66.
fisheries injurious, XII., 8.
Meetings, date left to appointed committee, XIV., 98.

107

Meetings, date left to executive committee, [X., 65; XI., 27.
(See foot-note, 14th Report, page 98.)

discussion on places for, XV., 89,90; XVIII., 22.
in Boston proposed, XI., 25, 26.
of Commissioners, XI., 27.

Middleton, Geo. W., on protecting lobsters, IX., 64.

Middleton, W., XI., 24.

Miller, 8. B., VIII., 21; X., 14.

Milner, Dr. James W., VI., 72, 81, 82, 84, 86; VII., 114; XI., 28, 35.
obituary notice of, IX., 4.
on the United States exhibition at Philadelphia, VI., 26.
on fishes that live in both salt and fresh water, X., 66.
on pike-perch, VI., 40.
on sea trout, VI., 60.
on shad hatching, VI., 70; VII., 87.

Milt, kept for several days, VI., 79.

Mink culture, I., 19-21.

Moon-fish, first hatched, X., 57.

Mucous coating on fish, X., 69.

Murdoch, John, on Alaska fisheries, XIII., 111.

Nets, gill, in the cod-fisheries, XIII., 212.
how to measure meshes of, XI., 42.
Nevin, James, on hatching wall-eyed pike, XVI., 15.
on work of the Wisconsin Commission, XVII., 100.

Norris, Thaddeus, on acclimatizing the grayling in Eastern waters, LY.,

O’Brien, M. E., on propagation of fish food, XVII., 29.
Official paper of the Society, III., 3, IV., 4.
Order of business, XI., 4; XIII., 171.
Osborne, Hon. C. V., XVIII., 23.
Oyster (see shellfish also).
beds of New York, XIV.. 83.

breeding, XI., 57; XII., 49: XIII., 159-161; XV,, 26, 31-86;XVL.,

chemical changes in the, XVI., 37.

food of the, XI., 57; XVI., 7.

green color of the, XI., 57,

industry, condition, and prospects of the. XIII., 148.
industry of the world, XIII., 146.

necessity of protecting the, XIII., 163.
nutritive value of the, XVI., 37.

of Florida, XVI., 6.

resolution on ownership of grounds, XIII., 241.
resolution, disagreement over, 241-247.
statistics, XIII., 147.

108

Page, Geo. Shepard, I., 10; VII., 15; VIII., 27; XII., 76.
on black bass in Maine, IX., 58; XI., 3.
on fish culture, XI., 16; XII., 3.
on shad for English waters, X., 3.
Parker, Dr. J. C., XVII., 25.
on grayling, XVII., 83.
on whitefish fry, XVII., 67.
Perch, the white, XVI., 10.
the pike. See wall-eyed pike.
Phillips, Barnet, IV., 10; VI., 17, 26, 86, 87, 108; XII., 74.
on fish as food, VI1., 88.
on general statistics, X., 61.
on prehistoric fishhooks, VIII., 51.
on sturgeon in New York markets, X., 59.
on the oyster, XI., 79, 86.
on value of statistics, IX., 42.
Pickerel (pike-perch ?), VI., 128.
Pickerel (sox ?), VII., 12.
Pike, Hon. R. G., XIII., 282, 244.
Pike family, names of the, VI., 40; VIII., 3.
Pike-perch. See wall-eyed pike.
Poachers, X., 76.
Poison from paper-mills, XVIII., 35.
Poisoning and obstructing waters, IV., 14.
Polluting waters, XII., 75; XIII., 66.
Pompano come to New York market, VI., 124.
Ponds, outlet for, [X., 62.
Porpoise, as food, XIV., 37, 38.
fishery of Cape Hatteras, XIV., 32.
products of the, XIV., 36, 37.
Porter, B. B., VII.. 4-8.
Pound-nets, VII., 85; [X., 32, 33.
Prehistoric fishhooks, VIII., 51.
Powell, W. L., on hybrids, XVIII., 18.
on terrapin, XVIII., 74.

Rathbun, Prof. Richard, on lobsters, XII., 13; XIII., 201.
Reeder, Hon. H. J., on fishways, VI., 34.
on overstocking, VII., 13.
Reporting by sections, VI., 7, 8; VII., 3, 116.
Retarding development of eggs, X., 54.
Rice, Prof. H. J., on oyster culture, XII., 49.
on porpoise leather, XIV., 37.
reports to Mr. Blackford, XII., 6.
on salt to destroy fungus, XIII., 15.

109

Rockfish. See striped bass.
Roosevelt, Hon. R. B., XIIT., 281, 236, 239.
address by, IV., 12; VI., 10, 46.
on eels, breeding of, VII., 90, 117; VIII., 32; X., 122.
on growth of carp, X., 13.
on hybrid fishes, IX., 8.
on oysters, XIII., 241, 245.
remarks of, III., 7; IV., 6: VII., 74, 75; VIII., 3.
Ryder, Prof. John A., on cod eggs, XIII., 13, 15.
on forces that affect embryos, XIII., 195.
on lateral-line organs, etc., XVIII., 20.
on protective contrivances in fish eggs, XIV., 59.
on the oyster, XI , 57; XIIT., 159,-161.

Saibling, XVI., 10.
Salmo, Wilmoti (?), VI., 5.
Salmon (salmo salar), biennial spawning of, XIV., 89.
blind, XVIII., 74.
breeding, II., 24.
destroyed by pickerel in St. John River, VI., 123.
eggs, III., 18; VI., 74, 75.
eggs from the Rhine, IV., 8; X., 50.
eggs in salt water, VI., 76.
first bred in America, X., 45.
hatching begun at Bucksport, Me., X., 50.
hatching begun at Orland, Me., X., 50.
impregnating the eggs of the, VI., 77-88; VII., 22-24.
in American waters, I., 32-39.
in Australia, X., 45.
in confinement stop growing at three years, VII., 10.
in Maine, I., 15.
in New York markets, VII., 80.
in New York waters, VI., 47; VIII., 25 (see also in the Hudson).
in the Connecticut, XVIII., 31.
in the Delaware, VII., 8; X., 55; XVIII., 24, 31, 32.
in the Hudson, XV., 71; XVI., 59; XVII., 36; XVIII., 39 (see in New
York waters).
in the Restigouche, VI., 125.
in the St. Lawrence, I., 6.
in the Susquehanna, X., 55.
influence of temperature on, XI., 81.
increased by hatching, VI., 125.
increased by protection, VI., 126.
migration of, XI., 83. ‘
not suitable for Otsego Lake, N. Y., IX., 40.

110

Salmon (salmo salar), remarkable development of embryo, XI., 7.
restored to the Connecticut River, X., 53.
structure of, XI., 83.
ten cents per lb., VI., 126.
Salmon, land-locked, VI., 114; X., 51.
Atkins, on, XIII., 40.
B. F. Bowles, on, I., 39.
hatching begun at Grand Lake Stream, X., 51.
in Connecticut, [X., 41.
Salmon trout. See lake trout.
Salmon (quinnat, or chinook): breeding begun in California, X., 50.
breeding in the Columbia River basin, XIIL., 21.
in California, II]., 9; IV., 8; VI., 73.
in Eastern waters, VI., 37, 43, 45, 47, 64,102; VII., 11,111, 112; VIIL.,
26; XI., 81, 88; XVIII., 32, 33.
in Europe, X., 55.
in Germany, XVIIL., 23.
in Holland, IX., 31.
Salmonide, adipose fin of, I., 15.
hatching apparatus for, III., 14.
hybrid, Wil, 11: 0x.) 3. oe bs XK VEE ae
hybrid for the table, XVIII., 18.
packing eggs of, III., 19-21; VI., 4; VII., 16, 24.
Sawdust in streams, XVIII., 34, 35.
Sawfish use their saws, XIII., 70.
Scott, Genio C., VII., 109.
Scup, XIII., 86, 89.
Sea bass, propagation of, X., 52.
Seals, destructiveness of, VI., 121.
in Lake Champlain, VI., 121.
in the Great Lakes, VI., 121.
Shad: Bell and Mather apparatus for, VII., 89.
box invented by Seth Green, III., 23; X., 46.
cannot live in salt water when hatched, X., 69.
culture, I., 21; VI., 46; 70; VII., 78, 87, 89; X., 47.
culture begun in the Hudson River, X., 47.
crossing the Atlantic with, X., 52; XI., 11-13.
crossing the Continent with, I1I., 2; X., 49.
food of, XII., 33.
for Germany, IV., 8, 9.
fry, destruction of, XVII., 88.
German and American, X., 5.
hatched in spring water, XIV., 94.
hatching on the ‘‘ Fish-hawk,” XVIII., 75.

111

Shad, hyaline tissues of the head of, XVIII., 20.
in Alabama, X.. 56.
in California, VI., 71, 73; X., 56; XVIII., 36.
in Connecticut, VII., 78; XVIII., 35.
in New York markets, VII., 77.
in the Delaware River, XVIIL., 36.
in the Genesee River, IV., 14.
in the Ohio River, X., 56.
influence of temperature on, XI., 80; XIII., 167; XVIII., 36.
introduced in the Great Lakes, X., 50.
introduced in the Mississippi River, X., 50, 56.
lateral line organs of, XVIII., 20.
need a close time each week, VI., 126; VII., 78, 82-85.
of China, IV., 34-38.
planked, XVIIL., 76.
Shellfish culture in North Carolina, XVI., 53.
Shell fisheries of Connecticut, XIII., 124, 144, 145.
Sheepshead (salt water), how they feed, XVII., 67.
in fresh water, XIII., 69.
Sheepshead (the lake), X., 14.
Shrimp (fresh water). See Gammarus.
Smelt, hatching the, XV., 10-16; XVI., 11.
hatching and protecting the, XIV., 17.
in fresh waters, X., 71,* 73.
two species, of, VII., 14-16.
Smiley, Charles W., XI., 27.
on fisheries of the Great Lakes, XI., 28.
Smith, W. A., on fish protection, XVII., 28.
Society, The American Fisheries: calls on the President of the U. 8..
XIII., 230.
changes its name, XIII., 230-238.
elects corresponding members, XIII., 240.
goes on excursions, XIII., 280; XIV., 97; XVII., 105; XVIIL., 75.
invited to meet at New Orleans, XIII., 229.
proposition to sell its Reports lost, XVII., 106.
Soles, brought to America, X. 56.
will not thrive north of New Jersey, XVIII., 14.
Spangler, A. M., XVIIL., 24, 32, 35, 76.
address by, XVIII., 3.
Spanish mackerel, its eggs float, XI., 13.
propagation of the, X., 54, XI., 46.

*In this case the writer mistakes the Adirondack “‘frost-fish ’’ for the amelt, being led astray
by Mr. Wilson, whom he quotes. The spawn of the smeit is adhesive, butthat of Prosopium
quadrilaterale is not. At this late day I don't see how I made this blunder. F. MATHER.

112

Species, the intentional and unintentional distribution of, XV., 50.
Sponge fisheries of Florida, XIII., 67.
Stanley, Henry O., on black bass in Maine, IX., 61, 62.
Statistics of fisheries, VII., 72, 99; X., 61; XI., 28; XIII., 62.
St. Clair Flats Fishing and Shooting Club, XVIL., 4.
made an honorary member, XVII., 105.
Stearns, Robert E. C., on giant clams, XIV., 8.
on distribution of life, XV., 50.
Sterling, Dr. E., on propagating whitefish, V., 13.
Stocking depleted waters, IV., 19.
Stone, Livingston, I., 3, 7; I[., 9; VI., 4, 85-87; XIIL., 234.
established the Clackamas hatchery, X., 54.
on California salmon, VI., 73.
on objects of the Society, VIII., 58.
on salmon breeding, XIII., 21.
on transporting salmon eggs, VII., 16.
on transporting fishes, [X., 20.
on trout culture, I., 46.
Striped bass, VII., 113, 114; VIII., 15.
first hatched, X., 51.
in Genesee River, VIII., 24.
in Lake Ontario, X., 73.
propagation of, XIII., 209.
spawning of, XII., 9, 10.
Sturgeon, hatching the, IV., 13; VI., 48.
Sunfish (pond), habits of the, XII., 10.
Sweeney, Dr. R. O., XIV., 98; XV., 25, 26; XVII., 88, 89, 100, 106.
address by, XVIL., 3.
on adhesive eggs, XV., 16.
on edibility of lake dogfish, XVII., 25.
on food of catfish, X VII., 67.
on work of the Minnesota Commission, XVII., 99.
Swordfish, history of the, X1., 84.

Tench, introduction of the, VI., 67.

Teredo, VIII., 27.

Terrapin culture, VI., 126; XVIII., 74, 75.
Throwing-stick of the Esquimaux, the, XIV., 66.
Tileston, Wm. M., VI.. 49, 50.

Tomcod, hatching the, XIII., 11*; XIV., 97; XVI., 11.

*This ls an error. I had then never seen the eggs of Microgadus, and accepted the bunches
which the fishermen brought me, and called tomcod eggs. The next year I took eggs from the
fish and learned that they were free eggs. What the eggs were that I sent to Prof. Ryder I do
not know. F. MATHER.

115

Tomlin, D. W , on grayling, XV., 66.

on a hatchery for the upper lakes, XY., 88.

on lake trout, XV., 81.

on migration of Lake Superior fish, XVI., 60.
Transporting fish to market in the British Isles, XYV., 56.
Trout, blind, XVIII., 78, 74.

blue-back, IV., 18; VI., 47; VII., 115; X., 52.

brook (fontinalis): fry, percentage raised, VII., 7, 9, 10, 13.

brook fry, reared on earth in troughs, VIL., 5.

brook, go to salt water, X., 75.

brook, identical with sea-trout, VI., 5, 59-61, 64, 105-107, 111, 120:

VIZ., 109.

brook, in England, I., 12.

brook, large, VII., 115.

brook, longevity of, I., 12.

brook, Long Island, VII., 79.

brown, first shown in New York, XIII., 70.

brown, introduced in America, XIII,, 9, 10.

California mountain, IX., 13.

culture, I., 46; VI., 48; VII., 4-14.

culture the mother of fish culture, VII., 4.

eggs, first taken,in America, I., 14, 15.

eggs, impregnation of, I., 13; II., 10-17; VII., 6, 7, 9.

eggs by dry method, I., 14; VII., 6, 23; X., 44, 49.

eggs in hard water, VII., 114, 115; VIII., 15-17.

eggs, prices for in 1872, XVIII., 24.

enemies of, VIII., 6, 8, 9.

feeding in confinement, VIII., 4-6.

hybrid, XVIII., 12.

in New York market, VII., 79; VIII., 10.

jars not good for hatching, XV., 15.

lake, VI., 46.

lake, fail in Geneva Lake (Wis.), XV., 74, 83.

lake, first attempt to breed, X., 44, 48.

fishing for the, XV., 80.

lake, food of, XV., 80, 81.

lake, need purest water, VIII., 23.

lake, spawn in July, VII., 12.

lake, temperature for, XV., 82.

lake, voracity of young, XV., 83.

laws, VI., 62, 638.

Loch leven, introduced into America, XVI., 9.

McCloud River, IX., 15.

moving them at spawning-time, VII., 14.

114

Trout, Oquassa. See blue-back.
Rainbow, VII., 10; XI., 20-24; XIII., 8, 12, 109.
Rainbow identical with steel-head salmon, XIII, 9.
spawning races for, II., 10; VII., 6.
streams, how to restore, XIV., 50.
stripped at a meeting, IX., 34.
successfully bred for market, XI., 15, 18.
Sunapee, XVI., 10.
workin Michigan, XVIII., 25.
True, Frederick W., on the porpoise fishery, XIV., 32.

Van Cleef, J. S., on trout culture, XIV., 50.
Von Behr, Herr, XIII., 9.
Von dem Borne, Herr Max, XVI., 9.

Wall-eyed pike first bred, X., 44.
hatching the, XVI., 13, 14.

Warder, Dr., address of, VI., 38.

Washburn, F. L., XV., 17.

Water, density of sea, XIII., 10, 14.
temperatures of, XIII., 10.

Weeks, Seth, XI., 24.

West, Benjamin, VII., 126.

Whitaker, Herschel, XV., 7.
on the grayling, XV., 59.

Whitcher, W. F., VI., 104, 120.

Whitebait, VIII., 11-105.

Whitefish, I., 15.
culture, III., 23; IV., 9; V., 18-15; VI., 47; XUII., 10, 12.
first attempt to breed, X., 44, 47.
first food of, XVII., 59.
fry, experiments with, XVII, 67.
in California, III., 9; X. 51.
introduced to New Zealand, X., 53.
migration of, XV., 49, 50.
North American species, XIII., 32.
results of planting in Lake Erie, XIV., 40.
transportation of adults, VI., 110.

White perch. See perch.

Wilcox, Joseph, XIII., 194, 234.
on oysters, XIII., 242,
on sponges, XIII., 67.

Williamson’s trough invented, X., 51.

Wilmot, Samuel, VI., 5, 77, 86, 104, 120, 122, 123; IX., 19; X1., 25, 26.
on aquaculture and fish protection, IV., 23.

115

Wilmot, Samuel, on fish culture in Canada, VI., 50.
on migration of salmon, XI., 82, 83.
on sea trout, VI., 59, 60, 111.
Winslow, Lieut. Francis, U.S.N., XIII., 241, 244.
on oysters, XIII., 144, 145, 161, 242.
on present and future of the oyster industry, XIII., 148.
Wisconsin Commission, work of the, XVII., 100.
Worral, Col. James, VI., 41-44.
Worth, S. G., XIII., 229, 2383; XVI., 36.
on shell-fish culture, XVI., 53.
on spawning of striped bass, XIIL., 9, 10; XIII., 209.

MEV EL IM BES RRS

OF THE

AMERICAN “FISHERIES SOCHET

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Behr, E. von, Schmoldow, Germany; President of the Deutschen
Fischerei Verein, Berlin, Germany.

Borne, Max von dem, Berneuchen, Germany.

Huxley, Prof. Thomas H., London; President of the Royal Society.

Jones, John D., 51 Wall Street, New York.

St. Clair Flats Shooting and Fishing Club, Detroit. Mich.

Anglers’ Association of Eastern Pennsylvania.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Apostolides, Prof. Nicoly Chr., Athens, Greece.

Buch, Dr. S. A., Christiana, Norway; Government Inspector of
Fisheries.

Birkbeck, Edward, Esq., M. P., London, England. .

Benecke, Prof. B., Konigsberg, Germany; Commissioner of Fisheries.

Brady, Thomas F., Esq., Dublin Castle, Dublin, Ireland ; Inspector of
Fisheries for Ireland.

Chambers, Oldham W., Esq., Secretary of the National Fish Culture
Association, South Kensington, London.

117

Day, Dr. Francis, F. L. S., Kenilworth House, Cheltenham, England ;
late Inspector-General of Fisheries for India.

Fedderson, Arthur, Viborg, Denmark.

Giglioli, Prof. H. H., Florence, Italy.

Hubrecht, Prof. A. A. W., Utrecht. Holland; Member of the Dutch
Fisheries Commission, and Director of the Netherlands
Zoological Station.

Juel, Capt. N., R. N., Bergen, Norway; President of the Society for
the Development of Norwegian Fisheries.

K. Ito, Esq., Hokkaido, Cho., Sapporo, Japan; Member of the Fish-
eries Department of Hokkaido, and President of the Fisheries
Society of Northern Japan.

Landmark, S., Bergen, Norway; Inspector of Norwegian Fresh water
Fisheries.

Lundberg, Dr. Rudolf, Stockholm, Sweden; Inspector of Fisheries.

Macleay, William, Sydney, N. S. W.; President of the Fisheries
Commission of New South Wales.

Maitland, Sir J. Ramsay Gibson, Bart., Howietown, Stirling, Scotland.

Malmgren, A. J., Prof., Helsingfors, Finland.

Marston, R. B., Esq., London, England ; Editor of the /7shzng Gazette.

Olsen, O. T., Grimsby, England.

Sars, Prof. G. O., Christiana, Norway; Government Inspector of
Fisheries.

Smith, Prof. F. A., Stockholm, Sweden.

Sola, Don Francisco, Garcia, Madrid, Spain; Secretary of the Spanish
Fisheries Society.

Solsky, Baron N. de, St. Petersburg, Russia; Director of the Imperial
Agricultural Museum.

Trybom, Filip, Dr., Stockholm, Sweden.

Walpole, Hon. Spencer, Governor of the Isle of Man,

Wattel, M. Raveret, Paris, France; Secretary of the Societe
d’Acclimation.

Young, Archibald, Esq., Edinburgh, Scotland; H. M. Inspector of
Salmon Fisheries.

NEW MEMBERS.

Brown, Seymour, Deerfield, Mich.
Gunkell, J. S., Toledo, Ohio.
Hasbrouck, C. T., Cleveland, Ohio.
Imbrie, Charles F., New York.

118

Moon, George T., New York.

Miller, A. H., 1020 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
Potter, Emory D., Sandusky, Ohio.

Stranahan, J. J., Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

Seal, William P., Washington, D. C.

MEMBERS.

Adams, Dr: S. C.; Peoria, Ml.

Agnew, John T., 284 Front Street, New York.
Anderson, A. A., Bloomsbury, N. J.

Annin, James, Jr., Caledonia, N. Y.

Atkins, Charles G., Bucksport, Me.

Atwater, Prof. W. O., Middletown, Conn.

Barrett, Charles, Grafton, Vt.

Bartlett, S. P., Quincy, IIl.

Bean, Dr. Tarleton H., National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Belmont, Perry, 19 Nassau Street, New York.

Benjamin, Pulaski, Fulton Market, New York.

Benkard, James, Union Club, New York.

Bickmore, Prof. A. S., American Museum, New York.
Bissell, J. H., Detroit, Mich.

Blackford, E. G., Fulton Market, New York.

Booth. A., Chicago, III.

Bottemane, C. J., Bergen-op-Zoom, Holland.

Brown, F. W., N. W. Cor. Broad and Cherry sts,
Brown, J.'E., U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Brown, S. C., National Museum, Washington, D.C.
Bryan, Edward H., Smithsonian Institute.

Bryson, Col. M. A., 903 Sixth Avenue, New York.
Burden, Henry, Troy. N. Y.

Butler, W. A., Jr., Detroit, Mich.

Butler, Frank A., 291 Broadway, New York.

Butler, W. H., 291 Broadway, New York.

Carey, Dr. H. H., Atlanta, Ga.

Cheney, A. Nelson, Glens Falls, N. Y.

Clapp, A. T., Sunbury, Pa.

Clark, Frank N., U. S. Fish Commission, Northville, Mich.
Clark, A. Howard, National Museum, Washington, D. C.

119

Collins, J. Penrose, 850 Drexel Building, Philadelphia.

Collins, Capt. J. W., U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Comstock, Oscar, Fulton Market, New York.

Conklin, William A., Central Park, New York.

Cox, W. V., National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Crook, Abel, 99 Nassau Street, New York.

Crosby, Henry F., P. O. Box 3714, New York.

Dewey, J. N., Toledo, O.

Dieckerman, George H., New Hampton, N. H.

Donaldson, Hon. Thomas, Philadelphia.

Doyle, E. P., Secretary New York Fish Commission, New York.
Dunning, Philo, Madison, Wis.

Earll, R. E., National Museum, Washington, D. C.
Ellis, J. F., U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Endicott, Francis, Tompkinsville, N. Y.

Evarts, Charles B., Windsor, Vt.

Fairbank, N. K., Chicago, III.

Ferguson, T. B., Washington, D. C.

Fitzhugh, Daniel H., Bay City, Mich.

Foord, John, Brooklyn, N. Y., Editor Harper's Weekly.
Ford, Henry C., Philadelphia, Pa.

French, Asa B., South Braintree, Mass.

Frishmuth, E. H., Jr., 151 N. Third Street, Philadelphia.

Garrett, W. E., P. O. Box 3006, New York.

Gay, John, U.S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Gilbert, W. L., Plymouth, Mass.

Goode, G. Brown, National Museum, Washington, D. C.

Hagert, Edwin, 32 N. Sixth Street, Philadelphia.

Haley, Albert, Fulton Market, New York.

Haley, Caleb, Fulton Market, New York.

Harper, Thos. B., 709 Market Street, Philadelphia.

Harris, Gwynn, Washington, D, C.

Harris, W. C., Editor American Angler, 10 Warren Street, New York.
Hartley, R. M., 627 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

Hayes, A. A., Washington, D. C.

Henshall, Dr. J. A., 362 Court Street, Cincinnati, O.

Hergesheimer, Wm. S., 1119 N. Eighth Street, Philadelphia.

120

Hessell, Rudolf, U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Hicks, John D., Roslyn, Long Island, N. Y.

Hill, M. B. Clayton, N. Y.

Hinchman, C. C., Detroit, Mich.

Hofer, J. C., Bellaire, O.

Hudson, Dr. William M., Hartford, Conn.

Humphries, Dr. E. W., Salisbury, Md.

Hutchinson, E. S., Washington, D. C.

Isaacs, Montefiore, 42 Broad Street, New York.

James, Dr. Bushrod W., N.E. corner Eighteenth and Green streets,
Philadelphia.

Jessup, F. J., 88 Cortlandt Street, New York.

Johnston, S. M., Battery Wharf, Boston, Mass.

Kauffman, S. H., Evenzng Star Office, Washington, D. C.
Kellogg, A. J., Detroit, Mich.

Kelly, P., 346 Sixth Avenue, New York.

Kingsbury, Dr. C. A., 1119 Walnut Street, Philadelphia.

Lawrence, G. N., 45 E. Twenty-first Street, New York.
Lawrence, F. C., Union Club, New York.

Lee, Thomas, U. S. Fish Commission.

Little, Amos R., Philadelphia.

Long, James Vernor, Pittsburg, Pa.

Loring, John A., 3 Pemberton Square (Room 8), Boston, Mass.
Lowrey, J. A., Union Club, New York.

Lydecker, Major G. I., U. S. Engineers.

Mallory, Charles, foot Burling Slip, New York.

Mansfield, Lieut. H. B., U. S. Navy, Washington, D. C.

Mather, Fred, Cold Spring Harbor, Suffolk Co., N. Y.

Marks, Walter D., Paris, Mich.

May, W. L., Fremont, Neb.

McDonald, Col. M., Fish Commissioner of the United States,
Washington, D. C.

McGown, Hon. H. P., 76 Nassau Street, New York.

MacKay, Robert M., 1517 N. Thirteenth Street, Philadelphia.

Middletown, W., Fulton Market, New York.

Milbank, S. W., Union Club, New York.

Miles, Jacob F., 1820 Arch Street, Philadelphia.

121

Miller, S. B., Fulton Market, New York.
Miller, Ernest, Fulton Market, New York.
Miner, C, Harry, New York.

Moore, George H. H., U. S. Fish Commission.

Nevin, James, Madison, Wis.

O’Brien, Martin E., South Bend, Neb.
O'Connor, J. J., U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Osborn, Hon. C. V., Dayton, O.

Page, George S., 49 Wall Street, New York.

Page, W. F., U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Parker, Dr. J. C., Grand Rapids, Mich.

Parker, Peter, Jr., U. S. Fish Commission.

Pease, Charles, East Rockport, Cuyahoga Co., O.

Pike, Hon. R. G., Middletown, Conn.

Post, Hoyt, Detroit, Mich.

Post, W., Knickerbocker Club, New York.

Powell, W. L., Harrisburg, Pa.

Rathbun, Richard, U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Ray, Hon. Ossian, M. C., New Hampshire.

Redmond, R., 113 Franklin Street, New York.

Reinecke, Theodore, Box 1651, New York.

Reynal, J., 84 White Street, New York.

Reynolds, Charles B., 318 Broadway, New York.

Ricardo, George, Hackensack, N. J.

Robeson, Hon. George M., Camden, N. J.

Schaffer, George H., foot Perry Street, New York.

Schieffelin, W. H., 170 William Street, New York.

Schuyler, H, P., Troy, N. Y.

Sherman, Gen. R. U., New Hartford, Oneida Co., N. Y.
Simmons, Newton, U. S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.
Smiley, C. W., Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D. C.
Spangler, A. M., 529 Commerce Street, Philadelphia.
Spensley, Calvert, Mineral Point, Wis.

Spofford, Henry W., Smithsonian Institute.

Steers, Henry, 1o E. 38th Street, New York.

Stone, Livingston, Charlestown, N. H., U. S. Fish Commission.
Stone, Summer R., 58 Pine Street, New York.

122

Swan, B. L., Jr., 5 W. 20th Street, New York.
Sweeney, Dr. R. O., Duluth, Minn.

Streuber, L., Erie, Pa. |
Thompson, H. H., Bedford Bank, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Tomlin, David W., Duluth, Minn.

Walton, Collins W., 1713 Spring Garden Street, Philadelphia.
Ward, George E., 43 South Street, New York.

Weeks, Seth, Corry, Erie Co., Pa.

West, Benjamin, Fulton Market, New York.

Whitaker, Herschel, Detroit, Mich.

Whitney, Samuel, Katonah, N. Y.

Wilbur, H. O., Third Street below Race, Philadelphia.
Wilbur, E. R., Forest and Stream, New York.

Wilcox, Joseph, Media, Pa,

Wilcox, W. A., 176 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass.
Willets, J. C., Skaneateles, N. Y.

Williams, A. C., Chagrin Falls, O.

Wilmot, Samuel, Newcastle, Ontario.

Wilson, J. P., U. S. Fish Commission.

Wood, Benjamin, 25 Park Row, New York.

Woodruff, G. D., Sherman, Conn.

Woods, Israel, Fulton Market, New York.

Worth, S. G., U.S. Fish Commission, Washington, D. C.

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American Fisheries Society
Transactions
v.19(1890)

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