bt A PO ALE bmwt ~ = dete Pabert epee tnd NS a pa ane Np gerntbeae rho pnb pee e ee ee een om Ween ar ~ wh abgnce rahe 000 on oe eo rennyh — so ny ar ot ae Vea % “ Logie ~. ee erry caer! Tipent ee - ~~ net Leope wr vy nee wry Sonia mreweeee Ge ee ears Se ‘ J a = > yooues some tm eel poonerparerety wat Olt ere eae er tee aah meee oe sae ee a * = = ane pm tant s of Maine 1867-1871 vice Continuously from July, 1872, to Date Secretary of American Fisheries Society 1904-1910 Born January 19, 1841 es TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AT ITS FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING Ge OCTOBER 3, 4, AND 5, 1911 AT ST. LOUIS, MO. WASHINGTON ' ab ks (4 PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1912 Officers ©) 9//-/2 ad 1510—1517 Elected at the Fortieth Anniversary Meeting in New York City for the following year, including the meeting held in St. Louis, Mo., October 3, 4, and 5, 1911. PYESIGENE SA Shin oe nk oo ss ee AR W. E. Meewan, Harrisburg, Pa. VF tc@- Pee Stdeyetin. cee fore & cine ahs n= e S. F. Futrerton, St. Paul, Minn. Recording Secretary..........-..- Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C. Assistant Recording Secretary...EtHEL M. Smitu, Washington, D. C. Corresponding Secretary......... Hucu M. Situ, Washington, D. C. TPEUSUL ET Sere ce ascinele Settle oelaie Oe Ree C. W. Witcarp, Westerly, R. I. Vice-Presidents of Divistons Fash: | Gulttie...3 0 ctsce ons oats Cuaries G. Atkins, East.Orland, Me. Aquatic Biology and Physics. Barton W. EvErRMANN, Washington, D. C. Commercial Fishing.............. Joun W. Titcoms, Lyndonville, Vt. PUR QUAG .u..2i eae ct onteeriaanne lenin Joun E. GuncxeL, Toledo, Ohio Protection and Legislation.... THEODORE S. PALMER, Washington, D. C. a o Exerutiue Conunittee Cuartes H. Townsenp, Chairman, New York City; Gro. T. MartruHewson, Thompsonville, Conn.; JABE ALForD, Madison, Wis.; Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIl.; DANIEL B. Feartnc, Newport, R. I.; D. H. Power, Suttons Bay, Mich.; Joun P. Bascock, San Francisco, Cal. 1911-1512 Elected at the Forty-first Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Mo., for the ensuing year, including the meeting to be held in Denver, Colo., beginning September 3, 1912. PrEestdenivaanchesint ce «ee ee S. F. Futrerton, St. Paul, Minn. Vice- Presidente odo nnicene eee CuHartes H: Townsenp, New York City Recording Secretaries. ..<0. «0-0 Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C. Assistant Recording Secretary....EtHEL M. SmitH, Washington, D. C. Corresponding Secretary........ Hucu M. Smitx, Washington, D. C. TYEGSUTOF a een os ok en ee C. W. Wixrarp, Westerly, R. I. Vire-Presidents of Divisions Fash Cultures Jsceccads «2s eee Joun W. Titcoms, Lyndonville, Vt. Aquatic Biology and Physics...... Dr. Epwin Linton, Washington, Pa. Commercial Fishing..........-+--4 A. B. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C. AN GUAM Gis Saree, oodaiere sie elev 8 alee ee H. WHEELER Perce, Chicago, III. Protection and Legislation........ Dr. T. S. Parmer, Washington, D. C Exerutiue Committee Dr. Henry B. Warp, Chairman, Urbana, Ill.; DANtet B. Feartnc, Newport, R. I.; E. Hart Geer, Hadlyme, Conn.; D. H. Power, Suttons Bay, Mich.; A. R. Wuitaker, Phoenixville, Pa.; R. Tyson Waite, Brooklyn, N. Y.; W. L. May, Denver, Colo. AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY Organized 1870 The first meeting of the Society occurred December 20, 1870. The organization then effected continued until February, 1872, when the second meeting was held. Since that time there has been a meeting each year, as shown below. The respective presidents were elected at the meeting, at the place, and for the period shown opposite their names, but they presided at the subsequent meeting. PRESIDENTS, TERMS OF SERVICE, AND PLACES OF MEETING Tee yWtlitamiy KOEEL . cscs sc 1870-1872....New York, N. Y. eaVViliam (CIEE: 2. ccc... 1872-1873....: Albany, N. Y. See Wilitam! Giitt,. 30-5. 1873-1874.... New York, N. Y. 4. Robert B. Roosevelt. .1874-1875....New York, N. Y. 5. Robert B. Roosevelt..1875-1876....New York, N. Y. 6. Robert B. Roosevelt. .1876-1877*...New York, N. Y. 7. Robert B. Roosevelt..1877-1878....New York, N. Y. 8. Robert B. Roosevelt. .1878-1879....New York, N. Y. 9. Robert B. Roosevelt. .1879-1880....} Yew York, N. 3 10. Robert B. Roosevelt. .1880-1881....New York, N. 11. Robert B. Roosevelt. .1881-1882....New York, N. 3 12. George Shepard Page.1882-1883.... New York, Nie ys 13; James Benkard........ 1883-1884.... New York, N. Y. 14. Theodore Lyman...... 1884-1885.... Washington, D. C. 15. Marshall McDonald...1885-1886.... Washington, D. C. LOW) Mls ENUdSOMN.y.. 0. 1886-1887....Chicago, Ill. 17. William L, May..... . .1887-1888.... Washington, D. C. 18. John H.. Bissell....... 1888-1889. ... Detroit, Mich. 19. Eugene G. Blackford. .1889-1890.... Philadelphia, Pa. 20. Eugene G. Blackford. .1890-1891....Put-in Bay, Ohio. 21. James A. Henshall....1891-1892....Washington, D. C. 22. Herschel Whitaker... .1892-1893.... New York, N. Y 2orerlenty ©; Bord=.....<. 1893-1894....Chicago, Il. 24. William L. May..:... 1894-1895.... Philadelphia, Pa. 25. L. D. Huntington...... 1895-1896.... New York, N. Y. 26. Herschel Whitaker....1896-1897.... New York, N. Y. 27. William L. May....... 1897-1898.... Detroit, Mich. 28. George F. Peabody... .1898-1899.... Omaha, Nebr. 29. John W. Titcomb..... 1899-1900.... Niagara Falls, N. Y. SUsbe Wb. Dickerson....... 1900-1901..... Woods Hole, Mass. Slab Bryan teers ieee: 1901-1902.... Milwaukee, Wis. 32. George M. Bowers....1902-1903.... Put-in Bay, Ohio. SosmranicaN. Glark...... 1903-1904....Woods Hole, Mass. ots tenry. is Root. ...23.: 1904-1905... \tlantic City, N. J. ais (Ce DS AKeshanGn aceon 1905-1906.... White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. SOE OAR WBirgees elec nes oe 1906-1907....Grand Rapids, Mich. , 37. Hugh M. Smith....... 1907-1908.... Erie, Pa. 38. Tarleton H:. Bean..... 1908-1909.... Washington, D. C. 39. Seymour Bower....... 1909-1910. ... Toledo, Ohio. 40. William E. Meehan...1910-1911....New York, N. Y. Ae See bebullertoni: sec << 1911-1912....St. Louis, Mo. *A special meeting was held at the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia, Pa., October 6 and 7, 1876, CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizenship of the United States, and a majority being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 599 to 603, inclusive, of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia enacted March 3, 1901, as amended by the Acts approved January 31 and June 30, 1902, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing: 1. That the name of the Society is the AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. 2. That the term for which it is organized is nine hundred and ninety-nine years. 3. That its particular business and objects are to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish; with power: a. To acquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and to establish general and special funds. b. To hold meetings. c. To publish and distribute documents. d. To conduct lectures. e. To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department ‘of fishery and fish-culture science. f. To acquire and maintain a library. g. And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to a learned society. 4. That the affairs, funds and property of the corporation shall be in general charge of a council, consisting of the officers and the execu- tive committee, the number of whose members for the first year shall be seventeen, all of whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Society. Witness our hands and seals this 16th day of December, 1910. Seymour Bower (Seal). THEODORE GILL (Seal) Witttram E. Meewan (Seal) TueoporeE S. Parmer ‘(Seal) BertRAND H. Roserts (Seal) Hucu M. SmitH (Seal) RicHArD SYLVESTER (Seal) vv. CONTENTS UPR SOT Sola Ung arian} Gig Oe EEE ReaD eS OCU a CUROR Se pomen Uterine rag: 2 List of past presidents and places of meeting..........-........+- 3 iSeTiiEate sol ANCOLPOLAtlOns «sates maieitie eles . ¢ 7 a | i re } a 2 Transactions of the American Fisheries Society Forty-first Annual Meeting, held at the Planters’ Hotel, St. Louis, Mo., Tuesday, \Wednesday, and Thursday, Octo- ber 3, 4, and 5, 1911. Tuesday, October 3, 191r Meeting called to order by the President, Mr. W. EF. Meehan, at 10.00 a.m. Mr. L. A. GesertcH: Mr. President and Gentlemen of the American Fisheries Society, the state of Missouri and the Fish Commission appreciate the fact that you hold your 1912 meeting in St. Louis. [am sure you will have a most enjoyable and instructive meeting. It is now my pleasure and privilege to present to you the Hon. Frederick H. Kreismann, Mayor of St. Louis, who will welcome you. (Applause. ) Hon. Frepertck H. KretsMANN, Mayor of St. Louis: Gentlemen of the American Fisheries Society, our worthy Fish Commissioner, Mr. Geserich, fully expresses my senti- ments, and I know that the citizens of St. Louis are much gratified at your coming to our city to hold your annual meeting. The work in which you are engaged is one that is not only of great practical benefit to this country, but it pro- vides a permanent opportunity for the men of the nation to enjoy themselves with nature. The propagation and pro- tection of the fish life of this country is work of most strik- 10 American Fisheries Society ing importance, and one which the governments, both federal and state, have dealt with most liberally. You represent that industry in its most scientific and highly progressive side; we laymen enjoy the benefit of your work. St. Louis has a great many enthusiastic fishermen, and I know that they are all glad to receive you and to bid you a hearty welcome, and hope that your proceedings will result in much satisfaction and benefit to yourselves. I thank you for your attention. (Applause. ) PRESIDENT: Mr. Mayor and Gentlemen, I wish to thank you in behalf of the members of the American Fisheries Society for the welcome with which you have greeted us, and to assure you that we are glad to meet in this historic city and to carry out our proceedings here. We are inter- ested in the work of fish culture and we are practical fish culturists. We are interested, therefore, in the work which you are doing in Missouri and the advance which you are making here in fish-cultural work. I believe if you continue to progress as you have done you will, in time, place this state among the leading commonwealths of the United States in fish-cultural work. We hear, Mr. Mayor, a great deal nowadays of the word “conservation.” It is in the mouth of everyone. But when the word “conservation” was mouldering in the dictionary for lack of use, the American Fisheries Society was an active conservationist. We claim to be the original conser- vationists. Before anyone thought of taking a hand in the preservation of the forests, the purification of the streams or the preservation and increase of natural resources generally, there was a band of men connected with this Society who gathered together to advocate the propagation and protection of fish and the conservation of our fish-food supply. It was like many other things, a big project looked upon with ridicule by some and by others as merely a little trick and not at all practical; but today it is recognized as one of the most important conservation activities of the country. Forty-first Annual Meeting el Let me say to the Society in my own behalf, I welcome you here and hope that our proceedings will be productive of as much good in the future as they have been in the past. There are a few things of importance which I would like to suggest that we attend to during the convention. There is great need for a change in the phrasing of Article V, of the Constitution, with respect to the publica- tions and the program. There should be, I think, a slight change in the phraseology of Article II, so as to make a little clearer the eligibility of associations in this organiza- tion. At the present time it is very much of a stretch of the phrasing to receive into membership a society as a so- ciety. I think it should be considered, and if thought de- sirable, an amendment should be prepared covering the matter. It is requested that all in attendance upon the meeting register with the Secretary. REGISTERED ATTENDANCE The registered attendance was 35, as follows: S. P. Bartrett, Quincy, III. TarLeTON H. Bean, Albany, N. Y. W. H. BoarpMAN, Central Falls, R. [. Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C. Georce T. Braptey, Norwood, Minn. G. W. N. Brown, Homer, Minn. W. O. Buck, Neosho, Mo. E. E. Catpwetr, Havana, III. Esven W. Coss, St. Paul, Minn. S. W. Downtnc, Put-in Bay, Ohio. L. L. Dycue, Pratt, Kan. Dantet B. Feartnc, Newport, R. I. G. W. Fretp, Boston, Mass. S. A. Forbes, Urbana, III. G. H. Garrtetp, Brockton, Mass. L. A. Gesertcu, St. Louis, Mo. Henry D. Goopwin, Milwaukee, Wis. Georce H. Granam, Springfield, Mass C. W. Greene, Columbia, Mo. E. T. Gretuer, St. Louis, Mo. R. S. Jounson, Washington, D. C. 12 American Fisheries Society Pui. Kopprin, St. Louis, Mo. H. F. Marporr, St. Louis, Mo. Wittiam L. May, Denver, Colo. W. E. Meenan, Mt. Airy, Philadelphia, Pa. H. WHEELER Perce, Chicago, II. Rosert K. Rosinson, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. W. T. TuHompson, Fairport, Iowa. Frank A. Tusrs, Neosho, Mo. Henry B. Warp, Urbana, III. Anprew R. Wuitaker, Phoenixville, Pa. C. W. Witrarp, Westerly, R. I. J. S. P: H. Witson, Auburn, Me. S. P. Wires, Duluth, Minn. STEPHEN G. WortH, Mammoth Spring, Ark. NEW MEMBERS PresipENT: We will now receive the applications for membership. The Secretary will read the names. SecrETARY: The following 51 applications for mem- bership ey been submitted : Artuur, S. E., 4345 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo. BaLbus, aoa 901 Daly St., Indianapolis, Ind. BorcHerpt, Rupo.pu, Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo, Catpwett, E. E., Chief Warden and Commissioner, Illinois Fish Com- mission, Havana, III. Crark, H. Watton, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. Crark, Ira B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. CLEVELAND, W. B., Burton, Ohio. Crus SHAWINIGAN, Club Shawinigan, St. Maurice Co., Quebec, Canada. Crasser, Huco, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Daunt, Joun, Minnesota Game and Fish Commission, Glenwood, Minn. Davis, Frank O., State Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Pom- fret Center, Conn. FrepruM, Joun W., 1229 California St., Denver, Colo. Frencu, S. L., 1308 Ross Ave., Dallas, Texas. Futterton, Witttam Ross, St. Paul, Minn. Garriecp, G. H., Massachusetts Commission on Fisheries and Game, Brockton, Mass. GeHMAN, Cuas. F., East Greenville, Pa. Gesericu, L. A., Pres. Missouri State Fish Commission, St. Louis, Mo. Gretuer, E. T., Chief Deputy Commissioner, Missouri State Game and Fish Department, 1318 Pendleton Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Havenuitt, A. D., Fox, Il. Heuver, Harry J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. *Hitt, Joun F., 136 State St., Augusta, Me. *Died March 16, 1912. Forty-first Annual Meeting 13 Jounston, Epwarp C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Lanp, S. E., Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo. McDona tp, Cart K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. Maroorr, H. F., 4058 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. Marine, Dr. Davin, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Meents, R. R., President Iliinois Fish Commission, Ashkum, III. Merrinew, Percy T., Neosho, Mo. Meyer, Gustav J. T., 124 South Delaware St., Indianapolis, Ind. Mires, Geo. W., State Conimissioner of Fisheries and Game, Indi- anapolis, Ind. Mincn, Harry C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Towa. Ocetvig, E. L., Secretary Minnesota State Game and Fish Commission, South St. Paul, Minn. Patrick, W. E., Superintendent of State Fish Hatcheries, Denver, Colo. Pett, Geo. W., 520 Sixteenth St., Denver, Colo. PoHoguaLine Fisu Association, Fifteenth and Walnut Sts., Phila- delphia, Pa. : Rote, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Ruckman, Cuas. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Homer, Minn. Scumitr, Waxpo, U. S. Bureau of Iisheries, Washington, D. C. Sunn, James A., Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo. Sura, Austin F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn, Smitu, Emmett Vance, Chief Deputy, State Game, Fish and Oyster Commission, Box 217 Capitol Sta., Austin, Texas. SouTHALL, Joun B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. Sterett, W. G., State Game, Fish and Oyster Commission, Port La- vaca, Texas. Swirt, H. F., 307 Crocker Building, San Francisco, Cal. Toncue, Leonarp M,. U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. VALETTE, Luciano Ee Chief of Section of Fish Culture, 827 Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 7 ViguEsney, J. H., State Game and Fish Warden, Belington, W. Va. Wacker, Dr. H. T., 210 Main St., Denison, Texas. Wipmyer, Epcar R., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Witson, J. S. P. H., Chairman Board of Inland Game and Fish Com- missioners, Auburn, Me. Worth, Henry B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Motion made, seconded and unanimously carried elect- ing and admitting to membership in the Society all appli- cants whose names were read by the Secretary. PRESIDENT: It is desired that the members of this So- ciety visit the hatchery ponds of the state of Missouri in the park today. We can go by trolley, and I would like to know how many who are present are ready to go this after- noon. The plan is to go at the close of the session. (All signified their intention of going. ) 14 American Fisheries Society Mr. Geser1cH: What time do we adjourn this after- noon ? PRESIDENT: If the Society agrees, we will adjourn early, about 4 o’clock, and you can let us know after the session what time you wish us to go. The next order of business is the report of officers; the first being the report of the President. In my preliminary remarks I made a few suggestions I had in the way of a report. : There are one or two committees that I will announce at the present time. The others will be announced dater. The Program Committee will be: Prof. L. L. Dyche, of Kansas, Chairman; Dr. S. A. Forbes, of Illinois, and Mr. W. O. Buck, of Missouri. I have here the list of papers as far as they have been presented, and I suggest that the committee group them, and report immediately after luncheon the titles of papers which are to be read today. I would ask that a report be made at the close or beginning: of each session. ; Committee on Resolutions: Dr. George W. Field, of Massachusetts, Chairman; Mr. S. G. Worth, of Arkansas, Mr. Daniel B. Fearing, of Rhode Island. This committee will understand, I suppose, that its duties are not only to receive and pass upon all resolutions that may be presented, but also it has the right to originate reso- lutions. The Auditing Committee will be: Dr. S. P. Bartlett, of Mlinois, Chairman; Mr. W. T. Thompson, Iowa, and Mr. H. Wheeler Perce, of Chicago. The report of the Secretary, Mr. Ward T. Bower, was then presented. Forty-first Annual Meeting 15 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY Mr. President and Members of the American Fisheries Society: I have prepared no written report, but I will endeavor to tell you briefly of some of the more important occurrences during the past year which, in my judgment, may be termed to be one of the most important years in the Society’s history. First, mention should be made of the incorporation of the Society under the laws of the District of Columbia. Some will recall that this matter of incorporation has been coming up for quite a number of years, including the meeting at New York last year. As a result, we looked into the laws of a number of the states and finally, upon an examination of the code of the District of Columbia, found that the laws there were well suited to our purposes. It is provided by the code of the District that any five persons, a majority of whom shall be legal residents, may have the privilege of incorporating for the conduct of business pertinent to a learned society. Largely through the efforts of Dr. H. M. Smith, articles of incor- poration were drawn under date of December 16, 1910, setting forth the name, objects and purposes of the Society. They were recorded April 15, 1911. As the report of the last meeting did not appear until after the articles of incorporation were complete, it was possible to print the copy in the proceedings, and this was done, the idea being to continue it each year. It will be noted that there were seven signers of the articles, five of whom are legal residents of the District of Columbia. It was thought proper to add the name of Mr. Seymour Bower, who presided at the meeting in New York when the matter came up, and also the name of Mr. W. E. Meehan, who held the office of President during the current year, thus making seven in all. Another matter, decidedly in the nature of an innovation, has been the adoption of a membership certificate. This has been possible through the generosity of one of our members, the Hon. Daniel B. Tearing, of Newport, R. I., who stood the entire expense. The work was done by Tiffany & Company, of New York. One of these hand- some certificates was mailed to each new member elected at the last meeting. They were letterd by a draftsman at a cost of about 30 cents each, : As an appropriate addition to the certificate of membership the old seal of the Society has been revived. It was originally a conven- tronal design of three crossed fishes which did not represent any par- ticular species. They looked more like mackerel than anything else; but inasmuch as when the Society was founded its members were inter- ested primarily in brook trout, we thought it advisable to have a likeness of the fontinalis appear on the new seal. The date of organization, 1870, appears, likewise the date of incorporation, 1910. 16 American Fisheries Society Never before has the Society attempted the publication of so elabor- ate a report as the one appearing since the last meeting, it being a book of nearly 500 pages, and containing 13 cuts and 43 papers, together with the usual discussions of papers and records of the business ses- sions. A total of 800 copies were printed by the W. F. Roberts Com- pany, of Washington, D. C., the cost being about $1,200, or nearly $1.50 a volume. To this must be added the 20 cents for postage or ex- press on each copy sent out. We have been selling a number of copies at $1 each, although possibly we have not the authority of the Society to do so. A new price ought to be fixed this session. I think the last ruling in the matter permitted the sale at the rate of 50 cents; how- ever, we thought we were justified, in view of the outlay for the vol- ume, in asking a dollar for any of the copies sold. The matter of publishing this report was entirely under the direction of Dr. Smith. The Recording Secretary assisted, as did also the Assistant Secretary. It will be noted in the published list of members that efforts have been made to state the date of each member's election to the Society. The list has been revised and corrected as far as possible, and members are asked to aid with any further corrections that may be needed. There are very often changes of address of which the Secretary is not aware. An inventory of the reports on hand is as follows: Hc pe aries nah 1 US 1 e\~ sprogisaen sn ues 8 POSES = Nate: reer 1 UNIS rete acter re Pere niaiate Zz LOO. ois cee 1 A Ue Re SOR D0 or: 70 SUR nae Ce ba aor 3 US eee Sa sale io oot: 3 Tee Oh yet sees. 6 oo gas 2 ANG at polar teree asians 106 MO Fics mrarars rcrangeentsy anal Z WSO Zar. coos siars mice ogi oe 100 Iks2iiwe, Baweldite pelea 3 LOOSS cis ciswcresio es a 125 Oo be ook cneccoe 5 HOOD er ersjeisrs)ets eee 104 NE OU 9m Seka. ouces au 6 LONOS See reer toate 125 IS Ula peice daaosee 6 We have been fortunate in receiving donations of some of the rarer volumes. Mr. Fearing and Mr. Jennings have helped us out in this way. We would like to have further donations, that the bound series of reports, authorized at the New York meeting to be prepared and in the hands of the Secretary, may be as complete as possible. Compared with last year the applications for membership have been few, though about 50 have been received. If the members would work a little more earnestly in this cause, it perhaps might be possible to extend our membership circle considerably. The accession of only 40 or 50 members does not mean any growth in the Society, because there is bound to be depletion in the ranks through death, resignation, and necessary separation for delinquency in payment of dues. Since the last meeting the death of 10 members has been reported. Following are the names and dates, together with date of election to membership in the Society: Forty- fu ot Annua \Teeting : 1 Moses H. Cone, Greensboro, N. © ied }ecember 8, 1908. Death reported only last year. Elected urembership in 1903. Frank N. Crark, Northville, Mich. Die.) December 19, 1910. Elected to membership in 1884. Witttam Cuter, Comstock Park, Mich. Died December 26, 1909. Elected to membership in 1906. Howarp M. Butter, Bellefonte, Pa. Died December 22, 1910. Elected to membership in 1904. F. C. Zacuarte, New Orleans, La. Died January 6, 1910. Elected to membership in 1904. J. W. Brackett, Augusta, Me. Died June 24, 1911. Elected to mem- bership in 1910. E. A. Jaccarp, St. Paul, Minn. Died January, 1911. Elected to mem- bership in 1908. ArtHur Syxes, Madison, Wis. Died March 18, 1911. Elected to mem- bership in 1900. , H. D. Cuicnester, Washington, D. C. Died May 31, 1911. Elected to membership in 1910. . Epwarp Birseck, London, England. Died 1908. Elected to member- ship in 1884. Four resignations have been received, as follows: Apert L. Barrows, formerly of Cavite, P. I., now of Nordhoff, Cal. Resigned January 13, 1911. Elected a member in 1908. Oxiver ApAMs, Toronto, Canada. Resigned July 24, 1911. Elected a member in 1908. Groxce H. Suerwoon, New York City. Resigned July 26, 1911. Elected a member in 1903. W. A. LerseNrtnG, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Resigned September 26, 1911. Elected a member in 1906. I might mention in passing that it was necessary for me to be out, of the country some four months this summer, and during my absence all the Secretary's matters were carefully looked after by the Assistant Secretary, Miss Ethel M. Smith. Warp T. Bower, Secretary. The Secretary’s report was then, by unanimous consent, approved and placed on file. STYLE OF PUBLICATION OF TRANSACTIONS Mr. FrarinG: May I ask a question in regard to these Transactions, simply as a matter of interest in making the index. I wanted to ask if that last volume of Transactions was intentionally printed with each article ending on one page, and then the following article skipping a whole page, 18 American Fisheries Society with the idea of members being able to take out an article without taking any print on the other side; because if that book had been printed in the ordinary method its paging would have been reduced considerably, and would not have cost as much. SECRETARY: It might have been reduced 30 pages or so. Mr. Freartnc: I counted them. It would have reduced it considerably more than 30 pages. SECRETARY: The preparation of this report, I think, represents the very latest idea in artistic book making. Mr. FEArtNG: I simply asked, because a great many of the foreign societies publish their transactions in that man- ner. The idea seems a very good one, for you can take out the article as a separate if so desired. PRESIDENT: I presume you paid for the blank pages the same as if they were printed. Mr. Fearrnc: [think there are over 40 such pages. SECRETARY: Yes, something like 40. A reduced rate was made by the printer for the blank pages which appear in the report. The work was under the direction of the chair- man of the Publication Committee, Dr. H. M. Smith, who has charge of the preparation of the federal publications on similar matters. I believe the expense was fully justified, and that anyone who examines the book critically will be of the same opinion. Referring to Mr. Fearing’s remarks, we could have at the immediate conclusion of a paper started in with another title, but that would not have been a fair sample of the up-to-date book-maker’s art. Mr. Feartne: I thought the idea was to take separate articles out, and if so I think it is a very advisable method to pursue. SECRETARY: That was the principal idea in view. TREASURER: Our Secretary states that the expense of getting out this report was about $1,200. I think that the cost of stenographic work at the meetings should be included as part of the expense of getting out the reports. It is quite Forty-first Annual Meeting 19 necessary that the meetings be reported by a stenographer in order that the discussions may be made a part of the printed Transactions. It is logical that this item should go in as part of the expense. Therefore this year the report actually cost us nearly $1,500 instead of $1,280. SECRETARY: That charge may be very properly included as part of the expense of getting out the Transactions. TREASURER: My reason for making these remarks is that the members who do not pay their dues promptly may understand the heavy annual expense of getting out this report; and when the Society is obliged to pay $1,500 for 800 reports, it will be seen that the cost is nearly $2 a vel- ume. Every member ought to realize this, and should be more than willing to pay his dues. He certainly gets in the document value received for his dues. SECRETARY: You want to remind members to pay up their dues? TREASURER: Yes. PRESIDENT: We will now have the report of the Treasurer. At the request of Mr. Willard the report was then read by the Secretary. REPORT OF THE TREASURER To the American Fisheries Society: I herewith present my annual report as Treasurer from September 27, 1910, to October 3, 1911. RECEIPTS 1910 Sepia /aebalancerCashmonne Natl ain o.4)cleieude deme es. te $222.79 IRGiala aS” Golkal qgeroseeeee sae nomoocccondoUdE. 17.00 Diies and admission fees ..........¢....... 862.00 $1,101.79 EXPENDITURES 1910 Sept. 27. Sundry expenses New York meeting....... $ 3.90 RZ BS AVES VED MATTE yy sa) eeu scsi aelevayers eiewrateciniets 1.25 « 28: ‘Ward-T. Bower, Sec., postage, etc....... i 19.80 Oct. §. Seymour Bower, postage, etc............... 28.44 Fe ESUMMUT Vine: Ue GeSS mpLOe rains CtCasn sie > tele iss 49.40 een SS TAT PEG eMVElOPES = a. cic etelsatyersie sersictelefets« 10.72 Sar ieen\\onen Roberts: COmmpcinting-ay-meredetet sere: 15.25 20 American Fisheries Society Wov.d2.-1G J. Butler, envelopes. sseexee sees ool $10.72 “15. Goodwin & McDermott, stenographers..... 196.40 Dec. ; 2) -W.. B. (Roberts (Gos printing. ees. << ss oo 7.25 1911 Jans, ol CRostage stamps at. . aceenraenteeaie eis 3,0 9 os 1.00 May 16. Ward T. Bower, Sec., postage, etc.......... 18.45 June 7. W. F. Roberts Co., annual reports.......... 1,280.64 “28; ‘500 stamped, exivelopes 2c. ee seen cee oes 10.72 28° Dr. H. M. Smith;"postaress-secs-ceso---. 5.00 July 17. 500 circular letters; by Treas; .2...-..-.. 1.50 Sept. (&) rH. “MM. Smith, postaseeeeeee ce eee a 5.00 $1,605.44 1911 Oct. 3. ‘Balance. due» Treasurer! serene eae ee $563.65 $1,065.44 Respectfully submitted, = C. W. Wittarp, Treasurer. Wester.y, R. I., October 3, 1911. The report was duly received and referred to the Audit- ing Committee. PRESIDENT: The next subject will be reports of Vice- Presidents of divisions. Secretary: Dr. Evermann states that he will have no report available this year concerning the division of aquatic biology and physics. Mr. Gunckel advises that he will be here before the close of the meeting and will present a re- port on angling. I talked with Dr. Palmer two or three days ago, and he said that he had some items which he wanted to present to the Society on the subject of protection and legislation. The material will be submitted as a paper for publication in the next report, provided such action is agreeable to the Society. The topic proposed by Dr. Pal- mer is of timely interest, referring as it does to the action of various states in the licensing of hook and line fishing. PRESIDENT: We will take up the reports later on if any are ready for presentation. The Executive Committee, of which Dr. Charles H. Townsend is chairman, is next called upon for a report. Is there any other member that can make a report for the com- mittee, in the absence of Dr. Townsend? Dr. Ward, have Forty-first Annual Meeting 21 you anything to say about the Executive Committee’s work during the year? Dr. Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIl.: | am not aware of any business to report, Mr. President. PresipeENnT: Mr. Fearing, have you anything to say in reference to the work of the Executive Committee during the year? Mr. Feartne: I saw Dr. Townsend and he said there was nothing. He will not be here. PrestipDENT: Will the chairman of the Program Com- mittee eect the titles of any papers that ny be read before noon? Pror. L. L. Dycue, Pratt, Kan.: We have not had opportunity for a conference, but I see no reason why 1f we have time we should not begin the reading of papers. PRESIDENT: Will the committee get together and recom- mend some papers to be read before the close of the morning session? I would suggest that while we think about it, some one make a motion as to the time we shall convene after luncheon. Secretary: Would not 2 o'clock be a suitable time? Judging by the experience of previous meetings this seems to be the usually accepted hour. PRESIDENT: I might say that, as in the past, it will be considered in order at any time when actual business is not in progress for the Committee on Resolutions to present a report. Between the reading of papers or at any other time during the sessions, that committee has priority over other matters. The Program Committee has made a preliminary report and I have been called upon to open the skirmish. -(At the President’s request Mr. Boardman took the chair. ) The President then read a paper on the subject of “Goitre Among Trout, and Efforts to Eradicate It,” which paper was discussed. A recess was taken until 2.00 p.m., same day and place. Do bo American Fisheries Society At 2.00 p.m. meeting called to order by the President. Dr. S. P. BarrLerr, Quincey, Ill.: My object in asking your attention for a moment is to announce that my col- league, Mr. E. E. Caldwell, of the Illinois Fish Commis- sion, is here.and tells me that the steamer ///imois is now at the wharf, and that if desired there will be plenty of time to hold a meeting on the boat while running to Alton and back. On behalf of the Illinois Fish Commission Mr. Caldwell tenders the use of the steamer for that purpose. PRESIDENT: A meeting on the boat will be very pleasant, and in the absence of any objection we accept with thanks Mr. Caldwell’s very kind offer. Two o'clock will be a suit- able time for starting. Mr. E. E. CaLpwe tt, Havana, Ill.: Any time that meets with your convenience will suit us. Please come to the foot of Franklin Avenue, just above Eades Bridge. PRESIDENT: The meeting tomorrow afternoon will be held on board the steamer //linois. We will meet there at 2 o'clock. Dr. TarLeton H. BEAN, New York: I move that the thanks of the Society be extended to the Commissioner of Illinois for his courteous invitation. Motion seconded and unanimously carried by rising vote amidst applause. The Secretary then read an invitation for the Society to visit the Merchants’ Exchange of St. Louis. PRESIDENT: [| will announce my committees. Nomination Committee: Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, New York, Chairman; A. R. Whitaker, Pennsylvania; W. H. Boardman, Rhode Island; R. Kk. Robinson, West Virginia; S. P. Wires, Minnesota. Committee on Time and Place of Meeting: S. W. Downing, Ohio; W. L, May, Colorado; Dr. Henry B. Ward, Illinois. Forty-first Annual Meeting 23 Publication Committee: Dr. H. M. Smith, Washington, D. C.; Ward T. Bower, Washington, D. C.; Miss Ethel M. Smith, Washington, D. C. The Secretary then read several communications extend- ing formal invitation to hold the next annual meeting at Boston, New York, Portland, Oregon, and San Francisco. These communications were referred to the Committee on Time and Place of Meeting. PRESIDENT: We will proceed with the reading of papers, first hearing from the Program Committee, of which Pro- fessor Dyche is chairman. Proressor DycHE: The Program Committee has se- lected three numbers for this afternoon; first we will hear Mr. D. B. Fearing’s remarks on a proposed index to the So- ciety’s Transactions. We will then have the paper entitled: “Ts Irrigation Detrimental to Fish Culture,” by Mr. W. T. Thompson, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Iowa. This will be followed by a paper on the subject: “Utilization of the Dogfish,” by Dr. George W. Field, Boston, Mass. These three offerings are selected for the meeting this afternoon. PRESIDENT: We will hear from Mr. Fearing first. INDEX OF THE TRANSACTIONS Mr. Freartne: In the Assistant Secretary’s report at the last meeting of this Society he suggested that “in view of the scarcity of the early reports, a card index embracing the history of the connection with the Society of both past and present members would be a most valuable adjunct to the records. The careful compilation of such an index, cover- ing the entire period of the Society’s existence, would proba- bly cost from $25.00 to $50.00." This matter of an index was later discussed, bringing out the fact that an author's index had been worked up by Mr. Bower, and this was later published in connection with his article on the History of the Society, which appears in the volume of the Transac- tions of the fortieth meeting in 1910, 24 American Fisheries Society Mr. Titcomb, Mr. Meehan and others were ready to give their share toward the publication of a proper index of sub- jects as well as of authors, and it was decided that it should be made on cards, and later published so that members might have copies. Mr. Clark moved that a committee be ap- pointed to report at the next meeting in regard to the proba- ble cost of compiling such an index as was proposed. At this point, knowing something of the need and uses of in- dexes of reference, and having an almost complete set of the Society’s Transactions, I innocently offered to have the in- dex made and have enough copies printed to send one to each member of the Society. Upon a motion previously before the Society, it was voted that Dr. Smith be made chairman of a committee, the Secretary, Mr. Titcomb and myself to make up the members, and my offer was accepted with thanks. On going over my set of the Transactions I discovered that I lacked Volume VIII as well as the first five volumes, but these were kindly loaned to me by the Bureau of Fish- eries. Since then I have obtained all except the first and eighth, and once more I will say,that I shall be very glad to pay any price within reason for these two. The work of making an index of the Transactions of this Society as full and as detailed as seems desirable has proved to be a “big job,” as Mr. Titcomb prophesied—and TI can, after the lapse of a year, only report progress, and not pro- duce the finished product as I had hoped to be able to do. The Transactions, including those of the last meeting, have been indexed fully by author, subject, and title, and be- tween 800 and 1,000 entries made. Before compiling this index, however, preparatory to its publication, a great many questions and problems have arisen that it would seem well to have the members themselves discuss and offer their own answers and solutions for. My librarian, who has done the indexing, has made out a list of questions which I will ask you to discuss as fully uw Forty-first Annual Meeting 2 as time will permit. I shall be very glad to consider any suggestions of changes or improvements offered by mem- bers who have used, or tried to use, the Society’s publica- tions for reference purposes. The first question is: Shall the titles of the papers pre- sented at the different meetings be indexed under the first word not an article? For example, the paper, “Some of the Difficulties Encountered in Collecting Pike Perch Eggs” would ordinarily be put under the head of Pike Perch. Prorressor DycHeE: It seems to me that the rules that are followed in ordinary library indexing might very well be followed in indexing these reports. SECRETARY: In my opinion the ordinary principles of in- dexing should be applied. Poole’s Index or any standard index would be a good pattern. Take, for instance, the paper referred to on “Some of the Difficulties Encountered in the Collection of Pike Perch Eggs,” it would be rather unusual to index it under the letter “S” simply because it is the first letter of the title. The subject matter should be the guiding factor, and thus in the present case “Pike perch” would be the natural heading. There should, of course, be appropriate cross references. I think that the general principles of indexing with cross-references should apply in Mr. Fearing’s index. Care should be taken not to make the affair too cumbersome. Mr. Fearinc: With the permission of the Society I will go ahead and do the indexing the way I have started it. Dr. Bean: I would like to say that if Mr. Fearing should index the paper mentioned under “Pike perch,” and then have a subhead “Difficulties of taking eggs,” he would cover the ground very satisfactorily. SEcRETARY: It would hardly be necessary to make a reference under so general a heading as “Fish culture,” for this would merely make the index cumbersome rather than suggestive. It is about the last place one would look in such an index for information on pike perch eggs. 26 American Fisheries Society Mr. FEARING: That covers that point. Another thing of importance is in regard to reports of the Treasurer and various committees. There are 41 different Treasurer's re- ports, thus necessitating 41 references. SECRETARY: Could not one general reference be made to suffice ? Mr. FEARING: We cannot have one reference. There is a Treasurer’s report for each year of the Society’s existence. SECRETARY: But they would appear only in one place in the index. There would be no cross references. Mr. FEARING: That is so. It could be simplified in that way. That was our idea if it met with the Society’s appro- val, because otherwise it would require a great deal of space. The next question is: Under broad subjects like “Ap- paratus,’’ would you care to have the references in the order of the years in which they come, or alphabetically? That is to say, for instance, under the head “Apparatus,” would the order be “Brackett’s trays’ and then ‘““Ainsworth’s screens” ? Brackett’s trays came out first and Ainsworth’s screens afterward. Logically the reference to Ainsworth’s screens should be first in the index. Secretary: I think an alphabetical arrangement is by all odds the best. Dr. H. B. Warp: It seems to me that we passed one lit- tle item without note, that in some cases may have considera- ble importance: I refer to the reports of committees. Re- ports of Nominating and Auditing Committees, etc., would be of little value if indicated under forty different headings. On the other hand, if there is a committee on international relations or a committee on best methods of handling cer- tain matters, it might be important to get at the report of the committee. The report of the committee in such case would seem to me to have a permanent value, whereas the report of an auditing or nominating committee has very little permanent value. Mr. Feartnc: I think, perhaps, if it is satisfactory, I might pick out the important committees. Forty-first Annual Meeting 27 Dr. Warp: Personally I do not think any better plan could be found. Mr. Feartnc: Another question is: Shall the subject entries be followed by the name of the author? As for ex- ample, “Fish Cultur jp Dyaeln Et dSissellie Dr. Warp: There is only this to say, speaking per- sonally again, I have recalled that in a certain year Mr. Dwight Lydell said something in a paper on the bass that bore on another point, and if one had to hunt through every paper on the bass to find which one Mr. Lydell wrote, it would be hard to get at that specific information. Mr. Feartne: You will find it under the heading “Ly- dell, remarks on black bass.” There is really a double entry of the author’s name, for it would appear both under the headings “Lydell” and “Black bass.” The next question is: Shall authors’ names be entered in full, or as given in the list of members, or with initials of first names only? There are many men who, perhaps, for the purposes of this Society use a middle name, as A. John Brown, instead of A. J. Brown. It is as simple one way as the other, to put them in as they are given in the list of members, or other- wise. In many cases it is almost impossible to give the full name correctly. SECRETARY: Perhaps it would be best to have no hard and fast rule. Simply make the entry according to the author’s signature. Mr. FeartnG: The simplest way would be to give the name as it appears in the list of members. Another question is: Shall the reference be given to the year of meeting or number of meeting? Dr. Warp: There is one point here, that we all Sonia bear in mind, and that is that all librarians who bind these proceedings will put on the back the number of the volume and not the year, or if they put on the year they may put on the year of publication, which is the date recognized, and not the year in which the paper was read. Now that will render 28 American Fisheries Society it difficult to refer from this index to a set of the Transac- tions on the shelf of any public or scientific library. If I am not mistaken, in the library indexes, like Poole’s Index, reference to such societies take the volume number as con- tained on the title page, and not the year. Consequently our references would not agree with the standard library index references. SECRETARY: Do they not contain both the volume num- ber and the year? Dr. Warp: The year of publication and not the year of meeting. In the printing of scientific bibliographies I think that custom is absolute. The year of publication is the only date recognized, and not the year in which the meeting happened to be held. Mr. Feartinc: You need not worry about anybody going to look up the records of this Society in any public library, for the only complete set is in the library of the Bureau of Fisheries at Washington. Dr. Warp: As a teacher I feel this side of it. Per- sonally I shall refer to the publications of this Society, not to all of them, because we have not access to all of them. There are certain things that are very important, and those things ought to be used more and more in our institu- tions where teaching along biological lines is carried on, lines that involve the work that the Society is doing. I be- lieve the Society can gain wider influence and can exert greater power in the development of this subject if we can only get the periodicals where they can be referred to. I have cited people to publications of this Society and they have replied to me that unfortunately they cannot be found in the library. So there is a real difficulty. Nevertheless, in some libraries in the larger cities, it is possible to get a considerable number of the publications of this Society, and it ought to be possible in future to get all of them. I think that the great libraries in our cities should have as nearly a complete series as possible. I know of two cities that have recently searched out as nearly a complete series Forty-first Annual Meeting 29 as possible. Now, that is of importance here, because if we are to make this index useful to the public seeking informa- tion on fish matters, and to the patrons of libraries, the index must be put in the form in which an index is usually found. So I think the proposals here to follow what is the customary method of indexing are really very important for the welfare and interest of the Society. SECRETARY: May I ask if there is to be an index of the material embraced in the discussions ? Mr. Fearinc: That will come in under the discussion of each paper. PRESIDENT: Without cross references? Mr. Feartnc: With cross references—for instance, if Mr. Clark and Mr. Meehan had one of their discussions on fry and fingerlings, it would be indexed “Meehan, re- marks on fry,” and “Clark, remarks on fingerlings.” The heading, “Fry and fingerlings,” would also give the references. SECRETARY: Discussions sometimes wander over a wide variety of subjects, and it is hard to get at the meat of them. Mr. Fearne: It makes indexing very difficult. I re- member in one instance where the discussion started on the pollution of water and ended up on fry and fingerlings, and it went the whole gamut between, on almost every known subject. (Laughter. ) Dr. Warp: There is one other point concerning which I should like to inquire. I am not perfectly clear from what I have heard whether this index is to be printed as a separ- ate pamphlet or in connection with the volume of Trans- actions. Mr. FEARING: I was going to ask about that. It seems to me if it will be of any use to the Society it would be better to have it printed as an addition to the Transactions, where it can always be found. SECRETARY: As a part of the Transactions? Mr. FEARING: Yes, but I am open to suggestions. An index bound as a separate volume is very apt to be mislaid. ios) i=) American Fisheries Society Dr. Warp: And not only that but the index if printed as a separate pamphlet may not get into the hands of the libraries that get the volumes. Then the library, which cer- tainly needs the index as much as any individual could, would be without that essential part. SecrETARY: It would make a rather voluminous affair. You will note that the little author’s index which I worked up last year, where only one reference is made to each of the 433 papers published, occupied 15 pages in the report. The complete index Mr. Fearing is preparing will make quite a volume. i Mr. FeartnG: But the index ought to be in the hands of every owner of the volume, and as Dr. Ward says, if pub- lished separately it is very apt to be missing. Secretary: Undoubtedly the most desirable place for it is in the regular volume of the Transactions. By using small type and arranging the material perhaps in double columns on a page, the whole thing can be put in more compact form than I at first thought. Mr. FEARING: I would be glad to pay a certain propor- tion toward doing it. Proressor DycHEe: Would it not be wise to have it printed both ways, to have a certain number of Transactions and a certain number of separate copies also? It is often done. I never heard of their being lost. It is very unhandy to pull down a large volume just to get at an index. SECRETARY: Reprints could be made. Mr. Feartnc: There could be a certain number of reprints that the Society could sell. Proressor DycHe: I would rather have it separate and not connected with the volume. I do not care about pulling down the largest volume in the series to get at the index. I would rather have the index by itself every time. Dr. Warp: Have you calculated the size of the index when printed ? Forty-first Annual Meeting 31 Mr. Fearrnc: It is a hard thing to estimate, as it all depends on the size of the type used. But it will probably be 115 or 120 pages or more. Dr. Warp: In view of the very liberal offer of Mr. Fearing to assist in this matter, I should like to move that the Society undertake to carry out the printing of the index, and that the question of securing reprints of this part be left to Mr. Fearing and the Secretary, their opinion to be based on what seems to be the demand for a separate publi- cation of that portion. Seconded by Dr. Bean, unanimously carried and so ordered. A paper by Mr. Thompson was then read and discussed. Dr. Field then presented his paper. PRESIDENT: I would suggest that the discussion of Dr. Field’s interesting paper be deferred until tomorrow morn- ing as the time has arrived when we agreed to visit the hatchery ponds at the park. If there are no objections we will leave the discussion until tomorrow. Before we go I would ask that you set a time for the meeting tomorrow. Secretary: I move that we convene at 9 o’clock to- morrow morning. Seconded by Professor Dyche, and unanimously carried. Adjournment then taken. Wednesday, October 4, TOTI, 9.30 a.m. Meeting called to order at the same place by the Presi- dent. The visit of the members of the Society to the Forest Park fish-cultural station was discussed. PRESIDENT: We will listen to the report of the Com- mittee on Time and Place of Meeting. TIME AND PLACE OF NEXT ‘MEETING Mr. S. W. Downtne, Put-in Bay, Ohio: A majority of the committee has decided on Denver as the place for the o2 American Fisheries Society next meeting, but the time has not been fully decided on, al- though it will be early in September—we could not get the date. PresIDENT: Will you make a further report? Mr. Downinc: Yes, we will report the date this afternoon. PRESIDENT: You say that is a full report of the com- mittee or just a majority report? Mr. Down1nc: It was made unanimous. PRESIDENT: You hear the report of the Committee on Time and Place of Meeting. What action will you take? Proressor Dycue: I move the report of the committee be accepted. Seconded. Dr. Fretp: I have a cordial invitation for the Society to hold its meeting in Boston, with meetings also in Provi- dence and Gloucester; but we do not want to press the mat- ter this year. We believe there are many reasons why we should go to Denver next year but we do want to put our- selves in line for consideration the following year. We have not met in New England for a great many years, and we believe that Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut should have some consideration in this matter. We can assure you that you will receive a most cordial reception. Now another question arises: I chance to be Secretary of the Association of Game Commissioners, and I think without doubt we can arrange to have the meeting in Den- ver either just before or just after the meeting of this So- ciety, which seems desirable. Dr. Warp: There has been some doubt expressed by various people, possibly because they did not understand the situation, as to the advisability of holding the convention in Denver. I believe it would be wise to have Mr. May tell the Society what he has in the way of information regard- ing the Denver situation. Mr. W. L. May, Denver, Colo.: I did not get a chance to lay before the committee what we had in the way of in- Forty-first Annual Meeting 33 vitations. It has been the custom heretofore to present these invitations from different bodies, towns and cities directly to the committee, without referring them to the meeting. But if you do not mind I would like to read ex- tracts from invitations we have in favor of Denver. The Denver Convention League writes: The Denver Convention League, on behalf of the business interests of this city, extends to your organization a most cordial invitation to hold its 1912 session in Denver. We have in this city and state many enthusiastic sportsmen and we believe that if a session of your organization were held in Denver that a considerable accession of members ‘could be obtained. Apart from the interesting sessions of your Association your members would- be delightfully entertained at the nearby fishing places which abound in this locality. Many of your members have doubtlessly visited this state and know of its many advantages both as to climate and scenery, and it is there- fore not necessary to enlarge on these points. We will act in perfect harmony with the members of your organiza- tion located in this state in the endeavor to make your session here the most successful one ever held in your history. A communication from the Denver Chamber of Com- merce includes the following: The Denver Chamber of Commerce desires to join with the Denver Convention League and other commercial bodies in extending to your Society a hearty and cordial invitation to come to Denver in 1912. - We believe that the entertainment Colorado can offer you is un- excelled by any other commonwealth in the Union, and nothing would give us more pleasure than to be the hosts of the members of your Society and show them the “Sportsman’s True Paradise’—Colorado. Another invitation is from the Colorado Sportsmen's Association, as follows: At a meeting of the Colorado Sportsmen’s Association held Sep- tember 9, it was unanimously resolved to invite your Society to hold its next annual (1912) meeting in our city. ; Colorado has well been denominated the nation’s playground: It can also, with good and sufficient reason, be called the trout fisher- man’s paradise. The majority of us imagine we are well equipped mentally and otherwise, to kill fish, but very few are versed in even the rudiments of fish propagation, and the addresses of your members would be of great educational value. 3 34 American Fisheries Society We will be more than pleased to extend every courtesy within our power, and trust that it may be possible to arrange as one of the fea- tures of your entertainment a visit to our new club house on the South Platte. We feel confident that the holding of your meeting in our city will not alone add materially to your membership, but greatly to our knowledge of fish culture as well. The Hon. Robert W. Speer, Mayor of Denver, extends the following invitation: It gives me pleasure to join in the invitation to your Association to hold your next session in Denver. The city administration will be pleased to co-operate in every manner possible with the local com- mercial bodies in extending your members a genuine western welcome. and every effort will be put forth to make your visit to our city agree- able and instructive. From Governor Shafroth we have the following: In behalf of the people of the State of Colorado I wish to extend to you an invitation to hold your next annual meeting, for 1912, in the city of Denver, in this state. On account of Colorado being a western state, and its mountains being covered with original forests, and on account of the enforcement of the game laws of this state, we have still left considerable game in our mountains. We have here associations composed of sportsmen, many of whom are residents of the city of Denver. The Game and Fish Department of the state of Colorado has in every way attempted to preserve the game and fish and has stocked the streams with fish and placed in the forests much game. Denver is an excellent city in which to hold a convention. The climate in summer is ideal. Within two or three hours’ run, in the hottest weather, you can reach the region where perpetual snow exists, and in going you pass most Superb wonders in scenery. From Mr. James A. Shinn, State Game and Fish Com- missioner, comes the following: I want to join Governor Shafroth in giving your Society an invi- tation to hold its 1912 Convention in Denver. If you conclude to do so, I will say, in behalf of the people of the state of Colorado, that we will see that you get your fill of speckled trout from our sparkling streams, as well as bear, deer and grouse. You can visit some of the eight fish hatcheries that are now being operated by the state, from which we wiil be able to distribute some 29,000,000 of fry by the close of 1912. The Denver fish hatchery is located near the city and can be reached by automobile. We get two hatches of spawn per year, and take the native and rainbow spawn in the late spring and early summer, while our brook trout begin spawning the first ten days in October, un Forty-first Annual Meeting 3 We consider our game and fish and our wonderful mountain scenery as one of our best assets. Thousands of people from other portions of the Union visit our state for the purpose of hunting and fishing during the heated season at home. Report unanimously adopted as to the place of meeting. PRESIDENT: The next place of meeting is, by unanimous vote, the city of Denver. In accordance with the action of the Program Com- mittee we will take up an address by Dr. S. A. Forbes on “Definite Results of Survey Work on the Illinois River.” The address was delivered and discussed. Present: If there is no further discussion we will proceed with the next paper. I will call on Professor Dyche for his paper. Proressor DycHe: This plan for a fish hatchery has some things about it that need to be discussed, though I have no pet theory to exploit. I am going to try to found a fish hatchery suitable for conditions in the state of Kansas, and I desire the members to discuss it. I want to ask questions myself, and hope to be asked questions; because if I am making any mistakes I want to know it right away. The hatchery will be built in a short time, and I want to be as straight as possible before starting in on it. As there will be considerable discussion I think it would be better to take some other paper now. PRESIDENT: Then we will take the following paper: “The Absorption of Fats by the Alimentary Tract with Special Reference to the Function of the Pyloric Coeca in the King Salmon, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha,” by Dr. Charles W. Greene, Department of Physiology, University of Mis- souri, Columbia, Mo. The paper was then read. PRESIDENT: We will have to leave the discussion es this interesting paper till the afternoon session. The papers read have provoked so much discussion that we are behind, and a session this evening will be necessary. The meeting will be called this afternoon on the steamer Jilinois. Be sure to be at the wharf a few minutes before 2 o’clock. Dr. Bartlett 36 American Fisheries Society and one or two more will be at the hotel to show the way. We will leave the hotel here at quarter of two. Recess was taken until 2.00 p.m., to meet on the steamer ///inois at that time. The President called the meeting to order at 3 o'clock p-m., same day, on board the steamer J//linots. SecrRETARY: The Anhaeuser-Busch Brewing Company extends a cordial invitation to us to inspect their plant at our convenience, but preferably before 4.00 p.m. It is asked that we inform them of the time selected that they may give the Society hospitable attention. Proressor Dycue: I move that this invitation be ac- cepted. Being from Kansas I think it is proper for me to make the motion. (Laughter. ) PresIDENT: Will the Professor set the time? TREASURER: I suggest that the time be from 4.00 p.m. to 8.00 a.m. (Laughter. ) The invitation was then unanimously accepted. Dr. BartLetr: | want to say that the Anhaeuser-Busch brewery is one of the most interesting manufacturing plants in the West, and it covers the largest area of ground. I have no doubt your reception will be all that you can ask for, over and above what you want to drink. PRESIDENT: Will you state a time so that we may notify the company when we will be there? SEcRETARY: Is it not probable that our business will be finished by 3 o'clock tomorrow afternoon? PRESIDENT: Yes. ° SECRETARY: Then I move that we go out immediately after adjournment tomorrow. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. SECRETARY: A communication is at hand from Mr. Charles Flegel, member of the Imperial Fisheries Society, Vienna, Austria, and a corresponding member of the American Fisheries Society. It is in relation to the sponge fishery of the Mediterranean. It is quite a long communica- Forty-first Annual Meeting 37, tion and possibly it would be well not to read it at the present time. It calls for action I think by the Committee on For- eign Relations or the Committee on Resolutions. With the President's consent it might be referred to the proper committee. PRESIDENT: I would suggest that a motion be passed to refer to the Committee on Foreign Relations with power to act. So moved by Dr. Greene. Motion seconded, unanimously carried, and so ordered. SECRETARY: Some years ago authority was granted to sell reports of the Society for 50 cents a copy. It occurs to me that it would be well to increase this price, inasmuch as 50 cents does not represent the cost of getting out one of the reports. Even the less pretentious offerings cost more than 50-cents a copy. I think it would be well to increase the price to one dollar a copy. I submit this as a recommen- dation. Another question it would be well to consider is the time of the payment of dues by applicants for membership. Here- tofore when names have been proposed for membership the money has not accompanied the request. It has not been the practice to ask for payment of dues until after the member has been elected. I think it would be well for the Society to adopt a rule requiring that the fee shall accompany the application for membership. Another matter of importance is a proposed revision of the Constitution, particularly Article V, relating to the order of business. PresipEnT: I think that is in the hands of the Com- mittee on Resolutions now. It has reference to the change in Article V as to the order of business, is not that the case? Dr. Fretp: I did not know that it had been formally referred to us. SECRETARY: You refer to Article II, do you not? PRESIDENT: Article I] and Article V. There are omis- sions in Article V that necessitate some changes. ; 38 American Fisheries Society If the Committee on Nominations is ready we will re- ceive the report this afternoon. Dr. FieLp: Has any action been taken in regard to the amount of money due Mr. Willard? He has advanced cer- tain moneys. It is entirely unjust for the Treasurer to have to advance funds in that way. SECRETARY: Inasmuch as the dues are now collectable for the coming year, possibly much of the deficit will be wiped out within a month at the outside, and if we inaugu- rate the campaign proposed for the collection of dues from our delinquent members I believe that it can be wiped out entirely. Mr. Fearne: It amounts to nearly $600. SECRETARY: The expense for printing the next report will not come up until probably along in January or Feb- ruary, so that everything that is collected for the next few months can be applied on the debt. I believe we have some- thing like $100 on hand now, that has just come in. PRESIDENT: Do you think the amount coming in will cover the deficit? : TREASURER: No, I think not. Our Secretary refers to the amount in hand of about a hundred dollars; but there are some debts unpaid that will practically wipe that out. SECRETARY: That is so. TREASURER: I do not see that we can do anything more than we have done right along. I have not asked for any action to be taken in this matter. The most I might ask for perhaps would be a vote authorizing the Treasurer from time to time, as he may deem necessary, to hire such money as may be required to carry on the work of the Society. I have not found any fault, and if I am re-elected to office, I will do my best to gather in all the funds possible. I do not think I shall find any fault in the matter. But I do think that perhaps a vote authorizing the Treasurer to hire such sums of money as may be necessary might be in order. Mr. Georce H. Granam, Springfield, Mass.: I would tike to ask how many members there are in the organization ? Forty-first Annual Meeting 39 SECRETARY: About 625. : Mr. GRAHAM: It seems to me that an organization of this kind, doing the work we are doing, ought to have ten times as many members as we have. If people generally knew, 1f our sportsmen knew, what this Society is doing, I think we could get a thousand members tomorrow, and then we would not have any deficit. Let us increase the mem- bership. TREASURER: That really is the keynote of the whole situation. We can get along nicely with the present dues 1f we can only increase the membership to a thousand. We have now about 600 members and it would not be difficult if everyone would put his shoulder to the wheel. There should be no great trouble getting a thousand members in a Society like ours. SECRETARY: A year ago a campaign was inaugurated to secure new members. At the office of the Bureau in Wash- ington we had access to the names of many fish and game clubs in the country, and we sent out hundreds of circulars. Asa result of that campaign something like a hundred new members were secured. It is surprising to know what little attention is paid to anything of the sort. However, I trust that Mr. Graham can suggest some plan of action to -in- crease the membership. Mr. GRAHAM: Sending out letters is all right, but nine out of ten people throw them in the waste basket. The best way to do it is for each member to procure a number of new members. Every man here could, if he tried, secure 10 members before the next meeting. I believe that I can secure 25 myself. But it must be done by personal work. You must go to the men. They do not know what the dues are; talk to them three or four minutes and they will find out about the Society and will be glad to join. We will not have any trouble in getting a thousand members. Look at the sportsmen in Missouri. I understand they have an organization here now of a thousand members, and there ought not to be any trouble in getting a hundred of 40 American Fisheries Society those members to join this Society. There is not an organi- zation in the country doing the grand work that this So- ciety is doing; and certainly the sportsmen and the sporting goods manufacturers should help out; manufacturers of fishing tackle and implements should assist. We ought not to be in need of funds; we ought to have ten times as much money as we require. Mr. Feartnc: We need more publicity. TREASURER: Is there any objection to the general pub- lic attending the meetings ? PRESIDENT: No. - TREASURER: Then it seems to me that it would be a good idea for our Society, through its President or Chair- man of the Executive Committee, or Secretary, to send out personal invitations to the members of the sporting clubs, boards of trade, etc., to attend our meetings. I have an idea that a great*many members of sporting clubs would gladly attend meetings 1f they knew they would be welcome. If invitations are sent to these clubs a much larger attend- ance will be secured, and thus we will get new members. Mr, E. T. GrerHer, St. Louis, Mo.: I would say that until a week ago I did not know anything about the meeting, and I would suggest that it would be advisable for the Society to have a committee on publicity, so that they would be able to send out advance notice of the time and place of meet- ing as well as something of general interest with regard ‘to the meeting. I know it to be a fact that there is no state in the union but that has one or more sportsmen’s associations ; and the officers of those associations would be very glad without doubt to arrange something to interest the public, especially the clubs. In the city of St. Louis we have 185 clubs, and I would have sent some word to them of the meeting here, but I did not know anything about it until a short time ago when I made application for membership in the Society. I did not know where the meeting was to be held, and I merely put in the paper seven or eight lines men- tioning that there would be a meeting on October 3. Mr. Forty-first Annual Meeting 41 Geserich, President of the Fish Commission, was out of the city and I could not secure any information from him. I would have gladly written more and the people would have been glad to read it. There are things that come up in the meetings that are of great importance; and I know the sportsmen of this city would have turned out gladly if they had known of it. PRESIDENT: The question of a committee on publicity is important, and as further talk only consumes time and it is evident that this is the solution of the problem, I suggest _ that somebody make a motion that this matter be referred to the Committee on Resolutions with instructions to report recommending the creation of a Committee on Publicity, so we can dispose of the matter at once. Dr. Fretp: It seems to me it would be well to act in full meeting. It does not seem to me the function of the Com- mittee on Resolutions to report on matters of general business: PRESIDENT: I think we can dispose of it now. Mr. Grawam: Would it be better to do that or to add to the Committee on Membership and have the same com- mittee act as both? PRESIDENT: There is no Committee on Membership... Mr. GraHam: I think there ought to be. PRESIDENT: It is understood that the whole Society is really a Committee on Membership. Mr. GraHamM: I move that the President appoint a standing committee of three on publicity. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. ELECTION OF OFFICERS PRESIDENT: We will hear from the Committee on Nomi- nations. Dr. BEAN: The Committee on Nominations offers a unanimous report of names for officers and committees for the ensuing year. In making these nominations we have been guided by the rules which have governed the 42 American Fisheries Society Society heretofore, that is to say, the Vice-President is the candidate for the presidency, and the chairman of the Ex- ecutive Committee becomes the candidate for the vice-presi- dency. All matters have been considered carefully by the committee and the names are offered now for your rati- fication. President: S. F. Fullerton, St. Paul. Vice-President: Charles H. Townsend, New York. Vice-Presidents of Divisions: Fish Culture: John W. Titcomb, Lyndonville, Vt. Aquatic Biology and Physics: Dr. Edwin Linton, Washington, Pa. Commercial Fishing: A. B. Alexander, \Washington, DeG. Angling: H. Wheeler Perce, Chicago, Ill. Protection and Legislation: Dr. T. S. Palmer, Wash- ington, D. C. Treasurer: C. W. Willard; Westerly, R. 1. Corresponding Secretary: Dr. H. M. Smith, Washing- ton, D. C. Recording Secretary: Ward T. Bower, Washington, DAC Assistant Recording Secretary: Miss Ethel M. Smith, Washington, D. C. Executive Committee: Dr. Henry B. Ward, Chairman, Urbana, IIl.; Daniel B. Fearing, Newport, R. I.; E. Hart Geer, Hadlyme, Conn.; D. H. Power, Suttons Bay, Mich.; A. R. Whitaker, Phoenixville, Pa.; R. Tyson White, Brook- lyn, N. Y.; W. L. May, Denver, Colo. Committee on Foreign Relations: Dr. H. M.. Smith, Chairman, Washington, D. C.; E. N. Carter, St. Johnsbury, Vt.; Dr. George W. Field, Boston, Mass.; Dr. F. M. John- son, Boston, Mass.; H. F. DePuy, New York; Dr. J. A. Henshall, Tupelo, Miss. Acting upon the authority and with the consent of the committee I move the election of these officers and mem- hers of committees. Forty-first Annual Meeting 43 Motion seconded and unanimously carried. The report was adopted and the persons recommended by the committee were declared elected as the officers of the Society for the ensuing year. PrEsIDENT: We will proceed to the discussion of Dr. Green’s paper. Dr. Green’s paper was then discussed. PRESIDENT: The next paper is by Mr. W. O. Buck, on “Control in Pond Culture.” The paper was read and discussed. PRESIDENT: Before we take up the next paper I will announce the Committee on Publicity. I have taken advan- tage of the elementary prerogative of a chairman,and have appointed myself as chairman of that committee. As the other members of the committee I will appoint Mr. W. L. May, of Denver, and Mr. Ward T. Bower, of Washington, D. C. ProressoR DycHe: I move that when we adjourn we meet at our regular place at the Planters’ Hotel at 8 o'clock this evening, Motion seconded and unanimously carried. PRESIDENT: The next paper is by Dr. H. B. Ward and is entitled, “The Distribution and Frequency of Animal Parasites, and Parasitic Diseases in American Fresh Water Fish.” The paper was read and discussed. Mr. Bucx: I would like to offer one suggestion, in connection with the Publicity Committee, before a motion to adjourn is made. I feel sure that when we have a good thing we cannot have too much of it, and without meaning in any way to reflect upon the very efficient committee that has been appointed, I wish to suggest that each one of us should feel it his duty to assist in every way he can toward the publicity of the cause and toward the procuring of new members. I want also to ask permission to add my friend here who suggested the committee, and talked upon it in a way which indicates that he will have a great deal of en- 44 American Fisheries Society thusiasm for the cause, and will be able to help it along. With your permission [ move that Mr. Graham be added to the committee. PRESIDENT: That is a very good suggestion. The motion is that the committee be enlarged by the ad- dition of Mr. Graham. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. PresripeENtT: Mr. Graham is added to the committee. A recess was here taken until 8.00 p.m., at the Planters’ Hotel. The President called the meeting to order at the Planters’ Hotel, St. Louis, at 8.15 p.m. PRESIDENT: Gentlemen, Mr. L. A. Geserich, President of the Missouri Fish Commission, wants to say a few words to you in the way of extending an invitation. Mr. GesertcH: Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the American Fisheries Society: I was saying to Mr. Bower a few moments ago, that I did not want to interfere with any prearranged plan that you gentlemen may have; but I do want to say this, that the State Fish Commission of Mis- souri recently secured a new distributing car, one equipped with every modern device for handling fish and water. I thought if you would like to profit by our experience and see what we have, we should be glad to have you visit the car tomorrow. I really think we have something that no other state has today, or even the Bureau of Fisheries at Wash- ington, D. C., in the way of a fish distributing car—that is, so far as the water and air plans are concerned. If you can come out tomorrow afternoon we shall be highly pleased. It will take about 20 minutes to run out there. I shall be very glad to have you look the car over if you can. PRESIDENT: What time will the car be on view? Mr. GesertcH: It is in storage at Compton Avenue yards. I will have the superintendent arrange to fill a num- ber of the big tanks with water and obtain a supply of air. We can then make a demonstration, I think, that will Forty-first Annual Meeting 45 be of interest to all of you gentlemen. If 2 o'clock would be convenient tomorrow we could run out from here and not interfere with any plans you may have after that in the way of entertainment. I understand you are going to a place where they make a product in Missouri called beer. (Laughter. ) PRESIDENT: We had heard they did something of that sort in Missouri, and some of our members being of an in- vestigating turn of mind wanted to ascertain just what it was, as they understood that the Missourians thought a great deal of the product. (Laughter. ) é Mr. GesericH: I will say that I have gone down there frequently. You know I have a little fun once in a while as I go. I must get that fun myself, and 1f I don’t grab it I lose. We make a few fish here and also have the biggest brewery in the world. When you get down there the brewery is yours, as far as your capacity is concerned while you are there. (Applause and laughter. ) PRESIDENT: I suppose, gentlemen, that if we push things lively we can finish by half past 12, and after luncheon we could visit the car and from there take up this other investi- gation. I think we will try and fix that as part of the program. Mr. GesertcH: I shall be glad to be here at 2 o'clock and will escort you to the fish car, and from there to the brewery. It will take 25 minutes to run from the fish car to the brewery. : PRESIDENT: We will be ready perhaps a little before 2 o'clock. ; Mr. GesertcH: Then I will be here before 2 o'clock. PRESIDENT: Is the Auditing Committee ready to report? SecRETARY: The chairman of the Auditing Committee handed the report to me. It is as follows: 46 American Fisheries Society ; St. Louis, Mo., October 4th. _ We have examined the report and vouchers of the Treasurer and find them correct. Signed: S. P. Bartierr Auditi H. Wueever PErce Cor nese W. T. THompson it Report unanimously accepted and adopted. TIME AND PLACE OF NEXT ‘MEETING PRESIDENT: I will call on the Committee on Time and Place of Meeting for its final report. Mr. Downine: We have decided that fhe time should be early in September, and as the first Tuesday comes on the 3d, the committee thought that this would be the most convenient time. PRESIDENT: You hear the report of the Committee on Time and Place of Meeting. What is your pleasure in the matter? The full report as presented is, that the next meet- ing shall be held in Denver, Colo., beginning Tuesday, Sep- tember 3, 1912. ; Motion made and seconded that the report of Com- mittee on Time and Place of Meeting be adopted as finally given. Motion unanimously carried and so ordered. PRESIDENT: We will now listen to a paper by Prof. L. L. Dyche, entitled “A New and Enlarged Fish Hatchery for the State of Kansas.” Professor Dyche then read his paper which was dis- cussed. Dr. S. P. Bartlett presented a paper on “The Decrease of the Coarse Fish, and Some of its Causes.” The paper was discussed. Adjourned to 9.00 a.m. next day. Thursday, October 5, 1OTT, 9.55 a.m. Meeting called to order at the same place by the President. Forty-first Annual Meeting 47 PRESIDENT: We will now listen to a paper by Mr. S. G. Worth, of Mammoth Spring, Ark., on “Fresh Water Angling Grounds. for the Striped Bass.” The paper was read and discussed. PRESIDENT: The next paper is by Mr. S. W. Downing: “Are the Hatcheries on the Great Lakes a Benefit to the Commercial Fisherman?” Dr. Ward then read the paper by request. Before reading the paper Dr. Ward said: I am very glad to be of any service to my friend, Mr. Downing, especially because the paper was of considerable interest to me as I read it over at his request. Please under- stand that all this is to be attributed to him. I know he deserves it. After being read the paper was discussed. PRESIDENT: That embraces all the papers to be read by thoSe present, and we will now take up Dr. Charles H. Townsend’s paper on “The Pribilof Fur Seal Herd, and the Prospects for its Increase.” The paper was read and discussed. Mr. Worth then read a paper, by Mr. J. F. Boepple, entitled, “Notes on the Fish of the Cumberland River.” PRESIDENT: The next paper will be, “Some Observa- tions on the Culture of Yellow Perch in Ponds,” by Mr. W. B. Gorham, of Erwin, Tenn. The paper was then read. PRESIDENT: The next paper will be, “Atlantic Salmon in Fresh Water,” by Mr. Charles G. Atkins, of East Or- land, Me. ; The paper was then read by Mr. Thompson. PRESIDENT: The next paper will be, “Notes on Some Seldom Marketed Salt Water Fishes,” by Mr. John Tread- well Nichols, of New York City. IT will ask that it be read by Dr. Bean. The paper was then read and discussed. PRESIDENT: The next paper is one that I think I will have to ask our friend, Dr. Bartlett, to read, otherwise he 48 American Fisheries Society might feel hurt. The title is, “As to the Carp,” by Mr. W. T. Hunt, Secretary of the Chester County Fish and Game Protective Association, West Chester, Pa. Dr. Bartietr: | will ask to be excused. PRESIDENT: Then I will give it to the next best friend ot the carp, Professor Dyche. Professor Dyche then read the paper referred to, after which it was discussed. PRESIDENT: The next paper is on the subject of ‘The Taxation of Oyster Properties,” by Mr. Henry C. Rowe, President of the New York and New England Oyster Ship- pers’ Association, Groton, Conn. I will ask Mr. Buck to read this paper. Mr. Buck then read the paper. PrestDENT: I will ask Mr. Bower to read the next paper which is on the subject of “Notes on Pond Culture in the Philippines,” by Mr. Lewis Radcliffe, Washington, D. C. Secretary Bower, before reading the paper, said: Mr. Radcliffe is one of the assistants in the Bureau of Fisheries and is well qualified to write on this subject. While at- tached to the Albatross in the capacity of Assistant Natu- ralist he made an extended cruise through the Philippine Islands. PAPERS READ BY TITLE PrestDENT: The Secretary is requested to read the re- maining papers by title, with a view to their publication in the Transactions. SECRETARY: The following papers presented have not been read: “Trematode Parasites in the Skin and Flesh of Fish and the Agency of Birds in their Occurrence,” by Dr. Edward Linton, Washington, Pa. “Notes on Pond Culture at San Marcos, Texas,” by John L. Leary, San Marcos, Texas. “Future of our Brook Trout,” by S. F. Fullerton, St. Paul, Minn. Forty-first Annual Mecting 49 “Some Observations on Rearing Sunfish,” by J. J. Stranahan, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bullochville, Ga. “Licenses for Hook and Line Fishing,’ by Dr. T. S. Palmer, U. S. Biological Survey, Washington, D. C. “Regarding Fishways and Dams,” by Prof. L. L. Dyche. “Experiments in Rearing Bass from No. 1 to No. 2 Fingerlings at the Mill Creek Station in Michigan,” by Dwight Lydell, Comstock Park, Mich. Mr. Buck: I move that the papers read by title by the Secretary be included in the printed report. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. _ PRESIDENT: We have had presented 22 papers; I think that the Society can congratulate itself on the high character of these papers. Nearly every one of them has been of very great interest and productive of discussions of great value to all. We will now listen to the report of the Committee on Resolutions. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS The report was presented by Dr. Field. Dr. FreLD: The Committee on Resolutions unanimously recommends the adoption of the following resolutions : Resolved, That this Society extends to His Honor, the Mayor of St. Louis, to the Honorable Commissioners of the states of Missouri and Illinois, and to their deputies and superintendents thanks for their hospitality and considerate attention to the Society and its members. Resolved, That a vote of thanks and of appreciation be extended to our Secretary, Mr. Ward T. Bower, for his exceeding efficiency and courtesy in the performance of the duties placed upon him. Resolved, That the thanks of this Society be extended to the man- agement of the Planters’ Hotel and to the press in St. Louis for the uniform courtesy and for the many favors extended to our members. Resolved, That the Society records with sincere regret that death has claimed ten of our members during the past year: Moses H. Cone, Greensboro, N. C. Frank N. Clark, Northville, Mich. Howard M. Buller, Bellefonte, Pa. n So American Fisheries Society H. D. Chichester, Washington, D. C. William Cutler, Comstock Park, Mich. F. C. Zacharie, New Orleans, La. J. W. Brackett, Auburn, Me. E. A. Jaggard, St. Paul, Minn. Arthur Sykes, Madison, Wis. Edward Birbeck, London, England. To the families and friends of the deceased members we hereby extend our deepest sympathy, and we request the Secretary to spread this resolution upon our records and transmit a copy to the respective families. WuHenrEAs, in the sudden passing of Frank N. Clark, this Society has lost a member who, by industry, by intelligent enthusiasm, by honesty of purpose and essential integrity of character, has done much directly and indirectly to advance the cause of fish culture; and who, by his singleness of purpose, by his energy in surmounting obstacles, by con- sistent and insistent forcefulness of mind and body, patiently worked his way to the forefront in the ranks of fish culturists, and who, by helping others, unconsciously helped himself, and, above all, advanced the cause which he so ably represented, be it Resolved, That while recognizing the beneficence of the Divine Will, we deeply deplore the loss which we have sustained; and further, that we appreciate sincerely the indescribable impress for good which the Society received through the presence of our late member and Presi- dent; and be it further Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be transmitted to the family, to whom we extend our deepest sympathy. Resolved, That this Society expresses its confidence in the impor- tance of the work of the National Bureau of Fisheries, and respectfully urges upon Congress and upon the Honorable, the Secretary of the Department of Commerce and Labor, to furnish increased facilities for prosecuting the work of developing the productive capacities of our fresh and salt waters, in order that said waters may be operated as successfully, and yield annual crops of marine food comparable to the staple products of the farm. It has been amply demonstrated that under proper laws of tenure, freedom from pollution and adequate national and state protection, our inland sea and shore fisheries can be one of the nation’s most important sources of food and wealth, Wuereas, That since fish and shellfish, which are of great value as human food if placed in the hands of the ultimate consumer in good condition, are subject to rapid postmortem chemical changes; and WHereEAS, Much unnecessary uncertainty relative to the condition and previous treatment checks the sale ‘of such food, resulting in waste to dealers and to consumers; and Wuereas, This Society deplores the lack of accurate and scientific data relative to chemical changes and the conditions under which they Forty-first Annual Meeting 51 occur, as is necessary to properly safeguard the interests of fishermen, dealers, distributors, consumers and the public health; be it Resolved, That this Society urges upon Congress, upon the Bureau of Fisheries, upon the various states, and upon all competent indi- viduals to enter upon an organized, unbiased, detailed investigation of the problems connected with the chemical composition of the various fish foods, the progressive chemical changes, and the toxic properties at various stages of decomposition together with specific applications of these facts to storage, distribution and sanitary utilization of these animals as human food. Wuereas, It has been found necessary for the successful mainte- nance of wild birds to set aside national and state reservations as breeding places, and WuHeEreEas, Competent biological observation in European countries, and more recently in Illinois, Indiana, New York, California and Massachusetts, has demonstrated that in order to maintain an adequate population of fish in our streams and coastal waters, suitable and ex- tensive natural breeding grounds must be maintained by national, state and individual initiative and action; therefore, be it Resolved, That we urge the various states and Congress to take immediate action to acquire and to conserve such natural breeding grounds for fish, and to take appropriate measures for increasing the capacity of such breeding grounds. Whereas, In spite of the fact that many organizations of nation- * wide influence have repeatedly urged attention to the enormous damage to public health and property by unnecessary and unwise methods of disposal of sewage and manufacturing wastes; and Wuereas, Many state legislatures have enacted wise laws for in- vestigating these conditions and for conserving the public health and the public resources thus imperiled, for preventing the wholesale de- struction of fish life, the restriction of areas naturally suitable for breeding places, and the ultimate ruin of the potential capacity of these waters for producing food for fish and fish for food; and Wuenreas, It is notorious that in many sections of the United States the facile introduction of sewage and manufacturing waste into streams and coastal waters has hitherto checked the development of advanced methods for economic utilization of these waters; be it Resolved, That this Society urges upon Congress, upon the legisla- tive and executive departments of every state, and upon all good citi- zens, to thoughtfully act for checking the incalculably enormous wastes of nitrogenous material and of water, which, properly treated and distributed, would be more valuable upon farming land, and of many waste products of manufacturing which could at present or in the fu- ture be made of economic value. Wuereas, This Society deplores the large and increasing destruction of valuable food and game fish in the ditches of irrigation systems, and ut 2 American Fisheries Society Wuereas, The recent and future great increase in the irrigation projects of our nation makes it a certainty that this loss will be greatly augmented thereby; be it Resolved, That we urge upon the attention of state officials and legislative bodies in the regions where irrigation is practiced that they spread knowledge of the means by which such losses may be minimized or averted, and provide by statute for the introduction of such appara- tus at the intake of ditches and canals, that the descent of fish into these artificial channels may be prevented. We deem this of great importance, not only that the sums devoted by the states and nation to the propagation and culture of fish should bring their adequate re- turns, but also that so attractive a feature of outdoor recreation and sport and so valuable a food material may be conserved to the people for its proper use; and further be it = Resolved, That the Society hereby instructs its Secretary to send a copy of this resolution to the Governor and to the Game and Fish Commissioners of the varfous states interested, and recommends this matter to be given due prominence in their next message or report. Wuenreas, There is a difference of opinion relative to the methods most suitable for the conservation of the fur seal herd on the seal islands of Alaska, be it Resolved, That we commend and approve the course of the Depart- ment of Commerce and Labor in its administration of the fur seal service, and we urge careful and continued study by competent natu- ralists of the Bureau of Fisheries, as to the habits of the fur seal and the conditions on these seal islands; and further, we definitely oppose the passage of House Resolution 277 as introduced into the first ses- sion of the 62d Congress. Upon motion duly made, seconded and unanimously car- ried these resolutions were adopted. Dr. Fietp: The committee unanimously recommends the adoption of the following: That the Secretary be empowered to sell at $1 each the volumes of the proceedings, except the last anniversary vol- ume, which shall be priced at $2 per copy. It is further recommended that any library be allowed to purchase a com- plete series of volumes on hand at a discount of 25 per cent; also that volumes of which only a few copies are still on hand be not sold separately. Upon motion duly made, seconded and unanimously car- ried, the recommendation of the committee was adopted. Forty-first Annual Meeting 53 Mr. THompson: Mention is made of copies not being sold separately. Now in case some member is short a few copies would it not be rather unwise to compel him to buy a complete series ? Dr. Fre_p: This is to outsiders. Members already have that right. PRESIDENT: A provision was embodied in the minutes a few years ago that members should always have the right to purchase. CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT Dr. Fre_p: The committee unanimously: recommends that Article V of the Constitution be amended to read as follows: ARTICLE V ORDER OF BUSINESS . Call to order by President. . Roll call of members. . Applications for membership. . Reports of officers. a. President. b. Secretary. c. Treasurer. d. Vice-Presidents of divisions. e. Standing: committees. 5. Committees appointed by the President. a. Committee of five on nomination of officers for ensuing year. b. Committee of three on time and place of next meeting. c. Auditing committee of three. d. Committee of three on program. e. Committee of three on publication. _f. Committee of three on publicity, 6, Reading of papers and discussion of same. . Miscellaneous business. . Adjournment. Fwn re won Dr. Bean: I move that Article V be amended as recom- mended by the committee. The motion was seconded and tnanimously carried by the vote of 17 members present. PRESIDENT: The amendment is adopted. 54 American Fisheries Society Mr. GRAHAM: I want to say a word in appreciation of the work done by the Secretary. I doubt whether many members realize what the Secretary has to do, for I know a great part of the work is left for him. Now with the mem- bership we already have and expect to have during the next year there will be an immense amount of work to be per- formed, and the Secretary should be aided as much as pos- sible by the members. I think that every member whether present or otherwise should help do the work. If this So- ciety is going to be enlarged and do any effective work it will take a good many people to do it, and a_lot of people taking hold of a thing can make a grand success of it. If it is all left to one, two or three, it will not be a success no matter how able the officers are. I believe there is not a man here but would be willing to pledge himself to secure ten new members before the next meeting. It would not take much time. Each one knows the people who are thoroughly interested in the work and who are willing to take hold of it. I believe that everyone should either go to the Secretary or write to him for ten applications for mem- bership. I understand there are to be some new blanks printed soon, a little different from the present forms. Everyone here should agree to take ten of these applications, and the rest of the members should be communicated with to see if they will not do the same. You can see then it is only a little work for each one, and that wonderful results will be accomplished during the next twelve months. I want to urge everyone here to take some of this work off the Secretary; and if they have any new ideas that they think are going to benefit the organization to write a note to the Secretary embodying those ideas. They do not necessarily need to be adopted, but some of the suggestions will be good and can be acted upon. We need the advice of everybody, and we cannot do too much to help the Secretary carry out the work. If it is possible to have the reports printed earlier, even if some additional money is required, I should be in favor of Forty-first Annual Meeting bE) having it done. It would be fine if the report of this meet- ing could be issued in the next ninety days. We are all anxious to take home and read these papers carefully. There is a great deal of meat in them, and if we wait ten or twelve months it seems like a long way off. So if there is any man- ner whereby the Secretary can have this work done more quickly with additional help, I think the Society should give him that help. Dr. BartLetr: I agree fully with the gentleman who has just spoken, and I will say further that I will pledge ten members even 1f I have to pay tor them myself. SECRETARY: The remarks of Mr. Graham have been of great interest to me, and I want to express my appreciation of his considerate attention. The work of the Secretary 1s rather arduous at times, and any suggestions or help will be welcome upon all occasions. This summer the work was rather light for me as I was in Alaska four months. During that time Miss Smith, our Assistant Secretary, looked after the work of the Society in excellent fashion. I want to emphasize the fact that the position of Assistant Secretary is by no means ornamental. It occurs to me that it will hardly be necessary, as inti- mated by Mr. Graham, to incur much additional expense. in getting the report out sooner. Of course once in a while there may be a little outlay for clerical help if it is necessary, in the judgment of the Society, to rush the report out as soon as possible. In the present depressed condition of our finances it cannot be done very well this year. However, | will try to get the report out as quickly as possible. A fre- quent cause of delay in issuing the report is the failure of members to make prompt returns of proof sent for their inspection and revision. Occasionally it is necessary to write two or three times before getting a response. Also, if we exercise caution and care in getting out the report it takes a little more time than if we let things slip through. My policy is to have everything absolutely accurate if possible. For example, if there is any doubt as to the spelling of a 56 American Fisheries Socicty name in the membership list it is my plan to write and ascer- tain the correct spelling. The same idea is carried out with respect to every part of the report. Perhaps I have been going too much into detail in the matter. Any sug- gestions that may be made by the members in connection with getting out the report will be most welcome. Mr. GraAnHaAm: I do not believe the Secretary is going too much into detail. I think the report issued last year is the most magnificent one I ever saw, and I know it is appre- ciated not only by the members but by the public at large. Time is required to get out such a report, but F thought that possibly with additional help it might be done more quickly and put into circulation so that the people in general could know about it sooner. PRESIDENT: I want to add a word with regard to the work performed by the Assistant Secretary, Miss Ethel M. Smith. I have had occasion to carry on quite a heavy cor- respondence with the Secretary’s office, which, in Mr. Bower’s absence, occurred between Miss Smith and myself. I know, therefore, something of the amount of work that she has done in collaboration with Mr. Bower. Her work has been fine and should be mentioned and praised and gen- erally appreciated. There are few Assistant Secretaries that would work as cheerfully and to the extent that she did. I say this without any detraction whatever from Mr. Bower’s work. Dr. BEAN: The Society has one handicap which should be overcome in some way, and that is the raising of funds in the intervals between meetings. We receive a certain amount of cash at the annual meeting, but between the an- nual meetings there is very little revenue except from sales of publications. This handicaps the Society in getting out its Transactions. If we could elect members by some other means than by vote at the annual meeting, we could cer- tainly increase our funds and be able to get out the report much earlier. ¥ un Forty-first Annual Meeting PRESIDENT: That is a good suggestion. Very often in many organizations the executive committee is given au- thority to elect members subject to final approval by the or- ganization at the annual meeting. I believe it would be good policy for this Society to do likewise. It will not be necessary to amend the Constitution, as the matter can be taken care of simply in the form of a motion. SECRETARY: It is the plan from henceforth to require that all applications for membership shall be accompanied by the fee of $2.00: We can make use of this money several months perhaps before a person’s name actually comes be- fore the meeting for election. In the event of failure of election it can be refunded. The plan that Mr. Willard and I have been talking over of soliciting funds ought to be of material assistance in wiping out the deficit which now con- fronts us. I believe that with the two or three schemes we have in view, this deficit can be practically wiped out before another meeting. Our plans together with the excellent suggestions of Mr. Graham in the matter of soliciting new members will, I believe, assure success in the undertaking. Dr. BEAN: Then if we can provide for the election of members without waiting for the annual meeting it will solve the problem. I move that the Executive Committée have the power to accept members subject to the approval of the Society at its annual meeting. Seconded. PRESIDENT: The motion is in effect that between meet- ings the Executive Committee shall have the power to re- ceive members subject to the approval of the Society at its annual meeting. ‘ Motion unanimously carried. Mr. THompson: In view of the words of commendation unanimously approved by the Society, regarding the effi- ciency of the work of the Assistant Secretary, and in order that we may express our appreciation in more tangible form, with the consent of the chairman of the Committee on Resolutions, I move that a vote of thanks and of appre- unr 8 American Fisheries Society ciation be extended to our Assistant Secretary, Miss Ethel M. Smith, for the exceeding efficiency and courtesy shown by her in the performance of the arduous duties imposed upon her. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. PRESIDENT: Before we adjourn I would like to say one word. Last year we created offices known as the Vice- Presidents of Divisions. I fear that some of the members do not fully appreciate just what this means, and I would suggest, therefore, that during the coming year, when any of the members come upon matter that would be of interest to any one of the divisions it be communicated in substance to the Vice-President so that he can make his report intelli- gently at the annual meeing, covering thoroughly the par- ticular subject he has in charge. This year no reports were presented, but the plan I have suggested should be the pre- cursor of the sectional work at our annual meetings which will become more necessary as our membership increases. It is therefore to the interest of the Society for every mem- ber to be on the alert for suitable material for ‘each of the five divisions. Anyone who has any matter with reference to angling ought to send it to the Vice-President of the section on angling, and so on with the other sections. Thus the material can be condensed and presented to the Society in concise and proper shape. If there is no other business a motion to adjourn will be in order. Dr. BEAN: I move that we adjourn sine die. Motion seconded and unanimously carried. Adjourned sine die. in MAliemortam J. F. BOEPPLE EDWARD BIRBECK J. W. BRACKETT HOWARD M. BULLER H. D. CHICHESTER FRANK N. CLARK MOSES H. CONE WILLIAM CUTLER JOHN F. HILL E. A. JAGGARD J. L. LEARY ARTHUR SYKES F. C. ZACHARIE PART II PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS . GOITRE AMONG TROUT, AND EFFORTS TO ERADICATE IT By W. E. MEEHAN About the middle of February, 1908, the advanced trout fry in the hatchery at Spruce Creek, Pa., began to exhibit signs of uneasiness. Their movements were erratic and they took food languidly. The troughs were heavily laden with fish, with a flow of about three gallons of water a minute through each. In a few days it was evident that all the young trout, numbering about 2,000,000, were seriously sick, for they began to die in large numbers. An examination showed the throat to be inflamed, and this was seemingly the immediate cause of death. At the time the disease was not considered necessarily fatal, be- cause on transferring several thousand affected fish to out- side ponds, the inflammation disappeared and most of them apparently recovered. Belief that the disease was not malignant was strengthened when it developed that ad- vanced fry transferred to streams were later reported to have done well. There was also an almost immediate de- crease in trouble after the troughs had been thinned. The cause of the disease was therefore thought to be over- crowding. In the month of March following, when the trout had reached the size of no. 1 fingerlings, the disease appeared again, although not in as severe a form. There were less fish in each trough, but the same quantity of water was run- ning through the troughs. On increasing the water supply by about half a gallon a minute, there quickly followed an improvement in the condition of the trout. Under the same conditions there was no recurrence, either in 1910 or 1911, in the hatching house. Late in the fall of 1909, fungus suddenly developed among the two and three year old trout in the ponds, and it quickly spread among the yearlings. At least 20,000 fish 64 American Fisheries Society died. The appearance of the fungus was so sudden and the death rate so large, that it was thought best to draw the attention of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries to the matter. Mr. M. C. Marsh, the pathologist, arrived in a few days and after an examination declared the trout to be suffering from severe goitre, of a nature which an investigator in New York State had declared to be cancerous. For many months prior to this, Dr. David Marine, of the Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, had been studying the character of goitre among trout under cultiva- tion in Pennsylvania, with results which seemed clearly to indicate that goitre is not the first stage of cancer and fur- ther that cancer might not naturally be looked for to follow an attack of goitre. Under the circumstances, serious as was the situation at Spruce Creek, the diagnosis of Mr. Marsh did not cause the consternation it might otherwise have caused. A few weeks after the visit of Mr. Marsh, Dr. Marine made an examination of the trout and confirmed the decla- ration of the former that the fish were suffering from en- larged thyroid. At least ninety per cent of the fish either had inflamed throats or fully developed tumorous-like swell- ing. The death rate was as heavy among the fish having only the first stage of the disease as among those in which it was fully developed. Until then, there was no suspicion of any connection between the so called sore throat among the advanced fry in the hatching troughs and the fungused goitrous trout in the ponds; but the connection was quickly established. An examination of advanced fry in the hatching house showed that the inflamed throat was in reality the first stage of goitre. Dr. Marine during his investigations proved clearly, what some of the superintendents and I had long believed, that the disease was developed by accumulated filth in the ponds. He also found that goitre followed overfeeding Meehan.—Goitre Among Trout 65 with unnatural foods, overcrowding, and an_ insufficient water supply. One year the hatching troughs were much overcrowded, the next there was an insufficient supply of water. The out- side ponds were all clean and there was undisputedly a suffi- cient volume of water. The fish had, however, been overfed during the necessary absence of the superintendent, with the exception of a few short visits, from June until the first week in November. That overfeeding was the principal cause was indicated by a curious but convincing condition. Beginning with number one pond, by the time number four was reached the supply of cut lungs and liver began to run short, and the fish in that pond therefore received not quite as much as those above: The same thing happened to the fish in number nine pond and number thirteen, and so on to the end. While there was some goitre in number four and the others in which the trout had been put on short rations, it was of small extent arid there was less fungus and death. Dr. Marine’s investigations and the experiments of the superintendent at the Spruce Creek hatchery pointed out the remedy, and it was applied. A greater volume of water was run through the hatching troughs, the trout in the ponds were given several heavy salt baths, and the amount of food considerably lessened. Although the ponds were not be- lieved to be overcrowded, the number of fish in each was lessened, and while cleanliness of ponds was the usual order of things, attention in this respect was redoubled. It was not long before the trout began to show a de- cided improvement. Within a few months inflammation of the throat sank from ninety to less than fifty per cent, and by autumn it was hard to find a case of incipient goitre in the ponds. Old fish having the fully developed swellings of course still retained them, but to all appearances they were perfectly well. 66 American Fisheries Society There was not any “‘sore throat” among the young fish in the troughs last spring, and I never saw a healthier looking lot of trout in any fish hatchery. DISCUSSION Pror. L. L. Dycue, Pratt, Kan.: What part of the throat did the soreness affect? Mr. MeeHAn: Right under the throat, just where the tongue rests; at the base of the tongue is where the inflammation first appears. It is of a pinkish color, an unnatural pink, that becomes deeper as time goes on, and then appears the swelling of the thyroid in cone-shaped lumps, sometimes found in the gills, and found at the point of the throat in quite a large number of instances. ProFessor DycHE: Does it break out—is there any raw place? Mr. MEEHAN: No, it is not raw; it is just like the tumor you see in the throat on the neck of a human being, excepting, of course, it is much smaller; it is essentially the same thing, apparently. ProFessor DycHE: Do you say that this leads to cancer? Mr. Meewan: I did not say that. I said that somebody else said so. On the contrary, the investigations that we made did not bear out the theory that goitre is the first stage of cancer or that cancer necessarily developed from it. Our investigations showed the reverse of that con- tention. But that it could develop into cancer and sometimes might so develop, was also apparent; but then it was just as a bruise that might develop into cancer. Because a fish had goitre it did not necessarily mean that the disease would develop into cancer. The investigations were on these lines, that when a trout having a severe case of goitre was taken from the ponds and placed in a stream or water under different conditions, the disease apparently disappeared. To all intents and purposes the fish fully recovered its health. If that same fish were put back again in the pond from which it was first taken the goitre would reappear. Now, I am not a pathologist and I must therefore take the utterances of people who are. J have been given to understand that cancer is invariably progressive; it does not rise and become severe and then practically disappear, and then again become severe. But that is just what happens in the case of goitre; that is, it would entirely disappear if conditions were favorable. If we had goitre in our ponds to any great extent and it was traced, we will say, to overfeeding, and the amount of food was reduced to the proper quan- tity, the fish, excepting those with which the disease had gone too far. would get well. We never saw any fish die directly from goitre. We found that the fish died invariably from fungus, which was produced, presumably, by the lowering of their vitality because of the disease. Although we found no fish that died directly from goitre, I can under- stand that in some instances fish might die from it, because of the tumor so choking up the gills that they could not operate properly. Meehan.—Goitre Among Trout 67 Mr. Feartnc, Newport, R. I.: Did you find that it came from overfeeding or from bad food? Was it not due to bad food? Mr. Meenan: Oh, no. Our food was good—it was always tested. Mr. Feartnc: Accidentally you might have used decayed food, might you not? Mr. MeeHan: No tainted liver, lungs or other food in the slightest degree improper, was ever put into the pond. Every piece was ex- amined before being used. We were very particular about that, be- cause we had some bad experience with feeding tainted meat. Mr. Feartnc: That will bring fungus, if it is overfed, every time. Mr. MEEHAN: Yes, overfeeding will bring on the disease, and it was very bad in some of our ponds from that cause; but we found, as I said, that when the food supply was reduced, sometimes as much as one-half, and after thinning out the pond a little, the sickness dis- appeared. : ; Mr. W. O. Buck, Neosho, Mo,: I remember hearing the theory advanced that water once infected continued to breed the disease in other fish introduced into the same water. If I understand Mr. Meehan, his experience seems to contradict this; that is, when the water in the troughs and ponds was changed the fish recovered. Is my under- standing correct? . Mr. MeeHan: That is right. Of course, I am speaking now solely of goitre. Mr. Buck: Yes, that is what I had reference to. Mr. Meewan: Of course those fish that were fungused badly died, but some of those where the fungus had just started recovered when we used salt; but we never bothered ourselves much about trying to save fungused fish. ; Mr. Buck: But if I understood you corréctly, you succeeded in saving some of your young fish, or apparently so, by turning in more water, thinning them out, etc. Although they had shown symptoms of the disease they appeared afterward to recover from it. Mr. Meenan: This disease, which at the time they called sore throat, was brought to my attention by the station superintendents. This was in February, I think, or the early part of March, and we immediately began shipping those fish out, notifying the people who were to receive them, of the reason, and asking them to make special néte of results. The majority of those who sent back word to us reported that the fish were doing very well; that for a short time after being put in the water they seemed languid, but in a little while appeared to be in first rate condition. A few died that were kept in small retaining ponds built by some applicants, so that they could observe the condition of the fish better. Possibly that might have had something to do with the loss, because perhaps too many were put in the small ponds; but I cannot speak of that authoritatively, not having seen them. Mr. Buck: It seems to me that this point is a vital one to be determined, and I hope some one here may throw more light on it. 68 American Fisheries Society If it be true that water once infected will breed the disease in fish afterward placed there, evidently we cannot be too careful about turning out fish even only supposed to be infected. At the station where I am located there has been but little trouble with this disease, notwithstanding the fact that there have been a few cases and that it is necessary to keep the trout in the same ponds year after year. In order to hold them at all it is necessary to keep them close to the spring where they can have a good supply of cold water. Two years ago there were a number of infected fish. Last year we found but two and so far this year only one. Apparently the disease is diminishing in this pond. Perhaps complete draining of the pond each fall may affect the result. Mr. MeeHan: I might refer to some experiences in other places in Pennsylvania. Dr. Marine's investigations indicated that with a change in water and a change in condition the fish recovered; and further investigations were rather against the likelihood of inoculation. How- ever, his conclusions in that respect were by no means complete or satisfactory to him or to us. One of the places in Pennsylvania in which goitre was exceedingly prevalent two years ago was that of the Blooming Grove Hunting and Fishing Club, a private club in Pike County. They had a hatching house and a number of pends. I suppose 70 per cent of the fish, or at least a very large percentage, had the swelling of the thyroid in a very pronounced degree. You could pick up a net of fish out of a pond and you would find several of them in that condition. It was there that I sent Dr. Marine when he first came to Pennsylvania to study the subject. It was found that apparently the chief cause of the goitre was filthy ponds. They were inexpressibly filthy; the faeces and the uneaten food would be simply washed down toward the lower end of the pond, toward the outlet, and would rest there 6 or 8 inches and perhaps more in depth. In fact, it was filthy all over the bottom of the ponds. But that condition has been entirely done away with at Blooming Grove. The ponds are kept clean and the food supply has been somewhat re- duced, with the result that goitre has appreciably diminished. There was another concern in the state, the Penn Forest Brook Trout Company, operating a commercial hatchery in Carbon Ccunty, but now out of business. A few years ago goitre prevailed there very plentifully—probably as bad as at the Blooming Grove Hunting and Fishing Club. I pointed out at the time that goitre, which was then commonly called “throat tumor,’ was caused by filthy ponds. Tt was found that the ponds contained from one to two feet and even more of inexpressible filth, They had not been cleaned in probably 12 or 15 years. The ponds were immediately drained off and cleansed, with the exception of two or three, and were kept clean thereafter, and goitre diminished very rapidly. I have been told that there is no goitre at Penn Forest now. But that seems to be rather improbable when Meehan.—Goitre Among Trout 69 we consider that they have from 125,000 to 150,000 marketable fish. It is hardly likely that the disease was entirely wiped out, for in all prob- ability when they said they did not have goitre in the ponds, they were referring to fish with the thyroid enlarged; they had not looked down the throat of the fish and seen the inflammation. We also had goitre at the state hatchery at Bellefonte. It was due there, I believe, to overcrowding rather than to overfeeding (for those fish were not overfed), and perhaps to the ponds not being kept just as clean as they should have been, the superintendent having been ill for a long time. I started housecleaning there, and also thinned out the fish, with the result that the superintendent reported to me last spring that goitre had almost entirely disappeared. I went over the ponds again, netted fish after fish, using the dip net, and found scarcely any traces of the disease, although here and there I did find a fish that had a slight inflammation of the throat. Of course, I found any quan- tity of old trout that had the swelling, but the inflammation had gone. Dr. Fietp, Boston, Mass.: Did you say who the pathologist was who made the investigations? Mr. Meenan: Dr. David Marine, of Western Reserve University, and Dr. Leonard. Dr. Fietp: I asked that for this reason: When the question of the possibility of the disease being cancer came up I placed the matter in charge of the cancer hospital in Boston, in the hands of an eminent pathologist, a cancer specialist, Dr. E. E. Tyzzer, of Harvard Medical School, Boston. We had some difficulty in getting material, but we obtained it at last, and Dr. Tyzzer is at work on it. His report is not yet prepared. Mr. MEEHAN: I| might say that the results of Dr. Marine’s invest gations were published in two bulletins by the Department of Fisheries of Pennsylvania. They may be had upon application. One was pub- lished last year and one this spring. Q. Is it generally believed to be a new disease? I can recall it as far back as 1875. I remember when I was a small boy of seeing a trout in an old pond that showed unmistakable signs of this disease. Mr. MEEHAN: We have had it for years. Dr. Tarreton H. Bean, Albany, N. Y.: Some of our stations in New York developed this thyroid tumor, notably the one at Bath, and before that the staticn at Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island. Not being able to have the services of a competent’ bacteriologist or pathologist, we proceeded to change the water supply, because we believed that the origin of the throat tumor lay in impure water. Whether or not it does rest there, the changing of the water supply has eliminated goitre absolutely. Not a case of goitre has been reported for some years from either of those stations. It existed at Cold Spring Harbor 20 years ago at least, and caused the loss of many hundreds of ‘brood fish. At Bath the loss was even more serious. It affected the brook trout and the brown trout more especially, but rarely involved the rainbow trout. A strange circumstance with reference to the spread 70 American Fisheries Society of the disease, however, was made known in Keuka Lake into which the hatchery stream flows some 4 or 5 miles below the hatchery grounds. A large whitefish brought up from Keuka Lake was found to have a large and well developed throat tumor, not in the usual site on the thyroid, but between the gill lamin, and on the cartilage from which the gill laminz spring. I don’t remember the name of that carti- lage, but that is where the tumor was located for the most part, and only a smaller one on the thyroid proper. Now, how was the disease caused in this whitefish? No one had planted anything except whitefish fry in that lake, and none of those for a great many years. It seemed to me that the fish we had liberated purposely or accidentally in the hatchery stream must have gone down into Keuka Lake and acted as a source of infection to other species. Of course I don’t know,—one swallow does not make a summer, one whitefish does not establish a principle; but there was a whitefish, not reared in activity, not asso- ciated with the pond fish in any way, except as they may have gone into the hatchery stream and introduced the disease into this lake. It seemed to me from that fact there must be some means of spreading the disease in the water. An impure water supply appeared to origi- nate it, As soon as we cut out that source of supply we got rid of the disease. And furthermore we found, just as you did, that fish lib- erated in a stream where they had a rapid flow and plenty of water, recovered to the extent of more than 50 per cent. Even the large fish would come back to us clean. Mr. Meewan: Dr. Bean’s remarks about the whitefish,remind me of another matter which would indicate the possibility of the disease being communicable in some way, and which perhaps caused me to say that ih Dr. Marine’s investigation, while he found that it was difficult to inoculate the disease, yet the results were not satisfactory to him or to me. I have not made any investigation myself in regard to the matter, and therefore will not say that it is so, but it is said that the blue pike in Lake Erie are generally affected, or that large numbers of blue pike in Lake Erie are affected with the thyroid disease. I received that statement, I think, from Dr. Marine and others. I have meant to look into it and ascertain to what extent it was true, but have not yet done so. ‘ It was also stated that along the shores of the Great Lakes that thy- roid troubles were quite common among dogs and other animals which were in the habit of eating fish offal, and even among the fishermen themselves along the lakes. Whether there is anything in that or not, I am unable to say. Mr. W. T. Tuomerson, Fairport, Iowa: Did you have the same number of fish in each of those ponds always, and were the ponds in which the disease was most prevalent larger than the others? Mr. Meenan: The number of fish in the ponds depended on the size of the latter. In one series of ponds they were about the same size and Meehan.—Gottre Among Trout TA each pond contained about the same number of fish. They had origi- nally, of course, been counted in at the average of about 1,500 to 2,000 to the pond. The fish in the ponds in which there was very little dis- ease and in the ponds where the disease was quite prevalent might have been of the same age, because we found the same thing happening among yearlings, among two-year-olds and among three-year-olds—I would not say four-year-olds, because we had only one pond of four- year-olds. We had only two ponds of three-year-olds, but we had 7 or 8 ponds or more of two-year-olds, and 12 or 13 ponds of yearlings. Mr. Tuompson: I think you did not understand my question. What I meant was whether you did not have fishes of practically the same age and number in the ponds. Mr. MEEHAN: They were practically the same as to number and age. Mr. TuHomrson: It is a fact, is it not, that the fish that were over- fed grew much more rapidly than the others? 5 : Mr. MEEHAN: The fish in each pond were all practically of the same size, because we sorted them very carefully. But the number of fish in each pond was about the same, taking fish of the same age. Mr. THompson: In the beginning? Mr. Meewan: Yes, all the way through. Whether they were finger- lings, yearlings, two- or three-year-olds, we held about what we be- lieved to be the number of fish capable of existing in health in that particular pond. Mr. THompson: The point I want to bring out particularly from a fish-cultural standpoint is this: We believe, of course, that prevention is much better than cure. I am “from Missouri,” and I have to be shown where good generous feeding of young fish is detrimental to them provided growth is not so rapid as to cause overcrowding of the ponds. Take two ponds, each containing 2,000 fish of the same age and size, feed the first lot twice as much as the other, and that lot of fish is bound to grow beyond all comparison with those fish fed but half what they will eat. Consequently, in the course of a few weeks or months, as the case may be, the first pond, while containing but the same num- ber of fish, is going to be very badly overcrowded, and, of course, will then suffer all the consequences due to overcrowding, while the other one remains in a normal condition. You can’t keep 2,000 fingerlings no. 6 in a pond intended for that number of fingerlings no. 3 or no. 4. I believe Mr. Meehan spoke of this trouble as occurring at one of the hatcheries during the absence of the superintendent, and he like- wise said that all food before being put in the chopper was examined, and the tainted parts excluded. Now, if the superintendent was absent and this condition came about, is it not possible that the men may not have been quite as careful as they should have been in excluding tainted food; or, on the other hand, it might have been kept a day or two too long before feeding and thus acquire a taint. Granting that the fish were overcrowded and fed tainted food, unquestionably such conditions would bring on disease, but if they were simply fed generously, had a 2 American Fisheries Society sufficient water supply, the benefit of clean ponds and plenty of range, I would hesitate to endorse any claim that the mere full feeding was the cause of the disease, since my own experience in feeding fish shows the contrary. At one period in life | was engaged in stock raising, and the same principle holds true there. I have found that in every in- stance when fish or young of any kind were fed generously and with a degree of intelligence and given proper surrounding, they were the very best of their kind. Our breeders of cattle, horses and all varieties of live stock are good, generous feeders, and they produce the finest specimens of the various kinds of stock they handle. My experience has been that when human beings, stock, fish or anything of the kind are underfed, you then bring about a condition that begets disease; also often when such conditions prevail you find other factors lacking, such as cleanliness, etc. I am not referring, of course, to any particular instance; this is a general statement. Most emphatically, | am not pre- pared to indorse any statement that generous feeding, with good food, will cause disease, provided all the other conditions are right. I think there are a number of fish culturists here who will bear me out when I claim that when fish are generously fed and thinned often enough— and that is very often when they are heavily fed—there will be pro- duced a better fish, likewise there will be less disease and less death than exists among thosé that are underfed. Some years ago I presented a paper along these lines before the Society, giving a detailed account of experiments conducted at Nashua, N. H., to ascertain the effect of feeding on growth and egg production. We found in every instance that those best fed made not only the largest rate of growth, but had the smallest death rate; while they likewise produced a very much larger number of eggs. The fish I have reference to were the long yearlings, 18 or 20 months old. We found those given practically all the food that they would eat made a phenomenal growth and each one of the females—100 per cent—produced spawn. The average per fish being 900 and over. This is much more than we get out of our average aged brook stock. We do not want it to be heralded about that this Society or any member of it believes the feeding of good untainted food in generous quantities—some might call it overfeeding—produces disease. We be- lieve in prevention, therefore we believe in generous feeding to pro- duce strong, healthy fish immune from epidemics, which will produce good results when placed in the public waters. I would like to hear from other fish culturists on this subject. Mr. Meewan: While it is possible, of course, that we have been mis- taken, and the fish really were overcrowded, it is still peculiar that there should have been a less degree of disease in the ponds in which there had not been the heavy overfeeding. I might say that the over- feeding was to such an extent that it was beyond what the fish ate. Would not that naturally be supposed to affect the fish in the ponds below where one might expect that the unconsumed food might con- Mechan.—Goitre Among Trout 73 taminate the water and spread the disease? But it did not. Of course the stuff was removed every day even there. It would wash down and was all taken out. There was another suggestion about the tainted meat. Of course there is a possibility that there might not have been the closest atten- tion paid to the inspection of the meat, but the presumption is that there was, because it was the man who was left in charge that inspected the meat, and not the man who had the fish in charge. Mr. THompson: When the cat’s away, the mice will play. Mr. MEEHAN: So that it does not naturally follow that carelessness in the one would mean carelessness in the other. It is exceedingly rare that we now ever find any tainted meat, for in the past we have thrown back consignments on the hands of the shippers because of their not being just what they ought to be. In the past we used to have many plucks affected by tuberculosis, but we have practically none of that any longer, because I suppose of the government inspection. The only trouble we have ever had of late years was where meat might spoil on the road. We have it coming now actuaily frozen when it arrives in the summer months, coming as it does in refrigerator cars. We use large quantities at our Bellefonte hatchery. The cost of food alone is $1,200 a year, so that it pays the company from which we buy the meat to send it to us in good condition. If any quantity of it is shown to be bad at any time the whole shipment is returned. Mr. THompson: It often happens that food spoils rapidly after being cut up. It is not the ponds through which floating particles pass that are contaminated, but those where the food refuse sinks to the bottom and collects in the corners; here you have contamination to a much greater degree than with the surface filth which passes off. My contention was and is that these fish which have been heavily fed are the best fish. Now, by heavily feeding a lot of fish, I do not mean to feed the pond; I believe in feeding the fish alone. When fish have taken all they will eat, any additional food simply falls to the bottom and is properly termed: “Feeding the pond.” I do not believe in or endorse this for a moment. If these conditions prevail, they certainly would and should bring disease and death. My contention in this whole matter is simply that young fish, say under a year old, cannot be over- fed, provided they have a plentiful water supply and good range—I mean in a practical way. Of course I do not claim that a man cannot stand at a pond and deliberately overfeed the fish. Mr. MEEHAN: I agree with you on that point. The disease appeared with greatest severity in fish over a year old out in the ponds. The fingerlings apparently all recovered, and they were not affected by the fungus at all. There was no trouble of any consequence among those fish. It appeared among the yearlings, and two-, three- and four-year- olds, and not among the very young fish. I am like you, a great be- liever in feeding fingerlings with all that can be gotten into their little bellies. 74 American Fisheries Society Mr. THompson: When they are past the yearling age they can be overfed when kept in confinment. There is no question about that. We always feed our fingerling trout fry generously three times a day. Mr. S. W. Downine, Put-in Bay, Ohio: One word in regard to the prevalence of goitre among fishes of the Great Lakes to such an extent that the fishermen themselves are affected by it. I was a prac- tical fisherman myself for 25 years and have been associated with the work for the last 40 years, and we know that the fishermen usually eat about their weight in fish once every six months, but I have yet to see the first fisherman that was affected with goitre. Mr. Meewan: I am glad Mr. Downing can back up my unbelief in the story; I did not believe it myself. DEFINITE RESULTS OF SURVEY WORK ON THE ILLINOIS RIVER By STEPHEN A. ForRBES My excuse for appearing before you is that I am con- ducting a Natural History Survey of Illinois, under au- thority of the State Legislature and by virtue of appropria- tions from the state, with instructions to give especial atten- tion to subjects of educational and economic importance. In this survey work, we have been, during the past year, giving particular attention to the aquatic life of the state, and especially to that of the Illinois River; and we have brought out some rather definite results which have such a general and important bearing upon the whole science of fish culture and the conservation of the resources represented in the principal rivers of the country, that I think it worth while to call your attention to them. One of the things we have undertaken to do is to learn as much as possible of the breeding grounds and habits of some of the more important fishes. For that purpose I have had upon the breeding grounds of the fishes of the central part of the Illinois River, during the breeding seasons of the last two years, two men—Mr. R. E. Richardson, with Mr. H. C. Allen as his assistant—who have fairly lived in a boat, going over the grounds where fishes were depositing their eggs, where the fry were hatched, and from which the fry must escape if they were to survive. Their object was to learn everything possible with regard to the whole process, and also to determine what was the fate of the eggs and what was the fate of the fry. I cannot give you full details, but will mention two facts. The carp is the most abundant fish in the Illinois River, giving us $412,000 of income in 1908, while all the other fishes together gave us only $309,000. The most important breeding ground for the carp which we have found on the Illinois River is an overflowed field which was commonly in . 76 American Fisheries Society corn before the Chicago Drainage Canal was opened, and which is now under water during the greater part of the breeding season of our Illinois River fishes. In this field Richardson found that about 1,500,000,000 eggs were de- posited on something like 600 acres of area. This number was arrived at by counts of the eggs on carefully selected measured areas, multiplied by the ratio of the measured sur- faces to the total acreage on which eggs were deposited. Approximately 90 per cent of this billion and a half of eggs were killed by fungus infection in 1910, and so failed to de- velop. In 1911 the water of the river was unusually low, and only about 300 acres of this tract was covered at the breeding season, but the percentage of eggs destroyed by fungus infection was even greater than that of 1910, amounting, by Richardson’s counts and estimates, to 98 or 99 per cent. It was noticed that where an egg lay in con- tact with a bit of rotting vegetation or other decaying de- bris, it was almost certain to be fungused; but where the water was comparatively clear and clean, and the weeds were fresh, practically all the eggs -hatched—a point of special importance in view of its bearing on the care and management of both natural and artificial breeding grounds of fishes. The saprolegniaceous fungi which kill the eggs and the young fry of fishes, and sometimes older fishes as well, live primarily upon dead organic matter in the water, and do not require a living host; and they can be conveyed from the dead organic matter in the water to the living eggs or the living fry. One result of our season’s work was to confirm an opinion which I have had before that the productivity of the principal waters of the state can only be maintained and developed when the state gets control of ‘certain selected important breeding grounds of the most important species, and takes care of them as it would of any other property; that it will not do to leave these matters to mere chance. Another thing of particular interest is the fact that we found many nests of large-mouth black bass in the breeding i/ Forbes.—Survey of Illinois River waters supervised; and that here also it depends largely on the surroundings of the nests and on the course of events, whether the eggs shall hatch or become fungused. The black bass prepares its nest in advance, sweeping off the rubbish and laying bare the roots of the water plants among which its nests are commonly placed, and its eggs are much less subject to destruction in this way than the eggs of the carp, which are thrown out indiscriminately and without pre- Furthermore, as we all know, the black vious preparation. bass takes care of its nests and looks after its fry at first, so that the bass has a great advantage over the carp-in respect to the survival of its young. UPPER ILLINOIS RIVER AND PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES a S 10 SCE 30 40 miles > Ha ead r E - | ey aaa [a AS AL Le Ke S ee | = 2) provinces. STATES REQUIRING HOOK AND LINE LICENSES At present at least 11 states, chiefly in the northern Rocky Mountain and plains regions, have adopted some form of angling license. One of the first of these states was Nebraska which, in 1901 (chap. 36), required the same license for fishing as for hunting either by residents or non- residents. Idaho and Montana followed in 1905, but the Montana license proved unpopular and was repealed at the following session of the legislature only to be re-enacted in 1909. The 11 states which now have hook and line licenses, with the dates of adoption of the law, are as follaws: Ar- kansas (1911), Colorado (1909), Idaho (1905), Minne- sota (1911), Montana (1905), Nebraska (1901), Oregon (1909), South Dakota (1911), Utah (1907), Wisconsin (1909), and Wyoming (1911). Licenses in Arkansas, Colorado, Minnesota, South Da- kota, Wisconsin and Wyoming are required only of non- residents and those in Arkansas are local and limited to two or three counties. 9] 92 American Fisheries Society FEES The fee for the privilege of angling is nominal, usually $1, but sometimes more in the case of non-residents—$2 in Idaho and South Dakota, and $5 in Oregon and in Clay County, Ark. The object of a fee is not to prohibit fishing, but merely to require those who enjoy the privilege to contribute something toward the maintenance of the work of fish propagation and protection. In Wisconsin the law provides that one-half the proceeds of hook and line licenses shall be credited to the fish commission, which has charge of the work of fish propagation, and one-half to the hunting license fund which is the fund from which expenses for warden service are paid. How large a fund a fishing license will produce is un- certain for the reason that no state has yet required separate hunting and fishing licenses from both residents and non- residents. The receipts from the non-resident license in Wisconsin were $8,606 in 1910 and $8,560 in 1911. The adoption of the combination license for hunting and fishing in Idaho has greatly increased the number of licenses issued as will be seen by comparing the returns for the years 1903 to 1910. The first hunting license law was passed in 1903 and the first fishing license in 1905; in 1907 a separate non- resident fishing license was provided with a fee of $1, and in 1909 the fee was increased to $2. Statistics for the first two years show receipts for hunting only while those for other years show receipts for both hunting and fishing. Non- Non- Resident Year resident resident hunting Total fishing hunting | and fishing LS DRE CERR CRESS Senor Soes o anes $1,735 $12,370 $14,105 1 OD eee cleric gsmioacee eae Sie Seis 13,000 13,000 MOOS) ats thet c tastes nee see $1,063 1,040 15,010 17,113 if? Ce Sberlgtirorne soos ooaae neon 1,606 625 18,074 20,305 MOORE cena: RO RARn a cemeon 2,223 1,020 27,440 30,683 iN Se eomeaaA oOuvoacooS one 2:219 710 31,831 34,760 USO oS edrecoson. elaiidewees 4,692 1,380 38,483 44.555 WOOT RercsA caecon bcucen sens | __ 6,180 1,565 44,606 52,351 Palmer.—Fishing Licenses 93 COMBINATION LICENSES Most fishing licenses are issued in combination with hunting licenses. The case can perhaps be more clearly stated by saying that in Colorado, Idaho (resident). Mon- tana, Oregon, Nebraska, Utah. and Wyoming the hunting license carries with it the privilege of fishing. The effect of such legislation is interesting. Most hunters are also fisher- men and offer no objection to the requirement of a fishing license inasmuch as it entails no additional expense. All fishermen, however, are not hunters, and some find it con- venient to go fishing during their summer vacation before the hunting season opens. In the case of non-residents the licensee is apt to regard it as something of a hardship to be compelled to pay fees varying from $5 to $25 and in- tended primarily to cover hunting, when he cannot or does not care to avail himself of the privilege of hunting. For statistical purposes the combination license is a dis- tinct disadvantage, as it is impossible to separate the hunters from the fishermen, and although the fishermen usually greatly outnumber the hunters it is no longer possible to esti- mate even approximately how many persons have taken out licenses solely to hunt game. MANNER OF ISSUE The manner of issuing fishing licenses is usually the same as that of issuing hunting licenses. In Idaho and Wis- consin the work is performed by the warden; in Colorado and Nebraska by the commissioner or the county clerk; in Minnesota by the game commission, warden, or county” auditor; in Montana and Utah by the warden or justice of the peace; in South Dakota by the warden or county treas- urer; in Arkansas and Oregon by the county clerk; and in Wyoming by the justice of the peace. Details of issue in each state are shown in the following table: 94 American Fisheries Society DETAILS OF IssuE OF FisuHinG LIcENSES State Kind of license Fee —— ae By whom issued Arkansas— Clay County... ... St. Francis County. Non-resident 2 Non-resident hunt- ing and fishing on own land... Non-resident, own- ing no land.... | Non-resident or alien, hunting and fishing..... Colorado Non-resident or alien Resident fish and game Non-resident Tdaho Minnesota inka cr ser Non-resident Allen hice a. gaaes Resident citizens, hunting and HASHING Sean - Non-resident, gen- eral hunting and fishing Non-resident, lim- ited, hunting and fishing Resident, and Non-resident hunt- ing and fishing. Resident hunter's and angler’s... Non-resident, an- pler’s: S..saarsceen Non-resident Montana (sesh hunting South) Dakota’ = 5-. oc Utah Resident, hunting and fishing..... Non-resident hunt- ing and fishing. Ailiem dos s-2-n0 Non-resident Non-resident or alien, general hunting and fishin ga eee Wisconsin a Ghntheree SoS enoocg6s Non-resident, lim- ited: dos eres Alien, limited, do. fishing..... ; $5.00 | County clerk 10.00 25.00 do. do. 12.00} Commissioner or county clerk Warden or deputy do. Warden or auditor Warden or justice Warden or deputy Warden or justice Warden do. Commissioner or county clerk do. County clerk do. Warden or coun- ty treasurer ~ Commissioner, warden or jus- tice of the peace Warden or deputy Justice of the peace do. do. cn Palmer.—Fishing Licenses 9 LIMITATIONS UNDER FISHING LICENSES Several of the states exempt women and children from fishing license requirements, although no distinction of sex is stated in the laws of Arkansas, Colorado, Minnesota, Montana, South Dakota, Utah, or Wyoming. The ex- emption of women in the Wisconsin law has caused fre- quent evasion of the statute and has sometimes ren- dered enforcement difficult even if it has not materially reduced the receipts. There seems to be no good rea- son why all adults who care to fish should not pay a license. The age limit varies considerably in the laws of several states. In Idaho exemptions are made in favor of boys under 12, in Oregon under 15, in Wisconsin under 16, and in Nebraska under 18. Exemptions are also made in the case of persons fishing on their own lands. Ar- kansas, Nebraska, Oregon and South Dakota grant land- owners the privilege of fishing or hunting on their own property without obtaining a license. In the following table are shown the sex and age limita- tions in the various fishing licenses, and also the dates of adoption and the kind of license, i. c., whether fishing or combination fishing and hunting. ConDITIONS OF FisHinG LICENSES 7 ite cil eae State Kind of License ES Sex 25 mt Nea a Arkansas— Clay County..... Non-resident .... | 1911 Fishing St. Francis County | Non-resident own- ns Ibintelas scace 1911 Combination - Non-resident own- ing no land....} 1911 do, lploradOmiece este oe Non-resident or ALIGTiON PS TO loc 1909 do. GENOA Be a aeeere Resident ........ 1905} Males] 12 do. Non-resident — or “INS Sc aneteele 1905] Males| 12 do. Non-resident — or altenbecer oer 1907 | Males} 12} Fishing 96 American Fisheries Society ConpiTions oF FisHiING Lic—ENsEs—Continued ~v x | State Kind of License Sex es ConEReoee < Minnesota ........ Non-resident 1911 21 | Fishing Montana, 2..2.+.~-6 Non-resident or alien a. ane vee 1905 do. Resident ........ 1909 Combination Non-resident, gen- eral eee. ae 1909 do. Non-resident, lim- TGs Ge Papa eae oe 1909 do. Nebraska. @.ee-ciee Resident ....:...| 1901] Males] 18 do. Non-resident ...|1901] Males} 18 do. @resonsaceee es Resident eee anes 1909} Males} 15] Fishing Non-resident ...|1909} Males} 15 do. South Dakota ..... Non-resident ... | 1911 do. Witah feces cet cer Resident scenes 1907 Combination Non-resident ... | 1907 do. Aliens vnc osc ese do. Wisconsin ........ Non-resident ... | 1909] Males} 16] Fishing Wyoming ......... Non-resident or alien, general .. | 1911 Combination Non-resident, lim- Uc t RRs 1911 do. Alien, limited....]1911] — do. PRESENT TENDENCIES The present tendency seems to be distinctly in the direc- tion of charging both residents and non-residents a reason- able fee for the privilege of fishing, and thus requiring those who enjoy the sport of angling to contribute toward the expense of keeping the streams stocked and patrolled. Heretofore in some cases this expense has been met in whole or in part by receipts from hunting licenses, but such a policy is distinctly unfair to the sportsman and has not met with favor. If the hunter is taxed for his sport it is no more than fair that the fisherman should contribute some- thing for his pleasure, and it is manifestly unjust that the sportsman should be taxed for hunting and compelled to carry the burden of stocking streams for which the fisherman contributes nothing. It is perhaps to offset this objection that the combination licenses have been adopted. Another equally important tendency seems to be in the direction of reasonable fees and in the reduction of the high ee ee Ss ee Palmer.—Fishing Licenses 97 non-resident licenses which have been required in certain states. Statistics are not yet complete enough or available for a sufficient number of years to warrant any definite con- clusions as to how much money may be raised by a hook and line license but it is reasonably certain that a $1 license for residents and a $2 or $5 license for non-residents will pro- duce ample funds to meet present needs. The simpler the licenses and the easier it is made for the public to obtain them, the more popular will the system become and the larger will be the funds for fish propagation and protection. THE FUTURE OF OUR BROOK TROUT By S. F. FULLERTON I am not a pessimist by nature, in fact I would rather look on the bright side of things than on the dark side. Thus when I say that the brook trout, the lordly Fontinalis we all love, is doomed if we do not change our methods and get closer to nature than we have been doing, it must be plain that I am indeed apprehensive. \Ve have been receding from the natural way of keeping our breeders and getting into what I will call the commercial way. Our aim has been to get all the eggs we possibly can from a given lot of breed- ers regardless of how many of the eggs hatch or the vitality of the fry after being hatched; in other words, we are in the business for the money there is in it. If we are hatching fish for the state it is the showing we can make—the mil- lions we can report as sent to the streams from the different stations. It is not the number of good fish sent out, strong, healthy fish that, when the time comes, will reproduce their kind as their forebears did. Now let us look at conditions at the average brook trout station. Ponds are prepared of size so as to be convenient when the spawning season arrives. Into these ponds our breeders are put and in nine out of ten cases an insufficient amount of water is furnished to insure good healthy trout. Then they are fed on mush or mush and liver, depending on how cheaply we wish to run the station. The quarters they are in are often entirely inadequate for the number held. The fish cannot get a proper amount of exercise, even if they have the proper food, and when the time comes for them ‘to spawn they produce eggs that hatch puny fish and weak. The percentage of hatch is way below what it should be and those that do hatch hug the screen at the end of the trough, poor weaklings that they are. They have to be nursed and coddled as any other weak infants from weak parents, and 99 3 100 American Fisheries Society if they ever do grow up they have no life, no vitality, and no future. You say this is a very dark picture. Members of the American Fisheries Society, the picture is true to-life. There are exceptions of course, but they only go to prove the rule. Why I have seen eggs, not only one lot but several lots, come from these mush-fed breeders that were dear at 15 cents a thousand, and if we keep this up I can see nothing for the future. Of course there is a remedy and that remedy is right in our own hands. We have the power to stop this method or methods that I have been describing. Get back to nature and nature’s ways; provide large roomy ponds with an abundance of pure cold water; introduce into these ponds natural food, the food that the trout like in their wild state; take no eggs from fish that are less than two and one- half years old; get the fry in your stream as soon as they de- stroy the yolk sac; and never let them taste liver unless it is absolutely necessary to carry them along; then when these fish grow up and the sportsman who perhaps has helped to plant them goes to the stream he finds fish, good, strong, healthy fish that jump for his lure like the trout of the old days. I am not talking from some imaginary case. I have experimented with liver-fed or mush-fed fish and with fish treated as if they were in their wild state. As for the for- mer I would just as soon catch so many suckers. But it is the future of our trout that I am looking out for. Take any other living thing, from man down, and treat it the way our brood trout are treated and how long would the race last ? Only a few generations. You cannot disregard the laws of nature and expect nature to smile on you, for the closer we follow nature the better results we will have. This is true of every living thing. Now I know that some of you will not agree fully with what I say in this paper, but I do want you, every one who raises brook trout either for the market or for stocking the streams of state or nation, to think this matter over; look Fullerton —Future of the Brook Trout 101 at your eggs, look at your fry, and compare the results of both methods of which I have spoken. The government, which is the largest purchaser of eggs from the commercial stations and which has done and is doing such splendid work in stocking our streams, ought to take up this matter, look into it, and see if there is not something to my warning. There should be a demand, before you buy any eggs, that the parent fish should be kept in ponds or a stream that is suitable, and that natural food has been furnished the fish. It will then be only a short time until we are back on the right road from which we wandered a few years ago. Then will the future of our trout be assured. IS IRRIGATION DETRIMENTAL TO TROUT CULTURE? By W. T. THompson The question of the relation of irrigation to trout cul- ture is necessarily one of comparatively recent date, though irrigation itself is as old as civilization. In the new world, it successfully encountered unique irrigational problems on the high plains of the great west, where the growth of irri- gation in recent years has been phenomenal. _ Few realize even in a small measure how much it has done for this sec-- tion of our country. Our ‘Great American Desert’ is being rapidly irrigated out of existence. Where it once stood, we now find prosperous agricultural communities, supporting thriving towns and cities. As public spirited citizens we cannot but take pride in these material evidences of progress. As fish culturists, however, and as members of this American Fisheries So- ciety, should we not consider whether in this wholesale diversion of large quantities of water for irrigation, there exists no menace to the cause of fish culture; if such would appear to be the case, whether these unfavorable conditions are permanent and enduring or whether they are suscep- tible of modifications; and finally, whether in the evolution of the science of irrigation from its cruder forms to its more finished state there may not arise some new factor which will bring about a readjustment of conditions on a more favorable basis ? Our early irrigation, like that of the ancients, was largely basin irrigation, dependent on floods; available only for a limited time and covering but a restricted area. It was the creation of the more or less primitive conditions then exist- ing. The pioneer settled in the valleys, where by a minimum amount of labor and expense he could irrigate a sufficient area of land to provide food for the family and a limited provender for the family cow and work horses. Other set- 103 104 American Fisheries Society tlers followed, additional small ditches were taken out; the larger co-operative canals followed. Soon all the natural flow during the summer season was appropriated. That thousands upon thousands of trout of all ages, but more especially those of the smaller sizes, were daily being car- ried into the ditches, only to die upon the fields, scarce occasioned comment. Meanwhile the hunger for land and the thirst for water continued to grow, until the latter was largely over-appro- priated even in favorable years, while in years of drouth many ditches were dry practically the entire season and the rivers themselves became dry beds further and further to- ward their mountain sources. The harvest of the land was swallowing up the harvest of the waters. Even then there came but a faint warning note from the more far-seeing of those whom we now term “conservationists.” Speaking broadly for the whole inter-mountain country, but more specifically for Colorado, this early irrigation, coupled with the pollution of the mountain streams by min- ing and lumbering, threatened the complete destruction of the native fishes, as well as fish culture, which was then in its infancy. No less an authority than Dr. Jordan, after an exhaust- ive examination during the summer of 1889, summed up the situation as follows: In the progress of settlement of Colorado, the streams have become more and more largely used for irrigation. Below the mouth of the cafions, dam after dam and ditch after ditch turn off the water. In summer the beds of even large rivers (as the Rio Grande) are left wholly dry, all the water being turned into these ditches. Much of this water is consumed by the arid land and its vegetation; the rest seeps back turbid and yellow into the bed of the river, to be again intercepted as soon as enough has accumulated to be worth taking. In some valleys, as in the San Luis, in the dry season there is scarcely a drop of water in the river bed that has not from one to ten times flowed over some field, while the beds of many considerable streams (Rio la Jara, Alamosa, etc.) are filled with dry clay and dust. Great numbers of trout, in many cases thousands of them, pass into these irrigation ditches and are left to perish in the fields. The destruc- Thompson.—Irrigation and Trout Culture 105 tion of trout by this agency is far greater than that due to ail others combined and it is going on in almost every irrigating ditch in Colorado. He goes on further to state: It is not easy to suggest a remedy for it. The valleys in question would be worthless for agriculture were it not for irrigation, and the economic value of the trout is but a trifle as compared with the value of the water privileges. It is apparently impossible to shut out the trout from the ditches by any system of screens. These screens soon become clogged by silt, dead leaves and sage brush, and thus will not admit the passage of the water. Perhaps most of the trout are lost by entering the ditches in the fall, when running down stream with the cooling of the water. It has been suggested that a law could compel the closing of the ditches after the harvest, allowing the streams to flow freely until March or April. In the fall the water is worth most to the fish and least to the farmers. I am unable to say whether this plan will prove practicable or effective. This is certain, that if the present conditions go on the trout in the lower courses of all the streams will be exterminated and there will be trout only in the mountain lakes and mountain meadows, to which agriculture cannot extend. More than two decades have now passed. Yet in spite of the admittedly unfavorable conditions, which fully justi- fied Dr. Jordan’s gloomy predictions, we find that this irri- gated section, and especially the more accessible and better advertised Colorado, is today the angler’s paradise. Not only is the native trout still found in abundance, but brook and rainbow trout as well. In fact Colorado and Wyoming's reputations are upheld largely by the magnificent rainbows found in the larger streams. Brook trout have become so plentiful and widely distributed that many people are in- clined to think them indigenous. In the swift, clear, cold waters of the Continental Divide, both the rainbow and brook trout attain a degree of excel- lence rarely found in their native habitat, even under the most favorable conditions. The fish grow larger, are more vigorous and gamy, while the eggs are more hardy and virile. That these are not the mere claims of an enthusiast, but are proven facts, is best attested by the heavy demand made 106 American Fisheries Society on this region by the Bureau of Fisheries for spawn for brood stock at hatcheries all over the country. Indeed, shipments of spawn from these introduced varieties are being made every year, and with splendid success, to foreign countries, as France, Germany, China, Japan and Argentina. Commissioner Bowers in his report for 1905 states : The value of the Bureau’s efforts to increase the supply of food and game fishes in the interior waters have been strikingly illustrated in Colorado where a number of non-indigenous trouts have been thor- oughly established. The principal fish thus introduced is the eastern brook trout, which is widely distributed in the state and probably exists there in greater abundance than in any other state. Colorado has now become the Bureau’s chief source of supply for the eggs of this species, and nowhere else is it possible to collect such large quan- tities of eggs from wild trout. You ask me how we can harmonize or explain these ex- isting favorable conditions of trout culture with the un- promising outlook of 1889? In our analysis of this question of the relation of fish culture, or to remain more clearly within the limits of our subject, trout culture, to irrigation, ° we find two stages of development and growth. The first or basin period had reached its zenith at the period of Dr. Jor- dan’s investigation, while the second or perennial stage was but in its infancy; hence was not recognized as being a possi- ble factor in the future readjustment of fish-cultural problems. It had early been realized that only a small proportion of the suitable lands could be irrigated from the natural flow from the streams during the summer months. Storage of the flood waters was recognized as the only possible solution of the problem of the utilization of these otherwise valueless acres. Investigation disclosed the fact that away up among the mountains there existed many ideal sites where reservoirs could be constructed at small cost and filled from the melting snow, and where this surplus water could be stored until needed. Reservoirs of varying sizes were created as though in a night. First came those built by the individual and by Thompson.—tIrrigation and Trout Culture 107 local co-operation; then came the larger enterprises financed by outside capital; finally we have the immense enterprises encouraged by state and nation. Many of these earlier and smaller lakes, as they are frequently called, were promptly stocked with trout. The results already attained have been absolutely incredible and beyond the belief of those who have had no personal ex- perience under similar conditions. I do not propose to weary you by going into detail, but still I cannot refrain from giving you several striking instances which may enable you to realize to some extent the fish-cultural possibilities of these lakes. Wellington Lake, located on the Colorado & Southern Railway, about twelve miles from Buffalo, Colo., yielded 4,358,000 brook trout eggs during the fall of 1904, while Island Lake, the summer of the same year, produced over 8,000,000 spawn of the native trout. Perhaps the most striking illustration, however, is in the case of Ragan Lake, located some twenty-five miles from Creede. This is a rather shallow body of water containing approximately seventy acres and is operated by Mr. B. C. Hosselkus as a commercial enterprise. During the latter part of February, 1906, Mr. Hosselkus received from the - Leadville station of the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries 100,000 eyed brook trout eggs in exchange for rainbow spawn. These were shipped to Creede over the Rio Grande and arrived in the midst of a severe blizzard. When the storm had ceased, the trays were transferred from the heavier shipping cases to light wooden boxes, such as are used by the oil companies for the shipment of two square five gallon cans. They were then placed on a pack horse and started up the mountain- over the unbroken trail. On several occasions the pack animal lost her footing and fell, rolling down the mountain, but the heavy soft snow prevented any material injury to horse or trout spawn. To prevent freezing, one night the eggs were wrapped in blankets and kept in a ranchman’s cellar; the next night 108 American Fisheries Society they were carefully covered and set by the kitchen fire. The third day they reached their destination and were placed in Mr. Hosselkus’ hatchery, where they commenced to hatch almost immediately. The resulting fry were held in troughs and fed until the first of May, when they were planted in the lake as no. 1 fingerlings. With the cold mountain water at Leadville we rarely hatched our brook trout in less than six months. This was advisable because the mountain streams were not ready to receive fish until June or July. Early in October, 1907, seventeen months later, on Mr. Hosselkus’ invitation, I visited the lake. The trout were just commencing to come into the shallow water. The first evening I tried to amuse myself with fly fishing. The catch at each cast was limited only by the number of hooks. Re- leasing two and three fish after each cast soon grew monoto- nous, and I gave it up, voting it butchery rather than sport. Mr. Hosselkus had meanwhile set two small gill-nets in deep water with a.view of catching some large rainbows, the remnant of a small plant made several years earlier. None being taken then or thereafter, he concluded they had either been caught or had died during the previous winter. The nets, however, were literally full the next morning of ten- inch brook trout, which averaged one-half pound dressed. The females were full of spawn, almost ready for extrusion. The latter part of the month and the first half of November, Mr. Hosselkus filled his own hatchery, shipped large quanti- ties to the Denver hatchery of the Colorado Commission, besides sending upwards of three millions to the Leadville hatchery to be eyed on shares. Owing to insufficient help and inadequate facilities the full amount of spawn available could not be taken, though the harvest exceeded ten millions! Ts it not truly incredible? The factor then which has prevented the threatened annihilation of the trout in the inter-mountain country, has been the multiplication of these mountain reservoirs, and not alone:through the number of fish actually propa- Pe Thompson.—Irrigation and Trout Culture 109 gated in them, but more through the large supplies of spawn obtained from them to fill private, state and national hatcheries, later to enter into the general distribution. In addition, | might mention that the filling of these reservoirs during the spring months tends to lessen the flood con- ditions at that time, while the turning into the streams during the summer months of this stored water preserves a more equal stage during the angling season. The fishing is further improved by the escape from the reservoirs of a large number of matured trout which pass out through the headgates with the water. Summing up the situation and applying this analysis to’ the query propounded: We find that irrigation in the earlier stages and under primitive methods is decidedly detrimental to trout culture, though some of the more injurious feat- ures are susceptible of improvement. In the more advanced or perennial stage, with the numerous large and small reservoirs storing the flood waters and releasing them as required, we are glad to be able to reverse the verdict and find that irrigation is not detrimental to trout culture. In fact when these reservoirs are utilized as great fish-cultural preserves, then irrigation becomes a most important factor in the upbuilding of fish culture and the improvement of. angling in the inter-mountain country. Irrigation and fish culture have long been considered as being antagonistic; the growth of the one was supposed to mean the decline of the other. My personal observation disproves this, hence I am only too glad to sound an opti- mistic note and declare to you that these interests are har- monious though -not always identical. The present mar- vellous development of irrigational projects in the west. therefore becomes an occasion for sincere congratulation from fish culturist and angler, as well as to our more pro- saic brethren who till the soil, since it carries with it won- derful possibilities for fish-cultural expansion. In recent years, we have heard much of “conservation” and “reclamation.”” Great as are these themes and fraught 110 American Fisheries Society with magnificent possibilities for the betterment of hu- manity, they are incomplete of themselves and fall far short of yielding the greatest possible returns, until the cause of “fish culture” is inseparably associated with them. Con- servation has had her Pinchot, reclamation her Carey. Who will rise up and champion the cause of irrigational fish culture ? DISCUSSION Mr. THompson: This is to some extent a new subject, particularly so to many of the members of the Society now before me who have never had the opportunity and privilege of workirig in the irrigation regions, and who, therefore, are not as familiar with the matter as I would like. Hence a full and free discussion, which I urgently solicit, will be especially helpful to us all. Pror. L. L. Dycne, Pratt, Kan.: I understood the gentleman to say that it was not possible to regulate the outgoing of fish into these irrigation ditches by the use of wire screen nets. Is that right? Mr. W. T. Tuompson, Fairport, Iowa: That was Dr. Jordan's statement, and I endorse it as correct. Proressor Dycue: I do not know just what your conditions are, but I do not have any difficulty in managing fish with wire screens. All the ponds in the new fish hatchery for Kansas will be connected by water-ways that are two feet nine inches wide, and we expect to man- age the fish, keeping them out or letting them go into certain places, by wire screens. These screens are made in sections, some 500 of them in all. Those with 3-inch mesh wire are used to keep out coarse stuff, as weeds, brush, moss and wood. Other screens are used as conditions may demand and are made of one-inch, one-half-inch or one-quarter- inch mesh wire. One or more of the screens may be used at the same time. If small fish are to be controlled the mesh may be as small as that used in window screens. We have experimented some, and have had no trouble in keeping out trash, weeds and grass by regulating it with different sized screens. One of the men who has charge of the hatchery grounds goes around, lifts screens and takes out trash; and we do not understand why you cannot keep trash out of irrigating ditches if you will build a cement structure in which the screens of different sized mesh can be fitted, and thus centrol both trash and fish in the ditches. I do not see why both fish and trash cannot be managed if you put in proper screens. Such a system may need a little care, but it seems to me that it can be successfully operated. Mr. THompson: Where was it you were making these experiments? ProFessork DycHeE: In Kansas. I have a paper bearing on the sub- ject and I will present the matter later in my paper, with accompanying blueprints, Thompson.—Irrigation and Trout Culture 111 Mr. THompson: What is the size of your pipe? ProFessor DycHE: It is 21-inch pipe carrying 334 million gallons of water per day. Mr. THompson: People have a wrong conception of what irriga- ting ditches mean. They are of all sizes, but the main canals are really small rivers. ProFEssor DycHE: We have a river big enough to run a flouring mill which we expect to control through the use of wire screens. Mr. THompson: Then again the irrigationist is not necessarily in- terested in the fish-cultural problem, and you have not only sage brush and silt, but sometimes young trees floating down the streams, which would soon clog the screens since there is no provision made for keep- ing them clean. Of course this is one of the problems we must solve. A revolving paddle wheel is one of the devices now being tested, but it does not absolutely keep ail the fish from entering the ditches. -It revolves through the force of the current, causing more or less disturb- ance of the water, the idea being that it frightens most of the fish back. As a matter of fact, while some of them escape into the ditches and are eventually lost, a majority are preserved. This device permits the passage of debris of almost any reasonable size. Most of this irriga- tion water comes tumbling down from away up in the mountains, carry- ing all sorts of debris; it would fill up any ordinary screen so quickly you would scarcely know what happened. The ditch riders and the water superintendents have a very large area to cover and frequently are not particularly interested in fish culture, hence do not want to be hampered by any system of screens. Thus far no system of screens has been a success and we are not disposed to blame them for their indifference. The water-user does not care to incur any extra expense. Here, then, is a problem which should properly be taken up by fish cul- turists and angling associations co-operating with the Water Commis- sioners and other proper state officials. Fish culturists have long en- deavored to bring about a sentiment in favor of providing some device. Several years ago while in Colorado I took up this matter of a campaign ‘of education. The state of Colorado in the blank applica- tions for fish inquired whether the headgates of all the ditches were provided with screens or other devices for preventing the escape of the fish. That was educational, because they could not well refuse to give people fish even if the ditches leading from the streams were not so protected. I suggested to the Washington office that the Bureau of Fisheries take cognizance of the irrigation work, and also insert in its blank applications this same, or a similar, inquiry. This was subse- quently done. We hope to work up a sentiment which will eventually bring about some system of screens or paddle whee'!s that is both prac- tical and effective. As yet, however, such a system has not been perfected. Proressor DycHE: You answered the question when you first started out by saying they had no interest in the business and did not 112 American Fisheries Society care much about it. Of course if you have a big stream with logs running down, provision would have to be made accordingly; but moss, sage brush and sticks I think could be handled with ordinary screens. Mr. THompson: It is a problem which has been up before a number of our states in the Rocky Mountain country and in California, es- pecially. Simple as it may seem in theory, in practice it has been found most perplexing. Dr. H. B. Warp, Urbana, Ill.: Mr. President, I listened to the read- ing of the paper with a great deal of interest, because I have just returned from a 3 weeks’ fishing trip in the San Luis valley, of which something was said, and while there I had the good fortune to come in contact with the places to which reference was made, and also with a number of persons in various walks of life representing different interests, so that I had some opportunity to get the ‘point of view of different classes of persons on this question. I am very glad to know from so careful a source that the changes in methods of irrigation have been advantageous to the propagation of our mountain trout. On the other hand, I cannot fully agree with the speaker that the situation is quite what it ought to be; and it seems to me that he gives away the secret of the whole matter in saying that those who are conducting the operations in connection with irrigation, do not want to bother with this problem. I think we have passed the time when any class of people has the right to say that it does not want to bother with a problem concerning the conservation of our natural resources; and I submit to this body, when from the irrigating ditches of the San Luis valley, trout, small trout, fair sized trout, to the extent, not of bushes or barrels, but to the extent of wagonloads, are shoveled out from those ditches in the fall, that the state of Colorado is not doing its duty at some point or other. It may be difficult to place the responsibility, though some persons might try to do it. It may be diffi- cult to find the precise remedy, but a loss of that magnitude, the de- struction of valuable fish represented by any such quantity, indicates a failure to safeguard the interests of that community, for which some- body or some class of persons is responsible; and I feel very strongly that we should not be doing our full duty if we failed to call attention to the problem very forcibly. In talking with the citizens of that valley, I remember very dis- tinctly the remarks that were made by some persons there which con- firmed the statements of the author of this paper. One gentleman, a physician of education and standing, said to me that there was a device which was reasonably successful in keeping trout out of the ditches, referring to the paddle wheel device which has been mentioned; but that the people who owned and controlled the ditches did not want to bother with it, and that thus far the state had not compelled them to do anything. Now, the state of Colorado is putting a great deal of money into hatching brook and other trout. Why, may I ask, are these fish per- —T Uhl Thompson.—Irrigation and Trout Culture 113 mitted to run out into irrigating ditches to be shoveled into wagons and used for fertilizer on the fields? It does not look like a good busi- ness proposition and does not look like what I should call modern methods for the conservation of these resources of the state. I do not doubt that the parties in charge of irrigation projects will not spend any more money than they have to. I do not doubt that they will not find appliances, which are somewhat expensive, successful, until they are forced to put them in; and you could find parallel cases in other parts of the United States and in other lines of fish work, to say nothing of other types of work of an entirely different character. It may be that the present method of irrigation and the establish- ment of great basins for the storage of water gives place for the hatch- ing and development of a large number of fish that would not have existed under former conditions; but after all the real question comes. back to us, whether through irrigation an unnecessary number of valu« able fish are not lost to the community, and I am frank to confess, after having seen this region and having heard at first hand regarding the losses, that I] cannot doubt that they reach a large figure, and that some way or other means ought to be taken to protect the state against that loss. Mr. THompson: I am very glad that Dr. Ward happened to be here and had his finger on the pulse of Colorado with respect to the fish-cultural problem. Everything he has said meets with my hearty approval. I do not mean to be understood as saying that all the con- ditions in Colorado are what they should be; but I do claim that under existing conditions there has been a very marked improvement in the number of trout and in the quality of the angling in Colorado, consid- ering the large increase in the number of anglers. Such being the fact; when public sentiment is properly educated, when the state authorities wake up to their responsibilities and prevent this wanton waste and slaughter of millions and millions of trout, Colorado will come into her own, and not only Colorado, but her sister states as well. I speak of Colorado, because the conditions there are better known, there is more irrigation, there is more fish culture and angling. When these great reservoirs, including the large state and national projects, are com- pleted and properly utilized in a fish cultural way, and when, in addi- tion, suitable protection is afforded our fish, which at present is not the case, then will Colorado and the whole Continental Divide COEDey, become in truth the playground of America. I received a number of letters, shortly before I came here, from the passenger agents of the various railroads in Colorado, which I was anxious to include in my paper, but condensing as much as I could, I found their inclusion impracticable. Each one states that the angling industry is one of the big assets of their respective roads, and that it is increasing in value year by year. I know through personal experi- ence that they are anxious to do all they can to assist in the work of propagation and protection. No one knows better than the passenger 114 American Fisheries Society agent just what this travel means, nor is any one more apt to be moved by mercenary motives. Hence when I state that the railroads are fur- nishing the state and national commissions with every facility needed for their work of propagation and distribution it is not only a tribute to the work of the state and national commissions, but a practical recog- nition of angling as an unquestioned source of revenue as well. The railroads in Colorado furnish the government with probably from 10 to 15, special cars a year for the transportation of government fish, be- sides furnishing transportation for messengers in the baggage cars. I think you may safely say their contribution to the cause of fish cul- ture is almost equal to that of the state and the nation for the work in Colorado. This would not be the case excepting it had been proved that it yields them immense returns. Now I brought this matter up largely that the Society might under- stand the conditions, and possibly voice a note of warning to the states and to the United States. I visited one of the United States reclamation projects out in Nevada several years ago; it was on the Truckee River, one of the finest fishing streams in the country. I found that, in connection with the Carson-Truckee project, the river had been dammed, and with absolutely no provision in the original construction for the passage of fish. The investigations made at the time were brought about by tele- graphic requests of the Nevada Fish and Game Protective Association to their senators, asking that the Bureau investigate conditions. They claimed that there were thousands of pounds of trout being taken daily out of the Truckee River just below the dam. Owing to the execrable fish laws of the state of Nevada, the pot fishermen were allowed to fish right in the midst of the spawning season, and were taking out 10,000 or 12,000 pounds of trout a week. I investigated and found that one party of four on the first day the season was open had taken from a small fishing area just below this Truckee-Carson dam 1.060 pounds of fish! I verified this statement by going to the market man to whom they were shipped. This is a speci- men of the abuses of irrigation. I wish to state that the government promptly provided a fishway in this dam at Derby, Nev. It is my understanding that in the later irrigation projects they have also pro- vided fishways. W FRESH-WATER ANGLING GROUNDS FOR THE STRIPED BASS By S. G. WortH In the lines following I set forth certain known fresh water localities where striped bass take the hook and suff- ciently describe the character of such river areas as to point to similar grounds in intermediate streams where sport of the kind may have not yet become known. In order to give a practical value to the data I present the names of indi- viduals as well as those of towns, and also the railroad cross- ings and routes, but without purposing in anywise the adver- tising of such individuals as guides or any of their wares. If my contribution is to serve a really useful purpose it must contain enough of such detail as to permit the seeker to cor- respond with or otherwise get in contact with parties on the scene, as those mentioned, the postmasters or railroad agents of the locality in view. As a matter of fact I do not know that even one of the persons named can be reached by letter or continues to reside in the same place. It is hoped that by pursuing this course a means will be afforded to others interested in gaining access to grounds through their own efforts, and at the right time of year and when water con- ditions are favorable. The striped bass follows the run of herrings up the fresh water rivers, and spawns in water temperature 60° to 76° F., but mostly between 65° and 73°, and apparently the taking of the hook is to be expected only after their eggs have been deposited. ; The numbers of striped bass vary greatly in different streams and their abundance or comparative scarcity is a factor, of course, in net or other kind of fishing. In the last 15 years the statistical tables of the Bureau of Fisheries and the Census Bureau throw much valuable light on the dis- tribution of the commercial catch. 115 116 American Fisheries Society KNOWN GROUNDS South River, North Carolina—As early as 1875 I be- came aware of the capture of at least one fine striped bass— 12 to 14 pounds—in South River near Hawes’ Bluff, a point not on the map but on the Bladen and Pender County lines about due east of Kelly, a Cape Fear River landing in the former county. A local fisherman took the fish on a third day’s trial and somewhat unexpectedly, as on the first two days his bait and hooks had been taken off with sudden- ness and so devoid of spring in the fishing line as to prac- tically convince him that he had fouled the tackle on a sunken log. When he dropped his hook at the same spot in the same deep cove—a point he passed in going to and from the chosen black bass and crappie grounds—it was more an act of curiosity than expectation. To his amazement the hook was seized by a striped bass of such strength and size as to put him to his best effort to draw it into his skiff, and in the fish’s jaws he found both his recently lost hooks and other hooks whose original owner could not be guessed. This capture took place at a point 40 to 50 miles above the confluence of South River (there called Black River) with the Cape Fear, a stretch of down-flowing stream that is unaffected by the lunar tides more or less prevailing in the last named river up to the point of confluence. Neuse River.—In 1877, having business at New Bern, N. C., I learned that hook and line capture of striped bass, a mile or two below the town and the confluence of the Neuse and Trent Rivers, was not uncommon but there were secrets or difficulties attending it that prevented general par- ticipation. One of the difficulties was the current belief that no bait was successful except fresh herring roe, an article denied except in the spring months and difficult to keep on the hook when had. It was understood that fishing on those grounds was by hand line. This point was not many miles above brackish water and in some years when the fall months were dry brackish water invaded the grounds where the Worth.—Angling Grounds for Striped Bass 117 striped bass were fished for. Now that the Inland Water- way has been opened up from Beaufort or Old Topsail Inlet to the Neuse River, it is learned that the sea water is denser and advances yet higher up the Neuse River. Roanoke River.—In the years 1879, 1883, 1884, and 1903 to 1909 inclusive, at Weldon, situated at the foot of the great rapids of Roanoke River—the most notable striped bass stream in North Carolina I found scarcely an excep- tion to the accepted belief that the striped bass would not bite a hook in that vicinity. The reason may be that this is a spawning ground, probably the foremost known spawning ground of the species. In the summer of 1904, however, | learned that fish were being caught on trot lines at a point some miles below and in surprising quantity. On June 7 of that year, my son, Henry B. Worth, in charge of a power boat which I was sending down the river to go into repairs at the Elizabeth City marine railway, stopped in some- where about the Hobgood Post Office landing to take on water, this landing being not far from the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad crossing on the Rocky Mount and Norfolk branch. There he met a Mr. J. D. Savage who was then fishing with trot lines and by whom he was informed that at a point 114 miles above Hamilton two men in ordinary seasons would take about 200 pounds a day or approximately 1,000 pounds a week, employing fresh herring (alewife) bait. The last named town is perhaps 25 miles below Hob- good. Evidently the use of the hook was not entirely new in that region. It is also evident that a large angling re- source awaits up-to-date single hook methods, the latter ap- parently not yet known there. : In 1905 a report reached me at Weldon through law- yers or others recently attending court down about the town of Scotland Neck that some hundreds of pounds of striped bass were being caught daily at some point near the last named town on trot lines, and closely following that report was another to the effect that similar captures were being made at the old, historic town of Halifax, situated but 8 _ t 118 American Fisheries Society miles below Weldon. Immediately, May 20, | proceeded to Halifax and found the report as to that town true. I met the parties who owned the outfits and made the catches and talked with each one and also other residents. Mr. George H. Stevenson informed me that during 7 days, April 28 to May 5, just prior to a freshet, five skiffs that were operated with skim nets, locally designated “drag nets,’ for the capture of striped bass had incidentally taken 100 to 200 herring (alewives) per day, the heads of which were used as bait on three trot lines owned by himself, George S. Robinson and John Boyd, the coloréd public ferry- man. ‘The lines contained 50 to 250 hooks each and were stretched across the river, which has a width of perhaps 400 to 500 feet at Halifax, the hooks being 3 to 4 feet apart. With no other bait than the fish heads more than 600 pounds of striped bass were caught, sometimes 20 per day of sizes varying from 8 to 16 pounds, or double the amount taken in the drift nets. The river water was on the clear order but not to say transparent. The hooks were arranged as near as pos- sible within six inches of the river bottom in a depth of from 15 to 25 feet. When the water became muddy the nets would catch more and the lines less. | Not a hook was touched when the water became muddy. Though it was the spawn- ing season no ripe fish were taken. It was found that iced herring (shipped in) was of no value as bait and that the local catch of herring was un- available as bait except when fresh. The herring captured locally commanded too high a price to warrant the experi- ment of employing the whole fish, which was bringing 1(c. a pound after the heads were removed. John Boyd had on April 26 caught 3 herring in a skim net, and with the heads he had caught on his 50-hook trot line 6 striped bass of sizes mentioned above. On April 24 he caught on the same line 16 additional ones that weighed from 6 to 12 pounds each. Mr. Robinson had for many years operated fyke nets in this vicinity and now owned and fished as many as 47. He IW orth—Angling Grounds for Striped Bass 119 said that at Halifax the fish would continue to bite till the end of May, water conditions being right. This was the second year of trot line trials at this high-up river point. He had known two men at Hill’s Ferry, 20 to 30 miles down stream, to take on trot lines in one night the preceding sea- son 2 large sacks of striped bass or as many as 5 bushels, and he had also known 1,005 pounds taken in 2 nights and 1 day at the same place by 2 men in 1903. Another citi- zen, a Mr. Hale, informed me that he had known 300 to 400 pounds to be taken on lines at Plymouth in a single day. From the foregoing it appears that the Roanoke angling possibilities are great when the area of the stream is con- sidered, the distance from Halifax to Plymouth being ap- proximately 125 miles, while the distance between Hob- good and the river mouth at Albemarle Sound is in itself many miles. From the information gained I infer that the best part of the river, when length of season is considered, is from Hobgood to Plymouth or perhaps to the very mouth of the river. It may be remarked that but for the immense stretch of nets in the water below, operated for shad, herring and striped bass, the Roanoke River would attain renown in striped bass production. That but a fractional part of the run enters that river compared with the number that would naturally ascend, I have all proof that I desire. Anyone who will take the pains to ascertain the times that were so phe- nomenal in rockfish or striped bass capture at Weldon and vicinity, when hundreds of visitors poured in from surround- ing counties to fish and make purchases of fish and join in the great festal event of the year, with their teams of all descriptions and camping outfits, will discover that it was not an event of a hundred or two hundred years ago, but of the closing years of the war and just after, 1864-1867, when the nets and seines in the wide waters below were out of commission as a result of the presence of Federal gunboats which then cut off the fishing and left it crippled for a time after peace was restored. 120 American Fisheries Society Before passing on to another stream it should be stated that the striped bass of monster size avoid the trot line de- vices. At Halifax, for example, as many as 6 fish of aver- age weight of 50 pounds were taken by the netters in just one morning in the year 1903, suggesting what great num- bers escape the trot line fishermen and ascend the stream. Susquehanna River.—It is on the Susquehanna River that enlightenment is afforded regarding the capture of striped bass on hook and line in waters above tide. Those grounds are but a few miles from the broad waters of Chesa- peake Bay, but the water is perfectly fresh. The whole stream above Port Deposit, Md., may be considered as rapids, but at Octoraro Junction, as elsewhere all the way along for many miles, there are many pools in which the flow is quite slow at clear river stages or in the absence of fresh- ets. Evidently these rapids are a natural spawning ground of the striped bass and both the shad and herring (alewives) as- cend them, both species being caught by Mr. F. W. Irwin, of Octoraro Junction (P. O. Rowlandville), Md., and other seiners. ; I visited this locality in August, 1904, and again in June, 1905, was there and spent several weeks with the angling activities under observation. Twenty New York and other clubmen would be there at a time engaged in angling, paying $2.00 a day for board and $3.00 for a boat and guide, besides $1.50 per hundred for bloodworms which were used on the hooks of the spoon troll. The season opened June 1 and continued some months, to be interrupted only by periods of too clear or too muddy water. Octoraro Junction is a Pennsylvania Railroad sta- tion and telegraph office and the anglers were usually told by wire when the conditions were favorable. Some of the anglers were prodigal in the use of the bloodworms, impal- ing all the hooks would hold. It is understood that while the bloodworm bait was everything that could be desired as an adjunct to the troll, the biting ceased immediately when the common red or angleworm was substituted, These worms Worth—Angling Grounds for Striped Bass 121 were ubtained from A. H. Dirkes, 50th Street and 9th Ave- nue, New York, and arrived by mail or express. The wortus are said to be the larve of a species of Chirosomiis, C. plumosus. They resemble the common angleworm in shape, color and size. I was interested to see that the bloodworms buried their heads and also perhaps 25 per cent of the fore end of the body within themselves, in the manner of hosiery turned in and in most handy shape to put on. It was not a turning inside out but, rather, an introverting of the head and fore part of body into the middle body cavity. When received. and not at once taken into the fishing skiffs or when kept over night the worms were put in a cavity a foot perhaps below the ground surface and protected with a covering of lumber and earth for preserving darkness, even tempera- ture and moisture. These worms were all reputed to come from New Jersey salt water marshes. All the anglers—one to a boat—payed out about 70 feet of line and fished over the stern, both angler and oars- man guide facing astern. The catches were fine, early morn- ing and late evening hours, and although none of the mam- moth fish were among the number the take of single. skiffs not infrequently ran 100 to 200 pounds in one day. The catches were especially good and quickly accomplished when some large tree found lodgment in a pool of right depth. Other probable grounds.—In all striped bass streams under my observation the species ascends in the Spring months close behind the big run of herring (late April) and always to such points in the stream as present a stony bot-: tom. Even in so diminutive a stream as Little River, South Carolina, the dividing line of the two Carolinas on the sea coast, and where the body of fresh water is only about a mile long, the species finds the hard bottom of coquina or phosphate rock. And I may here remark that it was while on this stream I heard a native say that the species invaria- 122 American Fisheries Socicty bly seeks such bottoms for the deposition of eggs and from this habit took its southern name ‘‘rockfish.”’ IVhite Oak River—While at Swansboro, Onslow County, in 1904, I learned enough of the size and numbers of the striped bass run in White Oak River, North Carolina, to suggest hook fishing in its waters. It empties into Bogue Sound at this point and is of stony bottom up toward the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad crossing near Maysville... I believe that it is open for skiffs from the crossing to the salt- water sound. The mouth of this stream can be reached with comparative ease from Beaufort or Morehéad in sail or power boat of 30 inches draught, the distance being ap- proximately 25 miles. Alligator River —From large intermittent net captures of fish of noteworthy size in somewhat recent years it ap- pears that Alligator River is another North Carolina stream in which the species under consideration may be found of interest to the angler, a wild, wide-water region with densely wooded and tangled shores most easily reached in chartered boat by way of Elizabeth City. The most satisfactory means [ found of getting around in those wide-water sounds was to employ an oyster schooner of 10 to 30 tons and put mattresses in the hold down flat on the sheathing, and where there was ample room to spread out clothing and other articles. It was necessary, however, to take someone along to do cooking, as the captain preferred his own mess to him- self, in order to watch and otherwise care for his craft. About muddy water.—There are no fixed terms fer expressing the degree of muddiness of water that will give anything like a correct comprehension, in my knowledge, except those employed in the District of Columbia. On ex- amining the local columns of Washington newspapers it will be seen that a daily report from the Great Falls is made of the temperature and condition of the Potomac River and the condition is always given in numerals, as 1, or 4 or 10, etc., these numerals indicating, as I understand, such number of inches as an object may be discerned in the water through Worth—Angling Grounds for Striped Bass 123 the side of a clean glass vessel with a straight side. I was in- formed in fact that the data were obtained and published largely, or perhaps solely for the benefit of anglers—to lct them plan fishing trips to the best advantage with reference to catch and the saving of time. River accommodations.—It should be said that on all the streams mentioned except the one in Maryland it would be necessary to provide a tent and commissary outfit in order to get and remain in touch with rivermen from whom much certainly would have to be learned in new territory, there being practically no accommodations near enough the fishing - grounds to be made available. All of the localities named are mosquito ridden and I would not for a moment consider going into camp in such places without advance preparation in the way of large nets containing 20 square yards of cheese cloth each. DISCUSSION Mr. D. B. Feartnc, Newport, R. I.: I am very much interested in Mr. Worth’s paper. Some 45 years ago, when I was seven years old, I lost my first striped bass, and I have fished for striped bass in many places since that time. I was very much interested in what Mr. Gorham said about fishing - in brackish water. I remember when a small boy going to a certain river in Rhode Island and seeing my father catch a striped bass with a fly, and I have records of the capture of striped bass in Great South Bay, Long Island, with the yellow sally and red ipis and the white miller; but the fishing in brackish water as an angler’s pastime has all been transferred to the Pacific Coast. On the Atlantic Coast and in the east where I come from, I can remember as a boy at the West Island Club when it was a common thing for an angler to land 60 to 70 striped bass with rod and line in a day’s fishing, fish that would run anywhere from 6 to 64 pounds; and as late as 20 years ago I saw 20 to. 30 fish landed in one catch. At the present time you could fish from. daylight till dark and never get a striped bass. There are gill nets that stretch from one to three miles in length straight out, and where there are no gill nets there are purse seines and pound nets. The striped bass in cruising around will strike one of the gill nets, but they will not go into them, turning instead and going straight out to sea. There is no angling for striped bass except after a storm which carries away the nets, and then good big striped bass are caught. But the old days when you could catch them with rod and reel are gone. 124 American Fisheries Society In California I have had many communications from the President of the San Francisco Anglers’ Club, who was very much interested in the introduction of the bass out there, and in the fishing. Mr. Worth says they use herring for bait, but he writes that they find the best bait for striped bass out there to be the large clam, and when they cannot get this particular Pacific clam they troll for the bass with a spoon; and they claim that they will bite one curiously shaped spoon and will not look at another, Personally, I think the striped bass is a most extraordinary fish, as to what he will take. I have caught striped bass with pretty much everything, even with a finger-stall. I caught one that looked so fat that we cut him open on the rock and he had 5 or 6 menhaden heads in him, and mussels and all sorts of things, together with the stall that had been around a fisherman’s finger to protect a cut. I had this stall tied on my hook and caught a bass with it. If we could only persuade the legislators of the various states to pass a law forbidding the killing of bass on their spawning grounds, it would be a most excellent thing. You go into the New York and Washington markets and you will see cow bass loaded with spawn. You will see in the New York markets today bass offered -for sale which are less than six ounces in weight. The striped bass is a foreign fish to California. It was introduced in 1879 when 135 were turned out; in 1882 a plant of 300 more occurred and the biggest weighed only 8 ounces. In 1902 1,200,000 pounds of striped bass were sold in the San Francisco markets alone. It is the most successful introduction of a foreign fish that has ever been known. The people of California have protected their bass; they have a closed season for the bass during the spawning season, and it is against the law to take a bass under a certain size. On our coast we do that after the fish are ail gone and there are none to protect. Mr. Meewan: Like Mr. Fearing I am a great friend of the striped bass and very fond of angling for them. It may interest some to know that I was probably one of the first half dozen persons to use the blood- worm for bait in the Susquehanna River. The first man to use it was Mr. Dercks, the gentleman mentioned in Mr. Worth’s paper. Prior to that time clams and crabs had been used to catch the striped bass in the Susquehanna. A week after Mr. Dercks was there another man came from New York and fished, and I happened to see him going home. He had quite a bunch of bass and told me about the bait. We secured the bloodworms and used them with great success. In the first trip two of us caught in the neighborhood of 350 pounds in a trifle over a day’s fishing, the average run of the fish being from 3 to 9 pounds. The heaviest bass that I caught myself was 15 pounds, and generally I would average one or two, possibly three, 12-pound fish in the months of July and September. It was pretty nearly a rule for men fishing there afterward to throw back everything under three pounds. The bloodworm was used in connection with a small trolling spoon, about a no. 4, and casting became quite prevalent there, especially in the Worth—Angling Grounds for Striped Bass 125 evenings, from the rocks above the station and on the Harford County side, on the right bank where most of the pools were. Another fishing ground where striped bass are caught in some num- bers is in the Delaware River above Trenton in the neighborhood of Scudder’s Falls, Washington’s Landing, and up as far as Lambertville, but the striped bass caught there are usually very small, rarely exceed- ing 3% to 4 pounds, although once in a while a fish weighing 12 to 15 pounds is taken. Bloodworms are used there. In respect to the protective laws, the state of Pennsylvania classes the fish as a food fish and allows them to be caught with a rod and line throughout the year; but has a closed season so far as net fishing is concerned. Pennsylvania and New Jersey having concurrent juris- diction over the Delaware River, combined and enacted a law which prohibits the catching of striped bass less than 12 inches in length, or more than 20 pounds in weight. Any striped bass over 20 pounds in, weight caught in the Delaware River must be returned. That is on account of the Salem County end of New Jersey, where the large bass come in to spawn, and they are not caught for the purpose of permitting propagation. -Mr. Fearinc: I would add that the only bloodworm fishing that I know of around New York is on Long Island, although there are a number of New York anglers that make bluffs at it. But the South Side Sportsmen’s Club on Long Island, at Oakdale, 10 years ago started in and found that striped bass could be caught with bloodworms, and now it is their greatest sport. They have a protected private series of trout ponds. There are about 110 members in the club; and they are only allowed to catch 15 fish a day. The fish are all liver-fed and will bite at anything, and there is no sport in it. In the striped bass fishing they are limited to 16. I forget how many years ago it was that they caught some 1,800 striped bass; and the biggest one ran 12% pounds: 7'4-pound fish are caught with bloodworms and a small spoon, with a four-ounce trout rod; and it is the finest sport, I think, there is on Long Island. Mr. G. H. Granam, Springfield, Mass.: I would like to inquire if they have ever fished with bloodworms for other fish besides striped bass. Mr. Feartinc: They never have. I never used bloodworms-as bait for anything except striped bass. Mr. GrawamM: Why would it not be all right for black bass or salmon? : Mr. FearinG: I think the bait is first class for black bass, but it: is not always very easy to get bloodworms. Mr. WortH: I have understood that this worm constitutes a con- siderable part of the diet of the striped bass when it is down in brack- ish waters in winter time—a natural food in the salt water. I was informed that it was impossible to fool a striped bass by using the common angleworm; that it could not be done; they would not bite an angleworm at all. 126 American Fisheries Society Mr. Fearne: I have tried it and they will not take an angleworm. Mr. MeeHan: On the Susquehanna River at Octoraro there are grounds famous for black bass and pike-perch. The latter species is known there as the Susquehanna salmon. On one occasion I saw a pike-perch weighing about five pounds that was caught by a fisherman while trolling with bloodworms; but I never saw or heard of a black bass being caught in those pools with bloodworms; although I did hear of a few that were caught by using just a single bloodworm. You see at that point they use, as Mr. Worth has said, quite a bunch of worms, seldom less than three or four. The worms are usually strung on two hooks, one placed above the other, and they hang from one hook to the other, making a large bunch, too large for a black bass. The particular pools at Octoraro are famous for pike-perch after the striped bass season is over, which ends in September in that section. ARE THE HATCHERIES ON THE GREAT LAKES OF BENEFIT TO THE COMMERCIAL FISHERMEN? By S. W. Downinc We have often been asked, “Is the propagation. of food fishes at the hatcheries really any benefit to the commercial fishermen and the fishing industry generally?” My reply has always been, “I certainly believe it is,” and in this paper [ will endeavor to prove the assertion. At all the stations on the Great Lakes which are being operated for the propagation of the fishes most sought after by those who catch fish for market, the supply of eggs for hatching are all obtained from the fish caught for market by the commercial fishermen, the eggs being secured either by having men go out in the boats with the fishermen to strip the ripe fish as they are taken from the nets, or by pur- _ chasing the fertilized eggs from the fishermen at a certain price per quart. The number of eggs so secured necessarily depends upon the number of fish taken by the fishermen, and as the number of eggs collected from year to year has steadily increased, it is safe to say that the number of fish caught by the commercial fishermen has increased in like proportion. To show the increase from year to year in the number of - eggs received at the Put-in Bay, Ohio, station, I have formu- lated the following table, covering a period of twenty years, beginning with the year ending June 30, 1892, and ending with the year ending June 30, 1911, and showing the num- bers of all kinds of eggs collected in the different fields oper- ated by the Put-in Bay station: 127 Year Number of Eggs Collected 1802 2k ee ee eae 192,966,000 1803) Agr cinerea wine 83,214,000 TRO 4 a aay e oe eee 258,640,000 NCS SNS Gag AAS com Snare ear e 518,460,000 LSOG Pe see ee oe ecttea 189,363,000 1QO7 OR AR eeacrcn eae 96,743,000 IGOR ec. cee eee ee 361,778,000 TROON ks, ie dete come ie tee 678,840,000 1900" ccs Sek cee eee 492,330,000 (SOLS eect oe eee eee eee 636,244,000 1902. ee cn Sa beet See 773,060,000 19038" Satire tarmac tere 485,119,000 1Ao, 0: Laan ge bene We mh 533,619,000 TGQ bi ce cet eee eee 816,664,000 19060 Ase eee ae eee 695,471,000 1007 a eR eee 1,055,629,000 GOR Ne ss ccsis tee ree eee 971,550,000 ODF eaters. tertisieacdte teloctemn 1,046,646,000 IDLO: c.ckk.ceatee meee 917,558,000 IOV occ. |b $ misrece ||atee's) |b Brera lal eakeraatl b ne 46 jOgt jz 9 loz fog z 6L |b |9 eee lO), Wefetwalincae o> |x 4 ; I aie I r t rere |ie z (4 11 as gt Sor ir loz = joge $$ z £1 € £1 zt gor |PE joes |x T ££ \6g5) 41 POD TA« sisjaaii|'stae' | I Pree I ‘ aon | sales ieees IS ¢ Peayais sfaysfeu|biekeie. 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The study of fish diseases. Transactions American Fisheries Society, 30th meeting, p. 82-89. Records, among thirteen diseases affecting salmon and trout, heavy mortality among young lake trout due to Gyrodactylus elegans, Remedy by bath of one part cider vinegar with three parts water. BEAN, TARLETON H. 1891. 1894. 1907a. 1907b. 1908. 1910a. 1910b. 1911. Report on the salmon and saimon rivers of Alaska, with notes on the conditions, methods and needs of the salmon fish- eries. Bulletin U. S. Fish Commission, vol. rx, 1889, p. - 165-208. Notes numerous intestinal worms in red salmen; parasitic copepods on all species of salmon. YpDIM dyy WDy4 494 0d1E| >) W 29 O46) a2uESIP S/zj|n> |- — os- Saag eg = OF RAG SHI fe oY Ne OL FE SO BS LOT, Wing atopy /2187 ay Dyche.—Fishways and Dams 305 DISCUSSION Mr. G. H. Grauam, Springfield, Mass.: I am very much interested in fishways, and I would like to ask Mr. Meehan or. Professor Dyche, or anybody else, if there are any fishways which will permit of the fish going up, and in that respect are they a success? Mr. Meewan: I can speak of the matter so far as a fishway that is in operation by the state of Pennsylvania is concerned. It is a fishway designed in the first place, I believe, by some one connected with the Bureau of Fisheries, at Washington, and adopted by the United States Government, also adopted by Pennsylvania; a device known as the Cail fishway. It has been very effective in the waters of Pennsylvania. Last summer, while inspecting oné of these fishways, I drew the water off. This fishway was 300 feet in length, and the character of the dam was such that it was impracticable to follow the specifications exactly in its construction. This dam was one of the largest in the world, 60 feet high and about 50 feet thick at the base. The consequence was that the outlet of the fishway had to be something like 200 feet away from the toe of the dam in order that it might be submerged at low water. It was a double fishway, too, and with double width to every compartment. [From the bottom to the top it was simply packed with cels, thousands upon thousands of them. There were also thousands of yearling and larger sized sunfish. Several bass were found in the compartments and one or two pike-perch, showing that the fish would go up those fishways. The same fishway was placed in a large trout stream in Tioga County, where the dam prevented the fish that had gone down in the spring from going up above again along about September. The pool below the dam prior to the erection of the fishway was always packed with trout and very few large trout were ever caught in the water immediately above the dam. But after the building of the fishway many large trout were caught, and trout were seen, according to reports to the office, going through the fishway. We found, however, that shad would not go’through such fishways unless they were very low. In one dam on the Susquehanna River at Clarks Ferry, we had four of those fishways and, prior to that time no traces of shad were found above the dam; but the following year some dead spent shad were found in the west branch of the Susque- hanna near Williamsport. Also in some nets that we found on the north branch of the Susquehanna about 50 miles above there were a number of young shad. But we must say that our experience with fishways and shad has been rather disappointing. Shad apparently are afraid to go through them. The fishway itself consists of a series of compartments or boxes: the bulkheads forming the compartments are provided with openings on alternate sides, and only of sufficient size so as to cause some of the water to flow over the bulkheads, thus allowing the fish to either pass through said openings or oyer the top of the bulkheads. So far as 306 American Fisheries Society the fish other than shad are concerned they have been successful in Pennsylvania. Mr. Grauam: I referred especially to shad. There is a great field for some inventive mind, because no one has as yet invented a means whereby the shad will go up. Mr. Meenan: During the last few months of my tenure of office I was bitterly criticised for putting in a fishway at this dam 60 feet high, which was “utterly useless because the shad would not go through.” Possibly it might be interesting to know that on the York County side of the dam—the right bank of the Susquehanna—is a pile of rocks that reaches within 10 feet of the crest of the dam. We noticed last spring that there were two or three pools in the river formed by a series of rocks, and a number of shad succeeded in getting to the topmost pools, or within 10 feet of the crest of the dam. I got in com- munication with the company owning and controlling this big dam (McCall's dam); and when I went out of office they were preparing plans for an artificial series of rock pools to be made clear to the crest of the dam; so that the shad could reach one pool from the other. We had hopes it would be effective in letting some shad at least go up into the river above. There was a fair prospect of it at any rate, from what we had seen. Secretary Bower: Just a word anent the Cail fishway, of which mention was made.- After many years of experimentation and investi- gation, the Bureau of Fisheries has adopted what is known as the Im- proved Cail Fishway. The original Cail fishway has been modified by Mr. Hector von Bayer, the architect and engineer of the Bureau of lrisheries. Whenever he receives any communications on the subject the interested persons are referred to this particular form. It is de- scribed in a pamphlet issued by the Bureau about two years ago. Draw- ings, blue prints and directions are furnished on application. Mr. W. O. Bucx, Neosho, Mo.: There is a fishway on the Penob- scot at Bangor designed by Mr. Atkins, which he told me was exam- ined at one time by himself and the state commissioners and found to contain salmon in every pool. It is intended especially for salmon and consists of a double spiral of poois on the plan of the Cail fishway. He considerd it a success for salmon. At the head of a branch of the Penobscot in the town of Orland there was a small fishway to enable alewives to pass a dam some twelve feet high, arranged on somewhat the same principle, that is, in pools; being a narrow sluice divided by transverse partitions having openings on alternate sides of the sluice by which the water fell from one pool to the next. Both of these I understand to be of the Cail fishway pattern. : aan Mr. Atkins’ article on fishways-published"in one of the earlier re- ports of the U. S. Fish Commission—I think that for 1878—was a very complete summary of all the fishways in use at that time. The article would be a valuable reference in studying different styles of fishways. ’ DISCUSSION OF FISH-CULTURAL CONDI- TIONS AT FOREST PARK, ST. LOUIS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PROPAGA- TION OF BLACK BASS Mr. S. G. Worth, Mammoth Spring, Ark.: Mr. President, if I am in order, | would like to make an allusion or two to the visit of mem- bers of this Society yesterday at Forest Park. I wish to say that I found great pleasure in thy visit, and I learned something. I was really surprised to see so large a number of fish, and it is a confession, not to my discredit | hope, although I am in the same line of business for the Bureau of Fisheries at Mammoth Spring, to admit that if this Society had visited that station yesterday in place of Forest Park, it would not have seen such a display. I believe in the motto of giving credit where credit is due, and I wish to say emphatically that I was delighted and surprised at the great quantity of fish seen. These fish had an extraordinary amount of shore line, and in my short experience with the black bass, I had already come to the conclu- sion that to make black bass culture a success, that is, in rearing the fish from fry up to fingerlings of 2, 3 and 4 inches size, that which is needed—an element that is essential—is a quantity or great amount of shore line. The young appear to feed right around the shores, and at Forest Park there seemed to be a very large percentage of shore line in comparison with the pond area. I am referring now to the ability of the young fish to find their food. They feed in the shallow water. When I made similar remarks yesterday at the park, some gentle- man at my elbow said, “And it gives a tremendously increased spawning area.” So that there would seem to be an additional advantage. The presence of goldfish in the pond struck me as being a valuable thing. My observation of the goldfish at the Mammoth Spring station is that they are propagating all through the summer and in great num- bers. 1 believe that the bass at Forest Park are in such nice condition and are so numerous, because they have quite an amount of food de- rived from the young goldfish. It is very evident there is a large food supply. I cannot guess what it is, but I think unquestionably that the goldfish contribute largely to it. I believe it to be a good plan to put goldfish in the rearing ponds to produce food for the young bass. Mr. W. O. Bucx, Neosho, Mo.: Let me add a word for the pur- pose of getting on record something of what we saw at the fish pond in the park,—and I wish much more in regard to it could be put in our records. Our conductor told us that the brood fish were put into the pond absolutely in pairs. Now those of us who have handled bass know that in that case they must have been put in very shortly before their spawn- ing period, because it is practically impossible to distinguish the sexes much earlier. Then he said that they were removed from the pond 307 308 American Fisheries Society immediately after spawning, about May 15, and further that the young fish were immediately assorted as to size, also as soon as they became large enough they were assorted twice a week. These four points will be of importance to every one interested. in bass culture, and the only way to get them before those who are not present is to put something in our record, which is my excuse for drawing attention to them now. Mr. MEEHAN: Gentlemen, this matter of bass culture is one of very great importance, and, curiously enough, there have been no papers pre- sented at this meeting on that subject—the first time in many years within my knowledge—and I am especially glad this matter has been brought up now, because I think it is important that we should have something to say about bass culture, large and small-mouth bass cuiture or both. One thing in the utterances of the first speaker about the condition of things in the pond yesterday, I would not have missed for anything. The fish were in splendid condition; they could not have been in finer condition; I never saw finer fish for their age. I feel, therefore, that we should go into this matter and have further discussion on the whole question of the bass. Dr. Bean, I think you can perhaps tell us some- thing of very great interest in regard to this matter of bass. Mr. Wortu: If Dr. Bean will give me a moment I want to say that in my remarks I mentioned Forest Park, but not the Missouri State Fish Commission or the gentlemen who have had the honor to do that excellent work out there. I think that in the proceedings that point ought to be mentioned. I do not know the names of those gentlemen, but I suppose the work is being done by the Missouri State Fish Commission. Mr. MeeHan: That is right, the Missouri State Fish Commission. Dr. Tarteton H. Bean, Albany, N. Y.: Mr. President, I do not know how many of the state commissions would be able to profit by the experience of New York, but I think it ought to be a matter of record that in our state we take advantage of the spawning scason of the alewife, which we get in the Hudson River during the shad season. The alewife is so accommodating that it arrives. at our hatching sta- tion at just the right time, and continues to grow in just the right ratio of progression to bring our bass to the same condition in which these splendid bass in Forest Park were found yesterday. Without intending to boast, I think that New York has as fine small-mouth bass as any other state, and it is due to the opportunity to get alewife eggs at the proper time. ‘ Then Nature has done something else for us in New York which I presume she is also doing in other localities. We have the black fly which on entering the larval stage collects on the slash-boards of our pond outlets in such enormous quantities that the little bass generally gorge themselves, so that one can almost see them grow. I have really been astonished coming down to that bass station week after week to note the rapid strides that the bass were making. Fish-cultural Conditions at Forest Park 309 With the alewife and the black fly larva we do not have to feed our ass anything. Nature does it for us, and still we have the most beau- tiful bass—they are as fine as the bass in Forest Lake—and we feel very happy over it. I believe that any state having access to alewife fish- eries can undoubtedly utilize the alewife eggs in that way. We also propagate shad at that same station. We take about 8,000,000 shad eggs at Rhine Cliff, which is some 20 miles below the point at which they were taken in the time of Seth Green, 35 or 40 years ago; but still we take them and we are getting almost as many every spring as were collected at Castleton 40 years ago. Of course we hatch those eggs, and in getting them we obtain also alewife eggs. We get from 50,000,000 to 100,000,000 during the season, giving us an ample supply for our ponds. - . Then we rear some shad. The shad appear to find in these ponds daphnia, cyclops and other little crustacea in enormous quantities. Our ponds are not large, but are well arranged, have both shallow and deep areas, with plenty of aquatic plants; so that the insect and crustacean life is attracted to the ponds, and the fish get the benefit. The shad grew this year to a length of 6 inches up to the time when they were liberated; and they were fed only on cracker dust, just as the Con- necticut Commission used to do. We planted about 100,000 at one time from 3 to 6 inches in length. Mr. Wortn: I would like to ask Dr. Bean what the scientific name of that black fly is, so that we can look it up. Dr. Bean: It is a species of Simulinm. I have the specific name, but I do not remember it offhand. It is one of the black flies. The little bass are so fond of this larva that they will actually swim all | over the hand of the attendant feeding them. They lose their fear, although the young bass is a pretty shy fish; they come and seize de- liberately, without fear, every larva that can be taken off the attend- ant’s hand. Mr. Meenan: What is your method of breeding this larva? Dr. Bean: We do not have to do that at all. It comes into the onds every year. The only thing that we add to the pond is the ale- ife fry. Mr. Meenan: Are the eggs deposited on the edge of the ponds? Dr. Bean: Yes. Mr. Meewan: And then as they hatch the larva falls into the water? Dr. Bean: Yes; and they collect on the slash-boards of the pond utlets. The attendant simply goes there, and with his hand or a ipper takes out a handful at one movement; they are then given to he bass in the usual way. Mr. Meenan: If it became necessary or desirable to introduce this y for such purposes, would its culture be difficult, or haven't you oked into that feature? Dr. Brean: No, I have not. We have not had occasion to introduce it, because it is always there. The same thing is true at Constantia, 310 American Fisheries Society where we rear the most of our black bass. We have there practically the same species of black fly. The men thought they were worms at first, but the bass knew what they were and what to do with them. Mr. Meenan: Is the fly itself a nuisance? Dr. Bean: Not at all. Dr. S. A. Forbes, Urbana, Ill.: I can answer some of the question asked concerning Simulium or black fly. We have, in fact, been making special studies of this insect along the Illinois River during the last two years, taking the subject up at the request of the Pellagra Commis- sion of the State of Illinois because the black fly has been suspected by physicians of being concerned in the conveyance of pellagra from person to person. Black flies are common all over the country wherever conditions are fit for their multiplication. They must have running water with a considerable current, and will not breed in stagnant or sluggish water. We find the larvee, for example, in the larger rivers of the Mississippi system only where there is something to arrest the current and create a ripple over an obstruction. Where a mass of drift-wood becomes packed together in a way to check the movement of the stream, the surface of this submerged wood will often becgme black with these larve, which hatch there by myriads, and can perhaps be found no- where else in the stream. The adults thus become an enormous nui- sance, the fly itself being a pestiferous creature, as violent as a bee and as persistent as a mosquito. 3 You will see, consequently, that if you want to get black fly larve to feed to young black bass, you must have some such conditions as I have described; that is, shallow water with a freely flowing current in which the larve can live. They apparently require a certain degree of wration of the water which they do not get in stagnant situations. Mr. MEEHAN: Does the black fly actually convey the pellagra dis- ease? That would be rather interesting to hshermen, because if it did there might be some hesitation about introducing it. Dr. Forres: Perhaps I ought not to have mentioned that matter, because it is a point stiil under discussion by physicians in this country. Most of those who have investigated it seem highly skeptical of the theory that the Simulium gnats are agents in the transmission of pel- lagra. That idea sprang up in Italy, where one of the great. authorities on insects as carriers of disease, Dr. Sanbon, of London, was investi- gating the cause of pellagra. He came to the provisional conclusion that in Italy the black fly conveyed the disease; and our people in this country then took the subject up. We have worked with it for two years in Illinois, particularly in neighborhoods where pellagra has shown up as a local disease, and we have failed to find any evidence that the black fly has anything to do with it, Dr. BEAN: I suppose there are a great many species of Simulinm? Dr. Forses: Yes. : Dr. Bean: I am quite sure there is no pellagra in Columbia County, Fish-cultural Conditions at Forest Park 311 New York, and never has been, nor in the Adirondacks where other species of Simulinm occur; but whatever the cause may be, the Simul- ium in Columbia County is not troublesome, but a boon to the fish culturist. Mr. Buck: I would like to ask Dr. Bean to go a little more into detail in regard to the handling of alewife eggs. I do not have it quite in my mind whether he attempts to hold the young fish after hatching the eggs or not. Dr. BEAN: The alewife eggs are hatched in the McDonald jar or other good type of jar, where you can get a circulation of water. It is a very easy thing to do. They hatch in a few days and begin to grow. Our ponds appear to be full of the natural food which the herring family like. We may be more fortunate than others, but- I doubt it. very much. I believe that any state in which the alewife occurs may take advantage of the very same thing. Mr. Buck: You put them into ponds soon after they are hatched? Dr. BEAN: Yes, we put them in the ponds as fry soon after they are hatched. Of course the alewife 1s very small. Mr. Wortn: [| find this talk about the black fly very interesting, and would like to ask if it is the same as the buffalo gnat? Dr. Forses: It is the same thing. They are different names for the same insect. Mr. WortH: I wish to refer again to the large-mouth bass pond at Iforest Park that we visited yesterday. A description of the nature of the pond I would like to have go into the record. One of the gentle- men present who is connected with this work said that during this summer they worked heroicaily to get the water moss out of the pond. Meanwhile he had gotten out of goldfish, but by some arrangement he secured adult goldfish from the Park Commission here and put them in, and he said that in a few days the water moss was gone— eaten by the goldfish. At the Mammoth Spring station last summer we spent considerable money to get the moss out; otherwise we would have gotten no young bass. It would appear from what he said that the goldfish pastured on the moss and destroyed it. Mr. Meewan: Was it chara moss that was in the ponds, or did you ascertain what it was? Mr. WortH: I did not ascertain what kind it was. Mr. MreHAn: The assumption would be that it was the chara moss.” Dr. Bean: No, it is one of the milfoils. ; Mr. MeewAn: The goldfish could get away with that, but it is hard to understand how they could get away with the chara. Dr. 8. P. Bartiett, Quincy, IIl.: I desire to say that the superin- tendent of the, Missouri Fish Commission is here, and he will be very glad to answer any questions. I have watched those ponds carefully for a number of years, and I want to say that I do not believe there is anywhere in the United States a state commission that has produced the same number of bass for the same amount of money, as has 31 bo American Fisheries Society resulted from the work of the Missouri Fish Commission. Added to that | must mention the intelligent work of the President, Mr. Geserich, who has given it a splendid business administration, something Missouri has not had for a good many years. The output has been simply fabu- lous. Mr. Kopplin, the superintendent, will be glad to answer any questions as to the management, food, ete. “Mr. Meewan: I want to say that about a year ago the superintendent of one of the stations in Pennsylvania told me that he had found a very cheap and effective method of getting rid of aige in his ponds, something we were being bothered with a great deal. He did it by placing white and yellow catfish in the pond, especially the young— the advanced fry and fingerlings—and it was remarkable the speed with ~ which they cleaned up the algz in those ‘ponds. They caught them by the hundred and were very effective in doing it. . Pror. L. L. Dycue, Pratt, Kan.: I would like to get some idea about the number of fish produced per acre. In our hatchery in Kansas for two years we have at considerable trouble counted the fish, and I would like to know what is considered a good crop of fish per acre. Mr. WortH: I would like to ask one question: I would like to know what the alge is that has been spoken of, whether it is that floating, long, veil-like, green substance on the surface of the water, or whether it is the growing plant with roots down underneath the surface of the water. ‘ Mr. Meewan: We should be very glad to have Mr. Kopplin’s experi- ence in these matters. Mr. Put Koprpwin, St. Louis, Mo.: It is a green floating alge, with the long stems. I believe the goldfish rooting along the bottom cause it to die. It is a short-lived plant anyway. Mr. Meenan: It is said here that you have placed in that pond 415 bass. ; Mr. Kopprin: Yes. Mr. MEEHAN: And they were exactly in pairs? Mr. Koppiin: Yes. Mr. Meewan: Put there last fall? Mr. Koprrtrx: This spring, just before the spawning time. Mr. MEEHAN: I was going to ask how you distinguish the sexes? Mr. Koppiin: I usually wait till just before spawning time, and it is easy then for the fishman to determine the sex. Mr. Mrenan: The matter was spoken of here some time ago. One of the members spoke about it and understood that these fish were put in last fall and we were all interested to know how thé sexes could be differentiated. ProFessor DycHE: In how many acres of water were the 450? Mr. Kopptin: Four and one-half acres. Mr. Meenan: Have you tested them as to whether that is the ca- pacity of the pond for those fish or not? Fish-cultural Conditions at Forest Park 313 Mr. Kopriin: No, I have not. Mr. Meewan: What was your output last year? Mr. Korein: 70,000 to 80,000 fish, but a good many of them were distributed in the fry fornf. Mr. MEEHAN: Let me understand your expression of the word fry. What do you mean by that? Mr. Koprtrn: The fry are those little fellows. Mr. Meewan: Less than an inch long where the sac is gone— advanced fry? Mr. Korrtin: Yes, about an inch long. Those fish out there were hatched about the middle of May, and by the 27th of the month you would find fish there an inch long. Mr. Meewan: Was that 80,000 you put out last year the average annual output from that pond? ‘ Mr. Korpirin: No, we have put out more than that from time to * time, but it just depends with us on how the fish commissioners feel about the distribution. If they want me to hold the fish over until fall, we do not get that number. Mr. Meewxan: How many have you put out from that pond this year? Mr. Korrtin: We made two trips with the fish car, and have taken out already about 50,000 fish. Mr. MEEHAN: What is your estimate of the number there now? Mr. Koprrin: About 40,000, that is as close as we can approximate. Mr. Meewan: What is the greatest number you have put out from that pond in one season? Mr. Kopptin: As most of these gentlemen who have had experience with young bass know, when they are swarming you can put out about the numbers you want. We have put out as high as 450,000 fish. Mr. Meewan: And those, of course, were nearly all advanced fry? Mr. Kopprin: They were all fry and advanced fry. They were distributed within a month after hatching. : Mr. Meewan: You have never had anything, of course, but the large-mouth bass there? : Mr. Kopptin; Some of the small-mouth have spawned there, but we never tried them to any great extent. I have just put the smali- mouth in one of the small ponds to see how they will do, but we have never had much in the way of results, because our smaller lakes are not good bass lakes. Mr. Mrewan: Have you ever tried the experiment of having more females in the pond than just exact pairs? Mr. Koppiin: No, we always tried to pair them off as nearly as possible. Mr. Meewan: You have tried, say, three to two? Mr. Korriin: No. Mr. Meenan: You think they ali paired up? Mr. Korprin: Well, no, they did not; T saw quite a few loafers. Mr. R. S. Jounson, Washington, D. C.: I would like to ask if the bass distributed were counted or estimated? 314 American Fisheries Society Mr. Kopptin: They were counted. Any one visiting those lakes in the spring would have an idea about the number of young fish. Mr. C. W. WixLarp, Westerly, R. I.: I would like to ask if you make any attempt at artificial feeding? > Mr. Kopprin: No, except in the smaller ponds. We tried it year after year and cut up a lot of crayfish, lungs, etc., but in our 60 acres of water there is about enough natural food so we get along without artificial food. Mr. MeeHan: What food have you in those lakes outside of cray- fish, daphnia, cyclops, ete. ? ¢ Mr. Kopptin: The water is alive with all kinds of insects. Mr. MeeHAN: Do you see swimming in there a small, crab-like creature, very minute? Mr. Kopptin: Myriads of them. Mr. Meenan: That is the secret of your success, is it not? Mr. Koprpiin: For a long time I doubted whether or not they were young bass, but they were much smaller. In my early experience the water was muddy, and it was hard to determine. Mr. Worth: Does the President refer to the fresh-water flea in his question? Mr. Meewan: I refer to the daphnia. Mr. Korerin: We have experts from the Washington University, and I depend on them in these technical matters. I know my fish well and their technical names, but I am not very familiar with the various forms of insects, or at least their technical names. Mr. Meesan: Those of us who have been specially interested in bass culture and have had to struggle a great deal have been very much interested in this work. Mr. W. T. THompson, Fairport, Iowa: Mr. Worth referred to the probability that the goldfish would spawn during the season and fur- nish a great deal of food, and I would like to ask if such is the case. Also reference has been made to the shore line, and I would like to ask whether the bulk of the pond area was not shallow and only occa- sionally deep. I judge the pond was 6 or 7 feet deep at the maximum, but wondered whether the greater portion was not shallow. Mr. Kopptin: It is 6 feet in the centre going to a feather-edge. Mr. WortH: I would like to ask the gentleman to tell the meeting how the spawning sod is put down. He uses cut sod for the spawning bed for the large-mouth black bass. How far apart and how near the shore are the beds placed? Mr. Kopptin: For years we used nothing but gravel until we found fish spawning on willow roots, preferable to sand, and that they would work down to solid clay. We have been using goldfish for years for food. There has been an unusual growth of goldfish this year. Ordi- narily we do not get so many goldfish, as they are devoured, but they got a good start this year. The goldfish spawned on the sod in about a foot of water, and I noticed bass took possession of this sod; so I Fish-cultural Conditions at Forest Park 315 have been using the sod very extensively for bass nests, placing them 15 feet apart in 12 to 18 inches of water. Mr. G. W. N. Brown, Homer, Minn.: In how large pieces? Mr. Korrtrn: About the size of an ordinary chair bottom. Mr. Brown: Of what thickness? Mr. Kopptin: About 3 inches. Mr. Brown: Do you leave the grass side of the sod up? Mr. Koprtin: The grass is not long—only about 1 inch to 2 inches high. The bass are constantly working over there sweeping the sedi ment off the surface. Mr. Meruan: Don’t you think that after the young bass have started to grow, if you made an examination of the sod early in the morning you would find young fish feeding on the eggs of the goldfish, or wher- ever they deposited their eggs, thus furnishing a lot of food for the ~ little bass? , Mr. Koppiin: Yes. Mr. Wittarp: Have you noticed particularly whether your little bass feed more generally upon the spawn of the goldfish, or do they feed upon the little goldfish? Have you seen them feed on the very minute goldfish? Mr. Koppiin: Yes. Mr. Wittarp: Don’t the little bass catch them? Mr. Korrtin: Yes. I notice that the goldfish are hot after their own eggs; but I have not noticed the bass. Mr. Buck: Have you had any trouble with the adult goldfish eating the eggs of the bass? Mr. Koprtin: The poor goldfish are scared bass and do not eat their eggs. Mr. Wortn: About that matter of the alg, I would like to under stand what pliant it is—while Dr. Forbes and Dr. Bean are here, who actually know what such things are. From Dr. Hugh M. Smith's excellent book, on the Japanese Goldfish, I derived the idea that the alge were very many very small floating plants, so small that they were microscopic and constituted the food of crustaceans which are in them- selves sufliciently small to comprise the food of black bass fry. But now it seems they are speaking of a massive growth that is floating on the surface of the water, that is in strands, in threads, green like a plant, and called frog spittle. Mr. Kopritin: That is it. Mr. WortH: What is the scientific name of that frog spittle? Dr. Forses: There are a great many species of what are called filamentous alge. The various species of Spirogyra are such forms; but there is often a great mixture of species in a single film or sheet of alge on the surface of a pool. Some consist of single separate cells; but the threadlike algae are composed of a series of cells joined end to end. They form by their interlacing a web composed of long threads and strands, among which single minute cells and a variety of other they are afraid of the 316 American Fisheries Society forms may be entangled. They all come under the general name of algze, which is a botanical name, however, rather than a practical one. Mr. WortH: I will ask Mr. Kopplin whether those goldfish this summer destroyed any of the bottom growth of plants in the ponds, or whether it was the surface plants alone? Mr. Kopptin: The surface piants. Our lakes can be drained well, and that would get rid of the moss in the fall of the year. In raising carp I would go to Illinois and get alge starting from the bottom. It settles down on the bottom of the pond in the winter and comes up again in the spring. It got such a start one year that I could not work with my bass; so I put about 50 or 60 carp in one pond where they spawned. Thousands of little carp resulted and they killed off the moss. 3 Dr. Barttett: They are good for something then. Mr. Meewan: What is that moss you are speaking of? Dr. Forres: Not the chara. We have almost none in this state. Probably it is one of the milfoils. Mr. Koppttn: It is the stuff you cannot get through with a boat. ProFessor DycHe: You put the carp in with the young bass? Mr. Kopprin: No, in with the adult bass in the spring. Proressor DycuHe: It is stated that in four days after a certain number of goldfish were put in there certain forms of fresh water algze disappeared. It is not probable that goldfish in four days would destroy such algz, especially where there is a mass of the material all through the ponds, as we understand it. As a matter of fact the fresh water alga, and particularly the species of Spirogyra, disappear sometimes in a week’s time without goldfish. After the plant once has its growth and development it sometimes rapidly disappears. We have noticed that in our ponds. There is such a vast number of things con- nected with the relationship of plant life and fish life in any pond, that I have deemed it wise to get the consent of the Kansas Legislature and Board of Regents of the University of Kansas to study this sub- ject. Since we have been put in charge of the Kansas State fish hatchery we have undertaken to found a fish hatchery based primarily on the food habits of fish. In this line there seem to be many prob- lems that are unsolved. We have gotten together the best information regarding bass culture that it was possible to get from the reports of this Society, and with all due deference to all the gentlemen who have written on the subject of black bass, after you have summed it up there seems to be considerable that is not known, particularly with regard to what young bass eat. : In regard to insects in the pond, many of them look very good, but they are not eaten by the fish at all. The only way we can find out what the fish eat and do is to study the habits of the fish. We have opened the stomachs of several thousand fish and studied them. We have studied the stomachs of between 1,100 and 1,200 German carp and we have on hand 2,700 stomachs taken in May and June, to work up; Fish-cultural Conditions at Forest Park 317 however, having your nose in carp entrails continuously for hours to determine contents of stomachs and intestines is not the most pleasant work. We are planning to put up a building to be used as a laboratory for the state fish hatchery, for the purpose of studying plants, insects. and fish and their relationships. You will all be welcome to come to the Kansas State hatchery and work when this building is constructed The building wili be primarily for the students of the University of Kansas, but students from other universities and colleges will be wel- comed to carry on certain investigations which should be carried on to clear up a considerable number of problems connected with fish culture, and particularly the black bass, perhaps the best known and most highly prized fish in the interior part of the country. In my paper I will refer to the fact that we are buiiding 83 new | ponds for the special purpose of raising black bass, crappie, blue gills, . sunfish and catfish; but we raise many of them in the same pond; and we may say also that many of these ponds are intended for black bass. The subject of plant life in its relation to insect life, and plant life and insect life in relation to fish life, particularly young fish life, is a sub- ject upon which it seems very hard to get any definite information. We hope with a laboratory for such investigations that something may be found out about fishes, especially the young fishes, that will be a little more definite; and when we come to stcck a pond with fish it will also be stocked with the proper plants. This will enable the ponds to be managed so that the plant iife will aid the fish life. This is one of the ideas we hope to carry out in the development of this new hatchery. Mr. WortH: Before we leave this question of the bass I want to say that this matter of the plant growth in bass ponds is a very serious one. There are some ponds which can be drawn in the winter time to ~ freeze this moss out. Even then it is on’y partially killed. But at stations where the water is scarce, they cannot afford to draw ponds down every time they want to get the moss out; and during the winter season with fish contained in ponds, the water cannot be drawn off for freezing purposes. Our moss this year had to be removed. The usual method was to take a flat-bottomed boat or skiff and use rakes, but this was laborious and expensive and cost altogether too much. Then | undertook to cut the moss out from the shore, and used barbed wire made fast to small rope, dropped it on the bottom and sawed back and forth. In this way- we cut out a good deal of the moss, but not all. Then I put chains on - the barbed wire and found that they went down into the soft mud and cut underneath the plants, and after all we had to go over the ponds with rakes. Then I thought to obtain discarded band saws which | riveted together, making something that would have the weight to keep it on the bottom and still have the breadth to prevent it from going into the mud, so that it would cut the plants off at the bottom, like cutting down hay. I did not apply the band saw idea; but in discussing it with others whom I thought would take an interest I learned that there is a 318 American Fisheries Society saw of the kind already made, and that it is on sale somewhere; it has teeth on but one side, and in order to make a doubled-edged saw it is turned over, while hot, every six inches. Mr. Fearrnc: A man named Ziemsen advertises it in the London Fishing Gazette. Mr. MeeHan: There was an exhibition of a machine similar to that at the Toledo meeting in 1909. The demonstration was made in an artificial stream at the Castalia Club. It was quite successful. I have sympathized a great deal with Mr. Worth because the method he pur- sued in raking and hauling is what we have had to do ourselves, to keep our ponds clear of the chara moss. Mr. Brown: I would like to ask Dr. Bean if this Simulium must have rippling water, or a current in which to propagate, as Dr. Forbes mentioned ? Dr. Bean: No, it propagates in the pond, which is the ordinary pond with an inflow and outflow. It is true there is a good flow of water through it, but it does not make ripples on the surface. We have put nothing in to cause ripples, and yet in the ordinary bass and crappie ponds this Simulium develops in enormous numbers. LIST OF MEMBERS, tg11-1912 (Showing year of election to membership ) Honorary Members The President of the United States, Wittiam H. Tarr. The Governors of the several states: Alabama, EMmMetr O'NEAL. Alaska, WALTER E. CLARK. Arizona, RicHarp E. SLOAN. Arkansas, GEORGE WW. DoNAGHEY. California, Hrram W. JOHNSON. Colorado, Joun F. SuHarroru. Connecticut, Simeon E. BALDWIN. Delaware, SIMEON S. PENNEWILL. Florida, ALBERT W. GILCHRIST. Georgia, JosepH M. Brown. Idaho, JAMEs H. Haw tey. Illinois, CHARLES S. DENEEN Indiana, THos. R. MARSHALL. Towa, Beryt F. CARROLL. IKansas, WALTER R. Stupps. Kentucky, James B. McCreary. Louisiana, JARED Y. SANDERS. Maine, FREDERICK \W. PLAISTED. Maryland, Puitips L. GoLpssporouGu. Massachusetts, EUGENE N. Foss. Michigan, CHASE S. OSBORNE. Minnesota, ApotpH O. EBERHART. Mississippi, EARL BREWER. Missouri, Herpert S. HapLey. Montana, Epwin L. Norris. Nebraska, CHESTER H. ALDRICH. Nevada, TASKER L. OppIe. 319 o>) bo S American Fisheries Society New Hampshire, Rosert P. Bass. New Jersey, Wooprow WILSON. New Mexico, WiLLttam C. McDonatp. New York, Joun A. Drx. North Carolina, WiLLt1AmM W. KitcHin. North Dakota, Joun BurRKE. Ohio, Jupson HarRMoN. Oklahoma, LEE CRUCE. Oregon, OswALp WEST. Pennsylvania, Joun K. TENER. Rhode Island, ARAM J. PoTHterR. ~ South Carolina, Cote L. BLEASE. South Dakota, Roperr S. VEssEy. Tennessee, BEN W. Hooper. Texas, O. B. CoLourtr. Utah, WrLtram Spry. Vermont, JOHN ABNER MEAD. Virginia, WILLIAM H. MANN. Washington, Marion E. Hay. : West Virginia, WILLIAM E. GLAsscocK, Wisconsin, Francis E. MCGOvERN. Wyoming, JosepH M. Carey. ‘O08 Antipa, Pror. Dr. Grecorre, Inspector-General of Fisheries, Bucharest, Roumania. ‘06 BrsANA, GrusEPPE, President of the Lombardy Fish- eries Society, Via Rugabella 19, Milan, Italy. ‘09 Biue Ripce Rop anp Gun Ctus, Harper’s Ferry, W. Va. ‘03 Boropine, Nrcuoras, 10th Linie 5, St. Petersburg, Russia. ‘04 DenpicH, Lorp, Colonel of the Honorable Artillery Company, London, England. °89 Fis ProrecrivE AssocIATION OF EASTERN PENNSYL- vantA, 1020 Arch St., Philadelphia, Pa. 04 Fryer, Cuarves E., Supervising Inspector of Fisheries, Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, London, Eng- land. List of Members 321 Hoek, Dr. P. P. C., Scientific Fishery- Adviser of the Dutch Government, Haarlem, Holland. Horer, Pror. Dr. Bruno, Biological Research Station for Fisheries, Munich, Germany. KisHINouyvE, Dr. K., Imperial Fisheries Bureau, Tokyo, Japan. KirAHARA, Dr. Tasaku, Imperial Fisheries Bureau, Tokyo, Japan. Lake St. Craik SHOOTING AND FisHinG Cius, De- troit, Mich. LAWRENCE-HamI Ton, Dr. J., M. R. C. S., 30 Sussex Square, Brighton, England. Martsusara, Pror. S., President Imperial Fisheries In- stitute, Tokyo, Japan. Nace, Hon. Cnas., Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Washington, D. C. New York AssOCIATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF Fist AND GAME, New York City. Norpevist, Dr. Oscar Frityor, Superintendent of Fisheries, Lund, Sweden. Peck, Hon. Greorce W., Milwaukee, Wis. PerRIER, Pror. EpMonp, Director Museum of Natural History, Paris, France. SouTHSIDE SPpoRTSMEN’s CLus, Oakdale, L. I., N. Y. STEINDACHNER, Pror. Dr. FRANz, Royal, Natural His- tory Museum, Vienna, Austria. Stone, Livineston, 835 E. Hutchinson Ave., Swiss- vale, Pa. VincIGUERRA, Pror. Dr. Decro, Director Royal Fish Cultural Station, Rome, Italy. Von Grimm, Dr. Oscar, Inspector-General of Fish- eries, St. Petersburg, Russia. Von KapicH, Dr. Henricu, Department of Forestry and Domain, Vienna, Austria. Von Prrxo, Franz, President Austrian Fishery Society, Vienna, Austria, $22 American Fisheries Society Corresponding Members APOSTOLIDES, Pror. NicoLty Cur., Athens, Greece. ARMISTEAD, J. J., Dumfries, Scotland. AysoNn, CHARLES L., Hakataemen, Oamaru, New Zea- land. Ayson, L. F., Commissioner of Fisheries, Wellington, New Zealand. CaLpErRwoop, W. L., Inspector of Salmon Fisheries, Edinburgh, Scotland. FrILpine, J.-B. 22 0St James St. S: Wey London England. FL&EGEL, CHas., Canea, Crete. 8 Hicernson, Epuarpo, Consul for Peru, New York City. 7 JAFFE, S., Sandfort, Lustringen, Germany. LanpMARK, A., Inspector of Norwegian | Fresh- Water Fisheries, GHesineiee Norway. Marston, R. B., Editor of the Fishing Gazette, Lon- don, England. Mousrn, S. M., Bengal Fisheries Department, Calcutta. India. OrseEN, Dr. O. T., Grimsby, England. PorrEAu, CHARLNEY, Lommel, Belgium. RAVERET-WATTEL C., Director of Aquicultural Station at Nid-de-Verdier, 20 Rue des Acacias, Paris. RrepeL, C., Bergstedt, Germany. Sars, Pror. G. O., Christiania, Norway. Sorsky, Baron N. be, Director of the Imperial Agri- cultural Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Trysom, Dr. Firip, Stockholm, Sweden. “10 ‘Ol oO» bo On List of Members Active Members Life members indicated by asterisk (*). ACKLEN, JosEPH H., Department Game, Fish and For- estry, Nashville, Tenn. Ainsworth, G. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Lead- ville, Colo. Arrcuison, W. W., 5 Wabash Ave., Chicago, III. ALEXANDER, A. B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington, D. C. ALEXANDER, GEORGE L., Grayling, Mich. Arorp, JABE, President State Board of Fish Commis- sioners, 29 WW. Dayton St., Madison, Wis. Avter, H. D., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- orn, IDE (C § Anperson, AuGust J., Box 109, Marquette, Mich. ANDERSON, J. F., Bastad, Sweden. ANNIN, JAMES, Caledonia, N. Y. ANSLEY, H. M., New Orleans, La. Antuony, A. W., 686 Overton St., Portland, Ore. Artur, S. E., 4345 Washington Ave., St. Louis, Mo. Aspury Park FisHinc Crus, John F. Seger, 703 Cookman Ave., Asbury Park, N. J. ATKINS, CHARLES G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. Arwoop, Antuony, 73 Waterest St., Plymouth, Mass. Aucur, W. A., 33 Fulton St., New York City. Avery, Amos W., 47 Arch St., Greenwich, Conn. Avery, CARLOos, Hutchinson, Minn. Baspitt, JOHN O., North Dighton, Mass. Bascock, Joun P., Provincial Fisheries Department, Victoria, British Columbia: Baxpus, [Gnarz, 901 Daly St., Indianapolis, Ind. Bacon, Cuas. R., Chief State Bureau of Shell Fish- eries, Camden, N. J. 324 American Fisheries Society 04 BarLrey, NELSON, Wells River, Vt. ‘Ol Batpwin, O. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville, Colo. ‘98 Batt, E. M., U. S. Bureau of . Fisheries, Washing- wont, IDC, "10 Barrarp, S. THruston, Louisville, Ky. ‘05 Barsour, THomMas, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. "10 BarNEs, ORLANDO F., Roscommon, Mich. "10 Barron, James T., 405 Wells Fargo. Bldg., Portland, Ore. °86 BarTLETT, Dr. S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Quincy, Il. ‘10 Bass, Seymour S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Call ‘05 Beaman, D. C., 739 Equitable Building, Denver, Colo. ‘04 Bean, Barton A., U.S. National Museum, Washing- ton, D.C. 2 84 Bean, Dr. Tarteton H., State Fish Culturist, Capitol, Albany, N. Y.; and 1 Madison Ave., New York City. ‘O01 BEEMAN, HENRY W., New Preston, Conn. °80 BEe_mont, Perry, 580 5th Ave., New York City. 4 ‘06 BerkuHous, JERRY R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Torresdale, Pa. Bickmore, Pror. A. S., American Museum of Natura! History, New York City. ‘06 BicELow, Hayes, Brattleboro, Vt. *’O7 BrrGE, Dr. E. A., State Board of Fish Commissioners, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. ‘10 Bresemier, J. S., 1304 Hartford Building, Chicago, Hl. ‘06 BispHAM, Cuartes K., 1508 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Par 86 BisseLi, Joun H., Detroit, Mich. 01 BLakestee, T. J., 353 Fifth Ave., New York City. ‘00 Brarcurorp, Dr. E. W., 1111 La Salle Ave., Chicago, Tl. NI to ‘03 ‘06 2) List of Members 325 ‘Buss, H. C., 1328 Candler Bldg., Atlanta, Ga. BoarpMAN, W. H., Board of Inland Fisheries Com- missioners, Central Falls, R. I. 2 Booru, Dewirt C., Spearfish, S. D. BorcHerpt, Rupo_eH, Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo. BotuHwe tu, WM. J., Seattle, Wash. Bower, SEYMourR, Superintendent Michigan Fish Com- mission, Detroit, Mich. Bower, Warp T., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- LOT Ls: Bowers, GEORGE M., U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Boyp, Joun L., Wah Hoo Club, Dallas, Texas. Boyer, L. A., 58 Drummond St., Montreal, Canada. BRADLEY, GEORGE J., Minnesota Game and Fish Com- mission, St. Paul, Minn. BrRAMHALL, J. W., 415-417 E. 8th St., Kansas City, Mo. Brass, Joun L., Michigan Fish Commission, Drayton Plains, Mich. Brewer, E. S., Owosso, Mich. Briccs, Dr. Benjy. M., 106 Willoughby St., Brooklyn, - INS NS Britton, F. H., Vice-President and General Manager, St. Louis Southwestern Railway, St. Louis, Mo. Brooke, CHartes F., Sandy Springs, Md. *05 Brower, J. F., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, ‘08 04 ‘04 06 "10 “10 Holmesburg, Pa. Brown, GrorcEe M., care Pere Marquette R. R., De- troit, Mich. Brown, G. W.N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Brown, THomas, Salmon, Ore. Brown, Tuomas W., Glenwood, Minn. Browne, Tuomas H., Rutland, Vt. Bruce, THOMAS H., 56 Ash St., Waltham, Mass. 326 American Fisheries Society ‘92 BrusH, Dr. E. F., Mount Vernon, N. Y. "10 Bryan, Pror. Wm. ALanson, College of Hawaii, Honolulu H. T. 05 Buck, WiLt1AM O., U. S. Bureau.of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. *'04 Butter, A. G., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Union City, Pa. *°04 BULLER, NATHAN R., Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Pleasant Mount, Pa. *04 Butter, WiLL1AM, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Cory, Pa. ‘08 Bumpus, Dr. H. C., University of Wisconsin, Madi- son, Wis. ‘OS Burcess, F. S., Hammond Building, Detroit, Mich. ‘05 Burner, W. G., Durbin, W. Va. 07 BurnuaM, CuHas. W., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington, D. C. ‘02 BurnHam, Epwin K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. : ‘06 Burrows, Joun C., Lake Toxaway, N. C. "10 BuscHMaANN, C. H., General Manager Northwestern Fisheries Co., 403 Maynard Bldg., Seattle, Wash. "11 Catpwe Lt, E. E., Chief Warden and Commissioner, Illinois Fish Commission, Havana, III. 10 Cattaway, W. A., care Armour & Co., Brook and Main Sts., Louisville, Ky. 09 CampBELL, G. D., Weymouth Bridge, Nova Scotia. 08 Canty, J. C., Galveston, Texas. ‘08 CarLeton, L. T., Augusta, Me. 02 Carter, E. N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bullochville, Ga. 07 CAsPERSEN, Byorn, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay, via Ketchikan, Alaska. ‘07 CaspERSON, THORGRIM, Supt. Hetta Hatchery, Sulzer. Alaska. "10 ‘lil “aul 00 O04 00 00 04 06 List of Members 327 CASSELMAN, E. S., Dorset, Vt. Catte, EUGENE, Langdon, Kan. CavanauGH, W. T., Olympia, Wash. CHAMBERLAIN, F’. M., U.S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington, D. C. CHANDLER, Horatio, Kingston, Mass. CHENEY, Mayor RicHarp O., South Manchester, Conn. CHEYNEY, JOHN K., Tarpon Springs, Fla. CuristMAN, Aucust, 107 Bushwick Ave., Brooklyn, ING. Curystiz, PercivAt, Fish and Game Commissioner, ~ High Bridge, N. J. CuurcH, N. B., Tiverton, R. I. Crark, C. C., 316 East South Street, South Bend, Ind. Crark, Frep, Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock Park, Mich. CiarKk, H. Watton, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair- port, Lowa. Crark, Ira B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Criark, WALTON F., Westerly, R. I. CrarRKE, Isaac H., Treasurer Inland Fisheries Com- . mission, Jamestown, R. I. CLEVELAND, W. B., Burton, Ohio. CLuB SHAWINIGAN, Club Shawinigan, St. Maurice Co., Quebec, Canada. Coss, Espen W., Superintendent of Fisheries, Board of Game and Fish Commissioners, St. Paul, Minn. Cops, Joun N., Manager Union Fish Co., San Fran- cisco, Cal. Cocswe LL, T. M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- worn, ID); (Ce Couen, N. H., Urbana, III. CoxeEr, Dr. Rovert E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair- port, Iowa. Conway, R. J., Director Belle Isle Aquarium, Detroit, Mich, 328 American Fisheries Society 01 Cooper, E. A., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. "10 CorAyverR, MANUEL S., 354 Ash St., Brockton, Mass. *00 Cortiss, C. G., U. S. Bureau of lisheries, Gloucester, Mass. ‘10 Crampton, Dr. HeENry Epwarp, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. 04 and ’10 Cranson, SAMUEL E., U. S. Bureau of Fish- eries, Northville, Mich. ‘10 Cranston, C. K., care First National Bank, Pendle- ton, Ore. - ‘08 Crary, F. O., Hudson, Wis. *11 Crasser, Huco, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. *"05 CRUICKSHANK, JAMEs, Big Indian, N. Y. 08 Cuter, C. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wytheville, Wik 04 CunnincHaM, F. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Glou- cester, Mass. 10 Curtis, CHarLes E., care City Bank, New Haven, Conn. "10 Cur-Orr FisH AND HuntinG Cup, INc., Brunswick, Mo. "11 Dau , JouNn, Minnesota Game and Fish Commission Glenwood, Minn. "10 Darran, THos. M., P. O. Box 726, Wheeling, W. Va. °06 Davies, Davin, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in Bay, Ohio. "11 Davis, FRANK O., State Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Pomfret Center, Conn. ‘10 Davis, Tuomas C., Editor “The Oysterman,” Hamp- ton, Va. 01 and °10 Dean, Dr. BasHrorp, Columbia University, New York City. ; ‘01 Dean, Hersert D., Superintendent State Hatchery, Anaconda, Mont. Y List of Members 329 DecLer, F. A., Sportsman’s Association of Cheat Mountain, Cheat Bridge, W. Va. Decrorr, WiLttaAM, Board of Commissioners State Bureau of Shell Fisheries, Keyport, N. J. DELANEY, O. J., Moorestown, N. J. Dennis, OrEGoN Mitton, Secretary Maryland State Game and Fish Protective Association, Baltimore, Md. DeNyse, Wasurncton J., Gravesend Beach, Borough of Brooklyn, N. Y. j DePuy, Henry F., 32 W. 40th St., New York City. Detwiter, JoHN Y., Honorary President Florida Fish Commission, New Smyrna, Fla. Dewitt, R. E., Board of State Fish Commissioners, St. Joseph, Mo. DICKERSON, FREEMAN B., Detroit, Mich. Dickerson, G. C., Michigan Fish Commission, Har- rietta, Mich. Dinsmore, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johns- bury, Vt. *07 Dominy, JEREMIAH M., South Haven, N. Y. 10 10 05 09 09 ‘09 ‘00 DonAHUE, JAMES, Commissioner of Sea and Shore Fisheries, Rockland, Me. DossMANN, Laurent J., President Oyster Commission of Louisiana, 611 Maison Blanche Building, New Orleans, La. Dove tas, W. B., St. Paul, Minn. Dow tna, Dr. Oscar, Shreveport, La. Downine, S. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Put-in Bay, Ohio. Doy te, Henry, Vancouver, B. C. Dunrap, I. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- ton, D. C. Dycue, Pror. Lewis Linpsay, State Fish and Game Warden, Pratt, Kan. Eaton, Howarp, Wolf, Wyo. ‘06 *02 04 ‘O08 05 American Fisheries Society Exper, F. W., National Hotel, Harrisburg, Pa. Eperty, H. B., Womelsdorf, Pa. Epwarps, ViInau N., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. ENGLERT, ANDREW, Castalia, Ohio. Evans, Barton D., Harrisburg, Pa. Evans, Ketty, Commissioner of Game and Fisheries, 64 Wellington St., Toronto, Canada. . EvERMANN, Dr. Barton W., U. S. Bureau of Fish- eries, Washington, D. C. e EvERMANN, J. W., Assistant General Manager Texas and Pacific Railway, Dallas, Texas. Farr, D. E., Walsenburg, Colo. Fassett, H. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- ton, D. C. *'00 Frartnc, Daniet B., Board of Inland Fisheries Com- 09 10 missioners, Newport, R. I. Ferck, JoHN A., Sandusky, Ohio. Fenn, E. Hart, Commissioner of Iisheries and Game, Wethersfield, Conn. Frecp, Dr. GrorGeE W., Chairman Commissioners on Fisheries and Game, Boston, Mass. FreLp, Pror. Irvine A., Clark College, Worcester, Mass. Firxrins, B. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Northville, Mich. Fisuer, JoHN F., Chapinville, Conn. ~ Fouiert, RicHarp E., 527 Fifth Ave., New York City. Fores, Dr. S. A., University of Ilinois, Urbana, III. Foster, FreperrcK J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Fow er, C. F., Waterloo, Iowa. Fow ter, KENNETH, | Fulton Market, New York City. Freprum, Joun W., 1229 California St., Denver Colo. Frencu, S. L., 1308 Ross Ave., Dallas, Texas. 10 01 tl 10 10 List of Members 331 Futier, ALFRED E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, North- ville, Mich. FULLERTON, SAMUEL F., 218 South Avon St., St. Paul, Minn. FULLERTON, WILLIAM Ross, St. Paul, Minn. GacLe, W. H., Middlesboro, Ky. Garin, Homer K., 148 Michigan Ave., Chicago, III. *10 GARDNER, Mrs. Cuarves C., The Cliffs, Newport, IRS TL ; GARFIELD, G. H., Massachusetts Commission on Fish- eries and Game, Brockton, Mass. Gavitt, W. S., Lyons, N. Y. Geer, Dr. E. F., St. Paul, Minn. Geer, E. Hart, Secretary State Commission of Fish- eries and Game, Hadlyme, Conn. GEHMAN, Cuas. F., East Greenville, Pa. GrsericH, L. A., Pres. Missouri State Fish Commis- sion, St. Louis, Mo. Gipps, CHARLES E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. Gisson, ANToNIus, Port Monmouth, N. J. GiLsoy, JoHN W., 707 Marshall Ave., St. Paul, Minn. Gitt, Dr. THEODORE, Smithsonian Institution, Wash- ington, D. C. GLENNAN, J. J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- ivoye ae Da Oe Go.tpssorouGcH, FE. L., Shepardstown, W. Va. Goopwi, H. D., Miller Building, Milwaukee, Wis. Goruam, Wo. B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fairport, Towa. GRAHAM, A. R., Berkeley, Mass. GRAHAM, GEORGE H., Massachusetts Commission on Fisheries and Game, 141 State St., Springfield, Mass. GRATER, CHARLES B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Afog- nak, Alaska. $32 American Fisheries Society 04 Grave, Dr. CasweLL, Secretary Maryland Shellfish Commission, Baltimore, Md. 03. Gray, GEORGE M., Woods Hole, Mass. ‘04 GREEN, CHESTER K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Cape Vincent, N. Y. ‘02 GreEN, Dr. D. W., Board of State Fish and Game Commissioners, Dayton, Ohio. ‘10 GREENE, Dr. Cuas. W., University of Missouri, 814 Virginia Ave., Columbia, Mo, ‘10 GREENLEAF, GEORGE W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, West Boothbay Harbor, Me. ‘11 Gretuer, E. T., Chief Deputy Commissioner, Missouri State Game and Fish Department, 1318 Pendleton Ave., St. Louis, Mo. 705 GrinpLE, C. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, East Orland, Me. ‘00 GUNCKEL, JoHN E., Toledo, Ohio. ‘06 Gurrntan, V. G., 248 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Hl. *"0O5 Haas, Wutitam, Pennsylvania Fish Commission, Spruce Creek, Pa. ‘O08 Harer, Rev. A. W., Bellefonte, Pa. °89 Hacert, Epwrn, 258 The Bourse, Philadelphia, Pa. 00 Haun, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boothbay Harbor, Me. ; ‘78 Haey, CaLes, Fulton Market, New York City. "10 Harter, J. P., General Manager North Alaska Salmon Company, 110 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. ‘04 HAMBERGER, JOHN, State Fishery Commission, Erie, Pa. 07 Hancock, W. K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Yes Bay, via Ketchikan, Alaska. (00 Hanpy, L. B., South Wareham, Mass. ‘06 Hankinson, T. L., Charleston, Il. ‘07 Hannan, Ropert, President State Game and Fish Commission, Fergus Falls, Minn. ~ List of Members 333 HANSEN, FERDINAND, Russian Caviar Co., 170 Cham- bers St., New York City. Hansen, G., Osceola, Wis. Hansen, Louis H., Tonsberg, Norway. Hansen, P. H., 446 Commercial National Bank Bldg., Chicago, Ill. Harron, L. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- ton, D: C. Hart, W. O., 134 Corondelet St., New Orleans, La. Hartiey, R. M., 560 Bullitt Building, Philadelphia, . Pa. 5 HARTMAN, PHIL., Erie, Pa. Harvey, Horace H., Harvey, La. HAVERHILL, A. D., Fox, Ill. Hay, Pror. W. P., Howard University, Washington, ID), (Cx Hayes, J. R., Detroit, Mich. Haynes, Epwarp M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. HEALEA, C. F., State Fish Hatchery, Anaconda, Mon- tana. Hevuver, Harry J., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. Hermer, D. S., Port Allegheny, Pa. Heimer, E. R., Port Allegheny, Pa. Hrmineway, E. D., 123 Rochelle Avenue, Wissa- hickon, Philadelphia, Pa. HENSHALL, Dr. JAMEs A., U. 5. Bureau of Fisheries, Tupelo, Miss. | Herrick, Pror. Francis Hosarr, Adelbert College, Cleveland, Ohio. Herrick, Dr. W. P., 56 East 53d St., New York City. Hines, W. B., White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Hinricus, Henry, Jr., Keystone Fish Co., Erie, Pa. Hopart, T. D., Pampa, Texas. 334 American Fisheries Society *00 Hocan, J. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners, 5 "10 "10 10 ‘04 Madison, Wis. Hoxpen, H. S., Syracuse, N. Y. Houper, Cuas. F., 475 Bellefontaine Ave., Pasadena, Cal. Hore, W. D., 9 St. Nicholas St., Montreal, Canada. Hopper, GeorGe L., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. Hoxste, F. D., Superintendent American Fish Culture Company, Carolina, R. I. Hupsarp, WaLtpo F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Nashua, N. H. Hucues, Hon. W. H., Board of Fish Commissioners. 221 Wainright Building, St. Louis, Mo. 7 dHumy, Caston R., Yes Bay, via Ketchikan, Alaska. Hunt, W. T., West Chester, Pa. Hurwsut, H. F., East. Freetown, Mass. Hussakor, Dr. Louis, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. IncrAHAM, E. W., Ohio Oil Co., Findlay, Ohio. Jackson, Cuas., care of Chas. E. Hotchkiss, 34 Nassau St., New York City. Jenninecs, G. E., Fishing Gazette, 203 Broadway, New York City. JEWETT, STEPHEN S., 614 Main St., Laconia, N. H. Jounson, Dr. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. Jounson, Mrs. F. M., 43 Tremont St., Boston, Mass. 5 Jounson, O. J., Board of Game and Fish Commission- ers, Glenwood, Minn. Jounson, R. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- ton, D. C. Jounston, Epwarp C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Washington, D. C. 79 oa ‘08 10 ‘02 ‘05 ‘10 03 03 “al 04 ‘08 Jt List of Members 3)3)5 Jounston, S. M., Union Wharf, Boston, Mass. Jones, Dr. O. L., 33 W. 30th St., New York City. Jones, Tuos. S., Louisville, Ky. Jorpan, Dr. Davin Starr, Stanford University, Cal. Jostyn, C. D., Ford Building, Detroit, Mich. KEESECKER, A. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Erwin, Tenn. Keri, W. M., Tuxedo Park, N. Y. KELLOGG, Pror. JAMEs L., Williams College, Williams- . town, Mass. Ketty, H. L., Jr., 827 Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 2 KENDALL, Dr. WiLtiAm C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. Kent, Epwin C., Tuxedo Club, Tuxedo Park, N. Y. Kenyon, A. W., Usquepaugh, R. I. KixzorN, Joun R., Cape Vincent, N. Y. KiLpAtRick, Cuas. M., Station F, Minneapolis, Minn. Ikincaip, W. S., Denver, Colo. KIsTERBOCK, JostAH, Jr., Aldine Hotel, Philadelphia, - Pa. KItTREDGE, BENJAMIN R., Carmel, N. Y. Krerve, Henry, Illinois Fish Commission, 208 Lake St., Chicago, Il. Koprrin, Puriiip, Jr., Missouri Fish Commission, Forest Park, St. Louis, Mo. Lampert, E. C., Amoskeag Mfg. Co., Manchester, ING EL. Lameson, G. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. Lanp, S. E., Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo. LauMEN, Ferix A., 20 Fort St., Palestine, Texas. Lay, Cartes, Sandusky, Ohio, American Fisheries Society Leacu, G. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Afognak, Alaska. Ler, W. McDonarp, Commissioner of Fisheries, Irvington, Va. Lets, HERMAN, Melvina, Wis. LEMBKEY, WALTER I., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. 2 Lewis, CHartes E., Chamber of Commerce, Minne- apolis, Minn. Lipsy, T. E., Vinal Haven, Me. - Linton, Dr. Epwrn, Washington & Jefferson Col- lege, Washington, Pa. Locuer, \Wm., Kalamazoo, Mich. Locke, E. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Woods Hole, Mass. . LypELt, Dwicut, Michigan Fish Commission, Com: stock Park, Mich. LYDELL, Mrs. Dwieut, Comstock Park,, Mich. Mabie, CHARLES H., Maywood, N. J. Manone, A. H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Ducka- bush, Wash. °80 Matrory, CHaries, Room 1303, 43 Exchange Place. Burling Slip, New York City. MANNFELD, Geo, N., Indianapolis, Ind. Manton, Dr. W. P., 45 Watson St., Detroit, Mich.° Marks, H. H., Michigan Fish Commission, Sault Ste. Marie, Mich. P Marks, J. P., Michigan Fish Commission, Paris, Mich. Marsu, M. C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- jzornty ID), (@ Marty, Jonn M., Minnesota Fish and Game Associa- tion, St. Paul, Minn. Matnewson, G. T., President State Commission of Fisheries and Game, Thompsonville, Conn. MAXWELL, Henry V., Butler, Tenn. 03 “lal Alal 00 List of Members 337 May, W. L., 314 Nassau Block, Denver, Colo. Mayunatt, L. E., Superintendent Commercial Trout Co., Sultan, Wash. McA.uistEr, H. C., Portland, Ore. McDonatp, Cart K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. McDonap, Miss Rose, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Washington, D..C. McDovuaat, J. M., Gunnison, Colo. Maronorr, H. F., 4068 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo, Marine, Dr. Davin, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. Mean, Dr. A. D., Brown University, Providence, R. I. *'04 MEEHAN, W. E., 422 Dorset St., Mt. Airy, Phila- abl yy delphia, Pa. Meents, R. R., President Illinois Fish Commission, Ashkum, III. MerrrinEw, Percy T., Neosho, Mo. Merritt, M. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, St. Johns- bury, Vt. Meyer, Gustav J. T., 124 South Delaware St., In- dianapolis, Ind. Mires, Geo. W., State Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Indianapolis, Ind. Minier, FRANK, Ohio Fish and Game Commission, Put-in Bay, Ohio. Mi_ter, FRANK M., President Board of Commission- ers for the Protection of Birds, Game and Fish, 605 Maison Blanche Building, New Orleans, La. MiLLETT, Artuur L., Gloucester, Mass. Miriican, Dr. J. D., Woods Hole, Mass. Mitts, G. T., Chairman State Fish Commission, Carson City, Nev. MincuH, Harry C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair- port, lowa. 29 “10 75 American Fisheries Society Miner, Pror. Roy W., American Museum of Natural History, New York City. 7 MircHeELr, HuGu C., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Baird, Cal. MircHer1, WALTER J., Chairman Maryland Shell Fish Commission, La Plata, Md. Moore, CHarves H., care Michigan Fish Commission, Detroit, Mich. : Moore, Dr. H. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington, D. C. Morcuer, GEorGE, London, Ohio. Morean, C. W., N. Y. Aquarium, New York City. Morean, Wo. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Edenton, NG: Morcarewce, C. W., Story, Wyo. MorrE.LL, DANIEL, Hartford, Conn. MorriL1, J. P., Verdi, Nev. Morris, Dr. Rosert T., 616 Madison, Ave., New York City. Morse, Wm. R., Manager International Fisheries Company, Tacoma, Wash. Morton, W. P., Secretary Inland Fisheries Commis- sion, Box 687, Providence, R. I. Moser, CAPTAIN JEFFERSON F., General Superinten- dent Alaska Packers’ Association, San Francisco, Cal. Mowsray, Louis L., Director Bermuda Aquarium, Hamilton, Bermuda. Munty, M. G., 405 Wells Fargo Building, Portland, Ore. Nea, JoHn R., 22% T Wharf, Boston, Mass. Neat, L. J., Michigan Fish Commission, Comstock Park, Mich. and ’10 NeEIpLINGER, Puitip, 2225 Emmons Ave., Sheepshead Bay, N. Y. 10 List of Members 339 NEsLEy, CHARLES H., Pottstown, Pa. NeEvIN, JAMEs, Superintendent Wisconsin Fish Com- mission, Madison, Wis. Newman, Epwin A., 4305 8th St. N.W., Washing- fons ID» |G, Nicort, Donaxp, 145 Bowery, New York City. ‘Nicwors, JoHN TREADWELL, American Museum of Natural History, New York City. Nortu, Paut, President Ohio Fish and Game Com- mission, Cleveland, Ohio. : O’Brien, W. J., Supt. of Hatcheries, Nebraska Game and Fish Commission, Gretna, Nebr. OceEtvig, E. L., Sec’y Minnesota State Game and Fish Commission, South St. Paul, Minn. Oc esby, Puitip Powerr, 1809 Edgmont Ave., Ches- ter, Pa. Ouace, Dr. Justus, St. Paul, Minn. O’Matrey, Henry, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Oregon City, Ore. Oranoop, H. M., 318 Quarry Building, Denver, Colo. - Ospurn, Dr. Raymonp C., Assistant Director New York Aquarium, New York City. Owen, Tuos. H., Muskogee, Okla. Paice, CHARLES L., Shasta, Cal. Parmer, Dr. THEODORE S., United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Parker, W. H., Lac La Peche, Quebec, Canada. ParkHurst, Hon. C. Frank, Providence, R. I. PATCHING, FRED, Loring, Alaska. Parrick, W. E., Supt. or State Fish Hatcheries, Den- ver, Colo. Paxton, Tuomas B., Board of State Fish and Game Commissioners, Cincinnati, Ohio. PAYNE, CHARLES, Wichita, Kan, "84 American Fisherics Society PELL, Geo. W., 520 16th St., Denver, Colo. PrEopPLEs, Hrram, New Providence, Pa. Perce, H. WHEELER, 1033 Hearst Bldg., Chicago, II. Pew, Joun J., Gloucester, Mass. Prieucer, J. E., Akron, Ohio. PINKERTON, J. A., Superintendent State Hatchery, Glenwood, Minn. PoHOQUALINE Fisu AssocraTIon, 15th and Walnut Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. Pomeroy, Geo. E., Toledo, Ohio. = Ponper, Amos L., New Orleans, La. Porr, T. E. B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washing- ton}, DE: Porter, RrcHarp, Board of State Fish Commissioners, Paris, Mo. PostaL, Frep., State Board of Fish Commissioners. Detroit, Mich. Power, D. H., President State Board of Fish Commis- sioners, Suttons Bay, Mich. Power, Mrs. D. H., Suttons Bay, Mich. Pratt, Dr. JosEpH Hype, State Geologist, Chapel Hall, N.C. Price, ANDREW, Marlinton, W. Va. Price, Carvin W., Marlinton, W. Va. Prick, Overton \W., National Conservation Associa- tion, Colorado Building, Washington, D. C. Prince, Pror. E. E., Dominion Commissioner of Fish- eries, Ottawa, Canada. Race, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake, Me. RapciirFre, Lewis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Beau- HOt Nea: RANDALL, G. W., Plymouth, Mass. Rankin, J. F., South Charleston, Ohio. Ratusun, Dr. RicHaArp, Assistant Secretary Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 10 10 08 10 AMG) List of Members 341 RAVENEL, W. pr C., U. S. National Museum, Wash- ington, D. C. Reep, C. A., Fish and Game Warden, Santa Cruz, Cal. Reep, Dr. H. D., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. REIGHARD, Pror, JAcoz E., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Ricwarp, FE. A., 50 Union Square, New York City. Ricwarps, G. H., Sears Building, Boston, Mass. RICKEMAN, Geo. W., State Fish and Game Warden, Madison, Wis. Riper, H. A., Executive Agent Minnesota Game and’ Fish Commission, St. Paul, Minn. Rinc, E. E., Orono, Me. Riprer, Rosert, Bayfield, Wis. Roserts, A. D., Auditor Inland Fisheries Commission, Woonsocket, R. I. Rozerts, B. H., 1413 New York Ave., Washington, IDL, ( Roserts, C. C., Woonsocket, R. I. Ropinson, Ropert K., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. Rocers, JAmes B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Booth-- bay Harbor, Me. Rocers, J. M., 159 La Salle Street, Chicago, Il. Roccensack, E. J., Lansing, Iowa. Root, Henry T., Harbor Commission, State House, Providence, R. I. Roguemore, C. H., Montgomery, Ala. RosENBERG, ALBERT, Kalamazoo, Mich. Rote, E. E., U, S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Rowe, Henry C., Groton, Conn. RucKMAN, CHas. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Runion, H. P., Bankleman, Nebr. Russet, Henry, Michigan Central R. R., Detroit, Mich. 342 American Fisheries Society *05 Sarrorp, W. H., Missouri Fish Commission, St. Joseph, Mo. 705 Satmon, ALDEN, South Norwalk, Conn. ‘07 Samson, JAmMeEs B., 320 Lewis Building, Pittsburgh, Pa: ‘02 Saunpvers, Dr. H. G., Chattanooga, Tenn. "10 Saunpers, H. P., Roswell, New Mexico. ‘OS Saunpbers, J. P., Deerwood, Minn. ‘10 ScumaAuss, LEonaARD W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville, Colo. ‘11 Scumirr, Waxvo, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington, D. C. ‘10 Scunoor, JAcos, Belford, N. J. ‘00 SEAGLE, GEorcE A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wythe- ville, Va. "10 SEAL, Wm. P., Delair, N. J. ‘00 Setters, M. G., 1306 Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 10 SuHeptey, Frank A., Superintendent Santa Cruz County Hatchery, Brookdale, Cal. ‘O01 SuHeRwiNn, H. A., 100 Canal Street, Cleveland, Ohio. ‘10 Sutetps, G. O., 1061 Simpson St., New York City. ‘ll Suinn, JAmMes A., Department of Game and Fish, Denver, Colo. ‘11 Sura, Austin F., U. S: Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. ‘O08 Sutras, GEo.,.3d, Stoneleigh Court, Washington, D. C. ‘06 StortatL, J. M., 906 Chestnut St., St. Louis, Mo. 703 SHuURTLEFF, MERRILL, Lancaster, N. H. "10 Sreurrin, P. G., Director Central Swedish Fish Hatch- : ery Co., Kloten, Sweden. : 03 Summons, WALTER C., Providence, R. I. ‘01 Srycteton, JAmMEs H., Woonsocket, R. I. 03 SLapE, GeorGE P., 309 Broadway, P. O. Box 283, New York City. ‘11 SmitH, Emmett Vance, Chief Deputy, State Game, Fish and Oyster Commission, Box 217 Capitol Sta., Austin, Texas. List of Members 343 Smitu, Miss EtHer M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. SmitH, Dr. Hucu M., U. S. Deputy Commissioner of T*isheries, Washington, D. C. SmitH, IrvinG Epwarp, 1532 16th St. N.W., Wash- ington, D. C. Smit, Lewis H., Algona, Iowa. SmitH, RicHarp, Waukegan, II. Snyper, J. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bozeman, Mont. SouTHALL, Joun B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair- - port, Lowa. SoutHwick, J. M. K., Newport, R. I. SPEAKS, JOHN C., Chief Warden Ohio Fish and Game Comunission, Columbus, Ohio. SPENSLEY, CALVERT, Mineral Point, Wis. Srack, F. GrorGe, Sabattis, N. Y. Stanton, W. C., International Falls, Minn. SrapLeton, M. F., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Man- chester, Iowa. Srarr, W. J., State Board of Fish Commissioners, Eau Claire, Wis. StEAp, Davin G., Fisheries Department, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, Sterett, W. G., State Game, Fish and Oyster Com- missioner, Port Lavaca, Texas. STEELE, G. F., Port Edwards, Wis. Stevens, Artuur F., 227 West Grand St., Elizabeth, INS Te STEVENSON, CHartes H., 511 Moffat Building, De-~ troit, Mich. Stites, Ropt., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Bozeman, Mont. Stone, J. W., 921 University Ave., Madison, Wis. Story, Joun A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Green Lake, Me. 344 ‘04 ‘98 '88 ‘04 04 “ilil American Fisherics Society Stotz, Martin, 1132 Land Title Building, Philadel- phia, Pa. STRANAHAN, F. A., Cleveland, Ohio. STRANAHAN, J. J., Bullochville, Ga. Sumner, Dr. Francis B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. SurBER, THADDEus, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Fair- port, lowa. Swirt, H. F., 307 Crocker Building, San Francisco, Cal. - Sworp, C. B., New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. Sykes, Henry, Wisconsin Fish Commission, Bay- field, Wis. SyLvEsTER, RicHarp, Municipal Building, Washing- ton, Ose Tarzott, Henry, Interstate Commerce on Washington, D. C. Teat, J. N., Worcester Block, Portland, Ore. Tuayer, W. W., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, North- ville, Mich. Tuomas, W. H., U. S. ue of Fisheries, Fairport, Towa. Tuompson, GeorcE B., Davis, W. Va. Tuompson, James F., Martinsburg, W. Va. Tuompson, W. P., 112 Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Tuompson, W. T., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Boze- man, Mont. Tuomson, G. H., Estes Park, Colo. TiERNEY, JAs. N., Roxbury, Vt. Trrcoms, Joun W., Commissioner of Fisheries and Game, Lyndonville, Vt. ToncuE, Leonarp M., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, D. C. *01 Townsenp, Dr. Cuaries H., Director New York Aquarium, New York City. List of Members 345 99 Tusps, FRANK A., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Neosho, Mo. 98 TuLiAN, EuGceNne A., care Board for the Protection of Birds, Game and Fish, New Orleans, La. *"1] Varerre, Luciano H., Chief of Section of Fish Cul- ture, 827 Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina. 09 Van Atta, Crype H., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Leadville, Colo. 10 Van SickLen, F. W., 36 Spear St., San Francisco, Cal. ‘10 Vires, Braine S., Inland Fish and Game Commis- sioner, Augusta, Me. ‘00 Vincent, W. S., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Tupelo, Miss. ‘11 Viouesney, J. H., State Game and Fish Warden, Bel- ington, W. Va. ‘00 VoGELSANG, ALEXANDER T., 20 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal. 709 Von LENGERKE, J., 200 Fifth Ave., New York City. ‘06 WapbELL, JoHN, Grand Rapids, Mich. ‘06 WALKER, BRYANT, Detroit, Mich. "11 WALKER, Dr. H. T., 210 Main St., Denison, Texas. 708 Watiace, Joun H., Jr., Commissioner Department of Game and Fish, Montgomery, Ala. 703 WaxuicH, CLaupius, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Con- crete, Wash. "06 Watters, C. H., Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y. 08 Warp, Pror. H. B., University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill. - 703 WarterHousE, Rev. E. M., Broadway and 71st St., New York City. ‘O08 Wess, W. M., State Shellfish Commissioner, More- head City, N. C. ‘02 Wess, W. SEwarp, 4th St. and Vanderbilt Ave., New York City. 10 00 ‘99 05 7, mle "84 10 American Fisheries Society Wesster, B. O., Wisconsin Fish Commission, Madi- son, Wis, Weesster, H. A., Oregon City, Ore. Wentworth, E. E., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Con- crete, Wash. WessEL, JosepH A., Secretary Board of Game and Fish Commissioners, Crookston, Minn, WHEELER, CHARLES STETSON, Union Trust Building, San Francisco, Cal. Wuipepce, Jas. S., Albany, N. Y. WuisH, Joun D., Albany, N. Y. WHITAKER, ANDREW R., State Fishery Commission, Phoenixville, Pa. Wuire, R. Tyson, 320 Bridge Street, Brooklyn, N. Y. Wurman, Epwarp C., Canso, Nova Scotia, Canada. Wipmyer, Epcar R., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Homer, Minn. Wier, H. O., 235 Third St., Philadelphia, Pa. WILLARD, CHARLES W., President Inland Fisheries Commission, Westerly, R. I. Witson, C. H., Glens Falls, N. Y. Wirson, J. S. P. H., Chairman, Board of Inland Game and Fish Commissioners, Auburn, Me. WINCHESTER, GRANT E., Forest, Fish and Game Com- mission, Bemus Point, N. Y. Winn, Dennis, U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Oregon City, Ore. ; Wires, S. P., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Duluth, Minn. Wotters, Cuas. A., Oxford and Mervine Streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Woop, C. C., Plymouth, Mass. Wortnu, Henry B., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Wash- ington, D. C. Worrn, S. G., U. S. Bureau of Fisheries, Mammoth Spring, Ark. Worzpure, L., Ketchikan, Alaska. List of Members 347 ‘09 Yertncton, Epwarp B., Board of State Fish Commis- sioners, Carson City, Nev. "10 Younc, Capt. Cart C., 2 Mt. Vernon .St., Gloucester, Mass. 06 Youne, Capt. JOHN L., Atlantic City, N. J. 99 ZatsMAN, P. G., Wisconsin Fish Commission, Wild Rose, Wis. Recapitulation ISICay SOIREE PAR Se ce Ske eo en takes Me CIR ee mes eect! ssi amnc As) ‘CORRBSROR IONE” 3 Goede dae Gee cae cis te Ces 19 Acmive (including life members))....-+.-.-.:..4--- 543 POWAY WIEMIBERSHIDP: 5s osc a ce.nce = eck Ay ene Nee 638 CONSTITUTION (As amended to date) ARTICLE I NAME AND OBJECT The name of this Society shall be American Fisheries Society. Its object shall be to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fish- eries; the uniting and encouraging of all interests of fish culture and the fisheries, and the treatment of all questions regarding fish, of a scientific and economic character. ARTIGLE, IT MEMBERS Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of two dollars, become a member of this Society. In case members do not pay their fees, which shall be two dollars per year after the first year, and are delinquent for two years, they shall be notified by the treasurer, and if the amount due is not paid within a month thereafter, they shall be, without further notice, dropped from the roll of mem- bership. Any person can be made an honorary or a cor- responding member upon a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting. The President (by name) of the United States and the Governors (by name) of the several States shall be honorary members of the Society. Any person shall, upon a two-thirds vote and the payment of twenty-five dollars, become a life member of this Society, and shall thereafter be exempt from all annual dues. 348 Constitution 349 ARTICLE Il OFFICERS The officers of this Society shall be a president and a vice-president, who shall be ineligible for election to the same office until a year after the expiration of their term; a corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, an assist- ant recording secretary, a treasurer, and an executive com- mittee of seven, which, with the officers before named, shall form a council and transact such business as may be neces- sary when the Society is not in session—four to constitute a quorum. In addition to the officers above named there shall be elected annually five vice-presidents who shall be in charge of the following five divisions or sections: Fish culture. Commercial fishing. Aquatic biology and physics. Angling. Protection and legislation. ARTICLE IV MEETINGS The regular meeting of the Society shall be held once a year, the time and place being decided upon at the previous meeting, or, in default of such action, by the executive com- mittee. a ee ARI CEE ORDER OF BUSINESS Call to order by president. Roll call of members. Applications for membership. Reports of officers. a. President. b. Secretary. c. Treasurer. d. Vice-Presidents of Divisions. e. Standing committees. grou ead LS) 350 American Fisheries Society 5. Committees appointed by the president. a. Committee of five on nomination of officers for ensuing year. b. Committee of three on time and place of next meeting. ~ c. Auditing committee of three. d. Committee of three on program. e. Committee of three on publication. f. Committee of three on publicity. 6. Reading of papers and discussion of. same. (Note—In the reading of papers preference shall be given to the members present. ) 7. Miscellaneous business. 8. Adjournment. ARTICLE VI CHANGING THE CONSTITUTION The constitution of the Society may be amended, altered or repealed by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any regular meeting, provided at least fifteen members are present at said regular meeting. HMMM | : DR. HUGH M. SMITH United States Commissioner of Fisheries Deputy United States Commissioner of Fisheries, 1903-1913 In charge of Scientific Inquiry, United States Fish Commission, 1897-1903 In charge Division of Fisheries, United States Fish Commission, 1892-1897 Secretary-General Fourth International Fishery Congress, Washington, 1908 President American Fisheries Society, 1908 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AT ITS FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING sax September 3, 4 and 5, 1912 AT DENVER, COLORADO WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY 1913 Officers * 1911-1912 elected at the Forty-first Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Mo., for the ensuing year, including the meeting to be held in Denver, Colo., beginning September 3, 1912. PHENO oe ew oe He RRO S. F. Futrerton, St. Paul, Minn. Vace=Prestdents i155 scene Cuartes H. TowNnsENp, New York City Recording Secretary...........0+% Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C. Assistant Recording Secretary....ETHEL M. SmitH, Washington, D. C. Corresponding Secretary.......... Hucu M. Smiru, Washington, D. C. TV COSUPER ssc ae ci aeite Wi eraieactotate a Ait AG C. W. Witarp, Westerly, R. I. Hier-Presidents of Divistons Pish (Cultgrey. S050: e. tek pe we Joun W. Titeoms, Lyndonville, Vt. Aquatic Biology and Physics.......... Epwin Linton, Washington, Pa. Commercial Fishing.........0...04 A. B. ALEXANDER, Washington, D. C. AMQUAG 35s eE EO enOr aCe Ree H. WHEELER Perce, Chicago, III. Protection and Legislation........... T. S. Pater, Washington, D. C. Executive Commitice Henry B. Warp, Chairman, Urbana, Ill.; Danier B. Feartnc, Newport, R. I.; E. Hart Grrr, Hadlyme, Conn.; D. H. Power, Suttons Bay, Mich. ; A. R. Wuitaker, Phoenixville, Pa.; R. Tyson Waite, Brooklyn, N. Y.; W. L. May, Denver, Colo. 1912-1513 Elected at the Forty-second Annual Meeting in Denver, Colo., for the ensuing year, including the meeting to be held at Boston, Mass., beginning September 8, 1913. President sctccos cassie ete tals Cyartes H. Townsenp, New York, N. Y. Vace=Presdent nina hee ea eerie Henry B. Warp, Urbana, IIl. Recording Secretary.............. Warp T. Bower, Washington, D. C. Assistant Recording \S€cvetarsy..:a:s)sto:0:0jaom 0 asec. sy x cians eles re eee Corresponding Secretary............-- GeorGE W. Fretp, Sharon, Mass. TE TVEGSULER ies. ste accuse Me te te ts eerie C. W. Witrarp, Westerly, R. I. Bice-Presidents of Divisions Bash GuUiures coast ae enat JAmes Nevin, Madison, Wis. Aquatic Biology and Physics.........+..++++ L. L. Dycue, Pratt, Kan. Commercial Fishing...........00+0+ W. J. HuNSAKER, Saginaw, Mich. AR GWA ios locas ec eae de RO H. WHEELER PeERcE, Chicago, II. Protection and Legislation.......... T. S. Parmer, Washington, D. C. Exerutiuve Committee Dante B. FEARING, Chairman, Newport, R. I.; N. R. Butter, Harrisburg, Pa.; ErNEst SCHAEFFLE, San Francisco, Cal.; J. Quincy Warp, Frankfort, Ky.; Dwicut LypELt, Comstock Park, Mich.; Georce W. Mites, Indi- anapolis, Ind.; Grorce H. GRAHAM, Springfield, Mass. ea AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY Organized 1870 The first meeting of the Society occurred December 20, 1870. The organization then effected continued until February, 1872, when the second meeting was held. Since that time there has been a meeting ch year, as shown below. The respective presidents were elected at the meeting, at the place, and for the period shown opposite their names, but they presided at the subsequent meeting. SomtecanicaNe Glarkiee. ects 1903-1904... 34. Henry? DT. Root...... 1904-1905 ie aM eOSLY Mets srs ialerevecescrs 1905-1906. . OMIM AMBIT eCheck cle crc ale 1906-1907... 37. Hugh M. Smith....... 1907-1908 38. Tarleton H. Bean..... 1908-1909 39. Seymour Bower....... 1909-1910. . 40. William E. Meehan....1910-1911... 41e4S. be Bullerton:. ..... 1911-1912... 42. Charles H. Townsend. .1912-1913... WKN Aun pRWwhe PRESIDENTS, TERMS OF SERVICE, AND PLACES OF | John W. Titcomb..... 1899-1900... | BP. B. Dickerson....... 1900-1901... s 1B. 1 alec hleagodooade 1901-1902... . George M. Bowers... .1902-1903 MEETING S\N bey (G0) Re aspera 1870-1872....New York, N. Y. PAVVTL Matin @U tse oye, o cranes 1872-1873....Albany, N. Y. MaVilitain | Clift jones ates 1873-1874....New York, N. Y. Robert B. Roosevelt...1874-1875....New York, N. Y. Robert B. Roosevelt...1875-1876....New York, N. Y. Robert B. Roosevelt. ..1876-1877*...New York, N. Y. . Robert B. Roosevelt. ..1877-1878....New York, N. Y. . Robert B. Roosevelt. ..1878-1879....New York, N. Y. . Robert B. Roosevelt. ..1879-1880....New York, N. Y. . Robert B. Roosevelt. ..1881-1882....New York, N. Y. . Robert B. Roosevelt. ..1881-1882.... New York, N. Y. . George Shepard Page. 1882-1883....New York, N. Y. . James. Benkard ....... 1883-1884....New York, N. Y. . Theodore Lyman...... 1884-1885....Washington, D. C. . Marshall McDonald. ..1885-1886....Washington, D. C. maori, Eludsont<).es 1886-1887....Chicago, IIl. . William L. May....... 1887-1888....Washington, D. C. mvOnnpele Bissell. + 1888-1889....Detroit, Mich. . Eugene G. Blackford. .1889-1890....Philadelphia, Pa. . Eugene G. Blackford..1890-1891....Put-in Bay, Ohio. . James A. Henshall... .1891-1892....Washington, D. C. . Herschel Whitaker... ..1892-1893....New York, N. Y. wilenry, (CG. Bord con... 3 1893-1894....Chicago, Ill. . William L. May....... 1894-1895....Philadelphia, Pa. SED ALAIN tInptOnair «tls 1895-1896....New York, N. Y. . Herschel Whitaker. ...1896-1897....New York, N. Y. » William 1b. May....... 1897-1898....Detroit, Mich. . George F. Peabody....1898-1899....QOmaha, Neb. .Niagara Falls, N. Y. -Woods Hole, Mass. .Milwaukee, Wis. Put-in Bay, Ohio. -Woods Hole, Mass. Atlantic City, N. J. --White Sulphur Springs, W. Va. -Grand Rapids, Mich. .-Erie, Pa. _...Washington, DEC: -- Toledo, Ohio. -New York, N. Y. -St. Louis, Mo. -Denver, Colo. *A special meeting was held at the Centennial Grounds, Philadelphia, Pa., October 6 and 7, 1876. CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY We, the undersigned, persons of full age and citizenship of the United States, and a majority being citizens of the District of Columbia, pursuant to and in conformity with sections 599 to 603, inclusive, of the Code of Law for the District of Columbia enacted March 3, 1901, as amended by the Acts approved January 31 and June 30, 1902, hereby associate ourselves together as a society or body corporate and certify in writing : 1. That the name of the Society is the AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY. 2. That the term for which it is organized is nine hundred and ninety-nine years. 3. That its particular business and objects are to promote the cause of fish culture; to gather and diffuse information bearing upon its practical success, and upon all matters relating to the fisheries; to unite and encourage all interests of fish culture and the fisheries; and to treat all questions of a scientific and economic character regarding fish; with power: a. To acquire, hold and convey real estate and other property, and to establish general and special funds. b. To hold meetings. c. To publish and distribute documents. d. To conduct lectures. e. To conduct, endow, or assist investigation in any department of fishery and fish-culture science. f. To acquire and maintain a library. g. And, in general, to transact any business pertinent to a learned society. 4. That the affairs, funds and property of the corporation shall be in general charge of a council, consisting of the officers and the execu- tive committee, the number of whose members for the first year shall be seventeen, all of whom shall be chosen from among the members of the Society. Witness our hands and seals this 16th day of December, 1910. SEYMOUR BowER (Seal) THEODORE GILL (Seal) WitiiAM E, MEEHAN (Seal) TueEoporeE S. PALMER (Seal) BerTRAND H. Roserts (Seal) HucuH M. SmitH (Seal) RICHARD SYLVESTER (Seal) Recorded April 15, 1911. —— CONTENTS (OG IGS "aos Abin BORO OCIEC CGC IOE I CEM OSC ACL COIS OC MI IIR ra ieee 2 List of past presidents and places of meeting ..................- 3 Mentiicate rote Mmcorporation cesta anjciiee. Serer coals oie tieeeatee oiow 4 Part I—Business SESSIONS Dv OI ERITICMACOLESSESI iotsevcteieseforeiste. Sesars ies a sits es Shale die Biel siel aE See Se ele 9 ERISLELEUAtLENOANCE jon 'sicicsrs s.ysieis sicwis.sicurcase tec sisie cect sem eens 12 EV CMV MECTIGINIDELS tyeraclenrer ic hieictels a treereis ciaicleys Scie aia Mara diss eiva’e eraleraterchere 16 Reportiof the; Recording Secretary .. 02.0.0. ccs cece eset ceec ewes 19 Reporte Oreste: , DrCASUQEL © ratcure aie win eos cisimcte « OU RIts,6)eiers sig owed selec hres 21 Suggestions for increasing membership ...............-2000-e000e 22 Report of Executives Committee, ... crs cee dase ne lclan Heels ccwe asia 27 Aer ALLO Mn CIL CH SCLECMS I clorejein' aio) sc-{ele sricle aieio\e’s »| sinleisinieis SION oe ae 3 BAEC ONO Le OMICELS | eislain antic is os ae SSeS sO ty ste1a wis si nro Sipe ove aresalermionbie 36 Venta Gk Sw O cae reSIOGMtEleCE aic.c 2 seveisinein eel siuiw s,s alu Sfere ale cleave eTeteve are 38 Place and time of next meeting ........ ays Gs wropera. cist) srw Sine tens 39, 41 Report of the Committee on Resolutions ......5.........00e00 42 Gomplimentaryedinne ns: sci o set eslac acti tle ss aie ce Sees ote alee 45 ~ BEMUTIG? scdeae boot dr UC OUOURO Tap COOHOLCHO CEOS One Cn OMS enor icin 45 Ae LVN@ aU ETA TIN iss crac wrers/o osc. ote. atc wyersleve ee ersicre.sie,oiaiate/e cus eisisie ais sia s(s(o'g. 47 Part I]—Paprers aNp Discussions A Defense of the Humble Dogfish. George W. Miles............ 51 new Garmberoblem | is pi Galdwell y. csiicisicivlcte oie ciale ainitse de seheteielers 61 The Catfish as a Host for Fresh-water Mussels. 4. D. Howard.. 65 Demonstration of Dr. Herrick’s Free Pearls of Forced Produc- AOMORI COKER aa ct eiho oh aeicicnn ale wiht evonsionarsiaeictasis Muserove, W. E., Leadville, Colo. Newcoms, WILLIAM, Tenafly, N. J. Newkirk, Hawtey A., 7 West Madison St., Chicago, III. OnpDERDONK, CHARLES S., 811 Ideal Building, Denver, Colo. Oris, SPENCER, Railway Exchange, Chicago, III. PALMER, MarsuHatt G., 96 East Ave., Kankakee, III. Pierce, Henry L., Colorado Fish and Game Commission, Denver, Colo. Poteet, L. A., Deputy Warden, Florence, Colo. Reeme, E. W., Leadville, Colo. Reynorps, B. B., Water Superintendent, Colorado Springs, Colo. Rippinc, Caries A., Hazeltine, Colo. Riser, Dr. F. L., Henderson, Colo. Ror, S. S., Colorado Fish and Game Commission, Denver, Colo. ScHAEFFLE, Ernest, Secretary California Fish and Game Commission, San Francisco, Cal. Snore, S. P., 941 Lawrence Ave., Chicago, Il. 18 American Fisheries Society Sparcur, Ropert L., Chief Clerk Colorado Fish and Game Commission, Denver, Colo. Spencer, F., Provo, Utah. Sperry, E. P., 126 South Euclid Ave., Oak Park, Ill. Stivers, D. Gay, Butte Anglers Association, Butte, Mont. TowNsenD, Dr. CuHarctes H., Director New York Aquarium, New York, N. Y. (Life.) Voct, JAMes H., Nevada Fish Commission, Carson City, Nev. Warp, J. Quincy, Executive Agent, Kentucky Game and Fisk Com- mission, Frankfort, Ky. Weser, E. D., P. O. Box 81, Littleton, Colo. WeuLE, O. C., 5471 Kimbark Ave., Chicago, III. WeENTWoRTH, NATHANIEL, Fish and Game Commissioner, Hudson, N. H. PRESIDENT: We have applications from two different places with regard to the place of our next meeting, one from Indianapolis and one from Boston. There is a matter I would like to bring before the Society in connection with the time and place of meeting, and I would like to have the members of the committee consider it if they will. We have just had a meeting here in Denver of the National Game Wardens’ Association. Many of us who are members of that organization belong ‘to the Ameri- can Fisheries Society. Our work overlaps; one protects and the other propagates. I think it would be a good thing to get the views of some of the members of the National Game Wardens’ Association as to their time and place of meeting. They are willing to meet two or three days before or after our meeting. I want to bring this to the attention of the committee. A paper on the “Protection of Undersized Fish,” includ- ing exhibits of specimens, was read by Mr. G. H. Thomson. The paper was discussed. The Secretary's report was then read by the Secretary pro tem, accepted, and placed on file. Forty-second Annual Meeting 19 REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRETARY To the Officers and Members of the American Fisheries Society: The major part of the Secretary’s work since the last meeting of the Society has been the publications of the Transactions. It may have seemed to members that the interval of several months following the St. Louis meeting before the appearance of the volume was unduly long, but it is to be remembered that the editing and arranging of material amounting to 350 printed pages is no slight task. The proof reading and correspondence with authors, not to mention unforeseen delays in the printing, add to the Secretary’s duties and still further postpone the issue of the Transactions. The volume for 1911 contains 22 papers, with 3 illustrations, and the usual business proceedings, the list of members, and other standing or routine matter. Competitive bids for the printing were solicited, and the contract was let to the W. F. Roberts Company, of Washington, D. C. The cost of publishing the edition of 750 copies was $908.21. Dr. H. M. Smith, as chairman of the Publication Committee, was in general charge of the work, which was attended to directly by the Secretary and Assistant Secretary, who are the other two members of the Committee. It will be recalled that the 1910 report was subject to some criti- cism for certain blank pages which were considered by some of the members to be unnecessary. It seemed to be agreed, however, that the issue of papers separately was desirable, in certain cases, at all events. To arrange for this it is necessary to have each paper begin on a new odd page, and some blank pages inevitably result. There are a total of 14 such blank pages in the 1911 report, but the printer made a reduced rate on them. Sales of reports during the year have amounted to $37.70. The Fortieth Anniversary volume (1910) has been sold at $2.00 per copy, the other issues at $1.00, as decided upon by the Society at the St. Louis meeting. Sales would have been larger but for the scarcity of many issues. Several inquiries have come from libraries which desired to obtain a full set of the Transactions. The number of reports now in the hands of the Secretary, by years, is as follows: GYQe acne dandeaae 1 NDOZ ciavetetetelecrsslafereie 6 SSS Meesrarstetel seats raters 1 I OS: Rsapeoooadote 2 seh ooo Seumo nao 1 ODA aera pareheforetavol ets 67 WSO S04 artis ctcrsievers ele 2 PQQ Slee Seictesesiarels,0 2 MSOG isiates ste rcte’siersisrevs 2 OOO iererefeteicievevelavolers 103 VSO rtersie Sachse terest 2 TOU/E re ctererstiesrae 97 BOS Me eleicdenieto severe 2 OOS eet aislsrevctspeleiciere 122 1890 Nereis sissies 3 1h) e odoaguqananee 101 UD sossoasdoaoeds 4 MS se aaanoneoocoe 119 = 8 = - — Oo = = 20 American Fisheries Society Deaths of the following members have been reported since the last meeting: Joun L. Leary, San Marcos, Texas. Joined the Society in 1901. Died December 23, 1911. J. F. Roeprre, Fairport, lowa. Joined 1910. Died January 30, 1912. Joun F. Hitt, Bangor, Me. Joined 1911. Died March 16, 1912. The following members have resigned during the past year: S. ZwiecHarr (1892), Philadelphia, Pa. October 21, 1911. Epwarp I. Frost (1910), Asheville, N. C. October 21, 1911. Joun S. Scutty (1908), Washington, D. C. October 21, 1911. H. G. THomas (1902), Stowe, Vt. October 24, 1911. Joun G. Ruce (1898), Apalachicola, Fla. October 25, 1911. F. W. Ayer (1892), Bangor, Me. November 15, 1911. Joun M. Crampton (1907), New Haven, Conn. November 18, 1911. C. W. Dorr (1908), Seattle, Wash. December 8, 1911. Owing to the unusual expense of publishing the Anniversary volume of the Transactions in 1910, a deficit of several hundred dollars faces the Society, and means of raising funds must be considered. Dr. Charles H. Townsend suggests the plan of taking out life member- ships, and has taken the lead by sending his own check for this pur- pose. This plan is commended to the attention of all the members. By way of suggestion, the attention of the Society is invited to one of its articles of incorporation—namely, that empowering it “to con- duct, endow or assist investigation in any department of fishery and fish-culture science.” If the present indebtedness be regarded as a hindrance to action of this kind at the present time, the matter may well be kept in mind for the coming year. During the absence of the Secretary, who has been in Alaska since June, his duties have been discharged by the Assistant Secretary. Respectfully submitted, Warp T. Bower, Recording Secretary. Juneau, Avaska, August 8, 1912. Forty-second Annual Meeting 21 The Treasurer’s report was then read and referred to the Auditing Committee. REPORT OF THE TREASURER To the American Fisheries Society: I herewith present my annual report as Treasurer from October 3, 1911, to September 3, 1912: RECEIPTS. 1911 Sale robo REPOresiyserttas serscsvel crises latte aye caare Oecinere $ 37.70 Wear yadUlesitcce: jcre cis sitelogo ie eee neces soca 859.00 Mireamembership) LeeSe.wcte dcnceitenied nee aee 75.00 $971.70 EXPENDITURES. Och omebalanceduer vreasuren-i jie cre abled sleicieroslerne $563.65 “~~ §. Sundry expenses, St. Louis meeting.......... 1.25 “12. W. H. Gill, lettering certificates............. 50.00 mel 2. Wardeies Bower, Secity, sundries. oo. se. ese. 6.60 SLOG mE Butlermenvelopes sacicsces ances cece tee 10.72 iINoveald. Stamped envelopes: ¢..ccc eeekicesnccleecccleslec 10.72 “24. W.H. Gill, lettering certificates.............. 20.40 1912 Janes We, Roberts: \Go., iby Sectycce. + cmossiee ocr 61.38 “2. Goodwin & McDermott, stenographers....... 180.00 ED won merken Oberts COmDy. SECs acreieeiencc ae seit 7.00 June 17. Ward T. Bower, Sec’ty, postage, etc.......... 19.30 une / eaVien Bs RODELES GOn DY SEC LY chicis ee lniaieiele sale orale 7.75 eo EN) ee LVL DH Ye PRintine ace eee ceiee cre cioric tists 4.00 July 1S; Stamped envelopes: 3.50. 0-. DEMONSTRATION OF DR. HERRICK’S FREE PEARLS OF FORCED PRODUCTION INTRODUCED BY R. E. COKER Dr. W. P. Herrick, of New York, has kindly authorized me to demonstrate to the Society a number of pearls pro- duced as a result of artificial stimulation. These pearls, it should be stated at the outset, are not perfect, valuable jewels, but represent the successful achievement of a step, and that a highly significant one, in the solution of a most interesting problem. For some years Dr. Herrick has been engaged in experi- ments with the view to determine if it were not possible to cause the production of free, perfect pearls as the result of artificial stimulation. This work was begun with local species at OQuissett, Cape Cod, and Woods Hole, Mass., where the common marine oyster, the hard clam, and a thin-shelled fresh-water mussel were easily available. At a little later stage, Dr. Herrick obtained some pearly fresh-water mussels of the Mississippi River through our station at Fairport; and, beginning with’ last year, 1911, a good deal of experimentation with fresh- water mussels has been done by him on the ground at Fair- _ port. It may be added that, while we have not been able to extend him any important facilities, and his work has been conducted entirely with the aid of his own private resources, we have viewed the investigation with a great deal of interest. There were, as he recognized, two stages to be accom- plished: (1) to demonstrate by experimentation a practi- cable method of forcing the formation of free pearls, (2) to make the method applicable to the production of com- mercial pearls by the appropriate species. For accomplish- ment of the first stage (the determination of methods) the most common and easily procurable native species were 72 American Fisheries Society used as mentioned—the common oyster, the hard clam or Quohaug, and a thin-shelled fresh-water form, Anodonta implicata—and this is the material which is available for your observation today. The material is as follows: (1) Specimens of the anterior adductor muscle of Venus mercenaria showing partially dissected free and com- plete pearls of forced production (1 year’s growth). (2) One of two living specimens recovered of our edible oyster, Ostrea virginica, showing free and complete pearl embedded in the anterior adductor muscle—induced by me- chanical means. (3) Several specimens of the anterior adductor muscle and one of the body of Anodonta implicata (from Quissett, Mass.) showing partially dissected free and complete pearls of forced production. (4) Specimens of minute, round pearls and a ‘“‘point” from Venus mercenaria—forced production, together with free, nacreous masses from body and muscle of Anodonta implicata. (5) Two shells of the common edible oyster, one con- taining approximately round pearl, pearls formed in the adductor muscle and attached to the shell at the adductor impression. The pearl in each case is supposed to have been formed free and to have acquired a secondary attach- ment to the shell. Dr. Herrick permits the following quotation from his letter : “Several common and easily secured species were se- lected for experimentation that the comparative physiology might aid (1) in demonstrating a method of forced free and complete pearl production, (2) which might be applied to the production of commercial pearls by the appropriate species. Therefore, of these specimens some are from the marine species Ostrea virginica (our edible oyster) and Venus mercenaria (the hard-shelled clam), others from a Coker.—Demonstration of Pearls 73 fresh-water species, Anodonta implicata, abundant near by at Onset, Mass. “You will recall an account of the beginnings of my endeavors given at the American Fisheries Society meeting of 1910, with specimens of the work then proceeding to produce pearl cysts, shown in discussing Professor Dean's announcement that Professor Nishikawa had discovered a method of forced pearl production. “In the fall of 1911, unfortunately, only two of my marine specimens were recovered, only one of which had been treated to produce a free pearl; this, however, had a round pearl; and, of the fresh-water specimens examined, of four western specimens, one Plewrobema @sopus con- tained a button pearl, and four free, nacreous masses were obtained from nine specimens of Anodonta implicata. These latter were very irregular and some flake-like, and those of the marine specimen and Plewrobema @sopus might have been natural; so, though they established in my mind a belief that a method had been discovered, they did not seem worthy of presentation until it had been more defi- nitely established. “These specimens of 1912, however, about two dozen in number, show a definite, free and complete pearl, in the — definite place treated, with such regular recurrence, that there would seem to be no good basis for a reasonable doubt of the demonstration of the method. Should there be any question, however, I would wish to ‘have you treat the specimens in any way you see fit, by further dissection or section, decalcification of the pearls, or any other method, as others can readily be produced, but it is most desirable that the demonstration should be satisfactory. As regards — the second proposition, viz., its application to the production of commercial pearls in the appropriate species, there yet remains much to be desired; as to species, increased cer- tainty by more accurate technique, improved sphericity, fine lustre, and anatomical location giving better opportunity for larger and more perfect pearls. Therefore, though some 74 American Fisheries Society work has already been done along these lines, its commercial applicability must be reserved for the results of present and later experiments, but I believe that a similar method may be further used on the Unionidee, and possibly applied to certain species of the marine Margaritifere. “It might be of interest in passing to note that, after dili- gent search and inquiry, I have been unable to find any fur- ther records of forced free pearl production with the excep- tion of a record of the late Professor Nishikawa’s an- nouncement that he could force the production of free pearls, together with Professor Dean’s arinouncement that he had heard of a demonstration given in Japan by Profes- sor Nishikawa, in which he had certain pearl oysters opened, having predicted that a pearl would be found and that the pearl was found. But apparently no free pearls of forced production have ever come to this country from Japan. “Tt would seem, therefore, that the present is as complete a demonstration as has ever been given and apparently the only one outside of Japan. : “It only remains then to express my hearty appreciation of the help and interest so many have shown.” THE FISH AND GAME LAWS OF OREGON By C. K. Cranston The enforcement of the laws pertaining to game, game fish and all classes of commercial fish, as well as the man- agement of everything concerning these subjects, is within the control of a non-partisan and practically unsalaried board of five citizens, the law creating the board and dele- gating to it complete authority over the matters under its jurisdiction having been enacted by the 1911 session of the legislature. Prior to the enactment of this law, all matters’ pertaining to game laws and game were directed by a State Game Warden, an appointee of the Governor, to whom he was responsible, while all matters relating to commercial fish and fishing were under the direction of a Master Fish War- den, who held his appointment under a Board of Fish Com- missioners, which consisted, ex-officio, of the Governor, Secretary of State, and the State Treasurer. The enforce- ment of the laws pertaining to game fishes was assumed to be jointly within the jurisdiction of the State Game Warden and the Master Fish Warden, but in practice it was largely under the direction of nobody. For a number of years con- troversies had constantly arisen as to jurisdiction in specific instances, with the result that the law enforcement was almost universally lax, and in many instances farcical. The 1905 session of the legislature enacted a hunters’ license law and the session of 1909 added to that an anglers’ license law. The accumulation of the fees accruing there- from formed a considerable fund, a large part of which was lying in the state treasury, unused, at the time the 1911 act went into effect, on account of the legislature having previ- ously failed to make provisions for its expenditure. This condition of affairs had created a feeling of dissatis- faction throughout the state, and game and game fish pro- tection was consequently becoming more generally in con- tempt. The framers and supporters of the new law foresaw 76 American Fisheries Society complete extermination of our game and game fish unless existing conditions were remedied, and for that reason advocated an entirely “new deal.’’ The enactment of the 1911 law and the induction into control of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners was the result. The law creating the Board requires that four of the members shall be selected by the Governor, that no more than two of these shall belong to the same political party, and that two of them shall be residents of that part of the state lying east of the Cascade Mountains. The persons chosen by the Governor to compose the four appointive members were Mr. J. Frank Hughes, of Gold Hill; Mr. C. F. Stone, of Klamath Falls; Mr. C. K. Crans- ton, of Pendleton, and Mr. M. J. Kinney, of Portland. In accordance with the law, these four met and selected a fifth member in the person of Mr. Geo. H. Kelly, of Portland. The Board then organized by the selection of Mr. Cranston as chairman and Mr. Hughes as secretary, and appointed Mr. R. E. Clanton as Master Fish Warden and Mr. William L. Finley as State Game Warden. Mr. Clanton was, and had been for about a year, the incumbent of the office to which he was reappointed. Mr. Finley had had extended experience as agent of the National Audubon Society in protection of bird life within this state but had never served as a state official, nor had he been specifically interested in strictly game regulations. One of the first rules which the Board laid down to these chiefs and executives was that harmonious action between themselves is absolutely necessary and that on that class of work entirely depends their retention in office. They were given to understand that co-operation between the two departments is and must be a cardinal principle. Thus organized, the Board has taken active hold of the work before it. The members have visited most of the state properties under the control of the Board. Formal sessions are held about every sixty days when all matters relating to the work over which it has jurisdiction are thoroughly Cranston.—F ish and Game Laws of Oregon 77 discussed and orders given and resolutions passed as seems best. The least radical changes have been made in the policy of the department toward the commercial fishing interests of the state. Most of the regulations which bear on this sub- ject are governed by statute and are, therefore, not subject to any change by order of the Board. Increased energy has been brought to bear on the work of artificial propa- gation of commercial fishes. This work is directed, as it has been for a number of years by the Board of Fish Com- missioners, toward increasing the stock of the several native _ species of salmon in the waters of the state. All the native species are propagated, but the chief effort is directed toward the keeping up of the stock of the chinook because this particular species is considered the most valuable of the native salmon. The Board is unanimous in the belief that it is wise to hold and nurse as great a number of young fish as possible to an age of from five to eight months before hberating them into free waters where they must shift for themselves and take their chances with numerous enemies and secure their own living. With the object of making better facilities for nursing the young fish to an age suitable for liberation, the several principal hatching stations are being improved by the construction of extensive nursing and rearing ponds. This work is under way at the Central Hatchery at Bonneville and at the Clatsop County Station on the Klaskanine River. Similar construction is begun ani well under way at the station on the McKenzie River, as well as at the station on the Wallowa River, and it is in- tended to similarly equip all the stations in the state as fast as plans can be elaborated. In addition to the work of con- structing rearing ponds, the facilities for storage and prep- aration of fish food are being improved as fast as practi- cable. At the Bonneville Hatchery a retort for cooking the food had been installed and a power wheel has been built for generation of electrical energy for lighting the place and furnishing power to grind the food. A cold storage 78 American Fisheries Society room is also planned for keeping a reserve stock of food. Following the policy of its predecessors, the Board has used large quantities of smelt for feeding salmon fry and this past season forty-two tons were consumed. It has also gathered great numbers of eels which are taken wherever practicable but are mostly obtained at the falls of the Wil- liamette River at Oregon City where, during the late spring and early summer, upwards of fifty tons were secured. Other kinds of food utilized are liver, milk curd, heads and other offal of the adult salmon packed at the canneries, and a wheat product known as “‘middlings,” the latter being cooked thoroughly into mush. From the spawn taken during the fall of 1911 and winter of 1912, the results obtained at the different hatcheries are shown by the following tabulated statement : Station Sockeye Chinooks Silversides Steelheads Total Bonneville . . . 1,957,825 10,599.490 589,605 1,225,745* 14,372,665 Kilaskcanisie 2) sa) iden. saci: 2522500 SW ISL7,055 6 rae tae 2,900,155 McKenzies <5 Ss.ccuse as 7T5D00W Gs eon, ese 75,000 Millamook.=* i: As txctasainse 646,300 1,578,131 831,000* 3,055,431 Maquina cwisheetisiesee sarc 148,992 1,554,602 7,145 1,710,739 Alsearen cre, oie wae rice 237,045 1 9974S SO ea oie 1,285,100 Sursiawa ney es terete 715,758 504,429 72,097 1,292,284 Wimnpdtia Gen soe ep ke ee emen MAL ZOO TAA in Saveieiaen ener 1,253,747 South Goosh <3) eer ene ake L771 ZO 2a 72370) nee eteiee 4,084,540 Coquille) hon Sterne 2215740) TG7Z,850) eareeeee 1,894,590 1,957,825 18,238,342 9,592,097 2,135,987 31,924,251 *Distributed as game fish. Cranston.—Fish and Game Laws of Oregon 79 As mentioned in the early part of this report, practically nothing had been done in the state toward the artificial propagation of native or non-native game fishes up to the time of the creation of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners. The judicious expenditure of the funds provided by the payment of anglers’ licenses toward the protection and propagation of game fishes was believed by all the commissioners to be one of the chief duties which ought to claim the attention of the Board. After some dis- cussion it was agreed that the first object to be attained was the selection of a location where a large supply of parent or brood fish of game species could be obtained and retained for propagating purposes at a minimum cost. A location in Klamath County on Spring Creek was selected and negotiations have been under way for more than a year in an effort to acquire for the state the necessary ground and water rights to enable a central game-fish egg-taking and hatching station to be established there. The land at this place is within the boundaries of the Klamath Indian Reservation, and up to date the Board has not been success- ful in its efforts to procure the necessary site. Pending the question of the Spring Creek location, it was not deemed wise to do more than prospect for and inspect other loca- tions, and for that reason the results in actual propagation of game fishes by the Board for the first season of its work has not been what it was hoped it might be when first begun. Lacking a plant where wild fish could be captured in any great numbers for spawning and not deeming it wise to start the building of an extensive station for the maintenance of a large school of brood fish as long as there seemed a reasonable prospect of obtaining the site at Spring Creek, it has been forced to the makeshift of getting eggs for propagation work wherever they could be obtained, either by purchasing them from game fish stations in other states or by capturing the wild fish in limited numbers wherever 80 American Fisheries Soctety possible. By these methods there have been produced game fish as shown by the following tabulated statement : Eastern Black Station Steelhead Rainbow Brook Spotted Total Tillamook 2+} You, 2rd; ZOL 000 So yes eee 4,150 3,771,150 Vagina ee corse ut 14000). 225... cctefossan au eesleae 131,100 145,100 Olive, Eakel .-se 2. oe ecicncnes 2ASS00 So Sache | wewnee 243,500 Strawberry ake, 1 (3 92ee- eee 325005 ehaceeee 202,000 234,500 Salmon-Rivecs Wo. 2 493,000) esieerece sneer eee 493,000 McKenzie: (tial koh tetas LOS: 4G5 2. picioae niente 195,465 U. S. Bureau of Fish- emies}s6 2, cil Paes S/O: 7701 B taeeicacee eter 370,770 Coloradoe eta cee ees 103:600 0 o-2 oe Si Uiaciees 103,600 Rhodewislandban want hana aces 000,000! eieerene 1,000,000 VellowstoremParkn ste nocs chee on eee ee eee 625,000 625,000 Montara seer tete ieee ite SOG 000F is lenge hie see 306,000 4,274,000 1,251,835 1,000,000 962,250 7,488,085 *Eggs lost en route to Bonneville. No fry resulting therefrom. The liberation of game-fish fry into the waters of the streams and lakes of the state has been under way during the summer of 1912. By the end of the season all the fry reared will have been released in as equitable a manner as possible with the means at our command. One special feature in connection with the releasing of the trout fry worthy of mentioning is a contract made with Mr. S. S. Mohler, of Oregon City, who is familiar with the lakes of the Cascade Mountain region, to place in 75 or 100 of the lakes not now containing game fish in the neighbor- hood of 100,000 or 125,000 trout fry in the hope that these fish would breed naturally and ultimately stock the waters into which they were placed. For this purpose, this season, the eastern brook trout has been used. The con- tractor has used a train of pack animals for carrying the young fish beyond the limits of railway transportation. The contract price for this work was $1,500.00. Following the example of its predecessors, the Board has directed the seining out of the sloughs and empounded Cranston.—Fish and Game Laws of Oregon 81 leads of water along the lower Williamette and Columbia Rivers to clear them of useful fishes before these places dry up, with the lowering of the levels of the main streams, thus saving from waste large numbers of valuable fish that would otherwise die and be lost. The species thus con- served have been mostly bass, crappies and sunfish; all non- native fishes but nevertheless abundant in the waters into which they have been planted. The fish thus saved from destruction have been carried and released into waters where they may be free and many of them into ponds and reservoirs well adapted to their existence but not previously inhabited by any useful fish. An active campaign has been instituted over the whole state for the enforcement of the law which requires that all obstructions in streams inhabited by migratory fish be pro- vided with efficient fishways to enable the fish to pass up and down past the obstructions. Conditions in this regard are still far from satisfactory but much improvement has been brought about and it is the hope of the Board that in time every dam or natural fall will be provided with a fishway as nearly perfect as it is possible to have it. The Board has given a great deal of consideration to the subject of irrigation ditches and canals and other forms of diverted stream channels, in their relation to fish life and fishing interests. Much waste of valuable fish is caused by the swimming down the course of these channels by all classes of fishes, but particularly young fry, and their ulti- mate destruction when they finally strand where the water spreads out over the land which it irrigates. The law, as it now stands in the statute, requires the screening of the channels of all diversions of natural streams to prevent the entrance of all kinds of fishes. It is found, however, that in practice any screen with meshes fine enough to turn small fry will soon clog with drift and silt and stop the flow of water into the ditch. The result is that it is utterly impossible to enforce the real spirit of the law. Many in- ventions have been made of contrivances, intended to screen 82 American Fisheries Society ditches satisfactorily, which will be self-cleaning. The Board has examined a number of these but has not found any that appear entirely satisfactory. Most of them are efficient from the fish side of the question, but there are objections to all of them in their practicability as to instal- lation and maintenance. Three different styles of automatic screens have been approved and recommended as satisfac- tory, in case they are installed and maintained, but none has been formally adopted and its use made compulsory. This is one of the most perplexing subjects with which the Board has had to deal and its solution in a manner which shall be equitable to both sides of the controversy, is one of the most greatly hoped for results which has come under our consideration. The 1911 session of the legislature enacted a law which stops entirely the shooting of introduced pheasants for two years. The belief of the framers of this law, and of the Board also, is that by thus prohibiting the killing for a few years of these fine game birds, they will inerease to such numbers that an open season may again be declared. In order to help the natural breeding of game birds, par- ticularly several species of introduced pheasants, the Board, early in its history gave consideration to the subject of the breeding in captivity and subsequent liberation of large num- bers of game birds. In the fall of 1911, a contract was made with Gene M. Simpson for the leasing of his game farm in Benton county to the state, to be operated by the owner as a State Game Farm under the direction of the State Game Warden and the Board. Mr. Simpson's stock of birds was bought. His farm was leased and his services were contracted for for a term of three years. This game- breeding plant is now in full operation and will turn out this season 2,000 Chinese Pheasants, 200 Reeves Pheasants, 150 Golden Pheasants and 60 Silver Pheasants. Besides the work on the different species as indicated, experimental work is being conducted on native birds and other foreign kinds with a view of ascertaining the ability to breed in Cranston.—Fish and Game Laws of Oregon 83 captivity many species and thus stimulate the production, by artificial aid, of many, if not all, the valuable game birds. The plans of the Board in connection with the liberation of game birds reared at the game farm is to liberate them in localities where they are now least abundant and where they can be assured of as good protection as possible against unlawful destruction. For this purpose, tracts are being secured in as many places as possible, of as large an area as practicable, which are being designated, marked and posted as game refuges. The game inhabitants of these tracts will be protected as carefully as possible with the idea that they will there increase and gradually spread beyond the boundaries of the protected area and ultimately stock the surrounding country to the benefit of the sportsman. Thirty-six contracts for the establishment of game refuge tracts have been made throughout the state, covering 12,402 acres, each tract having an area from 500 to 3,000 acres. Six other contracts are under consideration for a game refuge tract in Wallowa County, covering an area of ap- proximately 1,500 acres. Under the direction of the Board, the State Game War- den has entirely reorganized the Deputy Warden service throughout the state. The corps of deputies is divided into three classes, as follows: District Deputies, Regular Depu- ties and Special Deputies. The first named class are com- posed of the most active and efficient men and they are charged with supervision and, in some measure, control over the other Deputies within certain prescribed districts, in addition to the duties usually allotted to Deputy Game Wardens. These District Officers are paid a somewhat better salary than the regular Deputies, depending on the length of service and efficiency; their compensation averag- ing about $100.00 per month, besides the necessary travel- ing expenses. The Regular Deputies are paid a fixed salary in addition to actual traveling expenses, and are under the immediate direction of the District Deputies and of the State Game Warden. The Special Deputies are volunteer 84 American Fisheries Society citizens, who are commissioned and supplied with a badge of authority but are not paid any regular compensation other than expense money on special cases. The compensa- tion of the Regular Deputies varies with conditions, length of service and efficiency, but amounts to an average of about $70.00 per month besides necessary expenses. The protection of the native so-called “big game’ is under the immediate care of the corps of Deputy Game Wardens. No effort is being made by the Board to breed game mammals in captivity. One experiment, in conjunc- tion with the Bureau of Biological Survey of the Federal Government, is being conducted with a view of determining the practicability of successfully transplanting wild wapiti or elk from one part of the nation to another. During the past winter, a herd of fifteen elk was accepted from the Federal authorities at St. Anthony, Idaho, which had been taken from the region in Wyoming known as Jackson’s Hole, and was transported with considerable difficulty to the northeastern part of the state, where they-were liberated, or rather placed in an enclosed area within a National For- est Reserve, the use of which was donated for this purpose by the National Forestry Service. It is too early to give results on this experiment, but a fair percentage of the animals survived the very trying ordeal of the long journey by rail, wagon and sled, and are now confined within the 2,500 acre pasture which is set aside for their grazing. Within the next year it will be known whether they will thrive and increase sufficiently to justify this and further efforts of the same nature. The stock of “big game’ animals of this state has been rapidly diminishing as the population has increased and civilization has spread over areas formerly held by primitive conditions. With a few exceptions, deer are more plentiful today in sections of certain eastern states than they are in the mountainous districts of Oregon. The Board believes that this condition is due to a number of causes, the chief of which is lax enforcement of poorly framed protective Cranston.—Fish and Game Laws of Oregon 85 laws combined with the raids of predatory. animals; and is unanimous in the belief that, if the illegal killing of deer, particularly of does, can be stopped, and the wolves, cougars, and wild cats exterminated, deer will naturally increase within the boundaries of Oregon, even with a reasonable open season annually for hunting them under proper restric- tions. Towards the remedying of the first cause, the State Game Warden is putting forth his best endeavors. The state is so large, however, and the sentiment of the people towards game protection has become so perverted, that even with his best efforts far from a satisfactory state of affairs can be brought about. Under the direction of the Board, the State Game Warden is, through his deputies, conducting a campaign of education in an effort to create a sentiment favorable to game and bird protection and in opposition to what seems to be the prevailing sentiment amongst the populace. For the elimination of the second cause, the Board looks to the next session of the legislature for relief. All authori- ties agree that predatory animals, particularly cougars and wolves, kill more deer annually in Oregon, by far, than all classes of men. The commissioners are firm in the belief that the state bounty for the killing of these animals should be made sufficiently large to induce systematic hunting of them to the point where they will become rare, if not ex- tinct. It is argued that, if these bounties be made thus large, it will be an economy in the end, for, while it might cost a considerable sum at the beginning, it would be only a short time until there would be few, if any, animals left on which to pay bounties. One of the duties laid down for the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners by the Governor has been the suggestion to the next legislature of revisions and improve- ments in the laws of the state which relate to fish and game. The Governor has indicated in public utterances that this is expected of the Board; so, in obedience to that suggestion, this body is now actively engaged in the for- 86 American Fisheries Society mulation of an entirely new code of fish and game laws, which it will present for the consideration of the 1913 session of the legislature with a view to its substitution for all existing laws now in force. As indicated in the beginning of this report, the members of the State Board of Fish and Game Commissioners re- ceive only nominal money compensation. Their salaries are fixed at five dollars each per day while actually in session, with a proviso that the annual compensation of each mem- ber shall not exceed one hundred dollars. The citizens who have undertaken this work cannot, therefore, be suspected of selfish motives. They are indeed actuated solely by a hope that they may by their efforts help to improve gener- ally the conditions which relate to the game birds and mam- mals of the state and also the fishing, either for profit or sport, within the waters of the state. They know that the conservation of the game resources of the state may be made a mighty asset. The commercial fishing interest of the state has been, and still is, about the third in magnitude of all its productive industries. Faulty laws’and inefficient enforcement of the laws have decreased this industry and threatened it with extinction. The Board hopes by its efforts to check the deterioration of this industry and, by stimulating artificial propagation, improve the supply of valuable food fishes naturally inhabiting the waters of the state. Fishing for sport has long been recognized as one of the most pleasant forms of out-of-door recreation indulged in by mankind. The angling in the waters of Oregon hag long been celebrated for its excellence. But the encroach- ments of civilization, combined with the lax enforcement of faulty laws, has caused a rapid deterioration in the angling conditions, and the devotees of angling were beginning to look forward to a time not far distant when the catching of real wild game fish within the boundaries of this state would be a thing of the past. The object and hope of the Board towards the sport of angling is that by vigorous stim- === Cranston.—Fish and Game Laws of Oregon 87 ulation of artificial propagation of game fishes, together with better and more honestly enforced protective laws, this sport may be improved and perpetuated and handed down to posterity even better than we found it in our boyhood. DISCUSSION Comment by Mr. Cranston during the reading of the paper: I have said that no stream after it has been obstructed will afford as good a passage for fish as before, and that all we can hope to do in overcoming the obstruction is to make as good a fishway as we can. But it is almost impossible that a stream once obstructed can be provided with a fishway that will be as good as if that obstruction had not been placed there. Comment during the reading of the paper: The timber and lumber interests of Oregon are counted the first in the state in magnitude, agricultural second, and the commercial fishing interests third; so you can see that the fisheries are an important subject, and the judicious handling of them and the judicious enforcement of the laws regulating them are not boys’ play in any way. Further comment: I did not realize until I came here and heard something of the celebrity of Colorado, what a fine state we have in Oregon; and I want to say nothing derogatory to the people here. It opened my eyes to what we have at home. The fact that we have not advertised our angling resources is the only reason why we are not just as celebrated in that regard as some our sister states. It is nat generally known and not widely advertised, but it is true that several streams in Oregon are probably as good as any in the world; and well- informed anglers come from the four corners of the world to angle in some of our streams, notably the Rogue, Williamson, Spring Creek and the Clackamas. The last-named stream was made celebrated through an article by Rudyard Kipling, who fished for steelheads there on the occasion of his first visit to Portland. Mr. S. E. Lanp, Colorado: I am very much interested in the report of Mr. Cranston and especially in regard to fishways. We have had the same experience with our fishways in Colorado; but we have found that in a fashion they do allow the fish to ascend the river; and, moreover, the law is passed so that no man can fish within 200 feet of a fishway in this state during the season when the fish are running and spawning. That helps protect them. Otherwise there are only a few streams where they have been found to be of any adyan- tage here in Colorado. But the law is insistent that they shall be placed on every obstruction in the water. 88 American Fisheries Society Mr. Cranston: It might interest those present to know that we also have a law forbidding fishing within a limited distance of the outflow of the fishways. PRESIDENT FULLERTON: Minnesota has it limited to 400 feet. Mr. Cranston: Our law stops angling within 200 feet and commer- cial fishing within 600 feet. THE WHITEFISH Minimum Size Limits. The Scales vs. the Yard Stick By C. H. WiLson The purpose of this paper is to obtain from the Ameri- can Fisheries Society the endorsement of the best and safest method in the measurement of the whitefish of the Great Lakes that will give said fish at least one opportunity to reproduce its kind before being taken for the market or the table; such method to show both weight and length of fish to be taken; such endorsement to carry with it a recom- mendation to all states and provinces interested urging the adoption of the same. In this discussion of the whitefish the word is used as defined in the international treaty be- tween the United States Government and Great Britain con- cerning fisheries in waters contiguous to the United States and the Dominion of Canada, which is as follows: “This term includes the Lake Superior or Labrador whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis) and Lake Erie whitefish (Core- gonus albus). It does not include the Menominee white- fish, called the Round Fish or Pilot Fish (Coregonus quadri- lateralis ).” It is the firm belief of the writer that regulation by a minimum size limit of this fish is the most important of all present forms of protection to insure a generous supply of eggs for hatchery purposes, thereby largely increasing the present supply for commercial purposes. It is to be re- gretted that in all the valuable and helpful discussion of whitefish by our Society comparatively little in detail has been said about size limits. Certainly not as far as minimum size limits are concerned. In all instructive papers written in recent years on this valuable food fish little is found regarding protective size limits that would justify state or province in its acceptance of them in the formulation of regulations having in view a maximum amount of protec- 90 American Fisheries Society tion with a minimum amount of expense or hardship to the commercial fishery interests, and as before stated it is a source of regret for it seems to be the weak point in the armor of protection that has been thrown around this species through the efforts of the Society, its members and friends. This weakness in our armor has been discovered by the fish- ery interests, who prefer temporary advantage rather than permanent profits and successful efforts have already been made to break down former legislation which gave a fair degree of protection. Up to 1912, every state and province interested in the Great Lakes, save Pennsylvania, gave a minimum size limit of protection to the whitefish. Ohio's law is one and three-fourths pound in the round; Minne- sota’s, two and one-half pounds in the round, while the other states’ and the Dominion’s regulation is two pounds. This latter weight of a minimum size of two pounds has the endorsement of the heads of fisheries departments of both the United States and the Dominion of Canada, has the recommendation of the International Commission and was embodied in the treaty on international control of con- tiguous waters of the United States and Canada. When we of the states bordering upon the Great Lakes consider that, for twenty or more years, the United States Bureau of Fish- eries has planted annually in those waters upwards of 200,000,000 of whitefish fry, the question is asked why these states should not legislate in harmony with the wishes of the Bureau of Fisheries, which are, as expressed by the Commissioner, that a uniform law of two pounds in the round for whitefish would be beneficial. Let us go back a moment to Pennsylvania. Notwithstanding that state has been accorded for years the privilege of taking and has taken millions of whitefish eggs from Canadian waters, and has received annually from the United States Bureau more whitefish eggs than any other state, some years more than all other states combined, one looks in vain in the Pennsyl- vania digest of fishery laws for even the word “whitefish,” Wilson.—The Whitefish 91 there being no direct protection by minimum size limit or close season during spawning season, the size of mesh of nets permitted in Lake Erie being the smallest known to be used for commercial fishing for fish other than trout in that lake. Let us now turn to the Empire state, producing as it does only about ten per cent of the fish consumed within its borders, relying upon state and province for the balance of its requirements. Previous to 1909 there had been prac- tically no restrictive legislation regarding size of gill nets to be used, close season or minimum size limit—an open sea- son with unrestricted market. In 1909 legislation was se- cured in harmony with other states and provinces—close season during spawning season and minimum size limit of two pounds in the round. The old regulation regarding the size of mesh of gill nets to be used was not disturbed by statutory enactment, power being conferred with the com- missioner to file with the Secretary of State an order in- creasing the size of mesh of nets to be used. This, however, was not done until two fishing seasons were passed, the order when filed not taking effect until January 1, 1911. One can readily see that commercial fishermen objected to a law that previous to 1911 permitted sale of licenses to use nets of such small mesh that the size limit of fish was vio- lated; however, it must be said that the Lake Ontario fish- ermen endorsed the regulation and the Lake Erie fishermen said they did not wish to take immature fish under two pounds in weight. In 1912, there was a codification of the fish and game laws of the state; many hearings were given by the able committee on codification, the friends of the whitefish contending that the former regulation was fairly satisfactory to the people and not unjust to the commercial fishermen, confident that when a sufficient time had elapsed to show results, these regulations, ably assisted as we have been by state and national hatcheries would prove of great advantage in the rehabilitation of the whitefish industry in 92 American Fisheries Society the state, asked for its retention in the new law, which was granted. The codification committee, its work well per- formed, presented a printed report to the conservation com- mission now having charge of the fish and game matters of the state. When this report was presented by the commis- sion to the legislature for the purpose of legislative enact- ment it was discovered that politics, which has been so ably defined by a former president of the society, as a disease, had had its day in court, and that the cold-storage men, fish dealers, and their friends had gotten under the armor of the system of protection of the whitefish by the way of the size limit, for this bill displaced the former regulation and adopted a new method of measurement by making a mini- mum size limit of 12 inches, with no close season for white- fish for Lakes Erie or Ontario. This is the present regula- tion, and we are to consider this method of ascertaining size of maturity upon the precedent established that of a 12-inch size. The changing of the manner of determining the size of whitefish to be taken from a weight to a measure of length is indefensible. As is well known the common method of ascertaining size of the mature whitefish is a standard one endorsed by the various heads of fish and game departments of all states and provinces except as above stated. No state or province, the United States Bureau of Fisheries, or the fish culturists use any but a weight system of measurement, and the only records of importance to be found where the inch method has been used at all is in the handling of given specimens for purposes of scientific study and identification of species, none of which harmonize the 12-inch idea of protection with that of two pounds in the round. Further, in states and provinces outside of New York, which now assist in supplying our demands for the fish, the fishermen and the dealer is subjected to expense and inconvenience, entirely unnecessary, and places upon fish and game depart- ments, who ship fish out of their own jurisdictions, the re- sponsibility of legislating and enforcing regulations in har- Wilson.—The Whitefish 93 mony with New York statutes to protect their own interests, and in the last analysis provides a way of weakening the conservation of a once most valuable food asset. Under the second head of objections to change of method of measure- ments of whitefish, particularly of the 12-inch regulation, as embodied in the fish and game law of New York, our con- tention is that for the purposes of fish culture or propagating or increasing its supply such 12-inch fish would have no value, although the contention is made that a 12-inch fish night possibly spawn. This is not a protective measure, but a license to exterminate. Furthermore, as before stated; this proposed change of method of measurement of this fish has never been used by any state or province; neither is it recommended by any one as a safe or practical method of determining the proper size of a mature fish; neither has it the endorsement of one single fish culturist, having had or now having practical experience in the propagation of this species, either in state, national or provincial governments bordering on the Great Lakes; and the conclusion of many of these practical men, with whom the writer has had per- sonal correspondence on this subject, is perhaps best stated by one of the superintendents of a United States hatchery, showing a large annual output of whitefish fry, who writes: “No one would think for a moment of taking a 12-inch whitefish for hatchery purposes.” Thus are the statements of those who favored and proposed this regulation dis- proved. So also is the further statement that a 12-inch whitefish would weigh from one and three-quarters to two pounds disproved by actual specimens from Lake Erie, pro- duced at the hearings before the Senate and Assembly com- mittees on fish and game. Such exhibits show, as do goy- ernmental reports of these fish taken for scientific purposes, the utter fallacy of both contentions. The following are the measures and weights of fish shown in Albany, coupled with a fairly selected list from government reports, to which allu- sion has been made. Of the specimens of Lake Erie white- 94 Anicrican Fisheries Society fish, shown at Albany, the smaller measured fifteen and one- quarter inches, weight one pound and nine ounces, while the larger measured sixteen and a quarter inches, weighing one pound, twelve and a half ounces. With the customary allow- ance of one-eighth for the shrinkage by evisceration, the smaller fish would weigh one pound twelve ounces, the larger one pound fifteen and a half ounces plus. The latter fish presumably was, when taken from the water, a fish of proper size to be taken under the law. List of specimens in Washington, as shown by reports: Name of Lake Length Pounds Lake of Woods...... PM shal 2% - Champlainys.