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LINCOLNSHIRE 


NATURALISTS’ UNION. 


TRANSACTIONS, 1905-1908. 


VOR, UME em N Ei: 


EDITED BY ARTHUR SMITH, F\E.S., FuES. 


all 


LIST: OF FELUSTRATIONS. 


Cordeaux, John 

Stoat without fore-limbs 

South Ferriby Chalk Quarry ... 
South Ferriby Map 

Burton, F. M. 

County Museum, Lower Story 
Limax maximus ... 

Fowler, Rev. Canon W. W. 
Celt and Pygmy Flints ... 
Junction of Foss Dyke and Trent 
ae Cliff 

Fowler, Rev. Canon William ... 
Pre-historic Vessel at Brigg 


_ Early British Pottery 


Page. 
facing 15 


25 
facing 53 
65 
facing 73 
facing 106 


117, 118, 119 
facing 129 
facing 155 
facing 163 
facing 167 
facing 219 
facing 293 


facing 294 


x 


LINCOLNSHIRE 


FOUNDED JUNE (2th, 1893. 


LIST) OF sOF FICERS. 


PRESIDENT. 
Rey. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney, Brigg. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
(Resident in the County.) 


F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Rey. J. Conway Walter, B.A., Langton Rectory, Horncastle. 
H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 


HON. TREASURER. 
J. S. Sneath, 32, Tentercroft Street, Lincoln. 
HON. SECRETARY. 
Arthur Smith, F.L.S., F.E.S., The Museum, Greyfriars, Lincoln. 
HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
R. W. Goulding, 20, Mercer Row, Louth. 


SECTIONAL OFFICERS. 

GEOLOGY. 
President :—F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Secretary :—H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 
Boulders :—Rey. Canon Rowe, Lincoln. 

BOTANY. 
President :—Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge, Normanton. 
Pheenogamic Secretary :— 

Rey. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. 

Cryptogams :—Miss Stow, 23, Avenue Road, Grantham. 


Fungi :—H. C. Hawley, Tumby Lawn, Boston. 


CONCHOLOGY. 
President :—W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 
Secretary :—C. 8. Carter, M.C.S., Bridge Street, Louth. 
ENTOMOLOGY. 


President :—Rev. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., The Gables, 
Nottingham. 
Secretary :—G. W. Mason, Barton-on-Humber. 
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. 


President :—G. H. Caton-Haigh, Grainsby Hall, Grimsby. 
Secretary :—P. A. Burton, Highfield, Gainsborough. 


bo 


LIST - OF MEMBERS 
TO DECEMBER, 1905. 


Any person wishing to withdraw from Membership of the 


Union must give notice in writing to the Hon. Secretary ; such 


person, however, will be liable for the current year’s subscription, 


and any arrears that may be owing. 


Any Corrections in the List will be gladly received by 


the Secretary. 


LIFE MEMBERS. 


Bacon, Sir Hickman B., Bart., ‘Thonock Hall, Gainsborough 

Beckett, Miss, Somerby Park, Gainsborough 

Caton-Haigh, G. H., Grainsby Hall, Grimsby 

Cockburn, N. Clayton, Harmston Hall, Lincoln 

Dallas-Yorke, Mrs., Walmsgate Hall, Louth. 

Gillett, Rev. EK. A., Weston-on-the-Green, Bicester 

Jessop, Aug. L., Leasingham, Sleaford 

Lucas, Colonel, M.P., 3, Cleveland Row, St. James’s Street, 
London 

Melville, A. H. Leslie, D’Isney Place, J.incoln 

Pawson, A. H., Farnley, Leeds. 

Reeve, Neville H., Ashby Hall, Lincoln 

Sibthorp, Coningsby C., Sudbrooke Holme, Lincoln 

Wickham, Very Rev. FE. C., Deanery, Lincoln 

WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, Rev. E. Adrian, Cadney, 
Brigg—President, 1905-6 


ORDINARY MEMBERS. 


Adlard, B. T., 47, Church Street, Gainsborough 

Alston, Rey. F. S., West Ashby, Horncastle 

Anderson, Mrs. Duncombe, Barnby, Doncaster 

Arnold, C. G., 474, High Street, Lincoln 

Barker, Rev. H. A., Wrangle, Boston 

Blathwayt, Rev. F. L., 5, Monks’ Leys Terrace, Lincoln. 
Borneman, A., The Avenue, Lincoln 

Bree, Rev. E. H., Edlington, Horncastle 

Brewster, Miss J., South Kelsey 

Brewster, Thomas, South Kelsey 

Brown, E. E., Union and Smith’s Bank, Lincoln 
Brown, W.C., Appleby, Doncaster 

Burchnall, H. W., Butterwick, Boston 

Burton, E. M., Eastgate, Lincoln 

BURTON, F.M., Highfield, Gainsborough—President, 1895-6 
Burton, P. A., Highfield, Gainsborough 

Cant, Dr. W. J., Nettleham Road, Lincoln 

Carter, C.S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth 

Casswell, Rev. F., Thornton-le-Moor, Lincoln 


List of Members. 3 


Cattle, J. R., Nettleton Manor, Caistor 

Chamberlain, E., Lincoln 

Cheales, Mrs., Friskney Vicarage, Boston 

Cragg, W. A., Threekingham House, Folkingham 

Cragg, Mrs. W. A., ‘Threekingham House, Folkingham 

Crow, B., Lee Street, Louth. 

Cutts, Rev. S., Scunthorpe 

Daman, Dr. T. W. A., Minster Yard, Lincoln 

Daubney, Rev. W. H., Margaret’s Gate, Bury St. Edmunds 

Donnison, H., Inspector of Eastern Sea Fisheries, Boston 

Dyson, T. A., Ivydene, Gainsborough 

Elliott, Rev, J. R., Grammar School, Gainsborough 

Farmery, J. R., Lee Street, Louth 

Fowler, Rev. Canon J. T., Durham 

FOWLER, Rev. W., Liversedge, Yorks—President, 1898 

Gamble, H. G., Drury Lane, Lincoln 

Geddie, David H., Public Library, Grimsby 

Gelsthorp, T., Eastgate, Louth 

Goulding, R. W., Mercer Row, Louth 

Hall, Rev. H. W., Yarborough Road, Lincoln 

Harrison, F. H., White House, Newland, Lincoln 

Hawley, H.C. W., Tumby Lawn, Boston 

Hawley, Sir H. M., Bart., Tumby Lawn, Boston 

Hewitt, T. W. G., Weelsby Old Hall, Grimsby 

Hunt, Rev. A., Welton Vicarage, Lincoln 

Jollye, Rev. H. S. B., Hill Terrace, Louth 

Larder, J., Mercer Row, Louth 

Lincoln, Bishop of, Old Palace, Lincoln 

Loft, Rev. J. E. Wallis, Swallow, Caistor 

Mackinder, Prof. H. J., Christ Church, Oxford 

Mason, Colonel E.S., Minster Yard, Lincoln 

Mason, G. W., Whitecross Street, Barton-on-Humber 

Mason, Rev. W. W., 67, Merton Road, Bootle, Liverpool 

Mawer, Joseph, George Street, Louth 

Mettham, A. H., Market Place, Grantham 

Mountain, T.; St. James’s House, Grimsby 

Musham, J. F., South Park, Lincoln 

Nelson, Rev. E., St. Peter’s Rectory, Lincoln 

Nightingale, C., 499, Grimsby Road, Cleethorpes 

Olsen, O. T., St. Andrew’s Terrace, Grimsby 

Paddison, C. E., Low Ingleby, Saxilby, Lincoln 

Parker, G., Union and Smith’s Bank, Victoria Street, Grimsby 

Perks, R. W., M.P., Hamilton House, London 

PRESTON, H., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham—President, 
1903-4 

Rainey, J. J., Church Street, Spilsby 

Reeves, J., 6, York Avenue, Wolverhampton 

Roebuck, W. D., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds 

Schofield, Wm. F., Barrow-on-Humber, Hull 

Scorer, C., Combe Hurst, Lincoln 


4 List of Members. 


Scorer, W., Bank Street Chambers, Lincoln 

Shackles, 42, Ainslie Road, Grimsby 

Shaw, J., Waterworks Office, Boston 

Shipham, Rev. A., Westwood House, Gainsborough 

Skrine, Miss C. M., Leadenham Rectory, Lincoln 

Smith, A., The Museum, Lincoln 

Sneath, J.S., 32, Tentercroft Street, Lincoln 

Staffurth, Rev. Canon S., Freiston Priory, Boston 

Stoodley, Rev. T. A., Dowsby, Bourne 

Stow, Miss S. C., 23, Avenue Road, Grantham 

Stow, T., 23, Avenue Road, Grantham 

Taylor, Miss M. L., Leaholme, Gainsborough 

THORNLEY, Rev. A., The Gables, Hucknall Road, Notting- 
ham—President, -Igo1-2 

Thropp, J., The Bail, Lincoln 

Wakerley, F., Kingston, Derby 

Walker, Rev. E. R., Billinghay, Lincoln 

Wallace, Dr. W., Hainton Street, Grimsby 

WALTER, Rev. J. Conway, Langton Rectory, Horncastle— 
President, 1900 

Wheeler, W. H., Boston 

Wherry, A. E., West Road, Bourne 

Whitty, W.A., Bank Street, Barton-on-Humber 

Willoughby de Eresby, Lord, M.P., Belgrave Square, London 

Wood, Rev. S. C., Stroxton, Grantham 

Woodruffe-Peacock, Mrs., Cadney, Brigg 

Woolward, Miss F. H., Belton, Grantham 

Wyatt, Rev. W., Broughton, Brigg 


SUBSCRIPTIONS. 


“Members are reminded that Subscriptions for 1go6 are now 
due, and should be paid to the Assistant Hon. Secretary, 
Mr. R. W. Gou.pinc, 20, Mercer Row, Louth, who will send 
receipts. 


The minimum Subscription is 5/-, payable in advance. 
The payment of one sum of £5 constitutes a life member. 
Those subscribing 10/6 or more receive the “ Naturalist” free, 
if they apply by letter to the Assistant Secretary. 


OBJECT AND RULES. 


4/IYYYY 


The Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union was formed to promote 
the thorough investigation of the fauna, flora and physical features 
of the county, to bring together workers interested in the same 
pursuits, to increase the interest in, and study of, every branch 
of Natural History. 


Field Meetings are held four or more times a year. ‘There is 
also one annual general meeting, held at Lincoln, for the transac- 
tion of the business of the Society, and for the President's 
address. 


Members will be entitled to free admission to all meetings 
and excursions, and to possess the card of membership, which 
card will entitle the holder to special railway privileges for each 
excursion if application is made to the Hon. Secretary for the special 
railway forms issued before each meeting. 


At ordinary Field Meetings, when the Union is not enter- 
tained, members may introduce two friends, not more, except by 
the President’s consent. 


When the Union is entertained at any Field Meeting, the 
Meeting is to be open to members only, except such friends as 
the Entertainer may invite. 


Ladies and Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members of the 
Union should apply to the Hon. Secretary for nomination papers. 
A new Member requires to be proposed and seconded, and the 
paper must be counter-signed by the President or one of the 
Vice-Presidents of the Union. 


Correspondence with respect to Field and Sectional Meetings 


and organization generally should be addressed to Arthur Smith, 
Museum, Lincoln. 


It is hoped that all Members will interest themselves in the 
work of the Union, especially by obtaining new members and 


communicating with the Sectional Officers respecting new 
records, etc. 


New Memprrs.—Members can greatly assist the Union by 
forwarding to’ the Secretary, the:names of ladies and gentlemen 


whom they think at all likely to take an interest in the work of 
the Union. 


Proposal Forms will be sent to any Member applying for 
them. 


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— — 


7 
RESUME OF THE PAST FIELD 


MEETINGS OF THE UNION, 
: 1893—1905. 


Believing that members, who have recently joined the Union; 
will find some little interest in knowing where field meetings have 
been held in the past, and that old members will not be displeased 
to be reminded of what districts have been visited, this resume 
has been drawn up. ‘The information contained in it will also 
be of some use in making future arrangements for visiting the 
varied surface of our wide county. 

On June 12th, 1893, the first Field meeting was held at 
MABLETHORPE —a great day for lovers of nature. Many 
county naturalists, and also neighbours from adjacent counties, 
lent their aid in making the opening day a success. ‘The out- 
come was the formation of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, 
as now constituted. 

The second meeting was held on August 7th, at WOOD- 
HALL SPA, anda goodly number of species were recorded. 

May 24th, 1894, found the members at LINCOLN. The 
bank of the Fossdyke and Hartsholme Wood were investigated, 
and a general meeting was held in the evening. ‘The late John 
Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., was in the chair, and vacated it on the 
election of Mr. F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S. 

The fourth meeting was held at CLEETHORPES on July 
5th, when the salt marsh flora lent an agreeable change from 
previous meetings. 

The fifth meeting was held at LOUTH, on the rst October, 
for a fungus foray in Burwell Wood. Mr. George Massee and 
Mr. Charles Crossland came to assist; and a good list was 
the result. 

The sixth meeting was held in conjunction with the Yorkshire 
Naturalists’ Union on June 3rd, 1895, when some of the largest 
and richest woodland in Lincolnshire was visited. APPLEBY, 
BROUGHTON, SCAWBY, TWIGMOOR, MANTON 
woods and common were investigated. Good records were 
exceedingly numerous; and the visit to the breeding-ground of 
the black-headed gulls was an interesting part of the programme. 


8 Resume of Field Meetings. 


On August 5th the seventh meeting was held at SUEAFORD, 
when 264 species of flowering plants were noted. 

In the same month, on the 23rd, the eighth meeting was held 
at LINWOOD Warren and woods, a favourite ground for Lincoln- 
shire naturalists. A fine botanical and entomological area. 

The ninth meeting at LINCOLN, on October 3rd, was 
another great day in the history of the Union. In the morning 
members started for the Skellingthorpe and Canwick woods. 
In the afternoon the Museum was opened by the Right Rev. the 
Lord Bishop of Lincoln, and in the evening the annual meeting 
was held. 

At GRANTHAM, on June 16th, 1896, the tenth meeting 
came off. Mr. H. Preston, F.G.S., led the party through the 
Ancaster and Willoughby quarries, and pointed out the notable 
geological features of the area. 

The eleventh meeting was held at BOURNE on August 3rd. 
The botanical and geological studies were extremely interesting, 
and some good species taken. 

A meeting at GREAT COTES on September 8th constituted 
the twelfth Field day, the home of that great observer no longer 
with us, the late John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., who entertained the 
visitors. The ground consisted of the salt marsh, the Humber, 
and on the land side the prolific little area known as Aylesby bog. 

The thirteenth meeting, held June gth and i1oth, 1897, was 
at GAINSBOROUGH, for Lea and Scotton Commons. ‘This 
has been a happy hunting-ground for all students of Natural 
History for over a hundred years. 

The fourteenth meeting, held in conjunction with the Louth 
Society, on August 2nd, was at HOLBECK and TETFORD. 
The Rev. J. Conway Walter read a paper on “ Hoe Hill.” The 
district was an attractive one, both for antiquary and naturalist. 

On August 26th the fifteenth meeting was held at BOSTON, 
for Wyberton Marsh. A large number of entomological and 
botanical records were made. ‘The party was entertained to tea 
by Mr. and Mrs. Lane-Claypon, of Tytton Hall. 

The sixteenth meeting was at LINWOOD on September 30. 
Fifty-four species of fungi, and sixty-one species of flowering 


plants, and a large n doptera were recorded, 


MUSEUM 
5 DEC 21 
NATURAL 


lies el) HH 


LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS’ UNION, 


FOUNDED JUNE (2th, 1893. 


LISEOF “OF FICERS: 


PRESIDENT. 
Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney, Brigg. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
(Resident in the County.) 


F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Rev. J. Conway Walter, B.A., Langton Rectory, Horneastle. 
H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 


HON. TREASURER. 
J. S. Sneath, 32, Tentercroft Street, Lincoln. 
HON. SECRETARY. 
Arthur Smith, F.L.S., F.E.S., The Museum, Greyfriars, Lincoln. 
HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
R. W. Goulding, 20, Mercer Row, Louth. 


SECTIONAL OFFICERS. 

GEOLOGY. 
President :—F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Secretary :— H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 
Boulders :—Revy. Canon Rowe, Lincoln. 

BOTANY. 
President :—Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge, Normanton. 
Pheenogamic Secretary :— 

Rey. E. A. Woodrufie-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. 

Cryptogums :—Miss Stow, 23, Avenue Road, Grantham. 
Fungi :—H. C. Hawley, Tumby Lawn, Boston. 


CONCHOLOGY. 


President :—W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 
Secretary :—C. S. Carter, MCS. Bridge Street, Louth. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 


President :—Rey. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., The Gables, 
Nottingham. 
Secretary :—G. W. Mason, Barton-on-Humber. 
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. 


President :—G. H. Caton-Haigh, Grainsby Hall, Grimsby. 
Secretary :—P. A. Burton, Highfield, ‘Gainsborough. 


to 


LIST OF MEMBERS 


TO DECEMBER, 1905. 


Any person wishing to withdraw from Membership of the 
Union must give notice in writing to the Hon. Secretary ; such 
person, however, will be liable for the current year’s subscription, 
and any arrears that may be owing. 

Any. Corrections in the List will be gladly received by 
the Secretary. 

LIFE MEMBERS. 


Bacon, Sir Hickman B., Bart., Vhonock Hall, Gainsborough 

Beckett, Miss, Somerby Park, Gainsborough 

Caton-Haigh, G. H., Grainsby Hall, Grimsby 

Cockburn, N. Clayton, Harmston Hall, Lincoln 

Dallas-Yorke, Mrs., Walmsgate Hall, Louth. 

Gillett, Rev. E. A., Weston-on-the-Green, Bicester 

Jessop, Aug. L., Leasingham, Sleaford 

Lucas, Colonel, M.P., 3, Cleveland Row, St. James’s Street, 
London 

Melville, A. H. Leslie, D’Isney Place, Lincoln 

Pawson, A. H., Farnley, Leeds. 

Reeve, Neville H., Ashby Hall, Lincoln 

Sibthorp, Coningsby C., Sudbrooke Holme, Lincoln 

Wickham, Very Rev. E. C., Deanery, Lincoln 

WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, Rev. E. Adrian, Cadney, 
Brigg—President, 1905-6 


ORDINARY MEMBERS. 


Adlard, B. T., 47, Church Street, Gainsborough 

Alston, Rey. F. S., West Ashby, Horncastle 

Anderson, Mrs. Duncombe, Barnby, Doncaster 

Arnold, C. G., 474, High Street, Lincoln 

Barker, Rev. H. A., Wrangle, Boston 

Blathwayt, Rev. F. L., 5, Monks’ Leys Terrace, Lincoln. 
Borneman, A., The Avenue, Lincoln 

Bree, Rev. E. H., Edlington, Horncastle 

Brewster, Miss J., South Kelsey 

Brewster, Thomas, South Kelsey 

Brown, E. E., Union and Smith’s Bank, Lincoln 
Brown, W.C., Appleby, Doncaster 

Burchnall, H. W., Butterwick, Boston 

Burton, E. M., Eastgate, Lincoln 

BURTON, F.M., Highfield, Gainsborough—President, 1895-6 
Burton, P. A., Highheld, Gainsborough 

Cant, Dr. W. J., Nettleham Road, Lincoln 

Carter, C.S., 8, Bridge Street, Louth 

Casswell, Rey. a Thornton-le-Moor, Lincoln 


List of Members. 


co 


Cattle, J. R., Nettleton Manor, Caistor 

Chamberlain, E., Lincoln 

Cheales, Mrs., Friskney Vicarage, Boston 

Cragg, W. A., Threekingham House, Folkingham 
Cragg, Mrs. W. A., ‘Threekingham House, Folkingham 
Crow, B., Lee Street, Louth. 

Cutts, Rev. S., Scunthorpe 

Daman, Dr. T. W. A., Minster Yard, Lincoln 

Daubney, Rev. W. H., Margaret’s Gate, Bury St. Edmunds 
Donnison, H., Inspector of Eastern Sea Fisheries, Boston 
Dyson, T. A., Ivydene, Gainsborough 

Elliott, Rev, J. R., Grammar School, Gainsborough 
Farmery, J. R., Lee Street, Louth 

Fowler, Rev. Canon J. T., Durham 

FOWLER, Rev. W., Liversedge, Yorks—President, 1895 
Gamble, H. G., Drury Lane, Lincoln 

Geddie, David H., Public Library, Grimsby 

Gelsthorp, T., Eastgate, Louth 

Goulding, R. W., Mercer Row, Louth 

Hall, Rev. H. W., Yarborough Road, Lincoln 

Harrison, F. H., White House, Newland, Lincoln 
Hawley, H. C. W., Tumby Lawn, Boston 

Hawley, Sir H. M., Bart., Tumby Lawn, Boston 
Hewitt, T. W. G., Weelsby Old Hall, Grimsby 

Hunt, Rev. A., Welton Vicarage, Lincoln 

Jollye, Rev. H. S. B., Hill Terrace, Louth 

Larder, J., Mercer Row, Louth 

Lincoln, Bishop of, Old Palace, Lincoln 

Loft, Rev. J. E. Wallis, Swallow, Caistor 

Mackinder, Prof. H. J., Christ Church, Oxford 

Mason, Colonel E.S., Minster Yard, Lincoln 

Mason, G. W., Whitecross Street, Barton-on-Humber 
Mason, Rev. W. W., 67, Merton Road, Bootle, Liverpool 
Mawer, Joseph, George Street, Louth 

Mettham, A. H., Market Place, Grantham 

Mountain, T., St. James’s House, Grimsby 

Musham, J. F., South Park, Lincoln 

Nelson, Rev. E., St. Peter’s Rectory, Lincoln 
Nightingale, C., 499, Grimsby Road, Cleethorpes 
Olsen, O. T., St. Andrew’s Terrace, Grimsby 

Paddison, C. E., Low Ingleby, Saxilby, Lincoln 

Parker, G., Union and Smith’s Bank, Victoria Street, Grimsby 
Perks, R. W., M.P., Hamilton House, London 
PRESTON, H., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham—President, 


1903-4 
Rainey, J. J., Church Street, Spilsby 
Reeves, J., 6, York Avenue, Wolverhampton 
Roebuck, W. D., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds 
Schofield, Wm. F., Barrow-on-Humber, Hull 
Scorer, C., Combe Hurst, Lincoln 


4 List of Members. 


Scorer, W., Bank Street Chambers, Lincoln 

Shackles, 42, Ainslie Road, Grimsby 

Shaw, J., Waterworks Office, Boston 

Shipham, Rev. A., Westwood House, Gainsborough 

Skrine, Miss C. M., Leadenham Rectory, Lincoln 

Smith, A., The Museum, Lincoln 

Sneath, J.S., 32, Tentercroft Street, Lincoln 

Staffurth, Rev. Canon S., Freiston Priory, Boston 

Stoodley, Rev. T. A., Dowsby, Bourne 

Stow, Miss S. C., 23, Avenue Road, Grantham 

Stow, T., 23, Avenue Road, Grantham 

Taylor, Miss M. L., Leaholme, Gainsborough 

THORNLEY, Rev. A., The Gables, Hucknall Road, Notting- 
ham—President, 1901-2 

Thropp, J., The Bail, Lincoln 

Wakerley, F., Kingston, Derby 

Walker, Rev. E. R., Billinghay, Lincoln 

Wallace, Dr. W., Hainton Street, Grimsby 

WALTER, Rev. J. Conway, Langton Rectory, Horncastle— 
President, 1900 

Wheeler, W. H., Boston 

Wherry, A. E., West Road, Bourne 

Whitty, W. A., Bank Street, Barton-on-Humber 

Willoughby de Eresby, Lord, M.P., Belgrave Square, London 

Wood, Rev. S. C., Stroxton, Grantham 

Woodruffe-Peacock, Mrs., Cadney, Brigg 

Woolward, Miss F. H., Belton, Grantham 

Wyatt, Rev. W., Broughton, Brigg 


SUBSCRIPTIONS: 


Members are reminded that Subscriptions for 1go6 are now 
due, and should be paid to the Assistant Hon. Secretary, 
Mr. R. W. Goutpinc, 20, Mercer Row, Louth, who will send 
receipts. 


The minimum Subscription is 5/-, payable in advance. 
The payment of one sum of £5 constitutes a life member. 
Those subscribing 10/6 or more receive the “ Naturalist”’ free, 
if they apply by letter to the Assistant Secretary. 


Or 


OBJECT AND RULES. 


The Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union was formed to promote 
the thorough investigation of the fauna, flora and physical features 
of the county, to bring together workers interested in the same 
pursuits, to increase the interest in, and study of, every branch 
of Natural History. 


Field Meetings are held four or more times a year. ‘Lhere is 
also one annual general meeting, held at Lincoln, for the transac- 
tion of the business of the Society, and for the President’s 
address. 


Members will be entitled to free admission to all meetings 
and excursions, and to possess the card of membership, which 
card will entitle the holder to special railway privileges for each 
excursion if application is made to the Hon. Secretary for the special 
vailway forms issued before each meeting. 


At ordinary Field Meetings, when the Union is not enter- 
tained, members may introduce two friends, not more, except by 
the President’s consent. 


When the Union is entertained at any Field Meeting, the 
Meeting is to be open to members only, except such friends as 
the Entertainer may invite. 


Ladies and Gentlemen desirous of becoming Members of the 
Union should apply to the Hon. Secretary for nomination papers. 
A new Member requires to be proposed and seconded, and the 
paper must be counter-signed by the President or one of the 
Vice-Presidents of the Union. 


Correspondence with respect to Field and Sectional Meetings 
and organization generally should be addressed to Arthur Smith, 
Museum, Lincoln. 


It is hoped that all Members will interest themselves in the 
work of the Union, especially by obtaining new members and 
communicating with the Sectional. Officers respecting new 
records, etc. 


New Memprrs.—Members can greatly assist the Union by 
forwarding to the Secretary, the names of ladies and gentlemen 


whom they think at all likely to take an interest in the work of 
the Union. ; 


Proposal Forms will be sent to any Member applying for 
them, 


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7 
RESUME OF THE PAST FIELD 


MEETINGS OF THE UNION, 
1893—1905. 


Believing that members, who have recently joined the Union» 
will find some little interest in knowing where field meetings have 
been held in the past, and that old members will not be displeased 
to be reminded of what districts have been visited, this resume 
has been drawn up. ‘The information contained in it will also 
be of some use in making future arrangements for visiting the 
varied surface of our wide county. 

On June 12th, 1893, the first Field meeting was held at 
MABLETHORPE — a great day for lovers of nature. Many 
county naturalists, and also neighbours from adjacent counties, 
lent their aid in making the opening day a success. The out- 
come was the formation of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, 
as now constituted. 

The second meeting was held on August 7th, at WOOD- 
HALL SPA, and a goodly number of species were recorded. 

May 24th, 1894, found the members at LINCOLN. The 
bank of the Fossdyke and Hartsholme Wood were investigated, 
and a general meeting was held in the evening. The late John 
Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., was in the chair, and vacated it on the 
election of Mr. F. M. Burton, fds, BGS: 

The fourth meeting was held at CLEETHORPES on July 
5th, when the salt marsh flora lent an agreeable change from 
previous meetings. 

‘The fifth meeting was held at LOUTH, on the 1st October, 
for a fungus foray in Burwell Wood. Mr. George Massee and 
Mr. Charles Crossland came to assist; and a good lst was 
the result. 

The sixth meeting was held in conjunction with the Yorkshire 
Naturalists’ Union on June 3rd, 1895, when some of the largest 
and richest woodland in Lincolnshire was visited. APPLEBY, 
BROUGHTON, SCAWBY, TWIGMOOR, MANTON 
woods and common were investigated. Good records were 
exceedingly numerous; and the visit to the breeding-ground of 
the black-headed gulls was an interesting part of the programme. 


8 Resume of Field Meetings. 


On August 5th the seventh meeting was held at SUEAFORD, 
when 264 species of flowering plants were noted. 

In the same month, on the 23rd, the eighth meeting was held 
at LINWOOD Warren and woods, a favourite ground for Lincoln- 
shire naturalists. A fine botanical and entomological area. 

The ninth meeting at LINCOLN, on October 3rd, was 
another great day in the history of the Union. In the morning 
members started for the Skellingthorpe and Canwick woods. 
In the afternoon the Museum was opened by the Right Rev. the 
Lord Bishop of Lincoln, and in the evening the annual meeting 
was held. 

At GRANTHAM, on June r6th, 1896, the tenth meeting 
came off. Mr. H. Preston, F.G.S., led the party through the 
Ancaster and Willoughby quarries, and pointed out the notable 
geological features of the area. 

The eleventh meeting was held at BOURNE on August 3rd. 
The botanical and geological studies were extremely interesting, 
and some good species taken. 

A meeting at GREAT COTES on September 8th constituted 
the twelfth Field day, the home of that great observer no longer 
with us, the late John Cordeaux, M.B.O.U., who entertained the 
visitors. The ground consisted of the salt marsh, the Humber, 
and on the land side the prolific little area known as Aylesby bog. 

The thirteenth meeting, held June gth and roth, 1897, was 
at GAINSBOROUGH, for Lea and Scotton Commons. ‘This 
has been a happy hunting-ground for all students of Natural 
History for over a hundred years. 

The fourteenth meeting, held in conjunction with the Louth 
Society, on August 2nd, was at HOLBECK and TETFORD. 
The Rev. J. Conway Walter read a paper on “ Hoe Hill.” The 
district was an attractive one, both for antiquary and naturalist. 

On August 26th the fifteenth meeting was held at BOSTON, 
for Wyberton Marsh. A large number of entomological and 
botanical records were made. ‘The party was entertained to tea 
by Mr. and Mrs. Lane-Claypon, of Tytton Hall. 

The sixteenth meeting was at LINWOOD on September 30. 
Fifty-four species of fungi, and sixty-one species of flowering 
plants, and a large number of Lepidoptera were recorded, 


Resume of Field Meetings. 9 


The seventeenth meeting was held at GRANTHAM, June 
7th, 1898. A visit to Colsterworth and Woodthorpe Manor, the 
birthplace of Sir Isaac Newton, was part of the programme. 


EPWORTH, July 14th, was the locality for the eighteenth 
meeting, and a fine ground it turned out tobe. The rarest plants 
were Andromeda polifolia and Alopecurus fulvus. 


The nineteenth meeting was held on August 18th at WOOD- 
HALL and TUMBY Wood. Mr. Preston spoke on the geological 
feature, and a fair day’s work was done in all branches. 


On September 5th joint meetings of the Lincolnshire Societies 
were held at HARTSHOLME Wood, near Lincoln, when, con- 
sidering the lateness of the date, a fair amount of work was done. 

The twenty-first meeting was held at SOMERCOTES and 
SALTFLEETBY on June 8th, 1899. The drive was from Louth, 
and a splendid field day was the result. Little thought the party 
of the dark shadow drawing near. Mr. John Cordeaux, who enter- 
tained the visitors, and gave such a fine account of the bird-life of 
the district, was, two months later, laid to rest in Louth cemetery. 


On June 29th the twenty-second field meeting was held in 
conjunction with the Nottingham Society in the neighbourhood of 
NEWARK. Stapleford wood and moor on the Lincolnshire side 
were very productive. 

The twenty-third meeting was held on August 7th, the 
rendezvous being BOSTON, for Freiston Shore, where the mari- 
time flora and fauna were much in evidence. 

On September 11th, at the invitation of the President 
(Dr. Lowe), a meeting was held at LINCOLN of the County 
Naturalists’ and Scientific Societies. Parties went to Sudbrooke 
and Newball woods, Handley’s pit, &c., whilst those interested 
in archeology visited the Cathedral and other places of 
interest. Tea was served in a large marquee in front of the 
President’s residence. 

The twenty-fifth meeting was held on June 13th, 1900, at 
HORNCASTLE, for Baumber and Sturton woods, bogs and lake. 
The Rev. J. Conway Walter (president) pointed out many objects 
of interest, and exhibited a magnificent collection of natural 
history and antiquarian specimens at his home. 


10 Resume of Field Meetings. 


The twenty-sixth meeting was at GRANTHAM on July 17th, 
Mr. H. Preston conducting the party, and making careful observa- 
tions on the geology of an interesting area. ‘The Rev. and Mrs. 
Giles entertained the members to tea at Little Bytham Rectory. 

On August 6th the Lincolnshire and Yorkshire Unions held a 
joint meeting at FRODINGHAM and SCUNTHORPE. ‘Two 
hundred and thirty species of plants were noted, many character- 
istic of bog and heath. The geology was interesting. A 
beautiful fault in the ironstone was clearly seen, and a curious 
formation of tufa, rare in Lincolnshire, was pointed out by Mr. 
Preston. 

The twenty-eighth meeting was held at MABLETHORPE 
on August 30. The birthplace of the Union again provided long 
lists of maritime species in all branches, some local and rare. 

The twenty-ninth meeting on September 29th again found 
the members at LINCOLN. ‘The ground worked was near the 
villages of Harmston, Coleby, and Navenby. ‘The limestone and 
upper lias was observed in quarries en route. 

Torksey was the next place of meeting on June 11th, rgor. 
It was a distinct success. New county records were made. 

The thirty-first meeting was held July 4th at REVESBY. 
The members were entertained by the Hon. Mrs. E. Stanhope. 
Miss Stow recorded a good number of mosses. 

The thirty-second meeting was at SPALDING on August 30. 
A party drove to Crowland, and did good work. ‘The best floral 
finds were Juncus compressus and Alopecurus pronus. A lecture 
on “ Fenland Soils’? was delivered in the evening to members of 
the Union and of the Spalding Gentlemen’s Society by the 
Organizing Secretary (Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock). 

The thirty-third meeting was held on July roth, 1902, at 
DONCASTER and EPWORTH. Rain spoiled the day. But on 
the 11th, fine weather came for the joint meeting of the Lincoln- 
shire and Yorkshire Unions at SCUNTHORPE. 

The thirty-fourth meeting found the members again in the 
Grantham neighbourhood—CAYTHORPE and LEADENHAM, 
A district rich in all species was visited; and old limestone 
quarries, where Cyclostoma elegans, Pupa secale, &c., had recently 
been found. 


Resume of Field Meetings. REL 


CAISTOR was the fixture for the thirty-fifth meeting on 
August 28th. The fish-hatcheries at Hundon was visited; 
Normanby and Pelham Pillar woods were also found prolific 
areas. 

. The thirty-sixth Field day was at CAREBY Wood, Div. 16, 
on the goth June, 1903. The day turned out very wet, and only 
enthusiasts continued working: they were repaid for their faith. 
On a fallen ash tree, lying in the east ditch of the British Camp 
in Careby Wood, Limax cineveo-niger was taken. ‘This species 
has now been recorded for both vice-counties by Mr. J. W. 
Taylor in his Monograph. The curious find of the day was an 
alien. Between Careby Wood and the Monks’ Wood, Carlby, a 
“grass new to the British flora was found. On identification it 
proved to be Festuca maritima, L., which loves a very arid 
limestone soil, like the edge of the Cornbrash “ feathering out” 
on the great Oolitic clay. 

The thirty-seventh Field meeting was at SUTTON-ON-SEA 
and HUTTOFT, Div. 11,0n the 2nd July. Some members madea 
three days’ stay, and much good work was done. Nothing unusually 
good was discovered. The much discussed questions about [vis 
spuria were fully gone into. We may never be able to prove this 
species to be a native, but it grows at Huttoft exactly like one, 
flowering, seeding, and growing from its own seed most 
luxuriantly. 

The thirty-eighth meeting was at CLAXBY Wood, Div. 7, 
on the 31st of July. The ground there has been too well worked 
for forty years for anything very good to turn up; but a soil 
which grows within half a mile, the two Chrysospleniums, Dipsacus 
 pilosus, Veronica montana, Equisetum maximum, with other good 
species, is always worth another visit. 

The thirty-ninth meeting, combined with the annual general 
meeting, was for a visit to the deep bore for the water supply of 
Lincoln. Unluckily the borer was jammed and broken, and the 
machinery was not in working order on the day fixed. The 
explanations given by Mr. H. Preston, and the engineer of the 
works (Mr. J. H. Teague), from the specimens taken from the bore, 
supplemented by the presidential address, on “The Red Rocks 
_ Underlying Lincolnshire,” brought the season’s work to a fitting 
4 conclusion. 


12 Resume of Field Meetings. 


The fortieth meeting was at BARTON-ON-HUMBER on 
May 29th, 1904. This meeting was specially arranged to verify 
and obtain further specimens of Alopecurus bulbosus, Gouan, a 
species peculiar to unenclosed estuarine alluvium. It was 
found in plenty on the river side in South Ferriby. The 
flora of a wide series of soils was taken off. Many aliens 
were found in the lower and middle chalk quarries, Lactuca 
muralis being the best native species. Helix nemoralis proved 
almost absent; while Helix cantiana could only be found on 
Urtica dioica and Barbarea vulgaris. 

The forty-first meeting was at HOLYWELL on June 24th. 
The following plants were found :— Ranunculus parviflorus, 
Alyssum calycinum, Astragallus glycyphyllos, Hippocrepis comosa, 
Geum intermedium, Alchemilla vulgaris, Viburnum lantana, Cnicus 
eviophorus, Speculavria hybrida, Anagallis carulea, Gentiana 
amarella, Lithospermum officinale, Echium vulgare, Atropa bella- 
donna, Hyoscyamus niger, Linaria elatina, L. spuria, Veronica 
polita, Melampyrum pratense, Scirpus caricis, &c., in all, three 
hundred species and varieties. The soils were very varied, and 
resulted in the largest list ever made at a Union meeting. 

The forty-second meeting was at SPILSBY on July 28th. On 
the Spilsby sandstone the following species were taken :— 
Potentilla argentea, Salvia verbenaca, Ballota nigra flove albo, 
Poa compressa, Asplenium adiantum-nigrum, A. trichomanes. On 
the chalky boulder clay Paris quadvifolia, Pimpinella saxifraga 
dissecta flove voseo, Sanicula euvopcea, Calamintha clinopodium. 
On the Kimeridge clay Silene cucubalus puberula. Helix memoralis 
tenuis was taken by Mr. Stow, and at the meeting the same 
member exhibited the albino variety of Helix lapicida. 

The forty-third meeting at RIPPINGALE Station, on the rst 
of September, was a failure on account of the weather. About 
two hundred plants were noted, but all were species quite 
common on similar soils in other parts of the county. ‘This is 
a district which must be visited again. 

The forty-fourth Field meeting of the Union was held at 
LOUTH on Thursday, June 1st, 1905. Under the leadership of Mr. 
Carter, the chalk and boulder clay pits of Elkington, and the 
chalk quarries at Boswell and Fotherby, where the upper chalk 


Resume of Field Meetings. 13 


has been found, were visited. The botanists and entomologists 
went on to Acthorpe Wood, where the rest of the party joined 
them. The reports showed good work had been done. 
Azeca tridens had been turned up from its only recorded locality 
in the county; several good plants also, including Veronica 
montana, Ranunculus savdous, and Bromus erectus villosus. A fair 
number of Lepidoptera were recorded—Nisoniades tages—for the 
first time in this area. 

The forty-fifth meeting was held at STAMFORD on Thurs- 
day, June 29th. It was a most successful day in the extreme 
inland corner of the county. Geologicallv the whole series of the 
Lincolnshire limestones of the county were seen in sections near 
the town, and on the clays of the Lower Estuarine were found 
some interesting plants. The botanists were rewarded by 
finding Trijolitum ochroleucon in a new locality, growing in 
abundance, well within the county borders. Its rarity may be 
emphasized by the fact that it is only noted for 11 vice counties 
out of 112. Many other records were made from this district, as 
well as from the Newstead Mills, visited earlier in the day, 
which, among other plants, yielded Cardamine amara (from the 
only certain station in the county), @nanthe fluvialitis, Geranium 
columbinum, Salvia verbenaca in abundance, Malva sylvestris flore 
albo, &c. Among the mollusca, some exceedingly fine specimens 
of Limnea stagnalis were found in an old pond on the Brick-hills, 
and some large, thin and translucent forms of Helix cantiana. A 
long list of micro-pond species were obtained from the pond just 
mentioned, as well as five species of water mites, which have been 
identified by Mr. George, of Kirton Lindsey. 

The forty-sixth meeting was held at Scotton Common, under 
the guidance of Mr. F. M. Burton, vice-president. ‘The assembling 
place was GAINSBOROUGH, and the Common was reached by 
waggonette. Spreading over different areas of the Common, the 
whole was worked as well as one day’s investigation would 
permit. The larvee of the Chocolate-tip Moth was seen frequently 
among the sallow leaves, and the entomologists reported an 
excellent time, with a fair list of species as a result. The 
botanists found a long series of rare and interesting species, 
and made a good addition to their former notes, for Scotton 
Common is one of the most prolific places in the county. 


14 Resume of Field Meetings. 


The Sundews, Dvroserva intermedia and _ rotundifolia were 
in abundance, as was Narthecium ossifragum, Anagallis 
tenella, Hypericum  elodes, Gentiana Pneumonanthe, witk 
one specimen of the variety flove albo. The rare Littorella 
juncea was obtained, growing with Scutellaria minor, and the still 
smaller Radiola linoides. Many species of mosses were taken, and 
nine or ten liverworts. Reptiles were also in evidence in all parts 
of the Common—viper, common snake, lizards, frog and toad. 
Thus a large mass of material was procured, from which long lists 
have been compiled for the registers. For the arrangements of 
this meeting and the entertainment following, our thanks are due 
to Mr. F. M. Burton. 

The forty-seventh Field meeting was held at MOORTOWN 
on Friday, August 25th. The only Lincolnshire locality for 
Equisetum hyemale, which was found in plenty. Geranium 
pyvenaicum was seen on the roadside in masses, having within 
recent years come down .the slope, from Nettleton. ‘The soil 
was blown sand. On alluvium at the river head were found 
Volvulus sepium, Mentha viridis, and Potamogeton pectinatus. In 
the woods Verbascum Thapsus, Sagina nodosa, &c.; and in a 
stagnant pool, in a wood known as the Raspberries, was found 
floating in large numbers the liverwort Iticciocarpus natans. ‘This 
meeting was one of the quiet ones, as few members turned up ; 
but, nevertheless, over two hundred notes were made for the 
future flora of the county. 

The forty-eighth meeting was held at LINCOLN on Tues- 
day, October 3rd, when Mr. Charles Crossland, of Halifax, met the 


members to go over the ground in search of fungi. ‘The first 
noticeable feature at the assembly was that four ex-Presidents 
were present, as well as our ever present Chairman. ‘The search 


was made along Gowt’s Drain, Swanpool Plantation (which 
yielded a large number of species), Hartsholme to Hykeham 
Station, all members doing their best to secure specimens for 
verification. After tea the spoils were exhibited and named by 
Mr. Crossland, who also addressed the members on the subject. 
He also expressed his willingness again to assist in a similar way. 
Mr. Hawley helped Mr. Crossland in a most enthusiastic manner, 
and will accept the position of recorder for the Union. Eighty- 
five fungi records was the excellent result of this meeting. 


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THE LATE 
JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.0.U., 


First President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ 
Union. 


The Presidents of the 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


JOHN CORDEAUX, J.P., F.R.G.S., M.B.O.U. 


It was not on actount of his fame as an ornithologist that 
the late John Cordeaux was elected first President of our Union. 
His ‘ Migration Reports,’ ‘Birds of the Humber District,’ ‘Anseres’ 
in’ Fowhawk’s ‘British Birds, or later ‘Humber District 
Pamphlet, good though they are, do not appeal alike to all 
Naturalists, but the kind, wide-hearted sympathy of the all-round 
worker did. Such a man naturally set many chords of interest 
vibrating when he was amongst us in the field, andhe ever was there 
when he could be, for the Naturalist pure and simple, found time 
also to be geologist, anthropologist, antiquary and lover of dialect 
and folk-lore. Yet with all his student love of nature and man- 
kind, the man himself far over shadowed his published works or 
momentary interests. He was the friend of a life time to those 
who were his intimates. 


He knew our county and loved it, as it has been loved by few. 
When he took up his pen and wrote, the local reader could find 
the Tothill and Gayton-le-Marsh neighbourhood delineated in 
every paragraph of his work. It was into the willing ears of his 
intimates alone that his marvellous knowledge of “ the clays” 
or true “ marsh” of the Lincolnshire coast line was freely poured. 
Men and manners, beast and fowl, the history and anecdotes of 
the dead past, or illuminating flashes of wit on the eccentricities 


of the living present, always pertinent always kindly, made up his 


converse to those who thoroughly knew him. Well did Mr. 


Burton of Gainsborough, suggest the last time he was with us in 
the field, that “if a new name were ever required for the Louth- 
Saltfleet district, he had studied so thoroughly and knew so well, 
_he would suggest Cordeaux-land as an appropriate appellation.” 
“ Cordeauxia,” he chortled later as he referred to the not unpleasing 
compliment, “we must leave it to others—Rhodes for instance— 
to found new states. We must ourselves be content to observe 
simple facts, and as truly record them. We cannot all be 


16 The Presidents of the L.N.U. 


Darwins, inventing new methods of thought for old methods of 
investigation, but we can observe accurately, and help to build 
the foundation of all true knowledge.” Then he went off into a 
vivid description of what Lincolnshire was like in the days before 
the drainage (circa 1600-1650). ‘‘ When the storks and cranes 
were in larger or smaller flocks on the ‘eys’ and ‘holmes’ of the 
fenland ; and the blackterns made the waters resound with an 
incessant noise as they flew over their surface or fed on the deeper 
meres on water-insects or small fish, or more quietly nested on 
the tufts just above the surface ofthe dark waters. There too the 
trampled battle grounds of the rufls were common on every rising 
island of firmer peat ; and our unique white herons here and there 
varied the marshscape amid their cinereous brethren.” Picture 
after picture would follow one another from his well-stored mind. 
Everything of interest, when it was called for, at the happy 
moment when it was most appropriate to the subject under 
discussion. ‘To one, never more than two friends at a time, was 
John Cordeaux in his best vein. His vivid imagination and 
strong memory dulled in the presence of numbers or on the 
lecturer’s platform. A man had to be in full accord, and his 
welcomed guest, to get his very best from him. Cordeaux was no 
conversational protagonist like Johnson, nor intellectual giant like 
Huxley, who overawed even their intimates by the strength of 
masterful personalities and minds and trained tongues, and he 
quickly relapsed into silence, and remained there, if he were not 
understood and appreciated at his real worth. 


No one had more sympathy with our county and its ways, either 
in the past or in the eternal now, than our first President. Noone 
can regret more than we do that he left so little of his widely 
collected and intimate knowledge in print for his successors. Yet 
it was his constant complaint, when he was urged to write, that 
“it is so easy to write, and so difficult to finda subject to write 
upon freshly in these days.” We all deceive ourselves and mis- 
judge our own powers however acute we are. 


——— 


_-_- * The Presidential Address to the L.N.U. for 1905. 


2HESSTOAT AND ITS. WAYS. 
BY 
REY. E. ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, F.L.S* 


Of our four British mustelines—taking them in order of size 
from the largest downwards, the martencat, polecat, stoat and 
weasel—the most important on account of its daily depredations 
is the stoat. Every man’s hand has been against it for over a 
century, and it still flourishes exceedingly. If it does not remain 
in undiminished numbers in those parts of England where the 
whole area is strictly preserved for game, yet it exists in such 
quantities that immigration is ever filling up the gaps which 
systematic trapping makes in any district. A gamekeeper has 
well written of it:—‘ The stoat has been able to escape extermi- 
nation, simply because it is a migratory animal. If it were its 
habit to live in colonies like the rabbit, the last would long since 
have been extirpated. Its very solitariness has proved its refuge 


-from such a fate. Stoats, indeed, accept as their family motto 


the policeman’s advice, ‘Move on!’ and this has been their 
salvation.” 

That under peculiar circumstances they will quite suddenly 
disappear from a given neighbourhood is well known to a few 


naturalists. The fact has been noted in print, but no satisfactory 


reason has been assigned as the cause; and yet there is no diffi- 


q culty about an explanation. An old and observant keeper 


suggested the right theory to me many years ago. His native 
dialect was more picturesque than any words of mine can be :— 
“ There’s not been a rabbit or bird taken by a stoat round these 


‘parts this summer. There aint none about. The fact is, a 
-murrain took ’em all off this spring. They were botherin’ me 
strangely on both sides of the ’coy—i.e., his duck decoy—wi’ my 
1 early ducklings; but wi’ all my traps I didn’t catch one. Then, 


suddenly, the old rats began their tricks, an’ I went for ’em. 
Whilst I was ratting I found two stoats’ nests, wi’ young an’ old 
both dead. There were five young in one an’ seven in tother, an’ 
‘the old mother’ in both cases—all as dead as nits.” The 


18 The Stoat and its ways. 


“murrain” is nothing but canine distemper, or a disease so like 
it, which both dogs and mustelines are subject to, that no ordinary 
person can distinguish them. When dogs have it badly in a 
district the stoats are frequently all carried off; when ferrets get 
it, the dogs round less frequently take it and die. The murrain 
works wholesale destruction amongst polecats, stoats and weasels 
there can be little doubt, though I have found it most difficult to 
obtain circumstantial proof of the fact. An epizootic (as in the 
Ashby Decoy case just referred to) passes generally before it is 
observed. 


The habits and ways of the stoat are like those of its three 
nearest relations, although it is naturally more of an open country, 
hedge and streamside species than the marten or polecat. It is 
essentially a hunter of living things, loving the warm blood of its 
victims, but apparently preferring their flesh—when it must eat 
it— high” to fresh. It cannot climb down smooth, upright tree- 
trunks with the agility of the squirrel or marten, and yet will 
attack the nut-eater in its native tree-tops. It cannot follow the 
field mice and voles into their tunnels as easily as the weasel 
does, but they never escape from it in the open. It cannot swim 
under water for a lengthened period, like the otter, but it dives in 
taking its toll of trout, eels and coarse fish, weighing up to three- 
quarters of a pound. The polecat is not more bloodthirsty, or 
insatiable in its desire to kill for pure sport, or to keep its limbs 
and teeth lissom and sharp. So far as my personal notes extend, 
the world over record is held by the stoat which was captured at 
Penny Hill, there can be little doubt, from its having slept on the 
spot after a laborious night and full meal. This game little 
creature, which probably weighed only about twelve ounces at 
first, is recorded to have killed during one night eleven turkeys, 
thirty ducks and twenty chickens. It ought to have been stuffed, 
but I do not know whether it were. No fox record in my posses- 
sion can be compared with this performance when we think of the 
relative size and weight of the two animals. ‘The Tingewick 
Game Farm lost over a hundred pheasants killed by a single fox 
one night; but what was that to the little stoat’s gargantuan 
feast! The fox’s victims at the end of the year will total up to 
less than the stoat’s ; for reynard, with all his love of “a bt of 


: 
. 
1 
: 


The Stoat and its ways 1g 


game,” is not a “blood-sucker,” like the stoat, and eats up his 
food fairly cleanly. On the other hand, if the stoat can only get 
into a warm corner, with plenty of game round him, he is a 
perfect epicure, and will take blood here, and blood there, every 
mouthful from a fresh victim, and let the rest of the carcase rot. 

The food supply gathered together in the storehouses of stoats 
proves their thirst for blood as perfectly as it reflects the whole 
fercee natura of the locality where they are unearthed. By the 
banks of streams the water vole and common rat, with trout and 
other coarse fish, may be found, along with the waterhen and 
similar stream side loving birds. In spring the collection is 
varied with birds’ eggs and young and a supply of frogs. On the 
stubbles and arable land the contents of the larder vary greatly, 
with the elevation and nature of the soil. Greenfinches and 
chaffinches generally form the bulk of the supply, with an occa- 
sional long-tailed field mouse, corncrake, plover, or leveret. 
Much depends upon the time of year the hoard is discovered. On 
grass lands the stoat’s opportunities vary again. Blackbirds, 
thrushes, and “smaller fry” which feed along the hedge sides, or 
shelter in its cover, are frequent victims, with field mice and 
voles. A woodland store generally includes the squirrel, more 
often than not taken on the ground, but sometimes in its own 
_ nest, or while engaged in robbing birds of their eggs or young : 
much more rarely is it captured in its native branches. With it 
? may be found the long-tailed vole, young pheasants, coppice- 
q haunting birds, and the stoat’s relation—the weasel. 

In a sandy warren young rabbits form the bulk of the supply, 
with perhaps a pair of stone or whin chats, or a stone curlew, 
partridge, or young shield-duck. A sea coast dune would vary 
the supply again, but I have never discovered or seen the records 
of one. To my knowledge, too, the store of a grouse-moor stoat 
_has not yet been recorded ; though there can be little doubt that 

both localities furnish hoards. The neighbourhood of ponds on 
old grass pasture land is a favourite place for a collection. The 
treasured food varies much with the season. In the spring, 
leverets, eggs, and young waterhens may be discovered, with any 
of the smaller birds which come to drink and wash in the 
shallows. A stoat can leap six feet on to its quarry, and one bite 


20 The Stoat and its ways. 


is sufficient to paralyse a full-grown hare, to say nothing of 
killing a small bird. The ways of the stoat can be observed 
wherever its stores are unearthed, but nowhere better, perhaps, 
than on the marshes, where migrants and nocturnal-feeding birds 
collect on the grass, or in the shallows, at certain periods of the 
year. In such places, during the day, possibly the ground is as 
barren as the ideal wilderness, not a wing can be discovered ; but 
as ‘soon as the evening shades prevail” the birds assemble, and 
the stoat shakes himself and comes out of his lair ready to meet 
them. In his berth, according to-the time of year, may be found 
the golden or the common plover, snipe, spotted crake, dotterel, 
small waders, and migratory birds. Woodcock I have no record 
of; yet I do not believe that there is any warm-blooded thing, of 
reasonable size, which does not at times form part of the stoat’s 
“bag.” After heavy snowstorms, before the frost has hardened 
the surface of the earth’s white mantle, the stoat may be some- 
times seen burrowing under the snow, as it runs along the soil 
seeking for an entrance into the runs from which the moles are 
busy casting up earths. A moderate frost prevents this curious 
form of hunting being visible. If other animals are perplexed by 
the loss of their usual feeding-ground, stoats are not. They betake 
themselves to the hedgerows and woods, where a cruelly hard exis- 
tence has, for a time, forced animal creation into a narrow space, 
seeking the food and shelter which the open country denies to 
them. ‘There—when other things are starving—stoats simply revel 
ina feast on birds, voles, mice, moles, hares and rabbits,—on every- 
thing which luck throws in their path. ‘The fox himself, with all 
his size, strength and cunning, is a fool to a stoat. 


For such small creatures—the body of a very large stoat is 
not a foot long—they are wonderfully strong, and always make a 
brave attempt to get their victims out of sight, generally into the 
cover of their underground store. Let it be what size or weight 
it will, even an old jack hare, a stoat makes a huge effort to move 
it. On the dead flat it can drag three times its own weight by 
sheer muscular strength, and down a slight incline can manage 
to move over four times its own weight by the leverage of forcing 
itself under its victim over and over again. When a bird or 
mammal is fairly small, the stoat must have had other game close 


The Stoat and its ways. an 


by, and have gone off hunting, if its quarry be found in the open, 
In my experience every stoat is either secretive by nature, or else 
imagines that some other stoat will be pouncing upon its kill. 
Whenever one is viewed going to earth, at once dig out the 
burrow ; the owner will not leave,its sanctuary till the very end 
is reached, then its efforts to escape will be frantic. If there be a 
* side-pocket ” in the burrow, its evil-smelling food store will be 
there. By personal experiences in this way, any man can learn 
what one small animal is capable of doing in the way of pro- 
viding for itself. 

The question of supply, or of variety when it tires of one 
species of food—such as young rabbits—or the timidity and 
watchfulness its known presence causes-—for every bird gives its 
warning cry on seeing a stoat—entirely governs the actions of the 
little outlaw. If a temporary home means “ short commons,” it 
is soon on the move along stream or ditch, by a hedge bank, or 
round the outskirts of a well-stocked game covert. In summer 
weather, when the ditches are quite dry, they form hidden and 
convenient roads which stoats never neglect to use. “They have 
such a love of cover that they never come out in the open without 
sufficient reason. -Most ground-nesting birds know this habit 
well, and prefer a meadow, sainfoin, clover, or ryegrass fields to 
fences along which vermin are constantly hunting. 

So remarkably «lose does the stoat cling to cover during the 
hours of daylight that even an observant gamekeeper may not see 
one during a whole year. The weasel may be observed, or its 
voice heard, a dozen times to the stoat’s once. I have been 
resident over fourteen years at Cadney, and, though always on 
the look out, have not once seen a stoat in the open during that 
period.* Yet the keeper’s gallows-tree proclaims the certainty 
that they are, or rather were, as numerous there as elsewhere. 
The fact is, the whole genus are night, rather than daylight, 
hunters. The darkness not only protects them during their 
depredations, but it also renders their victims, both furred and 
feathered, much more accessible. The stoat is boldness personified, 
yet it gets its living by stealth rather than by fox-like cunning. 


* Since these words were written, during the last month I have 
seen one. On the other hand, I have viewed.the weasel often and the 
polecat once. I doubt whether the latter species—-the foumart, or 
foulmarten, as we locally call it—is now to be found in my parish, 


ie} 
to 


The Stoat and its ways. 


The voracity of stoats is so great that Pallas declares, 
‘‘in the course of a day ”’—7.e., I presume, in twenty-four hours— 
“they would generally devour more food than was equal to their 
own body in weight.’ I have never kept them in confinement, 
but hardly think, judging by analogy from the ferret or domesti- 
cated polecat, that the daily average of regularly fed animals 
would be so high, though occasionally it might be the case. ‘the 
matter is, however, of importance to game-owners. It shows 
why stoats collect such huge stores of food in their refuges; and 
why they die so rapidly-—in three days and nights—when they 
are cut off from food and vrater in neglected box-traps. If traps 
are not visited every day with methodical regularity, the most 
humane trap for stoats is the large size spring rat-trap. Where 
their food abounds, stoats will not as a rule touch carrion, and 
baited traps are more or less useless. While in other parts, 
where animal life is more or less rare, as on moor lands, any bait, 
the more putrid by preference, will attract them from long 
distances. Early in the season, when they are near enough to 
view or scent them, the eggs of any kind of bird will bring them 
between the jaws of the trap. Keepers long ago discovered that, 
under all circumstances, the best lure to draw stoats to destruction 
is the dead body of one of their own species hung over or near 
the trap. If the mother be caught, all her offspring may be 
taken, to the number of a dozen if she has as many, without 
moving the trap. Even other wandering stoats, in no way 
connected with the family, which may have been destroyed 
entirely, are frequently taken too. Failing a dead stoat for a 
lure, a weasel or a polecat is nearly as attractive. Stoats, lke 
weasels, hunt in packs, but only family packs in both cases, I 
believe. If two males meet they fight, I know; and have every 
reason to believe that when two family packs come across one 
another in their wanderings there is a battle royal between them 
for the hunting rights of the district. 


When keepers and trappers have carefully studied the mode 
of life of the vermin they desire to capture, there is no difficulty 
in taking them. ‘The stoat is no exception to this general rule. 
Lay your plans in a wily way, and your trap in its path, and 
there is nothing more easily taken than. the stoat. If he be 


} 
j 


The Stoat and its ways. 23 


hungry, carrion will draw him to the gin; if he be full to reple- 
tion, and has had his nap, he «will approach out of sheer 
curiosity—which undoes so many of us—or a pure love of thread- 
ing tunnels to discover what is within or on the other side of 
them. ‘The only art required is to put the trap in the right place, 
that is, exactly in his path. “ Once a stoat road, always a stoat 
road,” is a true proverb, as every keeper knows to his cost. Ina 
hedge the trap should be on one side of a gate-post, or crossways 
through the fence at a gap OF “ hedge-hole.” The covering OT 
box tunnel only requires to be long enough to hold the trap and 
to let the stoat pass through and over it ; and long enough also 
to keep game and foxes free from harm. In dry ditches the 
tunnel should be at the bottom, well “ bushed” to prevent the 
stoat going on either side or over it; and every “ gate-road 
tunnel” should have its trap. 


When the trap is found empty, the earth at both ends of the 
tunnel should be slightly scratched up with ‘ the business end”’ 
of the gamekeeper’s stick. This is said to suggest “ rabbit” to 
the stoat, and to make it more inquisitive. It is absolutely 
useless to set a baited trap in an open field, or in the middle of a 
big game covert, unless there be a dry ditch, or drain carrying 
water, to cause the stoat to use the place asa“ road.” ‘The very 
justly condemned pole-trap would not have destroyed as many 
stoats as it did if the animals were not so inquisitive, and the 
blood of their predecessors had not proved such an attraction, and 
Paused them to climb twenty or more feet to investigate the 
circumstances. 

There is another deadly mode of taking this species. It is SO 
secretive, and yet at the same time so curious, that it falls a 
victim at once. “This craving,’ as a trapper has pointed out, 
“ finds an illustration in the fact that when a stoat is on one side 
of a stream it is possessed by an idea that the opposite bank is 
just the right place for full investigation. The desire to get over 
the water may not always be keen enough to impel it to swim, 
though it will at times do this, but all the same it wants,to be 
across as soon as possible. The result is, that the stoat carefully 
crosses every bridge which it meets with ; it matters not whether 
the structure be the usual wide one for carrying a roadway, a 


4 The Stoat and its ways. 


footpath plank, or merely a tree reaching from bank to bank, 
which the wind has blown down. No sooner is the stoat safely 
across, and ‘ working down’ the fresh bank, than it wants to be 
back again. Thus it comes about that a stoat never neglects to 
cross a stream whenever means are available.” The clever 
trapper takes full advantage of this peculiarity, and many stoats 
die in passage tunnels. ‘The trap is simply placed in a tunnel, 
nailed to a rough larch tree laid across the stream from bank to 
bank, with a large furze or whin bush tied on the top of the 
tunnel to force the animal to use it. If the bushing be omitted, 


it may jump over, or run along the top of the tunnel, and so 
escape the trap. 


A parish may abound in stoats, and yet none may be seen by 
the natives: their nests and food-stores may be plentiful, and yet 
no one may suspect their presence. So much is this the case, that 
only a few gamekeepers are keen enough to detect the stoat’s 


home—unless they chance to see it run in—by the trail, or by the 
feathers and fur which so frequently cling round the entrance. 
No one knew this better than the late John Cordeaux, our first 
President. He loved to point out all such things to the fairly 
observant, and train his young friends in exact woodcraft. He 
once said to me, “ All kinds of places are used for breeding-homes, 
store-houses, or ‘ hunting-boxes’ by stoats. Nothing comes 
amiss to them, rabbit or rat burrows, hollow trees, dry-built stone 
walls, the larger birds’ nests—a magpie’s by preference—or a 
squirrel’s drey.”” Forty years ago I remember a stoat’s home and 
hoard being discovered under a heap of large stones, shot out of a 
cart by the wayside, ready to be broken by old men into road 
metal. Their ancient tongues wagged merrily over their find, to 
the discomfiture of the keeper who passed the spot several times 
every day of his hfe. 

When found the female stoat’s nest is always warmly lined 


and securely cosy: it seems to be carefully hidden from the male. ° 


I have never heard of the dog stoat being discovered with the 
mother or family, or assisting to hunt for them. A wandering 
stoat may occasionally visit the entrance of the burrow, but 
unless he is bent on mischief he never pushes his enquiries further, 
or the infuriated female drives him off. A male may be very 
rarely trapped at the entrance of “an earth,” but has never been 


—— | ee’ 


se 


The Stoat and its ways. 25 


known to leave food there. Plenty of proof exists that the male 
will destroy or maim the young at times. ‘Tailless and injured 
stoats have been recorded, and from the peculiar character of 
their losses, the work of the male may be suspected. \ photo- 


graph published in “ The Gamekeeper,” for May, 1g05, showed a 


stoat destitute of both forelimbs, taken off close to the body, not 
in the least like the way a trap could injure one. ‘This seems to 
be a case in point. On the other hand, the female stoat is a 
devoted mother and passionately attached to her young; she will 
run any risk for them, even attacking man single-handed. 

Stoats have a most marvellous power of scent. No breed of 
dogs known to me can approach them in the possession of that 
faculty: it is as highly developed as in the wild pig. hey run 
directly along ‘‘a warm track” and cross and recross a cold one, 
but are rarely, if ever, ‘ thrown out” in following up their game. 

When from five to a dozen young are following their mother, 
the amount of destruction such a party causes is simply incredible. 
Carrion crows, sparrow hawks, magpies, and foxes can hardly 
be called good friends of the game-owner, but’ the largest 
family any of them rear is not in it with the stoat’s brood.* 


*1 myself have known a pair of carrion crows to carry off forty 
chickers in three days from a fowl farm. One of the pair was shot, and 
left where it fell. Its mate only flew over the pasture onee again: it 
took the position in at a glance, and shunned the spot for the future, 


26 The Stoat and its ways. 


Young stoats must kill everything they meet with  indis- 
criminately to learn the arts of killing and providing for them- 
selves. Not one of their victims in a hundred is ever seen by the 
keeper, unless they are taken flagrante delicto. When the young 
are full grown, but still hunting with their dam, she may be 
distinguished at sight from them by her russet-brown colour, for 
the young are lighter, and when dead by her claws, teeth, and 
mamnuoe. “The surest way of trapping her, I regret to say, is to 
use one of her own olispring as a bait. Stoats are so quarrelsome, 
greedy, and suspicious of one another that they never under any 
circumstances assemble in battalions for additional security, like 
rats. When men have been attacked by numbers, they have 
simply been the members of a family pack. When two or more 
are caught fighting they can be easily approached, if a man has 
a very strong stomach. At such times they are so indifferent to 
other external matters that two may be killed at once with a 
blow from a walking-stick. Fighting stoats, when only two are 
present, always turn out to be males, in my experience. Old doe 
rabbits have been known to recover their dead young on such 
occasions, and to send both stoats to “the right about,” either 
well “kicked,” or soundly beaten and ‘“‘ trampled on.” A heavy 
doe rabbit is not always “ the inoffensive ” creature she looks, and 
against a rat, stoat, or weasel, stealing her young, can suddenly 
develop a pugnacity and quickness of resource which is as 
charming and amusing as it is rarely beheld. 


> 


The “chatter” or “shrill whistle” of the stoat is a very 
unfamiliar country sound. It may be heard when the dog stoats 
are getting ready for a fight, or the female calls her young to food 
she has taken, or when for a time she has lost sight of them in 
the thick cover. While hunting, the stoat is silent, in my 
experience ; but while following in packs, when the chase is 
catching up the quarry, young stoats are said to “ give tongue.” 
I cannot sayy for I have never seen a pack under these particular 
circumstances. ‘The mother gives forth a cry continuously when 
she returns and finds her young have been destroyed in her 
absence; and, overcome with trouble, runs aimlessly about, 
regardless of her own danger. At such times her “continuous 
whistling’ can only be compared to a “singing mouse,” 


The Stoat and its ways. aye 


Few gamekeepers, in my experience, believe that the winter- 
white coat of the stoat is the roval ermine. It is not generally 
known. either, that the older stoats are the whiter their winter 
coats become in hard seasons, even in England. The only 
ermines I have personally examined have all been old dogs. 
There is also an albino stoat. From youth to age, summer and 
winter, it is always perfectly white without the black tip to its , 
tail, and has the so-called “pink eyes.” A winter-white weasel, 
which is not albino, is a very rare thing, even in the North of 
Scotland, but this cannot be said of the stoat. The published 
records of enormously large stoats, from 19 to 245 inches, are not 
to be depended on. An 18-inch stoat is an old giant. I have 
good reason to believe that both the polecat and the martencat 
are mistakenly called “stoats,’ by the badly informed, and at 
times records of both these species are published as those of the’ 
stoat. In the same way the stoat in Ireland is frequently called 
the weasel, because the weasel is rare there. 


Stoats have few natural enemies—foxes, cats, and hawks on 
land, and the pike in the water, are the only ones of which I have 
any sufficient modern records. ~The polecat and marten may now ° 
be ignored as such, as the former is so thinly distributed at present . 
as practically to have no effect upon the increase or decrease of 
stoats; and the latter is a rare wanderer, worth recording, in 
most counties in England. I have been informed it has been 
taken in the neighbourhood of Lincoln lately. The larger owls 
may occasionally pick up a young stoat in the gloaming, but I 
never remember finding their bones in the many casts I have 
examined. Foxes certainly kill stoats at sight, and dead ones 


have been found in the food stores in their earths. Cats also, at 


times, destroy a few, especially when they have kittens. Large 
and heavy rats will sometimes test all the stoat’s powers and , 


g resources when they get into a place convenient for fighting ; but 


even if it loses its own life, from wounds, after the fray, the stoat 
never gives in till the battle is;wwon. Hawks also destroy a few 
of them, but not infrequently the stoat gets the better of the bird 
if it does not seize its lithe little quarry well forward. One old 
friend saw a sparrow hawk swoop successfully at one and rise, 
but it paid for its temerity with its life. The stoat tore open the 


28 The Stoat and ils ways. 


big artery under the wing, and the bird fell before it had flown 
two hundred vards. ‘That incident reminds me that a stoat can 
fall thirty feet with a bird it has killed, or from a tree, without 
apparently much inconvenience, for it will run off the moment it 
touches the ground. Stoats are remarkably good swimmers, 
holding their heads high, like a dog’s, and will take to the water 
to escape danger, or in hunting rats, voles, birds, or fish. In this 
way they occasionally fall victims to “the fresh-water shark,” 
but whether pike find them “tasty morsels” I cannot say. As 
Mr. J. S. Harting suggests, “cold water may have the effect of 
silencing the enemies’ guns:” nothing else does, I can testify.* 
Few dogs, except those specially trained for vermin hunting, will 
tackle a stoat, on account of its powerful aroma; many will rush 
in upon them as if they meant business, but their olfactory sense 
overcomes their ardour, and they sheer off to obtain fresh air 
before closing with them. 


‘The marten and polecat have disappeared before the skill of 
the trapper, on account of their more open, easily observed, and 
stationary habits. The stoat, on the other hand, remains practi- 
cally where it ever was, 1.e., wherever it desires to be. Without 
the cunning of the fox, it is far bolder, more courageous and 
daring. [roma little animal, less than 18 inches long, all told, 
which out of pure “ cussedness”’ will even sometimes attack man 
with apparent fearlessness, any deed of courage or destruction 
may be expected. 


* A heron, standing immovable in the shallows by a stream side, 
is recorded to have speared, beaten to death, and then swallowed a 
stoat, which was attracted by the bird’s scent while working along the 
bank. Strong though the stomach of the heron is, it could not stand so 
highly-flavoured a morsel, and at once vomitedit. Ihave often watched 
the swallowing process with admiration in herons; but waen the long 
neck is considered, a “boking’ heron must be a sight for gods 
and men! 


Your Hon. Secretary has been appointed to the Curatorship 
of the Museum at Lincoln. In future all Communications should 
be addressed to, 

Tue Musrum. Linco, 


SS ——. 


7 
. 
: 
: 
q 


29 
NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA OF 
LINCOLNSHIRE. 


C. S. Carrer, M.C:S. 
Hon. Curator, Louth Ant. and Nat. Soc. 


Since the publication, in 1887, of Mr. W. Dennison Roebuck’s 
admirable paper ‘“ Materials towards a List of the Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca of Lincolnshire,’ which appeared in the 
Naturalist for that year, much good work has been accomplished 
by a number of enthusiastic collectors. Except for the very 
useful List compiled by Mr. H. Wallis Kew, published in the same 
Journal for 1902, and the various scattered notes, which have 
also from time to time appeared there very little, comparatively, 
is known of the amount of good work done during the last 
eighteen years. 

The present list has been compiled in compliance with 
requests frequently made to me, to record, as far as space will 
allow, what has been done, and therefore what _ still 
remains to be accomplished. It is hoped that the enthusiasm of 
the past will not in any degree be diminished, but rather 
stimulated by successes to greater activity. 

It is with regret that I have not been able to incorporate 
the whole of the records of Mr. Roebuck’s great collection of 
Lincolnshire Non-Marine Mollusca. Its owner is at present 
abroad, and neither notes nor specimens are accessible, 
and the space at our disposal is also insufficient for doing 
justice to Mr. Roebuck’s work asa Malacologist. I learn, however, 
that he contemplates publishing a list on his return, 
so we may all look forward with expectancy for the result of 
more than twenty years work in our County. 

The classification, and nomenclature adopted here is 
that published by the Conchological Society in 1904, except in 
some few cases amongst the slugs, where Mr. Taylor’s Monograph 
has been followed. 

When a species is common and generally distributed, only 
the first known record, and the Natural History Divisions of the 
County, for which it has actually been recorded, have been given. 


30 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


The following List includes 10g species, 133 varieties and 3 
monstrosities. A good list when we consider that of the 170 
species, in the catalogue adopted, 26 species are either extinct or 
introduced. Only 144 species are left for comparison. 
There are several species which may be reasonably expected to 
turn up and I hope that attention will be directed to this end. 


I take this opportunity of expressing my great indebtedness 
to Mr. J. W. Taylor for his kindness in verifying the 
identification of species and many varieties. This gives equal 
value to all the new records here published ; [also desire to thank 
the numerous workers who have kindly assisted in so far working 
out the Mollusca of the County. 


I shall be very pleased to receive further collections 
of Mollusca, together with locality, soil, and other notes, 
especially from those divisions for which we have few records. 

For the purpose of economising space it has been necessary 


to use a long list of abbreviations as follows :— 
WDR Signifies Mr. W. Dennison Roebuck. 


HW K Be Mr. H. Wallis Kew. 

EAWP i Rey. E. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock. 

MP *F Mr. Max Peacock. 

CSC es Mr. C. S. Carter. 

RW 5 Mr. R. Worsdale. 

HP Sy Mr. H. Preston. 

TS a Mr. T. Stow 

wWwwM oe Rev. W. W. Mason. 

JEM 5 Mr. J. Eardley Mason (The late). 

SCS 5 Miss S. C. Stow. 

FH W o Miss F. H. Woolward. 

SA ee Miss Susan Allett. 

HCB 5 Rey. H. C, Brewster. 

JBD a Mr. J. Burtt Davy. 

FMB ; Mr. F. M. Burten. 

WEC 55 Mr. W. E. Clarke. 

FWE an Mr. F. W. Fierke. 

CTM on Mr. C. T. Musson. 

EC a Mr. EF. Collier. 

AS 3 Mr. A. Smith. 

AR Af Mr. A. Reynolds. 

{TB - Thomas Ball's List of Land and Freshwater Shells, 
all but five taken within a radius of 14 miles of 
Brigg, published in “ Young England” 1864, 
and reprinted in the Naturalist in 1894, 

* 


+ Mr. Roebuck’s “ Material towards a List of the 
Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Lincolnshire 
“The Naturalist’ August 1887. PP. 245-272. 

4; y Mr. J. W. Taylor's “ Monograph of the Land and 

Freshwater Mollusea of the British Isles.” 

Other Names appear in their respective places, 


———— 


a ee ae 


SS Oe C2 mies 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 31 


TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA Draparnaud 


Has been recorded for one locality only 


N. Gainsborough, 22-4-1898. FMB (K MB, Nat., Oct., 1898) 


TESTACELLA SCUTULUM Sowerby 


Recorded for one locality in N. Lines. The locality given for 
S. Lines. in Taylor's Monograph is in Northamptonshire. 


N. Nettleton House, 28-1-1903. SA, reports that “they were 


found in the coldest and dampest part of the garden ” 


LIMAX MAXIMUS = Linneé 


A common species, recorded for numerous loealities in N. 
Lines. 


- *Well Vale, Alford, 14-4-1886.. W DR_ Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8 


9, 10, 11 ’ 


. *Boston, 8-9-1884. WDR 


var. cinereo-niger Wolf 


. Cadney, 30-9-1901. “Two examples found drinking at soft 


water tubs” EAWP (EA WP, Nat., Dec., 1901) 
Howsham, on fallen ash, 7-8-1903. EZAWP 


. Careby Wood, on fallen ash, 9-6-1903. EA WP 


var. ferrussaci Mog.-Tand. 


. Hubbard's Valley, Louth, one example on beeen tree, 1903 


CSC 


. Brandon Lodge, Grantham, 8-1-1889. Theodore Burtt (W DR, 


Nat., Aug., 1889) 
var. fasciata Mog.-Tund. 


. *Haugham Wood, Louth, 15-4-1886. W DR. “Louth, 24-4-1886 


HWK. *Alford, 16-4-1886. WDR. Aby, J BD (Journ. of 
Conchology, Oct., 1891) 


. Gt. Ponton, 31-7-02. WDR 


var. cellaria D’Argenville 


. *Alford, 14-4-1886. WD R. *Louth, 24-4-1886. H W K. 


tSomersby, Sept., 1889. WDR. [Broughton, near Brigg, 
Aug., 1902. FH W. +tKirton-in-Lindsey, Aug., 1902. KA WP 


. *Aneaster, 17-4-1886. WDR 


var. feoncolor Pini 


. ;Louth, Sept., 1886. HWK 


var. {sylvatica Morelet 


. {Well Vale, Alford, April, 1886. WDR. {Broughton, near 


Brigg, Aug., 1902. FH W 


S. tNear Boston, Sept., 1884. WDR 


var. tobscura Mog.-Tand. 


N. {Alford, Sept., 1885. JEM 
LIMAX FLAVUS § Linieé 


Fairly plentiful where found 


N. “Louth, 24-4-1886. H WK. Bottesford, 1868-1900. EA W P. 


Caistor, 19-9-1903. EA WP. Alford, June, 1890. J EM 
Isle of Axholme. AR 


$. Court Leys, 30-7-1902, SCS, Caythorpe, 5-3-1902. SCS 


32 Non-Marine Mollusca of. Lincolnshire. 


LIMAX ARBORUM  Bouchard-Chantereux 


N. +Near Louth, Oct., 1885. RW Goulding. *“Malthy Wood, 
Louth, “typical, a few under a log,”  15-4-1886. W DR. 
*Lincoln Road, Louth, 24-4-1886. HWK. Newball Wood, 
11-9-1899 suspended by a three feet mucus thread from 
bushes. EA WP. Poolthorn Wood, Cadney, suspended, 
13-38-1901. KE A W P. Tumby, suspended, 13-3-1893. EK A W P. 
Isle of Axholme. AR 
| Uleeby-with-Fordington, Oct., 1889. J BD 
S. Careby Wood, Grantham, June, 1903. I A W P 
— var. bettonii Sordelli 
N. Jenny Wood, Louth. H W K (Nat., March, 1886) 
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS  Linindé 
Very much too common everywhere 
N. *Great Cotes, 5-10-1883. W EC. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10,11 
S. “Boston, 8-9-1884. W DR. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 
—— var. sylvatica Mog.-Tand. 
Common with the typical form 
N. *Alford, 4-9-1885. J EM 
S. *Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR. Fulbeck Grange, Dee. 28, 1888. 
JBD (WDR, Nat., May, 1889 
-— = var. albida Picard 
N. *Claythorpe, one, juy., pure snow white, 6-7-1887. J HM. 
Louth, one pure white, 11-11-02. CSC 
Se var. reticulata Mog.-Tand. 
S. Fulbeck Grange, 28-12-1888. J BD (WD R, Nat., May, 1889) 
var..tristis Mog.-Tand. 
N. *Tothby Farm, Alford, 14-4-1886. W DR 
=e var. rufescens Lessona and Pollonera 
N. Cadney, 30-10-1901. EA WP 
— var. falbitentaculata Dum. aud Mort. 
N. {Claythorpe, July, 1887. JEM 
AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS Miiller 


This active and interesting little slug is very plentiful under 
timber in the woods and other damp places near Louth. 


N. *Muckton, 15-4-1886. W DR 


*Haughe 2 Wood, near Louth, 15-4-1886. W DR. *Sutton-in- 
the-Marsh, 16-4-1886. W DR. Maltby Wood and Haugham 
Pasture, near Louth, 1901. CSC. Hubbard's Valley, 
Louth, 1902. CSC. Bottesford. EA WP. South Kelsey, 
1899. HCB. Brigg, 3-6-1895 (fF W F, Nat., August, 1895). 
Isle of Axholme. AR. Jericho Plantation, Oxcombe, 
13-5-1902. CSC. Maltby Springs, near Louth, 1902. CS C. 
Acthorpe Wood, September, 1904.° C'S C 

S. Fulbeck Grange, 21-12-1888. J BD (WD R, Nat., May, 1889. 
Lincoln, 24-5-1894 (F W F, Nat., September, 1894) 
MILAX SOWERBYI Férussac 


Is recorded for three localities only—two North Lines., one 
South Lines. They are very abundant on a bank in Edward 
Street, Louth, and may probably be found equally plentiful, 
if searched for, in other localities 

N. *Louth, 21-5-1886. H WK. South Kelsey, 1865. HCB 
S$. *Boston, 8-9-1884, WDR 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 33 


MILAX GAGATES Drap. 
Is recorded for one loeality only 
N. #Alford, 16-5-1886. J EM 
—— var. plumbea Mog.-Tand. 
N. *Alford, 8-9-1885. J KM 
VITRINA PELLUCIDA Miiller 
A very Common species, recorded for numerous localities in 
N. Lines., but few in S. Lines. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S. *Anwick, near Sleaford, 7-3-1887; CT M. Court Leys, 
11-1901. SCS. Mere, 21-2-1902. WWM. Great Ponton, 
31-7-1902. WDR. Dorrington, 28-4-1904. W WM 
VITREA CRYSTALLINA Miller 
A very Common species, recorded for numerous localities in 
North Lines., but few in South Lincs 
NST Brice. "MBs Divsed, 2)'3) 738, 9, 10; 11 
S. Grantham, 1900. RW. Little Ponton. 12-7-1902. RW. Great 
Ponton, 31-7-1902. WD R. Dorrington, 28-!1-1904. W WM 
= var. complanata Jeffieys 
N. *Louth Park, 7-6-1887. H W K 
VITREA LUCIDA Driap. 
Only one recorded 


N. Welton Wood, near Alford, 14-7-1900. CSC (CSC, Nat. 
August, 1902). Only one example under timber in a dis- 
used chalk-pit ; 


VITREA CELLARIA Miiller 


A very common species, recorded for numerous loealities in 
N. Lines. 


N. (Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 7,8, 9, 10, 11 
S. *Uffington, 1884. E C. *Anecaster, 17-4-1886. W D R. 
*Anwick, 17-3-1887. CTM. Mere, 21-2-1902. WWM. 
Great Ponton, 29-6-1902. RW. Little Ponton, 31-7-1902. 
WDR. Crowland, 31-8-1901. T Gelsthorp 
= var. complanata Jeffreys 
N. Seunthorpe, 11-7-1902. One specimen. CSC. 
S. *Aneaster, 17-4-1886. WDR 
— var. albina Mogq.-Tand. 
S. *Aneaster, 17-4-1886. WD R Grantham VI.-1902. RW 
VITREA ROGERS! B. B.\Woodward 


a 


This species has been variously recorded as Zonites 
(Hyalinia) giaber and helvetica 


N. *Haugham, Burwell and Maltby Woods, numerous, 15-4-1886. 
WDR. *Cleethorpes, 16-4-1887. H WK. Jericho Planta- 
tion, Oxcombe, 28-5-1902. CSC. Donington-on-Bain, 
HWK. Wyham, 1900. CSC. Woodhall Spa. SCS. 
North Ormsby, 13-10-1900. CSC 

S$. Court Leys, X1I.-1901. SCS. Grantham, VI.-1902. RW. 
Little Ponton, 12-7-1902, RW. Great Ponton, 31-7-1902, 
WDdDR 


34 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


VITREA ALLIARIA Miiller 
A fairly common species, recorded for several localities 
N. *Sutton, 16-4-1887. H W K. North Ormsby, 13-10-1900. 
CSC. Cadney, 23-5-1902. CSC. Laughton, 31-10-1898. 
AS (AS., Nat., Dec., 1898). Mablethorpe, 1901. CSC. 
Maltby Wocd, 1901. CSC. Jericho Plantation, Oxcombe, 
13-5-1902. CSC. Isle of Axholme. AR 
S. Great Ponton, 29-6-1902. RW. Little Ponton, 31-7-1902. 
WDR. Dorrington, 28-4-1904, WWM 
VITREA NITIDULA Drap. 

A very common species, recorded for numerous localities in 

North Lines. 

N. (Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 7, 8, 9,10, 11 

S. *Uflington, on fallen trees, IX.-1885. EC.  *Aneaster, 
7-4-1886. W DR. *Anwick, 7-3-1887. C T M. Court Leys, 
X1.-1901. SCS. Mere, 21-2-1902. WWM. Near Lincoln, 
24-5-1894. KF W F (Nat., Sept., 1894). Grantham, VI.-1902. 
RW. Great Ponton, 12-7-1902. RW. Little Ponton, 
31-7-1902. WD R. Dorrington, 28 4-1904. WWM 

VITREA PURA Alder. 

Owing to the rejection of the name var. margaritacea, that 
variety being considered the type, a transposition of the 
records has been necessary. 

Whether Thomas Ball’s record should be under the type or 
variety | cannot say, but as it is the first record for the 
county, I place it first in order 

N. (Brigg. TB. *Well Vale, 14-4-1886. WDR. *Haugham 
Pasture, near Louth, 13-5-1887. H WK. *Maltby Wood, 
15-4-1886. W DR. *Hubbard’s Valley, 13-5-1887. H WK. 
Broughton, 1900. EA WP. Welton Vale, 2-7-1902. CSC. 

—- var. nitidosa Gray 

N. *Tothby, 14-4-1886. W DR. *Grimoldby, 13-5-1887. H W K. 

*Well Vale, 14-4-1886. WDR 


VITREA RADIATULA Alder 
N. {[Brigg. TB. *Donington-on-Bain, 19-8-1886. H W K. 
*Greenfield Wood, Aby, 8-6-1887. J EM. *Louth, 15-4-1886, 
WODR. *Kenwick, 13-5-1887. HWkK. *Welton Vale. 
13-5-1887. H WK. Burwell Wood, 1902. CSC 
S. Great Ponton, 31-7-1902. WDR 
ZONITOIDES NITIDUS Miiller 
Sparingly found in a few localities 
N. {[Brigg. TB. *Canal Banks, near Louth, 15-4-1886. W DR, 
Little Carlton, 1900. CSC.  Poolthorn Cover, Cadney. 
1900. EA WP. Isle of Axholme. A R. 
S. Little Ponton, 12-7-1902. RW 


ZONITOIDES EXCAVATUS Bean 
Only once recorded 
N. Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893 (F W F, Nat., Oct., 1893). “Taken on 
dead leaves in a hedge bottom” 


EUCONULUS FULVUS MJMiiller 

This is a particularly interesting little shell, being one of the 
two species recorded in 1678 by Dr. Martin Lister, who 
stated that he had “ found it more than once in moss at the 
roots of large trees in Burwell Woods in Lincolnshire.” 
This record was confirmed in 1886 by Mr. H. Wallis Kew 
finding it in Burwell Wood. It has been recorded for 
numerous localities in North Lincolnshire 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 35 


N. *Burwell Wood. Dr. Martin Lister, Hist. Animalium Anglize 
1678. Divs. 2,3, 7,8,9, 11. 
S. Near Lincoln, 24-5-1894. F W F (Nat., Sept., 1891). Gonerby 
Moor, January, 1903. RW 
—— var. viridula Taylor 


N. Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, April, 1902. CSC One 
example under timber 


ARION ATER Linné 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities in 
North and South Lines. 


N. *Great Cotes, 5-10-1883. W EC. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 
10, 11, 12 
S. Little Ponton, 31-7-1902. EA WP. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 
— var. faterrima Taylor 
S. {Rippingale, September, 1904. HP 
== var. brunnea Roebuck 


N. *Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 4-9-1886. HW K. Louth, 
VI.-1887. H W K. Well Vale, Sept., 1889. W D R. Cadney, 
1902, and Tattershall, 1904. E A WP 


— sub-var. brunneo-pallescens Roebuck 


*Louth, 31-8-1886. H WK. Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 
8-1886. HW K 


S$. Careby Wood, 1904. HP 
— var. rufa Linné 
N. tMaltby, August, 1888. H WK 
— var. tsuccinea Miiller 
N. {Haugham Wood, April, 1886. H WK 
— var. bicolor Roebuck 
N. {Louth, amongst Tussilago farfara, 1885. H WK 


— var. {marginella Schrauck (= var. swammerdamil. Kala) 
sub-var. tnigrescens ; 
. N. {Louth, October, 1886. H W K. Cadney, Aug., 1902. EA WP. 
_ARION SUBFUSCUS Drap. 
Not so common as the other species. 

N. *Maltby Wood, 24-4-1886. H WK. *Farlesthorpe, 25-5-1887, 
JEM. Well Vale, September, 1889. WDR 

S. Fulbeck Grange, December, 1888. J BD. Careby Wood, 
June, 1903. H W Kirkby bh 

_— svar. feinereo-fusca Drap. 

N. {Ulceby-with-Fordington, October, 1889. J BD 

ARION INTERMEDIUS Normand 


This interesting little slug is very abundant in the neigh- 
bourhood of Louth. 


N. Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893. F WHE (Nat., Oct., 1893) 
Divs. 2, 5, 7, 8,9, 10 

S. Little and Great Ponton, 31-7-1903. WDR 

ARION HORTENSIS Férussac 


ya A very common species, recorded for numerous localities in 
¥ North Lincs. 


————— se .LClC ee 
: 


36 Non-Mavine Mollusca of Lincolnshire 


W. *Rigsby Farm, near Alford, 14-4-1886. W DR 
Divse Lowes 4, D5) Os fy 0, OodOe Mime 
S. Ancaster, April, 1889, and Frampton Fen, near Boston, Sept. 
1889. WDR  Crowland, 31-8-1901. EA WP 
Great Ponton, 31-7-1902. RW  Careby Wood, June, 1903. 
H W Kirkby 
== var. subfusca UC. Pfeiffer 
N. *Sloothby, 4-8 1886. JM Well Vale, Sept., 1889. W DR 
Brigg, 3-6-1895. FW F (Nat., Aug., 1895) 
ARION FASCIATUS Nilsson 
A common species, recorded for several localities in N. Lines 
N. *Skirbeck, near Boston, 8-9-1884. W DR 
Divs: %3,.°6; 8) Wil 
S. *Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR *Near Boston, 8-9-1884. W D R, 
Great and Little Ponton, 31-7-1902. W DR 
PUNCTUM PYGMG@UM Drup. 
Has been recorded for a few localities, and is fairly plentiful 
where found 
N. *Scawbery (Scawby), Sept., 1885. T Rogers. *Hubbard’s 
Valley, Louth, 13-5-1887. H WK. Sand Hills, Mablethorpe, 
1900. CSC. Cadney, 1900. EA WP. Kirton-in-Lindsey, 
3-5-1901. KA W P 
S. Little Ponton, 12-7-1902. RW 
SPHYRADIUM EDENTULUM Diup. 
Recorded for a few localities 
N. *Broughton Wood, Sept., 1885. T Rogers. “Greenfield Wood 
Aby, 8-6-1887. J EM. Burton Lane Plantation, 3-6-1895. 
Kh WE (Nat., August, 1895). North Somercotes Warren, 
16-7-1900. CSC (J W Taylor, Nat., Oct., 1900) 
= var. columella G.v. Martens. 
Only once recorded 
N. Haugham Pasture, near Louth, 17-4-1904. CSC 
Two examples found under timber with Clausilia rolphii 
PYRAMIDULA RUPESTRIS Dru). 
Only recorded for one locality 
S. Great Ponton, 12-7-1902. RW 
Locally abundant on walls and on railway embankment. 
(CS C., Nat., Aug., 1902.) 
PYRAMIDULA ROTUNDATA Aiiiller 
One of the commonest and most widely distributed species. 
Recorded for numerous localities in North Lines. 
NO (Briges” TB: Divs. 1,203) Sadie OnlOnue 
S. *Uffington, 1884. EC. Divs. 13, 15, 16 
—- var. turtoni Fleming 
N. Hubbard’s Hill, Louth, 1900. CSC. South Kelsey, 1902. 
EKA WP 
— var. pyramidalis Jeffreys 
N. Jericho Plantation, Oxcombe, 13-5-1902. CSC 
—— var. alba Mog.-Tand. 


N. |Brigg. TB. Scawhby, 5-6-1895. “ Plentiful.” F W F (Nat., 


Aug., 1895) Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 19-7-1900. CS C 


| 
} 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshive. 37 


m. scalariforme Only one recorded 


N. North Reston, 14-7-1900. Found alive under timber. The 


shell measured 6 mm. in height. CSC (Science Gossip, 
Aug., 1900, p. 96) 


HELiICELLA VIRGATA Dua Costa 


A common species recorded for numerous localities 


N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 2,3, 4,5, 7,8, 10,11 


S. “Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR. Divs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 


var. minor Taylor 


. Red Hill, Goulceby, 1900. CSC. Cadney, 8-4-1904. E A W P 


var. subdeleta Taylor 
So identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. A common form with 
the type. 


. Red Hill, near Gouleeby, 1900. CSC. Oxcombe and Ruck- 


land, 1902. CSC. Kirton-in-Lindsey, Boston, Hibaldstow, 
and Cadney, 1901. EA WP 


. Crowland. EA W P. Boston and Surfleet. HA WP. Little 


Ponton, 12-7-1902. RW. Uflington, January, 1904. AS. 
var. depressa lequiei 


. Red Hill, near Goulceby, 1900. CSC 


var. leucozona Taylor 


. Cadney Beck, 21-3-1904. EA WP 


var. radiata Hidalgo 


. Cadney, 29-4-1901. EA W P 


var. subalbida Poirct 


N. Red Hill, near Goulceby, 1900. CSC. Cadney, 12-3-1900. 
EAWP. Ruckland, 1902. CSC. Hibaldstow. M and 
EAWP 

S. Crowland, 1901. EKA WP 

var. albicans Gratelowp 

N. Red Hill, near Goulceby, 1900. CSC. Hibaldstow, Cadney, 
Howsham, and Ingoldmells. EA WP. Horneastle. M P 

S. Uffington, January, 1904. AS 

var. hyalozona Taylor 

N. Red Hill, near Goulceby, 1900. Fairly plentiful. CSC 

var. alba Taylor 

N. Red Hill, near Goulceby, 1900. Fairly plentiful. CSC 

S. Crowland, 1901. EK A WP 

m. sinistrorsum Taylor 
N. *New Holland. TB. (Jeffrey’s Brit. Conch., vol. 5, 1869). 


s 


HELICELLA ITALA = Linné 


A common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
. [Brigg. TB. Divs. 2,3, 5,6, 8, 11 
. *Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR. Divs. 13, 15, 16 


38 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


— var. minor Mog. 

N. *Swaby Vale, near Alford, 13-5-1887. H W K 
Hubbard’s Hill, Louth, 8-8-1902. CSC 
var. hyalozonata Cockerell 

N. Hubbard’s Hill, 1885. H WK 
var. alba Charpentier 

N. *Louth, January, 1886. H WK 
Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 7-6-1887. H W K 


HELICELLA CAPERATA Montagu 2 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 


. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S. “Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16 
—. var. major Jeff. 
N. Hubbard’s Hill, Louth, 1885. H W K. (Cockerell, “The Nat. 
World,” 1885). The diameter of this shell is given as ‘5 in. 
Red Hill, Gouleeby, 1904. CSC. One. 


S. Sapperton, 1902. SCS. One, the diameter of which 
measures 12 mm. 


var. ornata Picard 


Very common with the type, and recorded for numerous 
localities. 
N. Be Bills Huttoft, 16-4-1886. WDR. Divs. 2,3, 7,8, 9, 
S. Hall’s Hill, Grantham, 31-7-1902. WDR. 
— var. alba Picard 
N. Red Hill, near Goulceby, August, 1904. CSC. A few. 


HELICELLA CANTIANA Montagu 

Has been recorded for several localities. The Hibaldstow 
specimens are very fine ones; finer than any I have seen 
in Kent. 

N. {Brige. TB. 

Near Scotton Common. J. Hebden 

“Lincoln. Rey AG Musson. Cadney, 1900, in Ancholme 
Drift. EAWP. Alive, 22-4-1900. MP. Cleatham, 
29-3-1900, in Lines. limestone walls. M.P.  Kirton-in- 
Lindsey, 28-2-1901. EA WP.  Bottesford, May, 1900; 
Hibaldstow, 17-8-1900; Scunthorpe, 4-8-1900. M and 
EAWP. Horneastle and Boston, October, 1900. M P. 
Barton-on-Humber, 23-3-1896. H WK (Nat., June, 1896). 
Isle of Axholme, common. A R 


S. *Honington, 1875. Mr. J. Hawkins. Grantham, 1900. R W. 
Castle Bytham, 17-7-1900. WDR. Uffington, January, 
1904. AS 
——- var. rubescens Mogq.-Tand. 
The predominating form on the Lines. ironstone at Seun- 
thorpe is referable to this variety. 
.N. Scunthorpe, 11-7-1902. CSC 


HYGROMIA GRANULATA Alder 
Has been recorded for one locality only. 
S. “Ancaster, 17-4-1886. WDR 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 39 


HYGROMIA HISPIDA Linné 


A common species, recorded for numerous localities in North 
Lines. 
N. *Claxby, near Alford, 16-9-1885. JEM. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Near Lincoln, 24-5-1894. F WF (Nat., Sept., 4894). Little 
Ponton, 12-7-1902, and Great Ponton, 28-6-1902. R W. Court 
: Leys, 11-19-1901. SCS. Dorrington, 18-2-1902, and Mere, 
: 21-2-1902. WWM 


: — var. subglobosa Jeffreys 
N. “Brocklesby (Jeffrey, Brit. Conch., 1862). 
: — var. hispidosa Mowsson 
| A very common form, recorded for numerous localities. It is 
probable that Mr. Thomas Ball's record, Helix hispida, for 
Brigg, is referable to this variety. 

N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 

S. *Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR. Divs. 13, 14, 15. 
— var. depilata Alder 

N. Cleatham, 7-8-1900, on the Kirton limestone. E A W P 
— var. subrufa Mog.-Tand. 


N. “Louth Park, 7-6-1887. H WK. Hubbard's Hill, 1900. CSC. 
Seunthorpe, 10-7-1902. CSC 
S. Little Ponton, 12-7-1902. R W 


— var. albocincta Taylor 
S. Great Ponton, 31-7-1902. WDR- 


HYGROMIA RUFESCENS Pennant 
A common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Grantham, 1900. RW. Mere, 21-2-1902. WWM. Great 
Ponton, 28-6-1902. RW. Uffington, January, 1904. AS 


= var. minor Jeffrey 
N. Broughton, 15-3-1903. E A W P. 


— var. globosa Taylor 
Three examples found at Hubbard’s Valley, 1900-1, one of 
which was var. alba, were submitted to Mr. J. W. Taylor, 
who identified them as var. globosa. 
N. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 1900-1. CSC 


—— var. rubens Mog.-Tand. 
N. Broughton, 15-8-1903, on Lines. limestone. E A W P 


— var. albocincta Cockerell 
The common form, considered by Mr. J. W. Taylor to be the 
primitive one. 

N. Howsham, 5-6-1901. EA WP. Hundon and Pelham’s Pillar 
Wood, 28-8-1902. CSC. MHubbard’s Valley, 1900. CSC. 
Kirton-in-Lindsey, 27-5-1904, and Broughton, 15-3-1904. 
EAWP. Little Cotes, September, 1902. AS 

S. Grantham, 31-7-1902. Abundant everywhere. WDR 


— var. alba Mog.-Tand. 
N. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 1900. Fairly plentiful. CSC 
(Nat., Feb., 1904). Nettleton, 13-3-1904. On blown sand. 
EAWP. Howsham, 5-6-1901. Boulder clay. EA W.P, 
Broughton, 15-8-1903, Lines. limestone. EA WP 


40 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


ACANTHINULA ACULEATA Miiller 
Has been found in a few localities. . 
N. {Brigg. Thomas Ball. Maltby Wood, 23-3-1896. H WK 
(Nat., June, 1896). Burton Lane Plantation, 3-6-1895. 
FPWF (Nat., Aug., 1895). Haugham Pasture, 21-2-1904. 
CSC. Kenwick, June, 1905. Ina Wood near Jenny Wood. 
CSC. Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, May, 1901. J. W. 
Taylor. Trusthorpe, 1900. One under a piece of timber on 
the Sand Hills. CSC. - Gainsborough, 8-1-1901. I MB. 
Cadney, 1900. EAWP. Scawhby, 27-8-1901. EA WP. 
Spilsby, 6-1-1903. CSC. Isle of Axholme. Only one 
found. AR 
S. Grantham, 1902. RW 
VALLONIA PULCHELLA Miiller 
A yery common species. recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {[Brige. TB. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. *Grantham (E. J. Lowe, Conchology of Notts, 1853). Divs. 
igi 


VALLONIA COSTATA Miiller 
Common with the last species, and recorded for numerous 
loealities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3,4, 6, 7, 8, 9. 
S. *Ancaster, 17-4-1886. W DR. Divs. 13, 15. 
HELICIGONA LAPICIDA  Linné 
Has been recorded for a few localities. 
N. Well Vale, Alford, 12-6-1890. One dead specimen. J BD 
(W. D. R., Nat., July, 1890). Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 
23-3-1895. H WK (Nat., June, 1896). South Thoresby. 
J BD (Journ. of Chonch., Oet., 1891). Maltby Wood, 1902. 
One dead specimen. CSC 
S. *Uffington, on trees, September, 1885. EE. Collier. Great 
Ponton, 1902. RW. Careby, 1904. TS. 
— var. albina Menke 
This beautiful variety has been recorded for one locality 
only. Several specimens were found in the walls on the 
Great Oolitic Limestone. 
S. Carlby, 28-6-1904 TS. 
HELIGIGONA ARBUSTORUM = Linné 
A common species, recorded for several localities. EA W P 
reporis taking this species in cop. with Helix nemoralis, 
in the parish of Cadney. 
N. {Brige. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. *Uffington. E. Collier. Great Ponton, 28-6-1902. R W 
— var. alpestris Ziegler 
*Record by J. T. Lightwood, July, 1882, as fonnd “On the 
Banks of the Witham.” 
. Hubbard’s Hill, Louth, 1900. CSC. Wyham, 1900. CSC. 
Pelham’s Pillar Wood, 28-8-1902. CSC 
. Grantham. RW 
var. conoidea Westerlund 
. North Ormsby and Wyham, 13-10-1900. CSC (Nat., Nov., 
1900). Howsham, 1901. EA W P. 
Mere, 21-2-1902. WWM 
var. canigonensis Boubee 
. Cadney. 2-1900. EA WP 
var. fuscescens Duchassaing j 
. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth. 1900. @©SC. Howsham, 5-6-1901, 
EAWP. Cadney, 1900. EA WP, 


ae SF EO 


HELIX 


N. 
Ss. 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 41 


var. cincta Tylor 


. “Well Vale, near Alford, 14-4-1886. W DR. Wragby Road, 


Lineoln, 4-1886. Rev. W. W. Fowler. Cadney, 1900. 
MP. Nettleton, 1902. EA WP. 


var. flavescens Mogq.-Tand. 


. *Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 19-8-1886. H WK. *Haugham Pas- 


ture, near.Louth, 13-5-1887. HW K. Cadney, 1900, M.P. 
Howsham 5-6-1901. EA WP. North Ormsby, 13-10-1900, 
some examples conoidea. CSC. (Nat. Nov. 1900.) Hundon 
and Pelham Wood, 28-8-1902. CSC. Normanby-le-Wold, 
May, 1905,S A. Isle of Axholme A. R. 


var. albina Mog.-Tand. 

Hubbard's Valley, Louth, one specimen, 1899, CS C. Howsham, 
5-6-1901. EA WP. Kettleby Beck, 28-4-1904. EA W P. 

Mere, 21-2-1902. W W M. 


ASPERSA Miller 


A very common and generally distributed species, recorded 
for numerous localities. 


{Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4,5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
4, 15. 


. *Grantham, 1853, E. J. Lowe. Divs. 13, 1 


var. conoidea Picard 


. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. CSC. L. Cotes, Sept. 1902. 
AS. 


var. globosa Mog.-Tand. 


. Sutton-on-Sea, Sandhills, 1900, one specimen. CSC. 


var. minor Picard 


. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. CSC. Little Cotes, Sept. 


1902. AS. 
var. nigrescens Mog.-Tand. 


. Hubbard's Valley, Louth, 8-8-1902, one specimen approaching 


this variety. CSC. Howsham,5-1901. EA W P. 
var. undulata Mog.-Tand. 


. Little Cotes, 1900. AS. Hubbard's Valley, Louth.1901,CS C. 
. Little Ponton. EA W P. 


var. flammea Picard 


. Hubbard's Valley, Mablethorpe, Wyham and Withern, 1900. 


CSC. Hibbaldstow, 28-3-1900, and Kirton in Lindsey, 
5-1902. EA WP. Little Cotes, Sept. 1902. AS. 


var. albo-fasciata Jeffreys 


. Kirton-in-Lindsey, 1902. E A W P. 


var. zonata Mog.-Tand. 


. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. C S C. Kirton-in-Lindsey, 


5-1902. EA WP. 
var. unicolor Mog.-Tand. 


- Broughton. E A W P. 


var. exalbida Menke 


. *Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 19-8-1886. H WK. Hubbard’s 


Valley, Louth, 1901. CSC. (Nat. Dee. 1901). Kirton-in 
Lindsey, 4-7-1902. EA WP. 


m. cornucopia Gmniel 
Under the name Cornucopia. EK A WP records an example 


. Bottesford about 1865, a dead shell amongst Greater Perri- 


winkle (Vincw major}. (at. June, 1901.) 


42 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


[HELIX POMATIA Linneé. 


HELIX 


In 1902, E A W P informed me that ‘‘a Miss Moore, sister of 
the late Vicar of Bottesford, said, that when she was a 
young woman, she saw the shell of this snail in the refuse 
heap of a Roman Villa in the city of Lincoln. She spent 
most 7 her life on the continent and knew the species 
well.” 


° 


NEMORALIS Linné 


A very common and generally distributed species. Recorded 
for numerous Le hes 


N {Brigg, TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 


Ss. 
N. 


“Grantham, 1853, E. J. Lowe. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18. 

var. minor Mog. 

South Reston, 25-5-1900, one specimen-—-libellula, 00000 CS C. 
Louth, 1900, one libellu/a 00000, CSC Irby, November, 
1908. AS Kettleby Beck, 19-1-1905 EA W P. This specimen 
is + Conica +- rubel’a (123)00 (Nat. March, 1905.) 

var. major Fér. 


. Mablethorpe Sandhills, 1899, two specimens- rubella 00000 


and 00300. CS C Hubbard's Valley, 1900, one specimen 
CSC 

var. conica Pascal. 

*Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, Louth, one, sarnea 12345, 
19-8-1886. One lutea 00000 April, 1887. HWK 

var. roseolabiata Taylor 


. North Ormsby, 1900. Monks’ Dyke Side, 28-5-1900. Mable- 


thorpe Sandhills, 1900. CSC 
var. albolabiata Von Martens 


. North Ormsby 1900. Monks’ Dyke Side, 1900. CSC 


var. bimarginata Mog.-Tand. 

Hubbard’s Valley, 8-8-1902, two specimens. CSC 

var. rubella Mogq.-Tand. 

A common variety occurring wherever the species has been 
recorded. 

var. libellula Risso 

Apparently more common than the last. 

var. albina Mogq.-Tand. 


. Wyham and Mablethorpe Sandhills, 1900. CSC. Hubbard’s 


Valley, 31-8-1901. CSC. 
var. castanea Mogq.-Tand. 


. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. Common. CSC. One speci- 


men having the apex bright yellow. 
var. hyalozonata Taylor 
North Ormsby, 1900, two specimens—albolabiata. CSC. 


HELIX HORTENSIS Miiller 


Ss. 


Not uncommon. 

*Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 7-6-1887. HWkK. Haugham 
Pasture, 19-8-1886. HWK. Maltby Wood, Fotherby, and 
North Ormsby, 1900. CSC. Ruckland and Haugham, One 
specimen from the latter named place had all five bands 
divided, giving it the appearance of a ten-banded shell. 
1902. CSC. Hundon, 28-8-1902. CSC. Nettleton, 13-8-1904. 
S A. Spilsby, 4-3-1904. CSC. Reed's Quarry, Broughton, 30- 
5-1905. Messrs. T. S. and E AWP. Isle of Axholme, 
scarce—A R 


*Croyland, 1858, Bellars. Grantham, Mr. J. Hawkins. Sap- — 


perton. EA WP 
var. fuscolabiata Von Martens 
North Ormsby, 1900, one specimen, CSC, 


= Oe 


, 
3 
: 
| 
| 
¢ 
3 
: 
| 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 43 


—— var. albina Moq.-Tand. 
N. North Ormsby, 13-10-1900. CSC. (Nat. November, 1900.) 
Reed's Quarry, Broughton Wood, 30-5-1905. T. S. and 
EA WP. 


—-— var. lutea Mog.-Tand. 
Common where the species is recorded. 


—— var. lilacina Taylor 
N. Reed’s Quarry, Broughton Wood, 30-5-1905, at Thrush Stones. 
TS.2ndKAWP. (Nat. July, 1905.) 


—-— var. arenicola Macgillivray 
Edgar Leopold Layard in a paper on Mimicry in Mollusea, 
incidentally refers to his finding in Lincolnshire over 50 
years ago, Helix hortensis var. arenicoia. (Journ. of Conch. 
July, 1894.) 
N. North Ormsby, 1900. CSC. Normanby-le-Wold, 1905. SA. 
S. Sapperton. EA WP. 


ENA OBSCURA Miiller 

A common species recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg, TB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 7 8,9, 10, 11. 

S. *Ancaster, 17-4-1886. WDR. Divs. 15. 


-— var. albina Mogq.-Tand. 
This beautiful variety has been recorded for one locality 
only. 
N. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 1900. Fairly plentiful on the trees. 
CSC. 


‘COCHLICOPA LUBRICA Miiller 
A very common species recorded for numerous localities. 
N. *Claxby, near Alford, 16-9-1885. JEM. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 
8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
S. Near Lincoln, 24-5-1894. (F WF. Nat. September, 1894.) 
Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 


— yar. lubricoides Férussac 

N. *Haugham Pasture, 13-5-1887. H WK. *Hubbard’s Valley, 
ae 13-5-1887. H W K. ‘Trusthorpe, Sandhills, 1900. 
SC. 

S. Grantham, 1902, R W. 

— var. ovata Jeffreys 

N. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. CSC. 

— var. fusca Mogq.-Tand. 

N. Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 1901. C S C. Scunthorpe, 
11-7-1902. CSC. 


ZECA TRIDENS Putteney 

This species has been recorded for one locality only ; the 
q variety only has been found. 

—— var. nouletiana Dupwy 

N. Acthorpe Wood. near Louth, 1-9-1904. CSC. (Nat. Dec. 1904). 


SAECILIOIDES ACICULA Miiller 
Only three living examples cf this species have been 
recorded althougha good number of dead shells have been 
found. This species oceurs in Mr. Thomas Ball’s list in 
Young England 1864, but is one of the five species marked 
as not found within the 14 miles radius of Brigg. 

N. Lincoln, 18-1-1898, dead shell. J. H. Cooke. (Nat. March 
1898.) Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 1899. C-S C. Redhill, 
Goulceby, 12-2-1900, dead shell, and 8-8-1904, two living ex- 
amples. CSC. Scunthorpe, 11-7-02. One living example 


44 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


and 3 dead shells on the railway embankment. CSC. Cad- 
ney, 5-6-1902, several dead shells. KA W P. Kirton-in- 
Lindsey, 20-2-1903. EA WP. Isle of Axholme, only one 
found. A R. 

S. Little Ponton, 30-7-02. KF H W 


JAMINIA SECALE Draparnaud 
This species has been recorded for one locality only. 
S. Hall Hills, Grantham, 1900, one specimen, and June 1902, one 
specimen. RW. (CSC. Nat. Aug. 1902.) 


JAMINIA CYLINDRACEA DaCosta 
A fairly common species, recorded for numerous localities. 

N. |Brigg, TB. Divs. 3, 829) ed: 
S. Great Ponton, 31-7-02. W DR. 

—-— var. curta Westerlund 
N. *Grimoldby, 13-5-1887. H W K. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 

1900. CSC. 

—-- var. albina Mog.-Tand. 

N. *Mablethorpe, 1881, Rev. W. W. Fowler. 


JAMINIA MUSCORUM Linné 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. tBrigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Great Ponton, 1900. RW. Divs. 15. 
—— var. bigranata Rossm 
N. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. CSC. 
no var. edentula Clessin 
N. Mablethorpe, Sandhills, 1900. CSC. 
— var. albina Meike 
N. North Somercotes, Warren, 16-7-1900, two specimens. CSC. 


VERTIGO MINUTISSIMA Hartmann 
N. Cleethorpes, (Adams, L. EK. The Collector's Manual of British 
Land and Freshwater Shells, ed. 2, 1896, p. 102.) EA WP. 
reports that it was found 5-7-1896, “under a piece of 
matting on very viscous Cerastium Tetrandrum.” 


VERTIGO PYGMAA Dru. 
Not uncommon, recorded for several localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Recorded as Pupa pygmea. *Mablethorpe. 
1881. Rev. W. W. Fowler. Divs. 3, 8, 9. 
S. Little Ponton. 20-7-1902. EA WP. 
VERTIGO ANGUSTIGR Jeffreys 
Has been recorded for one locality only. 
N. North Somercotes, Warren. 16-7-1900. Three examples found 
amongst coarse grass. CSC. (J. W. Taylor. The Natu- 
ralist, 1900, p. 291.) 


BALEA PERVERSA Linné 
Recorded for several localities. 

N. *Rigsby, 3-3-1887. Isabel Mason. *Claythorpe, 6-7-1887. 
JEM. Coxey Hill, Louth, HWK. Grisel Bottom, Bur- 
well Wood, 1896. H WK. Haugham Pasture and Haugham 
Churehyard, 1904. CSC. Little Cotes, September, 1902. 
AS. Acthorpe Wood, Louth, 1904. CSC. 

S. Grantham, Hall’s Hill, 80-7-1902. RW. 

CLAUSILIA LAMISATA Montagu 
A common species recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg, TB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 7, 8.9, 10, 11. 
S. *Uffington, September, 1885. E. Collier. Divs. 15, 16. 


q 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshive. 45 


CLAUSILIA BIDENTATA Strom. 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg, TB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Grantham, 1900. RW. Divs. 15, 16. 
var. gracilior Jeffreys 
N. Cadney, 5-6-1902. In Freshwater Alluvium. EA W P. 
var. tumidula Jeffreys 
S. *Uflington, September, 1885. EC. 
var. everetti Miller 
N. Hubbard’s Valley, 1900. CSC. Claxby Wood, near Market 
Rasen, 17-5-1905. SA. 


CLAUSILIA ROLPHII Leach in Turton 

This very interesting species has been recorded for seven 

localities. 
N. *“Haugham Pasture, 13-5-1887. HWkK. *Maltby Wood (Id.) 
*Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 7-6-1887. HW kK. Well 
Vale, Alford. 12-6-1890. JBD. (WDR., Nat. July, 1890.) 
Tathwell, in a chalk pit near Kenwick Bar, two specimens, 
11-5-1902. CSC. Claxby Wood, near Market Rasen, 
17-5-1905. One slightly damaged specimen. S A. 
S. Grantham, Ropsley Rise, 27-12-1902. RW. 
SUCCINEA PUTRIS Linné 
Not uncommon, recorded for several localities. 
N. {Brigg, TB. Divs.1, 3, 4,5, 8, 10. 
S. Grantham, 1900. RW. Great Ponton, 31-7-:1902. RW. 
SUCCINEA ELEGANS Risso 
Apparently commoner than the other species. 
N. {Brigg, T B. Divs. 2, 3. 4,5, 7,8,9, 10, 11. 
S. Grantham. Canal, 1902. HP. 
CARYCHIUM MINIMUM Miiller 
Very abundant, probably our commonest species, recorded 
for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3,4, 7, 8, 9,10, 11. 
Ss. bel an (E. J. Lowe, Conchology of Notts. 1853.) Divs. 
5. 
PHYTIA MYOSOTIS Drap. 

As yet this species is only represented by a variety. It is 
recorded by Thos. Ball, but is one of the species marked as 
not found within the 14 mile radius. 

——— var. denticulata Montagu 
N. Tetney Haven, 17-4-1902. H WK. and CSC. Humberstone 
Fitties and Grainthorpe Haven, 1904. CSC. 
ANCYLUS FLUVATILIS Miiller 
A common species, though recorded for a few localities only. 
N. *Stream, Hubbard’s Valley, April, 1886, and Hallington Beck, 
near Louth, 13-5-1887. HWkK. St. Helen’s Spring and the 
Stream, Louth, 1900. CSC. The Bain, Donington-on-Bain, 
1902. CSC. The Eau, Withern, 1900. CSC. 
S. Grantham, 6-1902. RW. 
ACROLOXUS LACUSTRIS Linné 

Recorded for several localities. 

N. *Pond at Ailby, near Alford, 14-4-1886. WDR. Rigsby. J BD. 
(GK. Gude Journ. of Conch. April, 1892.) Woodhall Spa, 
7-8-1893. (F WF., Nat., October 1893.) Brigg, 3-6-1893. 
(F W F., Nat., August, 1895.) Ancholme Drift, Cadney, 1900. 
EAWP. The Blow Wells, Tetney, 17-7-1902. GK. Gude 
andCSC. Croxby Pond, 28-8-1902. CSC. 

S. Fossdyke, Lincoln, 24-5-1894. (F W F. Nat. Sent. 1894.) 
Banks of Witham near Bardney, 21-4-1902. y 


46 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


LIMNAEA AURICULARIA Linné 
Recorded for a few localities. 

N. {[Brigg. TB. *Sutton-on-Sea in the drift at high-water 
mark, 12-1886. B.S. Dodds. *Louth Canal, 13-5-1887. H W K. 
Isle of Axholme. A R. North Kelsey, 1900. EA WP. 
South Kelsey, 24-6-1902. EA WP. 

S *Rejectamenta from between Lincoln and Bracebridge, Dec. 
1884. C.T. Musson. Foss Dyke, Lincoln W. Nelson's Col- 
lection. Foss Dyke, Lincoln, 24-5-1894. (F WF. Nat. Sept. 
1894.) Little Ponton, 12-7-1902. R W. 

soe yar. albida Jeffreys 
S. Crowland, 31-8-1901. T. Gelsthorp. Harlaxton, 1902. R W. 


LIMNAEA PEREGER Miiller 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
Ss. *Near Boston, 8-9-1884. W DR. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18. 
---— var. ovata Drap. 
A common variety, recorded for several localities. 
“The Park, Bilsby, near Alford, 5-5-1886. J EM. Divs. 3, 4, 
7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
. Fulbeck Grange, 28-12-1888. J B D. (W D R. Nat. May, 
1889.) Ponds, Belton Park, Jan. 1904. RW. 
—— var. oblonga Jeffreys 
N. A small pond, Little Carlton, 1900. CSC. 
S. Pond, Belton Park, 1904. RW. 
var. lineata Bean 
S. Pond, Belton Park, 1904. R W. 
N 


n 


var. labiosa Jeffreys 
. Louth Canal, Keddington, 1900. CSC. 2 specimens. 


LIMNAA PALUSTRIS Miiller 
Very common in the Marsh Drains. 


N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 8,9, 11. 
Ss. *Crowland Wash, July, 1886. T. W. Bell. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 
18. 


—— var. albida Nelson 
N. *Pond by Louth Canal, 15-4-1886. W DR. 


LIMNAZEA TRUNCATULA Miiller 
A ei common Speeee. recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
_ Ancaster, 17-4-1886. WDR Divs. 18, 15. 


LIMNAEA STAGNALIS Linné 
A common species, recorded for several localities. 
N. {Brigg, TB. Divs. 1, 2,38 4, 7,8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. *Crowland Wash, July, 1886. T. 'W. Bell. Divs. 13, 15 16. 
= var. fragilis Linné 
N. The Eau, Withern, 1900. C S C. Humberstone, 12-9-1902. 
CSC. 
LIMNAA GLABRA Miller 
Has only been recorded for one locality. 
S$. *A pool south of Lincoln, close to the railway, April 1886. 
Rey. W. W. Fowler. 
AMPHIPEPLEA GLUTINOSA Miller 
This very interesting species, has been recorded for two 
localities only, as yet. It was first recorded in 1894, by 
H WK., who found a single example floating down the large 
drain—Mar Dyke.—Saltfleetby, All Saints. It was not 
seen again until April 1902, when it was found in abundance 
in a drain near Tetney by CS C, and H W K. 


ae 


Non-Marvine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 47 


On 22nd August, 1905, a very immature example was found in 
the Mar Dyke, near Saltfieetby Station. 


N. Saltfieetby, All Saints, January, 1894. H WK. (Nat. March, 
1894). Tetney, April, 1902. CS C.and HW K. 


PLANORBIS CORNEUS Linné 
A common species, especially in the Marsh Drains. 


N. {Brige. TB. Divs.1,2,3,4,5, 8,9, 11,12. 


S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884. C.T.M. Divs.13, 15, 16. 


——- var. albina Mog-Tand. 
S. *Near Lincoln, September, 1885. J. Hardy. 


PLANORBIS ALBUS Miiller 
A common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. (Brigg. TB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 7, 8,9, 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884. C. T. M. *Crowland Wash, July, 1886. 
T. W. Bell. Grantham Canal, 1902. H P. ; 


PLANORBIS CRISTA Linné (=nautileus L.) 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. anaay, 8, 9. 
S. Near Lincoln, 24-5-1894. (F WF. Nat. September, 1894.) 


PLANORBIS CARINATUS Miiller 
A common species, especially in the Marsh Drains, recorded 
for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1,2, 4, 8,9, 11. 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884. C T M. *Rejectamenta of dyke at 
Anwick, near Sleaford, 7-3-1887. C T M. Near Lineoln, 
24-5-1894.) Grantham, 1800. R W. Little Ponton, 
12-7-1902. RW. 
PLANORBIS UMBILICATUS Miiller 
A very common species, abundant in the Marsh Drains, 
recorded for numerous localities. 
N. *Louth Canal, 15-4-1886. W DR. Divs.1, 3,4, 8,9, 11, 12. 
S. *Boston, 8-9-1884. WDR. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16. 


—= var. rhombea Turton 
N. *Sutton-on-Sea, in drift at high-water mark, 4-12-1886. 


B.S. Dodd. 
PLANORBIS VORTEX Linné 
A very common species, abundant in the Marsh Drains, 
recorded for numerous localities. 
N. (Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8,9, 11. 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and MLineoln, 
December, 1884. C TM. Divs. 13, 14, 15,16 


PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS Linné 
Not so common as the last species. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs.1, 4, 7, 8,9, 11. 
S. *Near Boston, 8-9-1884. W D R. Great Ponton, 31-7-1902. 
WDR. 
PLANORBIS CONTORTUS Linné 
A common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. tBrigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884, CTM, 


48 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


PLANORBIS FONTANUS Lightfoot 
Recorded for a few localities, the finest examples I have 
collected were taken from a pond near Brackenboro’ Lodge, 
Louth. j 
N. (Brigg. T B. Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893. (fF W EF. Nat- 
October, 1893.) Louth Canal, 1900. CSC. Tetney, 1902. 
CSC. Grainthorpe, 1904. CSC. Howsham, 1900. J. W. 
Taylor and W DR. North Kelsey on Caddis Cases. 
EAWP. Cleatham, 25-6-1902. HEA WP. Stallingboro, 
September, 1903. A S. Brackenboro’ Lodge, Louth, 
1905. CSC. 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884. CT M. 
—— var. albida Nelson 
N. *“ Took about a dozen pure milk-white specimens with many 
of typical colour in a drain at Brigg.” (T. Ball, Science 
Gossip, 17-4-1886.) 
SEGMENTINA NITiDA Miiller 
Recorded for a few loealities only, abundant in a drain near 
Saltfleetby All Saints Church. 
N. *Grainthorpe, 16-4-1887. Miss Longley. Saltfleetby, 12-6-1893 
(FW F., Nat. September, 1893.) Scotter Common, 7-5-1890. 
FWRH. (J. W. Taylor, Journ. of Conch, July, 1890.) 


PHYSA FONTINALIS Linneé 
A common species, recorded for numerous localities. 


N. {Brige, TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3,4, 8,9, 11. 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln. 
December, 1884. CT M. 


—— var. curta Jeffrey 
N. A pond, Little Carlton, 1900. CSC. 


APLECTA HYPNORUN Linné 
A common species, recorded for several localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. *Ditchnear Hallington Beck. 3-5-1887. H WK. 
A pond, Little Carlton, 1900. CSC. Cadney, 1900. MP. 
Huttolt Bank. abundant, 2-7-1903. CSC. A pond in Grisel 
bottom, Burwell Wood, 1-5-1901. WDR. Isle of Axholme. 
A 


: R. 
S. Near Lincoln, 24-5-1894. (FW F. Nat. September, 1894.) 


PALUDESTRINA JENKINSI Smith 
Very abundant in drains and ditches near the coast. 

N. Tetney Haven, 17-4-1902. CSC. and HWK. (HWK. Nat> 
August, 1902.) Cleethorpes, 18-4-1902. HWK. Great 
Cotes, 9-1903. AS. Humberstone, 18-9-1902. CSC. 
Grainthorpe Haven, 1904. CSC. New Holland, July, 1905. 
W. Harrison Hutton. (Nat., September, 1905.) 

— yar. carinata Smith 
N. Cleethorpes, 18-4-1902. HW K. 


PALUDESTRINA VENTROSA Montagu 
Abundant in some of the drains near the coast. 
N. North Somercotes. HW K, (Nat. 1889.) Tetney Haven, 
17-4-1902. CSC. and HWK. Humberstone, 18-9-1902, 
CSC. Barton-on-Humber, 1902, H W K, 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 49 


PALUDESTRINA STAGNALIS Basier 
Abundant in brackish water along the coast. 
N. Saltfieetby. HWK. (Nat. 1889.) 
—— var. albida Jeff 


N. Sutton, Skegness, ete. ‘Fairly abundant and fine.” B. S. 
Dodd and J. T. Marshall. (H WK. Nat. December, 1889.) 


—— var. barleei Jeff 
N. Skegness. J.T. Marshall. (H WK. Nat. December, 1889.) 


BITAYNIA TENTACULATA Linné 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
‘s* *Near Boston, 8-9-1884. WD R. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 


——— var. producta Menke 
N. *Chapel, 16-8-1886. JEM. 


— var. excavata Jeffreys 

N. Louth Canal, Keddington, one. 1900. CSC. Revesby reser- 

voir, 5-7-1901. CSC. 
BITHYNIA LEACHII Sheppard 
A common species, abundant in the marsh drains, recorded 

for numerous localities. 

N {Brigg, TB. Divs. 1, 3, SFOs ie 

S. *Near Boston, 8-9-1884. WDR. Rejectamenta from between 
Bracebridge and Lincoln, December, 1884. CT M. Crow- 
land, 1901. Rev. A. Thornley and EAWP. Lincoln, 
24-5-1894. FW EF. (Nat. September, 1894.) Little Ponton, 
12-7-02. RW. 


VIVIPARA VIVIPARA Linné 


Recorded for a few localities. 
’N. River Trent; Gainsborough, 19-2 -1890. Geo. Roberts. (Nat. 
3, March, 1890.) Revesby, reservoir, dead shell, 5-7-1901. 
Ff CSC. 
S. *River, Lincoln, 1849. (J. Hardy, sen.) *Rejectamenta from 
between Bracebridge and Lincoln, December, 1884. W DR. 
River Witham, Bardney, 21-4-1902. H WK. Grantham, 1902. 
Be W. Little Ponton, 12-7-1902, RW. Foss Dyke, Lincoln, 
5-4-1894. F WF. (Nat. September, 1894.) 


-VIVIPARA CONTECTA Millet 


A common species, abundant in the marsh arains, recorded 
- for numerous localities. 
\ {Brige. T B. .Divs. 1, 2,:3, 7.8; 9; 11;-12: 
. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884, C T M. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16. 


-—— © var. virescens Jeffreys 
N. *Brigg. TB 


na 


VALVATA PISGINALIS Miille, 


A common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. [Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 1285.9; Ll? 
. $. *Near Boston, 8-9-1884. WDR. Divs. 13, 15. 


- VALVATA CRISTATA Miille:- 


Not so common as the last species. 

N. {Brige. T B. Saltfieetby, 12-6-1893. F W F. (Nat. Sept. 
1893.) Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893. F W F. (Nat. October, 
1893.) Louth Canal, Keddington, 1900. CSC. 

$. Near Lincoln, 24-5-1894, IF WF, (Nat. September, 1894.) 


50 Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshtre. 


POMATIAS (=Cyclostoma) elegans Miiller 


This species is of special interest, having been first recorded 
for Lines. in 1678, by Dr. Martin Lister, who stated in his 
Hist. An. Angl., that he found it in Yorkshire, and “also 
at Burwell Woods, in Lincolnshire,” where it was refound 
in 1886 by H. Wallis Kew. This is still the only locality 
for which it has been recorded alive. Dead shells have 
been recorded for six other localities. 


N. “At Burwell Woods. (Martin Lister, Hist. An. Angl., 1678.) 
Grisel Bottom, Burwell Woods, 19-8-1886. HW kK. Well 
Vale, Alford, 12-6-1890., one dead specimen. J BD. (WD R. 
Nat. July, 1190.) Swaby, dead. J BD. (Journ. of Conch. 
October, 1891.) Jericho Plantation, Oxcombe, 4-8.1902. 
dead shells. C S C. Stenigot, near railway tunnel, 
10-5-1904, several dead shells. CSC. Lincoln, Ironstone 
Workings, 1905, dead shells in Limestone Rubble from Ift. 
to 4ft. below the surface. H P. (Nat. August, 1905.) 

S. Little Ponton, 1899. RW. 


— var. ochroleuca Moq-Tand. 
N. Grisel Bottom, Burwell Wood, 1901. CSC. 


NERITINA FLUVIATILIS Linné 


Recorded for a few localities. 

N. *River, Lincoln, 1849. J. Hardy, Sen. *Rejectamenta from 
between Bracebridge and Lineoln, December, 1884. CT M. 
Cadney, 1900. MP. The Trent, Newton Cliff, 1901. CSC. 
Brayford, Lincoln, 1905. Masham. 


— var. trifasciata Colbeau 
N. Cadney, 1900. EA W P. 


DREISSENSIA POLYMORPHA Pallas 
Recorded for a few localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. River Ancholme, Cadney, 1897. EA WP. 
S. River Witham, Bardney, 21-4-1902. H WK. Grantham Canal, 
12-7-1902. R W. Foss Dyke, Lincoln, 24-5-1894. F W F. 
(Nat. September, 1894.) 


UNIO PICTORUM Linné 
Recorded for a few localities. 
N. (Brigg. TB. *Canal near Louth, 15-4-1886. W DR. Cadney, 
River Ancholme, 1891. E A W P. Bottesford, 1900. M P. 
Scawby Pond, 3-6-1895. FW F. (Nat. August, 1895.) Isle 
of Axholme. A R. 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and _ Lincoln, 
December, 1884. C T M. River Witham, Grantham, 
1902. Mr. J. Hawkins and R W. 
— var. curvirostris Normand 
N. River Trent, Gainsborough, 19-2-1890. Geo. Roberts. (Nat. 
March, 1890.) 
—_ var. compressa Jeffreys 
N. Louth Canal, Alvingham, 1900, abundant near the lock. CSC. 


UNIO TUMIDUS Retzius 
Recorded for few localities only. 

N. {Brigg. TB. Louth Canal, Keddington, 1900, one specimen. 
CSC. River Trent, Gainsborough, 19-2-1890. Geo. Roberts. 
(Nat. March 1890.) Isle of Axholme. A R. 

S. Little Ponton, 12-9-1902. RW. Syston Lake, 1902. FH W. 

—- var. ovalis Montagu 
N, *In nud of wall of Roman Structure at Lincoln, (J, Hardy, sen.) 


Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. Se 


--— var. radiata Colbeau 


N. “Witham drainage, Lincoln, April, 1840. (J. Hardy, sen.) 
Trent, Gainsborough, 19-2-1890. Geo. Roberts. (Nat. 
March, 1890.) 


ANODONTA CYGNAA Linné 
Recorded for several localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 10. 
S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, 
December, 1884. C TM. Belton Lakeand Syston Ponds, 


1902. F H W. Little Ponton, 12-7-1902. R W. Foss 
Dyke, Lincoln, 24-5-1894. F WF. (Nat. September, 1894.) 


— var. anatina Linné 


N. *Greenfield Wood Ailby, 8-6-1887. JEM. Divs.1, 3, 5, 
8,9, 11, 12. 


S. Grantham Canal, 1902. RW. 


—-— var, zellensis Gmel 
N. *Well Fish-pond, Alford, 14-4-1886. W DR. 


— yar. tdiminuta Clessin 
N. Louth Canal, H WK. (J. W. Taylor, Monograph, Vol. 1. 
Pp. 44.) 


— var. incrassata Sheppard 

N. Louth Canal, Keddington, 1900. CSC. 
— var. radiata Miiller 

N. Louth Canal, Keddington, 1900. CSC. 


SPHARIUM RIVICOLA Leach 
Recorded for a few localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. River Trent, Gainsborough, 19-2-1890. Geo. 
Roberts. (Nat. March, 1890.) Fossdyke, North and South 
Banks. 1901. EA WP. 
S. “Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln. Decem- 
ber, 1884. CT M. 


SPHARIUM CORNEUM Linné 
A very common species, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. {Brigg. TB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln, Decem- 
ber, 1884. CTM. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16. 


SPHARIUM LACUSTRE Miiller 
Recorded for several localities. 
N. (Brigg. TB. Divs. 2, 3, 7, 8, 9. 
— var. ryckholti Normand 
N. Saltfieetby. April, 1902. One specimen. H W K. 
—— var. brochoniana Bourg. 
N. Saltfleetby. HW K. 
As the nomenclature of the genus Pisidium is only provisional 
in the list adopted, and is somewhat confusing, especially the species 
pusillum, fontinale and subtruncatum. It is thought advisable, for the 


present, to record them as identified by Mr. J. W. Taylor. 


PISIDIUM AMNICUM Miiller 
Recorded for few localities. 
N. Saltfleetby. HWkK. Hubbard’s Valley, 1900. CSC. The 
Eau, Withern, 1900. CSC. 
S. “Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lincoln. 
ee 1884. CT M. Witham Banks, Bardney, 21-4-1902, 


Ce Non-Marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire. 


PISIDIUM HENSLOWIANUM Sheppard 
Recorded for a few localities. 


N. Appleby, one taken from a drain near the Ancholme, April, 1902. 
HWK. (Nat. August, 1902,) Cadney, 10-3-1900. EA WP. 
(CSC. Nat. August, 1902) South Kelsey, four shells on a 
Caddis case, 1902. EA W P. 
S. Grantham, Canal, one specimen, August, 1902. HP. 
PISIDIUM FONTINALE Dip. 


N. *Raithby, near Louth, 16-5-1887. H WK. Divs. 1,2, 3, 5, 
fig hye ahi 

Specimens more truncated than those usually identified as 

P. fontinale were taken from a pond near Haugham in 1902, 

and submitted to Mr. J. W. Taylor who identified them as 


P. substruncatum Malm remarking that it “is “perhaps 
properly regarded as a form of fontinale.” 


PISIDIUM PUSILLUM Gimel 
Abundant, recorded for numerous localities. 
N. *Rejectamenta of Main Drain, Chapel, 20-8-1886. J E M. 
Divs. 25/3545 meng hey «tl 


S. *Rejectamenta from between Bracebridge and Lineoln, 
December, 1884. C TM. Near Lincoln, 25-4-1894. FW FP. 
(Nat. September, 1894.) Great Ponton, 31-7-1902. WD R. 


Ses var. striata Taylor 


A specimen taken from a small drain, choked with Chara 
at Tetney Haven was submitted to Mr. J. W. Taylor who 
identified it as var striata. 


N. Tetney Haven. 17-4-1902. CSC, 
PISIDIUM NITIDUM Jenyius 
A common species, recorded for several localities. 
N. *Ailby, near Alford, 14-4-1886. W DR. Divs. 310s 
S. River Witham, Grantham and Great Ponton, 30-7-1902. WD R. 


PISIDIUM OBTUSALE Pfeiffe:- 
Recorded for several localities. 


N. Rigsby. JBD.. (GK. Gude. Journ. of Coneh. April, 1892.) 
The Moat, Lynwode, 4-8-1901. CSC. Small drain, Tetney 
Lock, 17-4-1902. CSC. and HWK. Huttoft Bank, 2-7-1903. 
CSC. Stream, Hubbard's Valley, 1901. CSC. Croxby 
Pond, 28-8-1902. CSC. 

PISIDIUM MILIUM Held 
Recorded for several localities. 

N. *Brick-pit, Donington-on-Bain, 7-6-1887. H WK. Revesby, 
pond by reservoir, 4-7-1901. CSC. Cleatham, 25-6-1902. 
EA WP. Tetney, 17-4-1902. CSC. Pond near Haugham, 
4-8-1902. CSC. The Vat, Bolingbroke, 28-7-1904. CSC. 
Tathwell, pond, 23-7-1902. CSC. 


BRITISH 
MUSEUM 
B DEC 21 


Miu 


Pe PPT TS SF a Lae 


ee ON Te 


53 


~NOTES ON .THE GEOLOGY OF 
- SOUTH FERRIBY. 


By Tuomas A Serna FGS. 
Curator, ‘Municipal Museums, Hull. 


Having been asked to write-a few notes on the geology of 
the interesting district around the pretty Humber-side. village, 
South Ferriby, I do so with every possible pleasure. In the first 
place because for some time I have tried to urge the Lincolnshire 
Society to publish an annual volume of Transactions, in order 
that-the work now being done in this county might be definitely 
recorded ; and in the second place because for many years I have 
taken a keen interest in the district under notice, and haye spent 
there many pleasant and profitable days. It was along the fore- 
shore at South Ferriby that I first became acquainted with 
‘thunder-bolts,’ and before I ever went to school, I walked up and 
down this little shingle beach, collecting these objects, whilst my 
guardians were sewing or knitting on the sands near Ferriby Hall. 
It was from the neighbouring chalk quarry that I saw my first 
‘fossil mushrooms’ and ‘fossil birds’ _tongues,’ and the same 
neighbourhood also yielded my first “ snakestones” and “shark's 
teeth.” A. Roman coin, washed from the cliffs, with the emperor’s 
head surmounted with the ‘spiky ’ crown was also in my early 
collection, and-as each of these objects was described to me I 
yearned still more for further specimens and further information. 
‘This was.a quarter of a century ago; and until recent years my 
summer holidays were ‘regularly spent in this district ; whilst now. 
in these more fully occupied. and. busy days, no greater pleasure 
is mine than to ramble once again in the quarries and on the 


_ shore where my early geological lessons were learnt. True, my 


“thunder- bolts’ have lost their former mystery; they are now 
: Belemnites, of various species; the ‘ fossil-mushrooms” are now 
_ Known to be echinoderins, rejoicing in the name of Discoidea 
_ cylindrica ; the fossil birds’ tongues prove to be teeth of a species 
of shark (Lamna), and the ‘ snakestones'’ are the shells of 
cephalopods, known as Ammonites; but as I examine them with 
more modern eyes, they bring back to mind the former days when 
I was taught the local traditions, and when I was ‘perhaps more 
eager to accept as facts all that was told me than I am to-day. 


54 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


South Ferriby is situated on the northern escarpment of the 
Lincolnshire Chalk Wolds—on a slope which in pre-glacial 
times rose direct from the waters of the Humber, then a much 
more formidable river than itis to-day. Since that time however 
various glacial and post-glacial deposits have been formed on and 
around the chalk hills. These have occupied part of the bed of 
the older river, the present estuary being confined within much 
narrower limits. The later deposits have also added to the 
beauty of the scenery, contributed much towards the fertility of 
the district, and perhaps of more import at the present time, they 
have added many interesting chapters to the early history of the 
area. 

The principal geological deposit around Ferriby is un- 
doubtedly the Chalk. The Kimeridge clay occurs in places at the 
foot of the wolds, and in the village itself can be identified by 
the marshy nature of the ground, and from the Belemnites 
and Grypheea dilatata (a large oyster-like shell)—characteristic 
Kimeridge species, which can be secured with a little digging. 
This dark soft clay can also be traced at the foot of the chalk 
towards Horkstow, Saxby, etc., though it is generally covered up 
by later beds. 

The chalk wolds are roughly six miles in width, and reach a 
height of from 300 to 500 feet. At the Ferriby end they are about 
100 feet in height. On the west the valley of the Ancholme forms 
a boundary, from which the chalk gently rises, and on the 
east the same rock terminates in a fairly steep slope, which 
the Geological Surveyors recognise as a buried sea cliff of pre- 
glacial age—a continuation of that which is known to be buried 
under the drifts of Holderness. 


Of the Lower Cretaceous beds, though well developed in this 
county not far away, there is little or nothing at Ferriby. The 
first division of the Upper Cretaceous series however occurs, viz., 
the Red Chalk, and its position can be traced by a well defined 
line of springs which supply the village with excellent drinking 
water, notwithstanding that some are immediately below the 
church-yard ! 

The Red Chalk makes its first appearance on the foreshore 
towards the Ferriby Chalk pit, nearlya mile east of the Hall. At 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 55 


low tide, when there is no great accumulation of mud, this bed 

can be distinctly traced close to the water’s edge. It protrudes 

from beneath the Lower or Grey chalk, the beds of which at this 

point are ata high angle, due to the chalk having slipped towards 

the Humber in pre-glacial times. From this bed of Red Chalk a’ 
copious supply of fresh water is constantly flowing, and can be 

seen as clear water rising when the muddy waters of the estuary 

are covering them. 

From this Red Chalk a number of fine Terebratula biplicata, 
Belemnites minimus, Inocerami, and other characteristic forms can 
be collected. There is also an exceptionally large number of 
sponges (Ventriculites,) apparently occurring here far more 
abundantly than in the Yorkshire sections of the same rock. 

The bed evidently rises towards the west, as it again occurs 
near the horse-pond in the village, and at the bottom of the hill 
just opposite the blacksmith’s shop. After avery heavy shower 
of rain, when the roads have been well scoured, I have seen it 
quite plainly crossing the road at the foot of the hill leading into 
Ferriby village from Barton, just below where the old pin-fold 
used to be. Further on in the village, in Mr. Havercroft’s 
paddock, immediately east of the church, it can be traced, and the 
small Belemnites can be collected just above the spring at the side 
of the wood. The Red Chalk in the village contains a number of 
small pebbles, resembling those in the Carstone, evidently point- 
ing to the beds being well down in the series. 


With regard to the chalk proper: most excellent sections 
occur in the three or four enormous pits near the Humber side, as 
well as in smaller quarries on the high road between South 
_ Ferriby and Barton. 
The quarries on the Humber side are perhaps the most 
_ interesting of the kind that we know of; and whilst they un- 
_doubtedly owe their present large size to the working in modern 
times, there can be little doubt that they are of very great 
antiquity. In all probability the Romans, who were always so 
ready to utilise local stone for a variety of purposes, were the first 
to open out the northern slope of the Lincolnshire wolds, and 
made the beginnings of the quarries which more modern require- 
ments and appliances have so largely developed. Certainly the 


56 -Notes on the Gedlogy ‘of South Ferriby. 


Romans used chalk in’ making’ the foundations for ‘the magnifi- 
cent tessellated pavement at Horkstow—a little over a mile 
away—and also utilised it in the construction of some of the 
tesseree of which the pavement itself is composed: - Chalk was 
‘likewise largely used in the construction of the fine Saxon church 
of St. Peter’s at Barton—and it was brought into. service in 
connection with the erection of various buildings in more modern 
times. The Inclosure Commissioners of 176g allotted separate 
acres of chalk land in different parts of the lordship for the 
repair of public and private roads. Some twenty-five years ago 
Messrs. Lucas and Aird, the contractors for the Hull and Barnsley 
Railway, employed 100 men and 25 vessels in removing enornrous 
quantities of ‘ cawk’ as it is locally called, for the construction of 
that railway It is said that at least £25,000 must have been 
expended in extracting the chalk from one of these Humber-side_ 
quarries alone. . Material was also obtained from these pits for. 
the making of the Hull, Goole, and Grimsby Docks, as well as for 
works in connection with the Aire and Calder Navigation. No 
wonder that’ the quarries are so large, and the sections are so fine. 


All the pits on the south Humber bank are similar in general 
section—varying a little in height, etc., in accordance with the 
distance they have extended from the estuary. The section at 
South Ferriby can be ‘described as typical of the series. It is 
reached by a most charming avenue extending from the jetty on 
the Humber side to the quarry. This is carpeted on its steep sides 
in thesummer wth a profusion of wild flowers—and the tall pine 
trees meet over-head. | At cne side of this path a small quarry has 
been cut, and shows the chalk dipping towards the Humber at’ a 
high angle. The section here exposed is evidently made into a 
mass of slipped rock such as is met with on most chalk escarp- 
ments. ° After about’a quarter ora mile’s walk in this narrow path- 
way, the chalk pit suddenly presents itself, and isa sight not soon’ 
toke forgotten. It is now being quarried on a comparatively smalt 
scale by Mr. R. Walker of Ferriby, and the dazzling whiteness of 
fresh ‘ falls’ ‘contrasts well with the grey colour assumed by the 
weathered material. The quarry has a perpendicular face about 
go feet in height, and is divided at a distance of ten feet from the 
floor by a dark marly band, the Belemnitella -plena zone: “The 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 57 


nature and position of this ‘black band’ and its neighbouring 
marl beds are taken advantage of by the quarrymen who find in 
them a convenient position for boring for the purpose of receiving 
the cartridges for blasting. 


Below the black band is the Lower or Grey Chalk, which is 
 flintless and marly, and above it is the hard ‘ middle chalk,’ with 
flints. The two rocks can be easily separated in quarrying and 
f put to their respective uses. 


Asa mule the upper part of the section is quarried more quickly 
than the lower marly chalk, and there is therefore a ledge on the 
level of the black band, which can be walked along almost all 
the way round the pit. If this has been exposed to the weather 
for some time it is probable that the small round Discoidea 
_cylindrica* will be found in fair numbers on the flat surface, 
‘immediately below the dark marl. With it are associated 
numbers of Terebratule, Iehynchonelle, etc. 


Just above this lower chalk are occasionally found those 
enormous Ammonites, usually little more than casts, (though now 
and then the sutures can be traced) for which the quarries are 
‘perhaps best known to the collector of fossils. Two or three, 
fine examples ornament the entrance to Mr. Walker's house at 
South Ferriby, and a specimen measuring 2ft. 3ins. across’ is 
in our Hull museum. They are however obtained of even much 


_ The black band, which is here about 8 or to inches in thick- 
, has yielded a number of the fossils from which the zone 
ives its name, viz., Belemnitella plena. It has been collected 
all the pits, though strangely encugh the fossil was only dis- 
ered in Yorkshire for the first time so recently as May 1905., 
Phe belemnite can be readily distinguished from its shape, tapering 
towards both ends like a cigar. 


Immediately above the black band the zone of Inoceramus 
iloides occurs, and is fairly full of the mussel-shaped bivalve 


*These are still held to be ‘fossil mushrooms ” “by the quarrymen 
who even cut ‘stalks’ to them in the chalk, giving them a striking 
resemblance to the mushrooms they are supposed to be. 


{See Naturalist July, 1905, pp. 202-203, 


58 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


after which the bed is named. Above this are other zones, but in 
none of the quarries is the Upper Chalk present.* 

Mr. W. Hill describes these sections in his well-known paper 
“On the Lower Beds of the Upper Cretaceous Series in Lincoln- 
shire and Yorkshire,’ and gives the following particulars of the 
section shewn “in the first of the three large quarries nearly two 
miles west of the railway station, Barton-on-Humber :— ; 

BEL, 


( ‘Hard white chalk with lines of flint in 
| tA | courses of unequal thickness, divided 
Terebvatulina 2 to massive blocks by irregular joints, 35 
ovabilte j which pass through many feet of 
| : ol material, passing down gradually but 
: decidedly into 
Hard rough yellowish white rocky 
Zone of Rhync. | chalk, weathering into thin flakes with 
cuvieri and / Wmeven nodular surfaces, divided into 
Melbourk Rack beds of uncertain thickness, by persist- 
‘|ent but thin bands of greyish marl, no 
| flints 10 


Middle Chalk. 


{Thin greenish-grey marly veins enclos- 
| ing whiter marly chalk. 

Zimenae | Smooth grey marly chalk, weathering 
Belemnitella 4 12to thin lamine. 2 
plena. Dark bluish-grey marly chalk, weather- 

ee into thin lamine, centre darkest, 
j the colour variegated with buff or 
| lighter grey. I 


£ip 


(Very rough nodular chalk graduating 
to 
| Less rough, irregularly jointed whitish 
Zone of | chalk 2 
Holastey sub- “<A remarkably massive course of 
globsus. | whitish hard chalk 2s 
Bedded whitish chalk, separating by 
weathering into thin flaky pieces along 
| green-grey marly veins 10 


From this it will be seen that Mr. Hill estimates the Middle 
chalk in this quarry at 45 feet in thickness, and the Lower Chalk 


Lower Chalk. 


—_— OO Oc OOOO Oe 


at 181 feet, or a total of 633 feet. 


“The Lincolnshire pits are evidently lower down in the chalk beds 
than in the quarry at Hessle on the opposite side of the Humber, where 
even at the bottom, almost on a level with the water of the estuary, the 
Belemnitella plena zone is not reached, that is to say the Hessle quarries 
are entirely in the Middle Chalk. fi 

+Quart. Journal, Geol. Soc. August, 1888, pp. 320-367, 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 59 


The same author points out that the fossils in these pits are 
those which most commonly occur at the same horizon in the south 
of England. At the base of the chalk with flints, he found 
Rhynchonella cuvieri, Echinoconus subvotundus and E. globulus (?) 
Inocevamus mytiloides was very abundant at the top of the 
yellowish chalk, and Rhynchonella cuvieri occurred. Belemnitella 
plena was found in the blue-grey marl, and Rhynchonella plicatilis, 
Tevebvatula biplicata, and Ostrea vesicularis in the rubbly band 
below. Holaster subglobosus and Discoidea cylindrica were not un- 
common in the lowest bed. 

Mr. Hill estimates the thickness of the Lower Chalk in 
Lincolnshire as 75 feet. 

In the Geological Survey Memoir dealing with North 
Lincolnshire* the following details are given of the Ferriby 
quarry, i.e., the one nearest the Hall :— 

( Hard white chalk with flints (inaccessible) 


about 40 
wee creamy coloured chalk 2 
: ale and shaly chalk 5 
Middle Chalk. 4 Yr yellowish-white, gritty chalk, full ~ 
| of Inocevamus, in regular massive beds 12 
to 18 inches thick, with partings of 
shale . 16 


(Soft grey shaly marl, darker below, with 
a thin course of shaly chalk in the middle 2 
| Greyish white thin bedded and shaly 
Lower Chalk. 4 chalk 18 
| Course of hard, compact, whiter chalk 
;Grey nodular chalk with irregular 
{seams of shale 
In this pit the Middle Chalk is estimated at 533 feet, and the 
Lower Chalk 28 feet, or a total thickness of exposed chalk of 815 
p fect. 
The section just quoted was measured in 1883, since which 
date the face of the quarry has altered but little. 
____In 1902 when Messrs. Rowe and Sherborn were examining the 
Yorkshire Chalk, I had the pleasure of joining them in a ramble 


across the Humber. Their observations are printed in the Pro- 
_ ceedings of the Geologists’ Association.{| In the Ferriby pit is 


, ee peter of Parts of North Lincolnshire and South Yorkshire, 
‘ , p- 117. : 
’ TVol. 18, part 4, 1904, pp. 202-203. 


60 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


“a fine Section of the Holaster subglobosus-zone, exhibiting an 
abundance of Discoidea cylindrica, capped by the ‘“ black band,” 
here rft. 6in. to 2ft. thick,* and vielding Actinocamax [ Belemnitella] 
plenus, and this again overlain by 18 feet of yellowish-grey, marly, 
flintless chalk, containing Inoceramus mytiloides ; and the whole 
crowned by white flinty chalk yielding Terebratulina gracilis. 
The orthodox succession is here well shewn, and the ‘ black band’ 
is clearly the normal development of the Actinocamax plenus zone 
in this area. It will be noted that the thickness of the Rhynchon- 
ella cuvieri zone at Barton (15ft. to 18 ft.) is also usually small, 
though greater than that on the Yorkshire coast.” 


Amongst the fossils collected in South Ferriby quarry on this 
occasion were Echinoconus castanea, Rhynchonella cuviert, Tevebra- 
tula semiglobosa, T. cayvnea, and Inoceramus mytiloides. Dr. Rowe 
also records an example of Salenia granulosa in the next quarry 
towards Barton.{ 

A few other interesting records have been made in the Ferriby 
quarry. In the Transactions of the Hull Geological Societyt 
Mr. J. W. Stather records a specimen of Teredo amphisbaena, 
which, though not rare in the southern counties, does not appear 
to have been previously noticed in the north. ‘Teredo is a burrow- 
ing shell, and the species referred to above is allied to the well- 
known ‘ ship-worms’ which played such havoc by boring into the 
old timber-built vessels. 

In the same Society’s Transactions for the preceding year is 
recorded the fin of a teleostian fish from the Ferriby quarry. This 
was obtained about 30 feet above the black band, and is the first 
record of the species it represents (Protosphraena fevox) in the north 
of England. 

A further interesting discovery of fish remains was made so 
recently as 1905§ by Mr. H. C. Drake. It included a slab of marl 
with vertebra, fins and other remains of a fish in very fair preser- 
vation. It was taken from the uppermost beds of the Lower chalk, 


“Only the centre of this zone is really black. 
TLoe. cit. p. 242. 

TVol. 5. pt. 2. 1899-1900, pp. 41-42. 
SNaturalist, Cctober 1905, pp. 518-319, 


rh a phd, 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 61 


' just below the plena marls. ‘The specimen is not complete but 
" measures over a foot in length. Dr. A. Smith Woodward, who has 

~ examined it, says that in his opinion it represents a new fish, allied 

to Thrissopater of the Gault, and closely similar to Thrissopatey 
‘magnus from the Lower chalk of Kent. This example, as well 
as many others from this interesting locality, can be seen in 
the geological gallery in the Hull museum. 


The enumeration of these fossils may not be of very great 
moment to most people, but they at any rate serve to shew 
that even in a well-worked section such as that at South Ferriby, 
there is still much to be done,—and further, it is only by a careful 
examination of these organic remains that we are able to forma 
correct idea of the conditions which prevailed during the deposi- 
tion of that soft Globigerina-ooze—at the bottom of an enormous 
ocean, which ooze has since been solidified and elevated, and 
weathered into hills and dales, forming the well-known wolds with 
which we are so familiar. 

In common with other parts of the country, and also with the 
neighbouring county, Yorkshire, there is a great break, in time, 
between the formation of the chalk and the deposits which rest 

directly upon it. In some parts of England various beds of 
_ enormous thickness were deposited during the Tertiary period, but 
of these we have no trace near Ferriby. What was the state of 
_ thingsin North Lincolnshire during that long Tertiary epoch it is 
_ difficult to say. The River Humber was doubtless somewhere in 
5 its present position, though its channel may have been wider, and 
was then only a tributary of a much larger river which flowed 
~ northwards, somewheré near what is now the middle of the North 
Sea. ‘That the Humber was wider in pre-glacial times is demon- 
“strated by the fact that the old shelving shore of hard rock can 
still be traced above the present beach at Ferriby, between the 
Hall and the Chalk quarry. 

The Great Ice Age adds the next chapter to the early 
history of this district. During that far-off time much of our 
country was covered by glaciers flowing into the seas from the 
high lands. The streams of ice on reaching the North Sea were 
_ met by ice in the form of a huge sheet which originated in the 
Scandinavian mountains. This was of such gigantic proportions 


62 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


that it was able to divert a huge glacier, twenty miles wide, 
which came down Teesdale from the Lake District. The ice 
from the different areas consequently coalesced, and came down 
the east coast together. The front of the glacier undoubtedly 
formed a formidable barrier, several hundred feet in thickness, 
and as might be expected, it interfered with the normal drainage 
of the land. In this way the waters of the Humber were held 
back, and for a long time there was no outlet for the streams 
feeding the estuary. The result was the formation of a large 
lake. ‘This was first described by the late Prof. Carvill Lewis in 
his book ‘The Glacial Geology of Great Britian.” Lewis gave 
it the name of Lake Humber. 


In accordance with the general behaviour of glaciers and ice 
streams this ancient ice-sheet left a heap of rubbish, known as a 
moraine, at the point where fora time the ice-front halted and 
melted. This rubbish consisted of boulders, pebbles, sand and 
mud, which had been carried along by the ice, some having been 
picked up near the place where it started, whilst more would be 
collected as the glacier proceeded on its way. In yiew of this, an 
examination of the contents of a moraine gives evidence of the 
course the ice took in its travel. 

There is evidence that the ice mass which once filled the 
North Sea and partly covered eastern England, also crept up the 
valley of the Humber. There is also evidence that its wester- 
most limit was reached precisely where Ferriby now is. There is 
certainly no true Boulder-clay with Scandinavian erratics visible 
to the west of this point. 

Boulder-clay is perhaps the most characteristic of all the 
glacial beds. It is usually a tough tenacious deposit, crowded 
with pebbles and boulders of different sorts and sizes, a large pro- 
portion of which are scratched, striated and polished by the 
grinding and moving of the ice. Such a deposit’ occurs on the 
little stretch of foreshore to the west of Ferriby chalk fquarry. 
It is full of striated far-travelled pebbles. On the opposite 
bank of the Humber, at “ Red Cliff,” near North Ferriby, is a 
precisely similar bed. In fact there can be little doubt that the 
two cliffs are the severed ends of a once continuous deposit which 
stretched across the Humber. This was a terminal moraine of 


Ee ee  —™ 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 63 


the great ice-sheet which did so much in forming the present 
superficial features of eastern England. In its final stages it left 
this huge rubbish heap, and if we examine it closely we shall be 
able to find in it many objects worthy of attention. 


In the first place it will be seen that there are two distinct 
boulder-clays. Towards the chalk-pit, on the beach and at the foot 
of the cliffs, is a very hard purple boulder clay, crowded with 
stones. Upon this rests a foxey-red clay, of more earthly texture 
and with fewer pebbles. The latter forms the principal part of the 
cliff. There are also various beds of sand and gravel and clay, 
which it will be as well to notice in detail. At one or two points 
as already stated, the pre-glacial Humber floor is seen at the foot 
of the cliffs, thus affording a good opportunity of studying 
the relationship of the different deposits. 


The cliff line now being considered is under a mile in length. 
At its north-eastern end it is 15 feet in height, gradually rising to 
20 feet in the middle. It then gently falls towards the Hall, and 
changes from clay to chalky gravel, sand, and finally sandy silt. 
The cliffs towards the south western end are not more than three 
or four feet in height above the beach. ‘The general shape of the 
_ cliffs has been altered towards the middle by the extraction of 
_ gravel. Years ago Mr. Walker worked a large amount of chalky 
_ gravel from the field adjoining Chad’s well on the west.* The 
result was the cliffs at this point were reduced from about fourteen 
feet in height to four feet. 


As regards the direction of movement of the ice which 
_ formed this morainic ridge, a careful examination of the various 
evidences in the cliff confirms the views which have already been 
put forward. Some few years ago, on the top of the rock 
_ just above the beach, I noticed a slab of chalk which was most 
distinctly ice-marked. It was firmly embedded in the loose chalky 
~tubble which occurs immediately on the top of the solid rock. 
The striations on this chalk were from the north east.{ The 


=I can just remember this gravel pit, and the planks which were 

put up the side of the excavation for the convenience of people walking 
along the cliff edge. This would be over 20 years ago. It has now been 
almost levelled by the plough. 


{Geological Rambles in East Yorkshire, p. 173, 


64 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


position of the boulder was in the foot of the cliffs, just under the 
place where until recently a cottage stood, about midway between 
the Hall and the chalk quarry. 


Similarly, a study of the ‘erratics,’ or far-travelled boulders 
in the clays leads to the same conclusion. Amongst them are 
trhomb-porphyry and other characteristic rocks from the vicinity 
of Christiania, which have found their way over the North Sea ; 
black flints, (non-British), probably from the bed of the. sea ; 
Scottish rocks, Carboniferous Limestone and Basalt from Teesdale, 
an abundance of Liassic fossils from Whitby, and other specimens 
from the Yorkshire coast. There is also a fair proportion of 
fragments of Kimeridge shale with the usual crushed Ammonites 
and other fossils. These however have probably been derived 
from some outcrop in the vicinity. Most of the specimens just 
enumerated occur in the purple clay. 


Perhaps the most interesting discovery made was in the form 
of a pebble of Shap granite, which was in the clay at a depth of 
18 feet.* ‘This I believe is so far the only record of this rock 
occurring in the boulder clay for Lincolnshire. A larger piece of 
the same rock is near the gate-post at the entrance to Mr. Milson’s 
mill yard on the top of Barton Hill. The particular pebble found 
in the clay was unquestionably carried down from its home, 
Wastdale Crag in Westmorland, by the Teesdale glacier, then 
down the east coast and up the Humber by the aid of the 
Scandinavian ice, on the final melting of which it was dropped 
with other material in the moraine on the Humber side. 


In a paper “On the drifts of the Humber Gap,’’f Mr. J. W. 
Stather described these sections, and gave sketches of different 
parts of the cliffs. These are all included in the accompany- 
ing diagram, which may be taken as a fair representation of the 
cliff section from the chalk jetty to Ferriby Hall. 


“Notes on the Occurrence of Boulders of Shap Granite, ete., 
in Lincolnshire, by the present writer, Naturalist, November, 1896. 
It is a matter for regret that the Lincolnshire Boulder Committee, 
which did so much good work at that time, seems to have since lost 
its energy. 


{Proe, Yorks. Geol, Soc., Vol. 13, pt. 2, 1896, pp. 210-220, 


5 


Ferriby. 


Notes on the Geology of South 


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66 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


.\ reference to the numbers on this section will perhaps make 
the following description clearer :— 

In (1) we have the purple boulder clay, which occurs at the 
base of the cliffs and on the beach towards the east end of the 
section. It is exceedingly tough and crowded with boulders. 
In the same clay in ‘the corresponding section at North Ferriby 
there is an extraordinary profusion of far-travelled erratics.* 

(2.) The Upper loose foxey-red Clay, to which the name 
Hessle Clay has been given on account of its development at 
Hessle, on the north bank of the Humber. ‘This contains only a 
very occasional large boulder, its erratics being usually small and 
few innumber. Amongst them is a good proportion of porphy- 
rites from the Cheviot Hills. 

(3.). This is a lenticular patch of finely laminated stoneless 
clay, which at this point occurs between the two boulder-clays. 
It isalso found at other places in the section at the base of the 
Hessle clay. 

(4.) An extensive deposit of fine angular chalky ‘valley 
eravel,’ the denudation of which largely contributes to the beach 
material—the white flat chalk pebbles known locally as ‘ checkers.’ 
The gravel extends for a considerable distance, and attains a 
thickness of about ten feet. From its nature it has obviously not 
travelled far, and probably has been washed down from the chalk 
wolds just above, where there is a significant depression in the 
hill. This ‘wash’ or ‘flood gravel’ has occasional layers of very 
fine sand, resembling the blown sand at Sewerby near Bridlington. 
Pebbles of quartzite occur with the chalk.t 

(5.) In places upon the rubble at the top of the solid chalk is 
a somewhat puzzling laver of ripple-marked sandstone, two or 
three inches in thickness. ‘This weathers out and can generally be 


*Loe. cit. pp. 214-215, for list of these. 


7Mr. Jukes-Browne, in the Geological Survey Memoir, 1890, p. 
150, states “ at the east end of this section, where the cliff is about 20 
feet high,” the “ purplish clay was seen to pass up into the reddish clay 
of Hessle type by a gradual change of colour, and without the interven- 
tion of any loam or sand.” The section is evidently better now than it 
was in 1890, as the division between the two clays is most marked, and 
there is now no sign of any “ gradual change in colour.” 

{For the origin of these pebbles see papers by Mr. Stather and the 
present writer on “Quartzite pebbles on the Yorkshire Wolds,” 
Naturalist, 1904, pp. 9 and 56, 


De ee Se 


aes, 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 67 


found in slabs strewn about on the beach. It is very firm, being a 
natural concrete, made from the particles of lime and grains of 
sand forming the bed. Underneath it are embedded pebbles of 
chalk, etc., some of which protrude through the upper surface. 
Owing to the slipping of the clay it was for a long time 
difficult to define the precise relation of this bed with the others in 
the series. That the boulder clay rested immediately upon it 
seemed hardly probable, though once it was difficult to find that it 
was otherwise. A recent heavy tide however cleared the foot of the 
cliffs fairly well and shewed the true position of the sandstone. 
It rests directly upon the chalk rubble, is immediately covered 
by the stoneless laminated clay, which in turn is covered by 
the purple clay. The age of the sandstone appears to be 
just prior to the formation of the purple clay.* 
(6.) Here the solid chalk is represented occupying the 
_ bottom 12 to 18 inches of the cliffs. The upper part is dislocated 
in places, and in other parts is curiously weathered. It contains 
deep ‘ pipes,’ evidently of great antiquity (similar to those on the 
Yorkshire wolds), as the material they contain does not appear to 
have been derived from the over-lying clays. These pipes 
_ average 6 to 8 inches in diameter, and penetrate to a depth of two 
q or three feet or more. On the beach they can be seen in section 
as circular clay patches in the chalk. It was at the south-west 
_ end of this outcrop in the cliffs that the glacially-striated slab of 
chalk already described in these notes was found. 
(7). This bed consists of fine sandy silt, evidently an old 
deposit of the Humber. It forms the flat land in front of Ferriby 
Hall and towards Ferriby Sluice. At its north east end, where it 
is intermixed with coarse sand and gravel, it contains a large 
quantity of Helix aspersa, Helix nemovalis, and other land shells, 


, 


; *Prof. John Phillips recorded a similar sandstone directly on the 
‘chalk at Hessle. I recently found it, ona level with the railway metals, 
just west of the bridge carrying Wold Field Lane over the railway. 
{In the Geological Survey Memoir, 1890, p. 150, Mr. Jukes-Browne 

describes the section in the cliffs at this point as under :— 
‘Soil and weathered clay (3 or 4 feet) passing down into reddish- 
7 brown sandy boulder clay 10 feet. 
_ Red-brown clay and light coloured sand, interlaminated and 
. resting on a layer of hard ripple marked sandstone 1 foot. 
_ Coarse gravel of large rolled stones, grey chalk and red chalk 

among them, seen for 1 foot. 
__Hard grey chalk on the beach below 1 foot, 


68 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby, 


generally in a fairly good state of preservation, though discolour- 
ed. The examples of H. nemoralis are generally more broken. 

In front of l’erriby Hall, and beneath the silt, is a fine bed of 
peat, which untila few years ago was well exposed, and was seen 
to be at least two and a half feet in thickness. In it was a fair 
amount of timber (oak, pine, etc), though the trees had rarely 
attained large size. It contained many bones of mammals and 
birds, amongst which the Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) (represented 
by a pair of antlers, skull and jaws, and numerous bones), the 
short-horned ox (Bos longifrons), and smaller mammals, and of 
birds the duck was recognised. ‘There were also many bones of 
the horse and ox, but as several of these animals were buried 
in the vicinity in comparatively recent years, care must be 
exercised in recording them, though the bones found were well 
stained and in every respect resembled the others in the peat. 
Below the peat was a small accumulation of angular flints, which 
were often stained a curious cobalt blue colour. 

This same peat bed occurs for some distance along the 
southern part of the estuary, as it also does along the north bank 
where it can be seen, under favourable conditions, at Hessle and 
North Ferriby. It was cut through during the construction 
of the Hull docks. At Barton and New Holland it is met with in 
the brick pits, from which localities the Hull Museum possesses 
several antlers of the Red Deer, and also portion of a skull anda 
fine pair of horn-cores of Bos primigenius.* ‘The peat generally is 
found in the brick pits at a depth of about 20 feet. 

In the preceding notes an effort has been made to give a 
resume of the geological features of the district from Cretaceous 
times to the so-called ‘submerged forest”’ or peat bed period. 
Soon after, ifnot during, the latter epoch, man first made his 
appearance in this area. One or two very fine British flint 
weapons have been found along the cliffs, as well as a number of 
gold and silver coins, also of British date. Of Roman relics 
several thousand have been discovered, the chief of which have 
recently come to light and will be described elsewhere, as they 
form another chapter in the history of the place. Anglo-Saxon 
and mediaeval relics have been picked up on the same site. 


“See Hull Museum publication No. 15, 19€3, p. 6. 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 69 


There are two matters however which may well come within 
the scope of these notes. I refer to the erosion of the coast and the 
formation of new land. With regard to the former, as in the case 
of the sea on the Holderness coast, so the Humber on the north 
Lincolnshire shore has washed the land away in recent times to a 
very serious extent. Without going further back than the brief 
period of my own existence, I can remember a field with a 
splendid avenue of tall elm and ash trees just to the north-east of 
the Hall. This has entirely gone. The trees were cut down one 
by one to ‘save their lives,’ and an odd“ stool” or two lying on 
the beach alone remind us of the land that isnomore. <A hundred 
yards or less further on is a Roman well, surrounded by dressed 
stones, which twenty years ago was quite Close to the cliffs. At 
_ present it is many yards away. Another well, now at low-water 
mark and covered with mud, and at a considerable distance from 
_ the cliffs, was high up on the beach within the memory of many 
inhabitants of Ferriby. Formerly a house stood on the cliffs 
towards the north east end. I can well remember a long garden 
in front of it, surrounded by pailings, outside which was a path 
along the cliff edge. The path went, then the pailings, slice after 
slice of the garden, and finally the house itself. In Mr. Stather’s 
section drawn in 1896 this house is shewn, being then at the cliff 
edge. It has now disappeared and part of its site is washed 
“away. 

The coast in front of the Hall, and towards Ferriby Sluice 
‘Is now protected by an apron of slag, etc., but this constantly 
tr requires repair. In the exceptionally nigh tides of a few years ago, 
as well as during the past summer (1905), the road leading from 
the Sluice to Wintringham was over-run by the tides, the bank 
having given way, and was for some time impassable. A new 


4 


rectangular embankment has been made on the inside of the road. 


Mr. Alderman Tombleson of Barton informs me that in 1844 
he was taken round the grounds of Ferriby Hall and “‘ there was a 
long garden path reaching far down into what is now the river. 
There was also a long row of great trees, where the rooks built, 
“going towards the north east, and was called the long walk. 
In the days of the Racing Baronet, whose portrait is now 
at Scawby Hall, there was land enough between the Hall 


70 Notes on the Geology of South Ferviby. 


and the Humber to exercise the racers upon. A plan of 
Wintringham made not more than 110 years ago shews that the 
first field beyond the Ancholme is all the land now remaining of 
a farm of 200 acres.” 

In anarticle on “ A Trip to Read’s Island,” written in a local 
paper in 1883, it was stated ‘that “‘ there are persons living who 
can remember fox-hunting on the very ground now covered by 
water and over which vessels sail.”’ 

There are some interesting facts bearing on this question ina 
paper written half a century ago by the late James Oldham “On 
the Physical Features of the Humber.”* He wrote :—* From a 
point near to Whitton, to another a little to the east of Ferriby, 
including a distance of about six miles of coast, very extensive 
ravages have taken place; and in my own recollection and 
knowledge of the shore, and from facts I have obtained, not less 
than 200 acres have been lost during the last 40 or 50 years, so 
that the line of coast at this locality forms a considerable bay, 
but filled in, in some measure, by an island. I met with one 
individual at Wintringham, who informed me that in one field of 
14 acres he had constructed, within the space of about 20 years, 
seven new banks, and only about 33 acres now remain. Another 
field of about 17 acres is now reduced to about 2 acres. Itisa 
tradition that about 100 years ago persons could make themselves 
heard and understood between the ancient Roman ferry at Brough 
and the Ferry opposite. It is now more than a mile from Brough 
to the nearest point on the opposite side.” 

In the Summary of the Reports of the. Committee of the 
British Association appointed to make “‘ Observations on changes 
in the Sea Coast of the United Kingdom.{ It is recorded that 
‘In the neighbourhood of Ferriby Hall, Barton Cliff and Barton 
Ness (Barton-on-Humber) the recorded loss is from 4 to 6 feet in 
2} years.” In view of the extracts that have been made we can 
hardly agree with a remark in the same report that “ apparently 
erosion in the estuary of the Humber is not very serious.” 

In a previous report of the same Committeef it is recorded 


**Report British Association, 1853, Hull Meeting. 
7Brit. Assn., 1908, Southport Meeting. 
{For 1895. Ipswich mecting, p. 377, 


Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 71 


by Mr. C. Fox-Strangways that at a quarter of a mile west of 
Ferriby Sluice, and at Ferriby Hall, 150 yards and 80 yards 
respectively have disappeared since the Ordnance Map for the 
district was made.” 

From the above facts it will be seen that the waste of land 
near South Ferriby is a serious matter to the landowners and 
farmers. Possibly the only persons to benefit are the antiquarians 
and geologists, who are thus enabled to pick up various relics and 
examine new sections as the cliffs are washed away. 


But whilst this waste is going on, land is also accumulating 
near by. 1 refer to Read’s Island. Apparently about 1820 no 
part of this land appeared above the water. After that date 
however a sand-bank, then known as Ferriby sand, formed, and 
increased in size. About 1840 the Reads of Burton Stather 
_ obtained it on a lease from the Crown, and it has since borne the 
name of Read’s island. The lease expired about 1870, and the 
island was sold to the Humber Conservancy Commissioners, who 
had “ obtained an Act of Parliament for changing the flow of the 
channel, embanking 575 acres immediately, erecting new buildings 
-and making other extensive alterations.* 


In 1853 Mr. Oldham recordsf{ that 80 acres were then em- 
banked, but there was “ beyond the banks more than double that 
quantity.” He adds :—‘ From the time the island assumed its 
present state, or rather its climax of magnitude, a very deep 
channel existed between it and the Lincolnshire coast, which was 
generally used by river steamers coming down at Jow water ; 
-and during all this time the current has impinged with great 
“severity on nearly the whole of the coast from Wintringham to 
; South Ferriby, causing a serious loss to Lord Carrington, Sir John 
Nelthorpe, and others. Here again changes are going on, and 
instead of the deep channel on the south of the island, the current 
has taken a direction from about Brough to Ferriby on the north 
side of the island, leaving the south channel comparatively 
hallow ; and I am also sorry to add considerable loss is taking 
place to the east end and north side of the fore shore of the island, 


*“White’s Lincolnshire, 1882, pp. 293-294. 


. ics t“On the Physical Features of the Humber, Report, Brit, Assn. 
* 


72 Notes on the Geology of South Ferriby. 


and I shall not be much surprised if before very long, the whole 
island should take its departure.” 


1 
The island however is still there, and at present has 450 acres : 
under grass. Since Mr. Oldham’s time the channel between the 
island and the mainland has shallowed more than once, and 
during the past twenty-five years steamboats passing between 
Goole and the sea have had to alternately take the north or south 
course according to the manner in which the channel changed. 


Such is the geological history or the district around South 
Ferriby. Sir Walter Scott once wrote 


‘‘ Breathes here a man with soul so dead 
Who never to himself hath said 
This is my own, my native land !” 

That is precisely what I have endeavoured to say in the fore- 
going pages. I have not stopped however, at making the brief 
statement that South Ferriby is my birthplace, but I have tried to 
explain how that land came to be. This has taken a little 


longer to do! 


COUNTY DIVISIONS. 


Where, in any article, the localities are denoted by 


' 


numbers, reference to the following list will give the District. 


Norta LINCOLNSHIRE. ; 
1.—Isle of Axholme. 7.—Market Rasen. 
2.—Winterton and Broughton. 8.—Louth. 
3.—Barton and Caistor. 9.—Saltfleet (Littoral). 
4.—Great Grimsby. 10.—Horneastle and West Fen. — 
5.—Kirton and Gainsborough. 11.—Alford and Burgh. 
6.—Lineoln (North). 12.-- Boston and East Fen. 
SouTH LINCOLNSHIRE. 
13.—Lineoln (South). 16.—Bourn and Stamford. 
14.—Sleaford. 17. Swineshead and Donington. 
15.—Grantham. 18.—Spalding and Holbeach. 


N. and S. denotes North and South Lincolnshire re- — 
spectively, divided into two yice-counties by the River Witham 
and the Foss Dyke, ‘ 


t 


j 


FIELD MEETINGS FOR 1906. 


SS 


4 It is impossible months beforehand to arrange the date of 
q Field Meetings finally ; the following however have been pro- 
_ visionally suggested :— : 

,—Enp or May. Ludborough Railway Station, with drive 


~ to Donna Nook by Marshchapel. Home by North Somercotes 


4 


~ Common and Grainthorpe, with time at all spots of interest. 
2.—Enp oF JUNE. Donnington-on-Bain Railway Station, 
with a drive or walk round a most interesting country. 

3—Enp or Jury. Rippingale Railway Station, with a 


or drive to Dunsby Wood. &c. (this meeting should come 
4.—Enp oF AuGusT. Crowle Railway Station,.with a drive 


5.—END OF SEPTEMBER. Long Sutton Railway Station, 
with a drive to the Wash Shore. 


Skellingthorpe and Doddington have been 


Horncastle, 
The neighbourhood of the 


‘suggested as places worthy of a visit. 


a 


‘first has been. visited by the’ L. NU. om” several occasions. 


'Skellingthorpe and Doddington as_ very central places are 


“specially held over in gase more distant fixtures fail the Executive 


Committee from unforeseen local circumstances. 


. 
7 
: 
7 
* arnt 
. 


~ 
N 
YU 
Ww 
, za 
ite) 


F. M. BURTON, F.L.S., F.G.S. 


Second President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


Ain. 


The Presidents of the 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


F. M. BURTON, F.L.S., F.G.S. 


It is a difficult matter even to attempt to write a fairly faith- 
ful sketch of one who has done so much, and who is so well known 
to the members of the Union, as Mr. Burton. He has taken such 
keen interest in research for over sixty years, that there are few 
indeed who can remember his earlier activities. Neither has he 
confined his efforts to any one branch of natural history : but with 
the energy and resource so characteristic of the man, has given 
his whole-attention to one department, and then to another in 
succession. 


Though geology has been Mr. Burton’s favourite study, he 
has lived the life of the ‘all round Naturalist.” Entomology first 
attracted him, as it has so many Naturalists who afterwards 
become distinguished. He made a fine collection of the 
Lepidoptera which could be taken round Lincoln, Grantham, and 
Gainsborough, as well as in other parts of the county as opport- 
unity allowed. ‘The specimens now form an invaluable possession. 
Many species that were fairly common in the “forties” and 
“ fifties” have now become very rare, and in some cases extinct. 


The Rey. Edward Thring was head-master of Uppingham 
while Mr. Burton was living there. And he says, “though not a 
naturalist, Mr. Thring took great interest in nature-study as an 
educational stimulus. He liked to see the various captures made, 
and to hear about the animals and plants of the district.” It was 
something precious in those days to have any intellectual sympathy 
in nature-study; and it acted as a stimulus on our second 
President to continue in his work. 


Marine Zoology also attracted Mr. Burton’s attention. A 
peep at his collections will prove how far he went. No one 
who has not personally taken up this wide subject can appreciate 
the labour that has to be bestowed in determining the micro- 
scopic and greater wonders of marine life, 


74 The Presidents of the L.N.U. 


Conchology is represented by a long series of marine shells 
in the “Highfield” collection. Many were taken by dredging 
along the Lincolnshire coast, and elsewhere, in British waters. The 
Land and Fresh Water species have not been neglected, and a 
unique personal collection is the result. 


Zoophytes, star-fishes, echinoderms and sponges have all 
received careful attention. The first has always been a favourite 
study, as the “‘ Highfield” cabinets show. 


Mammals and birds also have always been observed with the 
interest of the trained student ; and anything of permanent value 
being recorded for the benefit of other workers. 


Always disclaiming to be a botanist in the rigid sense of that 
term, Mr. Burton has ever been a keen observer and lover of 
plants. He has been a collector, too, in the best sense. His 
fondness for floral beauties, or rarities, did not end in the formal 
sheets of the herbarium. As soon as he resided at Gainsborough, 
he began to form a garden, and we do not remember another like 
it. Wherever he has wandered, in Europe or beyond it, Mr. 
Burton has collected with the eye of the connoisseur and the 
skill of the trained gardener. Switzerland, Tyrol, Norway, 
Canada, and the rocky mountains, have rendered up their treasures 
of beauty; and the plants may be seen growing at Highfield, as 
if in their own habitats, along with the marsh, or hill, species of 
Lincolnshire, and the gems of Scotland or Wales. 


This garden is an intellectual treat, alike to the botanist and 
lover of beauty. It is not exclusively kept for the gratification 
of its founder. For many years the place has been opened to 
the Gainsborough public on their weekly half holiday during the 
summer months. Great numbers have availed themselves of this 
privilege, and yet Mr. Burton can state with pleasure that not the 
slightest injury has ever been done, though the people are not 
prevented from entering the extensive glass houses, where the 
orchids are flowering and being hybridized. 


Geology has been Mr. Burton’s favourite pursuit throughout 
his life, and wherever he has been it was always his special study. 
From time to time, as there was occasion, our ex-president 


The Presidents of the L.N.U. 1} 


has communicated articles to the pages of the old “ Naturalist,” 
edited by Messrs. B. R. and F. O. Morris. Two of these are, a 
review of Prof. Rymer Jones’, “ Classification of the Animal 
Kingdom,” and an article on the “ Collyweston Slate.” ‘To the 
new series of the “Naturalist,” Mr. Burton has contributed a 
number of articles, principally relating to the geology of the 
Lincolnshire coast, as well as on general nature subjects. 


In 1866 Mr. Burton discovered the Rhcetics near Gainsborough, 

and announced the fact in a paper to the British Association 
meeting at Nottingham the same year. When the beds were more 
fully exposed for observation in the railway cutting, he read a 
fuller article on the subject before the Geological Society in 1867. 
The British Association meeting at Sheffield in 1879 still found 
Mr. Burton ready to communicate fresh facts on the interesting 
_ beds which surround Gainsborough. 


One great object of Mr. Burton's recent endeavours has been 
the establishment of a County Museum in Lincoln. He was from 
its commencement the Secretary and Treasurer of the Union’s 
Museum Committee. This was only dissolved last March when the 
City Council took over the collections of the Society, and found 
for them a suitable, and an historically interesting home in the 
old Grey Friar’s house within the city precincts. There they 
are safely lodged under the care of a curator, and Mr. Burton’s 
object has been realised. He intends to leave his own private 
collections in their entirety to the County Museum ; and part of 
his scientific library will accompany them. Few of us live to see 
our hopes take shape ; and still fewer of us have the means of 
helping to contribute to our ideal. 


The Union made Mr. Burton its second President for the years 
1894-95. His two addresses from the chair were both on geology. 
“How the Land between Gainsborough and Lincoln was 
Formed” and “ The Story of the Lincoln Gap.” 


He was one of the original members of the Union, and has 
‘seldom missed a meeting until the last year or two, when increas- 
_ing age has necessitated his giving up long and tiring walks. Mr. 
- Burton recently sat for the photograph which is here reproduced 
i. specially for the “ Transactions.’ 


A LIST. OF LINCOLNSHIRE 
BUTTERFLIES. 


By G. W. Mason. 
Barton-on-Humber. 


The accompanying List includes the names of those species 
which occur and have occurred in the County, ‘but several un- 
fortunately are now extinct. The Nomenclature adopted is 
that of the “ Entomologist ’ Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera 
by Mr. Richard South, F.E.S. Lincolnshire is or has been the 
habitat for 56 out of the 65 species there enumerated; and an 
examination of the sub-joined List will show that some of the 
rarest species were formerly found within our confines. 


In the case of common species, only one record and the 
Natural History Divisions of the County for which it has been 
noted are given. 


Most of the records are taken from the Register kept by the 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. I have to acknowledge, also, the 
great help I have received from the Editor of the “ Naturalist” in 
allowing me to search back volumes of that Magazine ; as well as 
from many of the persons whose names are mentioned below for 
lists that they have kindly sent to me. In addition I have made 
an occasional extract from Newman’s “British Butterflies,” 
Barrett’s “ Lepidoptera of the British Islands,” the “ Naturalists’ 
World,” and Miller and Sketchly’s “ Fenland.” 


I have made use of the following contractions to economize 
space :— 


RPA _  Signifies Mr. R. P. Alington. 
FSA 3 Rey. F. S. Alston. 


FPHB oe Dr. F. P. H. Birtwhistle. 

J WB a Mr. J. W. Boult. 

WHB e Mr. W. H. Brooks. 

AB a Mr. A. Bullock. 

FMB * Mr. F. M. Burton. 
“SWC S Mr. J. W. Carr. 

WwDdDec fe Mr. W. D. Carr. 


Lincolnshive Butterflies. v4) 


Sc Mr. C.S. Carter. 
r. C z Dr. Cassal. 

C ” Mr. R. Charlton. 
L-C a5 Mr. J. C. Lane-Claypon. 
Mr. F. Clayton. 

Mr. J. Cordeaux (The late). 

Mr. J. Coward. 

G Mr. R. W. Goulding. 
H A Mr. A. E. Hall. 

K Mr. H. W. Kew. 

My. J. Larder. 
Dr. F. Arnold Lees. 

Mr. W. Lewington. 
Mr. G. W. Mason. 
M ids: Mr. J. E. Mason (The late). 
M - Mr. J. F. Musham. 
N ’ Mr. F. J. North. 
WP < Rey. HE. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. 

My. E. Porter 

Mr. J. Porter. 
Rey. G. H. Raynor. 

Mr. A. Reynolds. 
Mr. Arthur Smith. 

Miss S. C. Stow. 

Rev. A. Thornley. 

Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union Meeting 

Reports. 

Mr. E. L. Wood. 

Mr. E. Woodthorpe (The late). 

Miller and Sketchly’s “ Fenland ”—1878. 
The “ Naturalist.” 

The “ Naturalists’ World,” May, 1885. 

C. G. Barrett’s “ Lepidoptera of the British 

Islands,’ 1893 edition. 
$ Newman's “ British Butterflies "—an old 
edition. 


Fe>[he> lic > ha elk “P AL lh 

paurtaipt 
tal Et 
4 


a 


ae Agandy yds 
aa 


at t2—e PnP pan 
+ 


—————————— 


‘PAPILIO MACHAON 1 


Has been recorded for the following places. 
N. Witham Bank, Boston, about 1888, J C-L-C. 


S. Dawesmere, 4-1871, W. H. B. ||One taken in Bourne Fen in 
me! 1872, S. Smith. 

APORIA CRATGGI L 

Recorded for one locality many years ago. 


N. Gainsborough District, “ I have seen several specimens taken 
by Mr. Baines many years ago, who states that it used to be 
7. fairly common,” A T 
PIERIS BRASSICE L 
Abundant. Migrations across the Humber in 1870 and 1876 
have been recorded by the late Mr. J. Cordeaux. 
N. Swinhope, RP A. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
S. Hartsholme and Doddington, JEM. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17. 


78 Lincolnshive Butterflies. 


PIERIS RAPE L 
Abundant. Migrations across the Humber in 1870 and 1876, 
have been recorded by the late Mr. J. Cordeaux. 
N. Broughton Wood, AEH. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Little Bytham, 17-7-1900, LN U. Divs.13, 14.15, 17. 
PIERIS NAPI L 
Abundant. 
N. Saxilby, 21-5-1893, J WC. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14, 16, 17. 
PIERIS DAPLIDICE L 


One taken by Mr. Geo. Skelton in 1 his garden in Bargate, 
Grimsby, 14-7-1894. 


EUCHLOE CARDAMINES L 
Common 
N. Ashby (Brigg), Dr. C. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17. 


LEUCOPHASIA SINAPIS IL 
S. ||Bourne Wood, S. Smith. 
COLIAS HYALE L 
Has been recorded for several localities in North Lincolnshire 


N. Louth, 4 taken in 1858, F C.; V. Crow; RW G.; 3 miles west 
of Louth, 1-9-1901. J L.; ** taken on the London Road, very 
rare,’ R WG.,andH WK. Ailby, 1specimen on the railway, 
2-6-1892, by W. Houlden of Aby. E W. Little Coates, 
11-7-1901, AS. Gainsborough District, about 20 years ago in 
numbers, Mr. Baines and F M B. Lea, F M B. Aswardby, 
(Spilsby), one, 20-8-1900, J C L-C. Owston Ferry District, 
AR. 


S. Haverholme Priory, a few in 1901, J C. 


COLIAS EDUSA Fb 
Occurs some years pretty freely in some parts of the County. 
N. Divs. 1, 3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 10,11. 
S. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17. 


N. *Louth, “ very common in 1877,” R W G., and H W K.; 21 
taken, F C.; 5-9-1892, JL. Market Rasen, WDC., FA L., 
and W IL. ‘Parhet. three in 1892, GH R. Toft, GH R, 
Welton-le-Wold, 1858, R P A. Torksey and Gainsborough. 
FMB. Alford District, abundant in 1892, EW. Ailby, three in 
1889, E W. Barton-on-Humber, F P H B., and G WM. 
Tumby, 1898, FS A.,and L NU. Aswardby (Spilsby), eight, 
20-8-1900, J C L-C. Great Coates, 21-7-1900; Ravendale, 
24-8-1900, Mr. Wood, Little Coates, 20-7-1906, RC. Owston 
Ferry District, A R. 


S. Hartsholme and Doddington, J F M. Wyberton, one, 9-1892, 
J C L-C. Nocton, 1875, H F Wilson. Between Sapperton 
and Ropsley, 8-9-1900, S C S. Caythorpe (Court Leys), 
15-9-1900, S C S. Lineoln Fen, 27-8-1905, J F M. Spike 
sear 8-1895, J F M. Haverholme Priory, very common in 

1,5, 


Lincolnshire Butterflies, 79 


— var. helice Hb 
N. Market Rasen, 6-1892, W L. Ravendale, 1901, A S. 
GONOPTERYX RHAMNI L 
Common in some parts of the County. 


N. Louth District, recorded by H W K., RP A., V. Crow, R W G., 
CSC., and others. Market Rasen, one or two most years, 
WL. ULissington, 5-1877, F A L. Broughton Wood, 1874, 
Peacock. Panton, once,GHR. Bradley, 4-1901,A S. Alford, 
oceasional, EH W. Ashby (Brigg), Dr. C. Gainsborough, 
KF MB. Newball, 29-5-1902, J Kf M. Howsham Wood, one, 
3-4-1904; common enough all along the wooded portion of 
the Lincolnshire limestone, E A W P. Edlington, common, 
BE. H. Bree. Barton-on-Humber, A. B. Hall. Owston Ferry 
District, AR. Mahlethorpe, 22-8-1906, L. J. Lill. 

S Wyberton, rare, J C L-C. Hartsholme and Doddington, J Ff M 
Lincoln, F M B. Haverholme Priory, common, J C. Cay- 
thorpe, 8-1886 ; Sapperton, 9-1906,S CS. 

ARGYNNIS SELENE Schiff 
Loeal. 


N. Saxilby, 21-5-1893, J W C. Market Rasen, common, W L. 
Linwood, F A L.and GWM. _  Legsby and Newhall, G H R. 
Alford, a few most years, E W. Gainsborough District, 
FMB. Owston Ferry District, A R. 

S. Skellingthorpe, 5-6-1900,J F M. Hartsholme and Doddington 
JEM. ||Bourne Wood, S. Smith. 


ARGYNNIS EUPHROSYNE IL 


Locally common in woods—commoner and more distributed 
than the last species. 


N. Broughton, 1895, AEH. *Louth District, R WG. and H WK 
Saxilby, 21-5-1893, J WC. Friesthorpe, 1857, R P A. Market 
Rasen, common, W L. Hatton, Legsby and Newball, G HR. 
Alford District Mother Wood (Aby), abundant ; "Hornby 
Wood (Aby), common; and Well Vale; H w. Ashby 
(Brigg), Dr. C. Gainsborough District, F 'M B. Pelham’s 
Pillar Wood, G W M. Owston Ferry District, AR. 

Ss. Skellingthorpe, 5-6-1900, J F M. Hartsholme and Doddington, 
JFM. Lincoln, 1893, EP. 

ARGYNNIS AGLAIA L 
Loeal. 


N. Linwood, 1857, R PA. Market Rasen, a sgh each year, W L. 
Legsby, 1878, FA LL. Saleby, one, 3-8-1890, H Ww. *Louth 
District, “ not uncommon in the Woods 20 years ago,” R WG., 
and H W K. SecottonCommon, FM B.andGWM. Pelham’s 
Pillar Wood, common some years, G WM. Woodhall Spa and 
Tumby, L N U. 

S. Skellingthorpe, 15-7-1902, J F M. Haverholme Priory, a few 
JC. ||Bourne Wood, S. Smith. 
; _ ARGYNNIS ADIPPE L 
Searce. 


N. *Louth District, “very scarce,” R W G.and H W K. Pelham’s 
Pillar Wood, two taken more than 20 years ago, J W B. and 
another. Greenfield (Alford), 17-8-1890, one battered 
specimen, E W 

$. ||Bourne Wood, S. Smith, 


8o Lincolnshire Butterflies. 


ARGYNNIS PAPHIA L 
Locally common. 


N. Broughton, 1896, G H R. *Louth District, “of frequent 

occurrence in woods and meadows adjoining,” R W G. and 

H W K. Market Rasen, common, W L. Legsby Wood, 

common in 1896, G H R. Linwood, common 27-7-1901, 

GWM. Mother Wood, Alford, 17-8-1890, E W. Gainsborough, 

F MB. Tumby, 1898, F S A. Between Woodhall Spa and 

Tumby, 18-8-1898, L NU. Grimsby, 7-1901. EL W. Owston 

_ Ferry District, A R. Edlington Scrubs, 16-8-1905, E. H. Bree 

S. Hartsholme, Doddington, and Skellingthorpe, J F M 

Bourne, 3-8-1896, R W G. Lincoln, E M B. Haverholme 
Priory, a few, J C. Ropsley Rice, 8-1884, T. Stow. 


— yar. valezina Esp 
S. Skellingthorpe, two, 7-1896, W L. 


MELITGA AURINIA Rott 
Very local. 

N. Friesthorpe Ings, 1856, RP A. *Louth District, “very local 
only found in one moist meadow,” R WG. and H W K.; in 
plenty 1905, F A L. and C S C. Gainsborough District, 
KF MB. Newball, 12-6-1883, J fF M. Hornby Wood (Alford), 
one 24-€-1891, E W. Formerly very abundant in a meadow 
at Rigsby near Alford, EH W. Greenfield (Alford), one 
19-6-1892, E W. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, 10 or 12 about 20 
years ago, all on one day, J W B. Market Rasen, common 
but loeal, W L. Linwood, F A L. 


MELITG@A CINXIA L 
+“ There are old Records of its occurrence in Lincolnshire. 
“Formerly occurred in Lineolnshire, for which County 
records from 1702 downwards are given,’ C. W. Dale's 
“ History of our British Butterflies,” p. 195. 


” 


VANESSA C-ALBUM L 
There are no recent records. 

N. *Louth District, “formerly very common in the woods and 
Elkington Pasture, none seen during recent years,” R W G. 
and H W K. Morton Carr, Mr. Baines. Gainsborough 
District, # M B. and Mr. Baines. Owston Ferry District, 
formerly, H R. Maltby Wood, near Kenwick, about 40 years 
ago, H. H. Kew. 

§. Skellingthorpe Woods, formerly abundant, F M B.  ||Bourne, 

j formerly, S. Smith. 


VANESSA POLYCHLOROS L 
There are no very recent records. 

N. Newball, 3 seen in 1897, W L. Market Rasen, 1877 and 1878, 
FAL. *Louth, “ none séen for about 18 years,” R W G. and 
H WK. Maltby Wood, near Kenwick, about 40 years ago, 
H. H. Kew. Alford, bred from larvze on drooping willow by 
R. Garfit, EW. Mother Wood (Alford), one taken, 3-9-1891, 
EW 


S. Hartsholme and Doddington, J F M. Wyberton, two in 1888, 
JCL-C. Lincoln District, F M B. 


oe) 
) 


Lincolnshive Butterflies. 


VANESSA URTICOe L 
_ Common. 
N. Legsby, GH R. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
S. Little Bytham, 17-7-1900, L N U. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 
VANESSA 10 IL 
Well distributed, and some years common in certain parts of 
the County. 
N. Barton-on-Humber, scaree,G WM. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9» 
10, 11, 12. 
S. Doddington. 1894. J Ff M. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 
VANESSA ANTIOPA L 
Rare. 
N. Louth, 1-9-1858, C. Clayton. “Louth District, “ occasionally 
visits this neighbourhood, six were captured in 1874 in 
Mount Pleasant,” RW G.and H W K. Waltham, autumn of 
1872, ‘ deep yellow border,” J Co. Appleby, 27-10-1872, “ border 
Vv ery deep,” Mrs. Cross. Boston, 8-1872, I. W. Richards. 
Market Rasen District, Rev. W. Cooper. Croxby, 8-4-1898, 
G. Skelton. Gainsborouga, ‘“ not uncommon some years, 
seven examples having been seen in Tillbridge Lane and one 
in my garden,” F M B.; also taken by Mr. Baines. Barton- 
on-Humber, one example in the Hall Garden, probably about 
1872, A. B. Hall. 
S. Grantham, 5-9-1872, A. E. Ensor; 1872, T. Walpole. Bracebridge 
11-9-1896, G. M. Ellison. 
VANESSA ATALANTA L 
Common. 
N. Swinhope, 1856, R P A. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
S$. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17. 
VANESSA CARDUI L 
Trregular in appearance, some years very abundant. 
N. Swinhope, 1856, RP A. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
_-*§. - Wyberton, 1897, J C L-C. Divs. 13,14, 16, 17. 
LIMENITIS SIBYLLA L 
Recorded from two localities only. 
N. Gainsborough District, Mr. Baines. Langton (Horneastle), 
J. Conway Walter. 


S. {‘‘ Formerly found in the South of Lincolnshire, but no recent 
captures seem to be recorded from this County.” 


A PATURA IRIS L 
Rare. 


N. Louth, 1858, F C. *Louth District, “rather rare, one seen in 
Burwell Wood in 1882,” R W G. and H W K. Haugham 
Pasture, about 40 years ago, H. H. Kew. Market Rasen, 
19-8-1893, WL. Newhall, 7-1896,G.Henderson. Willingham, 
1877-1879. F A LL. Welton-le-Marsh (Welton Wood), one 
male and three others seen 25-7-1890, E W. and J KE M. 
Gainsborough District, Mr. Baines. Cleethorpes, “ caught 
in a hat,” F M B. Gunby St. Peter, one 23-7-1890, E “Ww, 
Bet ween Woodhall Spa arith Tumby, 18-8-1898, L N U, 


82 Lincolnshive Butterflies. 


S. Hartsholme and Doddington, rare, J F M. Lincoln District, 
1881, Canon Fowler. ||Bourne Wood, S. Smith. 


MELANARGIA GALATEA L 


Once a common butterfly in Lincolnshire, but now much 
scarcer. 


N. *Louth District, “local,” R W G. and H W K. _ Redhill, 
Goulceby, 5-8-1901, H W K., and 1906, T. Stow. Bigby to 
Caistor, 1873, J C. Newball Wood, 1881, Canon Fowler, and 
15-7-1888, J F M. Wickenby and Linwood, common, W L. 
Middle Rasen, 1877-78, F A L. Gainsborough District, Mr. 
Baines, Pelham’s Pillar Wood, “ was the commonest butter- 
fly there Ihave caught, five at one stroke of the net; have 
not heard of any being seen for over 10 years,” J W B. (1905). 
Croxby, 8-1889-90, in numbers, A S. Alford, Well Vale, 
30-6-1889, 2-7-1889, and 3-8-1890, abundant, E W. Mother 
Wood (Aby), one 3-8-1890, E W. Melton Wood, Barnetby, 
FMB. Greenfield, Alford, 3-8-1890, E W. 


S. {It still exists, I believe, plentifully at Bourne, and over the 
chalk range of North Lincolnshire.” 
EREBIA G@THIOPS Hsp 
Probably extinct. 


N. *Louth District, “a few taken near Hubbard's Hills, in 1856,” 
by the late Mr. T. W. Wallis, R W G. and H W K. Louth, a 
number of specimens taken in 1859 or 1860, F C. 


PARARGE EGERIA IL 
Local and rather scarce. 


N. *Louth District, ‘none seen for several years past, formerly 
common in shady places in the woods,” R W G. and H W K. 
Legshy Woods, 1877-78, F A kL. Gainsborough District, 
FMB. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, a few generally each year, 
GWM. Limber, 1902, FS A. Market Rasen District, WL. 
Irby, 1901, E L W. Habrough, 6-1902, F J N. Immingham, 
6-1902. Roxton Wood, 6-1903, AS. Bradley Wood, 6-7-1906; 

Stallinghorough, 16-8-1906, A B. Owston Ferry District, 


s 


S. Lincoln District, F M B. 
PARARGE MEGG@RA L 


Common. 
N. Market Rasen, common, W L.andGW M. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
Cats ea sr bs 


S. Wyberton, abundant, 1897, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 
SATYRUS SEMELE IL 


Scarce. 
N. Ashby (Brigg), Dr. C. Scotton Common, one 28-7-1905, S CS. 
Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, L N U. Owston Ferry 
District, A R. 


S$. Dunsby (Bourne), 31-7-1906, AS. 
EPINEPHELE JANIRA L 
Abundant. 
N. *Louth, R W G.andH WK. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,11. 
$. Wyberton, JC L-C, Divs, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 


‘ 


— 


Lincolnshive Butterflies. 83 


EPINEPHELE TITHONUS IL 


Fairly common, but inclined to be loeal. 


N. Owston Ferry, J. W. Carter. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S$. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17. 


EPINEPHELE HYPERANTHES L 


Common. 


N. Louth,G WM. Divs.1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Little Ponton, C.O.S. Hatton. Divs. 13, 14, 15. 


CCOENONYMPHA TYPHON Rott 


Probably extinct. 


N. Epworth, S. Hudson. Alford, two in 1888, E W. 
CQ@ENONYMPHA PAMPHILUS I 


Abundant in suitable localities. 


N. Mablethorpe, abundant, H WK. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11. 


S. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 18, 14, 15, 16, 17. 
THECLA BETULE 1. 


Rare. 


N. Market Rasen, a few larvee in 1896 and 1897, W L. Newhall, 


common, GH R. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 6-7-1895, J F M. 
-THECLA W-ALBUM Knoch 


Loeal. 


N. Newhall, 1896, W L. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, common some 


years, GWM. Market Rasen District, 1876-1880, F A L. 


S Skellingthorpe, 1901, J F M. Near Lincoln, 1893, J W C. 


Haverholme Priory, a few each year, J C. Hartsholme and 
Doddington, J F M._ ||Bourne Wood, 8S. Smith. 


‘THECLA QUERCUS L 


Not common. 


N. *Louth District, “ not common ; seen hovering around vales in 


Maltby, Burwell and Muckton Woods,’ R W G.andH W K. 
Market Rasen, a few each year, W L.; a few 6-8-1906, J P. 
andG WM. Legsby, GH R.; and one larva in 1905, J P. 
Newhall, G H R. Gainsborough District, F M B. Alford 
District : Ailby, Tothill Wood, Welton Wood, and Mother 
Wood (Aby), EW. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, one larva in 1901, 
J P. Between Woodhall Spa and Tumby, 18-8-1898, L N U. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 6-7-1895, J F M. Near Sleaford, 1884, T. Stow. 
THECLA RUBI L 


Rare. 


N. *Louth District, “one or two examples,” R W G andHW K 


_Owersby and Bishop Bridge, 1877-79, F AL. Gainsborough 
District, F M B. 


$. Haverholme Priory, a few each year, J @, 


84 Lincolnshive Butterflies. 


POLYOMMATUS DISPAR Haw 


Thouzh this Butterfly is now extinct, there is little doubt of 
its having occurred inthe County. The Rey. A. Thornley 
records that he has seen some examples in the collection of 
Mr. I. Baines, of Gainsborough, and taken by a friend of his 
some 45 years ago on Morton Carr, near Gainsborough. 


_POLYOMMATUS PHLGAS J 


Common—A white form was once taken in Skellingthorpe 
Woods, F M B. 


N. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F AL. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
jgile 


S. Skellingthorpe, KF M B. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18. 
LYCEENA AGON Schiff 
Rare, 


N. Laughton Common, Gainsborough, F M B. Owston Ferry 
District, A R. 
S. Hartsholme and Doddington, J F M. 
LYCCENA ASTRARCHE Bgstr 
Rare. 


N. *Louth District, ‘included in the collection of ‘ Butterflies 
found near Louth 1863,’ in the Mechanics’ Institute, but is 
not now found,” R WG. andH WK. Taken by Mr. Bailey 
of Louth. 


S. Lincoln District, f M B. 
LYCCENA ICARUS Rott 
Common. 


N. Market Rasen, 1877-1879, KF AL. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11. 


S. Bourne, 1896, RW G. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 
LYCCGENA CORYDON Fb 
Rare. 
N. Kexby, I. Baines. 
S. West Willoughby, 7-1892,S CS. 


{On limestone in Lincolnshire.” {| Common in Lincolnshire 
on chalk, T. H. Allis.” 


LYCCENA ARGIOLUS L 
Rare. 
S. Haverholme Priory, common in 1902, J C. 
LYCGENA SEMIARGUS Rott 
It is hoped that this rarity still exists in its old haunts. 


N. {Epworth. “as late as 1864, Mr. S. Hudson continued to find it, 
though not commonly, at Epworth, in the north of Lincoln- 
shire. He w rote in the “ Zoologist”’ for that year: ‘I find it 
in meadows, but they are of large extent ; and the insect 
appearing just before the grass is ready for the mower, 
prevents a proper search from being made for it.’ This 
seems to be the latest record of the insect from that 
district.” But ina letter to E A W P., written by the late 


Lincolnshive Butterflies. 85 


Mr. S. Hudson in 1903, it was stated that it was not extinct. 
(Nat., 1904, p. 224.) 
LYCENA MINIMA Fues 
Rare. 
N. Glentham, 1877-1879, F A L. 
NEMEOBIUS LUCINA LI 
There are no recent records. 
{‘‘ Found in extremely restricted localities in Lincolnshire.” 
{“ Lincolnshire, T. H. Allis.” 
SYRICHTHUS MALVE [F. 
Searee. 
N. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. Linwood, a few in 1901, 


G W M. Gainsborough District, F M B. Owston Ferry 
District, A R. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 4-5-1900, fF M. Haverholme Priory, common, 
J e 


Je 


NISONIADES TAGES IL 
Locally common in some districts. 


N. Market Rasen, common, W L. Hatton and Newhall, GH R. 
Legsby, GH R. andG WM. Near Acthorpe Wood, one or 
two, 1-6-1905, G W M. Saxilby, common, 21-5-1893, J W C. 

S. Skellingthorpe, 3-6-1900; Hartsholme, 6-7-1900, J F M. 
Grantham, 16-6-1896, A T. Lincoln District, 1881, Canon 
Fowler. Haverholme Priory, a few, J C. West W illoughby, 
6-1896,S CS. 


HESPERIA THAUMAS dHufn 
Locally common in some districts. 


N. *Louth District, “rare,’ RWG. andH WK. Alford District. 
Mother Wood (a, and Greenfield, EK W. Gainsborough 
District, F M B. Market Rasen, common locally, G W M, 
Scotton Common, 28-7-1905, L N t. Pelham’s Pillar Wood. 
scarce, J W B. Between Woodhall Spa and Tumby, 18-8-1898 
LNU. Edlington, EK. H. Bree. Owston Ferry District, A R 


S. Lineoln District, F M B. Hartsholme, 5-7-1887, JF M. Haver- 

2 holme Priory, common, J C. 

_ HESPERIA SYLVANUS Esp 

i Common. 

N. “Louth District, R WG. and HW K; Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 
9, 10, 11. 

S. Stamford, 21-6-1905, L N U. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. 

_ CARTEROCEPHALUS PALEMON Pall 

Very local. 

N West Rasen, 27-5-1856, Rev. W. W. Cooper. Langworth and 
Legsby,GHR. Saxilby, abundant 21-5-1897, J WC. Market 
Rasen, a few most years, WL. Newhall, 1893, E P. Linwood 
FAL.andG WM. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 3-6-1900, J F M. Bourne, Stainton’s Manual, 
Lincoln, Canon W. W. Fowler. Hartsholme and Doddington, 
JFM, 


LINCOLNSHIRE LIVERWORTS: 


BY J2 REV Bes IG: 
with 
Miss S. C. Stow’s List of Recorded Species. 


The Liverworts, or Hepaticce are a class of flowerless plants, 
forming, with the mosses—and ranking next below them in the 
plant scale—the order Muscineew. ‘This order stands between the 
Alge on the lower side and the Vascular Cryptogams—club 
mosses, ferns, etc.,—on the higher. 


The Hepatice received the names they bear from a supposed 
medicinal value ; and there is no doubt that they have been used 
as a cure for liver complaints, though they are doubtless useless 
for such a purpose ; they have, in fact, no economic use whatever. 
They are, nevertheless, a most interesting order of plants, and 
have been recently spoken of by Dr. Carvers as the most interesting 
group of all. 


As is well known, they grow, in most cases, in damp places— 
in woods, on the borders of ditches, streams and pools, and in 
caves, while two or three float on the surface of stagnant ponds 
or ditches during the whole or a part of their existence. 


The vegetative organs are, broadly speaking, of two different 
kinds ; the thalloid or alga-like form, in which there is no differ- 
entiation into stem and leaf, the function of both being effected 
by the thallus; and the foliaceous form, in which there are stems 
and leaves. “There are, however, intermediate forms, which 
cannot be properly called either thalloid or foliaceous. 


Dealing first with a thalloid form, such as Pellia or Marchantia, 
we find a thallus or frond formed of a flattish mass of cells, with 
small scale leaves and rootlets below. Each thallus is commonly 
more or less heart-shaped; the growing apex is in a depression, 


Lincolnshive Liverworts. 87 


and one thallus overlaps another, so that large green patches are 
usually formed by such species. The epidermal cells contain 
stomata, more or less like those in the leaves of the higher plants. 
In the foliaceous forms, e.g., Lophocolea, there is a well-marked 
stem, which, however, has no proper vascular-tissue, but is compos- 
ed of simple elongated cells throughout. he true leaves are usually 
in two rows; they are simpie in structure, having one cell only in 
thickness. There are often small scale leaves, as in the frondose 
forms, on the lower side of the stem, where rootlets are also 
found. 


As the Liverworts depend on surface water—the rootlets only 

penetrating the ground for a short distance—there are many 

interesting developments for water-holding, ranging from a 

hollow leaf, or a lacineate leaf (which acts like a sponge), to a 

complicated pitcher, comparable with the vessels borne by 
Utricularia. 


Dealing now briefly with reproduction in Liverworts, we find 
an interesting vegetative method, or budding. The buds, or 
_ gemme, may be simply borne at the ends of shoots, as in Kantia, 
or are formed in a “cup,” as in Marchantia, where the cup is 
circular, or as in Lunularia, where the cup forms only half a 
circle, or is semilunar in shape. 


_ In the sexual mode of reproduction there is much variety, so far 
as the unessential elements—the spore bearer, etc., are concerned 
«But in the form of the essential elements there is, as would be 
i expected, considerable unformity. If we take a simple case, such 
as Pellia, we find that in the autumn a number of Archegonia, 
not visible to the naked eye, are developed at the apex of any 
female thallus, while antheridia are at the same time found em- 
bedded i in the male thallus, appearing to the naked eye as small 
round spots. When the antheridia are ripe and the plant is wet 
enough, antherozoids emerge and swim about until they reach 
the archegonia, down the neck of which they make their way and 
fe tilize the oosphere. Asa result the sporogonium is developed, 
which consists, when mature, of a pellucid stalk bearing a dark- 
looking sphere at the top—a case filled with spores. The spore 
Case bursts and the spores are disseminated and form new plants, 


88 Lincolnshive Liverworts. 


Among the spores there are often elaters, which are elongated 
spirally-marked cells, formerly supposed to aid in the dissemin- 
ation of the spores, though this isnow considered to be doubt ful. 


About 4,000 species of Liverworts are known to exist, and of 
these 230 or thereabouts are found in Great Britian. In Lincoln- 
shire the conditions—intense cultivation with general absence of 
rocks, shade, etc..—are for the most part unfavourable to the 
growth of these plants; but from woods and ditches, from walls 
and trees, some 43 species have been gathered. Large quantities 
of Pellia and Fegatella are often found, but the quantity of most 
species found in one place is commonly small. 


Four of the sub-orders are represented in the County :— 

Jungermannie, including both frondose and foliaceous forms 
“fruit,” (Sporogonium) solitary, four-valved, valves _ splitting 
rarely torn, elaters present. 


Marchantiacee, frondose, with somewhat complicated spore- 
bearing structures called Capitula, capsules with short stems 
split four to eight times at the apex, elaters present. 


Ricciaceew, frondose, fruit without valves and usually immersed 
in the frond, dehiscing irregularly ; elaters absent. 


(The fourth sub-order, the Anthocerotaceee, which are frondose, 
the frond being thick and more or less orbicular, bearing a 
pod-like fruit without elaters, is not, so far as is yet known, 
represented in Lincolnshire.) 


The list drawn up by Miss S. C. Stow, of Grantham, the 
Secretary of the Cryptogamic Section of the Lincolnshire Field 
Naturalists’ Union is given below :— 


MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA L 

Not uncommon in the County. 

Divs; 2;:3,4)5;9 7,8, 7 10, 213). 1b. 
FEGATELLA CONICA, Corda, (CONOCEPHALUS). 


Common in the County. 
Dive, 20,4, 7.8; 9; LO) it, oamto, 


Lincolnshire Liverworts. 89 


LUNULARIA VULGARIS Mich 


Common in the County. 
Divs. 2, 3,4, 7,8, 10, 18. 


RICCIA GLAUCA L 


Div. 7. Rasen, 21-4-1879; F. A. Lees. 
Div. 138. Caythorpe, 1804; S. C. Stow. 


RICCIA CRYSTALLINA L 
Div. 7. Linwood, 16-8-1905 ; J. Reeves. 


 RICCIA SOROCARPA Bisch 
Div. 13. Hartsholme, 3-10-1905; Rey. E. A. W-.Peacock. 


RICCIELLA FLUITANS Br 
Div. 5.. Scotton Common, 29-7-1905; J. Reeves. 


RICCIOCARPUS NATANS C 


Div. 7. Moortown, 25-8-1906 ; A. Smith. 
Div. 15. Cherry Holt, Grantham, 4-1904 ; S. C. Stow. 


_ FRULLANIA TAMARISCI L 
: Div. 11. Alford, 1892; E. Woodthorpe. 


_ FRULLANIA DILATATA L 


Appears to be more frequent in the South, than in the North 
of the County. 
Divs:23;,45 77, 11; 13;44,°15, 16. 


_ LEJEUNEA SERPYLLIFOLIA Dicks 


Div. 3. Howsham, 7-7-1892 ; J. B. Davey. 
Div.7. Linwood, Willingham, Iii: 79; yD. A. Lees. 
Div. 13. Doddington, 30-6-1892 ; J. B. Davy. 


ee uLa COMPLANATA IL 


Se Not uncommon in the County. 
Divs. 3, 5,6,7,8, 11, 18,14, 15. 


% PORELLA PLATYPHYLLA L 

Div. 4. Bradley Woods, 1904 ; J. Reeves, 

Div. 7. Tealby, Walesby, and Claxby Wood, 1877-79; F A. Lees. 
Div. 15. Great Ponton, 1898 ; H. Preston. 

Div. 16. Careby, 9-6-1903 ; 8S. C. Stow. 


-LEPIDOZIA REPTANS L 


N. 7., “on stones on the Greensand searp of the chalk at 
Tealby, 1877-79.” H. A. Lees. 
Div. 11. Halton Holgate ; F. A. Lees. 


ODONTOSCHISMA SPHAGNI Dum 


Div. 3. Elsham, Wrawby Moor, 1877-79; HF. A. Lees. 
Div. 7. Linwood Warren, 1877-79; FB. A. Lees. ‘ 
Given for South also in Mr. Lees’ List j in ‘ Outline Flora,’ 


go Lincolnshire Liverworts. 


CEPHALOZIA BICUSPIDATA L 


Diy. 3. Housham, 7-7-92; Rey. E, A. W.-Peacock and J.B. Davy. 
Div. 4. Roxton, 8-10-04; J. Reeves and A. Smith. 
Div. 5. Seotton Common, 29-7-1905 ; J. Reeves. 


Div. 7. “ Wet mossy banks in the woods in many places, 
(Rasen, ete.,)’’ 1877-79; KF. A. Lees. 


Diy. 8. Brackenboro’ Wood, 3-3-1899 ; J. Cordeaux, Fotherby, 
1904; J. Reeves. 


Div. 15. Grantham, 1898; H. Preston. 
CEPHALOZIA LAMMERSIANA JHiibu 

Diy. 13. Stapleford Moor, 1898 ; S. C. Stow. 

Div. 7. Linwood Peat Warren, 1898; F. A. Lees. 
CEPHALOZIA DIVARICATA Sm 

Diy. 18. Stapleford Moor, 1898; S. C. Stow. 


LOPHOCOLEA BIDENTATA Nees 

Very common both North and South. 

Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,78, 10,11, 13, 14, 15, 16. 
LOPHOCOLEA HETEROPHYLLA Schrad 

Div. 3. Cadney, 2-1901; Revds. Peacock and Mason, 

Diy. 15. Stoke Roekford, 1898; H. Fisher. 
KANTIA TRICHOMANIS B. Gr 

Not uncommon in the County. 

Divs. 3, 4,5, 7, 11, 1: 
KANTIA ARGUTA N. el. M 

Div. 7. Wickenby Holt; F. A. Lees. 


BLEPHAROZIA CIILARIS Dum 


Div. 7. Linwood Warren and Willingham Woods, 1878 ; 
F. A. L 


. Lees. 

Div. 3. Nettleton, 1899; S. Allett. 
BLEPHAROSTOMA TRICHOPHYLLA L 

Div. 7. Willingham, 1877-79; F. A. Lees. 


SCAPANIA NEMOROSA L 
Div. 2. Reed’s Quarry, Broughton, 1898 ; F. A. Lees. 
SCAPANIA IRRIGUA N 
i / 
Diy. 5. Seotton Common, 29-7-1905; J. Reeves. 
DIPLOPHYLLUM ALBICANS Dum 


Div. 7. Frequent in the Rasen district, 1877-79 ; F. A. Lees. 
Diy. 13. Stapleford Moor, 1898 ; S. C. Stow. 


PLAGIOCHILA ASPLENIOIDES Dum 


Not uncommon in the County. 
Divs, 2, 4, 7,8, 11, 18, 15, 16; 


Lincolnshire Liverworts. gi 


CHILOSCYPHUS POLYANTHUS L 


Div. 8. Brackenboro’ Wood, 3-3-1899 ; J. Cordeaux. 
Div.8. Springs, Louth, 1904; J. Reeves. 


JUNGERMANNIA INFLATA Schr 
Div. 7. Tealby Woods, Claxby, ete., 1877-79; F. A. Lees. 


JUNGERMANNIA BARBATA Schr 
Div. 7. Linwood Warren, 1877-79; F. A. Lees. 


JUNGERMANNIA VENTRICOSA Dicks 
Div. 7. Legsby Woods, 1898 ; F. A. Lees. 


MYLIA TAYLORI Gray 
Div. 13. Stapleford Moor, 1898 ; S. C. Stow. 


NARDIA SCALARIS Schr 
Div. 5. Seotton Common, 29-7-1905 ; J. Reeves 
N. and S. Lines., F. A. Lees’ List in ‘ Outline Flora.’ 
BLASIA PUSILLA L 
Div. 7. Rasen neighbourhood (Usselby, ete.), 1879; F. A. Lees, 


FOSSOMBRONIA PUSILLA L 

Div. 13. Court Leys, Caythorpe, 1903; S. C. Stow. 
FOSSOMBRONIA ANGULOSA Raddi - 

Div. 7. Linwood, 16-8-1905 ; J. Reeves. 


FOSSOMBRONIA Sp 
Div. 5. Secotton Common, 29-7-1905; J. Reeves. 


PELLIA EPIPHYLLA L 
Common in the County. 
; Divs. 2, 3, 4,5, 7, 8,9, 10,11, 13, 14, 15. 
PELLIA CALYCINA Tayl 
Common in the North of the County, unrecorded for South. 
Divs. 2, 4,5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
ANEURA PINGUIS L 
Div.7. Frequent about Rasen, 1877-79; F. A. Lees. 


ANEURA MULTIFIDA L 


Div. 7. Tealby Churchyard, Willingham House pondbank, 
1877-79; F. A. Lees. 


-MERTZGERIA FURCATA L 


Div. 7. Tealby, and Claxby Wood, 1877-79; F. A. Lees. 

Div. 13. Court Leys, Caythorpe, 25-11-1898 ; S. C. Stow. 

Diy. 14. Cranwell, 6-3-1899 ; S. C. Stow. 

Div. 15. Brandon, 10-1898 ; S. C. Stow. And Stoke Rockford, 
1898 ; H. Fisher. 

Divisions 1—12, are in N. Lines., V. C., 54. 18—18, in S, Lines., 
V. C., 53. 


NATURAL HABITATS AND 
NATIVENESS.* 


What is a natural habitat ? Where, also, if such a thing is now 
possible in Lincolnshire, may one be met with in unsullied 
“purity? I have often asked myself these questions. What 1s more, 
so far as my reading extends, | have never received an answer. 
Moreover, I am not aware that these questions have ever been 
considered in all their bearings for a country like Great Britain. 


Indirectly H. C. Watson tried to simplify the riddle, but the 
mesh of the net he used for the purpose was too wide to catch all 
the fragments of information required for a satisfactory explan- 
ation. He showed us the way, however, if he did not arrive at 
the goal, or go very far on the road himself. Much though I 
admire his patient industry and methods, he singularly fails in 
getting at the truth he was indirectly seeking, despite his highly 
developed logicality. The terminology he employs is defective, 
for it is unusually difficult in application. The great error of his 
method is in treating species per se, as natives, denizens, colonists, 
or casuals, rather than in their varied relation to man the. great 
disturber of nature. The astonishing thing is that such a time 
should have elapsed without a more natural method being sug- 
gested. 


Now, with the exception of a few commons of Blown Sand 
with their included Peat bogs—and these have all been cut 
through by dykes—places where, speaking generally Calluna and 
Pteris are the predominating species, I doubt whether there is such 
a thing as “a natural habitat ” in Lincolnshire, the second largest 
county in England. 


If we consider the matter the state of the case becomes clear. 
The coast sand-hills are only semi-natural, most of them are 


“Presidential address to the L. N. U. for 1906. 


Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 93 


of human origin. They are made by throwing up a bank of 
_ Estuarine Alluvium, which arrests the moving sands, and directly 
causes the dunes. ‘The original bank is so buried beneath the 
sand as to be lost to sight. “Their flora is characteristic enough. 
It acts as an admirable binder to the loose and shifting surface ; 
and as it is absolutely valueless for animal food—asses and goats 
being the only exceptions, for rabbits are not permitted—it 
"remains practically untouched. 


We have woods, and in some parts of the county soils of poor 
discription are heavily wooded, but in no spot known to me is 
there an old woodland, where human art has not forced nature 
out of her own negligent course. Roadsides, pasture and meadow 
_ too, are as conventional to the eyes that can read the truth, as the 
prosaic silt marsh which stretches in endless miles on a dead level 
under grass or arable cultivation. The whole alluvial area has 
all been reclaimed by periodical embanking from the salt-marsh, 
either during the Roman occupation, or since the departure of 
that practical race. The foreshore itself is an artificial production, 
thrown up by the sea in a short time on account of the effects of 
the contour of the bank of the last enclosure. Its flora, too, soon 
grows formal and artificial from heavy sheep grazing. 


Signs of the all-dominating influence of man are everywhere, 
when natural habitats are sought in all their pristine purity. 
The tilth is not more changed in proportion by agriculture, than 
the pasture is by the grazing of stock, or the meadow by the 
ular cutting of hay. Thisisso much the case, that anyone 
o has a full analyses and notes of any given soil, can almost 
rite the stocking and cultivation history of grass or tilth on 
the same bed, be it clay, silt, or lighter soil. 


Let us try to smooth down the harsh asperities and broken 
dences of ravished nature as we will, the task proves beyond 
‘utmost endeavour. As the shattered columns of the portico 
oclaim the heathen temple in classical lands, so the broken cycles 
x flora proclaim the dominating influence of man the whole 
ounty over. 

_ Passing, with some fellow naturalists, through a feld on the 
Marlstone Rock in South Lincolnshire, from which a crop of hay 


94 Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 


had been taken some weeks before, a practical farmer exclaimed, 
“T can see this field isa pasture that has been meadowed.” I 
had discovered the fact on entering it from the absence of 
Heracleum and Anthriscus sylvestis in the hedge, and other hay- 
land species on the feeding surface ; but was hardly prepared for 
his immediate reply to my question—‘‘ How do you know?” 
“It is simple enough! From the presence of Cnicus arvensis and 
Cnicus lanceolatus,” he replied. In a word he recognised at once— 
from the agriculturists point of view—that the selection of species 
was artificial, that it was a human product, as much as the wheat 
which grew in the field beyond the fence. Truly natural habitats 
and native floras on the rich soils of Lincolnshire there are none. 
Man with us has shaped the course of nature so long, especially 
since the great inclosure, following on the growth of the turnip 
as a field crop—dating from 1790—that everything has become 
more or less artificial. 


Yet with these definite human characteristics everywhere, 
from the reclaimed silt and drained peat to the highest points of 
the wold and cliff hills, everything is natural enough within cer- 
tain bounds. Man when regarded from the right stand-point is 
no more an excresence and disturber in nature than the placid 
bullocks and quiet sheep, which make the pasture so different 
from the meadow flora by continual grazing. ‘The human species 
causes a little more trouble perhaps in relegating the wider circle 
of its influences into the proper category of more permanent or 
of transitory fluctuations, nothing more. For surely man is as 
natural an influence on our rich soils, as the longwool sheep that 
crops, and thereby changes the herbage of its native hills, or as 
the Peregrine sowing oak, beech, or barley in the ash woods of 
the Liassic clays, from the torn crop of a ring dove, which had 
obtained a full meal on the escarpment of the Wolds. It is all 
very well for the sake of expediency and simplicity to make a 
distinct division, as between the British and South Kensington 
Museums, and to say, ‘‘ Here man and man’s work; there nature 
and nature’s work.” No such distinction exists in reality, nor can 
one be made in botany without violating the first principle of 
true observation, namely, that “ what is found is natural.” 


4 


Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 95 


In relation to man as a predominating factor in the botanical 
problem all we have to set ourselves to disentangle is, ‘“‘ what is 
_ permanent, and what is transitory.” The former is natural, 
the latter accidental, semi-alien, or alien. No other criterion 
appears to be possible. It has the advantage of being simple 
and practical. It may be difficult to say whether a given 
_ species is “ native, denizen, colonist or casual,’ under a certain 
environment, but it is easy enough to ascertain whether it is 
permanent or transitory. It isnot difficult to demonstrate whether 
a plant is found in the majority of fitting situations, or whether it 

is peculiar to one locality, or at most a few under suspicious 
_ circumstances, under the same conditions of growth. 


f To help in this respect, and to escape from the difficulties 
_and perplexities of the Watsonian system of terminology, I 
propose to class all species into various categories, as they stand 
in an intimate or more distant relation to man and his under- 
takings. Their position in a category or categories will at once 
settle their status. Samples only can be given here. Followers 
(1) of man, (2) of cultivation, (3) of commerce. Frequenters (1) 
of broken ground, (2) of waste ground, (3) of pasture, (4) of 
meadow, (5) of woodland, (6) of road-side hedges, (7) of field 
hedges, (9) of lakes, (10) of ditches, &c., are much more simply 
applied, even though the phase lacks the sweet simplicity of the 
Watsonian word. Both should contain a distinct idea, or set of 
‘circumstances, unfortunately, in practice, this is what Watson 
words do not express. 


___ Now as regards application. Thlaspi arvense is at best an 
“uncertain “ Follower (2) of cultivation ” in Lincolnshire. It was 
“introduced into Cadney parish with seed wheat some 40 years 
ago. Happening on a soil—dry arable Peat mixed with Chalky 
Boulder Clay—that exactly suited its requirements, it has 
remained till to day. It is confined as a semi-permanent species 
‘to the narrow band of mixed soil where it was originally sown. 
This spring while analysing the flora, which gradually and 
through many changes, wins back the bare patches the stone 
heaps leave by the road side after the metal has been used on the 
t permanent way, I came across two isolated plants of T. avvense 


96 Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 


miles away from its own place, on the soils of Chalky Boulder 
Clay and Sandy Glacial Gravel. Introduced without doubt, 
because it is transient; but by what means? A little reflection 
and the problem was solved. ‘IT. E., whocarts the road stone has 
no land where T. arvense grows; but stay, he begged a few loads 
of mangels from his neighbour G. S., last winter, while he was 
busy carting the road metal. This plant grows freely on the 


’ 


latter’s land where “ the pie” is situated. ‘There can be no doubt 
when the stone was shot out of the dry cart, the seeds left by the 
damp mangels came along with them. Here they are imper- 
manent, because this species is not a Frequenter (3) of pasture, or 
(4) of meadow. When the roadside pasture returns with irresist- 
able power, as it will in a few years, these places will know 
T. avvense no more. If the land, where it has flourished so 
well at Cadney for forty years, were sown down to grass (3), or 
planted as wood-land (5), it would quickly disappear there too ; 
as it would also on the Lincolnshire Limestone (2), from which 
it was originally imported, though it is no true native there. 
With us T. avvense is not only a Follower (2) of cultivation, 
itis an uncertain one too. Though it is found round most local 
flour mills, it is generally absent from the most suitable soils ; 
and even where there are allotments, it is often confined to one or 
two patches in a dozen or more. 


Another such case is that of Hypocheris glabra. During the 
last thirty years it has been diligently sought for by Messrs. F. 
A. Lees, W. Fowler, H. Fisher, and Miss S. C. Stow, on soils 
which appear ideal for it, if it were with us permanently. Mr. H. 
C. W. Hawley found it between Coningsby and Tumby, on Old 
River Gravel, on arable landin 1goz. It has remained there till 
to-day, but only as a rare Follower (2) of cultivation, nothing — 
more, even on such a suitable soil. 


Such cases are simple and amenable to analysis. Are the so 
called complicated cases much more difficult ? Take Urtica dioica 
as a fair example. It has so attached itself to man, that if you 2 
are on a coach ride on the wildest Scotch or Irish moors, and an 
isolated bed comes into view, the driver may point it out with his 


Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 97 


whip, and remark ‘There was a shepherd’s shealing there once, 
that bed of nettles shows it.’ His reasoning would be true, 
_ though Mr. Reid has demonstrated this species to be interglacial 
from the D bed at Hoxne in Suffolk. It is, therefore, as old, if 
‘not much older than man in Eastern England. Here I may 
pause a moment to say the value of this geo-botanical work can 
hardly be over-estimated. Mr. Reid’s admirable and careful 
analyses, have given us a Key to many an otherwise insoluble 
problem. May he have many other successors in his special line 


of enquiry. 


To return. There was however, no doubt a time when Urtica 
dioica flourished in a definite area ‘without the least human aid ; 
that is not the question which interests us in trying to understand 
its peculiar position to-day. It is now in a state of semi-depen- 
dence. Who can to-day define the hmits of its present position ? 
It has nothing to do with cultivation properly so called, but 
father with an increasing soil fertility—with nitrogen and potash. 
Would not, such species be best entitled “ Followers (1) of man ?” 


aced it inits own category. It is found in the richest pastures 
have ; and its presence causes a marked change in their flora, 
ss the scythe comes too frequently to permit them to develop. 
sy destroying the pasture grass, with its clustering annual stems, 
Oa certain extent it acts like a tilth crop, and a whole tribe of 
lowers (2) of cultivation, and Frequenters (1) of broken ground, 
as Stellaria media, Bursa, Veronica agrestis, Lamium album 
L. purpureum, &c., according to soil and situation, find a 
othold along with it. They obtain soil room amid its stems, 
md are protected by its well armed leaves from the ravages of 
stock. All these species can live on in pasture which is so sandy 
poor that competition is not keen, but none of them can 


nd 


‘ 


98 Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 


survive in the rich feeding pasture to which I refer, where the turf 
is like a well kept lawn in closeness. 


It is just the same with “ broken ground” or “ barren spots ” 
left temporarily without a covering on such rich soils. As for 
instance, the places where stock stand and cut up the turf, or where 
a tree has been blown up by the roots and has torn the soil, or the 
spaces left by the burning of hedge and ditch rubbish. The first 
year they are covered with the animals of cultivation, the second 
with annuals and biennials growing thickly together; during 
the latter part of the second and third year perennials are added, 
and continue to win till the turf gains the upper hand, and 
conquers the spot. 


Everything being so artificial although so natural around the 
botanist in fertile districts such as Lincolnshire, the great difficulty 
is to get a just criterion by which to judge complicated cases. A 
more than unusually striking example of this want is found in 
the little parish of Newstead, on Ancholme, by Brigg. ‘This farm 
was a Gilbertine Priory, founded by Henry II. in the 1173. The 
portion I have to refer td is a bed of Sandy Glacial Gravel, rising 
above the Peat level of the Ancholme fen around. In the days 
before the foundation, and till long after, Newstead was an island, 
called Rucholme, 1.e., Rook-island, in the charter conveying it. 
In the middle of one of its pastures, even of only medium or fair 
quality, is a round barrow, most probably of Neolithic age. Not 
very far away is found a grass-covered gravel pit from which the 
material for the barrow may have been obtained. Geologically 
the material is exactly the same. This pit presents a curious 
botanical problem. When it was first or last used, it is quite 
impossible to say. It is far larger than would be required for 
supplying the barrow material, and may have been requisitioned 
by the Priory people when they made their “ causeys,” as they 
rightly called them, to Cadney on the North, and Hibaldstow on 
the South, over the fen level. ‘here is no evidence, beyond the 
fact that such a gravel was certainly obtained for the purpose, 
and that this is the only pit near, and carriage was an almost 
insuperable difficulty in early times, 


Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 99 


Let that be as it may. The close pasture has conquered all 
the pit which was originally 12 feet deep, with the exception of 

the steep slope of its former face. There with difficulty, but 
greatly aided by the incline, the following species still retain a 
foothold. 


Alchemilla arvensis, Bursa pastoris, Cerastium arvense, 
_Erophila vulgaris, Geranium molle, Stellaria media, Trifolium, 
_ dubuim, Trifolium striatum, Veronica arvensis. 


Of these species, Bursa is not quite typical, or perhaps I should 
‘say it is the sandy pasture form, purple stalked instead of green, 
with purple sepals, and purple white petals. Tvifolium dubuim 
‘is the native wild plant, and not the seedsman’s variety. T. striatum 
is a rare plant in Lincolnshire. It has only been recorded on 
eight other occasions. Its nearest localities known being 16 miles 
off in a bee line on the west, and 18 on the east. 


It might be urged on the lines that Mr. Dunn argues in his 
“ Alien Flora,” that man—perhaps Neolithic man—formed this 
pit for his barrow material, and gave all these species a foothold. 
Consequently they are “alien” in the Watsonian sense. This 
much is allowed, and anything else in reason. For instance that 
the Priory people after 1173—long after, if any one requires it— 
used the pit. Ask anything in justice, and it shall be willingly 
conceded. Still the extremest case is given away. 


The pit has not been used for ages; that must be clear to any 
0 ologist, soil student, or botanist, who studies it. Then why 
lave these species retained their hold so long despite the all- 
sonquering turf around? Stock, rabbits, and birds seeking grit 
stones, have all helped to keep little broken patches on the slope 
of the old working face. The spot was called Rook-island in the 
rernacular before 1173, and these birds still breed in the next 


ultivation is only of “ medium or fair quality.” It is what is 
ocally called a “ holding pasture ;” one that can grow the bone 
and muscles of young stock well, but which cannot fatten them, 


100 Natural Habitats and Nativeness. 


‘Therefore it must have been a very poor pasture indeed before it 
reached its present state of fair productivity. 

Now while it remained unenclosed and fairly natural, it 
would certainly be the “ native ”—I can find no other word but 
“ natural’’—home of such species as are now forced to survive on 
the working face of the old gravel pit. 


This excavation is only one instance of many similiar 
phenomena scattered all over the county. Because the circum- 
stances are purely artificialat the spot named it has been purposely 
selected ; the more complicated the problem the better as an 
illustration. In many places there are natural escarpments much 
steeper and more varied than the one in the Newstead gravel pit, 
and everywhere like circumstances are producing similar results. 
In all such places the so called ‘‘ doubtful native species ” live on, 
contending for a footing with the most adverse conditions in the 
face of more predominant species. They do more. They are 
ever ready to colonise any bare spots or “ open turf” in their 
neighbourhood, as broken ground on escarpments, beck bank, &c., 
which even in flat Lincolnshire are not so uncommon, as might be 
imagined, from purely natural causes. 

All the nine species named above from the old pit are met 
with as Frequenters of very poor sandy pasture, and of broken 
ground, nearly all as Followers (2) of cultivation. All are to be 
discovered in artificial combinations where they meet with less 
powerful competition. Yet if they be sought for in their native 
habitats, seaside sand dunes, inland dunes, beck banks and 
escarpments, that is, in the naturally open turf of poor soils or 
broken ground, they can be proved to be as truly native as 
anything we have in our existing flora, which, to say the truth, is 
now wholly artificial. ‘These species, and others like them, we may 
candidly admit, are most certainly dependent on man generally 
under existing circumstances for the chance of growth; but they 
are just as certainly “truly native” at the right place in the floral 
cycles of such soils as suit their specific requirements. Yes, but 
only a careful Rock-Soil analysis, which not only considers all 
localities separately, but also the different circumstances of each 
set of similar localities separately too, can demonstrate their 
nativeness with scientific precision, 


Additions to 
Lincolnshire Non-Marine Mollusca. 


C.°S. CartTER. 


\ 


Since the publication of the List in the Transactions, 1905, 
interesting additions have been made to our list, notably 4 varieties 
of Limax maximus, one of which is at present a nondescript but 
in the hands of Messrs. Taylor and Roebuck for description: of the 
other three, each of which have been identified by W. Denison 
Roebuck, F.L.S., one is referred to sub-var. mulleyi Moq, another 
to var. aldvovandi Moq-Tand, which I believe, has previously only 
been recorded, in the British Isles, for Dorset, Gloucester W., and 
the Isle of Man, the other to var. bicolor Taylor, which has 
previously only been recorded for the Isle of Man. Those marked 
with* are new to our list. 


Unfortunately the season has not been one of the most favour- 
able for Mollusca, it having been very hot and dry. Nevertheless, 
owing to the exertions of Mr. J. F. Musham of Lincoln, I am able 
to give records of more or less common species for divisions for 
which we had no previous record, 

I again desire to thank those workers who have kindly 
assisted in increasing our knowledge of the Mollusca of the 
County, and to repeat my appeal for further collections and 
notes of Mollusca. 

LIMAX MAXIMUS § Linné 


*sub-var. mulleri Mog 


N. 6. Nettleham pit, 21-9-06, J F Musham and A Smith. 
— *var. aldrovandi Mogq-Tand. 
N. 8. Garden, 8, Bridge Street, Louth, 1903. CSC. 


In a letter dated December 17th, 1906, Mr. Musham informs 
me that on the occasion of the recent Annual Meeting 
of the L.N.U., Mr. Roebuck identified var. aldrovandi, 
amongst his slugs collected in High Street, Lincoln. 


——— *var. bicolor Taylor 
f N. 8. Garden, 8 Bridge Street, Louth, 11 p.m., 10-7-1906. CSC. 
VITRINA PELLUCIDA Miiller 
S. 13. Skellingthorpe Wood, 20-10-06. ‘J F Musham. 
VITREA CELLARIA Miiller 
S$. 13. Canwick Pit and Cross Cliffe Hill, 16-5-06. J F Musham, 


102 Additions to Lincolnshive Non-Marine Mollusca. 


VITREA NITIDULA Drap 
S. 13. Canwick Pit, 16-5-06. J F Musham. 
VITREA PURA Alder 
S. 13. Skellingthorpe Wood, 20-10-06. J F Musham. 


——- nitidosa Gray 
S. 13. Skellingthorpe Wood, J F Musham. 


SO ea NITIDUS Miiller 
S. 13. Canwick Pit, 7-10-06. Skellingthorpe Wood, 20-10-06. 
JF Musham. 


EUCONULUS FULVUS Miiller 

S. 13. Skellingthorpe Wcod, 20-10-06. J F Musham. 
ARION ATER Linné 
—-— var. brunnea Roebuck 

N. 7. Linwood, 4-6-06. J F Musham. 


ectin INTERMEDIUS Normand 
N. t. Isle of Axholme, Aug., 1906. A Reynolds. 
S. 13. Skellingthorpe, 20-10-06. J F Musham. 


SPHYRADIUM EDENTULUM Drap 
—— var. columella G.V. Martens. 
N. 8. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 31-9-06. Vernon Howard, M.A. 
PYRAMIDULA ROTUNDATA Miiller 
N. 6. Nettleham Pit, 21-9-06. J Ff Musham. 
HELICELLA VIRGATA Da Costa 


— var. subdeleta Taylor 
N. 3. Uleeby, Nov., 1906. CSC. 


HELICELLA ITALA Linné 


— var. hyatozonata Cockerell 
N. 8. One at Redhill near Gouleeby, Sept., 11-1906. CSC. 
S. 15. Sapperton, 6-8-05. T Stow. 


HELICELLA CAPERATA Montagu 


—-— var. major Jeff. 
N. 8. Chalk Pit, near Utterby, 28-11-1906. C. Davies-Sherborn, 
F.G.S., F.Z.S. 
HYGROMIA HISPIDA Linné 


S. 13. Canwick Pit, 16-5-1906. J F Musham. 
HELICIGONA LAPICIDA Linné 

S. 15. Sapperton, 6-8-05. T Stow. 
HELIX ASPERSA Miiller 

N. 6. Nettleham Pit, 21-9-06. J F Musham. 
ENA OBSCURA Miiller 

N. 6. Nettleham Stone Pit, 26-8-06. J KF Musham. 


CACILIOIDES ACICULA Miiller 
Greetwell Iron Mines, just below the surface dead, 
5-7-06. J F Musham. 


JAMINIA CYLINDRACEA Da Costa 
S$. 15. Sapperton, 6-8-05. T Stow. 


} 


Additions to Lincolnshire Non-Mavine Mollusca. 103 


CLAUSILIA LAMINATA Montagu 

N. 6. Nettleham Pit, 21-9-03. J fF Musham. 
CARYCHIUM MINIMUM Miiller 

S. 13. Skellingthorpe Wood, 20-0-06. J KF Musham. 
LIMNAEA AURICULARIA $ Linné 

S. 13. River Witham, Boultham, 14-11-05. J F Musham. 
LIMNAEA PALUSTRIS Miller 

S. 13. Boultham Dyke, 18-5-06. J F Musham. 
LIMNAEA TRUNCATULA Miiller 


N. {. Folly Dyke, Big Turbary, Belton, L.N.U. Meeting, July, 
1906. CSC. 
PLANORBIS GCRISTA Linné 
—— “var. laevigata Adami 
N. 8. Ponds, Coxey Hills, near Louth, July, 1906. Walter 
Markham. 
PLANORBIS FONTANUS § Lightfoot 


North Delph, Monks Abbey, 31-10-06. J F Musham. 


~PHYSA FONTINALIS § Linné 


S. 13. Hykeham, 28-11-05. J F Musham. 
BYTHINIA TENTACULATA Linné 
*Monst. decollatum Jeff. 
N. 9. Small drain, Saltfleetby-all-Saints, Easter, 1906. CSC. 
BYTHINIA LEACHII Sheppard 
*Numbers of decollated forms of this species were also 
found associated with the last named species, on the 


occasion of the Leeds Conch. Club excursion to the 
district. Easter, 1906. 


_VALVATA PISCINALIS Miiller 


Mr. J. F. Musham informs me he has found this species 
common in the stomachs of eels at Snarford. 


VALVATA CRISTATA Miiller 


N. {. Folly Dyke, Big Turbary, Belton. CSC. I.N.U.,, 
Meeting, July, 1906. 


NERITINA FLUVIATILIS Linné 


— *var. cerina Colbeau 


S. 13. River Witham, Boultham, 17-9-06. J F Musham. 
UNIO PICTORUM Linné 

S. 13. Boultham, 14-11-05. J F Musham. 
UNIO TUMIDUS Retzius 

S. 13. River Witham, Boultham, 14-11-05. J F Musham. 


 ANADONTA CYGNGA Linné 
_—— var. anatina Linné 


S» 3. Boultham, 7-19-05. J # Musham. 


SPHARIUM RIVICOLA Leach 


(Dead), River Bank, Bardney, 27-12-05. J K Musham. 


PISIDIUM AMNICUM Miiller 
S. 13, River Witham, Hykeham, 14-10-06, J F Musham, 


NOTES ON LOCAL OCCURRENCE 
OF NERITINA FLUVIATILIS. 


BY 
JOHN F. MUSHAM, LINCOLN: 


This shell is found in the vicinity of Lincoln in the River 
Witham from Stamp End lock to Bardney bridge, north side of 
river, oddly on raked out weed. 


On the under sides of large sub-merged stones, and on the 
brick work of culverts. This year the river being exceptionally low 
has given mea good opportunity to prove the above statement. 


I cannot find it in the Foss-dyke from Lincoln to Saxilby. 
They occur however plentifully in the “Main drain” emptying 
into the Foss,on West side of the Racecourse, on the submerged 
base of the brick hauling bridge crossing the above. The Foss 
side of the same bridge has none on anywhere, and the same holds 
good of the bridge higher up the Foss, connecting it with 
Skellingthorpe basin. 


The shell does not, as far as I can trace, occur in Brayford, 
although reported as there ; but there are quantities of dead ones 
on and near the North Wharf, brought with sand from the Notts. 
portion of the Trent. 


It can ke taken oddly in the Upper Witham from Brayford 
Bridge to Aubourn amongst raked out weed. 


There is a strong colony of small ones on the stonework of the 
sluice near the Lincoln Laundry and under the large stones strew- 
ing that side of the river bed. 


Higher up the river on the West side is an old brick 
culvert on which var. cerina (Colbeau) occurred this summer, This 
] believe is a new record for the County. 


RARE LINCOLNSHIRE PLANTS. 


BY 


REV. E. ADRIAN WOODRUFFE-PEACOCK, F.L.S. 


Cyclamen Hedereefolium, (Ait.) 


This species can only be a planted or escaped alien with us. 
The records for it are as follows :—John Gerarde’s Herbal, 1597, 
‘It is reported to me by men of good credit that Cyclamen, or 
Sowbread, groweth . . . . on the hills of Lincolnshire.’ 
Thomas Jchnson’s edition of Gerarde’s Herbal, 1633, reprints this 
‘statement, but he adds, very properly, ‘I cannot learn that this 
(species) grows wild in England.’ 

My other records are ;—Mausoleum Woods, Brocklesby, 1860, 
W. H. Flowers. The same place, 1879, William Cook. He took 
a root into his garden, and the County Herbarium specimens were 
rom thatroot. Thesame place, 1882, Mr. Marshall, of Brocklesby. 
The same again, 1886, Mr. Harrison, of Ulceby. In every one of 


Thave heard, but have no proof, that this species has been taken 
“asa wild plant ” at Bonby; but I have no confirmation of the 


_ The Cyclamen is not a native of England. Professional 
gardeners tell me, it can resist our greatest frosts provided the 
le tuber is covered with soils, and the ground porous, so as to 
give rapid drainage. ‘The Lincolnshire plants I have seen are all 
the variety ficaviifolium, Syme. The soil it was lately found on 
Jandy Glacial Gravel. It looks as if the species had been at some 
either (1) purposely planted for ornament, (2) or introduced 
accident with trees, or (3), that it isa remnant of the 16th century 
oduction of this species as swine’s food. Such evidence as we 
have seems to point to the last supposition as the most likely. It 
is Mr, F. A. Lee’s suggestion. 


THE -CGOUNTY MUSEUM: 


The County Museum is now an accomplished fact. 


The Greyfriars, a thirteenth century monastic church, has 
been splendidly restored and effectively lighted and heated. 


Your Secretary has been appointed curator, and it now 
remains for each member to do his best in assisting to make this 
Institution what it is designed to be. The main object is to have 
specimens that will portray the history of our County—its anti- 
quities and Natural History. Several members have already 
materially assisted, and it is asked that all will keep diligently on 
the look out for desirable acquisitions, so that what now remains 
in the County can be brought together for protection and 
preservation inacentral position. ‘Then all may see what our shire 
has done in History and its contribution to scientific knowledge. 


The collection of the Union, which until recently was stored 
in the Castle, has been removed and is being arranged for 
exhibition. There are many gaps in the series of specimens which 
it is hoped will be filled up by members and others interested. 


The Antiquarian Section bids fair to becoming a valuable 
record of our County’s history. 


The Dean and Chapter have deposited a large number of 
Roman remains, and Arms Utensils found in the Witham in 1787. 
Roman and Medieval pottery is well represented, and a fine series 
of Flints. 


It is earnestly desired that every member of the Union will 
take this appeal to heart so that a worthy collection will result. 


NoTE ON THE SEEDING oF RanuNncuLus Ficaria, (LIN). — 


In pasture and meadow it is very common on sandy glacial 
gravel at Cadney. On 24-5-04, it was in full seeds all over. 
There had been no “ spring frosts’ which is most unusual with us. 


During the thirty years I have observed I have never seen it like © 


this before. As far as I can make out this species is fertilized by 


a small fly (Dipteron). It passes from flower to flower, and rests on _ 
the inner parts to enjoy the sunlight in April and May. The 


slightest frost destroys the fertilised seeds at once, I find. 


LOWER 


STORY, COUNTY MUSEUM, LINCOLN. 


? 
® 


mOTES ON THE BIRDS: WHICH 
INHABIT SCOTTON COMMON. 


By Tur Rev. F. L. BLatuwayt, M.A., M.B.O.U. 


It is my intention in this paper to give some account of the 
birds I have seen on Scotton Common at intervals during the last 
seven years. This essay therefore must not be regarded as an 
exhaustive account of the past and present avifauna of that 
district, but rather as a sketch of the bird life of the Common as 
it exists at the beginning of the 20th Century. 


The writer is well aware that much of the ancient glory has 
departed and that many species have been banished from the 
district. So much however still remains’ that during Spring and 
Summer the Common is certainly one of the most interesting 


_ bird resorts in the whole County. Mr. F. M. Burton, of Gainsboro’, 


has kindly sent me a few notes onthe rarer birds which were met 
with on the Common some 40 years ago, and a few remarks on 
these will not be out of place here. Ruffs and Reeves 


nested there in those days and specimens from the district may be 


seen in our Museum. ‘The late John Cordeaux states in his list of 


the Birds of the Humber district, that the last eggs of this species 


were taken on the Common in 1882. The Norfolk Plover 
or Stone Curlew used to inhabit the sandy hill to the West 
of the Common, but eggs apparently have not been found there 


since 1886. The Dunlin also is said to have nested among 


the heather in former days, but does not appear to do so at the 


present time. 


Until about 1882, the Commons of N. W. Lincolnshire were 
favourite resorts of the Short-eared Owl, several pairs 
remaining to nest among the grass and heather, the birds doubt- 
less finding a plentiful supply of food. At the present day it 
seems that this species is only an Autumn and Winter visitor to 
our County. A pair of Bitterns, which may be seen stuffed in 


‘the County Museum, were shot on the Common about 50 years ago, 


108 Notes on the Birds which Inhabit Scotton Common. 


and these were probably visiting.an ancient home of their ancestors 
Other rarities such as Pallas’ Sand-grouse, and the 
Selavonian Grebe have, on occasion, put in an appea rance’ 
But, as already remarked, it is not my intention in this paper to 
write a past history of the birds of the Common. Such a history 
would be of very great interest if undertaken by some qualified 
person. These few remarks therefore are all that Ican here give to 
Satisfy a “laudatory temporss acti.” 


The writer first visited the Common early in the year 1900, 
and has made frequent expeditions to the place since, chiefly in 
Spring and Summer, as opportunities offered. Careful notes have 
been kept on the birds observed, and so what follows in this paper 
may be considered the result of personal observation, for which 
the writer is responsible. On this account the reader is asked to 
forgive the frequent use of the first personal pronoun, 


Among the smaller birds, the most characteristic species 
which haunt the Common during the nesting season are the 
Wheatear, Whinchat, Stonechat (a pair or two), 
Willow Wren, Sedge Warbler, Meadow Pipit, 
Linnet, Reed Bunting and Skylark. On one 
occasion, May 27th, 1901, I came across the Grasshopper 
Wapbler, evidently nesting, and I have heard the Reed 
Wapbler singing among the tall reeds at the margin of the 
ponds where a pair or two probably breed. Lesser Redpolls 
also haunt the birch trees which fringe the Common and a search 
would doubtless reveal their nests. The Long-eared Owl, 
Green and Greater-spotted Woodpeckers are 
among the scarcer birds which inhabit the woods on the edge of 
the heath, and the Kestrel may often be seen hovering in the 
airon the look out for an unwary field-mouse or lizard. Ona 
summer’s evening, about the time of year when the little blue flower 
Pinguicula may be looked for on the Common, the curious ratt- 
ling cry of the Nightjar may often be heard, but it takes a very 
careful search to enable one to find the eggs, looking like two 
flints on a bare patch among the heather. 


Several colonies of Blaek=headed Gulls, consisting 
probably of more than a thousand pairs in all, nest on the ponds _ 


Notes on the Bivds which Inhabit Scotton Common. 109 


and “ flashes” about the Common. Most of the birds occupy a 
shallow irregular piece of water of small extent, on one side of 
which is a thick growth of bracken, and the nests are placed 
among the rushes at the margin, in which case they are fairly 
substantial structures, or on the small islets which here and there 
appear above the water, nesting materials in these cases being 
almost dispensed with. The usual complement of eggs is three, 
but I have found six in one nest, possibly the produce of two 
female birds, and it is not very unusual to find four eggs in the 
same nest. The eggs of this species vary greatly in shape, size 
and colouring, the two extremes resembling in colour and marking 
eggs of the Jackdaw and dark specimens of those of the Herring 
Gull. Early in March the birds begin to arrive in small numbers 
at their breeding quarters from their Winter haunts on the mud- 
flats of the Humber and the sea coast. At first most of their time 
is spent in following the ploughmen at work in the neighbouring 
fields, and scrambling for the worms and grubs laid bare by the 
ploughshare. Doubtless they often vary their diet, and once [| 
noticed quantities of dismembered and partially devoured toads 
round the ponds, which I set downas the work of the gulls, though 
I had no direct proof that such was thecase. The time for egg- 
laying depends somewhat upon the forwardness of the season, but 
the first eggs are usually laid during the first fortnight of April, 
the young appearing in the middle of May. Some of the birds 
are very bold if their young are handled, and more than once a 
screaming parent has swoopcd down upon me and struck me 
sharply on the back of my head. As soon as the young can fly 
their parents take them away to the coast, and not a bird of this 
species will be seen on the ponds after the close of July. Anyone 
visiting a large colony of these gulls for the first time will not 
easily forget the occasion. ‘The whirling white wings above, the 
incessant almost deafening screams and laughing notes of the 
birds, and the numerous downy chicks floating on the water or 
crouching among the reeds, all help to form a lasting impression 
upon the mind. Local Naturalists should be thankful that at 
least three such colonies are to be found in our own County. 


[have met with six species of DueKs on the Common, and 


IIo Notes on the Bivds which Inhabit Scotton Common. 


have found four of these breeding there. To judge from the 
number of drakes seen about in parties during April, when the 
ducks should be sitting, I should say that at least twenty pairs of 
Mallard breed near the gull-ponds, and perhaps an equal 
number of Teal. ‘The pretty whistling notes of the drakes of 
this latter species may often be heard in the Spring, and I have 
more than once come across a duck teal and her brood of tiny 
ducklings amid the rank heather. Toward the end of March 
about a dozen pairs of Shovelers arrive on the ponds to 
breed, the drakes being in very handsome plumage at that time. 
The birds begin to sit during the latter half of April, and I have 
several times come across their nests very well concealed in 
tufts of dry grass or rushes. ‘The female when leaving her eggs 
sometimes tries the *‘ broken wing trick” in order to draw away 
the discoverer of her nest. During late Summer and Autumn 
large flights of ducks consisting of young and old of these three 
species may be seen about the common, made up largely of home 
bred birds. At this season the drakes are in the “eclipse” or 


’ 


“brown” stage of plumage. In Winter I fancy many of the 
birds spread over the flooded lands in the vale of the River Trent, 
being joined doubtless by many migrants from the Continent of 
Europe. In April three or four pairs of Sheld-dueks usually 
appear on the ponds and much chattering and squabbling takes 
place. Not more than one or perhaps two pairs remain to breed. 
The eggs are laid at the end of a burrow in the sand among the 
heather, and the young are hatched out about the middle of June. 
On June 22nd, 1903, I saw a pair with four ducklings of a few days 
old on one of the ponds. ‘These latter were exceedingly active 
little creatures, diving very cleverly and staying a long time 
beneath the water. I caught one of them with great difficulty, 
and on being released it immediately dived, and Icould watch it 
for some time travelling at a good pace not far below the surface, 
and paddling vigorously with its webbed feet. The parent birds 
showed great anxiety until I had moved away, the female being 
particularly demonstrative and flying close up to me while I was 
standing in the water. 


Wigeon and Poehard also inhabit the ponds but | have 


Notes on the Birds which Inhabit Scotton Common. lit 


no evidence that either of these species remains to nest. I have 


seen a pair of the former as late in the Spring as April 28th, and 
once I saw a drake, perhaps a wounded bird, on July 24th. ‘This 
species is, I think, chiefly a passing visitor to the Common in early 
Spring, and the same may perhaps be said of the Pochard, which 
I have only noticed on the ponds in the month of March. 


A pair of Little Grebes nest regularly on a large shallow 
pond known as “ The Greenhole,” in company with three or four 
pairs of Coots 3 and numbers of Moorhens skulk about in 
the swampy spots, their nests and eggs often catching the eye of 
the visitor, even in the midst of a colony of gulls. 

There are yet several interesting species nesting on the 
Common not yet mentioned in this paper. Lapwing’s inhabit 
the place in numbers, and a keeper takes their eggs systematically, 
beginning about the end of March and gathering about 250 in 
the season. At the end of July, young and old birds are seen 

~ about the Common in large flocks. 


Quantities of Snipe also nest among the heather, but more 
particularly among the coarse grass-lands towards the river ‘I rent, 
near apond known as the “Ferry Flash.” In Spring the sharp 
cries and the peculiar “‘ drumming” noise produced by this species 
_ may be heard on all sides. Much controversy has arisen over the 

question as to how this sound is produced, and though few 
Naturalists now hold to the exploded theory that the sound is 
_ produced from the bird’s throat, yet the following extract from my 
~ note-books may prove of interest to some. “ Scotton Common 
April 28th, 1904. Snipe very excited, and were continually circling 
‘about over the marsh, uttering sharp cries of ‘“chip-chip” or 
“drumming.” I watched the latter process carefully through my 
‘prism glasses. Just before the noise is heard the bird may be 
seen to spread out its tail like a fan, the outer feathers on each side 
standing well apart from the rest. The bird then takes a head- 
long dive towards the ground, and the wings, and I think the tail 
feathers also, vibrate rapidly while the sound is produced. The 
wings do not touch the tail feathers during the process, I am 
“practically sure of this.” The noise which is peculiarly like the 
F bleat of a goat is certainly produced by the action of the bird’s 


TI2 Notes on the Bivds which Inhabit Scotton Common. 


wing and tail feathers upon the air, during the slanting down- 
ward flight, and as it is very rarely heard except in the breeding 
season, it is probably of the nature of a signal either to mate or 
young. 

Redshanks come to the Common to breed in the middle 
of March, anda pair or two nest by the gull-ponds, where I have 
found eggs in May, laid in the middle of a tuft of grass on a little 
mound rising from a shallow pool. ‘Their shrill cry however is 
heard more frequently on the marshy land to the west of the 
Common, towards the River Trent, where the keeper often comes 
across their eggs in spring while he is engaged in “ plovering.” 
Parts of these lands are now undergoing the process of ‘‘ Warping,” 
so perhaps in the near future many Plovers, Snipe and Redshanks 
will be driven to breed on the higher ground of the Common, 

The Wood Pigeon often builds its scanty nest in one of 
the small birch trees on the heath, and quite a number of Stoek 
Doves breed on the drier parts of the Common. These latter 
birds lay their two eggs in a rabbit hole or a scrape in the sand 
among the roots of the heather, the nest, made roughly of twigs 
and dry grass being sometimes three or four feet from the entrance. 
The sitting bird reveals the nesting hole by dashing out with a 
great clatter almost under the feet of the intruder. ‘This species 
must rear two or three broods in a season, as I have found them 
sitting in the middle of April and also early in September. 

Towards the end of July, when clusters of yellow stars of the 
Bog Asphodel gleam in the swampy places and the purple heads of 
the Plume Thistle (C. Pratensis), nod in the breeze, and the first 
Marsh Gentian is opening its bright blue corolla to the early 
Autumn sun, a handsome little stranger, the Green Sand- 
piper, invariably puts in an appearance, and frequents the 
muddy margins of the gull-ponds. These little birds as they dart 
away with shrill alarm notes, showing their conspicuous white- 
upper tail-coverts during flight, always fill me with interest. No 
absolute proof exists that the species has bred in Britain, so the 
two or three seen yearly on the Common are probably hatched 
somewhere in the land of the mid-night sun, and are spending a 
week or so by the ponds on their way to a warmer winter home, 
Naturalists tell us that they lay their eggs in old nests of Thrushes, 


Notes on the Birds which inhabit Scotton Common. 113 


Jays and other birds, at elevations reaching to thirty-five feet 
from the ground, a curious spot indeed in which to expect to find 
the eggs of a wading bird. 

In Autumn Herons frequent the ponds and I have seen as 
‘many as seven rise together from their fishing and flap lazily 
away. Hooded Crows toam about the heath in Winter but 
disappear to their northern breeding haunts in Spring, and small 
flights of Golden Plover and Curlew put in an occasion- 
alappearance between Autumn and early Spring. Buzzards 
have from time to time been shot in the neighbourhood, and the 
Peregrine Faleon frequently pays a ‘flying visit’ and takes 
toll of the pigeons and ducks. I have quite recently seen an 
immature example of this bold species which fell to a keeper’s gun 
some three years ago while it was harrying the wild-fowl which 
frequent the pools and marshes on the Common. 


Many Naturalists better acquainted with the district than 
the writer, could doubtless add other interesting bird-notes to the 
above sketch. During the Winter months I have scarcely ever 
visited the Common, and so there may be many bird-visitors at 


should well repay an ornithologist any trouble it might cost him 
In these days of drainage and reclamation of land, it is very 


witness to an interesting localized fauna and flora, is surely the 
wish of all our County Naturalists. 


_ Since “Lincolnshire Butterflies ’ has been printed off, it has been 
ound by Mr. Musham that Thecla Betule reported for Skellingthorpe, 
e been wrongly labelled, they are non-county specimens, hence his 
record must be deleted. ; 


JUR PLATES. 

_ The photo block of Mr. F. M. Burton is from a photograph by E. 
W. Carter, Gainsborough. 
_ The Museum is from a block kindly lent by Mr. Critch, of Lincoln, 


A THRUSH STONE. 


While walking along Cadney Beck in February, 1905, Mr. A. 
Smith pointed out to me a Thrush Stone under a hedge on the 
Red Carr arable Peat. Next day I collected all the shells round 
it, and the following is my analysis. 


Helix nemoralis vat. libellula — - - - 693 
+ voseolabiata - - 2 

+undulata - - - 10 
-+-albolabiata - - : 2 
var. rubella - = - 286 
+undulata - - : 8 

-+-voseolabiata - - - 
Helix arbustorum - - - = 25 
var. cincta : - - 4 
Helix cantiana - - - - a 
Helix hispidosa - - - - I 
Dreissensia polymorpha 2 = = I 


1060 


I have found more shells at a Thrush Stone on the Estuarine 
Alluvium of the Trent, but never quite such a variety at one- 
stone. In this case some 300 which had been in the peat water 
were not added, because they were unrecognisable for classing. I 
should judge another 400 were left in the ditch. ‘ihere was nota 
really interesting shell in the whole taking. The thrushes gather 
them on the Freshwater Alluvium of the Beck bank. Curiously 
enough within 300 yards is a spot where Helix nemoralis, 12,045, 
is fairly common. 


E,A,W.-P, 


-Enotomological Notes from Grimsby 


District, 1906. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 


1. Melanargia galatea, one worn specimen taken 
on the wing at Ravendale by Dr. Felton, July 15th, 1g06. 


2. Colias Edusa, two specimens were taken at Little 


Coates by Mr. A. Bullock and Mr. R. Charlton, July, 1906. I saw 
‘a specimen on the railway embankment near Waltham, August 
2gth, :go6. 


3. Vanessa Io, one taken at Tetney by Mr. R. Charlton, 
Junr., June, 1906. 


4. Nola albulalis, one specimen of this very rare 
moth was taken on the wing in Bradley Wood by my friend Dr. 
Felton, August 19th, 1906. 


COLEOPTERA. 


— 


1. Bembidium paludosum, Panz. On June 4th, 
1906, at Linwood I took fifteen specimens on a mud flat at the side 
of a stream; they occurred in large numbers, at one place only, 
Tunning about very swiftly in company with Elaphrus cupreus 
and FE. riparius. This locality is unfortunately outside our 
district but makes a good county record. 


_ 2. Diehirotriehus obsoletus, De. I consider 
this a very uncommon insect here. I took one specimen on 
Humberstone fitties on September 30th, 1906. Of course 
D. pubescens, Payx., occurs in great numbers there and also on 
the north side of the Humber. 


116 Enotomological Notes from Grimsby District, 1906. 


I am certain that many mistakes are made in relation to these 

two species and this is due to the great sexual differences in 
D, pubescens, the female of which is larger and lighter in colour 
than the male, and is mistaken for D. obsoletus, and thus differ- 
ence in colour is not one due to maturity. 


I had often brought them home and tried to get them to pair 
but failed. However on September 30th, last I was fortunate 
enough to find many paired at Humberstone, and then on the 
same day alter a long search I was delighted to find my first 
specimen of D_ obsoletus. 


I find a previous record of D. obsoletus for the County; 
August 26th, 1897, ‘‘ West foreshore,’ Rev. A. Thornley. 


I think the record of D. obsoletus and D. pubescens, (Hull 
Scientific and Field Naturalist’s) being ‘“‘ very common on the mud 
of the Humber foreshore " must be wrong. D. obsoletus, has quite 
a southern distribution. 


3. Hydroporus Halensis, F. | took one specimen 
in running water at Ulceby, August 12th, 1g06. 


WILLIAM WaL.Lace, M.B. 
Grimsby. 
December 25th, 1906. 


Diantheeia irregularis, Halfn.-eehii, Bork. 
in North Lineolnshire. Mr. A. Reynolds, of Owston 
Ferry, has recently presented to the Lincoln Museum a bred 
specimen of this local insect. He states that he took the larva 
about ro years ago on Viper’s Bugloss (Echium vulgare) in the 
neighbourhood of East Ferry. The late Mr. C. G. Barrett in his — 
excellent work on the Lepidoptera of the British Islands remarks 
that it is apparently confined to that portion of Norfolk and 
Suffolk known as the Breck-sands. Bury St. Edmunds, Ludden- 
ham, Thetford, Brandon, Eriswell, Elvedon, and Icklingham. 


G. W. Mason. 
Barton-on-Humber, 


NOTES ON 
THE. PAIRING 
OF 
“LIMAX 

MAXIMUS.” 


ys”  C..S. Carrer, Lours. 


Others like myself, since the publication of H. Wallis Kew’s 
valuable paper “On the pairing of Limax maximus” in The 
Naturalist, August, 1901, have probably been more desirous of 
_ observing the pairing of those slugs and have made frequent 
excursions at night for that purpose. It was not, however, until 
the summer of 1906, my desire was gratified by that curious 
_ phenomenon, when I was also able to make some rough sketches 
_ at various stages, from which the accompanying figures have been 
made. 


On July 17th, 1906, at 10-30 p.m., accompanied by an 
entomological friend who was “sugaring,’”’ I went to Hubbard’s 
‘Valley, about a mile from Louth, whither I had frequently gone 
before for the same object—to observe slugs. The meteorological 
conditions were not very favourable, the day having been hot and 
dry and the night still somewhat the same. The only slugs we 
Saw were a few examples of Limax maxmius. At 11-20 p.m., to 
our delight, we found a pair of that species already suspended by 
a mucous thread, about 15 inches in length, from the slightly 
sloping trunk of an ash tree on the footpath. The point on the 


118 Notes on the Pairing of “ Limax Maximus.” 


tree at which the thread was attached was about 5 feet from the 
ground, the slugs being about 33 feet from the ground. One of 
the slugs was a little larger and darker than the other. At the 
time we first saw them they were loosely twisted round each other 
and their genital organs were protruding, (fig. 1), by 11-25 those 
organs had come into contact and they began to twist more 
closely round each other, (Fig. 2). In about 2 minutes more 


VY Ww WY 


| 
( 


their genital organs had become inflated and assumed the form of 
a frilled umbrella with a sphcerical form beneath, (Fig. 3); in 
about another 2 minutes the inflation of those organs kad dis- 
appeared and they began to untwist, (fig. 4), and were quickly 
withdrawn. By 11-30, they had separated, (fig. 5), and the larger 
slug fell to the ground, leaving the other alone suspended (fig. 6). 


During the whole time the above described performances took 
place the slugs kept up a continuous gyration. After about 5 
minutes spent in contortions (fig. 7), the suspended slug succeeded 
in reaching the mucous thread, thus forming a loop, and 


Notes on the Pairing of “ Limax Maximus.” 11g 


commenced to crawl up it, reaching the point on the tree at which 
the thread was attached by 11-40 p.m. It will be seen from the 
above observations that in this case the period of actual “ copula- 
tion” was not more than five minutes; Baudelot, quoted by Mr. 
Kew in his admirable paper, gives “15—20 minutes” as the 
time ‘‘ copulation lasts.” 


SUGGESTED FIELD MEETINGS FOR 
1907. 

q May 20TH. Dy invitation of the President Rev. A. Hunt, M.A., 

~ Welton will be visited on Whit Monday. 

‘June. Eagle. 

a Jury. Broughton near Brigg. 

" Aucust. Spalding district, (a 2 days meeting). 

SEPTEMBER. Grantham district. 

Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Paddison have invited the Union to visit 

_ Low Ingleby, Saxilby, and kindly wish to entertain the members. 

The usual circulars will be issued with full particulars before 


PIL MEETING S,, 1206. 


The first meeting of the year, and the Forty-ninth Field 
meeting of the Union was held on May 31st, in a district not 
previously visited by the members. Detraining at LUDBOROUGH, 
the party drove through the marshes to NORTH SOMERCOTES. 
DONNA NOOK was the outlying point of the journey, and 
though the working part of the day was short owing to the 
lengthy journey to the ground a successful day resulted. 


Yhe soils crossed were Purple Boulder Clay, Estuarine 
alluvium—Terraces of the same above the present level of highest 
spring tides—Sand Dunes of old Sea Beach now inland, and the 
modern Sand Dunes and Fitty Marsh of the present shore. 


About 130 species of plants were observed, but none of them 
could be called very rare. The following are some of the best. 
Anthriscus vulgaris, Apium graveolens, Artemisia maritima, Carex 
avenaria, Cevastium tetvandrum, Cynoglossum officinale, Dipsacus 
sylvestris, Echium vulgare, Evythreea pulchella, Festuca rubra, Glaux 
maritima, Hippophae, Juncus Gerardi, Juncus maritimus, Lactuca 
virosa, Lunavia annua, an escape, Marrubium vuigare, Myosotis 
collina, Myriophyllnm spicatum, Orchis incarnatum, Psamma 
arvenaria, Rumex hydrolapathum, Stellaria_ holostea, Triglochin 
mavitimum, Valeriana olitoria. 

The mollusca observed were few Arion minus under a log, 
Helix itala,and H. nemoralis var. rubella was twice as plentiful as 
libellula at Thrush Stones. ‘The first named variety also showed 
much the heavier and more confluent banding. 

Paludestrina Jenkinsonii was found in the marsh drains. 

The Lepidoptera noted was. 

Pievis vapae, Lycaena icavus, Pievis napi, Euchelia Jacobee, 
Cenonympha pamphilus, Elachista vufocinerea, Larvee of Aspis 
udmanniana, Porthesia similis, Zygena filipendulae, Bombyx 
guercus, Arctia caja, Diloba ceruleouphala, Odonestis potatoria, 
Abraxas grossulaviata, Cheimatobia brumata, and a few others as yet 
undertermined were taken, 


Field Meetings, 1906. 121 


COLEOPTERA. 


Dyschivius nitidus, Histey cadaverinus, Pogonus chalceus, 
Notoxus monoceros. 

Neuroptera. A strongly marked specimen of Limnophilus 
affinis was taken and a few Diptera and Hymenoptera. 

The fiftieth Field meeting was held at DONINGTON-ON- 
BAIN, on June 28th. ‘The sandy soil of the district yeilded some 
120 species of plants, which is rather under the average day’s 
records. The best were A¢gopodium, near house, Aira praecox, 
Arenaria serpyllifolia, Bartsia Odontites, Carduus crispus, only 
on clay Carex disticha, Carex hivta, Cevastium arvense, in 
pastures as well as on the railway embankment, Certophyllum 
submersum, Digitalis, clearly an escape. LEpilobium obscurum, 
Filago germanica, Galium uliginosum, in all damp spots ; 
. Hydrocotyle, Chelidonium majus, Listera Ovata, was the only 
_ orchidaceous plant seen on the Tealby Clay. Lycopsis arvensis 
was rare, Ornithopus purpusillus was the characteristic species of 
_ the Spilsby Sandstone mixed with Claxby Ironstone. Polygonum 
amphibium and Potamogeton crispus were in masses on Benniworth 
Haven, and Rosa urbica made the hedgerows lovely. Scabiosa 
arvensis, was hardly in flower, Scilla nutans was big with seed in 
the shady wood, Scleranthus annius was unusually rare for so sandy 
a soil, Senecio sylvaticus was in much evidence at times, Sherardia 
rare. Sonchus crispus was hardly in flower, Stellavia uliginosa on 
Fresh water alluvium in seed. 


A Geological visit to the Louth district is always a great 
attraction. Whether the object of that visit be to study the 
‘divisions of the Chalk rock; the fine sections of Boulder Clays ; 
or the physical effects of the Glacial Period; all alike, contain 
problems of unique interest to the Geological Student. 


Our visit to this district on this occasion was mainly to study 
‘the Lower Cretaceous or Neocomian Rocks of Lincolnshire, and 
the railway authorities had not only kindly consented to our 
Visiting the classical cutting in the Neocomians at Benniworth 
Haven, but had also sent workmen to open out the section 


and to assist the members in their search for fossils. A new 
County Museum having been opened at Lincoln, it was desired to 


122 Field Meetings, 1906. 


collect fossils and Rock specimens illustrating the Neocomian 
series. Thanks to the facilities afforded the Union, some good 
representative specimens were obtained. 

The typical sub-divisions of the Lower Cretaceous rocks in 
Lincolnshire are :— 


Carstone. 
Tealby Limestone, 
Tealby Beds. Tealby Clay, 
_ Claxby Ironstone. 
Spilsby Sandstone. 

The floor of the ancient sea upon which these rocks were laid 
down was the Clay now known as Kimmeridge Clay, the upper- 
most member of the Jurassic rocks in Lincolnshire; and the 
junction of this clay with the Spilsby Sandstone is marked by a 
layer of rolled phosphatic nodules which contain fossils derived 
from the Kimmeridge Clay, indicating a lineof unconformity 
between the two beds. The dry land of the Jurassic age was 
slowly subsiding, and in the shallow water which was then 
encroaching on what is now Lincolnshire, the Lower Cretaceous 
beds were formed. The first deposit in these shallow waters was 
the Spilsby Sandstone ; and following this, in the varying depths 
of the encroaching sea, the Tealby Beds, and the Carstone, were 
laid down. Whilst this was going on a thick bed of Marine Clay 
known as the Speeton Clays, were accumulating in Yorkshire ; and 
about at the same period the great Fresh Water and Estuarine beds 
of the Wealden Formation were being accumulated in the South 
East of England. In Lincolnshire there is a more complete 
succession of Marine deposits of Lower Cretaceous Age than is to 
be found in any other part of England. 


Passing Eastwards along the railway from Donnington-on- 
Bain, some good sections of the Spilsby Sandstone are seen, A 
very interesting form is seen in the Sand-pit close to the station. 
Here the Sand is fine-grained, pale yellow or green in colour, and 
often stained a deep red by the presence of iron oxide. Micro- 
scopically the grains exhibit much rounding as though subjected 
to wind action, other sections along the Railway shew the vari- 
able character of this sandstone, Sometimes it is a grey caf- 


Field Meetings, 1906. 123 


careous grit, but more generally the cement has been removed by 
the solvent action of rain and replaced by iron oxide, often making 
_ it intoa friable brown or white Sandrock. Unweathered boulders 
of Spilsby sandstone occur in various localities, and from these a 
large suite of fossils have been obtained. Altogether the bed 
forms an interesting study both physically and palzontologically. 


Between this Sandstone and the Carstone above, the Tealby 
beds occur. The lower clays and ironstone are crowded with 
oolitic grains of iron oxide, about the size of millet seeds. 


These oolitic grains are formed of alternate layers of oxide 
and silica, and are nearly spherical in shape, and have a smooth 
polished surface. It is from the Earthy beds of the Ironstone 
that the greatest number of fossils are found. In the Benniworth 
cutting many fine specimens of Trigonia were obtained, besides 
Pecten, Exogyra, Cucculloea, Lucina, Lima, Belemnites, &c. © 


The Ironstone beds pass gradually up into the Tealby clay, a 
tough pale blue, homogeneous clay, well seen in the brick pit near 
Donnington Station. The Tealby Limestone is not well seen in 
the locality visited. The highest bed of the series, the Carstone, 
are well seen at the west end of Withcall Tunnel where the Red 


chalk, which forms the basal bed of the upper chalk, rests uncon- 
formable on it. 


~ The Carstone is unfossiliferous save for a few derived speci- 
mens found in phosphatic nodules, and consists of coarse sands 
composed of quartz grains with numerous pebbles of Lydian 
stone, yellow and brown phosphates, and debris from the Tealby 
Clays and other older Neocomian beds. Further subsidence of - 
the Neocomian sea brought in the great Cretaceous ocean in which 
were deposited all our Chalk rocks, beginning in Lincolnshire 
With the Red Chalk, the three zones of which are so beautifully 
een in the Withcall section. 


The shells observed were the following: Helix aspersa, H. 
rufescens, H. nemoralis, and varieties libellula and voseolabiata, 
1. hovtensis, Succinea putris. Physa fontinalis, Limnea pevegva, 
Spheevinm corneum, Planorbis albus, Valvata piscinalis and Anodonta 


ae 


124 Field Meetings, 1906. 


The dull day was not congenial to insects so few were seen 
Small Copper, Small Heath, Cinnabar, -and on the grasses and 
rushes the pupe of Five Spot Burnet were numerous. 


The fifty-first meeting of the Union was held July 31st, at 
DUNSBY Wood near RIPPINGALE. 


From a botanists point of view the visit was a success. The 
President and the Rev. W. W. Mason had thoroughly worked 
Dunsby about 12 years ago and little remained to do but verify 
their facts, nearly every species that they had formerly recorded 
were rediscovered, Vicia sylvatica being the only important excep- 
tion. Anglica sylvestvis was not so common as formerly. The 
rare grass Agvopyyon caninum was again in evidence, Calamagrostis 
epigeios was in its old place. Campanula trochelium was all-over 
the Chalky Boulder Clay, along with Carex sylvatica in the wood, 
Chelidonium majus was only found in Rippingale village, along 
with Sedum album, Centranthus vubex and Matricaria Parthenium. 


Cornus sanguinea and Euonymus were local. Cnicus acaulis 
sporadic, and C. eriophorus very rare, only one plant was found on 
this occasion as on the last. The wood form of C. palustris was 
common enough. Corylus was covered with nuts, and the 
squirrels were there waiting for them. Dipsacus sylvestris was 
taken by a ditch on the Cornbrash. The Epipactis again could 
not be found in flower, but careful reconsideration of all circum- 
stances makes it out to be media, Evythraea centauvium made the 
wood bright along with the inconspicuous flowers of Circaea 
lutetiana and the fruit of Fragaria vesca. Festuca elatiov was on 
the Cornbrash. Galium Apavine was unusually rare, but G. 
Witheringii conspicuous in the wood and ditches. Hypericum 
perfovatum was on the clay and the variety angustifolium on the 
Cornbrash. Leontodon hivtus and hispidus were also found on the 
more solid or lighter soils in the same way. Malva moschata was 
on the Boulder Clay where it was brashy as well as on the Corn- 
brash. Melampyrum pratense was found just outside of the wood, 
but not in flower. C:nanthe fistulosa was common in the isolated 
field ponds. Pimpinella major onthe Cornbrash. The Polygalaon 
both sides was typica, The hybrid Potentilla veptans x silvestris” 


Field Meetings, 1906. 125 


(P. itala), was found among a mass of the parent species. In 
leafage like the latter parent, in foliage like the former, but not 
quite so large. 


Prunella vulgaris was in four colour shades, purple, red, pink 
and white. The Batrachian Ranunculi were past naming with 
certainty. At one spot in the wood the Rumex sanguineus was the 
true typical plant, elsewhere only the variety viridis. Salix cinerea 
was the only species seen, it was common. Sanicula europea was 
very rare, Scilla nutans long past the seed. Both Scrophularia 
were taken, Sonchus arvensis was confined to tilth, S. asper widely 
distributed. S. olevaceus only in Rippingale village. Both forms 
of Valeriana officinalis were found but sambucefolia was much the 
more frequent. Vicia sepium was local on the Cornbrash. Viola 
yviviniana still flowering in the wood, Volvulus sepium preferred 
the lighter soil. Over 200 soil and locality notes were taken, and 
a day’s work rich in facts was the result. 


The wood is a very fine one and the wealth of Insects 
pointed out the fact that a systematic working of this area was 
necessary. This branchof Natural History was not worked as the 
Entomologists of the Union were unable to be present. 


The fifty-second meeting was held on August 28th at 
~CROWLE. The dry weather had made sad havoc with the plants 
inthe “Isle’”” Keuper Marl, Blown Sand, Sand and Gravel, and 
_ Estuarine Alluvium, were all fairly dried out. One soil was no 
better than another in that respect. The Turbaries were as far 
gone as the limy marl. Belton Turbary is so eaten off by cows 
_ that nearly everything of interest is destroyed. The Flora of the 
_ Epworth Turbary is much more natural. The best plants were 
_ Achillea Ptarmica, Alisma vanunculoides, Betula alba, Buda rubra, 
Centaurea scabiosa, on Keuper Marl, Chara, Chrysanthemum segetum, 
on Blown Sand, Cnicus palustris, C. pratensis, Cynoglossum 
officinale, Deschampsia flexuosa, Drosera rotundifolia, Evica tetvalix, 
and var. flove albo, Eviophovum angustifolium, Euphrasia officinalis, 
Galium palustre, only inaditch. Glyceria fluitans, eaten to death 
by cows. HAippuris vulgaris, Hottonia palustris in ditch. Hydro- 
cotyle with leaves two to five inches across. Hypericum perfora- 
_ tum, H. quadrangulum, Juncus acutiflorus, J. obtusifolius, J. supinus, 


126 Field Meetings, 1906. 


Lastveea felis-mas, Leontodon hivtus, Lycopus europaeus, Lysimachia 
vulgaris, Matricarvia inodova, was in every soil by way sides. 
Molina varia, Nardus stricta, Cinanthe fistulosa, Onopordon 
acanthium, two fine plants in a stack yard. Potentilla procumbens, 
growing in large quantity by Folly drain and on Belton Turbary 
was the find of the day. Quercus pedunculata, was all over the 
same Turbary as seedlings. Ranunculus Flammula, Sagina nodosa , 
at Epworth Turbary side with Sagina procumbens, Salix repens, 
Scabiosa succisa, and Utricularia vulgaris in Folly Drain. 


Insects seen at this meeting were Pieris brassice, P. vape, 
Vanessa urtice, Epinephele tithonus, C. pamphilus, Polyommatus 
phloeas, Lyceena icarus, Plusia gamma, Hydroecia nictitans, Cidaria 
testata, Larve of P. bucephala in large numbers. 


The fifty-third meeting was held in the neighbourhood of. 
LOUTH, for a Fungus Foray, on October 11th. 


The Greasy Field was visited, and Mr. Carter read a descrip- 
tion of the Fauna and Flora of this area. 


The season was late for general botany but about 200 notes 
were made and the rarer specimens taken for the County 
Herbarium. ; 


Fungi were worked for all the way and Mr. H. C. Hawley 
took away with him some 104 species, the most interesting of 
which were Tricholoma panceolum, T. saponaceum, Clitocybe odova. 
Pholiota vadicosa, Stropharia inuncta, Hypholoma epixanthum, Panus 
torulosus, Boletus rufescers, Polyporus adustus, Hydnum aureum, 
Peniophora cinerea, Coniophova umbrina, Helotium claro-flavum. 
Helotium fagineum most of which were new records for the County. 


At the Annual Meeting held at Lincoln in December, it was resolved 
that, owing to the erratic manner in which the Transactions of 1895, 
were paged that the series now being issued annually be paged from 
1905. The part thus ignored contained two valuable articles one by the 
late John Cordeaux, and another by Mr. F. M. Burton. It was decided 
toagain print these in a future part so they may be retained in our 
pages. 

It is hoped that members will support our publication by sending 
articles and notes for publication, and will record their observations 
and notify the Sectional Secretaries as early as possible so that the 
registers may be kept upto date, and so assist in compiling the lists 
published from time to time, 


LIST ‘OF “OFFICERS. 


PRESIDENT. 
Rey. Alfred Hunt, M.A., Welton Vicarage, Lincoln. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
(Resident in the County.) 


F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 

Rey. J. Conway Walter, B.A., Langton Rectory, Horncastle. 
H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 

Rey. E. A. Woodrutfe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney. 


HON. TREASURER. 
J. S. Sneath, 32, Tentercroft Street, Lincoln. 
HON. SECRETARY. 


Arthur Smith, F.L.S., F.E.S., The Museum, Greyfriars, Lincoln. 
HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
R. W. Goulding, 20, Mercer Row, Louth. 


SECTIONAL OFFICERS. 
GEOLOGY. 


President :—¥. M. Burton, F.LS., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
_ Secretary :—H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 
Boulders :-—Rev. Canon Rowe, Lincoln. 


BOTANY. 
President :—Rey. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge, Normanton. 
Pheenogamic Secretary :— 
Rey. E. A. Woodrufte-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. 

_ Cryptogams :—Miss Stow, 23, Avenue Road, Grantham. 
Pungi:—H. C. Hawley, Tumby Lawn, Boston. 

CONCHOLOGY. 
- President :—-W. D. Roebuck, F.L.8., Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 
Secretary :—C. 8. Carter, M.C.S., Bridge Street, Louth. 
P ENTOMOLOGY. 
President :—Rey. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S,, The Gables, 
7 Nottingham. 
Secretary :—-G. W. Mason, Barton-on-Humber. 


VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. 
:—G. H. Caton-Haigh, Grainsby Hall, Grimsby. 


:—Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, M.A., M.B.O.U., 5, Monk’s Leys 
Terrace, Lincoln. 


NEW MEMBERS. 


pit, J., Pelham Villas, Beaconthorpe, Cleethorpes. 
Jlock, A., Museum, Grimsby. 

ade, H. M., Ropsley, Grantham. 

kinson, J. E., 79, West Parade, Lincoln. 

Footman, Ald. M. H., Lincoln. © 

Gresswell, W. K., Freeman Street, Grimsby. 

Grierson, Dr. G. A., Dudley Street, Grimsby. 

Heely, F. W., 10, Yarborough Street, Grimsby. 

Noble, Rev. Wm. F.S., Little Steeping Rectory, Spilsby. 
Wilson, A. E., 4, Dixon Street, Lincoln, 


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: NATURAL 
m HISTORY. 


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REV. CANON W. W. FOWLER, M.A., D.Sc., F.L.S., etc, 


Third President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


The Presidents of the 


Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


CANON FOWLER, M.A., D.Se., F.L.S., F.E.S. 


An Appreciation. 
By. Rev. A: Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.ES. 


I think it was in 1&go, that I first met Canon Fowler. It 
came about in this way, I had been a few years in a country 
parish, and was much interested in the life round about me. It 
_ seemed a good opportunity for learning something about the 

animals, birds and insects which frequented my Parish. I knew 
something of these things, but not enough to satisfy my aspirations. 
1 wrote to the Editor of the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 
asking him to advise me on the best book on beetles. Singularly 
enough I got a letter in reply from the Rev. W. W. Fowler, 
_ Headmaster of the Grammar School, Lincoln, not only advising 
books, but inviting me to go over and see him. As the distance 
between us was not very great I went, and thus met for the 
first time, one whose kindness, keenness and generosity have 
been impressed upon me only the more deeply by the lapse of 
time. My experience has been that of many others ; and it would 
be impossible to say how many rising Entomologists have owed 
any success to which they have attained to Canon Fowler’s 
help and encouragement. His life is many sided, and it would 
be impossible in a short notice like this to say much of his work 
-asa Schoolmaster or a Clergyman. What I have to say will be 


130 The Presidents of the L.N.U. 


chiefly in connection with his scientific work, and largely with 
that work as connected with the County of Lincoln. 


In the year 1893, a number of Lincolnshire Naturalists met 
together with the object of founding a society for the proper 
investigation of the Natural History of the County. This Society , 
which took the name of * The Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union” 
has done, and is doing, admirable work on behalf of the County 
Natural History. It is needless to say that Canon Towler took 
a hearty interest in this movement, and in 1897, was unanimously 
elected President, which office he held for two years. If any 
reader of “The Naturalist” will compare the record of Lincoln- 
shire Natural History as summarized in the index of that 
Magazine for the year 1893, with the summary for last year, they 
will appreciate the great advance in Natural History studies which 
has been the result of the activity of the Union, under the clear- 
sighted guidance of its first Presidents, and its energetic 
Secretaries. 

In 1878, Canon Fowler was elected a Tellow of the Linnean 


Society ; and was further honoured in 1904, by being placed on” 


its Council. 

It is however as an Entomologist that he is best known, and 
particularly as an original worker, at the Group of Coleoptera, or 
Beetles, although he has done excellent work at other groups. 
Canon Fowler was elected a Fellow of the Entomological Society 
of London in the year 1880; was Secretary in 1894 and 1895, and 
was President for two years, from 1g01—1903, inclusive. I 
believe he was a most popular President, adding to high attain- 
ments a great charm of manner. 


Interested as he was in our insular fauna, le nevertheless 
found time to work out some large collections from foreign 
countries. ‘hus he contributed a splendid monograph on the 


Hemiptera Homoptera, to the “ Biologia Centrali-Americana”’ a — 


colossal work projected as long ago as 1279, by Messrs. Godman 
and Salvin. In 1887, was published “ The Coleoptera of the British 
Islands,” an exhaustive work in 5 vols., as well as a large paper 
edition, with 2,300 coloured figures. ‘he demands upon his time 
made by a work of this description, must have been exceedingly 


—— 


The Presidents of the L.N.U. 131 


heavy. It supplied a crying need, and I have no doubt the 
| number of Students of the Coleoptera, has practically been 
‘doubled by the timely publication of this book. That he found 
| time for such tasks amidst his other arduous duties, is a proof of 
the energy which he throws into all the work of his life. 


In rg06, the University of Oxford conferred upon him the 
degree of Doctor of Science, and surely there never was a more 
worthy recipient of the honour. 


There is not much time left to dwell upon the personal traits 
of the subject of this brief memoir. The present writer who has 
known him for some years is particularly struck with his unfailing 
kindness and generosity in helping brother scientists. Boxes of 
insects, books, all were lent freely to those who needed information 
and encouragement. ‘“ Keep them a week orso”’ he would some- 
times say, and then add, ‘you can take any examples you like, 
so long as you leave me half a dozen.” He was never so happy 
as when imparting information, or giving sound advice from his 
long experience. 

This short appreciation, far too short, is only a small payment 
of that debt of gratitude which the present writer owes to Canon 
Fowler. 


‘Note on peculiar Conchological find. 


Mr. H Preston, F.G.S8., reported the occurrence of dead shells 
of Cyclostoma elegans in Limestone rubble at Greetwell, near Lincoln, 
in the “ Naturalist,” August, 1905. Visiting the Ironstone workings 
in company with Mr. A. Smith and myself, this spot was pointed out 
ind we have made observations from time to time. 


It would appear that at some time past, a fissure in the Lime- 
stone was filled in by the “ wash” of lime from the adjacent ground, 
bringing in the shells with it, until the whole was filled in witha paste- 
like mass, something like that used by plasterers. A tram track was 
eut through it, and exposed a section which has been worked into from 
time to time, and amoug the rubble has been found fine specimens of 
Cyclostoma elegans in quantities, in good condition, the colour 
veing slightly obliterated, but in many cases quite distinct, many 
specimens have the operculum still intact. This species is not found 
living in the neighbourhood. Helix hortensis and itala found here do 
not occur living within sixteen miles, and Helix lapicida, which occurs 
here is not found living nearer than about twenty-four miles. Helix 
ustorum, H. rotundata, Zonites cellaria and Cochlicopa lubrica, and 
a solitary specimen of Limnzea stagnalis have also been picked out. 

J. F, MUSHAM. 


ADDRESS TO THE LINCOLNSHIRE 
NATURALISTS’ UNION. 


Delivered at Lineoln, May 24th, 1894. 


By JOHN CORDEAUX, M.B.O.U. 
President (1893).* 


In rising to address you on this occasion, I am not unmindful 
of the fact that I have been elected first President of the 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union, and I wish now, in the 
first place, to thank you for having placed me in so honourable 
a position. The object of our Society is intended to bring about 
a thorough and systematic investigation of the Natural History 
capabilities of the county, carried on year by year, a publication, 
if possible, from time to time, of the results, and an endeavour 
to create amongst all classes of the population an intelligent 
interest and correct appreciation of the various natural phe- 
nomena which surround them. 


It is somewhat of a reflection on this great county that so 
little has been done hitherto for the cause of science ; this in- 
deed, becomes painfully apparent when we consider the excellent 
results shown by the enterprising naturalists in the two neigh- 
bouring counties of Norfolk and Yorkshire. In the former, the 


*This address was originally issued to members in “ Transactions ” 
1895. That issue being made up of reprints, ete., led to erratic number- 
ing. To secure the above paper it was decided by the members at the 
last Annual Meeting to publish it in our present “ Transactions,” being 
of special interest to the County. 


Address to the L.N.U. 133 


” 


“Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’ Society” was formed in 
1870, and published their first report ; the number of members 
is now 250. ‘The ‘Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union” came into 
existence previous to 1883, and the number of its members is 
nearly 600. Both these, like our own, had small beginnings ; 
they have, however, succeeded in extending the knowledge of 
‘Local Natural History. In looking forward to the future I can 
see no reason whatever to think that our own Union will not 
be equally successful, and certainly in this great and diver- 
sified county it will never either lack material to work on or fall 
short in variety and interest of subjects. 


So far, our efforts have been individual ones, and isolated and 
spasmodic ; now, as a united band and numbering specialists in 
various branches, we shall become a representative body having 
a local habitation and name, and have much greater facilities 
for an exchange of opinion and for the proper collection and 
diffusion of facts. It must not, however, altogether be inferrad 
that nothing has hitherto been done by the sons of Lincolnshire 
for the increase of physical science; indeed, we have just cause 
of pride to see in our roll of honour such names as Issac Newton, 
of Woolsthorpe ; Matthew Flinders, of Donington ; John Franklin, 
of Spilsby ; Joseph Banks of Revesby Abbey; and more recently, 
Charles Anderson, of Lea. Of those now living, either within 
or without our boundaries, who are doing good work, it would 
be invidious to make direct personal mention; sufficient is it to 
say that we include amongst ourselves all that is both necessary 
and capable for making this Union a great anda lasting success. 


Lincolnshire is the second largest county in England, its total 
length being 75 miles by 48 in breadth, and containing 1,777,879 
-acres, 85 per cent. under cultivation. ‘The surface presents a 
very considerable diversity of character, sea-coast, marsh, wold, 
-moor, heath and fen, and some very considerable woodlands 
with much pleasant and typical scenery without anywhere 
rising into the grand and strikingly picturesque. 


The country is not readily divided into what are called faunal 
areas—that is, districts more or less compact, with well-defined 
boundaries, between which—one or the other—faunal distinc- 


134 Address to the L.N.U. 


tions can be clearly established. In taking a general survey of 
the whole area it appears capable of being irregularly divided 
into at least six fairly marked districts, these are— 


I.—The Marsh and Middle Marsh—which is the whole of the 
great alluvial flat which lies between the east coast and 
the foot of the chalk wolds, as far as Spilsby. » 


I].—The Fens—south of Spilsby and Wainfleet and east of 
Billinghay, Heckington, Bourn, and Market Deeping, 
with a branch extending westward of the Witham to 
Lincoln. 


I1J.—The Chalk Wolds. 


IV.—The Heath—an irregular district, partly on the oolite 
and partly on the lias, and not easily defined. In its 
more southern portion it is split into two arms by the 
Witham valley. It runs from S.E. to N.W., and in- 
cludes the heaths near Woodhall Spa, the moorland near 
Market Rasen and below Caistor, and the commons and 
rabbit-warrens between Gainsboro’ and Frodingham, in 
the north-west of the county. 


V.—A portion of Kesteven, south of Grantham and east of 
Belvoir, of which Corby is about the centre, well-wooded, 
picturesque, and highly cultivated and containing noble 
parks and country seats. 


VI.—The Isle of Axholme, formerly moor, bog and widely 
extending heath and low firwood, but now 50,009 acres 
of rich warp, and bounded to the north-west by the great 
level of Thorne waste in Yorkshire. 


It must be clearly understood, however, that these divisions 
are only approximate, and that with our present knowledge no 
absolutely hard and fast lines can be laid down defining faunal 
areas, and that there are yet portions of the county which it is 
difficult to range under any of these divisions. 1 have en- 
deavoured to define roughly six fairly marked districts within 
the boundaries of Lincolnshire, and:I shall now briefly enter 
more fully into the physical peculiarities of each, and endeavour 
to show that, notwithstanding the great changes which have 


Address to the L.N.U. 135 


taken place, these still possess attractions for the naturalist. I 
would also mention those special matters which require more 
careful working out. 


In the Marsh and Middle Marsh is included the whole of the 
low-lying plain between the foot of the chalk wolds and the sea, 
including the sea-coast itself and all its wide attractions.. The 
chief interest of this district rests in its ornithology—more par- 
ticularly in the spring and autumn—and in connection with the 
migration of birds. The total number of species which can 
fairly be admitted at the present time into the Lincolnshire avi- 
fauna is somewhat doubtful. In the Humber district up to this 
date I have been able to record 290. This compares favourably 
with the Norfolk list of 293, and Yorkshire with 310. With our 
present knowledge as to the frequency with which rare birds 
turn up during the period of migration, far out of their ordinary 
route, I think we should attach very little importance to the 
increase of any local or county list by the addition of mere 
wanderers. ‘The record of such is interesting as showing how far 
some birds get driven out of their normal course. ‘The chief 
additions to the Humber district in late years have come from 
Spurn, but there is no reason why equally good results should 
not be obtained from our own coast. 


The flora of the marshes and the sea-coast is a very attractive 
and interesting one, and our knowledge of the same, as well as 
of Lincolnshire botany generally, has been greatly increased by 
the researches of the Rev. W. Towler, of Liversedge; Dr. I’. 
Arnold Lees, of Harrogate; the Rev. Adrian Woodruffe-Peacock ; 
Mr. F. M. Burton; Mr. O. Thimbleby, of Spilsby, and others. 


The collection of facts in connection with this district 
commenced as far back as 15g0, and the great naturalists of for- 
mer days—Gerarde, Ray, Dr. Martin Lister, and Sir Joseph 
Banks—have each in turn visited and investigated its floral 
treasures. > 


Before leaving this portion of the county I should like to call 
attention to the marine mammalia, the seals, and various forms 
of whale, grampus, porpoise, and dolphin. Although in recent 
years considerable additions have been made to our local list, 


136 Address to the L.N.U. 


we still require much further knowledge and more scientific in- 
vestigations. ‘The capture of a seal or the stianding of a whale 
—and such occurrences are by no means unfrequent—should at 
once be noted, and an examination carried out on the spot, care- 
ful notes and measurements made, the skull, at least, preserved, 
and where possible a photograph taken before the carcase is 
removed. In this branch of zoology as well as ornithology, the 
oficial representative of our Vertebrate Section, Mr. G. H. Caton 
Haigh, has done some excellent work. ‘There is, so far as I 
know, no list of marine fish ; the collection of facts in connection 
with these and with Marine Zoology generaily, might well be 
taken up by those members who live near or have most frequent 
access to the coast. The Entomology, more particularly in this 
district the Aquatic-entomology, Conchology, and Micro-zoology 
and Botany, also present wide fields for close and careful study. 
In the former we have in the Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, a 
member whose reputation as an entomologist is not only local 
and national, but world-wide. We must not fail to recognise, 
also, the good services rendered by Mr. H. W. Kew, formerly of 
Louth, and Mr. James Eardley Mason of Alford. 


‘There is no other faunal area in Lincolnshire where the old 
glories have so entirely vanished as in the fenland, formerly a 
vast level of peat-moor, morass and bog, with league beyond 
league of shallow mere, interspered with a vast growth of reed 
and bull rush and various water-loving plants, and on the drier 
portion deep sedge and doubtless some rich pasturage, with 
thickets of sallow, willow, birch, and sweet-gale, which before the 
dawn of history had usurped the place of oak, Scotch fir, and yew. 
The whole of this vast level was a paradise for wild creatures, 
beast, bird, and fish, and predominate over all, upon the peat- 
stained waters of the shallow lagoons floated primitive man in a 
cauoe dug out from a single tree, and using weapons tipped with 
fractured flint or fish-bone. 


Of the natural treasures of the old fenland we have but scant 
record. Unfortunately our forefathers, when they did write, cared 
little for depicting their natural every-day surroundings, yet we 
must be thankful for the few precious records which haye come 


Address to the L.N.U. 137 


down to us of those olden times, and enable us to form some idea 
of the extreme richness of the Fen fauna and flora, from the Liber 
Eliensis; the Chronicles of Crowland; and the writings of 
William of Malmsbury (1200); Thomas Fuller; Camden’s 
Britannia (Gough's edition) ; and the naturalists Pennant, Ray, 
~ and Colonel Montagu; also the quaint verses left by Michael 
Drayton in the Polyolbion; and by “ Antiquary Hall,” of Llyn 
in the doggerel rhymes depicting a fenman’s daily life. 
One aim of our Society should be the collection of any scrap, 
oral or written, in connection with physical-archeology, and any 
who have opportunities of inspecting old deeds, letters, and 
. family account books, will do good service by extracting any 
small matter which directly or indirectly bears on this subject. 
Such entries were, no doubt, considered most trivial by the 
original writers, but in the light of the present day they are of 
much interest and importance. To cite one or two instances 
alone, how little historical record is left of the Great Bustard in 
Lincolnshire. ‘The late Sir Charles Anderson, of Lea, in 1874, 
sent me extracts from an old account book kept by Charles 
Anderson, at Broughton, near Brigg, from 1669 to 1673 :— 

“1670, September 26—To John Hall, brought curlew - Is. 
October 23—Item to Thos. Beckett for killing 

two bustards - - - - - - - 23. 


Then there is a letter from the great Dr. Johnson, dated January 
oth, 1758, to his friend, Bennett Langton of Langton, acknowledg- 
ing the receiving a parcel of game, amongst other things a 
-bustard which he gave to Dr. Lawrence. 

A letter written to myself by the Rev. Edward Elmhirst, 
November 2gth, 1886, containing personal recollections of 
Lincolnshire ornithology, also his communication made to the 
Field newspaper, November 28th, 1886, concerning the former 
nesting of the Hen Harriers in the moors near Market Rasen, are 
‘amongst the most valuable contributions to the records of county 


” 


natural history in recent years. 


Of infinite interest also, as throwing light on the past, would 
be the account books and records of captures made in the duck - 


§ 


138 Address to the L.N.U. 


decoys at one period so common in the marsh and fen. We have 
never met with more than one decoy book, namely, the well-kept 
register of the Ashby Decoy, near Brigg, worked successfully for 
so many years by Captain Healey. 


So marvellously abundant were wildfowl before the fens were 
drained that we are told a flock of wild duck has been observed 
passing along from the north and north-east into the east fen, in 
a continuous stream for eight hours together. 


Our next faunal area is very distinct and well-marked—the 
Chalk Wolds—in its greatest length from Barton-on-Humber to 
Burgh, fifty-two miles, and the greatest breadth near Market 
Rasen, fourteen miles ; the highest point of the range, 549 ft., is 
near Normanby Clump, and this is the highest land in the county. 
Before the general enclosure at the commencement of the present 
century the wold was a wild and open region, a rolling upland, 
more or less intersected by deep valleys. ‘These rounded hills 
were covered with heather and heaths, coarse rough grasses, like 
the barren brome, and Aria cespitosa the tufted hair-grass, the 
most graceful if the most useless of all, with thousands of acres 
together of gorse, and ancient thorns in clumps and single. It 
was a district most admirably fitted to the habits of that noble 
bird the Great Bustard, and the Stone Curlew, the former 
probably becoming nearly extinct before the commencement of the 
century, and the latter still holding its own—a few pairs annually © 
nesting, but not now on the wold. 


During the last quarter of the century much good work has 
been done with Lincolnshire geology, the most important reports 
being in connection with the extension of the Rhcetic beds, near 
Gainsborough, by Mr. F. M. Burton, also his examination of these 
and the Keuper Sandstones in the same district ; Professor Judd’s 
paper on the Neocomian strata ; Professor Morris on some Oolite 
sections ; Canon J. E. Cross on Lincolnshire Oolites and Lias ; 
also Mr. Clement Reid’s work in connection with the New 
Geological Survey amongst the boulder-clays, inter-glacial beds, 
marine gravels, post glacial beds and alluvium of Northern ~ 
Lincolnshire, 


Address to the L.N.U. 139 


In connection with our Geological section I would suggest 
4 the appointment of a boulder committee, whose object will be to 
take observations relative to the erratic or ice-borne blocks of 
‘Lincolnshire, their character, position, size, origin and height 
above the sea. This to be carried out on the same lines generally 
-asthose adopted by the boulder committee of the British 
"Association. 

The two distinct ranges of chalk and oolite which run from 
south to north of the county form elevated tracts which in their 
“original condition were heath and moorland, and almost destitute 
‘of timber trees. Along the flanks of these hills and in the inter- 
yening low country stretched the deep forests of Kesteven and 
Lindsey—the Bruneswald—oak, ash, elm, beech, fir, holly, yew, 
and hazel, sufficient remains existing in some of our oldest wood- 
lands to recall the ancient glories of the land. No better “happy 
hunting grounds” remain to reward the naturalist than these 


comparatively undisturbed areas. Here 1884, an example of 


deer, Bos longifrons, wolf, wild boar, and beavers, have been 
found in the becks. We have as yet no list of Lincolnshire 
mammals, and I shall be greatly indebted to any of our members 
wl o will enable me to complete a list, which is already partially 
prepared, with notes from their respective districts. 


The heath is another most charming faunal area, from the 
fact that some few scattered portions are still in their primitive 
condition, as in the neighbourhood of Woodhall Spa and the 
trens and commons of Scotton, Manton, Twigmoor, Crosby and 
umby, in the north-east. The Ermin Street, that great military 
hway of the Romans, which passed through the gates of their 
hief fortress, Lincoln, followed the ridge of the oolite from south 
fo north—to east and west of this was a wide, open and con- 
luous stretch of elevated tableland, the road running through 
ues of purple heather where the pink and purple shading of 
he common and cross-leaved heaths, intermingled with the 
w blooms of the pretty whin and sheets of pale blue hairbell, 
nd the darker blue gentian (Gentiana pneumonanthe.) A glorious 


> 


140 Address to the L.N.U. 


land it was to cross in those days, the long, lone, level line of a 
well-kept war path, stretching lke a ribbon over the heath, and 
marked at short intervals with high stones or posts as a guiding 
line in fog or snow, ina solitude but rarely broken, except by the 
footfall of the legionaries and the dismal creakings of the baggage 
train and provision carts, while above, under the blue heaven, the 
lark carolled as it does now, and the plaint of the golden plover 
sounded sweet from off the moorlands. 


The north-east corner of Lincolnshire, notwithstanding recent 
changes and trade encroachments, is still rich in animal and plant 
life, and presents a wide field for future research. Further west- 
ward, and beyond the ‘Trent, lies the Isle of Axholme; some 
portion adjoining the great deer chase of Hatfield and Lindholme, 
in Yorkshire, was once the hunting-ground of Englishkings. We 
must turn to the pages of historians, such as Leland, De la Pryme, 
Dr. Stonehouse and others, if we wish to learn its ancient condition 
before the enterprise of the Dutchman, Vermuyden, transformed its 
wastes and swamps and demon-haunted solitudes into fertile 
lands, and at the same time banished its indigenous flora and 
fauna. In fact, the entire district, including Thorne waste, beyond 
our border, and portions also east of Trent, resembled the 
“ tundras”’ of Lapland and northern Asia, and, like these, were the 
breeding-homes of innumerable wild-fowl and waders. Most 
suggestive of a not remote Arctic character are the lingering of 
such plants as Selaginella selaginoides, Lycopodium alpinum, 
recently discovered by the Rev. W. Fowler, also Andromeda 
polifolia, and Empetrum nigrum, on Thorne waste, Myvica gale, 
generally, and the impressions of leaves of some Arctic willow in 
the laminated silts and peaty alluviums. 


Of our sixth district, that south of Grantham and east of 
Belvoir, I can tell you little, for excepting in passing through by 
rail, it is a terva incognita to me. ‘The chief attraction is 
Grimsthorpe Park, which contains many fine oaks, hornbeams and 
hawthorns, and a small herd of red deer—interesting as the only 
one left inthe county, and decendants of those indigenous deer 
which at one period wandered wild, free and unrestricted through 
the length and breadth of the land. 


Address to the L.N.U. 14i 


* It is customary on these occasions briefly to notice the work 
done by the Union during the President’s year of office. Two 
meetings have been held, the first at Mablethorpe, on June 12th, 
about thirty attending, and Professor L. C. Miall, I°.R.S., of the 
Yorkshire College, presiding. The vertebrate section (ornithology) 
_ was, perhaps, the most successful. ‘The full report of this very 
interesting meeting will be found in “ The Naturalist” for 
August and September, this year. 


The Rev. C. W. Whistler found the Natterjack toad (Bufo 
calamita), on the sand-hills. ‘This is an interesting reptile and 
very different from the common toad. It is a light yellow colour, 
and never leaps nor does it crawl, its progression being more like 
” arun. This toad was first discovered near Revesby Abbey, by 
Sir Joseph Banks, who made it known to the naturalist Pennant. 
Its distribution is somewhat remarkable, for it is found not only 
in England, but also in localities in Ireland. where the common 

species isunknown. All the Irish snakes and Toads, as you know, 
were turned into stone by St. Patrick, but this seems to have 
escaped the wrath of the Saint. The inference is that the 
Natterjack succeeded in reaching Ireland before that distressful 
- isle had become severed from Great Britain, which the common 
toad did not do, so we must consider the former is the older 
immigrant of the two, perhaps its particular mode of progress 
_afforded better and more favourable facilities for getting over the 
ground. 


_ In our investigation into the natural history of this county, 
_we must remember that at no very distant period Lincolnshire 
was part of the mainland of Europe, and there was no North Sea 
as we know it now, and we must therefore expect to find close 
affinity between the fauna and flora on both sides of the water. 
Once, no doubt, a great central river, whose debouchure was over 
the Dogger Bank received the waters of the rivers from each side. 
‘The North Sea, if you will take the trouble to look at Mr. Olsen’s 
map, is little more than a great plain covered by shallow water ; 
off the north-east coast of England it is 20 fathoms, and as we go 
south even this depth is exceptional. The North Sea contains 


142 Address to the L.N.U. 


some remarkable depressions, one of which, the Silver Pit, is a 
narrow submarine valley 50 fathoms in depth, forty miles off the 
north-east coast of Lincolnshire. The intrusion of this great 
water, the North Sea, between ourselves and the continent may 
have been very rapid, for when the chalk barrier, which presum- 
ably at one time extended eastward from Flamboro’ Head 
(cropping out again round Heligoland) was once breached and the 
central river taken in flank, there is no reason why the great level 
plain of intermediate Lincolnshire should not have been sub- 
merged in a period even of a few days. 


The second meeting was at Woodhall Spa, on August 7th, 
with a very fair attendance of members, who were taken over the 
ground by the Rev. J. Conway Walter; the day was very hot, 
scarcely any birds were seen and very few insects taken ; the 
botanical section, was, however most successful, and several rare 
plants were found, the most interesting, perhaps, being the lovely 
dark blue gentian, in damp places on the moor. I must take this 
opportunity of publicly expressing the thanks of the Union to the 
Secretary Mr. Walter F. Baker, whose untiring and intelligent 
exertions, and great aptitude for organisation, have done so much 
in setting us in motion and making the Union a success. 


Before closing these remarks—as we are now engaged in rock- 
ing the cradle of the Union—I should like to say a few words as 
to the possibilities of a future, and the taking up-of a useful 
position. ‘There is no other county in England in which the 
fauna and flora have so greatly altered ; large numbers of birds, 
insects and plants have been altogether destroyed, or in the 
former case, driven away by enclosure and drainage. It becomes 
therefore an imperative duty that we should use our best 
endeavours to preserve what is left and to take care that our 
scarcer mammals, nesting birds and surviving plants are not 
ruthlessly destroyed and unnecessarily banished. ‘There is no 
sadder chapter to read than that on ‘Extermination,’ in 
Professor Newton’s recently published Part I. of ** A Dictionary of 
Birds ;” it isa record of a destruction and waste of life in this 
fair world, brought about directly or indirectly by the ignorance, 


Address to the L.N.U. 143 


avarice, and greed of civilised man, assisted in late years by that 
rage for wearing feathers that now and again seizes civilised 
women. 

Much might be accomplished if we could give our people an 
intelligent knowledge of their natural surroundings and an 
interest in their preservation. It would be a step in the right 
direction if object lessons were occasionally given in our village 
schools in connection with Natural History, illustrated from those 
easily accessible raw materials of observation in the neighbeur- 
hood, which would best illustrate the every-day life of plants and 
animals. 


I fear there is no class of men, who, considering the very 
favourable opportunities they have, are so proverbially ignorant 
of the economy of outdoor life as the gamekeepers, and so 
systematically destroy what it is often their best interest to 
preserve. Agriculturists, too, asa class, with but few exceptions, 
are deplorably indifferent tc, and ignorant of, the most elementary 
principles of Natural Science. ‘They care for none of these things. 
In looking back, however, | am proud to admit many genuine 
services rendered by agricultural labourers, who have walked 
miles to bring some curious object, or to tell of some strange 
beast or bird seen during their daily toil. 


. Unfortunately, in England, the inculcation of scientific 
knowledge is left almost entirely to private enterprise and in the 
hands of such societies as ours. “This is not the case in foreign 
states, and notably so in America, where neither pains nor expense 
are spared in instructing the people. ‘Ihave now before me a 

volume, most beautifully illustrated, recently published and issued 
by the American Government Department of Agriculture, on 
a The Hawks and Owls of the United States.” ‘his book has 
been scattered wholesale, as a free gilt, over the land, and is 
intended to teach the American farmer the great usefulness of 
j birds of prey, and the good which, as a rule, they confer upon 
him. Surely we have had object lessons sufficient to bring this 
‘matter forcibly home to us in that plague of field voles which has 
laid waste some of the great sheep farms beyond the border, and 
_ the plague of rats in Lincolnshire, 


144 Address to the L.N.U. 


It is hoped that in time we shall get a museum in Lincoln.* 
The want of this has been the cause of our losing many art 
treasures, antiquities, and natural history specimens. We have 
lost the inimitable pictures of De Wint, the Franklin relics and 
many other things which ought not to have left the county. 


A word on our own individual and special duties as 
naturalists, and here I cannot do better than quote the words of a 
late Bishop of Oxford—the great Bishop Wilberforce. He says :— 


‘A good practical naturalist must be a good observer ; and 
how many qualities are required to make up a good observer? 
Attention, patience, quickness to seize separate facts, discrimina- 
tion to keep them unconfused, readiness to combine them, and 
rapidity and yet slowness of induction ; above all, perfect fidelity 
which can be seduced neither by the enticements of a favourite 
theory nor by the temptation to see a little more than actually 
happens in some passing drama.” 


In conclusion, it is gratifying to find that there is at least an 
awakening and uprising on these matters in Lincolnshire, and 
that the dry bones are moving. Let us trust that this union—a 
real Union of hearts—will inaugurate a new era. ‘The most 
wonderful fact in connection with the last half century has been 
the progress of science. Everywhere amongst the educated and 
thoughtful there is astriving to search and probe downwards into 
the very sources and origin of all life-—not alone that we may get 
a deeper insight intothe workings of nature, but to find the key 
to our own position in connection with the life which is everywhere 
about us. Men of science are diligently engaged in painfully 
searching backwards into the infinity of the past, and considering 
the results already attained, I think we can look forward with 
hope to the infinity of the future. Yet, I think, when science has 
spoken her last word, we shall still have to confess, in the words 
of Lincolnshire’s noblest son, we are but 


“ An infant crying in the night : 
An infant crying for the light : 
And with no language buta ery.” 


*This want has now been supplied. The City and County Museum 
was opened to the public on May 22nd, 1907, 


‘d 


4s “LINCOLNSHIRE GALLED-PLANTS. 


By Miss S. C. Stow, 
23, Avenue Road, Grantham. 


This list contains all the galls found in the County, the 
names of the makers of which have been determined, many of 
these galls are frequent in the South (V-.C. 53), Divisions 13—18, 
_ they probably are in the North (V.C. 54), 1—12, but owing to 
lack of information it remains to be proved, (shall be only too 
_ pleased to receive specimens for identification). A large number of 
-tecords are to hand of galls, which have not at present been 
identified, though Mr. Connold, author of “ Vegetable Galls,” has 
been most kind in trying to unravel the mystery. Insome cases 
insects have hatched out, which no one to whom he has applied 
could name, they would seem to be new to Science. ‘“‘ Galls are 
a morbid enlargement of the affected part of the plant due to 
parasitic agency.” 


S. 13, 15, frequent on the borders of cornfields in these districts. 
SCS. 


AMMOPHILA ARUNDINACEA, H. 

- Stems by Eurytoma hyalipennis 

oo D. 4,9, 11. “ Abundant all along the coast.” E. A. W-Peacock. 
BARBAREA VULGARIS, R. Br. 

- Flower-buds by Cecidomyia sisymbrii, Schr. K. 

: D. 13, 15. Court Leys, 6-1903; Grantham, 16-6-1905. SCS. 
RDAMINE PRATENSIS, L. 

seed vessels by Cecidomyia cardaminis, Mtg. 

 p. 15. Harrowby, 1906. SCS. Grantham,1907. John Hawkins. 


DAREX VULPINA L. 

Flower-buds by Cecidomyia muricate 

‘ D. 13. Caythorpe, 5-8-1903... D, 15. Brandon, 8-8-1903 ; Claypole, 
29-7-1908, SCS, 


146 Lincolnshive Galled-Plants. 


CENTAUREA NIGRA, L. 
Seeds by Urophora solstitialis, L. 
D. 2. Hibaldstow, 8-1901. E.A.W-Peacock. D. 13. Caythorpe, 
25-10-1902. SCS. 
CNICUS ARVENSIS, Hoffm. 
Stems by Urophora cardui, L. 
D. 3. Cadney, 8-1900. E. A. W-Peacock. 


CRATAGUS MONOGYNA, Jacq. 
Shoots by Cecidomyia crategi, Mtg. 
13, 15. Frequent in the South. SCS. 
DAUCUS CAROTA, L. 
Seeds by Asphondylia pimpernella, F. 
D. 15. Kirton-Lindsey, 8-1902. E. A. W-Peacock. 
FAGUS SYLVATICA, L. 
Leaves by Hormomyia piligera 
D. 15. Belton Park, 15-8-1905. SCS. 
Leaves by Hormomyia Fagi 
D. 2. Bottesford, 1899-1902. E. A. W-Peacoek. D. 15. Belton 
Park, 15-8-1905. SCS. 
FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR, L. 
Leaves by Diplosis botularia, Mtg. 
D. 13, 14, 15, 16. Very frequent. 


GALIUM APARINE, L. 
Stem and flower-head by Cecidomyia aparinz 
D. Hundleby, 28-7-1904. S CS. D. 15. Stubton, 29-7-1903. 
Ropsley, 7-1904. SCS. 
GALIUM MOLLUGO. 
Stems and flowers by Cecidomyia gallii 
D. 15. Harrowby, 7-1904. Little Ponton, 8-1904. S CS. This 
Gall-gnat also attacks Galium verum, L. D. 10, 18, 14, 15. 
GENISTA TINCTORIA, L. 
Buds by Asphondylia geniste 
D. 14. Rauceby, 20-7-1903. SCS. 


HORDEUM, Barley. 
Halum by Chlorops teniopus, Meigen. : 
“ Ribbon-footed Corn Fly,” “Gout Fly,” this fly is often very 
destructive to Wheat and Barley. D. 13. Caythorpe, 7-8-1903. 
SCS. 
LATHYRUS PRATENSIS, L. 
Leaves by Cecidomyia lathyri 
D. 13. Court Leys, 9-1903. D. 15. Sapperton, 9-1903. SCS. 


LOTUS CORNICULATUS, J. 
Flower-heads by Diplosis loti 
D. 13. Gelston, 8-1904. SCS. 
NEPETA GLECHOMA, L. 
Leaves by Gecidomyia bursaria, Bremi. 
D. 13. Court Leys, 26-9-1903. D. 14. Cranwell, 15-10-1902. 
D. 15. Grantham, 1904. SCS. 
POLYGONIUM AMPHIBIUM, L. 
Leaves by Cecidomyia persicaria, L 
D. 15. Brandon, 9-1902. SCS. This Gall-gnat also attacks the 
var. hirtulum, Van Bise. D. 13. Coart Leys, 22-9-1903, and the 
var. terrestre, Leers. D. 13. Court Leys, 13-8-1902, D. 15. 
Belton, 6-1904. BCS. - 


4 Lincolnshire Galled-Plants. 147 


‘ 


PYRUS COMMUNIS, L 
Fruit by Diplosis pyrivora 
zs D. 3. Cadney Vicarage garden, 12-6-1902. HE. A. W-Peacock. 
- RANUNCULUS REPENS, L. 
Leaves by Cecidomyia ranunculi 
D. 15. Sapperton, 9-1603. Grantham, 9-1904. Denton, 8-1906. 
SCS. 


ROSA CANINA, L. 
Leaves by Cecidomyia rosarum 
; D. 15. Brandon, 13-9-1902. SCS. 


_ SALIX ALBA, L. 
Shoots by Cecidomyia rosaria, Liv. 

D. 15. Brandon, 13-9-1902. Allington, 4-8-1904. Belton, 1906, 
SCS. This Gall-gnat also attacks S. triandra, L. D. 15. 
Allington, 4-8-1904. Westborough, 9-1904. Little Ponton. 
4-9-1905. SCS. Grantham, 9-1906. J. Hawkins. 


_ SALIX CAPREA, L 
Leaves by Hormomyia caprez 
a D. 15. Great Ponton, 25-8-1905. SCS. 


SALIX VIMINALIS, L. 

_ Leaves by Cecidomyia margineum-torqueus 

D. 2, 3. Bottesford and Cadney, 1902. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 15. 
Common in this Division in Grantham neighbourhood. 


SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE, Scop. 
_ Flower-heads by Cecidomyia sisymbrii, Sch. 

—" D. 3. Cadney Beck bank, 15-7-1902. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 15. 
Brandon, 7-1903. D. 16. Stamford, 6-1905. SCS. 


SPIRAZA ULMARIA, L. 
_ Leaves by Cecidomyia ulmariz, Bremi. 
: 3 D. 7, 11, 8,13, 15,16. Very abundant in the County. SCS. 
STACHYS SYLVATICA, L. 
_ Leaves by Cecidomyia stachydis 
a D. 13, 15,16. SCS. 
‘TAXUS BACCATA, L. 
_ Shoots by Cecidomyia taxi, Inch. 
Dp. 15. Belton Park, 6-1906. SCS. 


THALICTRUM FLAVUM, L. 

_ By Cecidomyia thalictri 

* p. 13. Court Leys, 7-1901. SCS. 
1A EUROPAA, L. 


lower peduncles, by Cecidomyia tilicola 
D. 14. Cranwell, 7-1903. D. 15. Denton, 1906. SCS§, 
TILIA GRANDIFOLIA. 
Leaf peduncles, by Cecidomyia tiliz 
4 D. 13. Brant Broughton, 7-1903. T. Stow. D. 15. Grantham, 
1907. Denton, 1906,S CS. 


si D. 3, 2, 11, 13, 14, 15,16. Very common. SCS. 


RONICA CHAMADRYS, L. 
Leaves by Cecidomyia veronice, Bremi. 
3 D. 1, 2, 3, 6, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16. Common everywhere. SCS. 


148 Lincolnshire Galled-Plants. 


VICIA CRACCA, L. 
Flower-heads by Diplosis loti 
D. 14, 15. Raueceby, 20-7-1908. Brandon, 6-1903. Grantham, 
9-1904. SCS. This Gall-gnat also attacks V. sativa, L. D. 13, 
Court Leys, 4-6-1903. D. 15. Gelston,6-1903. D. 16. Careby, 
1908. SCS. 
VIOLA SILVESTRIS, R. 
Leaves by Cecidomyia viola 
D. 15. Sapperton, 9-1903. SCS. 


BY GALL-WASPS (Hymenoptera.) 


HYPOCHEARIS RADICATA, L. 
Stems by Aulax hypocheridis 
D. 3. Howsham, 9-1901. KE. A. W-P. D. 11. Sutton-on-Sea, 
2-7-1903. Rev. A. Thornley. Skegness, 25-8-1904. SCS. 


NEPETA GLECHOMA, B. 
Leaves by Aulax glechome, Htg. 
D. 2. Bottesford Moors fish-pond side, 27-6-1902. E.A. W-Peacock. 
D. 13,14, 15. Fairly common in South. 


PAPAVER RHGAS, L. 
Seed vessels by Aulax papaveris, Cam. 
D. 2. Broughton Wood, 13-8-1902. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 13. 
Court Leys, 12-1902. 8 C S. This Gall-wasp also attacks 
P. dubium, L. Court Leys, 6-1902. SCS. 


POTENTILLA REPTANS, L. 
Rhizome by Xestophanes potentillz, Cam. 
D. 2. Broughton Wood, 16-8-1902. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 13. 
Court Leys, 25-10-1902, and D. 15. Grantham, 1904, on leaf- 
stalks and runners. S C S. D. 16. Careby, 6-1903. E. A. 
W-Peacock. 


QUERCUS PEDUNCULATA, Ehrh. 
Leaves and Twigs by Andricus curvator, Htg. 

“Curved leaf-gall.” D. 8,13, 15,16. Frequent in South. Leaf- 
buds by A. inflator, Htg. ‘‘ Twig-gall.” D. 13. Court Leys, 
83-1908. S CS. Axillary bud by Aphilotrix fecundatrix. 
“ Artichoke-gall.”’ D. Redbourn, 3-1903. Revs. Peacock and 
Mason. D. N. Searle, 10-1905. John Hawkins. D. 13. Court 
Leys, 1902. S CS. D. 15. Little Ponton, 10-1905. S CS. 
Feeding roots by Biorhiza aptera, Fbr. D. 2. Broughton 
Lane Plantation, 8-1902. E. A. W-Peacock. Twigs by Cynips 
kollari, Htg. ‘“ Marble-gall.” D. 5. 11, 13, 15. Frequent in 
South. Underside of leaf by Dryophanta agama, Maye. D. 
North Searle, 10-1905. John Hawkins. Underside of leaf by 
D. divisa, Alder. “Scarlet Pea.”” D.13. Court Leys, 30-10-1902. 
D. 15. Belton Park, 8-1904. S C S. Underside of leaf by 
D. scutellaris, Hty. ‘Cherry-gall.”’ D. North Searle, 10-1905. 
John Hawkins. D. 13. Court Leys, 24-10-1903. SCS. Under- 
side of leaf by Neuroterus lenticularis, Oliv. ‘“Spangle-gall.” 
D. 13. North Searle, 10-1905. John Hawkins. D. 13,15. Frequent. 
Underside of leaf by N. numismatis, Oliv. “Silk Button.” 
D. 13, 15. Frequent. Underside of leaf by N. ostreus, Htg. 
D. 13. North Searle, 10-1905. John Hawkins. D.13.Court Leys, 
24-10-1908. S CS. D. 15. Belton Park, 15-8-1905. SCS. 
Leaf and calkin by Spathegaster baccarum, L. “Currant 


‘Lincolnshire Galled-Plants. 149 


gall.” D. 8. Acthorpe Wood, Louth, 6-1905. D 15. Woodnook, 
22-6-1905. Belvior, 8-6-1905, these galls were so numerous that 
they lay under the trees like currants. SCS. Underside of 
leaf by S. tricolor, Htg. ‘‘Hairy Pea.” D. 13. North Searle, 
10-1905. John Hawkins. Terminal bud by Teras terminalis, 
Fbr. “Oak Apple.” D. 5. Redbourn, 3-1903. E. A. W-Peacock. 
D. 13. Court Leys, 4-11-1902. D. 15. Sapperton, 8-1903. 
Barkstone, 1906. SCS. 


ROSA CANINA, L. 
Leafbud by Rhodites rosz, Htg. 
“Bedeguar-gall.” D. 1, 2, 3,5, 11,18, 14, 15,16. Very frequent 
in the County. Underside of leaf by R. nervosus, Cam. 
D. 3, 5, 13, 15. Frequent, leaf and petioles by R. eglanteria, 
Htg. OD. 2, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15. This Gall-wasp also attacks 
R. tomentosa. D. 13. Court Leys, 19-9-1900. SCS. 


ROSA RUBIGINOSA, L. 
Leaves by Rhodites rubiginosz 
D. 2. Frodingham, 1899. EA W-P. 


RUBUS PLICATUS. 
Stem by Diastrophus rubi 
D. 3. Cadney, 1898. D. 1. Ameotts, 1878. D. 2. Bottesford, 
1876. E.A.W-Peacock. This gall-wasp alsoattacks R. czsius. 
D. 15. Stubton, 19-2-1903, many of the pupz had been picked 
out of these galls by birds. D. 16. Careby Wood, 6-1904, 
SCS. 


SALIX ALBA, L. 
Leaves by Nematus gallicola 
“ Bean-gall.” D.11. Skegness, 16-8-1903. T. Stow. D.13,15, 16. 
Common in South. This Saw-fiy also attacks S. fragilis, L. 
D. 3, 10, 18,15. S. cinerea, L. D.2,3. Cadney and Broughton, 
1902. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 13. Haddington, 29-9-1902. SCS. 
S. triandra, L. D. 15. Manthorpe, 9-1904. SCS. 


SALIX PURPUREA, var. WOOLGARIANA 
Leaves by Nematus salicis-cinerez 
D. 15. Near Paper Mill, Grantham, 25-8-1904. S CS. This 
Saw-fly also attacks S. repens. D. 5. Scotton Common, 1905. 
SCS. 


BY APHIDES OR GREEN-FLY (Hemiptera- 
Homoptera.) 


ABIES EXCELSA. 
Shoots by Adelges abietis 
D. 2. Broughton, 1896. E. A. W-Peacock. 


ATRIPLEX ANGUSTIFOLIA, Sm. 
Leaves by Aphis at-riplicis, L. 
N. Spilsby, 28-7-1904. S CS. D. 13, 15. Frequent in these 
Divisions. S CS. This Aphis attacks Chenopoduim album. 
D. 13. Court Leys, 8-1903, and D. 15. Londonthorpe, 1904. 
SCS. 


CRATAGUS MONYGNA, Jacq. 


Leaves by Aphis crategi 
D. 15. Skellington, 1-8-1905. D. 15. Manthorpe, 1905, London- 
thorpe, 1906. SCS&. 


a 


150 Lincolnshire Galled-Plants. 


JUNCUS LAMPROCARPUS, E£hrh. 
Leaves by Livia juncorum 
D. 3. Cadney, 1893. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 10. Woodhall Spa, 
10-1901. SCS. D. 15, 16. Frequent in South. 


RIBES NIGRUM, L. 
Leaves by Rhopalosiphum ribis 
D. 3. 138, 14, 15. Frequent. S CS. This Aphis also attacks 
R. rubrum, L. “ Red Currant” but not so often as the Black 
Currant. D. 3. Cadney, 1902. E. A. W-Peacock. D.15. SCS. 


STELLARIA HOLOSTEA, L. 
Leaves by Brachycolus stellariz 
D. 2. Bottesford, 1893. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 15. Sapperton, 
8-1903. Brandon, 7-1907. S CS. This Aphis attacks 
S. graminea, L. D. 13. Court Leys, 23-9-1902. Haddington, 
29-9-1902. SCS. 


ULMUS MONTANA, Stokes. 
Leaves by Schizoneura ulmi, L. 
D. 3,2 13,14, 15,16. Very common. 


ULMUS MONTANA, Stokes. 
Leaves by Tetraneura ulmi 
D. 13. Court Leys, 27-5-1903. D. 16. Carlby, 6-1904. S CS. 


LONICERA PERICLYMENUM, L. 
Flower-head by Siphocoryne xylostei, Schrh. 
D. 15. Denton, 1905. Honington, 8-1907. SCS 


POPULUS NIGRA, L. 
Petiole of leaves by Pemphigus bursarius 
D. 6. Lineoln, 7-1901. D. 11. Skegness, 6-1907. SCS. D. 15. 
Harrowby, 8-1904. John Hawkins. 


PYRUS MALUS. 
Trunk, branches, and twigs by Schizoneura lanigera, Haus. 
“American blight.” D. 13. Court Leys, 18-10-1902, also on 
orchard apple trees. D. 15. Grantham (Avenue Road,) 1904. 
SCS. 


PYRUS DOMESTICA, Ehrh. 
Leaves by Aphis pyri 
D. 15. Grantham (Avenue Road), 6-1904. SCS. 
RHAMNUS CATHARTICUS, L. 


Leaves by Trichopsylla Walkeri 
D. 13, 14,15. Very frequent in these Divisions, SCS. 


BY MITES (Aearprina). 


ACER CAMPESTRE, L. 
Leaves by Eriophyes macrorhyneus 
D. 3. Cadney, 1-6-1902. E.A.W-Peacock. D.13,14,15,16. Very 
frequent in South, probably the same in North. SCS. This 
plant is also galled by E. macrochelus Nal. D. 13. Court 
Leys, 1902. D.14. Cranwell, 7-1903. D.15. Brandon, 13-9-1902. 
D. 15. Careby Wood, 6-1903. SCS. 


ACER PSEUDO-PLANTANUS, L. 
Leaves by Phyllocoptes acericola 
D. 2. Bottesford, 1895-99. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 11. Skegness, 
6-1907. D. 15. Sapperton, 3-9-1902. Brandon,12-7-1907. D.14. 
Cranwell, 15-10-1902. D. 16. Stamford, 6-1905. SCS, 


Lincolnshive Galled-Plants. 151 


ALNUS GLUTINOSA, Medic. 
Leaves by Eriophyes levis 
D. 15. Belton Park, 15-8-1905. SCS. This tree is also galled 
by E. axillaris. D. 15. Belton Park, 8-1904. John Hawkins. 


BETULA ALBA. 
Branch by Eriophyes rudis 
“Witches brooms.” D. 3, 2, 6, 15. Frequent. Buds, by same 
mite. D. 15. Denton and Belton Park, 8-1904. SCS. 


CORYLUS AVELLANA, L. 
Buds by Eriophyes avellane 
D. 8. Acthorpe Wood, Louth. D. 138, 15,16. Common in South, 
probably the same in North. 


CRATAGUS MONYGNA, Jacq. 
Leaves by Eriophyes gonithorax, Nal. 
D. 2, 3, 10, 13, 14, 15, 16. Very common. S C S. Leaves by 
i E. crataegi, Canest. D. 13. Court Leys, 29-5-1903. D. 15. 
Little Ponton, 8-1904. SCS. 


FRAXINUS EXCELSIOR, L. 
Leaves by Phyllocoptes fraxini 
D. 2, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16. Frequent. Fruiting peduncles by 
Eriophyes fraxini, Nalepa. D. 15. Brandon, 20-9-1902. Little 
Ponton, 8-1904. Grantham, 12-1904. SCS. 


GALUIM APARINE, L 
Leaves by Eriophyes galii 

D. 8, 11, 13, 15, 16. Frequent in South. This mite also attacks 
G. moliugo. D. 15. Harrowby, 7-1904. Little Ponton, 8-1904. 
Great Ponton, 25-8-1905. And G. verum, L. D. 13. Court 
Leys, 23-9-1902. D. 14. Cranwell, 7-1903. D. 16. Careby, 
6-1903. SCS. This Galium is also attacked by E. galliobius. 
Terminal leaves. D. 13. Byard’s Leap, 12-8-1903. D. 11. 
Skegness, 25-8-1904. SCS. 


JUGLANS REGIA. 
Leaves by Eriophyes tristratus var. erinea 
D. 11, 13, 15, 16. Frequent. 


PRUNUS SPINOSA. 
Leaves by Eriophyes similis 
D. 3. Cadney, 30-8-1902. EH. A. W-Peacock. D. 13, 15,16. SCS. 
PYRUS COMMUNIS. 
Leaves by Eriophyes piri 
D. 2. Bottesford, 1899-01. E.A.W-Peacock. D. 13. Caythorpe, 
6-1903. D. 14. Cranwell, 7-1903. D. 18. Brandon, 7-1907. 
F SCS. 
_PYRUS AUCUPARIA, Ehrh. 
Leaves by Eriophyes aucupariz 
D. 13. Frieston, 10-7-1903. D.15. Stubton, 29-7-1903. Harrowby, 
1-8-1907. SCS. 
_RIBES NIGRUM, L 
Buds by Eriophyes ribis 
D. 15. Brandon, 1903. Saltisford, 6-1904. Little Ponton, 9-1905, 
Grantham, 1906. SCS. : 


SALIX ALBA, L 
Leaves by Eriophyes marginatus 
D. 2. Bottesford, 1901. E. A. W-Peacock, D, 13. Caythorpe, 
25-10-1902. SCS, é 


152 Lincolnshive Galled-Plants. : 


SALIX CAPREA, L. 


Leaves by Eriophyes tetranothrix-levis 
D. 3. Poolthorn, 26-8-1903. E. A. W-Peacock. 


TAXUS BUCCATA, L. 


Leaf buds by Eriophyes psilaspis, Nal. 
D. 13. Court Leys, 1-5-1903. SCS. 


THYMUS SERPYLLUM, Fr. 


Leaves by Phyllocoptes thymi, Malepa. 
D. 13, 14, 15,16. Frequent. SCS. 


TILIA EUROPAA. 
Leaves by Eriophyes tiliz 
D. 2. Bottesford, 1896. Secawby, 1899. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 15, 
Grantham, 1904. Little Ponton, 4-9-1905. SCS. 


BY BEETLES (Coleoptera). 


BASSICA NAPUS, L. 
Roots by Centhorhynchus sulcicollis 
D. 2, 3. Bottesford, 1898. Cadney, 1896. Kirton-Lindsey, 1900. 
E. A. W-Peacock. D. 13. Court Leys, 3-11-1902. D. 15. 
Grantham, 1904. SCS. This beetle also attacks B. rutabaga. 
D. 3, 2. Bottesford, 1876. Cadney, 1891-1902. Hibaldstow. 
1899-1902. K.A.W-Peacock. D. 13. Court Leys, 2-1903. SCS. 
and B. sinapistrum, B. D. 2. HibaJdstow, 7-1902, “but only 
found on ground when looked for which had lately been roots.” 
K. A. W-Peacock. 
PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, L. 
Flower-stalk by Mecinus pyraster 
D. 14. Rauceby, 13-8-1902. D. 11. Skegness, 6-1905. SCS. 


VERONICA ANAGALLIS, L. 
Seed vessels by Gymnetron villosulus, Gyll. 
D. 11. Skegness, 16-8-1903. Thomas Stow. D.15. Great Ponton, 
25-8-1905. John Hawkins. 


BY FUNGI. 


ALNUS GLUTINOSA, Medie. 


Roots by Schinzia alni 
D. 15. Saltisford, 28-2-1905. SCS. 


AMYGDALUS PERSICA var. NECTARINA. 


Leaves by Exoascus deformans 
D. 13. Court Leys, 24-5-19038. SCS. 


ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS, Br. 
Seeds by Claviceps purpurea, Tl. 

D. 15. West Allington, 7-1904. SCS. This fungus attacks 
Glyceria flultans. D. 15. Brandon, 13-9-1904. Little Ponton, 
4-9-1905. Cherry Holt, Grantham. 20-9-1905. S C S., and 
Lolium perenne, L. D. 15. Brandon, 13-9-1904. Grantham 
(Paper-mill lane), 9-1904, SCS., this is Ergot, 


4 
: 
; 
t 
: 


Lincolnshive Galled-Plants. © 153 


aor elus NIGRA, L. a 


“Leaves by Exoascus aureus 
D. 11. Skegness, 16-8-1903. Thomas Stow. D. 15. Stubton, 
29-7-1903. Brandon, 8-1907. S CS. Harrowby, 8-1904. John 
Hawkins. 


RANUNCULUS REPENS, L. 


Leaves and stems by Polycystis pompholygodes, Lev. 
D. 11. Spilsby, 28-7-1904. D. 15. Frequent in this division. 
SCS. 


ROSA CANINA, L. 


Shoots by Phragmidium subcortleatum 
D. Redbourne, 1903. E. A. W-Peacock. D. 19. Court Leys, 
5-1903. D. 15. Grantham, 5-1904. S CS. 


VIOLA ODORATA, L. 


Stems and leaves by Polycystis viola, Brem. 
D. 15. Grantham, 8-1906. Brandon, 8-1907. V. sylvatica, and 
V. hirta. D. 14. Cranwell, 1903. S CS. 


BURSA BURSA-PASTORIS. 


Stems and leaves by Cystopus candidus. 
D. 13. Court Leys, 10-1903. D.15. Sapperton, 1903. Saltisford, 
1904. Grantham, 1907. Brassica sinapistrum. OD. 15. 
Sapperton, 1904. SCS. 


BY MOTHS. 


PINUS SYLVESTRIS. 


Shoots by Retiina resinella 
D. 2. Bottesford Moors, 1874. Broughton, 1893-1900. E. A. 
W-Peacock. : 


Cobites Tsenia in Lineolnshire. 


At Bardney, on September 6th last, whilst using a small gauze 
net for taking Pisidium fontinale, I was fortunate in taking two 
specimens of the above-named fish, as far as | know, the spiny 


- [This species has also been recorded for the Trent.--DAy. 
A Ana ae late mr. Bones says: oo taken in the “ Butt” 


THE PYGMY FERINT AGE IW 
LINCOLNSHIRE. 


A ConTRIBUTION TO THE ETHNOLOGY or LINCOLNSHIRE. 


By Rev. AtFrep Hunt, M.A. 


‘The subject of my address as President of the Naturalists’ 
Union for the year 1907, is practically a New Subject, but concerns 
a very old period of Natural History. 


Natural History points back to the Creation of Man as the 
crowning development of Creative Power. No higher form of 
beings that we are aware of, have been created since Mankind. 


The study of Ethnology, or-the study of Races and Tribes of 
men, has in regard to our own County been largely neglected in 
the past. ‘To-day it is my privilege to call your attention to an 
interesting race of beings who have existed in our County, and left 
traces behind them of an unmistakeable character, and I venture 
to give them a title that will be clearly understood :—The Pygmy 
Race of Mankind in Lincolnshire. 


A generation ago scarcely any man in England or abroad 
seems to haye noticed the small diminutive ints which are now 
known to specialists as Pygmy Flints. Dr. Colley March, of 
Rochdale, Lancashire, seems to have been the first person in 
England to have noticed them and recorded his observations. 


Contemporaneously, the late Mr. A. C. Carlleyle of the 
Archeological Survey ol India, discovered many Pygmy Flints at 
Sohagi Ghat, on the Northern Scarp of the Vindhya Mountains 
and left notes of them. More specimens were found in the same 
district by the same person in 1880—1881. 


They were followed by my friends, W. H. Sutcliffe, Esq., of 
Littleborough, Lancashire, and The Rev. Reginald A. Gatty of 


5 DEC 21 
NATURAL 
HISTORY. 


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The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshire. 155 


Hooton Roberts Yorkshire,—the latter gentleman some eight years 
ago spoke to me about Pygmy Flints, and asked if I had ever 
come across any in Lincolnshire—at once my thoughts turned 
to Scunthorpe Common, and I asked Mr. Edgar Brown, then 
Manager, of the Scunthorpe Branch of Smith’s Bank, to look out 
for them in August 1g00, and in a short time, he found several 
specimens and was introduced to Dr. Gatty. Dr. Gatty has since 
discovered, as the result of much close personal search, many 
thousands of Pygmy Flints at Scunthorpe. 


Praces WHERE Founp. 


Pygmy Flints are scattered in various places all over the 
world, and records of their discovery have now been made in 
Belguim, Palestine, Syria, Egypt, India, Southern Spain, France 
North and Central Africa and in Great Britain. 

In Great Britain they have been found at Glenluce in 
Wigtonshire, Scotland, various places in Ireland in East Lancashire 
near Rochdale, at Hooton Roberts in South Yorkshire, in the Isle 
of Man, at Bradfield West Riding of Yorkshire, at Hastings, 
Sevenoaks, Sittingbourne, Mildenhall, Cambridgeshire, Laken- 
heath, Suffolk, Marton Common, Lincolnshire, but by far the 
largest number found in any one place in England is that of 
Scunthorpe Common, North Lincolnshire, and that discovery is 
not yet ten years old. 


Since their discovery at Scunthorpe, Lincolnshire, specimens 
of these Pygmy Flints from our County have been exhibited in 
London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Manchester, and other places, and 
owing to the kindness of Mr. Edgar Brown many excellent 
specimens are now to be seen in the County Museum at Lincoln. 
Specimens representing various places abroad are to be seen in 
the British Museum—in cases Nos. 43 and 152. 


Having stated where they have been found I now venture to 


‘try and describe what are Pygmy Flints. Practically they are 


a class by themselves. From my private collection I am able to 
exhibit a few specimens, and also slide views showing Lincolnshire 
specimens compared with specimens from India. 


From these specimens it will be seen they are small pieces of 


156 The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshive. 


flint, often only half an inch long, made into various shapes, and 
for convenience sake they have been classified as :—— 


Crescent Shaped 

Triangular or Scalene 

Arrow Head 

Rounded and Pointed 

Chisel Shaped 

Trapezoid or Rhomboidal 

Flint Flakes like knives with serrated chipped 
edges at the back. 


They are beautifully made and show extraordinary keen 
sight in those who made them—frequently one side only shows 
secondary working, and the chipping is so finely done that often 
twenty and thirty different chips have been made on a fine thin 
‘edge of flint in the length of half an inch. 


The question has been asked, how may we know Pygmy 
Flints are the work of mankind? Practically by the same 
method that we know other Flint or Stone Implements are 
the handiwork of man—Examine these Pygmy Flints iiss and 
you will be able to trace 


1 The Bulb of percussion showing where the blow was 
struck to separate the flake from the Flint Nodule. 


iS) 


The Choncoidal Fracture running down the length of 
the flint. 

3. The Dorsal ridges on the back of the Flint. 

4 The secondary working along one edge. 


5 The Patina or skin, the result of weathering or exposure. 


These distinct characteristics prove these flints are no hap- 
hazard flakings from a flint core. 


When you can pick up these Pygmy Flints and show all these 
peculiarities you are able to convince reasonable men that they 
are the work of a race of people, who, with keen vision and clever 
handiwork, were able to make tools which have outlived their 
own age and race by many thousands of years. 


The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshire. 157 


SIMILARITY IN DESIGN. 


One point of great interest in these widely scattered Pygmy 
Flints is the great similarity in design. So much is this similarity 
carried out that if you place a Scunthorpe specimen beside one 
found on the Vindhya Hills in India, it is almost impossible 
to say which is from the one place and which is from the other. 


This similarity in design has led many specialists to think 
that the Pygmy Flints of Scunthorpe are the work of a migrating 
people, who passed over from India through Asia and Europe to 
Britain. Amongst those who accept this theory are Dr. Gatty and 
Vincent A. Smith, M.A., of the Indian Civil Service, one of the 
greatest specialists we have on this subject. 

WHAT WAS THE USE OF THESE PyGmy FLints ? 
Various conjectures have been made as to the use of these small 
flint implements. They must have been made for human daily 
use and need. 


Avvow Points are easily accounted for as used in hunting— 
being it is supposed fastened to wood shafts ; which is still the 
practice of Australian savages. 


; Fishing Hooks is another very natural suggestion, for some of 
the forms, when fixed with sinew or gut, the triangular form 
makes a specially suitable hook to catch in the throat of fish. 


Knives is undoubtedly another use to which some specimens 
are adapted; the clear cut edge would, even after the lapse of 
- thousands of years, cut flesh of animals at the present time. 


: Boring Tools for making holes to sew skins together for 
clothing purposes is also a natural theory for other specimens of 
_ these Pygmy Flints. 


' Chisels for scraping and shaping wood handles or hafts of 
their tools is also another suggestion, which is highly probable 
from the shape of the flints with a square cutting edge. 


- Skin Scrapers is still another use for which some specimens 

of the implements may have been made, by these people who 

lived by the chase—while it is also possible that other shapes 

ere mounted in wood frames and used as saws, sickles and 

harpoons, as shewn in British Museum Handbook, fig 118. 
a 


158 The Pygmy Flint Age tn Lincolnshive. 


Some of them may have been used for tattooing —as has been 
suggested; but certainly not a great proportion of the many 
thousands that have been found. 


By wHat Cass or PEOPLE WERE THESE IMPLEMENTS MADE. 


To begin with, these small implements were made by people 
with keen vision, the minute character of their work being more 
easily seen and appreciated under a magnifying glass than with 
the naked eye of an ordinary observer. 


They were also clever designers as the persistent shapes of 
these implements show. It isnot to an ordinary person an easy 
matter to chip out a piece of flint in the shape of these samples, 
the same figures or shapes are repeated in hundreds of instances. 


Again they were careful workers as is seen by the way in 
which these flint implements are made—to-day men would have 
to exercise almost the care of a jeweller if they wished to make 
implements equal in shape and accuracy to those found on the 
Scunthorpe Floor, made by these Pygmy Workers. 


They knew how to make a five, as many fragments of 
Charcoal have been found on the floors of their dwelling places. 


As regards theiy clothing | am inclined to the idea that they 
clothed themselves but sightly, and what clothing they had was 
made of the skins of animals taken in the chase. 


Pycmy Sites, STATIONS OR DWELLING PLACES. 


One very interesting feature regarding Pygmy Stations, sites 
or dwelling places where these Flints are found is their close 
association with a Peat Floor. Monsieur de Pierpoint says, “‘ He 
collected some thousands of Pygmy Flints on the high plateaux 
above the Meuse. Formerly a thick forest covered these mountains 
and in that district the small flints are mostly found near springs 
and away from the east winds.” Both at Scunthorpe and on the 
Hills of the Pennine Range it is on, or in the Peat that these 
Diminutive Flints are discovered. Dr. Colley March found them in 
a bed of Peat six feet deep, in certain cases ten feet deep, and at an 
altitude of thirteen hundred and fifty feet above sea level. Dr. 
Gatty found them at Scunthorpe on the top o! the Peat and below 
the wind-blown sand 200 feet above sea level. 


The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshive. 159 


It was on the Peat that I and my friends, the Rev. R. N. 
Matthews, of Tetney, in the year 1900, and the Rey. Samuel Wild, 
of Dunholme, found numerous examples as recently as thus 
last Spring, 1907. Dr. Gatty found as many as 200 implements 
on the floor of one habitation. These facts lead me to the belief 
that the Natural conditions or surroundings of Scunthorpe have 
completely changed since the time .of the deposit of these 
implements. 


I believe that the Natural conditions at Scunthorpe were 
very much like the conditions at the Ituri Forest of North 
Africa at the present day, where we see a Peat Deposit in progress. 
That the Pygmies lived ina warmer atmosphere at Scunthorpe 
than now exists in England, and that these people lived in 
communities in small huts, suchas may be seen now among these 
living survivals of Pygmy People. hey were in fact Forest 
Dwellers. 

No pottery has been found with the Pygmy Flints in 
Lincolnshire, but a class of rude hand-made pottery has been 
found with the Indian Pygmy Flints, and entire skeletons of the 
Pygmy people have been found both iv India and Germany. In- 
India they dwelt in caves and rock shelters, but at Scunthorpe we 
have no trace of caves or rock shelters, therefore hut circles seem 
to be the only alternative to fall back upon as their dwelling 
places in Lincolnshire. 


_ To wnat Periop in THE SToNE AGE MUST WE ATTRIBUTE THE 
; Pycmy Race or MANKIND? 

Here we have a problem that puzzles many at the present 
time. Mr. Read of the British Museum suggests a Neolithic Age 
_ or Bronze Period, while Mr. Vincent Smith does not agree with 
that, but inclines to the belief that they are to be placed at the 
end of the Paleolithic Age. Dr. Colley March, calls at ‘The Early 
- Neolithic Floor of East Lancashire. 


~ One thing is certain, we do not find any smooth or polished 
stone implements on the Pygmy Floor. Another thing is equally 
true we do not find Pygmy Flints associated with Bronze or 


~ 


Copper implements, so that they were not metal workers. 


The suggestion has been thrown out that the Pygmies were a- 


160 The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshire. 


weak race who were overcome by Neolithic Man, this may be true 
but we have the authority of Herodotus 2,000 years ago, and 
modern travellers like Dr. Wollaston of 1907, pointing out that 
the Pygmies were, and are at the present time, rather a fighting 
race of people. After considering all the evidence obtainable, I 
am inclined to think that the Pygmy Race must be placed in the 
Messeolithic or Middle Stone Age. 


It is true that at one period, “There were giants on the earth 
in those days,” so also it is true that there were dwaris on the 
earth in other days. Was this race the Iberic Race? 


It 1s ably argued by Mr. W. J. Knowles vice-president of the 
Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, that Neolithic Man is the 
descendant of Paleolithic Man. 


The question before Ethnologists to-day is; How was this 
transition effected? Was it through a Messeolithic Age ? 


Because there are no references to the Pygmy Flint Age in 
the Standard Books of 30 years ago on Pre-Historic Man, such as 
Boyd Dawkins, Canon Greenwell, Sir John Evans, and Mr. 
Mortimer of Driffield, some few people are prepared to question 
the reality of what are called Pygmy Flints. 


To begin with, each of these authors referred to, have within 
the last few years become thorough believers in Pygmy Flints as 
the product of mankind. This is shown by their speeches at 
the recent meetings of the British Association at York and else- 
where. — 

Then let the doubtful person concerning Pygmy Flints turn 
to recent works on Pre-Historic Man, such as Mr. Charles H. Read’s 
Handbook or Guide to the Stone Age, in the British Museum, 
published 1go2, to Prof. Windle’s Book on Remains of Pre- Historic 
Age in England, published 1904, to the Articles by Vincent A. 
Smith, late of India Civil Service, to Dr. Gatty, and other works, 
he will then I think, if open to conviction, be ready to admit there 
is more evidence fora Pygmy Race than he anticipated. 


HistorIcAL REFERENCE TO PyGmMy Races oF MANKIND. 


If we go back to the Ancients, we have the authority 
of Herodotus, Book II., Chapter 33, Page 51. That “ The 


ee Te a 


The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshive. ey r6y 


Nasamonians were captured and carried off by the Pygmy Tribe 
and led across extensive marshes, and finally came to a town 
where all the men were the height of their conductors and black 
~ complexioned under the middle height.” 


Homer’s Illiad, Book III., Line g, refers to Pygmy Nations. 


Aristotle calls them Troglodytal—which would seem to 
‘indicate that they were Cave Dwellers in that age. Homer and 
Aristotle both place them near the sources of the Nile. _ 

Pliny, Book VI, 19, and Philostratus Vit Apoll Tz III., 47, 
__and others, place them in India, where in modern days many 
thousands of Pygmy Flints have been found. 


The representation of Pygmy People is frequently met with 
on Greek Vases. 

After 2,000 years of literary silence about Pygmy People, 
modern travellers like Captain Harrison, have brought over from 
the Ituri Forest, Pygmy People, and exhibited them in all parts 
of England. 


Smatt Dark CoLourREn PEOPLE UNDER THE MIDDLE HEIGHT. 


| Major Powell Cotton, only this year 1907, gives his experience 
of life among the Pygmies of the Congo Forest, and describes 
_ them as “Small dark coloured people under the Middle Height.” 


Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston, also this year has returned to 
civilization through the Congo Forest, and the volcanic region of 
_ Mfumbiro, and says the tops of the extinct volcanoes are covered 
_ with dense bamboo, and inhabitated by a Pyginy Race. 


In Central Mexico we have relics of a Pygmy People. ‘The 
_ dried head of one being offered in Mr. Steven’s London auction 
room this year. 

The last surviving Aztecs, a very diminutive people, I 
remember to have seen exhibited in Manchester 30 years ago. 

_ All these instances point to Diminutive or Pygmy Races of 
Men scattered over the world—and in the flint implements left 
behind by these Pygmy People on the Scunthorpe Floor we have, 
a hope, a fitting subject for the Naturalists of the Lincolnshire 
Naturalists’ Union to study for some years to come. 


162 The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshire. 


As the literature on this subject is so limited I venture to 
name the authorities quoted or referred to in this address. 


AUTHORITIES CONSULTED. 


Herodotus. Phiny. 
Homer. Philostratus. 
Aristotle. 


British Museum, Guide to’Stone Age, by C. H Read, Esq. 

Dr. Colley March, of Rochdale. 

W. H. Sutcliffe, Esq., of Littleborough. 

The Rev. Reginald A. Gatty, LL.B., of Hooton Roberts, Denese: 

Dr. Sturge, formerly of Nice, now of Mildenhall, Cambridge. 

The late A. ©. Carlleyle, ’sq., of the Archaeological Survey of 
India. 


M. de Pierpoint, of Brussels. 

M. Thieullen, of Paris. 

Sir John. Evans. 

Professor Boyd Dawkins. 
Professor Windle, of ee ena 
Major Powell Cotton. 

Dr. A. F. R. Wollaston. 

Vincent A. Smith, [sq., M.A. 


Occurrence of the Sliver Striped Hawk 
Moth at Lincoln. 


A fresh specimen of Phyrxus Livornica was seen by myself 
and a friend in his garden, St. Catherines Lincoln, at Phlox 
blooms, about 7-15 p.m. on evening of August 21st last. 


J. F. Musuam, 


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NATURAL 
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The Lincolnshire Keuper Escarpm ent 


And its Bearing on, and Relation to the County. 


On the west side of the County of Lincoln, a long cliff, or 
escarpment, of the Keuper, the highest formation of the Triassic 
series, runs in a fairly straight line from north to south, for a 

distance of about eighteen miles, bordering the eastern bank of the 
_ river Trent ; the formation of the cliff being the natural result of 
_ the carving out by that river of the valley through which it flows. 
_ These upper Keuper beds consist of red and variegated marls which 
are readily affected by erosion, but in places this soft, yielding, 
substance becomes indurated by slabs and veins of gypsum, and 
other materials, which enable it to resist denudation to a great 
extent. Hence we have, in some places, hardened masses of 
‘Keuper rock standing out in bluffs and headlands; while in 
others, where the soft marls prevail, and have been subjected to 
water erosion, the surface gets worn down almost to the ordinary 
level of the land around. What these unprotected areas meant in 
telation to the County when the Trent floods prevailed, we shall 
presently see. 


Starting from the north of the County we meet with. the first 


| erosion. From this hill the escarpment runs southwards through 


164 The Lincolnshive Keu per Escarpment. | 


when the river flowed at a higher level, before the existence of the 
Trent valley) to Marton, where we meet with the first serious — 
break in its continuity ; and the first bank made by the Romans _ 
to keep the flood-waters of the Trent away from their colony on 
the Lindis river. Here, a little way beyond the village of Marton, 
the cliff recedes eastwards towards Brampton, having been cut 


back and worn away by floods which have left traces of their tracks 
on its side. Passing on to Torksey we find another break through 
the line of the escarpment, on the north side of the church, 
which also admitted the flood-waters of the river; after which, 
a little further on, we come to the Foss Dyke—shown in the 
accompanying photograph—which was constructed by the 
Romans to put Lincoln into communication with the Trent. 


About two hundred yards from the entrance to this Dyke 
the Trent waters are kept in check by a lock, and the stream 
flows on to Lincoln, joining the rivers Till and Witham on its way. 
After which the combined stream, under the name of the latter 
river, passes on to Boston and falls through another lock into the 
sea; and so level is the land the whole way—a distance of about 
forty-three miles—that only two intermediate locks are required— 
one at Lincoln and the other at Bardney—to hold up the water 
and render navigation practicable. 


The part of the escarpment we are now entering on has been 
so well described by the late Mr. J. S. Padley, in his valuable 
book, on the “Fens and Floods of Mid-Lincolnshire” (a work. 
that was published by subscription and so is not generally 
accessible), that Icannot do better than use, as far as possible, his 
own words in dealing with the district. Mr. Padley, whose kindly, 
courteous manner will be recalled by many of us with pleasure, — 
had gathered much information about the flooding of this area by 
the waters of the Trent breaking through the escarpment ; and, in 
his work alluded to above, he says: ‘Before the time of the 
Romans, every flood of the Trent flowed down to Lincoln. A 
range of low sandhills extends from the village of Girton in — 
Nottinghamshire to Marton Cliff in Lincolnshire,” and in this low — 
region he describes five openings through which the water was 
accustomed to flow ; the first, and the most southerly one, was in — 


The Lincolnshire Keuper Escarpment. 165 


the township of Spaldford ; the second in the parish of Newton: 
the third near the south side of the Foss Dyke, at its entrance 
into the Trent; the fourth in the parish of Torksey, on the north 
of the church; and the fifth in the township of Brampton—the 
fourth and fifth being those near Torksey and Brampton which - 
we have already alluded to. “Doubtless these openings (Mr. 
Padley goes on to say), were embanked by the Romans, but since 
their time, being neglected, the banks have broken at different 
periods, and allowed the flood-water to inundate the country down 
to Lincoln, and so into the Fens.” The Spaldford Bank was the 
most dangerous, and Mr. Padley gives an interesting description 
of some of the great floods that came from that quarter. One of 
them, in 1795, flooded great parts of Nottinghainshire and 
Lincolnshire, and covered nearly twenty thousand acres west of 
Lincoln, the water there being dammed up by the High Street ; 
while the flood-mark at the time “was nearly eight feet above 
the ordinary water in the Foss Dyke, or ten feet above the present 
level of the land.’ Other floods which did great damage are 
mentioned by Mr. Padley up to the years 1852 and 1877; but it is 
well known that the Trent has repeatedly broken through its 
banks, not those made by the Romans only, but others as well, 
almost down to the present day; and parts of Lincoln and 
Gainsborough, and many of the villages around have suffered 
from floods, which, however, in these days of precaution are 
_ happily getting less frequent ; while skating in severe, wet winters 
from Lincoln, and even from Gainsborough, to Boston, over the 
flooded area, has occasionally been possible. 


It will be noticed that Mr. Padley in his description of this 
area makes no mention of the Cliff at Newton, nor of the escarp- 
ment, beyond speaking of “a range of low sandhills” between 
_ Girton and Marton. The escarpment, however, after leaving 
_ Torksey, is plainly discernible, though at a low elevation, skirting 
the east side of the Trent, while at Newton it forms a conspicuous 
object known as the ‘“ Newton Cliff,” a photograph of which, 
_ through the kindness of Mr. H. Preston of Grantham, we.aze able 
to produce. Either Mr. Padley hadno knowledge of the escarp- 
ment, or, what is more probable, took no notice of it beyond the 


166 The Lincolnshive Keuper Escarpment. 


way in which it affected his ‘ Fens and Floods.” ‘The Cliff at 
Newton is remarkably picturesque, and the Lincolnshire 
Naturalists’ Union held one of its most interesting meetings there 
this year. 


As before stated the portions of the escarpment which remain 
at the present time owe their durability, for the most part, to the 
gypsum they contain. This mineral, which is an aqueous deposit, 
found in many sedimentary beds, is formed, and is being formed 
in the present day, in a variety of ways. It is usually white, but 
in places it gets stained with impurities and becomes dirty-look- 
ing and dull, or red and yellow when discoloured by iron oxide. 
Sir Archibald Geikie, in his text book, mentions several modes in 
which it may be formed—such as “ a chemical precipitate from 
solution in water, as when sea water is evaporated ;” or from the 
decomposition of sulphide acting on limestone; or through the 
action of sulphurous vapours upon calcareous rocks, &c. ; and it 
is to the first of these methods that the gypsum in the Keuper 
Marls owes its origin, for the Keuper once formed the fringe of a 
large inland sea, or salt lake, which has left traces of its former 
condition in the pseudomorphous crystals, filling up the cavities 
which the true salt crystals once occupied; many of which are 
found in those parts of the escarpment which have been dug into 
and disturbed. 


Gypsum occurs in various forms on the line of the Lincolnshire 
escarpment. On the north of Gainsborough it appears as fibrous, 
satiny bands. At Gainsborough, and on the south of the town, we 
meet with it in granulated rubbly masses, interstratified with 
layers of hardened sandstone. [T'urther south it lies in isolated, 
saccharoid nodules, which.are highly soluble ; (so much so that I 
once saw a good sized block, which was lying exposed on the 
Railway bank, pierced, ina short time, clean through by the con- 
tinual drip, drip, from the cornice of a bridge above it), while in the 
Newton Cliff, as the photograph above referred to shows, it occurs 
in lenticular bands and veins running in all directions, some of 
which frequently cross and intercross one with another, producing 
a remarkable, but not uncommon, effect. 


Had the escarpment all along the line, being fortified and 


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The Lincolnshive Keuper Escarpment. 167 


hardened, by gypsum, as it is at Gainsborough, Gate Burton, and 
Newton, there would have been no need of the Roman banks ; and 
the land on the west of Lincoln could not have been worn down 
by floods to its present low level; and even the fen land on the 
east of the city (though kept alive by the overflowing tides of the 
Wash, and fed by other rivers beside the Witham), might, for 
lack of supply from the Trent floods, and probably would, have 
borne a very different aspect. 


Lineolnshire Rock Specimens. 


A collection of the above is being made, and arranged in the 
City and County Museum at Lincoln. Among those already 
- acquired is a series that show the geological position of the 
_ Keupers, so well described in the foregoing article by Mr. F. M. 
Burton, F.G.S. 
7 A series of specimens from the Boring at Boultham (presented 
by the Lincoln Waterworks Committee), shows that the Keuper 
is met with at 669 feet below the surface, in the valley of the 
Witham, and at that point is 868 feet in thickness. At Newton 
Cliff, about eleven miles westward of Lincoln, the Keuper out- 
crops and gives the name to that area, standing above the ‘Trent 
some fifty feet or more. Mr. T.S. Bavin has presented a series of 
_ specimens from a bore made to locate coal in which the Keuper 
_ is found to be at the West of the County 850 feet in thickness. 
s Another series of specimens consist of the red and grey marls, 
and selected pieces of gypsum taken from the cliff itself at the 
point illustrated in Mr. Preston’s photograph. Visitors to the 
Museum are therefore able to see actual specimens of this forma- 
tion, also their relative position as shown in two instances, by the 
very deep borings at Boultham and Collingham, Mr. Burton has 
also presented an interesting ripple-marked slab, or waterstone, 
from the Keuper, which is placed in the same case. It should be 
noted that the “dip” of this formation is shown by the two 
borings. ‘The Keuper standing 50 feet above the surface at 
Newton, is at Lincoln 669 feet below the surface, in the valley. 
The distance between the two points being about eleven miles. 


Ae SMITH, 


BROUGHTON WOODS. 


Rey. I. Aprian WooprurFE-Pracock, L.Tu., F.L.S. 


The vivid memories and notes of forty years are recalled by 
this place name. Geology, botany, zoology and anthropology— 
what varying lines of former interests, crowded aside by the 
battle of life, rise up before the mind. Most of them are still 
green enough to fill one’s day dreams of scientific conquest with 
vital realities. With all true workers—those who love knowledge 
for its own sake—there should always be a part of the higher self 
and its mental belongings, which forms an inclosed spot, a shrine, 
the sordid rush of life can never enter and defile. 


The very name Broughton Woods suggests a district, not a 
parish to me. This is the woodland and sandy common country 
extending from Appleby railway station on the north to Manton 
Warren on the south, and from Santon Wood and Sweeting 
Thorns on the west, to Broughton Decoy in the Ancholme Fen 
and Scawby park and lake on the east. In our youthful days 
topography was not our strong point, and the mental confusions 
of childhood are only too apt to cling to the grown man like 
other pecularities. One may know all the parish boundaries now, 
but they are disregarded as purely artificial, it is the district that 
is attractive asa whole. ‘There are few such neighbourhoods in 
Lincolnshire. The fifteen square miles thus roughly indicated, 
contain even to-day for working naturalists varying interests of 
the most engaging type. Fresh ground in new lines of enquiry 
opens out all over, when we begin to reflect on past work. 


The geology, because there are no surface minerals, has not 
been fully worked out on up-to-date lines. So for the earnest 
student there are problems innumerable. From the embedded 


Broughton Woods. 169 


forests of oak, yew, pine, birch and hazel in the Ancholme Valley 
to the distinction between the Hibaldslow and Kirton Beds of the 
Lincolnshire Limestone, or the transition beds between the Lias 
and Oolite on the cliff escarpment, or the isolated beds of plateau 
gravel of uncertain age which cap its summit, or the drift sands 
which bury and obscure its outline on the west—all require 
further elucidation. Man has been there from the time of the late 
forest growth after the age of glaciation. ‘The sandy commons, 
which the wind still idly shifts in places and piles up in fresh 
forms as it will, have rewarded interested collectors with lovely 
leaf-shaped and barbed arrow-heads of early neolithic workman- 
ship, and with the scrapers, saws and other rough tools peculiar 
to his time and knowledge of the arts. Here, too, as well as on 
Linwood to the east, have been discovered transition tools—wholly 
chipped and yet ground on the edge—with large wholly ground 
axes and bored hammers of the most finished workmanship. 
dearge numbers of Pygmy flints are scattered all over the sand 
_ hills. Some as perfectly wrought as their larger congeners. 
Could they be found in such quantities unless they were ‘“ the 
_ practise tools” of skilful children or the remains of a pygmy race? 
I who have picked up these tiny flints, which are clearly of human 
origin, have no theory to advance, for I know nothing of a 
pygmy race, and must leave the matter to acknowledged masters 
to find out the truth. This district has yielded splendid bronzes 
too, in variety of shapes showing marked evolution. We trust 
some of them will find their last resting place in the County 
Museum, along with the early and late worked stones of this 
locality. The Frodingham Ironstone Bed was worked in 
prehistoric times at Manton and Twigmoor. The remains of 
these old smeltings may be discovered as far as the protecting 
sand extends towards the Great Central Railway on the south. 
They are only exposed by rabbit burrows, or by ditching, or by the 
plough share, for like everything else—old iron diggings and 


ee ee es ee pete. 


the foot of Raventhorpe Hill to the Gull Ponds was regularly 
aired with these old scoriza within my note-taking memory, 
., within the last forty years, 


170 Broughton Woods. 


If we turn to botany for a moment, what other district within 
the Union's sphere of observation can compare with this area when 
the number and variety of some of the species its woods, quarries, 
commons, ponds, bogs, flashes, damp spots and ditches, are 
considered? If it wanted a new name we should properly call it 
Fowleria, for age may limit a man’s powers for field work, but 
no time the craving to know more of plants and their ways 
when it has once taken possession of the soul. The Canon of 
Liversedge with his sixty years of field work and graphic pen 
could alone do this department justice; a lesser knowledge can 
give but a barren and uninteresting summary. ‘The touch of life 
the master hand imparts is like the volatile ether in the wine—it 
makes it drinkable nectar, not grape juice in the raw. The 
species in this neighbourhood I have room to name are confined 
to two soils. The Lincolnshire Limestone with its two beds, and 
the moorland soils of blown sand and peat, or their mixtures 
Why the Hibaldstow Bed should be much richer than the Kirton 
Bed in rare species, is as yet an unsolved problem, but more of 
this anon. The glory of the early summer Anemone Pulsatilla 
still flourishes in a few isolated spots, while Aquilegia in three 
colours is a brilliant sight after fresh falls of woodland. Viola 
stagnina may now be gone, but wason the Peat at Manton with-. 
in the last twenty years. V. palustris is still plentiful if its lover 
knows where to look forit. It has a striking form here where it 
grows in long herbage which has not been recorded for any 
other spot. Saponaria officinalis and Silene noctiflova are both 
doubtful natives, but none the less interesting. Stellavia nemorum 
is the rarest of the rare good things—-I regret I have never found 
it. Hypericum montanum may still be taken in small quantities 
on both local beds of the Oolite. While Geranium sanguineum 
Oxalis acetosella, Rhamnus catharticus, Genista anglica, Astragalus 
danicus, A. glycyphyllos, along with Hippocrepts, and a lot of less 
conspicuities give variety to the collectors note book or vasculum. 
The genus Prunus is more fully represented than elsewhere ; 
Rubus has not yet been worked out on the new lines, which 
classes local forms and hybrids as good species, and still awaits 
some perhaps unborn rubiaster, of unapproached capacity in 
sub-division ; but R. saxatilis is locally plentiful with other good 


Broughton Woods. i7i 


species. Sedum Telephium is confined to a very limited area, and 
can hardly be a native. All three species of Drosera were found 
on Manton Warren till it was drained, though two perhaps may 
now be extinct. Lythvum still brightens the ditch sides, with 
other tiny beauties too numerous to be recorded. Myrrhis 
odovata is an alien, I fear, and difficult to discover. Next comes 
the great rarity Selinum Carvifolia. Canon Fowler made this 
locality famous in 1882, by adding this species to the British Flora 
from an isolated spot in Broughton Wood proper, where I have 
seen it this season flourishing like the true native itis. Asperula 
cynanchica, both species of Valeriana, Solidago virgaurea, Evigevon 
acre, Antennaria diotca, Carlina, Servatula and Lactuca muralis 
make up an interesting group not found readily together except- 
ing here. Hieraciarchs need not come seeking to add fresh 
leaves to their wreath of difficulties for others, for only ‘three 
species are found. All the large Campanule flourish, and the 
hybrid latifolia and trachelium has been found and recognised by 
Canon Fowler. Thehybrid, Primula acaulis and verts, is abundant 
locally at times, with Lysimachia nemorum, Anagallis pallida and 
_ A. tenella, though the latter I fear is now growing rarer. Gentiana 
~~ Pneumonanthe, G. Amarella, and G. campestris, with Polemonium 
Cynoglossum officinale, Myosotis collina, Lithospermum officinale, L. 
arvense, Hyuscyanus, Veronica montana, Melampyrum pratense, and 
Pinquicula vulgaris, help to make up a goodly list. We are not 
even at the end of our best things vet, as Origanum, both purple 
and white flowered, and the rare casual Galeopsis ochvoleuca, and 
the denizen Teucrium Chameedrys, Myrica, Ophrys apifera, O. 
mucifeva, confined to the outcrop of the Limestone Beds, and 
therefore rare, easily demonstrate. Here too are Habenaria 
_ conopsea, and H. chlovoleuca. ‘There are said to be four hundred 
acres of close grown Convallavia in Broughton Woods proper, to 


_ pulicaris, C. ligevica, C. echinata, C. acuta, C. pilulifera, C. 


Lycopodium alpinum just beyond the border of this area. Even 


172 Broughton Woods. 


this short list shows clearly what a prodigality of floral life these 
ancient commons and woods must once have possessed. 


The vertebrata have been cruelly thinned by time and man, 
and are not what they once were. The Fox, Badger, Otter, and 
Martencat, have been purposely destroyed by the persistent 
efforts of keepers for over a hundred years. ‘Though stray 
wanderers still arrive at long intervals to meet with the same fate. 
The smaller mammals flourish ; and dispite the constant warfare 
against the mustelines, the Polecat, Stoat and Weasel still flock 
to these rich game-covered soils. 


The bird life of these woods and commons is one of their 
greatest attractions still. ‘To.do it justice, more than one paper 
as long as this must be allowed to extend would be required for 
the purpose. ‘There has been a heronry here beyond human 


memory, a gullery of “ Blackheads " at Twigmoor, and a well- 
frequented duck pond at Manton. Broughton Decoy has long 
been nothing but a name, but wild fowl there are still in plenty. 
It would be folly to begin writing a full list of all the rare species 
that have appeared as passing visitors or that have bred here. 
The Wryneck is still found, and the Hoopoe has been recorded. 
Of the Marsh Harrier I have no recent record, but the Hen Harrier 
has bred. Montagu’s Harrier or ‘“‘ Egg Hawk” has now ceased to 
visit us. “The Common Buzzard, Rough Legged Buzzard, Golden 
Eagle, White-tailed Kagle, Goshawk, Kite, and Greenland 
Falcon have all been seen more or less frequently within the 
memory of people I have talked with. ‘The Peregrine in pairs 
has been twice with us during the last fifteen years, though I was 
not luckly enough to see it. It attempted on both occasions to 
nest in the woods, I was told, with the usual result. I saw the 
ducks, pigeons, and lapwings they had feasted on. My son 
Dennis, was luckly enough to view the female bird as she stooped 
magnificently at a large leveret, which, just in time, reached the 
cover of a big hedge. The last Osprey I have heard of was shot 
in 1900. The Sheldduck, Mallard, Godwall, Shoveller, Pintail, 
Teal, Gargancy, Wigeon and Pochard, breed or rest on passage 
in the ponds still. The Fern Owl, Woodcock and Snipe nest 
annually; the Pied Flycatcher and Golden Oriole occasionally ; 


Broughton Woods. i73 


even the Nutcracker has been known. Not being a master in 
ornithology, I must leave to other hands the smaller species, 
merely saying the Nightingale has since 1893, become an annual 
visitor. 


From the point of view of the conchologist, this district has 
never yet received the careful systematic study it deserves. 
Workers have come and gone that is all. The Rands collection 
made in 1849 to 1851, I have never been able to trace ; the same 
may be said of the Ball collection. ‘The pioneer list of Lincoln- 
shire Land and Freshwater Shells for Lincolnshire was, however, 
roughly made from this latter gathering from this district. Mr. 
John Beaulah, of Raventhorpe, has a collection, too, which 
contains gatherings made between 1860 and 1865. I myself have 
seen good varieties of Arion ater,and Limax maximus in the woods 
‘and quarries. L. cineveo-nigey eating a Polyporus on an ash. 
Helix hortensis, lilacina, is unique for Lincolnshire in one wood- 
land quarry. ‘lwo Clausilia, if not more, H. aculeata, H. lapicida, 
 Hyalinia fulva, and Vertigo edentula. Ihave been told Clycostoma 
too, but this and the ‘“‘ stone cutter” I have not personally taken. 
Information about all existing material from this district would 
be specially valuable to the Union just now. 


The Entomology, thanks to its varied flora, was once as rich 
as any other department. ‘Things, however, of late have changed 
_ for the worse. Mrs. Cross perhaps knows more of it now than 
anyone else. ‘The late Charles 5. Holgate, of Low Risby, told me 
that the drainage of lowland and bog had been most destructive, 
but this was not so serious a damage as the iron-works on the 
_ west to the Lepidoptera :—‘* Hundreds of thousands of moths perish 
annually by being drawn by the glare of the Scunthorpe lights to 
destruction above the moulten metal. No fauna can stand sucha 
‘constant: drain.” ‘The little beetle collecting I have done was 
most successful, and the fungus gathering, and pond dredging 
equally rich in good finds. So far as I remember the mosses 
; proved the most unremunerative work I ever attempted in the 
B oughton Woods. 


THE LEPIDOPPER A or 


LINCOLNSHIRE. 
PART I. 


By G. W. Mason. 


Barton-on-Humber. 


In this Part, and in succeeding Parts in future numbers of the 
Transactions, I have been asked toset forth the Records of species 
occurring in the County, and which have accumulated under the 
care of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. ‘The Lists will show 
what a number of rare and local insects are to be found through- 
out the length and breadth of the Shire, and that in many 
instances localities in Lincolnshire are the most northerly points 
in Great Britain for certain species. On several occasions I have — 
been astonished to find that such and such a moth is to be found 
in the County, but I have made careful enquiries as far as possible, 
and I have eliminated any record which is at all doubtful. 

Part I. takes in the Sphinges and Bombyces. I have adopted 
Mr. Richard South’s ‘“Synonymic List of British Lepidoptera.” 
108 out of 150 species belonging to the Sphinges and Bombyces 
are recorded as occurring in the County, and one species, the 
Oleander Hawk Moth (Cherocampa nerit), belonging to the List 
of ‘Casual or Accidental Visitors,’ was captured at South 
Sometcotes and is now in the possession of the Louth Naturalists’ 
Society. One of the best insects ever taken in the County is 
undoubtedly Laelia caenosa, now probably extinct. More workers 
are wanted for the Southern Divisions of the County; | feel sure 
that if the extensive woods in the South were well worked, and 
systematic observations were made in recording species, 1t would 
be found that some moths which are now regarded as somewhat 
rare are really well distributed. 

I have used many of the contractions that | employed in my 
paper on Lincolnshire Butterflies with a few slight alterations — 
and additions, 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 175 


I acknowledge thankfully the valuable help I have received 
from each and all of those Observers whose names appear in the 
List of contractions and in the Lists; I have also extracted much 
useful information from Miller and Skertchly’s ‘“ Fenland,” ‘‘ The 
Naturalists’ World,’ J. W. Tutt’s “British Lepidoptera,” 
Barrett’s ‘‘ Lepidoptera of the British Islands,” ‘“‘ The Naturalist,” 
“The Entomologist,” ‘“ The Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine,” 
and the ‘“‘ Naturalists’ Chronicle.” 

In the case of common species, I have inserted particulars of 
only one record for the North and South Divisions respectively, 
and that one as far back as I am able to ascertain. 

The list of Contractions were given in the author’s article 
“Lincolnshire Butterflies” in the Transactions for 1906. he 
following are additional or altered. 

RTC Signifies Dr. R. T. Cassal. 


EAC ne Mr. E. A. Cockayne. 
LMC Mr. L. M. Curtis. 
IDC * Mr. J. D. Coward. 

KH F r Dr. EK. H. Felton. 
HMBS s Mr. H. M. Brice Smith. 
SBS or Dr. S. B. Stedman. 

Ent. ey The “ Entomologist.” 


C. G. Barrett’s “ Lepidoptera of the British 
Islands,” 1896 edition. 

The “ Naturalists’ World, 1886." 

J. W. Tutt’s “ British Lepidoptera.” 


Heterocera. 
SPHINGES. 


8 
3) 


ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L 
The laryee are common some years, and at other times searce. 
The species is well distributed throughout the whole 


County. 
N. Louth, 28-6-1853, John Brown. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11, 12. 


s. Lincoln, FMB. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 18. 

-SPHINX CONVOLVULI L 

a } Of frequent occurrence. 

N. Grimsby, C. K. Tero, (Ent. 1887, p. 303, and erratum at p. 325) ; 
1901, A S.; Dawson. Alford, 22 and 29-9-1889, R. Garfit. 
Kirton-in-Lindsey, C. F. George. Panton, 20-8-1892, GH R. 
Market Rasen, 1889, 1897, and 18-9- 1898, W L. Louth, 
oceasionally taken, V. Crow; 1901, R W G.; 30-8-1887, J L. ; 
Ludgate, 10-8-1904, one caught in sheets Livery Stable 
Yard and brought ’to me by E. Potts, C S C.; Northgate, 
17-8-1904, one caught in a house (54, Northgate), and brought 


176 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


to me by T. Harrison, C S C. Bennington (Boston), a 
specimen received from Mrs. Disbrowe, 24-8-1901, A T. 
West Keal (Spilsby), one example, H M BS. Fiskerton, 
3-10-1901, J F M. Brocklesby District, E A C. 

S. Haverholme Priory, very common in 1902, J D C. Lineoln, 
12-10-1897,J FM. Brandon, Raynor ; Grantham, Treadgold. 
Holbeach District, L M C. 


SPHINX LIGUSTRI L 
Frequent. 


N. Linwood, 1857, R P A. Market Rasen, one or two most years, 
WL. East Barkwith, G H R. Bottesford, 1870, i A W-P. 
Louth, formerly common, not seen during 1880-1885, V. Crow. 
Alford District, E W. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. 
Gainsborough, F M B. Owston Ferry District, AR. West 
Ashby, 1903, IS A. 

S. Wyberton, JC L-C. Lineoln, 12-€-1891,J F M. “Grantham, 
Walpole. Brant Broughton,1901, Dr. P. Sharp. Laverholme 
Priory, larvee common on young ash trees, JD C. Bourn, 
W. T. Mellows. Tydd District, E A C. Holbeach, fairly 
common, L M C, 


DEILEPHILA GALII Och 
Rare. 


N. Alford, 2-8-1888, at a clump of “Sweet William,” Robert 
Garfit. Gainsborough, W. H. Tugwell; 1829, E. Tearle 
Great Carlton, one at flowers in Rectory garden 1878 
C. D. Ash. 
DEILEPHILA LIVORNICA LKsp 


Rare. 


S$. Lincoln, Arnold. Lincoln, 8-1906 ; two examples in a wash- 

house, 6-9-1890 ; J F M. 
CHCROCAMPA CELERIO L 
Rare. 

N. Gainsborough, 1859, C. W. Dales’ History of British Hawk 
moths ; 1859, KE. Tearle. 

S$. Burton Road, Lincoln, 9-10-1883, J! M. Grantham, Walpole. 
An example taken in a Cottage near Lincoln some years ago, 
W. D. Carr. 

CHCROCANMPA PORCELLUS L 
Frequent. 

N. Cleethorpes, 23-8-1879, H. A. Ould. Linwood, 1857, R P A. 
Wickenby, 1896, W L, Panton, a larva on Galiwm verum 
28-8-1895, G H R. Saxby (Barton), 2 specimens at flowers 
of rocket,C. D. Ash. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Owston 
Ferry District, A R. Newhall, Legsby, Fowler; Great 
Grimsby, Dawson; Humber District, Ash; Louth, Castle 
Bellingham, Thornhill. Skegness, one example about 1890, 
JC L-C. Edlington, 1903, E. H. Bree. 

S. Rauceby (Sleaford), 6-1901, S C S. Haverholme Priory, 
generally common, J DC. Skellingthorpe, 6-6-1880,¢F M. 
Allington, larvee and imagines, P. Wynne. {Hartsholme, 
Carr ; Grantham, Walpole ; Lincoln, Mackonochie. Holbeach, 
occasionally, L MC, 


— 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 177 


CHCEROCAMPA ELPENOR L 


Frequent. 

N. Skegness, 16-7-1879, G. T. Porritt. Linwood, 1857, R P A. 
Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. Withern, V. Crow. 
Panton, rare,G H R. Saxby (Barton), one only, C. D. Ash. 
Alford, one found in a house and given to EH W. Ashby 
(Brigg) District, R TC. Elkington Hall Garden, 28-7-1906, 
one caught and brought to CS C., by one of the gardeners. 
Owston Ferry District, A R. Great Grimsby, Dawson ; 
Cleethorpes, Porritt; Newhall, Legsby, Fowler. Goxhill, 
1905, E HF. 

S. Wyberton, occurs, J C L-C. Haverholme Priory, always 
common, J DC. Lincoln Fen, 6-6-1889, J F M. Lincoln, 
Carr; Lincoln (N.E.’, Ash. Sapperton one example in 1907, 
SCS. Holbeach, fairly common, L M C. 


CHOROCAMPA NERII L 
Very rare. 
N. South Somercotes, 10-1903, caught by Mrs. C. Houlden in the 
ivy on their house “ The Ings,” it is now in the possession of 
the Louth Naturalists’ Society, CS C. 
SMERINTHUS OCELLATUS IL 
Generally common, 
N. Owston Ferry, A R. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S$. Wyberton, one in 1892, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 17, 18. 


SMERINTHUS POPULI L 
Generally common. 
N. Owston Ferry, A R. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, common, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18. 


SMERINTHUS TILIZ L 
Less common than the two preceding species. 


N. Gainsborough, F B M. Coningsby, 1901, bred, F S A. 
Grimsby, pupa 35-1902, under hedge Abbey Road, E. L. Wood. 


S. Wyberton, common, J C L-C. Brant Broughton, larva and 
pupa, 1901, Dr.P.Sharp. Haverholme Priory, larvee in plenty 
on elm very seldomonlime, J DC. Lincoln, 17-6-1902, J FM. 
“{Lincoln District, very rare, Carr. Holbeach, fairly 
common, L M 


MACROGLOSSA STELLATARUM L 


‘a Common, sometimes abundant as in 1899. 

N. Bottesford, 1868, M. and A. Peacock. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 8, 
9, 10, 11, 12. 

S$. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 18, 14, 15, 17, 18. 


-MACROGLOSSA FUCIFORMIS L 
3 Local. 


‘ N. Saxilby, 21-5-1893; Langworth, . 22-5-1893; J. W. Carr. 

a? Market Rasen,a few most years, W L. Legsby; Newhall ; 

Panton, once; GHR. Alford District, E W. Linwood and 
Moortown, G W M. Woodhall Spa and Hast Keal, rare, 
HMBS. Kast Ferry District, A R, 


178 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


S. (Skellingthorpe; Hartsholme; Musham, Carr: Lincoln, 
Pearson. 
MACROGLOSSA BOMBYLIFORMIS Och 
Loeal. 


N. Wragby ; Hatton ; Newball; GH R. Market Rasen, 1877 to 
1879, KF A L. Greenfield (Alford), two examples 22-6-1890, 
EW. ¥Newball, Carr. 

S. Skellingthorpe, 3-6-1901, J F M. Tincoln, Pearson, South 
Park, Lincoln, J F M. 

TROCHILIUM APIFORMIS. Clerck 

Rare. : 

N. Mablethorpe, V. Crow. Mumby Chapel, one example on the 
sandhills. 19-7-1887, J E M. Gainsborough, bred, F M B. 

S. Holbeach District, common, L M ©. 


TROCHILIUM CRABRONIFORMIS Lewin 
This species would probably be found to be common if search 
were made for it. 
N. Alford District, common about 1891, in a very small osier holt 
in Saleby Parish, EW. Barton-on-Humber, 1907, J P 
Owston Ferry ; East Ferry ; A R. 
S. Holbeach District, fairly common, L M C. Lincoln District, 
W. D. Carr. r 


SESIA TIPULIFORMIS Clerck 


Well distributed. 


N. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. Middle Rasen, 1877-79, 
KAL, Louth, VY. Crow. Alford, not uncommon in gardens, 
E W. Ashby (Brigg), R T C. Gainsborough, F M B. 
Barton-on-Humber, G WM. West Ashby, FS A. Grimsby, 


EHF. 3 
S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Holbeach District, fairly common, 
LMC. * 
SESIA ASILIFORMIS Rott. 
Local. 


N. Brocklesby District, larvee and pupze abundant in stumps of 
oak trees cut down the previous year, J P. and G W M. 
Acthorpe Wood, 2 larvee in oak stump taken on the visit of 
the L N U. 1-6-1905; Wrawby Moor, bred from larvee and 
pupee taken from birch stumps in 1907; G W M. 


S Skellingthorpe, J FM. 
SESIA MYOPIFORMIS Bork 

N. Market Rasen district, 1876-80, F A L. 

S$. Holbeach District, fairly common, L M C. 
SESIA CULICIFORMIS L 

Loeal. 
N. Gainsborough, F M B. 
S$. Skellingthorpe, 7-8-1902 and 2-5-1903, J F M, 


> 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 179 


SESIA FORMICIFORMIS Esp 
Lincolnshire, 1832, James Rennie. 


INO STATICES L 
Generally common. 

N. SLouth, H. W. Kew. Maltby Wood, V. Crow. Louth, CS C. 
Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; common, W L. Hatton ; 
Legsby ; Linwood ; Newball ; Toft (Newton) ; (Langworth ; 
GH R. Alford District, locally common, E W. Ashby 
(Brigg) District, R T C. Gainsborough District, F M Bb. 
Great Coates, in abundance, A T.” Pelham’s Pillar Wood and 
Moortown, G W M. Beelsby; Aylesby ; 8-1906, A B. and 
RC. East Ferry District, A R. 


ZYGANA TRIFOLII Esp 


Local. 
N., Owston Ferry District, AR. Little Coates, 7-1906, EH F. 
ZYGAENA LONICERA Esp 
Locally common. 

N. Owston Ferry District, AR. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, scarce 
GWM. Great Coates, A T. Beelsby ; Croxby ; Aylesby ; 
8-1906, A B. and R C. Gainsborough District, F M B. 
Linwood, 1857, RP A. Wickenby, common, W L. Market 
Rasen, a sandy hill East of Rasen, 1877-79, F A L. Louth, 
Fisher’s Hill, one example, 7-1900, C S C. Donington-on- 
Bain, pupze numerous 28-6-1906, J F M. Mablethorpe, 
6-7-1889; North Somercotes Warren, several, 12-7-1900, 
CSC. Bully Hill,S BS. Sutton-on-Sea, 1902, FS A. 


 ZYGAENA FILIPENDULA L 
Common. 
-N. Gainsborough District, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, bt Bros 


<8 


S. Boultham, 5-6-1890, J F M. Divs. 13, 14, 15. 


) Bombyces. 


SAROTHRIPUS UNDULANUS Hb 


Rare. 
N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. 


S. Haverholme Priory, generally common, J D C. 


EARIAS CHLORANA L 
Loeal. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. East Ferry, a few pup each 
year, J P. Scotton Common, 12-6-1901, J F M. 


HYLOPHILA PRASINANA L 
Common. 


N. Broughton Wood, 1895, A. E. Hall and C. D. Ash. Pelham’s 
Pillar Wood,G WM. Bradley, EHF. Langworth, 22-5-1893, 
J. W. Carr. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; a few larve 
most years, W lL. Legsby and Newball, G@ H R. Maltby 
Wood and Hubbard's Hills, V. Crow. Alford District, E W. 


180 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 


Ss: Skellingthorpe, 20-5-1900 and 16-5-1903,J F M. MHaverholme 
Priory, always common, J DC. ||Bourn. Holbeach District, 
scarce, L M C. 


HYLOPHILA BICOLORANA [ues 


Rare. 
S. Haverholme Priory, 4 pupz taken in cocoon on oak, J D C. 


NOLA CUCULLATELLA L 
This Insect is probably common in the County, but it has 
only been recorded for a few localities. 

N. Owston Ferry District, AR. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. 
Market Rasen, one or two larve most years, W L.; one 
larvee in 1901,G WM. Great Carlton, C.D. Ash. Market 
Rasen District, 1876-80, F A L. 


S. Wyberton, J C L-C. 


NOLA CONFUSALIS H-S 


Local. 

N. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, one or two in 1903, J P. Market Rasen, 
1877-79, F A L.; a few most years, W L. Linwood and 
Legsby, GW M. Legsby and Newhall, GH R. Muckton, 
C. D. Ash. 


S. Boultham, 8-6-1900, J F M. Wyberton, J C L-C. 


NOLA ALBULALIS Hb 
Of this rarity one specimen has been recorded. 


N. Grimsby District, one example on the wing 19-8-1906. E H F. 


NUDARIA SENEX Hb 
Locally common. 
N. Skegness, 16-7-1879, G. T. Porritt. Theddlethorpe, A. E. 
Gibbs, (Ent, Vol. XxxvIH, p. 81). 


NUDARIA MUNDANA L 


Local. 

N. Risby Warren, afew examples flying about the stone walls 
bordering the warren at dusk 5-7-1906,G W M. Willingham, 
1877-79, F A lL. Gainsborough District, some years ago, 
FM B. 

$. Lincoln District, F M B. Skellingthorpe, 6-7-1902, J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, not scarce, J DC. 


CALLIGENIA MINIATA Forst 


Rare. 
N. Scotton Common, F M B. Linwood, 1857, R P A. Legsby 
Wood, one in 1896, W L. Newball, 5-7-1902, J F M. Horsing- 
ton (near Horneastle), one example in 1889, J C L-C. 


S. Skellingthorpe Wood, 25-7-1902, Dr. Eland Shaw. 


LITHOSIA MESOMELLA L 


Loeal. 
N. Caistor, G H R. Linwood, 1857, R P A. Market Rasen, 


common, W L. 


! 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 181 


LITHOSIA SORORCULA Hufn 
Rare. 
S. Holbeach District, searce, L M C. 


-— LITHOSIA GRISEOLA Hb 

Rare. 
N. Secotton Common, FMB. 
S$. Haverholme Priory, J D C. 


—— var. flava Haw 


N. Scotton Common, one cxample, F M 2B. Willingham Park 
(Market Rasen), two examples a male and female 12-7-1878, 
FA IL. (Nat. Vol. TV., p. 10). 


S. Wyberton, common, J C L-C. Haverholme Priory, J D C. 


LITHOSIA DEPLANA Esp 
Rare. 
N. Market Rasen, one in July 1894, W L. 


LITHOSIA LURIDEOLA Zinck 
Common 


N. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4,5, 7, 9, 10, 
11, 12. 


S$. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18. 


LITHOSIA COMPLANA L 
Rare. 
N. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. xxxvi, p. 81.) 
Bracebridge, 6-7-1901, J KF M. 
GNOPHRIA QUADRA L 
Rare. 
N. Willingham, one female 7-7-1878, F A L. 
S$. Grantham, Miss F. Woolward. Hartsholme, scarce, W. D. Carr 


‘GNOPHRIA RUBRICOLLIS L 
Rare. 


N. Gainsborough District, F M B. Langworth, 22-5-1893; 
Newball, 22 and 23-5-1893, J. W. Carr. Legsby, once, G H R. 
Tothill, C.D. Ash. Alford District: Ailby Wood, many on 
oak, 7-1857, J E M.; Mother Wood (Aby), one example 
3-6-1890, and Greenfield Wood, one example 20-6-1891, E W. 
Market Rasen District, two examples, 1876-80, fF A L. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 6-1896, G. Henderson. 


DEIOPEIA PULCHELLA 1 

{ Rare. 

N. Lincoln ; 3 examples, one in a garden on the Burton Road, one 
near the Barracks, and another elsewhere in Lincoln, C. P. 
Arnold. Linwood, 27-9-1877, F A bl. Boston, 1880, Annie 
Dows. West Rasen, one in the collection of the Rev. W. 
Cooper and supposed to be taken in this locality. 


182 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


EUCHELIA JACOBEA IL 
Abundant. 
N. Linwood, 1857, RP A. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S$. Wyberton, 1897, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17. 


CALLIMORPHA DOMINULA L 
N. Recorded for Market Rasen District, 1876- “80, by F A L. 


NEMEOPHILA RUSSULA L 
Not common. 
N. East Ferry, AR. SeottonCommon,F MB. Twigmoor, one male 
5-7-1899, G W M. Linwood, 1857, R P A.; 1877-79, F AL. 
Market Rasen, 1895-96, W L. Grimsby District, E H F. 


NEMEOPHILA PLANTAGINIS L 
Frequent. 

N. Appleby, Mrs. E. Cross, (Ent. XIx, p. 231). Div. 2, 1895, A. E. 
Hall. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Scunthorpe, A T. 
Pelham’s Pillar Wood, common, GW M. Croxby Pond, EH 
F., and A B. East Ferry District, A R. Gainsborough 
District, F M B. Linwood, 1857, R P A. Market Rasen, a 
few each year, WL. Haugham Pasture, taken in the chalk 
pit more than 40 years ago by H. Il. Kew, CS C. 

S. Hartsholme, 16-5-1903,J FM. Lincoln, very dark, W. Hewett. 
(Ent. 1892, p. 200). 


ARCTIA CAJA L 
Very common. 
. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
os Ms 
S. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 18. 


ARCTIA VILLICA L 
Recorded for only one locality. 
N. Scotter Common, 12-6-1901, J F M. 


SPILOSOMA FULIGINOSA L 
Frequent. 


N. Owston Ferry District, A R. Brocklesby District, E A C., 
Little Coates, 1900, AS. Market Rasen, a few most years. 
WL. Linwood, 1877-79, F A L.; 4-6-1906, A B. Newhall, 
one,G HR. Gainsborough District, F M B. §SLouth, H. W. 
Kew. Maltby Wood and Mablethorpe, V. Crow. Theddle- 

’ thorpe, common on sandhills, 1880, C. D. Ash ; also found by 
AT. ||\Skegness. 


S. Hartsholme, 10-4-1889, J F M. Haverholme Priory, not common: 
IDC. 


SPILOSOMA MENDICA Clerck 
Frequent. 
N. Owston Ferry District, AR. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. 
Gainsborough, F M B. Market Rasen, W L. Panton, rare. 
GHR. Tumby, larve in 1898, FS A.; two larve, L NU, 


é 
; 
i 
J 
° 
. 
J 
. 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 183 


S$. Lincoln, FM B. Skellingthorpe, 8-6-1901,J FM. Haverholme 
Priory, not common, J DC. Allington, P. Wynne. Wyberton, 
at light, J C L-C. 


SPILOSOMA LUBRICEPEDA Esp 
Abundant. 


N. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11. 

S. Wyhberton, J C L-C. Divs. 138, 14,15, 17, 18. 

— var. radiata St. 

N. Saltfleet, ‘“‘ several specimens appear to have been bred by 
Mr. Mossop from larvz obtained at Saltfleet feeding on elder, 
August 1836. These emerged in June 1837, and some of the 
specimens are still in the possession of his nephew Mr W. H. 
B. Fletcher, F ES., of Worthing; others were sent by Mr. 
Mossop to Mr. James C. Dale, father of the Rev. C W. Dale” 
(Nat. 1894, p. 355). On coast near Louth, G. HR. Linecoln- 
shire, G. T. Porritt, (Nat. 1893, p. 58). Theddlethorpe, a pair 
taken by me on a house wall in 1895 which I gave to Professor 
Carr of the University College Nottingham, A T. Lincolnshire, 
J. Harrison. Grimsby, 1892 and July 1901, A S. ; 1893, R. South. 
Theddlethorpe, I have bred forms approaching this variety 
and eboraci from a dark female taken June 1906, G W M. 


—— var. fasciata Tugwell 
Lincolnshire, “two specimens of Mr. Mossop's which are 
clearly tending to become fasciata, all the spots forming the 
Y are present, but shorter,” W. H. B. Fletcher, (Nat. 1894, p. 
356). 

—— ___-var. eboraci 
Mablethorpe, “ In 1880, he took on the sandhills, a little 
north of Mablethorpe, a male S. tubricepeda almost iden- 
tical in markings with variety eboraci. The ground colour 
was very pale, and the black streaks on the costa and inner 
margin were not so pronounced ;” C. D. Ash, (Nat. 1894, p. 
361). 

SPILOSOMA MENTHASTRI Esp 
Common. 


N. Market Rasen, 1877--79, F AL. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 
11. 


S. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 18, 14, 15, 17, 18. 


SPILOSOMA URTICA Esp 

j Rare. 

N. East Ferry Common, one example about 1892, A R. 

S. Holbeach District, scarce, L MC. Haverholme Priory, J D C. 
HEPIALUS HUMULI L 

Abundant. 

_N. Gainsborough, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Lincoln, FM B. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18. 
HEPIALUS SYLVANUS IL 
x Frequent, « 


184 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A 
L.; a few most years, W L. Newhall, 10-7-1887, J F M. 
Moortown, 8-1907, male and female, EH F. Hameringham, 
one example, H M BS. Alford, very local, two examples, 
26-8-1891, one cxample, 23-8-1891 and 11-8-1892, E W. West 
Ashby, 1903, FS A. 

S. Lincoln, F M B. Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C: 
Allington, P. Wynne. Wyberton,J C L-C.  ||Cowbit, Charles 
M. Hufton. 


HEPIALUS VELLEDA Hb 
Rare. 
N. Market Rasen District, 1876-80, F A L. 
S. Wyberton, J C L-C. 


HEPIALUS LUPULINUS L 
Abundant. 
N. Gainsborough, ff M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7,8, 10,11. 
S. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18. 


HEPIALUS HECTUS L 

Frequent. 

N- Owston Ferry District, A R. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. 
Brocklesby, J P. Market Rasen, 1877-79, If A L.; common, 
WL. Maltby Wood, V. Crow. Gainsborough, F MB. West 
Ashby, KF S A. Hameringham, one example, H M B S., 
Alford District, not uncommon but local, E W. Near 
Binbrook, one example in 1905,S BS. Cleethorpes, E H I. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 23-6-1902, J F M. 


COSSUS LIGNIPERDA Ib 
Frequent. 

N. Owston Ferry District, A R. Bottesford, common, 1872, M. 
and A, Peacock. Barton-on-Humber, onc imago very many 
years ago, A. B. Hall. Gainsborough, Ff M B.; 1859, E. Tearle. 
West Rasen, 1878, F A L.; young larvze in sallows 12-1897, 
WL. Hubbard's Valley and Mablethorpe, V. Crow. Great 
Carlton, C. D. Ash. Louth, one larva, GWM. Alford Dis- 
trict, not uncommon, E W. Boston, common, J C L-C. 

S. Lincoln, F M B.; 10 and 16-10-1902,J fk M. Boultham, 8-8-1903; 
JM. Haverholme Priory, very abundant in larval state 
in ash trees, J DC. Belton, 1872, F. H. Woolward. Grantham 
neighbourhood, 1894, H. Preston. Tydd District, E A C. 
Brant Broughton, one taken by a friend of SBS. Holbeach 
District, fairly common, L M C. 


ZEUZERA PYRINA L 

Searce. 

N. Gainsborough, F M B. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. 

S. Lincoln, 24-6-1885, J F M. Haverholme Priory, abundant in 
larval state in ash trees, J DC. Wyberton, two found some 
years ago, JC L-C. Tydd District, E A C. Brant Brough- 
ton, one taken by a friend of S BS, Holbeach District, 
searce, L MC, 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 185 


PORTHESIACHRYSORRHGA L 
Scarce. 


N. Grimsby, EH F. Gainsborough, F M B. Newhall, 25-6-1905, 
J F M. West Ashby, 1902, F S A. |Skegness. Market 
Rasen district, 1876-80, F A L. 


S. Haverholme Priory, 1902, J D C. Holbeach District, common, 
LMC, 
PORTHESIA SIMILIS [ues 
Abundant. 


N. Bottesford, 1868-1897, M.and A. Peacock. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 
7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 


S. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18. 
LEUCOMA SALICIS L 


Common. 
N. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F AL. Divs.1, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. ||\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 138, 14, 18. 


LZLIACGNOSA Hb 


Dr. F. Arnold Lees records having taken one specimen of 
this rarity near Market Rasen, between Linwood and 
Lissir gton or another village in that direction on the Ist 

- August, 1878. 

PSILURA MONACHA L 

Frequent, but local. 


N. Gainsborough, bred; Burton, at rest on tree boles, F M B. 
Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. Legsby and Newball, 
GHR. Legsby,G W M. Woodhall Spa and Tumby, L NU. 
Tothill, 1880, C. D. Ash. Alford district, & W. 


S. Lincoln, KF M B.; 1881, Canon Fowler. Skellingthorpe 
3-8-1901,J F M. Stapleford, A. L. Leivers. 
DASYCHIRA FASCELINA IL 
Scarce. 


N. Gainsborough District, F M B. Mablethorpe, larve taken 
feeding on sea-buckthorn, R. Garfit and E W. Skegness, 
larvze exhibited at a Meeting of the Leeds Naturalists’ Club 
and Scientific Association on the 24th August, 1880, by John 
Grassham, (Nat., Vol. 6, p. 45,); bred from one larva about 
1890, J C L-C. ||Skegness. 


S. Hartsholme, 22-6-1891, J fF M. 
DASYCHIRA PUDIBUNDA L 


; Frequent. 
4 Gainsborough, F M B. Divs. 2, 3,4,5, 7,8, 10,11. 
S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14, 18. 
ORovIA GONOSTIGMA Fb_ 
Rare. 


N. Market Rasen District. 1876-80, F A Lie 
$. Boultham, 10-5-1886, J F M. 


186 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


ORGYIA ANTIQUA L 
Common. 


N. Gainsborough, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 18, 14,15, 17, 18. 


TRICHIURA CRATAGI J. 
Frequent. 

N. Ashby (Brigg), R T C. Brocklesby District, larve fairly 
common some years on the hedges by the roadside, G W M. 
Gainsborough, F M B. Market Rasen, a few at light each 
year, W L.; Panton, G H R. "{Newball, Carr. Louth, VY. 
Crow. 

S. Skellingthorpe, 3-6-1902, J F M. {Near Lincoln, Glenny. 
Wyberton, one 8-1897, J C L-C. 


PCECILOCAMPA POPULI L 
Frequent. 

N. Appleby (Big Wood), larvee 9-6-1881, Mrs. Cross. Pelham's 
Pillar Wood and Linwood, a few larvee, G W M. Gains- 
borough, at light, F MB. East Barkwith Railway Station, 
21-10-1892, ; Panton, not uncommon at light ; Somersby, 
pupa dug atash; GHR. Market Rasen, a few each year, 
W L. Louth, V. Crow. Alford, 15-11-1892, E W. Binbrook, 
one example in 1905,S BS. West Ashby, 12-1902, ¥ S A. 

S. Lincoln, at light F MB. Skellingthorpe, J f M. 4Hartsholme, 
‘Carr. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. ||Cowbit, 
Chas. M. Hufton. Holbeach Distret, common, L M C. 


ERIOGASTER LANESTRIS L 
Not common. 
N. Gainsborough, bred F M B. Market Rasen, a few nests of 


larve, W L. Legsby, Newball and Panton, larvee common, 
G HR. 4Baumber, not uncommon, G H R. 


Hartsholme, larvee 6-6-1886 and 10-6-1902, J F M. Lincoln, 
S. Carr. Holbeach District, scarce, L M C. Skellingthorpe, 
A. R. Leivers. 


BOMBYX NEUSTRIA L 
Common in some parts of the County. 
N. Gainsborough, bred, F M B, Divs. oe ae a fa FF bes 
S$. Wyberton, common, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18. 


BOMBYX RUBI L 
Common on heaths in the County. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, RTC. Great Coates, one male 21-6-1898, 
A T. Little Coates, E H F. Gainsborough, F M B, East 
Ferry District, A R. Scotter, J F M. Market Rasen, 
common, W L. Linwood, 1877-79, F A L.; of late years, 
G WM. Mablethorpe, G H R., E W.and A T. Skegness, 
9-1879, C. W. Richardson, ; abundant about 1890, J C L-C. 
Moortown, one larva 8-1907, E H F., G W M. and W. Wallace. 


S. Hartsholme, 12-6-1887, J F M. Lincoln, abundant, Gascoigne, 
Hartsholme, rare, used to be common, W, D. Carr, 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 187 


BOMBYX QUERCUS IL 
Common. 
N. Ashby, 1876, EA WP. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. 
S. Lincoln, F MB. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 18. 


— var. callune Palmer 
N. Market Rasen, W L. Ashby (Brigg), R TC. Market Rasen 
District, bred, 1876-80, I* A L. 


S. Hartsholme, W. D. Carr. 


ODONESTIS POTATORIA L 
Common. 
N. Market Rasen, 1877-79, FA L. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. 
S. Wyberton, formerly common, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17, 18. 


LASIOCAMPA QUERCIFOLIA L 
Rare. 
N. Fenton, one larva 1896, G. Henderson. 


S. Lincoln, 1832, James Rennie. Haverholme Priory, fairly 
common in 1901, J D ©. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. 
Holbeach District, fairly common, L M C. Sleaford, bred 
one example 1907, Mrs. Cross. 


SATURNIA PAVONIA L 
Not common. 
N. Ashby (Brigg), R T C. Gainsborough, F M B. Scotton 


Common, 28-7-1905, L N U. Scotter, J F M. Linwood, 
1857, RP A. Market Rasen, common, W L.; 1876-80, F A L. 
Woodhall Spa, one example in 1897, J C L-C. 

S. Lincoln, 1832, James Rennie. (Hartsholme, J F M., Carr; 
Lincoln, Mason. Lincoln, WHermaphrodite, Ph. Brooke 
Mason, (Ent. 1888, p. 164). 


DREPANA LACERTINARIA L 


Rare; {“Searce in Lincolnshire.” 
N. Gainsborough, F M B. 


S. Hartsholme, 1-6-1892, J F M.; one example in 1892, W. D. Carr. 


DREPANA FALCATARIA L 
q Rather common. 


N. Ashby (Brigg), R TC. Wrawby Moor, F. P. H. Birtwhistle. 
Gainsborough, bred, F M_ B. Scotton Common, larvee 
common in 1904, G W M. Linwood, 1857, R P A. Market 
Rasen District, W L., G HR. and GW M. Moortown, one 

‘ss larva 8-1907,G WM. .- 

S. Skellingthorpe, 20-5-1902, J F M. Haverholme Priory. fairly 
common, J D C. Skellingthorpe and Stapleford Woods, 
A. R. Leivers. 


DREPANA BINARIA Hufn 
"4 


+“ Its most northerly known locality with us seems to be 
Lincolnshire.” 


_ §. Hartsholme, one example in 1892, W. D. Carr. 


188 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


DREPANA CULTRARIA [Fb 
Rare. 


N. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, one example 6-6-1902, J P. Limber, 
1902, FS A. 


CILIX GLANCATA Scop 
Common. 
N. Usselby, 1877-79, F AL. Divs. 2,3, 4,5, 6,7, 8, 10, 11. 
S$. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 17. 


DICRANURA FURCULA L 
Frequent. 

N. Owston Ferry District, AR. Ashby (Brigg), R TC. Elsham, 
one larva in 1900,G W M. Great Coates, 1896, A T. East 
Ferry, a few pupe,J P. Market Rasen, a few larvee each 
year, W L.; bred 1876-80, F A L. Legsby, one larva, G H R. 
Louth, V. Crow. Great Carlton, C.D. Ash. Hameringham, 
fairly common, reared from larve in 1904 and 1905, HM BS. 
Alford, one pupa on willow tree, 24-4-1889, E W. Near 
Binbrook, not common, S B S. 

S. Hartsholme, 1-6-1892. J F M.; W. D. Carr. Haverholme Priory, 
fairly common, JDC. Holbeach District, scarce, L M C. 


DICRANURA BIFIDA Hb 
Local. 

N. Owston Ferry District, AR. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. 
Elsham, bred but scarce, G W M. Gainsborough, bred, 
FM B. Market Rasen, a few larve each year, W L. and 
G W M.; bred 1876-80, F A L. Linwood, 1877-79, F A L.; 
larvee, 5-8-1907, J P. and G WM. Near Binbrook, fairly 
common,S BS. Hameringham, one example bred from larva 
found in 1905, H M BS. 

S. Lincoln Fen, 10-6-1902, J F M. Haverholme Priory, fairly — 
common, J DC. Holbeach District, scarce, L M C. Lincoln 
District, rare, W. D. Carr. 


DICRANURA VINULA L 


Common. 


N. Bottesford, 1870, E. and M. Peacock. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4,5, 7,8, — 
Svel Oval. : 


S. Lincoln, J FM. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 18. 


PTEROSTOMA PALPINA IL 
Frequent. 


N. Gainsborough, bred F M B. Market Rasen, afew larvee most 
years, W L. and G WM. Panton, not uncommon, G H R. 
Alford, one pupa under sallow bark, 2-7-1892, E W. 
Swinhope, S BS. : 

S. Lincoln Fen, J F M. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, 
JDC. Denton 1880, C. D. Ash. Wyberton, one at light in 
1896, J C L-C. ||\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Holbeach 
District, common, L M C. ; 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 189 


LOPHOPTERYX CAMELINA L 
Frequent. 

N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Pelham’s Pillar Wocds, J. W. 
Boult. Brocklesby District, E A C. Gainsborough, caught 
and bred, F M B. Seotton Common, two _larve in 1904; 
Linwood, G WM. Market Rasen, G@ W M., F A L. and W L. 
Panton, larvee on whitethorn, G H R. Binbrook, S BS. 
Hameringham, fairly common, H M BS. 

S. Hartsholme, J F M. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. 
Allington, P. Wynne. Wyberton, J C L-C. 


NOTODONTA DICTAA L 
Loeal. 


N. East Ferry District, A R.- Linwood, 1857, R P A. _Legsby, 
G HR. Market Rasen, a few larve each year, W L. and 
GWM. Lincoln, 22-6-1887 ; Newball Wood, 1881 ; Canon 
Fowler. 


S. Lincoln, F M B.and JF M. 


NOTODONTA DICTAOIDES Esp 
Scarce, more so than the last species. 
N. Appleby, larvee, 11-9-1888, Mrs. Cross. Market Rasen 


Cemetery, 1877-79, F A L. Market Rasen, 1896, and 1897, 
WL. Brocklesby District, E A C. ; 


S. Near Lincoln, Edward Mead, (Ent. 1892, p. 71). Hartsholme, 
larvee, L N U..; 16-9-1887, J EF M.; larve, W. D. Carr. 
||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. 


NOTODONTA DROMEDARUIS L 
Apparently searce. 


N. Gainsborough, bred, F M B. Scotton Common, one larva, 
28-7-1905, L N U. Legsby, 1896 ; Panton; G H R. Market 
Rasen, a few larvee, W L.and G W M. Moortown, one larva, 
8-1907 ; Wrawby Moor, two larvee; 9-1907; G W M. 


S$. Hartsholme, 20-9-1887, J F M. Haverholine Priory, fairly 
common, J DC. Lincoln District, scarce, W. D. Carr. 
NOTODONTA ZICZAC L 
Frequent. 


N. Gainsborough, caught and bred, F M B. Scotton Common, 
larve, 14-8-1901, A T. Market Rasen, larvee common, 
GW M.; common, W L. Legsby, 1896, G H R. Linwood, 
1877-79, F AL. Woodhall Spa, larve,S BS. Hameringham, 
common; HM BS. _ ||Skegness. 


S. Hartsholme, 24-8-1900, J EF M. Haverholme Priory, very 
common, J D C. 
_ NOTODONTATREPIDA Esp 
Rare. 
N. Market Rasen, a few most years, W L. 


S. Lincoln, bred from larva, F M B. Skellingthorpe, a pair in 
cép., D. H. Pearson. ; 


190 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


NOTODONTA CHAONIA Hb 
Rare. 
N. Market Rasen District, W L. Tothill, C. D. Ash. 
S. Hartsholme, 8-5-1882, J F M. — 


NOTODONTA TRIMACULA Hsp var.dodonea, Hb 
Rare. 
N. Saxilby, F M B. Market Rasen District, W L. 
S. Hartsholme, 10-5-1883, J F M. 


PHALERA BUCEPHALA L 
Abundant. 
N. West Rasen, 27-6-1856, W. W. Cooper. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5. 7, 
8, Loyd 
S. Wyberton, very abundant some years, J C L-C. Divs. 138, 14, 
15, 17, 18 


PYGARACURTULA L 
Searce. 
N. Wickenby, J. A. Hardy, (Naturalists' Chronicle, 1896, p. 1). 


Market Rasen District, WL. Linwood, one larya and one 
pupa on aspen 5-8-1907, J P. and G W M. 


PYGARA PIGRA Hufn 
Very local, but commen where it occurs. 


N. Scotton Common, bred frequently, by F M B.; also taken in 
the larval stage by members of the LN U. at their Meeting, 
28-7-1905, A T. and G W M. 


S. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. 


THYATIRA DERASA L 
Frequent. 

N. Owston Ferry District, A R. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. 
Barton-on Humber, occasionally at sugar; Pelham’s Pillar 
Woods, oneexample at rest in 1900; GWM. Gainsborough, 
at sugar, F M B. Panton, G H R. Market Rasen, two 
laryee, J P.; 1876-80, F A LL. Hubbard's Hills, V. Crow. 
Theddlethorpe, A. E. Gibbs. Tothill, C. D. Ash. Mother 
Wood (Aby), at sugar, 10-7-1891, H W. 

S. Hartsholme, 9-6-1891; Skellingthorpe, 10-6-1895; J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, very common, in 1905,J DC. Allington, 
P. Wynne. Bourne Wood, W T Mellows. 


THYATIRA BATIS L 
FKrequent. 
N. Owston Ferry District, A R. Ashby (Brigg), RT C. Saxby 
(Barton), one example in 1892, C. D. Ash. Goxhill, one 
example in 1901, G W M. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, J P. 
Gainsborough, at sugar, F M B. Langworth, 22,5-1893, 
J. W. Carr. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. Panton, 
G H R. Near Binbrook, S BS. Mother Wood (Aby), at 
sugar, 10-7-1891, E W. Newhall Wood, J. W. Carr. 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. IgI 


S, Hartsholme, 9-6-1891; Skellingthorpe, 10-6-1898; J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. Allington, P. 
Wynne. Bourne Wood, W. T. Mellows. 


CYMATOPHORA OCTOGESIMA Hb 


Rare. 
N. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs. Usselby, 1887, If A L. 


CYMATOPHORAOR [Ib 


Locally common. 


N. Langworth, 22-5-1893, J. W. Carr. Market Rasen, a few each 
year, W L.; larvee sometimes very common, G W M. 
Mother Wood (Aby), common at sugar, 24-6-1891 and 
3-7-1891, E W. 


S. Skellingthorpe, 10-6-1899, J I M. Bourne Wood, W. T, 
Mellows. 


‘CYMATOPHORA DUPLARIS L 


Loeal. 


N. Ashby (Brigg), R TC. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. 
Panton, once, G H R. Mother Wood (Aby), very common, 
at sugar, 1891, E W. 


S. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. 


ASPHALIA DILUTA Fb 


Scarce. 


N. Ashby (Brigg), R T C. Gainsborough, Ff M B. Alford 
District, EH W. Market Rasen District, 1876-80, F A L, 


S. Skellingthorpe, 3-9-1898, J F M. Haverholme Priory, fairly 
common, J DC. 
{Barrett, speaking of it in connection with other Counties 
says “ Locally it seems to be much more frequent in 
Lincolnshire.” 


-ASPHALIA FLAVICORNIS L 


Frequent. {Common in Lincolnshire.” 


N. Ashby (Brigg), R TC. Wrawby Moor, one imago, 23-3-1907, 
and larvee at Limber, Moortown and Market Rasen in 1907, 
GWM. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, a fewlarvze on small birehes, 
JP. Market Rasen District, 1876-80, F A h. 


S. Lincoln, F M B. Hartsholm®, W. D. Carr, J F M. and W L. 
ASPHALIA RIDENS Ib 
. Rare. 


N. Appleby, Kell Wood Lane, larvze, 18-6-1888, Mr 3. Cross 
S$. Hartsholme, 13-3-1900, J F M, 


PINGOLNSHIRE COLEOPTERE: 


BY THE 
Rev. A. Tuorney, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., Nottingham, and 
W. Wattace, M.B., Cu.B., Grimsby. 


The County Records of Coleoptera have been accumulating 
for many years and have now reached such a stage that we think 
their publication will prove useful and interesting. 


A glance through the following list will show what a large 
number of members have contributed towards our knowledge in 
this fascinating study. It is difficult to know whom to thank 
most, but we see the names of the Rey. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, 
Mr. A. Smith, and Miss Stow especially prominent in this, as in 
many other County lists. It is hoped that we shall now have 
records from some of the County divisions that have not hitherto 
been worked, and also more division-records of the so-called 
“common species’ which curiously enough are often not recorded, 


It will be seen that our list contains some of the rarest British 
beetles, but unfortunately, in some cases the records have not been 


confirmed in recent years. 


We hope to be able to publish the other sections of the — 


Coleoptera later. 


ABBREVIATIONS :— 
AS Signifies Mr, Arthur Smith. 
AT 5 Rey. A. Thornley. 
LNU = Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union Meeting Reports. 
EK A W-P Rey. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. 
MP + Mr. Max Peacock. 
SCS 2 Miss S. C. Stow. 
W W s Dr. Wallace. 
Dr C i Dr. Cassal. 
KY MB 5 Mr. F. M. Burton. 
AB FP Mr. A. Bullock. 
Wwrk 4s Rey. Canon W. W. Fowler. 
csc 3 Mr. C.S. Carter. 
WKB - Mr. W. K. Bissill. 
JEM m Mr. J. E. Mason (the late) 
RC * Mr. R. Charlton. 
HW Kk ee Mr. H. Wallis Kew. 
WEB Mr. W. F. Baker. 


EA W eS Mr, E. A. Waterhouse, 


Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 193 


Geodephaga. 


CICINDELA CAMPESTRIS L 


Recorded only from the North Lines. V.C. 
N 2, Scunthorpe, A T. 5, Laughton Common, A 8S. 9, Tetney, 
1886, AS. 


_CICINDELA SYLVATICA L 


There is no other record than the following : — 
N 2, Manton Common near Brigg, DAWSON, GEOD. BRIT. 
(There is no reference to this record in FOWLER, Brir. Cot.) 


 CICINDELA HYBRIDA L var. MARITIMA Dej 


There are no recent records. 
N 4, Cleethorpes, J. Kidson Taylor, sec E M M, January 1869. 
FOWLER, Brit. COL. 


CYCHRUS ROSTRATUS L 
S 15, Grantham, 1900, Mr. Worsdale. 
_CARABUS CATENULATUS Scop 


N 7, Moortown, 18-8-07, W W. 
S 13, Hartsholme Woods, 24-5-1894, L N U. 


‘CARABUS NEMORALIS Miill 

N 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898, M P. 4, Grimsby, W W. 8, Holton-le- 
Clay, 27-4-1907, RC. 

. S$ 13, Court Leys, 9-1898,S CS. 

‘CARABUS VIOLACEUS L 


Moderately common. 
N 3, Cadnegy, 3-1900, EA W-P. 4, Healing, 7-1899, AS. 9, Humber- 
stone sandhills, 6-7-07, W W. 


CARABUS NITENS L 


There are no recent records. 
N “North Lincolnshire,” FOWLER, BRIT, COL. 


CARABUS MONILIS F 

N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 38, Cadney, 1898, E A W-P. 4, 
Clee, 24-5-1900, A S. 

S$ 15, Ancaster District, 16-6-96, L N U. 

CARABUS GRANULATUS L 

_  N 6, Marton drain, 23-5-1892, A T. 

NOTIOPHILUS BIGUTTATUS F 


Common. 

N 2, Manton Common, 21-3-98, E A W-P. 3, Somerby and 
Housham, 9-10-97, E A W-P. 4, Grimsby, A S. 5, Gains- 
borough, F M B. 

S$ 13, Court Leys, 6-1899, S CS. 

NOTIOPHILUS SUBSTRIATUS Wat 

. “Lincoln,” FOWLER, Brrr. CoL. 

OTIOPHILUS AQUATICUS L 


N 5, Cleatham, 9-9-1898, E A W-P. 4, Little Coates, 7-06, W W. 
7, Moortown, 18-8-1907, W W. 


194 Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 


NOTIOPHILUS PALUSTRIS Duft 
N 2, Manton Common, 9-1897,A T. 3,Cadney, EA W-P. 4, Little 
Coates, 7-1906, W W. 
S 13, Court Leys, 6-1899, 5 CS. 
NOTIOPHILUS RUFIPES Curt 
N 6, Newton Cliff, a pair on bank of Trent, 5-6-1895, A T, see 
EM M, October 1895. 
LEISTUS SPINIBARBIS IF 
N 4, Clee, 1899, AS. 7, Linwood, 4-6-1906, W W. 
S 13, Court Leys, 30-5-1899,S CS. 


LEISTUS FULVIBARBIS Dej 
N 2, Manton Common, 9-1897, A T. 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, Ii A W-P. 
4, Croxby, W W. 8, near Louth, H W K, (Nat. World,-— 
September 1886). 
S 18, Hartsholme, 9-1905, A T. 15, Little Bytham, 9-6-0383, (a 
rather large colony under the bark of a dead tree, A T.) 


LEISTUS FERRUGINEUS L 


N 2, Scunthorpe, 6-8-1900, L N U. 4, Freshney Bogs, 13-7-98, A T. 
9, Saltfleetby, 8-6-1900, L N U. 
S 138, Court Leys, 5-1899,S CS. 


LEISTUS RUFESCENS I 
N 4, Bradley Wood, 7-1906, several specimens, W W. 
S “South Lincolnshire,” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell, 
October 1858). 
NEBRIA COMPLANATA L 


“Recorded from Lincolnshire coast, but I have never heard 
of one being captured in this county,’ FOWLER, Brit. COL. 

““Though I have worked the Lincolnshire coast for several — 
years, I have never found this species, nor heard of any 
specimens being taken,” A T. 


NEBRIA BREVICOLLIS IF 


Frequent. 
N 2, Manton, 9-1897, A T. 38, Cadney, 9-1897, E A W-P. 4, 
Barnoldby-le-beck, 7-1906, W W. 8, near Louth, H W K. 
S 13, Court Leys, 7-1898,S CS. 


BLETHISA MULTIPUNCTATA L 
There are no recent records. 
“Tineoln district,’ FOWLER, BRIT. COL. 
ELAPHRUS RIPARIUS L 


Not uncommon in marshy places. 
N 4, Little Coates, 7-1906, W W. 5, Scotton Common, 10-6-97, 
JEM. 6, Torksey, 7-95, A T. 7, Linwood, 4-6-1906, W W. 
S 13, Court Leys, 13-6-1899,S CS. 15, Syston Park, 16-6-96, A T. 


ELAPHRUS CUPREUS Duft 
Frequently found with the preceding. 


Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 195 


N 4, Little Coates, 7-1906, W W. 6, Marton drain, 1-6-94, A T. 
7, Linwood, 4-6-1906, W W. 10, Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, 
LNU. 
LORICERA PILICORNIS F 


Frequent. 
N 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, E A W-P. 4, Little Coates, 7-1906, W W. 
9, Theddlethorpe, A T. 10, Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, L N U. 
S 13, Hartsholme, 15-9-1898, L N U. 


CLIVINA FOSSOR L 
N 3, Cadney, 3-1900, H A W-P. 4, Little Coates, 7-1906, W W. 
CLIVINA COLLARIS Herbst 


N 6, Torksey, river bank, 20-5-1896, A T 
S 13, Hartsholme Woods, 24-5-1894, L N U. 


DYSCHIRIUS THORACICUS Rossi 


N 9, Humberstone, 6-6-1901, A S. 11, Mablethorpe, 12-6-1893, 
WwrR. 


DYSCHIRIUS IMPUNCTIPENNIS Daws 
N 9, Theddlethorpe shore, 8-1893, A T. 

DYSCHIRIUS POLITUS Dej 

“Dawson mentions Lincolnshire ecoast,’’ FOWLER, BRIT. COL. 
“JT have never met with the species there,” A T. 
DYSCHIRIUS NITIDUS Dej 

“ Lincolnshire coast,’ FOWLER, BRIT. CoL. 

There are no recent records. 


DYSCHIRIUS SALINUS Schawm 


N 9, Humberstone, 7-1906, W W. 
Ihave taken a considerable number of specimens this year 
also; they are found under clods of earth in the salt- 
marshes, W W. 
DYSCHIRIUS ANEUS Dej 


N 9, Theddlethorpe, 1894, A T, also Saltfleetby. 
S “South Lincolnshire,” 9- 1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell. 
October 16th, 1858). 


DYSCHIRIUS GLOBOSUS Herbst 


N 9, Theddlethorpe, 6-96, A T. Saltfleetby, 8-6-1900, L N U. 
Donna Nock, 31-5-1906, W W. Humberstone, 7-1906, W W. 
S 18, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, A T. 


_ BROSCUS CEPHALOTES L 
N 4, Grimsby, 1898, A S. 9, Theddlethorpe, 1893, A T, also 
Mablethorpe, 30-8-1900, LN U. 2, near Twigmoor, Dawson, 

GEOD. BrIt. 
PANAGALUS CRUX-MAJOR L 

“South Lincolnshire,” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell. 
ae 16th, 1858). ‘Lincolnshire Fens,” FowLmr, Brit. 

(OL. 
-PANAGAZUS QUADRIPUSTULATUS Stm 
N 9, eee cree one under old piece of iron on shore, 1-8-1893, 


+ 


; 


196 Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 


BADISTER UNIPUSTULATUS Bon 


“South Lincolnshire” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell. 
October 16th, 1858). 

Apparently near Boston, 9-4-1860, (E. C. Rye, see Ent. W. 
Intell., May 19th, 1860). 

There are no recent records. 


BADISTER BIPUSTULATUS F 


Frequent. 

N 2, Bottesford, 1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898, E A W-P. 4, 
Roxton Wood, 6-4-07, A B. 8, near Louth, (H W K, see Nat. 
World, June, 1886). 11, Trusthorpe, 6-1897, A T. 

S$ 13, Court Leys, 6-1899 SCS. 


BADISTER PELTATUS Panz 


S 18, ‘‘ Cowbit Marsh, near Spalding” by Mr. Ryeand Archdeacon 
Hey. FOwLer, Brit. Cou. 
“South Lincolnshire,” September, 1858, (W. K. Bissill, Ent. 
W. Intell., October 16th, 1858). 
(In Ent. W. Intell., May 19th, 1860, Mr. E. C. Rye describes 
the capture of 70 examples near Boston on April 9th, 1860). 


CHLANIUS NIGRICORNIS F 
N 6, Torksey, 7-95, not uncommon on the river bank, A T. 
STENOLOPHUS VESPERTINUS Panz 
“Near Boston,” 9-4-1860, (E. C. Rye, see Ent. W. Intell., May 
19th, 1860). 
ACUPALPUS DORSALIS F 
N 6, Marton drain, 1-6-1894, A T. 
S 13, Stapleford Common, FOWLER, BRIT. CoL. See Note on 
Anchomenus sexpunctatus. 
ACUPALPUS EXIGUUS Dej var. Luridus 
“Near Boston,” (BE. C. Rye, 9-4-1860, see Ent. W. Intell., May 
19th, 1860). 
ACUPALPUS CONSPUTUS Duft 
“Near Boston,” (EH. C. Rye, 9-4-1860, see Ent. W. Intell., May 
19th, 1860). 
BRADYCEI.LUS PLACIDUS Gyll 
“ Lincoln,” FOWLER, BRIT. CoOL. 
BRADYCELLUS VERBASCI Duft 
N 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898, E A W-P. 4, Grimsby, one specimen in 
garden, 10-9-1907, A B. 
BRADYCELLUS HARPALINUS Dej 
N 2, Manton Common, 9-1897, A T. 4, Peak’s Fields, near Grimsby, 
1898, AS. Irby, in colonies under bark of stumps in the 
woods, 20-6-1907, L N U. 7, Moortown, 18-8-07, W W. 
BRADYCELLUS SIMILIS Dej 
N 2, Manton Common, 9-97, A T. 
HARPALUS PUNCTICOLLIS Payk 


S 17, The Wash-foreshore, Kirton near Boston, in heads of 
Daucus carota, common, 26-8-1897, A T. 


4 


SM tm 1 Nigh. Sema 


ts 


Of ee nant 
av : 


~ meets 


Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 197 


HARPALUS RUFIBARBIS [F 
N 2, Bottesford, 1900, M P. 38, Cadney, 7-1898, E A W-P. 4, 
Croxby, 20-6-1907, W W. 6, Torksey, 7-1895, A T. 
HARPALUS RUFICORNIS fF 


N 2, Bottesford, 1900, M P. 3,Cadney, 1898, A W-P. 4, Grimsby, 
30-5-1901, AS. 6, Newton Cliff, 2-6-1901, LNU. 10, Toynton- 
all-Saints, Rev. W. W. Mason. 

S 13, Court Leys, 8-1898,S CS. 15, Sapperton, 6-1901,5 CS. 

HARPALUS ANEUS [ 


N 2, Ashby, 1898, Dr. C. 4, Weelsby, 1898, A S. 8, Ludborough, 
4-5-07, RC. 7, Linwood, 30-9-1897, H A W-P. 10, Woodhall 
Spa, 7-8-1893, L N U. 11, Trusthorpe, A T. 

S$ 13, Court Leys, 11-10-1898, SCS. 


HARPALUS RUBRIPES Duft 
N 2, Scunthorpe, 2-7-1892, L N U. 
HARPALUS TARDUS Panz 


N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P, 9, Theddlethorpe coast, A T, 
also Saltfleetby, 8-6-1899, L N U. 6 or 13, Lineoln, A T. 
DICHIROTRICHUS OBSOLETUS Dej 


N 9, Humberstone fitties, one specimen, 30-9-1906, (W W, see 
LN U, Transactions, 1906). 

§ 17, Wash-foreshore at Kirton near Boston, common, 26-8-1897, 
AT. 


: 
} 
: 
| 
. 
: 


DICHIROTRICHUS PUBESCENS Payk 


N 4, Great Coates-foreshore, 30-9-1906, W W. 9, Saltfleetby, 
8-6-1899, L N U. Humberstone in great numbers, 30-9-1906, 
WwW. Tetney, 28-4-1903, CS C. 

S 17, Wash-foreshore at Kirton near Boston, with the above but 
commoner, A T. 


STOMIS PUMICATUS Panz 
N 4, Bradley, 16-5-07, W W. 
PTEROSTICHUS CUPREUS L 
N 2, Bottesford, 1898, M P. 38, Cadney, AT. 4, Grimsby, 6-1905, 
W W.. 7, Linwood, 1898, E A W-P. 
S 13, Court Leys, 4-1899,S CS. 
PTEROSTICHUS VERSICOLOR Sturm 
N 4, Great Coates, 8-9-1896, A T.; also Grimsby, 5-1906, W W. 
PTEROSTICHUS MADIDUS fF 


N 2, Bottesford, 1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 4-1898, E A W-P. 4, 
Weelsby, 1898, AS. 8, Donnington-on-Bain, H W K. 10, 
Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, L N U. 


_PTEROSTICHUS OBLONGO-PUNCTATUS F 


N 3, Cadney, 1900, E A W-P. 4, Grimsby, 5-1901, AS. 6, Lany- 
worth Wood, FowLER, Brrr. COL. 
S$ 13, Nocton, (HK A W see E M M, January, 1868). 


PTEROSTICHUS NIGER Schall 


N 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, EH A W-P. 4, Clee, 6-1898, A S. 10, 
Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, L N U. 


198 Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 


PTEROSTICHUS VULGARIS IL 
N 2, Ashby, 1899, Dr. C. 38, Cadney, 12-3-1898, EK A W-P. 4, 
Grimsby, W W. 
S 13, Court Leys, 9-1898,S CS. 15, Sapperton, 6-1901,5 CS. 
PTEROSTICHUS ANTHRACINUS III 
N 6, Torksey, 21-7-1896, A T, I have taken two or three examples. 
PTEROSTICHUS NIGRITA F 
n 2, Ashby, 1899, Dr. C. 38, Cadney, 1898, E A W-P. 4, Little 
Coates, 15-6-1906, W W. 6, Torksey, 19-5-1899, S. Pegler. 
PTEROSTICHUS STRENUUS Panz 
N 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, E A W-P. 4, Great Coates, 8-9-1896, L N U. 
6, Torksey, 16-5-1899, Dr. C. 
S 13, Hartsholme, 9-1905, A T. 
PTEROSTICHUS DILIGENS Sturm 


N 4, Little Coates, 10-8-06, one specimen, but several have been 
taken there, 1907, W W. 


PTEROSTICHUS PICIMANUS Duft 


N 4, Little Coates, 8-8-1907, W W. 6, Torksey, A T. 7, Linwood, 
4-6-1906, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T. 11, Trusthorpe, 
6-1907, A T. 


BEER RRS STRIOLA F 
N 2, Scunthorpe, 2-7-1902, L NU. 4, Bradley, 7-1906, W W. 
AMARA FULVA Dej 
N 6, Torksey, 7-1895, Hd. Watt. Newton Cliff, 2-6-1901, Dr. Eland 
Shaw, 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, L NU, W FB. 
AMARA APRICARIA Sturm 


N 2, Seunthorpe, 2- if 1902, L N U. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, 
Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, L N U, W F B. 9, Theddlethorpe, 
AT. 10, Toy te all-Saints, 1900, Rev. W. W. Mason, 


AMARA CONSULARIS Duft 
N 7, Moortown, a single specimen in a sandy field, 18-8-07, W W. 


AMARA AULICA Panz 
N 4, Great Coates, 8-9-1896, L N U, A T. Roxton Wood, one 
specimen in flower head of Centaurea nigra, 1-8-07, W W. 
AMARA CONVEXIUSCULA Marsh 
N 4, Cleethorpes, 7-9-1907, several specimens by sweeping at 
night, W W. 
AMARA BIFRONS Gy/ll 
N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 


AMARA OVATA F 
N 4, Roxton Wood, 6-4-1907, A B. 11, Trusthorpe, 6-1897, very 
common on the sandhills, A T. 
AMARA SIMILATA Gyll 
N 9, Mablethorpe district, AT. 11,Trusthorpe,A T, ‘“ Lincoln,” 
AYD, 


Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 199 


AMARA TIBIALIS Payk 
N 7, Linwood, 4-6-1900, Grimsby and Louth Nat. Society. 


AMARA FAMILIARIS Duft 


N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, 
Grimsby, 30-5-1900, A S. 6, Torksey, 16-5-1899, Dr. C. 9, 
Theddlethorpe, 1894, excessively abundant on sandhills, 
AT. 11, Trusthorpe, 6-1897, A T. 


AMARA LUCIDA Duft 
N 7, Moortown several specimens in a sandy field, 18-8-1907, W W. 


AMARA TRIVIALIS Gyll 


N 1, Haxey -and Epworth one specimen, a melanie variety. 
14-7-1898, A T. 4, Bradley, 27-4-1907, A B. 
S$ 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, L N U, A T. 


AMARA COMMUNI!S Paz 


N 3, Cadney, 1898, E A W-P. 4, Grimsby, 30-5-1901, A S. 6, 
Torksey, 16-5-1899, Dr. C. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T. 11, 
Trusthorpe, A T. 

S$ 18, Court Leys, 7-1898, S C S. 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, 
LNU,AT. 


AMARA PLEBEIA Gyll 


N 2, Bottesford, 1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 4-1898, E A W-P. 4, 
Grimsby, 1906, W W. 


CALATHUS CISTELOIDES Panz 


N 2, Manton Common, 21-3-1898, E A W-P. 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898 
E A W-P. 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 7; 
Linwood Warren, 30-9-1897, EK A W-P. 9, Mablethorpe, 
30-8-1900, L NU. 10, Toynton-all-Saints, 1900, Rev. W. W. 
Mason. 
S 13, Court Leys, 8-1898, S CS. 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, 
LNU,AT. 
CALATHUS FUSCUS F 


N 2, Manton Common, 9-1897, A T. 4, Cleethorpes, 26-8-07, W W. 
7, Moortown, 18-8-1907, W W. 9, Humberstone, 26-8-07, 
W W. 


CALATHUS FLAVIPES [fouwrc 


N 2, Scunthorpe, 6-8-1900, LN U. 4, Cleethorpes, 1907, W W. 9, 
Theddlethorpe, common, 1894, A T. 11, Trusthorpe, 6-1897, 
AT. 


CALATHUS MOLLIS Marsh 


N 4, Cleethorpes, 8-1907, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, abundant, 

6-1896, A T. 11, Trusthorpe, 6-1897, A T. 
CALATHUS MELANOCEPHALUS L 

N 2, Manton district, 9-1897, A T. 3, Cadney, 18-3-1898, E A W-P. 
4, Weelsby, 1898, A S. 8, Donnington-on-Bain, H WK. 9, 
Mablethorpe, 3-4-1886, (H W K, see Nat. World, June, 1886), 
10, Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, L NU, W F B. 

S$ 13, Fulbeck Grange, 12-1888, (W. D. Roebuck, see Nat. May, 
1889). 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, L N U, AT, 


200 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


CALATHUS PICEUS Marsh 
N 3, Cadney, 3-1900, E A W-P. 4, Grimsby district, 1906, W_W. 
S “South Lincolnshire,” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell, 
October 16th, 1858), 
TAPHRIA NIVALIS Panz 
N 4, Bradley, 11-8-1907, one specimen, W W. 9, Humberstone, 
five specimens under a stone near a drain on salt marshes, 
6-7-1907, W W. 
PRISTONYCHUS TERRICOLA Herbst 
N 2, Scunthorpe, 6-8-1900, L NU. 38, Cadney, 12-3-1898, E A W-P. 
4, Grimsby near shore, 1906, A B. 
SPHODRUS LEUCOPHTHALMUS L 
“ Lincoln,’ FOWLER, Brit. CoL. 


ANCHOMENUS ANGUSTICOLLIS F 
N 3, Cadney, 12-38-1898, IE A W-P. 4, Roxton Woods, 1906, A B. 
6, Gate Burton, A T. 


ANCHOMENUS DORSALIS Miill 
N 2, Manton Common, 21-3-1898, IX A W-P. 3, Cadney, 4-1898, 
EK A W-P. 4, Clee, 6-1900, AS. 8, Donington-on-Bain, 
H W K. 
S 13, Court Leys, 1898,5 Cs. 


NCHOMENUS ALBIPES [ 
N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 38, Cadney, 21-3-1898, EK A W-P. 
4, Grimsby, 30-5-1901, AS. 6 Marton drain, 1892, A T. 9, 
Humberstone, 11-5-07, W W. 
ANCHOMENUS LIVENS Guyll 


“South Lincolnshire.’ September, 1858, (W K LB, see Ent. W. 
Intell., October 1th, 1858). 

“Near Boston,” 9-4-1860, (I. C. Rye, see Ent. W. Intell., May 
19th, 1860). 


ANCHOMENUS MARGINATUS L 


N 4, Grimsby, 30-5-1901, AS. I took six specimens on the dry 
river bank at Freshney Bogs, running about in the sun- 
shine, 7-1905, and one was taken on the street in Grimsby, 
8-1906, W W. 


ANCHOMENUS SEXPUNCTATUS L 
§ 13, ‘ Near Stapleford Common,” FOWLER, Brit. Cot. It must be 
remembered that part of the Common is in Notts. 
ANCHOMENUS PARUMPUNCTATUS F , 
N 3, Cadney, 4-1898, E A W-P. 4, Little Coates, 1906, W W. 6, 
Marton drain, 1892, A T. Theddlethorpe, A T. 
ANCHOMENUS VIDUUS Panz var. MQ@STUS Duft 


N 4, Freshney Bogs. 15-7-1907, W W. 6, Marton-drain, 1892, A T, 
“Near Boston, 9-4-1860, (E. C. Rye, see Ent. W. Intell., May 
19th, 1860). 


Lincolnshire Coleoptera, 201 


ANCHOMENUS FULIGINOSUS Panz 
S 13, Hartsholme, 9-1905, A T. 


OLISTHOPUS ROTUNDATUS Payk 


N 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, E A W-P. 4, Roxton, 6-4-1907, AB. 8, 
Holton-le-Clay, 4-5-1907, A B. 


CILLENUS LATERALIS Sam 
N 9, Saltfleet, on tidal mud of Withern, 6-1896, A 'T. 


BEMBIDIUM RUFESCENS Gueér 
N 4, Little Coates, 7-1906, W W. 6, Torksey, 10-9-1898, A T. 8, 
Near Louth, (H W K, see Nat. World, September, 1886). 
BEMBIDIUM QUINQUESTRIATUM Gull 
“ Lincolnshire,” FOWLER, BRIT. COL. 


 BEMBIDIUM OBTUSUM Sturm 
N 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898, EH A W-P. 4, near Grimsby, 1206, W W. 9, 
Tetney, 16-5-1907, W W. 
S 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, L N U, A T. 
BEMBIDIUM GUTTULA F 
N 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898, E A W-P. 4, Great Coates, 24-4-1907, 
WW. 9, Theddlethorpe, 1896, A T. 
~ § 18, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L N U. 
BEMBIDIUM BIGUTTATUM F 
N 4, Croxby, 6-8-1906, W W. 6, Marton drain, 1892,A T. Torksey, 
20-7-1895, A T. 
BEMBIDIUM RIPARIUM Ol 
N 4, A single specimen Croxby, 6-8-1906, W W. 
 BEMBIDIUM ANEUM Germ 
N 4, Near Grimsby, one specimen, 1906, W W. 6, Torksey, 7-1895, 
(T A, see E M M, October, 1895). 11, Trusthorpe, 6-1897, 
AT. 
S$ 13, Banks of Witham near Lincoln, FOWLER, BRIT. CoL. 


BEMBIDIUM FUMIGATUM Duft 

“ Lineolnshire Fens,” KOWLER Brit. CoL. 

“South Lincolnshire,” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell., 
October 16th, 1858). 

BEMBIDIUM ASSIMILE Gy/l 

; “ Lincolnshire Fens,’ FOWLER, BRIT. COL. 

“South Lincolnshire,” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell. 
October 16th, 1858). 

BEMBIDIUM CLARKI Daws 

N 4, Near Grimsby, two specimens, 1906, W W. . 


BEMBIDIUM ARTICULATUM Panz 


N 4, Croxby very common, 8-1906, W W. Beelsby, 11-5-1907, A B. 
Little Coates, 16-7-1907, A B, 


202 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


BEMBIDIUM DORIS Panz 
N 9, Humberstone two specimens, 1906, W W. 


BEMBIDIUM MINIMUM F 
N 4, Grimsby shore near yacht-pond, 9-9-1907, WW. 9, Theddle- 
thorpe, 5-1895, AT. 11, Gibraltar Point, 15-8-1891, (LN U, 
see Nat. February, 1892). 
§ 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, L NU, A T. 
BEMBIDIUM NORMANNUM Dej 
N 4, Grimsby shore near yatch-pond, 9-9-1907, W W. 9, Humber- 
stone, 16-7-1907, W W. 
S$ 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, L N U, A T. “South Lincoln- 
shire,” 9-1858, (W K B, see Ent. W. Intell., Oct. 16th, 1853). 
BEMBIDIUM GILVIPES Sturm 
N 4, Great Coates, 8-9-1896, L NU, AT, 6, Torksey, 7-1895, (A T, 
see EK M M, October, 1895). 
BEMBIDIUM LAMPROS Herbst 
N 3, Cadney, 3-1898, H A W-P. 4, Weelsby, 1898, AS. 
REMBIDIUM NITIDULUM Marsh 
N 4, Croxby, one Specimen, 27-10-1907, A B. 


BEMBIDIUM STOMOIDES Dej 
N 6, Torksey, “ discovered by me in this locality, 13-7-1895, very 
common on Trent bank,” A T, (see E M M, October, 1895.) 
BEMBIDIUM QUADRIGUTTATUM [ 
N 4, Croxby, 8-1906, common, W W. Aylesby, 8-06, W W. 
BEMBIDIUM QUADRIMACULATUM Gull 
N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 1898, E A W-P. 4, 
Little Coates, 7-1906, one specimen, W W. Scartho, 4-5-1907, 
one, W W. 6, Torksey, 20-6-1896, A T. 
BEMBIDIUM LUNATUM Duft 
N 6, Torksey, 7-1895, not uncommon, A T, (see E M M, October, 
1895). “South Lincolnshire,” 9-1858, (WK B, see Ent. W. 
Intell., October 16th, 1858). 
BEMBIDIUM CONCINNUM Steph 
N 9, Saltfleet on tidal mud of Withern, common, 6-1896, A T; 
also Saltfleetby, 8-6-1899, L N U. 
BEMBIDIUM FEMORATUM Sturm 


N 3, Cadney, AT. Brigg,6-1895, A'T. 4, Grimsby, Humber bank, 
7-7-07, AB. 6, Torksey, 7-1895, A T, (see E M M, October 
1895). 9, Theddlethorpe, A T. 


BEMBIDIUM SAXATILE Gyll 


“South Lincolnshire, 9-1858,’ (W K B, Ent. W. Intell. 
October 16th, 1858). 


engi, ». 


Lincolushive Coleoptera. 203 


BEMBIDIUM LITTORALE Ol 


N 2, Ashby, 1899, Dr. C. 3, Cadney, 1898, A T. 4, Cleethorpes, 
5-7-1894, L NU, W FB. 6, Newton-on-Trent, 6-1895, A T. 
7, Linwood, 4-6-1900, Grimsby and Louth Nat. Societies. 

S 15, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L NU, A T. 


BEMBIDIUM FLUVIATILE Dej 

N 6, Newton-on-Trent, 5-6-1895, A T, (see E M M, October, 1895.) 
BEMBIDIUM PUNCTULATUM Drap 

N 6, Newton-on-Trent, 5-6-1895, A T, (see E M M, October, 1895.) 
BEMBIDIUM FLAMMULATUM Clairv 


N 4, Croxby, 8-1906, WW. Immingham, 8-1906, W W. 6, Marton 
drain, 1-4-1894, A T. Torksey, 7-1895, A T, (see E M M, 
October, 1895). Burton Chateat, 22-6-1901, A T. 

S 15,Syston Park, 16-6-1896, A T. 

BEMBIDIUM VARIUM Ol 
N 4, Immingham, 8-1906,W W. Croxhby, 8-1906, W W. 9, Saltfleet 

on tidal mud, 6-1896, A T. Saltfleetby, 8-6-1899, L N U. 
11, Ingoldmells, 21-9-1899, E A W-P. 
S 17, Wash-foreshore, 26-8-1897, L N U, A T. 
BEMBIDIUM PALUDOSUM Puiz 


N 7, Linwood, 4-6-1906, “ Fifteen specimens on a mud flat at the 
side of a stream,” W W, (see L N U Trans. 1906). 


BEMBIDIUM PALLIDIPENNE III 
N 4, Cleethorpes, 8-85-08, A B. 
TACHYPUS FLAVIPES L 
N 4, Bradley Wood, a single specimen in the wet part of the 
main drive, 14-6-1907, A B. 
TRECHUS MICROS JHerbst 
N 4, Near Grimsby one specimen, 1906, W W. 11, Trusthorpe 
from clay underlying sandhills, sea front, 6-1897, A. T 
TRECHUS MINUTUS IF 
N 3, Cadney, 1898, EH A W-P. 4, Little Coates, 7-1906, WW. 7, 
Moortown, 18-8-1907, W W. 9, Mablethorpe, 30-8-1900, 
LNU. 11, Ingoldmells, 21-9-1900, E A W-P. 
§ 13, Hartsholme, 9-1905, A T. 17, Wash foreshore, 7-1897, 
LNU, AT. 
— var. obtusus Er 
N 9, Mablethorpe, 1882, (H. Bedford Pim, E M M, December, 1882.) 
"RECHUS SECALIS Payk 
N 6, Torksey, 7-95, common, A T. 


ATROBUS EXCAVATUS Paylc 
| _N 6,Torksey, 16-5-1899, Dr. C. 


OGONUS LURIDIPENNIS Germ 

N 9, Saltfleet three specimens in Salicornia herbacea (Samphire) 
4-9-1902, C S CC; also one specimen at Humberstone, 
18-9-1902, in Samphire (Louth and Grimsby Nat. Socs.), see 
Nat. 1903, p. 30. 


‘ 


264 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


POGONUS CHALCEUS Marsh 


N 4, Great Coates foreshore, 8-1906, W W. 9, Saltfleet, 6 1896, 
A T. Humberstone, 6-1901, A S. 11, Gibraltar Point, 
15-8-1891, (LN U, see Nat. February, 1892). Ingoldmells, 
21-9-1899, EK A W-P. 
S 17, Wash- foreshore, 26-8-1897, perhaps the most abundant beetle 
on the foreshore, AT. 
LEBIA CHLOROCEPHALA Hoff 


N 6, Torksey, 1895, S. Pegler. 


DEMETRIAS UNIPUNCTATUS Germ 
N 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, LN U, W FB. 9, mheaeisenonpe 


abundant on sandhills, 5-1895, "A othe 
DEMETRIAS ARTICAPILLUS 1. | 
N 3, Cadney, 13-3-1898, HE A W-P. 4, Weelsby, 14-4-1907, A B. 
6, Marton, AT. 8, Freiston, 8-8-1899, L NU. 9, Humber- 
stone, 10-9-1906, W W. 11, Ingoldmells, 21-9-99, E A W-P. 
S$ 13, Court Leys, 8-1898,S CS. 15, Little Ponton, 1898, E A W-P. 
DROMIUS LINEARIS Ol o 
N 3, Cadney, 4-1898, E A W-P. 4, Freshney Bogs, 7-1900, A S. 
5, Cleatham, 9-9-1898, EA W-P. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T. 11, 
Trusthorpe, A T. 
S$ 13, Court Leys, 9-1900,S CS. 


DROMIUS MERIDIONALIS Dej 


N 2, Ashby, 1899, Dr.C. 3, Cadney, 2-3-1898, E \ W-P, 4, Bradey- 
Woop, one specimen, 1906, W W. 


DROMIUS QUADRIMACULATUS L ; 
N 2, Ashby, 1899, Dr. C. 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, EH A W-P. 4, — 
Weelsby, A S. 8, Near Louth, (H W K, see Nat. World, 
June, 1886. 
DROMIUS QUADRINOTATUS Panz 
N 4, Clee, 6-1900, AS. 8, North Thoresby, 27-4-07, W W. 


~ 


DROMIUS MELANOCEPHALUS Dej 


N 3, Cadney, 4-1898, E A W-P. 4, Little Coates, 28-5-1907, W W. 
9, Mablethorpe, 1882, (H. Bedford Pim, see E M M, Dee. 
1882). 11, Trusthorpe, A T. 


DROMIUS NIGRIVENTRIS Thoms 


N 2, Ashby, 1899, Dr. C. 3, Cadney, 21-3-1898, E A W-P. 9, 
Humberstone, 6-6-1901, A S. 


BELCHRUS MAURUS $ Sturm 
N 38, Gadneyy 1898, E A W-P. 4, Old Clee, one specimen, 26-2-1907, 


METABLETUS FOVEOLA Gyll 
N 6, Torksey, 16-5-1899, Dr. C. 


FIELD MEETINGS, 1907. 


The first meeting of the year, and the Fifty-fourth Field 
Meeting of the Union was held on Whit Monday, May 2oth, at 
WELTON-BY-LINCOLN. Assembling at Lincoln, the party 
Was conveyed to Welton by waggonette, where the President 
~ Rev. A. Hunt, M.A., met them and conducted the members to 
Hackthorn, and by foot road and field as well as through gorse 
and coppice, gradually brought them to Welton where Mr. and 
Mrs. Hunt kindly provided High Tea. 


The day’s work was successful in many ways. ‘The Botany 
was well worked by Rev. E. A. Woodrulfe-Peacock and others. 
Mr. G. W. Mason led the Intomologists. Mr. W. Dennison 
Roebuck took charge of the Conchologists and with such leaders, 
and willing followers, the meetings are of such value as to obtain 

a great amount of information for the County lists for publication. 


‘The Geology was perhaps the most interesting feature. ‘The 
presence of Mr. H. Preston was indeed valuable, he always being 
ready to explain as far as possible what he knows on the subject. 
_ Mr. F. M. Burton prepared the following paper which was read at 
_ the close of the meeting. 
WELTON. 

We stand to-day on one of the most instructive geological 
tions of the County, a spot where several strata of great 
interest occur together on the surface uncovered; as so much of 
Lincolnshire is, by glacial and alluvial drifts. I need scarcely 
remind you that our County is confined to the entire secondary, 
‘or mesozoic, division of rocks—from the ‘Triassic on the west to 
the cretaceous beds on the east. After passing the lassicclays on 
the west we come to limestone beds on the top of the Lincoln 
Cliff, and find in succession the Inferior Oolite group,—made up 


206 Field Meetings, 1907. 


of the Northampton Ironstone, and the Lower Estuarine beds, 
with the Lincolnshire limestone at the top; followed by the Great 
Oolite group consisting of the Upper Estuarine beds, the Great 
Oolite limestone and clay, with the independent band of 
the Cornbyvash at the top, beyond which we come to the 
Kellaways Rock and the Oxford Clay. All of these beds—from 
the Lincolnshire limestone on the west to the Oxford Clay on the 
east—lie exposed in near proximity to the village of Welton, 
which is built on the Great Oolite limestone. 

LINCOLNSHIRE LIMESTONE. 

Now of all the beds we have to deal with to-day the 
Lincolnshire limestone is the most important. It is ike a wedge 
between the Lower and Upper I'stuarine series, and consists of a 
compact QOolite limestone, which was deposited in a sea of 
moderate depth, and is the most characteristic of the Lincolnshire 
Oolite strata, belonging peculiarly to the County, from which it 
takes its name. It is in great demand for building purposes, as 
the Ancaster quarries in the south of the County testify, and, 
being of a porous nature, and lying on the impervious clays of the 
lias beneath (which, with the other strata in this eastern portion of 
our land, dips at a low angle, in a south-easterly direction) it 
acts like a sponge, retaining all the rain water that falls upon it, 
and forms the great water-bearing rock of the County. It reaches 
from Winteringham in the north to Stamford in the south, and is 
from 2 to 3 miles wide, and about 60 feet deep in the northern 
portion ; and from 4 to 6 miles wide, reaching to 130 feet deep in 
the southeyn area. In this latter district the supply of water is 
continuous, bursting out at the well-known ‘“‘ Well Head” spring 
at Bourne at the rate of 4 million gallons in 24 hours, but, in the 
northern part of the county the supply is intermittent, ranging 
(our President informs me), from 2 million gallons daily to a 
hundred thousand gallons, for 3 or 4 months in the year. This 
partial failure, in the supply in the north, is caused by intercala- 
tions of clayey beds, which impede, and partially bar the flow, and, 
probably form fissures in the limestone, through which the 
water escapes. A notable example of this irregular supply occurs 
in the village of Welton at the ‘Old Man’s Head” spring, which 
we shall see to-day. The Lincolnshire Limestone was, as I have 


Field Meetings, 1907. 207 


said, laid down ina shallow sea. ‘This is shown by the beds of 
coral which are frequent in it, and by the signs of current bedding 
in its upper layers. Fossils are not generally common init. It 
contains however, according to Mr. Jukes Browne, many gastro- 
pods, Rhynchonella and other: Lamellibranchs are abundant, 
Echinoderms are not uncommon but Ammonites are rare. 

Passing now from the Lincolnshire limestone (on the eastern 
fringe of which the village of Welton is situated), we come to an 
outcrop of the Upper Estuarine beds of the Great Oolite. A 
series of variegated clays, with layers of sand, shale, and lime- 
stone, partly marine and partly fluviatile; the former, with 
ostreas, at the top, and the latter at the base with paludinas and 
other fresh-water shells. ‘These are followed, in due course, by 
the Great Oolite limestone, and the Great Oolite clay, the former 
_ashallow marine formation, consisting of soft marly limestones 
and layers of muddy clay, in which fossils are not common. 
_(Rhynchonella, ‘Verebratulas and ‘Trigonias being characteristic), 
and the latter, the Great Oolite Clay, also of marine origin, 
in which fossils are scarce. In places a thin shelly seam, com- 
_ posed of a small oyster-like shell, Placunopsis socialis, is met 
with that, and an oyster Ostrea Sowerbyi seem to be almost the 
only fossils recorded from this bed. After these, we reach the 
uppermost bed of the Great Oolite group. The Cornbrash, a 
‘coarse rubbly limestone, with sandy layers, which was deposited 
ina shallow sea. ‘This remarkable bed, though it occurs only in 
bands, varying from 3 to 4 feet in thickness in the north and mid 
Lincolnshire ; and from 6 to to feet in the south of the County, 
is one of the most persistent members of the Oolite series. It 
abounds in fossils, of which Mr. Jukes Brown gives Holectypus 
Depressus, Nucleolites clunicularis and Ammonites macrocepha- 
lus as characteristic and common. Leaving the Cornbrash we 
the 
Kellaways Rock and the Oxford clay—the former a shallow water 
deposit, difficult to separate from the latter, and apparently dying 
out altogether in places, and the latter, the Oxford Clay, formed 
in a Deep Sea, very fossiliferous, and full of Pyrites and Selenite, 


‘ 


come now to the highest beds we have to deal with to-day 


with Gryphoea dilatata as its most characteristic fossil, and 
containing many ammonites. At its junction with the Cornbrash 


208 Field Meetings, 1907. 


below and beds of a large oyster, Ostrea flabelloides, are very 
frequently met with. 


Both of these beds, the Kellaways Rock and the Oxford Clay, 
are covered, in this neighbourhood, for the most part witha sheet 
of boulder clay, and in places with gravel and drift deposits. 
‘The former being the result of the Ice age, and the latter of rains, 
rivers, and water-flows. Exposures however occur at Welton on 
the east of the village beyond a narrow band of alluvial drift 
which here intersects the Cornbrash. 


One more word as to the position of Welton. The village lies 
on the Great Oolite limestone which extends north and south, but, 
on the north it is covered in parts by an outlying mass of boulder 
clay. On the west it is bounded by a narrow exposure of the 
Upper Estuarine beds,—beyond which, further to the west, comes 
the great mass of the Lincolnshire lmestone, which supplies the’ 
village with water,—while a narrow band of Cornbrash, which, 
near the village, is intersected by alluvial drift, skirts it on the 
east. 

The Fifty-fifth Field Meeting was held at IRBY-ON- 
HUMBER, on June 20th. Waggonettes conveyed the members 
from Grimsby Station to Irby, and in an area of a mile the ground 
was sufficiently interesting to keep the party busy for the day, 
Mr. C. B. Parker a local worker gave his services as conductor, 
such services being indeed valuable, coming from one who knew 
the ground thoroughly. Descending the ‘t Dales,”’ good exposures 
of the chalk were seen from which Mr. C. S. Carter collected 
fossils which he recognised as Rhynconella cuvieri, R. rudensis, 
Cyphosoma Sp. Spine, Terebratula and Inoceramus, Sp., ‘erebra- 
tula gracilis and Holaster planus. J.ower down the dale was seen 
a fine gorge or Fiord of Glacial times and an interesting chalk 
hill known as Rush hill which is capped with gravel, containing 
pebbles of several ignaeous rocks. 


The Botanical report is given by Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe- 
Peacock as follows. 


. Fora. 
Irby-on-Humber, 20-6-’07. 


Field Meetings, 1907. 409 


Between 200 and 250 plants were noted on the following 


soils. 
Upper Cuatk.—Pasture :— 
Cnicus acaulis, Plantago minor, 
Koeleria cristata, Poterium sanquisorba 
Phleum pratense, Thymus serphyllum., 
var. minor, 
TILTH :— 
Ranunculus sardous, 
Quarry :— 
Caucalis nodosa, Echium vulgare, 
Reseda luteola, Spireea Filipendula. 
Woop anp Woop RinEs :— 
Alchemillayl ugaris, Fragaria vesca, 
Aquilegia vulgaris, Hypericum pulchrum, 
Avena pubescens, H. quadratum, 
Bellis perennis, Listera ovata, 


flore pleno et albo, Lithospermum officinale, 
Circea lutetiana, Senecio sylvaticus, 
Daphne laureola, Viburnum opulus. 


This form of Bellis I have never seen before. The Daphne 
as usual was bird sown I have no doubt. 

Old Fiord Gravel crowns Rush Hill, Irby, and is interesting to 
botanists as well as conchologists. It gave with many others :— 


v- 


Cerastium glomeratum, Potentilla fragariastrum, 
Myostis collina, P. silvestris, 
Ononis spinosa, Carlina vulgaris, 


Tue FResH Water ALLuviuM or THE WATER Courses :— 
__Equisetum fluviatile, Nasturtium palustre, 
Glyceria plicata, Solanum Dulcamara. 
Hottonia palustris, 


A very good day from the botanists’ point of view was the 


b The following isa list of the “ Coleoptera”’ taken on June 
20 , at Irby. 


210 


Leistus rufescens, F. 
Pterostichus strenus, PANZ. 
madidus, F. 
niger, SCHALL. 


»” 


” 
Amara apricaria, PAYK. 
,, familiaris, DUFT. 

Calathus cisteloides, ILL. 
Anchomenus junceus, Scop. 
Harpalus ruficornis, F. 


Bradycellus harpalinus, DEJ. 


Haliplus lineatocollis, MARSH. 


Agabus paludosus, F. 
Hydrobius fuscipes, L. 
Anaczena limbata, F. 
Philhydrus ovalis, THOMS. 
Helophorus nubilus, F. 
Hydroporus pictus, F. 

s palustris, L. 
Mycetoporus longulus, MANN. 
Tachyporus obtusus, L. 

solutus, ER. 
Othius fulvipennis, F. 
Sunius angustatus, PAYK. 
Stenus flavipes, STEPH. 
Olibrus zeneus, F. 
Coccinella 7 punctata, L. 

an 14 punctata, L. 
Meligethes rufipes, GYLL. 
. aeneus, F. 
Aphodius pusillus, HERBST. 
¥, luridus, F. 
Phyllopertha horticola, L. 
Athous hamorrhoidalis, F. 
Corymbetes cupreus, F. 
Agriotes sputator, L. 
,, sobrinus, KIEs. 


obscurus, L. 


” 


Campylus linearis, L, 


Field Meetings, 1907. 


Telephorus alpinus, PAYK. 
* rusticus, FALI,. 
pellucidus, F. 


” 


nigricans, MULL. 


x! bicolor, F. 
wi testaceus, OL. 
, var. limbatus, THOMS. 


- pallidus, F. 
Dryophilus pusillus, GyLu. 
Toxotus meridianus, L. 
Grammoptera ruficornis, F. 
Gastrophysa polygoni, L. 
Prasocuris beccabunge, ILL. 
Gsaleruca tenella, L. 
Haltica pusilla, purr. 
Batophila rubi, payK. 
Cryptophagus vini, PANZ. 
Byturus tomentosus, F. 
Thyamis brunnea, DUFT. 
Brachypterus pubescens, ER. 
Cassida viridis, L. 
Cassida obsoleta, ILL. 
Pyrochroa serraticornis, SCOP. 
Phyllotreta undulata, kuTs. 

‘ nemorum, L. 

vittula, REDT. 
Anaspis frontalis, L. 

5, Melanopa, FORST. 
Apion ulicis, FoRST. 

PES, F. 


5 eethiops, HERBST. 

» humile, GERM. 
Sciaphilus muricatus, F. 
Polydrusus pterygomalis, Bon. 

* cervinus, L. 


Phyllobius argentatus, L. 
maculicornis, GERM, 


pyri, ie 


” 


”? 


Field Meetings, 1907. aii 


Phyllobius uniformis, MARSH. 

a alneti, F. 
Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, HERBST. 
Tychius picirostris, F. 
Coelhiodes quadrimaculatus, L. 
Rhinoncus subfasciatus, GYLuL. 


The sectional reports were made after tea at Grimsby. Mr. 
H. Preston and Mr. C. S. Carter spoke on the Geology. Mr. 
Dennison Roebuck on the Conchology, and others on their 
several departments. 


The Fifty-sixth Field Meeting was held at SPALDING, on 

July 18th, and at HOLBEACH, on the following day. On the 
first day the journey was made to Surfleet, a district interesting 
enough as regards the artifical schemes of engineering relative to 
the draining of the Wash area, and also on account of the making 
of land in this part of the County. Whilst some counties are 
bemoaning their fate by coast erosion, Lincolnshire seems to be 
benefited by their loss. As Naturalists however the area worked 
could not be said to have been particularly successful. 


In the evening the President lectured at the Spalding Gentle- 
men’s Society, Spalding, on Primitive Man in Lincolnshire, and 
the members were well repaid for their attendance at this 
distinguished Society’s meeting, both by the lecture and the 
opportunity of seeing the many valuable books and specimens 


a. 


brought together by this Society. 


The botanical recorder was Mr. H. W. Burchnall. As usual 


_ Every plant not known at sight was taken and submitted to 
the Botanical Secretary of the Union. This only revealed more 


to 
H 
to 


Field Meetings, 1907. 


The list includes, A gropyvon pungens and A. acutum ; Atriplex 
serrata (Moq); Brassica nigva; Bromus commutatus, B. secalinus ; 
Buda marina and Buda marina, var. neglecta; Buda media; 
Butomus; Cavum carvi; Chetvanthus, on old brick walls at 
Spalding ; Chelidonium, an escape; Chenopodium bonus henricus ; 
Cnicus acaulis ; Cochlervaria officinalis ; Galeopsis versicolor, out of 
place on the silt; Galium palustre; Glaux ; Glyceria maritima ; 
Humulus, Juncus Gerardi; Lamium hybridum; Lepidium camp- 
estve; Lepturus filiformis ; Lyeopus; Malva rotundifolia; Matvi- 
cavia chamomilla; M. inodova; Melilotus officinalis ; Mvyosotis 
collina ; Ophioglossum vulgatum; Orchis pyvamidalis ; Pastinaca 
sativa; Solanum dulcamava; Sueda maritima; Triglochin 
mavitimum ; allthe Plantagos and many other common species. 


At Holbeach it was agreed to visit the outlying districts 
bordering the Wash and the seaside botany was investigated, Mr. 
Curtis a local Naturalist accompanied the party and was of much 
service. He also showed some of the visitors his local collections 
and among other insects he showed living specimens of Sesia 
apiformis and The Musk Beetle, in his breeding cages he had 
several rare insects in larve form, and his records will be incor- — 
porated in another article in this part. 


The Fifty-seventh Field Meeting was held at NEWTON 
CLIFF. A good number of members turned up at Lincoln and were 
conveyed by waggonette to the Trent Bank at Newton, later in 
the day by the kind invitation of Mr. and Mrs. Paddison of Low 
Ingleby, High Tea was taken at that place after which the various — 
reports were made, that of Mr. Preston being especially enjoyed, 
dealing of course with the Geology of the area worked. Mr. 
Burton contributes an article in this part which deals with the ~ 
same subject. 


Regarding the botany the Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock 
writes as follows. 


It is many years since the Union had sucha grand day for 
botany as the visit to Newton Cliff and the drive from Lincoln to 


Field Meetings, 1907. 213 


Ingleby afforded. It was fully taken advantage of and enjoyed 

by many keen workers. The arrangements were perfect, and the 

weather equally good; Mr. and Mrs. Paddison’s kindness and 
hospitality unbounded. 


The following is an explanation of the signs used. V.C. 
equals very common :—C. equal common; F.C. equals fairly 
common; R.R. equals rather rare; Ik. equals rare; V.F. equal 
very rare; Lo. equals local. 


On the Keuper Marl and Gypsum the following species were 
- noted or taken :— 


Astragalus glycyphyllos, V.C.; Calamintha clinopodium, V.C. ; 
Campanula vapunculus, V.R.; Carduus nutans x cvispus, V.R.; 
Carlina vulgaris, F.C.; Centaurea scabiosa, C. ; Cornus sanguinea, 
_ F.C. ; Cynoglossum officinale, R.R. ; Ononis repens, vat. inermis, Ie, ; 
— Picris hievacioides, R.; Poterium sanguisorba, C.; ERhamnus 
catharticus, R.R.; Stellavia holostea, F.C. 


In a pit in the Lower Lias Clay just south of Saxilby 
Railway Station Lemna polyrhiza was C., with L. trisulca and L 
“minor. It is a species seldom recorded for Lincolnshire. 

The Old Blown Sand gave Anthriscus vulgaris, C.; Artemista 
pulgaris,C.; Caucalis nodosa, F.C. ; Humulus lu pulus, Lo. and C.; 
as a remnant of cultivation; Linaria vulgaris, Wee Volvulus 
‘sepium, Lo. and C. The Modern Estuarine Alluvium aad Peaty 
3eds overlying Allium oleracium, V.R.; Arctium majus, V.R.; 
Atriplex Babingtonii, R.; Ceratophyllum enna, F.C. ; Dipsacus 
sylvestris, R.; Galium palustre var. Witheringit, C.; the type was 
not found; Geranium pratense, V ;Cu; Lychnis. Floscaculi, C5 
Lysimachia nummulavia, V.C.; Lythrum salicaria, C.; Matricaria 
ii odova, C.; Medicago arabica, V .C.; M. sativa, an escape from 
cultivation ; Myosotis repens, C.; Nasturtium ae Lo. and 
; Polygonum hydropiper, C.; Scirpus lacustris, C. ; S. maritima, 
.; anda very long way from the sea ; Stachys ee jie @ 3 
llavia palustris, F.C. Few places ina few hundred yards could 
ply such a list as this. 


The Fifty-eight Field Meeting was held on October 31d, at 


2i4. Field Meetings, 1907. 


ROPSLEY RISE, for a Fungus Foray, but the season was a bad 
one for this purpose. A dry September had not been conducive to 
the upspringing of the fungi. Mr. H. C. Hawley reports :— 


Func1 at Ropstey. Everywhere this year Fungi have been 
scarce and Ropsley was no exception. The wood, which there was 
an attempt made to explore, proved somewhat of a jungle, not 
very moist but with a considerable amount of rotting wood, etc., 
on the ground which in most years would have produced a good 
yield. As it was by the time that the party had forced their way 
across the wood, a fair number of the smaller fungi had been 
collected, but few or none of the larger fleshy kinds. This was 
the more disappointing, as at present records of all sorts for South 
Lincolnshire are very few. In all 58 species were identified of 
which the best were :— 


Lycoperdon perlatum, PERS. 
Mevulius tremellosus, SCHRAD. 

. Agaricus hemorrhoidarius, SCHULY. 
Crepidotus haustellaris, FR. 
Pluteolus aleuriatus, FR. 
Pleurotus acerosus, FR, 
Laccaria laccata var. amethystina, BOTT. 
Mitrula serpentina, (0. F. MUELL). 
Phragmidium sangutsorbe, (D.C.) 


And the Botanical Secretary reports. 


From the botanical point of view the meeting at Grantham 
for Ropsley and Ropsley Rise on the 3rd, and Great Ponton and ~ 
Stroxton on the 4th, was a great success. Between 300 and 400 
notes were taken. The soils being Lincolnshire Limestone and — 
Chalky Boulder Clay, Upper Lias Clay, and Fresh Water 
Alluvium, Alchemilla vulgavis appeared to be unusually rare in 
Ropsley Rise, while Angelica sylvestris was magnificent rising to 
gi feet, where it was drawn up in close wood. Aquilegia was 
only detected asa garden escape at Stroxton Artemisia vulgaris 
was noticed twice in the old quarry on Spitalgate Hill, and at the 
cross roads west of Great Ponton and South of Stroxton. Asperula 


Field Meetings, 1907. 215 


_odovata was difficult to detect so late in the season in the wood. 
 Brachypodium gracile was rare in the wood sides on Chalky 
Boulder Clay, while B. pinnatum was common all over. Calam- 
_intha clinopodium was everywhere, widely but thinly distributed. 
Campanula Trvachelium was only obtained in and around Ropsley 
Rise. Carlina very conspicuous in the quarries. Caucalis nodosa 
only by footpath side across tilth at Great Ponton. Centaurea 
_ Cyanus very uncommon at Ropsley. Cichorium only a casual in 
the same parish. No one detected Circwa lutitiana in the Rise, 
but on examination its seeds were discovered on the nether 
garments of no less than five workers, with those of the two Geum 
and one seed of Leontodon autumnalis. Vhe nuts of Corylus were 
still far from ripe. Deschampsia cwspitosa was common on the 
Chalky Boulder Clay. Ina damp spot ona side in the Rise, a 
peculiar variety was taken, awnless or with awns not half the 
usual length (Breviavistata)—the whole plant having lost the 
characteristic roughness of this species. Dipsacus sylvestris was 
only seen at Ropsley. Evythrea centaurium and Gentiana amcr- 
ella were in the same parish. Ivagaria vesca was still in flower in 
the wood. Fraxinus in the wood was represented by 30 year old 
growths from old stumps. ‘Ihe leaves up to ten feet high were 
eaten all over the Rise by young Helix arbustorum the only other 
species of snail detected on the ash leaves was Helix hisfidosa, one 


cimen only, six feet from the ground. ‘The flore albo variety of 


wood with the type close by. Hedera was only observed outside 
villages on the chalky Boulder Clay. Hypericum perforatum and 
variety angustifolium were seen all over the area; but a lovely 
iety with variegated leaves only taken at Great Ponton. 
umulus was on the Upper Lias Clay and Lower Estuarine in the 
ae place ; with Senecio aquaticus on I'resh Water Alluvium. 
e Hop is said—but on whose authority I cannot say—to have 
en introduced into this country as late as the year 1524. It is 
learly an alien in this county from its distribution. Lamium 
um, Ballota, and Sisymbrium officinale were seen in all likely 


s, and all demonstrated their peculiar characteristics of 


216 Field Meetings, 1907. 


limitation. Linaria cymbalaria covered the walls at Great Ponton 
along with Parietaria. The latter is a favourite screen for Helix 
lapicida ; and the stones on the top of the walls for H. rupestris» 
Ononis spinosa was not uncommon on the Limestone and Chalky 
Boulder Clay, but the variety mitis was only detected on the 
former. The Origanum vulgare in the quarry near the Rise was 
typical; but the same plant in the wood was “ very hairy.” <A 
size variety (minutissima) of Papaver vhaeas, perfect little plants 
about three inches high, were very striking. Picris hievacioides 
was very conspicuous in Spitalgate hill quarry. Prunus tnsititia 
with very fine fruit, quite ripe, was ina hedge on the Chalky 
Boulder Clay at Great Ponton. ‘The green berried form of 
Sambucus nigra is found in hedges away from houses, on River 
Gravel, at Grantham on the Harrowby Road, The Valeviana of 
Ropsley Rise was mikanii as might be expected. A colour form 
of Veronica agrestis was most striking at Great Ponton. The 
flower was very large and bright pink, but otherwise the plant 
was typical. Vicia sylvatica covered acres of ground in the Rise 
while V. sepium seemed quite rare, “Many of our bettermost 


’ 


plants live in Ropsley Rise”’ as a native said in the true Lincoln- 
shire dialect. But the 3rd of October is too late for a full list ; 
yet if I were to report the result of all the notes taken, I should 
almost have to write a florula for this district. For instance. 
Primula acaulis and P. veris were observed, but the hybrid between 
them which is found here could not at this time be detected ; or 
the still rarer oxslip (P. elatior, jacq.), yet itis found here too—the 
great variety of this wood, the only spot for which it is recorded 
in Lincolnshire. It is always found on Chalky Boulder Clay 
wherever it is met in Britain; therefore it is only to be found in 
our eastern counties. A lovely example of ecology was seen on 
the 4th, on the Stroxton boundary of Great Ponton. Water in 
ponds is very scarce in this district, but a small pond on the 
Chalky Boulder Clay about 15 by 12 feet was hurriedly visited, 
as we were making our way back to catch the train. Planorbis — 
nautileus and Velletia lacustris were in evidence with less un- 
common fresh water shells, The flora noted being Potamogeton 


Field Meetings, 1907. 217 


- natans in plenty, P. densus rare, Lemna minor the same, L. trisulca 
plentiful, Glyceria fluitans and one plant of Altsina plantago. 


The mammals noted were two weasels, rabbits, hare, squirrel, 
but not the fox. Though this is the Duke of Rutland’s county, 
and a member of the Union was able to report to the huntsman 
on one occasion :—‘ You had three foxes in front of the pack, and 
one running behind to see what was up.” ‘To encourage the 
others, and get a little experience himself, no doubt, for where 
foxes abound a!lcannot getarun. Pheasants and partridge were 
seen but were in little evidence. The large form of Helix virgata 
was seen here and there on the Great Ponton—Stroxton road. 
The Wall Butterfly too was there. Well may we sing with Robert 
Louis Stevenson in his Garland of Verse 


“The world is so full of a number of things, 
I am sure we should all be as happy as kings.” 


We had a right royal welcome at Grantham. 


The day however was much enjoyed. The Conchologists 
found many species, including some interesting varieties of 
Arion ater, in fact this branch was exceedingly strong. Messrs- 
Roebuck, Musham, Stow, Preston and the “ Veteran Shell 
ollector Mr. Hawkins” were so enthusiastic that Fungi being in 
bad way, the attention of the party was drawn to this much 
better represented section. A fine list from this district was 
obtained by the President of the Section, Mr. W. Dennison 
Roebuck who will we hope in the near future contribute on the 
subject. Mr. H. M. Cade most kindly entertained the party to Tea 
at Ropsley. 


LisStOF  -OrPICERS. 


PRESIDENT. 
Rev. Alfred Hunt, M.A., Welton Vicarage, Lincoln. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

(Resident in the County.) 
F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Rey. J. Conway Walter, B.A., Langton Rectory, Horneastle. 
H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 
Rey. EB. A. Woodruffe-Peacoek, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney. 

HON. TREASURER. 
J. S. Sneath, 32, Tentercroft Street, Lincoln. 


HON. SECRETARY. 
Arthur Smith, F.L.S., F.E.S., The Museum, Greyfriars, Lincoln. 


HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
R. W. Goulding, 20, Mercer Row, Louth. 


SECTIONAL OFFICERS. 


GEOLOGY. 
President :—F. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Secretary :—H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 
Boulders :—Revy. Canon Rowe, Lincoln. 

BOTANY. 
President :—Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge, Normanton. 
Pheenogamic Secretary :— 

; Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.S., F.G.S. 
 Cryptogams :—Miss Stow, 23, Avenue Road, Grantham. 
Fungi :—H. C. Hawley, Tumby Lawn, Boston. 
CONCHOLOGY. 


President :—W. D. Roebuck, F.L.S., Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 
Secretary :--C. S. Carter, M.C.S., Bridge Street, Louth. 


ENTOMOLOGY. 
President :—Rey. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 17, Mapperley Rd., 
Nottingham. 


Secretary :—-G. W. Mason, Barton-on-Humber. 
VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. 
_ President :—G. H. Caton-Haigh, Grainsby Hall, Grimsby. 
Secretary:—Rev. F. L. Blathwayt, M.A., M.B.O.U., 1, Stonefield 
>. Avenue, Lincoln. 


NEW MEMBERS. 


 Bocock, H., Wellington Road, Mablethorpe. 

_ Daubney, Miss A.H., Margaret’s Gate, Bury St. Edmunds. 
_ Dixon, Rev. T. G., Holton Park, Lincoln. 

- Felton, Dr. E. H., Park Street, Grimsby. 

_ Hewetson, J., Grammar School, Gainsboro’. 

_ Hewetson, Mrs. a; eG 

Stedman, Dr. 5S. B., Binbrook, Market Rasen. 

_ Thornhill, W., 101, Morton Terrace, Gainsboro’. 

; Ward, G.H., Nettleham, Lincoln. 


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‘NOING .SLSVIVENLEN AXIHSN'TOONIT 


5 DEC 21 


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REV. CANON W. FOWLER, M.A. 


Fourth President of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


The Presidents of the 


Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


The Rev. CANON W. FOWLER, M.A. 


The parents of the younger members of the Union were in 
their nonage, when Canon Fowler was an enthusiastic botanist 
wandering about Lincolnshire to find what might yet be discover- 
ed. He once said that in his early days he thought he would 
never tire of walking after plants, but acknowledged with a sigh 
that though the mind might be as interested and keen as ever, 
after the seventh decade of existence the legs often refuse to do 
their share of the work. Youth never calculates on the extra 
weight there is to carry, and the growing stiffness of age. We 
shall only have to live long enough to experience this as well as 
many other things. In the early fifties Canon Fowler was 
essentially a field botanist, and he has remained the same till 
to-day as far as is now possible. He knew the flora of the 
Winterton-Broughton neighbourhood, and the Saltfleetby littoral 
better than anyone does to-day. 


There are notes of his in existence going back as far as 1852. 
His first contribution to botanical literature that we have met 
with was in ‘“‘ The Phytologist,’1857, p. 302, on ‘‘ Salicornia herbacea, 
and common plants in Lincolnshive.” ‘this was followed in the 


220 The Presidents of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 


same work, 1858, p. 331, by ‘“‘ The Rarer Plants of the Neighbour- 
hood of Winterton, Lincolnshire,” enumerating some 80 species. A 
later series of articles appeared in “ The Naturalist,’ between 
1878 —1899. ‘‘ Lincolnshive Coast Plants,’ 1878; ‘‘ Lincolnshire 
Marine Plants,” 1879; “ Lincolnshire Bog and Moorland Plants,” 
1887; Lincolnshive Marsh and Water Plants,’ 1888; ‘“ Lincoln- 
shire Sand and Clay Plants,’ 1889; ‘ Lincolnshive Limestone 
Plants,’ 1890. He assisted the late H. C. Watson greatly, 
especially with the second edition of ‘“ The Topographical Botany,” 
1813; and Mr. F. A. Lees from 1874 to 1887, with his “ Botanical 
Record Club Reports.” For these purposes particularly he 
practically wandered over every soil and visited many an inter- 
esting nook and corner of north and south Lincolnshire. It was, 
however, as an encourager of natural history studies generally, 
and foregatherings of genial brother field workers that Mr. Fowler 
will be best remembered in the future, for what he did and said, 
rather than for what he wrote. When the Yorkshire Naturalists’ 
Union was formed by a few enthusiasts in 1884, he was unani- 
mously elected the first President. ‘The Lincolnshire Union, 
which followed in due course, elected him, though not then 
resident in the county, its fourth President, for his long and full 
records amongst us. Few active parish priests have had the 
inclination, or found the time to do the field-work Canon Fowler 
has delighted in a quiet way to accomplish. The Phcenogams 
and Cryptogams of “ The London Catalogue” would have been 
more than enough for the activities of most men with such time 
as he had at his disposal, without the keen interest he displayed 
in soil questions, and in the larger fungi and fresh water alge. 
His diligence and example have not gone entirely unrewarded in 
the hearts and lives of his contemporaries and followers. ‘The 
addition too, of Selinum Carvifolia to the indigenuous flora of 
Britain was such a triumph as can remain for few of this genera- 
tion. When all has been written about the activities of any man, 
the personal equation still remains for those who are his personal 
friends and acquaintances the most vitally interesting fact about 
anyone. Aman may be akeenchurchman, and win his honorary 
canonry as a matter of course, he may be an enthusiastic nature 


The Presidents of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 221 


to 
H 


student and fair observer, and ‘‘a dull dog” withal. We have 
met many such, without a sparkle of wit in their composition ; 
and trust to be preserved from them and their ways. No one 
however, could be alongside Canon Fowler, in his home or 
elsewhere, without appreciating the sweet ebullition of playful 
fun, and the truly kindly geniality of his nature. The eye and 
brain which can see the humour and fun of life—as quickly and 
as naturally as it responds to its weariness and sadness—when 
united to a good memory for dialect, form of expression, intona- 
tions of voice, and those personal tricks of manner which go to 
make up the individual character, when exerted in kindly mood 
d can only produce side-shaking laughter. ‘The Canon is one of 
those who think that to be merry, is as essential as to be earnest. 
He believes with Rabelais that to laugh is as proper for the true 
man as to talk—both are complementary signs of his humanity ; 
that there is a time for everything under the sun. It goes without 
saying that as Mr. Fowler draws towards the end of his active 
field work he enters into his anecdotage. Long may he remain 
there in perfect health to delight his friends by his wide 
sympathies, and by the humorous side of man’s variegated life in 
particular. 


PISIDIUM SUPINUM SCHMIDT. 
=PISIDIUM CONICUM BANDON. 


While dredging for these little shells at the junction of the 
- Brant river with the Witham on July 7th, last, I took the above, 
“which makes anew County record, Mr. Buchnall and myself on 
‘the 15th of the same month at Skirbeck, (division 12), took 
several very characteristic specimens of Planorbis spirorbis, var. 
leucostoma. 


These have since been kindly verified by Mr. J]. W. Taylor. 


Joun F. MusHam, 


Tanwary Gth, 1909. South Park, I:incoln. 


NOTES: ON THE 
BIRDS: OF A. BALLAST PI 


BY 


Tue Rev. F. L. Buatawayt, M.A., M.B.O.U. 


Within a mile of the Lincoln Stonebow, and separated from 
the Fossdyke by a broad Railway Embankment, lies a sheet of 
water, generally known as the Ballast Pit. In shape it is an 
obtuse angled triangle, with the base perhaps half a mile long, 
and the corners are choked up with reeds, bulirushes and other 
aquatic vegetation. ‘There isa considerable depth of water in 
some parts, while in others it is so shallow that in a dry Summer 7 
extensive banks of muddy sand make their appearance, even in 
the centre of the lake. ‘This sheet of water, well known in 
Winter to skaters, and also to a certain extent to fishermen and 
wild-fowlers, is the haunt of many interesting birds, which vary 
in numbers and species according to the season, and so is well 
worth the attention of local ornithologists. “Though the lake 
itself is probably not older than the railway embankment, it lies 
in a locality where the fens at one time crept up to the city of 
Lincoln, and is also not far from the site of the Skellingthorpe 
Duck-decoy, which has not, I believe, been used for the past 60° 
years. Owing therefore to its position, it offers a modern view of 
the relics of the old fen fauna, as birds are well known to be very 
conservative in their habits and return to ancestral haunts as 


Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 423 


opportunity or encouragement are offered them. I propose 
therefore to write a short sketch of the more interesting birds of 
this locality, entirely from my own observations, in order that the 
city members of the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union may see that 
they need not go far afield in order to find material for the study 
of wild birds. 


I have made notes on the birds which inhabit this sheet of 

water, during the past eight years, but my visits during the past 

‘three years have been very few and far between, so these notes must 
be taken to refer chiefly to the years 1g901—1905. 


Taking the Duck Tribe first, I have noticed the following 
species upon the water, none of which however, as far as I know, 
‘remain to nest there :—Mallard, Wigeon, Teal, Shoveler, Pochard 
Tufted Duck and Golden Eye. All these species use the open 
water chiefly asa place of refuge during the day, though probably 
the three last named, belonging as they do to the class of diving 
ducks, may spend more time on the water, diving for their food, 
than the other species which seem to disperse over the surrounding 
country during the night to feed. 


A few pairs of Mallard, may be seen on the water early in 
April, but all seem to disappear during the breeding season, 
though doubtless many of them have their nests and young at 
no great distance. In August and September numbers may often 
_ be seen on the water, the drakes at first being in the “eclipse” 
_ stage, but as time goes on they gradually don their full plumage, 
_ which most have acquired by the beginning of October. The 
number of the birds varies greatly according to the weather, and 
also the attentions of wild-fowlers, but I have frequently seen 
more than too birds of this species on the water, and on several 
occasions even greaternumbers. For example on November atst, 
1900, I noticed 300; on August 21st, 1g01, there were over 300, the 
drakes in “eclipse” plumage; on September 5th, rgo1, there 
were over 400, and on October 27th, 1905, there were over 200, 
the drakes on this last occasion being in full plumage. It is 
however quite possible to visit the lake during the Autumn and 
‘Winter and to see scarcely a bird of this species on the water, the 


. 


224 Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 


reason probably being that gunners have scared them away 
temporally to other haunts. I have not often seen Wigeon on the 
Ballast Pit. On March 21st, tgo1, there were 20 pairs there, 
evidently resting on their journey to breeding haunts in the 
North. On other occasions I have noticed a pair or two of the 
species on the water between the months of October and March. 


Teal also in my experience are infrequent visitors. I saw 28 
there on November 7th, tgot, and 50 on October 27th, 1g05, and 
about 50 again on December 6th, 1907, but have seldom noticed 
them on other occasions. My acquaintance with the Shoveler in 
that locality is limited to one drake, seen there on March 17th, 
1905, and 3 ducks noticed on Deceinber 6th, 1907. 


Of the three species of Diving Ducks, which visit the water, 
the Pochard is by far the commonest. A few appear about the 
middle of August, and these are probably birds bred somewhere in 
the neighbourhood. Several pairs, to my knowledge, breed on 
the gull-ponds at Twigmoor. During November 7 or 8 pairs 
may often be seen diving for food at the Ballast Pit, and I have 
seen as many as go birds in December, while during the first three 
months of the year [ have seen this species in numbers up to 60 
or 70 birds. The following remarks which have reference to this 
species on the Ballast Pit are copied from my note books :— 
“ February 20th, 1903. Pochard, none on'the water when IJ arrived, 
but about 3-30 p.m., two parties arrived and circled about above 
the water. A party of 15 (9 old drakes), settled among the coots, 
but the other party (about to birds), circled about several times 
but could not decide on alighting, and finally flew right away. 
The flight is very swift, the wings moving very rapidly, and all 
move together with the precision of starlings. When alighting 
they dash down on to the water and cause considerable splashing. 
Soon after settling they rose once again and took a few turns 
round, and then they again settled and many prepared to sleep.” 
By the end of March the Pochards have left the Ballast Pit not to 
return until the following August. 


Tufted Ducks are frequently to be seen on the lake, but never 
in large numbers, I have never seen more than 10 together. I 


Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 225 


have usually noticed them in December or during the first three 
months of the year, the old drakes in their striking black and 
white plumage, with bright yellow eye and long drooping crest, 
being very conspicuous objects. “The ducks and young birds are 
dull of plumage and cannot readily be identified without the aid 
of a good field glass. On December 6th, 1907, I identified 3 
Golden Eyes on the water, the only ones I have seen there. ‘They 
seemed to be immature birds, and were very expert divers. 


Leaving the Duck tribe, we find Coots exceedingly common at 
almost any time of the year, except when the lake is frozen over. 
Many pairs nest among the reeds and rushes, and during the 
Summer old and young may be seen together in various siages of 
growth. The greatest number of coots I have noticed upon the 
water at one time was 130, which I counted there on February 
16th, 1904. ‘This is the most characteristic bird to be seen on the 
Ballast Pit. Vheir squabbles during the courtship of early 
Spring, their plaintive cries and their nesting habits are always a 
source of interest. A few Afoovhens inhabit the lake, but they are 
shy and retiring in their habits and are not nearly so frequently 
seen as the coots. Perhaps the most interesting bird I have seen 
on the Ballast Pit is the Great-crested (svebe. ‘This species is an 
interesting link with the old fen fauna. It was a striking figure 
on the stagnant pools of bygone Lincolnshire, in company with 
such marsh-loving birds as the Black ‘Tern, Avocet, Godwit, 
- Ruff, and Bittern. ‘hese have been lost as breeding species, but 
_ the grebe, though at one time approaching extinction, has escaped 
that fate and is now extending its breeding range in the British 
Isles. That a pair should nest so close to the city boundary is 
certainly an interesting fact for local ornithologists, but I am 
able to state from personal observation,that this has been the case 
at least four times during the last eight years. I first noticed a 
pair with 3 young in the curious striped downy plumage on July 
ei2th, t1g00. In the following year, on August 21st, the three 
young brought off that season were nearly as large as the parent 


226 Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 


lake, but they may very easily have escaped iny observation, as 
my visits have been very infrequent. About the end of February, 
or early in March, a single grebe or perhaps a pair, or even two 
pairs, willarrive on the water and they soon assume the singularly 
striking breeding plumage. Not more than one pair has in my 
- experience ever remained to nest, the stronger pair very likely 
driving away the weaker. 

On March toth, 1902, I was lucky enough to be able to make 
some interesting notes on these birds which I will repeat here as 
I jotted them down in my note books at the time :—“ Ballast 
Pit, 4-45 p.m. Damp, warm, hazy day, no wind. Great-crested 
grebe. Two pairs in full plumage. I watched the grebes for 
some time. When I first arrived one pair were in the centre of 
the piece of water, preening their feathers, sometimes lying on 
their side and scratching the head with the foot. The second 
pair were near the west end of the water. While watching the 
first pair they suddenly took alarm at something, and swimming 
very low in the water, only their heads being visible, they made 
off at a great pace towards the Kast end of the pit. ‘They swam 
long distances under water, and when they came up they hardly 
showed above the water, and soon dived again. Icould not at 
first make out what had alarmed them as I was well hidden and 
no one else seemed to be in sight. I soon noticed however that 
the other pair of grebes was bearing down upon the first pair, and 
evidently intending to drive them from the centre of the water. 
The female lagged behind but the male came on until the first 
pair had retreated to a distance and then he remained in the 
centre floating very high in the water, and began calling to his 
mate, sometimes’‘also, but not while calling, opening his bill very 
wide as though yawning. The note somewhat resembled the 
harsh croak of a carrion crow but not nearly so loud. It was 
uttered about three times in succession with about a seconds 
interval between each croak. After he had called for some little 
‘time, a few minutes, the female began to swim towards him. 
When she got fairly near to him he crouched down on the water, 
raised his wings and ruffled up his feathers just as an angry swan 
will do, and also seemed to lay his head back as a swan does, 


Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 334 


When tite female was only a few yards distant she dived and 
came up almost underneath her mate. ‘The two then faced each 
other and went through most curious antics, bowing to one 
another and snapping and sparring at each other with their bills. 
They were too far off for me to hear whether they uttered any 
note during these performances. They did not appear to be 
fighting but rather caressing or “dancing” with each other. 
During the performance the crests and ruffs seemed to be extended 
to their fullest. Suddenly both birds dived and came up almost 
immediately close together. hen followed a most curious 
ceremony. Both had fished up a rather large piece of ribbon-like 
_ weed, and holding these in their beaks they faced each other and 
stood upright in the water showing nearly all their silvery breasts 
and looking almost like two snakes. When facing each other 
holding the weed, their bills almost touched, and they began to 
move their heads and consequently the weed also, from side to 
side in a most curious manner. After a bit, they dived, and 
chased each other about for a little while, and then began to 
wash most vigorously ruffling their wings in the water and 
throwing it over their backs after the manner ofa duck. This 
“was accompanied with much splashing which I could hear 
distinctly though they were some way off.” 


I have never noticed this species on the Ballast Pit later than 
the middle of October, so it would appear that they leave the 
locality during the Winter. 


A pair or two of Little Grebes or Dabchicks come to the lake 
about the middle of March and stay all the spring and summer. 
They undoubtedly nest somewhere among the reeds and water 
plants, though I have no absolute proof of this. ‘They leave I 
think in October, not to return till the following Spring. 


Gulls frequently visit the water on their migrations, but it is 
unusual to see them in largenumbers. ‘lhe commonest species to 
put in an appearance is the Black-headed Gull of which there : 
were 40 on the water on November 23rd, 1903. When we bear 
in mind that there are at least three large nesting colonies of this 
Species in the north of the County, it is not surprising to find 


228 Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 


wandering parties in the neighbourhood of the city. The 
Common Gull (Iarus canus) which I have from time to time seen 
on the ploughed fields of Lincolnshire in Spring (though never in 
such large numbers as the Black-headed gulls), are only loiterers 
on the way to nesting haunts in Scotland; Ihave not noticed 
them on the Ballast Pit, but on September 16th, 1g01, an immature 
example of some large species of gull, probably a Herring Gull 
was flapping lazily over the water on the look out for a meal. 
On August 30th, 1902, I saw animmature Black Tern busily 
engaged in fishing, an interesting visitor to ancestral haunts. It is 
not unusual to see one or two Herons, usually in Autumn or Winter, 
standing like statues in the shallow water, and Peewits crowd in 
hundreds on the exposed banks of mud and sand, particularly at 
the end of Summer. Numbers of this species, together with 
several pairs of Snipe and a pair or two of Ieedshanks, nest in the 
rushy fields and marsh places in the vicinity of the Ballast Pit, 
and so the ‘“‘ scape-scape”’ of the fused snipe or the clear whistle 
of the Redshank may often be heard over the water, as the birds 
are startled from their feeding grounds. I have noticed that in 
Winter the large flocks of Peewits are often attended by a few 
Golden Plovers, which owing to their quicker flight usually lead 
the flock when on the wing. On October 27th, 1905, a party of 
15 Dunlins joined the Autumn visitors to the lake, and I watched | 
them through my glasses, running nimbly about at the water’s 
edge, as they do on the sea-shore. Doubtless many other species 
of wading birds make short stays at such a tempting spot during” 
the periods of the Spring and Autumn migrations. I have 
recognised the cries of Curlews, Sandpipers and other waders 
which were flying over Lincoln on dark foggy nights, and it is — 
most probable that many of these make short stays in the 
neighbourhood during their wanderings. 


On several occasions I have seen little parties of Goldfinches _ 
feeding with other birds such as Linnets and Greenfinches, on the 
seeds of the various flowers and plants on the banks of the water. 
In Summer Reed Warblers may be noticed among the tall rushes — 
near the water’s edge, and so probably a search would reveal the 


Notes on the Birds of a Ballast Pit. 229 


deep cup-shaped nest neatly supported by three reed stems a foot 
or so above the water. 


feeetrom the end of October to the beginning of April, a 

characteristic bird is the Hooded or Grey Crow. He is onlya 
Winter visitor to Lincoln, but is much in evidence during his stay 
along the banks of the River Witham, on the look out for floating 
or stranded “ dainties,” and he appears to find in the neighbour- 
hood of the Ballast Pit a happy hunting ground. 


It is to be hoped that these few notes may prove of interest 
to our members. They are the result of casual visits on my part 
to the lake, so many of its visitors must have escaped my notice. 
I have however identified all the birds mentioned, through strong 
field glasses, and so am sure of my facts. I may here mention 
that the plumage of wild fowl varies so much according to age, 
sex, or season of the year, that the novice at bird observation 
must be very careful before he records the occurrence of a rare bird: 
seen at long range across the water. The adult males in full 
_ plumage are easily recognised, but a knowledge of the various 

marks of recognition anda strong pair of glasses are quite 
indispensable to one who wishes to record the birds when seen in 

the puzzling immature or transition stages. If there isany doubt 
_ the record is worse than useless. 


However incomplete these notes may be, I claim for them 
accuracy, and they do seem to present just a glimpse of our fen- 
haunting birds, though the true fens themselves have vanished for 
Bever. 


ALBINO HEDGEHOG NEAR LINCOLN. 


A fine specimen of the above form was killed at Skelling- 
thorpe, on August 12th, last, it is wholly white with the exception 
of the cross marking on the spines which are dark gray, the 
irides pink. 

It is now in the Lincs. County Museum. 

Joun F. Musuam, 


anuary 8th, 1909. Lincoln. 


LHe ee PipOPreRA Oe 
LINCOLNSHIRE. 


PART I 


By G. W. Mason. 


Barton-on-Humber. 


‘This Part contains a List of Noctuze brought up to date, and 
includes several rare and local species. 


It should be mentioned that the localities of Market Rasen, 
Gainsborough and Lincoln often include a wide tract of country. 
For instance, Dr. Lees includes in his list for Market Rasen all 
insects seen and takenas far as Bishop Bridge, Glentham, Tealby, © 
Claxby and Wickenby; Mr. F. M. Burton’s area for Gainsborough 
often takes in Scotton Common and Laughton Woods, and for 
the Lincoln District he includes Skellingthorpe Lanes and Woods, 
Burton Woods and others, the Greetwell fields (now a stoneheap) 
and lanes, with gardens, etc. ; but the greater part of his insects 
were taken in Division 6. 

Some of the Noctuz are excessively variable, and so far I 
have only been able to record a few named varieties. Variation 
is a subject which almost requires to be dealt with separately. 


I acknowledge with many thanks the help given to me by 
Mr. G. T. Porritt and Mr. E. A. Atmore (King’s Lynn), in naming — 
and confirming a few of the more difficult species. The List 
includes 218 species, 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 231 


The following further contractions are used : 


CPA Signifies Mr. C. P. Arnold. 

GTP 5 Mr. G. T. Porritt. 

FWS 5 Mr. . W. Sowerby. 

EMM > Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine. 
Noctuae. 


BRYOPHILA MURALIS Fovrst 


N. Gainsborough; “Mr. Burton showed me an example, which 
he says he distinctly remembers taking in Gainsborough,” 
A T. 


BRYOPHILA PERLA Fb 


Widely distributed. Mr. Ff. W. Sowerby reports having taken 
an example at sugar in his father's garden. 


N. Lincoln, 1852,F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7,8, 10,11, 12. 
S. Wyberton, one in 1897, J C L-C. Divs.13, 14, 17, 18. 


MOMA ORION Esp 


S. Near Sleaford, one example at sugar in June, J DC. Mr. 
Coward assures me that there is no doubt of the identity 
of this insect. He was sugaring with a friend, and allowed 
him to tale it, as he had at the time a series of the species, 


DEMAS CORYLI L 


Rare; I have no recent records. 


N. Gainsborough, F M B. Newball, one or two larve about 
September, 1894, taken by the late Rey. C. Wilkinson and 
identified by GH R.; 6-6-1886, J F M. 


- ACRONYCTA TRIDENS Schiff 


This species is probably often overlooked by reason of its 
similarity to the following species, but it appears to be 
well distributed. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, larve, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, 
bred, GWM. Brocklesby District, E AC. Gainsborough, 
FMB. Great Carlton, C.D. Ash. Louth, larve, V. Crow. 
Market Rasen, larve taken 8-1896, W L. Panton, rare, 
G H hk. Waltham, one larva, 26-9-1904, W W. West 
Ashby, bred 1908, FS A. 


S. Allington, larve,P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, not common, 
JDC. 
ACGRONYCTA PSI L 

: Common. 

N. Linwood, 1857,R PA. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 

S$. Wyberton,J C L-C. Divs. 18,14,15, 17, 18. 


232 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


ACRONYCTA LEPORINA L 
Rather scarce. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Market Rasen, larvee twice 
on tree trunks, 1877-79, I. A L.; 9-6-1897, W L. Newball 
Wood, 1881, Canon Fowler. Pelham's Pillar Woods, four 
larvee in 1896, J P. Scotton Common, larvee, Ff M Bb (see 
Nat. 1900, p. 368); one larva, H M BS.; one Jarva in 
September, 1905,G W M. |\Skegness. West Ashby, 1902, 
FS A. Woodhall Spa, larva on bireh,G HR.; oneexample 
bred from laryze found in 1905, H M BS. 


S. Hartsholme, W D C.; 12-6-1886, J F M.; CP A. Haverholme 
Priory, not common, JDC. Holbeach District. L M C. 
Skellingthorpe, A. R. Leivers. 


ACRONYCTA ACERIS L 
Scarce. 


S. Haverholme Priory, not common, J DC. Holbeach District, 
common, lL M C. 


ACRONYCTA MEGACEPHALA Fb 
Frequent. 


N. Barton-on-Humber, one at sugar, 8-7-1899, G W M. Gains- 
borough, bred from pupa, 1860, F M B. Lineoln, 6-1896, 
G. Henderson; C P A. Market Rasen District, larvze, 
1876-80, fF A L.; one larva, 22-8-1903,G W M.; one larva, 
3-8-1908, J P. and others. Owston Ferry District, A R. 
Skegness, 1902, FS A. 
Ss. pear Chas. M. Hufton. Denton, C.D. Ash. Hartsholme, 
N U., (Nat. 1899, p. 286). Haverholme Priory, fairly 
Oe J D C. Holbeach District, common, L M C, 
Lineoln, C P A. Skellingthorpe, 6-6-1900 and 10-6-1901, 
J FM. 


ACRONYCTA ALNI L 


Scarce, but well distributed, the records relating chiefly to 
the finding of the beautiful larva. 


N. Alford District, 1 larva, 23-8-1890, EH W. Appleby, one larva, 
11-9-1888, Mrs. Cress. Bradley Wood, one larva on Spanish 
chestnut, 22-8-1907, E H F. and W W. Near Grimsby, 
C. K. Tero, (Ent. 1885, p. 194). Hameringham, one example 
bred from larva coud in oak wood in September, 1905, 
HM BS. Lineoln, 22-6-1887, Canon Fowler, (Nat. 1888, 
p- 144). Louth, Hubbard's Hills, one larva, 1901, R W G. 
Market Rasen, 1896, WL. Morton,1859, EK. Tearle. Panton, 
one imago, 1892, GH R. Saxby (Barton), C. D. Ash. Near 
Wragby, one larva, 1877-79, F A L. 

S. Grantham, a larva sent from Grantham, A. Marshall, (Ent. 
vol. 17, p. 209). Hartsholme, 1896, W L.; 14-6-1886, J F M.; 
WODC.; C PA. Haverholme Priory, imago and larva in 
1907,J DC. Skellingthorpe, one larva, 1877-79, F A L, 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 233 


ACRONYCTA LIGUSTRI Fb ' 
Scarce. 
N. Gainsborough, F M B. Market Rasen, larvee, 8-1895-96, W LL. ; 


two laryze, 6-8-1900, G W M. |/Skegness. Woodhall Spa, 
larva on privet, G H R. 


S. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. Skellingthorpe, 
CPA. 


ACRONYCTA RUMICIS L 
Common. 


N. Lincoln, 1852, M B. Divs. 1, 2,3, 5, 6,7, 8. 9, 10, 11, 
S. Lincoln, F M B. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 18. 
— var. salicis Curt 


N. Panton, “one female taken from which I reared a few 
imagines chiefly of the salicis form,” G H R. 


ACRONYCTA MENYANTHIDIS View 
Searce and loeal. 


N. Broughton Wood's, 1895, A. EK. Hall. Scotton Common, F M B. 
West Ashby, bred 1906, FS A. 


DILOBA CAERULEOCEPHALA L 
Common, especially in the larval stage. 


N. Gainsborough, fF M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, two at light, JCL-C. Divs.13, 14,15, 17, 18. 
LEUCANIA CONIGERA Fb 
Loeal. 

N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, at sugar, 
25-7-1905 and 5-8-1905, GW M. Cleethorpes, two at sugar 
in garden, 24-7-1908, F WS. Hameringham, fairly common, 
H M BS. Hatton, one in 1896, G H R. Owston Ferry 


District, A R. Wrawby Moor, one at heather bloom, 
24-8-1908, G W M. 


S. Allington, larva, P. Wynne. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. 
Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C. Holbeach 
District, common, L M C. 

LEUCANIA LITHARGYRIA Esp 

: Common. 

N. Gainsborough, 1860, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, common, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17. 
= var. ferago 
Waddiston Brick-pits, 8-7-1905, J F M. 


‘LEUCANIA OBSOLETA Hb 


Lincoln, one example at light, C P ‘AL (Identification con- 
firmed by Mr. E. A. Atmore). 


234 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


LEUCANIA LITTORALIS Curt 
Very local. 
N. |\Skegness in 1858, by Mr. Gascoyne of Newark. Skegness, 
“one specimen caught flying over the sandhills several 
years ago, several larvee also taken but not reared ; I saw 
a collection belonging to a man there (I cannot remember 
his name) which contained a good many specimens of this 
moth and he told me that the moth was common on the 
sandhills there,” J C L-C. ‘ 
LEUCANIA IMPUDENS Hb 


S. Boultham, one example, C P A. (Identified by Mr. KE. A. 
Atmore). 


LEUCANIA COMMA L 
Common. 


N. Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 
S$. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18. 


LEUCANIA STRAMINEA Tv 
Rare. 
+“ In suitable spots, very locally. . . . in Lincolnshire.” 


S. Lincoln Fen, 24-9-1899, J fF M. Lincoln, two examples from 
flowers of bulrush, W D C. 


LEUCANIA IMPURA Hb 
Very common. 


N. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 17, 18. 


LEUCANIA PALLENS L 
Very common. 


N. Gainsborough, 1860, FM B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 
S. Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14, 15, 17, 18. 


CALAMIA PHRAGMITIDIS Hb 
Rather local. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, fairly 
common locally over reed beds at the end of July and 
beginning of August, 1905, taken on the wing at dusk or at 
rest on reeds and grasses after dark, G W M. Market 
Rasen, W L.; 1877-79, FA L. Owston Ferry District, A R. 
Sutton-on-Sea, at sugar in 1907, B. W. Adkin (Ent. 1907, 
p. 238). Theddlethorpe. 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81). 


S. Haverholme Priery, very common, J DC. Holbeach District, 
L MCG. Lincoln Fen, 8-1902 and 1898, J F M. Lincoln, 
CPA. Tydd District, AC. Wyberton, fairly common at 
light, J C L-C 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 235 


TAPINOSTOLA FULVA. Hb 
Rather local]. 


N. Alford District, one example at sugar, 7-8-1891, E W. Burwell 
Wood, V. Crow. Gainsborough District, F M B. Little 
Coates, 1907, E H F.; common 8-1908, F W S. Market 
Rasen, a few each year, W L. 


S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Haverholme Priory, very 
common, J DC. Skellingthorpe, 5-9-1897, J fF M.; CP A. 
Wyberton, very common, J C L-C. 
TAPINOSTOLA HELLMANNI Evers 
Rare. 


N. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; a few each year, W L. 
Panton, 29-7-1893, eight specimens in five seasons, G H R. 


S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Lincoln Fen, 24-8-1898, J F M.; 
CPA. Skellingthorpe, 6-9-1902 and 14-8-1903, J F M. 


TAPINOSTOLA ELYMI Tr 


Common on the coast. 

N. Cleethorpes, 1868, J. Chappel; 7-1869, J. Thorpe; 7-1870, 
C. Campbell ; 5-1871, J. Batty ; 16-5-1871, (Explanation of 
pl. 60, fig. 5), William Buckler’s Larve of British Butterflies 
and Moths ; 23-8-1879, H. A. Auld. Mablethorpe, common, 
GHR. Saltfieet, JF M. andCP A. Skegness, 16-7-1879, 
GTP. Theddlethorpe, common, 7-1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 
1905, p. 81); 6-1906, G W M. Lines. Sandhills, 21-6-1902, 
JFM. 


NONAGRIA ARUNDINIS Fb 


This species has only been recorded for a few localities, but 
doubtless it is fairly common where the bulrush grows 
. freely. 

N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barnetby, larvee, 25-5-1883, 
Mrs. Cross. Barton-on-Humber, 1 pupa, 31-8-1906, and a 
few pupe, 8-1908,G W M. Gainsborough,F MB. Lincoln, 
CPA. Market Rasen, 1876-1880. F A L. 


S$. Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C. Lincoln Fen, 
24-8-1898, J F M. Lincoln, CP A. 
JONAGRIA NEURICA Hb 


Searce and local. 
N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Gainsborough and Lincoln, 
FMB. 


S. Lincoln, 6 examples 24-8-1898, 2 examples 24-8-1900, five 
examples 22-8-1901 ; Saltfleet, J F M. Lincoln, CPA. 

LAMIA LUTOSA Hb 

Locally common. 

N. Barton-on-Humber, common, G W M. Cleethorpes, several 
at street lamps, 9 and 10-1908, F W S. Grimsby District, 
EHF. Market Rasen, one at light, 1892-94, W L. 

S. Haverholme.Priory, very common, J DC. Lincoln, C P A. 
Lincoln Fen, J F M. Wyberton, not common, J C L-C. 


Lincolnshire, a small form taken at light by E. Dembski, 
CG Barrett (E M M, 1895, p. 95). 


236 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


GORTYNA OCHRACEA Hb 
Loeal. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Gainshorough, 1860, F M B. 
Lineoln, C P A. Market Rasen, 1877-79, K A L.; common, 
WL. Owston Ferry District, AR. Panton, GH R. 


S. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. Lincoln Fen, 
6-9-1895 and 18-9-1901, J FM. Lincoln, C P A. Wyberton, 
common at light, J C L-C, 


HYDRECIA NICTITANS Bork 
Frequent. 
N. Lincoln, 1852, MB. Divs, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 10, 11. 
S. Wyberton, 1896, J C L-C. Divs. 13,14, 15, 17. 
HYDRECIA PETASITIS Dbl 
Rare. 
N. Gainsborough, 1860, bred from Butterbur, F M B. 
HYDRECIA MICACEA Esp 
Frequent. 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, one 
example, 28-9-1908, F P HB. Cleethorpes, EH F. Gains- 
borough, F M B. Lineoln,C P A. Market Rasen, 1877-79, 
FAL.; a few each year at light, WL. Panton, common, 
GHR. Saxby (Barton), C. D. Ash. 

Ss. es Chas. M. Hufton. Haverholme Priory, very common 

DC. Lincoln, C P A. Lincoln Fen, 26-8-1900, J F M 
re horias oceasionally, J C L-C. 


AXYLIA PUTRIS L 
Not common. 
N. Cleethorpes, at sugar in garden 13-6-1908 and 5-7-1908, 


FWS. Hameringham, fairly common, H M BS. Market — 


Rasen, one in 1895, W L. Skegness, 16-7-1879, G T P. 
Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. -1905, p. 81); one 
example at sugar, 25-6-1906,G W M. 


S. Hartsholme, 4-6-1896, J F M. MHaverholme Priory, fairly 
common, J DC. Wyberton, one at light, 6-1895, J C L-C, 


XYLOPHASIA RUREA Fb 

Common. 

Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 11. 
S. ||\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13,14, 17, 18. 

— var, alopecurus Esp 


N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton, one example, 
24-6-1894; Brocklesby, 23-6-1908; G W M._ Binbrook, 
occurs, S BS. ‘ 

S. Lincoln, CP A. 

SS var. combusta Dup ; 

N. Panton, GH R. Saxby (Barton), 1892, chiefly this variety, — 
C.D. Ash. Lincoln, JF M. 


S$. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC, 


2 
. 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 237 


XYLOPHASIA LITHOXYLEA Fb 
Very common. 
N. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4,5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S. Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14, 15, 17. 
XLOPHASIA SUBLUSTRIS Esp 
Not common. 
N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, one 
example, 6-7-1905,G WM. Gainsborough, MB. Lincoln, 
JFM. Mablethorpe, GHR. Market Rasen, one or two 
most years, W L. Panton, G H R. Skegness, 16-7-1879, 


GTP. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81). 
West Ashby, 1903, FS A 


S. Boultham, 20-6-1905, J KF M. MHaverholme Priory, fairly 
common,J DC. Lincoln, CP A. Skellingthorpe, 9-7-1900 
JEM. Wyberton, one in 1896, J C L-C 


XYLOPHASIA MONOGLYPHA Hufn 


Abundant. Forms occasionally tending to black are recorded 
from Legsby and Panton (GH R).; and melanic forms are 
described as frequent at Saxby (C. D. Ash.) A. melanic 
form has been taken in the Grimsby District (R C) 

N. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Divs. 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11 


S. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13,14,15, 17 


-XYLOPHASIA HEPATICA L 
Apparently scarce, or else overlooked 
N. Alford District, common at sugar,24-6-1891, E W. Binbrook, 
two or three examples,S BS. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B 


S. Boultham, 4-7-1892, J F M. MHaverholme Priory, fairly 
common, J DC 


eee asia SCOLOPACINA Esp 
Scarce 


N. Gainsborough, 1860,F MB. Legsby, GH R. Limber, 1902 
: F S A. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. West 
Ashby, 1902, FS A 


S. Skellingthorpe, 10-7-1898 and 14-8-1903, JF M.; CP A 


NEURIA RETICULATA Vill 
Frequent 


-N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, fairly 
common on one or two nights at sugar in 1905, GWM 
Binbrook, common in 1906, S B S. Cleethorpes, E H F. 
Near Croxby, 8-1906, A B. Gainsborough, FM B. Hamer- 
ingham, fairly common,H M BS. Lincoln,J F M. Mable- 
thorpe and Panton,G HR. Market Rasen District, W L. 
(Nat. 1898, p. 50). Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs, (Ent. 
1905, p. 81) 


S. Allington, P. Wynne. Boultham, 6-6-1905, J F M. Haver- 
holme Priory, very Sat J DC. Lincoln, C P A. 
Skellingthorpe, 17-7-1899, J F M 


238 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


NEURONIA POPULARIS Fb 


Frequent 

N. Alford, an example 28-8-1891, E W. Near Binbrook, one in 
1907, SBS. Cleethorpes, E H F. Gainsborough, F M B. 
Hameringham, common, H M BS. Humberstone foreshore, 
four at light in tent, 25-8-1908, F WS. Lincoln, F M B. and 
CPA. Louth, V. Crow. Market Rasen, 1877-79, FA L.; 
common, W L. Owston Ferry District, A R. Panton, 
GHR. West Ashby, 1902, FS A 


s. Allington, P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, very common, 
J DC. Lineoln, C P A. and J. F. M. Wyberton, very 
abundant at light, J C L-C 


CHARAAS GRAMINIS L 
Fairly common 
N. Lincoln, 1852, M B. Divs.1, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S. Wyberton, 1895, one at light, JC L-C. Divs.13,14, 17 
CERIGO MATURA Hufn 
Fairly common 
N. Gainsborough, MB. Divs. 2,3,4,5, 7, 9, 11 
S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18 
LUPERINA TESTACEA Hb 
Frequent 
N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, GW M. 
Binbrook, common most years,S BS. Brocklesby District, 
E A C. Cleethorpes, abundant at light in tent, 8-1908, 
F WS. Gainsborough District; Lincoln, 1852; F M B. 
Market Rasen, common at light, W L. Panton, common, 
GHR. Skegness, A. H. Waters. (Naturalists’ Chronicle, 
1895, p. 128). Sutton-on-Sea, G H R, 1907, B. W. Adkin 
(Ent. 1907, p. 238.) West Ashby, 1902, FS A. 
S$. Haverholme Priory, very common, J DC. Wyberton,J C L-C 
LUPERINA CESPITIS Fb 
Searce 
N. Market Rasen, a few at light, 1895-96, W L.; R TC. Panton, 
one at light, 8-1895, GH R 
S$. Haverholme Priory, not common, J D C 
MAMESTRA ABJECTA Hb 
N. Skegness, one example, 16-7-1879, G T P 
MAMESTRA SORDIDA Bork 
Frequent 
N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T ©. Barton-on-Humber, one 
example, 30-6-1897, G W M. Binbrook, a few each year, 
S B 8. Cleethorpes, one at sugar in garden, 30-7-1908, 
FWS. Hameringham, common,H MBS. Hatton, Mable- 
thorpe and Panton, G H R. Legsby Wood, at sugar, 
22-7-1908, G W M. Lincoln, J F M. Skegness, 16-7-1879, 
GTP. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81) 
S. Allington, P. Wynne. Boultham, 20-6-1905, J F M. Haver- 


holme Priory, very common, J DC. Lincoln, C P A. 
Skellingthorpe, 25-6-1900, J F M 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 239 


MAMESTRA ALBICOLON Hb 
Searce, but less so on the coast 
N. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Mablethorpe, G H R. 


Skegness, 16-7-1879, G T P. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. 
Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81) 


MAMESTRA FURVA Hb 


Mr. Burton informs me he has five separate notes of the 
occurrence of this insect at Gainsborough in 1860. I 
understand that furva is chiefly a coast species, and is 
pretty well confined to the North and West of England, so 
its occurrence inland in Lincolnshire, though a long time 
ago, is most interesting 


N. Gainsborough District, 1860; Lincoln District, 1852; F M B 


MAMESTRA BRASSICZA L 
Abundant 


N. Linwood, 1857, RR PA. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S. Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18 


MAMESTRA PERSICARIZ L 
Not common 
N. Alford, one example, 19-7-1890, E W. Ashby (Brigg) District, 
RT C. Gainsborough, F M B. Hameringham, common, 


H MBS. Lincoln, one in 1896, W L. West Ashby, 1903, 
FSA 


S. Allington, fairly numerous, P. Wynne, Haverholme Priory, 
very common, J D C. Holbeach District, fairly common, 
LMC. Lincoln, 4-6-1905 and 5-7-1901, J F M.; C P A. 
Wyberton, one example, J C L-C 


APAMEA BASILINEA Fb 
Very common 
N. Gainsborough, 1860, MB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11. 

S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17,18 ; 


APAMEA CONNEXA Bork 


Searce 


Legsby, two from tree trunks, 27-7-1901, G W M. Market 
Rasen, 7-1894, W hL.; 1895, J. A. Hardy (Naturalists’ 
Chronicle, 1895, p 102). 


Skellingthorpe,C PA 
GEMINA Hb 


Common 
~ Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13,14, 17, 18 


240 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


APAMEA UNANIMIS Tr 


Local 
N. Althorpe, a few larve under willow bark, 18-4-1908, J P. and 
GWM. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, 
larvee abundant on ribbon grass in the autumn, imagines 
at sugar 19 and 27-6-1905, G W M. Binbrook, one 6-1906, 
S BS. Gainsborough District, 1860, F M B. Lincoln, 
J FM. and CPA. Panton, generally among Iris pseuda- 
corus, G H R. Theddlethorpe, one 26-6-1906 and one 
27-6-1906, at sugar, G W M 
S. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. Mincoln, 1892, 
common, W DC 
APAMEA OPHIOGRAMMA Esp 
Rare 
S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Haverholme Priory, two speci- 
mens in 1906, on flowers of sedges, J D C 


APAMEA LEUCOSTIGMA Hb 


Rare 
N. Market Rasen, one taken in 1893, W L 


S. ||Cowbit, Chas. M.Hufton. Haverholme Priory, very common 
JDC 


— var. fibrosa Hb 
S$. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. 
APAMEA DIDYMA Esp 


Abundant 
N. Gainsborough, 1860,F MB. Divs. 1, 2, 3 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10, 11 
S. Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 18,14,15, 17, 18 
MIANA STRIGILIS Clerck 
Abundant 
Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, not common, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
— var. ethiops Haw 
N Saxby (Barton), mostly this variety, C. D. Ash. Alford 
District, common, E W 
MIANA FASCIUNCULA Haw 
Abundant 
N Lincoln, 1852, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18 
MIANA LITEROSA Haw 
Frequent 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, one 
24-7-1905, and one 13-8-1908, G W M. Binbrook, two in 
1905, S BS. Gainsborough, F M B. Louth, V. Crow. 
Market Rasen District, a few most years, W L.; 1876-80, 
F A L. Panton, one 8-1893, G H R. Skegness, 16-7-1879, 
GT P. Sutton-on-Sea, plentiful at sugar in 1907, B. W. 
Adkin (Ent. 1907, p. 238). Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs 
(Ent. 1905, p. 81). West Ashby, 1905, FS A 


S Hartsholme, 20-6-1899, J F M 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 241 


MIANA BICOLORIA Vill 
Frequent 


N Barton-on-Humber, frequent 7-1904, G W M. Cleethorpes, 
plentiful at sugar in garden, 1908, F W 8. Gainsborough, 
KF MB. Hameringham, fairly common, HM BS. Market 
Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; common, W L. Panton, scarce, 
GHR. Skegness, 1902, F S A. Sutton-on-Sea, G H R.; 
at sugar in 1907, B W Adkin (Ent. 1907, p. 238). Theddle- 
thorpe, 1904, A E Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81). West Ashby, 
1903, F S A. Wrawby Moor, one at sugar, 21-7-1908, 
GWM 


S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. Skellingthorpe, 
J FM. Wyberton, rare, J C L-C 
MIANA ARCUOSA Haw 
Frequent 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, frequent, 
G W M. Binbrook, a few, S B S._ Gainsborough, 1860, 
F M B. Goxhill, one male 2-8-1906, G W M. Linwood, 
common, S BS. Market Rasen, a few each year, W in 
Moortown, 18-8-1907, G W M. Panton, common, G H R. 
Skegness, 16-7-1879, G T P. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. BE. 
Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81) 


S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. Lincoln, F MB. 
and C P A. Waddington Brick-Pits, 8-7-1905, J If M. 
Wyberton, rare, J C L-C. 


CELZNA HAWORTHIIT Curt 


Very rare. I have only two records of this insect’s occur- 
rence in Lincolnshire ; both may be regarded as authentic. 
I have seen Mr. Reynolds’ specimens. 

Tt‘ Less common. . .. . , in Lincolnshire” 


N Barton-on-Humber, taken in the garden of the late Mr. 
William Gray, Cliff House, at sugar in August 1878, Prof, 
R. Meldola, F RS. East Ferry District, A R 


GRAMMESIA TRIGRAMMICA Hufn 
Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S ||\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18 
STILBIA ANOMALA Haw 
N Osgodby Common, 3-9-1877, F A L 


CARADRINA MORPHEUS dHufi 
Frequent 
N Market Rasen, 1877-79, F AL. Divs. 2, 3,4, 6,7, 9, 10,11 
$ Boultham, 18-6-1900,J FM. Divs. 13, 14 


242 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


CARADRINA ALSINES Brahm 
Frequent, but less common than the last species. 
_N age (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton on-Humber, 6-7-1905, 
W M. Binbrook, common, S BS. Gainsborough, 1860, 
F M B. Goxhill, one at sugar, 15-7-1908 ; Legsby Wood, at 
sugar, 22-7-1908; G W M. Market Rasen, common, W L. 
Panton, G HR. Sutton-on-Sea, at sugar, 1907, B. W. Adkin 
(Ent. 1907, p. 238). Theddlethorpe, 1904, ‘A. E. Gibbs 
(Ent. 1905, p. 81). West Ashby, 1902, FS A 
S Haverhoime Priory, fairly common, J DC. Lincoln, C PA 
CARADRINA TARAXACI Hb 
Frequent 
W Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Binbrook, a few, S B S. 
Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Market Rasen, WL. Panton, 
GHR. Skegness, 16-7-1879,G T P. Theddlethorpe, 1904, 
A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81) 


S Allington, P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, very common, J DC, 
Lineoln Fen, 9-7-1900, J & M. Lineoln,C PA. Wyberton 
common, J C L-C 


CARADRINA QUADRIPUNCTATA Ib . 
Common 
N Jincoln, 1852, 7 MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8,9, 11 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
HYDRILLA PALUSTRIS Hb 
One example of this rarity has been recorded 
N Lincolnshire coast sand-hills, a male at light, 21-6-1902, 
JFMandCPA 
RUSINA TENEBROSA Hb 
Common 
N Gainsborough, 1860,F M B. Divs. 2,3, 5, 6, 7,8,9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, rare, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14, 17,18 


AGROTIS VESTIGIALIS Hufn 

Fairly common on the coast, but deussicasily met with inland 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Chapel, a good series taken 
at sugar, 8-1893, J WC. Cleethorpes, 28-8-1879, H. A. Auld ; 
August, EH F.; several at sugar in garden, abundant on 
golf links and at lights at camp, 1908, F WS. Lines. coast ; 
Gainsborough, 1860; F M B. Market Rasen, a few each 
year, W L. Mablethorpe and Skegness,G HR. ||/Skegness. 
Sutton-on-Sea, at sugar, 1907, B. W. Adkin (Ent. 1907, p. 238) 

Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81) 


S Lincoln Fen, 30-7-1899, J F M 
AGROTIS PUTA Hb 
Rare 
N Market iasen, two at sugar, 6-1893, W L 
$ ||Cowbit, common, Chas. M. Hufton. Wyberton, rare, J C L-C 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 243 


AGROTIS SUFFUSA Hb 
Frequent 

N Alford District, common some years at sugar, EW. Ashby 
(Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, a few most 
years at sugar, G W M. Binbrook, one 9-1905, S B S. 
Grimsby District, RC. Great Carlton, C.:D.Ash. Lincoln, 
1852, F M B. Louth, V. Crow. Market Rasen, 1876-80, 
FAL; WL. Panton, common, GH R. Saxby (Barton), 
C. D. Ash. Swinhope, 1856, RP A. Theddlethorpe, 1904, 
A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81). Wrawby Moor, 10-9-1905, 
GWM ; 


S Haverholme Priory, very common, J DC. Holbeach District, 
searce, LM C. Lincoln, C PA. Skellingthorpe, 3-9-1898, 
JEM. Wyberton, one in 1897, J C L-C 


AGROTIS SAUCIA Hb 
Not common 
‘N Alford, one example, 23-9-1892, E W. Ashby (Brigg) District, 
R Barton-on-Humber, one example, 19-10-1897, G W M 
Gainsborough, F M B. Market Rasen, 11-9-1894, W L 


Middle Rasen, 1877-79, F A L. Panton, scarce, G H R. 
Saxby (Barton), C. D. Ash 


S Haverholme Priory, fairly common,J DC. Holbeach District, 
common, LMC. Linecoln,C P A 

AGROTIS SEGETUM Schiff 

Abundant 

N Gainsborough, fF M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 

S Wyberton, common, J C L-C. Divs. 13,14,15, 17 


-AGROTIS EXCLAMATIONIS L 

Abundant 
NN. Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9, 10, 11 
S Boultham, J FM. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 18 


AGROTIS CORTICEA Hb 

2 Rather scarce 

N Binbrook, two in 1906,S BS. Linwood, one at sugar, 22-7-1908, 
GWM _ Market Rasen, 7-1895-96-97, W L. Panton, one in 
1894,GHR. ||Skegness. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs, 
(Ent. 1905, p. 81) 


S$ ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Haverholme Priory, fairly 
common, J DC 


AGROTIS RIPE Hb 


The only knowledge I have of the occurrence of this species 
in the County is gleaned from entomological works. 


Tt“ Lincolnshire ” 
“ Lincolnshire coast, var. grisea’ (See Tutts’ British Noctuze 
and their varieties, Vol. 2, pp. 67 and 71, 1892 edition, in 


which the Author refers to specimens in his own collection 
which came from the Lincolnshire coast). 


244 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


AGROTIS NIGRICANS L 
Fairly common 
N Lincoln, 1852, F¥ MB. Divs. 2,3, 4,5,6,7,8, 10,11 
S Wyberton, common 1896 only, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 17, 18 


AGROTIS TRITICI L 
Frequent 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, F PH B. 
Binbrook,afew,SBS. Cleethorpes, HH F. Gainsborough, 
1860, F MB. Grimsby District, R C. Humberstone fore- 
shore, one at light in tent, 21-8-1908, F WS. Lincoln, 
FMB. Linwood, 1877-79, F AL. Market Rasen, common, 
W L. Skegness. Sutton-on-Sea, in some numbers, at 
sugar in 1907, B. W. Adkin (Ent. 1907, p. 238). Theddle- 
thorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. 1905, p. 81). West Ashby, 
1902, FS A. Wrawby Moor, common in 1908, at ragwort 
bloom, G W M 


S Bracebridge, 13-7-1900 and 4-9-1902, J KF M 
AGROTIS AQUILINA Hb 


Scarce; often confused with the preceding species 


N Cleethorpes, E H F. Linwood, 1877-79, F A L. Market 
Rasen, a few most years, W L. Panton, scarce, G@ H R 
(Skegness. Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs, (Ent. 1905, 
p. 81) 
AGROTIS OBELISCA Hb 


Lincoln, sugar, rare, W D C 


AGROTIS AGATHINA Dup 
Rare and local 
N Market Rasen District, 1876-80, imagines and larve, F A L., 
three larvee 8-6-1908, F PH Band G W M 
AGROTIS STRIGULA Thnb 
Apparently scarce or unnoticed 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Cleethorpes, one at sugar in 
garden, 5-7-1908, F W S. East Ferry District, A R. 
Linwood, 1877-79, F A L; two in 1908,S BS. Market 


Rasen, common, 1895-96, W L. Twigmoor, one example 
25-6-1898, G W M 


S Hartsholme, C P A 


AGROTIS PRACOX L 
Scarce, but occasional on the coast 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Clee, F M B. Cleethorpes, 
23-8-1879, H. A. Auld; August, EH F. Between Froding- 
ham and Appleby, 28-7-1901, H. H. Corbett (Nat. Sept. 1901). 


Humberstone foreshore, one at light in tent, 18-8-1908, 
FWS ° 


$ Wyberton, one at light, 6-10-1894, J C L-C 


Sl atl ee ba Bie ah 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 245 


AGROTIS OBSCURA Brahm 
Frequent in some parts of the County. 


N Brocklesby District, E A C. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B 
Grimsby District, R C. Market Rasen, 7-1895, 1896, 1897, 
W L; RTC. Panton, not rare, G H R. |Skegness. 
Wickenby,C PA. Wragby,GHR 


S Allington, P. Wynne. (|\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. MHaver- 
holme Priory, very common in 1905, J D C 


NOCTUA GLAREOSA Esp 
Rare 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Market Rasen, 1877-79, 
FAL; one in 1907,S BS 


NOCTUA AUGUR Fb 
; Common 
; N Lincoln, 1852, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11 
S \Cowbit, Chas M.Hufton. Divs. 13,14,15, 17, 18 


t NOCTUA PLECTA 1 

Very common 
N Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S |Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13,14,15, 17, 18 


_ NOCTUA C-NIGRUM L 

Common 

N Swinhope, 1856,R PA. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 11 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 


NOCTUA TRIANGULUM JAufn 
Scarce 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, RT C. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. 


Hatton, once, GH R. Louth, V. Crow. Saxby (Barton), 
1892, one only, C. D. Ash. 


S Allington, P. Wynne. MHaverholme Priory, very common, 
JDC. Wyberton, a few at light, J C L-C. 
NOCTUA BRUNNEA Fb 
Frequent 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Binbrook, fairly common in 
1908,S BS. Croxby, one 16-7-1908, F WS. Gainsborough, 
1860, F M B. Goxhill, one 27-7-1907 ; Legsby Wood, at 
sugar, 22-7-1908, GWM. Louth, H. W. Kew (Naturalists' 
World 1886, p. 221). Market Rasen, a few each year, W L. 
Newball,G H R. Wrawby Moor, at sugar, 21-7-1908, G WM 


S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. Skellingthorpe 
7-7-1900, J F M.; CPA. Wyberton, rare, J C L-C 


NOCTUA FESTIVA Hb 
Common 
N Gainsborough, 1860,F MB. Divs. 2,3,4,5, 7,8,9, 11 


246 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


S Skellingthorpe, J F M. Divs. 13, 14, 15 
— var. conflua Tr 

N Gainsborough, F M B. Saxby (Barton), 1892, ‘avery small 
form somewhat resembling N. conflua,’ C.D. Ash. Wrawby 
Moor, one at sugar, 21-7-1908, G W M 

NOCTUA DAHLII Hb 
Scarce 

N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Wrawby mS three at 
heather bloom, 24-8-1908, G VW M 

S Holbeach District, common, L M C. Skellingthorpe. CPA 


NOCTUA RUBI View 
Frequent 

N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C.  Barton-on-Humber, 15 and 
17-8-1905, G W M._ Binbrook, one or two each year. S BS. 
Gainsborough, 1860, M B. Mablethorpe,G HR. Market 
Rasen, 1893 and 1895, W L. Skegness, 16-7-1879, G T P. 
Theddlethorpe, 1904, A..E. Gibbs, (Ent. 1905, p. 81). 
Wrawby Moor, at heather bloom, 24-8-1908, G W M 


S Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C._ Skellingthorpe, 
20-7-1900, J FM. Wyberton, one at light, 8-1896, J C L-C » 
NOCTUA UMBROSA Hb 
Common 
N Gainsborough, 1860, F MB. Divs. 2,8, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 
S Wyberton, one at light, 1896, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, -17 


NOCTUA BAJA fb 
Frequent 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Gainsborough, F M B,. 
Louth, V. Crow. Market Rasen, common, W L. Newball 
and Panton,G H R. Saxby (Barton), C. D. Ash. Skegness, 
9-1895, A. H. Waters, (Naturalist’s Chronicle, 1895, p. 128). 
Wrawby Moor, common, G W M 
S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. Lineoln Fen, 
20-7-1903; Skellingthorpe, 10-7-1900; J F M.  Lineoln, — 
CPA. Wyberton, a few at light, J C L-C : 
NOCTUA XANTHOGRAPHA [Db 
Abundant. 
N Gainsborough, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7,8, 10, 11,12 
S Lincoln Fen, J F M. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
TRIPHAENA IANTHINA Esp 
Fairly common 
N Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 10, 11 
$ |\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton, Divs. 13,14,15, 17,18 


<2 2 New th ies eee BS 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 247 


TRIPHANA FIMBRIA L 
Well distributed 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, one 
example, F PH B. Binbrook, one in 1907,8 BS. Grimsby, 
Dr. Westlake. Legbourne Wood, V. Crow. Lincoln, 8 
examples, 28-7-1852, F M B. Market Rasen, a few most 
years, W L. Newhall; Panton; Sotby; GH R_  Owston 
Ferry District, A R. |\Skegness. Wrawby Moor, one 
7-8-1905 and one 8-8-1908, G W M 
S ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. MHartsholme, 14-8-1903, J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C. Holbeach, 
Distriet,common, L MC. Lincoln Fen, 14-8-1901 ; Skelling- 
thorpe, 24-7-1901 ;JFM;CPA 
TRIPHAENA INTERJECTA Hb 
Scarce. 
N Barton-on-Humber, one bred in 1901,G WM. Binbrook, three 
in 1905,S BS. Gainsborough, 1861; Lincoln, 1852; F MB. 
Market Rasen, four in 1892 and 1894, W L. Theddlethorpe, 
1904, A. E. Gibbs, (Ent. 1905, p. 81) 


S Hartsholme, rare, W DC. MHaverholme Priory, not common 
JDC. Wyberton, one example some time ago, J C L-C 


TRIPHAENA COMES Hb 
Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
TRIPHALNA PRONUBA L 
Abundant 
N lincoln, 1852, # MB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17,18 
AMPHIPYRA PYRAMIDEA L 
Uncommon 


N Binbrook, one in 1906, SBS. Linwood, one larva, 8-6-1908, 
F PHB; two imagines in 1908,S BS. Newhall, one bred, 
7-1896, from a larva beaten a month previously from black- 
thorn, G HR. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, larve frequent, J P. 
and G W M 


S Allington, imago, P. Wynne. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. 
Hartsholme and Skellingthorpe, W D C. MHaverholme 
Priory, fairly common, J D C. Skellingthorpe, 15-8-1899, 
JFM.; RTC.; CPA 


AMPHIPYRA TRAGOPOGONIS L 

Common 
N Gainsborough, 1860, MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
b S Wyberton, common at sugar, JC L-C. Divs. 13, byt 15, 17 
MANIA TYPICA L 
7 Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 
$ Lincoln, FMB. Diys. 18, 14,15, 17,18 


248 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


MANIA MAURA IL 
Frequent 

N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, two at 
sugar, 2-8-1905, G@ W M. Cleethorpes, one at sugar in 
garden, 25-7-1908, If W S. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. 
Grimsby District, E H F. and R C. Hubbard's Valley, 
fairly plentiful in 1905, CS C. and VY. Crow. Lincoln, 1852, 
FMB.; JF M. Louth,H WK. (Nat. World, 1886, p. 41). 
Market Rasen, one or two most years, W L.; 1876-80. I A L. 
Panton, scarce, G HR. West Ashby, 1903, FS A 

S Allington, P. Wynne. Brant Broughton, caught by a friend, 
SBS. ||\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Haverholme Priory, 
yery common, J D C. Holbeach District, common, LM C. 
Lincoln Fen, 13-8-1901 and 6-8-1903, JF M. Lincoln, CP A, 


PANOLIS PINIPERDA Panz 
Frequent 

N Ashby (Brigg) District, R IC. Binbrook, one in 1906,5 BS, 
Gainsborough, 1860; Lincoln, 14-4-1852; I! M B. Market 
Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; afew each year, W L.; bred and 
taken at sallows, 1-4-1907, G@ W M. Scunthorpe, 7-1902, 
one larva, A T 

S Boultham and Skellingthorpe, 1907, A S. and C P A. 
Hartsholme, 15-4-1898 and 15-4-1902, J I M.; C P A. 
Haverholme Priory, four examples, J D C 


PACHNOBIA RUBRICOSA [Ib 


Frequent 
N Alford District, Mother Wood (Aby), at sallows, 15-4-1891, 
EW. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Binbrook, three in 
1907, S B S. Elsham, one 20-4-1900 and one 18-4-1904, 
GW M. Market Rasen, common, W L. Panton, G HR. 
West Ashby, 1902, FS A 
S Hartsholme, 24-4-1899, J F M.; C P A. Haverholme Priory, 
fairly common, J D C.. Holbeach District, scarce, L M C. 
Skellingthorpe, 17-4-1901, J F M. Diy. 17, two in April 
1896, J C L-C 
TANIOCAMPA GOTHICA L 
Common 
N Gainsborough, # MB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 7,8, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14,15, 17, 18 
TANIOCAMPA INCERTA JHufn 
Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, f¥ M B. Divs. 2,3, 5, 6,7, 8, 10 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14, 15, 17 
TANIOCAMPA POPULETI [b 
Scarce 
N Appleby (Big Wood), larvee, 4-6-1881, Mrs. Cross. Ashby 


(Brigg) District, R'T C. Lincoln, CP A. Market Rasen, 
1877-79, F A l.; a few most years, W L. Panton, rare, 


GHR 


nit te SPS: 1 GSR ae RE 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 249 


S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C. Skellingthorpe, 
21-3-1903,J FM.; CPA 
TANIOCAMPA STABILIS View 
Common 
N Gainsborough, caught, F MB. Divs. 2,3, 9, 6,7, 8, 10,11 
S Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13,14, 17,18 
TANIOCAMPA GRACILIS Fb 
Frequent 


N Alford District, not common, Mother Wood at sallows, 
2-5-1892, E W. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Elsham, 
one example, 20-4-1900, G W M. Gainsborough District, 
FM B. Great Carlton, 1880, C. D. Ash. Lincoln, C P A. 
Linwood, one in 1907, S B S, Market Rasen, 1877-79, 
FAL.; afew each year, WL. Panton,G HR 

S$ ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Hartsholme, 16-4-1901, J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, not common, J D C. Div. 17, one in 
1893, J C L-C: Lincoln, CPA 


TANIOCAMPA MINIOSA [Fb 
Scarce 
N Alford District, not common, 15-4-1891 and 2-5-1892, E W 
S Hartsholme Wood, a few in April 1896, W L. Skellingthorpe, 
8-4-1900, J F M.; bred, 3-1901, Rev. W. Beecher; CPA 
TANIOCAMPA MUNDA Esp 
Not common 
N Appleby (Big Wood), larvee, 4-6-1881, Mrs. Cross. Ashby 
(Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, one 24-3-1908, 
F PA B. Gainsborough, 1861, F M B. Linwood, one in 
1907,S BS. Louth, V. Crow. Panton, rare,G HR 
S Boultham,atsallows, 4-4-1907, AS. andC PA. Skellingthorpe, 
8-4-1900, J FM.; CPA 


TANIOCAMPA PULVERULENTA Esp 


Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, F MB. Divs. 2,3, 5,6,7,8, 11 
S$ ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14, 18 


ORTHOSIA SUSPECTA Hb 
Very local 


N Ashby (Brigg) District,R TC. Market Rasen, common some 
years, W L. Wrawby Moor, one worn specimen at heather 
bloom, 24-8-1908, G W M 


S Skellingthorpe, 14-8-1903, J F M 


ORTHOSIA UPSILON Bork 
Local 
N Alford, one 5-8-1890, and one 6-8-1891, E W. Ashby (Brigg) 
District, R T C. Gainsborough District, 1860, F M B. 
Great Carlton, 1880, C. D. Ash. Market Rasen, a few each 
year, WL. Panton,G HR 


250 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


S Boultham, 8-7-1901,J FM. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, 
J DC. Lineoln, C P A. Stamford, one larva, 29-6-1905, 
LNU 


ORTHOSIA LOTA Clerck 
Frequent 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, G W M. 
Gainsborough, F M B. Market Rasen, 1876-80, F A L.; a 
few each year, W L. Mablethorpe, larvz on willow and 
sallow; Newhall, larvee on sallow; Panton; GHR 


S Hartsholme, 1891 and 1892, W DC.; 20-9-1897,] F M.; CPA. 
Haverholme Priory, very common, J DC. Skellingthorpe, 
29-9-1897 and 16-10-1905, J F M 


ORTHOSIA MACILENTA Hb 


Barrett says it is abundant in Lincolnshire, but I have 
records from few localities 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Market Rasen, a few each 
year, WL. Panton, scarce,G HR 


S Hartsholme, W D C. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, 
JDC 


ANCHOCELIS RUFINA IL 
Not common, except in one or two localities 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Gainsborough, F M B 


S Hartsholme, 6-9-1898, J F M. Hartsholmeand Skellingthorpe, 
WD C.; Skellingthorpe Wood, swarmed at sugar, 9-1893, 
JWC. Lineoln, C PA 


ANCHOCELIS PISTACINA Fb 
Common 
N Swinhope, 1856,R PA. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5,6,7,8, 10 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 18, 14,15, 17 
ANCHOCELIS LUNOSA Haw 
Frequent 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, at sugar, 
13-9-1904 and 12-9-1905, G W M. Gainsborough District, 
F M B. Grimsby District, R C. Wrawby Moor, one at 
sugar, 10-9-1905, GW M 


S Bracebridge, 6-9-1902, J F M. Haverholme Priory, very 
common,J DC. Lincoln, 1901,J F M.; CPA. Wyberton, 
swarms at light, J C L-C 
ANCHOCELIS LITURA L 
Common 
N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 2,3, 5,6,7,8 
S Wyberton, J CL-C. Divs. 13,14, 15, 17 
CERASTIS VACCINII L 
Common 
N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 6, 7, 11 
S Hartsholme, 1891 and 1892, W DC. Divs. 13, 14, 15 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 251 


CERASTiS SPADICEA Hb 


Common 
N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 2,3, 5,6,7,8, 10 
S Hartsholme,W DC. Divs. 13, 14, 18 
SCOPELOSOMA SATELLITIA L 
Frequent 


N Swinhope, 1856,R PA. Divs. 2,3, 5,6,7,8, 10 
S Hartsholme, 1891 and 1892, W DC. Divs. 13, 14 
XANTHIA CITRAGO L 
Local 


N Market Rasen District, 1876-80, F A L. Pelham’s Pillar 
Woods, a few larve each year, J P.and G WM 


S$ Haverholme Priory, not common, J D C. Lincoln, two in 
1896, W L. Skellingthorpe, 10-9-1900, J F M.; W DC.; 
CPA 


XANTHIA FULVAGO fb 
Common 
N Market Rasen, 1877-79, F AL. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 6,7 
$ Wyberton, one in 1893, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 17 
SSS var. flavescens Hsp 
N Panton, two examples,G HR. Lincoln, C PA 
S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J D C 
XANTHIA FLAVAGO Fb 
Common 
N Market Rasen, 1877-79, F AL. Divs.1, 3,4, 6,7, 10, 11 
S Hartsholme,GHR. Divs. 13, 14 
XANTHIA GILVAGO Esp 
Frequent 

N Appleby, larvee from elms, 20-5-1882, Mrs. Cross. Ashby 
(Brigg) District R'T C. Barton-on-Humber, one at light, 
14-9-1898, and three at honey dew on plum trees, 9-1901, 
G@ WM. Binbrook, in fair numbers in 1906, one in 1908, 
SBS. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; afew most years. 
Wh. Panton,G HR. 

S Allington, P. Wynne. “ Bourne in Lincolnshire,” Stainton’s 
Manual Vol. 1., p. 253. Bracebridge, 6-9-1902, J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, very common, J DC, Lincoln, CPA. 

i Wyberton, at sugar, J C L-C 

_XANTHIA CIRCELLARIS Hufn. 

Common 

N Gainsborough District, F M B. Divs. 2,3, 5, 6, 7,8, 10 

! $ Wyberton, abundant, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
CIRRHGDIA XERAMPELINA Hb 


Frequent ; probably common, now that the habits of the 
larvee are more widely known 


- 


252 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


N Alford, one larva on ash trunk 18-5-1891 ; Ailby, one specimen 
at rest on ash trunk 29-8-1891; E W. Ashby (Brigg) 
District, R T C. Barton-on-Humber, larvz scarce, G W M. 
Beelsby, one specimen at rest 1908, EH F. Binbrook, the 
larvee seem fairly plentiful all over the Wolds for some 
miles in all directions,S BS. Brocklesby District, EA C. 
Elsham, a few larvze 9-5-1908,G WM. Hainton ; Panton ; 
Sotby; GHR. Lincoln,C P A. Market Rasen,a few each 
year, W L. 


S Allington, P. Wynne. Bracebridge, J F M. Grantham, four 
have occurred in 15 years, two of them 30-8-1875, I. 
Robinson. Haverholme Priory, not common, J D C 
Lineoln, C P A. Wyberton, one at light, 9-1897, J C L-C 


— var. unicolor Gun 


N Barton-on-Humber, one bred, 24-8-1908, G W M. Market 
Rasen, one taken in a wood about 3 miles East of the town 
by W L., now in the eollection of R TC. Sotby, two bred 
from dug pupe,G HR 


S Bracebridge, one 1901, J F M 


TETHEA SUBTUSA Fb 
Apparently scarce 


N Acthorpe Wood, two larvze on poplar, 1-6-1905, G W M. 
Binbrook, one in 1906, S B S. Gainsborough, F M B. 
Market Rasen District, an example, 1876-80, F A L. 


S Skellingthorpe, 2-8-1900, J F M 
TETHEA RETUSA L 
Recorded from only one locality 
S$ Skellingthorpe, 4-8-1901, J F M 


COSMIA PALEACEA Esp 
Local 


Ashby (Brigg) District, RR T C. Near Brigg, one at sugar, 
24-8-1908, F P HB. and G WM. Market Rasen District, 
WL. (Nat. 1898, p. 50) 


S Lincoln District, 13-9-1900, J F M.; Henderson: W D C.; 
CPA. 


CALYMNIA TRAPEZINA L 
Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, F MB. Divs. 2, 3,4, 5, 6,7, 8, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
CALYMNIA DIFFINIS L 
Searce 
N Lincoln, FMB. Market Rasen, two at light, 1895, W L 


S Haverholme Priory, not common, J D C. Skellingthorpe, 
10-9-1900, J FM.; CPA 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 253 


CALYMNIA AFFINIS L 
Scarce 


N Lincoln, FM B. Market Rasen, W L. Panton, commen and 
variable,G HR. ||Skegness 


S Haverholme Priory, not common,J DC. Skellingthorpe,C PA. 
Wyberton, common at sugar, J C L-C 


EREMOBIA OCHROLEUCA Esp 
Rare ; I have no recent records 


N Gainsborough, F M B. Middle Rasen, 15-9-1877 and 8-1878, 
FAL 


S Lincoln, 1858, F M B 
DIANTHCCIA CAPSINCOLA Hb 
Common in the larval state ° 
N Gainsborough, MB. Divs. 2,3, 5, 6, 7, 11 
S$ ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13, 14, 18 
DIANTHGCIA CUCUBALI [ues 
Not common 


N Binbrook, one in 1906, S BS. Gainsborough, 1861, F M B. 
Lincoln, CP UA. Linwood, a few most years, W L. 
Mablethorpe, one at light; Panton; GHR 


S Boultham, 13-6-1900; Skellingthorpe, 8-6-1901; J F M 
DIANTHCCIA CARPOPHAGA Bork 
Rare 
N_ Binbrook, one, 7-1906,S BS. Gainsborough, F M B 
DIANTHCCIA CAPSOPHILA Dup 
Rare 
N Greetwell,C PA 
S Lincoln, rare, WDC | 
JIANTHCCIA IRREGULARIS Hufn 


N East Ferry, one specimen bred from larva taken on Viper’s 
Bugloss about 1896, by A R., who kindly presented it to the 
County Museum at Lincoln. 


HECATERA SERENA [Fb 
Occasional 


N sae (Brigg) District, R T C. Binbrook, fairly common, 
S BS. Market Rasen, one, 2-7-1877, F ATi: ; one in 1890, 
W &.; one, 21-6-1903, G W M. Panton, larvee in 1892, on 
flowers of Sonchus, G HR. West Ashby, 1903, F S A. 
Wrawby Moor, one 17-6-1905, G W M 


S Hartsholme, 11-6-1901, J F M.; C P A. Haverholme Priory, 
not common, J D C. Skellingthorpe, 6-1896, G. Henderson. 
Wyberton, rare, J C L-C 


OLIA CHI L 


Scarce 
N Hast Ferry District, A R. Gainsborough, F M B. Risby 
Warren, one, 21- 9-1907, GWM 


254 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 


S Sleaford, not common, J DC 
POLIA FLAVICINCTA [Fb 
Common 
N Gainsborough, 1860, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5,6,7,8, 10,11 
S Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13,14,15, 17 
EPUNDA LICHENEA Hb 
Loeal 


N Gainsborough, F M B. Greetwell, C P A. Mablethorpe und 
Theddélethorpe, larvee on Cynoglossum cfficinale, G H R. 
and C. D. Ash. 


APOROPHYLA LUTULENTA Bork 
Local and scarce 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L 
S lincoln Fen, 13-8-1901, J F M 


APOROPHYLA NIGRA Haw 
Local and scarce 
S_ ||Cowbit, Chas. M, Hufton. Hartsholme, scarce, W D C 


CLEOCERIS VIMINALIS Fb 
Locally common 

N Alford District, Greenfield Wood, one, 6-8-1891, E W. Barnet- 
by, C P A. Broughton, larvee abundant in 1895, A. E. Hall. 
Holton-le-Moor, larvze common, 12-6-1908 ; Linwood, larvee, 
8-6-1908; F PH B.andGWM. Langworth,C P A. Louth, 
V. Crow. Legsby; Newball; Panton; G H R. Market 
Rasen, common, W L.; bred 1905, G W M 

S Lincoln,C P A. Skellingthorpe, 9-7-1901 and 14-7-1902, J F M 


MISELIA OXYACANTHA L 

Common 

N Swinhope, 1856, R PA. Divs. 2, 3,4, 6,7,8, 10 

S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13,14,15, 17 

— var. capucina Mill 

N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Binbrook, occurs, S B S, 
Lincoln, © P A. Panton, almost as common as the type. 
GHR 
S Hartsholme, 1904,J FM. Lineoln, CPA 


AGRIOPIS APRILINA L 
Frequent 


N Alford District, one larva 7-6-1890, and another 8-6-1890, 
EW. Appleby (Big Wood), larvee 4-6-1881, Mrs. Cross. 
Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Div. 2, 1895, A. E. Hall, 
Gainsborough, bred, F M B. Legsby and Linwood, larvee, 
12-6-1905, J P. and G W M. Legsby, common; Newball, 
abundant; Panton; GH R. Market Rasen, common, W L. 
Pelham’s Pillar Wood, larvee, J P. and J W B. Wrawhy 
Moor, one larva, 2-6-1906, G W M 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 255 


S Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C. Skellingthorpe, 
14-9-1893, J F M.; CPA 


EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA L 


Common 
N Gainsborough, 1860, M B. Divs. 2, 3, ne 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 13,14, 15, 17,18 
PHLOGOPHORA METICULOSA L 
Common 


N Swinhope, 1856, R PA. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9, 10 
S Wyberton, rare, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, i7, 18 
APLECTA PRASINA Kb 
Scarce 
N Alford District, four examples, 24-6-1891, fk W. Near Binbrook, 
one in 1907, SBS. ESTEE (ete FMB. Market Rasen, 
WL 
S Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. Lineoln District, 
1881, Canon Fowler. Skellingthorpe, 9-7-1895, J F M.; 
CPA 
APLECTA OCCULTA L 


Rare 
N Barton-on-Humber, one on a dry sugar patch, 23-8-1898.G WM. 
Lincoln, 1857, F M B. Market Rasen, 1896 and 15-8-1897, 
WL.; RTC. Skegness, 16-7-1879, GT P. 
S$ ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton 


APLECTA NEBULOSA JdHufn 
Frequent 

_N Alford District, Mother Wood (Aby), one 24-6-1891 and 
10-7-1891 ; Haugh Holt, two 24-6-1891 ; Greenfield Wood, one 
24-6-1891; E W. Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Gains- 
borough, 1860, KM B. Limber, one 20- ie 1907, G W M. 
Lincoln, C P A. Legsby ; Panton ; GHR. Market Rasen, 
common, W L. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, three on tree trunks 
11-7-1900 ; Wrawby Moor, two at sugar, 21-7-1908, G W M 


S Lincoln,C P A. Skellingthorpe, 9-7-1898, J F M 


APLECTA TINCTA Brahm 
N Lincoln, 1840-50, F M B 
S Skellingthorpe, one, CPA 


APLECTA ADVENA [Fb 
Frequent 

N Gainsborough, 1860; Lincoln; F M B. Linwood, 1857,R P A. 
Mablethorpe, G H R. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; 
8-1896 and 8-1898, W L. Panton, fairly common, G H R. 
Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Hut. 1905, p. 81) 

S Allington, P. Wynne. MHaverholme Priory, fairly common, 
JDC. Lincoln, C P A, Skellingthorpe, 13-7-1900, J F M 


256 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


HADENA PORPHYREA Esp 


Mr. Richard South in ‘ The Moths of the British Isles” says, 
“Tt is very similar to some of the darker forms of adusta, 
specimens of which have often been mistaken for examples 
of the present species and recorded as such.” Ihave no 
means now of testing the validity of this record, but I 
understand that Mr. Tearle was an ardent collector 


N Gainsborough, 1859, E. Tearle. 
HADENA ADUSTA Esp 
Not common 


N Alford District, Mother Wood (Aby), a few 22-6-1891, E W. 
Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Near Binbrook, S B S. 
Market Rasen, a few most years, W L. Panton, not 
uncommon, GH R 

S$ Allington, P. Wynne. Boultham 8-6-1900, J F M. Haverholme 
Priory, not common, J DC. Lincoln, C P A 


HADENA PROTEA Bork 
Frequent 


N Alford District, Ailby, one larva on oak, 1-6-1891, E W. 
Binbrook, a few most years, S BS. Brocklesby District, 
& AC. Gainsborough, F M B. Lincoln, CP A. Market 
Rasen, common, W L. Panton, very common, G H R. 
Saxby (Barton), rare, C. D. Ash. Wrawby Moor, one on tree 
trunk, 21-9-1908 and another 6-10-1908, F PHB 


S Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C. Lincoln, C P A. 
Skellingthorpe, 10-9-1898 and 24-9-1901, J F M 


HADENA GLAUCA Hb 
N |/Taken near Skegness in 1858 by Mr. G. Gascoyne of Newark 


HADENA DENTINA Esp 
Frequent 


N Alford District: Alford, one 27-6-1890 ; Mother Wood, one 
24-6-1891; EW. Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Binbrook, 
afew,S BS. Burton Chateau (Gate Burton), 7-6-1901, A T. 
Cleethorpes, one at sugar in garden, 14-7-1908, F W S. 
Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Lineoln, C P A. Linwood, 
one 8-6-1908, F P H B. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; 
common, W L. Panton, G H R. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, 
one 8-6-1901, G W M 

S Allington, P. Wynne. MHartsholme, 11-6-1901, J F M. 
Haverholme Priory, very common, JDC. Lincoln, C P A 


HADENA TRIFOLII Rott 
Rare 


N Cleethorpes, several at sugar in garden 1908, F W S_ Gains- 
borough, 1860, F M B 


$ Skellingthorpe, 15-6-1901, J F M 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 257 


Local 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, at sugar, 
20-6-1905, 21-6-1905, 27-6-1905, 10-7-1905, G W M. Binbrook, 
one in 1906, S B S. Theddlethorpe, bred, 6-1907 from ova 
found in abundance in June 1906, @ W M 

S Boultham, 10-6-1899, J F M. ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. 
Hykeham, 16-6-1905, J F M. Lincoln, C PA 


HADENA OLERACEA L 
Abundant 
N Lincoln, 1852, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S Lincoln, F MB. Divs. 18, 14,15, 17 
HADENA PISI L 
Common 
N Lincoln 1852, F MB. Divs. 1, 2,3, 5,6,7, 9, 10 
S Wyberton J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 17 
HADENA THALASSINA Rott 
Common 
N Lincoln, 1852, MB. Divs. 2,3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11 
S$ ||\Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 18, 14,15, 17, 18 
HADENA GENISTZ Bork 
Rare 


$ Allington, one ona piece of wood in the day time, 13-6-1906, 
P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, on palings, not common, 
JDC 


XYLOCAMPA AREOLA Esp 
Not common 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. 
Horkstow 1892,C.D. Ash. Legsby,G HR. Lincoln, 1852, 
FMB. Market Rasen, a few each year, W L.; at rest and 
at sallows, 1-4-1907, F PH B. andG W M 


S Hartsholme, 27-4-1900, J F M.; C P A. Haverholme Priory, 
not common, J DC. Wyberton, rare, J C L-C 


CALOCAMPA VETUSTA Hb 
Rare 
N Market Rasen, one in 1892, W L 


S Hartsholme Wood, W D C. (E M M., 1892 p. 183) ; 9-10-1891, 
JFM.; CPA. Haverholme Priory, not common, J DC 


CALOCAMPA EXOLETA L 


: 
HADENA DISSIMILIS Knoch 
| : 


Common 
N Swinhope, 1856,R PA. Divs. 2, 3,4,5, 7,8, 10,11 
S Hartsholme Wood, 8-10-1891,J F M. Divs. 18, 14, 18 
XYLINA ORNITHOPUS Rott 
Rare 


N Horkstow, 1892, C.D. Ash. Tealby, 1877-79. F A L 


258 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


ASTEROSCOPUS SPHINX Hufn 
Loeal 


N Binbrook, one 11-1908,S BS. Gainsborough District, F M B. 
Market Rasen, at light, W L. Newhall, one larva. GH R. 
Pelham's Pillar Wood, a few larvee most years, J P and 
GWM 

S Haverholme Priory, “in 1902, I took 15 males at light in five 
minutes,” J D C. Holbeach District, common, L M C, 
Skellingthorpe, 6-11-1902, J F M.; CPA. 


CUCULLIA VERBASCI IL 
Larvee often common, but local 
N Alford, four larvee on Mullein, 30-7-1891, E W. Barton-on- 
Humber, larvee fairly common on Water Figwort, G W M. 
Gainsborough, “the larvee in great numbers during the 
last three seasons in the garden feeding on various 
Mulleins,” 1901, F M B. Grimsby, bred 23-5 -5-1903, W W. 
Lincoln, FMB. Market Rasen, 1877-79, F A L.; RT C. 
Panton, G HR. Scampton (lincoln), larvse in numbers on 
Mullein in 1905, J F M.; C P A. Theddlethorpe, larvze, 
29-6-1906,G W M 
S Haverholme Priory, very common, JDC.  Lineoln, a few 
larvee in 1896, W L 


CUCULLIA ASTERIS Schiff 
N Gainsborough ; Mr. F. M. Burton records having breda single 
specimen from a larva found at the same time with larvee 
of verbasci. This is the larva referred to inthe Naturalist 
for 1901, p. 336 
S Wyberton, two several years ago, J C L-C., (Nat. 1897, p. 365). 


CUCULLIA CHAMOMILLA $ Schiff 
Very rare 
S Holbeach District, scarce, L M C. Skellingthorpe, C P A. 
Wyberton, one on palings, 4-1897, J C L-C 


CUCULLIA UMBRATICA L 
Common 
N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 1, 2,3, 5,6,7,8, 10 
S Wyberton, fairly common, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18 


GONOPTERA LIBATRIX L 

Common. The Rey. A. Thornley contributes the following 
interesting note onthis common moth. “A larva was taken 
by Dr. Eland Shaw at Burton Chateau, which was not like 
typical libatrix, having a very large black blotch on the 
second segment. It was taken 22-6-1901;. it pupated 
24-6-1901, andemerged in the imago state (though crippled), 
8-7-1901, having been in a box in my study this time. It is 
the most rapid emergence that I have met with ” 


N Gainsborough, 1860,F MB. Divs. 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8, 10, 12 
S Wyberton, common at sugar, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15; 17, 18 


—— =). we 


hain 


f 
. 
| 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 259 


HABROSTOLA TRIPARTITA Hufun 
Rather uncommon 


N Ashby (Brigg) District, RTC. Lincoln, 1852, F M B. Market 
Rasen, 1877-79, F A L. Saxby (Barton), abundant at 
flowers of rocket, C. D. Ash 


S Allington, P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, fairly common, 
DC 


HABROSTOLA TRIPLASIA L 
Fairly common 
N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, oceurs, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17 
PLUSIA CHRYSITIS L 


Common; Mr. H. M. Brice Smith reports that he has a very 
dark variety somewhat larger than the ordinary type with 
deep gold colouring taken at Hameringham in 1905 


N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S Wyberton, JC L-C. Divs. 13, 14,15, 17, 18 
PLUSIA BRACTEA [Fb 
I have only one record; I have seen Mr. Reynold’s specimen 
N Owston Ferry, one specimen taken in garden, A R 
PLUSIA FESTUCEHE L 


Searce 
N Croxby, one, 10-7-1908, F WS. Lincoln, C P A. Linwood, 
1877-79, FK A L. Market Rasen, a few in 1893 and 1895, W L. 
Marton, 1901, Philip Burton. Skegness, W D C.; 9-1895, 
A. H. Waters, (Naturalist’s Chronicle 1895, p. 128). 
Theddlethorpe, 1904, A. E. Gibbs (Ent. Vol. 38, p. 81) 


_ § ||Cowbit, Chas. M. Hufton. Lincoln Fen, 12-8-1893, J F M 
PLUSIA IOTA L 
Common 
‘N. Lincoln, 1852, F MB. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4,5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 
S$ ||Cowhit, Chas. M. Hufton. Divs. 18, 14,15, 17, 18 
PLUSIA PULCHRINA Haw 
Common 


N Market Rasen District, 1876-80, F AL. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 
8, 10, 11 


S Wyberton, abundant, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 17, 18 
PLUSIA GAMMA L 
Abundant 
N Gainsborough, F M B. Divs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 11 
S Wyberton, J C L-C. Divs. 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 
PLUSIA INTERROGATIONIS L 

{It is found occasionally on hills in Lincolnshire.” 
N Near Louth, one example, V. Crow 
S Grantham, 23-7-1873, Isaac Robinson 


260 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire. 


ANARTA MYRTILLI L 
Frequent on heaths 


N Appleby, 18-6-1878, Miss E. Cross. Ashby (Brigg) District, 
RT C. Epworth and Haxey, 14-7-1898, A T. Legsby, 
1896,G H R. Linwood, 1877-79, F A L.; several 1908,S BS. 
Market Rasen, common, W L.; one larva, 15-8-1908, G W M. 
Seotton Common, F M B, F SA. andG W M. Woodhall 
Spa, 1903, FS A 

S Hartsholme, 5-6-1897, J F M. Holbeach District, common, 
LMC. Lineoln,C PA 


HELIACA TENEBRATA Scop 
Frequent 

N Alford District (Ailby), one 5-6-1889, E W. Ashby (Brigg), 
RT Binbrook, 1906 and 1907, S B S. Gainsborough, 
1860, F M B. Langworth, 22-5-1893, J WC. Lincoln, CPA. 
Linwood, 1877-79, F A L.; 1907,S B S. Little Coates, 
EH F. Legsby; Linwood; Newball; Panton; GH R. 
Newball, common, Carr. Market Rasen, common, W L. 
Owston Ferry District, A R. Pelham’s Pillar, roadside 
near wood, J W B. Saxilby, 21-5-1893, J W C. Scotton 
Common, F M B. Blow Wells, Barton-on-Humber, 1897, 
T. Sheppard 

S Allington, P. Wynne. MHartsholme, several, G. Henderson. 
Haverholme Priory, fairly common, J DC. Lincoln, South 
Park, 5-1892, J F M. Skellingthorpe Woods, common, 
Carr 


HELIOTHIS DIPSACEA L 


Rare 
N Manton Common, Dr. George. Woodhall Spa, “saw a pair 
taken by J C L-C., 8-1901,” A T., (Nat. 1901 p. 365) 


S Nocton, ina clover field, 1898, E. Porter 


CHARICLEA UMBRA dHufi 
Rare 


N Barton-on-Humber, one at sugar with a crippled hind wing, 
21-86-1905, G WM. Market Rasen, 1877-79, FA L. Panton, 
one at sugar, G HR 


ERASTRIA FASCIANA L 
Local 


N Gainsborough, 1860, F MB. Legsby and Linwood, a few each 
year, G W M. Legsby, not rare; Newhall, one; G H R. 
Newball, two 11-6-1908, Rev. F. L. Blathwayt and J D C. 
Market Rasen District, W L. Tothill, common, C. D. Ash 


S$ Skellingthorpe, 10-6-1900, J F M. ; RTC.; 27-5-1900, J W C.; 
CPA 


HYDRELIA UNCULA Clerck 
Very local 


ey ee ee ee Oe 


‘ GoPwre 


N Market Rasen, 1876-80, F AL. Scunthorpe, 11-7-1902, L NU ; 


=i 


a 


The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 261 


PHYTOMETRA VIRIDARIA Clerck 
Local 


N Gainsborough, 1860, F M B. Linwood, 1-6-1903, G W M. 
Market Rasen District, W L. Pelham’s Pillar Wood, J W B. 
and J P 


S Skellingthorpe Wood, R'ITC.; CPA 


EUCLIDIA MI Clerck 
Common 
N Gainsborough, FM B. Divs. 2, 3, 4,5, 6,7,8,9, 11 
S Hartsholme, 6-6-1895, JF M. Divs. 18, 14, 15, 18 


EUCLIDIA GLYPHICA L 
Not common 


N Alford District: Ailby, 3 examples, 23-5-1890, 4 examples, 
25-5-1890 ; Mother Wood (Aby), two examples, 2-6-1890 ; 
K W. Gainsborough, F M B. Lincoln, C P A. Louth, 
HW K. (The Naturalist’s World 1885, pp. 24, 25). Market 
Rasen, a few in 1896, W L. Maltby and Burwell Woods, V. 
Crow. Newball, rare, GH R.; 6-6-1900, J F M. Pelham’s 
Pillar Woods, J W B. and J. P. Saxilby, 21-5-1893, J W C 


S Lincoln,C PA. Skellingthorpe Wood, R TC 
CATOCALA FRAXINI L 


N Hogsthorpe, 9-1875, R. Garfit (Nat. 1887, p.69, and Nat. 1890, 
p. 150). 


S ||Bourn, one specimen. fBourn, 1872, (possibly the same 
record) 
CATOCALA NUPTA IL 
Local 


N Tattershall, one in 1904, J C L-C 


S Haverholme Priory, common in 1901, and very common most 
seasons atsugar,J DCU. Holbeach District, common, L M C. 


_ AVENTIA FLEXULA Schiff 


S Haverholme Priory, a few specimens are taken in a mixed 
plantation on the wing, the first taken in 1901, J DC 


TOXOCAMPA PASTINUM JT’ 
Local 


N Alford District: Well Vale, one 14-6-1889, E W. Pelham's 
Pillar Wood, a few each year, G W M 


RIVULA SERICEALIS Scop 
Rare 


S Haverholme Priory, four on the wing in garden, J D C. 
Lincoln, 1901, Rev. W. Beecher 


ZANCLOGNATHA GRISEALIS Hb 

% Frequent and generally common 

N Gainsborough, MB. Divs. 2,3,4,5, 7,8, 11 
S$ Lincoln, J F M. Divs. 13, 14, 15 


262 The Lepidoptera of Lincolnshive. 


ZANCLOGNATHA TARSIPENNALIS Tr 
Frequent 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R TC. Barton-on-Humber, 28-6-1900 


GWM. Gainsborough, F MB. Louth, V Crow. Panton, 
GHR ‘ 


S Haverholme Priory, very common, J D C. Skegness, 1902, 
FSA. Skellingthorpe, 17-5-1901, J k M 
HERMINIA CRIBRALIS Hb 
N Skegness, 16-7-1879, G T P 
PECHYPOGON BARBALiS Clerck 
Local 
N Linwood, fairly common each season, G W M. Louth, V. 
Crow. Legsby and Newball,G HR 


S Allington, P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, not common, J DC. 
Lincoln District, J F M. Skellingthorpe Wood, R T C 


HYPENA ROSTRALIS L 
Local 


N West Ashby, 1901, FS A 


S Allington, one 31-3-1904, disturbed when pruning a plum tree, 
P. Wynne. Haverholme Priory, very common, J DC 


HYPENA PROBOSCIDALIS L 
Abundant 
N Gainsborough, F MB. Divs. 2, 3, 4, 5,6,7,8, 10,11 
S Haverholme Priory, J DC. Divs. 14, 15 
BREPHOS PARTHENIAS L 
Locally common 
N Ashby (Brigg) District, R T C. Broughton, C. D. Ash. 
Laughton Wood, 1861, Thomas Fyles. Linwood, one in 
1907, S B S. Market Rasen District, 1876-80, F A L.; 


common 1895-96, W L.; common 1-4-1907, f P H B. and 
GWM. Newball,GHR. West Ashby, 1907, FS A 


S Hartsholme, 16-3-1897, J F-M. Skellingthorpe, C P A 


BREPHOS NOTHA Hb 
N Market Rasen, a few larvee, 1895, W L 


ADDENDUM. 


ARSILONCHE ALBOVENOSA, Goze 
N Lincoln, 1840-50, F M B 


ADDRESS TO THE LINCOLNSHIRE 
| NATURALISTS’ UNION. 


GRIMSBY, 1894. 


BrP 3M, BURTON,’ F.L.S:,: F.G.S., 


PRESIDENT, (1895-6).* 
How the Land between Gainsborough and Lincoln was formed. 


In addressing you ona geological subject, as I am about to 
do, I do not forget that this is a Society of Naturalists; and as 
Geology, to those who have not studied it, may perhaps have an 
uninviting aspect, I intend to avoid technical details as far as 
possible, endeavouring at the same time to show that, in point of 
interest, Geology comes quite up to that of any other branch of 
natural science, and perhaps I may say, exceeds most of them. 


Geologists divide the Earth’s strata, for convenience, into 3 
great divisions,—Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary,—and as, in 
Lincolnshire, we have representatives of the entire Secondary 
series, from the strata above the Trias on the west to the chalk on 
the east, this fact alone must give to the Geology of the County 

a special interest and value. I am not, however, going to speak 


__ *This address was originally issued to members in “Transactions” 
_ 1895. That issue being made up of reprints, etc., led to erratic number- 

ing. The section on which this address was printed, was not numbered 
_ atall. To secure the above paper it was decided by the members at the 
_ Annual Meeting, 1907, to publish it in our present ‘“ Transactions,” 
_ being of special interest to the County. 


264 Address to the Lincolnshive Naturalists’ Union. 


of so wide an area now, but intend to confine my address to the 
low flat land between Gainsborough and Lincoln—a distance of 
some 15 miles,—alluding to the adjoining strata, only as they are 
necessary to explain the structure and present configuration of the 
district. 


Now, as we stand on the high ground above Gainsborough 
and look over the Trent, we are on the oldest strata in the 
County,—the Upper Keuper beds as they are called,—at the top 
of the Trias or New Red Sandstone, the highest beds in the great 
Primary Division; and if we could be carried back to the time 
when these beds were laid down, we should see, instead of the 
present country, a vast lake, or inland sea, surrounded on all 
sides by land, which extended far out into the Atlantic on the 
west, and was connected with Europe on the south, and with 
Scandinavia, over what is now the North Sea or German Ocean, 
on the east. 


This region had, for a very long period, been in a quiet, 
tranquil state ; a great contrast to the stormy Permain age which 
preceded it, when the Alleghany mountains of America and the 
Pennine Chain of Derbyshire, the back bone of England, were 
thrown up. 


This vast inland sea was a fresh water lake, which gradually 
became salt by the concentration of its waters,—like the salt 
lakes of North America,—and in which sand stones, grey and red 
marls, salt and gypsum were deposited. 


It is to this inland sea, barren as it was, that we owe the 
rock salt and brine springs of Worcestershire, Cheshire, and 
Middlesborough. While, from its deposits of gypsum, or hydrated 
sulphate of lime, we get ornamental alabaster, and plaster of 
Paris from which Parian and other cements are made. 


In the Railway cutting, leading to Lincoln, bands of blue. 
red, and grey Keuper marls are seen, each resting on the other 
They are the slow and quiet products of this great inland lake. 
and have no traces of life left in them. Suddenly, however, a 
wonderful change takes place; for, resting on the uppermost 


Address to the Lincolnshive Naturalists’ Union. 265 


Keuper deposit, and at the same angle with it, appears a broad 
black band of rock, utterly different from the bed on which it lies. 


The Keuper marls are, as I have said, devoid of fossil 
remains, but this new deposit abounds, nay literally swarms, with 
them ; while, instead of marly deposits, the new strata consist of" 
fissile slaty shales, full of iron pyrites the token of exuberant life, 
and narrow bands of sand stone glittering with mica ; and, what 
adds to the wonder is, that, towards the base of this deposit, 
there lies a thin band of rock, not more than an inch in thickness, 
composed entirely of fish remains, bones, scales, teeth, and 
coprolites, pressed down into a hard solid mass; while a similar 
bed, scarcely as thick, occurs a little higher up. And how can 
all this have come about ? © 


To understand it we must know something of the world we 
live on. | 


Originally a vast nebulous mass, which gradually condensed, 
it is now (as generally accepted), a thin crust, some 25 miles 
thick at the most, resting on a molten fluid substratum, under 
which (as some think), lies a solid rigid core. Now a thin crust 
over a fluid cannot be stable, and the surface therefore of our 
globe is for ever changing, rising here and sinking there; rising 
in parts where denudation makes it thinner, and sinking in 
regions where, through volcanic action, or the pouring on of the 
débris of large rivers, and other similar causes, matter is being 
piled up and the strata thickened. 


And, in the region we are considering, action of this latter 
kind had taken place. The older strata had begun to sink, and, 
by degrees, the waters of a great ocean, coming up from the south 
over France, were let in upon them. ‘The inland lake became an 
arm of the Liassic sea, and the Rhcetic beds were formed. 


It must not .be supposed, however, that all this took place 
suddenly. It was the result of no convulsion of nature, no rending 
of the rocks and inrush of the sea, but it came about quietly and 
imperceptibly, occupying as much time, probably, as would be 
necessary for so great a change in our own days. First, as the 


266 Address to the Lincolnshive Naturalist’s Union. 


land continued to sink, would come the want of drainage, then 
the morass, then the tidal wash, and, last of all, the full open sea. 
It was the work of ages. 


The Rheetic beds,—which owe their name to the Alps of 
Lombardy (the ancient Rheetia), the Grisons, and the Tyrol, 
where they attain a considerable thickness,—-had not been found 
further to the north in England, in 1866, than at Coptheath near 
Birmingham, and at Abbots Bromley in Staffordshire; when, in 
that year, as the gradients of the line between Gainsborough and 
Lincoln were lowered, I had the satisfaction of meeting with them. 
Since that time they have been discovered, in a nearly continuous 
line, across England from north to south, wherever the junction of 
the Trias and Lias is exposed. 


Some geologists place these beds at the top of the Trias, 
others at the base of the Lias, or Jurassic system. ‘This, however, 
is a matter of smallimportance. They are the passage beds from 
one great system to another, from the deposits of the upper 
Keuper lake to those of the great Liassic sea; beds which go far 
to unlock the hidden story of the land we are considering. 


About the origin of the bone beds referred to much specula- 
tion has taken place. 


Mr. Jukes Browne, in his work on ‘the Building of the 
British Isles,’—to which I am indebted for several of the facts 
stated in my paper,—speaks of the irruption of the sea water 
being prejudicial to the inhabitants of the Triassic lake, “so that 
most of them died, and their bones, scales and teeth were drifted 
into layers on the sea floor ;” but this I think could hardly have 
been the case, as, apparently, the concentrated saltness of the 
lake had, to a great extent, prevented the possibility of life,—no 
trace of it, except in a few localities, being met with throughout 
the system,—and this view Mr. Jukes Browne himself bears out, 
when, in another part of his work, speaking of the Triassic lake, 
he says, “the sheet of water being apparently as salt, as clear, 
and heavy and as nearly lifeless as the modern waters of the Dead 
Sea, or of the great salt lake of Utah.” May not these beds be 
rather due to the fishes, which the Liassic sea brought in, being 


Address to the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. 267 


killed by the salinity of the waters of the inland lake? or, 
perhaps, after life had developed through the change of water, 
the land temporarily rose again, or became stationary for a time, 
and, the salinity returning, the fishes, no longer able to sustain 
life, perished, and their remains sank, in a layer, on the sea floor. 


There is another fact of interest connected with the Rheetics, 
which must not be omitted before we leave them, and that is, 
that the earliest known British mammal, the Microlestes, a small 
insect eating animal, is found within its strata. The Rheetic 
beds contain also remains of the huge Saurians which are so 
characteristic of the Lias and higher formations; and we are 
indebted to Mr. Montagu Browne, of the Leicester Museum, for an 
account of several new species, which he recorded at the recent 
meeting of the British Association at Oxford, as well as on two 
former occasions. Remains of Saurian life occur also in the 
Rheetic strata at Lea, near Gainsborough. 


AND now we pass on to the Lias, the lower beds of the 
Jurassic system, in which the ironstone bands of Frodingham and 
Appleby are found, and change to a deep sea; the remains of 
which, beginning a little way to the east of Gainsborough, 
extend right across to Lincoln, and form the material of the Cliff 
there, to within 20 feet of its summit. 


This sea is one of great interest, it covered a great part of 

England with a portion of Ireland, and ran up far north into 
Scotland, having rivers to feed it from the adjoining lands 
around; while, to the south, it extended down towards the 
tropics. Its depth was considerable, and, as its strata show, its 
waters teemed with life. Fish, reptiles, molluscs of many kinds, . 
echinoderms, insects, wood and corals, are met with in its layers. 
‘The insects,—which, according to Westwood, belong to no less 
than 24 families, and comprise both wood-eating and herb- 
devouring beetles, grass-hoppers, dragon-flies, and may-flies,— 
together with the wood, were, doubtless, brought down by the 
‘rivers which flowed into the sea; while the corals owe their 
presence to the extension of its waters southwards, enabling the 
products of warmer climes to push up towards the north. 


268 Address to the i-incolnshive Naturalists’ Union. 


Amongst the mollusca the Ammonites hold the first place : 
Chambered shells of great beauty, which have their counterpart 
in the Nautilus of the present day, they vary very much in shape, 
and are so distinct, that they have been used to designate zones 
of life in describing the Liassic strata, each zone having its 
distinct Ammonite as a characteristic feature; and, although 
this cannot altogether be relied on,—some Ammonites being 
found in more zones than one, and not always in the zones to 
which they give their name,—yet the fact of different species 
being found in succession one above the other as the higher beds 
appear, bears strong testimony to the vast period of time that 
must have elapsed during the formation of these strata. We 
have only to call to mind how slowly forms of molluscau life 
(and we may say the same of life generally), die out now, and are 
replaced by others, to appreciate this. 


Taking an illustration near our own time, we find that, out 
of the shells in the Norwich Crag at the top of the Pliocene 
period in the Tertiary age, 85 per cent exist at the present day ; 
and yet, between that period and our own, lies the whole of the 
Pleistocene and Glacial age, during which the Mammoth, the 
Cave Bear and the Hyena, the Woolly Rhinoceros, the great Irish 
Elk, and other animals, appeared on the scene and passed away ; 
hunted to death for the most part by man. 


It is however in the Saurians that the great interest of this 
period centres. Huge fish-like lizards from 20 to 30 feet long,— 
Icthyosaurs, with eyes 14 inches in diameter, and Plesiosaurs, 
with long swan-like necks,—infested the shallower gulfs and 
bays; some swimming out in the open water and feeding on the 
fishes and Ammonites, others hiding themselves amongst the 
tangle and in the crevices of the rocks, and darting out at their 
passing prey, : 

‘Dragons of the prime 
‘That tare each other in their slime.” 


while Pterodactyls,—large, flying, bat-like lizards, which are 
principally found in the higher Jurassic strata,—pursued their 
victims in the air, and clung to the cliffs and rocks on shore. A 


Address to the Lincolnshive Naturalists’ Union. 26g 


strange weird life indeed was that which once filled the plain 
between Gainsborough and Lincoln, and, with other deposits of 
the same period elsewhere, it has well been called ‘‘ the great 
dragon land.” 


This wonderful development of Saurian life began in the 
Triassic age, attained its greatest energy in the Lias, and finally 
died out, as a dominating power, in the Chalk. The greater 
portion of it then passed, by the process of evolution, into birds ; 
nearly every successive chain in the link having been now 
discovered, as Professor Huxley remarked at the late meeting of 
the British Association at Oxford. 


And here, after ascending the Lincoln Cliff, and passing over 
the higher beds of the Lias on our way,—so well described by 
Mr. W. D. Carr, whose removal from Lincoln we all deplore asa 
‘real loss to our Society,—we reach the Oolite capping at the top, 
and stand on ground made famous by many a stirring event in 
history. Here Czsar’s Roman legions came and colonized. 
Here Norman William reared his fortress against the vain force of 
Hereward who lies, with his true forsaken wife, somewhere in 
Crowland’s precints amid the fens he kept so well. We, from the 
same site, look down, immeasureably further back, over ‘“ the 
great dragon land,” and picture again, in thought, the teeming 
life of the old Liassic sea. 


AND now, having completed the building of the land 
between Gainsborough and [incoln, I will, as briefly as possible, 
try to show how it attained its present shape. 


Yo understand this, we must first glance a little further to 
_ the east; where, after passing over the limestones and clays of the 
higher Jurassic seas, we reach the chalk wolds. 


‘ In these cretaceous strata, we have the remains of beds which 
must have been laid down in great ocean depths ; for there only 
are similar deposits being formed in our own day. 


The Atlantic ooze, the modern equivalent of the chalk, is not 
deposited at a less depth than about 1,000 feet, and usually, much 
‘deeper; and, as this ooze is laid down, according to the 


270° Address to the Lincolushtve Naturalists’ Union. 


“Challenger” calculations, at the rate of a foot in a century at 
the most, the chalk, which is now some 1,300 feet thick,—and 
had, at one time, another 1,000 feet at the top of it, which has 
since been swept away,—the time occupied in the formation of 
these chalk beds must have been enormous. At the above rate of 
a foot of sediment in a century, the lost 1,000 feet alone would 
have taken 100,000 years to form, 


Now, that the neighbourhood of such an ocean as this, which 
reached from Ireland, over Europe, to the Crimea, should have 
greatly affected the area we are considering, is not tu be wondered 
at. 

For a long period, during the existence of the Oolite and 


higher Jurassic seas,—when the land to the east of Lincoln, 
between it and the chalk wolds, was being formed,—the Triassic, 


Rhoetic and Lias beds on the west had become dry land; but, ~ 


as the chalk sea grew, the weight of its deposits caused the land 
all round to sink, and, as this sea, at last, covered nearly the 
whole of England and Wales, the district between Gainsborough 
and Lincoln, with all the western land, was buried far beneath its 
waves. 


Now the action of a sea is always that of a leveller, and as 
in course of ages, the cretaceous ocean itself passed away, the 
land beneath it, as it rose again to the surface, presented a smooth 
plane of erosion, gradually sloping up to the higher lands around, 
which had, during this epoch, remained dry ground. 


At this time,—a period when the Pyrenees were thrown up,— 
England, Scotland, and Ireland were, probably, as Mr. Jukes 
Browne tells us, bound together in one mass. Land lay far out 
into the Atlantic on the west, and land connected Scotland with 
Greenland, through the Faroes and Iceland, on the north, and 
with Scandinavia on the east. 


How far, and to what extent, the area between Gainsborough 
and Lincoln was denuded, during this great erosion, we shall never 
know; but, as it rose higher and higher above the waves, the 
carving tools of nature were brought into play, and rain, frost, 
and other forces of the atmosphere began their ceaseless work. 


Address to the Lincolnshive Naturalists’ Union. 27% 


Now rain may seem but a weak agent for forming hills, and 
scooping out valleys, but, with the help of frost and the corroding 
forces of the atmosphere, without doubt it effects the task. 


Both hill and valley have one common origin, they are the 
remains of surfaces, once planed and levelled by the sea (I am 
not here speaking of volcanic force), which, when raised above 
the waves, were carved and cut into shape by the rain; the 
| harder parts, the most capable of resisting erosion, forming the 
; 


| hills; and the softer portions; the most easily denuded, forming 
. the valleys. 


Rising as vapour, mist, and cloud, and falling again on the 
earth, rain is the source of all our lakes, springs, and tivers ; and, 
through rivers, the source of continents also, by the deposition of 
sediment on the floors of oceans and seas, and by the silting up of 
shallow bays and estuaries. 


Its work never ceases, and, aided by frost, and the chemical 
components of the air, it penetrates and dissolves the hardest 
rocks, and nothing is free from its action. Rivers can cut only 
narrow channels, and it is left to rain to widen them into valleys. 
No drop of rain runs an inch on the surface without setting some 
soil in motion toward a lower level. 


‘The amount of erosion depends, of course, greatly on the suil 
on which the rain falls: On clays, like those of the Lias, it works 
far greater havoc than on sandy or gravelly soils; though, with- 

out due thought, the reverse might appear to be the case. Mr. W. 
Whitaker, of the Geological survey, in discussing the age of man 
at the recent British Association Meeting, well observed this, 
when he said, ‘“‘ When rain falls on gravel and sand, which are 
open and porous, they say ‘Oh! come in, there’s plenty of room,’ 
and in it goes, and comes out againas a clear spring of water at 
“the base ; whereas, when it falls on clays and stiff soils, they say, 
‘We don’t want you and we won't have you,’ and the rain, in 
_ response, washes hundreds of tons away from the surface ;”’ show- 
_ ing that resistance is not always the best policy. 


272 Address to the Lincolnshive Naturalists’ Union. 


A good illustration of this may be seen in the district I am 
speaking of, for Hardwick Hill, which stands out as a land mark, 
at the far end of Scotton Common, is mainly composed of gravel 
and sand, while the unyielding clays of the Lias are worn away 
to their present depth below the Lincoln Cliff. 


For actions, such as I have described, unlimited time is, I 
need not say, required; but, that given, from the planed down 
surface of land emerging from the sea, we get the earth in its 
present form, with its infinite variety of mountain and valley, hill 
and dale. ° 


Of course there are volcanic, and other forces, that aid in the 
construction of the earth’s surface, but they lack the universality 
and ceaseless operation of rain, and there is no time to speak of 
them now. 


It is to the eroding action of rain, that we owe, in the main, 
the present features of the “the great dragon land.” 


ONE more phase, in the life history of the area we are 
considering, I have still to record. 


After the chalk sea had disappeared, and the Tertiary age,— 
which may be called the latter days of geology,—had set in, the 
land underwent, for a great length of time, varying periods of 
elevation, subsidence, and rest; during .which the North Sea 
appeared, and the principal physical features of our islands were 
developed; but, in the later Pleistocene epoch,—a period 
approaching our own days ina geological sense,—a great change 
took place. The Glacial conditions, which now prevail in the 
arctic regions, gradually invaded our land. ‘The whole country 
sank to a considerable depth below its present level, and a great 
portion of Lincolnshire was covered with floating ice, which 
scored the rocks, and poured on its surface volumes of mud and 
clay, mixed with stones and boulders, which now pave the 
streets and market places of Gainsborough and Lincoln. And 
when, at last, all this had passed away, and the land had risen 


Address to the Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union. BA. 


again to the surface, a period of subsidence once more set in. 
The North Sea,--which had come into existence prior to the 
invasion of the ice, but had, during this period, been filled up 
with its débris,—again resumed its sway. Our land, in course of 
time, became separated from the Continent, and Great Britain, as 
it now is, appeared. 


I should like to have spoken of a great river system, which 
cut through the Oolite and Lias on the south and west, and 
poured its waters into the Wash,—a system, the only remains of 
which are seen in the Lincoln Gap, through which the ‘Trent once 
flowed, and where the Witham still finds its way,—but time will 
not permit of it. 


I have drawn attention to the vast period of time that must 
have been consumed during the events I have attempted to 
describe; and this is a point that I cannot too strongly impress. 
on your memory. 


I have dwelt on the structure and configuration of the land 
as it appeared during the several ages my paper deals with ; for 
this is the goal that all geological investigation should aim at. 
The special study of strata, and their imbedded relics, valuable as 
it is, is nothing, if, out of it, we do not try to build up the frame- 
work of the world, as it appeared at the time these strata were 
deposited. I do not mean in any sense to under-estimate the 
value of such special studies. Those who labour at them are the 
patient seekers after facts, without whose labours it would be 
impossible to read the story the rocks are meant to teach. And 
here I must bring my paper to a close. 


Elevations and subsidences are still going on, though we 
cannot see them. Attrition and denudation of the strata are still 
proceeding, though, in our short existence, we cannot trace them. 
Rains, frost, and rivers are still at work. ‘lhe dragon land is 
slowly altering year by year; and the carving and modelling of 
the surface will last, as long as raindrops fall, and a vestige of 
_ land remains above the waves. 


LINCOLNSHIRE COLEOPTERA. 


BY THE 
Rev. A. Tuornvey, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., Nottingham, and 
W. Wat acs, M.B., Cu.B., Grimsby. 


(Second Paper). 


The following seven new species are additions to the 
Geodephaga. 


LEMOSTENUS COMPLANATUS Dj 


N 4, Grimsby, 1908, two specimens, one in a garden, the other 


under stones on the shore, A B. Until a few years since, 
this species was confounded in British collections with 
PRISTONYCHUS TERRICOLA 


ANCHOMENUS VIDUUS Panz 
(The type form) 
N 4, Freshney Bogs, three specimens in company with the 
variety, 15-7-1907, W W 

ANCHOMENUS GRACILIS Gyli 

N 4, Croxby, several specimens, 13-9-1907, W W 
ANCHOMENUS THOREYI Dj 

N 4, Irby Dale, one specimen, 24-5-1908, W W 
ANCHOMENUS PUELLUS Dj 


N 1. Althorpe, one specimen found 18-4-1908, (under willow bark 
with A. fuliginosus) by G@ W M., agrees well with an 
authentic type of this species 


BEMBIDIUM AFFINE Steph 


N 3, Barton-on-Humber, Humber bank, one specimen, 20-4-1907, 
Mr..T. Stainforth, Hull 


TRECGHUS RUBENS F 
N 9, Humberstone, one specimen on the shore, 6-7-1908, A B 


During the year special attention has been given to collecting the 
water beetles and our County list has been thereby considerably 
increased, some of the additions being of great interest. We still lack 
collectors in the south VC. Weare much indebted for the valuable 
help given t) us by Me. PF. Bilfoar Browae, M.A., who has made a most 
thorough study of the British Waterbeetles and their distribu tion. 


Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 275 


| Hydradephaga. 


Not uncommon 


N 4, Freshney River at Little Coates, 21-6-1898, A T. 8, 
Helton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W., Hubbard's Valley, Louth, 
13-8-1908, C. Gifford 


HALIPLUS OBLIQUUS F 
Not uncommon, generally occurs singly 


N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Little Coates, 1898, AS. 8, Holton- 
le-Ciay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, Humberstone in brackish ditch, 
9-5-1907, A B 


_HALIPLUS FLAVICOLLIS Sturm 
Not uncommon, but somewhat local 
N 9, Tetney, 7-1906, A B.: Humberstone, 7-1908, W W 
§ 13, Court Leys, 6-6-1900,S CS 


HALIPLUS FULVUS F 
Fairly common 
N 1,Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, 
LN U.,(W FB.): Great Coates, 24-4-07, W W. 9, Tetney, 
16-5-1907, A B.: Humberstone, brackish water, 26-8-08, W W 


HALIPLUS RUFICOLLIS De.G 
Abundant 
N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A 'T. 
4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894. L NU., (W F B). 7, Holton-le- 
Moor, 12-6-08, L N U., (A B). 8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, 
W WwW. 9, Theddlethorpe, 1896, A T.: Humberstone in 
brackish ditch, 21-5-1907, A B 


HALIPLUS FLUVIATILIS Aubé 
Common 
N 3, Cadney, A T, 4, Clee, 2-5-1907, A B. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 
5-7-1908, W W. 9, Tetney, 16-5-1907, A B. 11, Gibraltar 
Point, 15-7-1891, A T 


HALIPLUS LINEATOCOLLIS Marsh 


The commonest species of the genus, occurring in abundance 
in running and stagnant water 


N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A_T. 4, Little Coates, 28-3-1906, W W. 
8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-08, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, A he 
Humberstone, in brackish ditch, 14-4-1907, A B 


S 13, Court Leys, 1899, S CS. 18, Spalding, 31-8-1901,SCS 
CNEMIDOTUS IMPRESSUS F : 
’° Rare. We have never found it in the northern V C 
S$ 18, Near Spalding, 6-1904, W. E. Sharp, F ES 


—s«dBRYCHIUS ELEVATUS Panz 


276 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


PELOBIUS TARDUS JHerbst 
The “ Sereech-beetle ” 


N 4, Aylesby, 3-6-1908, four specimens, W WV. 9, Humberstone. 
10-6-1908, one specimen, A B 


This fine addition to our list occurred in each case in a stagnant 
pond. The insect has probably evaded earlier collectors by its peculiar 
habit of immediately leaving the surface and descending to the mud at 
the bottom of the pond and burying itself there. To capture it, the 
collector must watch it enter the mud. 


MNOTERUS SPARSUS Marsh 


Local 
N 4, Croxby Pond, 20-6-1907, one specimen, A B. 7, Holton-le- 
Moor, 12-6-1908, L N U., AB. 11. Alford, common in one 
pond near Well Vale, 20-8-08, L N U., W W 
LACCOPHILUS INTERRUPTUS Panz 
Common 


N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, L N U., 
(W FB). 9, Theddlethorpe, 6-1896, A T. Humberstone in 
brackish water, 15-4-1907, W W 


S 13, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L NU., W FB 


LACCOPHILUS OBSCURUS Panz 
Common 
N 4, Cleethorpes, 13-7-1894, W F B. 7, Linwood, 8-6-1908, W W 


8, Holton-le-Clay, 8-7-1908, W W. 9, Tetney in brackish 
drain at Sand Hail Flats, 13-8-08, W W 


S 13, Court Leys, 6-1900,S CS 


HYPHYDRUS OVATUS IL 
Frequent 


N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, 
MP. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Ivby Dale, 14-8-1908, W W, 
6, Marton drain, A T. 7, Linwood, 8-6-1908, W W. 9. 
Tetney, 16-5-07,A B. 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, L NU. W W 


S 18, Court Leys, 5-1900,5 CS 


CC@LAMBUS VERSICOLOR Schall 
Local 


N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 6, Marton drain. A T. 9, Theddle- 
thorpe, 6-1896, AT. Tetney, 16-5-1907, A B 


S 13, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L N U., W F B. 


CELAMBUS INAQUALIS [F 
Abundant 


N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, AT. 4, Clee, 20-4-1899, A S. 7, Linwood, 
8- 6-1908, W WwW. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, 
Theddlethorpe, 1893, A T. Tetney brackish ditch, 13-8-1908, 

Www 


Ss 13, Court Leys, 1-6-1900,S CS 


— oe 


Lincolnshive Coleoptera. O77, 


CQ@LAMBUS DECORATUS Gyll 
Loeal 
N 4, Irby Dale in considerable numbers, 24-5-1908, W W. 9, 
Tetney, 13-8-1901, CSC 
CQ@LAMBUS CONFLUENS fF 
Loeal 
N 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, WF B. Aylesby in two ponds, quite 
the commonest beetle 1 found in the ponds, 3-6-1908, W W. 
9, Humberstone, 10-6-1908, A B 
C@LAMBUS PARALLE!.OGRAMMUS Ahr 
Local and confined to the coast 
N 9,Humberstone in large numbers ina brackish drain, 26-8-1908, 
C. Gifford 
DERONECTES ASSIMILIS Payk 
Loeal 
N 3, Cadney, A T. 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, W FB. 9, Mable- 
thorpe, 12-6-1893, L N U., (WV W F.) Tetney, 16-5-1907, 
W W 
S 138, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, A T 
DERONECTES DEPRESSUS [I 
Common 
N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Freshney River, 13-7 1898, A T. 
8, Holton-le-Clay, 27-4-1907, RC. 9, Mablethorpe, 12-6-1893, 
LNU., (W W F) 
DERONECTES ({2-PUSTULATUS [I 
Evidently very local. Diligent search has hitherto failed to 
establish this as a Lincolnshire species. 


N 9, Humberstone, a singie specimen from u stream near the 
church, 22-8-1908, C. Gitford 
HYDROPORUS PICTUS [ 
Common 
N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 3, Cadney, A T. 4, 
Great Coates, 24-4-1906, W W. 6, Manton drain, A T. 9, 
Humberstone in brackish ditch, 21-5-07, W W 
HYDROPORUS GRANULARIS L 
Not common, and in small numbers when found 
N 4, Bradley, stagnant pond, 7-4-1908, A BB. and W W. Clee- 
thorpes. 18-65-1908, W W. 9, Humberstone in brackish 
diteh, 26-8-08, C. Gifford 
S 18, Near Spalding, 6-1904, W. E. Sharp, ¥ ES 
HYDROPORUS LEPIDUS -O![ 
Local 
N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 3, Cadney, 9-1857, 
T. 4, Great Coates, I took it in August 1906, but 
never again there, W W. 9, Tetney in numbers in a 
brackish ditch near Sand Hail Flats, 13-8-1908, W W. 7, 
Pond in Langworth Wood, (FOWLER, Brit. COL.) 


« 


278 Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 


HYDROPORUS RIVALIS Gyil 
Somewhat local 
N 3, Ulceby, 12-8-1906, W W. 4, Croxby Pond, 8-1906, W W, 
Laceby, 11-5-1908, A B. 8, Hubbard's Valley, Louth, 
13-8-1908, C. Gifford. ‘ 
HYDROPORUS HALENSIS F 
This is a fen species but appears to be rare in the County 
N 3, Uleeby in running water, a single specimen, 12-8-1906, 
ww 


HYDROPORUS DORSALIS F 
Local 
N 4, Irby Dale, 7-9-1907, A B. Waltham, 8-8-1908, C. Gifford. 
7, Holton-le-Moor, 12-6-08, L N U., A B. 11, Alford, 
20-8-1908, LN U., W W 
HYDROPORUS LINEATUS fF 
Frequent 
N 3, Ulceby, 12-8-1906, W W. 4, Irby Dale, 7-9-1907. W W. Clee- 
27-8-1908, C Gifford. 6, Marton drain, AT. 7, Holton-le- 
Moor, 12-6-1908, LN U., AB. 9, Tetney, 16-4-08, A B 
HYDROPORUS UMBROSUS Guyll 
Very local 
N 4, Irby Dale, in one pond in large numbers, 14-5-1908, W W 
HYDROPORUS ANGUSTATUS Sturm 
Local and in small numbers when found 
N 4, Bradley, 11-4-1908, A B. Irby Dale, 14-5-1908, W W 
HYDROPORUS GYLLENHALI Schiod 
Not common 
N 1, Haxey and Epworth, three specimens, 14-7-1898, A T. 9, 
Tetney, one specimen, 16-5-1907, A B., the only instance of 
its occurrence in the Grimsby District 
HYDROPORUS VITTULA Er 
Rare 
N 4, Irby Dale, a single specimen, 14-5-1908, W W 
HYDROPORUS PALUSTRIS L 
By far the commonest species of the genus 


N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 3, Cadney, AT. 4, 
Clee, 20-4-1899, AS. 6, Marton, AT. 7, Linwood, 8-6-1908, 
W Ww. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, Humberstone 
in brackish water, 26-8-1908, C. Gifford. 10, Woodhall, 
7-8-1893, L NU. 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, L N U., WW 


S 13 Court Leys, 5-1900,5 CS 


HYDROPORUS ERYTHROCEPHALUS L 
Common 


N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7- 1898, A 'T. 3, Cadney, 8-1897 A T. 
4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, L N U., WFB. 6, Marton drain, 
A . Uf Holton-le-Moor, 12-6- 1908, L NO A B. Q, 
Humberstone in brackish ditch, 26-8-1908, C, Gifford, 
11, Alford, 20-8-1908, L N U., W W 


Lincolnshive Coleoptera 
HYDROPORUS MEMNONIUS Nic 
Loeal. 


279 


It has never occurred in the Grimsby District 
N 3, Cadney, 7-1898, E A W 


S 13, Court Leys, 7-1901,S CS 
HYDROPORUS NIGRITA F 


Probably not uncommon but we have few records of this and 
the next species 


N 4, Freshney Bogs, 11-6-07, W W. Irby, 29-5-1908, W W 
HYDROPORUS DISCRETUS Fairm 


N 4, Bradley, 11-4-1907, W W. Clee, 2-8-1907, A B. 
24-5-1908, A B. Laceby, 11-5-1908, A B 
C. Gifford 
HYDROPORUS PUBESCENS Gull 
Common 


This species is more frequent than the proceeding in the 
Grimsby District 


Beelsby, 
Waltham, 8-5-1908, 


N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. : 
LN U. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Clee, 20-4-1899, A S. 
7, Holton-le-Moor, 12-6-1908, L N U., (A B). 8, Holton-le- 
Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, Mablethorpe, 8-1907, (J. W. Carter, 

Bradford). 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, L N U., W W 

HYDROPORUS PLANUS IF 


2, Scunthorpe, 2-7-1902 


Very common 


N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, A T. 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898 
EK AW-P. 4, Cleethorpes, 5-6-1894, L NU. W FB. 7, 
Linwood, 8-6-1908, W W. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 
9, Theddlethorpe, A 'T. 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, L NU., W W 
S 13, Court Leys, 5-1900,8S CS 

HYDROPORUS LITURATUS [I 


Common 

N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 38, Cadney, 1898, M P. 4, 
Bradley, 28-2-1908, W |W. 7, Holton-le-Moor, 12-6-1908, 
1) ONG. AB. a8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, 
Humberstone in brackish water, 27-8-1908, W W 

13, Court Leys, 5-1900,S CS 

GUTTATUS Payk 


Not common 


SS) 
AGABUS 


2, Scunthorpe, 11-7- 1902, 


LN U. 38 Cadney, 1898, M P. 4 
Irby, 28-5-1908, W W., ‘the only specimen that has occurred 
° the Sena District. 
LNU.,, 


10, Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, 
WEB 
AGABUS PALUDOSUS [fF 
Common in Grimsby District 
N 2, Scunthorpe, 7-1902, L N U. 3, Uleeby, 12-8 1906, W W. 
4, Freshney Bogs, "13-7- 1898, A T. Clee, 
Irby, 20-6-1907, WwW W 


2-5- 1908, A B. 


280 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


AGABUS DIDYMUS 01 
' Common 
N 3, Brigg, Kettleby Beck, 4-6-1895, A T. Ulceby, 12-8-1906, 
WW. 4, Clee, 2-5-1907, A B. Irby, 3-8-1908, C. Gifford. 
8, Holton le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, Tetney, 16-5-1907, A B 
AGABUS NEBULOSUS [Forst : 
Common 
N 3, Cadney, 8-1898, EH AW-P. 4, Clee, 28-4-1898, AS. 8, Holton- 
le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T 
S 13, Court Leys, 6-1900, S C S. 18, Near Spalding, 6-1904, 
W. E. Sharp, F ES 
AGABUS STURMII Gyll 
Common 
N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Little Coates, 1897, A S. 7, 
Linwood, 8-6-1908, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, 4-1895, A T. 
Humberstone in brackish ditch, W W 
AGABUS CHALCONOTUS Pz 
Loeal 
N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, AT. 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898 
EA W-P. 7, Linwood, 8-6-1908, occurring in the greatest 
profusion in all the ponds I worked, W W 
_S 18, Court Leys,SCS 
The distribution of this species in the County is interesting ; it 
will be noticed that all these localities are distant from the sea. It 
has never occurred in the Grimsby District. 
AGABUS BIPUSTULATUS L 
By far the commonest species of the genus 
N 1, Haxey and Epworth, 14-7-1898, AT. 3, Cadney, 1898, M P., 
4, Freshney Bogs, 13-7-1898, A T. 5, Kirton Lindsey, 1898, 
M P. 7, Linwood, 8-6-1908, W W. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 
5-7-1908, W W. 9, Tetney, C SC. 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, 
LNU., (W W) 
PLATAMBUS MACULATUS L 
Common in the Grimsby District and probably throughout 
the County but we have few records 
N 3,Cadney,A T. 4, Croxby, 2-7-1908, A B. 8, Grainsby, 8-1905, 
WW 
ILYBIUS FULIGINOSUS F 
Very common 


N 2, Broughton Woods pond, 6-1895, LN U., (A T). 3, Cadney, 
9-1897, A T. 4, Freshney Bogs, 21-6-1898, E A W-P. 8, 
Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 9, Humberstone in brackish 
ditch, 26-8-1908, C. GIFFORD 


ILYBIUS SUBANEUS Er 
One of our best records 


7, Holton-le-Moor, a single, somewhat immature male, 12-6-1908, 
LNU,, (A B) 


Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 281 


This specimen was forwarded for verification to Mr. F. Balfour- 
Browne who writes :—‘‘ The only other records are, Kent W., Suffolk, E., 
Norfolk E. & W., Cambridge & Surrey. I took about a dozen in E. 
Norfolk and three specimens in Cambridge.*’ In the Coleoptera of the 
British Islands (1887). The Rev. W. W. Fowler says :—“ Very doubtful 
as British; its claim to be acimitted into our lists rests on a single 
Specimen taken twenty years ago .. . . : it has however never 
been found since and requires further confirmation.” 

ILYBIUS FENESTRATUS F 
We have never found this species in the Grimsby District 
N 2, Broughton Woods pond one specimen, 3-6-1895, L N U., 
AT. 8, Haugham, A T 
ILYBIUS ATER De.G 
Probably not uncommon in the County but our records are 
rather confined 
N 4, Grimsby, 6-1903,a broken specimen found near my green 
house had probably mistaken the glass for water, W W 
Irby, 27-6-1908, one specimen, A B., in same pond, 1-8-1908, 
two specimens, W W. Great Coates, 25-7-1908, five 
specimens, A B. & W W. Clee, 27-8-1908, C. GIFrFoRD. 
9, Mablethorpe, 8-1907, Mr. F. Rhodes 
ILYBIUS OBSCURUS Marsh 
Not uncommon 
N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, 
Great Coates, 25-7-08, six specimens, A B. & W W. Waltham, 
8-8-1908, C. Gifford. 8, Haugham, A T. 9, Mablethorpe, 
8-1907, Mr. F. Rhodes 
COPELATUS AGILIS F 
Rare. The only recordis: “ Lincoln” (FOWLER Batt. COL.) 
SeealsoE MM. June, 1881, pp. 7—9 
RHANTUS GRAPII Gyll 
Rare 
N 9, Theddlethorpe, a pair in cép, 4-1895, A T 
RHANTUS EXOLETUS Forst 
Local 
N 4, Irby Dale, 7-9-1907, A B. In the same pond, 1-8-1908, nine 
specimens, A B. & W W. It is not found inany other pond 
in the Grimsby District 
S 13 Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, LL NU 
RHANTUS BISTRIATUS Berg 
Rare 
N 1, Epworth one specimen, 14-7-1898, A T. We should 
scarcely have expected to find this species in the County 
it chiefly occurs in mountainous districts. 
COLYMBETES FUSCUS L 
Common 
N 2, Scunthorpe, 6-8-1900, L N U. 4, Bradley, 1897, A S. 7, 
Linwood, 1908, sent by Miss Cameron. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 
5-7-1908, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T. Humberstone in a 
brackish pond far out near the sandhills, 9-4-1907, W W 


282 Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 


DYTISCUS PUNCTULATUS fF 


We have very few records but no doubt this is a fairly 
common species 


N 3, Cadney, 1898, E A W-P. 4, Great Coates, 24-4-1907, W W. 
Bradley, 11-4-1908, A B 
DYTISCUS MARGINALIS L 
Much commoner than the preceding but we have few records. 


N 3, Cadney, 1898, E A W-P. 4, Grimsby, 1898, A S. Irby, 
3-8-1908, C. GIFFORD. 8, Holton-le-Clay, 5-7-1908, W W. 
9, Theddlethorpe, A T 


S 138, Court Leys, 6-1899,S CS. Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L N U., 
(W F B) 


ACILIUS SULCATUS L 
Very common 
N 4, Great Coates, 1897, AS. 7, Linwood, 1908, sent by Miss 
Cameron. 8, Donington-on-Bain, J. Wallis Kew. 9, Humber 
stone, 10-6-1908, A B 
S 13, Court Leys, 6-1899,S CS 
GYRINUS SUFFRIANI Scrib 
Rare 
S 18, Leamlands, 18-8-1906, Mr. Claude Morley 
GYRINUS NATATOR Scop 
Very common 
N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, 
Great Coates, 1898, A S. 8, Near Louth, H. Wallis Kew. 
9, Mablethorpe, H. Wallis Kew 
S 13, Court Leys, 1899,S CS. 18, Spalding, 31-8-1901,5 CS 
GYRINUS MARINUS Gy/l 
Common 


N 38, Cadney, 21-3-1898, E A W-P. Goxhill, 27-5-1907, W W. 
4, Cleethorpes in brackish water, L N U., 5-7-1894, W F B. 
9, Tetney, 16-8-1907, A B 


Hydrophilidae. 


HYDROBIUS FUSCIPES L 
Very common 
N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, M P. 38, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, 
Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, W F B. 6, Marton drain, A T. 7, 
Linwood, 1908, sent by Miss Cameron. 8, Near Louth, 
H W K. 10, Woodhall, 7-8-1893, L N U. 11, Alford, 
20-8-1908, L N U., W W 
S 13, Court Leys, 1897,S CS 
— var. ezneus Sol 
Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, W F B 


Pras 


ae 


Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 283 


HYDROBIUS OBLONGUS JHbst 
Rare 
Ss 18, Near Spalding, 6-1904, W. E. Sharp, F.E.S. 


ANACANA GLOBULUS Payk 
Very common 


N 3, Cadney, A T. 4, Bradley, 28-2-1908, W W. 8, Hubbard's 
Valley, Louth, 13-8-1908, C. Gifford. 9, Humberstone, 
15-4-1907, A B. 10, Woodhall, 7-8-1893, L NU. 11, Alford, 
20-8-1908, L N U., W W 


ANACAENA LIMBATA F 


Rather commoner than the preceding but we have few 
records 


N 3, Uleeby, 12-8-1906, W W. 4, Bradley, 28-2-1908, W W. 9, 
Humberstone, 11-4-1907, A B. 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, L N U., 
Ww 


ANACAENA BIPUSTULATA Steph 
Rare 


N 9, Humberstone, a single specimen, 10-6-1908, A B 


PHILYDRUS TESTACEUS IF 
Fairly common 


N 4, Irby, 20-6-07, W W. Bradley, 11-4-07, W oe 6, Marton 
drain, A T. 9, Mablethorpe, 8-1907, Mr. . Rhodes. 11, 
Alford, 20-8-1908, L N U., W W 


PHILYDRUS MARITIMUS J 
Confined to the coast 


N 9, Humberstone in brackish ditch in numbers, 26-8-1908, W W. 
Theddlethorpe, 8-1893, A 'T 


PHiILYDRUS NIGRICANS Zett 
N 4, Great Coates, 23-4-1907, WW. 6, Marton drain. A T. 11, 
: Alford, 20-8-1908, L N U., W W 
PHILYDRUS COARCTATUS Gredl 
Local 
N 4, Irby, 14-5-1908, common, W W 


CYMBIODYTA OVALIS Thoms 
Local 
N 4, Irby, 20-6-1907, W W., much commoner in same pond, 
24-5-1908, W W 
ENOCHRUS BICOLOR Guyll 
Apparently rare 
N 6, Newton Cliff, one example out of the drain, 2-7-1901, L N U, 
AT 


284 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


HELOCHARES LIVIDUS Forst 


Not common 
N 4, Clee Fields, several from ditches, 27-8-1908, C. GIFFORD, 
9, Humberstone, one specimen, 10-6-1908, A B 
S 13, Court Leys, 6-6-1900,5 CS 


LACCOBIUS NIGRiCEPS Th 
Common but we have few records. (This is not the same 
insect as L. Sinuatus, Mots) 


N 3, Cadney, 9-1897, A T. 4, Clee, 20-4-1899, AS. 9, Humber- 
stone in brackish ditch, 26-8-08, W W 


LACCOBIUS ALUTACEUS Thoms 
The commonest species of the genus in the Grimsby District 


N 4, Great Coates, 24-4-1907, W W. 9, Humberstone in brackish 
ditch, 15-4-1907, A B, also a variety in which the head, 
thorax and seutellum is green, W W 


LACCOBIUS MINUTUS L 
The least common species of the genus in the Grimsby District 


N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900,M P. 3, Cadney, 12-3-1898, E A W-P. 
4, Little Coates, 1906, W W. Cleethorpes, 18-6-1908, A B. 
6, Marton Drain, A T. 9, Humberstone in brackish diteh, 
26-8-08, W W 


S 13, Court Leys, 1899,S CS 


LACCOBIUS BIPUNCTATUS F 
Very common 


N 3, Cadney, AT. 4, Great Coates, 24-4-1907, WW. 6, Marton 
Drain, AT. 8, North Thoresby, 20-8-1908, C. GirroRbD. 9, 
Tetney in brackish water, 13-8-1908, W W : 


BEROSUS LURIDUS L 
Rare 


N 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, W F B., the only occasion of its 
occurrence 


BEROSUS AFFINIS Brull 
Local and not common 
N 4 Clee, Phillipson’s Farm, 20-4-1899, A S. Little Coates, 
7-1906, I took a single specimen but have never met with 
it again since W W 
LIMNEBIUS TRUNCATELLUS Thoms 
Fairly common in the Grimsby District 
N 4, Bradley, 28-2-1908, W W. & A B. Waltham, 8-5-1908, C. 
GIFFORD. Croxby, 2-7-1908, A B.* Hatcliffe, 11-7-1908, A B 
S Louth, 13-8-09, C. GirrorD 


| Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 285 
. LIMNEBIUS PAPPOSUS Muls 

; Loeal 

N 4, Laceby, 11-5-1908, A B. 9, Humberstone, 10-7-1£08, W W 
 LIMNEBIUS NITIDUS Marsh 

‘ Local 

: N 9, Tetney in numbers, 16-5-1907, A B 


| CHATARTHRIA SEMINULUM Pk 

; Appears to be rare but probably it is overlooked 
. N 9, Tetney, 16-4-1908, W W 

S 14, Cranwell, 9-1900,S CS 


HELOPHORUS RUGOSUS O/ 
Local 


N 4, Cleethorpes one specimen, 30-8-1907, W W., again at 
Cleethorpes, 23-9-1908, in numbers with Helophorius nuwbilus 
in tidal rubbish on the shore, C. Gifford 


HELOPHORUS NUBILUS F 
Common, generally by sweeping 


N 3, Cadney, 1897, A T. 4, Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, W F B. 7, 
Moortown, 18-8-1907, W W. 9, Theddlethorpe, 1893, A 'T. 


S 13, Court Leys, 9-1900, S C S. 18, Gedney, 18-8-1906, Mr. 
Claude Morley 


HELOPHORUS AQUATICUS L 
Common 


N 2, Bottesford, 21-5-1900, A S. 38, Cadney, 12-3-1898, A T. 4, 
Cleethorpes, 5-7-1894, L N U., W F B. 6, Marton drain, 
AT. 8, near Louth,H WK. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T 
== var. ezqualis Thoms 


N 4, Little London one specimen, 19-6-1908,A B. ‘“ Near Lincoln,” 
(FOWLER Brit. Cot). See also E M M., December 1882. 


HELOPHORUS DORSALIS Marsh 
Rare 
N 4, Waltham, 8-8-08, one specimen in a pond near the village 
taken by C. Gifford 
HELOPHORUS ANEIPENNIS Thoms 


Common in the ponds of the Grimsby District and no doubt 
throughout the County 


N 3, Cadney, 83-1900, E A W-P. 4, Laceby, 2-12-1906, a specimen 
in rotten fungus! W W 
HELOPHORUS AFFINIS Marsh 
Rare 
N 4, Bradley one specimen, 7-4-1908, W W 


286 Lincolushive Coleoptera. 


HELOPHORUS BREVIPALPIS Bedel 
Abundant 


N 3, Cadney, 4-1898, E A W-P. 4, Clee, 28-4-1899, AS. 6, Marton 
drain, A T. 8, Hubbard’s Valley, Louth, 13-8-1908, C. 
Gifford. 9, Theddlethorpe, A T. 11, Alford, 20-8-1908, 
LNU., (W W) 


S 18, Court Leys, 1899,S CS 


HELOPHORUS NANUS Stim 
A very fine capture 
N 4, Bradley, 3-5-1908, a single specimen, A B., was confirmed as 
this rare species by Mr. H. Donisthorpe 
HYDROCHUS BREVIS Herbst 
Rare, one of our best records 
N 4, Irby Dale, one specimen, 14-5-1908, W W 


HYDROCHUS ELONGATUS Sclull 
Local 


N 4, Bradley a single specimen, 28-2-1908, W W. & A B., and 
several subsequently from the same and neighbouring 
ponds 


OCHTHEBIUS MARINUS Paylc 
Rare , 


N 4, A single specimen in flood refuse of the River Freshney 
near the Bogs, 8-7-1908, WW. This was fresh water but 
the usual habitat is brackish water 


OCHTHEBIUS PYGMAUS IF 
Fairly common in the Grimsby District 
N 4, Bradley, 7-4-1908, A B. Freshney Bogs, 2-5-1908, W W. 
Aylesby, 3-6-1908, W W. 9,Humberstone in brackish ditch, 
25-4-1907, A B. Tetney, 16-4-1908, A B 
OCHTHEBIUS BICOLON Germ 
N 4, Cleethorpes, October 1896, Mr. Stephen Pegler 


OCHTHEBIUS AURICULATUS Rey 
N 4, Two specimens at Cleethorpes, October 1896, Mr. Stephen 
Pegler. One of our best records 
OCHTHEBIUS NANUS Steph 
N 4, Great Coates abundant in the ditches, 4-1907, W W. 9, 
Tetney, 16-4-08, ina somewhat brackish ditch, WW 
HYDRAENA RIPARIA Kug 
Local and uncommon 


N 4, Bradley two specimens, 7-4-1908, A B., and two or three 
subsequently there 


Lincolnshire Coleoptera. * aay 


SPHARIDIUM SCARABAOIDES F 
Very common 
N 3, Goxhill, 6-9-1908, W W, 4, Clee, 5-1899, AS. 6, Marton, 
1892, A T. 9, Mablethorpe, 30-8-1900, L NU. 10, Woodhall 
Spa, 7-8-1893, W F B 
S 13, Court Leys, 1899,S CS 


SPHARIDIUM BIPUSTULATUM F 
Not nearly so common as the preceding. The dark forms 

are most frequent 

N 4, Cleethorpes, 6-7-07, W. 10, Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, 
LNU. WEB 

S 13, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, LN U., W FB 

— var. marginatum F 
N 4, Grimsby street, 9-1906, W W., and several since 


—- var. semistriatum Cast 
N 10. Woodhall Spa, with the type, 7-8-1893, LN U., W FB 


CERCYON LITTORALIS $ Gyll 
Frequent on the coast 


N 4,Humber foreshore beyond Grimsby targets, 7-6-1907, W W. 
Cleethorpes, 9-5-1908, A B. 9, M ablethorpe, A T 


CERCYON HAMORRHOIDALIS F 
Very common 
N 4, Little Coates, 8-5-1907, WW. 9, Humberstone, W W. 10, 


Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, W F B 
S$ 13, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L N U., WEB 


CERCYON BIFENESTRATUS Kiist 
N 4, Bradley, 21-7-1908, one specimen in dung W W. (This 
specimen was sent to Dr. N. H. Joy and he referred it to 
this species. This species has not until a few years 
ago appeared in our British catalogues.) 


CERCYON FLAVIPES F 
Common 


N 3, Somerby and Housham, 9-7-1897, E A W-P. 4, Weelsby, 
1898, AS. In flood refuse of the River Freshney, 11-7-1908, 
W W ; 


S 13, Court Leys, 9-1898,S CS 


CERGYON LATERALIS Marsh 
Not common 
N 4, In flood refuse of River Freshney at the Bogs, several 
specimens, 11-7-1908, W W 
CERCYON MELANOCEPHALUS L 
Abundant 


N 4, Weelsby, 1898, A S, 9, Humberstone, 9-4-1907, W W. 10, 
Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, W F B 


288 Lincolnshive Coleoptera. 


CERCYON UNIPUNCTATUS L 
Rather uncommon 


N 4, In flood refuse of River Freshney at the Bogs, several 
specimens, 11-7-1908, W W. 6, Marton, A T 


S 18, Hartsholme, 24-5-1894, L N U., W FB 


CERCYON QUISQUILIUS L 
Rather uncommon 
N 9, Humberstone, 7-7-1907, W W 
S 18, Court Leys, 9-1900,S CS 


CERCYON PYGMAUS I[11 
Very common 
N 4, Little Coates, 8-5-1907, W W. 9, Humberstone, 7-7-1907, 
WW. 10, Woodhall Spa, 7-8-1893, L N U., W FB 


CERCYON TERMINATUS Marsh 


Uncommon 
N 4, In flood refuse of River Freshney at the Bogs several 
specimens, 8-7-1908, W W 
CERCYON ANALIS Payk 
Not common 
N 3, ye 1898, E A W-P. 4, Great Coates, 8-9-1896, L N U., 


CERCYON MINUTUS Muls 


Rare or perhaps overlooked 
S 18, Near Spalding, 6-1904. W. E. Sharp, F.E.S. 


CERCYON LUGUBRIS Payk 
Not common 


N 4, Bradley one specimen in dung, 11-4-1908, W W. 9, Humber- 
stone, several specimens encrusted with iron salts clinging 
to weeds in a streamlet of fresh water coming from the 
supply pipe at “ the encampment,” 24-3-1907, W W 


MEGASTERNUM BOLETOPHAGUM Marsh 


Abundant 
N 4, Little Coates, 9-12-1906, W W. 9, Humberstone, 21-5-1907 
AB 


CRYPTOPLEURUM ATOMARIUM I 
Abundant 
N 4, Cleethorpes, 8-7-1894, L N U.. W F B. 9, Humberstone, 


7-7-1907, W W 
S 13, Court Leys, 7-1901,S CS 


y 


Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 


By the REV. ALFRED HUNT, M.A. 
Vicar of Welton, Lincoln. 


PRESIDENT OF THE LINCOLNSHIRE NATURALISTS’ Union, 1907 & 1908. 


AuTUOR or 
“LINCOLNSHIRE at the OPENING of 20th CENTURY.” “ Bronanburh (Now Burnham) 


A.D., 937.” “The Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshire.” “the Viking Raft or Pontoon Bridge 
found in North Lincolnshire.” “ Roman Lincolnshire.” 


PRE-HISTORIC MAN IN LINCOLNSHIRE. 


BEING THE PRESIDENTAL ADDRESS FOR 1908. 


THE SUBJECT of Pre-Historic man in Lincolnshire, takes us 
back to a period of time long before the Roman occupation of 
what we now know as Lincolnshire—when our local history 
began. 


The County of Lincolnshire as we know it to-day is divided 
into parishes and districts. If we ask when these divisions took 
place, history answers us at once; that division into parishes has 
been going on for overa thousand years, and it is still going on, 
If we ask when Lincolnshire was divided from the adjoining 
counties of England, we are sent back to the Saxon Period of our 
Nationa! Life. 


‘To-day I propose to address you concerning a period of time 
long before these divisions took place, but for the purpose cf 


290 Pre-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 


clearness in understanding our subject I shall use these modern 
divisions as it yives definition to points and places where traces of 
mankind have been found. 


‘Thousands of years ago, Lincolnshire and the whole of 
Northern England part of the South of England and North 
Britain were covered with vastsheets of Ice, known as Glaciers 
stretching across the North Sea or German Ocean as far as 
Norway, and these glaciers gradually moved southwards carry- 
ing on their surface and interior huge blocks of rock and stone, 
broken from the parent rocks in all directions by the action of frost 
and other disintegrating forces of nature. Specimens of these 
Glacial lsoulders are to be seen at Louth, Anwick, Welton by 
Lincoln and many other places. 


The melting point of these glaciers was at a line roughly 
drawn across England from the Wash in the Last to the River 
Severn in the West. 


[oLirHIc. 


Itseems that at this period a Race of men existed in the South 
of England who from the implements they have left behind have 
been called Kolithic Men, and later on another race called Paleo- 
lithic Men—separated they may have been from one another by 
many thousands of years. 


It is from the south of England that men seem to have 
travelled northwards and settled in the Caves at Cresswell Craggs, 
Derbyshire, and Kirkdale Caves in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 
but of these Early Races of Men we have no trace in Lincolnshire, 


It is not until we come to the period of Neolithic Man or the 
New Stone Age, when men were using Smooth Stone implements, 
that we find traces of men in Lincolnshire. 


Before passing to the consideration of the Neolithic People of ~ 
Lincolnshire—I would like to make reference to the divisions of — 
the Paleolithic Race. 


a or 


Pyre-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. agi 


PALEOLITHIC. 

We do not in our County possess any relics of the Pre- 
Historic Man of that period—South and South-East of our County 
there were men living in various localities who have left behind 
them stone implements, of a rough nature, but yet shewing signs 
of man’s handiwork and design. ‘lhese are called Eolithic 
Stones, and are the earliest stones found in England shewing any 
design in their shape, but concerning these Eoliths I am not 
aware that any have been found in L.incolnshire—so we leave the 
Eolithic period and come to a still later period called the Paleo- 
lithic Period, and of this period none have been found in Lincoln- 
shire. Itis in the Neolithic Period or New Stone Age, in which 
we first find traces of mankind in our County of Lincolnshire. 


“The transition between the Paleolithic and Neolithic Age 
is still very obscure. We suddenly find,” so says Mr. Read of the 
British Museum, ‘a different culture and different kind of 
implements which indicate a different way of life, but we cannot 
say exactly how or where the old order gave place to the new.” 


Cave MEN. 

There are many who place Cave Men or the Cave Dwellers 
between these two periods of Paleolithic and Neolithic Periods 
and call it the Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age, but in Lincoln- 
shire we have no traces of Cave Man. 


Neouituic Men. 

Neolithic Man has left behind him in our County, his burial 
places, his weapons of war, his tools for domestic use and his 
arms for the chase, his boats for river use, his pottery for domestic 
and ceremonial life. 


In one instance the body and dress of one of these Neolithic 
people was found preserved in the bog or peat of the N.W. 
District of Lincolnshire known as the Isle of Axholme. ‘The 
figure of a warrior carved in oak with an arrow in his hand 


was also found in the same part of the County. 


From these remains we may learn something of the life he 


_ lived in this period in our County. ‘These weapons or remains 


292 Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 


consist of stone axes, spear heads, lance heads, arrow-heads, 
hammerstones, pot boilers, scrapers, gouges, chisels, flint knives, 


borers, graving tools, anvil stones, whetstones, polishers, sink 


stones. 


So far as I have been able to trace them, taken alphabetically 
the places or parishes where these stone implements have been 


found are :— 
*Alkborough 
Barlings 
*Billinghay 
Branston 
Brigg 
Broughton 
*Burwell 
*Bully Hills 
Caythorpe 
Claxby near Alford 


Cold Harbour 
*Cold Hanworth 
Crowle 

Coningsby Warren 
Coxey Hills near Louth 
Doddington, 
Donnington-on-Bain 
Elkington, South 
Fiskerton 

Fotherby 

Friskney 

Ferriby, South 
Gonerby 

Little Goulceby 
*Haxey 

Healing (arrow-head) 
Horncastle 

Hubbard’s Hills 


(Flint Ilakes) : 


Irby (Flint knife) 
*Isle of Axholme 
Kelstern 
Kirton-in-Lindsey 
*Legbourne 
*Lincoln 
*Lynwode 
*Mablethorpe 
Maidenwell 
Manton 
Messingham 
Newport 

Ponton (Great) 
Potterhanworth 
Reepham 
*Ruckland 
*Salmonby 
*Saxilby 

Scawby 
*Scunthorpe 
Sleaford 

Spalding (spearhead) 
Stewton 

*Stow 

Tathwell 

Welton by Lincoln 
Wragby 
*Witham River 
Woodhall 


*Those marked with an asterisk are to be seen in the County Museum. 


‘OST Ul BSr1g 4v poyytvouNn TISSIA DIMOLSIH-3Yd PUL 
‘MOSUTYW “WV fq 004g 


Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 293 


Most of these implements are excellent specimens of the art 
of Neolithic workers in Stone. For the purpose for which they 
were made they seem to have served splendidly. Some of these 
stone implements have been made to fit in wood handles or wood 
handles have been made to fit them, but in the course of ages the 
wood has perished although the stone implement remains a 
lasting witness to the worker’s art. 


Boat Crarv. 

Speaking of wood leads us very naturally to the idea of the 
Boats used by these Neolithic People. Several of these boats 
have been found in the County, one of them with a very fine 
flint implement by its side. This was found at Castlethorpe 
near Brigg, and is the finest specimen of a Neolithic Boat yet 
found and preserved to usin England. It is still to be seen in 
our County in a special shed built to preserve it near Brigg 
Station. I am not able to bring the boat here for your 
inspection, but I am able to bring you a print of it from a 
photograph. The boat is made out of one large oak tree, about 
45 feet long and 5% feet wide inside. It has apparently been 
charred and scraped and chopped out by a stone hatchet and 
was found on the banks of the River Ancholme between Castle- 
thorpe and Glanford Brigg. Another boat not quite so large 
was found near by, but it was again covered up in situ. 


Other boats of this character have been found at Lincoln, and 
at Scotter, North Lincolnshire, the latter was some 50 feet long 
and four feet wide inside, but what has become of these specimens 
I cannot tell as there is no record. 


PoTtTerRY. 


Of the Pottery found in this County, the finest collection 
_ now kept together is undoubtedly that in the possession 
of one of our ex-presidents of the Naturalists’ Union—Mr. H. 
Preston, of Grantham. Owing to his kindness, lam able to show 
you a print of part of this collection from a photograph. 


‘The pottery consisted of what are known as :—Incense Cups, 
(ranging in size from 1 to 4 inches in diameter and from 1 to 34 


294 Pre-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 


inches in height and invariably found with burnt bones. It was 
probably used to carry sacred fire), Drinking Cups, Food Vessels, 
Cinerary Urns (3 to 8 inches high) or Urns used to hold the ashes 
of the body after cremation which was one of the methods of 


disposing of the dead in Neolithic times specially in the Bronze 
Period. 


This kind of pottery has been found at:— 


*Billinghay Kirton-in-Lindsey 
Caythorpe Lincoln 

Denton Manton 

Donington Normanton 
*Dunston *Potterhanworth 
Ferriby South ‘Scotter 
Heighington Willingham North 
Horncastle Woolsthorpe 
*Ingoldmells 


The pottery found with their interments is chiefly what may 
be called :— 


CEREMONIAL PoTTERY. 


It seems to have been made for the purpose of interment 
with the dead and is not what may be called Domestic Pottery. 


This ceremonial Pottery has been burnt in each case, it is all 
hand made, not shewing any sign of the wheel. Its chief 
decoration is by a line drawn by means of a cord across the 
pottery in different directions ; sometimes it is in the shape of 
herring-bone pattern and sometimes it is nearly straight lines. 
These decorations are called chevron, saltire, zigzag, reticulated. 
Its colour varies, ashen grey, yellowish, brown, dark brown 
and pale red brick. ‘The Incense Cup was probably used to carry 
the sacred fire to kindle the funeral pile. 


Fragments of Domestic Pottery are rarely found in the 
mounds, tumuli or barrows where the people of importance 
were buried. 


“AUALLOd 


HSILIYG ATAWA JO WOLVdaT[09 s,uojyserg “H “AN 9 9 


vq 


BAiTioh 
hse M 
6 bt wl 


NATURAL 
Nis ‘ORY. 


eo 


q 
. 
. 


Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 295 


Burrtat Paces. 

Our preceding remark leads us very naturally to the subject 
of the burial places of these Neolithic People. They were buried 
in what are called tumuli or barrows—great mounds of earth, in 
which are mixed up broken pieces of domestic Pottery. Fragments 
from 20 vessels were found in one barrow, flints, and pebbles 
together with broken bones, their presence is not accidental. 
In stony districts there are some instances where the barrows are 
made of stones thrown together in heaps. ‘This custom of raising 
a mound over the dead is ancient, widespread and continuous to 
the present day, examples are to be seen in Egypt, India, 
America, and Britian. In its simple form it is seen in the Village 
Churchyard while in its greatest development it is seen in the 
magnificent Pyramids of I’gypt. 

* These barrows in Lincolnshire may be divided into two 
classes :— 

‘Tne Lone Barrow anp Tue Rounp Barrow, and they gener- 
ally indicate two classes of people. The Long Barrow is the oldest 
form of interment we have, and points to the earliest known 
inhabitants of our County, a race of people who are known to 
specialists as the Dolicho-Cephalic or long-headed people. “ The 
Long Barrows are like the Gang-graben of Scandinavia in which 
the dead are buried and not burnt,” so says Sir. J. Lubbock. 


One of these Long Barrows exists at Swinhope near Grimsby 
and there are others in different parts of the County, Wold 
Newton and elsewhere. With these interments no Bronze or 


metal implements have been found except when these Long 


Barrows have been used for what are called secondary interments 
in the Bronze age or later. ‘The date of these Long Barrows is by 
Canon Greenwell put down to tooo B.C., but he expresses the 
probability that they are much earlier, and that they are before 
the Bronze Age or the introduction of Bronze into this country. 
Other writers place the date of these Long Barrows much earlier 
fixing the introduction of Metal as early as 1800, or 2000 years, 
B.C., therefore the Long Barrows of Lincolnshire may be 5,000 
years old. 


296 Pyre-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 


The Round Barrows belong to the second race of people who 
existed in our County and are cailed the Brachy-cephalic or 
Round Headed people and with this class of people occasionally 
bronze implements have been found as well as the stone imple- 
ments. 


A plate picture of these different kinds of skulls appears on 
page 20 of the British Museum Handbook to the Antiquities of 
the Bronze Age—and it is considered very probable that the 
Brachy-cephalic were the Conquerors of the Dolichocephalic 
people in the early Bronze Age. 


Incompleteness of the circle in the Barrow, points to design. 
Yet neither care nor trouble seem to have been spared in their 
funeral rites. The Barrow was considered to be the habitation 
of the Spirits of the dead. 

An alphabetical list of the places where the Round Barrows 
have been located in Lincolnshire shows how widely these people 
spread over the County. 

Barrow in the extreme North, several Horncastle, on the road 


Bardney side to Caistor 
Brigg Ingoldsby 
Burgh in the Marsh in the extreme East Kelstern 
Burgh-on-Bain Langton by Spilsby, (3) 
Bully Hills, (6) Revesby 
Burnham Riseholme 
Claxby by Alford Spellow Hills or Hills of 
Cockerington the Slain 
Cleatham Temple Bruer, (2) 
Donington-on Bain Wainfleet, (2) 
Falkingham in the South Walcot 

» Gainsborough in the West Well near Alford, (3) 
Halton- West Welton in the Marsh 
Haugham Wold Newton, (29 Urns) 


It is also to this same class of Brachy-cephalic or Round- 
headed people that we must attribute the lines of entrenchments 
in various parts of the County—Honington, Ingoldby, Kingerby 
and other places are examples. . 


Pre-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 297 


The Brachy-cephalic people seem in the Early Iron Age to 
have been absorbed in the Dolicho-cephalic People the earlier and 
more numerous race surviving after being conquered by the 
aggressive race of the Round Headed people. The modern Danish 
Head exhibits the same peculiarities as the Round Headed people. 


In these Barrows were buried the Chief of the Clan or his 
family; by the side of those interred were placed in some cases 
drinking vessels, food vessels and the so-called Incense Cup, but 
Canon Greenwell thinks they were for carrying the sacred fire to 
burn the body. 


There were several modes of burial :— 

I. One was by Inhumation, that is simply placing the body on 
the ground and covering it up withsoil; occasionally the “ ‘Trunk 
of a tree’’ was used ; three instances of Tree Trunk burials five 
feet below the surface occurred in Grimsby Churchyard, which 
may be compared with Gristhorpe, East Yorkshire. At other 
times a hole was sunk in the ground below the ground level. 
Sometimes a Cist or stone box or coffin was placed round 
the body and on the top of the uprights a long stone to cover the 
body. Such an interment was found at Rothwell near Caistor. 

II. By Cvemation, or burning, sometimes the ashes were 
collected and placed in an Urn called a cinerary urn. Burning 
the body wholly or in part seems to have been one of the sacred 
rites of burial. 


In nearly every case where inhumation has taken place the 
body is placed facing the Sun and is not laid full length but on 
its side in a contracted position, that is the head bent forward and 
the knees drawn up to the chest. Some specialists think this 
attitude indicates the sleeping attitude, while others think it 
points to the fact that as the child entered life in a contracted 
position so the dead body was similarly placed for departure from 
life and with a possibility of entering into a new life after death. 


In nearly every case where the body has been burnt whether 
wholly or in part, holes seem to have been bored or drilled into 
the ground underneath the body. 


298 Pye-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 


Frequently by the side of the dead warrior are placed weapons 
that he used when living, axe heads, arrow heads, and other 
weapons, and in the case of the oak figure found in the Isle of 


Axholme, the warrior was represented with bow and arrow in 
his hand. 


Crotuinc. In the one case where clothing has been found 
with these people buried in our County, the body was that 
of a woman dressed in skins with sandals on her feet. It 
was found at Haxey in the Isle of Axholme preserved in the peat 
and seems to corroborate Cesar’s statement in Book V. par. 147, 
where he describes the Britons or Celts as wearing skins on their 
bodies for clothing and the parts of the body not covered with 
skins being painted in order to render themselves more terrible in 
battle. 


Other instances outside our County show fragments of cloth 
or linen and in certain instances woollen garments. 


Lire of THE NEoLitTHIc PEOPLE. 

Naturally we may ask how did these people live, and the 
answer undoubtedly is by hunting, fishing and fowling, with every 
probability they had large flocks of sheep, goats, swine and 
cattle. 


The Aryans or Neolithic People (according to Canon Taylor) 
were nomad herdsmen who had domesticated the dog and possessed 
Ox-wagons and dug-out canoes,. but had no metals except 
possibly Copper. During the summer they lived in huts and 
during the winter in pits. ‘heir dress consisted of skins sewn 
together and they knew how to kindle fire and to count up to 100, ° 


It is doubtful whether they tilled the ground but they. 
probably pounded wild cereals such as spelt and barley in stone 
mortars. Marriage was a recognised institution, but they were 
polygamists and practised human sacrifices. While believing in 
a future life as is shown by their care of the dead, they had no 
idols but probably reverenced the powers of nature. In the way 
of food they had hazel nuts, water chestnuts and acorns, but it is 
remarkable that they did not eat fish. 


A 
4 
; 


Pve-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 299 


‘Their dwelling-places in this County seem to have been hut 
circles but little can be said of them as practically no remains are 
traceable in the present time but it is assumed that they would 
be like others in different parts of England. ‘That Woman 
occupied a position of respect and equality is to be inferred from 
the fact of the great respect shown to her by the burial mounds. 
In some instances she is the sole occupant of the barrow, which is 
inconsistent with the idea of her position being that of a merely 
servile character. 


The Child also seems to have been treated with love and care 
and respect, as in certain instances the sole occupant of a barrow 
is that of a child. 


That the semi-savage state had been passed is a very natural 
inference from the decoration of their pottery and flakings of their 
flint weapons. 


In Art they were far below men of the Cave Period. They 
came across Europe from Central Asia, the birthplace of such 
races, and spread out east and west in Europe. 


What was their Reticion? Was it the worship of Ancestors 
4s in the case of the Chinese, was it the worship of Great Men or 
a fear of them, that led to these offerings to the dead? ‘That they 
believed in a future state seems almost a certainty by their food 
being placed with the dead as well as their weapons. 


Of one thing we may be quite sure, they were not idolators, 
not in a single instance in all the barrows opened (over 370 in 
England) has a single relic or trace of what may be called an 
image or idol been found. 

Frequently broken bones from which the marrow has been 


taken are found in the Barrows which seem to be reminders of 
the Funeral Feast taking place when the body was interred. 


A Pycmy Race IN LINCOLNSHIRE. 


So far we have not referred to what is one of the most recent 
discoveries in our County regarding Pre-Historic Man. Eight 
years ago I called the attention of Mr. E. E. Brown at that time 


300 Pre-Histovic Man in Lincolnshire. 


Manager of a branch of Smith-Ellisons Bank at Scunthorpe, to 
the subject of what are now known as Pygmy Flints and asked if 
he had ever found any on Scunthorpe Common. Promptly he 
said: No, never. I promised tosend himan article on the sub- 
ject by my friend the Rev. Reginald A. Gatty, of Hooton Roberts, 
Doncaster. As I said Scunthorpe Common looked to me a most 
likely spot for finding them and suggested that Mr. Brown should 
look carefully for them on his next visit, which he did, and found 
many. This was the first recorded discovery of Pygmy Flints in 
Lincolnshire and is due to Mr. Brown. 


This placed Mr. Brown in correspondence with Mr. Gatty 
who has since made long periods of search on the Common where 
they have been found in hundreds. I bring a few specimens 
from my own collection, and one or two slide photographs of 
some in Mr. Gatty’s collection and also a photograph of some 
from the Vindhya Mountains, India. Mr. Gatty’s collection which 
numbers thousands has been exhibited in Edinburgh, Glasgow, 
Dublin, Manchester, London and I believe, in Berlin. Mr. Brown's 
collection has now been given to the Lincoln County Museum. 


These Pygmy Flints are of various forms and sizes chiefly. 
minute ; similar forms and shapes of flint with the same minute 
working have been found in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Bedfordshire, 
on the Continent, in Belgium, France, Germany ; in Africa, in 
Egypt and in Central Africa ; in Asia, India has produced a great 
number. 


The little people from the Ituri Forest seem to be the 
nearest living specimen of humanity to these pygmy races who 
formerly livedin our County. A settlement the Pygmies certainly 
had at Scunthorpe and probably at Manton Common also, only a 
few miles further away. ‘These settlements are almost always 
found close to, or upon a peat district. For further details regard- 
ing the Pygmy Implements I must refer to the Presidential 
Address of 1907. 


Tue Bronze AGE IN LINCOLNSHIRE. 
From the references already made to metal implements 
being found in the Barrows with interm2ats yo1 will doabdtless 


Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 301 


have noticed that there was a time when metal was not in use by 
Pre-historic man in Lincolnshire and further that the period 
seems to go a long way back—as the introduction of metal into 
Pre-Historic Man’s life goes back (so Mr. Read of the British 
Museum says) five or six thousand years. To what date must we 
place the Long Barrow, at least it must be anterior to that of 
metal which probably places us 3000, B.C., or 5000 years back 
in our History. 


Many people have thought it probable that the manufacture 
of Bronze originated in Britain: Tin and Copper the component 
parts of Bronze abound in England and specially in Cornwall and 
Anglesea. The earliest name we have for the British Isles is the 
Tin Islands or Cassiterides and they are so described by Herodo- 
tus Book III, c. 115. Homer frequently mentions Cassiteros as 
used in the Trojan War probably B.C. 1100. All this tends to 
show that Tin, if not Bronze, was in use longer than we generally 
give to its introduction, but Sir J. Evans thinks that the introduc- 
tion of Bronze was from the Continent. 


Hesiod who flourished B.C. goo lived in the period of transi - 
tion from Bronze to Iron, for he mentions the Ancients as having 
used bronze and not iron. Lucretius states that ‘Iron was dis- 
covered later than Copper.” Aeschylus alludes to Iron in his 
tragedy of ‘‘ The Seven against Thebes.” 


In the Brachy-cephalic or Round-headed period we rarely 
find Bronze implements with their interments. Out of 301 unburnt 
bodies only 13 had implements of bronze, which seem to have 
been the property of these people when living—54 had implements 
of stone. ‘It is to this Bronze Age we must attribute the intro- 
duction of cremation as a custom at burials”’(Boyd Dawkins), 
and therefore it is in their time that we must place the introduc- 
tion of metal weapons, implements and vessels for domestic use, 
but the use of Bronze extended well into what may be called the 
late Celtic or Early Iron Age about 400 years B.C., but as 

regards Lincolnshire not quite so earlya period may be necessary. 


302 Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 


Various Bronze implements have been found all over Lincoln- 
shire and so far as I have been able to trace them they consist 
of—arrow heads, celts, socketed, and unsocketed, spear-heads, 
swords, circular shields, palstaves, adzes, knives, daggers, 
hammers, brooches, chisels, armlets, bracelets, bridle bits, box, 
trumpet, horse trappings, (probably a Peytrel at Caenby). ‘These 
implements show in their latest developments a very advanced 
art in casting and design—the former plain surfaces being 
enriched by designs in relief and engraving. 


A cave at Heathery Burn in the Durham Limestone (Green- 
well’s Barrows, p. 107), had been the habitation of a family in 
the Bronze Age ; the inhabitants seem to have been overwhelmed 
by a flood. With them were found weapons, implements, 
ornaments, pots, pans, for all kinds of domestic use. 


The places where bronze articles have been found in our 
County alphabetically arranged are :— 


Anwick Fleet Newport 
Barton-on-Humber Flixborough Owersby North B.M 
Billinghay Fiskerton *Reepham 
Boston, B.M. Gainsborough Roxby, B.M. 
*Branston, B.M. Halton West, B.M Scothorne 

Brigg *Haxey, B.M. Scunthorpe, B.M. 
Broughton (arrow head) Horncastle, B.M. Sleaford 
Burringham Kelsey, South Toynton, B.M. 
Caenby Kyme, South Washingboro’ 
Caythorpe Langton Winghale, B.M. 
Crosby Leasingham Winterton 
Crowle *Lincoln Winteringham 
Crowland Nettleham Wrawby 

Elsham and the *River Witham. 


It is to the Bronze Age Professor Boyd Dawkins would 
attribute the erection of the great Stone Circles such as Stone- 
henge, Avebury and other places, but of these stone circles no 
remnants exist in Lincolnshire that I am aware of. 


ee” alice lead 


Pre-Historic Man in Lincolnshire. 303 


Doubtless there are many finds in Lincolnshire in private 
possession that are not described in any book or catalogue 
extant. It is only by personal knowledge and by contributing 
that knowledge to a common centre that anything like a correct 
record can be made for the benefit of students and futurity of the 
Pre-Historic Period in Lincolnshire. 


Pardon me for a few minutes if I deal with a personal matter 
as regards my views. It may be said of me as a clergyman, 
What is my personal belief in scripture regarding Early Man on 
Earth? Is it possible to reconcile the teachings of Scientific 
results with the Scriptural narratives? I say (as far as I under- 
stand them) unhesitatingly, Yes! 


There is a Stone Age in the Bible, there is a Bronze Age in 
the Bible, and the more closely you search, the more does the Bible 
and Science agree. ‘The Bible states The Creation took place 


In the Beginning—No date given. ‘There are, 


Stone Memorials Jacob. 

Stone Seats Eli 

Stone Knives Moses’ Wife ; and Joshua. 
Stone Weapons David, and Stone Slingers. 


Stone Vessels. 


Bronze translated Brass in the Pentateuch (Exodus 7, 19 and 
45), is mentioned 45 times. Iron is only mentioned four times. 


Take both together the Bible revelation, and science, and 
then established fact, only confirms the faith of those who look 
to the Divine Author of Creation and Revelation as One Being 
interested in the welfare of all mankind. 


B.M. Refers to those objects in the British Museum. 


*The asteristie refers to those objects in the County Museum at 
Lincoln. 


At 


Local Distribution of Colour and Band. 


Formulae in Helix nemoralis. 


C. S. Carter, Loutu. 


Having observed the great contrast in the colour of Helix 
nemoralis on the north and south sides of the Pullover at 
Mablethorpe, I collected all the shells I could find in May, 1900,— 
on the north side May toth, and the south side May 24th. Why 
so great a contrast occurs I do not attempt to explain, but 
simply give the facts. Not only are the climatic conditions, 
but those of vegetation and soils also, practically the same on both 
sides; it is therefore the more remarkable that such differences 
occur. One hundred and forty seven specimens were collected, 
their colour variation and band formule is tabulated as follows :~ 


North side of Pullover. South side of Pullover. 
Band Number of Band Number of 
Formule. Specimens. Formule. Specimens. 
var. castanea 00000, 1] 00000, 3 
12345, 1 
12 3 
var. rubella 12345 1 12345 1 
(123) (45) 2 123(45) 1 
(12545) 1 0:3(45) 1 
00345 1 0:34: 3 
0234: 1 0034: 6 
(::)3(45) 1 00300 3 
00300 1 00000 25 
00000 1 


| 
| 
| 


40 


oO 


Local Distribution of Colour and Band. 305 


var. libellula 12345 7 12345 2 
12345 3 123(45) 1 
02345 16 (123) (45) 3 
(12)345 2 (12)3(45) 1 
023(45) 21 02345 it 
(123) (45) 9 12345 2 
123 (45) 00:00 1 
spinors 8 0034: 1 
2: 8(45) 1 
(: 2) 3)45) itt 
open ey Sarah 1 
67 ha: 
var. albescens 00000, 1 
1 
89 oA 58 


From the above figures it will be observed that of variety 
castanea there are more than 12 per cent. on the north side of 
the pullover, while on the south side there are less than half that 
number. Of variety rubella there are only about 10 per cent. on 
the north side, while on the south side there are nearly 70 per 
cent.; the band formule of this variety also presents a great 
contrast ; on the north side, there are less than 2 per cent. of the 
bandless form, while on the south side there are nearly 44 per cent. 
Of variety libellula there are on the north side more than 75 per 
cent., while on the south side there are only about 25 per cent. 
The band formulz of this last variety again presents a marked 
contrast ; of formula 02345, there are nearly 18 per cent., and of 
formula 023(45), there arenearly 24 per cent., while on the south 
side they were entirely absent. 


A New British Beetle -Longitarsus nigerrimus, 
Gyll. Four specimens of this beetle were taken by Dr. Wallace 
by sweeping at night on September 7th, 1907, near Cleethorpes, 
(see the Entomologists’ Monthly Magazine, May 1908). 


CENSUS OF LINCOLNSHIRE LAND 
AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA 


to end of 1908. 
W. Denisen Rorsuck, F.L.S., 
President L.N.U. 


It is proposed--with the assistance of the Lincolnshire 
conchologists and all interested in the subject—to prepare for 
publication a new and detailed Catalogue of the Land and 
Freshwater Mollusca of the County, but before this can be done, 
there are numerous blanks to be filled up. 

The districts into which the county is divided are 34 in 
number—as set forth by the Rev. E. Adrian Woodruffe- Peacock, 
with coloured map, in “The Naturalist” for October 1895, 
pp. 289—301. 

I give them in the order in which they have been least 
worked for Mollusca, as follows :— 


No. of species No. of species 

recorded. recorded. 
18 Mid. Holbeach none | 14E. Heckington 43 
18. Long Sutton 7 13 If. Nocton 43 
10S. »WestFen 10 8 N.  Ludborough 44 
12 Boston & Kast Fen 20 5 W. Gainsborough 46 
17 N. Swineshead 2 7N. Market Rasen 48 
16S.E. Crowland 23 4 Great Grimsby 48 
6 W. Saxilby 25 115. Burgh 49 
16S5.W. Stamford 26 75.  Wragby 52 
3 N.E. Barton-on-Humber 27 6E.  Lincoln(North) 59 
18 W. Spalding 27 Thay 2) Corby 65 
14 W. Sleaford 29 9 Saltfleet 69 
2N. Winterton 29 2S. Broughton 74 
SE.  -Karton Lindsey’ 30 15 N. Grantham 67 
16N. Bourn 30 3 S.W. Caistor & Brigg 78 
17S. Donington 31 13 W. Lincoln (South) 79 
10N. Horncastle 38 11 N. Alford 79 
I Isle of Axholme = 41 8S. - Louth 84 


The whole number of species recorded for the county is 
116—of which 111 are known for North Lincolnshire, and 100 
for South. 


‘The mass of material available is the result of the labours of | 


numerous conchologists for many years, and has been brought 
together by my friends Mr. C. S, Carter and Rev. E. Adrian 
Woodruffe-Peacock, as well as myself, from our numerous and 


| 
. 


Census of Lincolushive Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 307 


good friends who has investigated various parts of the county. 

Irom the point of view of completing the record for certain 
representative common or generally distributed species—A rion 
ater has been noted in 32 cut of the 34 districts, Limneea peregra 
in 31. Agriolimax agrestis and Hygromia hispida in 30, Helix 
aspersa and H, nemoralis in 29, Bythinia tentaculata in 27, Hyalinia 
cellaria in 26, Cochlicopa lubrica in 25, Pyvamidula rotundata 
in 20, Spheerium corneum in 19, and Anodonta cygnea or A. anatina 
in 17, and when the complete range is ascertained for the greater 
number of these, the list may be considered as ready for 
publication. 

There are various species which yet remain to be discovered. ° 
It is within the bounds of possibility for Malacolimax tenellus 
to turn up on primitive land, Hygromia fusca ought to occur 
somewhere, various species of Vertigo, such as V. antivertigo, 
V. moulinsiana, and V. pusilla, await discovery, Planorbis glaber 
should turn up, the occurrence of Limneea glabva should be 
confirmed by its discovery in a new locality, the only one on 
record being now destroyed, and Acicula lineata ought to reward 
search in the woods, and it is hoped that our conchologists may 
be successfu] in finding some if not all of them. 


Of work which non-conchologists can do to assist us, there 
are two suggestions to make. First, that the big swan-mussels 
occurring in canals and rivers and large sheets of water should be 
sent for determination from as many districts as possible. Second, 
that collections of living slugs should be sent to me, in tightly 
closed air-tight tins, for my examination. 

I may add that to secure greater value and interest we 
desire more detailed information than bare records. Notes not 
merely as to locality, but as to dates, habitats, environment, 
geological and physiographical associations, life-histories, etc., 
and for the introductory observations, biographical and other 
notes on the Lincolnshire conchologists and their work will be 
much valued ; and from members who are photographers views 
of characteristic localities and habitats, and snap-shots of 
collectors, etc. 


308 Census of Lincolnshive Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 


Testacella haliotidea Drap. 
Testacella scutulum Sby. 
Limax maximus L. 

Limax cinereo-niger Wolf. 
Limax flavus L. 

Limax arborum (B.-Ch.). 
Agriolimax agrestis (L.). 
Agriolimax levis (Mull.). 
Milax gagates (Drap.). 
Milax sowerbyi (Fér.). 

Arion ater (L.). 

Arion subfuscus (Drap.). 
Arion hortensis Fér. 

Arion circumscriptus Jofnst. 
Arion intermedius (Norm.). 
Vitrina pellucida (Mull.). 
Hyalinia lucida (Drap.). 
Hyalinia cellaria (Mull.). 
Hyalinia helvetica (Blum). 
Hyalinia alliaria (Miller). 
Hyalinia nitidula (Drap.). 
Hyalinia pura (Alder). 
Hyalinia radiatula (Alder). 
Hyalinia crystallina (Mull.). 
Hyalinia fulva (Muil.). 
Zonitoides nitidus (Mull.). 
Zonitoides excavatus (Bean). 
Punctum pygmeum (Drap.). 
Pyramidula rupestris (Drap.). 
Pyramidula rotundata (Mull). 
Acanthinula aculeata ((Mull.). 
Helix aspersa Mull. 

Helix pomatia L. 

Helix nemoralis L. 

Helix hortensis Mull. 
Helicigona arbustorum (L.). 
Helicigona lapicida (L.). 
Helicella virgata (Da Costa). 
Helicella itala (L.). 
Helicella caperata (Mont.). 
Helicella cantiana (Mont.). 
Hygromia rufescens (Penn.). 
Hygromia hispida (L.). 
Hygromia granulata (Alder). 
Vallonia pulchella (Mull.). 
Vallonia costata (Mull.). 
Vallonia excentrica Sterki. 
Ena obscura (Mull.). 

Pupa secale Drap. 

Pupa cylindracea (Da Costa). 
Pupa muscorum (L.). 
Vertigo pygmeza (Drap.). 
Vertigo alpestris Alder. 
Vertigo angustior Jeff. 
Vertigo minutissima (Havim.). 
Sphyradium edentulum (Drap.). 
Clausilia laminata (Mont.). 
Clausilia bidentata (Strom). 
Clausilia rolphii Turton. 


I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OE OW JN 7S 
5w 
3SWw 
I 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OE 7N 7S 
3SW 
I 2S 3sw 4 
I 2S 3NE 3SW 7N 7S 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W GE Ow JN 7S 
I 2S 6E 6W 7N 7S 
3NE 6E IN 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OE Ow 7N 7S 
7N 7S 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 6E IN 7S 
2S 3NE 3SW 4 5W OE gN 7S 
I 2N 2S 3NE 4 Sw IN 7S 
2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E SE 7s 
2S 
2N 25S 3sw 4 SE 5W OE IN 7S 
4 6E IN. YS 
I 2S 3NE 3SW 5w 6E 7N 7S 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 SE SW 6E 4qN 7S 
2s 35W 7N 7S 
2S 3Sw 
2N 3NE 3SW  5E 5W GE 7N 
2N 2S 3NE 3SW 5w 7N 7S 
I : 38W 7S 
2s 38SW ss SE 7N 
2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5wW 6E IN 7S 
I 2s 3sw 5wW 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 SE 5W OE 7N 7S 
6E 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OE 6W 7N 7S 
I 2s 35W 6E IN 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 SE 5W 6E IN 7S 
2s 5w 6E 
2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 6E 7N 7S 
2S 38SW 4 5E 6E OW 
2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W 6E IN 7S 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 5E 5W OE IN 7S 
2s 3SW 4 5E 5W OE IN 7S 
I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OE 6W 7N 7S 
2N 2S 3SW 4 5w 6E OW 7N 
2N 2S 35wWw 6w 7N 
2s 3SW ss SE.:-«55W GE IN 7S 
2S 3NE 3SW 4 
2N 2S 3SW 4 5E 6E IN 
Sa 
4 
2s 
2S 5w 6E 7N 7S 
2N 2S 3SwW 5w 6w 7N 


7N 


8N 


8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 


8N 


8N 
8N 
8N 
8N 


8N 
8N 


8N 
8N 


8N 
8N 
8N 


8N 


8N 


8N 
8N 


8s 


8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 


8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 


8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 


8s 
8s 
8s 
8s 


NoRe) woowo Ke) Noite) 


wow oo wow Oo Ke) Ke) Ke) © 


onowo wow 


Ios 


Ios 


10S 


IIN 


Census of Lincolnshive Land and Freshwater Mollusca 


IIS 12 13E 


Lis 
Tis 


IIS 
IIs 
IIs 


IIs 


11s 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 
Its 
IIs 


IIs 


IIS 
IIs 
IIs 


IIS 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 
IIs 


IIs 


Lis 


12 


{2 


12 


12 
12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 


13E 


13E 


13E 


13E 


13E 
13E 


13E 


13W 


13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 


13W 
13W 
r3W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 
I3W 
13W 
13W 
I3W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 


I13W 


13W 
13W 


13W 


I4E 


I4E 


I4E 


I4E 


I4E 


I4= 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 


I4E 
I4E 
I4E 
I4E 


I4E 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 


I4W 


I4w 


I4w 
[4w 
I4w 
I4w 
I4w 
i4w 
I4w 
I4w 


I4Ww 


I4w 


I4Ww 


I4Ww 


I4w 
I4w 
I4w 
I4W 
I4w 
14W 


I4W 


I4w 


I4w 


ISN I5S ION I6SW I6SE 


{5N 
I5N 15S 


I5N 


I5N 15S 


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4 
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Ln A oe A oe oo 
222% 


ION 
16N 


i0N 


I6N 
I6N 
ION 
ION 
ION 
I6N 
ION 


ION 


16N 
I6N 


I6N 


16Sw 
16sw 


16SW 
16sw 


16Sw 
I6SWw 
16sw 


16Sw 


16SW 


16Sw 
16Sw 


16sw 
16sw 
16sw 
16Ssw 


16sw 
16sw 
16Ssw 
16sw 


16SW 
16sw 


16sw 


16sw 


16Sw 
16sw 


I6SE 


I6SE 


I16SE 


I16SE 


I16SE 
16SE 


16SE 


I16SE 


I7N 


17N 


329 


17S 18w 18mMD 18E 


17s 


17S 
17S 
17S 
17S 


17S 


17S 


17S 
17S 
17S 


17S 


17S 


18w 


I8w 


18w 
18w 


18w 
18w 


18w 


18w 


18w 


I18w 


18w 


18w 
I8w 


ISE 


18E 


18E 


18E 


18E 
18E 


18E 
I8E 


310 


Census of Lincolnshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 


I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OF Ow 7N 7S 8N 85 9 
Balea perversa (L.). 3SW 4 Essen 
Azeca tridens (Pult.). 8s 
Cochlicopa lubrica (Mull.). 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 6= 7N 7S 8N 8S 9 
Cecilioides acicula (Muill.). I 2N 2S 3SW ss SE 6E 8s 
Succinea putris (L.). I 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W 6w 7N 8s 9 
Succinea elegans Risso. 2S 3SW 4 Sw 8n 8S 9 
Carychium minimum Mull. 2N 2S 3SW 5W 7N 7S 8N 8S 
Pomatias elegans (Mull.). 38SW 6E 8s 
Limnza stagnalis (L.). I 2s 3SW 4 5w 6E 7s 8s 9 
Limneza palustris (Mull/.). I 3SW 3W 6= 7s ‘8S 9 
Limnza truncatula (Mull.). I 2N 25 3SW 4 5E 8n 8s 9 
Limnea peregra (Mull.). I 2N 2S 3NE 3SW 4 5E 5W OE Ow 7N 7S 8N 85 9 
Limnea auricularia (L.). I 38W 4 6E 7N 7S 8s 9 
Limnea glabra (Mull.). 
Amphipeplea glutinosa (Mull.). 9 
Physa fontinalis (L.). I 2s BSW 4 6E OW 8s 9 
Aplexa hypnorum (L.). I 3SW 5w 8s 9 
Planorbis corneus (L.). I 2s 3SwW 5W 6E 8s 9 
Planorbis albus (Mutll.). I 2s 3SW 4 5E OE 7N 78 8N 8S 9 
Planorbis crista (L.). 2S 3SW SE 5W 8s 
Planorbis carinatus Mull. I 2S 3SW 4 5w 8s 9 
Planorbis umbilicatus Mull. 2s 3SW 4 5W 6E 8N 88S 9 
Planorbis vortex (L.). I 25 38W 4 5E 6W 8N 8s 9 
Planorbis spirorbis (L.). 2s 38wWw 4 6w 7N 7S 8N 8S 9 
Planorbis contortus (L.). I 2S 3SW 6E OW 8n 8S 9 
Planorbis fontanus (Lightfoot). 2S 3SW 4 5E 65 8s 9 
Sezgmentina nitida (Mull.). sw 9 
Ancylus fluviatilis Mull. 8s 
Acroloxus lacustris (L.). 2S 3SwWw 4 6E 9 
Viviparus contectus (Millet). 1 2s 3SwW 6E 6W 9 
Viviparus viviparus (L.). 5w ow 7s 
Bythinia tentaculata (L.). I 2N 2S 3SW 4 5w 6E 6W 7N 8N 8S 9 
Bythinia leachii (Shepp.). I 2s 3SW 5W 6E 9 
Valvata piscinalis (Muil.). I 2s 3SW 6E 6w 7N 7S 8N 8S 9 
Valvata cristata Mull. 2S 3SW 6E 8s 9 
Neritina fluviatilis (L.). 2S 3SW 6E 6W 7s 
Unio tumidus Phil. I 2s 5W OE 7s 8s 
Unio pictorum (L.). I 2s 38W 5w 7s 8N 8s 
Anodonta cygnea (L.). 2S 3SW 5w OE 6W 7s 8N 8S 9 
Anodonta anatina (L.). 3SW 5W 6E 7s 
Spherium rivicola (Leach). 2S 3SW 5w 6w 7S 
Spherium corneum (L.). I 2s 3SW 4 5W 6E 7N 7S 8N 85 9 
Spherium lacustre (Mull.). I 2s 38SW 4 6w 7s 8s 9 
Pisidium amnicum (Muill.). 38W 4 6E OW 8s 9 
Pisidium fontinale (Drap.). 
Pisidium se paarenat felinale: 7a ae Wiee ae = LOD a2 
Pisidium conicum Baud. 
Pisidium henslowanum (Shepp.). 2N 2S 3SW 6E 7N 7S 
Pisidium pulchellum Jenyns. 
Pisidium obtusale Pfezff. 4 , IN 7S 8s 9 
Pisidium pusillum (Gmelin). 2N 2S 3SW 3sO5E 6E 6w 7N 7S 8N 8S 9 
Pisidium nitidum Jen. 3SW 4 7s 8s 9 
Pisidium milium Held. 5E 8s 9 
Dreissena polymorpha (Pail.). 2S 3SwW 6w 7s 
Paytia myosotis (Drap.). 9 
Paludestrina confusa (F7.). 9 
Paludestrina jenkinsi Sm. 3NE 4 5w 9 
Paludestrina ventrosa (Mont.). 3NE 9 
Paludestrina stagnalis (Bast.). 9 


Io 


10 


10 


10 


Census of Lincolnshire Land and Freshwater Mollusca. 


IOS IIN IIS 12 13E 13W I4E I14W I5N 


IIN 
10S IIN IIS 


IIN IIS 
IIN IIS 
IIN 
IIN IIS 
IIN 
IIN IIS 
IIN 
TIN IIS 
tos 1IN IIs 


10S IIN IIs 
IIN 
IIN 

TOS IIN 
IIN 
TIN .11S 
IIN 11S 
[IN LIS 
IIN 
IIN 
IIN 


REN 
IIN 
TIN 11S 

IOS 

IOS TIN IIS 
IIN IIS 
IIN IIS 
IIN 


IIN 
» 10S IIN 


IIN 
IIN 
IIN 


IIN 


IIN 
IIN 
IIN 
10S 
11s 


12 


12 


12 


12 


12 
12 


12 


13E 


13E 
13E 


13E 
13E 


13E 


13E 


I3E 
13E 
13E 
13E 
13E 
13E 
13E 


13E 
13E 
13E 
13E 
13E 


13E 
13E 
13E 


13E 


13E 
I3E 


13E 


13E 
13E 


13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
I3W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 


13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 
13W 


13W 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 


I4E 
I4E 
I4E 


I4E 
I4E 
I4E 
I4E 


I4E 
I4E 
I4E 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 


I4E 
I4E 


I4E 


I4E 


I4E 
I4E 
I4E 
I4E 


I4W 


I4W 
14Ww 


I4W 
I4w 


I4w 


I4Ww 


ISN 


I5N 
I5N 
I5N 
I5N 
{5N 


I5N 
ISN 
I5N 
I5N 
I5N 


I5N 


I5N 


ISN 


I5N 


311 


15S 16N I16SW I16SE 17N 17S 18w 18MD 18E 


15S 
Iss 
15s 
15S 
15S 
ISS 
15S 
15S 


15s 
15s 


15s 


I6N 
16N 
16N 


16N 


16N 


ION 


16N 
I6N 
I6N 


I16N 


16N 


I6N 


I6Sw 


16sw 


{6SE 
16SE 


16SE 
{6SE 


I16SE 


I16SE 
{6SE 


{6SE 
16SE 
16SE 
16SE 


16SE 


16SE 
16SE 
16SE 


I7N 


17N 


17N 


17N 
17N 
I7N 


I7N 


17N 
I7N 
I7N 


17S 
17S 


17S 
17S 


17S 


17S 
17S 
17S 


17S 
17S 
17S 
17S 


17S 


17S 
17S 
17S 
17S 


17s 


17S 


18w 


18w 
18w 


18w 


18w 


18w 
18w 
18w 


18w 
18w 
I8w 
18w 
I8w 


18w 
18w 


FIELD MEETINGS, . 1908. 


The Union held its Fifty-ninth Field Meeting at HOLTON 
PARK, on the rath of June. ‘The early morning had been 
showery, but a fair company under the circumstances foregathered 
and had a most enjoyable day, finishing up with a plenteous feast, 
generously provided by Mr. and Mrs. Dixon, at the Station Hotel. 


The soil of this district is pure blown sand. It is partly the 
residual detritus of the cut back escarpment of the Wolds, partly 
the moze indestructible portion of the clay beds, and of the 
Plateau Sands and Gravels, which lie on the high portion of the 
valley between cliff and wolds. The greater proportion was 
transported by south-westerly winds long before the enclosures 
came in the early part of last century. What we can say of 
this soil for certain is that it is subsequent in date to the Chalky 
Boulder Clay on which theeolian sands lie. In other words, this 
means that it is younger in time than man’s advent into the 
district we now call Britain, or that it is after the age of the large 
mammals such as hippotamus, woolly rhinocerus, and mammoth ; 
though it must have been accumulating from approximately their 
time till the enclosures. ‘The planting of woods, ‘‘ wind breaks,” 
and hedges stopped at once the drift of the sands in heavy gales 
from the south-west. = 


The flora of the district is interesting, but limited by soil 
conditions. The species noted were 170, from forest trees to 
garden weeds. The three best were Apium inundatum, Botry- 
chium Lunaria, and Pyrola minor. The first of these was quite 
unexpected, and therefore the best. All three are confined to very 
limited areas and rare. ‘The other species were what might be 
expected by the soil botanist, gopodium near houses only, 
Chelidonium, flove pleno, the same, with Corydalis bulbosa and 
C. lutea. Geranium lucidum is a garden weed and escape in many 
places. The sandy soil in woodland, pasture or tilth provided 


Ee 


— 


Field Meetings 1908, 313 


Ajuga, Athemis arvensis, just coming into flower, Arenaria 
serphyllifolia, A. trinervia, Bromus vacemosus, Cevastium arvense, 
C. glomevatum, Conopodium, Evodium was curiously rare, Evophila 
vulgaris of the very largest size, Listeva ovata, Lycopsis, was 
unusually rare, Myosotis collina was in pasture or by roadside, 
M. versicolor in tilth. Af. sylvatica was just within a wood by 
railway side and very rare; a ballast casual, I believe. Papaver 
argemone, and P. Rheeas Priorii. Polygala vulgaris, blue fowered, 
was only seen in short park turf. Primula vulgaris, very rare, 
and only by the side of a ditch with limestone water from the 
chalk. Sagina procumbens was in park grass. Sclevanthus annuus, 
was very rare, or we were too early forit. Stellaria graminea 
scarce. Urtica avens confined to the neighbourhood of houses, or 
under trees in the park where cattle stand. Veronicas were in ful] 
force. Seven ferns were noted in the woods. The clay and 
brick pits in the underlying Kimeridge clay were a striking 
contrast to the overlying flora. Alisma plantago, Apium inundatum, 
Carex flucca, C. Goodenowii, C. hivta,C. inflata, Cuicus palustris, 
Epilobium montanum, Equisetum limosum fluviatile,and the hybrid 
arvense x limosum, E. palustve, Galium palustre Witheringit, 
Hydrocotyle. Lemna trisulca was the only species seen—with it was 
the rarely recorded Iicciocarpus natans. Myosotis palustris, Pota- 
mogeton natans, P. polygonifolius, Ranunculus flammula, R. 
hederacens, Sagina apetala, Samolus, Stellaria uliginosa, Tussilago 
and Typha latifolia. 

Mammals were scarce. The rabbit was ubiquitous. ‘The 

best fact noted was in regard to the water vole. Ly the side of the 
large Kimeridge Clay pit east of the Holton-Nettleton road the 
voles make large nests of dry grasses in the Juncus fringe by the 
waterside. I have never met with these before. The circum- 
stances here are most unusual. On one side of the pit there is a 
wide stretch of marshy ground, on the other the retentive clay of 
the pit face. 
As a neighbourhood for birds these sandy soils seemed 
defective. The Green Woodpecker was common; and the 
President carried away a Kestrel as a memorial of a pleasant 
meeting. 


pe des Field Meetings 1908. 


The Kimeridge Clay as exposed at present in the Holton-le- 
Moor brickyard pit is singularly unfossiliferous. I hunted over 
the ground fairly well on going over the walk on the 2nd, in 
preparation for the Union Meeting, but only took a fragment— 
though remarkably clean and well preserved—of Ammonites 
biplex, Low. Curiously enough this species is recorded in the 
Survey Memoir for the next parish in the Moortown hill pit, but 
not for Holton. Mr. H. Preston authoritatively named it. 


Lepidoptera observed by Dr. Birtwhistle and Mr. G. W. Mason, 
at L.N.U. Meeting at Holton-le-Moor, rath June, 1908. — 


One of the Pierids. M. montanata. 
Pararge megeera. M. fluctuata. 
Ccenonympha pamphilus. Cidaria corylata 
Nisoniades tages. Scoparia ambigualis. 
Nemeophila plantaginis. Bactra lanceolana. 
Acronycta psi. Coccyx teedella. 
A. rumicis, Gelechia ericetella. 
Zonosoma pendularia. Teleia proximella. 
Cabera pusaria. T. luculella. 
Bupalus piniaria. Sciaphila hybridana. 
Eupithecia lariciata. Phlceodes tetraquetrana. (?) 
Thera variata. Elachista rufocinerea. 
Melanippe sociata. 

LARV# : 
Porthesia similis. Cheimatobia brumata. 
Diloba czeruleocephala. Hypsipetes sordidata. 
Cosmia trapezina. Tortrix xylosteana. 
Cleoceris viminalis. Pzedisca solandriana. 
Phigalia pedaria. Laverna phragmitella. 


Hybernia defoliaria. 


Several imagines of Laverna phvagmitella, which is an 
addition to the Lincolnshire List, have been bred from bulrush 
heads. 

Dr. Wallace reports :— 

CoLEopTERA. Fifty-six species were taken by Mr. A. 
Bullock, including four which are new to the County :—Mysia 


Field Meetings 1908. 3i5 


oblongo-guttata L., Strophosomus lateralis Payk., and a single 
specimen of the great rarity Ilybius subeeneus. This last named 
species has until recently been one of our rarest British water- 
beetles, and indeed was considered doubtfully indigenous . 
Further particulars of this very interesting capture will be found 
on another page, in the list of Lincolnshire Coleoptera. 


The Sixtieth Field Meeting was held in the SLEAFORD 
area, on July 7th, 1908, on the kind invitation of Ald. A. L. 
Jessopp, J.P., of Leasingham. A small party was conveyed 
by waggonette from Sleaford Station to Haverholme, where 
Mr. J.D. Coward had arranged his collection of Entomological 
specimens, and also a fine series of Birds’ eggs. ‘hese were much 
admired, and Mr. Coward was highly complimented on the 
splendid work he had done in so short a time, for he had only 
been collecting a few seasons. Mr. Coward then conducted the 
visitors through Haverholme Woods, pointing out many spots 
where his best things were taken. hen on toa still virgin soil 
with that rugged growth which rare insects delight to make their 
home. A detour was made along the River bank ‘which, as it is 
not being used for traffic, remains in a natural condition. 
The heart of any man interested in Natural History research 
could not help but respond to such an inviting area. 

Unfortunately at that time of our visit the lower lying ground 
was flooded, so that bird life had been injured, and some of the 
district could not be worked. Some fine specimens of Succinea 
putris were found in quantities on the rushes; and along the 
stream bank a fine batch of larve of the Peacock butterfly was 
taken. Later in the County Museum, it formed an interesting 
exhibit until they developed into the perfect insect. Many notes 
were obtained and added to the recorders lists. Later in the 
afternoon a short drive took the party to Leasingham where Mrs. 
and Ald. Jessopp gave splendid entertainment to High Tea, and 
conducted his visitors round the grounds, which are most 
interesting. ‘The aviary proveda great attraction, and the garden 
was a picture. Some Early British and Roman Pottery, also 
some Bronze implements found in the County were exhibited. 
Subsequently the pottery was handed over to the Curator to be 


316 Field Meetings 1908. 


presented to the County collection at Lincoln. ‘This meeting 
was a most pleasant one both to Naturalist and Archeologist. 
It was on a fine estate, with some exceedingly good trees in the 
park, and a splendid herd of deer. Haverholme priory is repre- 
sented by some remains still on the site of the old Ecclesiastical 
edifice. 


Botany :—There were but few interesting plants observed at 
this meeting. No less than 230 notes of species and varieties 
were made, but of these only two are worthy of mention here. 
At Haverholme C2nanthe fluviatilis was conspicuous. It has 
never been recorded out of Divisions 14, 16, and 17. A very 
curious new variety turned up too, Pulicaria dysenterica glabrata. 
For such good ground the flora was a singularly poor selection, 
probably on account of the recent flooding of the area. The Rev. 
W. W. Mason, took the list of plants. 


The Sixty-first Field Meeting was held at ALIORD, for 
working Well Vale, a most interesting district to the Naturalist. 


A large quarry in the chalk was visited, and from being over 
grown with the plants that love such an habitat, the botanists 
spent some little time in noting many interesting finds. 


From the steep side of the quarry, on such a fine day the 
view of the distance was greatly appreciated. It gave anexcellent 
opportunity for seeing the contour of the surrounding country, 
and its geological formation and history. 


Just before entering the Vale, a specimen of the “ Painted 
Lady ” butterfly was seen, with more common species. 


The most diligent workers perhaps were the Conchologists. 
Dr. W. Wallace, too, was anxious to obtain certain Coleoptera. 
‘Their records were not so abundant as those of the Rev. W. W. 
Mason who noted the Flora, but some interesting finds were 
made. 


A fine colony of Limax avborum, var. nemorosa was found, and 
a variety of Limax maximus still to be described. 


At the meeting after tea it was decided that the Union 
become affiliated with the British Association. 


Field Meetings 1908. 317 


Dr. Wallace reports :— 


CoteopTsra. A large number of species occurred, of which 
the following are the most interesting :—Amara aulica Panz., 
Calathus piceus Marsh., Hydroporus dorsalis F., Noterus sparsus 
Marsh., Dorcus parallelopipedus, L., Scirtes hemisphcericus, L.,, this 
last is new to the County. 


BROUGHTON WOOIS was the venue of the Sixty-second 
Meeting on September 18th, 1908. A large party turned out to 
accompany the Rev. FE. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, over an area So 
well known to him. To give a description now of the district 
would be absurd, after the publication of his paper in the last 
part of our Transactions. 


The dryness of the early part of the month had made 
the ground unprofitable working in some branches ; but those 
present were glad to see Broughton Woods, and to hear its praises 
sung by such a worker as Mr. Peacock. He delighted all by 
leading them to the spot where that exceedingly rare plant 
Selinum Carvifolia grows. 


Collecting was not the order of this day. ‘The season was 
too late, and the area was too large, and had to be traversed too 
quickly for that. Yet all were pleased by their visit to these 
Woods, and hope for better advantages for more detailed study 
another time. 


CoLropTerA. A number of species were taken, the most 
interesting being : — Ptevostichus oblongo-punctatus F., Silpha 
thovacica L.., on the “Stink-horn ” fungus, *Triphyllus punctatus 
F., in putrid fungi, and a specimen of Litodactylus leucogaster 
Marsh. 


Mr. Woodruffe-Peacock writes -—As every plant seen at this 
meeting has been recorded over and over again for Broughton, 
and nothing new can be written about them, I propose to strike 
out a new line, and to givea Rock-Soil list of the Selinum Carvifolia 


Ret inti ale A 2 ie ee 


“New to the County. 


318 Field Meetings 1908. 


Bog. ‘The whole area in which this rare species grows is not 
more than sixty square yards in extent. The rock-soil is the 
Kirton Bed of the Lincolnshire Limestone, but this is mixed with 
or over laid by Blown Sand, Fresh Water Alluvium, and Peat. 


The plants of the bog edge and bog are recorded with their 
frequency under the following contractions :—V.C. for very 
common, C. for common, F.C. for fairly common, R.R. for 
rather rare, IR. for rare, V.R. for very rare. 


The following are confined to the bog edge :— 


Alnus glutinosa, R. 

Anagallis tenella, R. 

Carex flacca, V.C. 

Holcus lanatus, R. 

Potentilla anserina, V.C. 

Rhamnus frangula, V.R. 

Viola hirta x stagnina (? as there were leaves only), V.R. 


‘The species mixed with the Selinum were :— 


1 
j 
7 
1 


Angelica sylvestris, C. 
Carex flava, C. 

Cuicus palustris, R.R. 
Epilobium parviflorum, F.C. 
Galium uliginosum, C. 
Hydrocotyle vulgaris, F.C. 
Juncus acutiflorus—V.R. 
Juncus obtusiflovrus—V.C. 
Lychnis Floscuculi—R. 
Mentha aquatica—V.C. 
Mentha rubva—F.C. 
Molinia varia—R. 

Orchis maculata—V.R. 
Phragmites communis (not flowering)—R.R. 
Potentilla sylvestvis—F.C. 


a ee eee eee 


Scabiosa succisa—R.R. ; 
Spiveea ulmaria—C. ; 
Stachys Betonica—R, J 
i, 
4 


Field Meetings 1908. 319 


‘The Rev. W. W. Mason’s analysis and Mr. Peacock’s were 
practically the same.* 


ROXTON WOOD near Habrough was visited on October 
8th, 1908, with a view to making further records for the Fungi. 
The season was not at all favourable, and though plentiful in 
number, the species were few. Mr. F. W. Heely, of Grimsby, 
sends his list. “The Conchologists were interested in the climb- 
ing propensities of several molluscs which in various parts of the 
wood had ascended up the trees to unusual heights. A specimen 
of Limax maximus, var sylvatica was found under a piece of tree 
bark lying in a ditch. 


Dr. Grierson collected several spiders; and other branches 
were represented, each taking many notes to be incorporated in 
the list for publication in the [vansactions. 


FUNGI. 


(1) BASIDIOMYCETES. 


A. GastromyceTes—Lycoperdee, Lycoperdon gemmatum. 


B. ‘HymMenomycetes—Clavariee, Clavaria cinera. 
Thelephoree, Stereum hirsutum. 
Polypovee, Fomes annosus. 
Agaricinee, Hypholoma epixanthus. 
- fascicularis. 
Stropharia aeruginosa. 
Agaricus arvensis. 
Ochvosporee, Cortinarius paleaceus. 
Inocybe geophylla. 
Pholiota nrarginata. 


“Compare this bog flora with that recorded in Report and 
Transactions of the Nottingham Naturalists’ Society for 1907—1908, 
pp. 28, 29, where an analysis is given of the flora of the new locality 
for Selineun Carvifolia L,, discovered in 1908, by Professor J. W. 
Carr, F. L,S, 


320 Field Meetings 1908. 


Leucrosporece, Hygrophorus coccineus. 
- puniceus. 
Z virgineus. 
Clitocybe nebularis. 
» . Maxima. 
»  metachroa. 
Laccaria laccata. 
Lactarius vietus. 
Mycena pura, 
Marasmius androsaceus. 
Tricholoma sulphureum. 
(2) ASCOMYCETES. 
A. DiscomyceTres—Pezize, Chlorosplenium aeruginosum. 
Humaria granulata. 
B. PyreNomyceTes—Xylaria hypoxylon. 
(3) MYXOMYCETES. 
Arcyria incornata. 
ava 
Stemeonitis fusca. 
Lycogala miniatum. 
Trichia varia. 


Tur AnnuaLt MEETING was held December 3rd, 1908, at the 
Municipal Technical School, Lincoln. ‘The President Rev. Alfred 
Hunt, M.A., in the chair. The Officers reports were read, and the 
Union shown to be in a highly satisfactory condition. : 

W. D. Roebuck, F°.G.S., was then elected President for 1gog. 
In the Conchological Section Mr. C. S. Carter was appointed 
President, and Mr. J. F. Musham, Secretary. ‘The rest of the 
officers were re-elected. 

The retiring President then gave his address ‘ Prelistoric 
Man in Lincolnshire.” Many of the specimens referred to are 
now in the County Museum, Lincoln. 

Votes of thanks to President and officers were accorded. 

The Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock offered to compile a 
check-list of Lincolnshire plants, if the Union would publish it 
during the coming year. It was unanimously decided that this 
should be done, in addition to the Transactions for the year. 


LIST OF OFFICERS. 


PRESIDENT. 
W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., Hyde Park Road, Leeds. 


VICE-PRESIDENTS. 
(Resident in the County.) 
I. M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield, Gainsborough. 
Rev. J. Conway Walter, B.A., Langton Rectory, Horncastle. 
H. Preston, F.G.S., Hawthornden Villa, Grantham. 
Rev. BE. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, L.'Th., F.L.S., F.G.S., Cadney. 
Rev. Alfred Hunt, M.A., Welton Vicarage, Lincoln. 
HON. TREASURER. 
J. S. Sneath, 32, Tentereroft Street, Lincoln. 


HON, SECRETARY. 
Arthur Smith, F.L.S., f.E.S., The Museum, Greyfriars, Lincoln. 


HON. ASSISTANT SECRETARY. 
R. W. Goulding, 20, Mercer Row, Louth. 


SECTIONAL OFFICERS. 


: GEOLOGY. 
President :—F.M. Burton, F.L.S., F.G.S., Highfield Gainsborough. 
Secretary :—H. Preston, I'.G.S., Hawthorndcn Villa, Grantham. 
Boulders :—Rey. Canon Rowe, Lincoln. 
BOTANY. 
President :—Rev. W. Fowler, M.A., Liversedge, Normanton. 
Phenoganic Secretary :— 
Rey. E. A. Woodrutfe-Peacock, L.Th., F.L.8., .G.8. 
Cryptogams :—Miss Stow, 23, Avenue Road, Grantham. 
Fungi :--H. C. Hawley, Tumby Lawn, Boston. 
CONCHOLOGY. 
President : —C. S. Carter, M.C.S., 46, Westgate, Louth. 
Secretary :-—J. F. Musham, 53, Brook Street, Selby. 


EMTOMOLOGY. 


President: —Rev. A. Thornley, M.A., F.L.S., F.E.S., 17, Mapperley Kd., 
Nottingham. 
Secrelary:—G. W. Mason, Barton-on-Humber. 


VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY. 
President :—G. H. Caton-Haigh, Grainsby Hall, Grimsby. 
Secretary :- Rey. F. L. Blathwayt, M.A., M.B.O.U., 1, Stonetield 
Avenue, Lincoln. 


NEW MEMBERS. 
Mrs. Hewetson, Grammar School, Gainsborough. 
R. C. Minton, 15, Sewell s Walk, Lincoln. 
Dr. F. P. N. Birtwhistle, Barton-on-Humber. 
A. E. Hall, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts. 
Mrs. Hall, Cranfield House, Southwell, Notts. 
Rey A. N. Claye, The Vicarage, Brigg. 
T. Sheppard, F.G.S., F.S.A., Scot., Museum, Hull. 


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Lincolnshire ‘Daturalists’ Olnion. 


TRANSACTIONS, 1905-1908. 


TOLUME OND- 


INDEX TO PRINCIPAL CONTENTS. 


——_———— 


Anthropology 
Vide Hunt, Rev. Alfred 
Birds 
of Scotton Common, 107—113 
of a Ballast Pit near Lincoln, 222—229 
Blathwayt, Rev. F. L. 
on Birds of Scotton Common, 107—113 
on Birds of a Ballast Pit, 222—229 
Broughton Woods, 168—173 
Burton, F. M. 
Sketch of, 73—75 
on the Lincolnshire Keuper Escarpment, 163—167 
-on the formation of Land between Gainsborough & Lincoln, 263--273 
Butterflies of Lincolnshire, 76—85 
Vide Lepidoptera 
Cadney 
Ranunculus ficaria at, 106 
A Thrush Stone at, 114 
Carter, C. S. 
on non-marine Mollusca of Lincolnshire, 2g—52, 101 —103 
on the Pairing of Limax maximus, 117—119 
on Helix nemoralis, 304—305 
Cobites tenia at Bardney, 153 
Coleoptera 
of Lincolnshire, 192—204, 274—288 
near Grimsby, 115—116 
Vide Longitarsus 
L.N.U. Field Meetings 


~ 


324 Index to Principal Contents. 


Conchology 
Vide Cyclostoma elegans 
Mollusca 
Cordeaux, John 
Sketch of, 15—16 
Address on Lincolnshire Natural History, 132—144 
Cyclamen hederefolium, 105 
Cyclostoma elegans, 131 
Dianthacia ivregularis, 116 
Entomology 
Notes from Grimsby district, 115—116 
Vide Butterflies 
Coleoptera 
Dianthecia 
Lepidoptera 
Ethnology of Lincolnshire, 154—162 
Ferriby (South), Geology of, 53—72 


sh 
Vide Cobites tenia 
Flints (Pygmy) in Lincolnshire, 154—162 
Flora 
Vide Natural Habitats 
Plants 
Fowler, Canon William, Sketch of, 219g—221 
Fowler, Canon William Weekes, Sketch of, 129—131 
Fungi, 126, 214, 319, 320 
Galled Plants. Vide Plants 
Geology 
Vide Burton, F. M. 
Ferriby (South) 
L.N.U. Field Meetings 


Grimsby 

Entomological notes near, 115—116 
Hedgehog, an Albino, 229 
Helix nemoralis, local distribution of, 304—305 
Hunt, Rev. Alfred 

on the Pygmy Flint Age in Lincolnshire, 154—162 

on Pre-historic Man in Lincolnshire, 289—303 
Keuper Escarpment in Lincolnshire, 163—167 
Lepidoptera 

near Grimsby, 115 

of Lincolnshire, 174—191, 230—z262 

Vide Phyrxus (=Deilephila) livornica 

L.N.U. Field Meetings 


asa dS 


5 


- Index to Principal Contents. 325 


Limax maximus, pairing of 117—119 
Lincolnshire Naturalists’ Union 
Accounts, 6 (1905); 128 (1906); 218b (1907) ; 322 (1908) 
Field Meetings, 7—14 (1893-1905) 3 120—126 (1906); 205—217 
(1907) ; 312—320 (1908) 
Members, names of, 2—4, 127, 218a, 321 
Objects, 5 
Officers, names of, 1 (1905); 127 (1906) ; 218a (1907) 3 322 (1908) 
Presidents 
Vide Burton, F. M. 
Cordeaux, John 
Fowler, Canon William 
Fowler, Canon William Weekes 
Rules, 5 
Liverworts (Lincolnshire), 86-—g1 
Longitarsus nigerrimus near Cleethorpes, 305 
Mason, G. W. 
on Butterflies of Lincolnshire, 76—85 
on Lepidoptera of Lincolnshire, 174—191, 230—z262 
Mollusca 
Non-marine of Lincolnshire, 29—52, 10I—103 
near a Thrush Stone at Cadney, 114 
Census of, 306—311 
Vide Helix 
Limax 
L.N.U. Field Meetings 
Neritina 
Pisidium 
Museum (the County), 106 
Musham, John F. 
on Neritina fluviatilis, 104 
on Cyclostoma elegans, 131 
on Cobites tenia, 153 
on Phyrxus (=Deilephila) livornica, 162 
on Pisidium supinum, 221 
on an Albino Hedgehog, 229 


ial 


Natural Habitats and Nativeness, 92—100 
Neritina fluviatilis, 104 
Peacock, Rev. E. A. Woodruffe- 
on the Stoat, 17—28 «=~. 
on Natural Habitats and Nativeness, 9z—100 
on Cyclamen hedereefolium, 105 
on Ranunculus ficaria, 106 
on Mollusca near a Thrush Stone, 114 
on Broughton Woods, 168—173 


326 Index ta Principal Contents. 


Phyrxus (=Deilephila) livornica, 162 
Pisidium supinum, 221 
Plants 
Galled-Plants of Lincolnshire, 145—153 
Vide Cyclamen 
L.N.U. Field Meetings 
Liverworts 
Natural Habitats 
Ranunculus 
Ranunculus ficaria, 106 
Reeves, J. 
on Lincolnshire Liverworts, 86—91 
Rock Specimens, 167 
Roebuck, W. D. 
on Lincolnshire Mollusca, 306—311 
Scotton Common, Birds of, 107—113 
Sheppard, T. 
on Geology of South Ferriby, 53—72 
Smith, A. 
on Lincolnshire Rock Specimens, 167 
Stow, Miss S. C. 
List of Lincolnshire Liverworts, 88—91 
Lincolnshire Galled-Plants, 145—153 
Thornley, Rev. A. 
on Canon W. W. Fowler, 129—131 
on Lincolnshire Coleoptera, 192—204, 274288 
Wallace, William 
Entomological Notes from Grimsby, 115—116 
on Lincolnshire Coleoptera, 192—204, 274—288 


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