ONT
Capt ae ee ane
prnguenn fraerune ga we | . onlin
pee ht
; ce une eee
presale pacaen eR DIRIe MME OT
av smgihntae aA aT piven enaeen nen
bapa 98 0 penret “ys
"
Pier ryt Bae ale od?
she
ao
att ee
=a
mt prin Bette Ge
Phd oie) pes
GFN HE we gasn iv
ipehditeles ayorenesese
6 Aad ; .
as rhapnoaen act Thaw
" aS aed paar a me parents ”
sear used , OPEN PO
aes
dt i >" [
hin Ot a
Su Ay
nA Ae) H NG ) ha
Rye
Pare
i iret
i LOMA aA
ti
ith
ral
av
Fe is), ee
tag
* ¥
t var %
Sys ae 3
‘=f ne ie
. why P
7 hf
i
Livingston Stour
PIONEER AMERICAN FISH CULTURIST
Only Living Founder of the Society and its First Secretary
Born October 21, 1836
: on
TRANSACTIONS
OF THE
AMERICAN
FISHERIES SOCIETY
AT ITS
FORTIETH ANNUAL
MEETING
wes
SEPTEMBER 27, 28, AND 29, 1910
AT
NEW YORK CITY
See Ns 381”
PUBL 1911 ve iey ak
ab
®
W. F. ROBERTS COMPANY
WASHINGTON, D.c.
Officers
&
1909—1910
Elected at the Thirty-ninth Annual Meeting in Toledo,
Ohio, July 27-28, 1909, for the ensuing year, including the
Fortieth Anniversary Meeting held in New York City, Sep-
tember 27, 28, and 29, 1910.
PO SLEDE LYS io)! Do oe ets} Lith eens Seymour Bower, Detroit, Mich.
PUGCBERESTUACHE) So iiiisetlcs) drncia se eta W. E. MEEHAN, Harrisburg, Pa.
Recording Secretary: os.. s. 4 he esate GrorceE F. Peasopy, Appleton, Wis.
Assistant Recording Secretary..... Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C.
Corresponding Secretary ...... CHARLES G. ATKINS, East Orland, Me.
PP RMSUR Cin dats oh vie aie ies,ads kee See C. W. Wrirarp, Westerly, R. I.
Executive Commitice
S. F. Futierton, Chairman, St. Paul, Minn.; CHartes H. TowNseEnp,
New York City; G. H. Lampson, Baird, Cal.; Geo. T.
MaTHEWwsoN, Thompsonville, Conn.; FRANK MILLER,
Put-in Bay, Ohio; Jase Atrorp, Madison, Wis.;
C. H. Stevenson, Detroit, Mich.
1910—15911
Elected at the Fortieth Anniversary Meeting in New
York City for the following year, including the meeting to
be held in St. Louis, Mo., beginning October 3, 1911.
PREIS S 0.) V8 Se 6R. 4 ohn 4 ard dew gaat wi W. E. Meewan, Harrisburg, Pa.
MI RECEROESUICHE <5 o5'u sgt atharen'aading’s ee « S. F. Futierton, St. Paul, Minn.
Recording Secretary... . ......... Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C.
Assistant Recording Secretary...EtTHEL M. SmitH, Washington, D. C.
Corresponding Secretary........ Hue M. Situ, Washington, D. C.
PRRTRER G1) 44 taidsidintsiats sia silane slamale C. W. Witarp, Westerly, R. I.
Vire-Presidents of Divisions
PASTE. OULU Esl aalerarsrael a baci Cuartes G. Atkins, East Orland, Me.
Aquatic Biology and Physics. Barton W. EvERMANN, Washington, D. C.
Commercial Fishing.............. Joun W. Titcoms, Lyndonville, Vt.
APHIDS WS. aie ACE cue a a a ane tis Joun E. GuncKEL, Toledo, Ohio
Protection and Legislation...THEODORE S. PALMER, Washington, D. C.
Exerutiue Commnitter
Cuar_Les H. TowNnsenp, Chairman, New York City; Geo. T.
MaTHEWSON, Thompsonville, Conn.; Jase ALForD,
Madison, Wis.; Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIL;
DanieL B, FEartnc, Newport, R. I.; D. H.
Power, Suttons Bay, Mich.; Joun P.
Bascock, San Francisco, Cal.
Sai
Wa Ag he pe
OANA |
at
Uy Lay
|
ye RD RANT a Pte hoa
AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
Organized 1870
The first meeting of the Society occurred December 20, 1870. The
organization then effected continued until February, 1872, when the
second meeting was held. Since that time there has been a meeting
each year, as shown below.
The respective presidents were elected
at the meeting, at the place, and for the period shown opposite their
names, but they presided at the subsequent meeting.
PRESIDENTS, TERMS OF SERVICE, AND PLACES OF
t. William: Clift... .
fi Watiday Cute? ."
a Willian CHES) 3... 6.
4. Robert B. Roosevelt.
5. Robert B. Roosevelt.
6. Robert B. Roosevelt.
7. Robert B. Roosevelt...
8. Robert B. Roosevelt.
9. Robert B. Roosevelt.
10. Robert B. Roosevelt.
11. Robert B. Roosevelt.
12. George Shepard Page.
13. James Benkard..
14. Theodore sina ayy
15. Marshall McDonald..
16. W.
M. Hudson
17. William L. May
18. John H. Bissell
. Eugene G. Blackford.
. Eugene G. Blackford.
21. James A. Henshall....
. Herschel Whitaker...
23. Henry C. Ford
. William L. May
25. L. D. Huntington
. Herschel Whitaker....
. William L. May
. George F. Peabody...
. John W. Titcomb....
. F. B. Dickerson
31. E. E. Bryant
. George M. Bowers..
338) Prank: NS Clark). s2-
36. E.
. Henry T. Root
» Ce Ds, Joslyn
A. Birge
. Hugh M. Smith......
. Tarleton H. Bean
. Seymour Bower
. William E. Meehan..
eee nnn
see eee
see wee
see eee
ee
sees
1889-1890. .
1890-1891....
1891-1892...
. 1892-1893...
1893-1894...
1894-1895...
1895-1896...
1896-1897...
1897-1898...
1898-1899...
1899-1900...
1900-1901...
1901-1902...
. .1902-1903....
1903-1904...
1904-1905...
1905-1906...
1906-1907. .
1907-1908...
1908-1909...
1909-1910...
.1910-1911....
MEETING.
. .1870-1872.... New York, N. Y.
1872-1873... . Albany, N. Y.
1873-1874.... New York, N. Y.
.1874-1875....New York, N. Y.
.1875-1876....New York, N. Y.
.1876-1877*...New York, N. Y.
1877-1878....New York, N. Y.
.1878-1879....New York, N. Y.
.1879-1880....New York, N. Y.
.1880-1881....New York, N. Y.
.1881-1882....New York, N. Y.
1882-1883....New York, N. Y.
. .1883-1884....New York, N. Y.
..1884-1885.... Washington, D. C.
.1885-1886.... Washington, D. C.
1886-1887....Chicago, III.
1887-1888.... Washington, D. C.
1888-1889.... Detroit, Mich.
.. Philadelphia, Pa.
Put-in Bay, Ohio.
. Washington, D. C.
New York, N. Y.
. Chicago, III.
Philadelphia, Pa.
New York, N. Y.
-New York, N. Y.
. Detroit, Mich.
.Omaha, Nebr.
.Niagara Falls, N. Y.
Woods Hole, Mass.
Milwaukee, Wis.
Put-in Bay, Ohio.
.Woods Hole, Mass.
Atlantic City, N. J.
. White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
..Grand Rapids, Mich.
.Erie, Pa.
Washington, D. C.
.. Toledo, Ohio.
New York, N. Y.
*A special meeting was held at the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia,
Pa., October 6 and 7, 1876
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF
THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY
We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizenship of the
United States, and a majority being citizens of the District of Columbia,
pursuant to and in conformity with sections 509 to 603, inclusive, of
the Code of Law for the District of Columbia enacted March 3, root,
as amended by the Acts approved January 31 and June 30, 1902, hereby
associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify
in writing:
1. That the name of the Society is the AMERICAN FISHERIES
SOGIEFY.
2. That the term for which it is organized is nine hundred and ninety-
nine years.
3. That its particular business and objects are to promote the cause
of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its
practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite
and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to
treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding
fish; with power:
a. To acquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and
to establish general and special funds.
b. To hold meetings.
c. To publish and distribute documents.
d. To conduct lectures.
e. To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of
fishery and fish-culture science.
f. To acquire and maintain a library.
g. And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to a learned
society.
4. That the affairs, funds and property of the corporation shall be
in general charge of a council, consisting of the officers and the execu-
tive committee, the number of whose members for the first year shall
be seventeen, all of whom shall be chosen from among the members
of the Society.
Witness our hands and seals this 16th day of December, Ig10.
SEyMouR BowER (Seal)
THEODORE GILL (Seal)
Wr1raM E. MEEHAN (Seal)
THEODORE S. PALMER’ (Seal)
BERTRAND H. Roperts (Seal)
HucH M. SmitTH (Seal)
RICHARD SYLVESTER (Seal)
CONTENTS
BusINESS SESSION:
Registered ‘Attendance () is Pe sea toes eee eee ee GSA aes 16
Dewy. WIDER oo). «de Tae ARNG Me eae hese ke wot elekhie base 18
Tucocporaion Of, the Society tne was «20s a2
54
Sale of Hatchery Fish in Close Season................--+- 58
Reminiseenees ot Seth: Green. ii..0.. 0s ce cnceesastcctecsanans 66
Letters from Abs@g@t Members ..........00 2.2000. c cle cewess 69
Early Work. of Charles G, Atkins ............-..--.00-00-- 72
Proceedings Relative to Livingston Stone ..............-..: 74
Papets Read By “Bithe® . fois). isid. jabea hee y)< <2 8 enticed 77
Closing ‘Proceeditigs. 41.1.1) of Dd ta lalelate'a'elals/atata'a'e clas C40. + 25a 78
DecEASED MEMBERS:
Memorial of Frank Nelson Clark. By Seymour Bower ....... 85
PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS:
Fishery Conservation. By Seymour Bower ..............+++- 95
The Conservation of Our Rivers and Lakes. By C. H.
TYAWNSANE:, Cc be he ee ake ae REG Rte One he's ah eee eee 101
Fish-Culture Possibilities of the National Preserves. By D. C.
BOGEELG yess ise 5 o's dt SL Riga Fe PORE TE OLE kk 0.0 d's ose eipieins 115
Conservation of Forest Life. By Richard E. Follett........ 119
Notes on Black Bass. By Tarleton H. Bean ............./.. 123
Observations on the Small-Mouth Black Bass in Pennsylvania
During the Season of 1910. By W. E. Meehan .......... 129
Increasing and Insuring the Natural Food Supply of Small-
mouth Black Bass Fry, and Notes on Combination of
Breeding and Rearing Ponds. By Dwight Lydell ......... 133
Discussion on Small-MouthBlacksBassuecneneeneseeeeee ee ee 137
Observations Concerning the Natural Food of Small-Mouth
Black Bass Fry at Mammoth Spring, Ark. By Stephen
Ge Whontir (855406 ose oe cee tie wines mec ais aie he cre cee ane 145
Whe Supfish.) By John L. Geary yp iectsesces sie ee ee omen ere 149
Rescue Work—The Saving of Fish from Overflowed Lands.
By? i hae> (Bartlett Vc 5.55.5 Cath Rakes hens Eni eam 153
Utilization of Sea Mussels for Food. By Irving A. Field..... 159
The Magnitude and Scope of the Work of the U. S. Bureau
of ‘Pisberies, 1910, By RR: S..Jokmson) f). «sek cbewekes ees 169
Commercial Trout Hatcheries and Their Influence on Public
Hatcheries. By Eben "W.'Gobb. cies. sceene sos malsne sien 173
The Investigation of a River System in the Interest of its
Fisheries. ‘By Stephen jAs* Forbes. pues: sissies melee era's 179
Ecological Notes on the Fishes of Walnut Lake, Mich.
By. Ts hg Sigesrean ee ic ameninsic s\otacs shee he beet eher 195
The Study of Marine Ecology and Its Importance to the
Fisheries. By “Roy Waldo Miner ...........ecese.snee0 207
The Alaska Fisheries Service. By Barton W. Evermann...... 219
An Experiment in Fur-Seal Conservation. By Barton W.
Fivermann’ J.ci geet Os 13. os pele eee eee REIL SD en Cea 227
Adaptive Changes of Color Among Fishes. By F. B. Sumner. 235
The Spoonbill Fishery of the Lower Mississippi. By Louis
EMpssakot (od scsi se eeitte cele Sach ek oh eee RE Ee 245
Methods in Aquatic Photography. By William Alanson
Boyan dss sscass oe abst eke eeeeh oaap eh tee LE ere nne 249
The American Museum’s Exhibit of Fishes. By John Tread-
well: GNichols | )..0ij dase aide ects MeN SO ete eee EER EE SERIE 261
The Natural History of the Weakfish. By Theodore Gill.... 269
Papers AND Discussions—Continued.
Some of the Difficulties Encountered in Collecting Pike-Perch
Boge) By S: W.. Dowiti) 222 ca tasay ences aes sss esses 277
Pike-Perch Notes and Suggestions. By W. O. Buck........ 283
Some Observations in Frog Culture. By W. H. Safford...... 289
Work of Pennsylvania in Stopping Water Pollution. By
Wo ES Week |. oes Sere eae od ca dae eee can cwee 293
The Practical Enforcement of Fishery Regulations. By
Relig vag! ook side Saws eA Sede tikinlg sein aches a aise 299
Success in Causing the Pearl Oyster to Secrete Spherical
Pearls,” By’ Bashford. Dirdates 0230) 200 6 nc dere ean cieeicine 309
Reminiscences of Forty-one Years’ Work in Fish Culture.
By James Nevin) ...2 snakes eesti heads ae ds sa cen ed aalels 313
Personal Fish-Cultural Reminiscences. By Frank N. Clark... 319
History of the American Fisheries Society. By Ward T.
PRR Led dchctci ats ot orale &, & AEs ae weit reer alet oeal alata dete aoa 5 323
Protecting the Lobster. By Francis H. Herrick ............ 359
The Season of 1910 at the Fisheries Experiment Station
at Wickford, R. I. By Earnest W. Barnes ............-- 365
The Effects of Exposure on the Gill Filaments of Fishes.
By Raymond C. Osburn ..........-. sees eee e cece eee eeees 371
Thyroid Tumors in Salmonoids. By M. C. Marsh ............ 377
Some Experiments in the Burial of Salmon Eggs—Suggesting
a New Method of Hatching Salmon and Trout. By John
Dead HCO CIE uot stare ye RU eet ao naimala sagas 393
Some General Remarks on Fishing for Sport. By H. Wheeler
eae ie dup isu ta uae Rem contact a eae hice) iis tfieot al a Sa ae 397
The North Atlantic Fisheries Dispute and Its Arbitration at
The Hague, 1910. By Hugh M. Smith ................-. 405
Five Years’ Progress in Fish Culture in Argentina. By. E. A.
TE aRETTAU Ses ah ais ace eee te he oo eoe ma a.0 ocala ars qlee aeaiege 415
Notes on Foreign Fisheries and Fish Culture ............... 423
Marnuring POnds: ....... 0 .ce cc ce cce canoe nae renccinss 423
Commercial Fertilizers for Ponds ..............ceeeeeees 424
Carp Culture in France .......----2-seeeee cesses eeeees 426
The Artificial Culture and Hatching of Pike ............. 429
Bet Calture:in Geremaiey Ue talus gue soe aieaioS alae sia <") Fortieth Annual Meeting
during the present year his fish hatcheries had put on ‘the
New York market over 30 tons of trout running about three
to the pound. This is an important matter which is now
under discussion.
Mr. E. W. Coss, St. Paul, Minn. : There is one point that
has not been touched on. Many commercial fish culturists
have to get their fry into the ponds in February, and if
they cannot market their fish in the winter they will be at
a disadvantage. That will make a difference in the supply
of commercial trout eggs. I do not know whether you can
exactly call that a matter of protection, but it has given us
our supply for the public streams, as the fish we have in
the public hatcheries are principally from commercial
trout eggs.
Mr. Hurizut: I think Mr. Cobb makes a mistake in
that altogether. If we can have a market the year around
we make preparations accordingly. Last year we put trout
into the Boston market except for six weeks. This year
we have overcome that difficulty and preparations have
been made to put them in every week, because the people
want them. We do not sell our female trout when the
eggs are worth as much as the trout. You need not think
the commercial man that gets his living out of his business
will spoil his business by throwing away the eggs. I do
not think any of us would do that. But it is a fact with
us as commercial men that we have three females to every
male in our ponds. That will be a fair average. If a man
is careful and has his ponds adapted to it, and makes his
preparations as in any other business, he will get along all
right. As a matter of fact I can tell in advance our output
in a year as well as in any business you can find. We have
it down to that; and as I say, we make preparations. Of
course unforeseen accidents may happen; but barring them,
we put trout into the Boston market every week through
the year. At my little place alone this open market makes a
difference of from $500 to $1,000 a year.
I am talking to you from experience. Mr. Titcomb knows
American Fisheries Society 65
my place; Mr. Bower and some of these gentlemen are
acquainted with me and know what I have to work from;
and if it is worth what I say to that small hatchery consider
the advantages to everybody of an open market in New
York, that will not require us to put trout in here against
the law. The New York market is probably the largest
market in the world for trout, but Boston is a good second.
Mr. FuLLERTON: We have a law in Minnesota allowing
private hatcheries to market trout, but we have also a law,
which has been upheld by the Supreme Court of our state,
that the ownership of all game and fish is in the people, and
that puts the burden on the man that has the trout. li we
suspect a man he must show where the fish came from. I
do not think Mr. Evans need be afraid in Ontario, if the
burden is put on the other fellow. I believe this law is
good and that the resolution should pass.
Mr. LypDELL: I would like to ask some of the trout cul-
_ turists what they would have to get per thousand for their
eggs to make a living, provided they were not allowed to
sell their trout; also if they were not allowed to sell their
trout would the different state commissions or the United
States Commission be able to get any trout eggs from them.
Would it not be a fact that, if they were not allowed to sell
trout, they would all discontinue operations, and thus put
two-thirds of the fish commissions out of business as far as
trout hatcheries are concerned?
Mr. Fottett: That is a good point. My sympathies are
with the private trout growers, and we all would like to
offer them any assistance we can within reason.
The resolution was then unanimously carried.
PRESIDENT: The Secretary will now announce the next
paper.
ActiInG SEcrETARY: Dr. Bashford Dean, of Columbia
University, New York City, will read an announcement of
Dr. Nishikawa’s success in causing the pearl oyster to
secrete perfect and spherical pearls.
The paper was read and discussed.
GO) Fortieth Annual Meeting
A recess was then taken until 1.15 o’clock p.m., at which
time the meeting was called to order by the President.
PRESIDENT: The first paper this afternoon will be ‘““Remi-
niscences of Forty-one Years’. Work in Fish Culture,” by
James Nevin, Superintendent Wisconsin Fish Commission,
Madison, Wis.
Mr. Nevin then read his paper, which was discussed.
PRESIDENT: Anyone who has had an experience of
forty-one years in fish culture can certainly lay claim to be
one of the earliest pioneers. There is, however, a gentle-
man present whose experience antedates that even of Mr.
Nevin. He has the distinction of being one of the first ten
men in the United States, of whom only three or four are
still living, who hatched fish by what is known as artificial
propagation. For a great many years he has been very
active in the affairs of this Society, one of its standbys and
mainstays, and for more than thirty years he has been one
of the most commanding and conspicuous figures in fish cul-
ture in the United States. [I have the honor of introducing
him in the person of Mr. Frank N. Clark, of Northville,
Mich. (Applause. )
Mr. Clark then gave some extemporaneous “Personal
Fish-Cultural Reminiscences,” which will be found in proper
order in the second part of the Transactions.
REMINISCENCES OF SETH GREEN
PRESIDENT: We have a number of communications here
along this line from old-time members. Some of these
letters are quite lengthy. I do not know whether you want
them read or not. Here is one from Chester K. Green,
son of the famous Seth Green. Will you have it read or
read by title?
Mr. Meenan: I think it would be well to read it, being
from the son of one of the pioneers of fish culture.
The Acting Secretary then read the following letter:
Seth Green
PIONEER AMERICAN FISH CULTURIST
Born March 19, 1817 Died August 20, 1888
American Fisheries Society 67
Cape VincENT, N. Y., Sept. 20, 1910.
Mr. Seymour Bower, President American Fisheries Society, Detroit,
Mich.
Dear Mr. Bower:—In response to your letter of recent date, relative
to something in the reminiscent line of the early days of fish culture
and the American Fisheries Society, I well recall the correspondence
that took place between Hon. Robert B. Roosevelt, Mr. Livingston
Stone, Mr. A. S. Collins and others with my father, Mr. Seth Green,
relative to the organization of the Society and other important matters
relating to it. I regret that I did not save some of the old letters, as
they contained so many historical facts, and would have been of great
interest on this occasion. Few of the younger members of this Society
are familiar with the difficulties encountered by its founders, and the
pioneers in the work of practical fish culture. Among the most serious
problems to overcome, was the incredulity of the people and particularly
the fishermen with whom it was necessary to come in contact in con-
ducting the early experiments. Time will not permit relating many of
these experiences, but a few will suffice. In looking over some of the
articles written by my father in the early 70’s relative to his shad-
hatching experience, I take the following excerpt: “I underwent all
sorts of annoyances by overgrown boys and grown-up loafers, who
broke my experiment boxes and hooted at me. I was obliged to stay,
for if I went home it was a failure, no matter what the cause. It is
true I had not been used to being hooted at much in Rochester, but I
soon got used to it, and not many days were passed in which my ex-
pectations were not realized.”
When he had finally perfected his apparatus, and had his boxes filled
with shad eggs in the process of incubation, he lay on the banks of
the Connecticut River, revolver in hand, watching them. In the gray
of the morning he discovered a man wading out to destroy them. He
called to him to stop, at the same time leveling his weapon. It had the
desired effect. The next day the boxes were filled with fry, and the
victory was won. I can well remember talks I had personally with the
fishermen on the Hudson River. They told me of the excitement that
prevailed when he first made his appearance in the spring of 1868, at
Mull’s fishery on the upper Hudson, when he announced that he had
come to propagate shad artificially, and make them plentiful and cheap.
It was soon noised about that a strange man had made his appearance
and was talking about doing marvelous and incomprehensible things in
the way of hatching shad. They concluded he must be insane, but his
earnestness and apparent confidence led them to call a meeting of their
wise men, and hold a consultation with him. After the meeting the
knowing ones reported that he might possibly be crazy or a fool; but he
evidently knew what he was talking about, and knew more about fish
than all the rest of them put together. So it was decided to give this
man with unheard of ideas a chance to make a practical demonstration,
The result is history.
BK Fortieth Annual Meeting
My father and Mr. Roosevelt were very warm friends, both equally
fond of fishing and field sports. Their practical experience and knowl-
edge of matters pertaining to the disappearance of game and the decline
of the fisheries, rendered them an ideal team in the inception and execu-
tion of the work of the New York Fishery Commission, of which they
were both charter members in connection with Hon. Horatio Seymour.
Mr. Livingston Stone was so actively identified with the organization
of this Society that I am sure a brief extract from his paper read before
the National Fisheries Congress held at Tampa, Fla., in 1898, will be
of interest, as it so beautifully expresses the conditions and feelings
of the early experimenters:
“In looking back over those early years and contrasting them with
the present, when such an immense mass of information is available,
one is forcibly struck by the almost universal ignorance on the subject
that prevailed at that time. This was true not only of people generally,
but of well informed men also, for even scientists who rightly deserved
the name, and university graduates and accomplished scholars who
prided themselves on the variety of their knowledge, and reading men
who kept up with the magazines and newspapers, could tell you nothing
of this art of fish culture. Yet this was not so very surprising, for
books had not then been published in this country on the subject,
magazine articles about it had not appeared, encyclopedias did not
contain the information, or at most only the merest outlines of it, and
there was no avenue open to the public by which more than a super-
ficial knowledge of the subject could be reached. People generally were
so utterly ignorant indeed of the whole subject that almost any story
about fish eggs would pass unchallenged. How different the present
day, when the minute fish life of the very bottom of the ocean is
closely and thoroughly studied, and the fish food furnished by the
microscopic life of fresh-water lakes is measured and classified.
“To go back in memory to those early days is not only to lend the
enchantment that distance brings, but it is also to return to what was
real enchantment then. It seems as if we should never feel again—I
know I am expressing the feelings of all the early experimenters in
hatching fish—it seems as if we should never feel again, and we shall
probably never feel again the thrill of excitement that tingled to our
fingers’ ends when we first saw the little black speck in the unhatched
embryo, which told us that the egg was alive. It was one of the dearest
sights on earth to us then. And when the first little trout emerged from
its shell and wriggled in the water, why were we so excited and elated?
Was it because the little fish opened up to us a new world of promise,
and because we had a dim vision of the countless multitudes of living
creatures that this little embryo was the significant forerunner of?
Was it because we unconsciously felt we were sharing with others in a
great discovery? I suppose it was something of the sort, and now after
those long years have passed and we coldly watch under a microscope,
with half scientific interest, the development of this little black speck,
American Fisheries S$ ociety 69
named by scientists the ‘choroid pigment,’ but which will always be
dear to us as the ‘eye-spot,’ we can hardly believe that such a common-
place matter-of-fact affair could ever have stirred our feelings and our
imagination as it did once, when the sight and sensation were both new,
and the world of promise before us was untried and unknown,”
While there are many other interesting incidents that come to my
mind in connection with the early work, I feel that I must not further
encroach upon your valuable time.
In closing permit me to extend my congratulations to the American
Fisheries Society upon attaining its fortieth anniversary. The great
good this Society has done in the past and is still doing, is incalculable,
and that it may continue to expand and increase in usefulness and
activity for many years to come, is the sincere wish of
Very truly yours,
CuHESTER K. Green.
LETTERS FROM ABSENT MEMBERS
PRESIDENT: I think this is a very valuable contribution
from one of the old members. It js true that in America
the first fish were hatched by Dr. Garlick, of Cleveland, but
it was only in a very small and experimental way. The
fact is that Seth Green is the real pioneer of fish culture in
this country, so far as hatching fish in a practical way or as
a business enterprise is concerned. I think there is no ques-
tion about that. Here is an interesting letter from James
Annin which I will ask the Secretary to read.
The Acting Secretary then read the following letter:
Cateponta, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1910,
Mr. President and Members of the American Fisheries Society, Greet-
ings:
The President asked for a letter from members that had belonged
to the Society for twenty-five years or more, and stated that with myself
there were but fifteen left.
I am getting white and the hair is a little thin, but I do not feel a
day older than when I joined the American Fish Cultural Association
in 1877 or 1878. The only thing that convinces me of my age is the
way my wife looks after me on my return from a day spent on the
stream or in the brush.
I joined the association during R. B. Roosevelt’s administration.
Since then the name has been changed to the present one, I shall
always consider it a privilege to pay my yearly dues to this Society,
For several years the annual meeting was held at New York in the
Fishmongers’ Association assembly room over the market. Many inter-
7a) | Fortieth Annual Meeting
esting matters came up for discussion, many pertaining to the future
of fish culture and the widespread influence for its success the asso-
ciation must have throughout the country and world. I wish that many
of the old members were alive and present to see and hear how their
hopes for the future of fish culture had been confirmed. Robert B.
Roosevelt, George Shepard Page, Seth Green, Eugene G. Blackford,
Fred Mather, Spencer F. Baird, G. Brown Goode, James Benkard, W.
M. Hudson, Marshall McDonald, and a host of other eminent men were
always present and took an active part in the discussions.
Many of the early annual meetings were held the last days of March
just before the trout season opened, when Mr. Blackford invited the
members of the association and the public to inspect his display of live
and dead trout from every available part of the country. No expense
was spared to make it a success. It was always a splendid display, and
anticipated by all with pleasure.
On the occasion of one meeting, a dead whale had been towed in and
anchored near the Fishmongers’ Market by some thrifty financier who
enclosed it with a fence with steps in place from the pier, permitting
those that paid the admission fee to walk on the whale’s back. Several
members paid the price, but most of us thought after getting inside the
fence and seeing the condition of the big monster that it was safer to
look at and smell from above.
I am sorry that I cannot have the pleasure of being with you at this,
the fortieth annual meeting.
Trusting that you have a pleasant and profitable gathering, I remain,
Sincerely yours,
JAMES ANNIN.
PRESIDENT: I have a letter from Dr. Smith, who is un-
avoidably absent from this meeting, which I am sure we all
regret. Dr. Smith took a very active interest in trying to
work up material for this meeting until he was unexpectedly
called to the conference at The Hague. The letter reads:
North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration at The Hague.
Agency of the United States
Sept. 12, 1910,
Mr. Seymour Bower, President American Fisheries Society,
New York City.
My Dear Sir:—It is a matter of great regret that I am unable to be
at the anniversary meeting of the Society, to which I had been looking
with pleasant anticipation.
I have prepared a little historical account of the great international
fishery dispute between America and England that has just been settled
by arbitration, and | hope you will find a place for this article in the
printed record even if it is not read at the meeting. The case is note-
American Fisheries Society . 71
worthy in being the first to come up under the convention for the
settlement of international disputes concluded at the second peace con-
ference at The Hague in 1907.
Will you please convey to the members of the Society my greetings
and best wishes for a most successful meeting. Sincerely yours,
HucH M, Sir.
PRESIDENT: Here is a short letter from an old-time hon-
orary member that should be read.
The Acting Secretary then read the following letter:
HAARLEM, HoLianp, Sept. 16, 1910.
Mr. Seymour Bower, President of the American Fisheries Society.
S1r:—I have duly received the announcement of the fortieth anni-
versary meeting of the American Fisheries Society and I am sorry not
to be able to attend it.
Yet it would have given me great pleasure to do so and to use the
opportunity, personally, to express my feelings of sympathy with your
Society. So I am now obliged to do this by letter: receive my hearty
congratulations and my best wishes for the future on the occasion of
the fortieth birthday of your Society.
Having had the great honor, some years ago, to be elected an honor-
ary member, having studied the proceedings on several occasions, and
having had the advantage of making personal acquaintance with your
Society, being present at the Washington meeting in September, 1908, I
am, no doubt, permitted to say that your Society has already done
excellent work in the interest of your fisheries, and that we are fully
entitled to expect that it will, in future also, largely contribute to the
maintenance and the development of this industry which so greatly
interests us.
With my best wishes for the success of your anniversary meeting and
my respectful greetings for yourself and for many of your members,
whom it would be for me a great pleasure to meet again, I have the
honor to be, Sir, yours sincerely and respectfully,
Pi PC, Houx:;
Honorary Member.
PRESIDENT: We have a short letter from Professor
Prince, Commissioner of Fisheries of the Dominion of
Canada, that I should like to have read.
The Acting Secretary then read the following letter:
Wynyarb, Sask., Sept. 16, 1910.
The Secretary of the American Fisheries Society, New York Aquarium,
New York City.
Dear Sir:—I very much regret to find that I shall be away on an
official trip over the northern waters of Alberta, Canada, at the time of
rd Se Fortieth Annual Meeting
the meeting of the American Fisheries Society. I had hoped to be
present, along with my distinguished colleague on the International
Fisheries Commission (Dr. David Starr Jordan) and to have con-
tributed one or two papers. I shall be wholly unable to attend the
meeting or aid in any way personally, but I wish it all success.
Yours faithfully,
Epwarp E. PRINCE.
PRESIDENT: There are three other members who have be-
longed to this Society for more than twenty-five years who
have been in attendance at this meeting, but they are not
present now, Dr. Bean, Dr. Gill, and Mr. May.
Mr. Meenan: Dr. Bean is absent on account of the
severe illness of his wife.
PRESIDENT: I am advised that there is a member present,
and yesterday reélected to membership, who first joined the
Society in 1873. We shall be glad to hear a few words
from Mr. Philip Neidlinger, of Sheepshead Bay, N. Y.
Mr. NEIDLINGER: I have nothing to say just now except
that many years ago at our meetings, when Mr. Roosevelt
was president, and George Shepard Page and Seth Green,
and others dead and gone, met with us, I attended the
sessions and enjoyed them very much. But I lost track of
the Society until I read about the meeting here, when [ at
once took occasion to attend and renew my membership.
EARLY WORK OF CHARLES G. ATKINS
Mr. W. O. Buck, Neosho, Mo.: I would like to ask if
there is anything from Mr. Atkins?
PRESIDENT: I wrote to Mr. Atkins but he did not respond.
There are some pictures here of a few old-time members,
among them being one of Mr. Atkins, which I shall be glad
to show you later.
Mr. Buck: It seems to me that the Society owes it to
itself to have Mr. Atkins’ name appear in this account of
its early members, and if you will bear with me a minute I
will try to state something of what I happen to know of the
earlier part of his fish-cultural work. My having been asso-
American Fisheries Society . 73
ciated with him for twenty years perhaps may furnish an
excuse for my speaking in his behalf without other prepara-
tion than those twenty years of familiar intercourse and
knowledge of his work.
Mr. Atkins was one of the two first commissioners of the
State of Maine appointed in 1867, and he brought from
Canada, in 1870, the first salmon eggs artificially hatched
in Maine. There were 8,000 of these for which he paid
forty dollars in gold per thousand, and he brought them
home in a trunk. Although the result of this experiment
was limited as to the total number of fish produced, they
were of excellent quality, over 7,000 young fish being
carried to the planting time the following winter. Later
he made the first attempt to take salmon eggs in the United
States, buying live adults of the fishermen in June and
July, and impounding them in several places. The in-
closure in Alamoosook Lake at the mouth of Craig Brook
proved to be well adapted to the purpose, and the salmon
there confined yielded 70,000 eggs, of which Mr. Atkins suc-
ceeded in fecundating 96 per cent, using the dry method of
applying the milt—the first time that method was ever used
in America. Craig Brook is the place where Mr. Atkins has
since had such great success in salmon culture, although he
at first moved from there to a brook in Bucksport where
he carried on operations for several years.
During that time he organized an association of com-
missions of the States of Maine, Massachussetts, New
Hampshire, and Connecticut, for the purpose of propa-
gating Atlantic and land-locked salmon. When the United
States Fish Commission was established Professor Baird
joined this association, each of the commissions contributing
to the fund for carrying on the work and sharing in the out-
put. As Maine commissioner, Mr. Atkins was the author of
the first five reports—1867-1871—which cover a wide field.
He entered the service of the United States Commission in
1872, and as we all know contributed many important
articles to its early reports.
Fo Fortieth Annual Meeting
Prior to 1875 he had hatched eggs of Atlantic salmon,
land-locked salmon, shad, whitefish, brook trout, lake trout,
alewives, white perch, smelts, suckers and chubs.
Perhaps this is enough to say at present, the idea being
to refer briefly to some of the little known beginnings of
Mr. Atkins’ work rather than attempt a summary of that
for which he is so well and widely known.
PROCEEDINGS RELATIVE TO LIVINGSTON STONE
PRESIDENT: I have reserved for the last a letter from
Mr. Chester K. Green concerning the only living charter
member of the Society, Mr. Livingston Stene, whose con-
dition seems good physically, but whose mental condition
is very poor. He recognizes those around him, but his
memory is gone and the past is a blank. I think some suit-
able action should be taken in connection with our oldest
living charter member. The Secretary will please read the
letter.
Mr. Green’s letter follows:
Care Vincent, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1910.
Mr. SEyMouR Bower,
President American Fisheries Society, Detroit, Mich.
My Dear Mr. Bower: ‘
I am in receipt of your letter asking for infomation concerning
Mr. Livingston Stone. Mr. Stone’s son visited Cape Vincent a short
time since, and from him I learned that his father’s condition is such
that he is able to be about each day, and is in fairly good physical
condition. His mental condition is somewhat peculiar, and, as I
understand it, he lives almost entirely in the present—that is, he knows
those about him, converses and plays games with them, but does not
remember anything in the past. He may recognize an old friend who
calls on him, but will forget all about him a short time after leaving.
He does not remember anything about his fish-culture work at Cape
Vincent or elsewhere, or his associates in the work. His case is in
many respects a very pitiful one, but it will be a consolation to his
friends to know that he is not suffering any physical pain, and that he
has a nurse in constant attendance, and is being well cared for by his
faithful wife and son. His address is 835 E. Hutchinson Avenue,
Swissvale, Pittsburg, Pa.
I trust that I have given you the desired information.
Sincerely yours,
CHESTER K. GREEN.
American Fisheries Society 75
Mr. CLARK: I move that the Secretary at his conve-
nience a little later write a letter to Mr. Stone, or his wife
or his son, or all of them, expressing the sympathy of the
American Fisheries Society as to his condition, saying that
the members of the Society thought of him while holding
this fortieth anniversary meeting.
Mr. Titcoms: May I add to that message and have the
motion that we make Mr. Livingston Stone an honorary
member of this Society?
Mr. Crark: I accept that amendment as part of the
original motion.
The motion was unanimously carried.
ACTING SECRETARY: The Society took action of simi-
lar nature three years ago when resolutions of sympathy
were extended to the family regarding Mr. Stone’s con-
dition, very much after the manner of the present occasion.
PRESIDENT: I believe this closes the hour we were to
devote to reminiscences, but I will say that you will perhaps
want to see the pictures of five of the early members of
the Society, Mr. Atkins, Mr. Seth Green, Mr. Fred Mather,
Mr. Livingston Stone, and Mr. Robert B. Roosevelt.
AcTING SECRETARY: These photographs were brought
here at the request of Dr. H. M. Smith and are his property,
PRESIDENT: Mr. August Christman, Secretary of the
United Anglers’ League of New York, has a few remarks
to make.
Mr. CHRISTMAN: ‘The most detrimental thing to the
sport of angling about Greater New York is the pollution
of the waters. We have a law that prohibits pollution; but
we find that New York City itself is the greatest offender
against the law. We find another thing, that the menhaden
fishermen on the coast come as close as a quarter or half
a mile to shore after menhaden, but if they should chance
to run into weakfish or the like they do not hesitate to take
a seine and catch them. They may not bring them into
market ; I cannot say that because I do not know it to be a
ae Fortieth Annual Meeting
fact, but I know that the individual angler can go alongside
of those boats and procure the fish at a small sum.
PRESIDENT: The Secretary will announce the next
paper.
ACTING SECRETARY: Prof. Francis H. Herrick, Adelbert
College, Cleveland, Ohio, sends a paper on “Protecting the
Lobster,” with the suggestion that it be read in full or by
title only, according to the exigencies of the occasion.
Dr. OsBuRN: Professor Herrick’s paper is of such an
excellent character that the committee thought it best to read
the paper even though he is absent.
Dr. Osburn then read Professor Herrick’s paper, which
was discussed.
The Acting Secretary then read a paper written by Mr. E.
W. Barnes, of the Rhode Island Fisheries Commission,
entitled “The Season of 1910 at. the Fisheries Ex-
periment Station at Wickford, R. 1., which was discussed.
PRESIDENT: The next paper will be read by a gentleman
to whom we are under great obligations for his assistance
in making this meeting a success. Dr. Raymond C. Osburn,
of Columbia University, and Assistant Director of this
Aquarium, will speak on “The Effects of Exposure on
the Gill Filaments of Fishes.”
Dr. Osburn’s paper was then read and discussed.
PRESIDENT: The Secretary has started to prepare a
history of the Society. He has merely the rough draft
today, and will read only a small portion of it, as a great
deal of it is necessarily statistical, but really should be put
in the report when it is fully completed, because it will save
some one else a lot of time in compiling the same set of
facts.
The Acting Secretary, Mr. Ward T. Bower, United States
Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C., then read a “His-
tory of the American Fisheries Society.”
Mr. Roy W. Miner, Assistant Curator of Invertebrate
Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, then spoke
American Fisheries Society 77
on “The Study of Marine Ecology and its Importance to
the Fisheries.’ Discussion followed.
PRESIDENT: Fish have diseases and consequently we
must have fish doctors to diagnose and prescribe for those
diseases. Our next paper will be by one of the fish doc-
tors of the Bureau of Fisheries, Mr. M. C. Marsh, who will
present a paper on “Thyroid Tumors in Salmonoids.”’
Mr. Marsh’s paper was then read and discussed.
PAPERS READ BY TITLE
PRESIDENT: We have about 15 more papers and if you
think it is too late to read them, the Chair will entertain a
motion that they be read by title and printed in the pro-
ceedings.
Mr. MEEHAN: I move that the papers remaining be
read by title and published in the proceedings.
The motion was seconded and unanimously carried.
Papers were then read by title as follows:
John P. Babcock, Chief Deputy California Fish and
Game Commission, San Francisco, Cal.—‘*Some Experi-
ments in the Burial of Salmon Eggs, Suggesting a New
Method of Hatching Salmon and Trout.”
Dr. S. P. Bartlett, U. S. Fisheries Station, Quincy, Il.—
“Rescue Work—The Saving of Fishes from Overflowed
Lands.”
D. C. Booth, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Station,
Spearfish, S. D.—‘Fish-Cultural Possibilities of the Na-
tional Preserves.”’
W. O. Buck, U. S. Fisheries Station, Neosho, Mo.—
“Pike-Perch Notes.”
Prof. T. L. Hankinson, Charleston, Ill.
Notes on the Fishes of Walnut Lake.”
John L. Leary, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries, San
Marcos, Texas.—‘‘The Sunfish.”
H. Wheeler Perce, President National Association of
“Ecological
TSH Fortieth Annual Meeting
Scientific Angling Clubs.—“Some General Remarks on
Fishing for Sport.”
Dr. Hugh M. Smith, U. S. Deputy Commissioner of
Fisheries, Washington, D. C.—‘*The North Atlantic Fish-
eries Dispute and its Arbitration at The Hague.”
EK. A. Tulian, New Orleans, La.—‘‘Five Years’ Progress
in Fish Culture in Argentina.”
S. G. Worth, Superintendent U. S. Fisheries Station,
Mammoth Spring, Ark.—‘‘Observations on the Natural
Food of Small-mouth Bass Fry at Mammoth Spring Sta-
tion, Arkansas.”
PRESIDENT: I am requested by an old member to bring
the following to your attention: He desires to have pub-
lished in the proceedings of this meeting the names of com-
missioners and superintendents of all the states, the amount
of money appropriated by Congress for the Bureau of Fish-
eries and by the different states, the number of fish planted
under the direction of the Bureau and the different states,
these data to be incorporated in our next report. What
action will you take on this request? It would be a good
idea in some respects, although we are going to have an
enormously large report, as it is. You know the discus-
sions that have been had and the papers that have already
been presented, and there are about 15 papers that have
been read by title and are to be printed; but as this request
is made by an ex-president and an old member, it is en-
titled to consideration.
Dr. TownsenD: It would involve a vast amount of
work for an unpaid secretary.
Mr. CLarK: I move the matter be laid on the table until
our next annual meeting.
The motion was seconded and carried.
CLOSING PROCEEDINGS
PRESIDENT: When you elected me as President a year
ago, I felt a sense of honor and appreciation which I could
not adequately express in words. I ama good deal in the
American Fisheries Society 79
same embarrassing situation at the present moment with
respect to the cordial and united support that has been
accorded me during the year. I want to thank each mem-
ber individually, and I want to thank you all collectively for
what you have done to make my administration a success,
and which has culminated, through your efforts and not
my own, in making this one of the best meetings in the
history of the Society.
My only hope is that you will accord my successor, each
and everyone of you, the same support that you have me,
and that the next meeting will be a much better one than
this, and much better attended.
As the time is too short for any extended remarks, or any
formalities, I will appoint Mr. Titcomb as a committee
of one to escort the new President to the chair, and his
term of office will begin upon his introduction.
The President-elect, Mr. W. E. Meehan, was escorted
to the chair by Mr. Titcomb.
Mr. Titcoms: Gentlemen of the American Fisheries
Society, I have just been called upon to introduce the in-
coming President, and, as the retiring President has said,
this is no time for extended remarks. Mr. Meehan is known
to all of us; he has been a very earnest, hard-working
member and has brought with him to these meetings, for
a great number of years, 12 or 13 of the fish culturists at
his hatcheries, all of whom seem to think they are getting
much interesting and useful information here. I hope all
the other commissioners will profit by this example here-
after. Ihave great pleasure in introducing your new Presi-
dent, Mr. Meehan. (Applause. )
Mr. Meehan took the chair.
PRESIDENT W. E. MEEHAN: Ladies and gentlemen of
the American Fisheries Society: It has been considered
by me an honor and a privilege to be a member of the
American Fisheries Society. I have been a member for
nearly twenty years and have taken a very active part for
nearly half that period, sometimes perhaps to the dissat-
80 Fortieth Annual Meeting
isfaction of some of my friends. Thus esteeming the honor
of membership, I appreciate the more deeply the honor of
the office which you have conferred upon me.
I feel that I have a big task before me on account of the
splendid work of the preceding President. I shall do my
best, however, to maintain his record. If my administra-
tion is successful, or if it should turn out that there is a
better and larger meeting next year than this, it will not
be due to me, but to you, who should endeavor to achieve,
if possible, greater success even than has my predecessor,
Mr. Bower. (Applause. )
The Society has reached a point where it must be from
this time forward a big factor in a wider field than it has
hitherto occupied. I have watched it grow from the time
when only a few members were here, to the time when we
had a large membership, from the time when discussions
were limited principally to trout and carp, to the broad
field of taking in nearly all the valuable food fishes that
we have in the country.
We are going now to another and stronger position
which we have been urged in this meeting to take, namely
the purification of the waters, in order that the labors of
fish culturists may bear greater fruit. Why should we
attempt to propagate fish, if the waters are in such condi-
tion that plankton will not successfully grow? It will be
part of the province of this Society to work for the purifica-
tion of our waters. Some of the states need legislation
toward that end and I believe that we can do much in secur-
ing such legislation.
Gentlemen, I shall do the best I can in the coming year,
and I again thank you for the honor which you have
bestowed upon me. (Applause. )
I think we usually have a few words from other officers-
elect, and I will appoint Dr. Townsend as a committee of
one to escort the new Vice-President to the chair, to hear a
few words from him.
Dr. Townsend escorted Mr, Fullerton to the platform.
American Fisheries Society 81
Mr. Futterton: I want.to thank you for electing me
Vice-President. I deem it a great honor. In connection
with my present visit to New York I would like to state that
37 years ago tomorrow I landed at Castle Garden on the
site of the Aquarium.
PRESIDENT: I will appoint Mr. Seymour Bower to
escort the Secretary to the rostrum and introduce him, that
we may have a few words from him. (Applause. )
Mr. Ward T. Bower, the Secretary-elect, was then es-
corted to the platform.
Mr. Warp T. Bower: Mr. President, ladies and gen-
tlemen, I remember several years ago at a meeting of the
Society when General Bryant was called upon suddenly for
some remarks he said: “In the language of the young ladies
when proposed to, ‘This is so sudden.” While ordinarily
no little honor attaches to the office of Secretary, I believe
you will agree with me that it not infrequently happens
that the duties are rather arduous and irksome. How-
ever, upon the present occasion I am happy to state that
this condition does not at all alarm me, for the reason
that you have very thoughtfully elected an Assistant Sec-
retary in the person of a lady—the first lady to hold office
in the American Fisheries Society. (Applause.) I am
certain that Miss Smith will be an honor and a credit to
the Society in that office. Permit me to express my thanks
for the honor you have conferred upon me.
Dr. TownsenpD: I think I should take occasion to state
on behalf of the Zoological Society that it has given us great
pleasure to have you meet under our roof at the Aquarium,
and also to say that the Aquarium is always at the disposal
of the American Fisheries Society. I am going to be vain
enough to show you the picture of the new Aquarium that
will be begun soon. If you come here in two or three
years we will give you an elegant meeting place in the new
building. (Applause. )
Mr. SEymMour Bower: I want to call attention to the
aM Fortieth Annual Meeting
fact that the publication of the proceedings of this meeting
is entirely in the hands of the Special Anniversary Com-
mittee. It was arranged at last year’s meeting and the
action still stands, so that all papers relating to the forth-
coming report should be placed in the hands of the chair-
man, Dr. Townsend.
PRESIDENT: Is there any other business? If not, we
are ready for adjournment.
Mr. SrymMour Bower: I move that we adjourn sine
die.
Motion seconded and carried.
PRESIDENT: This meeting is adjourned sine die.
In Svmoriam
CHARLES P. BENNETT
FRANK NELSON CLARK
J. FRANK ELLIS
CHARLES H. FERRY
ENRICO H. GIGLIOLI
A. J. KAVANAGH
GEORGE FREDERICK PEABODY
L. B. SPENCER
US
=
—
;
Sage oe
ee tan SAX ee
Senses
ee a as
~l eee y —
anit) hime |!
,
ue ,
Srank N. Clark
PRESIDENT OF THE Soctety 1903-1904
Born February 2, 1849 Died December 19, 1910
MEMORIAL OF FRANK NELSON CLARK
N THE nineteenth day of December, 1910, there
passed from this life one of the most prominent
and useful members of this Society. Attend-
ing to his usual activities until the very day he was called,
the end came with a suddenness that startles and shocks.
With no note of warning there was struck from our rolls
the name of one who for many years labored earnestly
and conscientiously to build up this Society, one who was
ever solicitous for its welfare, one who in every way
wes a credit and honor to its membership. As a lifelong
and intimate friend and associate it is to me a sacred privi-
lege to be permitted to pay tribute to his memory.
Frank Nelson Clark was born in Clarkston, Mich., a
village that perpetuates the name of his immediate ancestry
and relatives, who were its earliest pioneers and its foun-
ders. Surrounded by lakes and nestling in the very heart
of a noted lake region, it was most fitting that this beautiful
village should be the birthplace of fish culture in Michigan.
Moreover the pioneer fish-cultural enterprise was among
the earliest of its kind on the American continent.
The first man to propagate fish on a practical basis in
this country was Seth Green, of New York. This was in
the early sixties. He was soon followed by Samuel Wil-
mot, of Ontario, and Nelson W. Clark, of Michigan, father
of Frank N., who was identified with his father’s fish-
cultural efforts almost from their earliest inception in the
winter of 1866-67. Necessarily this pioneer work was car-
ried on as a private business, for fish culture as a public
enterprise was also in its infancy. a). =n al-s6) 2 = * AUD WIOA ON
99 IL PCL = op soe" (6 ae) (@ «©. ©) -6) ee *AWO YIOR MON
PEL 8 60T == se + * UOrTBpOBSY ,S1asuUOMMYST J ste eee eee HKD HION MAN
yoyIepL woYyNY jo swmooyw ,s10}IIIG :
Igl 9 18 —s eee se e+ emmuenby YIOA MON* soo 8 8 8 8 8s AUD HOA MAN
} I = or - *spunory [eruuazueD ‘eH sespnf-* -* see s+ + seg “eydppeiyg
0Z z RL —S op CS eam IOP SSO a foo 6 (Oly. MSC ING
Pr | 9 GL og op BO Ce Ge eh 8. eer anne. af * AYO YICA MON
SP aC) 19 ee op cos ee ee ee os © ARID HIOA MON
i423 LZ 1g 6 ME MSUE A or aBed predays* CaS OOO eae a esta ATS) YIOA MON
9¢ c = git - ae ue 1930, aqol*)* oe 8 © © © © © &@ SS “N Aueq y
— — — DL Ayaio0g Ary[nog YIOA Mon jo surlooys ss ees se * * APD YIOA MON
da,N,Saud| dis
Lwo0daa oe E INaSaud aOVIad
NI Sadovd en ae sugawan
SLUOdHY GNV dIHSYAANHN ‘SONI LHANW AO
MHATAHA IVOILSILVIS
SONILAGN HO ALVA
American Fisheries Society
343
LIST, BY AUTHORS, OF PAPERS AND ‘ADDRESSES PRESENTED
FROM 1870 To 1909
ADAMS, FRrep J.,
Responding to. “Dhe) Press™ 22 65 eee) a ke 1900, p. 180-183
ALLEN, GeorcE R.,
Notes on the feeding of parent trout with refer-
ence to virility of eggs produced______________ 1905, p. 122-123
AMSDEN, FRANK J.,
Game: arid ‘fisht protection (eee ee A 1895, p. 100-105
ANNIN, JAS.,
Wront in Hard’ water 2: caer 1879, p. 15- 17
Progen@es s/o he cep remem ey Dat 1881, p. 76- 81
Phe sambow teats a eee 1882, p. 20- 22
Notes pertaining to fish culture__._.._.___________ 1884, p. 109-111
ATKINS, CHARLEs G.,
Salmon breeding at Bucksport=_oW__.._.._....___+ 1874, p. 24- 30
Notes on land-locked) salmenzee= 1884, p. 40- 54
The biennial spawning of salmon_________________ 1885, p. 89- 94
The food problem in fish cultuse 23 1894, p. 58- 66
‘The study \ofs ish. diseases ste i 1901, p. 82- 8&8
The’ live, fond: wetness ae es Pe See 1903, p. 71- 78
The utilization of neglected fishes________________- 1904, p. 178-182
The early feeding of salmonoid fry________-______ 1905, p. 75- 81
Experiments id fasting Of iry- eo 1906, p. 123-129
Masipulation. of salmon dees. 22 1907, p. 218-222
ATWartER, W. O.,
The nutritive qualities and values of various kinds
of fish, comparing them with the composition
and Walte GF auiitial “oodso= 2). ck 1880, p. 44- 58
The chemical composition and nutritive value of
ESN oe CA AL eters $188 Pe Lae 1881, p. 124-130
The chemical composition and nutritive value of Le
our American food fishes and invertebrates____1884,~p. 171-193
The chemical changes produced in oysters in float-
ing and their effect upon the nutritive value___1887, p. 37- 52
"he! digestinilify remy ssaths es eo pee OS 1888, p. 69- 83
Bassirt, A, C.,
Maachivarn. sray lines feet cee eee Poe ea 1900, p. 106-108
Baird, SPENCER F.,
Diba teriig CHISEh - Cie nee ee a Pe 1873, p. 25- 32
Work ‘of Ur:S: ‘Fisht€ommission. =... ee 1874, p. 31- 38
‘BATRD: MEMORTAL EXHRGISES== >=) 205 Ys 1903, p. 161-184 (2 cuts)
Barrett, W. W.,
Bish’ eulture in: North) Dalsotacs eo 1899, p. 62- 64
Barttett, S. P.,
Value of carp as furnishing food for black bass__--1898, p. 85- 89
The value of carp as a food product of Illinois
Wateie Slee bed eee eS eek 1900, p. 80- 87
344 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Angling for carp and some hints as to best method
OP heook trips 222s Be afk Eas ae a 1903, p. 47- 50
Carp; as Seen, Dy a sired VCs) ee Ee ee 1905, p. 207-211
The future vot ithe carps) oui se ea hee 1909, p. 151-154
BEAN, TARLETON H.,
A contribution to the biography of the commercial
COd,| OF Alaska t= 5 hi Va eae ee ee 1881, p. 16- 34
The whitefishes of North America____------------ 1884, p. 32- 39
Hybrids: in) \Salmonide soo 52. ise ee 1889, p. 12- 18
The Alaska salmon and their allies___-- 1890, p. 49- 66 (7 plates)
Kennerly s+ salman cule ee ee ee 1891, p. 41- 46
The work of the United States Fish Commission__1895, p. 75- 78
Pond culture of California Salmonide in France
(translation from the French of Dr. Jousset
De Bellesme’s article on a “New Method of
Pond: Gale” ) 2 ee ee 1896, p. 69- 87
Fish and game department of the Universal Expo-
Sitiom iat) St. Louise une) ce ee ae 1904, p. 55- 59
Some practical difficulties in the way of fish cul-
UIT eR as Be eee 1907, p. 184-191
The muscallonge of the Ohio basin ~------------- 1908, p. 145-151
A plea for the systematic study of fish diseases__-_1909, p. 65- 73
BEEMAN, Henry W.,
On the propagation of black bass--_--------------- 1906, p. 182
BELL, CHARLES,
On the ‘fecundation.of fish. --2-220 ee ee 1873, p. 15- 17
BERKHOUSE, JERRY R.,
Some experiments on the artificial expression and
fertilization of gold: fish*uc) pees s eee 1908, p. 142-144
Birce, Epwarp A.,
Vertical distribution of the lower plants and ani-
mals in the inland Jakes _.-22-—=_ iss 1897, p. 25-30 (1 fig.)
The relation between the areas of inland lakes and
the temperature of the water___--__- 1898, p. 99-101 (1 plate)
Gases dissolved in the waters of Wisconsin
jE cly 4 Col eia ee aS On oe Gh eek an peas wR Y2 1906, p. 143-161 (12 fig.)
The respiration of an inland lake__-----_-- 1907, p. 223-241 (1 fig.)
BISssELL, JOHN H.,
Fash ‘cultare—a practical arti sss a eee ee 1886, p. 36- 43
Coopetation in’ fish culture: 202+ Sie Ula e oy ee 1888, p. 89- 99
The ‘Detroit: whitefish’ stationtss 2220 vee se 1890, p. 16- 20
Grayling Jin “Michigan 2222202 ee ee 1890, p. 27- 29
BLACKFoRD, EuGENE G.,
Peculiar features of the fish marketi.2=.0 222 eee 1878, p. 77- 82
Wihitebait! tess te aes Te ee ak ea gee 1879, p. 11- 14
A few facts in relation to the food and spawning
seasons of fishes on the Atlantic coast___-____ 1883, ‘ps 9-8
Is legislation necessary for the protection of ocean
TASENGS Fie a ee TUE a Se es 1884, p. 60- 65
The oyster beds of New York__---____-____-_-__- 1885, p. 85- 89
Eugene G6. Blackford
COMMISSIONER CF FIsHERIES of NEw York 1878-1891, Present oF
THE Society 1889-1891
Born 1839 Died December 29, 1904
&
American Fisheries Society 345
BoropineE, N.,
Statistical review of fish culture in Europe and
North Amenicea i ih2233 21522 ene - oS at 1893, p. 104-110
BotTEMANNE, C. J., .
Do grilse spawste els ee et hu 1880, p. 30- 32
Bower, SEYMOUR,
The artificial hatching of whitefish and brook trout
and the relations of planting to results________ 1895, p. 89- 99
The propagation of small-mouth black bass__----_- 1896, p. 127-136
Fish protection and fish production__----__-----~__ 1897, p. 58- 63
Natural versus assisted reproduction of certain
kinds of fishesto02 is ee ee 1898, p. 46- 56
The rainbow trout in Michigan___------------_--- 1909, p. 130-134
Bower, Warp T.,
Notes on the taking of quinnat salmon eggs_----- 1905, p. 232-238
Notes on the increase in size of fish ova after water
Hardening Wooo se a 2 nents 1909, p. 92-100
Bow Les, B. F.,
Eand-locked ‘saline 2st t Sees eo ala l 1872, p. 39- 46
Brass, JoHN L.,
‘be tor ‘aeratwaesy Whiter yee ee 1906, p. 188
BrewstTER, C. E.,
The relation of the fish and game warden in the
Work Of dma propagation. 22.) foo ke 1900, p. 69- 72
BRYANT, Epwin E.,
The power of the state to regulate fisheries and the
ey gf oMgCC eri ca apie Oh Uye SES 2 nee oS 1901, p. 33- 41
Buck, W. O.,
The fishine at Grand Lake Siream_--.-.._-.----— 1906, p. 233-236
Some details of salmon culture__---_-------------- 1909, p. 120-123
Butter, NATHAN R.,
Propagation and care of yellow perch_-__--------- 1905, p. 223-224
Bumpus, H. C.,
The identification of adult fish that have been arti-
fieially Giatchied (22s ee 1898, p. 70-73 (2 plates)
Methods and results of scientific work at Woods
12 ('s) (ence, 0853 13 2 ee 1899, p. 12- 17
BuRNHAM, CHARLES W.,
Wotes, oH. the yellow miags 08 et 1909, p. 103-106
BuTLer, Wo. A.,, JR.,
Notes on trout work in Michigan__-__--_----------- 1889, p. 25- 31
Carter, E. N.,
Notes on sturgeon culture in Vermont____- 1904, p. 60-63 (2 plates)
CHAMBERLAYNE, C. F.,
Nationalism in state fisheries___.__________-._-___-- 1892, p. 187-196
Whe! peessitie® : inGca foe eer ae 1894, p. 110-118
CHAMBERS, W. OLDHAM,
On a thorough hatching vase___-_______-____ 1888, p. 25-27 (2 fig.)
346 Fortieth Annual Meeting
CueEney, A. N.,
Food jfish and fish foods. We cia ea ee he eee see 1883, p. 27- 32
Does transplanting affect the food or game qualities
of certain ‘fishes? so eee 1885, p. 55- 58
Relation of the American Fisheries Society to pro-
fective. fish Jaws oot oe ewe See eae 1891, p. 47- 51
Pood! tor fishess 2352 i Tk ea ee eee ee ee 1892, p. 22- 29
Concerning the work of the Fisheries, Game and
Forest Commission of the State of New York 1896, p. 112-120
CLAPHAM, THOMAS,
Hood sof, brook trois. 2s ee eee 1879, p. 4 6
Crapp, A. F.,
The Susquehanna; its past, present and future____- 1892, p. 135-137
Ciark, A. Howarp,
History of the iced fish and frozen fish trade of the
Waited ‘States ites ies Gass se ee eee 1886, p. 68- 71
Fish preservation by the use of acetic, boracic, sali-
cylic and other acids and compounds_--------- 1887, p. 28- 34
CiarK, FRANK N.,
Results of planting whitefish in Lake Erie____-_-_- 1885, p. 40- 50
Rearing and distributing trout at the Northville
Station, U.S, Fish \Commission_-—- 222-222 1891, p. 30- 33
Rearing fish for distribution---------------------- 1892, p. 78- 81
Notes in connection with the United States Fish
Hatcheries in. Michigan >. 2222. Eee eee 1898, p. 27- 32
What is protection to food fishes?__-------------- 1899, p. 21- 29
Methods and results in connection with the propa-
gation of commercial fishes for the Great
Takes 220.4000 2 oe 1900, p. 88- 95
A successful year in the artificial propagation of
the whitefish ~~ ----------------------------- 1902, p. 97- 99
Notes on small-mouth bass culture at the North-
ville, Mich., station___----------------- 1905, p. 174-180 (1 fig.)
Notes on a new hatching jar--------------1907, p. 159-162 (1 fig.)
Curt, WM.,
Shad culture _----------------------------------- 1872, ip: Bie 2s
Important events in fish culture during the year
1872 _---------------------------------------- 1873, p: 4-510
Cosp, JoHN N.,
Hawaiian ) cosbery Unie@nts, (saan eee eee eee 1908, p. 160-164
The king salmon of Alaska----------------------- 1909, p. 124-128
CouEN, Nat H.,
Concerning fish laws in Illinois___---------------- 1901, p. 133-136
CoKer, Rosert E.,
A study of the guano industry and fisheries of
Per Re eA ae ee ee -1907, p. 248-251 (3 cuts)
Cotutns, A. S., Spawning races for brook trout-------- 1872, p. 28- 32
Cotttns, J. W., AND G. Brown GoobE,
The winter haddock fishery of New England_--__--- 1882, p. 43-56
American Fisheries Society 347
Cottins, J. W.,
Result of the introduction of gill nets into the
American cody hsbetteg (62. .u st Fie ce te 1884, p. 212-228
The fisheries at the World’s Fair__________ 1891, p. 33-41 (2 plates)
The Norwegian fisheries 5 oa ee 1893, p. 60- 70
The fisheries exhibit at the World’s Fair__________ 1893, p. 122-129
Address, 25.0252 ce00t Uae eee eee eS 1894, p. 84- 92
Cote, Leon J.,
The status of the carp in Amieriea_.__-=_..-.2____ 1905, p. 201-206
Coz, S. S.;
Address on various aspects of fishing and the
fisheries |) spouses eet as eee re 1884, p. 91-109
Cox, WILLIAM VAN ZANT,
#: glance at) Billuggseate) =see ae soe 1885, p. 76- 85
Transporting fish in the British Isles______________ 1886, p. 56- 58
DEAN, H. D.,
Discouragements in bass culture-_..______________ 1902, p. 153-155
De BELLESME, JOUSSET,
New method of pond culture (translated from the
French by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean) --____--_____ 1896, p. 69- 87
DENNIs, OrEGON MILTon,
Bishi PPObe CEI ps em ae as sees mes a 1905, p. 133-138
The necessity of the State making laws for the pro-
tection of food fishes after stocking waters by
the: State: or United: States: 201) eo ls 1907, p. 103-104
Some reasons for failure of fish protective legisla-
tion and some suggestive remedies____________ 1908, p. 152-156
Dickerson, F. B.,
The protection of fish and a closed season_________ 1898, p. 32- 46
Dinsmore, A. H., ;
Woaine and) the. sportsmag sok ee ee 1901, p. 159-162
Yellowstone Park as a national fishing resort______ 1905, p. 195-198
DopcE, CHARLES WRIGHT,
Bish fungus at Galedoutas ee es 1895, p. 109-112
Downing, S. W.,
Propagation’ of ‘the “Paeiic: salmon... 1900, p. 154-158
The whitefish; some thoughts on its propagation
Bhd. POLE CHIONE ees Ee ek 1904, p. 104-110
Collecting, hatching and distribution of pike perch;
why the. great lossror-epas 27 fe 1905, p. 239-246
DyKEMAN, J. R.,
On the impregnation of trout eggs_______-________ 1873, p. 13- 15
Earty, R. Epwarp,
State. fish cammiisstonerges ero Fel 2 oe 1887, p. 23- 28
Epmonps, M. C.,
The introduction of salmon into American
Waters) Ze Fee aN a 1872, p. 32- 39
348 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Evans, A. KELty,
The influence of politics upon the work of the fish
culturist, and how fish and game protective
associations may assist the latter. Also the
international problem of the proper regulation
of the fisheries of the great lakes____--__--___- 1907, p. 207-217
EvERMANN, Barton W.,
The golden trout of Volcano Creek__-------_-.- 1905, p. 148-154
FEARING, D. B.,
Some early notes on striped bass__-------------_-- 1903, p. 90- 98
Fretp, Geo. W.,
The necessity of the protection of the adult lobster
in order to maintain the lobster fisheries-__-~-- 1907, p. 193-200
Forbes, S. A.,
Notes on the food of the fishes of the Mississippi
Malte aioe 2 eet Oe ee eee 1888, p. 37- 66
FroTHINGHAM, H. P.,
Fish and game protection in New Jersey---------- 1896, p. 137-145
FULLERTON, SAMUEL F.,
Protection as an aid to propagation____--_--_----- 1906, p. 59- 64
The modern hatching house_..__---.------ 1908, p. 132-137 (2 fig.)
GARLICK, THEODATUS,
The beginning of fish culture in America---------~ 1883, p. 47- 48
GATES, CYRUS,
Letter from Huntoon Oyster Company regarding
samples of seed oysters taken from oyster beds
at Samish, Skagit County, Washington. 1903, p. 109-111 (1 cut)
Gay, JoHN AND Ww. P. SEAL,
The past and present of fish culture with an inquiry
as to what may be done to further promote
and! develop the. seieness li ae ees 1890, p. 66- 79
GeorcE, A. F.,
The ‘fish and fisheries of Maryland2-.-) 2222-22. 1899, p. 49- 54
GiLBerT, W. L.,
Sale vot sartifically ’neanen (rout) 0 ou Oe es 1892, p. 113-118
GILL, THEODORE,
The chief characteristics of the North American
FES TRY ETT aa ea OO Oa DURRANT PID DOIN EA LEE SS 1885, p. 69- 72
Life history of the common eel___-------------__- 1898, p. 115-117
GoopE, G. Brown,
Mirration \ot) fishes e000 VU aia ees Ui a 1878, p. 27- 64
Statistics lot American! fisheries! 22st ae es 1878, p. 99-108
Epochs in the history of fish culture__.-_.--_1_7___ 1881, p. 34 58
The eel: |G@uestign ee ee Gee IL 1881, p. 81-122
Materials for a history of the swordfish_-__---____ 1882, p. 84150
The ‘oyster industry ‘of ‘the wotldj20 {20a 1884, p. 146-148
The color ver) tshesus (ik OLNL ARG Zen Bea aoe 1889, p. 65-73 (3 fig.)
GoopE, G. Brown, AND J. W. CoLLINs,
The winter haddock fishery of New England_____- 1882, p. 43- 56
American Fisheries Society 349
GREEN, CHESTER K.,
The increase of whitefish and lake trout in Lake
Chantaatie js eee ee ee gee he -1898, p. 82- &
Value of aquatic plants in pond culture____________ 1904, p. 173-176
GREEN, SETH,
Experiences of a practical fish culturist___________- 1874, p. 22- 24
Stocking: depleted’ waterst=. se 18/5, pu 19 22)
Propagation. ‘of, Ashe ee ae 1876, p. & 13
Stocking waters with various kinds of fish________ 1879, p. 22- 26
General notes on fish culture______--__--_____-____ 1880, p. 13- 19
Hiybridizisie ficttes)* 2.7 ae 1881, p. 5- 9
Hatching striped bass, sturgeon and trout___-____ 1882, p. 37- 40
GUNCKEL, JOHN E.,
Bish atid: fishing im. Olio = eee ht 1892, p. 15- 21
Memorial: Hon. Emery Davis Potter_---__ 1896, p. 37-44 (1 plate)
The. fish eultutist: =: - 35s Smee sd 1898, p. 93- 99
pb ns, Se ee 5 ee ee ee Se 1901, p. 62- 65
HALLock, CHARLES,
Laws for the preservation of fish__________________ 1874, p. 45- 46
The shore fisheries of Labrador________-__--______ 1880, p. 34 40
When shad were a penny apiece__________________ 1894, p. 18 20
HENSHALL, J. A.,
On the distribution of the black bass-_--_---_---__ 1883, p. 21- 26
Comparative excellence of food fishes--___________ 1884, p. 115-122
Pivbechation ef the Diack; bass= 2 588 1885, p. 12- 17
EPS gt ge Poa (0. 5 ae Me SE ae ieee ee Se ee ee 1890, p. 79- 84
On the teeth of fishes as a guide to their food
icivi 2) Pel Ree eee ee eee ee ee 1891, p. 24 30
The angling exhibit at the World’s Fair___________ 1893, p. 129-131
Some preliminary observations concerning the arti-
ficial culture of the grayling ~-._.______________ 1898, p. 105-108
Some notes on the Montana grayling______________ 1899, p. 80- 82
Piaits. On praylim. emltures 2 8 1900, p. 109-112
Practical hints on fish culture_____________________ 1901, p. 101-103
Food and game fishes of the Rocky Mountain
RESIN 2 5 ee ee re ee ah hed 1902, p. 74 78
Poedas, fish Sand eae ee oso 1903, p. 63- 64
Muperiments in, icedupmerdrys. 2 es Bs 1904, p. 76- 78
On the protection of fish in inland waters__________ 1905, p. 139-144
mort. C.F.,
Some observations on the black bass_-__-________ 1888, p. 33- 36
HussarD, WALDo F.,
Transportation of green brook trout and salmon
OE il RE ERTS TATE RES OM Dales) RY A 1903, p. 79- 81
Hupson, Wr11aM M.,
The shell fisheries of Connecticut______________.._ 1884, p. 124-143
HuntInocton, L. D.,
Waste sor Seas sirakaees. 28 ee ee 1896, p. 121-126
350 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Hyerson, P. P. B.,
Experiment in trout hatching and rearing in
Ppleayasesi9 oe Shae Ee id al 1890, p. 46- 48
fro; KK,
The mshenes: of Japan 2 ale eee ee 1887, p. 17- 23
James, BusHRop W.,
American salmon and other food fishes______-_--_-- 1892, p. 139-148
Alaska’s food fishes and the interest of its fisheries_1894, p. 67- 75
Impoverishment of the food fish industries__--__-- 1895, p. 36- 44
Inter-State protection of food fishes_-_----_____-_- 1896, p. 95-101
State laws for the uniform protection and propaga-
fonmOt ) TOOd HSA) 252 oe ee re eee ee 1897, p. 113-116
Protection of the food fish supply on the Pacific
coast and din Abasicay) 2.0 elie ae Bes 1898, p. 112-120
iDhe ‘close :Seasom.\for fish! 2.5 Seb ee ee eae 1900, p. 99-104
New Pennsylvania laws for the protection of food
fis fens tG eus . S ee eae eee ee eae 1901, p. 144-151
Jounson, S. M.,
The lobster fishery and how to protect it-___------ 1879, p. 17- 21
feobster cultures = 20 22k eles ee re ae eee 1883, p. 18- 20
Jounson, F. M.,
Résumé of work done during the past year in the
raising of western charr in eastern waters__--- 1904, p. 193-209
(9 plates)
The care and feeding of fry in pond life___-----__- 1906, p. 230-232
Jorvan, Davin Starr,
The distribution of fresh water fishes --------_-- 1888, p. 4- 24
Jostyn, C. D.,
The policy of ceding the control of the Great
Lakes from state to national supervision____-- 1905, p. 217-222
Kunz, GEorGE FREDERICK,
On the occurrence of pearls in the United States,
and shall we legislate to preserve the fisheries-_1893, p. 16- 34
(2 figs.)
LAMBERT, E. M.,
Ao planer bass, pondso ciao 2 tu out ae 1904, p. 143-145 (1 fig.)
LAMBKIN, J. BAyarp,
The spawning habits of the large-mouth black bass
iia the South ss SU ha eee eee es 1900, p. 129-131
A few points on the black bass for discussion___-_-- 1902, p. 147-148
LAMPHEAR, GEORGE,
Statistics on sales of fish in Fulton Market-_------_ 1880, p. 42- 43
Lanp, S. E.,
Feeding trout fry, or the food problem solved__---- 1897, p. 128-130
LaumMaN, FELIx A.,
Some essentials in pond culture-__________------__- 1909 p. 149-150
Leary, JouHn L.,
Propagation of large-mouth black bass at San
Ma reas \\ Sta ttore a Li tee A Ta 1903, p. 131-134
American Fisheries Society 351
Construction of ponds and pond cultural methods__1904, p. 139-142
Planting fishy ws.) frye 2s Wie. see eS) 1907, p. 140-141
Description of San Marcos Station with some of
the methods of propagation in use at that
wo bativeoen (| 5p tae ee a ks 1908, p. 75- 78
Propagation of crappie and catfish_______._________ 1909, p. 143-145
Lovejoy, SAMUEL,
Fish on the farm—what species to select__________ 1903, p. 116-117
What-l have seen’ of Dinekiipgs sae es gs 1904, p. 170
LybDELL, DwicGHrt,
The habits and culture of the black bass__1902, p. 45- 57 (6 cuts)
Some notes in connection with the bass work at
Mill Creek “Station oom oe 1904, p. 152-155
The bass at the Mill Creek Station___..___..____ 1906, p. 171-173
LYMAN, THEODOK:,
Address on general phases of fish culture and the
RSHerdes. Gah ose Wey Amp Sy 1884, p. 72- 91
MarsH, M. C.,
‘The sbrook-trout disease: eee 1901, p. 66- 75
The brook trout disease and cement ponds_________ 1902, p. 107-110
A fatality among fishes in water containing an
GXcess 77Gb @issalwed ‘cite. Bel ior met eS yl 1903, p: 192-199
Danner ec shippine ieee ae Oe 1904, p. 53- 54
Mason, Frank H.,
Self reproducing food for young fish____-_________ 1892, p. 58- 63
MATHER, FRED,
Natural vs. artificial spawning as practiced in the
erlture of brouk. trowts 25-1260 1873, p. 10- 13
Poisoning and obstructing the waters_____________ 1875, p. 14- 19
The feeding of fishes in confinement______________ 1878, p. 67- 72
The management of public aquaria with a plan for
reducing their running expenses______________ 1879, p. 46- 50
Recollections of the early days of the American
Fish Cultural Association with an account of
the intentions of its founders_.___.neoo. | 1879, p. 55- 59
Fishes which can live in both salt and fresh water__1881, p. 65- 75
Remarkable development of embryo salmon______ 1882, p. 7- 11
(6 text fig.)
Sunfish: their habits and extermination___________ 1883, p. 10- 13
Transportation of crustaceans. =) 250 2" fini 1883, p. 46- 47
Fresh and salt water hatching at Cold Spring
bar bogs | oO Dike Ee ae ae gh 1884, p. 6-12
Protecting and hatching the smelt_____....____ 1885, p. 17- 32
Work at Cold) Spring WigeirAve oe SS 1885, p. 94- 97
Smelt Haatehing = sos. eee Nor Eo 1886, p. 10- 13
Oyster. caltate cook on tie ee SS a eh 1886, p. 26- 31
Work at Cold Spring Harbor_._..___-___.....____ 1886, p. 84- 87
Work ae Cold: Spring Parchote 2 ek 1887, p. 8-12
Salmon in the Hudson River__..___-__-._________ 1889, p. 39- 65
S52 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Begs: of. pike perch 9302) eeu) ea ee See 1890, p. 15- 16
Danger to) fish: cops lan \transits 2 ee 1890, p. 43- 45
The American Fisheries Society and its Pro-
Pal cl oL¢ 4 0) 24 bt meR URE DC lat VCR AOA NN ESLT SSI Man SoU 1890, p. 87-115
Breeding: ‘habits..of. the. perch ee ay 1891, p. 51- 55
Planting ‘trout as ity, or yeartmas. se 1892, p. 86- 93
What we know. ‘of the!‘lobsters2 2 i203 ao ee 1893, p. 161-166
Improved method of hatching smelts________------ 1894, p. 77- 83
The influence of railroads on fish culture__-------- 1895, p. 17- 24
Natural food’ for trout: mikey iu le aly ae a 1896, p. 48- 52
The gammarus or fresh water shrimp as trout
ROG NE yh ea CAE Gd ales Sa A A oe Pe 1899, p. 77- 78
McDonatp, MArsHALL,
History of the experiments leading to the develop-
ment of the automatic fish hatching jar--_----- 1883, p. 34- 46
(5 text fig.)
A new system in fishway building ~-----__- 1883, p. 57-74 (12 fig.)
Natural causes influencing the movements of fish in
PPV ETS fe) CRANE A CUA aaa 1884, p. 164-170
Some objective points in fish culture__________-_-- 1885, p. 72- 76
Relations of the community to the fisheries ~-__-- 1894, p. 35- 55
McGovern, Hucu D.,
The new) enemies! of troat) L200) 2 ee aes 1879, p. 6- 8
The icutiousitabits (of eels) ee 1880, p. 19- 20
Habits and food of the German carp_------------- 1881, p. 11- 12
The habits, endurance and growth of carp__------- TOB2: epi vie iin
Meap, A. D.,
The breeding habits and growth of the clam__--_--- 1900, p. 176-179
Experiments in lobster culture ------------------ 1901, p. 94-100
Recent advances in lobster culture-__-__--___-_----- 1903, p. 58- 60
The problem of lobster culture__------- 1905, p. 156-166 (3 plates)
MEEHAN, WILLIAM E.,
Memorial :,: henry ny sarasota 1897, p. 66- 72 (1 cut)
Observations on the mortality among trout fry at
the Allentown hatching station through long
Tig DSC se ea ae 1899, p. 86- 91
A year’s work of fisheries interest in Pennsylvania_1904, p. 82- 91
Bio! calbuare Ae el ee AS EO 1905, p. 257-261
Fish distributed by Pennsylvania from January 1,
HOODS, ee Peet ays HN ONG | Be eS I ete lh 1906, p. 97
New ‘type of jars for hatelaing 22 aa ae 1906, p. 169-170
The shad work on the Delaware River in 1907 and
Jts\Dessomes jl OU ANS ee eave 1907, p. 105-113
Memorial: George Frederick Peabody__---------- 1909, p. 61- 62
Experiments in sturgeon culture _-___-___.__-___-__ 1909, p. 85- 90
MipvLeETon, Geo. W.,
The preservation “of lobsters) {uve eee ie 1880, p. 64- 65
Marshall MrDonald
COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES OF VIRGINIA 1878-1887, U. S. Commis-
SIONER OF FISHERIES 1888-1895, PRESIDENT OF THE Socrety 1885-1886
Born October 18, 1835 Died September 1, 1895
2, ee ge
a ae
ss he
i
ls
bw
Ay
a
\. «
” )
ha nee
* ‘thi
Weve
ma,‘
»
5
‘
~
matt
American Fisheries Society
Mitner, J. W.,
The work of shad hatching on the headwaters of
353
Chesapeake" Bay) 2222 50 et oe 1878, p. 87- 89
Moore, H. F.,
Progress of experiments in sponge culture -_-----~ 1904, p. 231-242
Morse, GRANT M.,
Address on work of the State Game and Fish
Warden) 205. 2A ee eA 1900, p. 164-167
Munrtanas, F.,
Report on the piscicultural establishment of Piedra,
Arason. ‘Speuse:4 =. eee 1892, p. 52- 57
Murpock, JoHN,
Fish and Fishing at Point Barrow, Arctic Alaska__1884, p. 111-115
NEVIN, JAMES,
Hatching the wall-eyed pike —--.-...._____.---.-__ 1887, p. 14 16
Work of the Wisconsin Fish Commission_-_---~- 1888, p. 100-103
Planting fry vs. planting fingerlings___-__-_-__---_-- 1892, p. 81- 8
WV alse yect put cee a ee 2 1897, p. 126-127
Artificial propagation vs. a close season for the
Great? Baked ee has ea ae he 1898, p. 17- 25
The propagation of muscallonge in Wisconsin ---_1901, p. 90- 93
Norris, THADDEUS,
On the acclimatization of the Michigan grayling
Tip eaSterina wate ns sare ee ee 1875, p. 38- 39
O’Brien, M. E., ;
The propagation of natural food for fish with special
reference, to fish. cultures 2s ee ee ee 1888, p. 29- 32
Epidemic among trout in Nebraska__-----------_- 1895, p. 52- 56
Methods of hatching and rearing large-mouth black
Od cs Pe 2) S pale oles IO gM RAS ak | 1898, p. 84 86
OtseEn, O. T.,
The need of an International Fisheries Society. .___1907, p. 252-254
O’Ma tey, Henry,
Salt solution as an aid to fish culture.______--__--_ 1905, p. 49- 51
Parker, J. C.,
Some experiments with the fry of whitefish_____-_- 1888, p. 67- 69
Man as a controlling factor in aquatic life_-__---__ 1901, p. 48- 55
Pace, GrorcE SHEPARD,
abn Ceeietirey Apel, ps ge te fe Sor) Se eh Eh. 1873, p. 17- 22
fhe’ teredo =... De, 208) as Fl es Me et ee OA 1879, p. 27- 32
Black bass planting—results of their introduction
thio ‘Matne “waterse. 2. ee 1880, p. 58 62
Diack, bass: tn: Mawes 22 2-22 hie 2 ee 1884, p. 57- 60
Pace, WriaM F.,
Impregnating eggs of the rainbow trout--___------ 1892, p. 179-186
Sale ‘of domesticated: fisie 220i) ee 1893, p. 159-161
Plant yearlings where needed_____----------_----- 1893, p. 71- 93
ParkKER, J. C.,
Some observations upon the grayling__-._----_---- 1888, p. 83- 87
354 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Peasopy, Geo. F.,
A® tribute to) Hon. Ey En Bryant-2- 32) sss eee 1904, p. 45- 52
PuHILuirs, BARNET,
The value of the different kinds of fish as food__--1877, p. 88- 95
The exhibition of fish preparations at the centennial
anid kindred opres | 2.24.5 eles Tee Oe eee oe 1877, p. 17- 26
Prehistoric Aish hooks) 2/2252.) se ee) eee oe 1879, p. 51- 55
Memorial on Prof. James Wood Milner____------- 1880, p. 4 8
General statistics 225 So) 00 eh eee 1881, p. 61- 64
Ponp, Raymonp, H.,
The roll of the larger aquatic plants in the biology
GE ETGSE WAGE Cee el te AL al a 1902, p. 89- 94
Porter, B. B.,
Methods as fish cultitne 22a) see es eee 1878, p. 4 8
Post, Hoyt,
The sturgeon: some experiments in hatching_--_-- 1890, p. 36- 40
State control of state fisheries ~...__--.__.--_.---- 1892, p. 118-124
Pish culture in: Michigan. 2-225) 22 eee 1893, p. 132-154
Porter, E. D.,
The origin of artificial fish culture in the United
Sidteseh cosets ee ee ees See eee 1890, p. 41- 43
Price, ANDREW,
The economic value of the sportsman ~----------- 1909, p. 109-119
QuackKENBos, JoHN D.,
The Sunapee saibling: a fourth New England
wariety of Salvelinus- 20.2520 VE be ee 1893, p. 34 51
RATHBURN, RICHARD,
Notes on the decrease of lobsters____-_---------- 1884, p. 201-208
RAVERET-WATTELL, C.,
The piscicultural establishment at Gremaz (Ain),
Wrance: ae eee we ni 1892, p. 45- 51
The past and future of fish culture---------------- 1892, p. 126-127
Observations regarding the varieties of rainbow
trout and the time of the spawning of the
species | .-_-_------2----------------=--==-=—-- 1907, p. 119-122
REIGHARD, JAcos E.,
On the handling of adhesive eggs_--------------- 1893, p. 51- 58
Some plankton estimates in the Great Lakes__----- 1893, p. 112-119
Some characteristics of recent work on the biology
ek ihesh, watens 222 3 eee 1897, p. 41- 46
A plan for the investigation of the biology of the
Great Lakes _------------------------------- 1899, p. 65- 71
On the identification for legal purposes of mutilated
or dressed specimens of whitefish and herring
from’ the ‘Great Wakesi2 =e) 2 ers 1906, p. 47- 54 (3 cuts)
American Fisheries Society 355
Rice, H. J.
Experiments in oyster propagation-_______________ 1883, p. 49- 56
Salt as an agent for the destruction of the fish
funsas 3 Os Nee ems erway eS 8 x, 1884, p. 15- 21
Rippie, Rosert,
Experiments in rearing small-mouth black bass____1908, p. 126-130
(i cut)
Rocxwoop, A. P.,
Phe native fish) of: Utalet shee eee os Shy 1873, p. 24 25
Rocers, W. H.,
Pishways) sec boe eee see ete 1892, p. 127-131
RoosEveELT, Rosert B.,
On early work of the New York Fish Commission, 1877, p. 45- 48
The advance of American fish culture____________ 1877, p. 10- 17
Reproductive power of eels __-__-________________ 1878, p. 90- 98
Reproductive habits of ‘ecig-2e 1879, p. 32- 44
[So dy pCi ee Me OLR D Sp 28! oN eee 1880, p. 8 13
ROSENBERG ALBERT,
Some experiments in the propagation of rainbow
ETRE = Ai es ee ee Sh) 1906, p. 87- 89
Rot, FIvsert,
The fisherman and reforestation ~---___-___-_-____ 1906, p. 164-168
Ryper, JoHN A.,
Notes on the breeding, food and cause of the green
SOIGE GE PUGS ben eae ee eee 1 2 1882, p. 57- 79
On the forces which determine the survival of fish
CoAT [iE Cheiee Dee ie RN SU ee “SIE, AOU hak eo Caio 1884, p. 195-199
On some of the protective contrivances developed
by and in connection with the ova of various
EIS. CHE ANG Se ee cee ee eee ET 1885, p. 59- 65
The lateral line organs and the hyaline tissues of
the head GG thetshd =e ite el 1889, p. 20- 22
Satter, G. H. Cotton,
Fish culture on the Yang-Tse-Kiang—The Samli
or. Chimese shad tessa oer Sel? uhh te hd 1875, p. 34 38
SEacLE, Geo. A.,
Some remarks on the rainbow trout, the time for
planting: jetey pee ese ars ies aie 2 ee 1902, p. 138-139
SEAL, Wo. P.,
On the desirability of the establishment of great
public aquaria in the United States _--_------ 1890, p. 20- 26
SEAL, Wm. P. anp JoHN Gay,
The past and present of fish culture with an in-
quiry as to what may be done to further pro-
mote and develop the science _----_--_-------- 1890, p. 66- 79
SEAL, Wo. P.,
Transpottation of lve hsnedye oss a 1891, p. 55- 60
The present status of trout culture ___-__._____-___ 1892, p. 33- 45
356 Fortieth Annual Meeting
SMILEY, CHARLES W.,
Changes in the fisheries of the Great Lakes during
the decade ‘of TS70s1880's0 0 sees Seis Eee 1882, p. 28- 37
SmitH, Hucu M.,
Japan, the paramount fishing nation_____-_ 1904, p. 111-138 (17 cuts)
The International Congress of Fisheries at Vienna,
OU fc aes a LC SP NE ue ek 1905, p. 256
Remarks, on Sponge ycultivationc- 2) ae cee 1905, p. 256
Fishery legislation before the Fifty-ninth Con-
SESS, ITS NSESSIGTE AON sue Se Ae ee 1906, p. 91- 96
Some observations on European fisheries and fish
UME TG AO ST wR ate se 1907, p. 170-179
STEARNS, Rosert E. C.,
The giant iclams of Puget Sound 2222-22 1885, p. 8 12
Intentional and unintentional distribution of spe-
Pol =p Nae pee eR Dey Seep REDIF Ea ry MGR EAN EL TURES 1886, p. 50- 56
STERLING, Dr. E.,
Propagation of | wihittelisiy 222024 oe ee 1876, p. 13- 15
STONE, LIVINGSTON,
ERE CHAE: CCUM NE UERE yt a? a dol OL de eG 1872, p. 46- 56
Datimon, breeding e060 2o0 Ee ea see a Ree eee 1874, p. 9- 22
The general subject of the packing and transporta-
Honicol salmon eres ice Ae ee Oks Sele 1878, p. 16- 22
he transportation of (fish) sy ee ses ee 1880, p. 20- 30
The artificial propagation of salmon in the Co-
lnmbia’) River “hasitc 2) 242 seme St Sa 1884, p. 21- 31
A. cpational. salmon, parks ous ot ek bk 1892, p. 149-162
The chinook salmon: its non-feeding habits in
fresh) waters) 220 20 Sa eee ee Sek 1894, p. 26- 34
The origin of the American Fisheries Society-___- 1898, p. 56- 64
The spawning habits of the lake sturgeon_________ 1900, p. 118-123
Sturgeon hatching in the Lake Champlain basin_--_1901, p. 137-143
STEVENSON, Cuas. H.,
The: fishery eensws Of PONS ot ge 1909, p. 79- 82
STRANAHAN, J. J.,
eh REANS BeOS Wy ilS lay Wore A 2 1891, p. 46- 47
The handling’ of adhesive eggs oo. 22 1894, p. 22- 25
The microscope as practically applied to fish cul-
EAR aD) GEE hee RU eR AOR 1898, p. 88- 92 (2 plates)
Lack of fertilization vs. arrested segmentation___-_ 1900, p. 173-175
Fish cultore liom the farms) 9020 corn wae 1902, p. 130-135
Three main points necessary to successful bass
Pb E that UMN Geen ty ALEaM EDL Mies RS USE hare TILES ts 1903, p. 126-130
Assorting brood black bass to prevent cannibalism__1906, p. 183-184
Mheory ws, pracheal testes es ee yO ae ene 1907, p. 246-247
Some peculiarities in spawning habits of large-
moth, blacks Bass yy. ie pee Osean ie Cee ea 1908, p. 157-159
SWEENEY, R. Ormspy,
ne Sibert ie en Lee ONAN ee 1890, p. 84- 86
American Fisheries Society
SYKEs, ARTHUR,
357
Inbreeding pond reared trout____-________________ 1902, p. 116-121
Tazort, Henry,
Potomac ; basghis 2k. Eye tiaRe mB eee ew Us, 1905, p. 124-131
The invasion’ of ‘the! Potomac. 1) oac ee 1909, p. 168-173
THompson, W. T.,
Brook trout fry; a résumé of methods____________ 1900, p. 139-146
Brook. trout) notes /2 9) Seaman vm es? Bi il 1901, p. 152-158
Feeding; its effect on growth and egg production__1902, p. 125-129
The golden ‘troupe opener ee ye 1903, p. 208-213
TuHomson, G. H.,
Protecting the undersized trout_______...________ 1909, p. 160-161
Titcoms, Joun W.,
Wild trout spawn; methods of collection and
iba @usseteae oles tre and che |_| ay ae a 1897, p. 73-86 (3 cuts)
Desirability of state organization for the promotion
of fish culture and for the procurement of state
legislation for the propagation and protection of
food ani gamertistene mma re: Wl A Sein) 1) 1898, p. 120-125
Photography and the stereopticon in fish culture___1899, p. 55- 61
Progress and experiments in fish culture during the
past year in the Bureau of Fisheries__________ 1905, p. 57- 74
Reminiscences of the fisheries in South America___1905, p. 117
(1 plate)
Progress and experiments in fish culture in the
Bureau of Fisheries during the fiscal year 1906_1906, p. 98-115
(2 fig.)
Tomun, W. D.,
Migration of Lake Superior fish___._....0..._ 1887, p. 60- 64
A suggestion; the specialist in fish culture_._______ 1893, p. 154-159
The distribution of the trout family_____-_..______ 1895, p. 49- 51
Advancement in fish production____________.______ 1897, p. 93-100
TowNsEND, CHartes H.,
The cultivation of fishes in small ponds____________ 1907, p. 128-138
TRUE, FREDERIC W.,
The porpoise fishery of Cape Hatteras_____________ 1885, p. 32- 36
VAN CLeEF, J. S.,
Efow to testere, taut stecatirgs: 2) 1885, p. 50- 55
Decadence of of trout streams) 1895, p. 28- 35
WAGNER, GEORGE,
Tullibee (Argyrosomus tullibee Richardson) as a
fish of economic importance__________________ 1908, p. 122-124
Warp, Henry B.,
Aquacultural experiment stations and their work___1898, p. 125-132
Some notes on fish food in the lakes of the Sierras_ 1903, p. 218-220
Some points in the migration of Pacific salmon as
shown by its: parasites@o) ee a 1908, p. 92-100
Notes on the leaping of the Pacific salmon_________ 1909, p. 162-167
358 Fortieth Annual Meeting
WasHpurn, F. L,,
Deep sea dredging on the U. S. Steamer Albatross_1886, p. 17- 21
WILLcox, JosEPH,
The:'Plorida, sponge’ fisheryi0 210 See ee 1884, p. 67- 70
WILmot, SAMUEL,
Aquaculture and fish protection___________--_-____ 1875, p. 23- 34
Canadian (sh ‘culture. ose eh ae 1877, p. 50- 59
WINSLow, FRANCIS,
Present condition and future prospects of the
oyster andustty, 2.0 oi bo ee ae 1884, p. 148-159
Woop, C. C.,
Exhibition of original contrivances for use at brook
trout hatcheries; with description and dis-
AUS STON topes ie oe ee aN eee 1900, p. 51-68 (7 fig.)
The quality of the water a factor in rearing trout
1s ate a cle ta AU PRE LUN Nc Been AS MILES is WD oP 1901, p. 105-110
WorraLL, JAMES,
“he “shways'ot, Pennsylyamtas..- 20-0 1874, p. 38- 44
Qn the Pennsylvania fishways_-2- -.- 22 2-- se e= 1875, p. 40- 41
Worth, S. G.,
The propagation of the striped bass_--__----_----- 1884, p. 209-212
North Carolina encouragement to shellfish culture__1887, p. 53- 59
The recent hatching of striped bass and possibilities
with other commercial species_____.---------- 1904, p. 223-228
Progress in hatching striped bass_---_------------- 1909, p. 155-159
WuisH, Joun D.,
Commercial tvalues 2022). so 5 63 2 a ee Se 1903, p. 112-114
The passing of the native brook trout-_----------- 1905, p. 90- 95
WHITAKER, HERSCHEL,
ithe “Michigan ‘praylitie: 2. 5 sat ee 1886, p. 59- 65
Experiments in ‘the impregnation of pike perch
IS es a i 1890, p. 20- 36
ry ws. finwerlingsqase ne eee a ee 1892, p. 94- 98
Early history of the fisheries on the Great Lakes__1892, p. 163-179
Some observations on the moral phases of modern
Fistrnoeiti eee sk 2 ee AL ae ey ge la as 1895, p. 59- 71
MAM Pe WY MATEO Y oon 2 te ke ees 1895, p. 83- 8&8
Metiow “Perce DISCUSSION! 222.22 oe eee ee 1909, p. 192-195
{ 1906, p. 189-200
REPORTS OF COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS 4 (2 fe)
fr Tah 1907, p. 66- 98
|
| 1507, p. 174-182
PROTECTING THE LOBSTER
By Francis H. HERRICK
The true condition of the lobster fishery cannot be
determined from reports upon single regions or for single
years. When long periods are considered the statistics as a
whole present the clearest evidence of decline. In deciding
the question of actual increase or decrease in the lobster,
certain variables must be duly considered; yet, it is these
highly important variable factors which are apt to be ne-
glected. Tostate that more lobsters were captured one season
than another, without a knowledge of the conditions under
which these catches were made, affords no reliable basis for
determining the true state of the fishery. We need to know
also the numbers of men engaged, and of traps used, as well
as the character of the areas fished, and the size of the
animals caught.
The lobster fisheries of Canada, next to those of the cod-
fish and salmon, are most valuable to the Dominion, and from
1869 to 1906 inclusive yielded a grand total of $83,291,553.
In 1897 the product of this industry was estimated at
23,721,554 pounds, with a value of $3,485,265. In 1906,
ten years later, in spite of rising prices, the yield had dropped
to 20,241,764 pounds, but though less than at the earlier
time by nearly three and one half million pounds, this
quantity had nearly the same value, namely, $3,422,927.
The greatest yield of this fishery is recorded for the years
1885 to 1887, in 1886 reaching approximately 34,000,000
pounds, these quantities in all cases representing the meat
preserved in cans, and the animals shipped alive.
This great fishery has much to hope for in propagative
measures of the right sort, and all persons the world over
who like lobsters should welcome every sign of its actual
increase. At-the same time we should wish to know the
truth of the matter, and a long memory is necessary.
360 Fortieth Annual Meetiny
The produce of the Maine lobster fishery for 1907 is
stated to have been between 8,000,000 and 9,000,000 pounds
of lobsters 1014 inches and over in length. This seems
a large quantity, but if we go back fifteen years, to 1892,
we find that it is only about one-half the amount recorded
for that year, namely, 17,642,677 pounds. But is it not
rather significant that the smaller quantity was worth in
market nearly three times as much as the larger, or
$2,000,000 as compared with $663,043? To catch the
smaller number, moreover, required some 400 more men,
using I do not know how many more traps, and working I
cannot say how much wider or more diverse a field.
Now it is such facts as these which lead us to pause when
we hear of increased yields to this industry, and inquire if
our friend has duly considered the variables in his problem.
For until he has done this his assertions have no value, and
may be grossly misleading both to himself and to others.
So far as I have been able to analyze statistics at present
available the conclusion seems inevitable that the lobster
fisheries in both America and Europe have steadily declined
from the time when they began to be pursued with the means
and energy characteristic of modern conditions, beginning
in Canada nearly a quarter of a century ago. The cause of
this decline is evident; more lobsters have been destroyed
than nature has been allowed to replace by her slow processes
of reproduction and growth.
How have we tried to check this declining tendency by
legislative and other means? Various curative measures
have been adopted, which will be discussed more fully in
another place, but for the present we can dwell upon the
two most important only, the gauge laws, and the practice
of artificially hatching the eggs and immediately liberating
the young in the sea. The first is prohibitory, penalizing
the destruction and sale of lobsters of either sex under 9 or
1014 inches in length, while the second is a constructive
measure, by means of which it is hoped to increase the
species.
American Fisheries Society 361
I do not pretend to be able to award a just proportion of
praise or blame for any measure or practice in such a matter,
for I recognize that there are many doubtful factors in
every biological problem, but I am forced to believe that
both measures have been injurious to the interests of the
entire fishery, the first by sanctioning the destruction of the
best breeding stock, and the second by diverting large
amounts of money and energy in an unproductive channel.
The present gauge laws are a survival from the time when
the biology of the lobster was not even approximately
understood, and both measures seem to ignore or to neglect
the law of survival, the importance of which can hardly
be exaggerated. By the law of survival we mean the pro-
portion of eggs or young which must survive and produce
sexually mature animals in order to maintain the species at
an equilibrium. It should be noted that while fishing has
disturbed the equilibrium by reducing the number of adults,
it has in no way affected the law of survival, which was
presumably established at an earlier age, and which for all
we now know to the contrary may persist until the race
is extinct.
What is the rate of survival in the lobster? Since the
sexes in this animal are approximately equal, and since to
maintain the species it is necessary for each pair or for each
mature female to produce only two adult individuals in the
course of life, this rate would be expressed by the propor-
tion 2:7, in which x represents the average number of
eggs laid by a mature female during the whole of her life.
While this average number cannot be determined directly.
inasmuch as female lobsters are destroyed at all ages, an
indication of it should be given by determining the average
number of eggs carried by lobsters of every age or size. By
an examination of 96,098 egg-bearing lobsters from New-
foundland, Allen found the average number to be 23,000,
which would correspond to a lobster 12 or 1214 inches long
which had carried at least two broods, or 36,000 eggs in all.
This would place the rate of survival at not less than 2 in
362 Fortieth Annual Meeting
30,000, or 1 in 15,000. A much higher rate was indicated
for the Woods Hole region, although my examination
covered only 4645 individuals. Now when we consider
that 8-inch lobsters when at breeding age produce on the
average 5000 eggs, and that a 17-inch lobster, which must
be at least twenty years old, has probably laid on an average
nine batches of eggs to the number of 300,000, the average
number sought is bound to be high. We may consider
20,000 or even 30,000, as a modest estimate, and well within
the truth.
If the law of survival is a hard and stubborn fact, and
if the average number of eggs approximates that given
above, and I cannot see how such a conclusion can be
avoided upon scientific grounds, their bearing upon the
methods in question is evident. It means that this race of
animals is maintained, not by paltry thousands, but by
billions and hundred of billions of eggs. It means that the
present and past gauge laws have been robbing this fishery
of its best breeding stock, first because the breeding age is
variable, and second because the number of eggs borne is
proportional to the cube of the length of the mature animal.
If the lobsters matured at a uniform age and size, and
reached full breeding capacity at once, the question would
be simplified, but neither of these conditions is fulfilled.
The age of becoming mature covers a period corresponding
to a length of a little over 7 inches to a length of a little
over 12 inches, and probably not over 3 per cent of the
9-inch size, the legal gauge in certain states, have ever laid
a single egg. Again owing to the rapid geometric increase
in the product of eggs in relation to volume or size of the
animal, the value of a 15-inch lobster to the fishery is vastly
greater than that of the 9 or 10-inch size. Under the present
gauge laws the fishery is being steadily depleted of the eggs
which it sorely needs, which it must have if it is ever to
be rejuvenated, and which it can get only through its larger
and best breeding animals. Protection of the female
lobsters with eggs already attached to the body is only a
American Fisheries Society 363
palliative since one-half of all mature females are without
eggs at all times of the year, and since there is an overlap
of a few weeks in summer when practically no females
carry eggs attached. These conditions are brought about
by the fact that the breeding periods are, as a rule, two years
apart, and by the further fact that the bulk of the old eggs
hatch before the bulk of the new ones are laid.
The hatching of the eggs followed by the immediate
liberation of the fry is ineffective, because it cannot be done
on a scale commensurate with the requirements of nature,
or upon any scale which can be deemed profitable. This
is seen to be the case by applying the law of survival to the
records of the hatcheries during the period of their greatest
activities. Thus for the decennium 1893 to 1902 the com-
bined hatcheries of Newfoundland, Canada, and the
United States turned out, according to the records
4,214,000,000 young lobsters. At a rate of survival of 1 in
15,000, this would yield 280,933 adults, many of which
would certainly never enter a trap. At the lower rate of
1 in 10,000 the number of survivors would be less than half
a million. In other words, during the ten years in question
there were added to the ocean by this means some half
million lobsters, while at the same time its waters were de-
pleted of from half a billionto a billion adults. This suggests
drawing from the spigot while our barrel leaks from the
bung. Where then is it best to make the sacrifice, for some
sacrifice must be made. Plainly, it would seem, among the
younger breeding adults. Eat the young, and better lobsters
in the culinary sense, and save the older, and better in a
biological sense, for breeding purposes, as has been urged
by Dr. Field, of the Massachusetts Fish and Game Com-
mission. We do not say destroy all the young, for that
would be quickly fatal, but fortunately all the lobsters of
any given size do not enter the traps; but protect the young
and adolescents at the one end, say up to the 9-inch length,
and the older lobsters at the other end, say after the 12 or
the 13-inch length has been reached. In a word, put the
364 Fortieth Annual Meeting
better breeders in a growing and protected class, the
animals which produce eggs by the twenty, forty and eighty
thousand at a time. Stop the wasteful process of hatching
the eggs and turning the helpless larvz into the sea, but
rear them, if possible, to the bottom-seeking stage, and then
distribute them with the greatest care, as the Commission
for Inland Fisheries of Rhode Island has wisely done
through the efforts of Dr. Mead and his associates. What
the rate of survival may be in the lobster at the fourth or
fifth stage, when it seeks the bottom of its own accord, with
brand new powers and instincts fitted to cope successfully
with its environment, is not known, but it is safe to assume
that it is a hundredfold, perhaps a thousand fold, greater
than in the helpless state in which it leaves its mother and
seeks the dangerous surface of the open sea.
DISCUSSION
Mr. J. W. Titcoms, Lyndonville, Vt.: I was very much interested in
that paper and am entirely in accord with it. I think it has been
demonstrated that the lobster can be reared to the fourth stage in the
latitude of Maine just as easily as in the latitude of Rhode Island. It
struck me that in Maine, where the difficulties of rearing are almost
insurmountable owing to cost, it might be feasible to rear a portion to
the fourth stage and to confine the plant of this portion to a certain
part of the coast and other plants to another part of the coast, and
watch results. It might be some indication as to the comparative results
of planting millions of fry and planting a much smaller number of
fourth stage lobsters on another part of the coast. The Bureau of
Fisheries has found out that it can rear lobsters in Maine and I hope
the work will be continued.
Mr. C. W. Wittarp, Westerly, R. I.: The Rhode Island Fish Com-
mission through its superintendent has sent a paper to this meeting
that will touch upon the very points named in the paper just read,
which I appreciated highly and enjoyed listening to very much. I did
not intend to have the paper read this afternoon for the reason that it
seemed to me that there was sufficient outside of this paper to take up
the attention of the meeting. However, if there is sufficient time, I
think perhaps the members would be interested to hear this very short
paper written by our superintendent, Mr. Barnes. The secretary has
the paper.
THE SEASON OF 1910 AT THE FISHERIES EXPERI-
MENT STATION AT WICKFORD, R, I.
By Earnest W. BaRNEs
It is not the intention of the present paper to give a
detailed account of the season’s work at the Wickford
Hatchery, but rather to mention a few important results.
In many ways the past season has been the most successful
that the station has ever had. Particularly has this been
true of the lobster rearing.
The hatching of the eggs began at Wickford on May
20th, and the season ended August 15th. Approximately
1500 ripe egg lobsters were received during this period and
although many of these, especially in the latter part of the
season, had considerably less than the average number of
eggs, over half a million fry (511,274 by actual count)
were reared to the fourth stage (the stage in which the
lobsterlings begin to crawl upon the bottom). This num-
ber surpasses our best previous record by nearly 200,000
and is, furthermore, interesting in the fact that only 1500
egg lobsters were used while in 1908, the best previous
year, over 3000 egg lobsters were required.
But these figures should not be taken as a basis for com-
puting the best results obtainable per egg lobster by the
methods used at Wickford, because we are often compelled,
especially in the last and best part of the season, either to
crowd our hatching cars or to permit lobsters of different
ages to occupy the same car. This latter course is par-
ticularly disastrous because of the instinctive cannibalism,
the older fry having a great advantage over the younger and
consequently weaker ones.
In order to determine further possibilities of the method
as at present developed, two egg lobsters, with about an
average number of eggs each, were placed in a rearing car
366 Fortieth Annual Meeting
by themselves. On the next day when removed it was
found that about half of the eggs had hatched from each.
From this lot of fry, which equaled in number the eggs
from one egg lobster, 7465 fourth-stage lobsters were
produced.
The effectiveness of the apparatus was also determined
in another way. Ten thousand one-day old fry were
counted into a car and from this lot 6946 were reared to
the fourth stage, a percentage of 69.4 per cent. The best
previous result was 50 per cent from a lot of 1000. When
it is borne in mind that in nature not more than 1 in 1000
of the fry hatched reach the fourth stage, these numbers
assume greater proportions.
Furthermore great cheapness can be claimed for our
method. The original cost of a plant of the same capacity
as our present one would be under $2000. During the past
year 511,000 fourth-stage lobsters were reared at a cost of
a little less than $1000. This price includes food for the
fry, labor, gasolene, oil, repairs and, in short, all the actual
expenses of the plant, but does not include the cost of egg
lobsters.
It is often asked how many of the lobsters we liberate
reach marketable size. From the fact that when a lobster
molts it sheds everything which could be marked it is im-
possible to answer this question accurately. But what is
claimed for our method is that whereas in nature probably
not more than one-tenth of one per cent reach the first
“bottom” stage, under our method from forty to sixty-
nine per cent have actually been reared.
We realize, however, that it is not enough to successfully
rear the lobsters to the bottom stages. An equally im-
portant matter is to get them established in their future
homes in the ocean bed. This problem we have been at-
tacking from two different points, namely:
(1) The devising of more effective means than mere
liberation.
(2) The effort to rear the fry to a still older stage and
American Fisheries Society 367
in reality accustom them to living on the bottom of a car
before liberating them. In this way we have reared 28,372
lobsters to the fifth, sixth, and later stages.
In regard to the devising of new and more effectual means
of liberating it may be remarked that our usual method has
been to scatter the lobsterlings widely along the edge of the
shore, selecting for this purpose shores that were full of
rocks and shells and as free from small fish as possible.
This year we have tried out two devices for liberation in
deeper water.
One of these is a covered box weighted with stones and
with numerous large holes bored in the sides near the bot-
tom. On the outside of the box strips of wood wider than
the diameter of the holes are nailed over the holes in such
a way as to leave a crack on the lower side of the strips
large enough for the lobsters to get through and yet too
narrow to allow fish to get in. As the strips are nailed on
the outside only, the bored holes are left the entire size on
the inside and can thus be readily found by the young
lobsters in their endeavor to escape. The lobsters are then
placed in the box, which is covered, sunk to the bottom and
left for a day or two. In this length of time the lobsters
will gradually have worked out of the box through the
numerous holes.
The second and better method is to construct a wooden
box with a tight cover and with the bottom made of gal-
vanized screening eight meshes to the inch. This screen
is fastened three inches up from the lower edges of the
sides, thus allowing the sides to project three inches below
the bottom of the car. Consequently the car may sink
into the muddy bottom of the bay and still leave the screen
bottom of the car a little higher than the mud. The mesh
of the screen is spread in a number of places so as to leave
holes large enough to permit the lobsters to crawl out. In
lowering the car the inrush of water keeps the lobsters
away from the holes and when the car rests on the bottom
an enclosed place is formed under the screen between the
368 Fortieth Annual Meeting
projecting sides. Within this enclosure the lobsters after
they have crawled out can burrow in the soil unmolested
by fish. The car can usually be removed at the end of
twenty-four hours.
The aim of the methods indicated above by which the
Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fisheries is endeavor-
ing to prevent the depletion of the lobster industry may be
briefly summarized as follows:
The economical rearing of the lobster larve until they
have acquired the habits and instincts of “bottom” life and
then establish them upon a bottom suitable for their sub-
sequent growth and protection.
In similar way the methods are being extended to include
other marine forms.
In specially constructed cars it has been made possible this
year for the first time to rear the winter flounder (Pseudo-
pleuronectes americanus) in great numbers through the
transition period when it leaves its upright mode of swim-
ming, turns over on its side and becomes a flatfish. Several
thousand were reared this spring in one car and it is the
intention to rear flounders on a larger scale next year.
Late this summer a number of egg-bearing paddler or
blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) were allowed to hatch their
eggs in a specially devised car, and while it is still too early
to determine how many have successfully passed the larval
stages it may be said that the eggs hatched well and up to
the present time most of the fry seem to be living
and healthy.
DISCUSSION
Dr. GeorcE W. FieEtp, Boston, Mass.: I do not think either paper
today has stated the great credit due the Bureau of Fisheries for the
pioneer work in the development of the lobster hatchery, and the most
admirable work carried out by the Rhode Island authorities. Too much
emphasis cannot be laid upon the results of the work of these people.
But it seems to me that something in addition should be done, as I
have said at previous meetings and as I have always continuously
said since 1902, namely, ‘hat there must be greater protection extended
to the breeding adult in order to get a proper number of eggs.
American Fisheries Society 369
Our suggestion is that a permanent close season be placed on lobsters
above 12 inches long, in order to increase the number of young produced
by nature. Then the Bureau and the state commissions will, in addi-
tion, preserve the eggs from the lobsters between 9 and 11 inches long,
and thus increase in large measure the efficiency of the work as carried
on at present.
To secure that and to secure an enforcement of the law which as it
exists today is absolutely impossible to enforce without a deputy in
every boat, we are suggesting that a law be passed making the lobster
pot of a legal specification, that is, that the entrance ring shall be about
3% inches in diameter inside, with space between the slats of about 2
inches. That will permit the small lobsters under 6, 7 or 8 inches to
escape; in any event, it will prevent the entrance of a lobster above 12
inches. Therefore by the inspection of the pots the inspection of the
marketed lobsters will be rendered unnecessary. The law will then in
a certain measure automatically enforce itself. The inspection of the
pots will be as relatively easy then as the inspection of scales and
measures. Each pot will be stamped by the inspector, and any pots
which do not conform to specifications can be destroyed wherever found,
whether in the water or elsewhere. It will be a severe tax on the
fisherman to have his pots destroyed, as they are valued at 75
cents to $1.50 apiece; therefore the enforcement of the law will be
relatively easy.
I believe that the situation in Massachusetts in any event demands
some rather drastic measures. Our lobster supply has now come down
to less than five per cent of the total catch. The relative number of
egg lobsters in proportion to the number caught has dropped remark-
ably. Formerly one lobster in every 22 was an egg-bearing one. At
present I have not the exact figures here, but it is not very far from
one lobster in 150. That means a tremendous drain upon the productive
capacity of the race, and we have simply done it by killing the lobster
at the wrong end, that is to say, by killing the breeding adults.
i Re hy
ae ae | Oem e. subg. |
{ ; ’ 4 wr a 4 J tit
“BR ieee 1 AE EN bleh ae OO a ES
Pq . aad Shu Ea) ae
ee fF iV k
UH OB Soaty ay apne
i). ewe arb ey
a |
Aloe
yore
ae
ray
«
aye,
PER
te
wae
° Ain
THE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE ON THE GILL
FILAMENTS OF FISHES
By Raymonp C. OsBuRN
What I have to present this afternoon will be rather in
the way of a preliminary study of this question, since I have
not been able to carry it to fulfilment in every respect.
I presume that many of the fish culturists present have
noted that in rearing trout and salmon numbers of the
fry show one or more aborted gill covers, thus exposing
the gill filaments on one or both sides. I do not know how
general this is, but I have spoken with several fish culturists,
engaged both in Government and private work, and know
that this condition is frequently presented by these fishes.
Sometime ago I examined a tank of 486 yearling silver
salmon in the New York Aquarium and noted a large
number with the abnormal gill covers. With the right
opercle abnormal there were 44, with the left opercle ab-
normal 27, with both gill covers abnormal 18. This
makes a total of 89 abnormal out of the 486, or 18.31
per cent.
I began this investigation with the intention of trying to
discover whether those fishes which had abnormal gill covers
were more readily eliminated than those which were normal,
but the care of our aquarist has been so good that only a
few fishes have died since my observations began a couple
of months ago, and I am not able to draw any conclusions
in regard to that point. I do want to show you, however,
what happens to the gills, and, perhaps, I can do that best
by a few rather crude charts which I have drawn up hur-
riedly and under the strain of business. (Charts exhibited. )
This chart illustrates one of the gill covers sectioned for
microscopic study, and shows how it is turned under. The
normal gill cover extends straight out over the gill chamber.
The extent of the abnormality varies greatly; in some cases
372 Fortieth Annual Meeting
only the tip of the opercular element of the gill cover is
turned in, while in other cases it is turned in clear to the
preopercular bone. ‘The latter is the usual condition and a
large area of the gill filaments is thus exposed. I have in
this jar such a specimen. Only one side is affected, and
you can readily see from this how much of the gill is
exposed.
We might naturally expect that the exposure of the
gill directly to the exterior would have some effect on it.
We know very well that when epidermal tissue is exposed
to friction it tends to become thickened, and that is the
condition here.
I have here a diagram of a normal gill filament, with the
smaller lamelle on either side, showing the general pro-
portions of the blood-vessels in comparison with the very
thin layer of epidermis which covers them. This layer is
composed of only a single series of very much flattened cells,
so that the blood in the capillaries comes very near to the
surface.
Now, comparing with this normal filament an abnormal
one, we find that while the axis and the general arrangement
of the main blood-vessels are the same, at the tip there is
often a portion which is very greatly modified. Sometimes
as much as half of the gill filament is without the secondary
lamellz, and frequently it is abnormally enlarged at the
end. Often a number of the lamellz are fused into one
mass, or partially fused at the base, or, again, they may
be greatly abbreviated. Wherever the filaments are ex-
posed to any extent we find them knobbed at the end, and
the external layer of cells is very greatly modified. The
cells, instead of being much flattened, become cuboid or
columnar, and, especially at the ends where they are more
exposed, we often find two or even three layers of these cells
separating the water from the blood.
Naturally a gill filament so modified cannot be as ef-
fective in absorbing oxygen from the water and giving off
carbon dioxide to it as one that has a thin, unmodified layer.
American Fisheries Society 373
There is here a rather curious biological paradox. The
thickening of the gill filament is, of course, for the purpose
of protection. If it is exposed, its very thin, delicate na-
ture renders it liable to injury. The thickening of the gill
is a remedial process to relieve that danger, but that very
process at the same time must necessarily interfere with
the purpose of the gill filament in absorbing oxygen. In
other words, this process of nature which preserves the gill
filament as a whole at the same time renders it less effective
as a means of absorbing oxygen.
I have not been able, as yet, to find out just what effect
these thickened filaments have on the fishes. It may be
that some compensatory hypertrophy of the gill lamelle
occurs in protected regions of the gill to render such fishes
as efficient as normal ones in oxygen absorption. But there
is no doubt that if the fishes were in their natural environ-
ment, such exposed gills would render them much more
liable to the attack of parasites in the gill region, and per-
haps to the attack of some other enemies as well.
I hope to be able to carry this investigation further, and,
if possible, to learn what produces this abnormal condition.
I suspect that crowding of the young fry may be responsible
for it, because in the small hatchery of the Aquarium the fry
often do not have sufficient space. The condition is ob-
servable very early—in fact, almost as soon as the fishes are
hatched out and begin to lie crowded together in our hatch-
ing tanks. I know that the same thing also occurs in some
of the commercial hatcheries, and that there is a great
amount of variation in the percentage of abnormality in
various hatcheries.
I have never observed a single fish developed under natu-
ral environment,—and I think I have seined millions of
them myself—with this condition. Perhaps some of you may
have observed them in your work on wild fishes. I would
be very glad to have any suggestions or information that
you may have to give on the subject. I hope, as I have
said, to be able to discover the reason for this; and if we
374 Fortieth Annual Meeting
know the reason it may then be possible to eliminate these
abnormal fishes from the product of our hatcheries.
DISCUSSION
Mr. Joun W. Titcoms, Lyndonville, Vt.: I would like to ask if the
speaker thought about the lack of oxygen in the water as a cause of the
trouble. Perhaps the overcrowding theory would be the same in its
results, but in the commercial hatcheries in a great many instances the
water supply is right out of the ground. Now at some of these
hatcheries the percentage of short gill covers is very much larger than
you mentioned, perhaps 10 per cent.
Dr. OsspurRN: In the lot I measured it was 18 per cent.
Mr. Titcoms: I should think it would be as large as that in some of
the hatcheries. But the hatcheries are supplied with water by springs
or artesian wells 30 feet or more below the surface of the ground that
is led directly into the pond; and I always had the theory that the water
did not contain sufficient oxygen. The fish that you raise in those
waters under domestication—the succeeding generations from the fish
you have there—seem to do better than the fish from the eggs of wild
trout in some instances. In other words, they become wonted to those
conditions.
Dr. OspurN: The water in the aquarium is well aerated and is the
same supply as given to adult fishes’ A large quantity of water is
sent through the hatching tanks, sufficient to carry the fish to the lower
end of the tanks, and I do not think that there is a lack of oxygen;
but it might be that lying closely together at the lower ends of the
tanks where they are likely to congregate, the fish are in some way
over-crowded. Perhaps the thin gill cover of the very young fish
might get inverted or pushed in, started wrong, and all successive
growth will only make it worse.
A point I failed to mention in speaking of the condition is that these
thickened gill filaments show white instead of red. Where the gill
filaments are exposed in the normal fish, they are bright red as you
know, but where these exposed filaments are seen they at once show
absence of blood supply or its remoteness from the surface by their
whitish color. They have not the scarlet areas that normal gill filaments
should have.
Mr. M. C. Marsu, Washington, D. C.: I have seen some case—I
cannot remember just where it was—but I think it was in an aquarium
of brook trout—where almost every fish had the short gill cover and
the gill filaments exposed. Now the gill cover was not folded, as
Professor Osburn described, but was merely very short, and I think,
as I remember, that almost every individual fish had it. I have ex-
amined a great many wild trout but have never seen it in any such fish.
It seems to be a disease of captivity and domestication, like so many
more which you can refer to no more specific cause than domestication
and captivity. This summer I recall four or five adult trout that were
transported from a state hatchery to the place where I was working.
American Fisheries Society 375
They were of good size, and everyone had quite short gill covers and in
everyone the uncovered filaments were badly infected with this com-
mon parasite that attacks the gills of brook trout.
Were these all brook trout?
Dr. OspurN: No, they were silver salmon; but our brook trout are
affected the same way and so are some others of our salmonoids.
Mr. MarsH: And was it always a turning over of the opercle ?
Dr. Ospurn: I have not examined in all cases, but all that I have
observed are rolled in. They are so flattened against the outside layer
that if you do not section them you may overlook their being rolled in.
Mr. MarsH: That may be. Some may have been folded over. I
recall a wild humpback salmon that I caught in Alaska which had its
gill cover not turned under but outward. That had been done ap-
parently a long time before; and the inner surface had become an
outer surface and had all the characters of the outer skin. But that
has nothing particular to do with this matter.
Dr. OsBuRN: The gill filaments were exposed in the same way?
Mr. MarsH: Yes.
Mr. H. F. Hurisut, East Freetown, Mass.: We have pretty much
eliminated the gill-cover disease from our trout, and I think it is be-
cause we put our fry into the pond as soon as we teach them to eat.
We remove them quite early and have very little trouble now. We
are careful not to take any eggs from the short-covered trout. We
have had this trouble when keeping our trout in the troughs, which may
be one cause.
Dr. Ossurn: I thought of testing that out and putting some in
troughs where they will be very much scattered, and then putting in
another bunch very much crowded, to see if the proportions are larger.
I think that might answer the question perhaps, as to whether the
crowding alone is the cause of it. I thought perhaps the reason why
we have not found any wild fish so affected was that they would be
more readily eliminated in nature. The attacks of enemies might rid
the waters of them before we were able to get hold of any of them.
I have not had great experience in collecting salmonoid fishes wild,
but in all the various other kinds of fishes I have collected, and I have
spent many years seining, I have never seen wild fish with short gill
covers.
Mr. F. N. Crarx, Northville, Mich.: I hate to upset the theories of
these gentlemen but I must. (Laughter.) We at Northville feed
brook trout to the fingerling stage and keep them in the tanks longer
than anybody else, as Mr. Bower knows. Now with these, up to the
fingerling stage, 2%4 inches, we do not find any short gill covers; but
after they go out in the pond they get the disease.
PRESIDENT: That seems to reverse Mr. Hurlbut.
Mr. Dwicut LypveLt, Comstock Park, Mich.: About a week before
I left to attend this Society meeting, we were seining some minnows
out of a creek and captured three rainbow trout 5% or 6 inches long.
I noticed one of them had a short gill covering on one side. They
were trout planted there from one of our hatcheries. Whether they
376 Fortieth Annual Meeting
would be considered wild trout or not I cannot say. I think the short-
gilled fish is now in the aquarium if it has not died or been thrown out
since I left there.
Dr. OssurN: I do not know what the experience of the hatchery
men is in regard to that, but the conditions are observed here when
the fish are very small, before they become active enough to look for
their own food. Of course, the condition in that case would not be
such as Mr. Clark describes, that is, of the disease coming on after they
were planted. It may be a more complicated problem than we think.
There may be more than one thing that causes the trouble.
Mr. Titcoms: ‘There is one place in Vermont where you can inspect
7,000 or 8,000 trout this fall, and can continue for about a month.
They will all be handled by one of the fish culturists of the Bureau of
Fisheries. If you correspond with Mr. Carter, the superintendent, he
can have his men see if there are any short gill covers on those fishes.
I think I have seen a few there, but it might have happened in the
hatcheries before they were put out.
Dr. Ossurn: The only criterion would be to get hold of those which
were in wild streams that never had been stocked at all, if it were
possible.
Mr. Tircoms: Almost all the fish in that pond were hatched arti-
ficially. They have been handled for ten years, to the number of
8,000 to 10,000 every year. They go up one stream, and are stripped
there; and now we must have fish that are almost entirely artificially
hatched, and released partly as fry and partly as fingerlings. But very
few have the short gill cover.
Mr. R. E. Fottett, Pittsfield, Mass.: Is this due to malformation
from overcrowding, to the nibbling of the fish by each other—nibbling
fins and gills, or to the presence of bacteria?
Dr. Oszurn: I have not seen any evidence in the gills that would
seem to indicate it was due to parasitism at all. I have not gone back
far enough in the history of the young to note whether it is produced
by nibbling. It would hardly seem probable, because we know that the
opercles, gills, etc., can be regenerated normally and do so under experi-
mentation. It may be by nibbling the tip of the opercle it gets turned
under and does not get pulled out in the proper place again and re-
mains that way. I do not know how the thing starts.
Mr. Fottett: I have seen trout two or three years old with short
gill cover; and I have caught them two or three years afterward and
the gills were still exposed, although they were in a healthier condition
than when liberated.
Dr. OspurN: They certainly live well here in the aquarium.
THYROID TUMOR IN SALMONOIDS
By M. C. Marsu
Tumors of many kinds or types are known among fishes,
most of them rare and of little interest to the fish cul-
turist, though of importance to the comparative pathol-
ogist. Among the members of the salmon family the so-
called throat or gill tumor, which is the thyroid tumor, is
common in domestication, and of particular interest from
several points of view. Somewhat as the general class of
tumors includes the cancer, so this thyroid enlargement in
fishes has a stage which the cancer pathologists have
diagnosed as cancer. Since cancer is the most terrible of
the unsolved scourges of the race, and the most baffling
of the riddles of pathology, its occurrence in any of the
lower animals provides a valuable field for comparative
study and experiment. The mere fact that this disease or
its underlying stage is common among domesticated fish is
sufficient to challenge the attention of all interested in fishes
or fish culture.
A tumor in its literal or broadest and earliest signification
means a swelling of any part or tissue of the living
organism. As used in pathology it includes those numerous
kinds of enlargements which are true new growths or
abnormal and more or less unlimited increases of pre-
existing normal tissues. Technically tumors include the
malignant growths, as carcinoma or cancer and sarcoma,
as well as the benign. All are classed together under the
one general head because of the quality common to all, of
abnormal growth, unchecked by the ordinary physiological
limitations.
The thyroid tumor in fishes is an enlargement of the
thyroid gland. This is a small ductless gland with an in-
ternal secretion essential to the health of the animal. In
the fish it is located beneath the floor of the mouth, or
378 Fortteth Annual Meeting
under the junction of the pair of second gill arches.
Through this region beneath the floor of the mouth on the
median line passes the ventral aorta, giving off branches
to the gills. The particles making up the gland are dis-
tributed immediately about this vessel, and are scattered to
some extent about the adjacent region, even out along the
gill arches on either side. The thyroid is not recognizable
to the naked eye as a distinct and definite gland or organ
because of its small size and the separation of its units and
their distribution among other tissues. By an ordinary
dissection of the fish the gland would scarcely be discovered.
Even in microscopic sections it is an obscure and easily
overlooked tissue. Yet under an unknown stimulus it may
grow until it appears externally and becomes larger than
any other organ of the body.
The first external indication of thyroid enlargement is a
red streak or spot on the floor of the mouth at or near
the second pair of arches, the so-called “red floor.” It
usually, probably always, precedes any externally visible
enlargement when the thyroid is growing upward. This
reddening area on the floor of the mouth indicates the in-
creasing blood supply accompanying the increase of thyroid
tissue. The direction of the thyroid growth may be entirely
downward, doubtless without the tell-tale symptom of the
red floor. The continuance of growth may be in almost
any direction. The lines of least resistance are sidewise
and downward, and here the tumor is most often brought
externally visible, though it frequently penetrates the floor
of the mouth, which is chiefly cartilaginous, and occupies
space directly within the mouth cavity. As it swells out-
ward it carries with it the thin skin, or epithelial covering
about the throat, and this skin becomes the covering of the
tumor. In advanced cases the tumor infiltrates or grows
into the skin as well as extending it by pressure. The
small terminal gill filaments of the foremost gill arches
extend out upon this epithelium, and are often seen stretched
by large tumors till they can carry no blood. Almost every
American Fisheries Society 379
tumor, while it may incline to one side or the other, origi-
nates on the median line. The body of large tumors may
have grown wholly toward the left or right side, but will
be found to spring from the middle region. In rare cases
no part of a tumor is in contact with the median line but
arises from an isolated particle of thyroid out on one of
the gill arches.
The tumors swell out into the mouth and throat, regions
well covered and protected and but little visible to a casual
observer without the fish in hand. Tumors are sometimes
visible when the fish is in the water, but usually this is
not the case. To find them the fish must be taken up, the
mouth opened and the cavity examined, the gills then widely
spread and the throat examined from below. Tumors of
considerable size are often present but unsuspected from the
appearance of the fish with the mouth nearly closed and
the gills folded. It is in fact surprising what a considerable
percentage of visible tumors may exist in a brood of trout
without the knowledge of the fish culturist in charge
of them.
Not all tumors, however, originate within the thyroid
region proper, that is, internally. Besides the few occurring
on the gill arches, the tip of the lower jaw is an occasional
location. The most common external source is the gular
pit, a depression formed of infolding of the skin on the
median line of the throat. A tumor in this location may
be a direct outgrowth from the thyroid region, but it seems
certain that many cases originate entirely from the integu-
ment at this point and are quite independent of the main
deposit of thyroid. In this case they may be classed with
those enlargements occurring on the tip of the lower jaw.
Whether or not these grow from isolated thyroid deposits
has not been demonstrated.
Most tumors of some size are rather soft and yielding
in consistency, and of a reddish hue from the abundance of
blood contained. Frequently they are cystic and become
abraded and bleeding from scraping against hard surfaces.
380 Fortieth Annual Meeting
In size they sometimes become relatively enormous, approxi-
mating the size of the head of the fish. They may greatly
distend the gills and almost fill the mouth, interfering with
breathing and eating. These cases are extreme and rela-
tively rare. All gradations in size and form down to the
barely visible external enlargement and the red floor are
seen. hye he
Microscopically the thyroid tumor has the appearance of
a modified thyroid gland. It is not as if the gland had
merely grown immensely larger and nothing more. The
units which compose the normal thyroid are enlarged and
variously changed in shape and in the size and shape of their
individual component -cells. The colloid substance which
fills the spaces of the normal thyroid follicles has decreased
or disappeared. The microscopical picture is varied, de-
pending on the age of the growth of the portion of the
tumor under examination and on unknown factors. This
subject is purely technical and needs but brief discussion
here. It may be said that the thyroid tends, in its abnormal,
lawless growth not merely to press outward and push away
surrounding parts, like a ball growing larger, but to pene-
trate and invade and to some extent destroy any tissue
standing in its way, whether muscle, cartilage or bone.
This invasion or infiltration of surrounding tissues | is a
characteristic mark of cancer.
The thyroid tumor occurs especially among the anion
family in fresh water. It is best known in the brook trout,
or char, and is also common among the rainbow and brown
trout, various hybrids of the char, land-locked salmon and
in hybrids of the Pacific salmon but not in any sea-run
pure salmon species. Scotch Sea trout are practically
immune. So far no case in marine fish has been reported.
It will have impressed the fish culturists who have noticed
the distribution of these tumors that they occur in the
salmon family when its members are domesticated in fresh
water. These facts appear significant. Whatever they
mean they lose something of their apparent importance
THYROID TUMORS
Adult female rainbow trout with advanced tumors. Three-fourths
natural size
American Fisheries Society 381
when it is seen that the disease is not exclusively among
trout and salmon nor only among the subjects of fish cul-
ture. An adult whitefish was taken during the past winter
from Lake Keuka, N. Y., with a well developed thyroid
tumor. There has recently come to light a museum speci-
men of an adult brook trout caught in 1902 in Hosmer’s
Creek, a stocked stream in western New York, having a
large thyroid tumor. This was to all intents and purposes
a wild trout, though it may have been derived from a
domesticated fish. The whitefish, however, are not arti-
ficially fed in hatcheries and are held scarcely beyond the
hatching period. The causative factors of the disease which
are intensified in the artificial fish ponds are present also
among the natural conditions surrounding wild fish. The
prevalence of the disease among salmonoids has doubtless
to do with the great extent to which these fish are cultivated
as well as with a natural susceptibility to thyroid en-
largement.
The disease runs usually a slow chronic course, with
occasional acute outbreaks of more rapid progress and
higher death rate. Ordinarily only a low mortality ac-
companies it but it is difficult to say just what this is, since
secondary causes are probably the immediate cause of death
of many tumor fish. There is no definite picture of symp-
toms and effects of tumor growth upon the fish. The mere
mechanical effect of the growth by interfering with breath-
ing and eating is certainly considerable but does not explain
all the cases of marked anemia and poor condition, reaching
sometimes to extreme emaciation. The material of which
the tumor is composed contains some substance, probably
identical or similar to the extract of the thyroid gland,
which is highly toxic to the fish when injected into the cir-
culation. When the tumor is ground up, mixed with one
to three volumes of physiological salt solution, and about
1/10 c.c. of this injected directly into the thyroid region
many of the fish are killed, in some cases nearly everyone
injected. This fact interferes greatly with efforts to trans-
382 Fortieth Annual Meeting
plant the tumor from fish to fish. Both the fluid extract
and the undiluted particles of tumor are alike fatal. Thus
every fish bearing even a small visible tumor is carrying on
its own body many times a fatal dose of poison, which is
harmless only because it is withheld from the circulation.
The beginning of enlargement occurs in the hatchery dur-
ing the first few months of the existence of the fish and
practically all individuals are affected. The external ap-
pearance is perfectly normal. The visible tumor stage is
usually not reached until the fish become yearlings. One
brook trout of five months, however, was found dead with
an advanced type of thyroid disease. Among the yearlings
the tumor is seen upon handling and examination, and they
may have tumors of relatively large size. In the older fish
the enlargement reaches its greatest development. The
percentage of fish bearing visible tumors varies greatly.
Four per cent has been observed among brook trout yearl-
ings, and 30 per cent among older ones and these are
probably not extraordinary cases for this species. In acute
outbreaks nearly every fish may show tumors. Hybrids of
certain of the Pacific salmon, as the blueback and hump-
back, in process of rearing seem to be especially susceptible
and the disease runs through them like an epidemic. In
one case 16 per cent of visible tumors in April increased to
92 per cent by the following August, with an accompanying
heavy mortality. Humpback salmon yearlings in fresh
water at a hatchery showed the same involvement and rapid
course. If we add to those showing visible tumors the
number showing the red floor only we get a substantial
increase, the total indicating the number showing some
visible evidence of thyroid enlargement. Brook trout
adults frequently have half the fish or more in this category.
The effect of the tumor is obviously in part mechanical.
It is difficult to separate the effect of mechanical inter-
ference with respiration and feeding from the systemic or
constitutional effect of an internal secretion capable of
bringing about the same anemia and inanition that follows
American Fisheries Society 383
such interference. There is certainly an anemia, sometimes
very marked, in fish with the tumors but it is not an in-
variable accompaniment. Moreover, this anemic condition
is not well correlated with the size of tumor and amount
of mechanical interference, the extreme anemias sometimes
occurring with the smallest tumors and the high blood
readings with large tumors. Of ten two-year old brook
trout with tumors of various sizes the hemoglobin readings
averaged 16.9, with 29 for the highest and below 10 for the
lowest, the limit for the instrument used. The average of
8 healthy, clean fish of the same lot was 37, with none
under 30. This very clearly and definitely shows a paler
blood accompanying the tumors and it is not improbable
that the tumor has a physiological effect in many instances.
The thyroid gland being normally almost microscopic,
and in its enlargement reaching beyond the size of a walnut,
must proliferate enormously. In doing so its structure
passes through a wide range of changes and presents very
diverse pictures, not only in different tumors but in dif-
ferent parts of the same tumor at one time. These pictures
are typically those of goiter and cancer. We have to do
with a process which is anatomically continuous, that is,
the tumor or enlargement is an anatomical entity from its
earliest increase to the largest growth or most advanced
stages, whatever phases it passes through. This is less true
of the nature of the pathological process. At the beginning
it is a fish goiter, or is analogous to goiter in man. At the
end it is fish cancer or is analogous to thyroid cancer in
man. In both man and fish thyroid cancer begins as a
goitrous enlargement, and there is the same difficulty of a
dividing line in both. We have to do with a border line
process which is pathologically various, which naturally
leads to and includes cancer, without a sharp line of demar-
cation. Every tumor cannot be placed definitely in its
entirety in one or the other category. The diagnosis of
incipient goiter in fish is simple, while that of thyroid cancer
in fish is complicated by a lack of absolute standards, The
384 Fortieth Annual Meeting
question is how much of the thyroid enlargement is cancer
or where is the dividing line, rather than whether or not
the process is cancer. Cancer is preéminently a subject for
the medical specialists and it is to these we must look for
the diagnosis of the nature of the lesion. That this thyroid
tumor in fishes includes in its various stages of development
both goiter and cancer is the practically unanimous verdict
of the cancer authorities and is denied by none. Every
visible tumor in the thyroid region is not necessarily a
cancer, however. From the standpoint of fish culture we
need not attempt a separation of our affected fish into the
goitrous and cancerous, but we must recognize in practically
all domesticated salmonoids an underlying goitrous condi-
tion out of which cancer may at any time develop. Just
when and where this cancerous stage begins is beyond any
sharp definition, but when fully established it is as well
recognized microscopically as the earlier goiter. If one con-
siders the large number of fish with enlarged thyroids it is
doubtless true that cancer is comparatively rare among
them, for most of them are in the early stage of goiter.
The enlargement is arrested in most individuals and does
not even become visible externally. In many it remains
small or scarcely visible. In the few others it proceeds to
relatively enormous size with usually the development in
various degrees of the cancerous character as evidenced by
its structure and tendency to infiltrate or invade other
tissues. It is, of course, true that the appearance under
the microscope, while the chief historical criterion of cancer,
is not the only or controlling one. Transplantability into
other individuals and the occurrence of metastases or de-
posits carried from the original growth to distant organs
through the circulatory systems have been held to be in-
herent properties of the cancer process, and where they
occur all doubt of the cancerous process is removed. These
characters are not always exhibited, however, but to prove
their absence would require a mass of negative results from
prolonged experiments which if obtained at all will not be
American Fisheries Society 385
presented for years to come. They have not yet been defi-
nitely shown to apply to the thyroid tumors in fishes and
perhaps there is ground here for raising a question whether
cancer has been demonstrated in the thyroid tumor. More-
over, nobody can foretell what trend of cancer investigation
will in the end solve the problem, and it is not impossible
that the future may put the fish thyroid tumor outside the
true cancer as finally defined. Meantime we may insist
that there is only a presumption, though an overwhelming
one, in favor of the view that this tumor includes cancer.
This presumption is created by the broad facts in the case.
Cancer is found everywhere throughout the vertebrate king-
dom, among the cold-blooded as well as the warm-blooded
animals. There is a sort of specificity of certain kinds of
cancer for certain of the lower animals, as epithelioma of
the eye in cattle, cancer of the breast in mice, sarcoma in
rats, and round-celled sarcoma of the genitals of dogs.
These special occurrences of cancer in animals are doubtless
related to the species and its habits and mode of life.
Thyroid cancer in fishes, water animals with a specialized
and restricted mode of life, fits naturally into this series.
While cancer of other regions than the thyroid undoubtedly
occurs in fishes, the thyroid tumor is the most striking of
the neoplastic growths among fishes, and has a striking
resemblance to cancer. It does not so much matter that
this cancer is a terminal stage, the occasional climax of a
milder and commoner process. What is important is that
we have in fishes a process exactly analogous even in the
beginning to a serious human disease, and that this process
is linked with and leads on to another which is in the same
way analogous to a more dreaded disease of man derived
from unknown sources.
The cause of thyroid tumor is unknown, as is the cause
of all tumors. One factor that is known in some cases of
malignant growth to play some part in causation is
mechanical injury or irritation. Applying this to fishes we
can find no injury preceding thyroid enlargement. De-
386 Fortieth Annual Meeting
rangement of metabolism, or the life processes of the fish,
due to the changes which domestication and occasional
conditions in the life of wild fishes produces, is one of the
possibilities. One can imagine that too great a burden is
thrown upon the small thyroid gland and that it enlarges in
response to a demand. The parasitic theory of the origin
of tumors is entirely unproved but when it is applied to the
thyroid disease of fishes as an explanation it fits rather
better than any other. One may cite the increase of disease
in the lower of successive ponds draining in series, one into
another; the spontaneous recovery under substantially the
same conditions which cause the growth, the immunity of
some species, and different broods or strains in the same
species; its occurrence among wild fish; the effect of such
drugs as iodine and mercury, possibly acting antiseptically.
Thyroid tumor is chiefly a disease of domestication like so
many other diseases of fishes. But domestication cannot
be said to be the cause, though its conditions evidently
favor the development of the disease. The tumor develops
also among wild fish, as has been shown, and though rarely,
yet the specimens known show typical tumors of good size.
The essential cause of the disease occurs without as it does
within domestication but by the latter it is intensified, in-
creased in amount or virulence, raised in power, changed
from a latent to an active state, or in some way made to
develop tumors. As the crowding of fish—not necessarily
overcrowding—lessened water supply and artificial feeding
are the most distinctive features of domestication, these
may be inferred to be the secondary factors related to
causation—one or more of them. What this relation is it
is quite impossible to say at present.
As with cancer and goiter in man, there are at present
no known remedies or measures which will definitely either
prevent the inception of the process or cure its developed
stages. To increase the water supply, reduce the number
of fish dealt with and feed more natural foods are practices
obviously having a tendency to combat the disease, since
American Fisheries Society 387
these things are the essentials of domestication with which
the tumor especially associates itself. To practice these
measures would be an abatement of domestication and in a
sense and to a degree would amount to killing the patient,
since it is the disease as affecting domestication that is
important rather than individual fishes. This may possibly
be necessary in the end, but what is needed is something
consistent with intensive breeding. Domestication simply
must increase the ratio of fish to water over the conditions
obtaining in nature, and thus far an inexpensive natural
food has not made its way on a large scale in fish culture.
Thyroid gland is known to have a specific affinity for
iodine and the observations of Marine and Lenhart in con-
junction with the Pennsylvania Department of Fisheries
have shown that the thyroid in its early or microscopic
enlargement reacts with iodine in the direction of a reversion
toward the normal structure. We have corroborated this
during the past summer and have also exposed visible
tumors to the action of potassium iodide for thirty days.
With these the results are not uniform, some showing con-
siderable decrease in size, others remaining unchanged.
This is in accordance with the view of a process in which
both goiter and cancer is concerned, the tumor tending to
lose its response with the increase of its cancerous character.
We have also found during the past summer that the
same results in the way of reversion of structure and reduc-
tion of the visible tumor are obtained with mercury as
with iodine and somewhat more rapidly. Mercury is not
known to react specifically with thyroid and therefore it is
at least questionable whether the action of iodine on the
enlargement is due to its specific relation to thyroid tissue.
It is as reasonable to assume an antiseptic action, not in
the water, for the changes occur at great dilution, one part
to five million parts of water, but cumulatively in the en-
larged gland itself. In fact, the rapid reduction of the
tumors by these elements, for one of which the thyroid is
known to have a special affinity, and both of which are
388 Fortieth Annual Meeting
cumulative agents much used against infectious disease, is
quite consistent with the theory of infection as the cause
of the enlargement. In the light of this, the fact that iodine
affects the thyroid tumor can hardly be an important argu-
ment against its cancerous nature. Many agents, including
chemicals, affect cancer cells and inhibit cancer growth,
particularly in early stages.
Since iodine, mercury, and almost without doubt various
other chemicals, cause a reversion of structure and a
diminution in size of the tumor, some of them are possibly
a preventive, when properly administered, of the initial
enlargement and thus of the whole process of tumor growth,
but the demonstration of this is yet to be made. lodine in
the form of potassium iodide can be readily added to the
water but on a large scale would prove expensive. To in-
corporate it with the food would be more economical and
a method of conveniently administering it without loss
could probably be found. Mercury is far more toxic than
iodine. Perhaps a more suitable substance than either
may be found.
The thyroid tumor, either in its goitrous or cancerous
stage, as an enemy to fish culture is hardly a matter of the
first importance. The percentage of affected fish is usually
low, rarely does it take on the acute form of an epidemic,
growth can proceed even with the increase of the tumor, and
the fish breed without apparent hindrance. But it is a
rather sinister suggestion that fishes so much the subject of
artificial propagation and distribution as the chars and trouts
have either goiter or cancer, especially the latter. Goiter
in man is known as a dangerous often water-borne disease
and a certain per cent of cases develop into cancer, although
soiter is a disease of youth and cancer of maturity. It
does not add to the attractiveness of fish culture for the
public waters that these much sought and widely distributed
fish are subject to goiter. But when cancer is added there
is a sentimental if not a real reason for alarm. ‘The cause
of cancer in any animal is unknown and therefore a fruitful
American Fisheries Society 389
field is offered for conjecture and disquieting inferences
which are as impossible to disprove as to prove.
What is the case that might lie against the salmonoids
in the matter of cancer, and how definite is the evidence in
support of it? It is that in some way, certainly indirect,
obscure and probably occasional or rare, fishes are a factor
in the cause of human cancer and aid in the spread or
transmission of this disease. Among the many theories of
cancer causation is that which ascribes the cancer process
to a living organism—a parasite. If this theory is finally
substantiated it will afford a case of parasitism radically
unlike all known forms of parasitic disease. It is only on
the assumption of such a parasitic factor in cancer that any
causal relation between fish and human cancer can be main-
tained. Now there are two general facts which appear
rather vaguely to bear an important significance. Atten-
tion has been frequently called in the medical profession to
a seeming relation of cancer to water. There is a consider-
able literature citing statistics showing a concentration of
cancer along water courses. It is evidently a fact that the
well-watered regions of the United States are favorite
cancer localities, rather than the drier or arid regions. It
is, of course, in these watered regions that fish thrive and
are artificially propagated and planted. It has been said
that a map showing the distribution of the chars and trouts
in this country would by the same tokens illustrate the dis-
tribution of cancer. This coincidence may be accidental but
the fact is interesting and suggestive. The other general
consideration is that the probable increase of cancer during
the last few decades has been simultaneous with the develop-
ment to large proportions of the artificial propagation of
the salmonoids.
Now, no one suggests and it is not credible that any
case of cancer has been or will be caused by eating fish of
any kind. Cooked fish will transmit no disease and in this
country no one eats them raw, and even in that case no
transmission of cancer need necessarily be inferred. The
390 Fortieth Annual Meeting
most that can be said is that we have a mere circumstantial
suspicion against the chars and trouts, members of a family
with an excellent reputation. The case should be investi-
gated for several reasons, the least of which is that there
is any possibility that propagation increases the prevalence
of cancer. Other reasons are sufficient to lend importance
to thyroid disease in fishes. One controlling consideration
is that the chief source of knowledge of human cancer lies
now in the study of analogous processes in the lower
animals. Rats and mice and other mammals have been
largely used for this purpose. Fishes now open a fruitful
field for investigation on account of the complex nature
of the medium in which they live and its intimate
relation to human life and activity. That they
seem likely to supplement the warm-blooded animals and
furnish subjects in which by experiment the obscure cancer
process may be seen in a new light, is a cause of con-
gratulation to the medical profession and a source of some
consolation to the fish culturist. The experimenters will
look to fish culture for the necessary material in the form
of tumor bearing fishes. But fish culture has a further
interest in that it is responsible for breeding these fish and
should protect itself against even the suspicion of any evil
effect resulting. It is desirable that the whole subject be
investigated and it is appropriate that the Government as
one of the most active agents of propagation should under-
take the task. In this the province of the federal and state
organizations for fish culture, and the federal agencies of
public health seem to overlap. The pollution of public
waters, a menace requiring to be dealt with from both stand-
points, may be the keynote to the situation. It is pertinent
to cite again the rarity of thyroid disease in wild fish, its
frequency among domesticated, and to consider that the
few cases known among wild fish are from waters close to
civilization. Cancer is a disease of civilization. It is rare
among the American Indians, common among the whites.
The question of applying the term cancer to the thyroid
Oe a
American Fisheries Society 391
disease in fishes is a matter of terminology which resolves
itself ultimately into the question what is cancer. Cancer
is an ugly term not necessary to accuracy as applied to fish
thyroid enlargement, and may come to have an unduly
alarming implication in the public mind which will not
always suspend judgment or weigh evidence judiciously.
Infiltrating goiter, or still better, merely thyroid tumor are
better and sufficient designations in non-technical discussion
of this interesting disease of the salmonoids.
It is timely to remember that in any consideration of
cause and effect as between fishes and cancer in man, it is
exactly as reasonable that the trout have acquired the
disease from the human race as that the transmission has
been in the reverse direction. If transmissible in one direc-
tion it probably is in the other and in that case fishes might
become important as a medium, or reservoir of disease.
But these are hardly more than speculations to which the
more reasonable alternative is the assumption of a common
cause for cancer in man and fishes.
DISCUSSION
Dr. B. M. BriccGs, Brooklyn: Has chromium been tried? It has been
found useful in many cases. Have you tried arsenic? That makes the
mercury and iodine much more effective.
Mr. MarsH: It has been thought to try arsenic and chromium and
as many elements as have an antiseptic action as soon as we have time.
Dr. Briccs: Have you noticed in waters where iodine is present
that the disease is found more frequently than where the iodine is
absent?
Mr. MarsH: The sea water has iodine, and this enlargement has not
been reported, as far as I know, in any strictly salt-water fish. The
fresh water has no iodine, as far as I know, except in infinitesimal
dilution. We had examination made of the water of a natural brook
used at a hatchery where tumors occurred, but we could find only one
part of iodine to a billion parts of water. I suppose that is negligible
and has no effect on the fishes. As for fresh water containing con-
siderable amounts of iodine, they usually occur in mineral springs. I
do not know of any fresh water where fish live containing much iodine.
Mr. Joun W. Titcomep, Lyndonville, Vt.: The last inquirer was
leading to the same question I was going to ask. I wanted to ascer-
tain if you examined the waters where the disease was most prevalent
to see whether they contained any unusual chemical, or whether the
392 Fortieth Annual Meeting
disease was more prevalent in hard water than soft water, for instance.
One of my own family got a thyroid tumor from drinking water from
a spring in West Virginia, and the same summer the water of another
spring gave a thyroid tumor to a lady, wife of one of the judges in
the district. I am not a medical man but I want to know if you have
gone into the qualities of the water. This water I have referred to
did in both instances contain trout.
Mr. MarsH: We have analyses of a large number of fish-cultural
waters. The disease is widespread among nearly all these waters.
They are mostly spring waters and we have nothing to compare them
with. We have gone into the subject and can find nothing that you can
correlate with the development of tumors. There is no chemical evi-
dence so far with respect to the dissolved substances in the water
which shows anything whatever as far as I know.
Dr. W. P. Herrick, New York City: On the point of thyroid tumor
and its connection with water, in the human race it is well known that
thyroid enlargement is most prevalent where the inhabitants drink
melted snow water, as in Switzerland.
Mr. Tircoms: That would be strictly soft water.
Dr. Herrick: There is some cause, but we do not know what it is.
Mr. MarsyH: I know that snow water used to be ascribed as a
cause of goiter. I understand that goiter is known to be often water-
borne and traced to wells, not necessarily snow water; but what it is
in the water which causes the disease no one has declared, I think.
Boiling corrects that water, however, 1 understand. Now I see Dr.
Levin is here and he very likely can tell us something in particular
about goiter in relation to water.
Dr. Isaac Levin, New York City: We do not know much more
about the relationship between water and human goiter than what we
know about the relationship between water and goiter in fish. It is a
subject of which the proof is purely statistical. There is no pathological
proof of the relationship between water and goiter; and whether there
is an actual relationship is just as little known as the relationship be-
tween water and cancer to which you referred in your paper. It is
also purely statistical, and this statistical evidence in medical matters,
in matters of pathology, is not always of such a character that we can
draw conclusions from it. We are not at all certain as yet that there
is a real direct relation between the causation of goiter and water. So
much the less do we know what there is in the water that is causing it.
SOME EXPERIMENTS IN THE BURIAL OF SALMON
EGGS—SUGGESTING A NEW METHOD OF
HATCHING SALMON AND TROUT
By Joun PEASE BABCOCK
In writing of the propagation of salmon and trout some
authorities state that considerable loss is occasioned in
natural propagation by many of the eggs becoming imbedded
in sand and gravel; that all the eggs so imbedded are lost.
Observation and experiment in the propagation of Pacific
salmon and trout for a considerable period lead me to ad-
vance the theory that in natural propagation only those eggs
which become imbedded beneath several inches of sand and
gravel produce alevins which live to attain the fry stage;
and that those eggs which are not covered by several inches
of sand and gravel are either consumed by active aquatic
enemies or destroyed by the vegetable moulds commonly
termed “fungus.”
My experiments have demonstrated that the burial of
freshly fertilized eggs of the nerka and other Pacific salmon
does not smother them; that eggs so treated not only live
but hatch, and that if het are covered to a sufficient depth
the alevins produced survive and possess the instinct and
power to work their way gradually to the surface; that if
buried beneath five or six inches of sand and gravel such
eggs will hatch, and the young will work their way up
through the sand and gravel to the surface, and that by
the time they emerge have absorbed their sacs and are
then exempt from the attacks of vegetable moulds.
Eggs buried under one or two inches of sand and gravel
produce alevins that work their way up to the surface
before the sac is absorbed, and upon reaching the surface
are subject to attack by vegetable moulds, and a very large
percentage are thus destroyed, as well as by the more
developed forms of aquatic life.
394 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Eggs buried to a depth of three inches produce alevins
that work their way to the surface so gradually that by
the time they reach the surface their sacs are so nearly
absorbed that many, but not all, resist the effects of fungus.
Alevins from eggs buried beneath less than four inches of
sand are liable to reach the surface while the sac is so
thinly covered that few if any survive the effects of
fungus growth.
The spawning beds of Pacific Coast streams from Cali-
fornia to Alaska (to which my observations have been
confined), where the salmon spawn in numbers are, during
and after the spawning period, covered with more or less
vegetable moulds. These moulds are particularly common
in the beds of streams where great numbers of salmon have
spawned and died. Every experienced fish culturist knows
that most waters carry great numbers of spores of fungi,
and how difficult it is to prevent eggs and alevins from
being attacked and injured by their growth. I believe that
in natural propagation fungus growths destroy more sal-
mon eggs and alevins than all other causes combined. The
vegetable moulds of Pacific streams are not active beneath
the surface of the beds of streams. Salmon eggs cast
therein, if even thinly covered with sand, are not injured by
them. These moulds do not affect fry that have nearly or
entirely absorbed their sacs, but they are deadily if per-
mitted to attach themselves to either the eggs or the alevins.
My experiments along this line lead me to express the
opinion that by the burial of freshly fertilized salmon eggs
under six or seven inches of sand and gravel strong healthy
fry can be produced at less cost than under existing hatch-
ing methods, and that fry so produced are stronger and
more capable of resisting the attacks of their active enemies.
I trust that this short statement of my experiments in
the burial of salmon eggs may be deemed of sufficient
economic importance to stimulate fish culturists generally in
experimenting along similar lines. Those who do will per-
haps experience some difficulty at first in the covering of a
American Fisheries Society 395
large number of eggs. Experimenters will find that after
preparing suitable beds of sand and small gravel the eggs
can be evenly laid and held until covered if the surface of
the bed is first thickly indented with cells a little deeper than
the eggs. This can readily be accomplished by stamping
the bed with a board covered with projections or pegs of
suitable size.
My experiments suggest that in the near future most of
the buildings and hatching apparatus now used in the pro-
pagation of salmon and trout will be dispensed with; that
after the eggs have been expressed and fertilized, instead
of being placed in wire baskets in hatcheries, they will be
buried beneath the sand and gravel of the beds of natural
or prepared streams, and that with the exception of watch-
men to protect them little or no other labor will be required.
DE iy:
alt
~
hy 7 ne
Rent x
“sh
SOME GENERAL REMARKS ON FISHING
FOR SPORT
By H. WHEELER PERCE
As I glanced at the preliminary announcement of this
notable occasion I was moved to the thought that almost
anything I could say would seem frivolous in view of the
splendid intellectual feast that is spread before you.
The titles of the papers indicate a most magnificent
amount of research and the great names that confront one
in this program are an absolute promise of the best that
can be produced by the best brains of the best of mankind.
But, after all, sport fishing is not a frivolous subject and
should not be so considered, for it contributes in a very
large measure to the happiness of a great many people, and
the chief desideratum in life is happiness. The wise fathers,
when they builded the fundamental documents of this
Government so thought, for Thomas Jefferson positively
assumes mankind entitled to the right to the pursuit of
happiness. Note, he said nothing of its capture, which was
a further indication of his great wisdom, for it is probably
realized by those of us who have reached middle age that
in the pursuit lies the real joy and that the capture or culmi-
nation comes but seldom.
It is something to be thankful for that this is probably
not exactly true in the case of the angler. While there is
no denying that the preparation for a fishing trip, the travel-
ing toward favored water, and the skillful manipulation of
his weapons, together with the charm of his surroundings
make up a state of happiness for the angler, it still remains
probably true that the lifting of his prize in the landing net
—the capture—constitutes in his case the attainment of
happiness, and hence the angler has exceeded the assump-
tion of Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence and
not only pursues happiness but catches it.
398 Fortieth Annual Meeting
The psychological reasons why the pursuit and capture of
game fishes should constitute happiness are probably too
deep or involved for our most learned philosophers to
determine. Many theories are advanced but none seem to
actually solve the problem. However, any one of them is
good enough for our purpose. The fact remains that a
great number of people attain a great amount of personal
gratification through the pursuit and capture of game fishes.
The sport has its detractors, those who sneer openly and
call it foolishness, and those who negatively oppose it by
a non-appreciation but are kind-hearted enough not to be-
little it and those who condemn it as a mere lust for killing.
But so long as mankind kills in order that he and his may
eat, this latter seems flimsy sentimentality.
Sport fishing has its place and its uses in the world as has
architecture, painting, sculpture or music, for all of these
at their best are but the expressions of man’s effort toward
attaining happiness. Architecture speaks to him primarily
as needed shelter from the elements, but secondarily as a
gratification to the eye and to the demands of the soul for
proportion and outline. Painting and sculpture tell him
stories that play in one way or another upon his imagina-
tion and his emotions, and music sings to him her great
songs of love, of sorrow, of triumph, of achievement; the
sum total of its mission being to bring betterment to
mankind.
Does not sport fishing bring to its devotee as much of
good as do these great arts? Does it not bring to his soul
surcease from care? Does it not bring to his body health
and refreshment? Does it not bring to his eye beauties
even more enthralling than those portrayed on canvas or
carven in Carrara marble, and does it not bring to his ears
music as sweet as the artist has ever drawn from his in-
strument? True, it may be humbler in a way than these
splendid things, but it is none the less a blessing to those
fortunate enough to be so constituted that they seek its
pleasures.
American Fisheries Society 399
In what way can the care-racked man find greater rest
than by the side of some beautiful trout stream? Where
can he see a more gorgeous canvas than the Almighty
paints for him in a wondrous sunset seen across and re-
flected in the calm bosom of some lovely lake? What
image carved from marble or cast with consummate skill
in everlasting bronze can equal the majestic beauties graven
in the face of the mighty mountains? What lullaby ever
sung was sweeter than the ripple of a brook? Where can
sound be found more inspiring than the diapasons of the
insurging sea or the crashing symphony of the tempest?
What jewel gleams with greater brilliancy to the eye of
the angler than does the iridescent leaping trout?
To come to more material things, we find in sport fishing
a health-giving pastime, much to be preferred to drugs and
nostrums, and in these enlightened days the doctor’s pre-
scription begins to call more and more for fresh air and less
and less for quinine. It is true, this can be said of all out-
door recreations, and it is very far from me to ascribe any-
thing but virtue to any form of sport or play which takes
a man into the open.
From a strictly commercial standpoint, sport fishing is
of very much more than ordinary importance. It takes
but a moment to realize how vast an amount of money is
invested in enterprises connected with angling. Factories
of no mean proportions employing many hands are devoted
to the production of tools of the craft and great mercantile
establishments all over the land cater to the wants of the
angler. Hotels, both great and small, that derive their sup-
port from the angling fraternity abound in hundreds of
localities. Thousands of boats are built and marketed
yearly and in transportation alone thousands of dollars are
spent. This all means a great contribution to the com-
mercial activities of our country and adds to those condi-
tions which stand for commercial supremacy and _ spell
commercial success.
The mere gaining of dollars does not seem to me to be
400 Fortieth Annual Meeting
righteously the chief aim of man, but be that as it may, no
one has yet found a better basis for general happiness than
sound, progressive, honorable, business activity and as-
suredly any health-giving, legitimate sport that contributes
as largely to those conditions as does angling is worthy of
being considered important, and with this in view I am
moved at this time to appeal for a more thoughtful con-
sideration for sport fishing, as such, on the part of those
who are engaged in the very honorable vocation of purely
commercial fishing.
There has always seemed to be more or less friction be-
tween the differing interests. Never of a very serious
nature, as far as I have observed, except in isolated cases,
but a seeming lack of appreciation on the part of each for
the rights of the other.
When the angler gives thought to the commercial side of
fishing, he must, and in most cases does, realize the vast
importance of this ancient and honorable business, one that
is positively mighty in its ramifications and which probably
contributes more toward the sustenance of the people than
any other one food-producing industry.
Let it be asked of the commercial fisherman that he
realize as fully the importance of sport fishing. Not that
the latter is of such great proportions or of so great a
value to the world at large as commercial fishing, but that
it possesses in itself an importance that warrants its ex-
istence and the support of all those having the general wel-
fare of mankind at heart.
Allowing that some considerable importance attaches to
sport fishing and that a maintenance of those conditions
which permit agreeable and successful participation in sport
fishing is much to be desired, it is therefore assuredly meet
that in the great and very general movement now going for-
ward toward the conservation of our natural resources, that
sport fishing should be considered.
It is, of course, very gratifying to know that much has
been done and much is being done. There are many men in
American Fisheries Society 401
this assembly to whom the angling fraternity owe the
deepest debt of gratitude for much work nobly and effi-
ciently performed. Men whose names have found lodgment
in the hearts of those who have learned to honor and esteem
their owners for their splendid achievements.
As is true, I presume, of almost all progressive move-
ments, great difficulties and complications confront every
effort for the continued upbuilding and betterment of
angling conditions. But the fact remains that day by day
better things are being brought about, and it seems to me
that this is being accomplished by “keeping everlastingly at
it,” if you will pardon the platitude.
Apparently the greatest difficulty that confronts us in
establishing ideal conditions from the standpoint of an
angler, is, to a certain degree, a lack of cohesion on the part
of the various interests. Our country is so large that it
seems almost impossible to bring into one unit of action all
those who at heart desire exactly the same results. Efforts
are being made here and there in localities remote from each
other. Different states have differing laws and there ap-
pears to be no settled line of action. In many instances
there seems almost a conflict of opposing forces.
Right here I wish to state as emphatically as I know how
to put it that, in my opinion, the one, most radical, un-
American, unnecessary and unseemly factor that brings
about this lack of unity is the non-resident license law wher-
ever it exists. It is a hand raised against a brother, and its
operations should be abhorrent to every man who loves the
Stars and Stripes.
A rod license in itself is a most estimable provision, but
oh! the inhospitality, the selfishness and altogether con-
temptible spirit of a non-resident distinction. Who can hope
for the achievements that unity of action can accomplish,
when one factor in the entirety says to another, “you shall
not enjoy what I have,” and the other responds, “keep off
of my preserve.”
If I am rightly informed, every state in the Union is a
402 Fortieth Annual Meeting
supplant to Uncle Sam for his largess in the way of game
fishes, and still, in some instances, they turn to their
neighbors and refuse them equal privileges with themselves.
Every state that discriminates against the non-resident
should be refused any favors or assistance at the hands of
the government.
I am not versed in constitutional law, and they tell me
some promulgated ideas of what the United States might
do in relation to the conservation, preservation, etc., of
game fishes would be unconstitutional, but assuredly a way
can be found for the government to righteously administer
in the premises.
Is a national rod tax-out of the question and would not
this give the government the right to control and hence
bring about universal conditions of good, and laws backed
by an efficient policing for which the lawbreaker would have
some respect?
State laws, with very few exceptions, are, as I have said
before, selfish and tend toward a breaking up of any proper
appreciation of their righteousness and are often inoperative
because of no proper respect for them or from a lack of
funds to support the necessary officers calculated to compel
such respect.
Would it not also be possible to still further the advance-
ment of all those conditions for which the intelligent angler
stands, to bring about a coalition of all or at least many of
the organizations now devoted to this end. In such an or-
ganization would surely lie immense strength.
The National Association of Scientific Angling Clubs, of
which I have the honor to be president, and which now em-
braces about twenty affiliated clubs and aggregates an in-
dividual membership of about twelve hundred, hopes to
bring about, through its common interest in the sport of
tournament casting, a very closely knit organization stand-
ing for the same general principles of sportsmanship and for
those higher ideals and conditions for which all true anglers
stand.
American Fisheries Society 403
On the same principle could not a great national organiza-
tion with ramifications in every state be formed out of the
lesser organizations now in existence and an immense
power for good thus established ?
I have taken more of your valuable time than my
abilities warrant, and I can but thank you for such con-
sideration as you may give to this, at best, but rambling
dissertation.
} Ais
Ahn! dal
At I ity
y A
THE NORTH ATLANTIC FISHERIES DISPUTE AND
ITS ARBITRATION AT THE HAGUE 1910
By Hucu M. SMITH
An international fishery event of great interest and im-
portance to the United States, Canada, and Newfoundland
was the settlement in 1910 by arbitration of the long-stand-
ing differences between the United States and Great Brit-
ain growing out of ambiguities in the treaty defining the
rights of American fishermen on the coasts of British
North American colonies.
The treaty of peace between the United States and Great
Britain in 1783 had as its third article the following:
It is agreed that the people of the United States shall continue to
enjoy unmolested the right to take fish of every kind on the Grand
Bank, and on all the other banks of Newfoundland; also in the Gulph
of Saint Lawrence and at all other places in the sea where the inhabi-
tants of both countries used at any time heretofore to fish. And also
that the inhabitants of the United States shall have liberty to take fish
of every kind on such part of the coast of Newfoundland as British
fishermen shall use (but not to dry or cure the same on that island) and
also on the coasts, bays and creeks of all other of His Britannic
Majesty’s dominions in America; and that the American fishermen
shall have liberty to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled bays,
harbours and creeks of Nova Scotia, Magdalen Islands and Labrador,
so long as the same shall remain unsettled; but so soon as the same or
either of them shall be settled, it shall not be lawful for the said fish-
ermen to dry or cure fish at such settlements, without a previous
agreement for that purpose with the inhabitants, proprietors or posses-
sors of the ground.
After the close of the War of 1812, the question arose
as to whether the fishery provisions of the treaty of 1783
had been abrogated by the war. Great Britain contended
that this part of the treaty was no longer in force, the
United States refused to agree to such a contention. With
the two governments thus assuming opposite views on the
question, the prosecution of the fisheries necessarily led
to more or less serious conflicts of authority and weighty
406 Fortieth Annual Meeting
diplomatic conference and correspondence, the outcome of
which was the negotiation and adoption in 1818 of a new
treaty. The important article of this treaty was as
follows:
Whereas differences have arisen respecting the Liberty claimed by
the United States for the inhabitants thereof, to take, dry and cure fish
on Certain Coasts, Bays, Harbours, and Creeks of His Britannic
Majesty’s Dominions in America, it is agreed between the High Con-
tracting Parties, that the inhabitants of the said United States shall
have forever, in common with the Subjects of His Britannic Majesty,
the Liberty to take fish of every kind on that part of the Southern
Coast of Newfoundland which extends from Cape Ray to the Rameau
Islands, on the Western and the Northern Coast of Newfoundland,
from the said Cape Ray to the Quirpon Islands, on the shores of the
Magdalen Islands, and also on the Coasts, Bays, Harbours and Creeks
from Mount Joly on the Southern Coast of Labrador, to and through
the Straights of Belleisle and thence Northwardly indefinitely along the
Coast, without prejudice, however, to any of the exclusive Rights of the
Hudson Bay Company: And that the American fishermen shall have
liberty forever, to dry and cure fish in any of the unsettled Bays, Har-
bours and Creeks of the Southern part of the Coast of Newfoundland
hereabove described, and of the Coast of Labrador; but so soon as the
same or any portion thereof, shall be settled it shall not be lawful for
the said Fishermen to dry or cure Fish at such Portion so settled,
without previous agreement for such purpose with the Inhabitants,
Proprietors, or Possessors of the ground. And the United States hereby
renounce forever, any Liberty, heretofore enjoyed or claimed by the
Inhabitants thereof, to take, dry or cure Fish on, or within three marine
Miles of any of the Coasts, Bays, Creeks or Harbours of His Britannic
Majesty’s Dominions in America not included within the abovemen-
tioned limits: Provided, however, that the American Fishermen shall be
admitted to enter such Bays, or Harbours for the purpose of Shelter
and of repairing Damages therein, or purchasing Wood, and of obtain-
ing Water, and for no other purpose whatever. But they shall be under
such Restrictions as may be necessary to prevent their taking, drying or
curing Fish therein, or in any other manner whatever abusing the
Privileges hereby reserved to them.
Although the express object of this treaty was the defini-
tion of the rights of United States fishermen on the coasts
of Canada and Newfoundland, it afterwards transpired
that those rights were still unsettled and uncertain; and for
over ninety years the matter remained a source of annoy-
ance, contention, bad feeling, and conflict, until the respon-
sible authorities of the two nations chose an opportune
American Fisheries Society 407
time and arranged for the settlement that happily has now
been consummated.
Under an agreement signed at Washington on Janu-
ary 27, 1909, by Ambassador James Bryce and Secretary
Elihu Root, it was agreed to submit certain fishery ques-
tions to a tribunal of arbitration, in accordance with the
terms of the general treaty of arbitration concluded be-
tween the United States and Great Britain in 1908. The
case is noteworthy as being the first to arise under that
treaty, and therefore marks an epoch in the world’s history.
The questions which the arbitration court was asked to
decide, and which covered all the main points in dispute,
were as follows:
Question 1—To what extent are the following contentions or either
of them justified?
It is contended on the part of Great Britain that the exercise of the
liberty to take fish referred to in the said Article, which the inhabitants
of the United States have forever in common with the subjects of His
Britannic Majesty, is subject, without the consent of the United States,
to reasonable regulation by Great Britain, Canada, or Newfoundland
in the form of municipal laws, ordinances, or rules, as, for example,
to regulations in respect of (1) the hours, days, or seasons when fish
may be taken on the treaty coasts; (2) the method, means, and imple-
ments to be used, in the taking of fish or in the carrying on of fishing
operations on such coasts; (3) any other matters of a similar character
relating to fishing; such regulations being reasonable, as being, for
instance—
(a) Appropriate or necessary for the protection and preservation of
such fisheries and the exercise of the rights of British subjects therein
and of the liberty which by the said Article I the inhabitants of the
United States have therein in common with British subjects;
(b) Desirable on grounds of public order and morals;
(c) Equitable and fair as between local fishermen and the inhabitants
of the United States exercising the said treaty liberty and not so framed
as to give unfairly an advantage to the former over the latter class.
It is contended on the part of the United States that the exercise of
such liberty is not subject to limitations or restraints by Great Britain,
Canada, or Newfoundland in the form of municipal laws, ordinances,
or regulations in respect of (1) the hours, days, or seasons when the
inhabitants of the United States may take fish on the treaty coasts, or
(2) the method, means, and implements used by them in taking fish or
in carrying on fishing operations on such coasts, or (3) any other
limitations or restraints of similar character—
(a) Unless they are appropriate and necessary for the protection
408 Fortieth Annual Meeting
and preservation of the common rights in such fisheries and the exercise
thereof; and
(b) Unless they are reasonable in themselves and fair as between
local fishermen and fishermen coming from the United States, and not
so framed as to give an advantage to the former over the latter
class ; and
(c) Unless their appropriateness, necessity, reasonableness, and fair-
ness be determined by the United States and Great Britain by common
accord and the United States concurs in their enforcement.
Question 2. Have the inhabitants of the United States, while exer-
cising the liberties referred to in said Article, a right to employ as
members of the fishing crews of their vessels persons not inhabitants
of the United States?
Question 3. Can the exercise by the inhabitants of the United States
of the liberties referred to in the said Article be subjected, without
the consent of the United States, to the requirements of entry or report
at custom-houses or the payment of light or harbour or other dues, or
to any other similar requirement or condition or exaction?
Question 4. Under the provision of the said Article that the Ameri-
can fishermen shall be admitted to enter certain bays or harbours for
shelter, repairs, wood, or water, and for no other purpose whatever, but
that they shall be under such restrictions as may be necessary to pre-
vent their taking, drying, or curing fish therein or in any other manner
whatever abusing the privileges thereby reserved to them, is it per-
missible to impose restrictions making the exercise of such privileges
conditional upon the payment of light or harbour or other dues, or
entering or reporting at custom-houses or any similar conditions?
Question 5. From where must be measured the “three marine miles
of any of the coasts, bays, creeks, or harbours” referred to in the said
Article ?
Question 6. Have the inhabitants of the United States the liberty
under the said Article or otherwise to take fish in the bays, harbours,
and creeks on that part of the southern coast of Newfoundland which
extends from Cape Ray to Rameau Islands, or on the western and
northern coasts of Newfoundland from Cape Ray to Quirpon Islands,
or on the Magdalen Islands?
Question 7. Are the inhabitants of the United States whose vessels
resort to the treaty coasts for the purpose of exercising the liberties
referred to in Article I of the treaty of 1818 entitled to have for those
vessels, when duly authorized by the United States in that behalf, the
commercial privileges on ‘the treaty coasts accorded by agreement or
otherwise to United States trading-vessels generally?
Some of the most conspicuous personages in our diplo-
matic and political history have been officially concerned
with this fishery question; and some of the ablest of Ameri-
can state papers have related thereto. The treaty of 1783
American Fisheries Society 409
was negotiated by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, John
Jay, and Henry Laurens. The treaty of 1818, which re-
vived the treaty of 1783 in modified form, was negotiated
by Albert Gallatin and Richard Rush.
Among the other American ministers and ambassadors
at the court of St. James and distinguished special commis-
-sioners and plenipotentiaries abroad who became actively
involved in the fishery negotiations and correspondence
were John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, William Pinkney,
Edward Everett, Charles Francis Adams, James Russell
Lowell, Edward J. Phelps, and Whitelaw Reid.
American secretaries of state who forcefully enunciated
the American position on the various phases of the contro-
versy and strenuously asserted the rights of our fishermen
included James Monroe, Martin Van Buren, John C. Cal-
houn, James Buchanan, Daniel Webster, Edward Everett,
W. L. Marcy, William H. Seward, Hamilton Fish, Wil-
liam M. Evarts, Thomas F. Bayard, and James G. Blaine.
In the history of this long-standing dispute, the two
names that will always be most conspicuous because of the
important part these men played in preparing the way for
adjustment by arbitration are Sir Edward Grey, the British
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and Honorable
Elihu Root, American Secretary of State, and later chief
counsel for the United States before the court of arbi-
tration.
The arbitration proceedings began at The Hague on
June 1, 1910, and continued until September 7, 1910, when
the award was announced. The court, by agreement, con-
sisted of five members of the permanent court of arbitra-
tion at The Hague, and its personnel was as follows:
Dr. H. Lammasch, doctor of law, professor of the Uni-
versity of Vienna, aulic councilor, member of the upper
house of the Austrian Parliament.
His Excellency Jonkheer A. F. de Savornin Lohman,
doctor of law, minister of state, former minister of the
interior, member of the second chamber of the Netherlands.
410 Fortieth Annual Meeting
The Hon. George Gray, judge of the United States Cir-
cuit Court of Appeals.
The Right Hon. Sir Charles Fitzpatrick, doctor of law,
chief justice of Canada.
Mr. Luis Maria Drago, doctor of law, former minister
of foreign affairs of the Argentine Republic.
The presentation of the contentions, views, and claims
of the two nations was submitted to the court in printed
form before the formal opening, and was of a most elabo-
rate character. On behalf of the United States, the agent,
Hon. Chandler P. Anderson, prepared for the information
of the court six volumes embodying “The Case of the
United States,” with two appendices, “The Counter Case
of the United States,” with appendix, and “The Argument
of the United States,” the series comprising over 2,500
printed pages. For Great Britain a similar duty devolved
on the agent, Hon. Allen B. Aylesworth, and the amount
of matter thus prepared was about equal to that for the
United States.
The principal part of the proceedings was taken by the
oral argument, which consumed forty sessions and were
delivered by four of the counsel for Great Britain and four
for the United States. The concluding arguments were
by Sir William Robson, Attorney-General of Great Britain,
and Senator Elihu Root. The sessions were held in the
historical Hall of the Knights, and were open to the public.
The most important matter submitted to the tribunal and
covered by the award was that represented by Question 1,
inasmuch as the sovereignty of Great Britain was involved
on one hand and the practical exercise of the fishing rights
by Americans on the other. The tribunal therefore went
most deeply into the controversy, and rendered an opinion
that was in a measure a compromise.
The court decided (1) that the right of Great Britain
to make regulations without the consent of the United
States, as to the exercise of the liberty to take fish under
the treaty, in the form of municipal laws, ordinances, or
American Fisheries Society 411
rules of Great Britain, Canada, or Newfoundland is in-
herent in the sovereignty of Great Britain; (2) that in the
exercise of that liberty the regulations must be made bona
fide and must not be in violation of the treaty; (3) that
such regulations must be (a) appropriate or necessary for
the protection and preservation of the fisheries, or (b) de-
sirable or necessary on grounds of public order or morals
without unnecessarily interfering with the fishery itself,
and (c) equitable and fair as between local and American
fishermen, and not so framed as to give unfairly an advan-
tage to the former over the latter class; (4) that in case of
a difference of opinion between the two nations as to the
reasonableness of any existing fishery regulation made by
Great Britain, Canada, or ‘Newfoundland, the decision
must be made by an impartial commission of expert special-
ists, in accordance with the terms of the special agreement,
the commission to consist of one non-national member to
be designated by the court and of one member to be desig-
nated within one month by each of the parties to the arbi-
tration; (5) that the unanimous opinion of this commis-
sion or the opinion of the non-national member in case of
dispute is recommended for acceptance of the parties, in
lieu of a reconvening of the court; (6) that all future
municipal laws, ordinances, or rules for the regulation of
the fishery in respect to (a) the hours, days, or seasons
when fish may be taken on the treaty coasts, (b) the
methods, means, and implements used in taking fish or in
conducting fishing operations, (c) any other matters of a
similar character, shall be published in the respective offi-
cial gazettes of Great Britain, Canada, or Newfoundland
at least two months before becoming effecive; (7) that if
the United States government considers any such laws or
regulations inconsistent with the treaty of 1818, they shall
not come into effect so far as the inhabitants of the United
States are concerned until approved by a permanent mixed
fishery commission, composed of one expert on behalf of
the United States, one on behalf of Canada, and one on
412 Fortieth Annual Meeting
behalf of Newfoundland, together with an umpire commis-
sioner to be named by the two nations or, in the event of
their failure to agree, by the Queen of the Netherlands.
In accordance with the terms of this part of the award,
the court named as the non-national member of the expert
commission to pass on the existing fishery laws and regu-
lations, Dr. P. P. C. Hoek, scientific fishery adviser of the
Dutch Government and an honorary member of the Ameri-
can Fisheries Society; and within the time specified the
British Government named as its representative Hon.
Donald Morison, minister of justice of Newfoundland, and
the United States Government nominated Dr. Hugh M.
Smith, deputy fish commissioner.
The principal issue in Question 2 was whether American
fishing vessels intending to operate on the treaty coasts
might sail from the home port with skeleton crews and
then take on board in Canadian or Newfoundland ports
enough men to fill out their complement. The award was
that inhabitants of the United States, while exercising their
liberties under the treaty, have he right to employ, as mem-
bers of the fishing crews of their vessels, persons not in-
habitants of the United States.
With regard to Question 3 the court held that an Ameri-
can fishing vessel while exercising its rights under the
treaty should report at the custom-house if the proper con-
veniences for doing so are at hand, but not otherwise, and
that the fishing liberty should not be subjected to the purely
commercial formalities of report, entry, and clearance at a
custom-house, nor to light, harbor, or other dues not im-
posed upon Newfoundland fishermen.
Question 4 is closely related to Question 3, and the
award thereunder is the same. That is, American fishing
vessels entitled under the treaty to enter certain bays or
harbors for shelter, repairs, wood and water, and for no
other purpose whatever, are not liable to have the exercise
of this privilege made conditional on the payment of light,
harbor, or other dues or on the entering at custom-houses.
American Fisheries Society 413
A very interesting and important international point,
that has caused much friction between Canada and the
United States, is the proper way in which to measure the
three-mile limit with respect to bays. Question 5 was
therefore one of the major subjects coming before the
tribunal, and was given much attention by counsel and
court. The principle laid down in the award is that the
three marine miles are to be measured from a straight line
drawn across the body of water at the place where it ceases
to have the configuration and characteristics of a bay, and
that at all other places the three marine miles are to be meas-
ured following the sinuosities of the coast. The extreme
position taken by Great Britain—that bays are to be defined
by lines drawn from headland to headland—was not sus-
tained; but the contention of the United States—that in the
absence of other expressed and acknowledged claims of
sovereignty bays are to be regarded as indentations which
are six miles or less in width at their mouth or are to be
regarded as beginning where the sides of indentations ap-
proach within six miles of each other—was likewise over-
ruled.
Question 6, submitted at the request of the Newfound-
land government and addressed to the vital point whether
United States fishermen really were entitled to the liberties
they had always enjoyed of taking fish in the bays, harbors,
and creeks on the coasts of Newfoundland and on the
Magdalen Islands, was readily answered by the court in
the affirmative. This decision is very important because of
the fact that the Newfoundland government, in the event
of an award favorable to its contention, was preparing to
present a claim for large damages for the value of all the
fish taken by American vessels in the bays of that colony
during the past ninety years.
The final question took cognizance of certain practices
that had grown up in recent years on the coast of New-
foundland. The court held that United States fishing ves-
sels when resorting to the treaty coasts for the purpose cf
414 Fortieth Annual Meeting
exercising their rights under the treaty may, when duly
authorized by the United States Government, also enjoy
the commercial privileges accorded to United States trad-
ing vessels generally, provided that the liberty of fishing
and the privilege of trading are not exercised concurrently.
It is a noteworthy and significant fact that the award
of the court on all the numerous and weighty matters in-
volved was unanimous, with the exception that Mr. Drago
rendered a dissenting opinion on the fifth question.
Epitomizing the results of the award, it appears that
Great Britain received the decision on Question 1, and bene-
fitted rather more than the United States on Question 5.
On all of the other five questions the award favored the
United States; and on Question 1, although the United
States’ contention as to the proper interpretation of the
treaty was not sustained, this country gained all the desired
objects by virtue of the provision of the special agreement
by which local laws and regulations not approved by the
United States Government are to be submitted to an expert
commission,
FIVE YEARS’ PROGRESS IN FISH CULTURE IN
ARGENTINA
By E. A. TuLian
During the five years of the work of the section of fish
culture of the Argentine Department of Agriculture, from
March 1, 1904, to April 1, 1909, it has imported from the
United States, England, and Germany a total of 4,260,400
developed fish eggs of the following species and in the
following numbers:
Vi nitetisle tyes) ony Seat Ss 1,000,000
Dumnat salmon ot mes A 2) 900,000
TASOOMATEOUB Cs, ules a 2 RM oe 587,700
Bile Ce Othen eee ee ee 482,000
Biveblack salmon.) To 2 Ge. 326,500
silver Salmon. a oc be Ss as 288,200
SPCCIIGAG ROE 2). a bes coe 253,000
RANDOM, FHGieE oe et ied. 232,000
andlocked sateionti 0.00 5304.12 140,000
PREIANIG (SANTOR a oe eral 2, 45,000
European brown trout.......... 6,000
4,260,400
During the years 1906, 1907, and 1908 the Nahuel Huapi
and Santa Cruz hatcheries collected a total of 650,640 brook
trout eggs from brood fish which are being reared at these
places. The fish at the Santa Cruz Station spawned for
the first time in 1908, hence the supply of eggs collected
there was very small. It is expected that more than 500,000
to 800,000 eggs will be collected from brood trout at the
Nahuel Huapi, Santa Cruz and La Cumbre hatcheries this
year. The brood fish at La Cumbre are spawning this year
for the first time and the number collected there will be
small, especially as the La Cumbre hatchery is only a tem-
porary one, and the water supply so limited that at best
only a few fish can be reared.
416 Fortieth Annual Meeting
From September 30, 1904, to October 31, 1908, about
500,000 pejerrey eggs were collected, mostly at Lake Chas-
comus, and from these 343,050 developed eggs and young
fish have been distributed. Owing to the prohibition of
fishing in Lake Chascomus since early in 1906, it has been
impossible to extend the pejerrey operations, and the time
and money that under favorable circumstances might have
been profitably employed in this branch of the work, have
been devoted to operations which would bring a more certain
return. In addition to the trouble of securing an adequate
supply of eggs to compensate for the expenditure of time
and money, obstacles were encountered from the fact that
the pejerrey is probably the most difficult fish to propagate
artificially. Some fishes cannot be artificially propagated by
any of the methods known to modern fish culture, and the
pejerrey is closely similar to these species in this respect.
From the 4,260,400 fish eggs imported into this country
there have been hatched 3,545,870 fish; thus the loss on the
entire lot of eggs from the time they were packed at the
different hatcheries in the United States, England, and Ger-
many until they had finished hatching at the different hatch-
eries in Argentina has been but 714,530 eggs, or consider-
ably less than 17 per cent. Many of the eggs were brought
from the most distant points in the United States, often
from the Pacific Coast, and were in the packing cases from
50 to 80 days.
The brook trout planted from the La Cumbre hatchery
in 1907 in the headwaters of the Rio San Miguel and
tributaries, Rio Carappe and tributaries and in the head
waters of the Rio Cosquin and tributaries, all in the Province
of Cordoba, have given splendid results, many trout from
30 to 35 centimeters long having been seen in these waters
by myself and many other people when the fish were but
one year old. One small lot of 200, only 5 to 8 centimetres
long, planted in the Lumsdaine Dique at Cruz Chica near
La Cumbre, resulted in 180 fish from 25 to 30 centimeters
long when they were but one year old, although they had
American Fisheries Society 417
been given no attention by practical fish culturists and sub-
sisted only on the natural food found in the pond.
Many steelhead and rainbow trout, planted in these and
other waters in the Province of Cordoba from the La
Cumbre hatchery in August, September, and October, 1908,
have been seen and they were from 15 to 20 centimeters
long when but 6 months old. Some specimens of the steel-
head trout were taken from the rearing pond at the La
Cumbre hatchery, by the chief of this section and the
“ayudante” in charge of the station, which were from 24
to 27 centimeters long when less than nine months old.
Good reports have been received concerning steelhead and
rainbow trout planted in one lake at the head of the Rio
_ Yala in the Province of Jujury. Dr. Victor Vargas, the
owner of these lakes, wrote me that he had seen many of
the trout and they were 15 to 20 centimeters long. The
letter was written when the fish were six months old.
Robert M. Smyth, Esq., manager for Leach Hermanos at
San Lorenzo, wrote that he had also seen some of the
steelhead and rainbow trout planted in waters near there
and that they were in good condition and growing rapidly.
Nothing has been seen of the rainbow, steelhead and brook
trout planted in the various rivers in the Province of Tucu-
man, but this was to be expected, as these rivers are very
much larger than those in the Province of Cordoba, and
it will be accordingly difficult to find the fish until they are
a year or two old. The brook trout from the La Cumbre
hatchery which were planted in the Arroyos de la Ventana
and San Pablo and their tributaries, all in the Province of
Buenos Aires, have given good results. Sir Rudolfo Funke,
a prominent estanciero, reported in March, 1910, that he
had recently seen large numbers of brook trout in the
Arroyo San Pablo, and a considerable number in the
Arroyo de la Ventana. Mr. Funke assured me that the fish
which he saw were from 25 to 30 centimeters long, and that
he was quite sure of their identity as he had often caught
brook trout in Germany and other portions of Europe.
418 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Early in May Mr. Funke came to see me again and told
me he had recently observed these trout a number of times,
and that he had also seen steelhead and rainbow trout which
we had planted in the same waters from the La Cumbre
hatchery in October, 1908, and that these last named trout
were from 10 to 20 centimeters in length.
That the brook trout planted in the Rio Santa Cruz and
tributaries in 1906 have prospered very well indeed there is
no doubt. The second chief of this section caught two very
fine specimens, male and female, from the Rio Santa Cruz
below the hatchery in March of this year. These specimens
were 30 and 34 centimeters long, respectively, and were in
excellent condition. He also received reports that a con-
siderable number of other trout had been taken from the
Rio Santa Cruz at various times by people who were fishing
with nets for the “trucha criolla’ and pejerrey. The
“ayudante” in charge of the hatchery at Santa Cruz wrote
me under date of April 30, 1909, that a number of trout
had recently been caught in the Rio Santa Cruz, and judg-
ing from the description given they were probably of the
different varieties which have been planted from the Santa
Cruz hatchery at various times during the past three years,
namely, brook, rainbow, and lake trout. On the 20th of
April he was shown one of the trout caught and he tells me
it was a brook trout, and a very fine, healthy specimen, a
female measuring 36 centimeters long and containing a
large number of nearly mature eggs which he judged would
be deposited about the middle of May.
Good reports of the work done by the Nahuel Huapi
hatchery are being continually received, but | need mention
only a few to show the success of the work there. About
the last of December, 1908, the “ayudante” in charge of the
station at Nahuel Huapi, wrote me that he had been at
Lago Traful planting trout in the waters of that region,
and that while there he had done some rod and reel fishing,
using both artificial flies and minnows. One evening while
using an artificial fly in the Rio Traful, about one league
American Fisheries Society 419
below the lake of the same name, he caught brook trout
some 30 or more centimeters long, and one landlocked
salmon 50 centimeters in length. He said further that he
had seen a considerable number of brook trout at various
places in the river. Some time later when fishing with an
artificial minnow he hooked a very large fish which finally
broke his line and disappeared with a portion of it, hook,
minnow, and all. However, before the fish succeeded in
breaking the line it had been hauled in close enough for him
to get a fairly good view of it, and he believed it to have
been a lake trout, knowing it was neither a “trucha criolla”
nor a brook trout, and being almost positive that it was not
a landlocked salmon. He did not state and I have not yet
learned whether the fish which broke the line was hooked
in the Rio Traful or in Lake Traful. Judging, however,
from the fact that he was using an artificial minnow instead
of an artificial fly, I am led to believe he was fishing in Lago
Traful, and if so, I feel quite positive that the fish hooked
was a lake trout. The only landlocked salmon, brook and
lake trout planted in Lago Traful and waters in that
vicinity, previous to last year, were put there by myself in
May, 1904, hence the fish caught were results of this plant
from the first lot of Salmonidz ever brought to Argentina.
The fact that this large landlocked salmon was caught and
identified by the “ayudante” in charge of the Nahuel Huapi
hatchery leads me to feel sure that the introduced fishes
taken at various times from the Rio Negro between Chilforo
and its mouth by net fishermen were landlocked salmon. If
so, this will likely prove an easy means of populating
suitable waters of Argentina with Atlantic salmon, which I
have always thought feasible. It was partly with this idea
that I had landlocked salmon brought to the country with
every lot of eggs imported (excepting upon two occasions
when they could not be obtained because of the season of
the year).
Information relative to the introduced fishes mentioned
above as having been taken from the Rio Negro between
420 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Chilforo and its mouth was given to me verbally by the
late Mr. Moncreif. According to this gentleman, while
he was on expedition going down the river about the middle
of the year 1908, the fishermen who fish with nets in the
river told him at different times they had on various occa-
sions caught strange fish with spots on fins and tails. I
believe these fish to have been landlocked salmon, resulting
from plants in Lakes Nahuel Huapi, Traful, Gutierrez,
Correntosa, etc., early in 1904.
I might mention here that except the whitefish every
species of fish hatched at the Nahuel Huapi hatchery early
in 1904, and planted in the lakes and rivers and streams
of that region, has been found and identified, and | am
not at all discouraged because the whitefish has not been
found, as I do not believe it has been fished for in the
proper localities and under proper circumstances. The
whitefish is rarely ever taken on a hook, and then only in
very swift waters through some portion of a lake which it
inhabits, and to catch it is the work of experienced fisher-
men with the proper kind of nets. The brook trout are
propagating naturally in the streams in the Nahuel Huapi
region, and large quantities of small fish from 5 to 8 centi-
meters long are annually taken from irrigating ditches and
transferred to suitable waters by the “ayudante’’ in charge
of the hatchery and his assistants, thus saving thousands
of trout which would otherwise be lost by the drying up
of these ditches later in the season when the water which
flows through them is turned into other channels.
In a report written by the “ayudante”’ at the hatchery at
Nahuel Huapi on May 14th of this year, he states that to
date he had collected a total of 122,500 eggs during the
month and that all but 26,000 of these eggs were from wild
trout taken from the Rio Nirihuah, Arroyos, Cordoba, Cha-
cabuco, Taylor, etc. A telegram from this same source on
June 6th reported a total of 390,000 eggs collected to that
date. It did not state the number taken from wild trout,
but probably more than one-half were from this source,
American Fisheries Society 421
while the other 50 per cent were taken from the stock fish
at the station. In May while fishing was in progress in the
Rio Nirihuah for trout from which to collect eggs, one
brook trout was caught measuring 48 centimeters in length,
and weighing probably about two kilos or more. This fish
was full of eggs. The same day a female landlocked
salmon, measuring 43 centimeters was taken, but she had
already deposited her eggs. A great many very fine trout
and landlocked salmon have been taken at various times
from the Rio Nirihuah.
We continue to receive reports which indicate the complete
success resulting from the developed pejerrey eggs planted
in various waters of the republic where no pejerrey existed.
Some time ago, in January of this year, I believe, Mr.
Schultz, of the Officina Meteorologica, told me that it was
found necessary to remove the water from the small pond
at their magnetic observatory at Pilar, and that when the
pond was almost dry several specimens of pejerrey 15 to 20
centimeters in length were captured. These were the result
of a small number of eggs planted in this pond in October
or November of 1907. Early in May of this year I was told
by Mr. M. G. Fortune, of San Martin 195, that he had been
recently informed by Mr. David Ripley, of Buena Esper-
anza, that he (Mr. Ripley) had seen hundreds of pejerrey
from 15 to 25 centimeters long in the laguna on his estancia,
where he had planted a small number of pejerrey eggs fur-
nished to him by this section, in October, 1907. Under
date of November 20, 1908, Mr. Edmundo Wernicke, of
the estancia “Don Roberto,” Mercedes, Province of San
Luis, wrote me that he had stocked many lakes in that
province with pejerrey by taking the fish from his lakes in
which I planted developed eggs in November, 1904. I quote
the following from his letter: “When you return to your
country you may be sure you leave many friends in the
Province of San Luis who have never met you, but who
know you through your work of having introduced the
pejerrey into this section of the country. The people of the
422 Fortieth Annual Meeting
Province of San Luis have you to thank for their
pejerrey, etc.”
While fish culture in this country has a very good start,
it is yet in its infancy, and there still remains a vast amount
of work to be accomplished in salmon and pejerrey propa-
gation and distribution. Besides these there are other
fmportant branches to be taken up which will prove of
equal, if not of greater value to this country. I have re-
peatedly called the attention of the superior authorities to
the advantages to be derived from introducing the small-
mouth and large-mouth black bass. These fishes and
others of the same family would prove most valuable for
stocking a vast area of waters in this republic, which aver-
age too warm and are not sufficiently clear for members of
the salmon tribe. Pike perch (Stizostedion vitreum)
would also prove a valuable addition to the waters of Ar-
gentina, as would likewise shad and striped bass.
That fish culture in the Republic of Argentina has a great
future I am fully convinced.
NOTES ON FOREIGN FISH CULTURE AND
FISHERIES *
MANURING PONDS
With the various views and experiences which have here-
tofore been published in your esteemed journal permit me
to bring to general knowledge my own methods, which have
in practice for some years proved themselves to be of the
best. I own two nurse-ponds, of 2 and 3 hectares (5 to 7
acres ) area respectively, whose water supply I can regulate
at pleasure. They lie dry from the middle of October to
the end of May. In April they are dressed with air-slacked
lime and plowed about 9 inches deep. The bottom is humus,
with a clay subsoil. The last of June I begin the applica-
tion of human and animal excrement—not direct on the
edges of the nurse-ponds, but in so-called crustacea-ponds,
15 to 20 qm. (150 to 200 sq. ft.) in area and about 1 meter
(39 in.) deep which are located about 4 meters (13 ft.)
above the nurse-ponds and communicate with them. In a
short time—in warm weather 10 or 14 days—the water
assumes a greenish color and these ponds swarm with life,
of which | let some into the nurse-ponds at intervals of 8
days or so, according to the water temperature. Thereby,
in my opinion, not only is the infecting of the water in the
nurse-ponds prevented, but the fry find always a table set,
and an exhaustion of the natural food in the pond is pre-
vented. | cease supplying this food at the beginning of
October. Last year I fished out in the seven-acre pond
65,000 carp yearlings 6 to 12 cm. (21% to 5 in.) long. This
year, unfortunately, 15 trout got in and the yield is there-
fore very small.—Correspondent of “ Fischerei-Zeitung ”
(Neudamm), November 13, 1909.
*Selected and translated by Mr. Charles G. Atkins and presented as
the fourth report of the Committee on Foreign Relations of which —
Mr. Atkins is chairman.
424 Fortieth Annual Meeting
COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS FOR PONDS
If agricultural lands are treated with lime, Thomas-meal,
kainit and saltpeter, then the cultivated plants can by means
of their roots get lime, phosphoric acid, potash and nitrogen
from the soil and grow luxuriantly. In water culture the
biological process is somewhat different. In this case the
plant food is taken up and elaborated by sundry species of
alge, especially the one-celled algze that are in suspension
in pond water, and serve as excellent food for the minute
creatures that constitute the food of carp. These algz have
no roots and are therefore not able to extract plant food
from the bottom of the pond. The swimming alge get
their nutrition from the water, and so the fertilizers to be
used in pond work must be soluble in water.
As Thomas-meal contains phosphoric acid soluble only in
citrates it is not available for water-fertilization. In the
above-mentioned experiments the fertilizing of the potash,
nitrogen and lime become available only so far as the soluble
acid already naturally present in the water suffices for the
growth of alge. Instead of Thomas-meal let us in pond-
culture use superphosphate which is decomposed by means
of sulphuric acid. In such superphosphates the phosphoric
acid is present in a form soluble in water, so that this plant
food can be extracted from the water and appropriated by
the alee. We might also get water-soluble phosphoric acid
in decomposed Peruvian guano. This contains, besides
phosphoric acid, also nitrogen, lime and some potash. It is
quite high in price and can without waste of the precious
nitrogen, only be used in such ponds as have little or no
humus. Some years ago in some poor ponds of this sort,
after first liming the pond-bottoms, I used Peruvian guano
with an addition of salts of potash, with entire success.
That was a complete manuring, in which the leading plant
foods were furnished in sufficient quantity for an enor-
mous development of the suspended alge. In most ponds
water-soluble phosphoric acid is present in too small quan-
American Fisheries Society 425
tity and therefore a fertilization with superphosphates is
especially to be recommended.’
Potash can also be had in water-soluble form as well as in
40 per cent salts of potash and in about 14 per cent kainit.
Both these fertilizers can be spread on the bottom before
letting on the water or in the pond later.
In the use of nitrogenous fertilizers in pond-culture the
greatest care is enjoined. Most pond-floors have naturally
a pretty high nitrogen-content. There are often great
masses of humus accumulated, and for the pond-culturist it
only remains to make this store of nitrogen active. The
means to this end are:
1. Thorough drainage and deoxidation for the pond-bot-
tom, since water and humic acids are antiseptic in their
influence.
2. Laying the pond completely dry during the winter, to
crumble the bottom.
3. Liming of the pond, to induce a more rapid decomposi-
tion of the humic constituents of the bottom and a chemical
fixation of the pernicious humic acids.
In feeding-ponds there is at first no nitrogenous manuring
necessary since the nitrogenous content of the food, gen-
erally abundant, is only partly digested by the fish, and the
undigested remnant suffices for the fertilization of the
water. Only in case of ponds poor in humus without suffi-
cient fructifying flooding from outside, is a trial of fertiliza-
tion with water-soluble nitrates to be advised.
The liming of the pond should not be omitted on earths
containing little or no lime, for reasons already given, and
also because the lime is an important constituent of plants,
indispensable to suspended algz; not to mention the destruc-
tive influence of the quicklime or burnt lime on the disease-
inciters and parasites in the pond. If burnt lime is used
for pond fertilization, wait at least fourteen days after its
application. Ponds occupied by fish should be dressed only
with ground lime-carbonate to avoid endangering the fish.
How much of each kind of commercial fertilizer should
426 Fortieth Annual Meeting
be used under different circumstances cannot be exactly
prescribed. The demand depends upon the character of the
pond and that is, as all know, of the greatest variety. The
material presumed to be necessary (superphosphate, lime,
potash and later nitrogen) must absolutely be in the pond
together when it is filled, that the algze may find all necessary
aliments, dissolved in the water, in sufficient quantity at the
same time. So soon as any one of the leading ingredients
in the pond is used up, the increase of the alge and with it
the production of food-animals and carp-flesh comes to a
standstill. So it would be a mistake to fertilize, say, one
year exclusively with lime, next summer with superphos-
phate and the third year with potash.
That ponds which are to receive a fertilizing of the bot-
tom or of the water must be free from litter and that no
water must flow through them is plain from reasons stated
above.
By continued water-fertilization, no matter whether it is
done with liquid manure, stable manure, etc.. or with suit-
able commercial fertilizers, the fish culturist endeavors to
produce by artificial means the conditions of village ponds,
that is, to work the ponds up to the highest possible natural
growth. This, however, would not be a complete success,
and will not be reached until these good ponds are heavily
stocked and the fishes fed accordingly. The more algz and
food-animals a pond produces, the better fitted it is for
intensive feeding, and the more favorable results will this
feeding yield. Rich fertilization and correct feeding must
be the watchword in pond-culture.—ZInstructor Behringer,
in “Journal of the Agricultural Society of Bavaria.”
CARP CULTURE IN FRANCE
In the vicinity of Paris it is generally about the first of
June that the carp spawns. But the date varies a great
deal, according to atmospheric conditions; a cold spring re-
tards it, just as untimely heat may accelerate it. Actually
this species spawns when the water has attained a tempera-
American Fisheries Society 427
ture of about 20° centigrade (68° F.). It is to be
remarked, however, that carp do not all spawn at the same
time. Those six or seven years old spawn much later than
younger fishes—that is to say, not until July, or even August,
long after the others are through. This explains how last
season fry were frequently found of two distinct sizes—a
fact that has led some breeders to believe that the carp may
spawn twice in succession the same season when meteoro-
logical conditions are favorable. This is an error of obser-
vation. Fry of good size in autumn come from the spawn-
ing of young fish which spawn about the end of May or
beginning of June, while very small fry, which are found
mixed with the others, come from eggs laid in August by
very old carp.
Ten days are enough in warm weather to effect the
hatching of the eggs, and the fry develop pretty rapidly
when they find sufficient nourishing food. Nevertheless,
even those hatch very early, that is to say, in the first days
of June, and transported under favorable conditions, hardly
measure more than 3 or 4 centimeters (114 to 1% in.) in
length at the utmost. At this age, and even much later in
the season, they are liable to be destroyed in large numbers
by ducks, which it is therefore important to keep out of the
waters occupied by fry. These palmipedes are also harmful
at the spawning of the fish. Indeed, having the habit of
dabbling along the shores, where the carp generally spawn,
of diving to the bottom and digging in the mud, they are a
continual detriment to the waters that they frequent; little
by little the muddy cloud settles on the submerged aquatic
plants, soon covering the carp eggs adhering to these herbs
with a layer of sediment impermeable to the air, and the
embryos are smothered and perish for want of oxygen.
The pike is very often used in ponds to prevent too great
an abundance either of carp fry or of “white fishes ” (bleak,
roach, etc. ), the swarms of which may appropriate too great
a proportion of the fish-food, to the detriment of the market
428 Fortieth Annual Meeting
carp, which, in consequence, are thus hindered from develop-
ing well and attaining soon enough the marketable size.
But other carnivorous fishes can just as well be employed
to do the same work. When a pond is in question where
waters are not habitually disturbed and not subject to too
extended droughts during the high summer temperatures,
above. 24° ‘or 25° centigrade (75°: or 76° “E)) >) for ale
pike substitute with profit the rainbow trout, which is sal-
able at a much higher price. Stock with fish nine to
twelve months old, putting them into the pond either in
autumn or spring at the rate of about 150 to 200 per hectare
(60 to 80 per acre), and the product of a piece of water
ought to be by this means considerably increased. But it will
not be amiss to recall the fact that the rainbow trout is far
from lending itself to manipulations which are necessary in
fishing a pond with the same facility as the carp. When the
carp has to be fished out and left for a few days in the fish-
ing-place of the pond, which is always muddy at the moment
of emptying, the trout, on the other hand, contracts almost
always an inflammation of the gills which, if it does not
cause immediate death, at least condemns the fish to lead
henceforth a languishing and pining life.
In ponds where the water gets too warm in summer for
the rainbow trout, one can employ perch to take the place of
the pike. While the pike eats scarcely anything but fish,
the perch, compelled by the small size of its mouth to come
down to more modest prey, turns to account worms, in-
sects and small crustaceans, which are disdained by the
pike. The perch thus utilizes nutritive elements which
would be lost with the pike. It also profits better from
the food it consumes, and grows proportionally more than
the pike, on an equal amount of food. According to the
richness of the bottom and the resources in food supplied
by the water, it is possible, in a pond devoted to carp, to
raise also from 100 to 200 perch per hectare (40 to 80 per
acre). A pond skirted by woods which supply it with a
good many insects, or receiving waters charged with
American Fisheries Society 429
nutritive elements, may easily support 200 perch per hectare.
But we may keep in view the fact that in some regions the
perch is less salable than the pike at a remunerative price.
The fish culturist should inform himself on this subject in
the region where he is at work before deciding between
the two species.—Raveret-Wattel, in “L’Acclimatation”
(Paris).
THE ARTIFICIAL CULTURE AND HATCHING OF PIKE
I have read much about the artificial hatching of pike,
but only in brief paragraphs, for the most part unintelligible
to a layman. In the following statement I will endeavor
to inform the laity about my experience in the hatching and
rearing of pike; for with the steadily growing decrease of
the pike and the even more rapid increase in price of the
same, it will pay everyone where opportunity offers to
multiply the pike as much as possible through artificial
hatching and rearing.
First I will describe the artificial impregnation and in-
cubation of the pike for such fishery owners or tenants as
possess springs on their premises or any sort of water-
course with a fall of at least one meter. The greater the
fall the better fitted it is for the setting up of hatching
jars—for the hatching in jars is the easiest and simplest.
For everyone who owns or leases a lake it is an easy
thing to provide himself with good material in the shape
of spawning pike. Suitable fishes for this purpose are
females of 2 to 4 pounds, and males of any size. One must
have plenty of males, for pike are poor milters and it takes
five to ten males to fertilize the eggs of a two-pound pike,
for the success of the work depends on ample fertilization.
In the incubation of the eggs the main thing is that the
water should have a temperature of 8° R. (50° F.).
Take a shallow plate or other dish, clean it carefully,
put water into it, take a ripe roe-fish, which can be
recognized in this way, that when it is grasped by the head,
430 Fortieth Annual Meeting
held up over the dish and stroked with the hand slowly
downwards, the spawn runs out of itself. When the spawn
is all out, take a milter that is ready at hand in a tub and
proceed in the same way with him. With the milter one
may give a severer pressure, for the milt does not run very
readily from a pike.
When one has got enough milt he takes a feather and
very gently stirs the spawn a few minutes, lets it stand a
few minutes and then washes the eggs off, turns them with
a little water into the plate, stirs them slowly about with
the feather and then carefully pours the water off. This
is repeated eight or ten times and then the eggs are turned
into the hatching boxes standing ready: the best hatching
boxes are of wood with wire-cloth inner apparatus. ‘The
water should fall into the box at one end with a drop of
about a foot, in such a way that the eggs shall not be dis-
turbed by the jet of water. At the other end of the box,
the water runs off through some holes bored in the box,
which must, however, be so located as to keep the eggs 114-
inch under water. After putting them into the boxes the
eggs must be spread out evenly in the wire basket (or inner
box) with a feather. One who has not fall enough to use
hatching jars, must pick them after four or five days; for
the bad eggs must be removed, else the good eggs will be
infected by the bad ones and the whole thing become a
mass of fungus. The picking can be done with a pair of
long wooden pliers which one can make for himself.
It is certainly easier if one can use hatching jars, which
can be bought of Koysi in Munich. If the eggs are to be
hatched in jars, fit a faucet to a trough or long box. To
the faucet attach a rubber hose of a length corresponding
to the available fall. The other end of the hose is to be
drawn on to a glass tube 40 or 50 centimeters (15 or 20
inches) long, taking care that the inner diameter of the hose
is greater than that of the tube: the glass tube is pushed
through a board with a hole of a size to secure a close fit.
The board is laid across the jar. Let the water run till
American Fisheries Society 431
the jar is three-quarters full, then pour in the eggs out of
the hatching box, let the jar run full and regulate the glass
tube by pushing down or drawing up in the board so that
the eggs will be continually in motion. Take care that all
the eggs are in motion, and none of them get piled on the
bottom at one side. Before the eggs are put into the jars,
they should first stand three or four days in the hatch-
ing box.
After the eggs have been three or four days in the jar
~ take away the board and the tube. When the eggs have
settled down on the bottom of the jar it will be found that
the good eggs have separated themselves from the bad, the
fertilized eggs lying all underneath on the bottom and the
bad eggs on top. Now turn the water slowly out of the
jar, and the bad eggs will run out with the water. Should
some of the bad eggs get mixed with the good ones, then
let in the water again till the jar is half full and repeat the
turning off.
Now insert the glass tube again in the jar and regulate
it so that the eggs are all in motion. Should bad eggs
again show themselves, repeat the operation. As soon as
the eye-points appear, pour the eggs back into the hatching
boxes. Should a few bad ones appear among them, they
may be taken out with pliers. Commonly, after three or
four days all the fish will be hatched. Let them stay in
the boxes till they have lost the yolk-sac. Then take them
out with a small gauze dipnet, put them in a pail of water
and liberate them in the lake or pond in a sunny and
quiet spot.
A man who has one or more ponds at his disposal grown
with a good deal of grass and sedge, and stocked with not
too small carp or other high-class fish, will do well to put
the pike fry in them until autumn. For food give, if avail-
able, fish-spawn, which is just fine for small pike. In the
fall they have commonly grown so that it takes five to ten
for a pound, and they can then be released in the lake,
or will find ready purchasers for stocking purposes.
432 Fortieth Annual Meeting
One who has not the opportunity to set up hatching jars
or boxes may proceed with the fertilization of pike-eggs
in the way described above, and lay them out in the open
lake, selecting the shallowest and best sheltered spots, if
possible with a grassy bottom, or even on overflowed
meadows, that will stand three or four weeks under water.
Before all, care must be taken in laying out the spawn, that
it is well spread out, so that the eggs shall touch each other
as little as possible; for if a bad egg comes in contact with
a good one, the good one is spoiled.—Albert Michaelis, in
“ Fischerei-Zeitung’ (Neudamm), December 18, 1909.
EEL CULTURE IN GERMANY
The position held by eel culture in the estimation of the
leading German authorities is perhaps best shown by the
following extract from the annual report of the Central
Fishery Society of Schleswig-Holstein for 1907-8:
“Of all measures that can be taken for the improvement
of the fish of our waters and the increase of their product,
the generous planting with eels appears to be the most im-
portant, especially for our numerous North German waters,
A plentiful stocking of our waters, first of all the lakes,
and then the flowing waters, with eels is really more im-
portant than many other fish distributions. The eel offers
an excellent means of utilizing the nutritive material of our
waters. Its principal foods (the larger insect-larve,
bivalves and snails, water-fleas and bugs, ruffs and stickle-
backs, and other small worthless fishes), everywhere to be
found in considerable quantities, can hardly be utilized and
turned into fish-flesh to the same extent by any other fish
and certainly not by any so valuable fish as the eel. The
cel always finds ready sale at very good prices. All organs
upon which devolves the care of the German fisheries should
therefore give the greatest attention to the multiplication
of this fish in our waters. The stocking of our inland
waters with eels depends at present on the ascent of eel-fry
from the sea—from the North Sea and the Baltic.
American Fisheries Society 433
“As is well known, eels do not breed in our inland waters,
nor in the Baltic. Their spawning is done exclusively in the
ocean where the depth exceeds 1000 meters (3280 ft.) and
at places where, even at these great depths, a temperature
not lower than 7° C. (44° F.) prevails. The spawning
grounds of the eel that are of greatest importance to us lie
off the west coast of the European Continent—off the
British and French west coasts and the coast of northern
Spain, at the point where the great plateau on which the
North European continent stands, falls off sharply into the
Atlantic basin and reaches depths exceeding 1000 meters.
Especially important spawning grounds of the eel appear to
lie southwesterly from Ireland and the mouth of the
Bristol Channel. To these spawning grounds resort ap-
parently all the eels grown in German waters and emigrat-
ing from the same every year, in anticipation of the ripen-
ing of their sexual products. From these remote spawning
grounds, then, must the young fry retrace the whole long
road back in order to enter our German waters. If. in spite
of this immense distance, large numbers of eel-fry appear
every year in the lower courses of our German rivers, the
fact shows that the reproduction of the eel on its spawning
grounds must be on an immense scale. Nevertheless if a
slow but steady decrease in the catch of eels in our waters
appears to have set in, it would indicate that there was a
decrease in the immensity of the eel-fry immigration.
“In our waters themselves there existed increased diffi-
culties for the ascent of the eel-fry, in this way, that the
dams, which were formerly of inferior construction and
gave the ascending eel-fry many an opportunity to slip
through, have been so much improved by rebuilding that
the surmounting of these dams is made completely im-
possible for eel-fry. We must confidently expect a decline
more and more rapid of the product of our eel-fisheries
unless measures are taken immediately for a plentiful stock-
ing of our waters with eel-fry. This can be done and is
done at many places in two ways; first by the construction
434 Fortieth Annual Meeting
of eel-ladders over the dams that are impassable for the
fry, or by an intensive stocking with young eels, supplying
the waters thus in an artificial way with what can no longer
get to them in a natural way. For this purpose we should
use either fry or partially grown eels. The latter would
seem to be the better, having already reached greater age
and acquired greater resisting power, compared with the
tender fry that must be exposed to heavy losses after their
liberation. But to get the larger eels in sufficient numbers
is very difficult, and for a really ample yearly stocking of
all waters that must be considered it would be impossible ;
for it must be remembered that since the eel does not re-
produce in our inland waters, a single stocking or an
occasionally repeated stocking does not answer, but that the
stocking must be repeated every year.
“For partially grown eels there are thus far but few
sources available—only the water courses tributary to the
North and Baltic Seas. The supply of fry assumes in
anticipation a position of great importance so soon as
the difficulties of transportation from England to the inland
waters are remedied, and should receive increased attention.
Hitherto the eel-fry used in stocking German waters have
come exclusively from Italy—all from the lower Arno.
They were furnished at prices that yielded a handsome profit
to the contractors, to be sure, but for persistent and effectual
stocking of great lakes on a large scale they were too dear.
This spring, by direction of the German Fishery Union, ex-
periments have been made in the importation of eel-fry from
England. Although these first transfers had to labor under
many unexpected difficulties, yet the kernel of the project
is sound, and the importation should later, with the great
care and exertion thus far applied, develop more favorable
conditions.”
The appendix to the above report contains a detailed
account of the conduct of several trips to England on
account of the eel-fry importation between August, 1907,
and May, 1908. Three importations of the fry were made
American Fisheries Society 435
in the spring of the year 1908, yielding a total of 1,670,000
eel-fry landed alive in Germany at Cuxhaven. These were
distributed widely in interior waters. The work was con-
tinued in 1909 and 1910. In the latter year a total of
3,250,000 eel-fry were brought over in excellent condition
from England to Hamburg.
In 1909 there were established by the German Fishery
Societies numerous stations along the coast for observa-
tions on eels, especially as to their upward migration. The
observers were fitted out with nets of special construction,
with thermometers for water temperature and with material
for preservation of specimens. Such fry as were captured
were utilized by conveying them to inland waters.
Several books have been published in German devoted
exclusively to the eel. The latest of these is the ‘“‘Fluss-aal”
(river-eel) by Dr. Emil Walter, issued in 1910, an octavo
volume of 365 pages with 122 illustrations.
THE HORNED POUT OR BULLHEAD IN FRANCE
The question of catfish is always a present one, and the
controversy over this species is always alive.
Monsieur Kuenstler, Professor of Sciences at Bordeaux,
has lately made a new contribution to the discussion. Will
it be final? Hardly probable, but it is of importance, as
one may judge from the following extracts:
“A zealous press, not well informed, devotes enthusiastic
articles to the American Silurus. Leaving the journals
alone with their ardent descriptions, we have made some
observations to inform ourselves about the habits, qualities
and defects of the Ameiurus.
“In an aquarium he is difficult to keep a long time with
other fishes, which he quickly destroys, if he finds hiding
places during the day. He hunts all night and is one of
the most dangerous enemies of fry, which he snaps up while
they sleep. We have seen him practice his voracity on
Salmonoid fry, gobbling them up whole or tearing off their
fins and tails. For want of other fry he eats his own kind.
436 Fortieth Annual Meeting
We have also seen small ones attack carp of larger size
than themselves, fiercely entering the mouths and holding
on by seizing the tongue or the side of the mouth, in which
they bury the spines of their pectorals, thus causing local
sores slow to heal. Whatever the species with which they
are placed, the catfish quickly depopulate the basin. Their
exclusively animal diet places them under an unavoidable
necessity.
“One may judge from the result of one of the experi-
ments tried in a pond in the public garden of Bordeaux,
where they generally cultivate carp, roach, perch, etc., of
which the fry are sent each spring to the Garonne. In
1907 with the mature breeders of the usual species there
were introduced twelve hundred catfish one year old. The
fishing at the beginning of May, 1908, was disconcerting.
Where they had been accustomed to find swarms of small
fish, not a single one could be found. The disaster cor-
responding with the introduction of the Ameiurus, it can
hardly be doubtful (see also the results of other similar
researches) that the responsibility lies in that direction.
“Tn a word it is the conclusion from all the observations
that the catfish is dreadfully carnivorous. The most
cursory examination of the contents of his intestine proves
that. Motionless and hidden during the day, it surprises
its victims during the night. A speedy depopulation of the
waters is the result of its dissemination, which is a veritable
public calamity. There is, happily, a corrective of the
disastrous effects of the activities of ill-inspired zealots:
the catfish generally disappears without appreciable cause,
by pure and simple extinction: more than that, its voracity
makes it the predestined prey of line-fishermen.”’
This arraignment by Professor Kuenstler is severe. With-
out doubt it will dispel some of their illusions for the
champions of the catfish—for those at least who are not
prejudiced in the matter.—From “Bulletin Populaire de la
Pisciculture’ (Paris), May, 1909.
American Fisheries Society 437
A FISHERMAN’S SCHOOL IN BAVARIA
A Bavarian Fisherman’s School is to be established in
Starnberg by the Landesfischereiverein (Rural Fishery
Union) with the support of Privy Counsellor Uhles. The
school is to afford young people over 16 years of age op-
portunity to get a thorough education, theoretical and
practical, in the callings of fisherman and fishery-manager,
to which end the vicinity of Starnberg affords demonstra-
tion-objects in abundance. The first course is held from
January 7th to February 19th. The tuition is free, and to
citizens of Bavaria aid up to 60 marks is granted. On
completion of the course the pupils receive certificates. The
direction of the school is assigned to Dr. Walter Hein,
scientific associate of the Royal Biological Experiment
Station at Munich, to whom inquiries and announcements
are to be addressed.
These fishermen’s schools, as established in Fried-
richshagen and Munich, supply a long felt need. They are
the first step in a path that will, it is to be hoped, lead to
permanent arrangements of this sort and have a favorable
influence on the development of our professional fishermen.
Privy Counsellor Uhles, who is to be thanked for this ar-
rangement, has thereby given a new proof of his active
interest in our fishing class.—From “ Fischerei-Zeitung”
(Neudamm), November 13, 1900.
DISCUSSION
Mr. Titcoms: Mr. Atkins is chairman of the committee and
has done a large amount of faithful work in reading and translat-
ing foreign articles and getting them into shape for use. I have a
rather lengthy report from him, which, owing to the large number of
papers on the program, I am not going to read. But each one interested
will want to read it and think over it. It treats of intensive pond cul-
ture, manuring of ponds to produce food, and treatment of ponds in
general in producing food for fishes. That is an important feature.
It treats also of eel culture, pike propagation, and other subjects in
fish culture.
In this connection, if I may be permitted to do so, I will call your
attention to a subject which was assigned to me for a paper, on the
438 Fortieth Annual Meeting
matter of the scientific feeding of fish. I was obliged to decline to
prepare a paper at this time, because I did not have opportunity to do
it, but the subject assigned me is one in which I am very much interested,
though on which I am very ignorant. I wish to say, however, in con-
nection with this report of the Committee on Foreign Relations, that
the European countries seem to be far ahead of us in the production
of fish food, in natural or artificial ponds, and that we are very
ignorant on the subject of the scientific feeding of fish or the feeding
of fish with artificial food. We do not know how much nourishment
the fish get from the various kinds of food with which we supply them,
especially the trout. The agriculturalists of this country today know
more about feeding their cows; the scientific farmer knows where he
gets the most milk and what it costs to feed, and all that sort of thing,
a great deal more than we do about feeding fish. I merely bring this
up in connection with this report, because I hope it is a subject which
will interest more fish culturists as well as the scientists.
LIST OF MEMBERS, 1910-1911
(Showing year of election to membership)
HONORARY MEMBERS
The President of the United States, Witt1am H. Tart.
The Governors of the several States:
Alabama, Emmet O’NEAL.
Alaska, WaLTER FE. CLark.
Arkansas, GEORGE W. DoNAGHEY.
California, Hrram W. Jounson.
Colorado, Joun F. SHAFROTH.
Connecticut, Stmzon E. BaLpwin.
Delaware, SIMEON S. PENNEWILL.
Florida, ALBERT W. GILCHRIST.
Georgia, Jos M. Brown.
Idaho, James H. Hawtey.
Illinois, Cartes S. DENEEN.
Indiana, THos. R. MarsHALt.
Towa, BEryt F. CARROLL.
Kansas, WALTER R. Stupss.
Kentucky, Aucustus E. WIitson.
Louisiana, JARED Y. SANDERs.
Maine, FREDERICK W. PLAISTED.
Maryland, Austin L. Croruers.
Massachusetts, EUGENE N. Foss.
Michigan, CHASE S. OsBorNE.
Minnesota, ADoLPH O. EBERHART.
Mississippi, Epmonp N. Noe .
Missouri, Herspert S, Hap.ey.
Montana, Epwin L. Norris.
Nebraska, CuEster H. Atpricu.
Nevada, TAsKER L. Oppie.
New Hampshire, Rozert P. Bass.
440 Fortieth Annual Meeting
New Jersey, Wooprow WItson.
New York, Joun A, Drx.
North Carolina, Witt1am W. KITCHIN.
North Dakota, JoHN BuRKE.
Ohio, Jupson Harmon.
Oklahoma, LEE CRUCE.
Oregon, OswaLp WEsT.
Pennsylvania, JouN K. TENER.
Rhode Island, ArAm J. PoTHIER.
South Carolina, CoLE L. BLEASE.
South Dakota, Ropert S. VESSEY.
Tennessee, BEN W. Hooper.
Texas, O. B. CoLgulrtrt.
Utah, WILLIAM Spry.
Vermont, JOHN ABNER MEapD.
Virginia, Witt1AM H. Mann.
Washington, Marton E. Hay.
West Virginia, Wi1LL1AmM E. GLASScocK.
Wisconsin, FRANcIS E. McGovern.
Wyoming, Jos—EpH M. Carey.
708 AntTIPA, Pror. Dr. GreEGorrE, Inspector-General of
Fisheries, Bucharest, Roumania.
"06 BESANA, GIUSEPPE, President of the Lombardy Fish-
eries Society, Via Rugabella 19, Milan, Italy.
709 Biue RipcE Rop AnD GuN Ctus, Harper’s Ferry,
W. Va.
"93 BoropINE, Nicuoras, 10th Linie 5, St. Petersburg,
Russia.
"04 DenzsicH, Lorp, Colonel of the Honorable Artillery
Company, London, England.
’°89 Fisu PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION OF EASTERN PENNSYL-
vANIA, 1020 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa.
704 Fryer, CHARLES E., Supervising Inspector of Fisheries,
Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, Eng-
land.
06
04
04
08
88
04
04
09
05
08
01
06
he fe
06
0°70
92
06
08
06
American Fisheries Society 441
Hoek, Dr. P. P. C., Scientific Fishery Adviser of the
Dutch Government, Haarlem, Holland.
Horer, Pror. Dr. Bruno, Biological Research Station
for Fisheries, Munich, Germany.
KisHINOUYE, Dr. K., Imperial Fisheries Bureau,
Tokyo, Japan.
KiTraHARA, Dr. Tasaku, Imperial Fisheries Bureau,
Tokyo, Japan.
LAKE St. CLAIR SHOOTING AND FISHING CLUB, De-
troit, Mich.
LawrENCE-HaAmILtTon, Dr. J., M. R. C. S., 30 Sussex
Square, Brighton, England.
MarsuBarA, Pror. S., President Imperial Fisheries In-
stitute, Tokyo, Japan.
NaceL, Hon. Cuas., Secretary of Commerce and
Labor, Washington, D. C.
New York ASSOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF FISH
AND Game, New York City.
Norpevist, Dr. Oscar FrRitjor, Superintendent of
Fisheries, Lund, Sweden.
Peck, Hon. Georce W., Milwaukee, Wis.
PERRIER, Pror. EpMonpD, Director Museum of Natural
History, Paris, France.
SOUTHSIDE SPORTSMEN’S CLuB, Oakdale, L. I., N. Y.
STEINDACHNER, Pror. Dr. FRANz, Royal Natural
History Museum, Vienna, Austria.
StonE, Livineston, 835 E. Hutchinson Ave., Swiss-
vale, Pa.
VINCIGUERRA, Pror. Dr. DeEcio, Director Royal Fish
Cultural Station, Rome, Italy.
Von Grimm, Dr. Oscar, Inspector-General of Fish-
eries, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Von Kapicu, Dr. HENrRicH, Department of Forestry
and Domain, Vienna, Austria.
Von Pirko, Franz, President Austrian Fishery
Society, Vienna, Austria.
"84
7,
04
04
"84
01
02
(US
08
"07
"84
84
09
89
08
84
09
4
BA
89
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS
APOSTOLIDES, Pror. Nicoty Cur., Athens, Greece.
ARMISTEAD, J. J., Dumfries, Scotland.
Ayson, CHARLES L., Hakataemen, Oamaru, New Zea-
land.
Ayson, L. F., Commissioner of Fisheries, Welling-
ton, New Zealand.
BirBECK, Epwarp, M. P., London, England.
CaLpERWwoob, W. L., Inspector of Salmon Fisheries,
Edinburgh, Scotland.
FEILDING, J. B., Upper Downing, Holywell, North
Wales.
FLEGEL, Cuas., Member Imperial Fisheries Society,
Vienna, Austria.
Hicctnson, Epwarpo, Consul for Peru, New York
City.
JAFFE, S., Osnabruck, Germany.
LANDMARK, A., Inspector of Norwegian Fresh-Water
Fisheries, Christiania, Norway.
Marston, R. B., Editor of the Fishing Gazette, Lon-
don, England.
Mousn, S. M., Bengal Fisheries Department, Calcutta,
India.
OusENn, Dr. O. T., Grimsby, England.
PorrEAu, CHARLNEY, Lommel, Belgium.
RAVERET-WATTEL, C., Director of Aquicultural Station
at Nid-de-Verdier, 20 Rue des Acacias, Paris.
RIEDEL, C., Bergstedt, Germany.
Sars, Pror. G. O., Christiania, Norway.
SotsKy, Baron N. bE, Director of the Imperial Agri-
cultural Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia.
Trysom, Dr. Firip, Stockholm, Sweden.
ACTIVE MEMBERS
Life Members indicated by asterisk (*).
710 AcCKLEN, JosEPH H., Department Game, Fish and For-
estry, Nashville, Tenn.
708 Apams, OLIvEerR, 55 Glen Road, Toronto, Ont.
701 ArnsworTH, G. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Lead-
ville, Colo.
10 Arrcuison, W. W., 5 Wabash Ave., Chicago, III.
704 ALEXANDER, A. B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D. C.
98 ALEXANDER, GEORGE L., Grayling, Mich.
706 ALForD, JABE, President State Board of Fish Commis-
sioners, 29 W. Dayton St., Madison, Wis.
08 AttEr, H. D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Beaufort,
REC.
708 ANDERSON, Aucust J., Box 109, Marquette, Mich.
792 ANDERSON, J. F., Bastad, Sweden.
78 ANNIN, JAMES, Caledonia, N. Y.
709 Anstey, H. M., New Orleans, La.
"10 AntuHony, A. W., 686 Overton St., Portland, Ore.
710 AsBuryY Park FisHinec Cius, John F. Seger, 703
Cookman Ave., Asbury Park, N. J.
84 ATKINS, CHARLES G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East
Orland, Me.
703: Atwoop, ANTHONY, 73 Waterest St., Plymouth, Mass.
10 Aucur, W. A., 33 Fulton St., New York City.
"10 Avery, Amos W., 47 Arch St., Greenwich, Conn.
706 Avery, Cartos, St. Paul, Minn.
792 Aver, F. W., Bangor, Me.
10 Baspitt, Joun O., North Dighton, Mass.
701 Baxwcock, Joun P., Chief Deputy, California Fish and
Game Commission, San Francisco, Cal.
444 Fortieth Annual Meeting
"10 Bacon, CuAs. R., Chief State Bureau of Shell Fish-
eries, Camden, N. J.
704 Battery, NEtson, Wells River, Vt.
701 Batpwin, O. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville,
Colo.
798 Batt, E. M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Afognak,
Alaska.
710 Barxiarp, S. THruston, Louisville, Ky.
705 Barsour, THomas, Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Cambridge, Mass.
710 BarNEs, ORLANDO F., Roscommon, Mich.
"10 Barron, James T., 405 Wells Fargo Bldg., Portland,
Ore.
’*86 BartLeTT, Dr. S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Quincy, Iil.
710 Bass, Seymour S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird,
Cal.
705 Beaman, D. C,, Boston Building, Denver, Colo.
04 Bran, Barton, A., U. S. National Museum, Washing-
ton, D.C.
°84 Brean, Dr. Tarveton H., State Fish Culturist, Capitol,
Albany, N. Y., and 1 Madison Ave., New York City.
701 Beeman, Henry W., New Preston, Conn.
’°80 BELMONT, Perry, 580 5th Ave., New York City.
06 BerKuous, JERRY R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission,
Torresdale, Pa.
72 Bickmore, Pror. A. S., American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.
706 BicELow, Hayes, Brattleboro, Vt.
*’97 BrrceE, Dr. E. A., State Board of Fish Commissioners,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.
10 BisEMEIER, J. S., 1304 Hartford Building, Chicago, Ill.
06 BispHAM, CHARLES K., 1508 Walnut St., Philadelphia,
Fa:
86 BissELL, Joun H., Detroit, Mich.
701 BLaxkEsLEE, T. J., 353 Fifth Ave., New York City.
> —
00
08
Ol
10
"02
10
ou
00
i
10
09
10
10
"10
O01
05
10
03
06
American Fisheries Society 445
BLATCHFoRD, Dr. E. W., 1111 La Salle Ave., Chicago,
Ill.
Buss, H. C., 1328 Candler Bldg., Atlanta, Ga.
BoarpMaNn, W. H., Board of Inland Fisheries Com-
missioners, Central Falls, R. I.
Boeprte, J. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport,
Iowa.
Bootu, DeEwirr C., Spearfish, S. D.
BoTHWELL, Wm. J., Seattle, Wash.
Bower, SEyMour, Superintendent Michigan Fish Com-
mission, Detroit, Mich.
Bower, Warp T., U. S. Bureau of F isheries, Washing-
fon) D.C,
Bowers, GEorcE M., U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
Boyp, Joun L., Wah Hoo Club, Dallas, Tex.
Boyer, L. A., 58 Drummond St., Montreal, Canada.
Brackett, J. W., Chairman Board of Inland Fish and
Game Commissioners, Augusta, Me.
BRADLEY, GEORGE J., Minnesota Game and Fish Com-
mission, St. Paul, Minn.
BRAMHALL, J. W., 415-417 E. 8th St., Kansas City, Mo.
Brass, Joun L., Michigan Fish Commission, Drayton
Plains, Mich.
BREWER, E. S., Owosso, Mich.
Briccs, Dr. Benjy. M., 106 Willoughby St., Brooklyn,
INES
Britton, F. H., Vice-President and General Manager,
St. Louis Southwestern Railway, St. Louis, Mo.
Brooke, Cares F., Sandy Springs, Md.
*’05 Brower, J. F., Pennsylvania Fish Commission,
98
04
Holmesburg, Pa.
Brown, Georce M., care Pere Marquette R. R., De-
troit, Mich.
Brown, G. W.N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer,
Minn.
04 Brown, Tuomas, Salmon, Ore.
ee
446 Fortieth Annual Meeting
706 Brown, Tuomas W., Glenwood, Minn.
710 Browne, Tuomas H., Rutland, Vt.
710 Bruce, Tuomas H., 56 Ash St., Waltham, Mass.
792 Brusu, Dr. E. F., Mount Vernon, N. Y.
710 Bryan, Pror. Wm. Aranson, College of Hawaii,
Honolulu, H. T.
705 Buck, Wi1L14M O., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho,
Mo.
*’04 Buxter, A. G., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Union
Git, Pai
*’04 BuLiLer, NATHAN R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission,
Pleasant Mount, Pa.
*’04 Buiter, WiLLt1AM, Pennsylvania Fish Commission,
Corry, Pa:
798 Bumpus, Dr. H. C., University of Wisconsin, Madi-
son, Wis.
708 Burcess, F. S., Hammond Building, Detroit, Mich.
705 Burner, W.G., Durbin, W. Va.
07 BurnuAM, Cuas. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D. C.
702 BurnHAM, Epwin K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
706 Burrows, Joun C., Lake Toxaway, N. C.
710 BuscuMANN, C. H., General Superintendent North-
western Fisheries Co., 512 Lowman Bldg., Seattle,
Wash.
710 Cattaway, W. A., care Armour & Co., Brook and
Main Sts., Louisville, Ky.
709 CAMPBELL, G. D., Weymouth, Mass.
708 Canty, J. C., Galveston, Texas.
708 CarLeETon, L. T., Augusta, Me.
02 Carter, E. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johns- i
bury, Vt. '
07 CASPERSEN, Bjorn, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay,
via Ketchikan, Alaska.
"07
03
07
10
04
03
04
06
10
10
"10
"10
05
01
03
10
00
04
00
00
04
American Fisheries Society 447
CASPERSON, THORGRIM, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes
Bay, via Ketchikan, Alaska.
CASSELMAN, E. S., Dorset, Vt.
CaTTE, EucENE, Langdon, Kan.
CavANnaAuGH, W. T., Olympia, Wash.
CHAMBERLAIN, F. M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D. C.
CHANDLER, Horatio, Kingston, Mass.
CHENEY, Major RICHARD O., South Manchester, Conn.
CHEYNEY, JOHN K., Tarpon Springs, Fla.
CHICHESTER, Dr. H. D., Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton: DiC.
CHRISTMAN, Aucust, 107 Bushwick Ave., Brooklyn,
NY:
CurRyYsTIE, PERCIVAL, Fish and Game Commissioner,
High Bridge, N. J.
Cuurcu, N. B., Tiverton, R. I.
CiarK, C. C., 316 East South Street, South Bend, Ind.
CLARK, Frep, Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock
Park, Mich.
Ciark, WALTON F., Westerly, R. I.
CLARKE, Isaac H., Treasurer Inland Fisheries Com-
mission, Jamestown, R. I.
Cops, EsEN W., Superintendent of Fisheries, Board of
Game and Fish Commissioners, St. Paul, Minn.
Cozs, JoHN N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
pone 2). 'C:
CocsweELL, T. M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton, OG:
CoHeEN, N. H., Urbana, III.
Coxer, Dr. Rozert E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair-
port, Iowa.
*710 CoLtar, Miss Mitprep A., 27 Rhode Island Ave.,
06
01
Newport, R. I.
Conway, R. J., Director Belle Isle Aquarium, Detroit,
Mich.
Cooper, E. A., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
448 Fortieth Annual Meeting
"10 CorAYER, MANUEL S., 354 Ash St., Brockton, Mass.
*’00 Cor.iss, C. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Gloucester,
Mass.
"10 Crampton, HENRY Epwarp, American Museum of
Natural History, New York City.
707 CRAMPTON, JOHN M., New Haven, Conn.
°04 and °10 Cranson, SAMUEL E., U. S. Bureau of Fish-
eries, Northville, Mich.
710 Cranston, C. K., care First National Bank, Pendle-
ton, Ore. :
°08 Crary, F. O., Hudson, Wis.
*’05 CRUICKSHANK, JAMES, Big Indian, New York.
708 Cuter, C. F., U..S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wytheville,
Va.
704 CUNNINGHAM, F. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Glou-
cester, Mass.
"10 Curtis, CHARLES E., care City Bank, New Haven,
Conn.
"06 CuTLER, Wm., Comstock Park, Mich.
10 Cut Orr Fis anp HuntTIinc Cuiup, INnc., Brunswick,
Mo.
710 Darrau, TuHos. M., P. O. Box 726, Wheeling, W. Va.
706 Davies, Davin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in Bay,
Ohio.
"10 Davis, THomas C., Hampton, Va.
709 Day, Dana C., Toledo, O.
91 and 710 Dean, Dr. BAsurorp, Columbia University,
New York City.
701 Dean, Hersert D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boze-
man, Mont.
703 DecLER, F. A., Sportsman’s Association of Cheat
Mountain, Cheat Bridge, W. Va.
"10 Decrorr, WILLIAM, Board of Commissioners State
Bureau of Shell Fisheries, Keyport, N. J.
°06 DELANEY, O. J., Moorestown, N. J.
—_—_--
American Fisheries Society 449
704 Dennis, OrEGon Mitton, Secretary Maryland State
Game and Fish Protective Association, Baltimore,
Md.
701 DENyseE, WasuHINGTON J., Gravesend Beach, Borough
of Brooklyn, N. Y.
705 DePuy, Henry F., 32 W. 40th St., New York City.
08 Detwi er, Joun Y., Honorary President Florida Fish
Commission, New Smyrna, Fla.
708 Dewitt, R. E., Board of State Fish Commissioners,
St. Joseph, Mo.
796 DICKERSON, FREEMAN B., Detroit, Mich.
706 Dickerson, G. C., Michigan Fish Commission, Har-
rietta, Mich.
799 Dinsmore, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Concrete,
Wash.
*’07 Dominy, JEREMIAH M., South Haven, New York.
710 DonaHUE, JAMES, Commissioner of Sea and Shore
Fisheries, Rockland, Me.
08 Dorr, C. W., Coleman Building, Seattle, Wash.
"10 DossMANN, LaurRENT J., President Oyster Commission
of Louisiana, 611 Maison Blanche Building, New
Orleans, La.
705 Dovuctas, W. B., St. Paul, Minn.
709 Dow tne, Dr. Oscar, Shreveport, La.
799 Downline, S. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in
Bay, O.
709 DoyLe, HENrRy, Vancouver, B. C.
700 Duntap, I. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton. D.: G.
710 Dycue, Pror. Lewis Linpsay, State Fish and Game
Warden, Lawrence, Kan.
710 Eaton, Howarp, Wolf, Wyo.
704 EBELL, F. W., National Hotel, Harrisburg, Pa.
710 Exserty, H. B. Womelsdorf, Pa.
700 Epwarps, VINAL N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods
Hole, Mass.
450 Fortieth Annual Meeting
709 ENGLERT, ANDREW, Castalia, O.
°04 Evans, Barton D., Harrisburg, Pa.
706 Evans, KELLY, Commissioner of Game and Fisheries,
64 Wellington St., West, Toronto, Canada.
702 EveERMANN, Dr. Barton W., U. S. Bureau of Fish-
eries, Washington, D. C.
704 EverMANN, J. W., Assistant General Manager Texas :
& Pacific Railway, Dallas, Texas. |
708 Farr, D. E., Denver, Colo. |
705 Fassett, H. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
boda a.
*’00 FEARING, DANIEL B., Board of Inland Fisheries Com-
missioners, Newport, R. I. ,
709 Fetcx, JouHN A., Sandusky, O. |
710 Fenn, E. Hart, Commission of Fisheries and Game, |
Wethersfield, Conn.
°07 Fretp, Dr. GEorcE W., Chairman Commissioners on
Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass.
"10 Fretp, Pror. Irvine A., Western Maryland College,
182 W. Main St., Westminster, Md.
799 Fi_xins, B. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville,
Mich.
704 FisHER, JoHN F., Chapinville, Conn.
704 Fotiett, RicHarp E., 527 Fifth Ave., New York City.
10 Forses, Pror. S. A., University of Illinois, Urbana, III.
710 Foster, FrepDERIcK J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
710 Fow er, C. F., Waterloo, Iowa.
"10 Fow Ler, KENNETH, 1 Fulton Market, New York City.
10 Frost, Epwarp I., Asheville, N. C.
710 FuLier, ALFrep E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, North-
ville, Mich.
701 FuLLEeRTON, SAMUEL F., 218 South Avon St., St. Paul,
Minn.
"10 Gace, W. H., Middlesboro, Ky.
10
92
02
00
05
10
10
75
08
03
08
08
03
10
10
04
03
04
02
10
10
05
00
06
American Fisheries Society 451
Garin, Homer K., 148 Michigan Ave., Chicago, IIl.
GavitT, W. S., Lyons, N. Y.
GEER, Dr. E. F., St. Paul, Minn.
GeEER, E. Hart, Secretary State Commission of Fish-
eries and Game, Hadlyme, Conn.
Gipps, CHARLES E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East
Orland, Me.
Gizson, Antonius, Port Monmouth, N. J.
GiLBoy, JoHNn W., St. Paul, Minn.
GILL, Dr. THEODORE, Smithsonian Institution, Wash-
ington, D. C.
GLENNAN, J. J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton, D. C.
GoLpsBorouGH, FE. L., Shepardstown, West Va.
Goopwin, H. D., Miller Building, Milwaukee, Wis.
GorHAM, Ws. B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Erwin,
Tenn.
GRAHAM, A. R., Berkeley, Mass.
GRAHAM, GEORGE H., 141 State St., Springfield, Mass.
GRATER, CHARLES B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Afognak, Alaska.
GRAVE, Dr. CASWELL, Secretary Maryland Shellfish
Commission, Annapolis, Md.
Gray, GEorGE M., Woods Hole, Mass.
GREEN, CHESTER K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Cape
Vincent, N. Y.
GREEN, Dr. D. W., Board of State Fish and Game
Commissioners, Dayton, O.
GREENE, Pror. Cuas. W., University of Missouri, 814
Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo.
GREENLEAF, GEoRGE W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
West Boothbay Harbor, Me.
GRINDLE, C. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East
Orland, Me.
GUNCKEL, JoHN E., Toledo, O.
GuRINIAN, V. G., 248 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, III.
452 Fortieth Annual Meeting
*’05 Haas, WILLIAM, Pennsylvania Fish Commission,
Spruce Creek, Pa.
708 Harer, Rev. A. W., Bellefonte, Pa.
’°89 Hacert, Epwin, 258 The Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa.
700 Haun, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boothbay
Harbor, Me.
°78 Hatey, CALEB, Fulton Market, New York City.
"10 Hatter, J. P., General Manager North Alaska Salmon
Company, 110 Market St., San Francisco, Cal.
04 HAMBERGER, JOHN, State Fishery Commission, Erie,
Pa.
707 Hancock, W. K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay,
via Ketchikan, Alaska.
00 SHANDY) By South Wareham, Mass.
7°06 HaNnkKINsON, T. L., Charleston, II.
"07 Hannau, Rosert, President State Game and Fish
Commission, Fergus Falls, Minn.
"10 HansEN, FERDINAND, Russian Caviar Co., 170 Cham-
bers St., New York City.
"95 Hansen, G., Osceola, Wis.
07 Hansen, Louis H., Tonsberg, Norway.
"10 Hansen, P. H., 446 Commercial National Bank Bldg.,
Chicago, IIL. |
703 Harron, L. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton: (OAs
709 Hart, W. O., 134 Corondelet St., New Orleans, La.
°89 Hartiey, R. M., 560 Bullitt Building, Philadelphia,
Pas
7°06 HARTMAN, PHIL., Erie, Pa.
"10 Harvey, Horace H., Harvey, La.
704 Hay, Pror. W. P., Howard University, Washington,
DG,
703 Hayes, J. R., Detroit, Mich.
710 Haynes, Epwarp M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
"10 Heacea, C. F., Superintendent State Hatchery, Ana-
conda, Montana.
05
05
08
"84
10
10
05
08
03
American Fisheries Society 453
HEtMeER, D. S., Port Allegheny, Pa.
Heimer, E. R., Port Allegheny, Pa.
Hemineway, E. D., 123 Rochelle Avenue, Wissa-
hickon, Philadelphia, Pa.
HENSHALL, Dr. JAMEs A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries
Tupelo, Miss.
Herrick, Pror. Francis Hopart, Adelbert College,
Cleveland, O.
Herrick, Dr. W. P., 56 East 53d St., New York City.
Hines, W. B., White Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
Hinricus, Henry, Jr., Keystone Fish Co., Erie, Pa.
Hopart, T. D., Pampa, Texas.
*00 Hocan, J. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners,
95
10
10
10
"04
00
06
07
10
32h
10
03
07
08
Madison, Wis.
Hoven, H. S., Syracuse, N. Y.
Howper, Cuas. F., 475 Bellefontaine Ave., Pasadena,
Gal
Hope, W. D., 9 St. Nicholas St., Montreal, Canada.
Hopper, GeEorGE L., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird,
Cal.
HoxsiE, F. D., Superintendent American Fish Culture
Company, Carolina, R. I.
HuspsBarD, WALpo F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Nashua, N. H.
Hucues, Hon. W. H., Board of Fish Commissioners,
221 Wainright Building, St. Louis, Mo.
d’Humy, Caston R., Yes Bay, via Ketchikan, Alaska.
Hunt, W. T., West Chester, Pa.
Hurveut, H. F., East Freetown, Mass.
HussakoF, Dr. Louts, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.
INGRAHAM, E. W., Oil City, Pa.
Jacxson, Cuas., care of Chas. E. Hotchkiss, 34 Nassau
St., New York City.
JAGGARD, JupbGE E. A., St. Paul, Minn.
454 Fortieth Annual Meeting
95 JENNINGS, G. E., Fishing Gazette, 203 Broadway, New
York City.
703 JEwETT, STEPHEN S., 614 Main St., Laconia, N. H.
703 Jounson, Dr. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
06 Jounson, Mrs. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass.
05 Jounson, O. J., Board of Game and Fish Commission-
ers, Glenwood, Minn.
03 Jounson, R. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
bor: 19. C:
‘79 Jounston, S. M., Union Wharf, Boston, Mass.
95 Jones, Dr. O. L., 33 W: 30th St., New York City.
708 Jones, THos. S., Louisville, Ky.
"10 Jorpan, Dr. Davin Starr, Stanford University, Cal.
08 Jorpan, E. C., Cheriton, Va.
02 Jostyn, C. D., Ford Building, Detroit, Mich.
705 Keesecxer, A. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Erwin,
Tenn.
99 Keri, W. M., Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
08 Kettoce, Pror. James L., Williams College, Williams-
town, Mass.
(04 Ketity, H. L., Jr., 827 Riva Davia, Buenos Aires,
Argentina.
°02 KENDALL, Dr. WILLIAM C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
704 Kent, Epwin C., Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.
700 Kenyon, A. W., Usquepaugh, R. I.
"10 Kizporn, JoHN R., Cape Vincent, N. Y.
708 Kitpatrick, Cuas. M., Station F, Minneapolis, Minn.
708 Kincarp, W. S., Denver, Colo.
704 KistERBocK, JosIAH, JR., Aldine Hotel, Philadelphia,
Pa,
704 KiTTREDGE, BENJAMIN R., Carmel, N. Y.
"10 Krermne, Henry, Illinois Fish Commission, 208 Lake
St., Chicago, Ill.
"10 Kopprrin, Puitrp, Jr., Missouri Fish Commission,
Forest Park, St. Louis, Mo.
03
03
04
08
"98
01
10
09
06
10
02
08
08
10
06
’00
98
10
710
°03
80
10
7
98
"98
American Fisheries Society 455
Lampert, E. C., Amoskeag Mfg. Co., Manchester,
Ne Ef.
Lampson, G. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal.
LauMEN, Fetrx A., 20 Fort St., Palestine, Texas.
Lay, CHARLES, Sandusky, O.
Leacu, G. C., U. S. Bureau of F isheries, Put-in Bay, O.
Leary, Joun L., U. S. Bureau of F isheries, San
Marcos, Texas. |
LEE, W. McDonatp, Commissioner of Fisheries,
Irvington, Va.
Lets, HERMAN, Melvina, Wis.
LEISENRING, W. A., State F ishery Commission, Mauch
Chunk, Pa.
LEMBKEY, Water I, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
Lewis, Cuartes E., Chamber of Commerce, Minnea-
polis, Minn.
Lizsy, T. E., Vinal Haven, Me.
Lieut, R. M., Denver, Colo.
Linton, Pror. Epwin, Washington & Jefferson Col-
lege, Washington, Pa.
Locuer, Wm., Kalamazoo, Mich.
Locxg, E. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole,
Mass.
LypELL, Dwicut, Michigan Fish Commission, Com-
stock Park, Mich.
LypeLt, Mrs. Dwicut, Comstock Park, Mich.
Masie, Cuartes H., Maywood, N. i:
Manone, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Oregon
City, Ore.
Mattory, Cuarzes, Burling Slip, New York.
MANNFELD, Geo. N., Indianapolis, Ind,
Manton, Dr. W. P., Detroit, Mich.
Marks, H. H., Michigan Fish Commission, Sault Ste.
Marie, Mich.
Marks, J. P., Michigan Fish Commission, Paris, Mich.
456 Fortieth Annual Meeting
"99 Marsu, M. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton, D.C.
706 Marty, Joun M., Minnesota Fish and Game Associa-
tion, St. Paul, Minn.
700 MATHEWSON, G. T., President State Commission of
Fisheries and Game, Thompsonville, Conn.
"10 MaxweE LL, HEnry V., Butler, Tenn.
°84 May, W.L., 311 Nassau Block, Denver, Colo.
704 Mayuwa_t, L. E., Superintendent Commercial Trout
Co., Sultan, Washington.
708 McA.tisteErR, H. C., Portland, Ore.
7°08 McDonatp, Miss Rose, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
703. McDovueat, J. M., Gunnison, Colo.
700 Mean, Dr. A. D., Brown University, Providence, R. I.
*"04 MEEHAN, W. E., Commissioner of Fisheries, Harris-
burg, Pa.
708 MEEKINS, THEO. S., Commissioner of Fisheries,
Manteo, N. C.
"99 MERRILL, M. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johns-
bury, Vt.
702 Miiier, FRANK, Ohio Fish and Game Commission,
Put-in Bay, O.
O08 Mitier, FRANK M., President Board of Commission-
ers for the Protection of Birds, Game and Fish, 605
Maison Blanche Building, New Orleans, La.
"10 Mitiett, Artuur L., Gloucester, Mass.
700 Mirrican, Dr. J. D., Woods Hole, Mass.
’92 Mitts, G. T., Chairman State Fish Commission,
Carson City, Nev.
710 Miner, Pror. Roy W., American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.
07 MiTcHELL, Hucu C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird,
Cal.
"10 MircHEeLrt, WALTER J., Chairman Maryland Shell Fish
Commission, La Plata, Md.
"099 Moore, CHARLEs H., care Michigan Fish Commission,
Detroit, Mich.
04
05
‘07
10
10
ae
10
04
10
-
10
08
10
01
04
43
08
"86
07
10
10
American Fisheries Society 457
Moore, Dr. H. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D. C.
Morcuer, Georce, London, O.
Morean, C. W., N. Y. Aquarium, New York City.
Morean, Wo. E., U. S. Bureau of F isheries, Edenton,
N.C.
MorGArEIDGE, C. W., Story, Wyo.
MorreELL, DANIEL, Hartford, Conn.
Morritt, J. P., Verdi, Nev.
Morris, Dr. Rosert T., 616 Madison Ave., New York
City.
Morse, Wm. R., Manager International Fisheries Com-
pany, Tacoma, Wash.
Morton, W. P., Secretary Inland Fisheries Commis-
sion, Box 687, Providence, R. I.
Moser, Captain JEFFERSON F., General Superinten-
dent Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco,
Cal.
‘Mowsray, Louis L., Director Bermuda Aquarium,
Hamilton, Bermuda.
Munty, M. G., 405 Wells Fargo Building, Portland,
Ore.
NEAL, JouN R., 22% T Wharf, Boston, Mass.
Neat, L. J., Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock
Park, Mich.
and *10 NEIDLINGER, Puitip, 2225 Emmons Ave.,
Sheepshead Bay, N. Y.
NEsLey, Cuas. H., Pottstown, Pa.
NEvIN, JAMEs, Superintendent Wisconsin Fish Com-
mission, Madison, Wis.
NEwMAN, EpwiIn A., 4305 8th St., N.W., Washing-
tong D., €
Nicott, Donatp, 145 Bowery, New York City.
NicHoLs, JoHNn TREADWELL, American Museum of
Natural History, New York City.
458 Fortieth Annual Meeting
702 Nortu, Paut, President Ohio Fish and Game Com-
mission, Cleveland, O.
97 O’BriEN, W. J., Supt. of Hatcheries, Nebraska Game
and Fish Commission, Gretna, Nebr.
"10 OcLesBy, PuHitip PoweELt, 1809 Edgmont Ave.,
Chester, Pa.
"95 OwaceE, Dr. Justus, St. Paul, Minn.
700 O’Ma ttey, Henry, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Oregon
City, Ore.
705 Oranoop, H. M., 318 Quarry Building, Denver, Colo.
710 OspurRN, Dr. Raymonp C., Assistant Director New
York Aquarium, New York City.
710 Owen, TuHos. H., Muskogee, Okla.
*°10 Paice, CHArRLEs L., Shasta, Cal.
704 Parmer, Dr. THEODORE S., United States Department
of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.
701 Parxer, W. H., Lac La Peche, Quebec, Canada.
704 ParKHuRST, Hon. C. FRANK, Providence, R. I.
"07 PATCHING, FRED, Loring, Alaska.
702 Paxton, Tuomas B., Board of State Fish and Game
Commissioners, Cincinnati, O.
06 Payne, CHARLES, Wichita, Kan.
05 PEopLes, Hrram, New Providence, Pa.
"10 Perce, H. WHEELER, 911 Security Bldg., Chicago, IIl.
"10 Pew, Joun J., Gloucester, Mass.
709 PFLEuGER, J. E., Akron, O.
"10 PinKeErton, J. A., Superintendent State Hatchery,
Glenwood, Minn.
709 PomeEroy, GEo. E., Toledo, O.
709 PonpER, Amos L., New Orleans, La.
04 Pops, T. E. B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington,
Dwi:
706 PortTER, R1icHarD, Board of State Fish Commissioners,
Paris, Mo.
09
"09
10
08
05
04
"10
08
03
710
“03
05
"84
93
10
03
"09
93
10
"98
"10
"10
"10
American Fisheries Society 459
PostaL, FrepD., State Board of Fish Commissioners,
Detroit, Mich.
Power, D. H., President State Board of Fish Commis-
sioners, Suttons Bay, Mich.
Power, Mrs. D. H., Suttons Bay, Mich.
Pratt, Dr. JoseEpH Hype, State Geologist, Chapel
Ei, N. @:
Price, ANDREW, Marlinton, W. Va.
PrRIcE, CALVIN W., Marlinton, W. Va.
PricE, Overton W., National Conservation Associa-
tion, Colorado Building, Washington, D. C.
PRINCE, Pror. E. E., Dominion Commissioner of Fish-
eries, Ottawa, Canada.
Race, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake,
Me.
RapcuirFe, Lewis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D. C.
RANDALL, G. W., Plymouth, Mass.
RANKIN, J. F., South Charleston, O.
RATHBUN, Dr. RicHarp, Assistant Secretary Smith-
sonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
RAVENEL, W. DEC., U. S. National Museum, Washing-
fate ED). ©.
READE, GEN. PHILIP, Hotel Wadsworth, Boston, Mass.
REED, C. A., Fish and Game Warden, Santa Cruz, Cal.
REeEp, Dr. H. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
REIGHARD, Pror. JAcop E., University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
RicHarp, FE. A., 20 Greene St., New York City.
RicHarps, G. H., Sears Building, Boston, Mass.
RICKEMAN, GEO. W., State Fish and Game Warden,
Madison, Wis.
Rwer, H. A., Executive Agent Minnesota Game and
Fish Commission, St. Paul, Minn.
Rinc, E. E., Inland Fish and Game Commissioner,
Augusta, Me.
460 Fortieth Annual Meeting
°03 RippeL, Rosert, Bayfield, Wis.
"99 Roserts, A. D., Auditor Inland Fisheries Commission,
Woonsocket, R. I.
"10 Roserts, B. H., 1413 New York Ave., Washington,
LD Be Gi
704 Rogperts, C. C., Woonsocket, R. I.
703 Ropinson, RosBert K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, White
Sulphur Springs, W. Va.
"10 Rocers, JAmMeEs B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Booth-
bay Harbor, Me.
98 Rocers, J. M., 159 La Salle Street, Chicago, IIl.
"10 RocceEnsack, E. J., Lansing, Iowa.
7099 Root, HENry T., Providence, R. I.
"10 RoguEmMoreE, C. H., Montgomery, Ala.
"08 RosENBERG, ALBERT, Kalamazoo, Mich.
"10 Rowe, Henry C., Groton, Conn.
08 RuGE, JOHN G., Apalachicola, Fla.
7°09 Runion, H. P., Bankleman, Nebr.
°97 RussEL, Henry, Michigan Central R. R., Detroit,
Mich.
*’05 SarrorpD, W. H., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Con-
neaut Lake, Pa.
705 SaLtmon, ALDEN, South Norwalk, Conn.
"07 Samson, JAMEs B., 320 Lewis Building, Pittsburgh, Pa.
02 SaunvErRS, Dr. H. G., Chattanooga, Tenn.
"10 SaunpeErs, H. P., Roswell, New Mexico.
"08 SAUNDERS, J. P., Deerwood, Minn.
"10 Scumauss, Lronarp W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Leadville, Colo.
"10 ScHNoor, JAcos, Belford, N. J.
08 ScuLty, Jno. S., The Burlington, Washington, D. C.
700 SEAGLE, GEorGE A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wythe-
ville, Va.
710 Seat, Wm. P., Delair, N. J.
American Fisheries Society 461
SELLERS, M. G., 1306 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
SHEBLEY, FRANK A., Superintendent Santa Cruz
County Hatchery, Brookdale, Cal.
SHERWIN, H. A., 100 Canal Street, Cleveland, O.
SHERWOOD, GEORGE H., American Museum of Natural
History, New York City.
SHIELDs, G. O., 1061 Simpson St., New York City.
Surras, Geo., 3d, Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C.
SHoRTAL, J. M., 906 Chestnut St., St. Louis, Mo.
SHURTLEFF, MERRILL, Lancaster, N. H.
SIEURIN, P. G., Director Central Swedish Fish Hatch-
ery Co., Kloten, Sweden.
Simmons, WALTER C., Providence, R. I.
SINGLETON, JAMES H., Woonsocket, R. I.
SLADE, GEoRGE P., 309 Broadway, P. O. Box 283, New
York City.
SmitH, Miss EtHet M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Washington, D. C.
SmitH, Dr. HucH M., U. S. Deputy Commissioner of
Fisheries, Washington, D. C.
SmiTH, Irvinc Epwarp, 1532 16th St., N.W., Wash-
ington, D. C.
SmitTH, Lewis H., Algona, Iowa.
SmitH, RicHarpD, Waukegan, III.
Snyper, J. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing-
ton; D: CG:
SoutHwick, J. M. K., Newport, R. I.
SPEAKS, JOHN C., Chief Warden Ohio Fish and Game
Commission, Columbus, O.
’ SPENSLEY, CALVERT, Mineral Point, Wis.
Stack, GeorcE, North Creek, N. Y.
Stanton, W. C., International Falls, Minn.
STAPLETON, M. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Man-
chester, Iowa.
STARR, W. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners, Eau
Claire, Wis.
STEAD, Davip G., Fisheries Department, Sydney, New
South Wales, Australia.
462
03
07
03
05
08
08
04
04
98
88
04
04
10
00
‘oe
"10
04
05
03
we)
Fortieth Annual Meeting
STEELE, G. F., Port Edwards, Wis.
STEPHENS, LAWRENCE DE K., 221 Drummond Street,
Montreal, Canada.
STEVENS, ARTHUR F., 227 West Grand St., Elizabeth,
Neos
STEVENSON, CHARLES H., 511 Moffat Building, Detroit,
Mich.
STILEs, Rost., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bozeman,
Mont.
STONE, J. W., State Fish Warden, Madison, Wis.
Story, JoHn A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green
Lake, Me.
toTz, Martin, 1132 Land Title Building, Philadel-
phia, Pa.
STRANAHAN, F. A., Cleveland, O.
STRANAHAN, J. J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bulloch-
ville, Ga.
SUMNER, Dr. Francis B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries,
Woods Hole, Mass.
SURBER, THADDEUS, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair-
port, Lowa.
Sworp, C. B., New Westminster, British Columbia,
Gananda.
SykEs, ArTHUR, Madison, Wis.
Sykes, HeEnry, Wisconsin Fish Commission, Bay-
field, Wis.
SYLVESTER, RicHARD, Municipal Building, Washington,
Ds,
TALBoTT, Henry, Interstate Commerce Commission,
Washington, D. C.
Taytor, Ropert Kirpy, 352 Milbank Ave., Green-
wich, Conn.
TEAL, J. N., Worcester Block, Portland, Ore.
Tuayer, W. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, 234 Joseph
Campau Ave., Detroit, Mich.
American Fisheries Society 463
702 Tuomas, HENRY G., Stowe, Vt.
06 THomas, W. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer,
Minn.
705 THompson, GEorRGE B., Davis, W. Va.
705 THompson, JAMEs F., Martinsburg, W. Va.
00 THompeson, W. P., 112 Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa.
00 THompson, W. T., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair-
port, Iowa.
708 THomson, G. H., Estes Park, Colo.
10 Tierney, Jas. T., Roxbury, Vt.
92 Titcoms, JoHN W., Commission of Fisheries and
Game, Lyndonville, Vt.
701 TowNsEND, Dr. CuHartes H., Director New York
Aquarium, New York City.
"99 Tupps, FrRanK A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho,
Mo.
"08 TuLIAN, EuGENE A., care Board for the Protection of
Birds, Game and Fish, New Orleans, La.
709 Van Atta, CLypeE H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Lead-
ville, Colo.
702 Van Dusen, H. G., Astoria, Ore.
"10 Van SIcCKLEN, F. W., 36 Spear St., San Francisco, Cal.
"10 Vites, BuaIne S., Inland Fish and Game Commis-
sioner, Augusta, Me.
00 Vincent, W. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Tupelo,
Miss.
"00 VoGELSANG, ALEXANDER T., 20 Montgomery St., San
Francisco, Cal.
709 Von LENGERKE, J., 200 Fifth Ave., New York City.
"06 WADDELL, JoHN, Grand Rapids, Mich.
"96 WALKER, Bryant, Detroit, Mich.
08 WaLLacE, JouN H., Jr., Commissioner Department of
Game and Fish, Montgomery, Ala.
03. WaLticu, CLauptus, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash-
ington, D, C.
464 Fortieth Annual Meeting
"06 Watters, C. H., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y.
‘08 Warp, Pror. H. B., University of Illionis, Urbana, Ill.
03 WarerHousE, Rev. E. M., Broadway and 71st St.,
New York City.
08 Wess, W. M., State Shellfish Commissioner, Morehead
ity, a,
92 Wess, W. SEWARD, 44th St. and Vanderbilt Ave., New
‘York City.
07 WesstER, B. O., Wisconsin Fish Commission, Madison,
Wis.
08 Wesster, H. A., Oregon City, Ore.
701 Wentworth, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Con-
crete, Wash.
08 WEsSEL, JosEPH A., Secretary Board of Game and Fish
Commissioners, Crookston, Minn.
"01 WHEELER, CHARLES STETsON, Union Trust Building,
San Francisco, Cal.
06 WHIPPLE, Jas. S., Albany, N. Y.
02 Wuisu, Joun D., Secretary Forest, Fish and Game
Commission, Albany, N. Y.
04 WuitaKeER, ANDREW R., State Fishery Commission,
Phoenixville, Pa.
06 Wuite, R. Tyson, 320 Bridge Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.
710 Wuitman, Epwarp C., Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada.
’°89 Wixzur, H. O., 235 Third St., Philadelphia, Pa.
99 WiLLaRD, CHARLES W., President Inland Fisheries
Commission, Westerly, R. I.
701 Witson, C. H., Glens Falls, N. Y.
"10 WINCHESTER, GRANT E., Forest, Fish and Game Com-
mission, Bemus Point, N. Y.
700 Winn, Dennis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Oregon
City, Ore:
99 Wires, S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn.
705 Wo ters, Cuas. A., Oxford and Mervine Streets, Phil-
adelphia, Pa.
°97 Woop, C. C., Plymouth, Mass.
American Fisheries Society 465
°84 Worth, S. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Mammoth
Spring, Ark.
"10 Wurzzurc, L., Ketchikan, Alaska.
"09 YERINGTON, Epwarp B., Board of State Fish Commis-
sioners, Carson City, Nev.
"10 Youne, Capt. Cart C., 2 Mt. Vernon St., Gloucester,
Mass.
06 Younc, Capt. Joun L., Atlantic City, N. J.
"04 ZacHARIE, Cou. F. C., 345 Corondelet St., New Or-
leans, La.
99 ZatsMAN, P. G., Wisconsin Fish Commission, Wild
Rose, Wis.
92 ZweEIcHArFT, S., 239 S. Melville St., Philadelphia, Pa.
RECAPITULATION
TE] Tg eee eee Eg Bt) OST Ae EA Bae HS, 74
MisPRIPESPUN TEMG.) ruts ort TE NN RE 20
mere (including lite members). .-.__..-.- 22 2% 520
POrEAt WIEMOEPGHIP.) 2 yt) Fo eae, _. 614
CONSTITUTION
(As amended to date )
ARTICLE I
NAME AND OBJECT
The name of this Society shall be American Fisheries
Society. Its object shall be to promote the cause of fish
culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its
practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fish-
eries; the uniting and encouraging of all interests of fish
culture and the fisheries, and the treatment of all questions
regarding fish, of a scientific and economic character.
ARTICLE II
MEMBERS
Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment
of two dollars, become a member of this Society. In case
members do not pay their fees, which shall be two dollars
per year after the first year, and are delinquent for twe
years, they shall be notified by the treasurer, and if the
amount due is not paid within a month thereafter, they shall
be, without further notice, dropped from the roll of mem-
bership. Any person can be made an honorary or a cor-
responding member upon a two-thirds vote of the members
present at any regular meeting.
The President (by name) of the United States and the
Governors (by name) of the several States shall be honorary
members of the Society.
Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment
of twenty-five dollars, become a life member of this Society,
and shall thereafter be exempt from all annual dues.
468 Fortieth Annual Meeting
ARTICLE il
OFFICERS
The officers of this Society shall be a president and a
vice-president, who shall be ineligible for election to the
same office until a year after the expiration of their term;
a corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, an assistant
recording secretary, a treasurer, and an executive committee
of seven, which, with the officers before named, shall form
a council and transact such business as may be necessary
when the Society is not in session—four to constitute a
quorum.
In addition to the officers above named there shall be
elected annually five vice-presidents who shall be in charge
of the following five divisions or sections:
Fish culture.
Commercial fishing.
Aquatic biology and physics.
Angling.
Protection and legislation.
ee
ARTICLE IY
MEETINGS
The regular meeting of the Society shall be held once a
year, the time and place being decided upon at the previous
meeting, or, in default of such action, by the executive com-
mittee.
ARTICLE V
ORDER OF BUSINESS
1. Call to order by president.
2. Roll call of members.
3. Applications for membership.
4. Reports of officers.
a. President.
b. Secretary.
c. Treasurer.
d. Standing committees.
American Fisheries Society 469
5. Committees appointed by the president.
a. Committee of five on nomination of officers for
ensuing year.
b. Committee of three on time and place of next
meeting.
c. Auditing committee of three.
6. Reading of papers and discussion of same.
( Note—a. In the reading of papers preference shall
be given to the members present.
b. The president and two secretaries are em-
powered to arrange the papers of the
meetings of this Society. )
. Miscellaneous business.
. Adjournment.
CON
ARTICLE VI
CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION
The constitution of the Society may be amended, altered
or repealed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at
any regular meeting, provided at least fifteen members are
present at said regular meeting.
Cab ais iff
rH
ny
6
t
SH American Fisheries
Le Society
A5 Transactions
1910
Biological
& Medica}
Serials
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
Burritt oe eet
ates ~
a ig PPT
an
mel
ae bs
Merete Ree
OTA SLA AR A