,^3

V. <^

h/

TRANSACTIONS

OF

THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE
OF ST. LOUIS.

VOL. XX.
JANUARY, 1911, TO DECEMBER, 1911.

PUBLISHED UNDER DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL.

LIBRARY^

NEW YORK

BOTANICAL

GARDEN

ST. LOUIS.
NIXON-JONES PRINTING CO.

>

nil

L.

CONTENTS.

PAGE,

Table of Contents iii

List of Officers v

List of Members. Revised to December 31, 1911. ... vi

1. Patrons.

2. Honorary Members.

3. Active Members.

Abstract of History xix

Record. .January 1, to December 31, 1911 xxiii

Papers Published. January 1, to December 31, 1911:

1. Francis E. Nipher. — Nature of the Electric

Discharge. — Plates I-VI. — Issued February

8, 1911 1

2. Charles Henry Thompson. — Four New Plants

from Mexico. — Plates VII-XII. — Issued
April 21, 1911 17

3. J. Andrew Drushel. — Studies in Glacial

Geology in Saint Louis and Vicinity. —
Plates XIII-XVIL— Issued April 22, 1911 27

4. Edmund A. Engler. — Figurate Numbers. — Is-

sued June 23, 1911 37

5. Julius Hurter, Sr. — Herpetology of Missouri.

—Plates XVIIT-XXV.— Issued July 28,

1911 59

6. Phil. Rau. — Sexual Selection Experiments in

the Cecropia Moth. Further Observations
on Copulation and Oviposition in Samia
Cecropia Linn. — Issued August 9, 1911. . . . 275

7. Title Page. Prefatory Matter and Index of

Vol. XX. Record January 1, to December
31, 1911.— Issued, April 17, 1912.

List of Authors. 321

General Index 322

Index to Genera 324

Classified List of Papers Contained in Volumes XI-

XX 327

ho

CORRECTIONS,
r. 20, line 14— For 232\07\1 read 233\07\1.
P. 39, line 3 from bottom — For xdxl read uill.

r. 4o, Ime /— l-or . , „ , read

1. i. o. 4

/• (/• + 1) (/• + 2) (/• + 3)
1. 2. 3. 4

P. 49, line 2-For W.> + 1) (^ + 2) (.; + 3)

1.2.3

n (;? + 1) {n + 2) (;> + 3)
1. 2. 3. 4

P. 225, line 10 — For napsida read Synapsida.

P. 290, line 5 from bottom — Tor first read second.

P. 310, line 4 — For sr em read seems.

P. 318, line 3 — Ff)r In/ physiological conditions of the indi-

ridvnh road by the physiological condition
of the individual.

LIST OF OFFICERS, 1911.

Pkesident William Trelease.

First Vice President D. S. H. Smith.

Second Vice President Francis E. Nipher.

Recording Secretary Walter Edward McCourt.

Corresponding Secretary George T. Moore.

Treasurer H. E. Wiedemann.

Librarian Wm. L. R. Gifford.

Curators Julius Hurter.

Philip Rau.

Joseph Grindon.
Directors Otto Widmann.

Adolf Alt.

MEMBERS.

1. Patrons.

Bixby, AVilliam Keeney Kingshighway and Lindell Bis.

Eliot, llcury Ware 444G Westiiiinster PL

tHarrison, Edwin

Mallinckrodt, Edward 26 Vandeventer PL

McMillan, Mrs. Eliza 25 Portland PL

McMillan, William Northrop . . Century Bldg.

2. Honorary Members.

Arrhenius, Prof. Svante University of Stockholm,

Sweden,
Bahlsen, Prof. Dr. Leopold . . . University of Berlin, Germany,
Kitasato, Prof. Shibasaburo .. University of Tokyo, Japan.
Lewald, Geh. Oberreg. Rath

Theodor Berlin, Germany.

Limburg, Stirum, Graf Berlin, Germany.

Orth, Geh. Rath Dr. Johann. .University of Berlin, Germany.

Ostwald, Prof Wilhelm University of Leipzig, Germany.

Ramsay, Sir William Royal Institute, London,

England.

Rutherford, Prof. Ernest University of Manchester,

England.

Sander, Dr. Enno St. Louis, Mo.

Springer, Frank U. S. National Museum,

Washington, D. C.
AValdcyer, Geh. Rnlh Prof. Dr.

Wilhelm University of Berlin, Germany.

Wassermann, Prof. Dr. A University of Berlin, Germany.

Wittmack, Geh. Reg. Rath

Prof. Dr. L University of Berlin, Germany.

t Deceased.

Members. vii

3. Active Members.

Alleman, Gellert^ Swarthmore College,

Swarthmore, Pa.

Allen, George L 26 Westmoreland PL

Allison, James E Merchants' Laclede Bldg.

Allison, Nathaniel Humboldt Bldg.

Alt, Adolf 316 Metropolitan Bldg.

Altheimer, Benjamin 4349 Westminster PI.

Ameiss, F. C 3906 Olive St.

Ammerman, Charles McKinley High School.

Arbuckle, James Stock Exchange Bldg.

Armbruster, Wm. J 3622 Shenandoah St.

Bagby, Julian^ New Haven, Mo,

Bain, Samuel McCutchen^ .... University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tenn.

Baker, Robert H.^ University of Missouri,

Columbia, Mo.

Baldwin, Roger N 3739 Windsor PL

Barck, Carl Humboldt Bldg.

Barnard, George T> Vandeventer and Laclede Aves.

Barroll, Joseph R 4603 Berlin Ave.

Baskett, James Newton 5910 Etzel Ave.

Baumgarten, Walter Humboldt Bldg.

Bay, J. Christian^ Crerar Library, Chicago, 111.

Beckwith, Thomas^ Charleston, Mo.

Beede, J. W.^ 822 Hunter Ave.,

Bloomington, Ind.

Bemis, S. A Fourth and Poplar Sts,

Bender, Cloyd Raymond^ 307 Glen Ave.,

Council Bluffs, Iowa.

Berninghaus, J. A Central National Bank.

Bessey, Charles Edwin^ University of Nebraska,

Lincoln, Neb.

Bessey, Ernst A.^ Michigan Agricultural College,

East Lansing, Mich.

Blair, V. P Metropolitan Bldg.

Blankinship, .Joseph William.\ 2329 Carlton St.,

Berkeley, Cal.

* Non-resident.

viii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Blewett, Ben Ninth and Locust Sts.

Bock, George W 2904 Allen Ave.

Borgmeyer, Charles J St. Louis University.

Bostwick, Arthur E 4654 Berlin Ave.

Bradshaw, Preston J Liggett Bldg.

Brandenburger, Louis A 3614 Cleveland Ave.

Brandenburger, W. A 1406 Syndicate Trust Bldg.

Branner, J. C.^ Stanford University, Cal.

Brannon, Melvin A.^ University of North Dakota,

Grand Forks, N. Dak.

Brennan, Martin S 6304 Minnesota Ave.

Brimmer, George G 6900 Michigan Ave.

Britton, F. H.^ Kirkwood, Mo.

Brock^ James E Mississippi Valley Trust Co.

Brockman, F. W 3710 N. Grand Ave.

Brookings, Robert S 5125 Lindell Boul.

Brookmire, James H 315 North Fourth St.

Brown, Arthur A 4023 West Pine Boul.

Brown, Daniel S 2212 DeKalb St.

Brown, Willi 5351 Waterman Ave.

Browne, Clarence 1 4630a Delmar Ave.

Buckley, Ernest Robertson^ . . 1364 Peoples Gas Bldg.,

Chicago, 111.

Buehler, H. A.^ Holla, Mo.

Burg, William 4323 Washington Boul.

Burnett, E. C .University Club.

Busch, Adolphus Busch PI.

Busch, Aug. A Busch PI.

Bush, Benjamin Franklin^ . . . Courtney, Mo.

Butler, William M Yeatman High School.

Cale, George W., Jr 12 Lennox PI.

Campbell, James A Mermod Jaccard Bldg.

Carleton, Murray 1135 Washington Ave.

Carpenter, George 0 12 Portland PI.

Carr, Peyton T 62 Vandeventer PI.

Carter, Howard^ Webster Groves, Mo,

Carver, George Washington^ . . Tuskegce, Ala.

Caspari, Charles E 4060 Westminster PI.

Catlin, Daniel Security Bldg.

Chambers, C. 0 Missouri Botanical Garden.

Members. ix

Chappell, W. G Buckingham Club.

Chenery, Winthrop Holt Washington University.

Christie, Harvey L 5544 Cabanne PI.

Clarke, Enos' Kirkwood, Mo.

Clopton, Malvern B Humboldt Bldg.

Cole, John J 316 South Seventh St.

Colnon, R. S 506 Merchants' Laclede Bldg,

Conzelman, Theophilus 5260 Washington Boul.

Cook, Abraham 4208 Pine St.

Cook, Francis E 4398e Olive St.

Cook, Isaac T Chemical Bldg.

Cook, Jerome E 4254 Lindell Boul.

Coulter, Samuel M Washington University.

Craig, Moses Missouri Botanical Garden.

Cramer, Gustav Care Cramer Dry Plate Co.

Crandall, George C 3674 Lindell Boul.

Crawford, Hanford 4442 Lindell Boul.

Crecelius, Elyse C 1110 Dillon St.

Crook, A. R.i State Natural History Museum,.

Springfield, IlL

Cupples, Samuel 3673 Pine St.

Curley, Francis E. A 6143 Berlin Ave.

Curtis, Chester B Central High School.

Curtis, William S AVashington University.

Dameron, Edward CaswelP .... Clarksville, Mo.
Danforth, Charles H Washington University,

Medical Department.

Davis, Dwight F 220 Security Bldg.

Davis, H. N 56 Vandeventer PI.

Davis, John D 815 Merchants' Laclede Bldg.

Dean, George R^ Rolla, Mo.

Densford, H. E.^ Kirkwood, Mo.

Dewey, Lyster H.^ 4612 Ninth St., N. W.,

Washington, D. Cl

Dieckmann, Charles A 2816 Potomac St.

Diehm, Ferdinand 6175 Kingsbury PI.

Doan, George P 42 Portland PI.

Dock, George AVashington University

Medical Department.
Dorsett, Walter B Lin mar Bldg.

X Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Dougan, Lewis M Shaw School.

Drosten, F. W 2011 Park Ave.

Drushel, J. A Teachers' College.

Duncan, John H Humboldt Bldg.

Duncan, M. E 4630 Lindell Boul.

Duncker, Charles H 3636 Page Ave.

Ebeling, A. W.^ Warrenton, Mo.

Eberle, E. G.^ 416 Jackson St., Dallas, Texas.

Eimbeck, August F.^ New Haven, Mo.

Eliot, Edward C 5468 Maple Ave.

Emerson, John B Syndicate Trust Bldg.

Emmel, Victor E Washington University,

Medical Department.

Engler, Edmund Arthur Washington University.

Ericson, Eric John 1420 Clara Ave.

Erker, Adolph P 604 Olive St.

Espenschied, Charles 3500 AVashington Ave.

Euston, Alexander 3730 Lindell Boul.

Evers, Edward 1861 North Market St.

Ewing, Arthur E 5956 West Cabanne PL

Farr, Henry V 4916 Labadie Ave.

Fawcett, H. S.^ State Commission of Horticul-
ture, Sacramento^ Cal.

Ferriss, James H.^ Joliet, 111.

Filley, John D 40 Westmoreland PL

Fischel, Walter 5284 Westminster PL

Fischel, Washington E Humboldt Bldg.

Fish, E. R 2449 E. Marcus Ave.

Floyd, B. F.^ Gainesville, Fla.

Fordyce, John R.^ 2223 Louisiana St.,

Little Rock, Ark.

Fordyce, S. W 21 Washington Terrace.

Francis, David R 4421 Maryland Ave.

Franck, Charles H Liggett Bldg.

French, George Hazen^ Carbondale, 111.

Frerichs, Frederick W 4320 Washington Boul.

Frick, John Henry^ AVarrenton, Mo.

Fruth, Otto J 3060 Hawthorne Boul.

Fry, Frank R 4609 McPherson Ave.

Fuhrmann, Richard H 3221 California Ave.

Members. xi

Fullgraf, Charles W 7077 Pernod Ave.

Funkhouser, Robert Monroe . . 4354 Olive St.

Garman, Harrison'^ Lexington, Ky.

Geeks, Frank 3453 Magnolia Ave.

Geitz, H. A.^ 17 West End Ave.,

Rockaway Park, Long Island,

N. Y.

Gellhorn, George Metropolitan Bldg.

Gifford, William L. R Mercantile Library.

Gill, Charles M Teachers' College.

Gillette, C. P.^ Fort Collins, Colo.

Glasgow, Frank A 3894 Washington Ave.

Glazebrook, Thomas B 1606 Pine St.

Goldstein, Max A 3858 Westminster PI.

Goltra, Edward F 4416 Lindell Boul.

Goodman, Charles H 4500 Olive St.

Gratz, Benjamin Rialto Bldg.

Graves, William W Metropolitan Bldg.

Green, John 2670 Washington Ave.

Greene, F. C, Jr.^ Rolla, Mo.

Greer, E. 0 2750 Park Ave.

Greger, Darling Kennett^. ., .Westminster College,

Fulton, Mo.

Gregg, Cecil D 920 Market St.

Grindon, Joseph 3894 Washington Ave.

Gundelach, William J 4937 Forest Park Boul.

Gundlach, John H 3615 North Broadway.

Guthrie, Robert J Pierce Bldg.

Guy, William E 10 Portland PL

Haarstick, Henry C St. Louis Union Trust Bldg.

Hall, Fred B 4579 Morgan St.

Hambach, Gustav' Herford, Westphalia, Germany.

Hard, M. E.^ Kirkwood, Mo.

Harder, Ulrich 8015 Florissant Ave.

Harms, L. A. P.^ Kirkwood, Mo.

Harris, James Arthur^ Station for Experimental Evo-
lution, Cold Spring Harbor,
Long Island, N. Y.

- Elected a life-member January 3, 1882.

xii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Hartmann, Rudolph 3859 Flora Boul.

Hecker, Fredrick^ Argyle Bldg.,

Kansas City, Mo.

Held, George A International Bank.

Hendrich, Walter F 6228 Washington Boul.

Herf, Oscar 48 Gay Bldg.

Hidden, Edward Commonwealth Trust Bldg.

Hill, Charles Van Dyke Third National Bank Bldg.

Hoffman, Philip 3657 Delmar Ave.

Hoke, William E 304 North Third St.

Holman, C. L 716 Locust St.

Holmes, J. A Tenth and Spruce Sts.

Hough, Warwick 5884 Gates Ave.

Houwink, J. J Delmar Bldg.

Hughes, Charles Hamilton .... ^Metropolitan Bldg.

Hughes, Marc Ray Metropolitan Bldg.

Hume, H. Harold^ Glen St. Mary, Fla.

Hurter, Julius 2346 South Tenth St.

Hus, Henri Th. A.^ University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, Mich.
Huttig, Charles H Third National Bank.

Ilhardt, William K Euclid and Delmar Aves.

Irish, Henry C Missouri Botanical Garden.

Jensen, L. P Busch PI.

Johnson, Albert L.^ Mutual Life Insurance Bldg.,

Buffalo, N. Y.

Jonas, Ernest 465 North Taylor Ave.

Jones, Breckenridge 45 Portland PI.

Jones, Robert McKittrick 6 Westmoreland PI.

Kammerer, Alfred L Tower Grove and Flad Aves.

Keiser, Edward H AVashington University.

Keller Joseph M 3712 AVestminster PI.

Kennett, Luther M 3507 Lucas Ave.

Kessler, George E 529 Frisco Bldg.

Kessler, J. J 224 South Vandeventer Ave.

Keyes, Charles R.^ 944 Fifth St., Des Moines, la.

Kinealy, John H 503 Granite Bldg.

Kins, Goodman 78 Vandeventer PI.

Kinsella, W. J 4422 Lindell Boul.

Members. xiii

Kirchner, Walter C. G 1127 North Grand Ave.

Klem, Mary J 3133 Nebraska Ave.

Knapp, H. P Eighteenth and Olive Sts.

Knight, H. F 4433 Westminster PL

Knight, S. S 6700 Manchester Ave.

La Brie, Joseph Damas 404 Houston St.,

Kansas City, Mo.

Lang, George, Jr 3601 Salena St.

Langsdorf , Alexander S Washington University.

Larkin, E. H 109 St. George St.

Leavitt, Sherman^ Illinois College,

Jacksonville, 111.

Lee, James S City Hall.

Lefevre, George^ University of Missouri,

Columbia, Mo.

Letterman, George W.^ Allenton, Mo.

Le Van, W. C.^ 116 Taylor Ave.,

Kirkwood, Mo.

Lewis, E. G.^ University City, Mo.

Lichter, John J 1740 Simpson PL

Lloyd, Francis Ernest^ Alabama Polytechnic Institute,

Auburn, Ala.

Lloyd, Hiram Odd Fellows' Bldg.

Loeb, Hanau Wolf Humboldt Bldg.

Loeb, Leo St. Louis Skin and Cancer Hos-
pital.

Luedde, William H Metropolitan Bldg.

Lukens, C. DeWitt 4908 Laclede Ave.

Lutz, Frank J Josephine Hospital.

MacDougal, D. T.^ Tucson, Ariz.

Mack, Charles Jacob 113 North Broadway.

Mallinckrodt, Edward, Jr Mallinckrodt Chemical Works.

Mardorf, W. C 2136 South Grand Ave.

Markham, George Dickson . . . 4961 Berlin Ave.

Mason, Silas C.^ R. F. D. No. 1, Bethesda, Md

Matthews, Leonard 5447 Cabanne PL

Mauran, John Lawrence 1620 Chemical Bldg.

McBride, W. J.^ Haskell & Barker Car Co.,

Michigan City, Ind.
McCourt, Walter Edward Washington University.

xiv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

McCubbin, J. B ' Metropolitan Bldg.

McCulloch, Richard 3869 Park Ave.

McCulloch, Robert 3869 Park Ave.

McKittrick, Thomas H 911 Washington Ave.

McLeod, N. W Lumbermen's Bldg.

Meier, Theodore G 5220 Washington Boul.

Mesker, Frank 421 South Sixth St.

Meyer, Jesse S 3894 Washington Boul.

Michael, Elias Rice, Stix Dry Goods Co.

Middlcton, Thomas^ Webster Groves, Mo.

Mitchell, E. T.^ 7730 Jeanette St.,

New Orleans, La.

Monell, Joseph T 3454 Halliday Ave.

Moore, George T Missouri Botanical Garden.

Moore, Philip N Merchants' Laclede Bldg.

Moore, Robert 61 Vandeventer PI.

Morfit, John Campbell 3534 Washington Ave.

Morrison, Gilbert B McKinley High School.

Morse, Sidney^ University City, Mo.

Mudd, Harvey G 408 Humboldt Bldg.

Mueller, Ambrose^ W^ebster Groves, Mo.

Mumford, Frederick B.^ Columbia, Mo.

Nagel, Charles 3726 Washington Boul.

Nasse, August 2323 Lafayette Ave.

Nauer, Albert R 4634 Nebraska Ave.

Nicolaus, Henry 2149 South Grand Ave.

Nipher, Francis E Washington University.

Nisbet, Fritz 611 Locust St.

Noel, Alexander H 1323 Geyer Ave.

Nolker, William H Fifteenth and Pine Sts.

Norvell, Saunders LaSalle Bldg.

Ohlweiler, W. W 4026a Shenandoah Ave.

Olshausen, Ernest P 1115 Rutger St.

Opie, Eugene L Washington University,

Medical Department.

O'Reilly, Andrew J 1720 Pierce Bldg.

O'Reilly, Robert J 27 Washington Terrace.

Padbcrg. Aloys J 8900a Easton Ave.

Palmer, Ernest Jesse* 321 S. Allen St.,

Webb City, Mo.

Members. xv

Pammel, Louis Hermann^ .... Ames, Iowa.

Pantaleoni, Guido 15 Lennox PL

Parker, George Ward^ 45 Broadway, New York City.

Parker, L. S.^ Jefferson City, Mo.

Payne, E. G Teachers' College.

Pennock, C. J.^ Kennett Square,

Chester Co., Pa.

Perkins, Albert T 401 North Fourth St.

Pettus, Charles P 33 Westmoreland PI.

Pettus, W. H. H 4373 Westminster PI.

Pitzman, Julius 1900 South Compton Ave.

Plant, Frederick S 802 North Main St.

Plass, Ada E 3248 Copelin Ave.

Post, Martin Hayward 5371 Waterman Ave.

Priest, Henry Samuel New National Bank of Com-
merce Bldg.

Prynne, Charles Martyn Century Bldg.

Pyle, Lindley 6116 Washington Boul.

Randolph, Tom 7 Kingsbury PI.

Rassieur, Leo Fourth and Market Sts.

Rathmann, Charles G 3886 Hartford St.

Rau, Philip 4932 Botanical Ave.

Ravold, Amand 5248 Vernon Ave.

Reber, H. Linton Kinloch Bldg.

Reber, Maxime 301 New City Hall.

Reed, George M.^ 809 Virginia Ave.,

Columbia, Mo.

Reller, A. H 24 Gast PI.

Ricker, Maurice^ 1039 Nineteenth St.

Des Moines, Iowa.

Robarts, Heber 5899 Gates Ave.

Robbins, Walter 6400 Plymouth Ave.

Roever, William Henry Washington University.

Rolfs, F. M.^ Mountain Grove, Mo.

Rolfs, Peter H.^ Gainesville, Fla.

Rose, Hugh B 401 North Fourth St.

Rosenwald, Lucian^ 412 Delaware St.,

Kansas City, Mo.

Rowse, E. C Chemical Bldg.

Ruf, Frank A 5863 Cabanne PI.

xvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Rusch, Henri City Hall.

Ryan, Frank K Times Bldg.

Sampson, C. L 3029 Eads Ave.

Sampson, Francis A.^ Columbia, Mo.

Sargent, Charles Sprague^ Jamaica Plains, Mass.

Sauer, William E Humboldt Bldg.

Scanlan, Philip C 4450 Lindell Boul.

Schisler, Edwin 2600 South Grand Ave.

Schlueter, Robert E 909 Park Ave.

Schmidt, Louis Franklin Bank.

Schnell, L. W 4541 Varrelmann St.

Schramm, Jacob Missouri Botanical Garden,

Von Schrenk, Hermann Tower Grove and Flad Aves,

Schrowang, Otto Panama Bldg.

Schuricht, A. G 3236 Lafayette Ave.

Schwarz, Ernest 6310 Newstead Ave.

Schwarz, Frank 1813 Lafayette Ave.

Schwarz, Henry 440 North Newstead Ave.

Schwarz, Herman' 720 Clark Ave.,

Webster Groves, Mo,

Schweyer, George 4252 Blaine Ave.

See, Thomas Jefferson Jackson^Naval Observatory,

Mare Island, Cal.
Selby, Augustine Dawson^. . . .Wooster, Ohio.

Senseney, E. M 5738 Clemens Ave.

Senter, Charles Parsons 1 Beverly PI.

Sexton, L, J Madison School.

Shaffer, Philip A Washington University,

Medical Department,

Shahan. William E 5234a Morgan St.

Shannon, James I St. Louis University.

Shapleigh, Alfred Lee 3636 Delmar Ave.

Shapleigh, John B Humboldt Bldg.

Sheldon, F. E Chemical Bldg.

Shepley, John F 50 Vandeventer PI.

Shimek, B.^ Iowa City, Iowa.

Shoemaker, William Alfred . . . 4386 Westminster PI.

Shutt, C. H Metropolitan Bldg.

Simmons, E. C Ninth and Spruce Sts.

Simmons, Wallace D Ninth and Spruce Sts,

Members. xvii

Skinker, Thomas K Pierce Bldg.

Sluder, Greenfield 3542 Washington Ave.

Smith, Artliur George^ Iowa City, Iowa.

Smith, D. S. H 4388 Westminster PL

Smith, George M Washington University,

Medical Department.

Smith, Irwin Z 87 Vandeventer PL

Smith, Jared G.^ Kealakekua, Hawaiian Islands.

Spencer, H. N 2725 Washington Ave.

Standley, Paul C.^ Division of Plants, National

Museum, Washington, D. C.

Starkloff, H. M 3623 Cleveland Ave.

Starr, John E.^ 50 Church St., New York City.

Staudinger, B 3556 Lindell Boul.

Stelzleni, G. M 1215 North Grand Ave.

Stennett, W. H.^ 203 Linden Ave., Oak Park,

Cook Co., 111.

Stevens, Charles D 948 Laurel Ave.

Stevens, Wyandotte James .... 4448 Olive St.

Stinde, George C 5146 McPherson Ave.

Stix, Charles A Stix, Baer & Fuller Dry Goods

Company.

Stocker, George J 2833 South Kingshighway Bl.

Strecker, John K., Jr.^ Baylor University, Waco, Tex.

Sultan, Fred W 112 North Second St.

Summa, Hugo Metropolitan Bldg.

Stippan, Leo 2648 Russell Ave.

Taussig, William 3447. Lafayette Ave.

Terry, Robert James Washington University,

Medical Department.

Thacher, Arthur 5185 Lindell Boul.

Thomas, John R 4128 Washington Boul.

Thomasson, Hugh W Grand and Delmar Aves.

Thompson, Charles Henry. . .Missouri Botanical Garden.
Thompson, Frank C.^ 522 Big Bend Road,

Webster Groves, Mo.

Thompson, Henry C, Jr 4642 Cook Ave.

Thurman, John S 521 North Taylor Ave.

Timmerman, Arthur H 6400 Plymouth Ave.

Tittmann, Harold H 5024 Westminster PI.

Todd, Charles A 3723 Delmar Ave.

xviii Trains. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Trelease, William Missouri Botanical Garden.

Tuholske, Herman 465 North Taylor Ave.

Turner, Charles- H Sumner High School.

Turner, Wilson P. H 411 Olive St.

Tuttle, Daniel S 74 Vandeventer PL

Van Ornum, John Lane Washington University.

Vickroy, Wilhelm Pees 2901 Rauschenbach Ave.

Walbridge, C. P Fourth and Market Sts.

Waldo, C. A Washington University.

Wallace, G. W.* 532 Lee Ave.,

Webster Groves, Mo.

Walsh, Julius S Fourth and Pine Sts.

Watts, Millard F 5740 Cabanne PI.

Weichsel, Hans 6400 Plymouth Ave.

Weiss, Adolph M 421 North Fourth St.

Wells, Rolla 4228 Lindell Boul.

Werner, Louis Fullerton Bldg.

Werner, Percy 5505 Gates Ave.

Wheeler, H. A 3439 Lucas Ave.

Whelpley, Henry Milton 2342 Albion PL

Whitaker, Edwards 300 North Fourth St.

Whitelaw, George G 5825 Gates Ave.

Whitelaw, Oscar L 409 North Second St.

Whitten, John Charles^ Columbia, Mo.

Widmann, Otto 5105 Morgan St.

Wiedemann, H. E 721 Holland Bldg.

Wielandy, Paul J Sixteenth and Locust Sts.

Wiener, Meyer 3854 Westminster PI.

Wiggins, Charles 32 Vandeventer PL

Wilson, M. E Washington University.

Winkelmeyer, Christopher 4585 West Pine St.

Wislizenus, Frederick A Washin.gton University.

Witt, Thomas D 4374 Laclede Ave.

Wolf, Alexander S Century Bldg.

Wolfner, Henry L 4563 Forest Park BouL

Woodward, Calvin Milton 3013 Hawthorne BouL

AVoodward, Walter B AVoodward & Tiernan Ptg. Co.

Wright, George M 4457 Westminster PL

Zahorsky, John 1460 South Grand Ave.

Zellweger, John 1900 Adelaide Ave.

ABSTRACT OF HISTORY.

ORGANIZATION.

The Academy of Science of St. Louis was organized on
the 10th of March, 1856, in the hall of the Board of Public
Schools. Dr. George Engelmann was the first President.

CHAETER.

On the 17th of January following, a charter incorporat-
ing the Academy was signed and approved, and this was
accepted by a vote of the Academy on the 9th of February,
1857.

OBJECTS.

The act of incorporation declares the object of the
Academy to be the advancement of science and the estab-
lishment in St. Louis of a museum and library for the
illustration and study of its various branches, and pro-
vides that the members shall acquire no individual prop-
erty in the real estate, cabinets, library, or other of its
effects, their interest being merely usufructuary.

The constitution as adopted at the organization meet-
ing and amended at various times subsequently, provides
for holding meetings for the consideration and discussion
of scientific subjects ; taking measures to procure original
papers upon such subjects; the publication of transac-
tions ; the establishment and maintenance of a cabinet of
objects illustrative of the several departments of science
and a library of works relating to the same; and the
establishment of relations with other scientific institu-
tions. To encourage and promote special investigation
in any branch of science, the formation of special sections
under the charter is provided for.

XX Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louis.

MEMBERSHIP.

Members are classified as active members, correspond-
ing members, honorary members and patrons. Active
membership is limited to persons interested in science,
though they need not of necessity be engaged in scientific
work, and they alone conduct the affairs of the Academy,
under its constitution. Persons not living in the city or
county of St. Louis who are disposed to further the
objects of the Academy, by original researches, contribu-
tions of specimens, or otherwise, are eligible as corre-
sponding members. Persons not living in the city or
county of St. Louis are eligible as honorary members by
virtue of their attainments in science. Any person con-
veying to the Academy the sum of one thousand dollars
or its equivalent becomes eligible as a patron.

Under the By-Laws, resident active members pay an
initiation fee of five dollars and annual dues of six dollars.
Non-resident active members pay the same initiation fee,
but annual dues of three dollars only. Patrons and
honorary and corresponding members are exempt from
the -payment of dues. Each patron and active member
not in arrears is entitled to one copy of each publication
of the Academy issued after his election.

Since the organization of the Academy, 1,307 persons
have been elected to active membership, of whom, on
December 31, 1911, 425 were carried on the list. Six
patrons, Mr. Edwin Harrison, Mrs. Eliza McMillan, Mr.
William Northrop McMillan, Mr. Henry W. Eliot, Mr.
William Keeney Bixby and Mr. Edward Mallinckrodt,
have been elected. Elections to honorary membership
number 19 (page vi), and 226 persons (Vol. X., p. xii)
have been elected to corresponding membership.

OFFICERS AND MANAGEMENT.

The officers, who are chosen from the active members,
consist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Recording
and Corresponding Secretaries, Treasurer, Librarian,

Abstract of History.

XXI

three Curators and two Directors. The general business
management of the Academy is vested in a Council com-
posed of the officers.

The office of President has been filled by the following
well-known citizens of St. Louis, nearly all of whom have
been eminent in some line of scientific work: George
Engelmann, Benjamin F. Shumard, Adolphus Wislizenus,
Hiram A. Prout, John B. Johnson, James B. Eads, Wil-
liam T. Harris, Charles V. Riley, Francis E. Nipher,
Henry S. Pritchett, John Green, Melvin L. Gray, Ed-
mund A. Engler, Robert Moore, Henry W. Eliot, Edwin
Harrison, Adolf Alt, Calvin M. Woodward, and William
Trelease.

MEETIlSrGS. '

The regular meetings of the Academy are held at its
building, 3817 Olive Street, at 8 o'clock, on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month, a recess being
taken between the meeting on the first Monday in June
and the meeting on the third Monday in October. These
meetings, to which interested persons are always wel-
come, are devoted in part to the reading of technical
papers designed for publication in the Academy's Trans-
actions, and in part to the presentation of more popular
abstracts of recent investigation or progress. From time
to time public lectures, calculated to interest a larger
audience, are provided for in some suitable hall.

The following dates for regular meetings for the year
1912 have been fixed by the Council ;

Jan

Feb

Mar

April

May

June

Oct

Nov

Dec

5

4

1

6

3

4

o

15

19

18

15

20

21

18

16

xxii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

LIBEAEY.

After its organization, the Academy met in Pope's
Medical College, where a creditable beginning bad been
made toward the formation of a museum and library,
until May, 1869, when the building and museum were
destroyed by fire, the library being saved. The library
now contains about 18,500 books and 16,000 pamphlets,
and is open during certain hours of the day for consulta-
tion by members and persons engaged in scientific work.

PUBLICATIONS AND EXCHANGES.

Twenty octavo volumes of Transactions have been
published since the organization of the Academy, and
widely distributed. Two quarto publications have also
been issued: one from the Archaeological Section, being
a contribution to the archaeology of Missouri, and the
other a report of the observations made by the Washing-
ton University Eclipse Party of 1889. The Academy
now stands in exchange relations with 415 institutions or
organizations of aims similar to its own.

MUSEUM.

After the loss of its first museum, in 1869, the Acad-
emy lacked adequate room for the arrangement of a
public museum, and, although small museum accessions
were received and cared for, its main effort, of necessity,
was concentrated on the holding of meetings, the forma-
tion of a library, the publication of worthy scientific mat-
ter, and the maintenance of relations with other scientific
bodies.

The Museum is at present located on the third floor
of the Academy Building and has in it a number of
specimens illustrating the various branches of natural
science, among which may be mentioned the Yandell Col-
lection of fossils, a collection of some 600 exotic butter-
flies, a collection of Mound Builder pottery and skulls
from near New Madrid, Mo., and a collection of 25
meteorites. Our material forms but a nucleus of a
museum which the Academy hopes to establish — a
museum which we trust will be of benefit to the public
and to the educational institutions of the city.

EECORD.

From January 1 to December 31, 1911.

The following list of papers were presented at the meet-
ings during this period :

January 16, 1911 :

Francis E. Nipher. — Nature of an Electric Dis-
charge.
(Published in Transactions of The Academy of Science
of St. Louis, Vol. XX, No. 1, 1911.)

February 6, 1911 :

William Trelease. — An Account of the Desert Genus
Nolina.

(A partial progress report on a study, the results of which
in full were published under the title, "The Desert
Group Nolineae," in the Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society, Vol. L, 1911.)

February 20, 1911 :

James Newton Baskett. — Some Delusions Concern-
ing the Economic Value of Birds.

(Published in Scientific American, Vol. CIII, Nov. 12, 1910.)

March 6, 1911 :

Malcolm E. Wilson. — Some Geological Features in
the Yellowstone National Park.

March 20, 1911 :

J. Andrew Drushel. — Studies in Glacial Geology in
Saint Louis and Vicinity.

(Published in Transactions of The Academy of Science
of St. Louis, Vol. XX, No. 3, 1911.)

Francis E. Nipher. — An Interesting Optical Illusion.
(Published in Proceedings of The American Philosophical

Society, Vol. L, 1911.)

xxiv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

April 3, 1911 :

Leo Loeb. — The Parthenogenetic Development of the
Ova in the Mammalian Ovary.

(Published in Archiv fiir Entwicklungsmechanik, Bd.
XXXII, Nov. 21, 1911, and in Zeitschrift fiir Krebs-
forschung, Bd. XI, Sept. 2, 1911.)

H. A. Wheeler. — Oil Fields in Illinois.

(Published 1911.)

Edmund A. Engler. — Fignrate Numbers.

(Published in Transactions of The Academy of Science
of St. Louis, Vol. XX, No. 4, 1911.)

April 17, 1911 :

C. A. Waldo. — The London Tubes.

May 1, 1911 :

Thomas J. J. See. — Eecent Discoveries in Cosmog-
ony.

(Published in Scientia, Milan, Jan., 1912.)

May 15, 1911:

Henri T. A. Hus. — The Origin of Species in Nature.

(Published in American Naturalist, Vol. XLV, Nov., 1911.)

June 5, 1911 :

0. M. Woodward. — The Theory of an Air Propeller
with Haelicoidal Blades.

(Published in Applied Mechanics, 1912.)

George A. Lindsay. — The Annual Eainfall and Tem-
perature of the United States.

October 16, 1911:

Francis E. Nipher. — Electricity and Matter.

November 6, 1911 :

J. J. Kessler. — Interpolation Method of Oil Analysis.

(Published in Journal of Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry, Feb., 1911.)

Record. xxv

November 20, 1911 ;

James F. Abbott. — An Examination of Poulton's
Theory of Mimicry.

December 4, 1911 :

William H. Roever. — The Southerly Deviation of
Falling Bodies.

(Published in Transactions of The American Mathematical
Society, Vol. XII, No. 3, 1911.)

W. A. MuERiLL. — Experiences Collecting Fungi in
Many Lands.

December 18, 1911 :

Chas. H. Thompson. — Interesting Hybrids.

Francis E. Nipher. — Electric Experiments in the
Study of Solutions.

William Trelease. — Mistletoes of North America.

xxvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Meeting of January 16, 1911.

The Academy of Science of St. Louis met in the Acad-
emy Building, 3817 Olive Street, at 8 p. m., January 16,
1911; President Trelease in the chair; attendance 15.

The President delivered his address as President of the
Academy for the year 1910.^

The Treasurer's report for the year 1910 was sub-
mitted.^

The report of the Curators for 1910 was read.^

The report of the Librarian for 1910 was presented.^

The report of the Entomological Section was sub-
mitted.'^

The Nominating Commitee reported the results of the
election of officers for 1911, as follows :

President William Trelease

First Vice-President D. S. H. Smith

Second Vice-President P. E. Nipher

Recording Secretary Walter E. McCourt

Corresponding Secretary. Geo. T. Moore

Treasurer H. E. Wiedemann

Librarian Wm. L. R. Gifford

Curators Julius Hurter

Joseph Grindon
Philip Rau

Directors Otto Widmann

Adolf Alt

Professor F. E. Nipher spoke of his latest experiments
on the Nature of the Electric Discharge.

Mr. E. E. Fish and Dr. Alexander S. Wolf were elected
to membership.

Febeuary 6, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 31.
Professor William Trelease gave an account of "The
Desert Genus Nolina/' illustrated with lantern slides.

•Transactions, Vol. XIX, page xxxvi.

* Transactions, Vol. XIX, page rxxviii.
■ Transactions, Vol. XIX, page xxxix.

* Transactions, Vol. XIX, page xxxix.
^Transactions, Vol. XIX, page xxxix.

Record. xxvii

Messrs. James S. Lee and L. S. Parker were elected to
membership.

Februaey 20, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 45.

Mr. James Newton Baskett addressed the Academy on
''Some! Delusions Concerning the Economic Value of
Birds."

The following were elected to membership: J. C. Bran-
ner, James E. Brock, Leo Loeb, A. G. Sehuricht and Geo.
W. Wallace.

March 6, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 47.

Mr. Malcolm E. Wilson gave an illustrated account of
''Some Geological Features in the Yellowstone National
Park."

Mr. Geo. G. Whitelaw was elected to membership.

March 20, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 50.

Mr. J. Andrew Drushel gave an illustrated account of
his "Studies in Glacial Geology in St. Louis and Vicin-
ity."

Professor F. E. Nipher spoke on "An Interesting Opti-
cal Illusion."

Mr. C. L. Sampson was elected to membership.

The death of Professor J. W. Van't Hoff, an honorary
member, and of Dr. Wm. B. Outten, an active member,
was announced.

Aprh. 3, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 30.

Dr. Leo Loeb presented a paper entitled "The Parthe-
nogenetic Development of the Ova in the Mammalian
Ovary. ' '

Mr. H. A. Wheeler spoke on the "Oil Fields of Illi-
nois."

Dr. Edmund A. Engler presented a paper entitled "Fig-
nrate Numbers."

xxviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

The death of Judge Wilbur F. Boyle and of Dr. Noah
M. Glatfelter was announced.

Apeil 17, 1911.

Vice-President Nipher in the chair; attendance 26.

Professor C. A. Waldo presented a paper, illustrated
by diagrams and sections, on "The London Tubes."

Messrs. Alexander H. Noel and L. J. Sexton were elect-
ed to membership.

May 1, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair ; attendance 150.

Professor Thomas Jefferson Jackson See, of the Naval
Observatory at Mare Island, California, delivered an ad-
dress on "Recent Discoveries in Cosmogony."

Mr. Hugh W. Thomasson was elected to membership.

May 15, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair ; attendance 30.

Mr. Henry W. Anderson read a paper by Mr. H. T. A.
Hus, of the University of Michigan, on "The Origin of
Species in Nature."

Mr. Adolphe M. Weiss was elected to membership.

The death of Professor Halsey Cooley Ives was re-
ported.

June 5, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair ; attendance 15.

Professor C. M. Woodward addressed the Academy on
"The Theory of an Air Propeller with Haelicoidal
Blades."

Mr. George A. Lindsay read a paper on "The Annual
Rainfall and Temperature of the United States."

October 16, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 45.
Dr. Adolf Alt presented to the museum a specimen of
Haliotis tuherctilata from California.

Record. xxix

Professor F. E. Niplier gave a most interesting lecture
on Electricity and Matter, reviewing his recent work on
the electric discharge.

The death of Professor Paul Schweitzer was reported.

November 6, 1911.

Vice-President Nipher in the chair; attendance 14.

Dr. J. J. Kessler presented a paper entitled "Interpola-
tion Method of Oil Analysis/'

The following were elected to membership: Elyse C.
Crecelius, B. F. Floyd, L. A. P. Harms, Frederick Hecker,
L. P. Jensen, S. S. Knight, Philip N. Moore, Frederick B.
Mumford, Francis A. Sampson, M. E. Wilson and Walter
B. Woodward.

The death of Professor Theodore Escherich, an honor-
ary member, and of Dr. Chas. H. Gundelach, an active
member, was reported.

NOVEMBEE 20, 1911.

Vice-President Nipher in the chair ; attendance 23.

Professor James F. Abbott presented an interesting
paper on "An Examination of Poulton's Theory of
Mimicry. ' '

The following were elected to membership: Eobert H.
Baker, F. C. Greene, Jr., Thomas K. Skinker, Joseph Da-
mas LaBrie, Ada E. Plass and George M. Smith.

December 4, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair; attendance 24.

Professor Wm. H. Eoever presented a paper on "The
Deviation of Falling Bodies."

Professor Murrill, of the New York Botanical Garden,
spoke of some of his experiences collecting Fungi in many
lands.

Mr. Frank Schwarz, Professor C. A. Waldo and Mr. J.
Andrew Drushel were elected to serve as a committee to
nominate officers for the year 1912.

XXX Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

December 18, 1911.

President Trelease in the chair ; attendance 48.

The St. Louis Chemical Society presented to the Acad-
emy a series of chemical publications. These were accept-
ed, and the Secretary authorized to communicate the
thanks of the Academy for the gift.

The following report from the Nominating Committee
was read:

St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 18. 1911.
Academy of Science of St. Louis,
St. Louis, Mo.

Gentlemen: —

The nominating committee, appointed at the meeting of December
4th, beg to submit the following nominees for oflBces for the year
1912:

For President Edmund A. Engler

For First Vice-President Francis E. Nipher

For Second Vice-President Arthur E. Ewing

For Recording Secretary M. E. Hard

For Corresponding Secretary George T. Moore

For Treasurer H. E. Wiedemann

For Librarian Wm. L. R. Gifford

For Curators Julius Hurter

Joseph Grindon
Phil Rau

For Directors Otto Wldmann

Adolf Alt

Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) F. SCHWARZ.

C. A. WALDO,
J. A. DRUSHEL.

Mr. C. H. Thompson exhibited and explained some very
interesting hybrids which he had been cultivating.

Professor F. E. Nipher gave a brief account of some re-
cent results obtained in electrical experiments in the study
of solutions.

Dr. Wm. Trelease presented in most interesting form
an illustrated account of the ''Mistletoes of North Amer-
ica."

Dr. Aloys J. Padberg was elected to membership.

The death of Mr. Edward S. Robert was reported.

Record. xxxi

reports of officers.

Peesident's Addeess.
Fellow Members:

The Academy closes Its fifty-fifth year with a record on which
we may exchange congratulations and from which we may learn
something.

Fifteen meetings have been held with an average attendance of
36. The papers presented have been of general and varied interest
covering the field of astronomy; botany — with analyses of certain
phases of evolution, hybridization and variation; chemistry; engineer-
ing; geology — including an important study of glaciation, and an
analysis of the petroleum supply of the country; mathematics; me-
teorology, comparatively treated; physics — along the line of electrical
experimentation and the mechanics of aviation; physiology; and
zoology — including economic ornithology and the interesting field of
mimetic variations. The Entomological Section has held five meet-
ings, with an average attendance of 11, in addition to those of the
Academy as a whole.

Though only six in number, the scientific brochures published
during the year have been of unusual interest: F. E. Nipher, The
Nature of the Electric Discharge; C. H. Thompson, Four New Plants
from Mexico; J. A. Drushel, Studies in Glacial Geology in St. Louis
and Vicinity; E. A. Engler, Figurate Numbers; Julius Hurter, The
Herpetology of Missouri, — an exhaustive monograph; and Philip Rau,
Sexual Selection Experiments on the Cecropia Moth, and Further
Observations on Copulation and Oviposltion in Samla cecropia, Linn>,
In addition to these papers, which, with the customary membership
roster, abstract of proceedings, etc. — soon to be issued — will form the
twentieth volume of the Academy's Transactions, a similar fascicle
complementary to the nineteenth volume was printed early in the
year.

Death has again claimed a large toll from the Academy's mem-
bership: Professors Escherich and Van't Hoff — honorary members;
and Judge W. F. Boyle, Dr. N. M. Glatfelter, Dr. Charles H. Gunde-
lach. Professor Halsey C. Ives, Dr. W. B. Outten, Mr. E. S. Robert,
and Professor Paul Schweitzer, — active members. The Academy
closes the year with two less active members than were carried on
the list at its beginning; but 425 active members are now enrolled.
Your continued interest is necessary if the membership is to be sus-
tained at this level — which is essential; energetic effort, if made, will
and should increase the membership to 500 in the year now opening.

In passing to another the responsibilities of an office with which
you have honored me for the past three years, I avail myself of this
opportunity to thank you collectively and individually for the per-
sonal co-operation and aid which alone have brought the Academy
to its present satisfactory condition as respect membership, productive

xxxii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Bclentific activity, eflBciency in the popular presentation of the achieve-
ments of science, and financial solvency. If I speak of the last named
topic, it is to bespeak for my successor in the presidency — long-tried
and never found wanting in the Academy's service — the same shoulder-
to-shoulder co-operation with which j'ou have favored me, in order that
our growing needs may be met by corresponding revenue, income and
output being now balanced. To his initiative, if you grant him this
support, we may safely look for an increase in the efficiency and use-
fulness of an institution which enjoys greater opportunities for use-
fulness today than when its founders organized it over half a century
ago, or at any period of its always honorable and useful career.

(Signed) William Tbelease,

President.

R-ecord. xxxiii

Teeasueer's Report.
Receipts.

Balance from 1910 $ 119.04

Dues from members 1,884.00

Rent from tenant societies 585.00

Telephone (Engineers' Club) 10.00

Academy's Transactions sold 98.33

Interest on balance, September, 1911 11.77

Julius Hurter (toward printing paper) 250.00

Refund from Laclede Gas Light Co .03

Income from endowment fund 809.34

Total reeeipts for the year $3,767.51

EXPENDITUBES.

Salaries $1,190.00

W?ter license 13.00

Gas and electric light 112.92

Fuel 255.69

Telephone 58.25

Printing '.. 1,526.69

Current expenses 416.12

Fire Insurance (5 years) 168.00

Total expenditures for the year $3,740.67

Balance December 31, 1911 26.84

$3,767.51
Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) H. E. Wiedemani?,

Treasurer.

xxxiv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

LiBEAEIAX's EePORT.

The Librarian reported that the accessions to the library for the
year 1911 by exchange with 114 home and 301 foreign societies
amounted to 634 volumes and 126 pamphlets, and by donation 78 vol-
umes and SO pamphlets.

The Transactions for the year were sent to 114 home and 301
foreign societies.

Cueatob's Eepoet.

The Curators reported that during the year donations were received
from:

Dr. Adolf Alt, a fine specimen of Haliotis tuierculata from Cali-
fornia.

Eepoet of the Extomological Sectiox.

Tuxedo Park, Dec. 31, 1911.
To The Academy of Science of St. Louis:

The Entomological Section has held five meetings during the year
1911.

The papers presented at these meetings were as fbllows:

Professor J. F. Abbott — ^An examination of Poulton's Theory of
Mimicry.

Hermann Schwarz — A collecting trip through St. Louis and Jeffer-
son Counties, Missouri.

Ernst Schwarz — The genus Catocala.

Philip Rau — Sexual selection In the Cecropla moth.

J. T. Monell — Abnormal Aphids.

The average attendance at these meetings was five members and
6lx visitors.

Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) Hebma^tx Schwabz.

Secretary.

Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis.

VOL. XX. Xo. 1.

NATURE OF THE ELECTRIC DISCHARGE.

FRANCIS E. NIPHER.

Issiied February 28, 1911.

PUBLICATIONS,

The following publicatiotis of the Academy aie offered for sale at the
net prices indicated. Applications should be addressed to The Librarian,
The Academy of Science of St. Louis, 3817 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo.

TRANSACTIONS (In octavo).

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Number.

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Continued on page 3 of Cover.

NATURE OF THE ELECTRIC DISCHARGE.
Francis E. Niphee.

In the former paper, published as No. 4 of Vol. XIX,
a reference to Figs. B and C of Plate XXV was made
on pp. 67-8. The arrangement of the circuit was as
shown in Fig. 2, p. 64, the copper plate having been
removed. Fig. 2 is here reproduced as Fig. 1, for fur-
ther reference.

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANJCAL

liAWDtiN.

The suggestion made in the former paper that oscilla-
tions played an important part in determining such
changes in form as are represented in Figs. B and C has
been given additional attention. Incidentally the effect
of such oscillations in promoting discharge is illustrated,
although this is a phenomenon which has long been
known.

Continued from Nos. 1 and 4, Vol. XIX. Presented before the Acad-
emy of Science of St. Louis, January 16th, 1911.

(1)

2 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Figs. A and B, Plate I, of this paper, have been pro-
duced in the same manner as Figs. B and C of the former
paper, excepting that the copper plate was not removed.
There was a small hole through the copper plate, which
permitted a small section of the positive column to pass
through, but this did not affect the form of that part of
the column which was cut off.

It appears from recent work that the form of the dis-
charge streamers across the main gap to the copper
plate or to the negative terminal, if the plate is removed,
is determined mainly by the width of the two gaps a and
a', in the approach lines. In these gaps there is a con-
tinuous surging to and fro of air molecules. It is evi-
dently a time alternation of convection and conduction
discharge. In the one case the negative corpuscles are
carried across the gap by super-charged molecules. This
is a dark discharge. When these molecules return they
have lost not only the excess but a part of their own
normal charges. They then form a conductor, through
which a luminous transfer by conduction takes place.
These vibrations show their presence by musical tones
of high pitch. The pitch of these notes rises as the gaps
a and a are made shorter. The sounds cease when these
gaps are closed. In Fig. A of Plate I, a minute gap of
less than a mm. existed in the negative approach line at
a. In B this gap was closed and a similar gap was made
at « in the positive line. In Fig. C, both gaps were
closed. In each case a flash light was used at the end of
a five-minute exposure, in order to secure an image of the
knobs. The diameter of the knobs was 1.8 cm.

AVhen both gaps a and a are closed and the lines lead-
ing from the machine terminals to the main gap are
metallic throughout, as in Fig. C of Plate I, an active
negative glow exists in front of the negative knob. The
mica windmill, described in the last paper, shows that the
air is being urged across the dark space to the copper
plate. In the gap between the copper-plate and the posi-
tive knob, there were no luminous streamers, but they

Nipher — Nature of the Electric Discharge. 3

formed when the windmill was placed in this gap, and a
faint motion of the air towards the copper plate was then
shown by the windmill.^

In Fi^. C, a strongly marked glow is shown on the
surface of the positive knob. It covers the hemisphere
which faces the copper plate. This glow differs from
the negative glow at the other knob. It gives the front
of the knob the appearance of being at a red heat. Scin-
tillations are occasionallv visible over this luminous sur-
face. They are perhaps the beginnings of drainage
streamers. It seems evident that air molecules in con-
tact with this luminous part of the knob are delivering
corpuscles to the knob, but the drainage luminescence
does not extend beyond the layer in close contact with
the knob. If the contacts at either a or 'a are disturbed
so that any luminous effects exist at these gaps, this posi-
tive glow partly ,or wholly disappears and one or more
luminous streamers shoot out from the positive knob, as
in Fig. A. The drainage inflow to the positive terminal
is then through and along these conducting channels. If
the gap at a in the positive line is slightly increased in
length, the luminous streamers appear in arc-like forms
from points around the central line of discharge, as is
seen in Fig. B. These streamers are continually vibrat-
ing as is the case when convection and conduction winds
in opposite directions exist side by side. Fig. B of Plate
I shows that these luminous conduction streamers have
their origin at the positive knob, in zones which are con-
centric with the central axis through the two knobs. In
the air around the discharge gap, these streamers appar-
ently lie in co-axial cones, having dark spaces sandwiched
between them. In these dark spaces the air is evidently
drifting towards the positive knob, and into the luminous
streamers on either side, where the conduction transfer
is taking place, and where the air molecules are moving
away from the positive knob. The action is similar to

1 The front edge of the plate is not in focus, and its image is rather
imperfectly reproduced in the original, and does not appear in this figure.

4 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

the discharges across a gap shorter than the critical
spark length as discussed in a former paper,^

The zones on the positive knob in which the luminous
drainage streamers take their origin are shown in Fig.

A, Plate 11. The camera exposure and development were
so adjusted that the streamers themselves shown in Fig.

B, Plate I, did not develop on the plate. No flashlight
was made in this exposure. The same exposure, followed
by a flashlight is shown in Fig. B, Plate 11. It will be
observed that the central point of the knob-face, nearest
to the copper sheet, is in these two figures, a non-lum-
inous area.^

Figures C and D, Plate II, show two photographs of
the positive knob, taken through a small hole in the cop-
per plate. The knobs and the brass rods on which they
were mounted were laterally displaced, in order to make
room for the camera. The length of the spark-gap at a,
appears to determine the number and arrangement of
these luminous zones from which the streamers spring.
In Figs, C and D, the exposure was somewhat increased,
and traces of diverging streamers are shown.

It seems evident that these dark spaces lying between
the luminous cones springing from these luminous zones,
are in the nature of Faraday dark spaces. They are
tubes of discharge within which supercharged molecules
of air from the copper plate, mingled with molecules hav-
ing a normal charge, move towards the positive knob.

When the conditions exist which are shown in Fig. C,
Plate I, they actually deliver their charge to the knob
itself. When the drainage streamers have formed, these
super-charged molecules pass into them. Their charge
then continues by conduction to the positive knob, while
they move back in an opposite direction towards the
copper plate, along the luminous streamers. That a sim-

'^ These Trans. XIX, No. 4, pp. 67-8.

•'' In Fig. B a reflection of the flash from the polished surface of the
knob is seen, as well as a sharply defined image of a wire screen back
of the flash.

Nipher — Nature of the Electric Discharge. 5

ilar structure may sometimes exist within the negative
glow, is shown in Figs. A and B, Plate I.

It appears probable that the oscillations which are set
up in the small gaps a and a' result in bringing about a
surging to and fro of the electric fluid within the metal
conductors leading to the spark-knobs. The oscillations
in a disruptive discharge are simultaneous in time, but
are distributed along the line of the discharge. They
are space alternations of dark and luminous columns, in
which the air is for the moment surging in opposite direc-
tions, as in an organ pipe sounding a high harmonic.
In the vacuum tube they are called striae. These space
alternations v/hich might be called sound waves may be
superposed on each of the successive time alternations
which may occur in a disruptive discharge. The success-
ive time alternations depend on resistance, self-induction
and capacity. The space alternations which are simul-
taneous in time, are electrically produced sound waves.

It is now evident that the surging effects set up in the
lines leading to the main spark gap, account for the differ-
ence between the two discharges shown in Figs. B and C
of Plate XXV, in No. IV of Vol. XIX of these Transact-
ions. A small gap in the negative approach line at a
of Fig. 2, p. 64. (Fig. 1 of this paper) causes the discharge
from the negative terminal to become more widely diver-
gent. It is a dark discharge, and is not visible to the eye
or in the photograph. It surrounds the luminous drain-
age column, shown in Fig. B.

When this gap at a is closed and a gap is made in the
positive line at a, these surging effects exist mainly in
the positive discharge line. To some extent they react
upon the entire system in each case. The discharge then
comes from zones of larger radius on the positive knob.
The positive streamers are then more widely divergent
in co-axial cones. The dark discharge then sweeps
through the region of the central axis of the cones which
diverge from the positive knob. This accounts for the

6 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

behavior of the mica windmill as described in the former
paper, p. 67.

Some work has been done in the study of the effect
of imposing sound vibrations upon a column of air in a
resonance tube, along which an electric discharge is pass-
ing. It has been found that the electrical discharge is
affected by the system of standing waves. A luminous
column has thus been converted into a dark discharge.
The musical tones which accompany the surging to and
fro of the air molecules in a gap, have been somewhat
reinforced by placing the discharge gap within a reso-
nance tube, whose length could be adjusted to the musical
note.

The air vibrations which are thus produced are, how-
ever, not in harmony with the conditions which must
exist in a system of standing waves. A complete wave
consists of a dark space and an adjacent luminous col-
umn. The air molecules in these semi-waves are being
urged in opposite directions. The nodes where at any
instant we may suppose conditions of alternate maximum
and minimum pressure to exist, along the discharge, lie
between the dark and the luminous halves of the waves.
At the same time these nodes have been transformed
into points of maximum and minimum conduction. These
are, however, the conditions which exist midway between
nodes. Such electrically produced sound waves will thus
have a progressive motion. This progressive motion is
maintained by the forced transfer of the negative cor-
puscles, which is in the same direction in the conduction
and in the convection halves of each wave.

The prolonged roar which accompanies a lightning dis-
charge may be brought about by such a system of electri-
cally produced sound waves. A rattling vibration may
often be heard in overhead thunder, which strongly sug-
gests ripples superposed on a conduction discharge. Of
course reflections from distant cloud-like masses of air,
and effects due to varying distances of the discharge
channel from the observer are not here referred to.

Nipher — Nature of the Electric Discharge. 7

It is such a system of air waves that has been described
as a "series of partial discharges" when the discharge
of a Leyden jar is examined by means of a rotating
mirror.

THE DRAINAGE COLUMN.

Since the publication of former papers the writer has
listened to criticism for the use of the phrase "drainage
column." It has been urged that this simply means a
column of ionized gas. It seems necessary to say that
the use of this phrase is of advantage in explaining phe-
nomena of electric discharge on the one-fluid hypothesis.
A mass of air is said to be ionized by X-rays. In such
a mass of air, some of the air molecules have lost a por-
tion of their normal charge of negative corpuscles, which
have been loaded upon others. These two classes of mole-
cules are mingled together. The average charge per
molecule has not been changed. The normal condition
soon returns, if the mass of air is left to itself. This is
not the condition when a mass of air is under the in-
fluence of either terminal of an influence machine. To
say that such a mass of air is ionized, is to tell less than
the whole story. The corpuscles are drained out of the
air in the vicinity of the positive terminal. They are
forced out of the negative terminal and into the air in
front of it. Of course it is not claimed by anyone that
the so-called positive ions issue from within the positive
terminal or pass into the negative terminal. The col-
umn of air between the terminals is a conductor, but it
is a gas, and its molecules are free to move. A transfer
of the fluid from molecule to molecule takes place, as it
does in a copper wire. The corpuscles leave a molecule
which attracts them, and they go to another which attracts
them. They are forced out of the negative terminal
against its attraction for them and they are drawn into
the positive. Cakes of ice would yield under the feet
of a runner who should leap from one to another, as air
molecules do in an electric discharge, although the ma-

8 Trans. Acad. Sen. of St. Louis.

cliinery is different in the two cases. Cakes of ice float-
ing on water have as little to do with the athletics of a
foot race, as air molecules have to do with the flow of
electricity in a power circuit.

The figures of Plate III show clearly the difference
between the two terminals of an influence machine. They
are camera photographs of a discharge between termi-
nals, having a coj^per plate midway between them. The
Leyden jars have been removed from the machine. The
discharge is a brush discharge. Only faint disruptive
discharges now and then occur. The copper plate has a
hole in it, which in Fig. A is opposite the positive term-
inal. The negative terminal emits a discharge
into the air in front of it. This air is then
urged across the dark space to the copper plate.
The drainage column from the positive terminal
also reaches the copper plate. Air molecules in the hole,
in the presence of the negative terminal, also lose their
negative charge to the drainage column. The drainage
cohimn thus elongates through the hole until it reaches
the negative glow. In Fig B, we have precisely the
same arrangement, excepting that the hole is in front
of the negative terminal. The drainage column does
not then reach the hole. Molecules overloaded with neg-
ative fluid do reach and pass through the hole, but the
copper plate shields the positive knob from the influence
of the negative terminal. The negatively electrified par-
ticles which pass through the hole induce a small drain-
age into the positive knob as seen at its lowermost point.
This inflow to the knob ceases if the hole is covered with
a thin sheet of paper. The other portion of the dis-
charge is unchanged. In Fig. C of Plate III the term-
inals are in line but the copper plate is displaced. The
drainage column which penetrates the hole is partially
intercepted by a small disk of copper mounted on a glass,
support. This copper disk obstructs the drainage col-
umn which reappears at its edge.

Nipher — Nature of the Electric Discharge. 9

In Plate IV loud disruptive discharges are similarly
treated, the Leyden jars being connected with the ter-
minals. In Figs. A and B the hole in the copper plate
is opposite the positive terminal, but in B the hole was
covered with a thin sheet of paper which was hung
over the upper edge of the plate. Its effect was to ob-
struct the drainage flow exactly as would have been done
if the hole had been filled with copper. Disruptive dis-
charges along this obstructed path are then also pre-
vented. In Fig. C, the hole in the copper plate was oppo-
site the negative knob. The discharge knobs and rods
were put more nearly in line than in the former case, in
order to give the negative terminal a better opportunity
to behave as the positive had done in Fig. A. The dis-
charge was apparently exactly the same as if no hole
existed in the plate.

If the knobs are separated somewhat more widely,
than in the experiments just described, and the copper
plate is placed midway, no sparks will pass to the plate
if the drainage column is obstructed by the plate. They
pass when it is removed. A continuous plate of sufficient
size, or a plate having an opening in it, which is covered
with a sheet of paper, will obstruct the drainage column.
It reaches the plate, and reappears at its edges and
corners. It ma}^ curve towards the cathode knob from
the edges of the plate. If they are so far from the
cathode that this conducting channel does not reach the
negative glow, no spark will pass. The effect of displac-
ing the plate in its own plane so as to diminish the dis-
tance from one edge of the plate to the negative knob,
is shown in Plate V, Fig. A, and in Plate VI, which is
an enlarged copy of a similar photograph. The luminous
conducting column along which the discharge passed could
be distinctly seen just before the spark passed. This
glow does not show in the photograph, partly because
the development was not continued long enough to bring
it out, and partly because the light of the discharge ob-
scures it when this is attempted. It is evident that mole-

10 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

cular impact is involved in the progressive elongation
of this drainage colunm, but it is the presence of the
drainage or conduction column which brings about the
discharge from the cathode knob.

Plate VI, and many others which have been secured
show very clearly the spitting off of the discharge into
the air at sharp angles in the discharge channel. As
was stated in the first paper presented (No. 1 of Vol.
XIX), some results of this kind around a sharp angle
in a wire were secured. It was then thought that the
direction of flow of the discharge might thus be deter-
mined. Many plates like this here shown reveal this
effect. At the end of the channel nearest to the negative
terminal, the spitting off at an angle is such as would
be explained by a momentum effect of the negative par-
ticles. At points in the channel near to the copper plate,
effects are shown which could be explained as a spitting
off of a "positive discharge" in passing around the angle
in the opposite direction.

In experiments with the angle in the wire, when the
plate was enclosed in a hard rubber holder, and placed
at the angle it required an exposure to thousands of
spark discharges when the angle was in the positive wire,
in order to obtain an appreciable effect where three or
four or even a single discharge would produce like
effects when the angle was in the negative line. In the
positive line when the plate was enclosed the effects were
always on the side of the angle which indicated that a
negative discharge from the ground had produced the
effect. In Fig. A, Plate V, of the present paper, these
camera photographs of a disruptive spark in air, show
near the positive end an elongation of the drainage
channel at an angle, in a manner which may be explained
as a momentum effect of the air molecules, while they
are parting with negative corpuscles, and where the main
drainage column is suddenly changing direction. The
fogging effect upon a photographic plate placed on one
side or the other of an angle in a wire gave results which

Niplier — Nature of the Electric Discharge. 11

seemed of doubtful value after two years of constant
work. The character of the difference in results when
the plate was enclosed in a case of hard rubber and when
it was wholly exposed to the wire in the positive line
seemed unexplainable, until the idea finally suggested
itself that the positive brush discharge was a negative
inflow, or drainage into the exhaust terminal.

These results give a clear explanation of the reason
why in forked discharges the ends of the branches or
forks point towards the negative terminal.^

These branches are drainage channels.

Figs. B and C of Plate V, were made under the same
conditions as Fig. A of Plate XXI, in No. 4, Vol. XIX,
of these Transactions. They show more clearly how the
radial discharge lines from the negative pin head termi-
nal or cathode are crossed by the drainage lines from
the grounded pin head. They also show how these lines
unite when they meet end on, and how the drainage lines
are distorted in the region where the opposing " winds''
mingle with each other. Even in air of atmosphere pres-
sure, the drainage lines extend beyond the cathode ter-
minal.

These plates had pin-heads resting upon the photo-
graphic film. They formed the terminals of a gap in the
grounded negative line from the influence machine. A
faint disruptive discharge across a minute gap at the
machine, was accompanied by a glow across the plate
between the pin-heads. A disruptive spark there was
avoided.

The distortion of the drainage lines as they approach
the negative glow, shows the effect of the commingling
of the super-charged molecules urged outwards from
the cathode pin-head, and the molecules of air or metal,
from which negative corpuscles have been drained, and
which are moving in the opposite direction. Wlien a
copper sheet is placed transversely across the middle

* See Thomson's Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism,
p. 169, Fig. 73.

12 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

of this gap, the region covered by the distorted drainage
lines become a dark space as is shown in former papers.
See also Fig. B of Plate I, of the the present paper.

Discharge Through Solid Conductors.

In the former paper, No. IV of Vol. XIX, of these
Transactions, reference was made to a form of electrical
pumping service, in which a charged sphere is assumed
to collapse in such a way as to maintain a constant po-
tential, while current is flowing from it through a resist-
ance R to a sphere of zero potential and infinite capacity.
A better example may be cited as follows:

Suppose a copper wire of radius r and length L to be
surrounded by a co-axial surface of radius /. The two
surfaces form a condenser of capacity

L

C

2 log^p

where p = - .

T

Ground the outer shell, thus keeping its potential zero.
Charge the wire core to a potential V. Connect one end
of this core to a ground of infinite capacity through a
resistance

ks

Move the condenser towards the resistance R with a
velocity v, and assume that the condenser-wire collapses
longitudinally at the point where it makes contact with
the resistance E. The velocity v is to be so adjusted that
the potential V remains constant. The current delivered
to the wire of resistance R is then

■^dQ dC ^ V dL
dt dt ^ 2 log^p dt

The velocity with which the wire must move is

V = ^^ = 2 logep y=2 logePj^

Nipher — Nature of the Electric Discharge.

13

From this equation it would appear that if the capac-
ity of the condenser per unit leng-th is infinite or /? = 1, the
velocity v will be zero if R > 0.

On the other hand if the velocity v were made equal
to that of light, R being in electrostatic units

logeP='^SxWR

If R is measured in ohms

_ 0.434294 X3X10^"X 10=^ P

%ioP-2x9Xl02«

= 0.007238 R

The values of p for various values R are given in
Table I.

Table I Table II

v = SX W P= 1.0016+

R

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1.0016
1.0168
1.181
5.294

R

V

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

3.00 X W
3.00 X 109
8.00 X 10^
3.00 X 10"

If the value of p be made 1.00164+ as in the case given
in the first line of Table I, the value of v for the various
values of R are given in Table II. The current delivered
will of course depend on the value V.

The quantit}'^ of electricity per unit length of the con-
denser core is

dL ~~ 2 log^p ~ Rv" V

The current in terms of the velocity v is therefore

dQ

' = ^dL

If we now consider the conditions within the wire of
resistance R, to whicli this current is being delivered, v'

14 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

being the velocity with which the fluid flows in the wire,
we shall have an equation similar to the last, or

On the condenser core, the convection current is carried
on a thin film of its surface. In the wire of resistance R,
the same current is distributed uniformly over a cross-
section s. The relation between the conduction resist-
ance R and what may be called the convection resistance is

2logeP -U

V , ks
When the values of v and p satisfy this equation the
potential of the condenser core will be constant and the
current through R will therefore be constant. The veloci-
ties V and v' will then be such as to satisfy the condition.

dQ ^^,dQ

dL dl

If the wire of resistance R were now to be replaced by

one having a length 21 and a section 25, the current would

remain unchanged. The potential or electrical pressure

at the end which joins to the condenser core would remain

unchanged. The current per unit cross-section and the

drop in potential per unit length will be half as great as

before. If we are to consider the amount of moving

electric fluid contained in Ice of the wire to be the same

as before, then v' will have been reduced to half its former

do
value, and -^ will have been doubled. It would then

require four times the time for a given element of the
fluid to traverse the resistance R, that was needed for the
wire of half the length. This involves an abrupt change
in the velocity of the corpuscles, at the point where the
cross-section s changes, in any circuit. Assume that a
conductor of different material in which k is greater and
I correspondingly greater replaces the one first
discussed. It seems possible that the molecular structure
might be such that v' might be either greater or less than
in the conductor which it replaced.

Nipher — Nature of the Electric Discharge. 15

To take a rough illustration, a column of sand and a
column of shot having equal cross-sections, might have
their lengths so adjusted that they would offer equal
resistance to the flow of an air current. The linear veloc-
ity of air molecules would be very different in the two
columns, if one were to replace the other in the same cir-
cuit. A column of cotton fiber might have the same spe-
cific resistance as a column of shot, and the linear veloc-
ity of the air molecules might be very different when the
same current was being forced through them.

It seems possible that abrupt changes in velocity of the
corpuscular current in a circuit where unlike metals are
involved may be an important element in the thermal
behavior of such circuits, at points where unlike metals join.

The sudden change in velocity of corpuscles when they
leave the luminous conducting channel of an electric arc
and enter the positive carbon, is an illustration of the
action here discussed. Such a change would account for
the high temperature of the positive carbon.

An iron wire forming part of a circuit the rest of which
is copper, and through which a current flows, is heated
at one junction and cooled at the other. These effects
are exchanged on reversal of the current. The resulting
temperature will depend upon specifie heats of the two ma-
terials, as well as on radiating surface per unit of mass
in which the heat is developed. All of the properties in-
volved vary with temperature, and some of them are very
imperfectly understood.

It has long been known that when metals are heated
they exhibit electrical properties. Through a certain
range of temperature a metal will "emit positive elec-
tricity," or as we would now say, it will drain negative
electricity from the surrounding air. This effect is great-
est at a certain temperature, which is different for dif-
ferent metals.

The positive ions which are at the same time urged
from the heated metal are molecules of air or other gas or
of the metal terminal, which have been drained of their

16 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis.

negative charge. Tlie latter goes to earth through the
ground wire. A metal rod, one end of which is at a
higher temperature than the other, if surrounded b^^
air would until a condition of equilibrium were reached,
tend to acquire a negative charge. If the two ends of
such a bar or wire were united by a metallic conductor of
different material, having the same properties but in a
different degree at the same temperatures, we have the
conditions for a tliermo couj^le. The phenomena are un-
der such conditions observable at much lower temperature
than is possible when ionization of the air or action
through an air space must be utilized for detection of the
phenomena.

Each wire serves as a metallic conductor to connect the
terminals of the other. Each wire readily drains fromi
the other the fluid which is only imperfectly drained from
air. The effect is, however, in general a differential one.
The physical properties which determine the values v'
are probably involved.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Plate I. — Fig. A. Camera photograph of brush discharge in open air.
Canal ray through hole in copper plate. Oscillations in the negative ap-
proach line. Fig. B. Same with oscillations in the positive approach
line. Fig. C. Dark discharge. No oscillations. Flash light after the
electrical exposures.

Plate II. — Fig. A. Shorter camera exposure. Positive knob as in
Plate I, Fig. B. No flash light. Fig. B. Same followed by flash light.
Figs. C and D. End view of positive knob terminal.

Plate III. — Fig. A. Brush discharge. Canal rays through hole in
copper plate. Fig. B. Hole in the copper plate is opposite the negative
knob. Fig. C. Hole in the copper plate is displaced. An insulated disk
of copper in the canal ray.

Plate IV. — Fig A. Disruptive discharge along canal ray, through hole
in the copper plate. Fig. B. Same with a thin sheet of paper hung over
the copper plate, cutting off the canal ray. Fig. C. Hole in the copper
plate opposite the negative terminal, as in Fig. B, Plate III, but with
disruptive discharge.

Plate V. — Fig. A. Disruptive discharge to edge of copper plate, mo-
mentum effects at the sharp angles in the discharge. Figs. B and C.
Glow discharge over photographic film between pin-heads, due to a min-
ute spark near the machine. Crossing of drainage lines from the ground
and radial discharge lines from negative pin-head.

Plate VI. — Enlarged copy of a discharge like Fig. A of Plate V.

Issued February 28, 1911.

Tranf. Acad. ?ci. of St. Loui-, Vol. XX. Plate I.

t

t

i

~t

Figs. A., B. and C.

+

~h

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX. Plate II.

\

'#

0

,0

^^^r

Figs. A., B., C. and D.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX. Plate III.

:i||^

9

JBj^

■#^"^ ^ €H

H-

Figs. A., B. and C.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate IV.

ISpy^"

V

Figs. A., B. and C.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate V.

-^

vjS-

H^

^--^

a

^

.ir

Figs. A., B. and C.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate VI.

I

)

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^<iil.26

3.75

S.flO

Continued on page 3 of Cover.

CO

FOUR NEW PLANTS FROM MEXICO.*

Chakles Henry Thompson. ^eW vo'

A Yellow Floweeed Morning-Glory. *^'' . .•

In the fall of 1906 the Missouri Botanical Garden re-
ceived from Mr. Riido]i)h Holtzwart, of St. Louis, two
seeds of a morning-glory, part of a number sent him from
Torreon, Mexico. In the latter part of August, 1910, the
writer had opportunity to see the plant from which these
seeds were taken. It was growing as a cultivated plant
and trained up over a two-story house and over a tall
tree. Near its base the stem was about 8 cm. in diameter,
freely branching above, some of the branches reaching a
length of several hundred meters. The Garden succeeded
in growing one plant from the seed receive^, and this
flowered abundantly in its second season of growth. The
first year the vine attained a length of about 4 m. and
formed a tuber-like root-crown al)out 3 cm. in diameter
in the middle, and 15 cm. long, subtended by a number
of fleshy roots, the size of a lead pencil, and smaller. The
stem was frozen to the ground after which the root was
transplanted in the greenhouse, in open soil, where it
remained till January, 1909.

As the plant flowered and fruited it was carefully com-
pared with extensive herbarium material, as well as de-
scriptions of all the species of Ipomoea published, in an
unsuccessful attempt to identify it. Careful study has
been made with reference to Professor House's espe-
cially good monograph^ of the genus. A comparison of
our plant with the different genera, as recognized by
Professor House, which have previously been assembled

* Presented by title before The Academy of Science of St. Louis,
February 20, 1911.
' House, H. D. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci. 18 : 181-263, 11 May, 1908.

(17)

18 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

under the genus Ipomoea, shows conclusively that it is a
true Ipomoea. The large foliage and the inflorescence
somewhat suggests the genus Operculina, but the absence
of even the slightest tendency of the anthers to become
twisted after dehiscence and the loculicidal dehiscence
of the capule definitely exclude it from that genus. As an
Ipomoea, the plant falls in the section Batatas and sub-
section Aequise])alae of the above cited monograph. A
like comparison with the number of species thereunder
described shows it to be one not therein described. To
remove any possible doubt on this point com]5lete herb-
arium material and notes were submitted to Professor
House, who replied that he did not recognize the plant
as identical with any North American species known
to him. Later I had the pleasure of going over my notes
and the material in the Missouri Botanical Garden herb-
arium with Dr. Hallier, of Berlin, and he identified thi.-f
species, not as one of Ipomoea, as he recognizes the genus,
but of Merremia. Merremia is characterized by five
strong dark lines or veins running parallel through the
five longitudinal bands of the corolla — representing the
midveins of the cohering petals. Furthermore, the an-
thers of Merremia, after dehiscing, twist spirally around
on their longitudinal axes. The latter character is en-
tirel> absent in our specimen and the former can scarcely
be recognized. It seems, therefore^ in my judgment, cer-
tainly to belong to the genus Ipomoea as recognized by
Professor House.

The following description was drawn from the living
plant as it appeared in the latter part of October and
early November, 1908,

Ipomoea graudidentata n. sp.

Stout perennial twining plant. Stem 15 m. long, from several long
very fleshy roots. Main stem light brown, roughened by raised len-
ticels, 1.3 cm. in diameter, ligneous, freely branching; branches green,
tinted with purple where exposed to the sun, early roughed by the
raised lenticels, otherv;ise glabrous; whole plant glabrous throughout:
internodes 10-15 cm. long. Leaves cordate-ovate in outline, base rather

Thompson — Four New Plants from Mexico. 19

deeply cordate, apex acuminate, margin subentire (very slightly
undulate) to (more commonly, especially in the earlier season of
growth) coarsely dentate; the basal dentations rounded, the lateral
ones acute; petiole 5-17 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. in diameter, blade 7-18 cm.
broad by 10-20 cm. long. Inflorescence cymose, 1-10 buds maturing to
flower, usually the peduncle one-flowered by the falling away of the rest
of the inflorescence or else developing into two branches, each branch
a one-sided raceme; peduncles 7-20 cm. long, pedicels 1-1.5 cm. long,
trumpet-form, 7 mm. in diameter at the base of the sepals, tapering to
2.5 mm. at the base. While open the flower hangs horizontally,
after which the pedicel curves so as to bring the fruit upright.
Sepals coriaceous, ovate, slightly unequal, about 1.5 cm. wide, 2.5 cm.
long (enlarging with the development of the fruit), apex obtusely
rounded with a very minute grooved mucron, closely imbricated in the
bud, during the flowering period and after the fall of the corolla;
pedicels and calyx covered with a waxy resinous coat as are also the
very young branches and leaves. Corolla bright chrome yellow
throughout, tube twice the calyx length, narrowly funnel-form, quickly
expanding into a wide spreading limb; tube about 1 cm. in diameter
where it emerges from the calyx, limb 6-7 cm. in diameter, irregularly
crenate and finely crenate-dentate. Stamens inserted in a ring on the
corolla tube, about 5 mm. from its base; filaments of different lengths,
5-12 mm. long, tapering from a broad dorsally flattened base upward
to the anther, the broad bases curved inward and upward so as to
close the corolla tube above the nectaries, leaving only a very small
round opening between their bases, next the tube wall, sufficiently
large to allow the entrance of a nectar gathering insect's beak; fila-
ments sparingly glandular, pubescent in the lower two-thirds, pale
yellow; a minute funnel-form pit behind each filament at its juncture
with the tube wall; anthers white, long oblong, 6 mm., deeply cordate
at the base, in no wise spirally twisted; dehiscence longitudinal.
Annulus raised, rounded 5-angled and with a rounded lobe at each
angle. Pistil 2 cm. long, ovary 2-celIed, 2 ovules in each cell; style
tapering to the two-lobed capitate stigma. In maturing the sepals
grow to a great size, always closely imbricated, forming an ovoid body
with a quite long tapering point, which is formed by the tight rolling
together of the sepal tips. When ripe these sepals become dry and
stand out in a rotate 5-pointed star at right angles to the ovary or
shallowlj' cupvilate. They are then lance-ovate in outline, concave
within, convex without, and the margins variously imdulated and
variously inrolled or revolute toward the apex; only slightly unequal,
2-2.3 cm. wide by 3.4-4.6 cm. long. Fruit ovoid, laterally somewhat
compressed, 2.1 cm. long, greater diameter 2.3 cm., lesser diameter 1.8
cm.; wall thin, parchment-like but brittle; dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds
about 8.2 mm. thick, 12 mm. and 13 mm. long, brown-black, half-ovoid,
the flat inner face sloping off obliquely at the lower end. In the central
portion of this sloping base is located the large circular hilum, 3 mm.
in diameter, surrounded by a comparatively broad ring, 6 mm. iu

20 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

diameter. The two angles formed by the juncture of the convex and
flat surfaces of the seed are outlined by a narrow line of dense, short,
glossy black hairs on one and two such lines on the other angle; on
the lower lateral sides of the concave surface are small rather closely
set patches of like hairs. The reason for the presence of two lines
of hairs on one angle and one on the other may be explained by the fact,
that had all four ovules developed then each seed would have had the
shape of a longitudinal one-fourth section of an ovoid — i. e., with two
flat faces and one convex one, and on each of the three angles would
be a line of these short hairs. Since in our specimens there was but
one seed in each cell, these each occupied the entire space of the cell
and took on a half-ovoid shape, bringing two angle-lines of hairs close
together.— Plate VII.

The original plant (No. 232/07/1) is growing at the
Missouri Botanical Garden as are also several cutting
propagations from it. Herbarium material was made
from the original plant and specimens deposited in the
herbaria of the Missouri Botanical Garden and of Pro-
fessor H. D. House, Biltmore, N. C.

Thkee New Crassulaceae.

The Missouri Botanical Garden now possesses a very
good living representation of the Crassulaceae. Many
of the specimens have been derived directly from the
Mexican field, and, since the appearance of the mono-
graph of the order, by Britton and Rose,^ it is quite evi-
dent some of these species are nondescripts. In present-
ing the following species the classification and form of
description used in the above cited monograph have been
followed as nearly as possible.

Eclieveria finibriata n. sp.

Caulescent, stem 4.5 dm. to the rosette, 2 cm. in diameter. Rosette
open, comparatively few leaves; leaves oblanceolate, 12 cm. long, 6.2
cm. wide, — 3.5 cm. from the rounded obtuse apex, tapering to a very
thick base. 2 cm. wide by 1 cm. thick, valiculate concave in the
expanded blade portion, groove-channeled down the upper face of the
basal portion, where the margin is thin, narrow, and sharp wing-like,
and the under surface convex with a prominent obtuse keel, which ends
in a decurrent obtuse spur below the transversely oblong attachment.

2 Britton, N. L. and Rose, J. N. N. A. Flora 22: 7-80, 22 May, 1905.

Thompson — Four New Plants from Mexico. 21

Smaller young leaves decidedly purple, tinted on both surfaces, except
a thin, hyaline, finely fimbriated margin; older larger (as described
above), of light green color and uo purple tint, with a thin narrow,
nearly transparent, fimbriated maigin. Neither leaves nor stem show
any indication of glaucousness.

Flowering stalk arising from below the rosette, obliquely ascending,
rather scattered leafy throughout, the lower portion of the same pale
green as the main stem, but the upper portion tinted with brownish-
red and only in the inflorescence becoming glaucous; lower bracts dif-
fering from the mature leaves of the rosette in size, 5.5 cm. long by
2.5 cm. broad, and in being finely denticulate instead of fimbriate.
These bract-leaves become smaller toward the inflorescence where they
are only 1.8 cm. long and lanceolate in outline, somewhat purple-tinted
and glaucous. Inflorescence of two secund racemes; lower pedicels
1.5 cm. long, curved by the weight of the flower, neither articulate nor
bracted; calyx lobes decidedly unequal, lanceolate, and, like the pedicels,
pale green slightly tinted with purple and quite glaucous, nearly hori-
zontally spreading. Corolla 5-angled, 1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. in diameter at
the base, slightly tapering to the recurved obliquely spreading tips;
petals separate to the base, lanceolate, gradually tapering from the
middle to a long acute apex, somewhat gibbous at the base and obtusely
angled on the back, outer surface rose pink, strongly glaucous, tips
recurved so the apex points at right angle from the axis of the flower,
inner surface light orange yellow, tinted with red at the very apex
and part way down the median line by short, straight, longitudinal,
red pencilings; gland large, lunate. Stamens Inserted alternately in
two planes, tapering from the base upward, pale yellow, anthers of the
same color. Ovary white, three-fifths the pistil length; style dark red-
purple, tapering upward to the green stigma which is somewhat
recurved at maturity; anthers and stigmas in one plane. — Plates
VIII-IX.

The plant, collected by Dr. Trelease at El Parque, Mo-
relos, Mexico, in 1905 (M. B. G. No. 102/05/3), appears
to be quite distinct from anything heretofore described.
The individual flowers are nearly identical with those
of Echev. Scheerii, Lindl. but the plant is quite different
in all vegetative characters. It differs from all other
species in having fimbriated leaf-margins — a character
not to be observed in any other species save to a slight
degree in quite young leaves of Echev. fulgens, Lem.

Sedastrum pacliuceuse n. sp.

Perennial. Stems numerous, from a root crown, erect, spreading or
T declined, simply or paniculately branched above, 3-4 mm. in diameter,

22 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

12-18 cm. long, grayish-green, penciled with numerous small, short,
longitudinal, purple lines, glabrous throughout; stem leaves linear
oblong, cylindric or somewhat dorsally compressed, standing at right
angle to the stem or the apical, I's-Va slightly recurved, slightly taper-
ing to the thick base, apex rounded-obtuse, glabrous and glossy light
green, very tenderly succulent, 4.5 mm. wide, 3.5 mm. thick, 1.5-2 cm.
long, gradually reduced in the branches to oblong or obovoid; rosettes
formed at the base of or on the lower part of the stem, depressed
globose, 1.8-3.5 cm. in diameter, dense, of many leaves; leaves very
succulent, long oblanceolate to spatulate and biconvex or dorsally-
compressed clavate, 3 mm. wide at widest portion, one-half as thick
and 1 cm. or less in length, bright light green, finely dotted with
purple, gray puberulent in the apical half, especially about the margins
of the obtuse apex, glabrous and shining below; flowers solitary in
the axils of the bracts on the ultimate branches of the stems, sessile;
sepals obliquely spreading, very unequal, succulent, short lanceolate,
apex bluntly acute, green like the foliage and bracts, slightly puberu-
lent; corolla 8 mm. in diameter, rotately spreading with the tips of the
petals slightly recurved, petals white with a short green median line
on the dorsal side toward the apex, free, lance-ovate, acute; stamens 10,
those opposite the petals adhering to their bases for %-y2 the petal
length, those alternate free to the base, all as long as the petals and
strongly reflexed, filaments white, anthers pale greenish-yellow; the
gland a comparatively large yellowish callous with greenish margin;
carpels at first erect, gradually becoming recurved and divergent with
development; ovary papillose, finely dotted with purple, tipped with a
slender style. — Plate X.

Collected by C. H. Tliompson, August, 1910, at Pa-
chuca, Hidalgo, Mexico, where it grows among rocks and
low shrubs on the mountain sides above the town. (M, B.
G. No. 260/10/72.)

This sjDecies has much the habit of Sedastrum Hemsley-
anum (Plate XI) and on superficial examination would
readily be mistaken for that species but may be readily
distinguished ])y the characteristic forms of both its cau-
line and rosette leaves. The flowers are identical in
form but somewhat smaller in the above described spe-
cies. It seems to approach more nearly to Sedastrum
Painteri, as described in the monograph, but differs from
that species in having neither the flat rosette leaves nor
the ''broad half-clasping base" of the cauline leaves.

The above description is made from plants flowering
in the Missouri Botanical Garden in the winter of 1910-11.

Thompson — Four New Plants jrom Mexico. 23

Sedum vei'sadense ii. sp.

Perennial, much branched from the base, branches at first short and
with the closely set leaves forming rosettes, later elongating and
reaching 2 dm., decumbent with ascending tips, rooting at the nodes,
pubescent, leafy. Leaves alternate, sessile, obovate-cuneate to obcor-
date-cuneate, 9-lS mm. wide, 1.3-2.5 cm. long, fleshy, thick, flattened,
apex usually deflexed, rounded margins slightly upturned, pubescent,
light green, frequently red margined at the apex or the red also
extending downward on the under surface beneath the apex. Flower
stalks upright, terminating the branches, 3-5 cm. long, leafy-bracteate:
j^ these from triangular-obovate with obtuse apex to broadly lanceolate

with acute apex, grading into the bracts of the inflorescence, glabrous
and slightly glaucous. Inflorescence divided into two or three secund
racemes, leafy-bracteate: bracts broadly lanceolate, fleshy, 2-3 mm. wide,
4-6 mm. long, glabrous, slightly glaucous; pedicels about 3 mm. long;
sepals distinct, lanceolate, very unequal, little shorter than the petals,
fleshy, convex on both surfaces, sharply acute; spreading nearly hori-
zontally in flov.'er, nearly erect in fruit, slightly incurved, scarcely dis-
tinguishable from the bracts; flower buds purplish-pink, petals spread-
ing, later becoming recurved, lanceolate, mucronate, 2 mm. wide,
5-6 mm. long, light purplish-pink to almost white, keeled on the back,
channeled down the face; stamens obliquely to horizontally spreading,
one-half the petal length, those opposite the petals inserted a little
above the base, those alternate inserted at the base, filaments white,
anthers ovoid, abruptly acute, bright rose-red; carpels distinct, erect,
styles tapering to the stigma, slightly spreading in flower, erect in
fruit.— Plate XII.

Collected by Dr. William Trelease, February, 1905, at
Versada, half way between El Parian and Tomellin, Oax-
aca, Mexico. (M. B. G. No. 47/05.)

A study of the plant in connection with Britton and
Kose's recent monograph of the American representa-
tives of this order would throw some doubt on its generic
position. The rosette arrangement of the pubescent
leaves and the erect carpels very strongly suggest affinity
with the genus Sedastrum, but the ultimate elongation of
the rosette into a leafy stem and the production of the
inflorescence from its apex are characters not thus far
met with in that genus. The form of the inflorescence
would place it equally well in either Sedastrum or Sedum.
As between these geneira there is a discrepancy in the
above cited monograph. In the generic characters given
for Sedastrum the inflorescence is described as "more or

24 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

less paniculate and leafy; the brandies arising from tlie
axils of leaves, bearing scattered sessile flowers." In
Sedastrum Hemsleyamnn the inflorescence is described
as an "elongated panicle." But the key to the genera
places both under the division — "flowers terminal, ar-
ranged in one-sided racemes or cymes. ' ' Farther down in
the key Sedastrum is placed in a division, — "Flowers
never arranged in panicles." The inflorescence of Se-
dastrum Hemsleyanum Rose, and of Sedastrum ehracte-
atum (M. & S.) Rose, is, in fact, paniculate, but the ulti-
mate branches are secund spikes — not "scattered." The
"sessile" character given for the flower might exclude
our species from the genus Sedastrum were it not for
the fact that one species, S. ehracteatum (M. «& S.) Rose
is described as having flowers "sessile or short-pedi-
celled," a character also attributed to some species of
Sedum. In the key to the genera the Sedastrum group
is separated from the Sedum group by the former hav-
ing "carpels erect," the latter having "carpels usually
spreading." But for the fact that many species of Se-
dum have erect carpels our plant might fall with Sedas-
trum. A comparison of the characters given for the two
genera in the above cited monograph would indicate
there is no one distinct character separating them. The
"basal rosettes of leaves" ascribed to Sedastrum are
found in Sedum as well, and "the stem * * * dying
down to the base after flowering" is not borne out bj^
Sedastrum Hemsleyanum Rose, in which the lower por-
tion commonly remains healthy and produces rosettes in
the leaf axils which may or may not produce roots, de-
pending on whether or not the stem is recumbent, but
ultimately produce branches. But this character is to
be observed in Sedum as well. Consideration of the
floral characters shows no distinction between the genera.
The "inflorescence more or less paniculate and leafy,"
while not agreeing with a large per cent of the species
of Sedum can, nevertheless, scarcely be considered a dis-
tinct character, since many recognized species of Sedum

Thompson — Four New Plants from Mexico. 25

have the flowers in panicles, the ultimate branches being
more or less evident secuncl spikes or secund racemes — in
this latter case the flowers very short pedicelled. The
individual flowers, in all their parts, show characters
common to both genera. ''Carpels erect" as attributed
to Sedastrum is true in the freshly opened flower (the
styles are usually slightly curved outward) but as the
carpels mature they become quite strongly divergent
(with incurved styles), as much so as in many species of
Sedum. In view of the above observations it seems in-
advisable to separate the species under Sedastrum from
the genus Sedum. The great range of variation between
the species of Sedum as it is now recognized requires that
the generic characters be quite elastic, — quite more than
sufficient to include the species of Sedastrum. With this
conclusion the generic position of our plant is quite clear.

vV

EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate VII. — Ipomoea grandidentata. Inflorescence and characteristic
leaf, natural size.

Plate VIII. — Echeveria fimbriata. Rosette of foliage, natural size.

Plate IX. — Echeveria fimbriata. Inflorescence, natural size.

Plate X. — Sedastrum pacJiucense. Flowering plant, natural size.

Plate XI. — Sedastrum, Hemseleyanum, Rose. Flowering plant, nat-
ural size.

Plate XII. — Sedum versadcnse. Flowering plant, x%.

Issued April 21, 1911.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate VIl.

IPOMOEA GRANDIDENTATA.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate VIII.

ECHEVERIA FIMBRIATA.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate IX.

ECHEVERIA FIMBRIATA.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Vol. XX.

Plate X.

SEDASTRUM PACHUCENSE.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XI.

SEDASTRUM HEMSLEYANUM.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XII.

\. .u

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Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis.

VOL. XX. No. 3.

STUDIES IN GLACIAL GEOLOGY IN SAINT LOUIS

AND VICINITY.

J. ANDREW DRUSHEL.

Issued April 22, 1911.

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STUDIES IN GLACIAL GEOLOGY IN SAINT LOUIS

AND VICINITY.*

J. Andrew Drushel.

In the Journal of Geology, October, 1908, the writer
of this note gave a resume of the work done on the drift
beneath the St. Louis loess up to 1908. Later N. M.
Fenneman^ described drift two miles north of the pump-
ing station at the Chain of Rocks. The section is said
to show the presence of two drift sheets with a layer of
stratified clay between. The lower is said to be Kansan,
and the upper, Illiuoian.

During the past two years the writer has re-examined
the sections described in his former paper and has found
a number of new sections ranging from tire exposures
north of the Chain of Rocks to South St. Louis, a dis-
tance of fifteen miles.

It is the purpose of this paper to describe several new
sections typical of the numerous exposures which may
be found in this region, to show the glacial origin of the
Chain of Rocks bluffs, and to suggest the possibility of
three ice sheets in St. Louis and St. Louis County.

On the north and west faces of Kemp's quarry, near
Minnesota avenue and Del or street, one block east of the
Bellefontaine car sheds, South St. Louis, may be seen
an exposure of drift six to eight feet thick, lying on top
of the clean-swept St. Louis limestone and beneath loess
fifteen to twenty feet thick. (See Fig. 1.) The line of
contact between the loess and the drift is remarkably
sharp, which is opposed to the idea that the jointed bowL
der clay gradually passes into loess. This contact is so

* Presented before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, March 20,
1911.

•N. M. Fenneman. Bull. 111. Geol. Surv. 12: 8-9. 1909.

(27)

28 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis.

sharp that, if tlie hand be laid on it, the lower portion will
touch the drift and the upper part will touch loess. (See
Fig. 2.) The bowlders are larger than those usually
found in the St. Louis drift and consist for the most part
of sandstone, which may be traced to the Coal Measure
sandstone in St. Louis County. However, several pieces
of igneous material were taken from this section, one of
these being polished and striated. This localitj^ marks
farthest south for drift of considerable thickness in St.
Louis, longitude 90° 14' W., latitude 38° 34' N., approxi-
mately.

While excavations were being made for a foundation
for the Harris Teachers College greenhouses, Carr Lane,
south of Park avenue, 1908, a layer of bowlder clay three
feet thick was encountered, lying on the St. Louis lime-
stone. The largest bowlder is a sandstone, well planed
and striated. Among the erratics taken from this sec-
tion are quartzite, sandstone, vein quartz, quartzite,
Sioux or Barraboo, probabh'' the former, basalt, green-
stone, granite, and several undetermined igneous peb-
bles. This section was originally covered with loess
twenty feet thick. The elevation is 520 feet.

During the construction of the piers for the viaduct
on Kingshighway, south of Swan avenue, a section of
drift was exposed. Beginning at the base the section
shows the following characteristics. Lying on the red-
dish brown shale of the Coal Measures is a layer of blue
bowlder clay about ten feet thick. Overlying this is a
layer of pebbly yellowisli ])rown cla}^, about four feet
thick, in which are found granite, greenstone and Sioux
quartzite pebbles. A quartz geode weighing fifteen
pounds was removed from this layer. Overlying this
pebbly layer is a reddish yellow, waxy material eight
feet thick. Above this is the loess four feet to six feet
thick. This section confirms the blue glacial clay re-
ported by Wlieeler,- from West Pine boulevard and Tay-

='H. A. Wheeler. Trans. Acad, of Sci. St. Louis 7 : 121-122. 1895.

Drushel — Glacial Geology in St. Louis and Vicinity. 29

lor avenue, and the "waxy red clay" described by Todd,"
as occurring on Laclede, near Sarali street.

A short distance southwest of the section just de-
scribed and northwest of the Shaw School, at an eleva-
tion of 560 feet, may be found a region of pebbly material
beneath the loess. An area of a block of the latter having
been removed by the Laclede-Christy Clay Company, an
excellent study of the pebbly material is afforded. On
account of the presence of granite pebbles and other ig-
neous material this deposit should be regarded as drift.
The gullies heading in this region often show igneous
material, which doubtless was derived from the sheet
above described.

It is proper to remark at this point that a careful
search in the pebbly clay below the loess, which has
sometimes been considered a portion of the loess, will, in
most cases, reveal igneous material. On this account,
and because of the nature of the clay itself, and because
the contact in some places between loess and pebbly clay
is sharply drawn, this clayey formation should probably
l)e considered a true bowlder clay. For contact see Fig. 2.

In the Chain of Eocks region is a deposit which differs
much from the drift described heretofore. The deposit
is characterized by great thickness; by the presence of
much sand, and of numerous igneous bowlders and peb-
bles, a cubic foot of material showing 100 pebbles and
bowlders of a length greater tlian one centimeter and less
than thirty centimeters, half of this material being
igneous; and l»y the small amount of the stiff bowlder
clay. This is a continuous deposit, as shown by the
numerous gullies, from Coal Bank road, on the north, to
Gibson road, on the soutli, a distance of two miles or
more. A few rods north of Gibson road, in a small ravine
drift may be seen lying on Coal Measure shale at a few
feet elevation above the Columbia Bottom road. The
erratics are unusually large for this region. Several, one

M. E. Todd. Missouri Geol. Surv. 10:162-163. 1896.

30 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

of which is a basalt, may be seen sixty centimeters to
seventy centimeters in longest diameter. This ravine also
affords an east and west section across the south end of
Chain of Rocks bluffs.

Near the south end of the settling basins of the Chain
of Rocks water works a road leads diagonally up the
bluff. Drift exposures may be seen from the base of the
bluff until within twenty feet of the top, the last twenty
feet being loess. A deeply cut ravine on the west side
of the bluff heads near this section, the divide at this
place being about twenty rods wide. The west side of
the bluff consists of drift, as determined by sections in
the ravine from the head to the lower end. This drift
in general resembles that on the east side, except that
the larger bowlders are missing.

The best exposure on the river side of the bluff may be
seen where the municipal railway turns away from the
Columbia Bottom road (Fig. 6). This section is several
hundred yards long and shows glacial material thirty to
fifty feet thick, covered by the usual loess deposit. Inci-
dentally it may be remarked that this section atfords a
fine example of slipping, making the loess appear to lie
between two drift deposits. There is marked evidence of
stratification, differing from the patches of drift found
elsewhere in St. Louis. This stratification appears to be
characteristic of the Chain of Rocks material. The sig-
nificance will be pointed out later in this paper. The sec-
tion just referred to is marked for its abundance of
erratics, such as granite, varying from a very close to a
very coarse texture, and from a very light to a very dark
color, basalt, greenstone, amygdaloids, rhj^olite, quartz-
ite, sandstone, ferruginous chert and quartz geodes. A
cubic foot, selected at random, from above the middle of
the deposit, furnished 102 pebbles and bowlders, varying
from one centimeter to thirty centimeters in diameter, as
follows: granite 19, basalt 13, greenstone 10, other ig-
neous 10, quartzite 17, sandstone 5, quartz 8, chert 20;

Drushel — Glacial Geology in St. Louis and Vicinity. 31

total 102. Of this number twenty-one are longer than
ten centimeters, and fifty-two are igneous. A granite
bowlder weighing ninety-five pounds was obtained from
this section. (See Fig. 5.) Igneous bowlders of ten to
fifteen pounds in weight, lying near the top of the de-
posit are rather common. These bowlders show the char-
acteristic glacial planing, polishing, and occasional stri-
ation. (See Fig. 4.) Now and then a planed granite
bowlder is weathered so much as to enable one to shatter
it with a light ta)) of the hammer. (See Fig. 4.) How-
ever, as a rule, the pebbles and bowlders appear quite
fresh, as compared with drift elsewhere in St. Louis.
(SeeFigs. 3, 4, 5, 8and9.)

The deposit just described is, as a whole, much less
weathered and more sandy than the other St. Louis drift
and the drift north of the Chain of Rocks. This long
ridge should probably be interpreted as an outwash of
the Illinoian lobe when it occupied the Mississippi flood
plain in this region. Such an interpretation would ac-
count for the general contour, for the slight stratification
and for the grading of the material from coarse pebbles
to sand with small pebbles in an east to west section of
the deposit, as determined by tlie gullies on both sides
of the bluff.

Leverett,^ not admitting the existence of Illinoian drift
in St. Louis County, has suggested the possibility of an
encroachment in the vicinitv of St. Louis by the Illinoian
ice sheet. "Possil)ly the Mississippi Valley was en-
croached upon for a few miles in the vicinity of St.
Louis, Mo. There appears to have been at most only a
partial blockade near St. Louis. An examination into the
character of tlie deposits in the Mississippi Valley, be-
tween Fort Madison and St. Louis, has bi'ought to light
nothing to indicate vigorous drainage at tlie Illinoian
stage of glaciation. Indeed, the valley seems to have be-

*F. Leverett. U. S. Geol. Suiv. Monograph 38: 64, 71. 1S99. The
Illinois Glacial Lobe.

32 Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louis.

come filled to some extent bv sand and finer material at
places where previous to this glaciation, erosion had been
in progress."

This is exactly what one would expect if an ice sheet
had occupied the valley for several miles near the Chain
of Rocks for a brief period. It seems impossible to ac-
count otherwise for granite bowlders h^ng in the bluff
seventy feet above the present flood plain.

On account of its possible relation to the drift in St.
Louis, not in the Chain of Rocks region, it appears to
the writer that the drift, mentioned by Fenneman,-^ as oc-
curring two miles north of the pumping station at the
Chain of Rocks, merits a fuller description than has
hitherto been given.

The stream bed above the bridge lies in drift. (See
Fig. 10.) In the bed above and below the bridge may
be seen bowlders of Sioux quartzite, weighing approxi-
mately 200 pounds each. The igneous material among
these bowlders is scarce, probably owing to its advanced
decomposition. In the sections exposed by the stream
there are igneous pebbles, but generally in the lower de-
posit they are too much weathered to stand removal with-
out shattering. It appears that the granites are more
weathered than the basalts.

The section exposed near the bridge by the main
stream and a tributarv entering at right angles
gives a clue as to the nature of the ridge on the left
facing up stream. At the top one finds soil and loess,
overlying a light yellowish brown bowlder clay, which
lies on top of stratified clay almost compact enough to
be called shale. Below the latter is a reddish brown
drift, eight to ten feet thick. Up stream a short distance
one may find tlie bed of the creek in this deposit. (See
Fig. 10.) The bowlders taken from this lowest deposit
are chiefly Sioux quartzite, and close textured sandstone.
The crystallines are thoroughly weathered. In some cases

"•N. M. Fenneman. Illinois Geol. Surv. Bull. 12:9. 1909.

Drushel — Glacial Geology in St. Louis and Vicinity. 33

it is not possible to remove the bowlder from its bed with-
out crumbling. The material, as a whole, is redder than
that south of the Chain of Rocks. On account of this
advanced state of decomposition and on account of the
presence of Sioux quartzite, it is probable that this ma-
terial is a remnant of the Kansan or pre-Kansan ice
sheet. The Cheltenham region in St. Louis, elevation
600 feet, affords material resembling this section.

Just above this lower drift (Fig, 11 A) is a bed of inter-
glacial clay (Fig. IIC), almost a shale, five feet thick.
The structure is columnar and jointed, the texture is
compact and close, the color is cherry brown. The
coarsest particles vary from three-fourths millimeters
to two millimeters in longest diameter. Many grains are
water rounded and are chiefly quartz; vein quartz, rose
quartz, agate, and chert are the predominating varieties.
The amount of coarse material in this clay is very small,
as shown by the following analysis. Two portions of
the clay, A and B, each weighing fifty grams when well
dried, were washed through a wire sieve of three-fourths
millimeter mesh, with the following results. Portion A
contained 142 pieces, weighing 160 milligrams, average
weight being 1 9-71 milligrams. Portion B contained
212 pieces, weighing 257 milligrams, average weight being
1 15-71 milligrams. Three pieces in B measured more
than iy2 millimeters and less than 2 millimeters in long-
est diameter. In A no grain as large as this was found.
It is probable that the above mentioned clay was derived
from older glacial drift by streams and deposited in
rather quiet water, as shown by the great uniformity of
size of the quartz grains.

Two portions of the loess, A and B, several feet above
the contact with the upper drift sheet, each weighing
fifty grams, were treated as described above for the clay
analysis. Portion A contained thirty-nine pieces, weigh-
ing seventy-three milligrams. The particles were chiefly
angular, only one well-rounded water-worn grain being
found. The longest diameters varied from three-fourths

34 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

millimeter to oVL' millimeters. These particles are for
the most part glassy quartz, weathered chert, and iron
concretions. Portion B contained fifty-eight pieces,
weighing ninety-two milligrams. In this portion there
were seven well-rounded water-worn pieces. Otherwise,
as regards sliape, size, and composition, there was a
general agreement with the fragments of portion A.

For purpose of comparison, fifty grams of thoroughly
dried St. Louis loess, with the typical columnar struc-
ture and open texture were treated in the foregoing
manner. Fifty particles, chiefly angular, varying from
three-fourths millimeter to 3 millimeters, weighing 82
milligrams, failed to pass through the sieve. Three
pieces were completely rounded, as if water-worn. The
particles determinable are quartz, weathered chert, iron
concretions. One rock crystal, 2i/£. millimeters long, was
obtained which showed scarcely a trace of water action.
From this it appears that there is a close agreement l)e-
tween the St. Louis loess and loess overlying tlie upper
drift sheet mentioned in the next paragraph. But the
clay of this section differs from the loess in several es-
sential details.

The drift on top of the clay (Fig. HE), is about ten
feet thick. In the section near the bridge a bowlder of
feldspar and quartz porphyry, in a fair state of preser-
vation, was found lying at the top of the upper drift,
overlaid by loess ten feet thick. The igneous material
of this section is much less weathered than that of the
lower sheet. The lower deposit also contains more
Lafayette material than the upper. In this respec^ the
drift patches in St. Louis agree with the lower deposit,
pointing to a similar origin.

On the whole, this is a very interesting section. Three
sharply-drawn contacts may be easily seen. The contact
between the lower drift and the interglacial clay and that
between the latter and the overlying drift are remarkably
sharp. In places a ruler, one inch wide, laid horizontally

Drushel — Glacial Geology in St. Louis and Vicinity. 35

on the contact, will cover typical material of the two
formations. These contacts are equally sharp in a sec-
tion twenty rods or more np the main stream.

The stratified clay in this section argues the presence
of two drift sheets. The material in both these sheets
differs from the Chain of Rocks material in that the lat-
ter has fluvio-glacial characteristics. The bowlders of
the latter are chiefly granite, relatively few of which
are thoroughly weathered. In the former the erratics
are chiefly Sioux quartzite, the granites always being
much weathered. It is probable that the drift below the
clay is pre-Kansan, and that above the clay is Kansan,
the Illinoian being represented by the outwash in the
Chain of Rocks bluffs.

SUMMARY.

1. A thin mantle of Kansan and possibly pre-Kansan
drift, at one time covered the St. Louis region.

2. The present patches are to be accounted for on the
basis of erosion previous to loess deposition.

3. Drift of considerable thickness reached latitude
38° 34'.

4. The drift two miles north of the Chain of Rocks rep-
resents remnants of the Kansan and possibly the pre-
Kansan.

5. The Illinoian lobe occupied the Mississippi flood-
plain to a great depth near the Chain of Rocks, and
probably pushed into St. Louis County.

6. That portion of the Chain of Rocks bluffs which is
drift should be regarded as outwash from the Illinoian
lobe.

7. Careful search may reveal Kansan drift elsewhere
in Missouri south of the Missouri River.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XIV.

^^H

PHPi^^H

^^^^^^1

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^B

hH

|ji>ij£^''-- '■^*'§^^^''B

■^^Hk^ . - JH^^^^^^^^H

^^^^^^^^^Kr^^g|H

^^^^^HihhiiMHB^II^^^^^h

^^^^^HHh^^I

^^^^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^H

^^^^^^^^^^■^^^^^^^^H

^^^^H

Fig. 3.

Fig. 4.

Fig. 5.

GRANITE BOWLDERS.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XV.

Fig. 6.

Fig. 7.

CHAIN OF ROCKS DRIFT.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XVI.

Fig. 9.

Fig. 8.

ERRATICS FROM CHAIN OF ROCKS BLUFFS.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XVII.

^

^'-'^^m»^-.

Fig. in.

Fig. 11.

DRIFT NORTH OF CHAIN OF ROCKS.

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VOIi. XX. No. 4.

FIGURATE NUMBERS.

EDMUND A. ENGLER.

Issued June 23, 1911.

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FIGURATE NUMBERS.*
Edmund A. Englee,

A consideration of the following properties of natural
numbers leads to the sets of series of numbers which have
come to be known as figurate numbers^ and provides a
simple method of disclosing some of the properties of
these numbers.

If we write a series, each term of which is the number
one (1), thus

11111 ,

it is evident that the sum of any number of terms of this
series is expressed by the formula

S = n (1)

where n represents the number of terms considered ; that
is for
^ = 1,2,3,4, , 8 = 1,2,3,4, ,

or the n^^ term of the series 1, 2, 3, 4, is equal

to the sum of the first n terms of the series 1, 1, 1, 1, ... .
Write a number of rows of the number one (1), as fol-
lows:

1

1

1

1 1 1

1

1
1

1
1
1

1

1

1—1 1—1

1

1

1

Table 1.

* Presented before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 3, 1911.

' Figurate 7iumbers were so called by Nicomachus {circa 100 A. D.) because
of the possibility of arranging points in regular figures (plane or solid),
according to certain rules, to represent them. (37)

ttOTANfO

38 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Draw a zigzag diagonal as shown dividing the rectangle
of mimbers into two triangles of numbers. Divide the left-
hand triangle of numbers into rows ; divide the right-hand
triangle of numbers into columns. It will be evident by
inspection that the sum of the numbers in each column
of the right-hand triangle is equal to the sum of the num-
bers in the corresponding row of the left-hand triangle;
and that, therefore, the sum of all the numbers in the left-
hand triangle is equal to the sum of all the numbers in
the right-hand triangle, or equal to one-half the sum of all
the numbers in the whole rectangle.

This will be true for a rectangle of any number of rows.

The sum of the numbers in each row of the left-hand
triangle may be regarded as a term in a series of num-
bers, which, beginning at the bottom, is the series of nat-
ural numbers,

1, 2, 3, 4, n,

where n represents the highest term of the series under
consideration; that is «=1, 2, 3, 4 . . ., depending upon
how far the triangle is extended. In the diagram drawn
n = 6. n also represents the number of the last column,
represented in the left-hand triangle, counting from the

left.

Now the sum of all the numbers in the whole rectangle

of numbers is equal to the sum of the numbers in each
row multiplied by the number of rows.

The sum of the numbers in each row of the rectangle
is n-\-l ; the number of rows is n.

Therefore the sum of all the numbers in the whole
rectangle will be

And the sum of all the numbers in the left-hand tri-
angle will be

n{n-\-l)

S

1-2

That is to say, the sum of the series 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . ■w is

S=^^^ (2)

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

39

If now we write a immber of rows of the series
1, 2, 2, 4 . . .,

1 2

3

4

5

6
6
6
6
6
6

1 2

3

4

5

1 2

3

4

5
5

5

1 2

3

4
4
4

1 2

3
3

1 2

Table 2.

in the form of a rectangle, draw the zigzag diagonal, and
divide the rectangle of numbers into two triangles as be-
fore, it becomes evident on inspection that the sum of the
numbers in each column of the right-hand triangle is
equal to twice the sum of the numbers in the correspond-
ing row of the left-hand triangle ; and that, therefore, the
sum of all the numbers in the left-hand triangle is equal
to one-half the sum of all the numbers in the right-hand
triangle, or equal to one-third the sum of all the numbers
in the whole rectangle.

As before, the sum of all the numbers in the whole
rectangle of numbers is equal to the sum of all the num-
bers in each row multiplied by the number of rows.

The sum of the numbers in each row of the rectangle, by-

formula (2), if for n we put n-\-l, is

{n-hl){n+2)
1-2

the

number of rows is n; therefore the sum of all the numbers
in the whole rectangle will be

n{n-{-l){n^2)

S

1-2

and the sum of all the numbers in the left-hand triangle
will be

S =

H(w-fl)(7i-f2)

1-2-3

(3)

40

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Tliis expression, therefore, represents the sum of the
series of numbers contained in the left-hand triangle,
namely of the series

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28

If now we write a number of rows of the series
1, 3, 6 . . .

3

6

10

15

21
21
21
21
21

28
28
28
28
28

3

6

10

15

3

6

10

15
15
15

3

0

10

1

10

3

6

3

6

10

15

21

28

Table 3.

in the form of a rectangle, draw the zigzag diagonal, and
divide the rectangle of numbers into two triangles, as be-
fore, it becomes evident on inspection that the sum of the
numbers in each column of the right-hand triangle is equal
to three times the sum of the numbers in the correspond-
ing row of the left-hand triangle, and that, therefore, the
sum of all the numbers in the left-hand triangle in this case
is equal to one-third the sum of all the numbers in the
right-hand triangle, or equal to one-fourth the sum of all
the numbers in the whole rectangle.

Again, by a process similar to the one used in the pre-
ceding case, the sum of all the numbers in the left-hand
triangle becomes

n{n-\-l){n-h2){n+'S)

S =

1-2

o
O

(4)

This expression, therefore, represents the sum of the
series of numbers contained in the left-hand triangle,
namely of the series

1, 4, 10, 20, 35, 56, 84 ... .

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

41

Continuing this process precisely as before for tlie series
1, 4, 10,

O-V, .

• •

1 4 10 20 35

56

84

1 4 10 20 35

56
56
56
56
56

84

84
84
84

84

1 4 10

20

35
35
35
35

1 4 10

20
20
20

1 4
1 4

10
10

Table 4.
we obtain as the formula

^ 1-2-3-4-5

for the sum of the series 1, 5, 15, 35, 70, 126, 210
From

(5)

5

15

35

70 126

5

15

35

70

126

5

15

35

70
70
70
70

126
126
126
126

5

15

35
35
35

5

15

15

5

210

210

210

210

210

210

Table 5.
we obtain as formula

^ 1-2-3-4-5-6

for the sum of the series 1, 6, 21, 56, 126, 252

(6)

42

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

We may proceed in this way indefinitely and thus obtain
successively each of the series

1st Order. . .

. 1

0)

T3

1

1

1

1

1

1 .

2nd Order. .

. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

3rd Order. .

. 1

3

6

10

15

21

28

4th Order..

. 1

4

10

20

35

56

84

5th Order. .

. 1

5

15

35

70

126

210

6th Order..

. 1

6

21

56

126

252

462

7th Order..

. 1

7

28

84

210

462

924

8th Order..

. 1

8

36

120

330

792

1716

^

,

,

,

,

,

•

, ,

Table 6.

which are the series commonly known as figurate num-
bers,- defined by the property evident from inspection that
the n*^ term in any series is equal to the sum of the first n
terms of the series immediately preceding it. The n^*^
term, therefore, of each of these series is indicated in the
formula for the sum of the first n terms of the series imme-
diately preceding, by which formula its structure is dis-
closed ; so that these series may be written in the form
1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 3 4 5 n

r2 2;3 34 4-5 5-6 n(n+l)

^2 V2 V2 1-2 V2 12

1-2-3 2-34 345 4-5-6 5-6-7 n{n + l){n + 2)

\¥^ V2% 12^ 1^3 l^ ' ' ' ' V2/6

1-234 234-5 3-4-5-6 45-67 5-6-7-8 n(7i + l)(^ + 2)(n + 3)

1-234 f2^4 1-2-34 1-2-3-4 12-34 " ' " 12-3-4

Table 7.

Inspection of Table 6 shows that the first column is
identical with the first row; that the second column is
identical with the second row; that the third column is

^ See Archiv der Mathematik und Physik, I. 5:82-89, also "Figurate
Series " B. B. Smyth, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 14: 29.

Engler — Figwrate Numbers.

43

identical with the third row ; and so on indefinitely : there-
fore, if we designate the general row by r as we have
already designated the general column by w, we have as
the formula for the general row expressed in terms of r
and based upon its analogy with the 71*'' column, the
following:

r{r+l) r (r+1) (?' + 2) r (r+1) (r + 2) r + 3)

1, r,

1-2

1-2-3 1-2-3-4

r(r+l) (r + 2) (r + n-2)

r2^.....

(7)

(n-1)

in which formula, by giving r the successive values

1, 2. 3, we can obtain each of the rows of

Table 6 in succession; or, by giving r any integral value
whatever, we can obtain the series corresponding to the
value of r chosen. The value of r, or the second number
in any of the series may therefore be regarded as the
Index of the series, and indicates the Order of the series.
As formula for the sum of any number of terms of the
^th i-Q-^Y^ i^Q have

or,

S =

s =

n{n+l){n+2) {n+r-1)

1-2-3

(r+1) (r+2) (r+n-1)

1-2-3 (n-l)

If we now write the general row r a number of times,
making a rectangle with its zigzag diagonal, two triangles,
their respective rows and columns, as before,

r (r + 1) r (r + 1) (r+2)
1-2

1 r

1 r

r (r+1)
1-2

1 r
1 r

r (r+1)

1-2

r (r+1)

12

1 • 2 • 3

r (r+1) :r + 2)

1 • 2 • 3

r (r+1) (r + 2)

1 • 2 • ;i

r (r+1) (r + 2)

1-2-3

r (r+1) (r + 2) (r + 3)

1-2-3-4

r(r+l) (r+2((r+3)

1-2-3-4

r (r + l((r + 2)(r + 3)

1-2-3-4

r(r+l) (r+2) (r + 3)
1-2-3-4

Table 8.

44

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

it will be found in general that the sum of all the terms
in each column of the right-hand triangle is equal to r
times the sum of all the terms in the corresponding row
of the left-hand triangle.

It will be noticed that in Table 6 the diagonals ascend-
ing from left to right give the coefficients of the ordinary
binomial expansion with positive integral exponents, thus
forming Pascal's Triangle.^

The explanation of this fact is at once seen from the
structure of the terms of the different series as derived
from the general expression given in (7) . This procedure
shows the structure of the several terms of each series,
as follows:

1

1 2

1 3

1-2
^2

1-2

34
1-2

1-2-3

123
2-3-4

r¥3

345

1-2-34
1-2-34

2-3-4-5
123-4

345G
1-2-3-4

1 (r-4)

(r-4) (r-3) (r-4) (r-3) (r-2)

1-2

1-2-3

1 (r-3)

(r-3) (r-2) (r-3) (r-2) (r- 1)

1-2

1-2-3

1 (r-2)

(r-2)(r-l)
1-2

(r-2) (r-1)r
12-3

1 (r-1)

m

(r-1)r
12

r (r+1)
1-2

(r-1) r (r + 1)
1-2-3

r (r + 1) (r-1- 2)
1-2-3

Table 9.

* Published by Pascal in his Traits du triangle arithm^tiQuc, 1665.

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

45

in which the diagonal indicated ascending from left to
right gives the coefficients of the ordinary binomial expan-
sion in terms of r.

Formula (7) is valid for negative as well as positive
values of r, in fact, for all integral values of r from
— 00 to +00.

For values of r from 0 to — oo we obtain the different
series indicated in Table 10^ which is simply an extension
of Table 6 upwards.

1

6

15

20

15

6

1

1

5

10

10

0

1

0

1

4

6

4

1

0

0

1

3

3

I

0

0

0

1

2

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

o

4

5

6

7

1

3

6

10

15

21

28

1

4

10

20

35

56

84

1

5

15

35

70

126

210

1

6

21

56

126

252

462

•

•

•

• •

Table 10.

All the properties which have been described above as
applicable to the different series with positive indices
belong also to the portion of Table 10 with negative
indices, as will be at once seen by trial.

* In Tables 10, 11, 12 and the following, negative values are indicated for
convenience by minus signs placed above the numbers.

46 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Since the corresponding rows and columns in Talkie 6
are identical, this table may be extended for negative
values of n towards the left precisely in the same way as
it was extended upwards in Table 10 for negative values
of r, thus leading to Table 11.

. 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

. 6

5

4

3

2

1

0

2

3

4

5

6 .

. 15

10

6

3

1

0

0

3

6

10

15

21 .

. 20

10

4

1

0

0

0

4

10

20

35

56 .

. 15

5

1

0

0

0

0

5

15

35

70

126 •

. 6"

•

1

•

0

•

0

•

0

•

0

0

6

21

56

•

126

252 .

Table 11.

It will be noticed that the defining property of the num-
bers in Pascal's triangle — namely, that the n^^ term in
any series is equal to the sum of the first n terms of the
preceding series — where n represents the number of the
column, would be equally applicable if stated in terms of r,
where r represents the number of the row; that is to say
Table 11 becomes identical with Table 10, if in Table 11
each column is read from the top down and in Table 10 the
corresponding row is read from left to right.

Engler — Figurate Numbers. 47

The relation of Tables 10 and 11 to each other is shown
by their combination in Table 12.

.

.

.

•

.

.

.

5

10

10

5

1

0 .

4

6

4

1

0

0 .

3

3

T

0

0

0 .

2

1

0

0

0

0 .

1

0

0

0

0

0 .

0

0

0

0

0

0 .

. . 1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

. . 5"

4

3"

2

T

0

2

3

4

5

6

7 .

. . 10

6

3

1

0

0

3

6

10

15

21

28 .

. . 10

r

T

0

0

0

4

10

20

35

56

84 .

. . 5

1

0

0

0

0

5

15

35

70

126

210 .

. . 1

• • •

0

•

0

0

0

0

6

21

56

126

252 462 .

Table 12.

It is interesting- to note that every one of the series in
Table 10 represents the expansion of the exjDression

(1-1)"^

by giving to r its approjDriate value as shown by the index
of the series, that is, by the number of the row, for nega-
tive as well as positive values; and that similarly every
one of the series in Table 11, reading from the top down-
wards, represents the expansion of the expression

(1-1)""

by giving to n its appropriate value as shown by the number
of the column, for negative as well as positive values.

48 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

The foregoing set of series of figurate numbers may be
regarded as a special case; but the method described may
be extended to more general cases as follows :

A. If instead of Table 6 we write

(a)

1

l-^d

1 + d

1+d 1+d

(b)

1

2 + d

3 + 2d

4 + 3rf 5 + 4d

(c)

1

S + d

6 + 3d

10 + 6d 15+lOd .

(d)

1

4 + d

10 + 4d

20 + lOd 35 + 20d .

• • • • • •

Table 13.

where d is any integer, it will be seen that in this set of
series, the n^^ term of any series is equal to the sum of
the first n terms of the preceding series, and that the defi-
nition of figurate numbers is therefore satisfied. In this
set each of the rows may be separated into two series
whose sum is the sum of the corresponding series in the
table.

Thus the series (a), (b), (c), (d) may be written

(a)

(1

1

111.

•) + (0

1111.

.) d

(b)

(1

2

3 4 5.

.) + (0

12 3 4.

.) d

(c)

(1

3

6 10 15 .

.) + (0

1 3 6 10 .

.) d

(d)

(1

4

10 20 35 .

• • • •

•) + (0

1 4 10 20 .

.)d

•

For the sum of (a) we have by (1)

^ = n+{n-l)d (8)

For the sum of (b) we have by (2)

s = !^ + (!^«, (9)

For the sum of (c) we have by (3)

n (n+1) (n+2) jn-l) n (n+1)
^ = "^ 1-2-3 + 1-2-3 ^ ^ ^

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

49

For the sum of (d) we have by (4)

^ n (?i + l) {n + 2) (n + 'S) , (n-1) n (/i + l) (?i-f 2)

d

For rf=l,

For ^=0,

1-2-

3

_ _j_ _

1-2-3-4

For <i = 3, these

series become

1

2

2

2

2

1

1

3

5

7

1

0

3

8

15

1

1

9

10

25

•

•

•

Table 14.

For d=2,

1

1

1

1

1

• • •

1

0

I

2

3

• • •

1

1

0

2

5

• • •

1

9

9

0

5

• * •

^

•

Tahle 15.

• • •

(U)

1

0

0

()

0 .

1

1

1

1

1 .

1

2

3

4

0

1

•

3

6

10

15 .

Tahle 16.
which is identical with Table 6.

1

1

1

1

1

1

9

3

4

5 .

1

3

6

10

15 .

1

4

•

10

20

35 .

Table 17.
which is identical with Table 6 and Table 16.

50

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

For d=l,

For d-2,

For ^=3,

1

2

2

2

o

1

3

5

7

9 . . .

1

4

9

16

25 . . .

1

5

•

14

•

30

55 . . .

Table 18.

1

3

3

3

O

1

4

7

10

13

1

5

12

90

35

1

6

18

40

75

Table 19.

1

4

4

4 4...

1

5

9

13 17 .

]

6

15

28 45 . . .

1

•

7

22

50 95 .

• • • ■ •

Table 20.

B. Or again, instead of Table 6 we may write

(e) 1 1 + d l + 2d l+3rf

(f) 1 2 + rf 3 + 3d 4 + 6rf

(g) 1 3 + d 6 + 4(i 10+lOrf
(h) 1 4 + d 10 + 5d 20 + 15d

• • •

Trt&^e 21.

where d is any integer. It will be seen that in this set
of series, also, the w'^ term of any series is equal to the

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

51

sum of the first n terms of the preceding series,
case the expressions for the sums become :

For (e), by (1) and (2)

^ (n — l)n ,

1-2

For (f), by (2) and (3)

^ n (n-i-l) jn—l) n {n-j-l)

1-2

For (g), by (3) and (4)

1-2-3

^ n{n+l)in+2) {n—l)n{n+l){n+2)
1-2-3 l-2r3r4

For (h), by (4) and (5)

^__n{n+l){n+2){n+3) _^

1-2-3-4

{tv—l)}}, (»+!) (»^+2)(^+3)
l-2:3r4-5

d

For d = o, these series become

1 2 5 8 II

1 I 6 l4 25^

1 0 6 20 45

1 1 5 25 70

Table 22.

For ^=2,

1

1

3

5

7 . . .

1

0

3

8

15 . . .

1

1

2

10

25 . . .

1

2

•

0

•

10

•

35 .

• • • •

Tabic 23.
which is identical with Table 14,

In this

(12)

(13j

(14)

(15)

52

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

For d^l,

1
1
1
1

0 1

1 0

2 2

3 5

2 3

2 5

0 5

5 0

Table 24.
wliicli is identical with Table 15.

For r?=0,

1

1

1

1

1

• •

1

2

3

4

5 .

• •

1

3

6

10

15 .

• •

1

•

4

10

20

35 .

• •

Table 25.
which is identical with Table 6, Table 16, and Table 17,

For d-=l,

1

2

3

4

0 . . .

1

3

6

10

15 . . .

1

4

10

20

35 . . .

1

5

15

35

•

70 . . .

Table 26.

which is identical with Table 6, Table 16, Table 17, and
Table 25.

For d-=2,

1

3

5

7

9 . . .

1

4

9

16

25 . . .

1

5

14

30

55 . . .

1

•

6

•

20

50

105 .

Table 27,
which is identical with Table 18.

Engler — Figurate Nunnhers.

53

For 6? =3,

1

4

7

10

13 . . .

1

5

12

22

35 . . .

1

6

18

40

75 . . .

1

•

7

•

25

•

65

•

140 . . .

« • • «

Table 28.
which is identical with Table 19.

The set of series included in Table 21 is of peculiar inter-
est because it contains the familiar sets of series known
as polygonal numbers and pyramidal numbers.

Polygonal numbers. These are the numbers in the sec-
ond row of Table 21, for c?==successively 1, 2, 3, 4 . . . .

i'd=l,

1

3

6

10 .

(Triangular)

d=2,

1

4

9

16 .

(Square)

d=3,

1

5

12

oo

(Pentagonal)

^=4,

1

6

15

28 .

(Hexagonal)

^=5,

1

(

18

34 .

(Heptagonal)

d=6,

1

8

21

40 .

(Octagonal)

•

«

• • •

Table 29.

They are called polygonal because the numbers in the
series correspond to the numbers of points or dots which

^ See "Ueber polydimensionalen Zablenfiguren", by Th. Hannuth, Archiv
der Mathematik und Physik, Series I, Vol. LXIX, pp. 90-107.

54

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

can be arranged in the form of regular polygons of
3, 4, 5, ... . sides for the respective cases, thus :

3

A

4

O

O

A

12

^

21

10

16

22

1 6 15 28

17 18

■ o

65

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

55

Pyramidal numbers. These are the numbers in tlie
third row of Table 21 for c?= successively 1, 2, 3, . . . .

For^ = l, 1 4 10 20 . . (Triangular Pyramid)
r/=2, 1 5 14 30 . . (Square Pyramid)
(1=3, 1 6 18 40 . . (Pentagonal Pyramid)

They are called pyramidal because the numbers corre-
spond to the numbers of points or dots which can be
arranged in the form of regular pyramids with the reg-
ular polygons of 3, 4, 5 . . . sides for the bases in the
respective cases.

Evidently an indefinite number of sets of series com-
parable with the above may be obtained by varying the
combination of the columns involving d with the columns
of Table 6, Two such sets of series have been exhibited
in Tables 13 and 21.

All such sets of series will satisfy the definition of
figurate numbers. The numbers of such series is infinite.

But it should be noted that the definition of figurate
numbers usually given, namely that the n*'' term of any
series is equal to the sum of the first n terms of the pre-
ceding series, applies also to an infinite number of other
sets of series not included among those previously indi-
cated and not usually classed as figurate numbers. Such,
for example, is the set of series, arbitrarily chosen,

•

3

•

4

•

5

6

5

3

I

4

3 .

3

2

6

4

7 .

3

5

11

15

09

3

•

8

•

19

34

•

56 .

Table 30.

which may be extended up and down indefinitely. Evi-
dently from any arbitrary series of integers, such a set

56

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

of series may be derived by applying the property named,
thus:

If a, h, c, d, . . . . represent any series of integers,
positive or negative, the set of series in which the w'*
term of any series is equal to the sum of the first n terms
of the preceding series will be :

a b c

a a+b a+6+c

a 2a + h 3a + 26 + c

a Sa + b Qa + Sb + c

a 4a + b 10a ^ 46 + c

d

a + b + c + d
4o + 36 + 2c + d
10a + 6b + Sc + d
20a + 106 + 4c + d

Table 31.

Table 31 may be arranged diagrammatically as in
Table 32.

+

1

•

0

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

2

3

4

1

3

6

10

1

4

10

•

20

•

•

0

0

1

•

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

2

0

0

1

3

0

0

1

•

4

•

a +

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

2

3

0

1

3

6

0

1

4

.10

c +

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

0 1

6 +

d +

Table 32.

Engler — Figurate Numbers.

57

in which the coefficients of the different letters are col-
lected, series for series, and inclosed in brackets. It
will be seen that the sets of series in the brackets are
identical in form with Table 6, and differ from each other
only in the number and position of the significant columns.
Formulas for the sums of these series may therefore at
once be written by the methods already given, and the
relation of the general case exhibited in Table 31 to the
ordinary figurate numbers of Table 6 becomes clear.

By assigning special values to a, h, c, d, . . . . in
Table 31 or Table 32 all the preceding sets of series may
be obtained.

Thus for a = l, and b = c = d=
Table 6.

For a = l, and h = c = d= . ,
Table 13.

= 0, Table 31 becomes

= l+d, Table 31 becomes

For a=l, and h = c = d= . . . =d, Table 31 becomes Table

21.

For a = 3, 6 = 4, c=5, d-
Table 30.

6, e = 5,

Table 31 becomes

Issued June 23, 1911.

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Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis.

VOL. XX. No. 5.

HERPETOLOGY OF MISSOURI.

JULIUS HURTER, Sr.

Issued July 28, 1911.

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HERPETOLOGY OF MISSOURI*
Julius Hurter, Sr.

The aim of this paper is to give as complete and thor-
ough a presentation of the Amphibian and Reptilian
fauna of the State of Missouri as possible. Students of
Herpetology labor under many disadvantages as the de-
scriptions of North American Amphibia and Reptilia are
scattered through many works, generally found only in
large scientific libraries.

Some of our adjoining states — Illinois, Nebraska, Kan-
sas, and, lately, Arkansas^ — have published lists of the
species occurring within their respective limits. This is
the first attempt at compiling a list for the State of Mis-
souri. Most of it is based upon my own observations dur-
ing the past twenty-seven years and those of my two
sons, Julius and Henry, and my grandson, Arthur Wein-
zettel.

The great drawback to collecting reptiles and in acquir-
ing accurate information concerning their habits and
habitats is the fear most people have of these animals,
partly because of the appearance of some and the sup-
posed poisonous character of many. In reality there are
only six species in the state which are poisonous — all
among the snakes — while all others (96 species) are abso-
lutely harmless and more or less beneficial to agriculture.

I take this opportunity to express my sincere thanks
to Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, Curator of Reptiles in the
National Museum at Washington, D. C, and to Mr.
Arthur Erwin Brown, Director of the Zoological Gar-

*Presente(i in abstract before the Academj' of Science of St. Louis.
November 7, 1910.
' Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 18 : 11-27. 1909.

(59)

LIBRARY
NEW VOW

botanicai

QARCkBN.

60 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

den in Philadeliohia, for their valuable aid in determining
many doubtful cases of identification.

To the following ladies and gentlemen I am indebted
for annotated lists of specimens found in their respective
counties, as well as for the presentation of specimens.

Mr. W. K. Smith, Cuba, Crawford Co.; Dr. F. Kin-
solving, Hornersville, Dunklin Co. ; Mr. Charles Thoman,
Brandsville, Howell Co-; Mr. Benjamin F. Bush, Court-
ney, from whom I have received many specimens, and
Mr. A. E. Shirling, Principal of the Manual Training
School, Kansas City, Jackson Co.; Mr. B. M. Stigall,
State Normal School, Warrensburg, Johnson Co.; Mr.
J. C. Miles, Carthage, and Miss Van Niemann, teacher
of biology, Carthage Pligh School, Carthage, Jasper Co. ;
Mr. Smith Fuller, La Belle, Lewis Co. ; Mr. Edgar Par-
ker, Montgomery City, Montgomery Co. ; Mr. Robert
Lotze, Mitch, Oregon Co.; Mr. N. Force, Gaines\'ille,
Ozark Co.; Mr. Otto Funke, Rolla, Phelps Co.; Mr. R. R.
Rowley, Louisiana, and Mr. E. C. Damerou, Clarksville,
Pike Co.; Mr. M. E. Finnell, Huntsville, Randolph Co.;
Mr. W. G. Savage, Monteer, Shannon Co.; Dr. Anton
Schaffraneck, St. Charles, Mr. Max Neumeyer and son,
St. Charles, and Miss Castlio, Matson, St. Charles Co.;
Dr. C. A. Peterson, Webster Groves, Mr. Robert Burnie,
Gratiot, Mr. George W. Letterman, Allenton, and Dr.
Robert J. Terry, Crescent, St. Louis Co. ; Dr. F. J. Arzt,
Dr. P. R. Baer, Dr. Geo. W. Bock, Dr. L. A. Branden-
burger, Dr. Eugene Bribach, Mr. J. A. Drushel, Dr. Carl
Fisch, Mr. Geo. Gebhardt, Dr. Gustav Hambach, Dr.
Hugo Harnisch, Mr. Frank Hartmann, Mr. Otto Hart-
mann, Dr. Hugo Kinuer, Mr. Wm. Kuhlmey, Mr. Geo. J.
Lumelius, Mr. A. H. Neslage, Mr. Clark McAdam, Mr.
Geo. A. Miller, Dr. W- F. Parks, Mr. Ben H. Pluempe,
Mr. Paul Schneider, Mr. Frank Schwarz, Mr. Herman
Schwarz, Dr. D. S. H. Smith, Dr. G. M. Stelzleni, Mr. A. A.
Stolzenburg, Mr. Thomas Wheatley, and Dr. H. M.
AVhelpley, St. Louis; Mr. John H. Frick, Warrenton,

Hurter — Herpetology of 3Iissoun. Q\

Warren Co.; Mr. J. J. Bodenburg, Illinois; Mr. T. Van
Hyning, Iowa; Mr. J. J. Black, Baxter Springs, Kansas;
and Mr. J. E. Fordyce, Little Rock, Arkansas.

With regard to the nomenclature of families, genera,
and species, I have adhered strictly to the *' Interna-
tional Rnles of Zoological Nomenclature," adopted by
the International Congress of Zoology.^ As Dr. Stej-
neger remarks in his Herpetology of Japan, "changes
in nomenclature necessitated by these rules, therefore,
must not be laid to any desire of the author to alter names,
but to the necessity of conforming strictly to the laws
now generally accepted by the working zoologists of the
world. ' '

Directions for Collecting and Preserving Amphibians

AND Reptiles.

When and ivliere to collect. — While amphibians and
reptiles may be found occasionally in any season, spring
is the time for collecting. In a moderately cold climate
toads and salamanders may be looked for on the first
warm day, signaling the breaking up of winter. Rep-
tiles, as a rule, require warmer weather to rouse them
from their winter homes.

Lizards, snakes, toads, frogs and salamanders are
mostly found under fallen logs and rocks. Salamanders,
frogs and toads are found in damp, shady places near
springs, creeks, and ponds, whereas snakes and lizards
are mostly found on the southern slopes of hill sides and
in or near water.

Hotv to secure tJie specimen. — Most reptiles and am-
phibians are easily caught by hand, but some reptiles are
either so quick in their movements or so shy that other
devices must be resorted to. Turtles may be caught with
hook and line, baited with raw meat or liver, or with a
dip net. Lizards and frogs may be shot with No. 12

= Regies Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique adopt6es par
les Congres Internationaux de Zoologie. Paris. 1905.

62 Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louis.

shot. In spring farmers often plow up snakes, lizards
and salamanders.

An old style fish bucket with a perforated inside pocket
is the best thing to carry home the catch alive. There
should also be separate receptacles for emergency.
Toads, frogs and salamanders must be moistened occa-
sionally to keep them alive. Specimens that have been
shot and killed should be placed in the preserving fluid
at once. A joair of pinchers or tongs, made of two half-
round sticks about three feet long, with a screw as a
fulcrum about six inches from one end, is very service-
able in catching poisonous snakes. All the Pit Vipers,
such as Copperheads, Cottonmouths, and Rattlesnakes,
may be picked up by the tail and dropped into a bucket,
which, of course, must be closed very quickly. These
snakes are too clumsy to reach the hands quickly.

The preserving fluid. — Either alcohol or formaldehyde
(also called formalin) should be used for preserving.
Mix one pint of clean water with one ounce of formal-
dehyde. This mixture is strong enough to preserve
snakes, lizards and turtles. For frogs, toads and sala-
manders mix % ounce of formaldehyde with one pint of
water. If alcohol is used, take it as strong as you can
get it for snakes, lizards and turtles, but for salamanders,
toads and frogs use only a mixture of half alcohol and
half water. Two tablespoonsful of formaldehyde is equal
to one ounce.

Ho7v to kill the specimen. — The easiest and quickest
way to kill a turtle, lizard, snake, toad, or large frog is
with a 40% solution of formaldehyde injected hj^joderm-
ically near the heart. Even a four or five feet snake will
be dead in five or ten minutes. For "salamanders and
small frogs an 8% solution is sufficient.

Hoiv to prepare and preserve the specimen. — After the
animal is dead it should be placed in a flat-bottomed re-
ceptacle, such as a soup plate, in the desired position.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. g3

In an hour and a half or two the specimen will be stiff
and retain the position first given it. In large snakes —
about % inch thick and two or more feet long — the liquid
should be injected at intervals of about three inches. By
injecting behind the vent the copulating organs are gen-
erally brought out in the male. Always inject the tail
of snakes, but not that of lizards. Turtles, after death,
should have the head, feet and tail drawn out from the
shell and the mouth opened by placing a small piece of
wood between the jaws. After the specimen has been
prepared as given above, it should be placed in the pre-
serving fluid in a glass or earthenv\^are jar. Never crowd
too many specimens into one receptacle.

Hotv to pack and ship specimens. — Specimens, after be-
ing immersed in the preserving fluid for one or two
weeks, according to size, will be sufficiently hardened to
stand transportation for a considerable distance in a
damp state. A cigar box or a baking powder can will
answer very well for small shipments by mail. Wrap
the reptile in cotton batting, soak it in the preserving
fluid and squeeze out most of it, taking care, however,
not to press the specimen too much. Then place the
specimen solidly in the box, but not too tightly, and wrap
several thicknesses of strong paper around the parcel.

Harmless specimens. — The following reptiles are non-
poisonous and may be handled with impunity. All toads,
frogs, salamanders, water dogs, and mud puppies, all
lizards and all turtles, and all snakes with the exception
of Coral Snakes, Copperheads, Cottonmouths, and Rat-
tlesnakes, which are poisonous and should be handled
with the greatest care.

Class Amphibia.

The amphibians, or batrachians, as thej' are also called, are anam-
niote, archaecraniate, and stomatophysous vertebrates possessing a well-
developed skull provided with a lower jaw and articulating with the
vertebral column by means of two occipital condyles; limbs, when not
atrophied, consisting of humerus or femur followed by two propodials

64 Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louh.

(radius and ulna, tibia and fibula), metapodials (carpals and meta-
carpals, tarsals and metatarsals), and digits (phalanges); heart with
three chambers; internal nares; respiration, at least during part of
life, by means of gills; skin naked. Young, usually after leaving egg,
undergoes a metamorphosis. (Stejneger.)

This class includes three recent orders, namely, the
Caecilians (Apoda), the Salamanders (Caudata), and the
Frogs (Salientia). Of these only the two latter orders
are represented within our present limits.

Order CAUDATA.

Amphibia having a lizard-like, eel-like, or serpent-like form. At least
the fore limbs and the shoulder girdle are present in all forms; and
usually also the hind limbs. Posterior limbs never conspicuously larger
than the anterior. Proximal elements of the tarsus not elongated.
Vertebrae numerous, at least 14 in front of the sacrum; these either
amphicoelous or opisthocoelous. Ribs present, short. Maxilla present
in all, except Necturiis and Siren. Teeth present on maxillaries, vomero-
palatines, and on the dentaries, except in Siren. No tympanic cavities
or eustachian tubes. Cloaca opening externally by a longitudinal slit.
(Hay.)

This order is divided into three suborders, viz., the
Mudpuppies (Proteida), the Sirens (Meantes), and the
true Salamanders (Mutabilia).

So far nineteen species have been found in Missouri.

Suborder PKOTEIDA.

The suborder Proteida may be defined as follows: No median sternal
elements. Vertebrae amphicoelous. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous.
Inner walls of vestibule osseous. Nasalia wanting. Teeth on all the
usual bones except the maxillaries, which are wanting. The second
ceratobranchial is generally present, as in Mutabilia. Stapes directly
connected v/ith the suspensorium. (Cope.)

Of this suborder but three genera are known, Necturus
and TypMomolge of North America, and Proteus of
Europe,

Genus necturus.

Vomero-palatine teeth in a single series. Three persistent branchial
arches. Tongue large and fleshy, free in front and on the sides. Eyes
small and distinct. Vertebrae amphicoBlous. Carpus and tarsus carti-
laginous. Head elongate. Trunk short, thick. Fingers and toes four.

Hurter — Herpetology of 3Iissouri. 65

1. Necturus maculosus Rafinesque. Water Dog. Mud
Puppy.

Salamandra, Proteus tetradactyhis, Birena maculosa, Triton lateralis,
Menobranchus tetradactyhis, Menobranchus lateralis, MenohrancJius
maculatus, Proteus viaculatus, Necturus lateralis, Furciienmolch,
Necturus maculatus.

Description. — Head flat, oval; snout truncated. A groove along the
middle of the back and a well-marked gular fold. Large bushy gills,
forming three tufts on each side of the head. The eyes, situated
anterior to the middle of the head, are rather small. Nostrils small
and situated near the border of the lips. The upper lip is rather full
and has a thin edge v,hich overhangs the lovv-er lip, concealing the
posterior part of it. The tongue does not reach the symphysis of the
lov.'er jav/, and is obtusely rounded in front and considerably free
anteriorly. The internal nares form an oblique slit on each side and
lie obliquely between the vomerine and pterygoid teeth. The premaxil-
lary teeth are in two straight, divergent series, Vv'hich unite in front
in a round point, and form not quite a right angle. The vomerine
series of teeth is parallel with the premaxillary. Limbs short, about
equal in length, digits slightly depressed. Tail much compressed,
finned, with the end rounded. Skin smooth.

CoZo.-.^Light brown to dark brov.n, lighter beneath with more or less
distinct roundish black spots. Soles and palms yellowish. In young
specimens, less than 155 mm. long, a dark brownish band passes along
the canthus rostralis through the eye and along the sides to near the
end of the tail.

Size. — The largest specimen in my collection is 390 mm. long; the
smallest, a larva, 20 mm. long.

Habitat. — The species ranges throughout the tributa-
ries of the Great Lakes, the Mississippi River, and Lake
Chaniplain. Mr. R. R. Rowley of Louisiana, Pike Co.,
Mo., presented me with a fine adult specimen from that
neighborhood. I can record the capture of this species
from the following counties and rivers : — Butler, Stod-
dard, St. Louis, and Jackson Counties; Mississippi, Mis-
souri, Meramec, and St. Francis Rivers, and Spring-
River in Jasper Co.

Habits. — In Spring and Fall this species is often caught
by fishermen with hook and line baited with worms. —
Feb. 19; Apr. 3 ; Oct. 6 ; Nov. 23. They feed upon worms
and larvae of water insects. I had two adult specimens

66 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

which I kejDt and observed for a long time, but one morn-
ing I found both dead, the larger one having partly swal-
lowed the smaller one. They often have their gills with-
out fibrillae and live then by cutaneous and pulmonary
respiration. They are very hardy, having been frozen
and thawed out several times during a winter, according
to Mr. Samuel Kneeland. They are most active at night
and avoid daylight.

Suborder MEANTES.

This suborder may be defined as follows: Tongue, covering the floor
of the mouth, free in front. Jaws with a horny sheet. Vomerine teeth
numerous, forming two large patches converging anteriorly. Spiraculae,
three on each side below the gills, of which there are three on each
side also. Only two limbs in front. Four fingers.

Familv Sirenidae.

Posterior legs and the pelvic bones wanting. Anterior legs with
three or four digits. .Jav«'s provided with horny plates instead of teeth.
Vomerine teeth in two large divergent patches. Three persistent
branchial tufts, v.ith three corresponding free arches across the bran-
chial openings and a fourth arch hound in the integument. Occipital
condyles sessile. Carpus cartilaginous. Vertebrae amphicoelian.
(Carman.)

This family includes but two genera, both American, —
Pseudobranchus and Siren. Only the latter genus has so
far been found in the State of Missouri.

Genus siren.

Body long and slender. Mouth small, inferior. Tongue free in front
and slightly so at sides. Internal nares outside the patches of teeth.
Branchial tufts fimbriated. Tail short, compressed, with a dorsal mem-
brane. (Carman.)

This genus includes but a single species described
below.

2. Siren lacertina Linn. Siren. Two-legged Eel. Mud-
Eel.

Mud Iguana, Muraena siren, 8ir^7ie lacertine. Siren operculata, Sirene.

Description. — Slender and eel-like. Head rather small. Eyes small.

Snout slightly rounded, almost truncate. Nostrils inferior, near the

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 67

tips of the snout widely separated. Mouth small, inferior, transverse;
lower lip marked off by a groove. Lower jaws provided with a black,
corneous, sharp-edged covering, like the jaws of tadpoles, in place of
teeth. Upper jaw with a similar but smaller plate. Vomerine teeth
in two large oblique patches. Three coarsely fimbriate branchial tufts.
Branchial openings not large, covered by three free arches, bearing at
their inner margins series of short cartilaginous tubercles. The single
pair of legs is placed close behind the head. They are rather weak and
bear four small digits, which have whitish, sometimes dark, horny
tips resembling claws. (Garman.)

The skin is everywhere perfectly smooth. The tail is compressed
from the base to the extremity, and for its distal half is quite thin.
It has a strong dermal fin above and below. It commences above oppo-
site to the anterior extremity of the vent, and from the rear end of the
vent to the end of the tail. (Cope.)

Color. In living specimens. — Above brown, interspersed with innum-
erable darker, roundish spots, not over one millimeter in diameter.
Below lead color, closely sprinkled Avith very small blackish dots. A
yellowish band with irregular or poorly defined outline extends around
the muzzle and upper lip to the branchial tufts, and below them around
the base of the arms. In some of them the inner side of the arms and
the lower side of the hands are also yellowish, with the corneous tips
of the fingers brownish. In some specimens there is only a short yel-
lowish streak on the cheeks.

Size. — My largest specimen is 360 mm. long, or 260 mm. from the
end of the snout to the posterior end of the vent, and 100 mm. to the
end of the tail.

Habitat. — Dr. Cope states that the geographical range
of the Siren is tlie best measure of the extent of the
anstroriparian region of North America. It appears in
eastern North Carolina, and extends thence throughout
the Southern Atlantic and Gulf States through Texas to
the west side of the Rio Grande, where it ceases. North-
ward it ascends the Mississippi Valley proper as far as
Alton, 111.; eastward in the Wabash basin and White
River Valley. In the eastern part of Arkansas, in the
sunken lands, and in the eastern counties of Missouri as
far as St. Louis and Lincoln Counties, as well as in Union,
Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, and Madison Counties, 111.,
it is often encountered.

Habits. — Sirens feed on worms and minnows. Most of
those in my possession were caught with hook and line

68 Trans. Acad. Scl. of St. Louis.

baited with worms. When kept in an aquarium they
always seek the darkest jilace in it. After the receding
of the high water in Spring, they are most numerous.
In the year 1909, when a canal was being dredged to drain
the many lakes and sloughs in the so-called "American
Bottom", opposite St. Louis, Sirens were more numer-
ous than ever before. I think they had been driven out
of their regular resorts by these operations. In the win-
ter of 1904-05, when the temperature went down to 15
degrees below zero, an acquaintance of mine reported that
he saw hundreds of them frozen in the ice. He did not
send me any as he thought I only wanted live specimens.
When the ice thawed, they were eaten by the crows. To
all appearances they are not very scarce and it is only
because of their habits — living mostly in the mud — that
they are not found oftener.

Dates of capture. — I have specimens which were caught
Apr. 8, May 3, and June 13. Mr. B. H. Pluempe pre-
sented me with a living specimen which he caught in
Gingrass Creek, North St. Louis.

Suborder MUTABILIA.

The true salamanders are divided into two superfamilies, viz.. the
Amphiuraoideae and the Salamandroideae. For our present purpose it
is enough to separate them by the presence of well-developed eyelids in
the latter and the absence of eyelids in the former. It is stated that the
absence of eyelids is concurrent with the absence of a first epibranchial
and v/ith the connection of stapes with the quadrate arch in the
Amphiumoideae, while in the Salamandroideae a first epibranchial is
present and stapes not connected with the quadrate arch in the adult.
(Stejneger.)

Both superfamilies occur within the State of Missouri.
Superfamily Amphiumoideae.

Two families compose the superfamily Amphiumoideae, the Amphi-
umidae and the Cryptobranchidae, differing in many anatomical char-
acters, the former represented by the eel-like Aviphiuma with at most
three digits on the rudimentary legs, the latter by the hell-bender, with
its more salamander-like body, 4-5 digits and well-developed limbs. The
former occurs only in North America. (Stejneger.)

Hurler — Herpefology of 3Iissouri. (39

Family Amphiumidae.

No eyelids. Body elongated and eel-like. Two pairs of limbs, feebly
developed. Two or three digits on each limb. A single branchial
slit on each side of the neck. Teeth of maxillary and vomero-palatine
in two parallel, backv/ardly directed series along each upper jaw.
Premaxillaries united, developed from a single center, sending back
two strong processes, one in the roof of the mouth, the other between
the nasals and frontals on the upper surface of the snout. Vertebrae
amphicoelous. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous.

3. Amphiuma means Linn. Congo-Eel. Congo Snake.

8irena simiJe, Chrysodonta larvae for mis, Sirenoides didactylum, Am-
phiuma means s. didactyla, Amphiuma didactyla, Amphiuvia didac-
tyla et tridactylum, Amphiuma tridactyla, Muracnopsis tridactylus.

Description. — Body long and eel-like. Head narrower and more
pointed than is usual among the amphibians. A single gill-slit on
each side. Eyes very small, covered by the skin. No external gills
in adults. Fore and hind limbs present, extremely feeble. Digits
on feet variable, usually two or three. Length of head (snout to gill-
clefts), about ten times in length from snout to vent. Tail about
one-fourth the total length, compressed, slender and pointed. Skin
smooth. (Hay.)

Color. — Dark slaty or reddish brown, paler below. Lower jaw and
edge of upper lip yellowish.

Size. — Congo Snakes may reach a length of three feet — 914 mm.

Habit at. —Found from tlie Carolinas west to Louisiana
and up the Mississippi River as far north as Pemiscot
(Dr. Kingsolving) and Dunklin Counties in Missouri. I
have in my collection specimens from Little Bock, Ark.,
but have never had the luck to collect one in Missouri.

Habits. — The Congo Snake is a mud-loving animal, its
whole structure being adapted to burrowing in the mud
at the bottom of sloughs, creeks, and rivers. When in
New Orleans a few years ago, I caught several specimens
after a heavy rain in the gutters of the streets in the
outskirts of the city. The food of these salamanders con-
sists of all kinds of aquatic animals, small fish, beetles,
and mollusks. I never saw the pair from New Orleans,
which I kept in my aquarium for a whole season, eat any-

70 Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louis.

thing, but still wlien I killed tliem they were plump and
fat.

Congo Snakes are remarkable for the size of their blood
corpuscles, the largest furnished by any vertebrate, being
visible to the naked eye. The number of their vertebrae
is also worthy of remark, there being altogether about 110,
of which 65 lie in front of the sacrum. (Hay.)

Family Ceyptobkanchidae,

Form salamandrine. Head broad and depressed, mouth wide. Limbs
four, well-developed. Tail broad and compressed. Teeth on the ante-
rior edge of vomers, concentric with those of the premaxillaries and
maxillaries, but not extending so far back as the latter. No teeth
on parasphenoids. Tongue large, free in front. (Hay.)

This family embraces three genera, Proteocordylu^
(Andrias), known only from the Miocene of western
Europe, Cryptohranclws , which only occurs in eastern
North America, and Megalohatrachus, known from Japan
and China. (Stejneger.)

4. Grytobeanchus alleghantensis Daudin. Hellbender.
Mud-Devil.

Salamandra alleghaniensis, Salamandra gigantea, Protonopsis Jiorrida,
A'oranchus allcghaniensift. Salamander des monts alleghaniens,
Menojwma alleghaniensis. Cryptohranehus horridus, Menopoma
alleghaniense.

Description. — Size large, body heavj- and depressed. Head broad and
flat and snout rounded. Tail broad and much depi'essed, with a fin
along its upper edge; its length equal to half the remainder of the
animal. Skin richly provided v/ith mucous follicles, especially about
the head. Sides with a conspicuous, corrugated cutaneous fold, which
extends from the angle of the mouth to the middle of the tail.

Mouth large, the gape extending to behind the eyes. Nostrils small,
close to the edge of the lips. Eyes small, with no evident lids. Limbs
short and stout, bordered externally by a fold of membrane, which
extends down to the outer toe. Hind limbs stoutest, and bordered
behind by a second fold, which, near the foot, passes into the external
fold. Digits 4-5. The distance from the snout to the gill-slit is equal
to about one-sixth or nearly one-seA'enth of the total length. (Hay.)

Color. — The usual color is a rather light lead to yellowish clay,
paler beneath. Some specimens, particularly the younger ones, have

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 71

dark brown spots and blotches irregularly distributed over the whole
back and sides of the tail, where, as in the others, these spots are
very indistinct and sometimes entirely absent. Cope states that some
specimens are almost entirely black.

Size. — A specimen in my collection fi'om the Ohio River measures
435 mm. total length, tail 165 mm. One from the Gasconade River,
Mo., measures 430 mm., tail 140 mm.

Habitat. — The species is distributed from western New
York, Pennsylvania, and the Great Lakes to Iowa, south
to Georgia, North Carolina, and Louisiana. I have speci-
mens from the Gasconade, Current and Eleven Point
Rivers in Missouri.

Habits. — The Hellbender is entirely aquatic in its habits
and is frequently caught by fishermen on hooks baited
with minnows. I never have seen one from the Missis-
sippi near St, Louis, and I hardly think they will be
found, as the river is too muddy and the water too warm
in summer. The animal seems to like clear, cold water.
Boiling Spring, near Arlington, Phelps Co., Mo., is an
ideal place for them, where they can be easily secured with
a hook baited with minnows or worms.

Superfamily Salamandroideae.

The Salamandroids fall into three families, namely,
the Ambystomidae, Plethodontidae, and Salamaudridae.
The Plethodontidae are characterized by the presence of
parasphenoid teeth.

Family Ambystomidae.

No branchial tufts; openings closed in adults. With four legs;
fingers four, toes five. Palatine teeth in a more or less transverse
series. Eyelids present. Teeth on the maxillaries and premaxillaries.
No parasphenoid teeth. Tongue free in front. Palatine bones not pro-
longed over the parasphenoid. Pterygoids and prefrontals pi'esent,
the latter with the parietals prolonged and embracing the frontals.
Occipital condyles sessile. Carpus and tarsus ossified. Vertebrae
amphicoelian. (Garman.)

72 Trans. Acad. ScL of St. Louis.

Genns ambystoma.

Palatine teeth in a transverse, often interrupted row, sometimes in
tlie form of an arch or crotchet. Toes, four in front, five behind, never
palmate. Tongue fleshy, round or long, centrally attached, with lateral
and anterior margins free. Skin smooth, slimy, perforated Vvith
mucous pores, especially above the orbits and in the parotid region,
costal furrov.'s strongly marked. Tail rather long, compressed distally,
with no membranous expansion. Gular fold present. Palms and soles
generally v.ith one or more tubercles.

Synopsis of Missouri Species.

Palatine series of teeth not extending outside the inner nares.
Plicae of tongue radiating fi-om a median longitudinal groove.
Mandible projecting. Color blackish or brownish, with gray
spots on the sides. A rather slender species.

microstomum.

Palatine series of teeth extending outside the inner nares. Tongue
with no longitudinal grooves, plicae radiating from behind.
Costal grooves twelve. Two distinct plantar tubercles. Color
brown or black, with numerous yellow spots; these generally
aggregate on the sides of the belly. tigrinum.

Costal grooves eleven. A series of round yellow whitish spots
on each side. Spotless below. punctatum.

Costal grooves eleven. Transverse gray bands on the back. A
rather stout species. opacum.

5. Ambystoma microstomum Cope. Small -mouthed Sal-
amander.

Amtlystoma porphyriticum, Avihlystoma microstomum, Chondrotus
viicrostomus.

Description. — Palatine teeth forming a slightly angular series, with
convexity forward entirely between the internal nares (choanae).
Tongue not very large, oval, with a median longitudinal groove from
which the plicae radiate. Head very small, very convex, slightly longer
than broad. Snout very short, broad, rounded, without canthus ros-
tralis. Lower jaw projecting a little beyond the border of the upper.
Eyes moderate. Body cylindrical, much elongated, four and a half
times the distance from snout to gular fold. Limbs short, widely
separated when laid against the body; fingers and toes moderate,
cylindrical, depressed. Carpal and tarsal tubercles indistinct. Tail
as long as the head and body, or a little shorter, subcylindrical at the
base, becoming strongly compressed at the end, which is obtuse. Skin
shining, minutely pitted. No parotoids. A strong gular fold. Four-
teen costal grooves, extending nearly across the body, leaving the
middle of the back smooth.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri 73

Color. — Brownish grey or blackish, paler beneath, v/ith numerous
grayish white spots on the sides and sometimes also on the belly.-
Some with lichen-like spots on the sides.

Size. — Total length 170 mm.; from tip of snout to posterior end of
anal slit 82 mm.; tail beyond the latter point 88 mm.

This species bears a close resemblance to Plethodon ghitinosns,
from which the generic peculiarities, the longer digits, etc., readily
distinguish it. The bluish spots too are much less sharply defined
and duller, less silvery, and do not occur on the back in nearly as
great numbers as in P. glutinosus. Fi'om A. jeffersonianum it can
readily be distinguished by the projecting lower jaw; much smaller
and more arched head, greater number of costal furrows, more evi-
dent spots on the sides, etc., beside the important peculiarities of
tongue and teeth. (Cope.)

Habitat. — This species is recorded from Ohio to South
Carolina, west to eastern Kansas and Louisiana. It has
also been brought from Hudson Bay. In Missouri it is
sometimes very common in suitable localities. I can
record it from the following counties : — St. Louis, Jeffer-
son, Butler, St. Charles, Stoddard, and Montgomery, in
Missouri, and St. Clair in Illinois.

Habits. — The Small-mouthed Salamander spends the
winter months in and about stagnant pools and sloughs.
In February it may be seen under the thin ice crusts.
March 20tli I caught a number of them in a slough under
logs, where they seemed to come out of crayfish holes,
and tried to escape into them again. They feed on earth-
worms. 0. P. Hay in his report on the Batrachians of
Indiana gives a fine life history of this species.

Dates of capture.— Marcli 17, 25; April 8, 15, 28; May
24; October 26.

6. Ambystoma TiGRiiSruM Green. Tiger Salamander.

Amblystoma tigrinum, Salamandra tigrina, Salamandra lurida. Triton
tigrinus, Triton ingcns. Snlamandra ingens, Ambystoma ingens,
Ambystoma episcopus, Ambystoma maculatum, Ambystoma pro-
serpine, Ambystoma mavortia, Amiystoma mavortium., Ambystoma
californiense, Ambystoma fasciatum., Ambystoma nebulosum,
Camarataxis maculata, Amblystoma obscurum, Siredon lichenoides,
Siredon gracilis, Desmiostoma maculatum, Siredon pisciformis,
Siredon tigrinus, Axolotl.

74 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis.

Description. — This species, as now recognized, is one of the most
widely distributed of North American Caudata, being known from
Maine to Florida, west to California, and southwest to Mexico. In
this wide extent of territory the species has been subjected to a great
variety of conditions, and the result has been the production of
numerous forms, which differ so much that they have been described
as distinct species under many names. The discovery of intermediate
specimens has resulted in bringing all the forms under the earliest
name, tigrinum. (Hay.)

The arrangement of the palatine teeth is extremely variable, the
series being continuous or slightly interrupted externally or medially,
or in a straight line, or at an angle directed forward, or an arch with
the convexity forward, with all possible intermediate forms, extending
externally to the posterior outer border of the choanae. Tongue large,
plicae radiating from behind. Head depressed, as long as broad, great-
est width at angle of javvs; snout broad, rounded, without canthus
rostralis. Eyes moderate. Body stout, swollen, slightly depressed.
Distance from gular fold to posterior end of vent from three to three
and a half times the distance from the tip of the snout to the gular
fold. Limbs stout, appressed against the body; the median fingers
and toes meet or cross. Fingers and toes short, much depi-essed,
pointed. Carpal and tarsal tubercles distinct. Tail longer than, as
long as, or shorter than head and body, strongly compressed, keeled
posteriorly, ending in a point.

Skin shining, minutely granulated. The parotoid region much swol-
len, wider than the skull, and about equal to the distance from snout
to gular fold. A vertical groove behind the angle of the mouth, crossed
by another horizontal groove from the eye to the gular fold, which is
very strong and even overlapping. There is a decided constriction
at the neck. Twelve costal grooves well marked.

Color. — The colors vary in individuals and with age. The yellow
spots may be distinct and bright yellow or so obscure as to be scarcely
discernible; they may be abundant and pretty regularly distributed,
or may be few in number and confined chiefly to the sides of the belly.
Young just from the water are nearly imiformly brownish black above,
with no spots or a very few small ones, and are yellowish beneath,
with perhaps a few indistinct spots on the sides. (Carman.)

Adult specimens are of a dark, livid black-brown color on the back,
olivaceous on the sides, and from light olive to dirty white or yellowish
beneath, with the yellow spots distributed as given above. All my
specimens from Missouri have no vertical yellow bands on the tail
as seen in some specimens in my collection from the Cherokee outlet
in Oklahoma.

Size. — The largest adult specimen measures from the end of the
snout to the posterior end of the anal slit 130 mm.; from there to
the end of the tail 135 mm.; total length 265 mm. An adult, but very
small specimen, from Montgomery Co., Mo., has a total length of 97

Ilurter — Herpetology of Missouri 75

mm., 55 mm. from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the anal
slit, and 42 mm. from the last point to the end of the tail. A larva
from Adair Co., Mo., has a total length of 142 mm., 72 mm. in front
of anal slit and 70 mm. to end of tail. Color light yellowish grey
above, sides and belly yellowish. Sides of tail marbled with dusky
spots. The fin on top of the back begins nearly behind the head and
runs over the upper part of the tail to the end. Three branchial tufts.

Habitat. — As stated above this salamander is distrib-
uted over nearly the whole United k^tates and a part of
Mexico. I can report specimens from the following coun-
ties in Missouri :— Adair, Buchanan, Butler, Gasconade,
Montgomery, Pike, St. Charles, and St. Louis; and from
St. Clair, Monroe and Madison counties. 111., neighboring
counties across the Mississippi River.

Habits. — The animal is nocturnal in its habits and is
of rather common occurrence in the city of St. Louis,
where it is often found in cellars and "new building exca-
vations. In Spring the stagnant waters are full of larvae.
In the country they are often plowed up in the fields. The
farmers call them ground puppies. Their food consists
of all kinds of insects and worms. To my great dissatis-
faction they even swallowed other smaller salamanders
and little frogs that were imprisoned with them in my
collecting bucket.

Dates of capture. — April 4, May 16, 26.
7. Ambystoma punctatum Linn. Spotted Salamander.

Lacerta caroUnae, Lacerta 'punctata, Laccrta maculata, Salamandra
punctata, Lacerta suhviolacca, Salamandra subviolacea, Salama?i-
dra vcnosa Amblystoma carolinae, Amblystoma argus, Ambly-
stoma punctatum, Amblystoma subviolaceum.

Description. — A species with a broad head, stout body, black ground-
color, and yellow spots. Palatine teeth in three series, the median
one generally in a straight line or a double arch, the convexity of
which is turned backward, sometimes forming a single arch. Lateral
series a little in advance of the central and not quite half its length,
separated from the central one by a slight interval. The three teeth
patches slightly behind the choanae. The latter openings considerably
farther apart than the external nostrils. Mouth large. Tongue mod-
erately large, plicae radiating from behind.

76 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Head depressed, a little longer than broad, the greatest vddth at
the angle of the jaws. Snout broad, rounded. Eyes moderate. The
gular fold rises high on the side of the neck. A slight vertical fold
behind the angle of the jaws and a horizontal one running back from
the jaws to the gular fold. Body plump. Eleven costal furrows.
Specimens preserved in strong alcohol show a dorsal groove, which
cannot be seen in the living specimens. Distance from snout to axilla
in distance from snout to groin 2.5 times. Limbs moderately devel-
oped; when appressed along the sides, the fingers and toes meet in
the male and remain separated generally in the female. Toes rather
short and depressed. Carpal and tarsal tubercles generally indistinct.
Tail thick at the base, becoming compressed toward the end. A well-
marked depression along each side of the tail, which is usually shorter
than the head and the body. Skin smooth, but Viell supplied with
pores. A row of enlarged pores along the upper jaw, another inside
the orbit, and one on each side of the upper edge of the lateral groove
of the tail.

Color. — The color varies in live specimens from slate-blue to deep
black; in alcoholic specimens a dark liver brown above, abruptly oliva-
ceous beneath. On each side of the back is a series of nearly circular
spots, about the size of the orbit, usually three on each side of the
head, eight or nine on the body, and as many on the tail, where they
are sometimes confluent. These spots are white in alcoholic specimens,
but orange yellow in life. Along the sides and the upper parts of the
legs are scattered some quite small whitish spots. (Cope.)

The animal, when alive, is perfectly smooth and lustrous, and
readily exudes a large quantity of a white milky juice from the upper
side of the head, body, and tail. This is due to the presence of glands
closely implanted in the skin, the pores of which are sometimes quite
conspicuous. On the tail they are much the largest and deepest, and
the lateral groove marks their inferior boundary, the glands being
implanted vertically. (Cope.)

Size. — Largest specimen from snout to posterior end of vent 88 mm.;
from vent to end of tail 62 mm.; total length 150 mm.

Habitat. — It is distributed from Halifax, N. S,, to Wis-
consin and south to Georgia and Texas. Missouri local-
ities:— Butler, Crawford, Jackson, Johnson, Oregon,
Shannon, Stoddard, Stone, and St. Louis counties.

Habits.- — ^Like its kindred, this species resorts in early
spring to stagnant ponds for the purpose of depositing
its spawn. As early as March 6th I found them in low
marshy places under rotten logs, which were partly lying
in the water. April 16th I captured some in a c}n3ress

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 'j'j

swamp near Poplar Bluff, Butler Co. It was a very dark
afternoon, just before a heavy thunderstorm, when the
yellow spots appeared in the dark as if phosphorescent.
Their food consists of earthworms, which they devour
with great greediness. The worms are swallowed by a
succession of gulps. Prof. S. W. Garman as well as Dr.
0. P. Hay observed that the tail is prehensile and used to
keep the animal from falling. This species, like the two
preceding, A. microstomum and A. tigrinum, when under
water draws this in through the nostrils and at intervals
expels it by the mouth, which enables it to remain for a
considerable time under the water.

Dates of capture.— li^x ah 6; Apr. 16, 24; Julv 17;
Oct. 26.

8. Ambystoma opacum Gravenhorst. Marbled Salaman-
der.

SaJamandra opaca, Salamandra fasciata, AmMystoma opaca, Amhly-
stoma fasciatum, Amblystoma opacum.

Description. — This species has a short, stout, swollen body, short
tail, and weak limbs. Color dark with light colored cross bands.
Head rather broad, depressed, its greatest width about three-fourths
of the length from snout to gular fold. The gular fold is interrupted
at the nape with a constriction behind the angle of the mouth and a
lateral groove connecting the tv^fo as in A. punctatiim. Tongue exten-
sively free at the sides, with the plicae radiating from behind. The
vomero-palatine teeth consist of two lateral and a median series, the
interruptions occurring just behind the choanae. Eyes moderate,
pupils circular. The neck is distinct. Distance from the snout to the
gular fold not quite 3.75 times in that to insertion of hind legs.

Body nearly cylindrical but decidedly depressed. No dorsal furrow.
Eleven well-marked costal grooves, three on the pelvic portion, and
some on the base of the tail, becoming fainter towards the end. Tail
oval in section, short and stout. The lateral groove is very indis-
tinct. Measured from behind the vent it is 1.6 times the length of
the head and body. The digits are linear, depressed, without any
web. The third finger and the fourth toe are the longest. The plantar
tubercles are distinct. The skin is everywhere pitted with minute
pores.

Color. — Dark brown or black. Across the back and upper side of
the tail is a series of light gray or silvery transverse bands, which

78 Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louis.

widen at each end into an inverted V on the back, but are more linear
on the tail. These bands number about seven on the body and as
many on the tail, occasionally more or less; sometimes they are con-
fluent with those before and behind, but often are interrupted in the
middle. They do not descend more than one-third on the sides, being
confined to the dorsal region. There is also a similar patch on top
of the snout. Limbs and belly may be uniform in color, or may be
sprinkled with white dots.

Size. — Largest specimen, 71 mm. head and body, 44 mm. from pos-
terior end of vent to end oi tail; total length 11.5 mm.

Habitat, — From Long Island and Florida, west to Wis-
consin, south to Louisiana. In Missouri I can record it
from Butler, Dunklin, New Madrid, Oregon, Pemiscot,
Stoddard, and St. Louis counties, and from Monroe and
Randolph counties in Illinois.

Habits. — The habits of this salamander have been most
carefully studied by Col. Nicholas Pike, with specimens
collected on Long Island. He states in Bulletin No. 7,
page 209, of the American Museum of Natural History
in New York, that eggs and young were taken soon after
the ice had left the ponds toward the latter part of March.
The eggs were enveloped in a glairy mass. The young
emerged in fifteen days. At first they were of a dingy
brown color, with two rows of pale dots along the sides.
When a month old, thev were excessivelv active. Some
which were dissected had in their stomachs the larvae of
insects, etc. At the age of two months, they would eat
small mollusks. When an inch long the gills are fringed,
the tail-fin is edged with black, the rows of white spots
are more prominent, and the head broader and more
prominent also. The gills appear to be absorbed, and the
fin membrane to disappear, when the length is about two
inches, the whole body being sprinkled with white dots.
As soon as the branchiae are absorbed, the larva? become
restless, seek to escape from the water, and if confined
in it, many of them die. If permitted they crawl into moss
and leaves, and curl up there in contentment. The meta-
morphosis occurs about the 5th of May. It is, however,

Hurler — Herpefology of Missouri. 79

not until the last of July that they assume the colors of
the adult. From the time when the eggs are laid until the
young have taken the complete adult form and color about
four and a half months elapse. The animal is then two
and a half inches long.

Colonel Pike regards A. opacum as strictly terrestrial,
entering the water only for the purpose of depositing its
eggs. They will eat almost any animal substance that
they can swallow. The Colonel also states that this spe-
cies hibernates late, hiding under leaves and burrowing
in the ground. He says it has been known to burrow in
soft ground to the depth of three feet. (Hay.)

Dates of capture. — Apr. 6, 16; May 3; Sept. 5; Oct. 24;
Nov. 13.

Family Plethodontidae.

No branchial tufts; openings closed in adults. With four legs, four
fingers, toes four or five. Palatine series of teeth more or less trans-
verse. Teeth on the maxillaries and premaxillaries. Parasphenold
teeth present. The tongue attached by a slender median pedicle and
free all around, or attached by a median strip which extends from
the anterior margin to about the middle, the tongue being thus free
at the sides and behind. Palatines not prolonged over the parasphe-
nold. Pterygoids wanting. Prefrontals present, not prolonged and
embracing frontals. Premaxillaries generally embracing a fontanel.
Occipital condyles sessile. Carpus and tarsus cartilaginous. Vertebrae
amphiccelian. Eye-lids present. (Garman.)

Synopsis or Missouki Genera.

Tongue attached by a median strip, and free at the sides and
behind. Two premaxillary bones. Fingers four. Toes four.
Parietals ossified. Hemidactylium.

Fingers four. Toes five. Parietals ossified. Plethodon.

Tongue attached by a pedicle and free all around. One premaxil-
lary bone, with a fontanel. Fingers four. Toes five, free.
Cranial bones ossified. Spelerpes.

Genus hemidactylium.

Fingers four, toes four. Tongue attached by a median strip, free
laterally and posteriorly. Palatine teeth interrupted medially. Para-
sphenoid patches not in contact. Parietals ossified, without fontanel.
(Garman.)

80 Trans. Acad, Sci. of St. Louis.

9. Hemidactylium scutatltm Schlegel. Four-tced Sala-
mander. Scaly Salamander.

Salamandra scntata, Salamandra melanosticta, Desviodactylus mela-
nostictus, Desviodactylus scutatus, Batrachoseps scutatus.

Description. — Whole skin finely granulated. Head flattened above,
broadest just behind the eyes. Snout short, truncate. "Width of head
in length to groin about six times. Gular fold rising above nearly to
middle line. Vomero-palatine teeth in two short series just behind the
choanae. The parasphenoidal patches not in contact. Eyes not large
nor prominent.

Body cylindrical. A dorsal furrow runs forv/ard to the vertex of the
head, where it bifurcates, sending a branch to each eye. Fourteen
costal grooves, which are more or less indicated across the belly. On
each side of the back is a faint longitudinal groove; above this, the
costal furrows run forward and meet in the middle line in an acute
angle. Base of tail wuth a decided constriction, beyond which the tail
again swells out and then tapers to a point. Both upper and lower
edges of tail with an evident ridge for the greater part of the length.
Limbs feebly developed. Fingers and toes almost rudimentary.

Color. — Back, dark chestnut. Snout above, eyes above, and, in cer-
tain lights the furrows above the lateral lines, light chestnut, approach-
ing to golden bronze. Pupils large, black. Iris above golden bronze.
Head, body, and tail below chalk white, with a tinge of blue, sparingly
and irregularly marked with rather large black spots; spots disposed
along the sides and the vxhite of the tail beneath. Central tract
unspotted. (Cope.)

Size.— From end of snout to vent 33 mm., tail 21 mm. Total length
54 mm.

Habitat. — This species is distributed from Massachu-
setts and Canada westward as far as Missouri and Ark-
ansas, south to Georgia. It is regarded as rare, although
it appears to be abundant in places. My friend, Dr.
George W. Bock, found one — the onlj^ Missouri specimen
I have — at Bourbon, Crawford Co., Mo. He found it on
a gently sloping hillside, where a little creek flows at
times, under a rock on the side of the creek bed. The
writer found two under a rock in a little valley near Hot
Springs, Ark.

Hahitb: — Kennicott reports this species common in
some localities in northern Illinois. He found it under

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 8X

logs, and says it is very quick in its movements. 0. P.
Hay in his report on the Batrachians and Keptiles of
Indiana, says: "When this species has been dropped
on its back, it will often lie for a time perfectly
quiet, as if feigning death. I have heard it give a faint
squeak like the scratching of a quill toothpick against
paper. It can readily climb a perpendicular surface, and
it can suspend itself by its tail. When thrown into water,
it may hide for a while at the bottom, but it soon en-
deavors to get out." The food is said to consist princi-
pally of worms and insects.

Genus pletkodon".

Yomero-palatine teeth in two more or less oblique series v.-hicli lie
behind the choanae. Parasphenoidal teeth present. Preniaxillarles
separated. Digits 4-5. Tongue free laterally, but attached medially
in front. (Hay.)

Key to Missouri Species oe Plethobon.

Costal grooves 16 to 19. Color above dark brown with a red dorsal
stripe. erythronotus.

Ccstal grooves 14. Color above bluish black, Vv-ith small v.hite dots.

glutinosus.

10. Plethodox erythronotus Green. Eed-backed Sala-
mander.

Salamandra crythronota, Amhlystoma erytlironotum, Salamandra
agilis, PletJiodon cinereus var. erythronotus, Plethodon erythronotus
var. crythronota, Plethodon cinereus.

Description. — This species is among the most elongated and slender
American salamanders. Head small, fiat above, depressed. Mouth
large, the upper jaw slightly projecting over the lov,-er one. Tongue
large, attached by a strip along the middle, slightly free behind.
Vomero-palatine teeth in two short, arched, backwardly converging
rows, which do not e?:tend beyond the choanae. Parasphenoid teeth
in two patches lying close together. Eyes prominent. Gular fold dis-
tinct, rising high on the sides of the neck, a distinct groove running
back from the corner of the eye to the gular fold, where it is met by
a vertical groove from the corner of the mouth. Neck distinct. 16 to
19 costal grooves. Limbs short and weak. Digits short, the inner ones
rudimentary. Tail round, pointed, equal to or longer than the head
and body.

82 Trails. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Color. — A broad, light reddish stripe commences at the nape and
continues to the tip of the tail, where it diminishes gradually in
width. The central region of this stripe generally exhibits a fine
mottling of brownish, scarcely obscuring the effect of the red ground
color. The sides of the body are abruptly and continuously dark
brown, which soon fades into the pepper and salt of the lower sides
and belly. The color of the red stripe varies considerably and turns
yellow in alcohol.

Size. — Length from end of snout to posterior end of vent 50 ram.,
tail from vent 50 mm. Total length 100 mm.

Habitat. — Cope states in liis Batrachia of North Amer-
ica, on page 134, ^'This species is found throughout the
United States east of the Mississippi Eiver. It appears
to be more abundant in tlie Middle States; its northern
range is to the middle of Maine, Ontario, and Michigan."
I was, therefore, very much astonished when my late
friend, Mr. Colton Russell, brought me a fine specimen
from Creve Coeur Lake, St. Louis Co. This was the first
report of the species west of the Mississippi River. Mr.
Russell presented me afterward with specimens which he
had collected in Jefferson and Madison counties, Missouri.
I have never yet found an Ashy Salamander, Plethodon
cinereus, west of the Mississippi. So far I have found
P. erythronotus in the eastern hilly part of Missouri, from
the Missouri River south to Farmington, St. Fran-
cois Co. When once a locality has been discovered, the^^
are generally found to be quite abundant.

W. II. Smith in his Tailed Amphibians states on page
65 "It is found in moist woody places, hiding under stones
and old logs, and when discovered if alone, it quickly dis-
appears in the decayed wood moss or earth, but if accom-
panied by its young neither it nor the little ones attempt
to escape. It climbs glass by adhering with its abdomen,
is frequently curled up on herbs, and if disturbed springs
away by a sudden uncoiling. Their food appears to be
small snails and mollusks. When young they are found
as a rule accompanied by the parents. The little ones
as well as their eggs occur under the moss and bark of
decayed trees. The eggs are found in bunches of from

Hurter — Ilerpetology of Missouri §3

six to eleven each, and individually are about 3 mm. in
diameter. The young are supplied with branchiae but
lose them very early — that is about three or four days
after hatching, ' '

Dates of capture. — Feb. 12 ; Mar. 7, 21 ; Apr. 4, 8, 23 ;
May 7 ; Sept. 21.

11. Plethodon glutinosus Green. Slimy Salamander.

Salamandra variolata, Salamandra glutinosa, Salamandra cylindracea,
Plethodon variolosuni, Triton porphyriticiis, Plethodon glutinosum,
Cylindrosoma glutinosuvi .

Description. — Head moderate, v.idth in the distance to the groin six
times. Snout rounded. The upper jaw projecting beyond the lower.
Tongue large, the posterior fourth and sides free, the plicae radiating
from behind. Vomero-palatine teeth in two short, separated, anteriorly
convex arches, which laterally pass a little beyond the choanae. Para-
sphenoidal bands in close contact throughout and anteriorly removed
from the vomero-palatines. Choanae as v/idely separated as the ex-
ternal nostrils. Gular fold not overlapping, met by a groove from
the eye. Eyes rather large and protruding.

The body, rather heavy for the genus, is cylindrical or somev/hat
depressed. Skin smooth and shining, pitted with numerous minute
pores, which secrete a white sticky fluid. Length from the end of
snout to axilla in the distance from end of snout to groin 2.75 times.
Costal grooves 14. Limbs moderately developed. Digits short and
depressed; the inner on. fore and hind legs are small, but distinct.
Tail equal to or longer than the head and body, cylindrical in section,
and tapering to a point.

Color. — The color above is bluish black, sometimes nearly black.
Along the sides are numerous whitish blotches, about the size of the
eye. Sometimes these are more or less confluent. On the back and
top of head the spots are usually smaller and not as bright. Under
surface of head and neck paler. The gular fold, as well as the carpal
and tarsal surfaces, and toes are whitish. The edges of the two jaws
are also of that color. Belly bluish with minute dots of v/hite, which
are not always the mouths of mucous pores, and are not always pres-
ent. Vent bordered with white. (Hay.)

Size. — Largest specimen from end of snout to vent 71 mm.; from
vent to end' of tail 67 mm. Total length 138 mm.

Habitat. — This species is distributed from Maine to
"Wisconsin and south to TerasVand Alabama. Missouri
localities : — Crawford, St. Franc|)is, St. Louis, St. Charles,
Jefferson, Phelps, Montgomery, Stone, and Madison coun-

84 Trans. Acad. Sci of St. Louis.

ties. In Illinois, St. Clair, Madison, and Randolph coun-
ties.

Habits. — This species resembles the variety later ale of
Aniby stoma jejfersonianum, and to a less extent Amhys-
toma microstomum, bnt is distinguished from both by the
possession of parasphenoidal teeth. Like Pletliodon
erythronotus this species appears to be wholly terrestrial.
It is found hiding in shady, cool places, where it haunts
rocky localities under logs and stones, whence at night
it comes to seek its prey. The food consists of insects
and other small animals that may fall within its reach.
It is especially remarkable for the development of pre-
hensile powers in its tail. It will wrap its tail around
one's finger and hang there for quite a while. It is one of
the most common species of Salamanders in Missouri.

Genus spelerpes.

Vomero-palatine teeth in tv/o series, which either converge backward
without reaching the parasphenoids, or run transversely to the ante-
riorly prolonged parasphenoidal patches. These patches are either sep-
arated or joined along the middle line. Tongue small, supported on a
central stalk, mushroom-like. Premaxillaries ankylosed, their spines
enclosing a fontanelle. Limbs moderately v.-ell developed. Digits 4-5.
(Hay.)

Key to the Missouri Species of Spelerpes.

13 to 14 costal grooves. Bodj' slender. Vomero-palatine teeth not
meeting the parasphenoidal patches.

Tail considerably longer than the head and body.
Yellov;, v.ith black spots; tail with black cross-bars.

Jongica-adus.
Orange red, with black spots on body and tail.

maculicaudus.

Back raw sienna in color. Median line and a streak on

each side of the back, a line from the eye back to above

the hind limb, and the top of the tail free from spots.

stejnegeii.

Yellow, with a broad dorsal band and another on each

side of back. guttolineatus.

Tail not much longer than the rest of the animal. The

sides of the head, body and tail black, belly white in

life. 7nelanopleurus.

21 costal furrows; color dark. mitltiplicatus.

Ilurter — Herpetology of 3Iissouri 85

12. Speleepes longicaudus Green, Long-tailed Sala-
mander. Cave Salamander.

Salamandra longicauda, Salamandra longicaudata. Spelerpes lucifuga,
Cylindrosoma longicauda, Saurocercus longicauda, Spelerpes longi-
cauda.

Description. — Head of moderate size, slightly v/ider than the neck,
depressed. Eyes prominent. Gape large. Jaws v.eek, margin of upper
lip angulate on each side and slightly excavated between the angula-
tions. Tongue attached by a distinct pedicle. The palatine teeth
form a short arch, Vvhich begins behind and on a line with the inner
border of the choanae, and curves inward and backward for a short
distance. The parasphenoid teeth begin a short distance behind the
palatine teeth, with a decided interval, however, and form two patches
in contact along the median line. Gular fold distinct, arched, with
the convexity forv.'ard. A slight groove from the eye to the fold.

Body very slender, with 13 costal furrows. The limbs are v,ell
developed; the digits lengthened, cylindrical, depressed, and slightly
swollen into bulbs at the ends. The third and fourth toes are the
longest, the second and fifth nearly equal. The first finger and toe
very short but not rudimentary. Tail extremely long, about 1.-5 times
longer than the head and body, compressed vertically to an attenuated
tip. Skin smooth and shining.

Color. — The ground color is of a clear bright 3'^ellow, paler beneath,
the back and sides irregularly sprinkled v.'ith black dots. These are
generally (but not always) more thickly crowded along the sides, some-
times almost forming a distinct band. On the sides of the tail are
vertical black bands. The muzzle and entire under-parts are immac-
ulate. The shade of yellow varies sometimes to reddish. Legs spot-
ted v.ath black above, uniformly pale or with a fev/ spots belov.'. (Cope.)

Size. — 30 mm. from tip of snout to vent, SO mm. from vent to end
of tail. Total length 130 mm.

Habitat. — This species ranges from Maine and Wiscon-
sin south to Louisiana and Florida. Missouri localities :
St. Louis, Jefferson, Crawford, Miller, Ozark, and Wash-
ington counties. Illinois, St. Clair county.

Habits. — This salamander is generally common where
found. It occurs on the sides of cold water creeks under
flat stones at the entrances to caves, where they are found
under rocks partly in water. In Green's Cave, near Sulli-
van, Crawford Co., Mo., I found one under a large slab,
nearly 300 feet from the entrance of the cave where no

86 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

daylight could penetrate. Tliey resemble lizards in the
quickness of movement when attempting to escape. I am
not acquainted with their feeding or breeding habits.

Dates of capture.— Maw 22 ; Apr. 8, 12, 19 ; May 1, 6, 10 ;
July 28; Sept. 1.

13. Spelerpes maculicaudus Cope. Spotted-tail Sala-
mander. Hoosier Salamander.

Gyrinophilus maculicaudus.

Description. — This species resembles somewhat -S. longicaudus, but
differs in form, arrangement of vomero-palatine teeth, and color. Head
broader and flatter than in longicaudus, contained in distance to groin
5 to 5.5 times. The distance from snout to axilla in distance to groin
3.5 times against 4 times in longicaudus. The series of vomero-palatine
teeth runs forward to a point in advance of the hinder border of the
choanae, or even to its anterior border, and then turns abruptly out-
ward and backward, so as to produce the form of a hook. Costal
grooves 13 or 14. Snout truncate. A distinct gular fold. Eyes prom-
inent. Tail long and compressed, containing head and body 1.5 times.
(Hay.)

Color. — The ground color varies from orange to vermillion red. The
head and body are irregularly spotted with black dots about the size
of the pupil, or larger. The tail and the upper surface of the legs are
similarly spotted. The lower surface is uniform yellowish. In many
specimens there is on each dorso-lateral region a row of black spots,
which begins over the arm and runs back on the tail. In the middle
of the back there is an irregular row of spots.

Size. — From tip of snout to vent 65 mm.; from vent to end of tail
88 mm.; total length 153 mm.

Habitat. — This species is confined to the Mississippi
Valley. It has been collected in Tennessee, West Vir-
ginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. In Mis-
souri it has been taken in Rockhouse Cave, Bariy Co., Wil-
son's Cave, near Sarcoxie, Jasper Co., Marble Cave, Stone
Co., Fisher's Cave, near Sullivan, and Onondago Cave,
near Leasburg, both in Crawford Co. Away from caves
it has been found near Pevely, Jefferson Co., and in St.
Louis Co. In Illinois it has been captured in a cave near
Burksville, Monroe Co.

Hurtcr — Herpctology of Missouri. g7

Habits. — This salamander is commonly found in caves,
and, as a rule, not far from the entrance, usually barely
bej'ond twilight. Banta and McAtee state that sometimes
it ventures into deeper recesses, being reported from a
spot one and a half miles within Wyandotte Cave. It
resorts regularly to such places to lay its eggs, as larvae
have been found in the remoter portions of Wyandotte,
Mayfield, and Mammoth Caves. The writer found this
salamander plentiful near Pevely, Jefferson Co., near
springs originating in the limestone formation, but there
is no cave in the whole neighborhood. They are generally
found under slabs on the sides of gullies, which indicates
that they are more or less independent of caves. Near
Marble Cave I found in two small caves a lot of maculi-
caudus and stejiiegeri together. They are generally found
clinging to the walls of the cave. In the cave near Burks-
ville, Monroe Co., 111., I caught with a dip net an adult
and three larvae May 11, 1903, far away from the mouth
of the cave, which was at the bottom of a sink-hole. The
whole cave, through which a little creek ran, seemed to be
just a drain of quite a number of such sink-holes. For the
breeding habits and the development I may refer the
reader to the life history of this salamander by Banta and
McAtee in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum,
Vol. 30. This species was originally described from a
specimen sent to Professor Cope from Brookville, Indiana.

Dates of capture. — Apr. 15, Nov. 30.

14. Spelerpes stejnegeri Eigenmann. Stejneger's Cave
Salamander.

Description. — Head a little wider than neck. Snout nearly trun-
cate. Eyes prominent. Tongue attached by a pedicle. Vomerine teeth
arranged in the shape of a V with the anterior limbs ending behind
the internal nares. A gular fold turning well up on the sides of the
neck. A groove from the eye to the gular fold. Costal grooves 13.

Body slender. Fingers and toes do not meet on the sides by a space
equal to at least the width of an intercostal space. In small specimens
this space is less, and the legs may even meet. Feet and toes well

88 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

developed. Tail more compressed than In 8. maculicaudus. Length
of tail 1.3 times longer than head and body.

Color. — 8pclerpes stejnegeri differs from both S. maculicaudus and
S. longlcaudus in color. The back in S. stejnegeri is raw sienna with
many dark spots, coalescing in places and irregularly arranged in two
series on either side of the median line. Some specimens have these
spots on the side of the back more numerous, forming sometimes nearly
a stripe. The median line, and a streak from the eye back to above
the hind limbs, as well as the top of the tail, are free from spots or
have very few. Sides of the tail with marbling of sienna. Top of feet
marbled like the sides. Belly yellowish white, sometimes with a few
light dots.

Size. — From end of snout to vent 46 mm.; from vent to end of tail
88 mm. Total length 134 mm.

Hahitat. — It is found in the Ozark Plateau, becoming-
more numerous toward the south. Missouri localities : —
Kockhouse Cave, Barry Co., Wilson's Cave, near Sar-
coxie, Jasper Co., Fisher's Cave, near Springfield, Greene
Co., Green's Cave, near Sullivan, Franklin Co., near
Marble Cave, Stone Co., Pineville, McDonald Co., Jerome,
Phelps Co., and Leasburg, Crawford Co.

Habits. — This species is also a twilight species, as it
is mostly found under slabs of rock at the mouth of caves
and never a very great distance into the cave. At Wil-
son's Cave — a small cave — I found this salamander among
the rocks which dam the" little creek at the mouth of the
cave. When I visited the cave there was no running
water but a little pool just inside the cave. I managed
to cajDture a few small larvae. Near the residence of Hon.
Thurman S. Powell, near Marble Cave, I found a good
manj^ of these salamanders in holes under rocks at the
bottom and sides of the caves, where they were clinging
to the rocks. At Green's Cave, Franklin Co., which has a
large portal-like entrance, I caught some of them under
rocks in the water, but not further back in the cave than
daylight penetrated. Those from Jerome and from near
the Onondago Cave were caught under rocks on the shady
side of tlie ravines. Those at Pineville I fished out of a-
little spring on the side of a hill in an open pasture. I do

Hurter — Herpetohgy of Missouri. 89

not know anything of the food habits of the salamander,
which, in all jirobability, will be similar to those of other
Spelerpes.

15. Speleepes guttolineatus Holbrook. Holbrook's Sal-
amander.

Salamandra guttolineata, Cylindrosoma guttolineatum.

Description. — This species in its general proportions and shape is
very similar to S. longicaudus. It appears to be rather stouter, and
the head a little broadsr. The eyes are larger, the toes shorter. The
protuberances of the upper lip are rather larger, which gives a more
emarginated outline to the jaw when viewed from the front. Sphe-
noidal and vomerine teeth not contiguous. Costal grooves 13. A light
gular fold. (Cope.)

Color. — Yellowish above; back with three black longitudinal bands
as wide as the spaces between them. The two outer bands begin at the
eye and extend along the side of the tail, marked with a few light
dots. A spot between each two costal grooves. Grayish beneath,
clouded with darker gray.

Habitat. — North and South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama,
Mississippi, and Missouri. Most abundant in the Alle-
ghany Mountains. So far I have never found this sala-
mander on my collecting trips in Missouri. I introduce it
in this list on the strength of specimens collected by Mr.
Robert Kennicott in New Madrid Co., which are preserved
in the Smithsonian Collection. (No. 3733. 4 larvae.) My
sons, when collecting at Eodney, Jefferson Co., Missis-
sippi, on July 16, 1889, caught a number of them which are
now in my collection.

16. SPELEPiPES MELANOPLEUEUS CopC.

Description. — This species resembles 8. hilincatus Greene, but differs
in both proportions and coloration, and is also smaller, being the
smallest species of the genus. Although it is smaller than 8. bllin-
eatus, it Ts more robust and less sepsiform. The width of the head
enters the length to the groins 4.5 times (nearly 6 times in 8. Mlin-
eatits), and the length to the axilla enters the same 2.3 to 2.5 times
(2.7 times in 8. hilincatus). The limbs and all the toes are well
developed, the anterior and posterior meet when placed along side
of the body; they are separated by three full intercostal spaces in

90 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

8. iilineatus. There are always only 13 costal grooves (14 in /S. Mlin-
eatus). Tail strongly compressed.

Color. — The sides of the head, hocly and tail are black, sparsely
spotted with white dots. The upper portion of the band is darkest,
representing the dorsolateral line of >S'. MUneatus. A few black spots
along the median dorsal line. End of muzzle and chin black. Limbs
closely reticulated with black. Belly white in life (yellow in 8. MUn-
eatus). The white belly in life constitutes a conspicuous color char-
acteristic.

Size. — Largest specimen. Length to angle of lower jaw 4.5 mm.; to
axilla 10 mm.; to groin 23 mm.; to end of tail 57.5 mm.; of fore-limbs
6.5 mm.; and of hind limbs S mm.

Habitat. — Dr. Cope found five specimens among the
rocks on tlie banks of Ealey's Creek, one of the tributaries
of the White River. Having never found nor seen one of
this species, I copied the whole article as Cope gives it
under the title "On a Collection of Batrachia and Eeptilia
from Southwest Missouri," published in 1893 in the Pro-
ceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila-
delphia.

17. Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope. Many-rilibed Sala-
mander.

Description. — The vomerine teeth form two short series, each rather
suddenly bent outward behind the choanae. The two pterygoid patches
are separated in the middle, and not approaching the vomerine teeth.

Head flat, snout rather thick and short, upper lips moderately trun-
cate. Fingers and toes free and short, especially the inner and outer.
Costal grooves twenty-one. Tail a little compressed and considerably
thickened and keeled towards the end.

Color. — Above light brown m life, with a darker brown dorsal streak,
which starts between the eyes and stops opposite the vent; a short
dark streak starts behind the eye over the cheek and fades away near
the axillae into a lighter brown lateral streak, which extends some-
times on the sides of the tail to nearly its end. Occasionally a few
whitish spots on the sides between the lateral and dorsal lines. The
under surface is of a light yellov/ish to whitish color.

Size. — From end of snout to vent 40 mm.; length of tail 50 mm.
Total length 90 mm.

Habitat. — Arkansas, Missouri, and Kansas.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 91

Habits. — I became acquainted with this salamander at
Granite Mountain, near Little Rock, Ark., where Mr. J.
R. Fordyce and I collected quite a number from under
rocks lying in the water and at the edge of a small brook
emerging from a spring. A few weeks ago my friend, Mr.
Lee Earll, sent me a specimen which he had captured near
Marble Cave, Mo. This is the first specimen I have ob-
tained from the State.

Family Desmognathidae.

Palatine teeth borne on transverse processes of the palatine hones.
Parasphenoid with two thin plates, bearing elongate patches of teeth.
Parietals not embracing frontals. Prefrontals and pterygoids want-
ing. Occipital condyles with pedicles. Carpus and tarsus cartilagin-
ous. Vertebrae opisthocoelian. Peculiar to America.'

Genus typhlotriton.

Vertebrae opisthocoelous; parasphenoid and vomerine teeth. Eyes
concealed under the continuous skin of the head; tongue attached in
front and along the median line, free laterally and posteriorly; maxillar
and mandibular teeth small and numerous; vomerine teeth in two
strongly curved series; parasphenoid patches separate; nostrils very
small; toes five. (Stejneger.)

18. Typhloteiton spelaeus Stejneger. Veil-eyed or Blind
Salamander.

Description. — Sixteen costal grooves; tail slightly compressed, not
finned; toes nearly half-webbed; vomerine teeth in two V-shaped series,

^ The families of Plethodontidae and Desmognathidae are founded on
internal characters, and require some dissections. These, however,
are not difficult to make. By making a short incision along the back
of the specimen in hand, dressing away the muscular tissue down to
the vertebral column, and then sharply bending the back so that two
of the vertebrae separate, it may be seen whether the anterior rounded
head of the vertebrae is made of cartilage or bone. If it is of cartilage,
the vertebrae are amphicoelous; if of bone, opisthocoelous. In either
case, the posterior end of the vertebral centrum is concave. In like
manner the wrist and ankle may be dissected and the determination
made whether the nodules found in them are composed wholly of car-
tilage or are bony. Since, however, we have no species where these parts
are bony, as in Thorius from Mexico, this examination is not neces-
sary. (Hay.)

92 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

with the curvatures directed forward; gular fold strong, very concave
anteriorly; color uniform pale.

Head wide, much wider than neck, very depressed and flat on top,
with no canthus rostralis; snout rather swollen, truncate; nostrils
very small; eyes small, only slightly raised, and covered by the con-
tinuous skin of the head with only a shallow groove to indicate the
opening between the lids, the underlying eyes only visible as two ill-
defined dusky spots. Body somewhat depressed, measuring thrice and a
third the distance from snout to gular fold; limbs short, about five
costal interspaces apart when laid against the body; fingers rather
short, especially the first, nearly free; length, beginning with shortest,
1-4-2-3; number of phalanges 1-2-3-2; toes rather short, first almost
rudimentary, nearly half-webbed; length, beginning with the shortest,
1-2-5-4-3, second and fifth, and fourth and third being nearly equal;
number of phalanges 1-2-3-3-2. Tail considerably shorter than head
and body, subcylindrical at base and somewhat squarish, more com-
pressed towards the tip, rounded above, faintly keeled below; skin
minutely granulate; gular fold strong, very concave anteriorly and
uniting on the sides of the neck with a horizontal groove running
from the eye backwards. Sixteen costal grooves, or eighteen, if count-
ing the axillar and groin grooves, crossed on the sides by a strong
horizontal groove between axilla and groin.

Maxillar and mandibular teeth small, numerous, normal; vomerine
teeth not extending outside of the choanae, forming two V-shaped,
strongly curved series with the points directed forward, the external
branches straight, the internal ones curved inward and well separated;
parasphenoid patches long, rather narrow, well separated, their dis-
tance being nearly equal to their width, and well separated from the
vomerines; teeth small, in numerous rows. Tongue rather large,
attached anteriorly and along the median line for a trifle more than
the anterior half, extensively free laterally and posteriorly. (Stej-
neger.)

Color. — Uniform cream yellow in alcohol; in life pale.

Size. — From snout to vent 60 mm.; from vent to end of tail 60
mm. Total length 120 mm.

Habitat. — Eockhonse Cave, Barry Co., Marble Cave,
Stone Co., and Doris Cave, Wright Co., Missouri.

Habits. — The discoverer of this species, F. A. Sampson,
of Sedalia, Mo., sent the first specimens — an adult and
some larvae — to the Smithsonian Institution. He caught
them in July, 1891, in Rockhouse Cave, near Cassville,
Barry Co., Mo. He informed Dr. Stejneger, Curator of
Reptiles of the National Museum, that the animals were

Eurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 93

captured on the rocky walls of the Cave about 600 feet
from the entrance. This cave is in places not over two
feet wide, in others several times that, and extends into
the hill about a quarter of a mile. Although many of our
salamanders are known to inhabit caves, this seems to be
the only one, which, like some of the other animals living
exclusively in caves, has become blind, or nearly so.

In May, 1906, I visited Marble Cave, where Dr. E. D.
Cope and Dr. Eigenmann had previously found this sala-
mander. Marble Cave opens at the bottom of a large sink-
hole about 50 feet deep, with only a small entrance. De-
scending a ladder for about 30 feet, we reached the top of
a large heap of debris, washed in from the sink-hole.
After going down this hill we are in an immense chamber,
200 feet in diameter and about 160 feet high, carved out
by the action of water. At a remote corner of this grand
hall is a short tunnel. Descending through a deep abyss
and under a little waterfall we came to the deepest part
of the cave — a veritable mud hole. After a hard climb up
this steep muddy clay bank, another horizontal gallery was
encountered, where we crawled along on hands and knees.
This gallery was comparatively dry, with the exception
of a small stream flowing toward the mud hole. Crawling
along about 400 feet, we reached a narrow crevice high
enough to stand up in. Up to this time we had seen no
signs of life, and I had about given up hope of finding this
salamander. We now saw in front of us a shelf of rock
along which we dragged ourselves. This gallery was very
wet, all covered with clay. Here at last we came upon our
long coveted prize. After crawling along for another 400
feet, during which time we had collected nine adult speci-
mens, we concluded to turn back. To make better progress
we retraced our steps along the stream. We collected
eleven more, partly from the sides of the walls, where they
were clinging, and from the water. It took us an hour
to reach the bottom of the ladder, which would lead us to
the surface and to daylight.

I spent several days in the neighborhood, and, while

94 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

collecting other reptiles, I found in a small spring nearby
a larva of this salamander. This specimen had good clear
eyes,^ not at all covered, but was of the same pale color —
even whiter than the adults of the cave. Not knowing any-
thing of the food habits of this salamander and not hav-
ing detected any other living creature in the cave, I think
their food consists of minute organisms, invisible to the
eye.

Family Salamandeidae.

Salamanders, with the vomero-palatine teeth extending far back-
ward in two parallel or posteriorly diverging series, are characteristic
of the palearctic region, especially the Mediterranean subdivision. One
genus, Diemictylus, extends into North America. (Stejneger.)

Genus diemyctylus.

Tongue small, free at the sides. Palatine teeth in two longitudinal
series, which diverge slightly posteriorly. Processes from the frontals
and tj^mpanic bones forming an arch behind the orbit. The first and
fifth toes rudimentary. Tail strongly compressed. Skin above the eyes
and on the jaws with large mucous pores. The following species is
the only one which occurs in the Eastern and Middle states. It is the
closest ally of the European tritous.

19. Diemyctylus viridescens Rafinesque. Newt, Red-Eft,
Spotted Triton, Green Triton.

Diemyctylus miniatus suhsp. viridescens, Diemyctylus miniatus mini-
atus, Triturus viridescens, Triturus miniatus, Salamandra stellio,
Salamandra dorsalis, Salamandra symmetrica, Salamandra mille-
punctata, Salamandra grecnii, Triton dorsalis, Triton millepunc-
tatus, Notophthalmus miniatus, Notophthalmtis viridescens, Triton
punctatissimus, Triton symmetricus, Triton viridescens, Molge viri-
descens.

Description. — The snout viewed from above is truncate-rounded, and
projects a little over the end of the lower jaw. Two ridges on top of
the head, enclosing an oblong space on the front of the muzzle and on
the occiput. On the external side of these two ridges is a shallow
groove. A distinct but obtuse canthus rostralis. The loral region
is slightly concave. Eyes rather large. Nostrils in front of the mouth

* Adolf Alt. On the histology of the eye of Typhlotriton spelaeus from
Marble Cave, Mo. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. 19: 83-96. pi. xxvi.-
xxxiv. 1910.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 95

look upward and outward. The eyes do not project upward. On the
side of the head posterior to the eye is a row of four pits, the first near
the eye and the last in the position of the first branchial fissure. The
tongue occupies but little space, is slightly free on the sides, but not
on the anterior or posterior end.

The vomero-palatine teeth are in two longitudinal series, which con-
verge anteriorly and join between the internal nares. Internal and
external nares are about the same distance apart. In applying the legs
to the sides of the body, the front limbs overlap the hind ones by the
length of the hind toe. In the breeding season the hind legs of the
males are thickened, especially the integument of the inner side, which
is then divided by transverse folds; the portions between become
corneous. There are from 10 to 12 transverse plates on the inner sides
of the thighs, and an irregular number on the inside of the tibia and
tarsus. The rudimentary external and internal toes also have a horny
cap. These horny parts aid the male in maintaining his hold on the
female in copulation. The skin is smooth, but closely wrinkled. The
tail has a free dermal margin or fin above and below. The genitalia are
very prominent during the breeding season, and in the male the orifice
is oval and very papillose, especially within the anterior border.

Color. — The color of the "viridescence form" is a light brownish olive
above, which is or is not marked off distinctly from the paler color
of the lower surfaces along the sides. On each side of the vertebral line
is a row of from three to six small, round, red spots, each with a black
border. The rest of the surface is marked with small black points,
which are smaller but more distinct on the lower surface. The inferior
surface is reddish straw color or dirty white. On the legs the spots
are larger and more distinct, and on the tail they appear like ink spots
on blotting paper. A faint dark line, running from the eye to the last
cheek pit, edge of the upper jaw, the chin and throat, generally un-
spotted.

In the "miniatus form" the tail is narrow, without dermal borders.
The color of the superior surfaces is vermillion red. and the lower
citron yellow. The red spots are present as in the other form, but the
small black spots are rarely present on the back, but always on the
sides, belly, limbs, and tail, never, however, running together into lines.
In this form the skin of all upper surfaces is rough, with numerous
minute, semi-transparent, horny points. (Cope.)

Size. — D. miniatus form from snout to vent 53 mm.; from vent to end
of tail 50 mm.; total length 103 mm. D. viridescens form from snout to
vent 41 mm.; from vent to end of tail 50 mm.; total length 91 mm.

Habitat. — The distribution of the species is from Maine
to Hudson's Bay, Wisconsin, Texas, and Georgia. In
Missouri it has been found in St. Louis, Jefferson, St.

96 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Charles, and Butler Counties, and in Illinois in St. Clair
and Monroe Counties.

Habits. — The red form, D. miniatus, is so different from
the sexually mature, D. viridescens, that it was originally-
described as a distinct species, and even put by Rafinesque
in a different subgenus. Cope regarded them as ' ' seasonal
forms, which may be by reason of the environment ren-
dered permanent for a longer or shorter time." I se-
cured about twenty specimens of the '' miniatus form" in
the fall of the year on the side of a bluff from under rocks,
logs, leaves, and loose bark of trees. I put them into an
aquarium, where some of them took readily to the water,
while others tried constantly to climb out. These soon
died (about one-third). The remainder adapted them-
selves to the water, and by the next spring had changed to
the mature ' ' viridescens form. ' ' They laid eggs, but, un-
fortunately, these were devoured by some small cat-fish
that were in the aquarium. Being away from home for
over a month and no one else looking after the aquarium,
1 found upon my return that my water lizards had changed
back to the land form, hiding under rocks and moss out-
side of the water. For a long time I was only acquainted
with the land form of the Red Eft, which I caught in
ravines on shady hill sides under rocks and rotten logs.
Accidentally I captured in a nearby lake in the spring a
number of mature specimens.

Dates of capture. — Apr. 17 ; May 6 ; Oct. 3, 15 ; Nov. 1,
11.

Order SALIENTIA.

Body stout, short, more or less depressed. With two pairs of legs,
the anterior of which bear four, and the larger posterior pair five,
digits. Mandible toothless. Vertebral column composed of but few
vertebrae and terminating in a long solid coccyx — the urostyle. Sternal
arch complete. Radius and ulna fused. Tibia and fibula also fused.
The two proximal tarsal bones very long and often fused at their
extremities.

The adults are tailless and are known as frogs and toads. They
move on land by leaps, the structure of the posterior legs being spe-
cially suited to this mode of locomotion. The young are known as

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 97

pollywogs and tadpoles. These are fish-like, living in water, in whicli
they swim with the aid of a tail, and breathing by means of branchiae.
Instead of teeth they possess horny jaws. At this stage of their lives
they subsist chiefly on vegetable substances, such as filamentous Algae,
diatoms, desmids. etc. (Garman.)

The Salientia may be divided into three suborders, viz.,
Aglossa, Linguata, and Costata. Of these only the Lin-
guata are represented in Missouri.

Suborder LINGUATA.

Salientia having a tongue; eustachian tubes with two pharyngeal
openings; lacking ribs and transverse process to urostyle. Larvae with
one spiraculum on left side only. (Stejneger.)

Key to the Families of Salientia.

Clavicles and coracoid of each side connected by an arched car-
tilage; that of the one side overlapping that of the other.
(Arcifera.)
Upper jaw without teeth; digits without disks.

Bufonidae.
Upper jaw furnished with teeth.

Form frog-like, toes and fingers with disks.

Hylidae.
Form toad-like; digits without disks.

Scaphiopodidae.

Clavicles and coracoid of the one side firmly connected with those

of the other side by means of a narrow median cartilage.

iFirmisternia.)

Upper jaw with teeth. Ranidae.

Upper jaw without teeth. Engystomatidae.

Family Bufonidae.

Both upper and lower jaws destitute of teeth. Vomerine teeth
usually absent. The diapophysis of the sacral vertebrae more or less
expanded. Vertebrae procoelous. Ribs none.

Certain characters are very commonly possessed by the Bufonidae.
Among these are a heavy squat form, short limbs, a rough, warty skin,
and a collection of integumentary glands lying behind the head, and
known as the parotoids. (Hay.)

No vomerine teeth. Tympanum distinct or hidden. Toes webbed;
fingers free. Sacral diapophysis more or less dilated. Outer meta-
tarsals united. (Hay.)

98 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Genus bufo.

20. Bufo lentiginosus americanus LeConte. American
Toad.

Bufo americanus, Bufo dorsalis, Chilophryne amerieana, Bufo lenti-
ginosus.

Description. — Head short; snout obtuse; cranium with distinct
osseous crests, which are narrow, well marked, and not united in a
prefrontal callosity. Frontoparietal ridges divergent, not much pro-
duced and well distinguished behind, postorbital ones short, supra-
tympanic wanting or short. Profile of head shows a gradual descent
from behind, depressed between prefrontal bones; muzzle slightly de-
curved, not projecting; nostril a little nearer orbit than labial margin.
Eyes large. Tympanum distinct, equal to half the orbit, oval. Head
4 to 4.5 times in length of body. Parotoids quite elongate, varying
a little in breadth. Body squat. Legs short and very stout. Fingers
a little depressed, with a few small tubercles beneath. First finger
projecting nearly at a right angle to the others, and more elongate at
the base; the third finger the longest. Palm with a large callosity.
Toes depressed, partly webbed, the first the shortest, the fourth the
longest.

Skin tuberculate above, granulate below. Vocal sac of male opening
by two large slits in the floor of the mouth, one on each side, just
within the mandible. As in other Bufones the females are larger
than the males and the latter are usually less variegated in color.

Color. — Variable; usually olive or brown, with irregular blotches and
spots of dark brown; middle of back with a light streak; below dirty
yellow. The upper surface is sometimes almost dark black; at other
times brick red, rust color, or ash-gray, showing the dusky spots with
great distinctness. Occasionally a specimen is found with the tubercles,
and even considerable portions of the skin, a pink color. Often the
belly is also spotted. (Hay.)

Size. — The male is 65 mm. in length and the female 85 mm.

Habitat. — The common toad, called by the earlier writ-
ers on American Herpetology "Land Frog," Bufo lentigi-
nosus americanus, is found in the whole of eastern North
America and southern Canada, west and south through
Montana, Colorado, eastern Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas,
Alabama, Kentucky, Iowa, and Missouri.

Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, Franklin,
Crawford, Phelps, Marion, Gasconade, Johnson, Jackson,
Pettis, Buchanan, Jasper, McDonald, Stone, Taney, Ozark,

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 99

Howell, Oregon, Butler, New Madrid, Dunklin, Shannon,
Cape Girardeau, St. Francois, Washington, Madison, St.
Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Pike, Boone, and Ean-
dolph Counties. In Illinois it has been found in St. Clair,
Madison and Monroe Counties.

Habits. — The habits of this toad are mostly nocturnal,
although it is not uncommon to see a toad hopping about
in the daylight. Usually, however, they hide away during
the day in holes or under pieces of wood in shady corners,
and come forth at evening to seek their food, which con-
sists mainly of all kinds of insects, of which they devour an
enormous number. It is related that an old toad ate at
one time twenty-three squash bugs, and on top of these,
ninety-four caterpillars. On account of this propensity
for devouring insects, intelligent gardeners and farmers
seek to induce toads to take up their residence on their
grounds. No boy should be permitted to kill this harmless
animal. The prey is taken by suddenly projecting the
tongue from the mouth, and then withdrawing it with the
insect sticking to it. Beside insects, toads will eat earth-
worms, and small crustaceans. The warty skin of the
toad is full of large glands, which secrete a thick whitish
fluid. This has very acrid properties, and doubtless serves
to render the animal unpalatable to most of its enemies.
It does not seem, however, to protect it from snakes. It
is said that this secretion will make the mouth of dogs
sore. During the winter the toad hibernates in holes and
in the mud. (Hay.)

The toad appears early in spring after some warm days.
Soon after emerging from its winter retreat, it repairs to
the water for the purpose of depositing its eggs. These
are laid in a long string, consisting of a double series of
eggs enveloped in a tube of gelatinous material. Mr. E.
E. Crosby states that he counted 8,840 eggs from one
toad. The young hatch early and are of a darker color
than usual with other Salientia. The length of a young
mature toad is about one-half inch ; the color grayish, with

100 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

small dark-colored spots. The notes of the male toad are
heard principally during the breeding season, and may
be given by the syllables ur-r-r-r-r. (Hay.)

Family Hylidae.

Upper jaw with teeth. Fingers and toes furnished with disks. The
fingers with or without webs. Basal portions of fourth and fifth toe
bound together by the integument. Teeth always on upper jaw; gen-
erally on vomers. Sternum with overlapping cartilages. Transverse
processes of sacrum more or less expanded. Urostyle attached to two
sacral condyles. Vertebrae procoelian.

Three genera are represented in Missouri.

Key to the Geneea or Missouri.

Fingers without a web. Toes fully webbed. Digital disks small.

Acris.
Fingers not webbed. Toes with little or no web. Disks small.

Chorophilus.
Fingers webbed or not. Toes fully webbed. Digital disks larger.

Hyla.

Genus acris.

Fingers free; toes webbed, the tips of the digits with small disks.
'Vomerine teeth present. Tongue broad, slightly excised behind, free
for one-fourth of its length behind. Tympanum indistinct. Sacral
process little expanded.

'21. Acris gryllus LeConte. Cricket Frog. Savannah

o*

Cricket.

Rana gryllus, Rana dorsalis, Hylodes gryllus, Acris gryllus var. crepi-
tans, Acris acheta, Acris gryllus hufonia.

Description. — Form frog-like. Head elongate, snout acuminate, pro-
jecting beyond the lower lip. Vomerine teeth in two patches between
the choanae. Tongue broad, ovate, with or without a notch behind.
Males with a large vocal sac, which opens beneath the tongue. Tym-
panic disk rather indistinct. Skin of back smooth, or with small or
large tubercles. Belly and thighs granulated: throat smooth. Legs
long, the heel passing near or beyond the snout. Two large metatarsal
tubercles. Subarticular tubercles well developed. Fingers without
-webs; toes webbed to near the tips. (Hay.)

Three variations of this frog have been recognized:

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. IQl

1. Skin of back nearly smooth; hind foot from metatarsal tubercles
longer than half the length of head and body. A. gryllus.

2. Skin of back considerably tuberculated. Hind foot, from meta-
tarsal tubercles, shorter than half the length of head and body.

A. crepitans.

3. Head and back covered with very large warts. Markings indis-
tinct. Form toad-like. A. bufonia.

Color. — Body above brownish or cinereous. Occasionally green pre-
dominates, or there is considerable reddish, especially along the middle
of the back. A triangular dark spot between the eyes; a white line
from the orbit to the arm; two or three large oblique dark patches,
often margined with white, on the sides. These markings are some-
times wanting. Beneath white, often varied with dusky. Chin and
throat tinged with yellowish. Inner and hind parts of thighs reticu-
late. (A. gryllus.) Also a stripe of dusky color above and behind the
fore legs. Legs cross-barred.

Habitat. — This species extends from New York to Flor-
ida, and west to Nebraska and Texas. The variety gryllus
is, for the most part, southern in its range, while crepitans
is more northern. In the State of Missouri it is found
everywhere in suitable localities. The variety gryllus is
reported by the late Dr. E. D. Cope in his Batrachians of
North America as having been found by R. Kennicott in
New Madrid Co., where he collected six specimens which
he sent to the National Museum, where they are still kept
under the number 3,560. I visited Dunklin Co., which is
south of New Madrid Co., but there found only the variety
crepitans.

Habits.. — The most conspicuously active of our small
tree-frogs is the Cricket Frog, a tree frog with wholly ter-
restrial habits. When it is frightened, it jumps high and
far, repeating these leaps in remarkably rapid succession.
It catches its insect food by leaping after moving insects
it has sighted at a distance. Unlike the greater number
of tree frogs, it cannot climb shrubs and trees, as the
fingers and toes are too small. The Cricket Frog remains
on the ground throughout the year, preferably along the
muddy margins of pools and rivers. It is diurnal in its
habits. If it is disturbed when near the water, it makes

102 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

a few of its remarkable leaps, swims vigorously a few
strokes, and buries itself at the bottom of the pond. The
name Cricket Frog was given to it, on account of its
song, which bears a strong resemblance to the chirping of
the black cricket. These tiny frogs sing in chorus in
spring. The sound can be imitated by striking together
two pebbles or two marbles, beginning slowly and continu-
ing more rapidly for thirty or forty strokes. The male
frog is the singer and in doing so inflates his yellow throat
enormously. The Cricket Frogs are easily discovered while
singing, because they do not hide under moss and grass,
like the Pickering Tree Frog, but swell their throats while
in full view on some water plants. The first warm days
in early spring brings them out. Feb. 14, 20; Mar. 5;
May 1; Sept. 7; Oct. 16.

Miss Mary C. Dickerson in the "Frog Book" gives the
following account of their breeding habits: — "Their
chorus is loudest in late April and early May, and it is
then that the eggs are laid, attached to grass blades or
leaves in the water. At this time the Swamp Tree Frog
chorus has disbanded and the Pickering's Hyla is singing
only at night.

"The development of this frog is less rapid than that of
the Common Tree Frog, the Eastern Wood Frog, or the
American Toad. The tadpoles may be found in the water
as late as August. The final transformation takes place
in September. The young tree frogs — as well as the older
ones — seek shelter from the cold under stones and leaves
at the margins of their brook or marsh. However, they
have no long-continued hibernation, but renew their ac-
tivity whenever the sun is warm or the south winds blow."

Genus chorophiltjs.

Digital disks all small, but the phalanx with a strong claw. Fingers
free from web. Toes with little or no web. Vomerine teeth present.
Tongue round or oval, slightly notched behind. Tympanic disk dis-
tinct. Sacral vertebra with its transverse process slightly expanded.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 103

22. Chorophilus triseriatus Wied. Three-scriped Tree
Frog.

Hyla triseriata, Helocoetes triseriatus, Hylodes mactilatus, Chorophilus
septentrionalis, Chorophilus nigrittis.

Description. — In general appearance this species is of an elongate
form. Head longer than broad. Upper jaw rather pointed, projecting
over the lower. Tongue elongate, slightly notched, and free behind
for about one-third of its length. Tympanum circular in outline, about
half the longitudinal diameter of the eye. Vomerine teeth between the
choanae. Femur and tibia nearly of the same length. Palm with
numerous rounded tubercles. Two small plantar tubercles. Basal part
of outer toes bound together by the integument. Small webs between
all the toes. First finger of males greatly swollen at base. Skin of
throat greatly distended in males and thrown into longitudinal folds
when the vocal sac is at rest. Dorsal surface finely, ventral surface
coarsely, granulate. Upper surface of head, limbs, excepting the
femora and in the males the throat, smooth.

Color. — Above yellowish green to ash-gray or dull black, with spots
and longitudinal stripes of brov.n or black. Below whitish, sometimes
with brown specks on the sides and belly. The upper jaw is margined
by a dark stripe, which is widest in front and becomes gradually
narrower on each side to the angle of the mouth. Above this stripe
is another pale one which passes just beneath the eye and extends
backward, between the angle of the mouth and the tympanum, to the
base of the fore leg on each side. Both these bands are continuous
around the snout. Above the pale stripe are dark bands, one on each
side, which include the nostrils, rapidly widen to the eyes, and are
continued behind them to or beyond the middle of the sides. Two
ether bands begin 'behind the eye, extend along the sides of the back,
and terminate a short distance above and in front of the femora. A
median dorsal band begins on the snout, expands abruptly between
the eyes, and terminates at about two-thirds the distance from the
snout to the posterior end of the body. At its posterior termination
lie two short stripes, one on each side of the middle line, reaching
back toward the end of the body. Legs colored like the back above,
with dark spots; pale below. Sometimes the color of the whole back
is a sooty black, and the stripes and spots only faintly indicated.
(Garman.)

Size. — Female, length of body 33 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
11 mm. Femur 12 mm.; tibia 13 mm. Tarsus and fourth toe together
20 mm.

Habitat. — It is reported from New Jersey to Montana,
south to Arizona (Flagstaff, Hurter), New Mexico, Okla-

104 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

lioma, Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, Dakotahs, Oliio, Illi-
nois, and Missouri. Missouri localities: — Montgomery,
St. Charles, Franklin, Jackson, Jefferson, and St. Louis
counties. In Illinois, Madison and St. Clair counties.

Habits. — With the first mild spring days, before all
the snow and ice of winter have disappeared, the loud
trill of this small species may be heard from pools and
ditches. The note is so resonant that on quiet evenings
it may be heard a half mile or more and is commonly
attributed to larger frogs. Later in the season the note
is not heard and the species is not often seen. It feeds
upon insects. Hemiptera, Coleoptera, and other insects
have been found in its stomach. It is not commonly met
with. March 17th I caught over a dozen from a ditch
into which I had chased a Thamnophis radix. Other dates
of capture : — Apr. 22, 23.

Genus hyla.

Digits expanded into discs at their tips. Toes webbed, fingers more
or less webbed, or free. Tympanum distinct. Eustachian tube well
developed. Tongue broad, entire or slightly excised, adherent, or more
or less free behind. This is a genus of arboreal frogs. Four species are
found in the State of Missouri. (Garman.)

Key TO Missouri Species.

Green or gray, with a yellow stripe on each side. carolinensis.

With an X-shaped dusky mark on the back. Snout produced in
front of nostrils. Palms and soles not granulate.

pickeringii.

Olive or green above, with small, irregular dark spots. A V-shaped
mark between the eyes. Toes one-half webbed. Tympanum
one-half the eye. sgiiirella.

With numerous irregular dark markings. Palms and soles gran-
ulate. Snout bluntly rounded; nostrils almost terminal.

versicolor.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 105

23. Hyla carolinensis Pennant. Carolina Tree Frog.
Green Tree Frog. Bell Frog.

Rana viridis arborea, Hyla viridis var. B, Hyla cinerea var. semi-
fasciata, Rana arborea var., Calamita carolinensis, Calamita
cinerea, Rana bilineata, Hyla lateralis, Calamita lateralis, Hyla
viridis, Hyla semifasciata, Hyla cinerea.

Description. — Head rather small, about as long as broad. Snout
rather pointed, sides of snout somewhat oblique. Tongue short, free
at the sides and for about one-third its length from behind; notched
behind. Vomerine teeth in two, short, transverse series between the
choanae. Tympanum very distinct, about two-thirds the diameter of the
eye. Body slender. The extremities are slender and elongate also.
The heel of the extended hind legs marks the end of the muzzle. Tibia
about half the length of the body. Webs and fingers small, disks large;
that of the first digit smallest. Webs extend to the base of the distal
phalanx in all the four toes. The third toe is a little longer than the
fifth; fourth toe the longest. There is a soft tubercle at the base of
the inner toe and a very rudimentary one at the base of the outer.
Disks not as large as those of the fingers. The surface above is smooth
or very faintly granulated. The belly and lower parts of thighs are
strongly granulated; the throat moderately so.

Color. — Color above varies from bright pea-green through various
shades of gray to almost black, with specks of orange on the back,
and a wide buff or light yellowish stripe, beginning at the tip of the
snout and extending along the upper jaw, under the tympanum and
along the side, to the posterior end of the body, or terminating on the
side of the abdomen. Iris golden, pupil elongate in life. Color beneath
yellowish or flesh-color, unspotted; throat at the angle of the mouth
yellowish. Legs green or gray above, pale beneath; discs and webs
pale. A pale stripe extends along the posterior face, and upon the
base of the arm to that of the fourth finger. A similar pale stripe
extends along the posterior face of the tarsus and is continued upon
the fifth toe of the posterior leg. (Carman.)

Size. — Male. Length of head and body 60 mm.; from tip of snout
to axilla 20 mm. Femur 26 mm. Tibia 28 mm. Tarsus and fourth
toe together 38 mm.

Habitat. — Found in the southern United States, both
east and west of the Mississippi. It is reported from the
Carolinas, Georgia, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi,
Texas and Missouri. The first knowledge of this species
in the State of Missouri I had through Dr. Cope's Ba-
trachia of North America, where he cites two specimens,
No. 1070 of the Smithsonian Collection, sent in by Dr.

106 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

George Engelmann, giving St. Louis as the place of col-
lection. In my long experience of collecting in this neigh-
borhood I have never been able to detect one. Several
times I collected in Dunklin County, and when investigat-
ing this matter I was told of a frog, called the Bell Frog.
Until 1909 I was unable to procure one. In that year Mr.
A. H. Howell of the United States Biological Survey vis-
ited me. As his itinerary was down to New Madrid Co.,
I drew his attention to this frog, and on his return he
brought me two fine specimens (males), which he had
collected at Cushion Lake, near Portageville, New Madrid
Co., on May 5th. On July 12th Dr. F. Kingsolving of
Hornersville, Pemiscot Co. also sent me two specimens
from his neighborhood.

Habits. — This is the nicest Tree Frog of our fauna. It
lives on the leaves of plants, frequenting especially lily
pods and other aquatic vegetation at the edges of lakes.
It occurs also at times in corn fields, on fences, and in and
outside of well houses. Its food consists of insects, par-
ticularly the common fly. If it sees a fly at a distance of
three or four feet it will make a leap to catch it, seldom
failing. "When calling the throat-poach is inflated, the
body over the lungs swelling and relaxing forcibly.

Mary C. Dickerson describes the chorus as heard in
southern Illinois as follows: — "Its note resembles the
tone of a small cow-bell heard at a distance. Where
abundant about water, the frogs are very noisy just before
dusk, the chorus being broken, however, by longer or
shorter intervals of silence. A single note is first heard,
and, as if that were a signal, it is taken up and repeated
by a dozen noisy throats until the air is resonant with
sound. After a while it ceases as suddenly as it began,
to be again resumed after a short period of quiet."

24. Hyla picKEKiNGii Storer. Pickering's Frog. Peeping
Frog. Spring Peeper.

Hylodes pickeringii, Acris pickeringii.

Description. — Head a little longer than broad; snout rather pointed,
with the muzzle projecting well beyond the lower lip. Nostrils small.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 107

nearer to the muzzle than the eye. Canthus rostralis distinct; loral
region concave. Tongue lieart-shaped, free behind. Vomerine teeth
in two small groups just behind the level of the choanae. Inner nares
more widely separated than the outer. Tympanum small, hardly visi-
ble. Body very slender. Limbs slender and weak. Fingers longer
and more slender than usual, the third especially long; web wanting
ii>etween the first and second fingers, almost imperceptible between the
others. Toes also long and slender; webs very small, minute between
the first and second toes and only reaching to the base of the antepenul-
timate phalanx of the fourth toe. Disks at tips of digits only moder-
ately large. Skin mostly smooth above, granulate beneath and on
sides. Palms with a few small tubercles, and one large one. Base of
first finger with a tubercle. Soles smooth with a well-developed tuber-
cle at the base of the first toe and a minute one at the base of the fourth
and fifth, the latter sometimes wanting.

Color. — Above some shade of gray or brown, with narrow lines of
dark brown or black, the principal of which are disposed on the back
in the form of a large letter X; yellowish beneath. The ground color
is usually pale brown. The anterior arms of the X-shaped mark con-
verge from just behind the eyes to the middle of the back, where they
meet; from this point the two posterior arms diverge posteriorly and
ventrally. Another mark behind this sometimes resembles an inverted
letter V. A dark band, well defined above but fading into the ground
color below, extends along the side of the snout to the anterior border
of the eye. A wider band, which includes the tympanum, extends
from the posterior border of the eye toward the base of the anterior
leg. Two lines, one above each eye, sometimes unite across the median
line and form a triangular spot. Iris golden, pupil black in life. The
legs above are like the back in color and are banded with brown, two
or three wide bands occurring on the femora and on the tibiae. A
dark line is generally present on the posterior surface of all the legs.
A dark spot overlies the vent. Body and legs uniformly pale beneath,
or with the throat yellowish, speckled with dusky. (Garman.)

Size.— Male. Length of body 30 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
10 mm. Femur 13 mm.; tibia 13 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
20 mm.

Habitat. — Eastern North America from Maine to Mani-
toba, and south to South Carolina, Michigan, Ohio, Indi-
ana, Illinois, and Missouri. Missouri localities : St. Louis
County. Illinois: St. Clair and Monroe Counties.

Habits. — Ht/la pickeringii is generally found in low,
marshy land in the open or in pools in the woods. Its
voice can be heard with distinctness at least a quarter of a

108 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

mile away. It is somewhat difficult to isolate a single
voice from the chorus. From a distance it reminds one of
the whistle of snipes. If one is once caught sight of, it is
not difficult to see others, especially if the floating leaves
and sticks in the shallow water are pushed aside. Many
tiny, yellow or brown, frogs will swim out among the
leaves. Most of them will be males, as they far outnum-
ber the females. The best time to catch them is at night,
when it seems they do not hear as well. It is not as diffi-
cult as might be supposed to locate them by means of
their inflated white throats.

Dates of capture. — April 4tli (plentiful); May 6; Oct.
7,15.

25. Hyla squirella Bosc. Southern Tree Frog. Squirrel
Frog.

Dendrophyas squirella, Calamita squirella.

Beseription. — Head moderate, a little broader than long. Snout
rather acute. Tongue circular, slightly nicked, and free behind. Vom-
erine teeth in two small patches between the choanae. Canthus ros-
tralis distinct, loral region slightly concave, interorbital space a little
broader than the upper eye lid. Eyes prominent. Tympanum distinct,
one-half the diameter of the eye. Body more slender than in Hyla
versicolor. Limbs moderately developed. Hind limb appressed for-
ward along the body, the tibio-tarsal articulation reaching nearly to the
tip of the snout. Fingers very slightly webbed at the base. Toes half-
webbed. Disks smaller than tympanum. Subarticular tubercles mod-
erate. Body above smooth, beneath granulated on the abdomen and
thighs.

Color. — Above olive-green, with irregular dark blotches, which are
sometimes wanting; a dusky bar between orbits; an indistinct band
from the nostril to eye; a white line along upper jaw to shoulder. Be-
neath greenish-white. Throat sometimes with a few dark spots; ex-
tremities obscurely marked with darker above, flesh-colored beneath.

Size. — Length of head and body 32 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
10 mm. Femur 15 mm.; tibia 15 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
20 mm.

Habitat. — Southeastern United States, west to Louis-
iana, Arkansas, Missouri and Indiana. To date I have
never found a specimen in the State of Missouri, but in-

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. IQJ

elude it in this list on the authority of Dr. Eugene S.
Meek of the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
111., who collected some at Greenway, Clay Co., Arkansas.
Clay County adjoins Dunklin Co., Mo., to the east, and no
doubt this species will eventually be found in Missouri.

Habits. — The Squirrel Frog lives in both low and tall
vegetation. It may be found on the vines and shrubs of
the garden, or on the margins of lakes and rivers, or eveii
in the trees of these localities. It conceals itself under the
decaying bark of trees or under dead logs. My friend,
the late Mr. Louis Schoelch, when collecting beetles in
1891, near Mobile, Ala., caught a number of these frogs,
while mowing bushes with his net to secure beetles. He
presented them to me, and they are still in my collection.

26. Hyla versicolor LeConte. Common Tree Frog. Cha-
maeleon Tree Frog.

Bendrophyas versicolor, Hyla richardi.

Description. — Form heavy and almost toad-like. Head considerably
broader than long; the snout rounded; the space in front of the eyes
concave. Tongue large, circular, notched behind, where it is free for
about one-half its length. Vomerine teeth in closely approximated
patches lying between, or a little behind, the choanae. Eyes large and
protruding. Tympanic disk about two-thirds the diameter of the eye,
with moderate fold of skin above it. Body stout and clumsy; the
breast crossed by a broad fold of skin. Extending the hind leg along
the side, the heel reaches to the back of the orbit. Anterior limbs
short, stout, fingers and toes broad, dilated into disks; the one on the
third finger being nearly equal to the tympanum; the disk of the inner
finger is smaller than the rest; the first finger opposed to the rest.
The web is more extended than in other species of the United States.
Toes webbed to near the tips.

Upper surface of the body with numerous smooth warts; belly and
under surface of the thighs granulate, the band across the breast less
so. Subarticular tubercles moderate. A large tubercle on the base of
the pole. Another one on the base of the first toe. A very distinct
fold along the inner side of the tarsus. Males furnished with a large
gular sac, which opens on each side under the tongue. (Hay.)

Color. — Grayish or olive brov/n, with irregular darker markings and
dark cross-bars on the limbs; sides of thighs yellow, with a black
net-work; beneath immaculate. There is a great variation in the

110 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

ground color, dependent on a number of circumstances, but there Is
always a whitish spot beneath the eye. Young specimens taken on
the leaves of plants are green, with few or no dark marks.

Size. — Head and body 50 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla 17 mm.;
femur 2.5 mm.; tibia 25 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together 32 mm.

Habitat. — Common throughout the state, as well as
through the whole eastern and northern United States.
Missouri localities : — St. Louis, Jefferson, Shannon, But-
ler, Oregon, Ozark, Stone, Jasper, Jackson, Johnson,
Lewis, Pike, Warren, Randolph, Montgomery, and St.
Charles Counties.

Habits. — The Chamaeleon Tree Frog is the tree frog
par excellence in this state. It is common, and in some
places abundant. Its voice is a loud, coarse, resonant
trill, uttered with a uniform pitch, and continued for two
or three seconds. It is heard about bodies of water in
spring, when the sexes are depositing and fertilizing the
eggs. Later in the season it proceeds from fences, hedge-
rows and orchards, as well as from the forest. They
are especially noisy towards evening after a rain; but
they may be heard at any time during dark and drizzly
days. It readily takes the color of the object on which it
rests, thus concealing itself successfully. Its colors vary
from a deep brown to gray, and nearly white to bright
green. The change of color is not rapidly accomplished.
The favorite color is gray, which is identical with that of
the lichens of the trees which it inhabits. (Cope.)

Dates of capture. — Apr. 8, 18 ; May 29 ; Oct. 15 ; Nov. 7.
Family Scaphiopodidae.

Vertebrae procoelian; no costal elements or coccygeal diapophyses;
diapophyses of ninth vertebra much dilated, thin, and triangular; uro-
style without condyloid articulation, its axial portion restricting that
of the sacrum and connate with it; extei-nal metatarsi bound; distal
phalanges continuous, simple. Manubrium cartilaginous. Tongue
rounded, nearly entire.

The small number of species embraced in this family are of stout
toad-like habit, and furnished with a shovel-like development of the
cuniform bone and a coriaceous posterior digital palmation, to aid

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. \\\

them in removing earth while making their subterranean abodes. Many
of them very seldom come to the surface of the earth, and then only
in darkness; for this habit the verticle cat-like pupil is an adaptation,
a peculiarity not exhibited by the toads, which are crepuscular. (Cope.)

Genus scaphiopus.

Pupil erect. Tongue subcircular or oval, entire or slightly nicked,.
and free behind. Vomerine teeth in two small groups. Tympanum
more or less distinct or hidden. Fingers generally with a rudiment of
web; toes webbed; tips of fingers and toes not dilated. Inner meta-
tarsal tubercle shovel-shaped ; outer metatarsal separated by web. Omos-
ternum cartilaginous, rudimentary; sternum a cartilaginous plate.
Vertebrae procoelian; sacral vertebrae with rather strongly dilated dia-
physes, confluent with coccyx. (Boulenger.)

27. Scaphiopus holbrookii Harlan. Hermit Toad. Hol-
brookes Spade Foot.

Rana holbrookii, Scaphiopus solitarius.

Description. — Snout rounded, nostrils nearer the tips of the snout
than the eye. Interorbital space as broad as, or a little broader than,
the upper eyelid; upper surface of head bony, rather smooth; tympanum
distinct, half the width of the eye. Tongue sub-circular, or oval, nicked
behind. Vomerine teeth in two small groups on a level with the hind
edge of the choanae. Two round glands on each side of the thorax,
near the axilla. Fingers short, with a rudiment of web, first a little
longer than second; toes short, webbed to the tips; subarticular tuber-
cles indistinct; three metatarsal tubercles. Metatarsal shovel longer
than first toe. The hind limb being carried forward along the body,
the tibio-tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder of the tympanum.
Skin of back minutely tubercular, of sides more coarsely, beneath near-
ly smooth. Male with a subgular vocal sac.

Color. — Brownish or olive above, marbled with darker; edge of the-
metatarsal shovel black, male during the breeding season with black
rugosities on the inner side of the first two fingers. The tubercles on
the sides with a whitish spot.

Size. — Length of head and body 62 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla.
26 mm.; femur 25 mm.; tibia 20 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
34 mm.

Habitat. — Its range is from Massachusetts to Florida,
west to Texas, north to Arkansas. Specimens from Cam-
bridge, Mass., are nearly unicolor, while Florida forms
are lightest and most varigated. The writer includes this

112 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

species in his list, as it has been reported from Greenway,
Clay Co., Ark., where it was collected by Dr. Eugene S.
Meek of the Field Museum of Natural History, and, no
doubt, will eventually be found in the Sunken-lands of
Missouri.

Habits. — Colonel Nicholas Pike in Bulletin No. 7 of
the American Museum of Natural History, gives a
very able life history of this toad, from which I quote the
following : — ' ' The harmless little creature is still not un-
common, if you only knoiv ivhere to find it. There lies the
difficulty — so few do know — and, excepting some natural-
ists, very few would distinguish it from a common toad.
It must of course be hunted for in secluded places, and
woody hill-sides, but I will venture to say that even the
most knowing, in nine cases out of ten, will only find a
Spadefoot by accident.

"They make circular holes in the ground about six
inches deep, somewhat turnip shaped. A few minutes
sufficed for them to burrow out of sight. The long feet,
with the horny excrescence serving as an additional toe,
and the strong curved fingers enable the Spade-foot to
make the excavation rapidly. This is not by any means
the completion of its home. The inside has to be worked
smoothly, and the earth prevented from falling in.

"This is done by the animal working its body with a
circular motion, and the operation would go on for an
hour or more, and the liquid exuding from its pores
worked into the earth made it smooth, and formed a cur-
ious little dwelling when completed. Eound the top was a
layer of viscous matter, and woe betide any unwary in-
sect that alighted on it. Closely concealed lay Spade-
foot, only the bright eyes visible, ever on the watch, and
unerring in its aim when any luckless fly intruded on the
threshold. They appeared to be greedy feeders.

"This I find is the usual summer residence of the
iSpade-foot, and when once domiciled, it rarely leaves

Hurler — He.rpetology of Missouri. W^

home in the day-time. No two ever inhabit the same hole,
hence the name Hermit Spade-foot, or solitarius.

''When the cold nights of fall begin, the Spade-foot
leaves its summer home and looks out for one more suit-
able for the winter season. It generally chooses the warm
southerly side of a hill, and excavates deeply for its new
quarters. I found one over three feet below the surface.

"Mr. Andrew Nichols in the Essex County Journal of
Natural History states that in Danvers, Mass., about the
years 1812 and 1825, after a great rain in summer, and on
August 12, 1834, and again on June 16, 1842, the Spade-
foots appeared for breeding purposes, never being noticed
in the intervening years — a most remarkable fact."

Family Ranidae.

Upper jaw furnished with teeth. Vomerine teeth present or absent.
Transverse process of sacral vertebra little or not at all expanded.
Vertebrae procoelous. Ribs none. (Hay.)

Genus rana.

Teeth on upper jaw and on vomers. Tongue free behind and notched.
Tympanum usually distinct. Fingers free. Toes webbed. Outer meta-
tarsal separated by a web.

Contains more than one hundred species, living in all countries ex-
cept southern parts of South America and New Zealand. Cope assigns
thirteen species to North America, seven of which occur in Missouri.
(Hay.)

Key to the Missouri Species of Rana.

Without a black ear patch.

Dorso-lateral dermal folds present; heel reaching nearly to

the muzzle or beyond it; back with well defined dark brown,

pale edged oval or round spots. pipiens.

Dorso-lateral dermal folds large, with smaller ones between;
heel to front of orbit; tympanum one-half the diameter of eye;
brown spots so large as to reduce ground color to a net-work
of narrow lines; three phalanges of fourth toe without web.

areolata.

Dorso-lateral dermal folds four; the quadrate spots of back in
rows; two phalanges of fourth toe free of web; heel to front of
orbit, or sometimes to muzzle. palustris.

114 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Dorso-dermal folds present; skin of back rough; tympanum
nearly as large as eye, or larger; toes webbed nearly to tips;
heel not reaching muzzle; dark blotches on back; size mod-
erate, clamitans.

No dorso-dermal folds; tympanum usually as large as eye, or
larger; toes webbed to tips; usually some blotches above; size
large. catesbiana.

Sides of head with a black patch.

Head in distance from snout to vent 3. .5 times; tympanum one-
half the eye; skin of middle of back smooth; heel to middle of
orbit. cantabrigensis.

Head in length three times; tympanum two-thirds the diam-
eter of eye; skin of middle of back rough; heel to muzzle or
more. sylvatica.

28. Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog. Common
Frog.

Rana halecina, Rana virescens, Rana virginiana, Rana aquatica, Rana
utricularia, Rana oxyrhynchus, Rana berlandieri.

Description. — Head varying in relative length, being contained In
length of head and body from 2.5 to 3.5 times. Vomerine teeth in two
slightly oblique patches between the choanae. Tympanum about as
large as the eye. Head rather elongated. A glandular fold along the
upper jaw and a well-marked one on each side of back; generally a
pair of ridges on coccyx. Femur less than tibia; the latter more than
one-half length of head and body. Toes moderately webbed.

Color. — Ground color ashy, olive or bright green above; below uni-
form white or yellowish. The upper surface with a number of rounded
or oval brown spots, and these usually bordered with yellowish. The
spots between the dorso-lateral folds are larger, and may be arranged
in two or three rows, or may be irregularly placed. Outside these
folds are two or three rows of smaller spots. The upper surfaces of
the limbs are more or less conspicuously barred or spotted. Males
have vocal sacs, which open by a small slit near the angle of the mouth.
These sacs appear to be protruded through the slits. (Hay.)

Size. — Head and body 88 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla 33 mm.
Femur 48 mm.; tibia 52 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together 70 mm.

Habitat. — Maine to Mexico, but mostly in the eastern
United States. Common everywhere in Missouri.

Habits. — The Leopard Frog is our commonest, best
known, and most beautiful frog. It makes its appearance

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. II5

early in the spring — March 17th. Its cry is one of the
earliest of vernal notes. Sometimes it croaks during the
warm days of winter. The eggs are laid in masses in
shallow water. They may be attached to sticks or free in
the water. The whole laying is enveloped in a gelatinous
mass about live inches in diameter and two and one-half
inches thick, and may contain from five to six thousand
eggs. The eggs are black in color and are so close to-
gether that the entire mass is dark, notwithstanding that
the gelatinous mass is perfectly transparent.

29. Eana areolata Baird and Girard. Gopher Frog.
Rana areolata capita, Rana areolata circulosa.

Description. — Head large, rather pointed, with a marked concavity
betv.-een the nostrils and the eyes. Eyes large, prominent. Nostrils
midway between the eye and the tip of the snout. Tympanum oblong,
nearly circular, about two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Internal
nares large, open transversely, elongate. Vomerine teeth well de-
veloped, nearly meeting in the center and situated between the choanae.
Tongue large, fleshy, longer than broad, with the cornua small, and
wide apart. Body stout. Hind foot appressed to the side, the heel
reaches to the orbit. Fingers not webbed. Toes moderately webbed and
well scalloped. The terminal tM'o and a half phalanges of longest toe,
however, are almost entirely free. Subarticular tubercles on the fin-
gers and toes. No tubercle on the outer edge of sole. The upper sur-
face of the back and head is generally smooth; the upper part of the
sides slightly studded with tubercles as also the upper part of the femur
and tibia, but not so strongly. The posterior faces of the femur granu-
lated. The whole lower side is entirely smooth. A rather broad but
low fold of skin can be traced from above the tympanum along the
sides of the back nearly to the thighs. A low wide ridge branches off
from the dermo-lateral ridge behind the tympanum. Males with a vocal
sac on each side. Two glandular ridges, which run together on each
end, but are separated about 5 mm. in the middle on the urostyle.

Color. — The entire upper part and sides of body are covered with a
number of brown blotches encircled with light yellow. These blotches
are most distinct and crowded anteriorly, and do not invade the outer
edge of the dermolateral fold. The spots on the back are generally ar-
ranged in longitudinal rows. The ground color of the upper surface
of the fore limbs is yellowish brown with vermiculation of darker
brown. The hind legs have numerous parallel and transverse dark
brown bars, three or four on the thighs, four or five on the tibia, three
on the tarsus, and several on the edge of the foot. The bars are

IIQ Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

broader than their interspaces, and are margined by yellow lines. The
lower parts are yellowish-white, unspotted, including the interior and
inferior surfaces of the limbs. A few scattered blotches are seen along
the posterior half of the lower jaw and on the breast in front of the
arms. The buttocks are yellowish-white, with some marbling of brown.
The center of the tympanum is white. (Cope.)

Size. — Length of head and body 98 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
38 mm. Femur 44 mm.; tibia 48 mm.; tarsus to end of longest toe
€8 mm.

Habitat. — This frog so far has been reported from
Texas, Georgia, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri. Missouri
localities: — Montgomery and Johnson Counties. (B. M.
Stigall.)

Habits. — In the year 1906 my friend, Mr. Edgar M.
Parker, a young naturalist, sent me a frog, which I rec-
ognized at once as this species. June 6th, 1908, 1 went to
Montgomery City to learn more of this frog. My friend
and I went out early in the morning to the place where he
had captured the first specimen in a marshy corner of a
small pasture just outside of the town. Here we found
the holes in which the frogs live and hide. The holes
seemed to be abandoned crayfish holes, very likely widen-
ed by the present owners. Although these holes were
very numerous, by diligent search we discovered only
three which were occupied. The inhabited holes are easily
recognized as the entrance as well as a little platform in
front of it is worn smooth. Here the frog watches for its
prey. As soon as it hears an unusual noise or sees some-
one it creeps back in the hole. It can then only be secured
by digging for it. All the frogs that we secured that day
were not deeper down than we could reach with our hands
— about 18 inches. Curiously enough they made no at-
tempt to recede farther when we reached for them. Had
they dropped to the bottom we never could have captured
them, as some of the holes were three or four feet deep
with water at the bottom. My friend had heard of an-
other haunt of these frogs in an embankment on the side
of the road. I should never have looked for frogs in such

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 1^7

environments. As we approached we saw a frog slide
back into his hole, which was not as deep as some of the
others. We dug for him and as I neared him he retreated,
and finally we heard him splash in the water. He was now
beyond reach, but by a little strategy I secured him. I
moved my closed fist backward and forward in the hole
like the plunger of a pump. After a few strokes the frog
could not withstand the suction and I felt him bumping at
my hand. I then secured him without difficulty. So far
I have only caught one away from his home, just about
daybreak, while he was hopping in the grass. This frog is
probably an early riser, preferring dawn to full day-
light. The frog is well known to the farmers of this
neighborhood, many of them being killed when the grass
is mowed.

Dates of capture. — June 6; July 19, 26.

30. Eana palustris LeConte. Spring Frog. Swamp
Frog. Pickerel Frog.

Description. — Head short, rather obtuse. Margin of lower lip slightly
notched on each side of symphysis, leaving a projection in the middle.
Tongue with two posterior lobes; free for half its length posteriorly,
and also on the sides. Eyes large, prominent. Tympanum circular,
about two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Nostrils about midway be-
tween the eye and the tip of the snout. The vomerine teeth are in two
transverse patches between the choanae. A glandular ridge extends
from the middle of the inferior edge of the tympanum to a point above
the middle of the humerus. There are four thick glandular folds on
the back; the external or dorso-lateral ones begin above the tympanum.
A pair of slight ridges near the middle of the pelvic region. The inter-
orbital space, two-thirds the width of an eye-lid. The tubercles of
palm are well developed. The first finger is longer than the second, and
equal to the third. The internal cuniform tubercle is small and weak,
without an acute edge. Toes not fully webbed, the edges of the webs
deeply scalloped, leaving two phalanges of the fourth toe free. The
inferior and posterior parts of the thighs are granulated.

Color.— Body pale brown, with two longitudinal rows of squarish
spots of dark brown color on the back and on each side; yellowish
-white beneath; posterior half of the thighs bright yellow, mottled with
black. A dark brown spot on the top of each eye-lid and another near
the snout. A blackish line extending from the nostrils to the eyes.

118 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

The upper and lower jaw yellowish white, spotted with dark brown.
The tympanum is bronze, with a dark spot in the center. Arms with
black blotches. Legs with transverse bars of the same color continued
nearly to the end of the toes.

Size. — Length of head and body 69 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
25 mm. Femur 40 mm.; tibia 40 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
54 mm.

Habitat. — This species is found from New Brunswick
west to the central plains, south to Louisiana and Flor-
ida. Missouri localities: — Cliff Cave, St. Louis Co.,
Washington, St. Charles, Jefferson, Cooper, Marion,
Montgomery, Crawford, Butler, Stone and Dunklin Coun-
ties.

Habits. — This species prefers cold springs and streams.
In Green's Cave, near Sullivan, Crawford Co., I collected
one at a place in the cave nearing complete darkness. In
small streams it is generally found under slabs of rock
partly in the water. Meadows and fields near brooks are
the home of the Pickerel Frog. No other frog presents a
coat of such brilliant metallic luster as a young Pickerel
Frog after being in the bright sunlight for some hours.
The young, when in the mud for sometime are so dark
that the spots are hardly discernible. The Pickerel Frog
has no large external vocal pouches, but the throat, the
region back of the eyes and under the ears, as well as the
sides, all expand considerably during croaking, which is
low and prolonged, resembling somewhat the sound pro-
duced by tearing coarse material. The species has a dis-
tinctly unpleasant odor, due to a secretion of the skin,
for which reason it is not considered edible. It is called
Pickerel Frog because of its use to a great extent as bait
in pickerel fishing. The irregular egg masses are about
two inches in diameter and contain between two and three
thousand eggs. These frogs spend a good deal of their
time hunting, probably for caterpillars, meadow caddis-
flies, butterflies, flies, gnats, and beetles. They are known
to feed on snails, small crayfish, and aquatic amphipods

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. II9

and isopods. They are quite common in suitable localities,
but are not found on the Great Plains of the West, where
the Leopard Frog holds supreme sway among frogs.

31. Rana clamitans Latreille. Green Frog.

Rana clamata, Rana fontinalis, Rana melanota, Ranaria melanota,
Rana flaviviridis, Rana horiconensis, Rana nigricans.

Description. — Head broad, contained in length of head and body three
times. Snout rounded. Top of head plain, without any concavity. Nos-
trils large, oval, situated on the rounded and indistinct canthus ros-
tralis, a little nearer to the snout than to the eye. Eyes large. Tongue
large and fleshy, strongly nicked behind, from where it is free for one-
fourth of its length. The choanae are large and open posteriorly, nearly
opposite the anterior canthus rostralis. The vomerine teeth are in
two oblong patches between the choanae. The tympanum is about two-
thirds the diameter of the eye; males, 11 mm.; females, 8 mm.

Body and limbs very stout and massive, legs short. The forearm and
hand nearly equal in length. The third finger longest, first and fourth
nearly equal. Femur, tibia and hind foot nearly equal and less than
half the length of head and body. The third toe is longer than the
fifth; fourth, the longest. The we'b between the toes well developed
and extending to the tips. Subarticular and metatarsal tubercles mod-
erately developed.

Skin more or less mammillated above and on the sides by coarse
pustuliform prominences, largest on the sides. A groove passes from
the back of the eye over the tympanic disk and downward behind it,
ending in front of the arm. There are two dorso-lateral glandular folds,
which start at the upper eyelids and run back to the pelvic region.
Over the tympanic disk a branch is given off, which passes down be-
hind the disk and terminates over the arm. The groove described
above lies between the disk and the branch. Hind limb appressed
along the side brings the heel between the eye and the snout.

Color. — The color varying from greenish olive to brown; in life often
bright green toward the head. On the back there are usually numerous
small irregular blotches of dark brown, and larger ones on the sides.
The hind legs are crossed by rows of small spots. The hinder surface
of the thighs is granulated and of a yellow color, with spots and mott-
lings of black. The lower jaw and throat are marbled v/ith brown,
otherwise pale below. The tympanum has a black spot in the center.

Size. — Length of head and body 85 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
33 mm. Femur 43 mm.; tibia 43 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
66 mm.

This species may be distinguished from Rana catesbiana by the pres-
ence of two dorso-lateral folds.

120 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habitat. — Distributed over the eastern United States
and Canada to the Plains. Found all over Missouri in
abundance.

Habits. — This frog is found along the muddy banks of
brooks and ponds. Walking along a little stream, we may-
hear a sound, a high pitched cry, ahead of us and see a
frog jump into the water, hiding under the leaves and in
the mud. This is the Green Frog. Because of its peculiar
cry or scream, it was called the ' ' Screaming Frog. ' ' This
frog is more aquatic than most frogs with the exception
of the Bull-Frog. The Green Frog moults four or more
times each year. If not in water when moulting, it will
swallow the moulted skin like the toads and the Leopard
Frog.

Mary J. Dickerson in her admirable book gives the fol-
lowing account: — '' During almost any of the warm
months of the year we may find Green Frog tadpoles
changing to the adults. The hind legs grow rapidly, and
may be conspicuously barred with dark color. The left
arm appears tirst, thrusting itself out of the breatliing-
pore. Then the right one breaks through the skin. The
changes in mouth and eyes begin. The tail is slowly
absorbed. The ears are the last external sign to tell that
the change is quite completed. Most curious is the fact
that some tadpoles show the lateral folds and the coloring
of the adult male or female long before the change is com-
pleted, while others take on the frog form entire before
the lateral folds are well developed or before sexual color-
ing is evident."

Dates of capture. — Mar. 21 ; May 1, 29 ; Aug. 13 ; Sept.
1, 17 ; Oct. 3, 26. July 4, 1904, while collecting in Dunklin
County, I came across a number of these frogs in a dark
cypress swamp, where they were hiding beneath brush
piles. All were of a dark color.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 121

32. Eana catesbiana Shaw. Bull Frog.

Rana pipiens, Rana viugiens, Rana scapularis, Rana maxima americana
aquatica, Rana conspersa, La Grenouille mugissante, La Mugissante
ou Grenouille taureau.

Description. — Head moderate; snout rounded, sides oblique, canthus
rostralis indistinct. Interorbital space either as broad as upper eyelid
or much narrower. Nostrils oblique, half way between the eye and the
tip of the snout. Vomerine teeth in two small groups, close together,
between the choanae; four or five teeth in each patch. Tongue elon-
gate, strongly notched behind. Tympanic disk the size of the eye or
even larger. The third finger is the longest. No membrane or web.
The tibia is not quite half the length of head and body. The fourth toe
is the longest; third longer than fifth. Toes webbed to the tips. No
dorso-lateral folds. A glandular fold begins at the upper eyelid, runs
over and behind the tympanum and in front of the arm, ending on the
breast. Between this fold and the tympanum is a sharp groove. Heel
reaching to the front of the eye. Male with two internal vocal sacs.

Color. — The color of the upper surfaces in alcohol varies from red-
dish to olive and brown. In life the color may be pale yellow, green, brown-
ish, or even deep brown. Below, the general color is white or yellowish.
On the upper surface spots of brown may occasionally be almost en-
tirely missing, but generally there are blotches of brown varying in
size and number, sometimes running together. The outlines are not
well marked. The sides usually with distinct marblings of brown.
The thighs may be spotted on the upper surface; these spots may even
form cross bars. The rest of the leg and foot may also be spotted or
almost devoid of any brown markings. They may be conspicuously
present on the throat, breast, belly and legs. The hinder part of the
thighs is usually mottled and blotched. (Hay.)

Size. — This frog is the largest of our frogs, the body sometimes being
8" (203 mm.) in length, and the body and legs together 18" (450 mm.).
Head and body 170 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla 62 mm.; femur
82 mm.; tibia. 80 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together 116 mm.

Habitat. — Eastern North America to the Rocky Moun-
tains. Found everywhere in suitable localities in Mis-
souri in abundance.

Habits. — This species lives in the waters of our brooks^
rivers and lakes. It never strays away from the vicinity
of the water in search of food. Its loud voice has given it
its popular name of "Bull-Frog." Dr. J. H. Garnier in
his Reptiles of Canada says that he has heard the Bull-
frog at a distance of five or eight miles. Authors tell us

122 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

that when this frog is whipped it will cry much like a
child. These frogs are very voracious, and seem to catch
and swallow almost any living thing that they can possi-
bly devour. They feed on crayfishes, small fish, insects,
worms, snails, mice and even their own species. Prof.
J. A. Allen says that one seized and swallowed a cedar
bird which he had shot, although the wings and tail con-
tinued to protrude out of the frog's mouth. Others have
been found with snakes (grass snakes) in their stomachs.
(Hay.)

The tadpoles require two years for their complete de-
velopment. The general color of the tadpole above is
dark olive green, yellowish white below.

In this neighborhood this frog is hunted mostly at night.
When bull's eye lanterns are used to find the frog, which
will not move as long as the glare of the light is turned
on it, it is readily secured by stabbing with a **gig." In
daylight the frog is shot, when partly or all out of the
water near the shore, or it is lured with hook and line
baited with a piece of red flannel. This frog is much rel-
ished as an article of diet.

33. Eana cantabrigensis Baird. Cambridge Frog.

Ra7ia temporaria subsp. cantairigensis, Rana cantabrigensis cantabri-
gensis.

Bescription. — Head rather depressed, snout elongate, acuminate. Nos-
trils equidistant between orbit and end of muzzle. Vomerine teeth in
two oblique groups, extending beyond the level of the hinder edge of
the choanae. Interorbital space narrower than upper eyelid. Tympa-
num hardly two-thirds the diameter of the eye. Fingers moderate, first
extending beyond the second. Heel to middle of orbit. A glandular
ridge on the inner edge of the tarsus. Webs of toes short. Subarticular
tubercles of fingers and toes moderate. Inner metatarsal tubercle
rounded, rather prominent and obtuse edged. A minute external tuber-
cle. Male with two internal vocal sacs. The skin between the dorso-
lateral glandular dermal folds smooth.

Color. — Above yellowish-brown; a dark vitta through the eye, ex-
tending and widening behind the tympanum, then tapering to a poiat
at the posterior end of the upper jaw. Lateral fold of skin light colored,
as is also in some old specimens a median dorsal line extending from

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 123

the snout to the anus; a narrow light line along the posterior faces of
the tarsus; the sides are frequently black-spotted, sometimes only
marbled with brown; the femora and tibiae are indistinctly cross-
banded. The upper and lower lips are dark-edged, the lower with light
colored interruptions. A brown band on the front of the humerus.
Throat and thorax marbled with light brown. Posterior face of femur
light brown, marbled with darker brown. (Cope.)

Size. — Head and body 64 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla 16 mm.;
femur 21 mm.; tibia 23 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together 38 mm.
This specimen was presented to me by Mr. Alexander G. Ruthven of
Ann Arbor, IMich., who collected it at Isle Royale in Lake Superior.

Habitat. — Northern North America. In the Report of
the Smithsonian Institution for 1864 is given the Journal
of an Exploration of Western Missouri in the year 1854,
by Dr. P. E. Hoy, who collected in Cooper County four
Rana cantahrigensis, which are still in the National Mu-
seum under the catalogue number 3,457. On the strength
of this I have included this species in my list.

Habits. — As I have never seen this frog in his haunts
and as other observers give only meagre accounts of its
life history, I shall quote from Mary J. Dickerson's Frog
Book as follows: — "This frog has the same delicacy of
beauty, the same gentleness and alertness of expression,
possessed by the Eastern Wood Frog. It would be sur-
prising to find any great difference in its habits. It is
probably silent, except in the breeding season, and is
more thoroughly a land frog than are most of the species
of Rana."

34. Rana sylvatica LeConte. Wood Frog.

Rana silvatica, Rana temporaria var. silvatica, Rana pennsylvanica.

DescripUon. — A rather slender frog, with a broad head and long legs.
Length of head contained in length of head and body 3 to 3.5 times.
Snout rather pointed, the canthus rostralis distinct. Byes prominent.
Loral space concave. Nostrils oblique, situated just below the canthus
rostralis and half way between the eye and the tip of the snout. Tympa-
num moderate, about two-thirds the diameter of the eye. The tongue
is elongated, much longer than broad, free behind for half its length,
and on the sides, the two cornua prominent. Teeth in two small, slight-
ly elongate patches, placed with the axis inclined a little backwards.

124 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

and about intermediate between the choanae, their anterior edges being
in the same line. The teeth in the upper jaw extend back to the gape
of the mouth. The fore legs are well developed. All the fingers are
perfectly free. The third finger is the longest; the first and fourth
equal; the second the shortest. All are thickened at the base. Legs
long, the heel reaching to the muzzle or beyond. Tibia longer than
femur. One outer metatarsal tubercle and also a faint inner one pres-
ent. Subarticular tubercles on fingers and toes feebly developed. Web
leaving two phalanges of longest toe, and one of the others, free. The
skin of the back, the sides, and upper surfaces of the legs is provided
with numerous sharp points which produce a slight roughness to the
sight and touch. A dorso-lateral glandular fold starts at the corner of
the eye and continues along the side to near the vent over the tympanic
disk. This fold gives off a rather indistinct branch, which bends down
behind the disk and terminates over the arm. No other folds between
the dorso-laterals. Another glandular fold begins near the corner of the
mouth and stops just over the arm. The hinder surface of the thighs
somewhat granulated.

Color. — In alcoholic specimens the color of the upper surfaces of body
and limbs varies from pale reddish-brown to ashy or dark gray; the
sides may be pale yellow or brown; beneath whitish. There may be a
few indistinct spots on the pelvic region of the back, while the sides
may be somewhat mottled with dusky. Limbs distinctly or indistinctly
barred with brown. A dark stripe at the base of the humerus in front.
A black stripe from the snout to the eye. A triangular brown ear patch.
A white stripe from the snout and along the upper lip to the arm.
Upper and lower lips marbled with brov.n and whitish. In life the
colors undergo considerable change, according to the surroundings.
Farmers call this the "Red Frog." (Hay.)

Size. — Length of head and body 64 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
24 mm.; femur 32 mm.; tibia 36 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
50 mm.

Habitat. — This species occurs from Maine to the Atha-
basca River and south to South Carolina and Missouri.
Cope in Ms Batrachians of North America reports one
specimen, No. 3,453, from St. Louis, sent by Dr. George
Engelmann to the Smithsonian Collection. So far I have
found this frog only near Marble Cave, Stone Co., Mo.
This frog is quite rare.

Habits. — This frog is far less aquatic than most of the
others, preferring to spend its life among fallen leaves of
the forest. It repairs to the water only in the breeding

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 125

season, wliich is the only time when it croaks. It is never
found in the water during the remainder of the season.
It is not often seen, but occasionally occurs in large num-
bers. They are said to be very skillful in hiding, and the
close resemblance of their colors to the dead leaves and
grass surrounding them renders it very difficult to find
them. Prof. S. F. Baird was the first to observe that the
tadpoles of this frog are carnivorous. (Hay.)

Family Engystomatidae.

No parotoids. Tympanum concealed. Fingers and toes not expanded
at their tips, the former without, the latter with or without, webs. No
teeth. Hearing apparatus fully developed. Prefrontals fully developed,
in contact with each other, and with the parietofrontals. No overlapp-
ing sternal cartilages. Clavicles and precoracoids sometimes wanting.
Transverse processes of sacrum dilated.

It is represented in North America by the single genus
Engystoma. (Garman.)

Genus engystoma.

Head small, pointed, continuous with the body; mouth-cleft small;
tongue free behind, elliptical, entire. Limbs stout and rather short.
Eustachian ossicle very small. Males with an internal, subgular vocal
sac. (Garman.)

35. Engystoma caeolinense Holbrook. Nebulous Toad.
Carolina Toad.

Engystoma olivaceum.

Description.- — Head short, pointed; body thick, nearly oval; skin
smooth. A fold across the head behind the eyes, which, however, is
often wanting in alcoholic specimens. Toes quite free with blunt tips
and distinct subarticular tubercles; a very small inner metatarsal tuber-
cle. With the hind limb carried forward along the body, the tibio-
tarsal articulation reaches the shoulder in the female, and a little be-
yond in the male.

Color. — Color above olive-brown or gray, marked and spotted with
dusky; below pale yellowish, closely marbled with purplish, but more
yellowish posteriorly on the abdomen and under side of the femora.
Two wide, poorly defined pale bands begin at the fold of the skin be-
hind the eyes and pass backward and slightly downward to the insertion

126 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

of the femora; tliey are bordered above by a sinuous band of inter-
rupted elongate dark spots, and below by a wider continuous dark band,
which in front passes immediately over the fore legs, through the eye
and around the snout, where it unites with its fellow of the opposite
side. Two dark bands cross the tibia. The throat of adult males is
bluish black. The colors vary with age and, to some extent also, at the
will of the animal. Older examples are darker, and the markings are
in them more obscure. The characteristic markings are consequently
more apparent on medium-sized specimens because of the paler color
and conseciuent greater contrast between it and the dark marks. A
black spot over the vent. (Garman.)

Size. — Length of head and body 36 mm.; from tip of snout to axilla
l.J mm.; femur 13 mm.; tibia 12 mm.; tarsus and fourth toe together
20 mm.

Habitat. — South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, westward
to Texas, north into Missouri and southern Illinois. Mis-
souri localities : — St. Louis and Butler Counties.

Habits. — Engystoma carolinense looks very different
from any of our typical frogs and toads. Its tiny head
with dark bead-like eyes seems wholly out of proportion to
its relatively large, squat body. It resembles more a little
turtle, particularly when in the specimen the fold of the
skin behind the e^^es is present. The Carolina Toad is
very quick, even with its short legs, it proceeds by short
rapidly given jumps. Generally it is found under logs,
with only its head sticking out of the ground, in marshy
places. In spring when mating it goes to the water in
stagnant pools. When floating in the water, only the tip
of its pointed head is out of the water, so that on approach
of danger it can disappear beneath without leaving a
ripple on the surface. Its habits are entirely nocturnal.
Its call is said to sound like the noise made by an electric
buzzer. When kept in captivity the male sings almost
continually. A throat pouch which extends backward to
a line between the insertion of the arms, is inflated during
the call.

In my early collecting days I discovered three in one
day under rocks on the southern exposure of a hill- side
at Cliff Cave, St. Louis County. I have never again

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 127

found any at that place. At Poplar Bluff, Butler County,
it is quite plentiful.

Dates of capture. — Apr. 26; May 15, 28; Sept. 5.

Class ReptiliH.

Exoskeleton in the form of horny scales or bony plates. One occipi-
tal condyle. Mandible present, each ramus of several bones. Verte-
brae without terminal epiphyses. Generally no diaphragm (an incom-
plete diaphragm is present in crocodiles). Respiration always by
means of lungs, sometimes aided by the walls of the pharynx. Heart
generally with three, sometimes with four, chambers. Two aortic
arches. Blood not warm; red corpuscles nucleated. Alimentary canal
terminating in a cloaca. Oviparous or ovo viviparous. (Carman.)

The existing reptiles are divided by Dr. H. F. Osborne
into two sub-classes, Diapsida and Synapsida. To the
latter belongs only one existing order, viz., the turtles
{Tes'udinata), which are characterized by having the
scapular arch internal to the ribs, while in the three ex-
isting orders of the Diapsida it is external. These orders
are: Crocodilini (also called Loricata or Emydosauria),
characterized 1)y two-headed ribs; Rliyncliocephalia, rep-
resented by a single surviving genus in New Zealand
(Sphenodon), superficially resembling a lizard, but distin-
guished from the next order by having, among other char-
acters, the quadrate bone immovably fixed to the adjacent
cranial elements by suture, while in the Squamata, em-
bracing snakes and lizards, it is loosely articulated with
the cranium at the proximal end ; the last two orders have
one-headed ribs. (Stejneger.)

Subclass Diapsida.
Primarily with double or separated temporal arches.

Order SQUAMATA.

The order Squamata consists of three sub-orders — the
chameleons (Rhiptoglossi), the lizards (Sauria), and the
snakes (Serpentes). Of these only the two latter orders
are represented in Missouri.

128 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

The anatomical characters which distinguish them consist chiefly
in the separate condition of the rami of the lower jaw in the snakes,
while they are solidly united in the lizards; in the total absence even
of vestiges of a pectoral arch in the snakes; and in the closing of the
brain case anteriorly in the latter. There are no external characters
which will in all cases separate a snake from a limbless lizard, ex-
cept that in the latter the tongue is not retractile into a basal sheath,
while in most cases they possess distinct eyelids and ear-openings,
both wanting in the snakes. (Stejneger.)

Suborder SAUEIA.

Body elongated and covered with numerous small imbricated scales.
Four limbs (rarely wanting). Shoulder girdle always present. Eye-
lids and external organs of hearing present. Jaws with teeth set in a
continuous groove; jaws not dilatable. Heart with three chambers.
Urinary bladder present. Oviparous, with a few exceptions. (Garman.)

Key to the Families Eepeesented in Missouri.

Tongue not bifid. Legs four. Scales imbricated, carinated above.
A fold of the skin on each side of the neck. Proximal end of
clavicle simple. Iguanidae.

Tongue deeply bind, with an ensheathing base. Legs wanting, or
with a pair of rudimentary hind legs. Body serpenti-form. A
lateral longitudinal groove. Proximal end of clavicle simple.

Anguidae.

Tongue bifid, but with no ensheathing base. Legs four. Two
transverse subgular folds of skin. Scales granular above, large
below. Premaxillary single. Clavicle dilated at proximal end.

Teiidae.

Tongue notched at the tip. Legs four. No transverse subgular
folds. Scales smooth and about uniform in size above and be-
low. Premaxillary double. Proximal end of clavicle simple.

Scincidae.

Family Iguanidae.

Tongue short, thick, fleshy, but slightly free in front, scarcely bifid.
Teeth attached to the inner face of the jaws, pleurodont. Femoral
pores present or absent. Premaxillary single. Clavicle with simple
proximal ends. Mesosternum anchor-shaped. A xiphisternal fon-
tanel present. Abdominal ribs generally wanting. (Garman.)

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 129

Key to Geneea of Iguanidae.

Ear without strong denticulation and neck without spinose tuber-
cles. Superciliaries imbricate. Tall long and tapering.

Crotaphytus.
No complete transverse gular fold. Sceloporus.

Head with large spines posteriorly. Phrynosoma.

Genus crotaphytus.

Head and body somewhat depressed and much shorter than the
tapering tail. All of the head plates are small. The labials not im-
bricated. The ear-opening is large, without strong denticulation. Dor-
sal scales small and nearly uniform. Long series of femoral pores
and one or more transverse gular folds are present. There are no
spinose tubercles on the neck. The superciliaries are imbricated.
Males with enlarged post-anal plates.

36. Crotaphytus collaeis Say. Collared Lizard. Bull
Lizard. Mountain Boomer.

Agama collaris, Liosaurus collaris.

Description. — Head very broad, its width fully equal to the distance
from snout to ear. The head is much depressed and very distinct
from the neck, especially in the males. Nostrils large, turned upwards
and outwards, a little nearer to the end of the snout than the orbit.
Ear-opening large, vertically reniform. Scales on the snout a little
enlarged, irregular, convex; a series of enlarged supraoi-'bital scales,
forming a letter X between the orbits; the two middle scales fused to-
gether, forming there only one row. Tongue narrow, slightly notched
at the tip, where it is free at the sides. Palatine teeth. Cheek teeth
compressed with three-lobed crov/n behind; conical anteriorly. The
bases apparently in a shallow groove.

Supraocular scales small; back of the head with small granules.
Labials very small. A series of enlarged infra-orbital scales, very vari-
able in number and size; the median one sometimes much elongate,
owing to the fusion of two, or three scales. Throat covered with small
granules, which are slightly enlarged and flat in front of the gular fold.
Sides of neck strongly plicate. Dorsal scales uniform, small, juxta-
posed granules; ventral scales larger, flat, hexagonal. Limbs long; hind
limb reaches to the eye or to the tip of the snout; digits rather long.
Seventeen to tv/enty femoral pores on each side. Tail slender, cylin-
drical, nearly twice as long as head and body, covered with uniform,
small, smooth or feebly keeled scales.

Color. — Upper parts of a variable shade of dark green or bluish; the
thigh, back, and sides marked pretty regularly and closely with round

130 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

or oblong light spots, which on the lower part of the 'back and on the
tail above exhibit a tendency to transverse light bands. The upper
part and sides of the head, the tibia and tail marked with similar dark
spots. Two half rings of black extending across the back between the
insertion of the legs. Fore legs each bordered with yellowish. Under
parts yellowish white, tinged in some specimens with greenish, espe-
cially between the fore legs. Chin and throat green or blue (sometimes
nearly black) and quite regularly reticulated with yellowish. In life,
the light spots, especially in young specimens, are of various shades of
red, orange, yellow and white. In the young and sometimes quite
large specimens the light doisal spots exhibit a great tendency to form
transverse bands more or less continuous.

Si^e.— From tip of snout to end of tail 290 mm.; head and body 96
mm.; fore limb 43 mm.; hind limb 80 mm.; tail 200 mm.; head 28 mm.;
width of head 25 mm.

Habitat.— K-dnsas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas,
Texas, and New Mexico. Missouri localities : Jefferson,
Washington, St. Francois, Madison, Iron, Ozark, Stone,
Miller, and Phelps Counties.

Habits.— Mr. John E. Fordyce of Little Rock, Ark.,
wrote me, under date of July 14th, the following observa-
tions wliich he made on a specimen which came from
Mount Magazine, about 110 miles west of Little Rock:
"The Mountain Boomer is a good jumper, and can catch
grasshoppers and other flying insects by jumping from a
foot to eighteen inches in the air after them. I put a
small Six-lined Lizard in his cage and he swallowed him
whole in two or three gulps. He seems very ferocious and
jumps at your hand with his large mouth wide open. The
natives call them Mountain Boomers and say he is deadly
poison."

The Collared Lizard runs very swiftly, carrying the
tail over his back, and he is surely the most pugnacious of
our lizards. To catch one, when on a rock or open space,
is a very easy matter for two persons. One stands still
and watches the lizard, which will keep an eye on him, and
the other person sneaks around the lizard and grabs him
from behind. His bite does not amount to anything.

Dates of capture. — May 2, 21; July 14; Sept. 1.

Hurter — Herpetology uf Missouri 131

Genus scelopokus.

Head short, convex above. Upper head scales enlarged, occipital
very large. Nostrils near the margin of the snout, opening in a single
plate. A short fold on each side of the neck. The dorsal scales are
large, nearly equal sized, mucronate and strongly imbricate. The ear-
opening is large with a well developed anterior denticulation. The
labials are juxtaposed. The scales of the tail carinated; those of the
belly smooth. Femoral pores numerous. Digits with keeled lamellae
interiorly.

37. ScELOPORus UNDULATUs Bosc. Fence Lizard. Alli-
gator Lizard.

Lacerta undulata, Stellio undulatus, Agama undulata, Lacerta fasciata,
Lacerta hyacinthina, Uromastix undulatus. Tropidolepis undulatus,
Sceloporus longipes.

Description. — Cephalic plates smooth or lengthwise rugose, especially
anteriorly, and laterally. Supraorbital region with one crescentic se-
ries of five or six large, transverse plates, embracing a short series of
three or four additional outer and inner series of smaller plates in its
concavity. Back of head with three plates. The middle or occipital
larger than the outer ones, the parietals; the former with a central
transluscent spot. Two frontal plates. A single nasal plate with the
nostril opening in its posterior part.

Anterior border of ear-opening denticulated with three or more
scales. Three rows of small supralabials. On the side of the neck, be-
hind the ear is a fold of skin overlapping a vertical impression, which
is lined with minute scales. Scales above, large, sharply carinate and
mucronate, many of them vvith notches on each side of the apex. About
forty-five scales in a row from the occipital to a point opposite the vent.
Lateral scales smaller than dorsals. The belly scales smooth and
strongly emarginated. Femoral pores about fourteen. All the scales on
the tail strongly carinated and verticillated. A curved linear impres-
sion behind the vent. Males with enlarged post anal scales.

CoZor.— Color above grayish brown, with a series of transverse un-
dulating black bars on each side of the back. Tail and legs above
barred with black. All the bars bordered posteriorly with pale. A
narrow black line extends from the eye backwards over the ear and
fore leg, and may terminate behind the latter or pass into a brown
band which continues along the side of the abdomen. This last is often
obscure or wanting. A narrow black line crosses the head from one
superciliary ridge to the other. Color beneath grayish white or bluish;
in females and young with no, or few, green or blue scales on the throat,
and with the throat, sides, and ventral surfaces of the femora speckled
with black, generally with a short, dark median band before the vent;

132 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

in males with most of the throat and a large elongate patch on each
side of the abdomen of a metallic blue or green color. (Garman.)

One of my specimens from St. Louis County shows a dorso-lateral,
dark 'brown, nearly continuous band; and on the sides from four to five
vertical bars of the same color.

Size. — Length from tip of snout to vent 68 mm.; tail 90 mm. (Fe-
male).

Hahitat. — The whole eastern United States from New
Jersey to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas. Abundant
in Missouri everywhere.

Habits. — These little lizards are found under decaying
trees and under stones. During the day they bask in the
sun on old fences — hence their common name of "Fence
Lizards." When surprised they will attempt to climb a
tree, and because of their highly protective color, resemb-
ling very much the rough gray bark on which they rest,
may escape. Dr. C. C. Abbott of New Jersej^ came to
the conclusion that their vision is not acute, while their
hearing is sharp. In endeavoring to catch flies they often
missed their aim, although the insects were within easy
reach. Some of Dr. Abbott's experiments tend to show
that the so-called "pineal eye" is yet sensitive to the
light. Their food consists of flies, ants, small spiders and
the like. Any warm day these lizards may be found sun-
ning themselves.

Dates of capture. — Apr. 22; July 24; Sept. 1, 5; Oct. 3;
Nov. 7, 18.

Genus pheynosoma.

The body is very broad, greatly depressed, without dorsal crest, but
usually with a lateral fringe. The head is covered with small sub-
equal scales and bears bony spines on the occipital and temporal re-
gions. The tympanum is either distinct or partially or entirely scaled.
The dorsal scales are very irregular in size and shape. Series of fe-
moral pores and one or more transverse gular folds are present. Tail
short. Males with enlarged post-anal plates.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 133

38. Phrynosoma coenutum Harlan. Horned Lizard.
Horned Toad.

Agama corntcta, Tapaya cornuta, Tropidogaster cornutus, Tropidogas-
ter hufoniuvi, Lacerte tapayaxin, Phrynosoma bufonium, Phrynos-
oma harlanii, Phrynosoma orticulare, Phrynosoma planiceps, Phry-
nosoma cornutum.

Description. — Head shoi't, muzzle descending steeply in profile. Nos-
trils directed forward and separated from the scales of the canthus
rostralis by a single scale. Posterior superciliary angle produced into a
short horn. Temporal region expanded, supporting three horns, the
anterior short, the median equal to or longer than the posterior one;
all directed outward and a little upward. Occipital horns moderate,
acute, well separated, slightly divergent, and directed more than 45
degrees upv/ard. Scales of front and vertex rugose. A row of three
or four conic scales anterior to the occipitals, and one posterior median
occipital not very long. Infralabials prominent and acute posteriorly,
the last equal to or longer than the first temporal. Gular scales keeled
and a vow of enlarged ones on each side. Two groups of spines on each
side of the neck. Large scales on humerus, extending across the cavi-
cular region. Several gular folds, irregular.

Back v.'ith some very large erect spinose tubercles, which form a
series of three or four on each side of the vertebral line. Two lateral
series of spines, the upper the larger. Pectoral and ventral scales more
or less distinctly keeled. Femoral pores in males four to twelve, not
extending on the prae-anal region, sometimes very indistinct. No en-
larged post anal scales. Superior surface of humerus and cubitus cov-
ered with large keeled and mucronate scales. Femur and tibia covered
above with smaller keeled scales, intermixed with a few large spinose
ones. Tail with a marginal row of spines on the basal half and inter-
mixed with larger scales on the superior surface. Scales on the infe-
rior side of limbs and tail, except the femur, keeled, the tail most
strongly. (Cope.)

Color. — Grayish or brownish above with a more or less marked light
dorsal streak, and dark brown spots at the base of the larger dorsal
spines; a large dark brown spot on each side of the nape; two cross
streaks between the superciliary ridges, a band from the eye to the
angle of the mouth, and from the eye to the middle temporal spine,
dark brown. Lower surface yellowish, uniform, or v/ith some brownish
spots.

Size. — From tip of snout to vent 110 mm.; from vent to end of tail
46 mm.

Habitat. — The range of the Horned Toad extends from
Chihuahua, Mexico, north through Texas, southern Kan-

134 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

sas and Missouri. I have never found a specimen in Mis-
souri, but E. D. Cope in the Report of the U. S. National
Museum for 1898 reports two specimens, Nos. 17,397-9 of
the Smithsonian Collection, from southwest Missouri, col-
lected by C. ^Y. Richmond.

Habits. — This species loves dry places and sunshine.
Wlien at rest it is hard to see on account of its protective
coloring, but easily caught when it moves and catches
your eye. Tt is perfectly harmless and often kept as a
pet. If they will eat they may be kept in confinement for
a long time. Most of the time, however, they starve
themselves to death. This is one of the species of Horned
Toads that squirts blood out of the corner of its eye. In
my collecting in Texas, New Mexico, and x\rizona I sev-
eral times captured Pkrynosonias that squirted blood at
my hand or face. 0. P. Hay in Volume 15 of the Pro-
ceedings of the U. S. National Museum published an
article "On the Ejection of Blood from the Eyes of
Horned Toads," where he gives the following account of
the blood squirting habit of these lizards: "In examin-
ing the animal that a student had brought me, I took occa-
sion to turn him on his back, using a lead pencil for the
purpose. The animal resented this treatment and showed
considerable anger, opening his mouth and puffing up his
body. Irritating the animal still more, he grew more and
more enraged, until finally blood spurted from just above
his eye, which was fired at least a foot from the animal,
as several spots struck my arm considerably above my
wrist. After spurting the blood the animal became limp
and collapsed, and remained in a stupor for some time,
and, when handled, behaved as if dead. After a time,
possibly not over five or six minutes, certainly not over
ten, the animal revived and commenced to run about the
table. Wishing to know if he would repeat the operation,
I commenced to irritate him again in the same manner.
After becoming enraged again the animal soon went
through the same process, ejecting blood from the same

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 135

eye as before. He then fell into a similar stupor and
remained about the same length of time, after which he
revived. No amount of irritation could produce a third
discharge, although the animal showed some anger."

My friend, Mr. John K. Strecker, Jr., of Waco, Texas,
published in the Proceedings of the Biological Society of
Washington, Vol. 20, an article entitled "Notes on the
Breeding Habits of Phrynosoma cornutum in Texas."
This Horned Toad is oviparous, he states, and gives the
following account of its breeding habits: "The usual
site selected for the nesting burrows is the base of a slant-
ing bank of earth or sand. The hole seldom goes straight
down, but is usually dug at an angle of about 45 degrees.
The animal's fore-feet are used in digging, while the hind-
feet assist in pushing the earth out of the burrow. As
soon as one layer of eggs has been deposited, the lizard
fills in ground over them and is then ready for the next
lot. In one nest examined by me, the eggs were arranged
in four layers of six each. It is really marvelous how
hard and firm the earth is packed into the burrows. The
period of incubation is about from thirty-five to forty
days. The breeding season extends in Texas from the
middle of April into the latter part of July. When first
hatched the young are smooth and tender, but in a short
time are very active in their movements, and fully able
to take care of themselves. They do not receive any care
from the mother, who probably never returns to the spot
where she buries the eggs

)5

Family Anguidae.

Legs wanting or two rudimentary posterior legs present. Body long
and serpentiform, with lateral longitudinal grooves. Head pyramidal.
Tongue bifid, extensile, with squamiform papillae. Teeth plac'ed on
the inside of the jaws and projecting inwards. (Garman.)

Genus ophisaurus.

Legs wanting. Ear-opening present, small. Eyelids well developed.
A deep groove along each side of the abdomen. Two longitudinal

136 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

series of teeth on the roof of the mouth borne on the pterygoids and
palatines. Several supranasals. Nostrils lateral, opening through a
single plate. Sternal bones represented by rudimentary cartilages;
clavicles not meeting at the middle line. Pelvis rudimentary and car-
tilaginous, the cartilages of opposite sides not meeting at the middle
line, each bearing a minute cartilage representing femora. (Garman.)

39. Ophisaurus ventralis Linn. Glass Snake. Joint
Snake.

Anguis ventralis, Chamaesaura ventralis, Hyalinus ventralis, Ophisau-
rus punctatus, OvMsaurus striatulus, OpMsaurus lineatus, Caecilia
maculata, Opheosaurus ventralis.

Description. — Head continuous with the body, compressed forv/ards
and pointed. Two series of superciliary plates. Frontal large, widest
behind. Two small frontoparietals. Two large parietals and a pentag-
onal interparietal with a small whitish spot, the "pineal eye." Two
prefrontals. Internasal large, as broad, as long. Seven supranasals.
Nasal plate small, perforated by the nostril. Rostral slightly wider
than high. Eleven supralabials, the ninth and tenth largest. Mar-
ginal series of infralabials elongate and narrow.

Ears a short, longitudinal slit of varj'ing size, in line v/ith the
mouth and lateral groove. Palatine teeth present. The pterygoid
teeth in three to five longitudinal series. Teeth all conical. Body long
and slender. Scales equal in size above and below, those on the poste-
rior part of the body and on tail with a slight median ridge forming
obtuse carinae. A deep groove extending from a short distance be-
hind the ear along the sides of the abdomen to the vent. Sixteen rows
of dorsal scales.. Ten rov>s of ventral scales. Seven or eight preanal
scales a little larger than the abdominals.

Garman gives the arrangement of the sternal and pelvic bones as
follows: "The rudimentary sternal bones are imbedded in the muscles
a short distance behind the head. The sternum is a thin, transversely
elongate plate of cartilage, and lies behind the other bones of the arch.
The scapula is largely, perhaps wholly, bone. The supra-scapula is well
developed and is cartilaginous. The coracoid is large, transversely
placed, and meets its fellow of the opposite side; it is also cartilaginous.
The clavicle is a slender, curved bone, which is attached at its outer ex-
tremity to the ventral surface of the supra-scapula.

"The pelvic bones consist of a rather long ilium, attached to the trans-
verse process of the fifty-seventh vertebra, and a flattened bone, sup-
posed to represent the ischium and pubis combined, at its free ex-
tremity. In a small acetabulum in the surface of the latter fits a minute
cylindrical femur. The bones are fully ossified. Those of the two
sides are separated by a considerable interval. They are imbedded in
muscle slightly in front of the vent. The rudiments are probably quite
variable."

Hurter — Herpetology of Missoun. 137

Color. — Color above clay yellow, or brown, or greenish olive, with a
median longitudinal stripe of brown, and on each side above the lateral
grooves a wide black or brown stripe including three narrow whitish
lines. On the side of the abdomen beneath the lateral grooves are two
narrow dark stripes. Beneath yellowish white.

In some specimens the color above is very dark, greenish olive;
posterior border (in the corners) of each scale, with two bluish or
greenish white rounded spots. The central line of each series, espe-
cially where transversed by the ridge, is darker than the ground color,
and not spotted; the whole pattern may be said to form transverse
bands over the back.

Size. — From point of head to vent 247 mm.; from vent to end of tail
455 mm.

Habitat. — This species is found from Florida, west to
Texas, north to Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and
Wisconsin. Missouri localities: St. Louis, Jefferson,
Oregon, Howell, Stone, Jasper, Johnson, Jackson, War-
ren, St. Frangois and Phelps Counties.

Habits. — The Glass Snake is rather scarce. During
twenty-five years of collecting in the state I have only
caught two myself. These I found under rocks. In Jef-
ferson County the farmers come across them oftener when
breaking new ground. Specimens with stub-tails are
mostly found.

On account of the serpent-like form of this lizard, it is
almost universally regarded as a snake. It may be dis-
tinguished from the serpents by the little distensible
mouth, the firm union of the sides of the lower jaws at
their symphysis, by the possession of eyelids, and by the
rows of small scales covering the belly. The facility with
which the whole animal appears to break up into short
pieces has given rise to the popular name "Glass Snake"
or "Joint Snake." The popular belief is that these
pieces have the power of reuniting themselves, so that
the reptile is thoroughly reconstructed and as sound as
ever. Concerning these matters there has been a great
amount of discussion in the newspapers and even in some
scientific journals. As regards the liability of the animal

138 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

to break up into different lengths on being struck or
roughly handled, there is no doubt that the popular notion
is correct. Two-thirds or more of the Glass Snake is
tail. Many of our lizards drop their tails on being caught
to free themselves. The tail thus lost is reproduced. The
Glass Snake when struck or captured may sunder its tail
into a number of wriggling pieces, and while the aston-
ished observer stands viewing the wreck, the head and
body may skip away to a place of safety. In order that
all these pieces might unite again to form the remodeled
lizard, they would have to be fitted together in their
proper order, and with the ends turned in the proper
direction; the half dozen or more conical muscles which
project from the ends of the pieces would have to be
interdigitated accurately; the nerves and blood vessels
would need to come into juxtaposition; and then all the
torn surfaces unite by "immediate union" so quickly and
effectively that the animal can go about its business. This
clearly shows the fallacy of the popular motion. (Hay.)

The Joint Snake is mostly found in dry meadows, on
hilly sides with southern exposure. It feeds on ground
spiders, grasshoppers, crickets, cock-roaches, coleopterous
and lepidopterous larvae, and small snails. Sometimes
the large intestine is packed with fragments of coleoptera.
In confinement it feeds readily, taking even insects from
the hand of its master.

Dr. George Engelmann sent three specimens to the
Smithsonian Collection, No. 3193, and two. No. 5131.

Dates of capture.— Jime 21 ; Aug. 7 ; Sept. 15.

Family Teiidae.

Tongue long, bifid, with squamiform papillae. Teeth solid, pleuro-
dont. Head pyramidal, with large, regularly disposed plates above.
One pair of supranasal plates. Nostril opening in the midst of a plate,
or between two plates. Scales of the back granulate or carinate; scales
on abdomen large. A xiphisternal fontanel; premaxillary single; clav-
icles dilated proximally; mesosternum cross-shaped. (Garman.)

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 139

Genus cnemidophoeus.

With two subgular folds. Tongue with no sheath, free behind. Max-
illary teeth compressed, the posterior teeth tri-cuspid. Femoral pores
present. Scales granulate above, transversely elongate and quadrangular
on the belly. Digits 5-5. (Garman.)

40. Cnemidophoeus sexlineatus Linn, Swift. Six-lined
Lizard.

Lacerta sexlineata, Ameiva sexUneata, Lacertus griseus.

Description. — Head rather small, compressed in front of the eyes
and pointed. Rostral produced backwards and acutely angled between
the nasals, which are large and touch on the middle line. A large
frontal; on each side of which, over the eye, are four supraoculars, the
two middle ones the largest. One loral on each side. Five or six supra-
parietals, which are followed posteriorly by three plates of nearly the
same size. Two series of plates on the lower jaw, the inferior and the
largest consisting of five plates, the two anterior ones being in contact
with each other. Ear-opening vertical, oblong, exposing the tympanum.
Gular folds two, the posterior with large scales in front.

Upper surface of the lower limbs with large scales. Front of thighs
and under surface of the legs with enlarged scales. Scales of the
upper surface of the body small, those of the belly large and rectangu-
lar, arranged in eight longitudinal rows, with about 33 to 36 trans-
verse rows. Vent with three enlarged scales in front. Femora with a
ridge bearing sixteen pores. Tail round, covered with large, verticil-
lated, carinated scales above, smooth underneath.

Color. — Color above brownish gray, with three narrow yellow longi-
tudinal lines on each side with black spaces between them. Head brown
or blue-gray. Legs brown. Under parts bluish white.

^ize. — Length of head and body to vent 80 mm.; tail beyond vent 146
mm.; total length 226 mm.

Habitat. — Eastern North iVmerica from Maryland to
Florida, west to Nebraska, south to Texas. Missouri lo-
calities : St. Louis, Jefferson, Taney, Stone, Jackson,
Johnson, Eandolph, Warren and Pike Counties.

Habits. — This lizard runs with great swiftness. It can
hardly be followed with the eye, and is, therefore, very
difficult to secure. The best way is to shoot it with fine
shot. Early in the mornin!2^, when under rocks and not
yet thoroughly warmed, it is easily captured. It never
resorts to trees, but trusts to its swiftness and skill in

140 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

dodgmg from one covert to another to escape its pur-
suers. It occurs in dry sandy regions, where it may be
seen by roadsides among the shrubbery, or running along
the lower rails of fences. They are generally found in
pairs, but nowhere abundantly, at least not in Missouri.
They live from insects; and in turn seem to be welcome
prey for snakes.

Dates of capture. — May 2, 20; July 14; Sept. 5.

Family Scincidae.

Tongue thin, flat, moderately long, free and slightly notched in front;
covered with overlapping scale-like papillae. Teeth pleurodont. Head
with symmetrical plates. Nostrils generally in one plate. Basal por-
tion of scales ossified. Praemaxillae double.

Key to the Geneea ix Missouri.

With two supranasals. Lower eyelid scaly. Anterior margin of
ear-opening with several projecting scales. Palate v/ith two
slits, one from each nostril. Eumeces.

No supranasals. Lower eyelid with a transparent central part.
Ear-opening with no projecting scales. Palate cleft by a single
median slit. Leiolopisma.

Genus eumeces.

Limbs well developed. Nostril pierced in the nasal plate. Eyelids
with scales. Tympanic disk distinct, deeply sunken. Maxillary teeth
with conical or rounded crowns. Pterygoid teeth present. Palatine not
meeting in the median line; palate therefore with two clefts, one from
each nostril. (Hay.)

41. Eumeces quinquelineatus Linnaeus. Blue-tailed Liz-
ard. Red-headed Lizard. Scorpion.

Eumeces -fasciatus, Lacerta gninquelineata, Lacerta fasciata, Larerta
tristata, Scincus laticeps, Scineus quinguelineaUis, Scincus tristatus,
Scinciis erytlirocephalus, Scincus bicolor, Scincus americaniis, Tili-
qua Quinquelineata, Tiliqiia bicolor, Plestiodon laticeps, Plestiodon
qtiinqiielineattcm, Scincus fasciatus, Eumeces laticeps, Mabuya
quinquclineata, Euprepis quinquelineata ct fasciata, Euprepis de
catesby, Plestiodon erythrocephalus, Tiliqua erythrocephala, La-
certa Cauda caerulea.

Description. — Head short, obtuse. Cheeks strongly swollen in old
full grown specimens. Nasals small, the anterior pierced by the nostril
and followed by a small postnasal, which forms a suture with the first

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. \4^\

labial. Two lorals, the anterior one forming a suture with the fronto-
nasal. Two supra-nasals. A single internasal and two prefrontals.
Frontal and parietals are the largest of the head plates. One frontal.
Four supra-oculars, the three anterior in contact with the frontal. Be-
hind the frontal on the median line is the interparietal, in which a
faint whitish spot indicates the position of the "pineal eye." Nine
supra-labials, the eighth the largest; six only reaching to the orbit.
Six infra-labials, the sixth the largest. Ear-opening large, somewhat
elongated vertically, in young examples with a few projecting scales
at its anterior margin. Body moderately slender, tail long and tapering.
Scales smooth, about equal in size above and below, median row beneath
the tail largest and transversely elongate. Twenty-eight to thirty scales
in a transverse row around the body, midway between the fore and hind
legs.

Color. — Young and middle aged individuals are nearly black above,
with five yellow lines running from head to middle of tail. The median
line bifurcates on top of the head. The extremity of the tail is often
bright blue. The abdomen is bluish white. As the animal grows older
the stripes become obscure, the general color fades to olive or brown-
ish, and the head in the males becomes bright red.

In very old specimens the color of the back becomes nearly uniform
grayish brown. The cheeks are then swollen, and the males are red
on top of the head. Many of the old females retain the stripes on the
back but have no swollen cheeks.

The different color phases were formerly described under three dif-
ferent names.

Size. — An old male from Butler County, Mo., measured 106 mm. from
head to vent, and from vent to tip of tail 125 mm. Total length 231 mm.

Habitat. — This species is found in the eastern part
of North America from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico.
Missouri localities: St. Louis, Jefferson, Washington,
Iron, Stoddard, Butler, Shannon, Dunklin, Oregon, Ozark,
Stone, McDonald, Jackson, Miller, Crawford, St. Charles,
Pike, Montgomery, and Randolph Counties,

Habits. — This sjDecies is found generally under rocks
and rotten logs. Wlien out of its retreat, the Scorpion
Lizard runs equally well on the ground or on trunks of
trees. When captured it tries to bite, but as far as I have
experienced does no harm. If grabbed by the tail, it turns
quickly, twisting it from the body and leaving it as a
wriggling souvenir, losing no time in finding a place of

142 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

shelter. Specimen No. 5 of my collection, a very large
adult female without wide cheeks and the regular stripes
on the back, I captured running up the trunk of a hollow
tree. I put it in my vivarium, where, after a few days, I
found her under a rock coiled around eight eggs, which
she would only leave when disturbed. In due time I
found eight nice little blue tails, each about II/4 inches
long. A few years later I found at Cliff Cave under a
rock another female — a younger specimen — again coiled
around eggs. This is the only female lizard that behaves
thus, and the question in my mind is whether the body
heat of these so-called cold-blooded animals has any influ-
ence on the hatching of the eggs,

42. EuMECES ANTHRACiNus Baird. Coal Skink.

Plestiodon anthracmus.

Description. — Head and body depressed, quadrangular; in section
rather slender. Tail cylindrical, attenuated, one and one-half times
the head and body. Supranasals, internasal, and prefrontal rhomboid;
the former small and more transverse than the rest. One prefrenal
equal to the supra-nasal, half as long as and higher than the pentag-
onal loral, extending upward to contact with the internasal. Upper
labials, six or seven. One large transverse pentagonal mental plate in
the end of the chin, behind the tip, instead of the two of E. quinque-
lineatus. Hind leg applied twice forward reaching about to middle
of neck. Scales of body in twenty-four longitudinal rows, smooth.
(Cope.)

Color. — Four narrow yellow lines, two on each side of the broad long-
itudinal lateral black band. This band begins at the nostril and passes
through the eye to the vent. Tail dark blue above, beneath lighter.
Top of legs and feet black, lighter below. Old specimens have the top
of the head tinged with red.

Size. — Head and body to vent 56 mm.; from vent to end of tail 101
mm. Total length 1.57 mm.

Habitat. — The Coal Lizard is reported as abundant in
the Alleghany region from Pennsylvania southward. It
also occurs in Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri, Missouri
localities : Cope in his Crocodiles, Lizards and Snakes
of North America reports No, 3123 of the Smithsonian
Collection from Laclede County, collected by J, IT, Clark.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 143

John H. Frick, Warrenton, reports this lizard from War-
ren and Franklin Counties. I have collected four spec-
imens in Jefferson County.

Habits. — This species is found under rocks and logs
on slopes with southern exposure, but not as abundantly
as E. quinquelineatus. Its food consists of insects.

Dates of capture. — Apr. 7, 27 ; July 24.

Genus lexolopisma.

Body fusiform, cylindrical. Head short, pyramidal. No supranasal
plates. Limbs well developed. Nostrils pierced in the nasal plate. Eye-
lids well developed, movable, lower eyelid with a transparent disk.
Tympanum not covered with integument. Palatine bones in contact
on the median line of the palate. Scales smooth.

43. Leiolopisma laterale Say. Ground Lizard,

Liolepisma laterale, Lygosoma lateralis, Oligosoma gemmingerii, OH-
gosoma laterale, Mocoa lateralis, Tiligua lateralis, Scincus lateralis,
Lygosoma laterale.

Description. — Rostral broadly in contact with fronto-nasal, the portion
visible from above much smaller than the latter shield; no supranasals;
nostril in the center of a single shield; no post-nasal; fronto-nasal, in
contact with frontal, broader than long; prefrontals not in contact; an-
terior loreal in touch with first supra-labial, in contact with second
supralabial, fronto-parietal and prefrontals; frontal much longer than
its distance from tip of snout, shorter than length of fronto-parietals
and interparietal together, very wide in front, tapering nearly to a
point behind, in contact with first and second supraoculars; four supra-
oculars, second largest; fronto-parietals long and narrow, longer than
interparietal, w-hich is shaped like the frontal but not so long; parietals
long and narrow, as long as frontal, in contact behind interparietal;
four pairs of nuchals, first not in contact; lower eyelid granular with
a small, transparent disk; seven supralabials, fifth under the eye, sixth
largest; a very large upper temporal, fan-shaped with the apex forward,
in contact with the entire outer edge of the parietal; ear-opening large,
as large as eye, without lobules along the anterior border; a single un-
paired pentagonal shield behind the mental; 28 smooth scales around
the middle of the body, those on the sides but slightly smaller; two
large preanal plates with a small one on each side; hind leg contained
about three times in distance from snout to vent; fore and hind legs
fail to meet when appressed along the side; 16 lamellae under longest

144 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

toe; tail cylindric, pointed, with transversely widened plates under-
neath. (Stejneger.)

Color. — Above uniform olive brown; a blackish-brown line from nos-
tril through eye, widening on tympanic region and extending above the
ear-opening backward along sides above fore and hind legs to side of
tail as a broad dark-brown band above and below narrowly and indis-
tinctly edged with whitish; on the flanks below this edge a paler brown,
more indistinct band; underside pale. (Stejneger.)

Size. — Head and body to vent 48 mm.; from vent to end of tail 78
mm. Whole length 126 mm. Hind leg 16 mm.

Habitat. — On the supposition that the American and
Asiatic specimens really are identical, the present species
has a very unique distribution. In North America it is
known to inhabit the lower Austral life zone east of the
Rockr Mountains, and is not found west of the latter at
all. In Asia it occurs over a large area in China along
the coast from near Ningpo to Canton, in the interior to
the province of Szechuen, or to the extreme west end of
the province of Yunnan, while northward it extends its
range to the neighborhood of Peking. (From Stejneger 's
Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory.)

In the United States it is found from Florida west to
Texas, North Carolina, Southern Indiana, Illinois, Mis-
souri and Kansas. The specimen No. 18,012 of the Smith-
sonian Collection was caught at Cliff Cave, on the Iron
Mountain Railway, eleven and one-half miles south of St.
Louis. Missouri localities: St. Louis, Jefferson, Shan-
non, Pemiscot, Dunklin, Butler, Oregon, Stone, Jackson,
Phelps, and Crawford Counties. So far I have never
heard of one being observed north of the Missouri River.
The farther south of St. Louis one goes the more abun-
dantlv it is found.

Habits.— The Ground Lizard is found under rocks, rot-
ten logs, leaves and loose bark of fallen trees. When
uncovered they display considerable agility, half run-
ning, half wriggling away in a series of rapid, lateral
undulations to disappear among dead leaves or to bur-

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 145

row their way into mould or leaves. Few specimens are
actually seen abroad and these are exceedingly timid,
darting into the leaves or hiding place at the slightest
disturbance. As they pass most of their time in hiding
they are poor subjects for observation, only coming out
after sunset in search of small insects and worms. I
have never seen one ascend a tree.

Dates of capture. — Apr. 4, 25; May 5, 10; July 4; Sept.
5; Nov. 7.

Suborder SERPENTES.

Body greatly elongated and covered with horny imbricated (in a few
cases granular and not imbricated) scales. Limbs wanting (rudiments
of hind limbs present in Boas, Pythons, and a few others). Shoulder
girdle never present. Eyelids and external organs of hearing want-
ing. Mouth very dilatable, the bones of the jaw being loosely articu-
lated. No urinary bladder. Oviparous or ovoviviparous. (Garman.)

Because of the superstitions associated with them, ser-
pents possess a peculiar interest for most people. The
almost universal dread in which they are held, has prob-
ably been acquired in the majority of cases. Children
that have been raised and shown the snakes, without fill-
ing their minds with all kinds of terrible stories, are not
afraid of them and handle them as they would a pet cat
or dog. This experience I made with my own children
and grandchildren. Whenever I brought snakes home
they wanted to see them and were more pleased if I gave
them one to play with than if I brought them candy or
some other plaything. Of course, I always took great care
to show them the difference between poisonous and non-
poisonous snakes. Some of the harmless snakes take, it
seems, advantage of the feeling and horror they inspire
and simulate the behavior of their formidable relatives
by coiling, striking, and even producing a noise like that
of rattlers by vibrating their tails rapidly in contact witli
dead vegetation. All, or nearly all, will use the teeth
when cornered, but the bite is not followed by serious
consequences.

146 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

If the wound made by the bite of a snake has the shape
of a horseshoe, there is no danger that it was poisonous;
but if the wound consists only of one or two separate
punctures, the snake might have been a poisonous one,
and, therefore, the wound should be attended to."^

The food of snakes consists of living animals, generally
swallowed alive; only rarely do they eat a dead animal
that they have not previously killed. Snakes that are
kept in captivity seldom eat, but if they are provided with
drinking water may hold out a whole year. Young snakes
eat all kinds of living insects.

The farmers should not kill every snake they come
across, as they generally do, because they are their best
help in destroying field mice and wood mice, doing better
work than a cat. I will here give only one instance. At
a certain place where I formerly caught a great many
snakes with only an occasional mouse nest under a rock,
I now find, after the removal of most of the snakes, many
mice nests, due undoubtedly to the absence of the snakes.

The teeth of the snakes are set backwards and merely
serve as an organ of prehension, and the fangs, when
present, as in our poisonous snakes, are used only in
striking.

Some snakes are known to lay eggs which after a period
produce young. Other snakes are known to retain the
eggs within the body until the young have attained suffi-
cient size and strength to care for themselves after birth.
Still other species are supposed sometimes to lay eggs,
at other times to bring forth living young, or to produce
some eggs and some living young at the same time.
There are, indeed, oviparous snakes and snakes which
are ovoviviparous, and there is a conspicuous difference

* In the most southern part of the state may occasionally be found a
snake, Flaps fulvius, the Bead Snake, which will produce the same
kind of a wound, but this snake is so easily recognized by its splen-
did coloring that the person bitten will know at once and take the
necessary steps.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 147

in their eggs. The eggs of the oviparous species are fur-
nished with a thick, tough, flexible covering or "shell",
while the eggs of the species which produce living young
have coverings which are only thin and delicate. Now,
should such eggs as the latter be laid any considerable
period before the young are ready to be excluded, the
thin envelopes would surely be torn during the writhings
of the embryo. The eggs of the oviiDarous species are
laid a considerable time before they are hatched. The
tough coverings of such eggs protect them from attacks
and injuries from without and at the same time resist the
movements of the young snake within. So far as we
know these eggs are deposited in the earth in piles of
decaying vegetable matter and similar places. (Cope.)
A very curious structure deserves mention here. This

is the "egg-tooth", a small tooth fixed to the united pre-
maxillary bones and projecting forward slightly beyond
the edge of the upper lip. It is present only in the em-
bryo and is shed shortly after the escape of the young
snake from the egg. The tooth is employed by the little
snake in ripping open the tough Qgg covering in its efforts
to escape from its prison. This tooth is found in all the
young just emerging from the egg^ of the oviparous
species. (Cope.)

In Missouri all snakes hibernate. In summers with pro-
longed heat spells they become scarce, as the frogs and
toads on which a good many snakes live have hidden.
Sometimes we read in the papers of a " snake den ' ' hav-
ing been opened accidentally by "blasting", and a great
number of different snakes all coiled together encoun-
tered. This is only natural as all or most of the snakes
within a certain distance might have taken refuge in this
small cave over winter. Very likely the entrance to the
cave was just large enough for a snake to crawl into.

I shall now give a resume of the classification of the
snakes proposed by Dr. L. Stejneger in his valuable work,
"Herpetology of Japan and Adjacent Territory," 1907,

148 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

''The following table of the superfamilies, families, and
subfamilies of snakes gives the essential characters by
which these divisions have been separated. There is still
considerable divergence in the opinions of authors con-
cerning the relative value of some of these divisions, but
in breaking up the agiyph and opistoglyph 'series' I
believe that a better recognition of the true relationships
of their component parts can be obtained."

Synopsis of Supeefamit.ies, Families, and Subfamilies.

Maxillary bone horizontal; no loral pit. Natricoideae.

None of the anterior maxillary teeth grooved or perforated.

Natricidae.
Hypapophyses present throughout the vertebral column.

All maxillary teeth solid. Natricinae.

Hypapophyses absent in posterior dorsal vertebrae.

All maxillary teeth solid. Coronellinae.

Posterior maxillary teeth grooved. Boiginae.

Anterior maxillary teeth grooved or perforated.

Elapinae.

Maxillary bone vertical. Crotaloideac.

A deep loral pit. CrotaUdae.

"The above synopsis is chiefly based upon characters
which either require more or less dissection or examina-
tion of the posterior maxillary teeth. The latter often
presents difficulties, and in some cases must be resorted
to in order to obtain absolutely reliable identification.

"The examination of the dentition must be made very
carefully in order to avoid mistakes. The safest way
is probably to dissect out one of the maxillary bones.
This can be done very easily by running the point of a
sharp knife between the supralabials and the underlying
bone, cutting the tissue along the whole length of the lat-
ter. By forcing the point of the knife over the upper
edge of the bone in the region of the eye the bone can
be easily lifted up and the connecting ligaments severed.
The adherent tissue may be carefully removed, though in
most cases it is sufficient to let it dry. The teeth can now
be examined convenientlv. Care must be had not to mis-

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 149

take the space left by a lost tootli for a natural interval ;
if a tootli lias fallen out, a distinct pit or depression is
left on the alveolar edge of tlie maxilla. In counting the
teeth the second inner row of loose teeth which are only
the reseiwe teeth must not be taken into consideration.
If the specimen is so hardened that it is difficult to open
the mouth it should not be forced open by prying, a pro-
cedure apt to ruin the teeth and break the lower jaw, but
the thick muscle at the corner of the mouth closing the
jaws should be cut througli on both sides. If properly
done the specimen need show no outward sign of mutila-
tion. The maxilla after being dissected out and cleaned
should be placed in a small glass tube or vial and, pro-
vided with the same number as the snake, kept in the same
bottle.

"The apial scale pits are usually distinctly visible un-
der a fairly good magnifying glass. In some cases, how-
ever, they are rather difficult to discern. When the pits
are not discovered at once the skin should be allowed
to dry and then viewed at different angles to the light.
The epidermis of scales of different parts of the body
should be examined. In very doubtful cases it may even
become necessary to remove some of the epidermis and
examine it under a more powerful lens."

Dr. G. A. Boulenger has shown that the question
whether the haemal processes are present on the posterior
vertebrae, or not, can be easily ascertained by making
an incision along the belly in the posterior fifth of the
body, pushing aside the viscera and disarticulating the
backbone by bending the body dorsally.

Artificial Key to the Genera of Non-Poisonous Snakes
OF the State of Missouri.

Anal plate divided.

Dorsal scales more or less keeled.

Rostral normal; not shovel-shaped or keeled.

Three plates betvv'een the rostral and the eye.

150 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Nasal single; anteorbital and loral present.

Opheodrys.
Nasals 2; anteorbital present; loral absent.

Storeria.
Nasals 2; anteorbital wanting; loral present.

Haldea.
Four plates between rostral and eye (2 nasals, 1 ante-
orbital, 1 loral). Some of the outer rows of scales
smooth; scale rows 25-29; ventral plates 200-270.
Scale pores present. Elaphe.

All dorsal scales keeled; scale rows 19-33; ventrals 125-160.

Natrix.
Rostral expanded and shovel-shaped, with a median keel.

Heterodon.
Dorsal scales smooth.

Loral absent; anteorbital present. Tantilla.

Loral present; anteorbital absent.
Nasal single, pierced by nostril.

Dorsal rows of scales 13. Carphophis.

Dorsal rows of scales 19; prefrontals united.

Farancia.
Nasals two, with nostril between them; dorsal scale
rows 15-17. Virgi7iia.

Both loral and anteorbital present.

Nasals two; anteorbital usually two.

Adult size large; pairs of subcaudal plates seldom

fewer than half the number of ventral plates.

Scale pores present. Bascanion.

Adult size small; pairs of subcaudal plates seldom

more than one-third the number of ventral plates.

Diadophis.
Nasal single; anteorbital single; subcaudals more than
one-half the ventral plates. Liopeltis.

Anal entire.

Dorsal scales carinated; rostral normal.

Prefrontals tvro pairs; scales 25-35 rows. Pituophis.

Prefrontals one pair; scales 17-21 rows. Nasals divided.

Thamnophis.
Prefrontals a single pair; scales in 19 rows; nasals single.

Tropidocloniuvi.
Dorsal scales smooth.

Rostral normal. Lampropeltis.

Family Nateictdae.
Subfamily Natricinae.

The Natricinae are without grooved teeth in the posterior part of the
upper jaw. (Stejneger.).

Five genera are known in Missouri.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 151

Genus nateix.

Form varying from stout to slender. Head distinct from ttie body.
Crown-shields 9. Loral present. Anteorbitals 1 or 2. Postorbitals 2 or
3. Nasals divided with the nostril between. Scales conspicuously
keeled; arranged in from 19 to 33 rows. Anal plate divided. (Hay.)

Key to the Species iisr Missouei.

Scales in 29-31 rows. Numerous narrow cross bands, often broken
up. cyclopium.

Scales in 27 rows. Scales keeled. Brown above with a series of
rhomboidal dark spots on the back, which touch with their
points. Beneath more or less blotched with black.

rhombifera.

Scales in 23-25 rows. Belly with dark spots which are lateral and
angular. fasciata.

Scales in 25 rov/s. Uniform reddish brown or blackish above red-
dish or yellow beneath. fasciata erythrogaster.

Scales in 23-25 rows. Color in form of brown blotches. Anteorbi-
tal one. Upper labials 8. Belly spotted. sipedon.

Scales in 25 rows. Belly unspotted. Dorsal and lateral rows of
blotches alternate to the head. transversa.

Scales in 19 rows. All scales keeled. A dark vitta on the fourth
and eighth dorsal rows. grahamii.

44. Nateix cyclopium Dumeril and Bibron. Cyclops
Water Snake. Green Water Snake.

Tropidonotiis cyclopium, Nerodia cyclopium.

Description. — Head swollen at the cheeks, narrowed forward. Ros-
tral about twice as broad as high. Nasal large, nostril near the upper
margin, but not quite dividing it into two plates. Loral large, widest
below. One large anteorbital, widest above. Tv/o postorbitals. Two
internasals, triangular and about as long as wide. Prefrontals wader
than long. Frontal twice as long as wide. Superciliaries much nar-
rowed anteriorly. Parietals large. From two to three suborbitals.
Upper labials, greatly developed, eight in number; the sixth and seventh
much the largest. The sixth twice as long as high. Middle of the eye
above the fourth upper labial. Post chin-shields shorter than anterior
chin-shields. Six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shield.
All dorsal scales keeled; those of the outer row slightly, those of the
back very strongly, forming sharp longitudinal keels on the tail. Dor-
sal rows 27. Ventrals 144. Subcaudals 66 pairs. Anal divided.

Color. — Color brown above and yellow below. On the upper surface
there are on each side two rows of alternating short cross bars of a
darker color, which are about one scale wide, and are separated by in-

152 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

terspaces of about three scales. The median line for about a width of
four scales is not spotted, or is very imperfectly so, forming a broad
vertebral band of a color much darker than the general ground. The
head is uniform brown; the lower part of the superior labial plates
only being yellow. On the yellow ground of the inferior surfaces there
appear, on the anterior third only, dark shades on the ventrals. These
extend and blend so that on the posterior two-thirds of the body-length
the color may be said to be bluish-brown, with yellowish subtriangular
yellow spots pointing forward. (Cope.)

Size. — 'Length from point of head to vent 54.5 mm.; tail 180 mm. To-
tal length 725 mm. Adult male.

Habitat. — Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas, Soutliern Illi-
nois, and Missouri. Missouri localities: Poplar Bluff,
Butler Co., and St. Francis Biver, Dunklin Co.

Habits. — My son shot a few specimens of this snake at
Grinnell Lake, near Poplar Bluff, and I caught a few at
the St. Francis River, near Bertig, Arkansas. They were
sunning themselves on the moss, Ceratophyllum e^nersum,
and other water plants. A¥lien disturbed they slid down
into deep water — 6 to 10 feet. July 3, 1904, I shot a
female basking in the sun on water plants. I hit it in the
eye, which only stunned it long enough for me to catch it.
I kept it in captivity until September 20th, when it bore
nineteen live snakes, 265 mm. long. I found this species
quite common on the lower St. Francis River about Au-
gust 20th.

Dates of capture.— M.i\y 19, 22 ; July 3 ; Aug. 20 ; Oct. 3.

45. Nateix ehombifera Hallowell. Diamond-backed Wa-
ter Snake. Holbrook's Water Snake,

Tropidonotus rhomMfer. Trcpidonotus sipedon var. rhovihifcr, Tropido-
notus fasciatus var. rhombifer, Nerodia holbrooJcii, Nerodia sipedon
var. rJiomdifer, Nerodia rhombifer.

Description. — Head narrow. Rostral broader than deep, visible from
above. Internasals much narrov.-ed in front, as long as broad, or a lit-
tle longer, as long as or shorter than the prefrontals. Frontal one and
two-thirds to twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the
end of the snout, shorter than the parietals. Loral as long as deep or
deeper. One anteorbital and three postorbitals, the lowest nearly meet-

Hurler — Ilerpetology of Missouri. 153

Ing the anteorbital under the eye. Upper labials 8, the sixth and
seventh the largest; the eye over the fourth. Lower labials eleven;
fifth and sixth the largest. Five lov«'er labials in contact with the ante-
rior chin-shield. Scales in 27 rows. All keeled. Ventrals 135-141. Sub-
caudals 62-70.

Color. — Ground color, above reddish gray. On the middle of the back
there is a series of about 50 rhomboidal brown blotches. Alternating
with the dorsal series there is, on each side, a series of similarly col-
ored blotches. The lateral blotches reach down to the ventrals and
low-er. The rhomboidal blotches of the back touch with their corners.
Thirty-tVi'O of these lie in front of the vent. Occasionally there is a
little confusion in the relations of the blotches of the different series,
but not much. The belly is yellowish white, with some triangular
spots of black, giving it a speckled appearance. The head is smoky
brown above as far down as the upper edges of the upper labials. The
lower edges of these are yellow, with a black border on the hinder edge.
The lower labials are similarly yellow, with black posterior edges.

Habitat. — Micliigan to Louisiana and Texas, Arkansas,
Missouri and Kansas. Missouri localities: St. Louis,
Stoddard, Butler, Dunklin, Jasper, Johnson and St.
Charles Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair, Madison and
Monroe Counties.

Habits. — This species is one of the common water
snakes in this neighborhood, but more so across the river
in the so-called American Bottom in Illinois. Middle of
April I found this rather vicious looking snake already
mated, lying on the branches of small trees and shrubs,
overhanging the borders of creeks, ponds and sloughs,
from which at the slightest noise they quickly dropped
into the water. When cornered they bite viciously. In
hot weather they are often found under logs and boards,
partly in the water. To one which I had in captivity for
quite a while but did not feed regularly I brought a supply
of six large toads, which disappeared within a quarter
of an hour notwithstanding the struggles made by the
victims. Every time the snake swallowed one the neck
was so distended that the scales appeared only at consid-
erable intervals. These snakes bear live young.

Dates of capture. — April 9, 16, 29; July 3; Sept. 5.

154 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

46. Natrix fasciata Linnaeus. Banded Water Snake.
Mocassin, Southern Water Snake,

Natrix fasciata fasciata, Natrix sipedon fasviatus, Natrix sipedon, Tropi-
donotus fasciatus, Nerodia fasciata, Nerodia sipedon fasciata,
Coluber fasciatus. Coluber porcatus.

Description. — Head elliptical, tapering to the snout. Dorsal rows
of scales twenty-three to twenty-five, all carinated; carinae on the dor-
sal region very conspicuous. Scales on the outer row feebly keeled,
broad and rounded posteriorly. Tail one-fourth of total length, very
much tapering. Rostral broader than deep, visible from above. Fron-
tal plate elongated, as long as its distance from the end o. the snout.
Superciliaries very narrow, one preorbital and three postorbitals. Up-
per labials eight; fourth and fifth entering the eye, sixth and seventh
the largest. Temporals 1 plus 2 or 1 plus 3. The large temporal shield
in contact with the postorbital. and followed by tw'O rather large scuta.
Lower labials 10, the fifth and sixth the largest; five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin-shields. Ventrals 128-154. Anal divided.
Subcaudals in .58-82 pairs.

Color. — Ground color above in the adult uniform blackish brown,
lighter in young, crossed by transverse yellowish white bars, which
widen out at the sides. About 35 sub-triangular or oblong red spots on
the flanks. These spots or blotches reach half way across the ventrals
and alternate. Middle of the top of the head dark brown. A light
band from the rostral through the eye to the neck, where it joins the
yellow white color of the throat and chin. Upper and lower labials
also yellow ish white with the posterior upper corners dark brovv'n, more
faintly on the lower labials.

Habitat. — This form is characteristic of the Austro-
riparian region, ranging up the Mississippi and Ohio to
southwest Indiana, southern Illinois and Missouri, and
southwestward throughout Arkansas and Texas. Mis-
souri localities : Butler, Stoddard, and Dunklin Counties.

Habits. — Down in the Sunken Lands of Missouri and
in the adjoining counties this species is of common occur-
rence basking in the sun on water plants. They feed
on small fish and crawfish. A female which I had in cap-
tivity gave birtlr to twenty-three young ones on the 26th
of August.

Dates of capture. — April 24, 26; July 3; Sept. 5.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 155

47. Natrix fasciata erytheogaster Shaw, Red-bellied
Water Snake.

Tropidonotus fasciatus erythrogaster, Tropidonotus sipedon erythro-
gaster, Natrix sipedon erythrogaster, Tropidonotus erythrogaster,
Natrix sipedon fasciata, Nerodia erythrogaster, Nerodia sipedon
erythrogaster. Coluber erythrogaster, Anguis ventre cuprei coloris.

Description. — Scutuation of the head the same as the preceding spe-
cies. Dorsal rows of scales twenty-three, all strongly Iteeled on the
posterior third of the body, forming very conspicuous and continuous
ridges nearly to the end of the tail. Tail one-fourth of total length.
Ventrals 150. Subcaudals 68 pairs.

Color. — Adult specimens are of a dark reddish brown (in alcohol
bluish black) color above, lighter on the sides; a lateral not well de-
fined band of dull blue extends along the abdominal scutellae. Body
beneath uniform dull yellow, tail bluish. All the specimens that came
under my observation had in life a plain yellowish abdomen, with the
exception of one from Quincy, 111., which had a red abdomen, which
turned yellow in alcohol.

Young, born in captivity, showed at the age of two days the following
color pattern. The first impression is that it is a young Natrix fascia-
tus. Twenty-seven saddle-like blotches of dark brown, nearly black, on
the back. These blotches extend over the back from the ventral on one
side to the other. These blotches are widest on the back, where they
are only separated from each other by a light narrow streak. They be-
come greatly reduced in width at the sides, where the space between
the blotches is red. On the posterior third of the body the blotches are
of the same dark color as those on the back and in a red field. On the
anterior two-thirds of the body the ventrals have a dusky bluish edging
on the sides, leaving the central part plain yellow. The rest of the 'body
and the tail, all the ventrals and subcaudals, have an edging of the
same bluish color across the posterior edge of the plates.

Size. — From tip of snout to vent 875 mm.; from vent to end of tail
235 mm. Total, length 1,110 mm.

Habitat. — Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas,
Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Michigan. Missouri lo-
calities: Dunklin and Butler Counties. In Illinois, St.
Clair and Randolph Counties.

Habits. — This snake, when lifted up by the tail shows
a triangular head, with a greatly reduced neck, and re-
sembles very much a poisonous snake — such as the Cotton
Mouth. It feeds on fish and tadpoles, often swallowing
fish over six inches long. On May 13th I caught one with

156 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

the tail of a mud-eel {Siren lacertina) sticking out of its
moutli. When disgorged, the head of the eel had been
nearly digested. A female which I found in Eandolph
County, 111., gave birth to thirteen young ones on Sep-
tember 4th. From one of these the above color descrip-
tion was made.

48. Natetx sipedon Linnaeus. Common Water Snake.
Water Moccasin.

Natrix fasciata sipeclon, Tropidonotus sipcdon, Tropidonotus fasciatus
sipedon, Tropidonotus sipedon sipedon, Nerodia sipedon, Nerodia
sipedon sipedon, La Couleuvre sipede, Coluber sipedon.

Description. — Rostral wider than high, only a small portion visible
from above. Internasals wedge-shaped, longer than wide. A single
nasal with a groove below the nostril. Sometimes apparently two
plates with the nostril between them. Loral quadrangular, higher than
long. Prefrontals wider than long. One large auteorbital, its superior
angle reaching nearly to the frontal. Frontal narrow, sides concave,
much longer than wide — one and one-half times longer than wide. Parie-
tals short and broad. Superciliaries narrow in front. Postorbitals
three. Upper labials eight or nine; often eight on one side and nine
on the other. Eye above the fourth and fifth labial; sixth and seventh
the largest. Temporals 1-3. Lower labials 10; fifth and sixth the
largest. Fifth labial in contact with anterior chin-shield. Head dis-
tinctly marked off with a more slender neck. Body moderately slender.
Tail cylindrical, tapering and of moderate length. Twenty-three rows
of dorsal scales, all keeled, with the exception of the outer row, which
is only slightly keeled, being nearly smooth. Ventrals 138. Anal di-
vided. Subcaudals 60 pairs.

Color. — ^A dorsal series of large brown spots, three to five scales long,
separated by light interspaces of one-half to two scales long. Alternat-
ing with the dorsal spots are lateral spots of the same color. These
spots are one and one-half to two and one-half scales long, reaching into
the ventrals. These side spots are separated by lighter interspaces from
two to three scales long. Anteriorly the latter spots are often indis-
tinct, becoming frequently confluent with the dorsal spots, forming
cross bands. Belly maculated by many brown spots bordered with
black. Spots more numerous posteriorly. In old specimens the general
color markings are obscured and the snake appears plain brown. Top
of head brown. Upper part of upper labials brownish, like the head,
lower part yellowish. Lower labials, chin and throat yellowish. Poste-
rior edge of upper and lower labials with a dark streak.

Habitat. — Eastern United States west to western Mis-

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 157

souri. Missouri localities : St. Louis, Jefferson, St. Fran-
cois, Cape Girardeau, Shannon, Dunklin, Ozark, Stone,
Jasper, Jackson, Johnson, Marion, Crawford, Lewis, Pike,
Montgomery, St. Charles, Warren, and Randolph Coun-
ties. Illinois localities : Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Ran-
dolph, and Union Counties.

Habits. — This snake is one of the commonest water
snakes in the states. It feeds largely on small fish, tad-
poles and frogs. The species is ovoviviparous. One in
captivity laid 19 eggs on June 20th. Another one bore
on Sept. 15th 18 young ones of an average length of
235 mm.

49. Natrix sipedon transversa Hallowell. Woodhouse's
Water Snake.

Tropidonotiis sipedon transversus, Natrix fasciata transversa, Tropido-
notus transversus. Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei, Tropidonotus
woodhousei, Nerodia transversa, Nerodia woodhousei.
Description. — Dorsal rows of scales tv^^enty-five, all carinated. Three
series of subquadrate black blotches, a dorsal and two lateral, the latter
vertically elongated. A double yellow occipital spot. A yellow spot
between the superciliaries and frontal plates. A black line from poste-
rior rim of the eyes to angle of mouth. The head is broad behind and
tapers forward, very much flattened above. The labials are eight
above and eleven below; the fifth, sixth, and seventh the largest on
both jaws. Ventrals 139-143. Anal divided. Subcaudals 65-78 pairs.
(Cope.)

Color. — Ground color dusky, with a dorsal series of subquadrangular
brown blotches, alternating with the lateral series as far as the head,
with anterior and posterior margins nearly parallel, rarely tapering
downward, and reaching the ventrals. The fuscous space between the
lateral blotches is wider than that occupied by the blotches themselves.
Along the tail both the dorsal and lateral blotches are small and sub-
circular. Underneath the color is yellowish, and the scutulae in the
young margined posteriorly with black, while in the adult the middle
region of the ventrals is unicolor. The head is brownish-black, with a
double yellow spot near the commissure of the parietal plates, and two
spots of the same color on the commissural line between the frontal
and superciliaries. A black streak extends from the posterior rim of
the eye to the angles of the mouth. (Cope.)

This form has normally two more rows of dorsal scales than either
N. fasciata or N. sipedon. The alternation of the dorsal and lateral

158 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

spots is more universal than in either of them, while the unspotted
abdomen relates it to N. f. erythrogastcr of the same region. (Cope.)

Habitat. — This species is restricted to Texas, Arkan-
sas, Oklahoma, and Missouri. Missouri localities : — P. R.
TIoY in his Journal of an Exploration of Western Mis-
souri in 1854 mentions the capture of Nerodia transversa
near Lexington, Lafayette Co., Mo., on May 12th. Last
year Mr. B. F. Bush of Courtney, Jackson Co., Mo., sent
me a specimen caught in that neighborhood.

Habits. — Having never caught one of these snakes, I
can say nothing as to its habits, but, which, undoubtedly,
are verv similar to those of other water snakes.

50. jSTateix grahamii Baird and Girard. Graham's
"Water-Snake.

Tropidonotus grahamii, Regina grahamii, Regina leberis var. grahami.

Description. — Rostral broader than deep, visible from above. A single
nasal on each side obliquely grooved below the nostril. Two ante-
orbitals, two postorbitals. Internasals longer than broad, as long as
the prefrontals or a little shorter. Frontal one and two-th'rds as long
as broad, as long as its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than
the parietals; loral as long as deep. Parietals large. Temporals 1-2.
Seven upper labials, third entering the eye; fourth and fifth the largest.
Lower labials ten; fourth and fifth the largest. Four lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin shields, which are much shorter than
the posterior. Head small, not distinct from the neck. Dorsal scale
rows nineteen, all keeled with the exception of the outermost, which
is very feebly keeled. The three outer rows sensibly the largest, with
the scales truncated posteriorly. Ventrals 156-173. Anal divided.
Subcaudals M-60 pairs. Tail about two-tenths the length of the body.

Color. — Olive brown above, unifoi-m or with a lighter black edged
dorsal stripe. A broad yellowish or pale olive, black edged, stripe
along the three outer rows ef scales. Upper lip and lov,-er parts yel-
lowish, with or without a median black line or a series of spots on the
posterior part of the belly and under the tail.

Habitat. — This species occurs from Michigan to Louis-
iana and Texas. Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jeffer-
son, Jasper, Johnson, and St. Charles Counties. Illinois
localities : — Madison and St. Clair Counties.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 159

Habits. — This species is quite numerous in the neigh-
borhood of St. Louis on both sides of the river. It is an
agile and timid species, frequenting the borders of streams
and lakes, hiding under decaying logs and boards near
the edge of the water.

Dates of capture. — April 15, 22 ; May 24 ; November 13.

Genus thamnophis.

Cephalic plates normal, loral present, nasal divided, with the nostril
between. Anteorbital one, postorbitals three. Head separated from
the body by an evident neck. Body moderately slender. Dorsal scales
keeled, arranged in 19 to 21 rows. Anal entire.

This genus is closely allied to the genus Nat7ix, but differing in the
undivided anal plate. It is confined to North America. The general
color consists of three light stripes on a darker ground, with alternat-
ing or tessellated spots.

Key to the Missouri Thamnophis.

Lateral stripe on the third and fourth rows of dorsal scales.

Dorsal scales in 19 rows. proxima faireyi.

Dorsal scales in 21 rows. radix.

Lateral stripe on the second and third rows of dorsal scales.

Dorsal scales in 19 rows. sirtalis.

51. Thamnophis proxima faireyi Baird and Girard.
Fairey's Ribbon Snake.

Thamnophis saurita faireyi, Eutaenia proxima faireyi, Eutainia saurita
faireyi, Eutaenia faireyi, Eutaenia proxima, Eutaenia saurita,
Eutainia faireyi, Tropidonotus saurita var. faireyi.

Description. — Rostral broader than deep, visible from above, inter-
nasals as long as broad, a little shorter than the prefrontals. Frontal
one and a half to one and two-thirds times as long as broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout. Loral as long as deep; one
pre- and three post-orbitals. Temporals 1-2 or 1-3. Bight upper
labials; fourth and fifth entering the eye, sixth and seventh the largest.
Lower labials ten; fifth and sixth the largest. Five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin shields, which are shorter than the
posterior. Body slender. Head distinctly marked off by the more
slender neck. Tail long, tapering less than one-third of the total
length. Dorsal scale rows 19, all strongly keeled. Ventrals 160-175.
Anal entire. Subcaudals 105-115.

Color. — Color above blackish-brown; beneath greenish-white. Lateral

160 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

stripe on third and fourth rov/s of scales. Dorsal and lateral stripes
uniform in color. Color above and below lateral stripes the same.

Habitat. — Fairey's Ribbon Snake is found throughout
the Mississippi Valley from northern Indiana and Wis-
consin to the mouth of the Mississippi. Missouri locali-
ties : — St. Louis, Butler, Pemiscot, Howell, Stone, Phelps,
Jackson, Franklin, St. Charles, and Montgomery Coun-
ties. Illinois localities : — Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, and
Randolph Counties.

Habits. — ^This species is found along the border of
creeks, ponds and sloughs. It is a very active snake and
feeds on tadpoles, small frogs and salamanders. The
Ribbon Snake swims and dives with the great ease and
agility of the Water Snakes, and takes refuge when pur-
sued among the stones and other accumulations along the
water edge, or will hide beneath some aquatic plants be-
neath the surface of the water.

Ditmars in his Reptile Book gives such a fine account
of how this snake procures its food that I shall give it in
full: — "The high, rasping croak of a wood frog denotes
something to be the matter. Peeping through the under-
growth a wood frog was seen struggling in the jaws of a
Ribbon Snake. So vigorous was the batrachian that it
tore itself from the reptile's grasp and started away in
a series of frantic hops, with the snake in pursuit. So
lightning-like were the undulations and progress of the
pursuer that it readily kept up with the frog, although
the former had a start of several feet, gained immediately
after its escape from the snake's jaws. After a dozen
frenzied leaps, the frog paused to recover breath, and the
snake, momentarily losing sight of it, stopped as well, but
Avas all attention with head and neck upraised, eyes star-
ing in the direction of the prey, and flashing tongue.
Imagining the danger past the frog settled down to rest.
But woe to the unfortunate creature, a single move
brought instantaneous fate. With the characteristic move-;
ment of frogs and toads it folded its limbs tighter to its

Ilurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 1(31

body and flattened to the damp ground — if that slight
movement betrayed its presence to the snalve, which re-
sponded with a dash so quick and unerring that before the
frog could make a jump it was in the reptile's jaws. The
observer remained quiet until the frog was swallowed
and the snake, with the outline of the meal clearly defined,
glided away among the bushes."

Dates of capture.— K^'^l 8, 14, 16, 22; May 6, 13, 16, 20,
21; Sept. 2, 30; Oct. 18, 23.

52. Thamnophis eadix Baird and Girard. Racine Garter
Snake. Prairie Garter Snake.

Eutainia radix, Eutaenia radix, Eutaenia haydenii, Eutaenia radix
twiningii, Eutaenia radix melanotaenia, Eutaenia sirtalis var. radix,
Tropidonotus sii-talis var. radix and haydenii, Tropidonotus ordi-
natus var. radix.

Description. — Rostral wider than high, visible from above. Nasals
two, nostril almost entirely in the anterior. Frontal hexagonal; loral
quadrangular. One large anteorbital touching or nearly touching the
frontal. Postorbitals three. Parietals truncate behind. Temporals
1 — 2. Seven upper labials, sometimes seven on one side, eight on the
other; third and fourth entering the eye; fifth and sixth the largest.
Lower labials ten (occasionally nine or eleven), fifth and sixth the
largest. Head rather small, wider than the neck. Dorsal scales either
in 19 or 21 rows, prominently keeled; the fifth row as broad as long,
truncate behind, and not keeled. The appearance of this snake is dis-
tinctly rough. Ventral plates 140-170. Anal entire. Subcaudals 51-80
pairs. Tail one-quarter to one-fifth of total length.

Color. — Above light, mostly dark, olive brown, with three stripes of
yellow and series of black spots. The dorsal stripe occupies the
median row of scales and the adjacent half of the next row on eacli
side. The lateral stripe lies on the third and fourth rows of scales on
the anterior part of the body, and descends to the third row posteriorly.
One or two series of black spots are usually to be seen below the lateral
stripe, on the first and second rows. Between the lateral stripe and
the dorsal one are two series of quadrate black spots. Sometimes they
are obscure. The upper surface of the head is dark olive, with two
little yellow dots on the middle suture of the parietals. The upper
labials are yellow, with a black edging posteriorly. Lower jav/ and
throat yellow. Abdomen greenish or olive. On the outer ends of the
ventrals there is, on each side, a row of black spots, and the posterior
edge is often wholly edged with the same color. (Hay.)

162 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habitat. — Its distribution is more northern, being re-
ported east of the Rocky Mountains from Canada south
to Montana, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, Indiana, Da-
kota, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri,
Arkansas, and Texas. Missouri localities : — St. Charles
and Montgomery Counties. In Illinois, Madison County.
In his ' * Variations and Genetic Relationship of the Garter
Snakes" Mr. Ruthven gives "Madison County, Mis-
souri," evidently a mistake.

Habits. — So far I have only found this species on the
so-called "wet prairie" near Edwardsville, Madison Co.,
111., on the "Dardenne Prairie," St. Charles Co., Mo., and
on the prairies of Montgomery Co., near Montgomery
City, Mo. These prairies are inundated annually by high
waters of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. Manj^ of
these prairies have never been cultivated and are over-
grown with high rank grass. Wherever there is any water
left after these overflows, the snakes are found in abun-
dance. When intruded upon they try to escape. They
feed on small fish, frogs, and tadpoles. I once caught one
that was gorged with ten small gars about four or five
inches long. To eleven of these snakes, which I had in a
vivarium, I brought home seven frogs, Rana pipiens. Such
a fight ensued that one victim would be tackled by two or
three snakes, each trying to swallow the frog. Of course
finally the strongest one secured the coveted morsel, but
only after the unfortunate ones had held on to the very
edge of the mouth or even to the teeth of the winner.

Dates of capture. — April 15, 22, 29; July 4.

53. Thamnophis sirtalis Linnaeus. Common Garter
Snake. Striped Snake.

Eutainia sirtalis, Eutaenia sirtalis, Eutaenia sirtalis sirtalis, Tropi-

donotus sirtalis, Coluber ordinatus var. sirtalis, Eutainia sirtalis

sirtalis, Tropidonotus hipiinctatus, Tropidonotus taenia. Coluber

sirtalis, Le sirtale, Anguis viridis maculatus.

Description. — Rostral wider than high, visible from above. Nasals

two, nostril between. Frontal hexagonal. One anteorbital, three post-

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 163

orbitals. Upper labials seven, third and fourth entering the eye; fifth
and sixth the largest. Ten lower labials, fifth and sixth the largest.
Anterior chin shields shorter than posterior. Five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin shields. Temporals 1-2. Head dis-
tinctly wider than neck. Body moderately slender, tail from one-fourth
to one-fifth of total length. Dorsal rows of scales 19, all keeled. Ven-
trals 140-170. Anal entire. Subcaudals 50-90 pairs.

CoZor.— Color from light olive-brown to blackish brown above, with
three longitudinal green or yellow stripes. The dorsal stripe occupies
one and two half rows of scales. The lateral stripes occupy the second
and third rows of each side. The ground color may be nearly uniform,
or with two series of black spots on each side. Black spots are gen-
erally present on the side, beneath the lateral stripes. Bluish green
beneath, with a series of black spots on the scutis at each side. Head
brown above, a pair of small yellow spots at the inner edges of the
parietals. Upper labials greenish, uniform, or with black posterior
margins. When stretching the skin on the sides numerous white lines
and spots are visible between the scales. (Garman.)

Habitat. — From Canada south to Florida, west to
Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. Missouri local-
ities:— St. Louis, Jefferson, Shannon, Oregon, Ozark,
Stone, Jasper, Jackson, Johnson, Phelps, Crawford, St.
Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Randolph, Lewis, and
Pike Counties. In Illinois, Madison, St. Clair, and Mon-
roe Counties.

Habits.— This species is the most common snake in the
state. I have observed it as early as March 5th and as
late as November 23rd. The Garter Snake is found
mostly in moist places near to or swimming in the water ;
often it is found near fences and in pastures. Garter
Snakes feed on frogs, toads, small fish, worms, and insects.
Several times I have observed a cat playing with one,
finally eating it. March 13th, while pulling out a rotten
stump about 30 inches in the earth, I found a ball of
snakes in a torpid condition. It consisted of one large
adult Garter Snake, nine young ones of the same species,
and one half grown Water Snake, Natrix sipedon. When
handled Garter Snakes give off an offensive odor like

1(54 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

most water snakes. Like all ovoviviparous snakes, they
bring forth large broods of young snakes.

Dates of capture. — March 5, 13; May 26; June 3; Oct.
16; Nov. 23.

Genus storeria.

Hypapopliyses developed throughout the vertebral column. Maxillary
teeth 14 to 18, equal; mandibular teeth equal and not grooved. Head
distinct from the neck. Eye rather small. Cephalic plates normal,
loral plates absent. Anterior and posterior orbital plates present.
Body subcylindrical. Tail comparatively short. Dorsal scales keeled.
Anal plate divided. Subcaudal plates in pairs.

Key to the Missouri Species.

Dorsal scales in 17 rows. DeKayi.

Dorsal scales in 15 rows. occipitomaculata.

54. Storeria dekayi Holbrook. DeKay's Snake. De-
Kay's Brown Snake.

IscJmognathus deKayi, Tropidonotus dcKayi, Coluber ordinatus.

Description. — Rostral as high as wide or a little wider. Snout pro-
jecting beyond the lower jaw. Nasal divided, nostril partly in the
prenasal. Internasals broader than long, much shorter than the pre-
frontals. Frontal about one and a half times as long as broad, longer
than its distance from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals.
One anteorbital. No loral. Two, sometimes three, postorbitals. Upper
labials seven, third and fourth entering the eye. Temporals 1-1 or
1-2. Lower labials seven, fourth and fifth the largest. Pour labials
in contact with the anterior chin shield. The anterior chin shield
longer than the posterior. Head larger than the neck, flat above and
rather high. Dorsal scales in 17 rows, all keeled, the first row weakly.
Ventrals 120-145. Anal divided. Subcaudals 40-60. Tail one-fifth of
the total length.

Color. — The color of the upper surface is yellowish or reddish-ash,
brownish-olive, or even chestnut. The middle of the back with a paler,
clay-colored, dusky-edged band, extending from the occiput to the end
of the tail, and about three or four scales wide. On each side of this
dorsal band is a row of brown or black spots, about the length of two
scales apart. Sometimes the color above is uniform. Below the dots
mentioned, other dots are occasionally seen. The color of the lower
surface is whitish or yellowish in alcoholic specimens, but in life is
often salmon or red. The ventrals sometimes have one or two dots
of brown at the outer ends. Plates of the head brownish, with some
minute dots. There is a large brown blotch just behind the head on

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 165

each side, separated by the dorsal band; another spot on the side of
the head and across the corners of the mouth, and a small black blotch
under the eye. (Hay.)

Habitat. — This snake lias a distribution from Maine to
the Mississippi Valley, and south to the Gulf of Mexico.
Specimens from Kansas and Texas have also been record-
ed. Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, St. Fran-
cois, Stoddard, Oregon, Stone, Jackson, Miller, Crawford,
and Warren Counties. Illinois localities : — ^St. Clair and
Eandolph Counties.

Habits. — I should call this species aquatic. I secured
my first specimen accidentally in a dip net while fishing
for Newts, and since have found many near or in water.
Those captured on dry land were never far from w^ater.
This snake is very common in this neighborhood, being
generally taken for a young water snake. Its food con-
sists of various insects — crickets, grasshoppers, etc. It
is said to be ovoviviparous.

Dates of capture. — Mar. 20; May 3, 24; Sept. 1; Oct.
15, 26; Nov. 1, 13.

55. Storeria occtpitomaculata Storer. Storer's Snake.
Red-bellied Snake.

Ischnognathus deKayi var. B., Ischnognathus occipito-maculatus, Colu-
ber venustus, Coluber occipito-maculatus.

Description.— -Rostral broader than deep, yisible from above. Nasal
divided; nostril almost entirely in the prenasal plate; postnasal in con-
tact with the pre-oculars. Internasals broader than long, shorter than
the prefrontals. Frontal hexagonal, about one and a half times as long
as broad, longer than its distance from the end of the snout, and shorter
than the parietals. Superciliaries narrower in front than behind. Two
pre- and two post-orbitals. Temporals 1-1 or 1-2. The first temporal
extends for half the length of the sixth labial. Upper labials six; third
and fourth entering the eye, fifth and sixth the largest. Lower labials
seven, fourth and fifth equal in length, but the fifth wider. Four lower
labials in contact with the anterior chin shield. Posterior chin shield
shorter than the anterior. Scales in 15 rows, all keeled. Ventrals
115-140. Anal divided. Subcaudals 38-60 pairs. Muzzle rather short.
Eyes larger than in DeKay's Snake.

Color. — The color above is olive or chestnut brown, uniform or with

166 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

a lighter dorsal stripe, three scales in width. A stripe of the same
color on the outer row of scales. On each side of the dorsal stripe
tv>o rows of minute brown spots are sometimes present. The spots are
on the bases of the scales of the third row from the dorsal. Belly
whitish-yellow to greenish in alcoholic specimens but blood red in life.
The ends of the ventrals are often very finely spotted with brown,
Just behind the occipitals is a salmon-colored blotch, and behind the
angle of the mouth is another blotch of the same color. The top of
the head is brown.

Size. — From snout to vent 250 mm.; from vent to end of tail 62 mm.
Total length 312 mm.

Habitat. — Eastern United States, east of the Rocky
Mountains, south to Texas. Missouri localities: — St.
Louis, Jefferson, Oregon, Ozark, Stone, Crawford, and
Montgomery Counties.

Habits. — This snake is not as abundant as the preceding
one — I should say rather scarce. I found a fine Red-
Bellied Snake under leaves that had been blown against
an old log; others I have found under rocks. It is said
that this snake is somewhat nocturnal. Dr. 0. P. Hay
found a slug in the stomach of one of these snakes.

Dates of capture. — April 15 ; May 2, 3 ; June 3, 4.

Genus TEOPiDocLOiSriuM.

Head not distinct from body. Teeth equal. Hypapophyses present
on the posterior part of the vertebral column. Cephalic plates normal;
two internasals, rostral not prominent. One nasal and one loral.
Hemipenis with two apical papillae. Dorsal scales in nineteen rows,
all keeled, except the first and second rows. Subcaudals in two

series.

56. Tropidoclonium lineatum Hallowell. Lined Snake.

Tropidoclonium lineatus lowae, Ischnognathus lineatus, Storeria lineata,
Microps lineatus.

Description. — Rostral low. Two internasals, right angular in shape.
Frontal small, shorter than the length from the end of snout, sides
parallel, anterior border large. Loral longer than high. Prefrontals
almost square. One nasal, nostril in the anterior part. One pre- and
two post-orbitals. Temporals 1-2 or 1-3. The lower temporal in the
second row extending down between the fifth and sixth upper labials.
Upper labials six, fifth and sixth the largest, third and fourth entering

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 157

the eye. Lower labials six, fourth and fifth the largest. Anterior
chin shields longer than the posterior. Four lower labials in contact
with the anterior chin shields. Head not distinct from the body.
Body rather stout, thicker in the middle, tapering abruptly. Dorsal
scales in 19 "ows, all keeled, except the first and second rows, which
are smooth. Ventrals 140-153. Anal entire. Subcaudals 26-43 pairs.
Tail short.

Color. — A yellow dorsal stripe, covering one and two half rows of
scales, extends from the nape to the tip of the tail. A lateral stripe is
present on the second and lower half of the third row of scales. This
stripe is yellowish and mottled with brown. A row of black dots
on each side of the dorsal stripe and another row near the lateral
stripe. Color above light brown to dark brown. Inferior row of
scales brov/nish. Belly greenish, with two rows of triangular black
spots down the middle. Upper part of head mottled with black and
brown. Superior labials and lower part of temporals drab. Under
part of head whitish, often maculated with small black spots.

Size. — From end of snout to vent 348 mm.; from vent to point of
tail 37 mm. Total length 385 mm.

Habitat. — Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Iowa, and Mis-
souri.

Habits.— On October 11, 1890, I wrote to Dr. L. Stej-
neger of tlie National Museum, upon request, what I knew
of this species. After a lapse of twenty years I have noth-
ing to add to what I wrote at that time, which was as fol-
lows:— "This snake is only found to my knowledge along
the river front of the city of St. Louis, near the Arsenal
ground. The place in which it is found covers a space
of about three blocks, and consists of an abandoned and
partly refilled quarry. Here they live among and under
the rocks, in the ground under bushes, feeding on worms
and insects — a fact which I ascertained by examining the
contents of their stomachs. They were once quite com-
mon— some thirty years ago — but are now getting scarce,
owing to the location being utilized for railroad iDurposes.
Having kept specimens in captivity, I am able to state
that this species is ovoviviparous, one of them having
brought forth as many as six young snakes, which were
90 mm. long."

A large flood of the Mississippi at one time drove them

168 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

from their subterranean haunts, and a good many were
found in the northern part of the city at the settling reser-
voirs of the oity water works at Bissell Point. Most of
them were dead, however, when discovered. Dr. P. R.
Baer gave me two specimens, which his son had caught
in their yard on top of a hill near 0 'Fallon Park. I also
found one in a quarry south of the River Des Peres in St.
Louis County. The species seems to be nocturnal and of
burrowing habit.

Genus haldea.

Head elongated, distinct from the body. One internasal. Pre-
frontals large, entering together with the loral into the orbit, thus
suppressing the anteorbitals. Postorbital one. Two nasals. Dorsal
scales in seventeen rows, all keeled. Anal divided. Subcaudals also
divided. Vertebral column with hypapophyses throughout.

57. Haldea striatula Linnaeus. Little Brown Snake.

Natrix striatulus, Calamaria striatula, Virginia striatula, PotamopMs
striatula, Conocephalus striatulus, Coluber striatulus. Serpent stri^.

Description. — Rostral small, nearly as deep as broad. But one inter-
nasal, which is twice as broad as long. Prefrontals reaching to the
orbit. Frontal about one and a half times to twice as long as broad,
as long as or a little longer than its distance from the end of the
snout. Two nasals, nostril in the posterior margin of the anterior
nasal plate. Loral at least three times as long as deep, reaching to
the orbit. One postorbital. Temporals 1-1. Five upper labials, third
and fourth entering the eye; fifth the largest. Six lower labials; four
in contact v.ith the anterior chin shields, which are much longer than
the posterior.

Head small, scarcely wider than the neck. Body cj^lindrical. Dor-
sal scales in seventeen rows, keeled; the outer row on each side con-
spicuously broader and smooth, or very feebly keeled. Tail short,,
tapering much. Ventrals 119-130. Anal divided. Subcaudals 25-45
pairs.

Color. — Color above grayish or reddish brown, beneath salmon color
in life, yellowish in alcoholic specimens. A light chestnut band
across the parietals, spreading over the angle of the mouth. This
band is often wanting.

Size. — Total length 250 mm. Tail 42 mm.

Habitat. — Virginia, south to Florida, west to Alabama,
Louisiana, Texas and up the Mississippi Valley to Ar-

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. iqq

kansas and Missouri. Missouri localities: — Jefferson
and Jasper Counties.

Habits. — Found in damp places under rotten logs and
rocks. Their food consists of worms, grubs and small
beetles. This species seems to be of a secretive or bur-
rowing habit.

Dates of capture.— March. 22 ; May 13, 30.

Subfamily Coronellinae.

The corcnelline snakes embrace a great variety of forms of arboreal
or terrestrial habits, and consequently of the most different physiog-
nomy. Having no grooved fangs of any description, they are of
course nonpoisonous. (Stejneger.)

Genus bascanion.

Head distinct; cephalic plates normal. Maxillary teeth increasing
gradually in size posteriorly, not grooved. Scales smooth, in an odd
number of series. Scale pores present. Subcaudals in two series.
Anal plate divided. Two preoculars. Loral present. Two nasal
plates. Tail more than one-fourth of the total length. Pairs of sub-
caudals seldom fewer than one-half the number of ventrals.

KJEY TO Missouri Species.

Seventeen rows of scales. Seven upper labials. Bluish-black
or greenish above. constrictor.

Seventeen rows of scales. Seven or eight upper labials. Olive to
brownish above, yellow underneath. constrictor ffaviventris.

Seventeen rows of scales. Eight upper labials. Head brownish,
color becoming lighter towards the tail. Young, brown, cross
banded, the bands often persisting in the adult. flagellum.

58. Bascanion constrictor Linnaeus. Blue Racer. Black
Snake.

Zamenis constrictor. Coluber constrictor, Bascanion foxii, Bascanium
constrictor, Bascanion fremontii, Coluber mormon, Coryphodon
constrictor, Hierophis constrictor.
Description. — Rostral triangular, as wide as high, the portion visible
from above measuring one-third to one-half its distance from the
frontal. Internasals shorter than prefrontals, almost elliptical, short
and broad. Prefrontals large, slightly wider than long. Frontal broad
in front, much narrower posteriorly, lateral margins concave, a little
Bhorter than the parietals. Supraorbitals broad behind, slightly nar-
rowed in front. Parietals short, truncate. Nasals tAvo, about equal
in size. Loral higher than long. Preorbitals two; the lower very

170 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

small. Postorbitals two, often three. Temporals 2-2 or 3-3. Upper
labials seven; third and fourth entering the eye, sixth and seventh
the largest. Lower labials eight, occasionally nine. Four lower labials,
in contact with the anterior chin shield, which is a little shorter thaa
the posterior; fifth the largest.

Head distinct from the body. Eyes large. Snout moderately prom-
inent. Body long and slender. Dorsal rows seventeen, all smooth,
the outer rows as wide as long. Ventrals distinctly angular laterally.
170-185. Anal divided. Subcaudals 56-100 pairs.

OoZor.— Color above uniform deep blue-black or olive-brown, slate-
gray or greenish white beneath. Lower jaws and chin, and sometimes
the edge of the upper labials, are often white.

The colors of the young Black-snake are so different from those of
the adult that one would hardly suspect it to be the same species.
Instead of being of a uniform color above, they are much blotched and
spotted. There is a series of reddish-brown blotches with black bor-
ders along the middle of the back, but disappearing on the tail. These
blotches are separated by a whitish gray bar, and are about three
scales long, and reach down to the fourth row of scales on each side.
The sides are furnished with many specks and spots of brown. The
intervals between the spots are grayish or olive. The head is mottled
and speckled. Below the color is greenish-white, with three or four
specks of brown on each scale. Specimens over 450 mm. begin to as-
sume the colors of the adult. (Hay.)

Size. — Total length 1150 mm. Tail 290 mm. The largest one I ever
captured measured 2198 mm.

Habitat. — Eastern United States, west to Kansas and
Texas, where they become rare. In Missouri it is found
everywhere in suitable localities.

Habits. — The Blue Racer was quite common some
twenty years ago in pastures, meadows and fields, but as
cultivation has advanced on these places their haunts have
been destroyed. Most farmers kill them when they find
them in their fields, although the Blue Racer is the farm-
er's best friend in destroying rats, mice, moles, etc. Even
if they occasionally take a young chicken or an egg their
usefulness far outweighs this small damage.

The name ''Racer" is well given, as they certainly
slide away with great rapidity. As to their following a
frightened person I cannot testify, but if one of them
is cornered it will defend itself with astonishing courage.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 171

When driven to bay, its tail will quiver with rage, making
quick vibrating motions, which, among dry leaves, will
produce sounds not unlike the whir of the Rattle Snake.
May 1, 1898, I caught a Blue Racer just swallowing a
Copper-head about two feet long. The victim had about
half disappeared when I took hold of the Black Snake.
Before I had time to get it into my bucket it had dis-
gorged the Copper-head, which recovered. It is astonish-
ing how quickly one of these snakes entangles its victim.
In the twinkle of an eye it has wrapped itself around the
coveted morsel. It makes two or three coils, then a
squeeze, and the victim is dead. The snake looks for the
head and begins to swallow it, releasing its coils as the
swallowing progresses.

Dates of capture.— April 8, 15, 22, 27; May 1, 6; July
13; Oct. 3.

59. Bascanion consteictor flaviventeis Say. Yellow-
Bellied Racer.

Bascanion flaviventris, Zamenis flaviventris var. B., Zamenis constrictor
flaviventris, Coluber flaviventris, Coluber constrictor flaviventris,
Coryphodon flaviventris, Coryphodon constrictor vetustus, Bascarv-
ium constrictor vetustiim, Bascanion vetustus, Zamensis stejnegeri-
anus.

Description. — Rostral large, about as high as wide, hollowed below
and bounded behind by internasal, anterior nasal, and first labial. A
pair each of internasals and prefrontals. Frontal long and narrow. A
pair of large parietals. Anterior and posterior nasal distinct, nostril in
the anterior one. Loral quadrangular. Preoculars normally two but
sometimes united. Postoculars two, upper one a little larger than
lower. Temporals 2-2, 2-3, or 1-2. Seven or eight upper labials, third
and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye, sixth and seventh
the largest. Eight or nine lower labials, four, in contact with the ante-
rior chin shield, are about equal.

Head rather long, with flattened top, rounded snout. Dorsal scales
smooth, in seventeen rows. Ventrals 163-179. Anal divided. Subcau-
dals 79-98 pairs.

Color. — The color above in adults is green, olive or reddish-brown,
changing to green on the lower rows of scales and on the tips of the
ventrals. Head and tail unicolor with the body. Beneath yellow, un-
spotted.

172 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habitat. — From Missouri west to the Pacific Coast.
Missouri localities : — Crawford, Stone, and Jasper Coun-
ties.

Habits. — So far I have only received this species from
the Ozark Plateau, but have never found one myself.
Hence I can say nothing concerning its life history.

60. Bascanion flagellum Shaw. Coach- Whip Snake.

Bascanion flagellum flagellum, Bascanium flagelliforme, Bascanium fla-
gelliforme flagelliforme. BascaniuTn flagelliforme testaceum, Bas-
canion flagelliforme, Bascanium flagelliforme bicinctum. Bascan-
ium piceum, Zamensis flagellum, Zamensis flagellum flagellum, Za-
mensis flagelliformis, Bascanium flagelliforme piceum, Zamensis
flagellum piceus, Zamensis flavigularis, Masticophis flagelliformis,
Masticophis flagelliformis testaceus, Masticophis testaceus, Mas-
ticophis flavigularis, Herpetodryas flagelliformis, Herpetodrya^
flavigularis, Herpetodryas psammophis, Psammophis flagelli-
formAs, Psammophis flavigularis, Natrix flagelliformis, Natrix
mycterizans, Natrix filiformis, Coluber flagellum, Coluber filifor-
mis. Coluber mycterizans. Coluber flagelliformis. Coluber flagelli-
formis testaceus. Coluber testaceus, Anguis flagelliformis.

Description. — Snout projecting. Rostral nearly as deep as broad, well
visible from above and excavated below. Internasals small, anterior
margin convex. Prefrontals narrow behind, wide in front, the outer
posterior angle just meeting the anterior angle of the superciliarles.
Frontal narrow behind, one and one-fourth as long as broad, equal
to its distance from the end of the snout. Superciliarles broad, pointed
in front. Parietals a little longer than the frontal, and wide. Ante-
rior nasal larger than the posterior, with the nostril between them.
Loral one. Anteorbitals two, lower one small. Postorbitals two.
Upper labials eight, fourth and fifth entering the eye, fifth and seventh
the largest. Lower labials nine, fifth the largest. Four labials in con-
tact with the anterior chin shield. Posterior chin shield as long as or
a little longer than the anterior. Head distinct from the body. Eyes
large, body and tail very long and slender. Dorsal scale rows seven-
teen, smooth. Ventrals obtusely angulate, 182-211. Anal divided. Sub-
caudals 80-112 pairs.

Color. — The color above is yellowish to dark brown, and much darker
anteriorly. Lower labials occasionally with white streaks or dots.
Belly yellowish, shaded with dusky on the posterior edge of the ven-
trals. These shades become wider towards the sides.

A specimen with two lorals on each side, a fine male, has the poste-
rior of the back pinkish, with the same color, even more intense, on
the belly. Younger specimens have a reddish brown color with cross
bands on the back. The anterior part of the belly is yellowish, with

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 173

two triangular dark spots on each ventral. The rest of the belly is
yellowish shaded dusky like the adults. Upper and lower labials and
chin shields yellow with blackish spots. Top of head light brown.

<Si2;e.— Total length 1700 mm. Tail 380 mm.

Habitat. — From South Carolina to Florida, and west
of the Mississippi to Arkansas and Missouri in the Ozark
plateau. Missouri localities :- — Jefferson, Wayne, Oregon,
Ozark, Stone, and Phelps Counties.

Habits,— Tlie Whip-Snake, as it is commonly called, is
rather rare in Missouri. It is exceedingly swift. They
occur on top of hills as well as in valleys. Their food
consists of small rodents, such as mice and rats, birds and
eggs. When annoyed they vibrate the tail rapidly, open-
ing the mouth partially. With the head raised some dis-
tance from the ground they strike viciously and repeat-
edly, but, on account of their short teeth, cannot inflict
serious wounds. In disposition it is much like the Blue
Racer. The species is oviparous.

Genus pituophis.

Maxillary teeth smooth, of equal length. A vertical laminiform epi-
glottis. Cephalic scuta normal, except that each prefrontal is longi-
tudinally divided into tvv'O, producing four prefrontals. Rostral plate
more or less prominent, and its superior angle produced upward and
backward between the internasals. Scales more or less keeled with
pits. Anal scuta entire; subcaudals in two series. Pupil round, large.
(Cope.)

61. Pituophis sayi Schlegel. Bull Snake. Western Bull
Snake. Pine Snake.

Pityophis sayi, PityopJiis sayi sayi, PityopMs catenifer sayi, Coluber
sayi.

Description. — Snout projecting. Rostral very high, v/edged between
the internasals, sometimes reaching the prefrontals. Prefrontals 3 to
7. Frontal one and one-third to one and two-thirds as long as broad,
as long or a little longer than its distance from the rostral. Super-
ciliaries broad behind, narrow in front. Parietals broken up into
small plates posteriorly. Internasals rounded in front, separated by
the rostral. Nasals two, anterior larger, nostril mostly in the poste-
rior one. One loral, longer than deep, small. One preorbital, some-
times with a small one below. Two or three postorbitals and one or

\']4: Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

two postsuborbitals. Temporals 3, or 4-4, or 5. Upper labials eight to
ten; fourth or fifth entering the eye, seventh and eighth the largest.
Lower labials ten to thirteen; seventh the largest. Anterior chin
shields very large, posterior very small. Five or six labials in contact
with the anterior chin shield.

Head pointed, eyes large, neck slightly constricted. Body large and
strong, tail short and slendei'. Dorsal scales in 27-33 rows, keeled,
with the exception of the first five or ten rows. Ventrals 220-240.
Anal entire. Subcaudals 45-60 pairs.

Color. — Color above from yellowish white to reddish brown, with
a dorsal series of large black or brown spots, and with two or three
series of smaller spots on each side. Beneath yellow, more or less
blotched with black. A black bar, arched forwards, generally extends
from orbit to orbit across the head. Labials more or less widely edged
with black. (Garman. )

Si^c— Total length 1480 mm.; tail 187 mm.

Habitat. — This species occupies the entire interior of
the United States and the Mexican plateau to the valley
of Mexico. Eastward it crosses the Mississippi River
into the prairies of Illinois. Missouri localities : — Phelps,
Taney, Stone, and Jasper Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair
and Madison Counties.

Hahits.— The Bull Snake is rather scarce in this state.
I have never found one myself. Mr. J. C. Miles of Car-
thage, Mo., sent me one which had been kept for some
time at the High School of Carthage, where it had been
teased so much that it acquired a very ill temper and
could hiss remarkably loud and long. It sounded like an
engine blowing otf steam. While hissing it would vibrate
its tail rapidly like a Rattle Snake. It did not eat in
captivity.

The food of the Bull Snake consists of rabbits, rats,
mice, birds, and eggs. Ditmars gives a very interesting
account of the voracity of one of these snakes. "The Bull
Snake swallowed fourteen hen's eggs, breaking the shell
of each after the egg had passed about a foot down the
throat. The demonstration closed by the supply of eggs
becoming exhausted and not from any indifference on the
reptile's part."

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 175

The Bull Snake is oviparous, the' eggs yellowish white
with a tough leathery shell. It is the largest snake found
in this state.

Genus heteeodon.

Posterior maxillary teeth much enlarged, solid. Rostral plate very
high, with upturned edges, anterior face flat. An azygous plate behind
the rostral. Scales keeled, in twenty-five rows. Anal plate divided.
Subcaudals in two series.

62. HETERODOisr PLATiRHiNos Latreille. Blowing Adder.
Spread Head. Spreading Viper.

Heterodon tigrinus, Heterodon annulatus, Coluber thraso, Heterodon
platyrhinus. Coluber cacodaemon, Coluber heterodon, Anguis capito
viperino, Boa contortrix.

Description. — Rostral plate triangular, point produced upwards,
slightly recurved, anterior margin sharp, keeled above. Azygous plate
elongate, bounded anteriorly by the rostral, at the sides by the inter-
nasals and posteriorly by the prefrontals. Internasals triangular, with
the apex pointing forward. Prefrontals wider than long. The azygous
plate extending half way between the prefrontals. Nasals two. Nostril
valvular, situated between the tv/o nasals. Loral small, higher than
long. Orbitals nine to eleven. Temporals 3-4 or 4-4. Upper labials
eight, the seventh the largest. Lower labials nine to ten. Anterior
chin shields tv/o. Posterior four and small. Three lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin shield. Head large, short and broad.
Snout recurved. Eyes large. Mouth cleft, large, and much curved.
Body stout, tail very short, tapering rapidly. Dorsal rows of scales
twenty-five, all distinctly keeled, with the exception of the two or
three outer rows, of which the first is smooth and the other two only ob-
scurely keeled. Ventrals 120-150. Anal divided. Subcaudals 43 to 60
pairs.

Color. — Color above brown, with a dorsal series of dark quadrate
blotches, separated by interspaces of one or two scales. Margin be-
tween blotches frequently white. Smaller dark oval to round blotches
alternate with the dorsal. Two large black blotches on the nape.
Top of head brown. A dark line across the prefrontals and anteor-
bitals joins the anterior angles of the orbits. Another black line across
the superciliaries and the base of the frontals, joining the posterior
angle of the orbits. The snout is much lighter brown than the top of
the head. Upper labials yellowish, minutely dotted with dark brown
on the upper edge. Lower labials, chin and throat yellowish. Belly
greenish to yellowish, often clouded with blackish, which color often
predominates on the posterior part of the abdomen. Lower side of
tail yellow.

Size. — Total length 780 mm.; tail 115 mm.

176 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habitat. — From Pennsylvania to Florida west to Min-
nesota and south to Texas. Missouri localities: — St.
Louis, Jefferson, St. Francois, Washington, Shannon,
Oregon, Howell, Stone, Jackson, Gasconade, Crawford,
Franklin, St. Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Pike, Lewis,
and Randolph Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair, Madison,
Monroe, and Randolph Counties.

Habits. — The Blowing Adder is a clumsy looking snake,
much feared by the farmers, who can hardly be persuaded
that it is not poisonous. It lives near springs and creeks,
where it finds its food — toads and frogs. When disturbed
it flattens out its head and the anterior part of the body,
giving it quite a dangerous appearance. It hisses loudly,
from which fact it takes its name ''Blowing Adder."
When teased it often feigns death, turning on its back
and remaining motionless for quite a while. It repeats
this operation as long as there is danger or it is being
tormented. Specimens that I had in captivity laid a num-
ber of eggs, 31 mm. long by 18 mm. diameter.

Dates of capture. — April 12, October 14.

Melanistic Vaeiety of Heterodon platiehinos.

Heterodon niger, Scytale niger, Tipera nigra.

Description.— 'Same as for Heterodon platirhinos.

Color. — The color above is dark brown to black, beneath dirty white
to yellowish. The lower side of the tail is always yellow. Sometimes
the faint markings on the back of //. platirhinos can be perceived.

Habitat. — Same as for H. platirhinos. Missouri locali-
ties:— Stone, Howell, Jackson, and Crawford Counties,
and in Illinois Madison County.

Habits. — Same as for H. platirhinos. I have never
found a dark young specimen. The variety is oviparous.
The eggs are 30 mm. long by 18 mm. diameter.

Genus elaphe.

Maxillary teeth 12 to 22, subequal in size. Anterior mandibular teeth
the longest. Head distinct from the neck, elongate. Eye rather large.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 177

Nasals two. Loral present, anteorbital one, postorbitals two. Dorsal
scales with pores, keeled along the back, smooth on the sides (the
carinations sometimes obsolete), 25 to 29 rows. Ventrals rounded or
angulate laterally. Anal divided. Subcaudals in two rows. Tail mod-
erate or long. This genus includes the largest and most active snakes.

Key to Missouei Species.

Scales in 25 rows (rarely 23 to 27), 9 to 11 feebly keeled.

vulpinus.

Scales in 27 rows (rarely 29), obsoletely keeled. Reddish with
brick-red blotches. guttatus.

Scales in 27 rows (rarely 25-29), seven outer rows smooth. Black-
ish above with darker blotches. obsoletus.

Scales in 27 rows, outer rows smooth. Yellowish to brown, with
black blotches. confinis.

Scales in 27 rows. spiloides.

Scales in 29 rows. Light gray with brown blotches.

emoryi.

63. Elaphe vulpinus Baird and Girard. Fox Snake.

Coluber vulpinus, Scotophis vulpinus, Scotophis guttatus var. vulpinus,
Elaphis guttatus var. vulpinus, Elaphis rubriceps.
Description. — Rostral broader than deep, the portion visible from
above measuring one-third its distance from the rostral. Internasals
broader than long, shorter than the prefrontals. Frontal as long as
broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parie-
tals. Nasals two, nostril between the two. Loral as long as deep.
One pre- and two post-oculars. Temporals 2-3. Eight upper labials,
third and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; seventh the
largest. Five lower labials, sixth the largest. Five lower labials in
contact with the anterior chin shields, which are longer than the poste-
rior. Head large, distinguished from the neck. Eyes rather small.
Dorsal rows of scales 25 (rarely 23 to 27). Anteriorly the first three
or four rows are smooth, then they are obsoletely keeled, more so toward
the back, although everywhere moderately so. Body slender. Ventrals
200-234. Anal divided. Subcaudals 65 to 85 pairs. Ventrals and sub-
caudals less numerous than in any other of the genus Elaphe.

Color. — Color above grayish yellow or brownish, with a dorsal series
of large chestnut brown blotches. Two lateral series of smaller
blotches, alternating with the dorsals. Head light brown, with indis-
tinct darker markings. Two dark stripes along the occiput and nape.
Beneath yellowish, alternating with square dark blotches.

Size. — Total length 960 mm. Tail 200 mm. Sometimes they reach
a length of 1500 mm. and over.

Habitat. — ^Tlie Fox Snake is more of a northern species,

178 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

being recorded from Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota, Indi-
ana, Illinois, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri. I have
never found one south of the Missouri River. Missouri
localities : — Dardenne Prairie in St. Charles County,

Habits. — The Fox Snake is a ground snake and is quite
rare. The only living specimen I ever captured I ob-
tained April 22, 1900, at Elm Point, St. Charles Co. That
same day I picked up two dead ones about two miles from
there.

64. Elaphe guttatus Linnaeus. Spotted Coluber.
Spotted Eacer. Corn Snake. Red Chicken Snake.
Mouse Snake.

Coluber guttatus, Scotophis guttatus, Elaphis guttatus, Elaphis rubri-
ceps. Coluber pantherinus. Coluber carolinianus, Coluber macula-
tus, Coluber floridanus. La Tachett^e.
Description. — Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above. In-
ternasals broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals. Fron-
tal once and a half to once and two-thirds as long as broad, as long
as its distance from the end of the rostral, shorter than the parietals,
which are rather narrow. Nasals two, nostril in the suture between
them. Loral longer than deep, one pre- and two post-oculars. Tempo-
rals two or 3-3. Eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye, sev-
enth the largest. Eleven lower labials, sixth the largest. Four or
five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin shields, which
are as long or a little longer than the posterior. Head elongate, body
elongate. Tail shorter than in any of the genus, except the preceding
one. Dorsal rows 25, 27, or 29, faintly keeled, sometimes smooth. Ven-
trals 200-239, obtusely angulate laterally. Anal divided. Subcaudals
60-88.

CoZor.— Color above yellowish or pale brown, with a dorsal series of
large red, black-edged blotches, and an alternating lateral series of
smaller spots. A dark curved band from eye to eye across the frontal,
continued behind the eye to the angle of the mouth. A, U or 0 shaped
marking from the frontal shield to the nape. Labials usually with
black sutures or spots. Belly yellowish with large black square blotches.
Under the tail a v/hitish streak along the middle of the subcaudals.

Size.— Total length 1040 mm.; tail 160 mm.

Habitat. — The Spotted Racer ranges over the southern
half of the eastern United States to the Mississippi River,
and west to Arkansas and Missouri.

Hurler — Herpetoloyy of Missouri. 179

Habits.— Di\ S. E. Meek of the Field Museum of Nat-
ural History reports this snake from Greenway, Clay Co.,
Arkansas. Clay County is just west of Dunklin County,
Mo., and as the environments are the same, I do not doubt
that eventually the Spotted Snake will be found in Mis-
souri.

65. Elaphe obsoletus Say. Black Snake. Pilot Snake.
Mountain Black Snake. Rat Snake.

Coluter ohsoletus, Coluber ohsoletiis obsoletus, Scotophis obsoletus,
Coluber alleglianiensis, ScotopMs alleglianiensis, Elapliis holbrooJcii,
ElapMs alleglianiensis, Georgia obsoleta, Spilotes obsoletus, Elapliis
obsoletus.

Description. — Rostral broader than deep, just visible from above. In-
ternasals broader than long, much shorter than the prefrontals. Frontal
a little longer than wide, as long or a little shorter than its distance
from the rostral, shorter than the parietals. Nasals two, nostril in
the suture between. Loral longer than deep. One pre- and two post-
oculars. Temporals 2-3. Eight upper labials, seventh the largest,
fourth and fifth entering the eye. Lower labials eleven or twelve,
sixth or seventh the largest. Four or five lower labials in contact with
the anterior chin shields, which are as long as the posterior. Dorsal
rows of scales 25 or 27, sixteen keeled. Ventrals 224-246. Anal divided.
Subcaudals 75-90.

Color. — The color above black or very dark brown, the dorsal spots
indistinctly outlined, but enough to make them out. In young and
newly shed specimens they are well marked. In some individuals the
skin on the side is more or less red. The belly is usually slaty black
behind, yellow anteriorly, more or less maculated with black blotches.
Throat and chin white. Labials the same, margined with black.

Size.— Total length 1850 mm.; tail 320 mm.

Hahitat. — Massachusetts to Kansas and Nebraska,
southwest to Texas. Bare in Florida. In Missouri the
Black Snake is found ever^^where, but especially in wood-
ed districts.

Habits. — The Black Snake reaches a greater size than
any other of our snakes. It hides in hollow logs and holes
of trees. July 24, 1898, while out hunting, I discovered
one on a heavy limb of a large sycamore tree at least
sixty feet from the ground. I shot it down and found it

180 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis.

measured over five feet. Another time I caught one feast-
ing on Yellow Hammers. This snake swallows lien's eggs
entire, not crushing them when partly down the throat.
I have an egg which I dissected out of a snake. The lower
end is softened by the action of the gastric juice but the
forward end is still intact. Dr. G. B. Goode includes this
snake among those which are said to "swallow their
young, ' ' i. e., when danger appears the mother allows her
young to crawl down her throat for safety. I have never
seen this done. Black Snakes feed on rabbits, rats, mice,
quail, and other birds. Like many other snakes the Black
Snake vibrates its tail, making a rattling or whirring
sound. The species is oviparous. One I had in captivity
laid nineteen eggs, none of which, however, contained an
embryo. The eggs were cylindrical with spherical ends,
some 60 mm. long and 22 mm. in diameter.

Dates of capture. — April 4, 8; June 25; July 8, 24;
Sept. 1.

66. Elaphe confinis Baird and Girard. Gray Coluber.
Gray Rat Snake. Spotted Chicken Snake.

Coluber confinis. Coluber obsoletus confinis, Scotophis confinis, Scoto-
pMs laetus, Coluber laetus, Coluber rosaceus.

Description. — Rostral slightly projecting, little visible from above.
Internasals much smaller than the prefrontals. Frontal rather longer
than wide, a little longer than its distance from the end of snout. Parie-
tals large, truncate behind. Loral small. One preocular, two post-
oculars. Temporals 2-3. Upper labials eight, seventh the largest, fourth
and fifth entering the eye. Eleven lower labials, fifth the largest, four
in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are longer than the
posterior. Dorsal scale rows 27 (occasionally 28), 11 or 13 slightly
keeled. Ventrals 231-258. Anal divided. Subcaudals 75-96 pairs.

Color. — Color above yellowish gray or ashy, with dark brown spots,
narrowly margined with black, five or six scales long, and from thir-
teen to fifteen wide; longitudinally quadrate in shape, interspaces
about two scales long. On the second to the fifth rows the lateral spots
are elongated and exhibit sometimes a disposition to form an indistinct
stripe. Belly yellow, clouded posteriorly, and with dark spots on the
ends of the ventrals and the outer scale rows; a dark post-ocular
stripe, some indistinct mottling on the borders of the labials.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. \g\

Habitat. — From Virginia south to Florida, west to
Texas, north to Missouri. Missouri localities : — St. Louis
and Montgomery Counties.

Habits. — I have found the Chicken Snake quite scarce
in Missouri. My friend, Mr. E. M. Parker, presented me
with a fine half grown specimen from Montgomery Co.
Ditmars says "All the Colubers show a great fondness for
eggs and swallow them entire, but as the eggs pass about
fourteen inches down the reptile's neck, that portion of
the body is pressed against the ground and by a strong
steady contraction of the swallowing muscles, the shell
of each egg is broken and the fragments are swallowed
together with the contents of the eggs and are digested."
My own observations do not agree with this. Whenever
I found a snake that had swallowed an egg I always found
tiie egg entire in the stomach, where the shell had been
softened by the gastric juice. Chicken Snakes feed on
rabbits, rats, mice, birds, young chickens, and eggs. Like
many other snakes this one emits a very offensive secre-
tion from glands at the end of the tail when overpowered.
This secretion is white and viscid. The species is ovi-
parous.

67. Elaphe spiloides Dumeril and Bibron.

Elaphis siriloides, Coluber spiloides, Coluber obsoletus var. spiloides.

Description. — Rostral broad. Internasals small. Prefrontals long and
broad. Frontal as long as broad or a little longer. Superciliaries
twice as wide, posteriorly as anteriorly. Parietals long, broad, trun-
cate behind. Lorals slender, pointed posteriorly. Anteorbital one,
postorbitals two. Temporals 2-3. Upper labials eight, fourth and
fifth entering the eye, seventh the largest. Lower labials fourteen,
eighth the largest, five in contact with the anterior chin shields, which
are much longer than the posterior. Dorsal scales in 27 rows, fifth
to eleventh faintly keeled. Ventrals 218-244. Anal divided. Sub-
caudals 80-96 pairs. Head distinct from the body. Tail short and
slender.

Color. — Color above ash gray. A dorsal series of about forty-five
blotches; anterior blotches about 13 scales wide by 6 scales long; poste-
rior slightly shorter. Most of these blotches are rhomboidal. Alter-
nating with these dorsal blotches is a series of elongated lateral ones

Ig2 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

of the same color as the dorsal. Anteriorly two or three of these spots
may coalesce, forming a narrow stripe. On the margin of the ventrals
is a series of small square brown spots. Belly whitish with black
blotches. Chin and throat white. Four or five lower labials, with black
marks. A black stripe from the orbit to the angle of the mouth and
one crossing the labials below the eye. Top of head brown. A black
stripe crossing the base of the prefrontals and connecting orbits.

Hahitat. — Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Western Mis-
souri.

Habits. — So far I have never found this snake in Mis-
souri, but include it in my list on the report of Cope in
the Report of the United States National Museum, Vol.
20, page 843, where he reports it from Independence,
Jackson Co., Mo. Two years ago I bagged several near
Brownsville, Cameron Co., Texas. At San Antonio,
Texas, Dr. Bock, who was with me on this trip, found one
on top of a small tree trunk. The snake had swallowed
two eggs, which could be distinctly felt in the stomach.
As we were ready to leave for New Braunfels, I put the
snake in my collecting bucket. On arriving I found that
the snake had disgorged the two eggs — guinea eggs. One
of them had only lost the spots at one end but was other-
wise entire. The other one looked like a piece of yellow-
ish well soaked leather. It no longer had the shape of an
e^gy but had not been broken as I blew it up to its original
shape. Very little of the contents were left.

68. Elaphe emoryi Baird and Girard. Emorv's Snake.

Coluber emoryi. Cohiber guttatus var. emoryi, Scotophis emoryi, Sco-
tophis calligaster. Coluber rhinomegas.

Description. — Frontal longer than broad. Loral elongated, acute
angled behind. Anteorbital large. Two postorbitals resting on the
fifth labial. Temporals 2-3. Upper labials eight, sixth and seventh the
largest, fourth and fifth entering the eye. Lower labials eleven, sixth
the largest, four in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Head rather narrow. Eye large. Dorsal rows
27-29, smooth except traces on the central five or six in some individ-
uals. Exterior row largest, rest nearly equal. Ventrals 211-236. Anal di-
vided. Subcaudals 63-76 pairs.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 183

Color. — Ground color pale gray, with a dorsal row of brown blotches
with black borders, ten or twelve scales wide and three or four long,
separated by interspaces of one and one-half to two scales long. A
second series of smaller alternating spots from the third to the seventh
rows, subcircular in shape. A third indistinct series on the second and
third rows, and a fourth indicated on the outer row and the ends of
the ventrals. Belly yellowish or white, with irregular ashy blotches
posteriorly. Top of head much banded. A dark oblique post-ocular
stripe.

-S/2;e.— Total length 796 mm.; tail 163 mm. Total length 1330 mm.;
tail 190 mm.

Habitat.— Arkansas, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, and
Texas. Missouri localities: — Jefferson and Stone coun-
ties.

Habits. — This species is rather rare. So far I have
only found it on the southern slopes of the Ozark plateau.
Its food consists of mice, etc. It is generally found under
rocks. I once caught one in a house.

Genus lampkopeltis.

Maxillary teeth smooth, slightly increasing posteriorly, but not sep-
arated by an interspace. One loral, two nasals, one preocular, two post-
oculars. Scales smooth, with two pores each, in 19 to 25 rows. Anal
entire.

Key to the Species in Missouri.

Scales in 21 rows. Ground color reddish or gray, with 40 to 50
chocolate or brown saddle-shaped blotches, which are bordered
with black. doliatus.

Scales in 21 to 23 hows. Size large Black with centers of scales
white or yellowish. These sometimes form transverse rows
of spots. getulus.

Scales in 25 rows. Grayish brown with from 40 to 60 dark blotches
above. Belly blotched. calligaster.

69. Lampeopeltis doliatus Linnaeus. House Snake. Milk
Snake. King Snake.

Coluher doliatus, Coronella doliata, Ophibolus doliatus, OpJiibolus dolia-
tus doliatus, Ophibolus doliatus triangiilus, Osceola doliata, Osceola
doliata doliata.

Description. — Rostral wider than high. Nasals two, nostril mostly
between the two. Loral one, a little longer than high; one anteorbital;

184 Trails. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

two postorbitals. Frontal as long as broad or a little longer, as long
as its distance from the end of the snout, a little shorter than the
parietals. Temporals 2-3. Seven upper labials, third and fourth
entering the eye. Nine lower labials, fifth the largest, four in contact
with the anterior chin shields, which are much longer than the poste-
rior. Scales in 21 rows, smooth. Ventrals 200 to 210. Anal entire.
Subcaudals 45 to 55 pairs.

Color. — Ground color grayish white or yellowish. Dorsal saddle-
shaped blotches brownish or red with black borders. They do not reach
to the ventrals. Belly whitish or yellov/ish with black blotches. The
dorsal blotches sometimes form nearly parallel black bands on the
center part across the back.

Size. — Total length 655 mm.; tail 95 mm.

Habitat. — Maryland to Florida, west to Texas, Okla-
lioma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Tennessee.
Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, Washington,
Oregon, Howell, Stone, Jasper, Jackson, Gasconade, St.
Charles, Montgomery, and Warren Counties. In Illinois,
St. Clair and Randolph Counties.

Habits. — The Milk Snake is often accused of sucking
the milk from cows, from which fact it takes its common
name. In all my experience I have never found anyono
who had really seen it done, nor have I myself ever wit-
nessed it. While this snake makes its home around spring-
houses it does so to be near its food — rats and mice. The
Milk Snake is a cannibal, swallowing its own kind and
other small serpents and lizards. The first Milk Snake
I found was hiding under the loose bark of heavy rotten
log. I placed it in my collecting bucket with a lizard,
Eumeces fasciatus. On looking into the bucket a little
later I found only a small end of the lizard sticking out of
the snake's mouth and the wriggling tail, which had been
broken off in the struggle, at the bottom of the bucket.

Dates of capture.— Ain-il 4, 12, 15; May 2, 24; July 4,
14; October 4; November 8.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 185

70. Lampropeltis getulus holbrooki Stejneger.^ King
Snake. Salt and Pepper Snake.

Lampropeltis sayi, Ophibolus getulus sayi, OpMbolus sayi, Coronella
sayi, Coronella getulus var. sayi. Coluber sayi, Ophibolus getulus.

Description. — Rostral triangular, little visible from above. Internasal
quadrate, smaller than prefrontals, which are large and wider than
long. Frontal a little longer than wide. Superciliaries shorter than
the frontal. Parietals longer than frontal, truncate behind. Nasals
two. Loral one, small. One pre- and two post-oculars. Temporals
2-3. Upper labials seven, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth and
sixth the largest. Lower labials nine, fourth and fifth the largest, four
in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are twice as long as
the posterior. Scales smooth, in 21 rows. Ventrals 200 to 220. Anal
entire. Subcaudals 40 to 60 pairs.

Color. — Above dark brown to bluish black, each scale with a yellow
or white spot. On the sides these spots cover more than half the
scales. In young specimens the spots form narrow cross bands over
the back. These bands persist often in the adult. Beneath yellowish
white, checkered with bluish black, which markings follow the scales
and are more numerous on the posterior part of the body. Each plate
of the head has one or more spots of yellow. The rostral is yellowish
with black borders on top. Lower labials yellow bordered with black.

Size. — The largest specimen I ever found in Missouri was 1270 mm.
long.

Habitat. — Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, South-
ern Indiana, south to Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.
Missouri localities : — St. Louis, Jefferson, Oregon, Howell,
Stone, Phelps, Crawford, Montgomery, and St. Charles
Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair County.

Habits. — The King Snake is not found often in Mis-
souri. It inhabits hilly places with sunny glades, occur-
ring under rocks and fallen trees. Its food consists of
mice, small birds, lizards and snakes. If a King Snake
meets a small Rattle snake or Copper-head it starts a
quarrel and coils itself around its victim's body. Biting
will be of no avail as the King Snake is immune to snake
poison, but only enrages the agressor. The victim is

» Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 25: 152. 1903.

186 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

finally strangled. The King Snake is a very useful snake
for the farmer, destroying many injurious rodents.

Ditmars in his Reptile Book says : — ' ' While the ma-
jority of snakes quickly succumb to an injection of serpent
poison, the King Snake may be repeatedly wounded by
the fangs of a living serpent, or injected hypodermically,
without showing ill effects from the introduction of the
formidable fluid into its blood. Some three years ago,
repeated experiments were conducted upon a large speci-
men that is now thriving. It was injected with the venom
of the diamond-back rattle snake, the copperhead snake,
the moccasin and the West Indian " f er-de-lance, " with-
out showing any bad effects beyond an intimation of slug-
gishness appearing an hour or so after the injection and
entirely passing away several hours later."

In 1891 Mr. Arthur Erwin Brown, Director of the Zoo-
logical Garden in Fairmont Park, Philadelphia, sent me
a King Snake, Lampropeltis getuhis, from Florida. While
I had this snake my son brought home a Black Snake,
about five feet long, putting it in the cage with the King
Snake. The next morning — not knowing about the snake
my son had brought home — I found the King Snake,
which was only four feet long, curled up in the shape of
a horse shoe. It was perfectly rigid, only showing signs
of life by moving its tongue. I thought the snake was
sick. Later in the clav I learned the true state of affairs.
The four foot King Snake had swallowed the five foot
Black Snake. The tail of the victim was bent over in the
neck of the King Snake, making it resemble a Cobra very
much. It took the snake an entire week to digest its prey.
During this week it was harmless and almost liveless.
Toward the end it became pliable again and as lively as
ever.

Bates of capture. — April 2, 4, 15, 26 ; May 13 ; June 20 ;
October 1.

Hurler — Herpetology of Musoun. 187

71. Lampropeltis calligaster Harlan. Evans' King
Snake. Yellow-bellied King Snake. Brown King
Snake.

Coluber calligaster, Coluber guttatus, Ophibolus evansii, Coronella
evansii, Coronella tigrina, Coronella calligaster, Ophibohis calli-
gaster, Ophibolus triangulus var. calligaster, Ablades triangulur.i
var. calligaster.

Description. — Rostral about once and a half as broad as deep. The
median suture between the internasals shorter than that between the
prefrontals. Rostral a little longer than broad, shorter than the parie-
tals. Nasals two. Loral longer than deep. One pre- and two post-
oculars. Temporals 2-2 or 2-3. Upper labials 7 or 8, third and fourth
entering the eye, sixth the largest. Lower labials nine, fifth the
largest, the first pair meeting at the median line, four in contact with
the anterior chin shields, which are longer than the posterior. Snout
scarcely prominent. Eye rather small. Tail one-seventh of the total
length. Scales in 25 rows, smooth, the outer row the widest. Ventrals
198-215. Anal entire. Subcaudals 40 to 57 pairs.

Color. — Above light olivaceous-brown or gray, with a dorsal series of
subquadrate blotches, dark brown with narrow black border, the blotches
two to three scales long, eight to ten wide. A smaller alternating
series on the sides, which often fonn irregular vertical bars, and a
third on the outer row of scales and ends of ventrals. Belly yellowish
with or without black blotches in the center. The top of the head
is sometimes very elaborately marked. Labials yellow. An elongated
brown blotch with black border on each side, running back from the
parietals to the neck. All these markings are in older specimens
nearly indistinct, but young specimens show the markings nicely.
The general aspect of the snake is very much like L. rhombomaculatus
of the Southeastern States, but it has 25 rows of scales instead of from
21 to 23.

Size.— Total length 1180 mm.; tail 165 mm.

Habitat. — Indiana to Minnesota, southwest to Nebraska,
Kansas and Texas. Missouri localities : — St. Louis, St.
Charles, Jefferson, Jasper, and Montgomery Counties. In
Illinois, Madison County.

Habits. — Evans' King Snake lives upon small rodents,
frogs, lizards, and small fish. It is generally found in
prairies and pastures. It is oviparous. In captivity it
takes no food. The King Snakes are all constrictors. My
first specimen I received from my friend, Dr. Eugene Bri-

188 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

bach, who picked it up from the furrows in a plowed field,
at Highland, Madison Co., 111.

Dates of capture.— April 2, 22, 24, 29; May 26; Sep-
tember 9.

Genus diadophis.

Head sub-elliptical, elongated, depressed, distinct from the body.
Cephalic plates normal. Two ante- and two post-orbitals. One loral.
Two nasals, nostril between them. Eyes large. Mouth deeply cleft.
Body slender. Dorsal scales smooth, in 15 to 17 rows. Anal divided.
Subcaudals in pairs.

72. Diadophis eegalis arnyi Kennicott. Ring-necked
Snake.

Diadophis regaliSy Diadophis arnyi, Diadophis punctatus aryni.

Description.— Rostrsil wider than high. Nasals two, nostrils in suture
in the anterior one. Upper labials seven, third and fourth entering
the eye, sixth the largest. Temporals 1-1. Lower labials eight, fifth
the largest, five in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are
nearly twice as long as the posterior. Dorsal scales in 17 rows, smooth,
with one pit. Ventrals 160. Anal divided. Subcaudals in 50 pairs.
Head depressed, little distinct from the body. Tail short.

Color. — Above uniform leaden or olive brown to black. A yellow
band across the base of the head, one to two scales wide. Beneath
yellowish or reddish yellow and still redder under the tail. Thickly
and irregularly spotted with black on the whole ventral surface.

Size. — Total length 310 mm.; tail 51 mm."

Habitat. — From Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, south to
Arizona and Mexico. Missouri localities : — St. Louis, Jef-
ferson, AVashington, Iron, Butler, Stone, Jasper, Gasco-
nade, Crawford, Jackson, Randolph, and Montgomery
Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair County.

Habits. — The Ring Snake is rather common but never

^o

found outside of its co^'er. It occurs mostly under rocks
and logs. I once found one in the mold inside of a rotten
tree stump. Another time on turning over a rock, about

• This species is the largest of the genus Diadophis.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 189

2 feet by 18 inches, I found 17 specimens. (May 1, 1898.)
The Eing Snake feeds on insects and is oviparous.

Dates of capture.— March 22 ; April 4, 15 ; May 2, 6, 21,
24; November 7.

Genus liopeltis.

Head scales normal. Maxillary teeth smooth, equal. Nasal one.
Dorsal scales smooth, with one pit. Anal divided. Subcaudals in
pairs. Head distinct, size small. Tail long.

73. Liopeltis vernalis Harlan. Grass Snake. Green
Snake.

Cyclopliis vernalis, Chlorosoma vernalis, Coluber vernalis, Contia ver-
nalis, Herpetodryas vernalis. Coluber cyaneus.

Description. — Rostral broader than deep, visible from above. Inter-
nasals proportionally large, more than half the size of the prefrontals.
Frontal elongate, nearly once and a half times as long as broad. Parie-
tals large, truncate behind. One pre- and two post-orbitals. One nasal,
with the nostril in the middle. Loral longer than high. Temporals 1-2.
Upper labials seven, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth and sixth
the largest. Lower labials eight, fifth the largest, four in contact with
the anterior chin shields, which are a little shorter than the posterior,
and are in contact anteriorly. Head proportionately long, slightly
swollen on the temporal region. Snout rounded and projecting over
the lower jaw. Mouth cleft, large, and curved. Dorsal scales in 15
rows, smooth, with one pit, the outer row a little broader than the
rest. Tail very much tapering, pointed, forming from one-third to one
fourth of the total length. Ventrals 125-144. Anal divided. Subcaudals
69-95 pairs.

Color. — Dark green to grass green above, fading on the flanks. Upper
lips and lower parts yellowish-white or greenish white. The green
changes in alcoholic specimens to blue.

Size. — Total length 510 mm.; tail 160 mtn.

Habitat. — Nova Scotia to Wyoming, south and west to
New Mexico. Found only rarely in the Southern States.
Missouri localities : — ^Randolph, Jackson, and Johnson
Counties. In Illinois, Madison and Monroe Counties.

Habits. — So far I have no record of this snake ever
having been captured south of the Missouri River in this

190 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

state. Of the two specimens which I have one was cap-
tured by Dr. Anton Schaffranek in his garden in St.
Charles, and the other by Mr. E. M. Parker of Mont-
gomery City. About thirty-five years ago I picked from
a ditch in Madison County, 111., a dozen specimens. About
fifteen years later I returned to the place but did not find
any. A farmer, who liad been living in that vicinity
during the time told me that he had not seen Grass Snakes
for many years, although they had been quite common at
one time. Grass Snakes feed on insects and caterpillars,
but only on the hairless kind. They are oviparous.

Dates of capture. — August 4.

Genus opheodrys.

Maxillary teeth smooth, equal. Cephalic plates normal. One nasal.
One loral. One anteorbital. Scales keeled, with two pits. Anal divided;
Head distinct from the body. Color green. Tail long.

74. Opheodrys aestivus Linnaeus. Green Bush Snake.
Eough-scaled Green Snake.

CyclopMs aestivus, PhyllophilopMs aestivus, LeptopMs aestivus, Lepto-
2}his viajalis, Liopeltis aestivus, Herpetodryas aestivus, Contia aes-
tiva, Coluber aestivus, Green 8nake, Anguis viridis, Anguis gra-
cilis coeruleo viridis.

Description. — Rostral broader than high, well visible from above. Me-
dian suture of internasals shorter than between prefrontals; frontal
elongate, one and a half times as long as broad, longer as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals. Nasal one, with
nostril in the center. Loral longer than deep. Anteorbital one; post-
orbitals two, the lower one small. Temporal 1-2. Upper labials seven,
sixth the largest, third and fourth entering the eye. Lower labials
eight, fifth the largest, four in contact with the anterior chin shields,
which are shorter than the posterior. Head elongate, neck contracted.
Snout projecting considerably over the lower jaw. Eyes large. Mouth
cleft, large and bent. Body slender, tail whip-like, being usually
nore than one-third of the total length. Dorsal scales in 17 rows, all
xeeled except the two outer rows on each side, which are smooth. The
■scales of the outer rows are also perceptibly wider than the rest.
Ventrals 150-165. Anal divided. Subcaudals 111-135 pairs.

Color. — Green above (pea green). The green of the back fades to-

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. \^\

wards the lower rows of scales. Beneath yellowish white. The lower
jaw, chin and upper labials whitish yellow.

Size. — Total length 695 mm.; tail 258 mm.

Habitat. — Maryland to Kansas, south to Florida, Texas,
and Mexico. Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson,
Wayne, Shannon, Oregon, Ozark, Stone, Jasper, Jackson,
Phelps, Crawford, Lewis, Pike, Montgomery, and Warren
Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair and Union Counties.

Habits. — ^The Green Snake may be easily distinguished

from the Grass Snake by its keeled dorsal scales and by

the number of scale rows, being 17 in the Green or Bush

Snake and 15 in the Grass Snake. I have only found this

snake on bushes and small trees. It darts at great speed

from bough to bough in pursuit of insects. Its green color

gives it protection from the birds which prey upon it.

Prof. F. W. Putnam found in Massachusetts on August

31st the eggs of this snake under the bark of an old tree

stump. They were just ready to hatch, one snake being

already out. The eggs were one and a half inches long

(38 mm.), and the young a little over five inches (127

mm.).

Genus Virginia.

Maxillary teeth subequal, smooth. One loral, two internasals, no
preorbital. Scales smooth, vvithout pits, in 15 or 17 rows. Anal divided.
Head distinct. Size small.

75. Virginia elegans Kennicott. Virginia's Snake.

Description. — Rostral narrow, tapering upward. Prefrontals entering
the eye and with the loral forming the anterior border of the eye.
No anteorbital. Postorbitals two. Temporals 1-2. Parietals large.
Upper labials six, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth the largest.
Lower labials six, fourth the largest, four in contact with the anterior
chin shields, which are equal in length to the posterior. Head small,
narrow and relatively high. Snout pointed, eyes small, mouth deeply
cleft. Body slender. Tail very short. Dorsal scales in 17 rows, smooth,
except those on the tail, which are obtusely keeled. Ventrals 117-126.
Anal divided. Subcaudals 29-45 pairs.

Color. — Above the color is light olivaceous brown to pinkish orange.
Dull yellowish white beneath. Labials immaculate.

Size. — Total length 300 mm.; tail 65 mm.

192 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habitat. — Indiana, southern Illinois, Missouri, Arkan-
sas, Louisiana, and Texas. Missouri localities : — St. Louis
and Jefferson Counties. In Illinois, St. Clair Count}^

Hahits. — Virginia's Snake is seldom found in Missouri,
but this may be due to its secretive habits. All I have
found were under rocks. Once I caught one sliding over
a narrow path in heavy timbered bottom lands.

Dates of capture. — April 4 ; May 4, 13 ; September 6.

Genus faeancia.

Maxillary teeth smooth, subequal. One internasal. One nasal, half
divided. One loral. No anteorbitals. The loral and postfrontal en-
tering into the orbit. Two postorbitals. Scales smooth, without pits,
in 19 rows. Anal plate divided. Size large.

76. Farancia abacura Holbrook. Hoop Snake. Horn
Snake. Sting Snake.

Farancia fasciata, Farancia drummondi, Hydrops ahacurus. Hydrops
reinwardtii, Helicops ahacurus. Calopisma abacurum, Calopisma
reinwardtii, Homalopsis reinwardtii. Coluber fasciatus, Coluber
ovivorus. La Couleuvre ovivore, Vtpera aquatica.

Descripti07i. — Rostral wider than deep. One internasal, two prefron-
tals, reaching down to the orbit. Frontal large, elongate, being one and
a half times as long as wide, longer than its distance from the end of
the snout, shorter than the parietals, which are very large. Supercil-
iaries proportionately small. One nasal, grooved below the nostril.
One loral, which, with the prefrontal, forms the anterior border of
the orbit. Two postorbitals, lower one much smaller. Temporals 1-2.
Upper labials seven, third and fourth entering the orbit, fifth and
sixth the largest. Lower labials eight, fifth the largest, four in con-
tact with the anterior chin shields, which are a little longer than the
posterior. Head small, not distinct from the body. Tail short, main-
taining its diameter v/ell towards the tip, then tapering suddenly,
ending with a conical nail or horn. All the dorsal scales are smooth,
in 19 rows, the outer row wider than long. Ventrals 168-206, the one
preceding the anal divided. Anal divided. Subcaudals 34-49 pairs.

Color. — Above shining bluish black. Sides and belly red, with trans-
verse, complete or broken, bluish black bands, which are continuous
at the sides with downward extensions of the black of the dorsal sur-
face. The red of the ventral surface extends upward on the sides
between the black bars to the third or fourth row of dorsal scales.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 193

Since the red has definite margins and contrasts strongly with the
black, the belly has a checkered appearance. The head above is of
the same color as the back. Upper and lower labials with black dots.
The chin shields have also each a black dot.

Size. — Total length 950 mm.; tail 158 mm. Specimens sometimes
reach a length of 1400 mm.

Habitat. — The Horn Snake is distributed from South
Carolina to Louisiana, and up the Mississippi Valley to
Arkansas and the southern part of Missouri, Illinois, and
Indiana. Missouri localities: — Butler County. Dr. T.
Kingsolving reports it from Hornersville, Pemiscot
County.

Habits. — My son found two of these snakes — an adult
and a young one — under a log near the water's edge, at
Grinnell's Lake, near Poplar Bluff, Butler Co., Mo., April
24, 1898. At the same place he found some more a few
years later on April 19th. This is one of the snakes of
which such terrible stories are told, giving rise to many
popular names, as in this case Hoop Snake, Sting Snake,
Horn Snake. I have never yet seen any snake take its own
tail in its mouth and roll away like a hoop. This story
m.ust have originated in the mind of a very excitable per-
son, probably one that was ''seeing snakes." The snake
has a very short sharp point on the end of its tail, from
which fact it received its name Sting or Horn Snake. The
story goes that a sting from this snake means sure death
to a person, and death to a tree should it strike with its
tail. I have handled this snake many a time. On closing
my hand it would make a boring motion with its tail but
never succeeded in breaking even the skin.

Genus carphophis.

Maxillary teeth smooth, subequal. Rostral normal. Internasals
present or absent. Nasal one. Loral large, reaching to the orbit.
One postorbital. Scales smooth and glossy, without pits, in 13 rows.
Anal divided. Small snakes, with little heads and short tails, termin-
ating in a single acute nail.

194 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

77. Carphophis amoenus Say. Worm Snake. Ground
Snake.

Coluber amoenus, Celuta helenac, CarpTiopliiops Tielenae. Carphophis
helenae, Celuta vermis, Carphophiops vermis, Carphophis amoena,
Carphophiops amoenus, Celuta amoena, Braehyorrhos amoenus. Car
lamaria amoena, Carphophis vermis, Carphophis amoenus var.
vermis.

Description. — Rostral broad. Nasal one, nostril in the anterior half.
A large loral, forming with the prefrontal the anterior border of the
orbit. Internasals none or two. Postorbital one. Temporals 1-1.
Frontal nearly as long as broad. Upper labials five, third and fourth
entering the eye, fifth the largest. Lower labials six, fourth the
largest, four in contact with the anterior chin shields, which are
longer than the posterior. Head very small, snout moderately elongat-
ed and rounded. Body glossy, tail short, tapering to a point. Dorsal
scales in 13 rows, smooth. Ventrals 112-134. Anal divided. Sub-
caudals 24 to 26 pairs.

Color. — The color of the back is chestnut brown to light gray and
glossy black. Beneath salmon to flesh color (pink).

Size. — Total length 315 mm.; tail 50 mm.

In my description I have included the three varieties: C. amoenus,
C. helenae and C. vermis, as I found it rather difficult to make dis-
tinguishable characteristics. I have before me 45 specimens:

2. C. amoenus from North Carolina.
4 C. helenae from east of the Mississippi River.
2 C. helenae from west of the Mississippi River.
37 C. vermis from west of the Mississippi River.

Separating them:

1st. By the color of the back, I have 6 'brown, 8 gray, 31 bluish
black. Two of the brown ones are from North Carolina and one"
each from Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee and Illinois. All the gray
and black ones are from west of the Mississippi River.

2nd. In regard to the internasals, I find that four from east of
the Mississippi River have no internasals, and thirty-nine have one
pair of internasals. With the exception of two from North Carolina
these are from Missouri and Arkansas.

3rd. By comparing the color of the back reaching to the outer
rowc>, the color reaches in two to the first row, in thirteen to half of
the second row, in fifteen to the second row, and in fifteen to the
middle of the third row.

All the specimens examined have 1-1 temporals.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 195

Habitat. — The Worm Snake is distributed from Massa-
chusetts to Georgia, west to Arkansas, Missouri, and Kan-
sas. Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, Butler,
Oregon, Jackson, Montgomery, and St. Charles Counties.

Habits. — The Worm Snake may be common in some
localities, but it is seldom seen wandering about. It is
found mostly under rocks and decayed logs, under accum-
ulations of damp leaves and mouldy deposits. It is often
uncovered in plowing. It feeds upon earth worms and
grubs. Mr. C. H. Danforth informed me that a specimen
of Carphophis had swallowed a small Diadophis, which
he had put together in a can. The species is oviparous,
laying a small number of eggs (five), which are about 30
mm. long and about 7 mm. in diameter.

Dates of capture.— March 23 ; May 2, 4, 19 ; July 4, 19 ;
November 4.

Subfamily Boiginae.

Hypapophyses present throughout the vertebral column, represented
on the posterior dorsal vertebral by a more or less developed crest
or tubercle projecting below the condyle.

Genus tantilla.

Maxillary teeth small, equal, twelve to fourteen, followed by a pair
of feebly enlarged grooved teeth, situated below the posterior border
of the eye. Mandibular teeth equal. Head small, not, or but slightly
distinct from the neck. Eye small, with a round pupil. No loral
shield. Body cylindrical, scales smooth, without pits, in 15 rows. Ven-
trals rounded. Tail moderate or short. Subcaudals in two rows.
Southern North America, Central and Tropical South America.

78. Tantilla geacilis Baird and Girard. Graceful Tan-
tilla.

Tantilla coronata, Homalocranium gracile, Tantilla halloicellii.

Description. — Rostral large, a little broader than high. Nasals two,
nostril in the posterior margin of the prenasal. No loral. Anteorbital
one, postorbital one. Postnasal sometimes separated from the pre-
ocular by the prefrontal. Frontal longer than broad. Temporals 1-1.
Upper labials six, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth the largest.

196 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Lower labials six, four in contact with the anterior chin shields, which
are longer than the posterior. Head continuous with body, snout pro-
jecting. Eyes small. Mouth deeply cleft. Tail very slender. Dorsal
scales in fifteen rows, smooth. Ventrals 112-137. Anal divided. Sub-
caudals 41-51 pairs.

Color. — Reddish or greenish brown above, some scales speckled with
darker. Beneath salmon color, pink in life. Top of head darker
brown. Labials yellowish brown.

Size. — Total length 215 mm.; tail 51 mm.

Habitat. — Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri. Missouri
localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, Ozark, and Stone Coun-
ties.

Habits. — The Tantilla leads a secretive or burrowing
life. In the Ozark Plateau in Jefferson County they are
common, and are found mostly under rocks on hillsides
with southwestern exposure. In St. Louis County I have
found only one so far. They feed on insects.

Family ELAPiisrAE.

This family contains all the so-called "proteroglyph" snakes, or
snakes with a permanently erect poison fang in the anterior portion
of the horizontal maxillary bone. Smaller teeth behind the fangs.
These may be wanting. Head furnished with plates. Loral usually
absent. Tail short, conical.

Genus elaps.

Body elongated and cylindrical. Head small, its upper surface with
the nine plates usually found in the Natricidae. No loral. Nasals two,
with the nostril between, or mostly in the anterior one. Anteoi-'bital
one. Eyes small, pupil a vertical oval. Head little distinct from the
body. Scales smooth, without pits. Subcaudals in two rows. Anal
plate divided. (Hay.)

79. Elaps fulvius Linnaeus. Coral Snake. Bead Snake.
Harlequin Snake.

Coluber fulvius. Vipera fulvia, Elaps tenere, Elaps tristis, he noire et

jaune.

Description. — Rostral about as high as wide, not extending betv/een
the internasals, Vvhich are rather small and about one-third the size
of the prefrontals. Frontal a little longer than wide. Parietals also

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 197

longer than wide. Upper labials seven, third and fourth entering the
eye. Temporals 1-1 or 1-2. Nasals two, the anterior one deeper in
front than the posterior. Lower labials seven, fourth the largest. An-
terior chin shields sfforter than the posterior. Head a little wider than
the neck, flat above. Eyes very small. Body slender and cylindrical.
Dorsal scales smooth, in 15 rows. Ventrals 202-236. Anal divided.
Subcaudals in 2.5-45 pairs.

Color. — The ground color is red, with from eleven to seventeen black
rings of the body. These rings are from seven to ten scales long, and
the same number of red rings, are from eight to twelve scales long.
The black rings are bordered in front and behind by yellow rings, one
or two scales long. Nearly all the scales in the red rings are mottled
with black on the dorsal part. Three or four black and an equal
number of yellow rings on the tail, but no red. Top of head in advance
of the parietals is black, followed by a yellow band extending to the
angle of the mouth, and a black ring from 5 to 8 scales long.

Size. — Total length 930 mm.; tail 70 mm. Another specimen is 1000
mm. long and the tail 90 mm.

Habitat. — The Coral Snake is found from Florida west
to Texas and Mexico, up the Mississippi as far north as
Missouri. Also in Georgia and South Carolina. So far
I have never had the pleasure of capturing one of these
snakes in Missouri. Some years ago I saw one in Dunklin
County and Dr. C. A. Peterson noticed one near Horners-
ville, Dunklin Co., but in both cases the snake escaped.
Dr. P. E. Hoy reports that he found it in his explorations
of western Missouri in 1854. (Annual Report, Smith-
sonian Institution, 1865). On page 433 the doctor says
* ' Mr. Judson caught me a few days after we had left here
an Elaps fulvius (perhaps E. tenere). Is this not the
most northern locality in which this beautiful southern
serpent has been discovered!"

Habits. — My friend, Mr. John K. Strecker, Jr., of
Waco, Texas, wrote me the following letter regarding the
habits of this snake: — "One day in May I stood on the
bank of a small grassy lagoon in the eastern section of
McLennan Co., watching a number of water snakes that
were either swimming around in the water or sunning
themselves on tufts of earth and swamp grass, which were

198 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

raised above the surface of the marsh. These serpents
were mostly true water snakes, such as Natrix rhombifer,
Natrix fasciata transversa, and Natrix erytlirog aster, also
one si3ecimen of the Ijined Snake, Tropidoclonium line-
atum, and numerous stump-tail Mocassins, Agkistrodon
piscivorus. During the rainy season the snakes fairly
swarm here, but they are more numerous in point of num-
bers than species. On this occasion I was trying to dis-
cover something new in the line of snakes and chancing to
cast my eye on a patch of rushes on the border of the wa-
ter some yards away, my gaze was at once riveted upon a
most beautiful creature. Through the rushes in and out
swam a sinuous body, the form of the most beautiful of
serpents, the Bead, Coral or Harlequin Snake. This ser-
pent with its bands of bright red, yellow and black con-
trasting with the brilliant green of the rushes and the
dull color of the marsh water, made one of the most fasci-
nating and interesting sights that I have ever gazed upon.
The specimen I now beheld was probably three and a half
feet long, in fact longer than any specimen I have ever
collected. I was eager to capture the serpent but although
I made the effort, the Elaps proved to be the quicker of
the two and made for the deeper water, where it disap-
peared. The principal haunts of this snake are woods in
the vicinity of ponds, springs and streams. Their food
consists for the greater part of other snakes, such as small
specimens of various water snakes and Garter snakes, but
although other reptiles and batrachians are eaten the
stomachs of the smaller specimens I have dissected con-
tained remains of small ground snakes, such as the Grace-
ful Tantilla {Tantilla gracilis) and the little Brown Snake,
Haldea striatula, as well as a few small water snakes,
among them the Ribbon Snake {Thamnophis proxima).
I am inclined to believe that if these snakes were armed
with movable fangs, as the Rattle Snakes, they would
prove much more dangerous, as they recover themselves
much more rapidly after striking than any member of the
Crotalidae I am acquainted with; as it is they are com-

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. I99

pelled to bite in order to inflict a wound and their month
is so small that they can hardly be considered a very for-
midable reptile. When enraged they have a peculiar way
of drawing back after each attempt is made to strike and
instead of forming an almost perfect coil, as it is usual
with some other snakes, will only half coil their body,
with its beautifully colored bands, coiling and uncoiling
with confusing rapidity. ' '

The Coral Snake belongs to a family which contains
some of the most poisonous snakes, such as the Cobra di
Capello and the Australian Tiger Snake, which are pro-
vided with a venom that is more deadly in effect than that
of the Pit- Vipers (Rattlesnakes, Copperheads and Cot-
ton-mouths). Because the Harlequin Snake has compara-
tively short fangs many people think it a poisonous snake.
but only slightly so. This is, however, a dangerously
poisonous snake. Beginners in Herpetology should be
very careful to learn to distinguish the Coral Snake from
the red and yellow ringed Lampropeltis.

Ditmars in his Reptile Book says "The Coral Snake
differs from Pit-vipers in seldom or never striking at the
object of its anger. If cornered it will lie sullenly mo-
tionless, or throw its body into a series of irregular loops,
under which the head is often hidden. If unduly annoyed
the reptile behaves in a peculiar manner. It twists from
side to side, lying motionless for a few seconds, then
throwing itself into a different position. The movemer?^
are jerky and erratic and seemingly without purpose.
Then the reptile is treacherous and dangerous. Its move-
ments are lightning-like and quite different from those
displayed by the majority of snakes. If touched lightly
upon the side, the small head is swung around and the
jaws grasp the offending object, which the serpent chews
until the small but formidable fangs have been imbedded
a number of times."

It may be well to site a few cases of the harm done by
this reptile as a warning to those who see in it only a
beautiful inoffensive-looking snake.

200 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

The late Dr. E, D. Cope reports the following case: —
''A Swede at Oakland, Orange Co., Fla., found an Elaps,
and because of its beautiful color he caught it and tried
to put it into a bottle of alcohol. The snake bit him, but
the wound was not large, and as it did not swell he did
not care much about it at first. After a while he was taken
very sick, went to bed, asked for a physician, and drank
whisky; but it was then too late. He died the next morn-
ing, about twelve hours after the snake had bitten him.
During the last hours he was unconscious, but before that
he suffered most excruciating pains."

Dr. Thomas Kearney of San Antonio, Texas, relates a
case as follows : — An infant child of Mr. Alexander
Stringer was playing in the yard, and being attracted by
the bright colors of a coral snake, grasped it near the
middle. The screams of the child brought its parents to
its relief, but too late; the snake had done it work. The
child lingered in great agony until the following morning
and died. The snake, as described to me was about 18
inches long. (Stejneger.)

Dr. Leonard Stejneger in his Poisonous Snakes of
North America gives the following: — These cases were
reported by Dr. J. Harff, who wrote that two men were
bitten, one died in 24 hours while the other one recovered
after an almost fatal prostration of thirty-six hours dura-
tion.

"The fatal case came under my observation a few min-
utes before death occurred under the symptoms of paral-
ysis of the heart. The second case was brought soon
enough for me to try stimulants — whiskey, hypodermic
injections of ammonia and fomentations of digitalis leaves
over the region of the kidneys. The man, a strong young
Scotchman, recovered in three days, and felt only a feel-
ing of tingling in his extremities for some time after.
Both men kept the snakes as pets, and the last one used
to put his finger in the animal's mouth very often to show
how tame it was. One day he put it in a little deeper

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 201

than usual, and while trying to extricate it the teeth bit
him. ' '

Another case reported by Dr. Stejneger is the follow-
ing : — The victim was Mr. Zeno Shiudler, an employee of
the U. S. National Museum, and the offender a medium-
sized Flaps fulvius, received from Mr. James Bell, of
Gainesville, Fla.

"On June first, 1882, between two and three o'clock in
the afternoon, preparatory to making the color sketch
from the live snake which should serve for a guide in
painting the plaster cast to be made from it, Mr. Shindler
attempted to transfer the snake from the terrarium to a
glass jar, holding it tightly by the neck. At the moment
he let go, the snake's tail touched the bottom of the jar,
and before he had time to remove his hand the snake
fastened its fangs in his left index finger. The snake did
not strike like the rattlesnake, but hit hard, closing the
lower jaw upon the finger, and held on so firmly that it
had to be wrenched off, by which operation one of the
fangs was broken off in the wound.

"The first symptoms, which appeared immediately after
the bite, according to Mr. True, consisted of violent pain
at the wound. The symptoms continued without material
change to 4:30 p. m. At that hour the first symptoms of
drowsiness or unconsciousness made their appearance,
and remained until the morning of the third day.

"At 7:30 p. m. on the day of the bite Mr. Shindler felt
so ill that he -deemed it prudent to call upon his physician.
Dr. L. M. Taylor, of Washington, whose treatment is
given in full in Mr. True's report.

"In three days after treatment the patient felt in good
health again. About two months after the event, how-
ever, pain set in once more at the bitten finger, extending
to the knuckles; and after a few days an ulcer made its
appearance above the latter.

"Mr. Schindler tells me that every summer a few days
before June 2, the day he was bitten, the wounded finger

202 Trans. Acad. Sci. of iSt. Louis.

commences to pain, mostly at night. A sore is formed and
soon breaks open, and as a result the nail invariably comes
off. The attack lasts for about two weeks.

' ' Two years ago^ however, and ten years after the acci-
dent, the recurrence was prevented by a remedy commonly
used in Brazil against snake bite, and brought to Mr.
Shindler from that country by his friend, Dr. A. de Baus-
set. The remedy consists of the leaves and stem of a
vine {Micania guaclio) an infusion of which was taken
internally immediately before the expected recurrence of
the symptoms, with the result that, although the pains
arrived on time, no eruption took place,"

The Coral Snake is of burrowing habits. It is some-
times found hiding under the bark of decaying logs, and
is often brought up in ploughing. After heavy showers
and at night it issues forth in search of food, which con-
sists of snakes and lizards. The Bead Snake is oviparous.
Its eggs are very elongate and are deposited in decaying
bark or damp soil. The snake lays about seven eggs at
the end of June, which hatch at or about the 27th of Sep-
tember.

Superfamily Ckotaloideae.

Maxillary bone vertical and movable. Ectopterygoid (transpalatine)
present, extending to mandible; supra temporal present, attached scale
like to the skull and suspending quadrate. Maxillary much abbreviated,
srectile perpendicularly to ectopterygoid, supporting a pair of large
poison fangs, vv'ithout external groove. Mandible without coronoid
bone. Hypapophyses developed throughout the vertebral column.

Family Crotalidae.

A deep "pit" between the nostril and the eye. Head triangular,
broad behind, flat and distinctly separated from the body by a small
neck. Maxillary bone much shortened, moving freely on the lachrymal
and supporting a single functional, enlarged, tubular tooth, or poison
fang, which is capable of erection and concealment under a fold of
lining of the mouth. Poison glands at the side of the head. Pupil
oblong, vertical. Scales keeled. Anal entire. Body thick and short.
Tail short. All are venomous.

"Pit Vipers," a name meant to include the Rattle-
snakes, Moccasins, and Copperheads, is a most excellent

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 203

one, for not only does it indicate the relationship of these
snakes to the true vipers, but it also contains a reference
to the remarkable character which at once distinguishes
them both from the vipers and all other snakes as well.
The name refers to a deep pit or hole found in tlie Rattle-
snakes and their nearest relations on the side of the face
between the nostril and the eye. This cavity sinks deep
into the maxillary bone and represents a "blind" sac
lined with epidermis and is not connected with any of the
other cavities or organs in the head b)^ any inside opening
or canal. There is nothing similar to be found in any
known reptiles outside of this family, if we except the
labial pits in the pythons and boas, nor is there any in
any other class of animals.

"In the meantime naturalists have become compelled to
assume the existence of a 'sixth sense' in various animals,
for which they had discovered special sense organs, such
as, the lateral line in fishes.

"It was quite natural, then, that Prof. Leydig should
come to the conclusion that the pit of the Crotalidae is the
organ of a sixth sense, when upon a microscopic examina-
tion of the pit's lining he found it supplied with a thick
nerve, ending in a way the only analogue of which is
found in the retina of the eye or the labyrinth of the ear.

"The external layer of the lining of the pit Leydig
found to be a continuation of the outer skin, which, how-
ever, upon entering the cavity becomes thin and consid-
erably modified. The granular tubercles gradually disap-
pear toward the bottom, and the surface is found to be
composed of large angular epidermis plates containing
nuclei. Underneath this he found a layer of connective
tissue, in which the fine ramifications of the thick nerve
supplying the pit are lost in a granular substance which
under high power reveals itself as containing numerous,
true, rounded, but pale nuclei. The granular substance
he found arranged around the nuclei in such a way as to
form groups or islands of various forms and sizes sep-
arated by light narrow spaces. These structures can only

204 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

be regarded as terminal ganglions, and it does not seem
doubtful that we have here to do with a true sense organ.
"Wherein this 'sixth sense' consists we do not know,
nor do we know of anything in the habits of these snakes
which would indicate its nature, or to what use the animal
puts the organ. Future research may reveal it, though
perhaps man will never fully comprehend the nature of
a sense which he himself does not possess." (Stejneger.)

Key to the Genera of Crotalidae of Missouri.

Tail not provided with a rattle. Agkistrodon.
Tail provided with a rattle.

Top of head with plates. Sistrurus.

Top of head with scales. Crotalus.

Genus agkistrodon.

Nine cephalic plates. A pit between the eye and nostril. A pair
of erectable poison fangs. Scales keeled, in 21-27 rows. Anal entire.
No rattle.

Key to the Species in Missouri.

No loral plate; a pair of post-parietals; upper labials entering the
orbit. Usually 25 scale rows. piscivorus:

A loral plate; no post-parietals; orbit separated from upper labials
by scales. Usually 23 scale rows. contortrix.

80. Agkistrodon piscivorus LaCepede. Water Moccasin.
Cotton Mouth.

Trigonoceplialus piscivorus, Toxicophis piscivorus. Scytale piscivorus,
Cenchris piscivorus, Toxicophis pugnax, Acontias leucostoma, Na-
trix piscivorus, Coluber aquaticus, Le Piscivore, Tipera aquatica.

Description. — Rostral large, vertical, truncate above. Internasals tri-
angular, frontal large, longer than wide, hexagonal. Nasals two with
the nostril between them. A pair of small triangular plates behind
the parietals, which are pentagonal. Pre-oculars two or three, the
upper much the largest. Post-oculars two or three, with one or two
sub-oculars. Upper labials eight, the third the largest and entering
the eye. Ten lower labials. Anterior chin shields much larger than
the posterior. Head broad, flat on top, snout rounded. Canthus ros-
tralis sharp. Neck contracted. Body very stout. Tail short, com-
pressed, one-seventh to one-sixth of total length. Dorsal scales in 25

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 205

rows, strongly keeled. Ventrals 130-147. Anal entire. Subcaudals
39-48, more or less of which are undivided. The end of the tail with
a sharp nail.

Color. — Color above brown to blackish, with about eleven transverse
black bands alternating with as many brown bands, the latter widen-
ing on the back and with a dusky center, the black bands widening
at the sides and often with a brown area in the expanded lateral
portion. Sometimes uniform blackish brown, with numerous black
blotches beneath, black posteriorly. Head uniform brown or black
above, with a wide black band, edged above with brown and below
with yellow, extending from the eye over the angle of the mouth and
terminating on the neck. Tail uniform black, or with a few pale spots
beneath, posteriorly, sometimes banded. (Garman.)

In the young of the Cotton Mouth the colors are brighter and the
pattern more distinct.

Size. — ^A. E. Brown gives the size of a very large specimen as 1550
mm. long and 250 mm. in circumference.

Habitat. — From Southwest Virginia, south throughout
Florida, to Texas and the Rio Grande. It ascends the
Mississippi to southeast Missouri, and the Ohio to the
"Wabash River. Missouri localities: — Butler, Stoddard,
and Dunklin Counties.

The late Mr, Specking, at one time teacher in a country
school at Delta, Cape Girardeau Co., assured me that
the Cotton Mouth was plentiful in the cypress swamps of
that neighborhood. Mr. W. S. Savage of Monteer, Shan-
non Co., enumerates the Cotton Mouth from Shannon
County.

Habits. — The name "Water Moccasin," properly be-
longing to this species, is often applied to the common
Water Snake in parts of Missouri where the ' ' Water Moc-
casin" does not occur. This mistake can easily be made
as the two species resemble each other somewhat, espe-
cially old specimens. In the "Sunken Lands" of Mis-
souri the Water Moccasin is abundant along the water
courses. It may be seen on hot days basking in the sun
on water plants. When disturbed it opens its mouth,
which is mostly white on the inside. This has given rise
to the popular name "Cotton Mouth." It vibrates its

206 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

tail like a rattlesnake, but in a slower rhythm, and retreats
to the water for safety. When upon a higher log, they
tumble headlong into the water when alarmed. The Cot-
ton Mouth lives on fish, frogs, birds, smaller mammals,
and other snakes, but it is said not to devour its own kind.
Dogs and cattle bitten by this snake become very sick,
but recover in a very short time. Notwithstanding the
fact that the poison of the Moccasin has been found pro-
portionately less virulent than that of the Rattle Snake
and Copper Head, the fear it inspires is well founded for
it is much larger and heavier snake than the Copperhead.
The snake is ovoviviparous. It brings forth from two to
seven young at a time, which show the color pattern to
perfection. A Cotton Mouth, which I caught July 3rd,
near Bertig, Dunklin Co., Mo., gave birth to six young
ones on September 18th.

Dates of capture. — April 24 ; July 3 ; September 5.

81. Agkisteodon contoetrix Linnaeus. Copperhead.
Moccasin.

Boa contortrix, Ancistrodon mokason, Scytale contortrix, Cenchris
mokeson, Scytalus cuprens, Cenchris marmorata, Cenchris contor-
trix, Trigonocephahis cenchris, Trigonocephalus contortrix, Anci-
strodon contortrix, Acontias atrofusciis, Trigonocephalus atrofus-
cus, Trigonocephalus historionicus, Ancistrodon atrofuscus.

Description. — Rostral broad and high. Two internasals. Generally
three prefrontals, the median small. Frontal pentagonal, as wide as
long. Parietals about the size of the superciliaries, showing a ten-
dency to break up into small shields. Nasal divided with nostril be-
tween. Loral present, separating the posterior nasal from the supe-
rior ante-orbital. Ante-orbitals three, the inferior one very small. Post-
orbitals 3-4. Eye entirely separated from the labials by the sub-
oculars. Upper labials eight (seven), the second twice as high as
long, bounding the pit in front and reaching the loral. Lower labials
nine or ten. Head v/ide, flat, triangular with the sides in front of the
eyes vertical, with a sharp canthus rostralis. Body less stout than in
A. piscivorus. Tail short, tapering, about one-eighth the total length
and ending with a curved horn or nail. Dorsal row's 23, strongly
keeled. Ventrals 145-155. Anal entire. Subcaudals 31 to 52, all entire
except the last 8 to 18 pairs.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 207

Color. — Color above of a peculiar yellowish pink (in life), often pale
drab with a series of inverted Y-shaped brown marks on each side.
Beneath yellowish with a series of black blotches on each side. Top of
head often bright copper, whence the name "Copperhead." On the
sides of the head a white, yellowish band, which posteriorly rounds the
angle of the mouth and extends forward on the lower labials. Each
parietal with a brown spot. When born, the young snakes have vivid
sulphur-yellow tails.

Size. — Total length 1000 mm.; tail 130 mm. Another specimen, total
length 990 mm.; tail 110 mm.

Habitat. — From Massachusetts south to Florida, west
to Texas, north through Oklahoma and Kansas. Missouri
localities : — St. Louis, Jefferson, Shannon, Eipley, Howell,
Ozark, Stone, Johnson, Miller, Eandolph, Warren, Mont-
gomery, and Pike Counties. In Illinois St. Clair County.

Habits. — The Copperhead is of rather common occur-
rence. It is mostly found on shady, rocky hill-sides, and
not far from water. It feeds on birds, small rodents,
frogs, and snakes, but liecomes itself in turn a victim of
some other snakes, as the Blue Eacer (see Bascanion con-
strictor) and King Snakes. In the spring of the year I
caught two middle sized Copperheads, which I kept alive
for observation. I supplied them regularly with food
and water, but they refused to eat. They held out a whole
year, finally dying of starvation.

"When disturbed in its native haunts this snake will
generally make an effort to glide quietly away if escape
is open. If caught at close quarters, and flight be impos-
sible, it defends itself vigorously, throwing the body into
a series of irregular loops and striking in the direction
of the enemy. At such times a rapid, vibratory move-
ment is communicated to the tail, which produces a dis-
tinct, buzzing sound, if the serpent be among dry leaves.
Throughout all these manoeuvres the snake is usually
backing away in an endeavor to make a dash for safety,
by gliding into a nearby friendly thicket or among the
rocks. Like the moccasin, if held down with a stick in an
endeavor to effect its capture, it fights furiously, thrash-

208 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

ing the body from side to side in an effort to twist itself
free and often in its excitement unconsciously throwing
a portion of its body against the widely distended jaws
with their sharp fangs, which immediately close, inflicting
a wound upon itself, which is never mortal, as the ven-
omous snakes are immune to their own and to each other's
poison." (Ditmars.)

The venom of the Copperhead is to my experience more
virulent than that of the Cotton Mouth and the smaller
Rattle Snakes. This snake is a much more vicious animal
than the Eattlesnake, not only because it strikes without
giving any warning, but also because it is of a much more
aggressive nature and quick in its movements. Dr. R. E.
Kunze (American Naturalist, 17:1229. 1883), thinks that
the Copperhead does not strike from a regular coil, like
the Rattlesnake, but that its effective blow is delivered
when the middle of the body is thrown into long, almost
rectangular curves, and the head held only slightly ele-
vated above the ground. The Copperhead is ovovivipar-
ous, producing from four to nine young ones. July 27,
1895, when dissecting one of these snakes I found thirteen
embryos, each about 3" (76 mm.) long.

Dates of capture. — April 4; May 6; June 23; July 27;
September 1, 30.

Genus sistrurus.

A pair of large erectable, perforated poison fangs in front of upper
jaw; no other maxillary teeth. Loral pit and rattle present. Top of
head covered with large plates, scales keeled, with pits in 21 to 25
rows. Anal and subcaudals not divided. Size small to medium.

Key to the Species in Missouri.

Postnasal in contact with preocular. The light line to angle of
mouth begins at nostril. catcnatus.

Postnasal separated from preocular by loral. Light line to angle
of mouth begins at the eye. miliarius.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 209

82. SisTRURUS CATENATUS Rafinesque. Prairie Rattle-
snake. Massasauga.

Crotalinus catenatus, Crotalus tergeminus, Crotalus massasaugus, Cro-
talophorus tergeminus, Crotalophorus catenatus catenatus, Grotalo-
phorus massasaugus, Crotalophorus kirtlandi, Caudisona tergemina,
Sistrurus catenatus catenatus.

Description. — Rostral high, narrow, broader near the lower edge.
Canthus rostralis pronounced. Two Internasals, triangular, anterior
margin convex, the posterior concave, the outer margin raised. Two
prefrontals, the outer margin also raised. Frontal pentagonal, often
broken in several shields (three). Superciliaries large. Parietals
broad, rounded posteriorly. Nasal two, with nostril between, which is
very small. Loral irregular in shape. Preoculars 2-3, long, the upper
reaching nearest to the internasals. About four postorbitals and as
many suborbitals. Upper labials 10-13. Lower labials 12-15. Head
moderately wide, neck contracted. Body short and stout. Tail about
one-ninth of total length. Rattle small. Dorsal rows of scales 25,
keeled except the two outer rows on each side, which are smooth. Ven-
trals 136-153. Anal entire. Subcaudals 21 to 31, entire, with only
about six posterior plates divided.

Color. — Above brown, with about 30-36 deep chestnut-brown dorsal
blotches, blackish externally and with yellowish-white margins. Three
lateral series of brown blotches, which alternate with the dorsal ones
The upper series is generally much paler. A narrower band of yellowish-
white from the post-nasal below the orbit to the angle of the mouth.
There is also a grayish band from eye to eye over the anterior half of
the superciliaries and frontal; a dark brown band on the cheeks from
the eye to the neck, followed above and on the occiput by a light gray-
ish band and between these is a long brown blotch, reaching also to
the neck. Beneath the color is blackish brown and yellowish. The
end of the tail in newly born is whitish yellow. Sometimes the snakes
are of a uniform black all over. {S. kirtlandii.)

Size. — Total length 777 mm.; rattle 39 mm. Newly born are about
135 mm. long.

Habitat.— From Michigan to Wisconsin, south to Ne-
braska, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
Missouri localities : — St. Charles, Lewis, Randolph, and
Warren Counties. In Illinois, West Prairie near Mitchell,
Madison County.

Habits. — So far I have only found the Massasauga at
West Prairie, Madison Co., 111., and at Dardenne Prairie,
St. Charles Co., Mo. Both of these places are inundated

210 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

annually by high water from the Mississippi River. May
15, 1890, my son and I went over to West Prairie. The
night before the water from Cahokia Creek had over-
flowed the whole prairie from 3 to 6 inches. On every
small elevation or heap of ground we found several Mas-
sasaugas, utterly exhausted. Within two hours we had
collected tifty-nine, mostly half grown, but some very
large specimens — over 730 mm. long. We searched for
the sixtieth but did not find it. We packed the fifty-nine
in two m^edium sized minnow buckets and found them all
alive on reaching home some three hours later. From
August 22 to September 2 their young were born, from
seven to nine by each female. They were about 135 mm.
long. All had a yellow tip to the tail provided with a
button. They were ejected in a thin yellowish covering
or egg shell, which broke immediately. The first thing
the young ones did was to open their mouths as if trying
their fangs. At present a large part of that prairie has
been drained and cultivated, and the Massasaugas have
disappeared. Other animals bitten by this snake suffer
much and have troublesome swellings. On the average
this species is considerably smaller than the Timber Rat-
tlesnake, and hence less to be feared. The fangs are pro-
portionally smaller and the amount of poison injected in
a wound consequently less. They should not, however,
be tampered with. Goode includes this snake among those
which allow the young a place of safety in the stomachs
of the females.

Dates of capture. — April 15; May 20, 28.

83. SisTRUEUS MiLiARius Liunaeus. Ground Rattlesnake.
Pigmv Rattlesnake.

CrotalopJiorus miliarius, Caudisona miliaria, Crotalus miliarius, Le
Millet, yipera caudisona americana minor.

Description. — Rostral deeper than broad, perpendicular, truncate at
top. Nasals two, higher than long. Frontal as long as its distance
from the end of the snout, shorter than the parietals. Loral present,

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 211

separating the post-nasal from the preocular. Eyes separated from
the upper labials by one or two series of plates. Temporal scales
keeled. Nine to eleven upper labials. Smaller and more slender than
S. catenatus. Rattle very small. Snout with a sharp canthus. Dorsal
scales in 21 or 23 rows, all keeled, the two outer rows slightly. Ven-
trals 127-140. Anal entire. Subcaudals 25 to 36, on the terminal fifth
of the tail they are divided.

Color. — Gray, yellowish to dark brown, the vertebral line often orange.
One or two dorsal series of large, dark black-edged spots or a series of
narrow cross bars and one or two lateral series of smaller spots, two
undulating dark stripes from between the eyes to the occiput, the space
between them usually orange. A dark temporal streak with a light
streak below, extends from below the center of the eye to the angle
of the mouth, whitish yellowish beneath, speckled and spotted with
dark brown. A light stripe over the superciliaries and frontal from
eye to eye.

Size. — Total length 550 mm.; tail between one-seventh and one-eighth
of that length. Another specimen total length 520 mm.; tail 70 mm.

Habitat. — From South Carolina south to Georgia and
Florida, west through Alabama, Louisiana and Texas, up
the Mississippi Valley through Mississippi, Arkansas and
southern Missouri. Missouri localities : — Stone, Oregon,
and Shannon Counties.

Habits. — I have never found one of these Pigmy Rattle-
snakes myself. One specimen in mj collection came from
Mitch, Oregon County, sent to me by my friend, Mr. Rob-
ert Lotze, who had a farm in that neighborhood. He
found it in clearing away the debris in a shanty on the
farm. Those from Stone County were collected by Mr.
Lee Earll, guide at Marble Cave. From one he had taken
seven embryos, August 19th, each about 165 mm. long.

Mr. R. L. Ditmars in his Reptile Book gives the fol-
lowing:— "Owing to its diminutive size, this species is
the least formidable of the North American Crotaline
Snakes. By many, however, it has been argued that the
Coral Snake, {Elaps fulviiis) should be placed last on the
list as regards the virulency of the bites of venomous ser-
pents inhabiting the United States. The writer cannot
agree with this contention. Although the fangs of the
Coral Snake may be smaller than the weapons of the

212 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Pigmy Rattlesnake, the former serpent is provided with
a more powerful poison which makes up for the deficiency
in size of the venom conducting teeth and possibly a
smaller amount of poison discharged from them."

So small is the rattle of this species that its whirring can
only be heard a few feet away. The Pigmy Eattler is fond
of frogs but will also eat small rodents and very young
birds. It is ovoviviparous.

Genus ckotalus.

A pair of large, erectable, perforated poison fangs in front of tlie
upper jaw. Loral pit and rattle present. Top of head covered with
small scales. Dorsal scales keeled (outer sometimes smooth), with
pits, in 23-31 rows. Anals and subcaudals not divided.

84. Ceotalus horridus Linnaeus. Timber Rattlesnake.
Banded Rattlesnake. Northern Rattlesnake.

Crotalus durisstis, Crotalus horridus var. atricaudatus, Crotalus atricau-
datus, Crotalinus cyanurus, Caudisona horrida, Uropsophus duris-
sus, Urocrotalon durissus, Catcdisona durissus, Crotalophoruit hor-
ridus, Vipera caudisona americana.

Description.— Ho&iY&l higher than broad, prefrontals two. Two nasals,
the anterior larger, nostril in the posterior one. Two rows of small
plates behind the nasals. Two anteorbitals, the upper the larger, the
lower smaller, forming the upper margin of the pit. Four to eight
scales between the supraoculars, two to four between the suborbitals
and labials. Upper labials fifteen, lower eighteen. A pair of large
elongated chin shields. Head broad, triangular, flattened above. Snout
blunt. Eyes small. Superciliaries large, projecting over the eye.
Pupil elliptical, vertical. Neck contracted abruptly behind the head.
Tail short, compressed, not tapering. Scales in 23-25 rows, strongly
keeled, excepting the outer row on each side, which is either smooth or
obsoletely keeled. Ventrals 165-178. Anal entire. Subcaudals 18-25,
undivided.

Color. — Color above brownish yellow to almost black, posteriorly, with
transverse zigzag bands of chestnut bro"wn, edged with black and bor-
dered outside the black with yellow, anteriorly with three series of
brown spots bordered in the same manner. Beneath yellowish, more or
less blotched and speckled with black at the sides. Head uniform
brown above, with a wide brown band extending from the eye obliquely
downward and backward over the angle of the mouth. Tail black in
adults, banded in young. (Garman.)

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 213

gi-ze. — Total length 1080 mm.; tail 114 mm., with ten rattles. Dit-
mars reports the largest Timber Rattler he ever examined came from
Missouri. He gives the following measurements. Total length just six
feet(1829 mm.); 2% inches (63 mm.) in diameter at the thickest part
of the body. The head was proportionately very small, showing a total
width of 1% inches (47 mm.). The rattle had 14 uniform segments.

Habitat. — New England to northern Florida, west to
eastern Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas. Missouri locali-
ties : — Once very common throughout the state but being
rapidly exterminated. In Illinois, St. Clair County (Fall-
ing Springs).

Habits. — The Timber Rattler is mostly found on bluffs
and hill-sides exposed during the greater part of the day
to the sun. They seem to prefer large ledges composed of
flat rocks.

Ditmars in his Eeptile Book gives the following ac-
count : — ' ' About such rugged situations large numbers of
rattlesnakes gather in the fall, preparatory for the
hibernating season. They appear to find the same places,
year after year, making their way from the adjoining tim-
ber and lesser ledges as if led by some strange, instinctive
power. On the main ledge, they coil sociably in great
clusters to enjoy the sun of "Indian summer" — but only
for a limited number of days, when they retire into the
deep fissures for the winter's sleep. Such places are the
so-called "snake dens". During the summer they are
mostly found in the woods and fields nearby, but it seems
they do not wander very far from their winter quarters.

"In a wild state, the Banded Rattlesnake prefers flight
to combat and, though rattling harshly when disturbed,
will generally glide away, sounding its warning note as it
goes. If cornered it will fight bravely, assuming a loose
irregular coil, and striking with such dexterity that the
eye can scarcely follow the movement. It strikes gener-
ally a third, sometimes half its length, but never springs
bodily as alleged by the writers of sensational snakci
stories. Nor is it necessary for the snake to be coiled
to deal a blow. While retreating towards shelter it will

214 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

often turn and from a crawling position draw back the
head by contracting the neck into an S-shaped loop, and
strike readily."

The Timber Rattlesnake feeds on warm blooded ani-
mals, such as small rabbits, squirrels, rats, mice, and birds.
Into the cage containing a large specimen I introduced
a young cat, which the snake struck almost immediately.
In about fifteen minutes the cat was dead, but was not
touched by the snake for a whole day. In this time putri-
fication had set in, but on the morning of the second day
the cat had disappeared. The Timber Rattler is ovo vivi-
parous, bearing from nine to twelve young, which are
about 300 mm. long. The young are provided with thQ
button, representing the future rattle.

Dates of capture. — April 4, 26; May 18; October 1, 16;
November 20.

The Rattle.

'*A persistent and popular idea is to the effect that the
age of a snake may be told by counting the rings or seg-
ments of the rattle. With the majority of specimens such
calculation is impossible. According to the popular and
incorrect opinion, the snake acquires a new joint or ring
of the rattle every year, and if one desires to ascertain
the age of the rejDtile it is simply necessary to count the
number of rings composing the rattle, and, by allowing a
year for each ring, the age of the serpent is known, but
this theory is wholly incorrect and very misleading.

"In the first place, the rattlesnake acquires from two
to three rings of the rattle each year. The rattle seldom
attains a length of more than ten to thirteen rings as when
that number has been acquired the vibration at the tip,
when the organ is used, is so pronounced that additional
segments are soon worn, broken and lost.

"When the young Rattlesnake is born, it is provided
with a soft button on the tip of the tail. Within a few

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 215

days after birth the young Rattlesnake sheds its skin and
commences feeding, taking small mice, or other young
rodents. It grows rapidly and in about two months sheds
the second skin when the first ring or segment of the
rattle is uncovered. This has been steadily developing
under the old epidermis and at such times its presence
was apparent in the swollen appearance at the base of
the original button. Immediately after the shedding of
the skin, this ring is black and soft. It loosely encases the
base of the button, and, after a few days, when the seg-
ment has become thoroughly dry and the tail is shaken,
a faint, buzzing sound is produced — this is caused by the
loosely attached button rasping against the dry segment
to which it is fastened. Now that the button has become
detached from the base of the tail, it becomes a dull straw
color — the general hue of the rattle. At this time the
snake has a rattle in miniature. Every succeeding seg-
ment is produced in exactly this fashion.

"It can thus be appreciated that if the rattle of a snake
possesses the original button of birth, we may estimate
the age of the reptile hj allowing tlie button and first
ring for about the first nine months — this including the
period of the first hibernation, and counting each three
additional rings as a year. The reptile usually sheds its
skin three times during Jie warm season, in the spring,
during mid-summer and in the fall. If the button has
been lost through wear or accident and the rattle has a
distinctly tapering outline toward its tip, the number of
lost segments may be estimated, but if all the segments
are of uniform size, it will be understood that the rings
of youth have been lost and possibly many others. With
such a specimen there is no way of ascertaining the age. ' '
(Ditmars.)

The Poisoning Appaeatus.

Dr. S. Weir Mitchell gives an account of the Rattle-
snake, its bite and poison in the third chapter of "Re-
search upon the Venom of the Rattlesnake," published

216 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

in 1860 by the Smithsonian Institution in Contributions
to Knowledge, entitled "The Physiological Mechanism
of the Bite of the Crotalus." This same paper was given
in a more popular form in the Century Magazine, Vol.
38, August 1889.

"When the Rattlesnake is in repose and unmolested, it
sometimes lies at length, sometimes coiled, or wrapped
fold on fold in the loops formed by other snakes which
may happen to be in the same box. So soon, however,
as cause is seen for alarm, the snake extricates itself, if
among others, and at once throws its body into the coil
so familiar to anyone who has seen serpents, whether
venomous or not. Sometimes on the edge, more often in
the center of the coil, the tail projects far enough to admit
of its vibrating freely and with singular swiftness.

' * The head is raised a little above the rest of the body,
but not, usually, more than three or four inches, even in
large snakes. The neck and upper end of the trunk are
not thrown into complete circles, but lie in two or three
abrupt curves across the mass of the coiled body. While
thus at bay, in an attitude of singular grace, the long black
tongue is frequently protruded. Just before the blow the
snake makes a hissing sound, which is caused by the act
of expiration, and is due to the passage of air through
the narrow glottis. The snake is now ready to strike.

"It has occurred to me that in telling my story it might
be well to show in a popular shape its results. To make
it clearer, I must first explain the mechanism which en-
ables the serpent to use its poison.

' ' We have in America as venomous serpents the Rattle-
snake, the Water Moccasin, the Copperhead, and the
beautiful Coral Snake. India is pre-eminently the home
of the poisonous snakes. The Cobra is most abundant, but
the Ophiophagus elaps is the most dreaded, and attains
at times the length of fourteen feet. Unlike the Cobra
and the Crotalus, this serpent is viciously aggressive, anri
will pursue a man with ability.

"Among the Vipers the Dahoya is entitled to rank ap

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. ■ 217

a poisoner close to the Cobra, and the Crotalidae are rep-
resented by a number of snakes which are somewhat less
effective slayers than the Cobra. All of the great family
of Vipers have substantially the same mechanical arrange-
ment for injecting their venom. When not in action the
two hollow teeth known as fangs lie pointing backwards,
wrapped in a loose cloak-like cover, a fold of the soft skin
of the interior of the upper jaw. At the base of each of
these fang teeth is an opening connected with a tube run-
ning backwards under the eye to an almond-shaped gland
which forms the poison. This gland holds in its cavity
a supply for use. Over the gland runs a strong muscle,
which is ordinarily employed to close the mouth by lifting
the lower jaw, to which it is made fast. A little circular
muscle around a part of the duct keeps it shut and pre-
vents waste of venom.

"Previously we have left the snake thrown into i'^
coil, carrying its head ready for an attack. The snake
does not pursue but waits. Little animals he scorns unless
he is hungry, so that the mouse or the toad he leaves for
days unnoticed in his cage. Larger or noisy creatures
alarm him. Then his head and neck are thrown far back,
and with an abrupt swiftness the jaws widely separated,
he strikes once and is back on guard again, vigilant and
brave. The blow is a stab, and is given by throwing the
head forward while the half-eoils below it are straightened
out to lengthen the neck and give power to the motions
which drive the fangs into the opponent's flesh; as they
enter, the temporal muscle closes the lower jaw on the
part struck, and thus forces the sharp fang deeper in.
It is a thrust aided by a bite. At this moment the poison
duct is opened by the relaxation of the muscle which sur-
rounds it, and the same muscle which shuts the jaw
squeezes the gland, and drives its venom through the duct
and the hollow fang into the bitten part.

''In so complicated a series of acts there is often fail-
ure. The tooth strikes on tough skin and doubles back

218 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

or fails to enter, or the serpent misjudges distance and
falls short and may squirt the venom in the air, doing no
harm.

"A snake will turn and strike from any posture, but the
coil is the attitude always assumed when possible. The
coil acts as an anchor and enables the animal to shake
its fangs loose from the wound. A snake can rarely
strike beyond half its length. If both fangs enter, the
hurt is doubly dangerous, because the dose of venom is
doubled. At times a fang is left in the flesh, but this does
not trouble the serpent's power as a poisoner, since num-
berless teeth lie ready to become firmly fixed in its place.
The nervous mechanism which controls the act of strik-
ing seems to be in the spinal cord. Snake charmers gen-
erally have the fangs of their snakes pulled, or they are
daily teased into biting a bundle of rags tied to a stick.
They are then too tired to be dangerous. After three or
four fruitless acts of instinctive use of their venom they
give up, and seem to become indifferent to approaches,
and even to rough handling.

"When a man or an animal is bitten by a poisonous
snake, death may take place in a few minutes. It has
followed in man within a minute, but unless the dose given
be enormous, or by chance enters a vein, this is very un-
likely. Usually the animal struck gives a cry, and very
soon becomes dull and languid. The heart, at first en-
feebled, soon recovers, the respirations become slower and
weaker and more weak, paralysis seizes the hind legs, the
chest becomes motionless, and at last death follows,
usually without convulsions. If the animal should chance
to survive over a half hour, the part bitten swells, darkens,
and within a few hours the whole limb may be soaked to
the bone with blood, which has gotten out of the vessels
and remained fluid in place of clotting. What is at first
local by and by becomes general, and soon the blood every-
where ceases to have power to coagulate. Then leakages
of the vital fluid occur from the gums or into the walls of
the heart, the lungs, brain, and intestines, and give rise

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 219

to a puzzling variety of symptoms, according to the nature
of the organ thus disordered. These phenomena make the
second stage of poisoning, and with them there is, in
finally fatal cases, a continuous and increasing damage to
the nerve centers that keep us alive by energizing the mus-
cles which move the chest walls and so give rise to the
filling and emptying of the lungs. The animal bitten per-
ishes by slow suffocation.

"The deadly apothecary does not succumb to its own
drug, but other snakes readily succumb.

"The popular notion of the immunity of some animals
has little foundation. Cold-blooded creatures die slowly
from snake bite, and the hog escapes only because it does
not get seriously bitten. His bristles, tough skin, and
clever mode of attack save him. Little pigs are often
bitten and die like other creatures.

"The size of the serpent, the time which has elapsed
since it has bitten, determines also the extent of damage
it can do. The nervous mechanism which controls the act
of striking seems to be in the spinal cord, for if we cut a
snake's head and then pinch the tail, the stump of the
neck returns and with some accuracy hits the hand of the
experimenter, if he has the nerve to hold on. ' '

Dr. L. Stejneger in his "Poisonous Snakes of North
America" (1895) gives an adventure of Mr. George Cat-
lin on the Rio Trombute, one of the tributaries of the
Amazon. The story as told by Mr. Catlin's companion is
to the effect that Mr. Catlin having shot at the head of a
huge Rattlesnake had apparently missed it, as the snake
was seen to strike and hit him in the breast, where it left
a bloody spot on the shirt. The dress was torn open and
one of his half-breed companions prepared to suck the
poison out of the supposed wound; but looking a moment
for the puncture, he got up, and with a smile of exultation
he said, "There's no harm; you'll find the snake without
a head. ' ' In the weeds nearby the snake was found, close-
ly coiled up, where it had fallen, with its headless trunk
erect and ready for another spring, the head having been

220 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

shot off. If we make some allowance for the necessarily
high coloring of the narrative and the exaggeration almost
inseparable from an account of an occurrence so strange
and exciting, there seems to be no good reason to doubt
that it took place in the main as related."

The Charming or Fascinating Powder of Poisonous

Snakes.

In his work "The Poisonous Snakes of North America"
Dr. Stejneger gives the following :

''The popular belief in the power of the poisonous
snake to 'charm' its victims into a state of helplessness
is by no means exterminated. In spite of all that has
been argued and explained against it there are people
still who profess to have ocular proof of this power. Time
and again it has been related by trustworthy observers
how birds or small mammals have been seen to approach
the coiled snake, drawn toward it as by a magic spell they
were unable to withstand; how, under the influence of an
excitement which made them forgetful to everything
around them, apparently dreading the terrible fate await-
ing them yet unable to avoid it, they finally ventured too
near, only to be hit by the lightning stroke of the hitherto
almost motionless snake, whose only sign of life consisted
in the following of the victim's mad eiforts with the
staring eyes and the incessant darting out and in of the
rapid tongue. Many of these blood-curdling tales are un-
fortunately embellished with such absurd details, evi-
dently the children of an inflamed imagination, as to throw
discredit on the whole story. It is not uncommon to hear
it stated that the eyes of the snake were emitting fire, and
that the unfortunate victim finally darted directly into
the widely expanded mouth of the expectant reptile.

"In spite of these extravaganzas, however, there is evi-
dently enough truth in the numberless observations of
this nature to keep the scientists busy trying to evolve

Hurter—Herpetology of Missouri. 221

a theory by which to explain so much of the stories as
appeared worthy of being admitted as facts."

In all my experience of hunting and collecting rep-
tiles for over thirty years, I have never witnessed any
of these so-called "charming exhibitions."

The Treatment of Snake Bites.

"Evidently the first thing to ascertain is whether the
case is really that of a bite by a poisonous snake. If con-
sisting of one or two isolated punctures, the wound is
almost certain to be caused by a poisonous bite, and the
distance between the two punctures will usually give a
clew to the size of the snake and consequently to the pre-
sumable degree of poisoning. If the snake or its head are
secured, the identification may be comparatively easy,
as all our poisonous snakes, with the exception of the
Coral Snake, are readily recognized by the pit between
the eye and the nostril.

"In very severe and acute cases, in which the venom
has been injected directly into the circulation, no matter
by what kind of snake, the chances for recovery are very
slight indeed. The only chance in such cases seems to be
to stimulate the nervous centers as speedily as possible,
the best known means to this end being injection of large
doses of strychnine, if necessary, intravenously, until
tetanic effects are obtained and the patient roused from
the coma which has probably seized him. This result
obtained, other systematic or local remedies, as the case
may require, can then be applied.

"A similar treatment also seems advisable in such
cases of slow poisoning in which the patient has already
reached a stage of collapse, or coma, before assistance can
be rendered, provided not more than twenty-four hours
have elapsed since the bite was inflicted, in which case
injections of strychnine seem inapplicable.

"If in case of slow poisoning help can be administered
very soon after the infliction of the wound and the venom

222 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

has been localized by ligatures and minimized by incision
of the wound, sucking, or, better, cupping of the blood,
the treatment next to be applied depends upon whether
the offending snake is a Pit Viper or a Coral Snake, for
if it was a rattlesnake, a copperhead or a water moccasin,
attention should at once be directed to the local lesion,
unless the state of the patient imperatively demands an
immediate stimulant, in which case small doses of alcohol
may be useful. Apparently the best treatment of the local
lesion is a 1 to 100 solution of chromic acid injected into
the incised wound, the punctures of the fangs, and into the
surrounding swelling, as quickly as circumstances will
allow, since the success of this treatment depends upon
the chemical reaching and destroying the venom before
it is absorbed into the circulation. Kneading of the tis-
sues surrounding the wound in order to bring the venom
and chemical in close contact may be useful. If chromio
acid is not at hand, chloride of gold, permanganate of
potassium, etc., may be substituted.

''There does not seem to be any necessity for amputa-
tion in a case where hypodermic injection of any of these
chemicals can be applied. It can only be recommended
in such extreme cases in which these remedies are not to
be had, and the danger is great. But even in this case
the amputation must follow quickly or not at all.

"The local lesion having been attended to, the general
systematic treatment may commence, as by this time the
venom has probably already entered the circulation, it
being necessary occasionally to loosen the ligatures for a
moment to prevent mortification. Alcohol in small doses
and washing out of the stomach may now be in order, as
well as the administration of suborific and diuretic reme-
dies, preferably extract of jaborandi. Hypodermic in-
jections of 15 to 20 minims of liqu. strychinae repeated
every twenty minutes until slight tetanic spasms appear,
seem to be warranted. Constant watching for relapses,
:and attention to the local lesion will do the rest.

liurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 223

''The action of the venom of the Elapid snakes (Coral
snakes) being so much more rapid and the local changes
so insignificant as not to cause any great alarm, the
chances are that when the patient asks for help and treat-
ment the venom has already entered the circulation, and
that attempt to destroy any appreciable quantity of the
poison in the wound would be futile. However, whenever
possible this should not be neglected. The usual first
treatment would nevertheless be general, viz., the admin-
istration of stimulants, suborifics and diuretics as in-
stanced above, since the danger from a quick paralysis of
the nerve centers is so much greater in these cases.

''It may be well to emphasize here, that in the case of
children the amount of antidotal remedv to be adminis-
tered must not be judged by the age of the child, but by
the amount of venom to be counteracted, as well as by the
character of the snake, and it is worth remembering in
this connection — beside the different action of the cro-
talid and the elapid snakes — that the degree of danger
chiefly depends upon the size of the snake; that of our
pit vipers the rattlesnake is the most dangerous, the cop-
perhead less so, and the water moccasin the least so, al-
though in itself not to be trifled with.

"As for the preliminary treatment before medical
assistance can be obtained or rational remedies applied,
but little can be added to the old methods employed. The
first thing to be done is to tie a strong ligature or two, a
string or a handkerchief, between the wound and the
heart, whenever practicable ; next, cutting deeply into the
punctures so as to make the blood flow freely ; sucking out
of the blood from the wound, a procedure perfectly harm-
less, unless the person doing it has an open wound in the
mouth; next, a careful loosening of the ligature so as to
admit a small quantity of fresh blood to the ligated mem-
ber in order to prevent mortification ; next, administration
of a stimulant; if at hand, small doses of an alcoholic
liquor being given internally at frequent intervals; if

224 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

alcohol is not at hand, and a stimulant appears imperative,
a small dose of ammonia might be given, but only very
shortly after the bite, not on a later stage when it will
certainly do harm, at least in cases of poisoning by rattle-
snake, copperhead, or water moccasin; if the patient has
to wait for the arrival of a doctor, now is the time to try
all reliable means to produce a profuse perspiration.

''There maj" occasionally be such extreme cases in
which amputation and cauterization by heat or otherwise
would be the only available remedies, but as a rule such
barbaric treatment need not to be resorted to, and in most
cases would probably be a cure worse than the disease.

"Prof. Kauffmann's own directions for the injection
of this fluid (chromic acid) are as follows:

"Two or three drops of an aqueous solution (1 to 100)
of chromic acid, or permanganate of potash are injected
with a Pravaz syringe exactly into the puncture of each
fang. It is necessary to let the liquid penetrate into the
tissues to the same depth as the venom; the injection
must, therefore, be more or less deep according to the
size of the snake. To make absolutely sure, three or four
more similar injections are made a little distance around
the point bitten.

"If, at the time of treatment, the swelling has already
obtained a certain size it may be necessary to make injec-
tions into various points of the tumor. After the injec-
tions the part is pressed gently with the hand so as to dis-
tribute the injected fluid in all directions and facilitate its
mixture with the venom. Next, some punctures are made
with the point of a knife. Usually a rather large quantity
of yellowish serosity flows from the wound, mixed with a
part of the injected fluid. In order to facilitate this dis-
charge the swelling should be kneaded repeatedly with
the hand. Then the surface should be washed with the
permanganate or the chromic solution, and a small piece
of lint soaked with one or the other of these liquids ap-
plied. If, after some time, the swelling continues to grow,

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 225

additional injections into the parts must be made as well
as punctures. With this treatment the tissues preserve
their vitality; the skin does not turn black but remains
red. The microbes are destroyed by the injected agents,
which act as antiseptics as well as antidotes."

I have copied the treatment for snake bites from Dr.
Leonard Stejneger's elaborate work, entitled ^'The Pois-
onous Snakes of North America," published by the Smith-
sonian Institution in 1895.

Subclass iiai)sida.
Primarily with single or united temporal arches.

Order TESTUDINATA.

The order Testudinata is divided into three suborders,
which may be defined as follows :

No solid carapace, the vertebrae and ribs being separated from a
shell consisting of a mosaic of numerous small polygonal bony
plates imbedded in a leathery skin; no descending process of
the parietal bone; limbs without claws. Athecae.

A solid carapace of a few large symmetrical bony plates, not sep-
arated from the underlying vertebrae and ribs; parietals with
descending processes; limbs with at least one claw each.

Body covered with horny scutes arranged differently from
the bony plates beneath; epiplastra and hyoplastra in
contact, not separated by entoplastrcn. Center of last
cervical and first dorsal vertebrae articulating with each
other. Fourth digit never with more than three pha-
langes. Jaws covered by horny sheath, not concealed
under the fleshy lips. Laminifera.

Body covered by an undivided leathery skin without scutes;
epiplastra separated by entoplastron from hyoplastra.
Last cervical vertebra articulating with first dorsal by
zygapophysis only. Fourth digit with more than three
phalanges. Jaws concealed under fleshy lips.

CMlotae.

Suborder LAMINIFERA.

Distinguished by the horny plates which externally cover the shell.

The horny-shelled turtles belong to two different super-
families, the Testudinoidede, corresponding to the groups

226 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Cryptodira, and the CJielydoideae, equal to the Pleurodira.
Only members of the first group enter our State.

Superfamily Testudinoideae.

Neck bending by a sigmoid curve in a vertical plane; cervical verte-
brae without or with mere indications of transverse processes; cen-
trum of the last cervical articulating with the centrum of the first
dorsal. Mandible with articular concavities; outer border of tym-
panic cavity deeply notched; pterygoids narrow in the middle, in con-
tact on the median line. Pelvis not anchylosed to the carapace and
plastron. Digits with not more than three phalanges. Epiplastra in
contact with hyoplastra; entoplastron, if present, oval, rhomboidal or
T-shaped. A complete series of marginal bones connected with the
ribs.

Family Testudinidae.

Web-footed turtles having the nuchal plate without costiform lateral
processes.

The Terrapins constitute the bulk of the species and
genera of turtles, widely distributed in the temperate and
tropical countries. They live in streams, lagoons, or on
land, and are both vegetable and animal feeders. Some
species are highly estimated as delicacies. (Stejneger.)

Subfamily Chelydkidae.

Nuchal plate with long costiform processes underlying the marginals.
Plastral bones nine. Shell covered with epidermal shields. Caudal
vertebrae mostly opisthocoelous. Neck completely retractile within
the shell. Temporal region incompletely roofed over. No parieto-
squamosal arch. Digits moderately elongate. Phalanges with condyles;
claws four or five.

Genus chelydra.

No supramarginal shields. Orbit directed outwards and upwards.
Tail with large shield inferiorly.

85. Chelydra SERPE]srTiN"A Linnaeus. Common Snapping
Turtle.

Testudo serpentina, Emys serpentina, Chelonura serpentina, Emysaura
serpentina.

Description. — Head rough, covered with soft skin. Snout short, point-
ed. Eyes superior. Interorbital space narrow. A small pointed pro-

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 227

jection at the symphysis of jaws. Alveolar plate narrow. Carapace
rugose, with three tubercular keels in adult and young, becoming grad-
ually smoother with age. Vertebral shields much broader than long,
at least three-fourths the width of the costals. Marginal plates exclu-
sive of the nuchal 24. Plastron small, leaving the limbs exposed, cov-
ered with five paii's of scutes. The bridge very narrow; two or three
inframarginals at the outer end of the bridge. Feet broad, webbed to
the nails. Fingers five, all with nails. Toes five, the outer one without
a nail. The outer border of all the limbs with a sharp fold of skin.
Tail long and pointed, nearly as long as, or longer, than the carapace
in young, two-thirds or three-fourths the length in half-grown and adult.
A strong crest of large compressed tubercles along the median line,
which are supported by a bony core. Each side of the tail with smaller
tubercles. Under side with two rows of large scales. Skin of neck,
under jaw, body limbs and tail covered with wrinkles and large and
small warts. A pair of small barbels at the chin.

Color. — Color of carapace chestnut brown to black. Plastron and
soft skin whitish or yellowish. Head and upper neck brown.

Size. — A good sized specimen — total length, head and tail outstretched
712 mm. Length of carapace 300 mm.; width 264 mm. Length of
plastron 225 mm. Length of tail 280 mm. Circumference of head 250
mm. Weight 19.5 kilograms.

Habitat. — From southern Canada throughout the
United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, to Mexico
and Ecuador in South America. In Missouri it is found
in nearly every stream and pond.

Habits. — The Common Snapping Turtle is mostly found
in and near creeks, lakes, ponds and sloughs. It prefers
muddy water but nevertheless is also found in clear water.
When seen away from water it may either be looking for
a place to deposit its eggs or may be crossing from one
stream to another. While collecting in St. Clair Co., 111.,
in a slough I used what I thought a moss-covered rock
for a stepping stone. My foothold began moving and I
discovered that I was standing on the back of a thirty-
pound Snapping Turtle, which I did not omit to carry
home with me. The Snapping Turtle is carnivorous and
lives wholly on tish, crayfish, frogs, small rodents and
small and young water fowl. A farmer once told me that
he lost many a young duck on account of the Snapping

228 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Turtles in a pond nearby. He witnessed the capture of a
duckling by a Snapping Turtle on the pond. My son,
while collecting around a clear water slough, saw the
head of a turtle sticking out among the rubbish. Mistak-
ing it for another turtle he reached down. He withdrew
his hand almost immediately but not before the turtle had
torn quite a triangle into the palm of his hand. The
wound gave him considerable trouble for some time.
Thirty years ago no one would eat a Snapper, but now
it is considered a delicacy and brings a good price on the
market. The Snapping Turtle deposits her eggs in holes
along the banks of creeks in June, and covers up the holes
so nicely that only an expert can discover them.

Genus macrochelys.

Head very large, with symmetrically disposed shields above. Orbits
looking outward and forward. Alveolar plates very broad, strong
pointed projections at the symphysis of the jaws. Carapace with three
prominent keels, which persist throughout life. Three scales on each
side between the costal and the marginal rows. Tail with three series
of tubercles above, inferiorly covered with small scales.

86. Macrochelys lacertina Schweigger. Alligator Snap-
ping Turtle.

Chelonura temminckii, Emysaurus temmincfcii. Gypochelys lacertina,
Macroclemys temminckii, Macroclemmys temminckii, Macroclemys
lacertina.

Description. — Head extremely large, broad behind, tapering rapidly
to the acuminate beak and snout. Beak of upper jaw projecting be-
yond the lower and strongly hooked, the outline of the cutting edge
rising from the point of the beak, then descending to the middle, and
again rising to the corner of the mouth. Lower jaw turned up into
a strong hook. Head covered with large symmetrical plates. Eyes
lateral and widely separated. Neck short, which has, like the chin,
many small dermal flaps. Carapace furnished with three prominent
keels, which do not vanish with age. Each median scute rises poste-
riorly into a knob, which is largest on the hindermost vertebral scute.
The lateral keel is located on the upper ends of the costal scutes. Be-
tween the lower ends of the anterior three scutes and the marginals
are three or four supra marginals. Posterior border of the carapace
serrated. The tail is about three-fourths the length of the carapace,

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 229

furnished atove with three rows of low tubercles, below with rows of

smaller scales.

Size. — Total length from end of beak to tip of tail 1525 mm.; length
of carapace 625 mm.; width of carapace 533 mm.; length of plastron
445 mm.; length of tail from vent 354 mm.; circumfei'ence of tail at
vent 265 mm.; length of head 229 mm.; circumference of head 635 mm.;
circumference around widest part of body 1245 mm. Weight 148
pounds or 67.5 kilos.

Habitat. — Elvers and lagoons. All tlie rivers emptying
into the Gulf of Mexico from western Texas to western
Florida, northward to the "Sunken Lands" of Missouri.
Once common in the Mississippi River. Missouri locali-
ties : — Cottonwood Point, Caruthersville, Pemiscot Co.,
and in Stoddard and Butler Counties!

Habits. — Ditmars in his Reptile Book gives the follow-
ing very interesting account of this giant fresh-water
turtle.

''Its pale brown hues well match the muddy waters it
inhabits. With its colors in perfect harmony, it lies mo-
tionless on the soft bottom, ready to seize, with lightning-
like dart the unsuspicious fish that comes its way. While
thus resting it is able to entice its prey by a remarkable
appendage attached to the inside of the lower jaw, close
to the region of the tongue. This is a well-developed
filament of flesh, white and distinct from the yellowish
mouth-parts and resembling a large grub to such a degree
of nicety that the popular-minded observer, seeing the ob-
ject in the reptile's mouth would declare it to be the larva
of some insect. More striking, however, is the reptile's
power to keep this appendage in motion, giving it the
aspect of crawling about in a small, circular course.

"With the mud-colored shell lying close to the bottom,
the jaws thrown open to a great extent, this organ is put
in motion. Every other portion of the creature is as
motionless as a rock. In this position of rigidity the shell
looks like a great, round stone and blotches of fine, moving
moss intensify the deception; the big head looks like an-

230 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

other stone, beneatli which there is a cavern and in this
cavern crawles the white grub, to all appearances an ob-
ject dear to the hearts of finny wanderers. But woe to
the luckless fish that swims within the reach of those
yawning jaws!"

The strength of the jaws of this turtle is enormous.
The specimen from Caruthersville — of which I have given
the dimensions above — would, when teased with a broom
stick, break it in two.

Subfamily Kinosternoidae.

Head large, pointed in front; snout projecting. Eyes situated far
forward. Lower jaw terminating in a sharp point. Neclc completely
retractile within the shell. Carapace elongate, convex, smooth. Plastron
moderately large, rounded in front, truncate or slightly emarginate
behind. Limbs slender. Feet short. Digits moderately developed and
webbed. Five fingers and four toes with claws. Tail terminating with
a nail. Males with a patch of small horny, keeled tubercles ©n the
hinder side of the leg and another below the thigh.

Key to the Missouri Genera.

Plastron narrow, its hind lobe not more than one-half the width
of the carapace. Wings of abdominal plate narrow, not grooved
behind. Head of moderate size, with no plate above.

Aro7nochelys.

Plastron wider, its hind lobe considerably wider than one-half the
carapace. Wings of abdominal plate wide, with a deep groove
behind. Head large with a rhomboidal plate above.

Kinosternon.

Genus aromochelys.

Two species of Aromochelys occur in the State of Mis-
souri, distinguished from each other as follows :

T^YO yellow stripes on side of head from tip of snout, above and
beneath the eye, to the neck. Carapace of adult not keeled.

odorata.

Two yellow stripes on side of head, one from snout above the eye
to the neck, the other from above the angle of the jaw to the
neck. Carapace in adult not keeled. tristycha.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 231

87. Aromochelys odorata Latreiile. Common Musk
Turtle. Stink Turtle.

Testudo pennsylvanica, Testudo odorata, Testudo glutinata, Emys odo-
rata, Terrapene odorata, Terrapene boscii, Cistudo odorata, Sterno-
thoerus odoratus, Staurotypus odoratus, Ozotheca odorata. Cinostei'-
num odoratum, Aromochelys odoratus.

Description.— Head large, snout conical, jaws very strong. No point
at symphysis of upper jaw. Two to four gular tentacles. Numerous
small tubercles in series on the skin of the neck. Shell elongate, con-
vex, smooth or with an indistinct vertebral ridge in adults, distinctly
keeled in young. Nuchal plate small, elongate and widest behind in
adults. First dorsal about half as wide behind as in front, the three
following dorsals hexagonal; last dorsal about half as wide before as
behind. Costals very large. Marginals, excepting one on each side of
the tM'o caudals, narrow and elongate; the two marginals next the
caudals equal to the caudals in size and about twice the width of the
other marginals. Plastron small, rounded anteriorly, emarginate poste-
riorly. A single small gular; postgulars small, pectorals large. Axil-
laries and inguinals meeting, and with the wings of the large ab-
dominal plates forming the bridge between the plastron and the cara-
pace. Anterior feet with three transverse scales on their anterior
surface and with a few small ones on the palms. Hind feet with trans-
verse scutes on the heel. Digits 5-4, claws sharp and curved. Skin of
legs and tail with numerous papillae. A curved nail on the end of the
tail.

Color. — Shell brownish black above and below in adults, more or less
yellowish in young. Often shell is streaked with darker. The seams
of the plastron are marked with yellow. Head greenish olive or black
with several stripes of yellow. A narrow stripe extends from the tip
of the snout over the eye to a spot on the side of the head and along
the neck. Another stripe of the same color extends from beneath the
nostril underneath the eye to and along the neck. There is a short
stripe on each side of the lower jaw, which may continue posteriorly on
the skin of the neck.

Size. — Length of shell 121 mm.; width of shell 80 mm.; depth 45 mm.

Habitat. — Southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, west-
ward to Missouri in the north and to Texas in the
southern portion. Missouri localities: — Caruthersville,
Pemiscot Co., Gainesville, Ozark Co., Carthage, Jasper
Co., Osage River. In Illinois, Madison and St. Clair
Counties.

Habits. — The Musk Turtle frequents slow-running
streams, muddy lakes and sloughs. When picked up it

232 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

emits a strong odor. I have often found them out of
water early in the morning. Otherwise they seldom leave
it. Frequently they are caught on fish hooks baited with
small fish or worms. Ditmars gives an experiment he
made with several of these turtles. He kept them in a
deep aquarium without means of leaving the water or of
obtaining a foothold on top to breathe. The test continued
for several weeks. These turtles either crawled along the
bottom of the bank or swam leisurely to the surface
for a breath of air. They fed readily and from all indi-
cations would have lived indefinitely under such condi-
tions. Pond turtles or River turtles — terrapins — if thus
treated would have soon become exhausted and ultimately
succumbed by drowning. The eggs are 28 mm. long by
1& mm. in diameter, cylindrical with spherical ends.

88. Aromochelys tristycha Agassiz. (Southern Musk
Turtle.

Ozotheca tristycha, Sternothoerus tristycha.

Description. — Agassiz in his Contributions to Natural History of the
United States, on page 425, says: "Although Ozotheca odorata varies
greatly, not only in color, but even in outline, I have no doubt that this
Is a distinct species, characterized, when young, by the great prominence
of the keels upon the vertebral and costal plates and by numerous dark
dots between the scales of the sternum and, when adult, by a marked
difference in the form of the snout. In Ozotheca odorata the snout is
much more prominent on account of the slope of the upper jaw, which
extends further back and is therefore less steep, than in 0. tristycha,
the lower jaw of which is broader below the symphysis than in Ozotheca
odorata, and suddenly turned up."

The upper shell is more elongated, while the forward, central shield
of the carapace is much narrower.

Color. — The color of the upper and lower shields is like that of the
preceding species. There is a narrow stripe from the snout, extending
over the eye, thence back upon the neck. Beneath this is a second
stripe, extending from slightly above the angle of the jaw, backward
upon the neck. The chin has spots in place of the two light bands of
A. odorattis. With some specimens the head bands are very obscure.
These are generally old individuals and the head is brown, streaked or
speckled with black. (Ditmars.)

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 233

Habitat. — Texas to Florida. Agassiz states in his Con-
tributions to the Natural History of the United States,
''This species is only found in the Western and South-
western States." He says he has received many speci-
mens collected by Mr. G. Stolley in the Osage River in
Missouri and in Williamson Co., Texas.

Habits. — The habits of the Southern Musk Turtle are
no doubt similar to those of the preceding species. Up
to this date I have not been able to secure a specimen
from the Osage River. The specimen I recorded from
Ozark Co., Mo., (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 13: 82. 1903.)
proved after a careful examination to be A. odoratus.

Genus kinosternon.

Head large, v/ith a large rhomboidal plate above. Plastron almost
equal to length of carapace, with its anterior and posterior lobes nearly
equal in length, both freely movable on the middle fixed portion and
capable of closing the shell. Posterior lobe emarginate behind, its
angles rounded. Carapace elongate, convex and smooth in the adults.
Tail with a terminal nail.

89. KiNosTERNON LouisiANAE Baur. Louisiana Mud Turtle.

Description. — Shell much like K. pennsylvanicum, but more elongate.
Skull different. The lateral hook in the middle of the maxillary very
much developed and very sharp. Median hook on symphysis not so
strong. Postorbital arch stronger than in E. pennsylvanicum. Lower
jaw very strong, ending in a sharp point; symphysis of lower jaw larger
than vertical diameter of orbit. Pour barbels, two just behind the
symphysis near together, and two farther behind more separated.

Color. — A yellow-orange stripe from snout over upper part of orbit
along the neck; another one from the angle of the mouth to the neck.
Limbs and necks olive gray, a few yellow spots on top of posterior
part of head. Lower jaw with grayish yellow dots and lines. Webs
more developed than in K. pennsylvanicum.

Size. — Length of carapace 106 mm.; width of carapace 74 mm.;
length of plastron 103 mm.; width of front lobe at hinge 53 mm.;
width of rear lobe 48 mm.

Habitat. — Louisiana westward well into Texas and up
the Mississippi Valley to Southeastern Missouri. Mis-
souri localities: — Butler County.

234 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habits. — The habits of the Mud Turtle are strictly
aquatic. They prowl about the muddy bottoms of rivers
and ponds in search of food. My son caught this turtle
in Grinnell's Lake, near Poplar Bluff, Butler Co., April
29, June 6, and September 5th.

Subfamily Emydinae.

Web-footed turtles having the nuchal plate without costiform lateral
processes.

The terrapins constitute the bulk of the species and genera of turtles,
widely distributed in the temperate and tropical countries. They live
in streams, lagoons, or on land, and are both vegetable and animal
feeders. Some species are highly esteemed as delicacies. (Stejneger.)

Shell bony, moderately depressed or strongly convex, covered with
horny plates, of which there are five dorsals, eight costals, one nuchal,
twenty-two marginals, two caudals, twelve sternals, and generally two
axillaries, and tv/o inguinals. Head of moderate size, covered with a
smooth, soft skin, retractile within the cavity of the shell. Jaws naked.
Digits 5-4, generally fully webbed, rarely imperfectly so.

■ Key to the Geneea in Missouei.

Plastron and carapace immovably united by a bony symphysis;
no hinge across the middle of plastron.
Alveolar surface of jaws narrow.

Alveolar groove well marked, except in front; toes
strong, broadly webbed and spreading; hind feet
largest; carapace rather flat. Chrysemys.

Alveolar surface of jaws broad.

Alveolar surface of upper jaw with a submedian
ridge, parallel to margin; toes short and strongly
webbed; head with thin, hard skin; upper jaw
notched in front. Pseudemys.

Alveolar surface of jaws smooth; in front part of
upper a deep groove; toes short; head covered
with soft skin; upper jaw not notched in front.

Malaclemys.

Plastron and carapace united by a cartilaginous lateral suture;
plastron hinged across the middle.

Body short and high; plastron rounded or truncate in
front and behind; feet nearly free of webs.

Terrapene.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 235

Genus chrysemys.

Alveolar surface of upper jaw rather narrow, widest behind. Median
ridge not prominent. Upper jaw with a notch in front, on each side
of which there is a small tooth. Shell broad and flattened, no con-
centric grooves on shields. Claws long.

Key^ to the Species op Missouri.

Carapace smooth and rounded, without a keel and not serrated at
the rear margin.

Bright red markings on upper and lower marginal shields
of carapace. Carapace dark olive, the shields with
narrow yellowish margins. Plastron blood red in life,
with an obsolete oblong dark patch in the middle.

treleasei.

Carapace dark olive or brown, the shields with narrow or
no yellow margins, but traversed by vein-like yellow
lines. Plastron with symmetrical black markings over
the larger part. belli.

Carapace dark olive brown, the shields with narrow yel-
lowish margins. The yellow median stripe along the
back is broader than in any other species. Plastron
plain yellow. dorsalis.

90. Chrysemys treleasei, n. sp.' Trelease's Turtle.

Description.- — Carapace depressed, quite smooth on the middle part.
No keel in the adult. The young of the first to the third year have a
faint keel. Nuchal elongate, nearly rectangular. The second, third and
fourth vertebrals are hexagonal, the anterior suture of the second and
the posterior one of the fourth concave. The two intermediate sutures
are straight or nearly so. The lateral sutures of these't'hree scales have
a sinuous projection outward in the middle to connect with the sutures
of the costals. Costals plicated longitudinally for nearly one-half from
the outer edge. Marginals adjoining the two middle costals alao with
one or two longitudinal pliae. Plastron large, as long as the opening of
the shell, front and hind edge truncate. The shortest median suture
is between the humerals. Inguinal and axillary large, the latter the
larger. In old specimens the median and transverse sutures of the
plastron are followed by one or two parallel pliae.

Head moderate, snout short, a little projecting. Upper jaw with a
small median notch and a small cusp on each side, the edge not or but
slightly serrated. Alveolar surface moderately broad, with a feeble

* Named in honor of Professor William Trelease, President of the Acad-
emy of Science of St. Louis.

236 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

median ridge. Digits webbed to the claws, which are of medium length
in the adult. Vent projecting outside of the shell in the male.

Color. — Carapace dark brownish olive or black. The yellow borders
of the scales very narrow and do not form bands right across the back.
A yellow narrow streak along the median line of the back. The top of
the marginals is lined with crescentic and straight yellowish lines.
On the underside these lines are red. The plastron is uniform blood-
red in the adults, which color partly fades away in alcoholic speci-
mens. When the red has faded the plastron sometimes shows a faint
long and wide blackish mark. In the young of the first year, the red
plastron is divided into squarish fields by the proportionately wide
yellow sutures. These markings disappear after the third year. On
top of the shell all the sutures are of a rather wide band of grayish.
The soft parts are dark brown or blackish, nicely marked with yellow,
symmetrical lines and bands on the head, and orange red bands on
the neck, limbs and tail. The yellow bands under the chin usually
form a fork in the middle, the prongs projecting backward. Another
yellow line starts from below the nostrils, runs through the posterior
end of the jaws, ending below the orbit. Two yellow lines start also
at the nostrils, running through the eye, the lower one — the wider —
on the side of the neck to the body, the upper one stopping above the
tympanum. There are numerous narrow lines parallel to these heavier
ones.

Size. — Length of carapace 146 mm.; width of same 110 mm.; total
depth 51 mm. Length of plastron 141 mm.

Habitat. — So far I have only found this turtle on the
east side of the Mississippi Eiver, in Madison^ St. Clair,
and Monroe Counties, 111.

Habits. — The Red-bellied Turtle used to be common in
the slow running creeks, ponds and sloughs some thirty
years ago, but is now quite scarce. Wading in the shal-
low sloughs I found most of my specimens in June.

91. Chrysemys belli Gray. Bell's Turtle.

Chrysemys cinerea var. belli, Chrysemys oregonensis, Chrysemys nut-
talii, Chrysemys pulchra, Chrysemys picta part, Clemmys oregonen-
sis, Clemmys picta var. & and c, Emys oregonensis, Emys tclli.

Description. — Shell depressed; no keel; uniformly concave above;
margins nearly continuous; a very slight notch behind; nuchal plate
elongated, nearly parallel and notched in front. Plastron truncate be-
hind; outer angles of gulars projecting. Head medium in size; jaws
weak. Fingers and toes fully webbed; nails strong and sharp. (Gar-
man.)

Hurler — Herpetology of Missoun. 237

Color. — Color above greenish olive with narrow yellowish lines fol-
lowing the sutures. Some of the shields are traversed by vein-like
lines of the same color. Marginals above with about three transverse
lines, the median of which reaches the inner margin of plate and some-
times joins a yellow band along the outer margin. Marginals beneath
with a broad band traversed by yellowish stripes. Within the fields
formed by these stripes are dark circular spots with a yellowish cen-
ter. The connection between the plastron and marginals has three,
sometimes interrupted, yellowish red stripes. The plastron is red
with the central region occupied by a large blackish lyriform blotch,
which is marbled by pale yellow and sends rays out along the sutures.
Head and legs are striped with red. A yellowish stripe from below
the nostril in front to the end of the jaw. Two other lines of the
same color join at the nose, run to and through the orbit, and end
above and below the tympanum. Three other yellowish red stripes, one
starting at near the corner of the mouth, the other through the tym-
panum and the third on the occiput, run parallel along the neck to the
body. A yellowish stripe starts at the symphysis of the lower jaw, be-
hind which it bifurcates and with another one in the middle of that
space runs back on the lower side of the neck to the body. Besides this
the whole head and neck are marked with a number of very narrow
yellowish parallel lines. On the front side of the fore legs are four
reddish stripes, one on each side and two in the middle, which reach
to the end of the fingers. Webs largely pale yellow. On the posterior
side of the hind legs are two reddish yellow bands, which start from
the body, running nearly parallel and converging at the tail, from
where they run out in a single stripe on the lower end of the tail to its
tip. On each side of the upper side of the tail are also two of these
stripes, which join and run out to the end of this member.

Si2:e.— Length of carapace 160 mm.; width of same 116 mm.; depth
of shell 63 mm. Length of plastron 150 mm.

Habitat. — From Minnesota to the Eocky Mountains,
south to Texas. Common on both sides of the Mississippi
Eiver in the neighborhood of St. Louis. Missouri locali-
ties:— St. Louis, St. Charles, Montgomery and Pettis
Counties. Illinois localities: — Randolph, Monroe, St.
Clair, Madison, and Adams Counties.

Mr. G. Stolley, who collected a number of these turtles
in the Osage Eiver, and Dr. George Engelmann, of St.
Louis, sent Professor Agassiz the material which he de-
scribed in his Contributions to the Natural History of the
United States, Vol 1, 1857.

Habits. — Bell's Turtle is common in the neighborhood

238 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

of St. Louis, nearly every pond or slough, or slow running
creek being inhabited by it. They are seldom found in the
Mississippi Eiver, preferring quite muddy water. On a
sunny day one may observe small colonies of them lying
on partly submerged logs. At the least noise they drop
into the water. In February, while the creeks are still
covered with ice, they may be seen lying at the bottom.

92. Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz.

Chrysemys picta var. dorsalis. Chrysemys picta part, Clemmys picta
var. d.

Description. — Size and structure of the shell like the preceding, ex-
cept that the carapace is more elliptical in outline, and the dorsal
scales are proportionally wider. Margin of the costal scales plicated.
Sternum uniformly yellow, deep red in spring. The yellow median line
along the back is broader than in any other species of Chrysemys. The
marginal scales are not so highly ornamented. The head markings as
well as those of the feet and tail are similar to the preceding species.
The young are nearly circular in outline and the reddish-yellow streak
on the back very pronounced.

Size. — Length of carapace 100 mm.; width 88 mm.; height 33 mm.
Length of plastron 87 mm.

Hahitat. — From the Gulf of Mexico up the Mississippi
Eiver to the southeastern part of Missouri. Missouri
localities: — Dunklin, Stoddard and Butler Counties.

Habits. — This is a truly aquatic turtle found in lakes
or creeks and common in the extensive overflow of the
St. Francis River in the ** Sunken Lands."

Genus pseudemys.

Carapace moderately depressed, posterior part of margin slightly ser-
rated. Young with a distinct keel. Plastron truncate in front, emargl-
nate behind. Wings of pectoral and abdominal plates well developed.
Axillary and inguinal plates rather large and about equal in size.
Alveolar surface of jaws rather wide, with a median ridge parallel to
their margins. Digits 5-4, fully webbed. Fingers with long, slightly
curved claws. The clawless fifth toe of the hind foot forms an angular
projection on the posterior edge of the foot. Fore legs covered with
band-like scales. - '.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 239

Key to the Species of Missouri.

Ridges on alveolar surfaces of jaws smooth. Both jaws with,
smooth edges.

With a broad red or orange stripe on each side of head.
Carapace with yellow stripes. elegans.

Without orange stripe on head. Markings of head and
neck obscure. Carapace without yellow stripes.

troosti.

Ridges on alveolar surfaces of jaws tuberculate. Lower jaw with

serrated edges. texana.

93. PsEUDEMYS ELEGANS Wied. Elegant Turtle.

Emys cumherlandensis, Trachemys elegans, Emys elegans, Ghrysemys
scripta var. elegans, Ghrysemys elegans, Clemmys elegans, Emys
holbrookii, Trachemys holbrooJcii.

DescHpfiow.— Carapace broad, moderately compressed, convex, with
a slight keel in the young. Posterior marginal plates obtusely ser-
rated. Surface of carapace smooth or wrinkled longitudinally. Nuchal
very narrow. Plastron truncate in front and emarginate behind. An-
terior lateral angles of the gulars produced. Longest suture of the
plastron the one between the abdominals, the shortest the one between
the humerals. Upper jaw with a median notch, lower jaw with a corres-
ponding median hook. Bridge rising rapidly to the margin of the cara-
pace.

Color. — Color of the carapace olive, with lines and spots of yellow and
black. On the vertebral scutes the lines run mostly lengthwise, on the
costals transversely. Down the middle of each costal scute runs a yel-
low band of varying width. Parallel with it are other lines and bands
of black and yellow, narrow or wide. On both the upper and lower
surfaces of the marginal scutes are sutural spots, consisting of con-
centric circles of yellow and black. Between them a yellow band
crosses each marginal. The plastron is yellow, with a black blotch on
each scute, these often ocellated with yellow. The spots on the bridge
usually confluent. Head with numerous narrow stripes of greenish
or yellow. A broad stripe starts under the eye and runs back on the
neck, being met at the angle of the jaw by a stripe from the middle
of the lower jaw. Another stripe, blood-red in life, yellowish when pre-
served, starts at the posterior corner of the eye and runs back on the
neck. The legs and tail are striped with yellow. (Hay.)

The specimen of which the measurements are given has the plastron
entirely black with the exception of the front edge of the gulars, the
outer edge of the post-gulars and preanals, which are yellowish.

Size. — Length of carapace 230 mm.; width 152 mm.; depth 102 mm.
Length of plastron on median line 218 mm.— sometimes as long as
260 mm.

240 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Habitat. — The Cumberland Turtle is found inhabiting
the territory from South Carolina to Mexico and north
along the tributaries of the Mississippi to the Yellowstone.
Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, Butler, Stone,
Pemiscot, Newton, Saline, Pettis, and St. Charles Coun-
ties. Osage Eiver (L. Agassiz). Illinois: — St. Clair and
Madison Counties.

Habits. — This species is rather common in the neighbor-
hood of St. Louis on both sides of the Mississippi. It is
truly aquatic. I had some in captivity which became very
tame and fed out of my hand.

94. PsEUDEMYS TKOosTii Holbrook. Troost's Turtle.

Emys troostii, Chrysemys troostii, TracJiemys troostii.

Description. — Shell moderately convex, the slope gradual in front and
expanded above the insertion of the posterior legs, slightly depressed
inwardly. Third, fourth and fifth dorsal plates with an obscure, round-
ed ridge. Costal plates and the first and fifth (sometimes all) dorsals
longitudinally plicated. Nuchal narrow, long; the two adjacent mar-
ginals with the outer edges projecting. Posterior four marginals of
each side without outer angles, each with a marginal notch. Plastron
a little rounded in front, nearly truncate. Outer angles of the gulars
projecting considerably, the anterior edge roughened. Plastron broadly
emarginate behind. Head rather large, jaws strong, the upper with a
median notch, the lower with a corresponding hook. Tympanum well
marked. Feet strong, the posterior pair much expanded and strongly
webbed. Claws on front feet very long and slightly curved. Those
on the hind feet only about half the length of the anterior ones.

Color. — Carapace greenish olive mottled and blotched with black.
The black confined mostly to the margins. Marginals beneath with
black oblong spots. Plastron pale yellow and black, the latter extend-
ing along the median suture as a wide, black stripe. The black stripes
on the transverse sutures are not as wide. Head dusky, obscurely and
finely mottled above and on the sides, below^ narrowly striped with
greenish. Jaws horn-color with vertical dashes of black on the upper,
and longitudinal ones on the lower. Feet and tail dusky yellow with
indefinite markings.

Size. — Length of carapace 224 mm.; width of same 163 mm.; depth
;88 mm. Plastron 186 mm. long.

Habitat. — Mississippi Eiver and its tributaries from
the Gulf to northern Missouri. Missouri localities : — St.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 241

Louis, Stoddard, Pemiscot, and Pettis Counties. (Osage
River, Agassiz). In Illinois, Monroe, St. Clair, and Madi-
son Counties.

Habits. — The Troost's Turtle is common in the Missis-
sippi River and in the adjoining lakes and sloughs left
by the receding water. They are mostly captured by
seining. With Pseudemys elegans a great many are sent
to the markets of eastern cities. On a visit to Baltimore
many years ago I found at a fish market a barrel full of
these two turtles, which the owner told me had come from
St. Louis.

95. Pseudemys texana Baur. Texas Turtle.

Chrysemys texana.

Description. — Shell very thin behind, flaring; posterior border ser-
rated, longitudinally plicated. Nuchal long and slender. Shell not
much elevated. Plastron emarginated, slightly in front, stronger be-
hind. Skull small. Edge of upper jaw smooth, with a slight notch
in front; edge of lower jaw strongly serrated with a hook at the sym-
physis. Upper and lower alveolar surfaces of both jaws with large,
tooth-like tubercles. A strong fringe is formed by the scales on the
outer edge of the front legs.

Color. — Upper shell brown, with yellow concentric rings. Plastron
yellow or with brown markings. A yellow streak from the point of the
nose on the median line of the head to the occiput. A yellow streak
starts over the eye, widens at the side of the occiput, and continues
along the side of the neck. Another streak commences on the upper
hind corner of the eye and ends in the shape of a hook in front of the
tympanum. Another heavy streak starts at the middle of the lower
jaw and, arriving below the tympanum, sends a branch upward towards
the eye. Three very strong and some slender yellow stripes on the
lower face of the neck.

Size. — Length of carapace 232 mm.; width of same 177 mm.; depth
of shell 74 mm. Length of plastron at the median line 208 mm.

Habitat. — Northern Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and
western Missouri. I received my first specimen of the
Texas Turtle from Mr. J. H. Black, of Baxter Springs,
Kansas, who caught it in Newton Co., Missouri. The sec-
ond one came from Mr. J. C. Miles, of Carthage, Mo.,

242 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

who stated that they were often caught when seining in
Spring River, Jasper Co. Spring River flows into the
Neosho River, a confluent of the Arkansas. A third speci-
men I found dead on the edge of a creek near Paris,
Texas.

Habits. — This terrapin occurs principally in rivers with
muddy beds.

Genus malaclemys.

Shell depressed with a distinct keel. Bridge wide, with the axillary
and inguinal processes well developed, the latter united to the fifth
costal plate. Entoplastron lying wholly in front of the suture between
the humerals and pectorals. Jaws with the alveolar surface broad to
very broad and entirely without a median ridge. Skull without a bony
temporal arch. Digits strongly webbed. (Hay.)

Key to the Species of Missouri.

Comma-shaped yellow mark behind each eye. Keels of second and
third dorsal plate concave before the tubercles. lesueuri.

Spot behind the eye not comma-shaped. Keels of second and third
dorsal plates uniformly convex before the tubercles.

geograpMca.

96. Malaclemys lesueuri Gray. Map Turtle. Saw-back
Turtle.

Emys lesueurii, Emys pseudo-geograpMca, Malacoclemmys lesueurii,
Malaclemys lesueurii, Malaclemys pseudo-geograpMca, Malaco-
clemmys pseudo-geographicus, Clemmys pseudo-geographicn, Orapte-
mys lesueurii, Graptemys pseudo-geographica.

Description. — Shell oval, depressed, rising roof-like to a distinct me-
dian keel. Posterior border of some or all of the vertebral scutes with
each a prominent tubercle, largest on the second and third vertebrals.
Shell strongly serrated behind. Nuchal with a notch in its hinder bor-
der. Plastron with its hinder lobe not much over one-half the width
of the carapace; a broad shallow notch in its hinder border. Bridge
broad and flat, rising little towards the carapace. Head of males
small; that of the females rather large. Cutting edge of upper jaw
smooth, convex, the jaw not notched in front; the alveolar surface of
moderate width, wholly separated in front by soft skin. Lower jaw
smooth, concave cutting edges, not hooked at the tip. Limbs well de-
veloped; the digits webbed to the bases of the claws. Tail of male, as
with most of the turtles, bringing the vent beyond the edge of the car-
apace. (Hay.)

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouii. 243

Color. — Color of the upper surface of the carapace olive or brownish,
usually with black blotches on the dorsals, costals, and marginal scutes.
The tubercles on the dorsal ridge are of the same black color. Over all
the scutes of the carapace is a net-work of greenish lines. The plastron
is yellowish in the adults, with some irregular darker markings. In
the young the markings on the plastron remind one of Bell's Turtle.
Bridge uniform brownish with numerous streaks of yellow and brown.
Head, neck, limbs and tail dark green with stripes of yellow and rows
of small yellow spots. Behind the eye is a very characteristic trans-
verse, proportionately wide, streak of yellow, which runs backwards'
on the top of the head, nearly in a right angle, to the transverse blotch.
Another yellow streak from the point of the nose over the median line
of the head and between the two angular marks. A yellow spot under
the eye.

Size. — Length of shell 170 mm.; width of same 136 mm.; depth 71
mm. Length of plastron on median line 153 mm. These turtles some-
times reach a length of 254 mm.

Habitat. — Mississippi Valley north to Wisconsin, west
from Ohio to Kansas. Missouri localities: — St. Louis,
Jackson, Dunklin, Pemiscot, St. Francois, Pettis, and
Cooper Counties. Osage Eiver (M. G. Stolley). In Illi-
nois, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, and Randolph Counties.

Habits. — The Map Turtle is an eminently aquatic terra-
pin, spending its life in rivers, lakes and ponds. Some-
times quite a number of them can be seen sunning them-
selves on rocks and fallen trees. The food consists of
small fish and crayfish. Professor Garman states that he
found the bulbs of sedge in their digestive canal. Accord-
ing to Professor Louis Agassiz this species deposits its
eggs earlier in the season than any other of our fresh
water turtles. He also states that they do not lay eggs
before their eleventh year.

97. Malaclemys geogka^hica Lesueur. Geographic Ter-
rapin. Map Turtle.

Testudo geograpMca, Emys geographica, Emys megacephala, Terrapene
geographica, Graptemys geograpMca, Clemmys geograpMca, Mala-
coclemmys geograpMcus, Malaclemmys geograpMca, Malacoelemys
geograpMcus.

Description. — Carapace depressed, bluntly keeled. Keels of dorsal
plates regularly convex, posterior tubercles not very prominent. Outer

244 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

margin of posterior marginal plates slightly serrated. Nuchal narrow,
its hinder edge notched. Bridge wide, rising little toward the carapace.
Plastron slightly or not at all emarginate in front, but distinctly so be-
hind. Anterior outer angles of gulars slightly produced. Axillary and
inguinal plates about equal. Posterior margin of anal plates angulate.
Head smaller in males, larger in females. Alveolar surface of jaws
very wide, the inner edges almost meeting. Upper jaw with the cutting
edge smooth, somewhat sinuated, not notched in front. Lower jaw flat,
not hooked at the tip.

Color. — Carapace dark olive brown, marked all over with a network
of greenish lines. The tubercles of the dorsal scales are blackish.
Upper and lower marginals with diffused blackish sutural marks, which
enclose irregular lines of yellow on the underside. Head, neck, limbs
and tail dark green, almost black, with numerous lines and streaks
of greenish yellow. Behind the eye is a triangular spot of greenish
yellow, often elongated backward. Plastron yellow with the sutures
of the scutes marked with dark lines. In young specimens about 80
mm. long the plastron is marked with a large lyri-form blotch of brown,
which looks as if the colors had already faded out.

8ize. — Length of shell 180 mm.; width of same 138 mm.; depth 60
mm. Length of plastron on median line 158 mm.

Habitat. — From Pennsylvania and New York to Michi-
gan and Arkansas. Missouri localities : — St. Louis, Stone,
and Jasper Counties. In Illinois, Madison, St. Clair and
Monroe Counties.

Habits. — The Geographic Turtle is a truly aquatic spe-
cies, but is not so abundant as the preceding. It lives
almost exclusively on mollusks, as the unusual width of
the jaws would suggest. Young specimens eat thinner
shelled mollusks. This species together with the Cum-
berland and Saw-back Turtles are brought in great quan-
ties to the St. Louis markets.

Genus teekapene.

Shell high and very convex, highest before the middle. Plastron
large, rounded before and behind, capable of completely closing the
shell. The plastron is united to the carapace by a ligament, movable
on it. The axillary inguinal processes rudimentary. Plastron divided
by a transverse hinge in two movable lobes. The hinge covered by the
suture between the pectoral and abdominal scutes. Entoplastron cut
by a suture between the humerals and the pectorals. Alveolar surface
of jaws narrow, without median ridge. Upper jaw with the beak pro-

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 245

jecting downward. Choanae between the eyes. Skull without bony
temporal arch. Digits with short webs or none.

Key to the Species of Missouri.

Shell with traces of keel, rounded above, no bridge. Hind feet
with four toes. Carolina.

Shell as in Carolina. Hind feet with three toes.

kinosternoides.
Shell without traces of keel, flat above, a distinct bridge.

ornata.

98. Teerapene CAROLINA Liniiaeus. Carolina Box Turtle.

Testudo Carolina, Testudo carinata, Testiido clausa, Testudo virgulata,
Testudo incarcerata striata, Emys clausa, Emys virgulata, Emys
schneideri, Terrapene clausa, Terrapene nebulosa, Cistudo Carolina,
Cistudo clausa, Cistudo clausa clausa, Cistudo Virginia, Terrapene
carinata, Testudo tessellata minor caroliniana.

Description. — Carapace very convex with at least a trace of an obtuse
vertebral keel, which is more distinct in the young. Vertebral shields
broader than long and narrower than the costals. Posterior marginals
flared outward. Caudals directed downward. Plastron tightly closing
the shell, without trace of a bridge. Broader posteriorly than ante-
riorly, rounded in front and behind. Upper jaw hooked, the hook en-
tire. The lower jaw turned upward at the tip. Alveolar surfaces nar-
row. Limbs and feet scaly. Digits with very indistinct web. Claws
stout. Tail short.

The quadrato-jugal is rudimentary and is not connected with the
jugal. Hence the bony zygomatic arch is incomplete. The number
of phalanges in each hind foot is 2-3-3-3-2. (Baur.)

Color. — The colors of the carapace are yellow, brown or black. Some-
times the darker color predominates, sometimes the yellow. Usually
the ground is brown or reddish brown, while the yellow appears as
spots of various shapes; often radiating from the point of growth of the
scute. The ground color may appear to be yellow, relieved with black
spots. The plastron is variously ornamented with black and yellow.
The head, neck, limbs, and tail are brown, with spots of orange. Some-
times the plastron is all over ebony black. The young have a single
yellow spot on each of the scutes of the carapace. (Hay.)

8ize. — Length of carapace 128 mm.; width of same 102 mm.; depth
73 mm. Length of plastron 132 mm.

Habitat. — New England States south to the Gulf, west-
ward to the Mississippi River. So far I have only one
specimen captured on the west side of the Mississippi

246 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Eiver. (See Transactions of the Academy of Science of
St. Louis, 6: 261.) Later on I found this species quite
common in all the counties bordering the Mississippi in
Illinois — Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Randolph, and
Union Counties.

Habits. — Mr. W. C. Whelpley of Cobden, Union Co.,
111., in a letter dated July 16, 1904, gives the following
account of the Carolina Box Turtle : — ''Where to look for
terrapins. I took a sack and went to the old limestone
spring, where the water comes out on the north side of the
hill in the woods. A small stream runs down the hill
about 75 feet to a low swampy ground, which is grown
up very heavy with willows, cat-tails and swamp grasses.
This makes it a very cool and wet place the year round. I
was looking very carefully for turtles, when my eyes
fell on the top of a terrapin shell in the mud at the roots
of a large tree, where for a few feet around there was no
grass or weeds. The water was about one-half inch deep
on one side of the tree and dry ground on the other side.
I stepped over to reach the turtle, and I could see the print
or form of another shell in the mud. I then procured
a stout stick and began to probe in the mud. Within five
minutes' time, I found six turtles in this mudhole, three
feet in diameter. About ten feet from the above space
and further down the hill I found another mudhole and in
it two more terrapins ; about three feet further down in a
similar place I found three more of these animals. All
of them were under the surface of the ground except the
first one that I found. Some of them were fully eight
inches below the surface, but in each instance I found a
place, where the turtle could reach the air by raising its
head about one inch from under the water. After finding
these eleven terrapins I think I have learned where to look
for them in warm weather."

The same gentleman reports in another letter, dated
July 26, 1904, the following experience : — ' ' I was stand-
ing near a thick growth of high grass which surrounded

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 247

a bare spot of ground about tliree feet in diameter. I
heard a noise which sounded like a rat gnawing a bone.
At first I could not locate the noise. I soon found, how-
ever, that it came from the bare spot of ground. Care-
fully stepping closer, I found a large barn rat gnawing the
front edge of the shell of a Box Turtle, which lay on its
back. The rat soon saw me and ran for the barn. I picked
up the turtle, which was covered with blood. This came
from the place where the rat had gnawed the shell and
also from one hind leg which the rat had bitten. The
turtle was very, very fat, so fat that it could not entirely
close the shell. The rat had evidently attacked the hind
foot, which the turtle was unable to draw in under the
shell. I wonder whether the rat attacked the turtle v/hile
travelling. Did the rat turn the turtle over to prevent
it from getting away, or did the turtle turn on its back
to better protect itself! The turtle could not have been
turned over by accident as the ground was perfectly flat."
Mr. Whelpley also states that the Box Turtles are trav-
eling toward water at the present time (July 26). The
food of the Box Turtle consists largely of vegetnblo mat-
ter and berries, although the larvae of insects are eaten
as well as earthworms and slugs. Fat specimens are un-
able to close both lobes of the plastron simultaneously —
the pressure of one-half of the lower shell upon the fleshy
part forces open the other.

99. Terrapene kinosternoides Gray. Three-toed Box
Turtle.

Emys kinosternoides, Emys cinosternoides, Cistudo triunguis, Cistudo
Carolina var. triunguis, Cistudo clausa var. triunguis, Cistudo Caro-
lina var. cinosternoides, Terrapene triunguis.

Description. — Shell as in the preceding species. Hook of upper jaw-
notched, bicuspid. No trace of web between the digits. Only three
clawed functional digits on the hind limb.

The zygomatic arch is more incomplete, the quadrato-jugal is reduced
to a very small remnant, which has the shape of a triangle. The num-
ber of phalanges on hind foot is 2-3-3-2-1. (Baur.)

Color. — The carapace of odd specimens is yellowish (clay color).

248 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

The plastron is yellowish also. Half grown specimens very often are
marked like or similar to the Carolina Box Turtle.

Size. — Length of carapace 131 mm.; width of same 100 mm.; depth
65 mm. Length of plastron 129 mm.

Habitat. — Georgia and Florida westward to tlie Kio
Grande, up the Mississippi Valley into the State of Mis-
souri. Missouri localities: — St. Louis, Jefferson, Wash-
ington, St, Francois, Shannon, Butler, Ozark, Stone, Jack-
son, Johnson, Pettis, Marion, Crawford, Franklin, Mont-
gomery, Warren, and Lewis Counties.

Habits. — The Three-Toed Box Turtle has the same hab-
its as the Common Carolina Box Turtle. It is usually
found in shady valleys not far from water. The egg is
ellipsoidal, the major axis being 35 mm. long and the
minor 23 mm.

100. Terkapene ornata Agassiz. Painted Box Turtle,

Cistudo ornata.

Description. — Carapace short, rather depressed, the outer vertebral
region flat, without any keel even in the young. Plastron not closing
completely the shell, connected with the carapace by a short but dis-
tinct bridge. Hook of upper jaw notched. Digits without distinct
webs. Four claws on hind feet.

The zygomatic arch has completely disappeared, only a small piece
of the jugal is left. Phalanges on hind foot 2-3-3-3-1. (Baur.)

Color. — The carapace is of an olive brown to black ground color,
marked with many spots and streaks of bright yellow. These yellow
markings usually seem to radiate from a center from which each scute
begins to grow. A broad interrupted yellow line over the middle of the
back. The plastron is brightly colored, being yellow but so thickly suf-
fused with brown, that it presents an intricate network of yellow and
brown bands. The head is dark with large orange colored spots on the
sides and on the top of the head, while the neck is banded with the
same bright color. The scales of the fore limbs are bright red or
orange.

Size. — Length of carapace 101 mm.; width of same 87 mm.; height 51
mm. Length of plastron 102 mm. I have two young specimens with
egg tooth, the carapace of which is 30 mm. long and 24 mm. wide.

Habitat. — From the Rocky Mountains to Indiana,
southward into Mexico. In Southern States the species

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 249

does not range eastward to Texas. Missouri localities : — •
St. Louis, Iron, Jasper, Johnson, Eandolph, Warren, Pet-
tis, and Montgomery Counties. In Illinois, Baldwin, Ran-
dolph Co., and Addieville, Washington Co.

Habits. — I myself have only found one specimen of this
turtle in a hole occupied by a Rana areolata. Mr. Edgar
M. Parker, an enterprising naturalist of Montgomery
City, Mo., surprised me with a full set of this species
which he had collected on the prairies near Montgomery.

Suborder CHILOTAE.

This suborder consists of only one family, the Soft-
shelled or Leather Turtles.

Family Trionychidae.

Turtles covered with a soft, leathery skin; lips fleshy; nostrils at the
end of a flexible proboscis; toes webbed, with three claws. (Stejneger.)

Genus amyda.

Head slender, covered with soft skin. Head and neck completely re-
tractile. Nostril opening at the end of a fleshy proboscis. Horny
coverings of jaws concealed at the sides of the fleshy lips. Body flat-
tened, shell covered with a continuous skin, generally cartilaginous at
the margins. Digits 5-5, with large webs; first three with claws, the
fourth and fifth clawless and concealed in the webs. Aquatic.

So far I have found only two species in the State, dif-
ferentiated as follows: —

Nostril circular, having no papillae projecting into it from the
septum. mutica.

Nostril crescent-shaped, having a papilla projecting into it from
the septum. spinifera.

101. Amyda mutica Lesueue. Leather Turtle. Soft-
shelled Turtle.

Trionyx muticus, Qyvmopus muticus, Callinia microcephala.

Description. — Head long, low and pointed in front, descending rapidly
in front of the eyes, the margins of the upper and lower jaws being
concave outwardly. The horny upper jaw with a cutting edge, which

250 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

is deepest forward and bluntly toothed posteriorly. Lower jaw also
with a sharp edge and both jaws furnished with an alveolar surface,
the leathery snout ending obliquely, so that the nostrils are somewhat
under the tip. The nostrils are circular, there being no papilla pro-
jecting into them from the septum.

Body is oval and flat. No trace of a keel along the middle of the
back; often a depression instead. No spines along the anterior border
of the carapace, nor any tubercles anywhere. Callosities well developed
on the plastron of the adults, especially of the males. (Hay.)

Color. — Adults brown above, whitish below. Back irregularly blotched
with darker brown. Head with a white stripe, margined with blacl^
from the eye over the ear and descending on the neck, head and neck
below the level of the edge of upper lip white, without mottling. Under
side of the feet white or bluish-gray, never mottled, a yellowish border
around the edge of the carapace. In the young the lateral and poste-
rior margin of the carapace is banded with yellow, bordered internally
with black, and inside of that sprinkled with small brownish dots.

Size. — Length of carapace 356 mm.; width of same 305 mm.; depth
55 mm. Length of plastron 254 mm.

Habitat. — Central and northern tributaries of the Mis-
sissippi River and tributaries of the St. Lawrence. Mis-
souri localities : — Mississippi, Osage, Gasconade, and Mer-
amec Eivers.

Habits. — Ditmars in his Reptile Book gives the follow-
ing life history of this turtle: — "Old logs, protruding a
moist and slimy surface a few inches from the water,
sometimes tempt these creatures from the element for
which they are specially provided. In such situations they
lie taking a sun-bath, with limbs withdrawn beneath their
flabby "shells" and their long necks stretched to the full-
est extent, imparting the idea of as man}^ snakes, emerg-
ing from under flat stones. At the least alarm they
scramble frantically for the water, but upon reaching it
their clumsv movements are instantlv transformed.
Against the resisting surface, the broad, tin-like feet take
great purchase and the frightened reptiles disappear with
almost the agility of a scurrying school of fishes."

"The soft-shelled turtle at bay is one of the most vicious
of cold-blooded creatures. Moreover, the knife-like edges
of the jaws of large individuals are formidable weapons,

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 251

capable of badly lacerating a man's fingers, or possibly
severing a finger if seized at the joint. The soft-shell
turtle darts at the offending object with the rapidity of
the serpent's stroke. It frequently takes the hooks of the
fishermen and in its frenzy to escape is always an object
to prompt cautious manipulation."

The food of the Soft-Shelled Turtle consists of fish,
frogs, fresh-water mollusks, which are devoured in large
quantities. At the end of May up to the middle of June
they come out on the sandbars in the Mississippi River
to deposit their eggs. I have found as many as twenty-
one in one burrow. The eggs are spherical in form and
about 20 mm. in diameter.

102. Amyda spinifeea Lesueur. Spiny Soft-shelled
Turtle.

Trionyx ferox, Gyvinopus spiniferus, Trionyx argtis, Aspidonectes spini-
fer, Trionyx spiniferus, Callinia spinifera, Trionyx spinifer.

Description. — Head small, pointed. Proboscis with the nostrils at the
tip. These are crescentic in shape, a papilla projecting into each from
the septum. The horny covering of the jaws concealed at the sides by
the fleshy lips. Carapace with a low obtuse keel along the middle. A
series of spines on the front edge of the carapace, largest in the fe-
males. Whole upper surface of shell often covered with small asperi-
ties, which are often arranged on the posterior part in longitudinal
rows. Legs strong, anterior pair with several transverse scales above,
posterior with a single large scale. Feet with marginal and interdigital
webs. Digits 5-.5. The first three on each foot with claws, the remain-
ing two on each foot without claws and concealed by the web. Tail of
male projecting considerably beyond the carapace. Callosities of plas-
tron well developed on the middle and hinder part.

Color. — Carapace olive brown, blotched irregularly with darker brown
in older specimens. In others the whole top of the carapace is marked
with round, pale margined spots, those nearest the middle the largest.
The margin at the sides and behind yellowish, bounded with a black
line. A pale stripe, edged with black, extends from the top of the snout
to the eye and behind the latter continues backward and downward
to the side of the neck. A similar stripe extends backwards from each
angle of the mouth. Superior surface of the neck with small blackish
spots. Inferior surface of the same spotted and reticulated with black.
Legs above and feet above and below, as also the tail, marked with
black spots and streaks. Young examples sometimes show a line of

252 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

blackish specks on the underside of the plastron, extending from the
anterior legs to the outside of the posterior pair.

Sise. — Length of carapace 350 mm.; width of same 2S0 mm. Length
of plastron 254 mm.

Habitat. — Abnuclant in the Central States, It inhabits
the tribntaries of the Mississippi Eiver in the States of
Wisconsin, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Ohio, Penn-
sylvania, and western New York. It also occurs in the
tributaries of the St. Lawrence River, the lakes of north-
ern New York, and Lake Champlain. Missouri localities :
— Mississippi, Missouri, Osage, Gasconade, Meramec, and
White Rivers.

Habits. — The Spiny Soft Shell Turtles have habits simi-
lar to those of the preceding species.

List of Amphibians axd Reptiles so far Fouxd in the

State of Missouei.

AMPHIBIA.

CAUDATA. Salamanders.

1. Neeturus maculosus Rafinesque. Water Dog. Mud Puppy.

2. Siren lacertina Linn. Siren. Mud Eel. Two-legged Eel.

3. Amphiuma means Linn. Congo Eel. Congo Snake.

4. CryptoTyranclius alleghaniensis Daudin. Hellbender. Mud Devil.

5. Amhy stoma microstomum Cope. Small-mouthed Salamander.

6. Ambystoma tigrinuvi Green. Tiger Salamander.

7. Ambystoma punctatum Linn. Spotted Salamander.

8. Amltystoma opacum Gravenhorst. Marbled Salamander.

9. Hemidactylium scutatum Schlegel. Scaly or Four-toed Sala-

mander.

10. Plethodon erytlironotus Green. Red-backed Salamander.

11. Plethodon glutinosus Green. Slimy Salamander.

12. Spelerpes longicaudus Green. Long-tailed or Cave Salamander.

13. Spelerpes maculicaiidus Cope. Spotted-tail or Hoosler Sala-

mander.

14. Spelerpes stejnegeri Eigenmann. Stejneger's Cave Salamander.

15. Spelerpes guttolineatus Holbrook. Holbrook's Salamander.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 253

16. Spelerpes inelanopleurus Cope.

17. Spelerpes imiUiplicatiis Cope. Many-ribbed Salamander.

18. TypJilotriton spelaeus Stejneger. Veil-eyed or Blind Salamander.

19. Diemi/ctylus viridescens Rafinesque. Newt. Red Eft. Spotted or

Green Triton.

SALIBNTIA. Toads and Frogs.

20. Bufo lentiginosiis americanus LeConte. American Toad,

21. Acris gryllus LeConte. Cricket Frog. Savannah Cricket.

22. Chorophilus triseriatus "Wied. Three-striped Tree Frog.

23. Hyla carolinensis Pennant. Carolina or Green Tree Frog. Bell

Frog.

24. Hyla pickeringii Storer. Pickering's or Peeping Frog. Spring

Peeper.

25. Hyla squirella Bosc. Squirrel Frog. Southern Tree Frog.

26. Hyla versicolor LeConte. Common or Chamaeleon Tree Frog.

27. Scaphiopus Jiolhrookii Harlan. Hermit Toad. Holbrook's Spade

Foot.

28. Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard or Common Frog.

29. Rana areolata Baird and Girard. Gopher Frog.

30. Rana palustris LeConte. Spring or Swamp Frog. Pickerel Frog.

31. Rana clamitans Latreille. Green Frog.

32. Rana catesbiana Shaw. Bull Frog.

33. Rana cantabrigensis Baird. Cambridge Frog.

34. Rana sylvatica LeConte. Wood Frog.

35. Engystoma carolinense Holbrook. Carolina or Nebulous Toad.

lIEPTILIl.

SQUAMATA.

SAURIA. Lizards.

36. Crotapliytus collaris Say. Bull or Collared Lizard. Mountain

Boomer.

37. Sceloporus undulatus Bosc. Fence Lizard. Alligator Lizard.

38. Phrynosoma corniita Harlan. Horned Toad or Lizard.

39. Opliisaur^is ventralis Linn. Glass Snake. Joint Snake.

40. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Linn. Six-lined Lizard. Swift.

41. Eumeces guinquelineatus Linn. Blue-tailed or Red-headed Lizard.

Scorpion.

42. Eumeces antJiracinus Baird. Coal Skink.

43. Lciolopisma laterale Say. Ground Lizard.

254 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

SERPENTES. Snakes.

44. Natrix cyclopium Dumeril and Bibron. Cyclops or Green Wiicer

Snake.

45. Natrix rliomMfera Hallowell. Diamond-backed Water Snake.

Holbrook's Water Snake.

46. Natrix fasciata Linn. Banded or Southern Water Snake. Mocca-

sin.

47. Natrix fasciata erythrogaster Shaw. Red-bellied Water Snake.

48. Natrix sipedon Linn. Common Water Snake. Water Moccasin.

49. Natrix sipedon transversus Hallowell. Woodhouse's Water Snake.

50. Natrix graJiamii Baird and Girard. Graham's Water Snake.

51. TJiam7iopliis proxima faireyi Baird and Girard. Fairey's Ribbon

Snake.

52. Thamnopliis radix Baird and Girard. Prairie or Racine Garter

Snake.

53. Thamnopliis sirtalis Linn. Common Garter Snake. Striped

Snake.

54. Storeria dekayi Holbrook. DeKay's Snake. DeKay's Brown

Snake.

55. Storeria occipitomaculata Storer. Storer's Snake. Red-bellied

Snake.

56. Tropidoclonium lineatum Hallowell. Lined Snake.

57. Haldea striatula Linn. Little Brown Snake.

58. Bascanion constrictor Linn. Blue Racer. Black Snake.

59. Bascanion constrictor -flaviventris Say. Yellow-bellied Racer.

60. Bascanion flagellum Shaw. Coach Whip Snake.

61. PitiiopMs sayi Schlegel. Bull Snake. Pine Snake. Western

Bull Snake.

62. Heterodon platyrhinos Latreille. Blowing Adder. Spread Head.

Spreading Viper.

63. Elaphe vulpinus Baird and Girard. Fox Snake.

64. Elaplie gnttatus Linn. Spotted Coluber. Spotted Racer. Corn

Snake. Red Chicken Snake. Mouse Snake.

65. Elaphe obsoletus Say. Black Snake. Pilot Snake. Mountain

Black Snake. Rat Snake.

66. Elaphe confinis Baird and Girard. Spotted Chicken Snake. Gray

Coluber. Gray Rat Snake.

67. Elaphe spiloides Dumeril and Bibron.

68. Elaphe emoryi Baird and Girard. Emory's Snake.

69. Lampropeltis doUatus Linn. Milk Snake. House Snake. King

Snake.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 255

70. Lampropeltis getulus liolhrooki Stejneger. Salt and Pepper Snake.

King Snake.

71. Lampropeltis calligastcr Harlan. Evans' King Snake. Yellow-

bellied Snake. Brown King Snake.

72. Diadophis regalis arnyi Kennicott. Ring-necked Snake.

73. Liopeltis vernalis Harlan. Grass Snake. Green Snake.

74. Oplieodrys aestivus Linn. Rough-scaled Green Snake. Green

Bush Snake.

75. Virginia elegans Kennicott. Virginia's Snake.

76. Farancia ahacura Holbrook. Hoop Snake. Horn Snake. Sting

Snake.

77. Carphophis amoenus Say. Worm Snake. Ground Snake.

78. Tantilla gracilis Baird and Girard. Graceful Tantilla.

79. Elaps fulvius Linn. Coral Snake. Bead Snake. Harlequin

Snake.

80. Agkistrodon piscivorus LaCepede. Water Moccasin. Cotton Mouth.

81. Agkistrodon contortrix Linn. Copperhead. Moccasin.

82. Sistrurus catenatus Rafinesque. Prairie Rattlesnake. Massa-

sauga.

83. Sistrurus miliarius Linn. Ground Rattlesnake. Pigmy Rattle-

snake.

84. Crotalus Jiorridus Linn. Timber Rattlesnake. Banded or North-

ern Rattlesnake.

TESTUDINATA. Turtles.

85. Chelydra serpentina Linn. Common Snapping Turtle.

86. Macrochelys lacertina Schweigger. Alligator Snapping Turtle.

87. Aromochelys odorata Latreille. Musk Turtle. Stink Turtle.

88. Aromochelys tristycJia Agassiz. Southern Musk Turtle.

89. Kinosternon louisianae Baur. Louisiana Mud Turtle.

90. Chrysemys treleasei Hurter. Trelease's Turtle.

91. Chrysemys belli Gray. Bell's Turtle.

92. Chrysemys dorsalis Agassiz.

93. Pseudemys elegans Wied. Elegant Turtle.

94. Pseudemys troostii Holbrook. Troost's Turtle.

95. Pseudemys texana Baur. Texas Turtle.

96. Malaclemys lesueuri Gray. Map Turtle. Saw-back Turtle.

97. Malaclemys geographica LeSueur. Map Turtle. Geographic Ter-

rapin.

98. Terrapene Carolina Linn. Carolina Box Turtle.

99. Terrapene kinosternoides Gray. Three-toed Box Turtle.

256 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

100. Terraxiene ornata Agassiz. Painted Box Turtle.

101. Amyda mutica LeSueur. Leather Turtle. Soft-shelled Turtle.

102. Amyda spinifera LeSueur. Spiny Soft-shelled Turtle.

Summary.

Caudata Salamanders 19

Salientia Toads and Frogs 17

Sauria Lizards 8

Serpentes .Snakes 41

Testudinata .Turtles 17

102 species.

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri. 257

Glossary.

Allantois. — A membranous appendage of the embryos of mammals,

birds, and reptiles, — in mammals serving to connect the fetus with

the parent; the urinary vesicle.
Alveolar surface. — A flat masticatory surface of the jaws of turtles seen

just within the cutting edge.
Amnion. — A thin membrane surrounding the embryos of mammals,

birds, and reptiles.
Amphicoelous. — Said of those vertebrae that are concave at both ends.
Anal plate. — The large scale immediately in front of the vent of

serpents.
Anamniote. — Applied to fishes and amphibia in which there is no

amnion and allantois. (Embryology.)
Ankylosed. — Firmly united, as when bones are grown together.
Anteorbital. — A small epidermal plate of the head of snakes, which

lies immediately in front of the eye. If there are but three plates

between the eye and the nostril, either the anteorbital or the loral

is missing. If the plate present next the eye has its greatest length

horizontal, it is the loral; otherwise it is the anteorbital.
Axilla.— The arm-pit.
Azygous. — A plate directly behind the rostral, placed in the middle line

and, therefore, single.
Barbels. — A short worm-like process of skin about the mouth or at the

chin.
Branchiae. — Gills, as the respiratory organs of fishes, etc.
Branchial arches. — Bony or cartilaginous arches that support the gills

of fishes, or arches that correspond to these in other animals.
Bridge. — That portion of the shell of a turtle which joins the carapace

to the plastron.
Callosity. — A patch of hard skin on the plastron of soft shelled turtles.
Canthus rostralis. — A slight ridge from the eye to the tip of the snout,

separating the upper surface of the head from the side.
Carapace. — The upper portion of the shell of turtles.
Carinated. — Furnished with a keel or sharp ridge lengthwise.
Carpus. — The wrist bones connecting the fore-arm with the long bones

of the hand.
Choanae. — The internal nasals.

Clavicle. — A bone corresponding to the human collar bone.
Cloaca. — The common chamber into which the intestines, the ureters

and the genital ducts open.
Condyle. — Articulating surface of a bone.
Coracoid. — A bone or cartilage on the ventral side of an animal, which

helps to form the socket for the articulation of the arm.
Costal. — Pertaining to the ribs. The costal furrows, or grooves, of the

Caudata that run across the body between the fore and hind legs.

258 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Crown shields.— The large plates which cover the upper surface of

snakes' heads.
Dentaries. — The anterior bone of the lower jaw, the one usually hearing

the teeth.
Dermal folds. — The thiclcened ridges of skin on the back of some frogs;

the glandular folds.
Diapophysis. — The transverse process of a vertebra; here used of that"

of the sacral vertebra.
Digits. — Fingeis and toes.
Distal. — Remote from point of attachment.
Entoplastron. — One of the bones of the plastron of a turtle.
Emarginate.— Furnished with an obtuse notch.
Epicoracoid. — The portion of the coracoid bone or cartilage lying in

front of and more or less separated from the rest by a fontanelle.
Femoral. — Pertaining to the thigh. Femoral pores are found on the

under side of the thighs of some lizards.
Fontanelle.— A space filled with membrane between bones that approach

one another without meeting.
Fossa. — A depression or excavation more or less cup-shaped.
Frontals. — Plates of the top of the head of a snake.
Gastrosteges. — Transverse band-like plates on abdomen of snakes.

Ventrals.
Gular. — Pertaining to the throat; gular-fold, a fold of skin across the

throat.
Holders. — Organs of adhesion at the corners of the mouth of a tadpole,
numerals. — Scutes of the plastron of a turtle.
Hypapophysis. — A process from the median line of the under surface

of the bodies of the vertebra.
Imbricate. — Overlapping like shingles.

Inframarginals. — Scutes of some tortoises lying above the marginals.
Inguinal. — Pertaining to the groin.
Internasals. — Plates on top of snout, behind the rostral and between

the nasals in serpents.
Isodont. — Equal toothed.

Keel. — A lidge. Keeled, furnished with a sharp ridge.
Labials. — Plates that border the mouth, except the rostral. In serpents.
Larva. — The undeveloped young of some animals, as the tadpole of

frogs.
Loral. — Pertaining to the space in front of the eye. See anteorhital.

Serpents.
Mandible. — The lower jaw.

Marginals. — The plates around the carapace. Turtles.
Maxillary bones. — Those bones of the upper jaw lying behind the pre-

maxillary of each side usually bearing the outermost row of teeth.
Metacarpals. — The long bones in the hand separating the carpals from

the phalanges.
Metatarsals. — Bones in the foot separating the tarsals from the

phalanges.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri. 259

Nares. — Openings of the nose; external and internal.

Nasal plates. — Plates about the external nares. Serpents.

Nuchal. — Pertaining to nape of neck. Turtles.

Occipital. — Belonging to the hinder part of the head. Occipital plate

in serpents.
Ocellated. — Furnished with eye-like spots, spots consisting of concentric

rings.
Opisthocoelous. — Said of vertebrae which are concave at the hinder end

and convex at the anterior end.
Oviparous. — Producing j'oung from eggs that hatch after deposition.
Ovoviviparous. — Producing young from eggs which hatch before being

laid.
Palatine. — A bone of the roof of the mouth lying behind the vomer.
Palmate. — Webbed.

Papillose. — Covered with papillae or small fleshy projections.
Parasphenoid. — A broad bone underlying the brain case. Pharasphe-

noidal teeth are found in the hinder part of the roof of the mouth.
Paratoid. — A projecting gland behind the jaw on the side of the neck.

Paratoid glands of toads are elevated glandular bodies at the sides

of the back part of the head.
Pectoral arch. — The bones that support the fore limbs, as the clavicle,

coracoid and scapula.
Pedicillate. — "With a stem, stalk, or foot, like a mushroom.
Penultimate. — Next to the last.
Pineal eye.- — A minute whitish, transluscent spot showing through the

interparietal or occipital plates on the head of some lizards.
Plantar tubercles. — Tubercles on the soles of the feet.
Plastron. — The lower portion of the shell of a turtle.
Pleurodont. — With the teeth grown fast to the inner side of the bone

of the jaw.
Plicae. — Folds or grooves.

Prefrontals. — In front of the frontal in serpents.
Premaxillary. — The bones forming the anterior border of the upper

jaw, meeting in median line.
Procoelous.. — Said of vertebrae which have the anterior end concave,

the posterior convex.
Proximal. — Nearest.

Pterygoid. — A bone of the roof of the mouth lying on each side imme-
diately behind the palatine.
Quadrate. — The bone on each side of which the lower jaw of batrachians

and reptiles is swung.
Rostral. — The epidermal plate covering the snout of snakes and lizards.
Rugosities. — Roughnesses or wrinkles.
Scuta. — A large epidermal scale.
Semipalmate. — Toes half-webbed.

Septum. — A dividing wall, as that between the nasal passages.
Serrated. — With saw-tooth projections.
Sessile. — Attached without any stalk or foot.

260 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Snout. — The portion of the head in front of the eyes.

Squamosal. — A bone usually overlying the inner ear; in snakes attached
to the hinder portion of the skull and supporting the quadrate.

Subcaudals. — The large scales on the under side of the tail of a snake.

Subcircular. — Nearly round.

Subgular. — On the throat or under side of the neck.

Suborbitals. — The plates between the eye and the labials.

Superciliary. — The plates over the eye of a snake.

Symphysis. — Junctures of bones, especiallj- along the median line.

Tarsal bones. — Bones in the ankle between the long bones of the foot
and leg.

Temporal arch. — A bony bar from the upper jaw to the quadrate, over-
lying the temporal muscle, found in some tortoises.

Temporal plates. — Between the occipitals and labials.

Tympanum. — The drum-head of the ear.

Urostyle. — The rod-like posterior termination of the spinal column of
frogs.

Vent. — The opening outwardly of the cloaca.

Ventrals. — The epidermal plates on the belly of snakes. Gastrosteges.

"Vertebra. — One of the bones of the back.

Vertical plate. — In the center of the top of the head between the eyes.
Frontal plate.

Vitta. — A stripe.

Vomer. — A bone lying in the roof of the mouth just behind the pre-
maxillary, one on each side, in amphibia and reptilia.

Vomero-palatine. — The united vomer and palatine.

Xiphisternum. — The posterior segment of the sternum.

Zygomatic arch. — Temporal arch of bones in turtles.

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri.

261

INDEX.

Ablades triangulum calligaster 187
Abranchus alleghaniensis 70
Acontias atrofuscus 206

leucostoma 204
Acris 100

acheta 100

bufonia 101

crepitans 101

gryllus 100, 101, 253
bufonia 100
crepitans 100

pickeringii 101
Agama collaris 129

cornuta 133

undulata 131
Agkistrodon 204

contortrix 204, 206, 255

piscivorus 198, 204, 255
Aglossa 97
Alligator Lizard 131, 253

Snapping Turtle 228, 255
Amblystoma argus 75

carolinae 75

erythronotum 81

fasciatum 77

microstomum 72

obscurum 73

opaca 77

opacum 77

porphyriticum 72

punctatum 75

subviolaceum 75

tigrinum 73
Ambystoma 72-

californiense 73

episcopus 73

fasciatum 73

ingens 73

jeffersonianum 73
laterale 84

maculatum 73

mavortia 73

mavortium 73

Ambystoma microstomum 72, 77, 84,
252

nebulosum 73

opacum 72, 77, 252

proserpine 73

punctatum 72, 75, 77, 252

tigrinum 72, 73, 77, 252
Ambystomidae 71
Ameiva sexlineata 139
American Toad 98, 253
Amphibia 63, 252
Amphiuma 68

didactyla 69

tridactylum 69

means 69, 252
didactyla 69

tridactyla 69
Amphiumidae 68, 69
Amphiumoideae 68
Amyda 249

miitica 249, 256

spinifera 249, 251, 256
Ancistrodon atrofuscus 206

contortrix 206

mokason 206
Andrias 70
Anguidae 128, 135
Anguis capito viperino 175

flagelllformis 172

gracilis coeruleo viridis 190

ventralis 136

ventre cuprei coloris 155

viridis 190

maculatus 162
Apoda 64
Arcifera 97
Aromochelys 230

odorata 230, 231, 255

odoratus 231, 233

tristycha 230, 232, 255
Aspidonectes spinifer 251
Athecae 225
Axolotl 73

262

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Banded Rattlesnake 212, 255

Water Snake 154, 254
Bascanion 150, 169

constrictor 169, 207, 254

flaviventris 169, 171, 254
flagelliforme 172
flagellum 69, 172, 254

flagellum 172
flaviventris 171
foxii 169
fremontii 169
vetustus 171
Bascanium constrictor 169
vetustum 171
flagelliforme 172
biciucfcum 172
flagelliforme 172
piceum 172
testaceum 172
piceum 172
Batrachoseps scutatus SO
Bead Snake 196, 255
Bell Frog 105, 253
Bell's Turtle 236, 255
Black Snake 169, 179, 254
Blind Salamander 91, 253
Blowing Adder 175, 25|
Blue Racer 169, 254

Tailed Lizard 140. 253
Boa contortrix 175, 206
Boiginae 148, 195
Brachyorrhos amoenus 194
Brown King Snake 187, 255
Bufo 98

americanus 98
dorsalis 98
lentiginosus 98

americanus 98, 253
Bufonidae 97
Bull Frog 121, 253
Lizard 129, 253
Snake 173, 254

Caecilia maculata 136
Caecilians 64
Calamaria anioena 194
striatula 168

Calamita caroliuensis 105

cinerea 105

lateralis 105

squirella 108
Callinia microcephala 249

spinifera 251
Calopisma abacurum 192

reinwardtii 192
Camarataxis maculata 73
Cambridge Frog 122, 253
Carolina Box Turtle 245, 255

Toad 3 25. 253

Tree Frog 105, 253
Carphophiops amoenus 194

helenae 194

vermis 194
Carpliophis 150, 193

amoena 194

amoenus 194, 255
vermis 194

helenae 194

vermis 194
Caudata 64, 252, 256
Caudisona dnrissus 212

horrida 212

miliaria 210

tergemina 209
Cave Salamander 85, 252
Celuta amoena 194

helenae 194

vermis 194
Cenchris contortrix 206

marmorata 206

mokeson 206

piscivorus 204
Chamaeleon Tree Frog 109, 253
Chamaesaura ventralis 136
Chelonura serpentina 226

temminckii 228
Chelj^doideae 226
Chelydra 226

serpentina 226, 255
Chelydridae 226
Chilophryne americana 98
Chilotae 225, 249
Chlorosoma vernalis 189
Chondrotus microstomus 72

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri

263

Choiophilus 100, 102

nigritus 103

septentrionalis 103

triseriatus 103, 253
Chrysemys 234, 225

belli 235, 236, 255

cinerea belli 236

dorsalis 235, 238, 255

elegans 239

nuttalii 236

oregonensis 236

picta part 236, 238
dorsalis 238

pulchra 236

scripta elegans 239

texana 241

treleasei 235, 255

troostii 240
Chrysodonta larvaeformis 69
Cinosternum odoratum 231
Cistudo Carolina 245

cinosternoides 247
triunguis 247

clausa 245

clausa 245
triunguis 247

odorata 231

ornata 248

triunguis 247

Virginia 245
Clemmys elegans 239

geographica 243

oregonensis 236

picta var. b and c 236

picta var. d 238

pseudogeographica 242
Cnemidophorus 139

sexlineatus 139, 253
Coach Whip Snake 172, 254
Coal Lizard 142

Skink 142, 253
Cobra di Capello 199
Collared Lizard 129, 253
Coluber aestivus 190

alleghaniensis 179

amoenus 194

aquaticus 204

cacodaemon 175

Coluber calligaster 187
carolinianus 178
confinis ISO
constrictor 169

flaviventris 171
cyaneus 189
doliatus 183
emoryi 182
erythrogaster 155
fasciatus 154, 192
filiformis 172
flagelliformis 172

testaceus 172
flagellum 172
flaviventris 171
floridanus 178
fulvius 196
guttatus 178, 187

emoryi 182
heterodon 175
laetus 180
maculatus 178
mormon 169
mycterizans 172
obsoletus 179

confinis 180

obsoletus 179

spiloides 181
occipitomaculatus 165
ordinatus 164

sirtalis 162
ovivorus 192
pantherinus 178
porcatus 154
rhinomegas 182
rosaceus 180
sayi 173, 185
sipedon 156
sirtalis 162
spiloides 181
striatiila 168
testaceus 172
thraso 175
venustus 165
vernalis 189
vulpinus 177
Common Frog 114, 253

Garter Snake 162, 254

264

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Common ]Musk Turtle 231
Snapping Turtle 226, 255
Tree Frog 109, 253
Water Snake 156, 254
Congo Eel 69, 252
Snake 69, 252
Conocephalus striatulus 168
Contia aestiva 190

vernalis 189
Copperhead 206, 255
Coral Snake 196, 255
Corn Snake 178, 254
Coronella calligaster 187
doliata 183
evansii 187
getulus sayi 185
sayi 185
tigrina 187
Coronellinae 148, 169
Coryphodon constrictor 169
vetustus 171
flaviventris 171
Costata 97

Cotton Mouth 204, 255
Couleuvre ovivore 192

sipede 156
Cricket Frog 100, 253
Crocodilini 127
Crotalidae 148, 202
Crotalinus catenatus 209

cyanurus 212
Crotaloideae 148, 202
Crotalophorus catenatus catenatus
209

horridus 212
kirtlandi 209
massasaugus 209
miliarius 210
tergeminus 209
Crotalus 204, 212
atricaudatus 212
durissus 212
horridus 212, 255

atricaudatus 212
massasaugus 209
miliarius 210
tergeminus 209

Crotaphytus 129

collaris 129, 253
Cryptobranchidae 68, 70
Cryptobranchus 70

alleghaniensis 70, 252

horridus 70
Cryptodira 226
Cyclophis aestivus 190

vernalis 189
Cyclops Water Snake 151, 254
Cylindrosoma glutinosum 83

guttolineatum 89

longicauda 85

Daboya 216

DeKay's Brown Snake 164, 254

Snake 164, 254
Dendrophyas squirella 108

versicolor 109
Desmiostoma maculatum 73
Desmodactylus melanostictus 80

scutatus 80
Desmognathidae 91
Diadophis 150, 188, 195

arnyi 188

punctatus arnyi 188

regalis 188

arnyi 188, 255
Diamond-backed Water Snake,

152, 254
Diapsida 127
Diemictylus 94
Diemyctylus 94

miniatus miniatus 94
viridescens 94

viridescens 94, 253
miniatus 96

Elaphe 150, 176

confinis 177, 180, 254
emoryi 177, 182. 254
guttatus 177, 178. 254
obsoletus 177, 179, 254
spiloides 177, 181, 254
vulpinus 177, 254

Elaphis alleghaniensis 179
guttatus 178

vulpinus 177

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri.

265

Elaphis holbrookii 179

obsoletus 179

rubriceps 177, 178

spiloides 181
Elapinae 148, 196
Elaps 196

fulvius 146, 196, 211, 255

tenere 196, 197

tristis 196
Elegant Turtle 239, 255
Emory's Snake 182, 254
Emyclinae 234
Emydosauria 127
Emys belli 236

cinosternoides 247

clausa 245

cumberlandensis 239

elegans 239

geographica 243

holbrookii 239

kinosteruoides 247

lesueurii 242

megacephala 243

odorata 231

oregonensis 236

pseudogeographica 242

schneideri 245

serpentina 226

troostii 240

virgulata 245
Emysaura serpentina 226
Emysaurus temminckii 228
Engystoma 125

carolinense 125, 253

olivaceum 125
Engystomatidae 97, 125
Eumeces 140

anthracinus 142, 253

fasciatus 140

laticeps 140

quinquelineatus 140, 142, 143,
253
Euprepis de Catesby 140

quinquelineata et fasciata 140
Eutaenia faireyi 159

haydenii 161

proxima 159
faireyi 159

Eutaenia radix 161

melanotaenia 161
twiningii 161
saurita 159
sirtalis 162
radix 161
sirtalis 162
Eutainia faireyi 159
radix 161
saurita faireyi 159
sirtalis 162

sirtalis 162
Evans' Iving Snake 187, 255

Fairey's Ribbon Snake 159, 254
Farancia 150, 192

abaoura 192, 255

drummondi 192

fasciata 192
Pence Lizard 131, 253
Firmisternia 97
Four-toed Salamander SO, 252
Fox Snake 177, 254
Frogs 64, 253, 256
Furchenmolcli 65

Geographic Terrapin 243, 255
Georgia obsoleta 179
Glass Snake 136, 253
Gopher Frog 115, 253
Graceful Tantilla 195, 255
Graham's Water Snake, 158, 254
Graptemys geographica 243

lesueurii 242

pseudogeographica 242
Grass Snake 189, 255
Gray Coluber 180, 254

Rat Snake 180, 254
Green Bush Snake 190, 255

Frog 119, 253

Snake 189, 190, 255

Tree Frog 105, 253

Triton 94, 253

Water Snake 151, 254
Grenouille mugissante 121

taureau 121

266

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Ground Lizard 143, 253
Rattle Snake 210, 255
Snake 194, 255

Gymnopus muticus 249
spiniferus 251

Gypochelys lacertina 228

Gyrinophilus macullcaudus 86

Haldea 150, 168

striatula 168, 198, 254
Harlequin Snake 196, 255
Helicops abacurus 192
Hellbender 68, 70, 252
Helocoetus triseriatus 103
Hemidactylium 79

scutatum SO, 252
Hermit Toad 111. 253
Herpetodryas aestivus 190

flagelliformis 172

flavigularis 172

psammophis 172

vernalis 189
Heterodon 150, 175

annulatus 175

niger 176

platirhinus 175

platyrhinus 175, 254

tigrinus 175
Hierophis constrictor 169
Holbrook's Salamander 89, 252

Spade Foot 111, 253

Water Snake 152, 254
Homalocranium gracile 195
Homalopsis reinwardtii 192
Hoop Snake 192, 255
Hoosier Salamander 86, 252
Horn Snake 192, 255
Horned Lizard 133, 253

Toad 133, 253
House Snake 183, 254
Hyalinus ventralis 136
Hydrops abacurus 192

reinwardtii 192
Hyla 100, 104

carolinensis 104, 105, 253

cinerea 105

semifasciata 105

lateralis 105

Hyla pickeringii 104, 106, 253

ricliardi 109

semifasciata 105

squirella 104, 108, 253

triseriata 103

versicolor 104, 108, 109, 110,
253,

viridis 105

var. B 105
Hylidae 97, 100
Hylodes gryllus 100

maculatus 103

pickeringii 106

Iguanidae 128, 129
Ischncgnathus deKayi 164
var. B. 165

lineatus 166

occipitomaculatus 165

Joint Snake 136, 253

King Snake 183, 185, 254, 255
Kinosternoidae 230
Kinosternon 230, 233

louisianae 233, 255

pennsylvanicum 233

Lacerta carolinae 75

Cauda caerulea 140

fasciata 131, 140

griseus 139

hyacinthina 131

maculata 75

punctata 75

quinquelineata 140

sexliueata 139

subviolacea 75

tristata 140

undulata 131
Lacerte tapayaxin 133
Lacertus griseus 139
Ijaminifera 225
Lampropeltis 150, 183, 199

calligaster 183, 187, 255

doliatus 183, 254

getulus 183, 185

holbrooki 185, 255

Hurler — Herpetology of Missouri.

267

Lampropeltis rhombomaculatus 187

sayi 185
Leather Turtle 249, 255
Leiolopisma 140, 143

laterals 143, 253
Leopard Frog 114, 253
Leptophis aestivus 190

majalis 180
Lined Snake 168, 254
Llnguata 97
Liolepisma laterals 143
Liopeltis 150, 189

aestivus 190

vernalis 189, 255
Liosaurus collaris 129
Little Brovvn Snake 168, 254
Lizards 128, 253, 256
Long Tailed Salamander 85, 252
Loricata 127

Louisiana Mud Turtle 233, 255
Lygosoma laterale 143

lateralis 143

Mabuya quinquelineata 140
Macrochelys 228

lacertina 228. 255
Macroclemmys temminckii 228
Macroclemys lacertina 228

temminckii 228
Malaclemmys geographica 243
Malaclemys 234, 242

geographica 242, 243, 255

lesueuri 242, 255

pseudogeographica 242
Malacoclemmys geographicus 243

lesueurii 242

pEeudogecgraphica 242
Malacoclemys geographicus 243
Many Ribbed Salamander 90, 253
Map Turtle 242, 243, 255
Marble Salamander 77, 252
Massasauga 209, 255
Masticophis flagelliformis 172
testaceus 172

flavigularis 172

testaceus 172
Meantes 64, 66
Megalobatrachus 70

Menobranchus lateralis 65

maculatus 65

tetradactylus 65
Menopoma alleghaniensis 70
Microps lineatus 166
Milk Snake 183, 254
Millet 210
Mocassin 154
Moccasin 206, 254, 255
Mocoa lateralis 143
Molge viridescens 94
Mountain Black Snake 179, 254

Roomer 129, 253
Mouse Snake 178, 254
Mud Devil 70, 252

Eel 66, 252

Iguana 66

Puppy 64, 65, 252
Mugissante 121
Muraena siren 66
Muraenopsis tridactylus 69
Musk Turtle 231, 255
Mutabilia 64, 68

Natricidae 148, 150, 196
Natricinae 148, 150
Natricoideae 148
Natrix 150, 151, 159
cyclopium 151, 254
erythrogaster 198
fasciata 151, 154, 157, 254
erythrogaster 151, 155,

158, 254
fasciata 154
sipedon 156
transversa 157, 198
filiformis 172
flagelliformis 172
grahamii 151, 158, 254
mycterizans 172
piscivorus 204
rhombifer 198
rhombifera 151, 152, 254
sipedon 151, 154, 156, 157, 163,
254

erythrogas:ter 155
fasciata 155
fasciatus 154

268

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Natrix fasciatus transversa 157, 254
striatulus 168
transversa 151
Nebulous Toad 125, 253
Necturus 64
lateralis 65
maculatus 65
maculosus 65, 252
Nerodla cyclopium 151
erythrogaster 155
fasciata 154
holbrookii 152
rhombifer 152
sipedon 156

erythrogaster 155
fasciata 154
rhombifer 152
sipedon 156
transversa 157, 158
woodhousei 157
Newt 94, 253
Noir et Jaune 196
Northern Rattlesnake 212, 255
Notophthalmus miniatus 94
vlridescens 94

Oligosoma gemmingerii 143

laterals 143
Opheodrys 150, 190

aestivus 190, 255
Opheosaurus ventralis 136
Ophibolus calligaster 187

doliatus 183

doliatus 183
triangulus 183

evansii 187

getulus 185
sayi 185

sayi 185

triangulus calligaster 187
Ophiophagus elaps 216
'Ophisaurus 135

lineatus 136

punctatus 136

striatulus 136

ventralis 136. 253
Osceola doliata 183

doliata 183

Ozotheca odorata 231, 232
tristyoha 232

Painted Box Turtle 248, 256
Peeping Frog 106. 253
PhrynoBoma 129, 132
butonium 133
cornuta 133. 253
cornutum 133
harlanii 133
orbi<nilare 133
planiceps 133
Phyllophilophis aestivus 190
Pickerel Frog 117, 253
Pickering's Frog 106. 253
Pigmy Rattlesnake 210. 255
Pilot Snake 179, 254
Pine Snake 173. 254
Piscivore 204
Pit Vipers 202
Pituophis 150, 173
sayi 173, 25i
Pityophis catenifer sayi 173
sayi 173

rayi 173
Plestiodon anthracinus 142
erythrocephalus 140
latioeps 140
quinquelineatum 140
Plethodon 79, 81
cinereus 81, 82

erythronotus 31
erythronotus 81, 84. 252

crylhronota 81
glutinosum S3
glutinosus 73, 81, S3, 252
variolosum 83
Plethodontidae 71. 79. 91
Flenrodira 226
Potamophis striatula 168
Prairie Garter Snake 161, 254

Rattlesnake 209, 255
Proteida 64
Proteocordylus 70
Proteus 64

maculatus 65
tetradactylus 65
Protonopsis horrida 70

Hurter — Herpetology of Missouri.

269

Psammophis flagelliformis 172

flavigularis 172
Pseudemys 234, 238

elegans 239, 241, 265

texana 239, 241, 255

troosti 239, 240, 255
Pseudobranchus 66

Racine Gaiter Snake 161, 254
Rana 113

aquatica 114

arborea 105

areolata 113, 115, 249, 253

capito 115

circulosa 115
berlandieri 114
bilineata 105
cantabrigensis 114, 122, 253

cantabrigensis 122
catesbiana 114, 119, 121, 253
clamata 119
clamitans 114, 119, 253
conspersa 121
dorsalis 100
flaviviridis 119
fontinalis 119
gryllus 100
halecina 114
holbrookii 111
horiconensis 119
maxima americana aquatica

121
melanota 119
mugiens 121
nigriscans 119
oxyrhynchus 114
palustris 113, 117, 253
pennsylvanica 123
pipieas 113, 114, 121, 162, 253
scapularis 121
silvatica 123
sylvatica 114, 123, 253
temporaria cantabrigensis 122

sylvatica 123
utricularia 114
virescens 114
virginiana 114
viridis arborea 105

Ranaria melanota 119

Ranidae 97, 113

Rat Snake 179, 254

Red Backed Salamander 81, 252

Bellied Snake 165, 254
Turtle 236
Water Snake 155, 254

Chicken Snake 178, 264

Eft 94, 253

Frog 123

Headed Lizard 140, 253
Regina grahamii 158

leberis grahami 158
Reptilia 127, 253
Rhiptoglossi 127
Rhynchocephalia 127
Ring Necked Snake 188, 255
Rough-Scaled Green Snake, 190, 255
Salamander des monts alleghaniens

70
Salamanders 64, 252, 256
Salamandra agilis 81

alleghaniensis 70

cylindracea 83

dorsalis 94

erythronata 81

fasciata 77

gigantea 70

glutinosa 83

greenii 94

guttolineata 89

ingens 73

longicauda 85

longicaudata 85

lurida 73

melanosticta 80

millepunctata 94

opaca 77

punctata 75

scutata 80

stellio 94

subviolacea 75

symmetrica 94

temporaria cantabrigensis 122

tigrina 73

variolata 83

venosa 75
Salamandridae 71, 94

270

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Salamandroideae 68, 71
Salientia 64, 96, 253, 256
Salt and Pepper Snake 185, 255
Sauria 127, 128, 253, 258
Saurocercus longicauda 85
Savannah Cricket 100, 253
Saw Back Turtle 242, 255
Scaly Salamander 80, 252
Scaphiopodidae 97, 110
Scaphiopus 111

holbrookli 111, 253

solitarius 111
Sceloporus 129, 131

longipes 131

undulatus 131. 253
Sciucidae 128, 140
Scincus americanus 140
- bicolor 140

erythrocephalus 140

fasciatus 140

lateralis 143

laticeps 140

quinquellneatus 140

tristatus 140
Scorpion 140, 253
Scotophis alleghaniensis 179

calligaster 182

confinis 180

emoryi 182

guttatus 178

vulpinus 177

laetus 180

obsoletus 179

vulpinus 177
Screaming Frog 120
Scytale contortrix 206

niger 175

piscivorus 204
Scytalus cupreus 206
Serpent strig 168
Serpentes 127, 145, 254, 256
Siredon gracilis 73

lichenoides 73

tigrinus 73

pisciformis 73
Siren 64, 06, 252

lacertina 66, 156, 252

operculata 66

Sirena maculosa 65

simile 69
SirSne 66

lacertine 66
Sirenidae 66
Sirenoides didactylum 69
Sirtale 162
Sistrurus 204, 208

catenatus 208, 209, 255
catenatus 209

kirtlandii 209

miliarius 208. 210, 255
Six-lined Lizard 139, 253
Slimy Salamander 83, 252
Small Mouthed Salamander 72, 252
Snakes 127, 145, 254, 256
Soft Shelled Turtle 249, 256
Southern Musk Turtle 232, 255

Tree Prog 108, 253

Water Snake 154. 254
Spade Foot 111
Spelerpes 79, 84

bilineatus 89, 90

guttolineatus 84, 89, 252

longicauda 85

loiigicaudus 84, 85, 86, 88, 89,
252

lucifuga 85

maculicaudus 84. 86. 88, 25S

melanopleurus 84, 89, 2.53

multiplicatus 84, 90, 253

stejnegeri 84, 87, 252
Sphenodon 127
Spilotes obsoletus 179
Spiny Soft Shelled Turtle 251, 256
Spotted Chicken Snake 180, 254

Coluber 178, 254

Racer 178, 254

Salamander 75, 252

Tail Salamander 86, 252

Triton 94, 253
Spread Head 175, 254
Spreading Viper 175. 254
Spring Frog 117, 253

Peeper 106, 253
Squamata 127, 253
Squirrel Frog 108, 253
Staurotypus odoratus 231

Hurler — Hci'petology of Missouri.

271

Stejneger's Cave Salamander 87,

252
Stellio undulatus 131
Sternothoerus odoratus 231

tristycha 232
Sting Snake 192, 255
Stink Turtle 231, 255
Storer's Snake 165, 254
Storeria 150, 164

deKayi 164, 254

lineata 166

occipitomaculata 164, 165, 254
Striped Snake 162, 254
Swamp Frog 117, 253
Swift 139, 253
Synapsida 127, 225

Tachettee 178
Tantilla 150, 195

coronata 195

gracilis 195, 198, 255

liallowellii 195
Tapaya cornuta 133
Teiidae 128, 138
Terrapene 234, 244

boscii 231

carinata 245

Carolina 245, 255

clausa 245

geographica 243

kinosternoides 245, 247, 255

nebulosa 245

odorata 231

ornata 245, 248, 256

triunguis 247
Testudinata 127, 225, 255, 256
Testudinidae 226
Testudinoideae 225, 226
Testudo carinata 245

Carolina 245

clausa 245

geographica 243

glutiuata 231

incarcerata striata 245

odorata 231

pennsylvanica 231

serpentina 226

Testudo tessellata minor caroliuiana
245

virgulata 245
Texas Turtle 241, 255
Thamnophis 150, 159

proxima 198

faireyi 159, 254

radix 104, 159, 161, 254

saurita faireyi 159

sirtalis 159. 162, 254
Thorius 91
Three Striped Tree Frog 103, 253

Toed Box Turtle 247, 255
Tiger Salamander 73, 252
Tiliqua bicolor 140

erythrocephala 140

lateralis 143

quinquelineata 140
Timber Rattlesnake 212, 255
Toads 64, 96, 253, 256
Toxicophis piscivorus 204
Trachemys elegans 239

holbrookii 239

troostii 240
Trelease's Turtle 235, 255
Trigonocephalus cenchria 206

contortrix 206

historionicus 206

piscivorus 204
Trionychidae 249
Trionyx argus 251

ferox 251

muticus 249

spinifer 251

spiniferus 251
Triton dorsalis 94

ingens 73

lateralis 65

millepunctatus 94

porphyriticus 83

punctatissimus 94

symmetricus 94

tigrinus 73

viridescens 94
Triturus miniatus 94

viridescens 94
Troost's Turtle 240, 255

272

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Tropidoclonium 150, 166
lineatum 166, 198, 254
lineatus lowae 166
Tropidogaster bufonium 133

cornutus 133
Tropidolepis undulatus 131
Tropidonotus bipunctatus 162
cyclopium 151
deKayi 164
erythrogaster 155
fasciatus 154

erythrogaster 155
rhombifer 152
sipedon 156
grahamii 158
ordinatus radix 161
rhombifer 152
saurita faireyi 159
sipedon 156

erythrogaster 155
rhombifer 152
sipedon 156
transversus 157
woodhousei 157
sirtalis 162

radix and haydenii 161
taenia 162
transversus 157
woodhousei 157
Turtles 127, 225, 255, 256
Two-legged Eel 66, 252
Typhlomolge 64
Typhlotriton 91

spelaeus 91, 94, 253

Urocrotalon durissus 212
Uromastix undulatus 131
Uropsophus durissus 212

Veil-eyed Salamander 91, 253
Vipera aquatica 192, 204

caudisona americaua minor 210

fulvia 196

nigra J 76
Virginia 150, 191

elegans ISl, 255

striatula 168
Virginia's Snake 191, 255

Water Dog 65, 253

Mocassin 156, 204, 254, 255
Western Bull Snake 173, 254
Wood Frog 123, 253
Woodhouse's Water Snake 157, 254
Worm Snake 194, 255

Yellow Bellied King Snake 187, 255
Racer 171, 254

Zamenis constrictor 169

flaviventris 171
flagelliformis 172
flagellum 172

flagellum 172

piceus 172
flavigularis 172
flaviventris var. B 171
stejnegerianus 171

Hurler — Flerpetology of Missouri. 273

EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XVIII. — Fig. 1. Open mouth of Avihystovia tigrinum Green.
Vt. Vomerine teeth. Pt. Parasphenoid bands of teeth. Ch. Choanae.
T. Tongue. — Fig. 2. Open mouth of Amhystoma microstomiim Cope. —
Fig. 3. Open mouth of Plcthodon glutinosus Green.— Fig. 4. Open
mouth of Spelerpes longicaiidus Green.— Fig. 5. Head of Spelerpes,
showing mushroom shaped tongue.— Fig. 6. Roof of mouth of Spelerpes
maculicaudus Cope. Fig. 7. Open mouth of Typhlotriion spelaeus
Stejn.— Fig. 8. Open mouth of nicmijiUjlm viridescc7is, showing the
parasphenoidal teeth arranged in V form.— Fig. 9. Open mouth of Rana
catesbiana Shaw. Ch. Choanae. E. Opening of eustachian tube from
ear. EI. Elevations caused by the eye balls. F. Food passage. L.
Opening to larynx and lungs. Vc. Opening into vocal sac. Vmt.
Vomerine teeth. T. Tongue.

Plate XIX.— Pig. 1. Ventral vlev.- of shoulder girdle of Rana cates-
hiana. The shoulder girdle is grown together in front, and the chest
is not expansible (firmisternal type). Om. Omosternum. CI. Clavicle.
Sc. Scapula. H. Humerus. Co. Coracoid. Ep. Epicoracoid. Me. Metas-
ternum. Xs. Xiphisternum. — Fig. 2. Ventral view of shoulder girdle
of Bufo americana. The shoulder girdle is overlapping in front, and
the chest expansible. (Arciferous type.)— Fig. 3. Dorsal view of
pelvis girdle of Rana catesbiana. Sd. Sacral diapophyses, cylindrical.
II. Ilium. Us. Urostyle. Is. Ischium. Fig. 4. — Dorsal view of pelvic
girdle of Bufo americana. Diapophyses of sacral or ninth vertebra
dilated.

Plate XX. — Fig. 1. Rana areolata. a. Hind foot. b. Fore foot. — Fig.
2. Rana clamatans. a. Hind foot. b. Fore foot. — Fig. 3. Rana cates-
biana. a. Hind foot. b. Fore foot.— Fig. 4. Acris grylliis. a. Hind
foot. b. Fore foot. — Fig. 5. Chorophihts triseriaUiS. a. Hind foot. b.
Fore foot. — Fig. 6. Hyla versicolor, a. Hind foot. b. Fore foot.

Plate XXI. — Fig. 1. Dorsal view of head of Elaphe obsoletu.<i. a.
Rostral, b. Internasals. c. Prefrontals, d. Frontal, e. Supraorbitals,
f. Parietals. z. Dorsals. — Fig. 2. Side view of the same head. g. Nasals.
h. Loral, i. Anteorbitals. j. Postorbitals. k. Upper labials. 1. Lower
labials m. Temporals. — Fig. 3. Ventral view of the same head. n.
Mental, o. Anterior chin shields, p. Posterior chin shields, g. Ven-
trals. — Pig. 4. Skull of Natrix natrix. (Boulenger.) pm. Premaxil-
lary. m. Maxillary, n. Nasal, pi. Palatine bone. f. Frontal, ptf.
Postfrontal. p. Parietal, q. Quadrate, pg. Pterygoid, ar. Articular, d.
Dentary. Pfr. Prefrontal. Ca. Columella auris. ste. Suprat.emporal. —
Pig. .5. Skull of Crotalus. m. Maxillary, a. External pterygoid bone,
b. Internal pterygoid bone. c. Palatine bono. e. Lachrymal bone. f.
Pangs. — Fig. 6. Head of Pit Viper. Side view. n. Lower labials, o.
Upper labials, g. Loral, r. Nasal, no. Nostril, p. Pit. e. Eye. pr.

274 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Preocular. a. Rostral. — Fig. 7. Posterior dorsal vertebra of Liohetero-
don madagascariensis. b. Lov/er view. c. Side view. a. Back view^.
h. Hypapophyses. (Boulenger.) — Fig. 8. Posterior dorsal vertebra of
Heterodon sivius. No hypapophyses or haemal processes. (Boulenger.)

Plate XXII. — Fig. 1. Dorsal view of shell (carapace) of Chrysemys
marginata Agass. d. Dorsal plates, c. Costal plates, m. Marginal
plates, n. Nuchal plate. — Fig. 2. Ventral view of shell (plastron) of
Chrysemys ■marginata. g. Gular plate, h. Humeral plate, p. Pectoral
plate, a. Abdominal plate. Pr. Pre-anal plate, an. Anal plate, ax.
Axillar plate. Ing. Inguinal plate. — Figs. 3-6. Skulls of Terrapene,
showing modifications of the zygomatic arch in different species. —
Fig. 8. Skull of Tcjrapene major, a. Post frontal, b. Quadrato-jugal.
a. Jugal. — Fig. 4. Skull of Terrapene Carolina. — Fig. 5. Skull of Tej--
rapene kinosternoides. — Fig. 6. Skull of Terrapene omata.

Plate XXIII. — Young Chrysemys. all about the same age. — Fig. 1.
Chrysemys picta Schn. Fig. 2. Chrysemys marginata Agass. — Fig. 3.
Chrysemys treleasei Hurter. — Fig. 4. Chrysemys belli Gray.

Plate XXIV. — Adult specimens of Chrysemys treleasei n. s. — Top
Fig. Dorsal view. — Middle Fig. Side view. — Lov.er Fig. Ventral
view.

Issued July 28, 1911.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Vol. XX.

Plate XVIII.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

MOUTH CONSTRUCTION OF SALAMANDERS AND FROGS.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XIX.

Fig. 1

.Oj^-l

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

SHOULDER'AND PELVIC GIRDLES OF FROGS.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XX.

Fig. 2

FEET OF FROGS.

Tkans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XXI.

Fig:. 1

Fig. 7

HEADS OF SNAKES.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XXII.

Fig. 2

Fig. 1

Fig. 4

SHELLS AND SKULLS OF TURTLES.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XXIII.

^ "^0^

A

YOUNG CHRYSEMYS.

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis, Vol. XX.

Plate XXIV.

,i

I

^

U ^^

'*^-^.^^

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Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. LouiS'

VOL. XX. No. 6.

SEXUAL SELECTION EXPERIMENTS IN THE
CECROPIA MOTH.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON COPULATION AND
OVIPOSITION IN SAMIA CECROPIA LINN.

PHIL RAU.

Issued August 9, 1911.

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SEXUAL SELECTION EXPERIMENTS IN THE

CECROPIA MOTH.* librae-

Phil Rau. bot*

Introduction. (iAKw-i-i

This paper gives an account of an experimental search
for the factors at work in determining the choice of mates
in Samia cecropia Linn.

While there has been much contention in the field of
Sexual Selection, it has been based too largely upon
theory. The present paper is not an attempt to prove
or disprove any theory extant, but merely to pick up
the simple facts which living material offers us.

The sevent}''-three experiments were divided among
several problems as follows :

Given the opportunity of choice :

1. Do the males mate with the younger or older fe-
males ?

2. Do the females mate with the younger or older
males ?

3. Do the males mate with the beautiful or the unat-
tractive and dilapidated females?

4. Do the females mate with the beautiful or the unat-
tractive and dilapidated males?

5. Do the females mate with the wingless or normal
males?

6. Is the female capable of mating when both antennae
are removed?

7. Is the male capable of mating when:

(a) one-half of each antenna is removed;

(b) all of either antenna is removed;

(c) both antennae are removed?

♦Read before the Entomological Section, April 27, 1911, and pre-
sented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 3, 1911.

(275)

276 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

It was not always possible to devote as many experi-
ments as desired to some particular problem, because the
supply or the characteristics of the material then at
hand would not permit.

The insects usually left the cocoon during the after-
noon; this made exact records of emergence possible.
The sexes for this year were about equal in number, and
their habits monogamous.^

The mating cages were ordinary dome-shaped wire
dish-covers measuring 32 inches in circumference. Each
cage contained from two to four individuals, some of
which were marked with ordinary writing fluid.

After the first fifteen experiments, the work became
too complex, and details on behavior could not be re-
corded. The notes are given essentially as they were
jotted down as each experiment was in progress; the
conclusions and comparative notes were added later.

The insects were all normal and unmated unless other-
wise stated.

It gives me pleasure to here acknowledge my indebt-
edness to my wife for valuable co-operation in tlie prep-
aration of the manuscript.

Experiments.
Experiment 1. — April 21, 5:00 P. M.

9 1. Age 7 days 20:30 hours.
$ 2. Age 6 days 3:30 hours.
c^3. Age 0 days 1:30 hours.

Object. — Will the male select tlie older or the younger
female ?

Behavior. — 5:00. The females immediately become active when the
male is placed with them; he shows no eagerness to mate. — 5:20. The
male is now also actively fluttering about. The ovipositor of female 1
has been completely protruded, and in so doing, an egg dropped. —
5:21. The male and female 2 have become calm, but female 1 con-
tinues to vibrate the wings nervously at the farthest side of the cage.
She makes her way to the male, chasing him as it were for a short

*See page 310.

Rail — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 277

distance and causing him to drop to the floor. — 5:40. All three insects
resting quietly, female 1 laying a small number of unfertilized eggs. —
12:00 Midnight. Up to this time all have remained quietly in the same
position excepting at 11:30 when the male vibrated his wings actively,
for three minutes. — April 22, 7:00 A, M. Find the male in copulo with
female 1, the older. This moth had deposited 17 eggs before mating.

Experiment 2.— April 22, 6:00 P. M.

c? 4. Age 0 days 5:30 hours. Lacks a portion of hind left

wing; left the cocoon in this condition.
(^^. Age 0 days 5:30 hours,
o 2. Age 7 days 4:30 hours.

Object. — To see whether the female will mate with the
normal or deformed male when they are of equal age.

Behavior. — 6:00. The female, when placed with the males, imme-
diately begins to vibrate the wings and protrude the copulatory organ,
and then flutters about unceasingly for ten minutes. During this time
male 4 slowly moves the wings up and down for perhaps five minutes. —
6:10. All this time male 5 has remained quietly in one position, but now
advances toward the female. — 6:15. The female remains quiet, while
the two males flutter actively about her. The indications at this
moment are that the smaller, deformed male will win. — 6:20. All of the
Insects have settled down for the evening, the two males at equal dis-
tance from the female. — April 23, 9:00 A. M. The female found in
coition with male 4.

Thus the deformed moth was victor in spite of the
fact that its rival was normal and had no advantage in
age.

Experiment 3.— April 25, 4:50 P. M.

9 1. Age 11 days 20:20 hours. Has already mated.
f^ 3. Age 4 days 1 : 20 hours. Has already mated.
c?6. Age 3 days 2:20 hours.

Object. — To ascertain whether an already mated fe-
male, if she remates at all, will select the immated insect
in preference to the mated one.

Behavior. — 4:50. When the unmated male 6 is introduced, the female
remains stationary, vibrating the wings rapidly. This causes a somewhat
musical sound as the wings beat upon the wires of the cage. The male
dashes about, throv/ing himself bodily against her and often falling to
the floor. This unmated male and the female which has previously
mated, seem extremely eager to mate. — 5:00. This agitation has con-

278 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

tiaued for ten minutes, and now all have settled down quietly for the
evening. — April 28, 11:00 P. M. Death of female. Mating has not
taken place although the insects have been together for over three days.

Thus, eager as this male and the old fertilized female
were to mate, copulation did not occur. So long as
mating was not sincerely sought by the female, which
had by this time deposited many fertile eggs, why this
coquettish display and eagerness to arouse the male?
It may be that she instinctively behaved thus when
brought into the presence of unmated males. We must
not overlook the fact that the old age of the female may
have prevented mating, but old age surely did not pre-
vent the desire.

When we recall the prime age of the mated male, we
are surprised at his unswerving indifference throughout
the experiment. We cannot argue that the previous mat-
ing caused the female to lose certain attractiveness (odor,
etc.), for we saw her perfectly successful in exciting the
immated male. Wlw the activity on the part of an old
mated female and not so on the part of a young mated
male?

Experiment 4. — April 25, 4 :00 P. M.

J' 5. Age ?, days 3:30 hours.

$ 2. Age 10 days 2:30 hours. Fertilized and eggs deposited.

Object. — To find if a female which has been fertilized
and has oviposited will again mate if the male be still
unmated.

Behavior. — 4:00. The female is unmoved when the male is intro-
duced; male at once becomes active. As his wooing becomes too
ardent, the female demurely moves to the far end of the cage and
there remains indifferent. The male takes his position on the floor
of the cage some six inches from her, raising the fore part of his
body high up, and resting on the two hind legs and the tip of the
abdomen. The four front legs are folded up close to the thorax —
"clasped to his throbbing heart." In this position the wings are rap-
idly beaten against the floor, creating an audible hum. This balancing
stud "music" has continued for exactly three minutes without causing

Rau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 279

the slightest movement on the part of the female. The male flutters
about, throwing himself bodily against her four or five times, and
then quietly waits. — 4:30. All is quiet. The male has no doubt dis-
covered that all attempts at attracting the female are futile. — ^April 28,
11:00 P. M. Death of the female. Mating has not taken place, although
the pair have been together for over three days.

This shows that an old fertilized female would not
mate again, even with a spirited young male.

How different was the behavior of these females, in
experiments 3 and 4, the one coldly indifferent, the other
wildly eager, and, strange to say, the older was the more
unladylike of the two.

Experiment 5. — April 28, 11 :55 P. M.

J' 3. Age 7 days 8:25 hours. Previously mated; wings badly

damaged.
(^ 6. Age 6 days 9:25 hours.
(^27. Age 0 days 6:05 hours.
5 25. Age 0 days 6:55 hours.

Object. — To see which male will be given the preference
by a normal virgin female, that is, if the female does the
choosing; or which of the three males will be victor in
the struggle for a mate.

Behavior. — 11:55. The three males immediately become active as
follows: Male 3, which has previously mated and whose wings are
in no condition to flutter, wabbles along the floor, frequently falling
to one side. Male 6, the oldest unmated male, has fluttered wildly
about the female and has been beating against the domed ceiling and
the floor alternately for two minutes. The young male 27 has assumed
a position on the floor of the cage and gently vibrated the wings for
two or three minutes. Male 6, after resting a half minute, flutters
with male 27 wildly around the female, where she clings at the top
of the cage, slowly moving her wings to and fro. This commotion has
lasted about two minutes, during which time the males have often
knocked one another as well as the female to the floor. During all
this, male 3 has remained on the floor, nervously shaking his remnants
of wings and legs. All of the work so far has led to the conclusion
that the insects are monogamous. Yet we see that male 3, which is
pretty well on in age and has already mated, becomes sexually excited
when in the presence of others in that condition. 12:00 Midnight. All

280 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

are resting quietly, tlie female in the center of the dome. — 12:04. From
12:02 to 12:04 there has been a skirmish, all the insects fluttering and
knocking one another at>out. The female and male 27 are now wan-
dering about at the top, and it seems she is following this particular
male, which, by the way, is the younger and unmated. The female
has reached the highest point, and male 27, walking around her as he
clings to the wires, has completed perhaps six circles and apparently,
would continue, but male 6 interrupts him by constantly fluttering in.
the vicinity of the female, although he was quietly resting on the floor
when his rival, male 27, commenced this performance. After causing
this interruption male 6 again retires to the floor, apparently much
fatigued. Male 3 lies in the corner of the cage and takes no part in
the courtship. — 12:08. The female and male 27 are now the only ones
v/hich are still active. These two flutter wildly about each other. —
12:09 All quiet. — 12:11. Male 27, after taking his position directly in
front of the female and fluttering his wings while clinging to the
wires of the cage, has moved in this manner and completed seven or
eight circles around her. — 12:13. Both are now participating iu this
quaint performance. — 12:14. She now returns his courtesy, circling
about him as he hangs quietly from the wires. Males 3 and 6 have
made no further attempt at courting. — 12:18. The two insects are
gently touching wings. They are so near to each other that their
abdomens sometimes touch as they hang, back to back, from the dome. —
2:00. All have been quiet since 12:30, and mating has been expected
to take place at any time. Sometimes I have darkened the room for
many minutes at a time, but although the two insects are less than
an inch apart, they have quietly kept their places. — 7:30. As the
behavior has led me to expect, I find the female in coition with male 27,
the youngest of the three and the one which has been most persistent
in his courtship.

Tlie very old male, as we liave seen, was tlie first to
tire, but lie had already mated and the wings were in
no condition for courting. Of the two unmated males,
the one loss than a day old proved himself better able
persistently to court than the one six days old. The
gradual dropping out of the game, one by one, of the
older males shows to a degree that the female does little
or no selecting. The behavior of male 6 shows that he
lost not because he was less eager or sexually unfit, but
because of his age.^

See foot-note, Experiment 6.

Rau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecmpia Moth. 281
Experiment 6. — April 29, 11:10 P. M.

9 37. Age 0 days 9:38 hours.

(^30. Age 0 days 12:20 hours. Wings removed.

J' 6. Age 7 days 8:40 hours.

Object. — To ascertain whether a virgin female will
mate with a yomig- wingless male or an old normal one.
If color plays a part in selection, we should see the old
perfect insect chosen; if vitality decides her choice, we
should expect to see the young wingless male mate. The
old, normal individual will have an equal or perhaps bet-
ter chance to mate in competition with a young wing-
less one.

Behavior. — 11:10. The female hangs quietly from the dome. Male 6,
which has heen passive for the last twenty hours (since he became
so in Experiment 5) becomes extremely active as his cage is brought
near that of the female. Male 30 rests upon the flooi% while male 6
flutters wildly about the female. — 11 : 18. This continues until the
female falls, or perhaps is knocked to the floor. Here she remains,
gently moving the wings, while male 30 crawls to the top. The slow
movement of her wings soon evolves into wildest fluttering about the
floor in company with male 6. Presently the pair creep to the top
of the cage and continue their activity for one minute, and then fall
to the floor. The female and wingless male 30 again reach the top
of the cage, where the fluttering is extremely active on the part of the
temale, and as lively as could be expected of the wingless male. At
intervals the male comes to a complete rest and the female circles
about him, and again both hang for a half minute or so at a time, so
close together that the ventral surfaces of their abdomens touch, and
gently move their wings, or remnants of such. During all this the
normal but aged male 6 lies quietly on the floor, making no attempt
to v*in the female.- -11: 30. All are quiet; male 30 hangs from the
top of the cage about five inches from the female. — 1:30. Same. — Morn-
ing. The female and the young, wingless male 30 in copulo, while the
older perfect male, although equally eager, has lost."

Experiment 7. — April 29, 9 :45 P. M.

9 32. Age 0 days 10:45 hours.

(j* 27. Age 1 day 3:55 hours. Left off mating 15 minutes
previously.

" Although male 6 appeared sexually excited in all three experiments,
5, 6 and 14, the fact that he lost out in all might suggest that he was
in some unknown way defective. In all of the trials he was matched
against younger rivals.

282 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Object. — To ascertain if a male wliich is very youug
and has just left off mating will again mate with a young
unfertilized female.

Behavior. — 9:45. When placed in one cage, both flutter about wildly
for fully five minutes. Then the female clings to the wire netting at the
top of the cage and, excepting for an occasional movement of the
wings, remains perfectly quiet, Avhile the male circles about her, flap-
ping the wings wildly and often falling to the floor, but quickly
scrambling again to the top where the female is stationed. Often he
touches her abdomen with his legs and brushes her body with his,
and sometimes ho nestles along side so that the wings and bodies
touch. To all of this the female is coldly indifferent. These maneuvers
have continued for six minutes. At 9:51 both settle down, the male
clinging to the v.ires two inches from the female. — 1:30. All continues
auiet. — Morning. The pair are found in copulo.

This sliows that a male may mate the second time
with a virgin female when both are comparatively young.
The male which had already been in copulo showed much
eagerness to mate; the female showed little or no eager-
ness. Perhaps the mated male had lost attraction for
her, or more likely the female was incapable of sexual
excitement at so early an age. In other experiments
however we have seen activity in the female at the same
age or even younger.

Experiment 8. — April 29, 9 :30 P. M.

5 25. Age 1 day 4:30 hours. Already fertilized.

(^ 5. Age 7 days 9:00 hours.

J'Cl. Age 0 days 11:29 hours. Introduced at 10:24 p. m.

Object. — To ascertain if a fertilized female can be
tempted into mating a second time, and, if so, which male
will be preferred^ the one a half day old or the one almost
seven days of age.

Behavior. — 10:24. Since 9:30 female 25 and male 5 have been
together in the cage but neither has yet displayed any inclination to
mate. Male 31 is now introduced. He immediately flutters up to the
female, which is clinging to the top of the cage, quietly takes his
position at some three inches distance, and makes no more ado. The
old male 5, resting on the floor, now gently moves the wings for about
two minutes, and then for a half minute flutters wildly about the cage.
This is followed by male 31 fluttering the wings, while clinging to the

Jlau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 283

wires of the cage, and describing several circles about the female, and
all again become quiet. — 11:10. It has been necessary for me to be
absent from them since the last observations. The female however is
still hanging from the top of the cage, male 31, clinging to the wire,
flutters about her in circles, and male 5 lies quietly on the floor, appar-
ently having given up the chase. Only when male 31 flutters against
him he stirs, gently moves the v/ings to and fro for a minute, and
lapses again into quietness. — Morning. Mating has not yet occurred. —
April 30, 9:30 P. M. Male 31 has been fluttering about the cage so
violently for a half hour that it becomes necessary to remove him.

TliiiS, although the insects were left together for 24
hours, this fertilized female did not remate, even when
courted by two good males, aged 7 days, and less than
1 day.

Experiment 9. — April 30, 11:55 P. M.

(j'31. Age 1 day 13:00 hours. Large; expanse of fore-wings,
16.1 cm.; brightly colored; pubescence on abdomen
bright red.

(^36. Age 1 day 10:25 hours. Expanse of fore-wings, 15.1
cm.; wings not so brightly colored and slightly dam-
aged; pubescence on the entire abdomen dingy brown.

$ 47. Age 0 days 11:35 hours.

Object. — To see whether the female will give evidence
of any choice based on beauty and bright coloration in
the male.

Behavior. — 11:55. Male 31 remains on the floor quite inactive. Al-
most Immediately the female and male 36 begin to chase each other, and
at last she pursues him to the top of the cage. Here he behaves very
sedately, while she clings to the wires near by, beating her wings and
rudely striking his, and finally comes very close in front of him allur-
ingly opening and closing her wings several times. To all of this he
remains indifferent. Male 31 is now also near the female, but like
male 36, he pays no attention whatever to this bold display. For seven
minutes now the female has fluttered anxiously about male 36, often
beating her wings against his. She alone flutters about, apparently
much more eager to mate than the males. She clings at the top of
the dome flapping her wings, circles about many times and goes back
again and again to male 36 and beats his wings. She pays little atten-
tion to male 31 excepting that twice she has chanced to fly to him, but
at once flitted back again to 36.-1:15. The insects have all been at
perfect rest since 12:05.-6:30. All are found in the identical posi-
tions. 7:00. The female is now found in copulo with male 36.

284 Trans. Acad. Scl. of St. Louis.

In this case the male which mated was the one of dull
color, small size, and damaged wings, but ^^ounger age
than its rival. The persistence of the female in follow-
ing him shows the exercise of choice on her part. In
other of our experiments we have been unable to detect
much evidence of such choice. But in this, our cleaj'est
case, her choice was quite contrary to what theories would
lead us to expect. In the next experiment this fine male
mated. The fact that the male proved to be perfectlj'^
good only makes her choice tlie more perplexing.

Experiment 10. — May 1, 7 :25 P. M.

9 57. Age 0 days 5:55 hours. Small; expanse of fore-wings,

12.5 cm.; width of abdomen, 1.4 cm.; length of body,

3.6 cm.
9 54. Age 1 day 4:10 hours. Large, beautiful; expanse of

fore-wings, 17.5 cm.; width of abdomen, 1.8 cm.;

length of body, 4.2 cm.
c^31. Age 2 days 8:30 hours.

Object. — To see whether the male will exercise any
choice, and if so whether the very small, or a large beau-
tiful female will be favored.

Behavior. — 7:30. For five minutes all have constantly fanned the
wings gently to and fro as they cling to the side wires. Now the
male crawls to the top and his movement becomes more rapid; he flut-
ters down to where female 54 is resting and flies against her several
times. She now remains motionless in spite of the rough attentions
of the male. Next he comes near beside her and strikes her with his
v/ings, then flits to the top of the cage only to return at once and
resume his position so that his vibrating wings beat against hers. —
7:35. The male takes his position directly in front of female 54 and
there remains motionless. Meanwhile the small female 57 clings to
the opposite side of the cage and fans the wings briskly for a minute
and a half, then gently creeps closer and closer to the male. As she
nears him, her wings flap violently; she beats her wings against hisi
until she falls to the floor, flies away, and back at once to him. Again
she flutters to the floor, passing blusteringly between the male and
female 54, and twice again in precisely the same manner. It appears
that by thus cutting in between them she is attempting to place dis-
tance between the male and her beautiful rival, but throughout the
performance female 54 stands immovable. — 7:40. The two females have
settled down on either side of the male, so near that in occasionally
moving their wings they often brush his. From the behavior of the

Rail — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 285

male it is easy to see that the larger female r)4 is the more attractive
to him. The smaller female seems to exert every effort to attract his
attention. — 7:43. Judging from previous experiments we would expect
all three insects to remain perfectly quiet until mating takes place,
but now we see female 57 giving an occasional, abrupt, hard blow with
her wings against the wing of the male, causing him each time to
respond in a similar manner. — 7:45. We see this female slyly moving
so close to the male as to gently touch the ventral portion of his
abdomen with her wings as they hang. The male each time puts out
one of his fore-legs and touches the wing as it comes toward him, but
whether to resist this caressing or to encourage it cannot be deter-
mined.— 8:00. This behavior has continued up to the present, and
now all are at rest, the two females at about equal distances from the
male. The ovipositor of female 54 is exposed. All the indications are
that the large moth will soon mate. — May 2, 8:00 A. M. The male is
now found in copulo with female 57, the smaller and less beautiful
insect. Was she chosen because she was about a day younger, or
because of her persistent obtrusiveness?*

Experiment 11.— May 1, 8 :30 P. M.

c?62. Age 0 days 4:40 hours. Very small; the two left wings
badly deformed; length of body, 2.8 cm.; width of
abdomen, 0.8 cm.; expanse of fore-wings, 11.5 cm.

c?17. Age 3 days 7:35 hours. Length of body, 3.8 cm.; width
of body, 1.1 cm.; expanse of forewings, 15 cm.

$ 56. Age 1 day 1:30 hours.

Object. — Will a small, deformed, Toung male be pre-
ferred to a large, well-formed male 3 days older?

Behavior. — 8:30. The female remains calmly clinging to the wires
when the males are admitted. After a few seconds' rest, male 17 flut-
ters against her, roughly Itnocking her to the floor. Again and again
she attempts to remount, but each time is beaten back. Sometimes she
is successful in reaching the top, but often she is thrown down before
reaching half way. Since the first few falls of the female, male 62 has
taken his position at the top of the cage. I wonder if this young male
may be the attraction which leads the female repeatedly to try to reach
the top. Perhaps this is also why male 17 continually hinders her
progress. Eight times the female has attempted to mount to the top,
and each time male 17 has fought her back. At last however she has
gained the dome and has quietly taken up her position about an inch
and a half from male 62. They both gently move their wings to and
fro. Their positions are such (suspended by the fore-legs) that every
time she closes her wings she entirely covers the wings and body or

* Anyone observing a few unmated Cecropias together at night will
be at once convinced that this behavior is far from accidental.

286 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

the male, thereby gently stroking his wings and lateral parts of the
abdomen. Once more male 17 knocks the female to the floor, and as
she again starts for the top he defiantly takes his position just ahead
of her. Her persistence is stubborn, but his hindrance at last stops
her progress. After a few seconds male 62 drops beside the female,
whereupon male 17 flies up to the top and apparently awaits the
female. Male 62 and the female together have climbed part way up
and are clinging to the side wires, when male 17 comes down and
flutters wildly about the female with great commotion. At last, arter
so much exertion, he has won her recognition, and we now see the
pair flitting merrily about each other for just a minute and a half.
Meanwhile male 62 betakes himself again to the dome, and in a short
time after her merry frolic we see the female slowly making her way
back to him. As she drav/s nearer and nearer to the jealously coveted
place, the fluttering on the part of male 17 becomes more and more
violent, until again he succeeds in beating her to the floor; he promptly
joins her there and they resume their merry whirls. But the female
heeds him for only one-half minute, and then turns back to her first
choice. It is now 8:37 P. M. The female comes directly in front of
male 62, and closing her wings on either side of him (both hang free)
almost hides him from view. In this position she violently flaps her
wings, and as they close over the male they strike the lateral portions
of his body and the under sides of his wings. He is motionless and
unresisting. And now while male 17 quietly remains below, these two
playfully wheel about each other in alternating circles. At 8:42 all
become quiet, the chosen pair at the top, and male 17 hanging a short
distance away. May 2, 8:00 A. M. The female in copulo with male 62.

Tliroiigliout tlie experiment it was clearly evident that
her preference was for the dilapidated male, which was
the younger, but it seemed that the eagerness and
strength of male 17 might prevent the mating.

Experiment 12. — May 1, 8:40 P. M.

(^59. Age 0 day 5:00 hours.

(^61. Age 0 day 4:50 hours. A beautiful insect; the usual
dark rings of pubescence on the abdomen are bright
red; one antenna somewhat deformed and right fore-
leg missing.

9 67. Age 0 day 2:35 hours.

Object. — To see, when both males are of almost the
same age, whether a slightly deformed one of abnormally
bright color will mate in preference to a perfect insect
of only normal color.

Rau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 287

Behavior. — 8:40. When placed together male 61 gently moves the
wings, male 59 rests quietly while the female moves to male 61 and
both hang from the top. Male .59 slowly moves behind the female, and.
now all three form a single file, the female in the center. They make
a handsome showing all in a row, majestically waving the wings.
After a few seconds male 59 in the rear, crowds in front of the
female between her and his rival, whereupon the latter drops to the
floor. The wings of the female are still moist; this prevents active
movements. Male 61 has crept part way up the side of the cage, and
all remain quiet. No insect in the cage shows any eagerness to mate.
We little wonder at this when we remember that none is over 5 hours
old. — May 2, Midnight. They have been watched all day, with no evi-
dence of mating. — May 3, 8:00 A. M. Not yet mated. — 8:47. Mating
has at last taken place with male 61, the brightly colored insect with
crippled antenna and one fore-leg lacking. This one, incidentally, is
slightly younger.

Experiment 13.— May 1, 9 :20 P. M.

(j'SS. Age 0 days 5:40 hours. Wings removed.
c^41. Age 2 days 5:50 hours.
9 60. Age 0 days 5:35 hours.

Object. — In Experiment 6 the difference in the age of
the males was too great. In this experiment we shall
find whether the female prefers a normal insect, 2 days
old, to a mutilated one, 5 hours old.

Behavior. — 9 : 20. After three-quarters of a minute of absolute quiet,
the female and male 58 crawl to the top from opposite directions. At
the first attempt he falls, but at once remounts, and as he reaches the
top, draws near the female. Her wings now gently but rapidly flutter,
sometimes striking the remnants of his wings. Male 41 lies on the
floor directly beneath. The female, clinging to the wires with the
body in a vertical position, like a boy swinging on a horizontal bar,
comes nearer to male 58, and in so doing she turns her body completely
about three times, each time bringing her so much nearer to the male.^
He drops to the floor (no doubt accidentally, being mutilated), while
the female clings to the cage just above him, spreading her wings to
the fullest extent. — 9:26. Male 41 lazily lies at the bottom of the cage;
male 58 again attempts to reach the top but stops about half way. At
the top the female slowly moves her wings. They are still somewhat
moist, and perhaps this movement is really because they are being
inflated. Male 58 has resumed his efforts to reach the top where the
female rests, and sometimes eagerly moves his stubs of wings; male 41
is fluttering on the bottom of the cage. — 9:35. For five minutes male 41
has been flapping his wings, occasionally flitting to the top and throw-
ing himself violently against the female. She flaps her wings as she
clings to the dome, and occasionally flies about. At length all are at

238 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

rest. — 9:37. The female has been nervously fluttering for almost two
minutes.— 9:39. All are quiet; the female hangs nearer to male 58.—
10:10. The female is found to have wandered to the other side of the
cage and is now nearer to male 41. At this time we see male 58
(wingless) creeping nearer and nearer to the female, and taking a
quiet hut firm stand between her and his rival.— May 3, 8:00 A. M.
The female is found in copulo with male 58.

The younger insect lias again been successful in spite
of his wingless condition.

Experiment 14. — May 1, 9:55 P. M.

(^ 6. Age 9 days 7:25 hours.
c? 7. Age 9 days 7:10 hours.
$ 55. Age 1 day 6:40 hours.

Object. — To ascertain if a young female, given the
choice of two very old males both in apparently like phys-
ical condition, will select the one which is younger by only
15 minutes.

Behavior. — 9:55. The three insects are placed together, and all
join in a general skirmish for two minutes. The two males then become
quiet while the female on the floor slowly moves her wings, and just
above her clings male 6. Soon male 7, clinging to the wire near the
floor, commences to beat his wings violently against the screening. —
9:58. Male 6 comes down and flutters about the floor and throws him-
self bodily against the female.— 10:00. Both males are quiet, and the
female continues slov/ly to fan the wings until 10:05. Now she flies to
the far end of the cage and with great force throws herself against
first one male and then the other. They both pay her no heed what-
ever, but very soon male 7 gently vibrates his wings. — 10:07. Male 7
flies to the female and then to the center of the dome, and there
remains. Male 6 lies quietly on the floor. — 10:12. The female follows
male 7 to the top and flings herself against him repeatedly. Twice be
has been knocked to the floor, but each time has promptly remounted.
The two now go wheeling and fluttering about each other alternately In
circles never quite complete. Male 6 is apparently out of the game.
and all are now quiet. May 2. Midnight. The day has passed without
an approach to mating. — May 3, 8:00 A. M. The female is found in
copulo with male 7, the younger by 15 minutes.

Experiment 15.— May 3, 12:22 A. M.

cJ 62. Age 1 day 8:32 hours. Exceptionally small; wings de-
formed (see Experiment 11) ; has severed connection
with female 2:22 hours ago.

(^63. Age 1 day 8:32 hours. Large and beautiful.

$ 54. Age 2 days 9:07 hours.

Rail — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cccfopia Moth. 289

Object. — To see which of two males of exact age, one
deformed and having already mated, the other a large,
beautiful insect and still unmated, will be chosen by the
female.

Behavior. — Male 62 is clinging to the wires of tlie cage v/hen the
others are introduced. He has left off mating only 2 hours ago, but
at the "sight" of this virgin female, his wings begin to flutter rapidly.
The female does likewise, while male 63, resting on the floor, moves
the wings slowly. Male 62 seems extremely eager to remate, for he
now flutters to the female, striking her several times, but she creeps
nearer and nearer to male 63. Now male 62 fluttei's wildly about the
bottom of the cage, while directly above him clings the female, vibrat-
ing her wings with great rapidity. After a short pause, male 62
resumes the excited fluttering and gradually makes his way nearer to
the female. Having reached her, he beats his wings against hers and
often touches her abdomen with his own. Soon he becomes quiet, and
male 63 takes up the commotion, throwing himself first against the
female, then against the other male. Fluttering excitedly about the
cage, he finally settles down directly in front of the female and
majestically moves his wings. The female coldly ignores him. He
draws closer to her, and violently flaps his wings against hers. — 12:30.
After eight minutes of this agitation, all become quiet with male 63
very close to the female. The indications are that these two will
mate. — 8:00 A. M. The female found in copulo v,ith male 62.

This also shows that it is possible for a male which
is young and has just left off mating to mate a second
time with a young female. It further shows that the
female may mate with a deformed, already mated male
instead of a beautiful unmated one of identical age.

Experiment 16. — May 4, 10:00 A. M.

9 SI. Age 1 day 17:02 hours. Wings slightly damaged.
$ 82. Age 1 day 17:02 hours.
J' 74. Age 1 day 19:25 hours.

Object. — Will a male, having the choice of two females
of exactly the same age, select the perfect insect or the
one with damaged wings?

Results. — 2:30 P. M. The male found in copulo with female 82, the
normal moth.

290 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Experiment 17. — May 4, 10 :30 A. M.

2 72. Age 1 day 19:58 hours. Wings removed.
$ 73. Age 1 day 19:55 hours.

(^ Age

Object. — Same as Experiment 16.

Results. — May 10, 8:00 A. M. Mating having not taken place dur-
ing six days, a stray male 108 is introduced. — May 11, 10:00 A. M. This
stray male found in copulo vi'ith female 73.

No doubt the cold weather was the cause of the slug-
gishness of this group, and perhaps when the weather
became warmer the male was too old to mate. The mean
temperature, according to the United States weather
reports, for May 4 to 9 inclusive, was 49°, 52°, 52°
50°, 51° and 65° F. The experiment shows that perhaps
this or some fault of the male kept them from mating, but
under proper conditions on May 11 the stray male chose
the perfect insect, which was a few minutes the younger,
in preference to the wingless one.

Experiment 18.— May 4, 10 :30 A. M.

2 68. Age 2 days 15:30 hours. In a badly dilapidated condi-
tion, one leg entirely gone and the tarsus lacking on
all of the others; the wings are deformed from hav-
ing hardened before being fully inflated, — hence it
can neither cling to the wire cage nor fly. It
emerged from a cocoon which lay beneath several
others, and in making its way to the top the moist
body collected much filth.

o 48. Age 3 days 21:25 hours. Large.

J' 65. Age 2 days 17:30 hours.

Object. — To ascertain if the male will mate with the old
normal female or the younger but much dilapidated one.

Results. — May 10, 8:00 A. M. The male found in copulo with
female 48.

The cold weather (see Experiment 17) may have hin-
dered mating. This is the first instance in which a male
has mated with an older female in preference to a
younger one. But when we remember the crippled and
filthy condition of the latter, we can easily see why mat-
ing was probably impossible.

Rau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 291
Experiment 19.— May 4, 11 :30 A. M.

c?18. Age 5 days 22:40 hours.

<^29. Age 5 days 0:40 hours. Antennae removed.

5 76. Age 1 day 20:50 hours.

Object. — To determine whether, of two males, the nor-
mal or the antennaless one will be the favored or suc-
cessful mate.

Results. — May 11, 9:00 A. M. They have been observed many times
each day for seven days, but mating has not occurred. Thinking that
the fault may lie with the female, female 107, aged 15 hours, is intro-
duced. May 19. For eight days these have been together without mat-
ing. Male 18 dies.

Experiment 20.— May 4, 10 :00 P. M.

(^63. Age 3 days 6:10 hours. Wings removed.
c?38. Age 5 days 8:00 hours.
2 78. Age 2 days 5:20 hours.

Object. — Will the female choose the young, wingless
male, or the old normal one? «

Results. — May 10, 7:00 A. M. No mating has yet taken place. This
may be due to the cold weather. — 9 : 00. The two males are now removed
and male 109, of unknown age, is placed in their stead. — May 12, 8:00
A. M. This pair is found in coition.

Experiment 21. — May 5, 10:00 A. M.

9 79. Age 2 days 17:10 hours.

c^61. Age 3 days 18:10 hours. Previously mated. This is
the insect with red abdomen, described in Experi-
ment 12.

Object.— To see whether, under favorable conditions,
this male will again mate, having left off mating only
two hours ago.

Results. — May 9, 10:00 P. M. Up to this time, mating has not
occurred. The low temperature for the five days may be the cause
of their lazy behavior. At this time male 35 (age 10 days 8:30 hours)
is introduced. May 11, 11:00 A. M. No mating has yet taken place.
A marked male, 112, is introduced. — May 12, 8:00 A. M. The insects
are still found unmated. Thinking that the fault may lie with the
female, I now introduce female 103, about two days old. — May 14, Noon.
Still not mated. All the insects except female 79 and female 103 are
now removed, and male 109, an insect which has previously mated.

292 Trails. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

but the onlj' available one, is placed -with the two females. — Later. All
the insects die Avithout mating.

Experiment 22.— May 9, 10 :00 P. M.

(^ 84. Age 0 day 10:10 hours.

9 101. Age 0 day 4:50 hours. Wings very ill appearing,

dried before being inflated.
9 75. Age 7 days 7:20 hours. Beautifully colored.

Object. — To ascertain if a male will mate witli a 5-liour-
old female whose wings are in a dilapidated condition, in
preference to a physically normal one seven days of age.

Results.— May 11, 8:00 A. M. Not until this time is the male
found in copulo with female 75.

This is an instance of a normal, old female being pre-
ferred to one young and dilapidated.

Experiment 23.— May 9, 10 :00 P. M.

cJ'ie. Age 11 days 9:10 hours. Wings badly damaged.
c?':j4. Age 10 days 8:30 hours,
o 88. Age 0 day 9:50 hours.

Object. — Will the female mate with the dilapidated
male eleven days old, or with a x>erfect male a day
younger ?

Results. — May 10, 8:00 A. M. The female found in copulo with
male 16 in spite of the fact that he is the older and in a very ragged
condition.

Experiment 24.— May 9, 10:00 P. M.

^ 9. Age 12 days 6:00 hours. Wings badly tattered.
c?o9. Age 8 days 6:20 hours. Wings removed.
9 91. Age 0 day 9:14 hours.

Object. — Will the female mate with the extremely old,
badly worn male, or one which is 4 days younger, but
wingless ?

Results. — May 12, 8:00 A. M. No mating having occurred up to
this time, the two males are removed and male 39 is placed in their
stead.— May 15. Male 39 is found dead; mating has not yet taken
place.'

Rail — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 293
Experiment 25.— May 9, 10 :30 P. M.

(^89. Age 0 day 10:15 hours. Large.

9 SI. Age 7 days 5:32 hours. Wings slightly damaged.

$ 93. Age 0 day 9:00 hours.

Object. — Will the male mate with the old or young-
female ?

Results. — Death after two weeks without mating.

Experiment 26.— May 9, 10:30 P. M.

$ 90. Age 0 day 9:45 hours.

9 94. Age 0 day 8:50 hours. Wings slightly crumpled, due

perhaps to having been inflated in close quarters.
c?33. Age 10 days 9:30 hours.

Object. — Can so old a male mate, and if so, will he
select the female with the defective wings or the one in
perfect physical condition 1

Results. — May 15. Death of male 33. The insects have been kept
together 6 days without mating.

Experiment 27.— May 9, 10 :30 P. M.

(^23. Age 11 days 6:50 hours. Wings badly worn.
(5* 15. Age 11 days 9:43 hours.
2 92. Age 0 day 9:43 hours.

Object. — To see which of the males of practically equal
age will be chosen or will be victorious — the perfect insect
or the one with ragged wings.

Results. — May 10. No mating. Male 5, now over 16 days old, is
added. — May 11, 8:00 A. M. Still no mating. The three males are
exchanged for a stray male 111. — May 12, 8:00 A. M. The pair found
in copulo.

Evidently the three males had lost their vitalit}^
through old age, for it seems improbable that the female
rejected them all and "waited" for a younger one. It
will be remembered that none of these had ever mated.

Experiment 28.— May 12, 11 :00 A. M.

9 106. Age 1 day 20:30 hours.
9 98. Age 2 days 20:00 hours.

^ 97. Age 2 days 21:00 hours. Left off mating 3 hours pre-
viously.

294 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Object. — ^To see if an already mated male will remate ;
and if so, will lie select the younger of two good females f

Results.— May 13, 8:00 A. M. The male found in copulo with
female 106.

This again shows that the male will remate with a
young female if he himself is also quite young. In this
experiment we see the young female being preferred.

Experiment 29.— May 18, 10 :30 A. M.

(^ 122. An unknown insect attracted to the laboratory by the

females.
2 91. Age 8 days 21:44 hours.
5 119. Age 1 day 20:10 hours.

Object. — To see whether the male will mate with the
female 9 days of age, or the one of 2 days.

Results. — May 19, 8:00 A. M. The male actually found in copulo
with the much older female.

Experiment 30.— May 21, 10 :00 A. M.

(^ 129. Age and history unknown.
9 95. Age 11 days 20:15 hours.
9 127. Age 0 day 22:00 hours.

Object. — To see if the female 1 day old will be chosen
in preference to the one 12 days old.

Results.— May 22, 8:00 A. M. The male in copulo with female 127,
the younger.

Experiment 31.— May 28, 3 :00 P. M.

9 123. Age 10 days 2:50 hours. In spite of age, has not yet
deposited any eggs.

9 128. Age 8 days 2:00 hours. Has deposited some unfertil-
ized eggs.

c?131. Age 0 day 1:15 hours.

Object. — To see whether the older virgin female or the
younger one, which has oviposited, will be the chosen
mate.

Results. — May 29, 8:00 A. M. The male found in copulo with
female 128, the younger.

Rail — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 295

Whether the male mated with this female on account
of, or in spite of the fact that she had already oviposited
is not known.

Experiment 32.— May 29, 8 :00 P. M.

c^ 134. Age 0 day 4:40 hours.

2 128. Left off mating one hour previously.

Object. — To see whether an already fertilized female
will remate if the male be young.

Results. — May 30, 6:00 A. M. The pair found in copulo.

This is the first and only instance of a female mating
with more than one male.

Experiment 33.— May 31, 10 :00 P. M.

c?138. Age 1 day 6:00 hours.
<^139. Age 0 day 8:00 hours.
9 140. Age 0 day 7:50 hours.

Object. — To see wliether the female will mate with the
younger or older male.

Results.— June 1, 6:00 A. M. The female found in copulo with
male 138, the older of the two.

Experiment 34.— June 2, 8 :00 P. M.

(^138. Age 3 days 4:00 hours. Already mated.
(^141. Age 1 day 4:.50 hours.

$ 140. Age 2 days 5:50 hours. Previously mated with male
138, having severed only a few minutes before.

Object. — To see if an already mated young female,
which has just severed, will mate again, and if so, whether
her preference will be for her former mate or for a
younger, unmated male.

Results. — .June 6, 9:00 P. M. They have been kept together for four
days without mating.

Experiment 35. — June 5, 9 :00 P. M.

c^l39. Age 5 days 7:00 hours.

(^liS. Age 1 day 3:40 hours. Antennae removed.

9 144. Age 1 day 5:15 hours.

296 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Object. — To see whether the female will show prefer-
ence for a normal 5-day-old male or a younger anten-
naless one.

Results. — June 7, 9:00 A. M. Mating has not yet occurred. It ap-
pears that the antennaless male is incapable of mating. Male 163, a
normal male of unknov/n age and history, is now introduced. June 8.
The female found in copulo with this stray male.

Experiment 36. — Jime 6, 9 :00 P. M.

(^136. Age 8 days 4:50 hours. Mated.
c^l59. Age 0 day 6:30 hours.
9 155. Age 1 day 4:00 hours.

Object. — To see whether a young female will be won
by a young, unmated male, or an old, mated one.

Results. — June 7, 7:00 A. M. The female found in copulo with the
younger male.

Experiment 37. — June 6, 9 :30 P. M.

4

(^160. Age 0 day 7:00 hours.
9 153. Age 1 day 5:40 hours.
9 158. Age 0 day 7:30 hours. Antennae removed.

Object. — To see if a young male will prefer a normal
female aged I14 days, or one of 7 hours, but with the
antennae removed.

Results. — June 9, 9:00 A. M. After being together for almost 3
days, mating has not yet taken place. In order to ascertain definitely
whether an antennaless female can mate, male 160 and female 153 are
now removed, and a new male, 173, introduced. — June 10, A. M.
This pair found in copulo.

This proves that an antennaless female is quite cap-
able of mating.

Experiment 38. — June 6, 10 :50 P. M.

c^l42. Age 4 days 7:20 hours.

(^147. Age 2 days 5:40 hours. Antennae removed.

9 150. Age 1 day 9:20 hours.

Object. — ^To see if mating will take place with the nor-
mal male of 4 days, or the antennaless one 2 days old.

Rail — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecrvpia Moth. 297

If the male finds the female by means of the antennae,
the younger but mutilated one will be unable to mate.

Results. — June 7. The female found in copulo with the older but
normal male.

It appears that the antennaless male may be unable
to find the female.

Experiment 39. — Jtme 6, 9 :35 P. M.

5 162. Age 0 day 4:35 hours.
J' 157. Age 0 day 7:35 hours.
c? 141. Age 5 days 6:25 hours.

Object. — To ascertain whether the older or the younger
male, of like condition, will win the female.

Results. — June 7, 9:00 A. M. The female found mated with male
157, the younger.

Experifnent 40^. — June 6, 10 :00 P. M.

(5*138. Age 7 days 6:00 hours. Mated 5 days previously.
(^161. Age 1 day 7:00 hours. Antennae removed.
$ 151. Age 1 day 7:00 hours.

Object. — To see if the female will mate with the young,
antennaless male or a normal mated insect 6 days older.

Results. — June 9, 8:00 A. M. After three nights together they
have not mated. There is no reason apparent other than that the
antennaless male cannot mate, and the other is too old.'

Experiment 41. — June 6, 10:30 P. M.

9 152. Age 1 day 7:20 hours.
c?143. Age 2 days 7:00 hours.
(^154. Age 1 day 6:00 hours. Wings removed.

Object. — To see if the female will mate with the wing-
less male or the normal, older one.

Results.— June 7. The female found mated with the young wing-
less male.

'A later experiment proved that the female was not the one at
fault. This was also true in Experiments 24, 44, 66, 67, 68 and 69.

298 Trans. Acad. ScL of St. Louis.

Experiment 42. — June G, 11 :00 P. M.

(^137. Age 7 days 10:30 hours.

c^ 145. Age 2 days 7:00 hours. One antenna removed.

9 146. Age 2 days 6:00 hours.

Object. — To ascertain whether the female will mate
with a normal male of 7 days, or one 2 days old with one
antenna lacking.

RestiUs. — June 9. They have been together for 3 days without
mating. As the cause for this we would suggest that one male is rather
old, and the other, having only one antenna, may be unable to locate
the female. To make sure that the fault lies with the males and not
with the female, they are removed, and male 172 placed in their stead.—
June 10, A. M. This pair found in copulo.

Experiment 43. — June 7, 9 :00 P. M.

cJ 154. Age 2 days 4:30 hours. A wingless insect which has

left off mating only a few minutes previously.
(5" 147. Age 3 days 3:50 hours. Antennaless.
9 164. Age 0 day 5:30 hours.

Object. — To see whether the female will mate with an
already mated, wingless male, or an unmated, antennaless
one.

Results. — June 10. Mating has not yet taken place.

This shows that, in this experiment at least, the mated
male as well as the antennaless one cannot mate.

Experiment 44. — June 7, 10 :00 P. M.

5 149. Age 2 days 9:00 hours.
c?143. Age 3 days 6:30 hours.
(^165. Age 0 day 5:30 hours. Antennae removed.

Object. — To find whether the female will mate with the
normal male or the younger antennaless one.

Results. — June 11. After being together for almost 4 days, mating
has not taken place. If it be impossible for the antennales male to
mate, male 143 is yet to be had.^

Experiment 45. — June 8, 10 :00 P. M.

(^166. Age 1 day 5:00 hours.

9 171. Age 0 day 5:00 hours. Antennae removed.

Object. — To find if an antennaless female will mate.

Jlau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropla Moth. 299
Results. — June 10, A. M. — The pair found in copulo.

This shows that the antennae of tlie female are iiot
an essential factor in mating,

Experitnent 46. — June 8, 10 :00 P. M.

9 168. Antennae removed.
(?169.

Object. — Same as Experiment 45 ; to find if an anten-
naless female is capable of mating.

Results. — June 9, 7:00 A. M. The pair found in copulo after only
a few hours.

Experiment 47. — June 8, 8 :00 P. M.

9 170. Antennae removed.

Object. — To see if the antennaless female can mate.

Results. — June 9. The pair found in copulo the following morning,
again showing that the antennaless female is quite capable of mating.

Perhaps from these experiments we may assume that
the male seeks out the female and does so by means of
the antennae, the removal of which renders him unable
to find her. The removal of the antennae of the female,
however, does not aifect mating.

Experiment 48.— June 9, 10 :00 A. M.

(^''161. Age 2 days 19:00 hours. Both antennae removed.

9 153. Age 3 days 18:10 hours.

(^145. Age 4 days 18:00 hours. One antenna removed.

Object. — To find whether youth or the possession of
one antenna will give a male the advantage in mating.

Results.— .Tune 10, 10:00 P. M. No mating.

A later experiment proved that the female was not at
fault. Hence we may assume that the male with only one
antenna as well as the one without any, was incapable
of mating.

300 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Experiment 49. — June 10, 7 :00 A. M.

j^" 174. Age 0 days 16:00 houi's. One antenna removed.
$ 156. Age 4 days 13:50 hours.

Object. — To find if, when both insects are of favorable
age, a male with one antenna can mate.

Results. — June 18. The pair have been together until the present
time without mating, which goes to show that this male with only one
antenna cannot find the female.

Experiment 50. — June 10, 8 :00 A. M.

(^175. Age 0 day 17:00 hours. Left antenna removed.
$ 164. Age 2 days 16:30 hours.

Object. — To find if a male with one antenna can mate.

Results. — June 13. After 3 days, mating has not occurred.

It seems that here again the condition of the antennae
of the male, and not the age of the insects, must have
been the controlling factor.

Experiment 51. — June 10, 8 :00 A. M.

2 176. Age 1 day.

(^ 177. Age 0 day 17 : 00 hours. Right antenna removed.

Object. — Same as Experiment 50, but testing right in-
stead of left antenna.

Results. — June 13. After 3 days mating has not taken place.

Experiment 52.— June 10, 10 :00 P. M.

c^l79. Age 1 day 7:00 hours. Wings slightly torn and left

antenna crumpled.
5 153. Age 5 days 6:10 hours.

Object. — To see if the deformed antenna of the male
will hinder mating.

Results. — June 12, 8:00 A. M. Mating has not taken place after
two days.

This female proved her readiness to mate in a later
experiment; hence the fault must lie in the defective
antenna of the male.

Jlau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropla Moth. 301
Experiment 53.— June 10, 10 :00 P. M.

J' 161. Age 4 days 7:00 hours. Antennae removed; the in-
sect which did not mate in Experiment 48.

c? 145. Age 6 days 6:00 hours. Left antenna removed; used
previously in Experiment 48.

9 181. Age 0 day 9:00 hours.

Object. — To test males lacking one or both antennae
for their ability to mate.

Results. — June 13. After 3 days, mating has not taken place.

Experiment 54. — Jmie 10, 11 :00 P. M.

2 183.

<j' 178. Cne-half of each antenna removed.

Object. — To see if the distal half of the antennae of the
male is essential for mating.

Results. — June 11. The pair in copulo.

Experiment 55.— June 10, 11 :30 P. M.

9 185. Age 0 day 8:20 hours.

c? 184. Age 0 day 9:00 hours. Right antenna removed.

Object. — To see if a male with one antenna removed is
capable of mating.

Results. — June 11. The pair appear to be mating. — June 18. In
my excitement to see if they were actually in copulo June 11, the pair
fell to the floor, and if they were, they have never remated, although
they have been kept together until the death of the female today.

Experiment 56. — June 10, 11 :00 P. M.

5 186. Age 0 day 6:10 hours.

(^147. Age 6 days 5:50 hours. Antennae removed.

Object. — To test a second time this antennaless male's
ability to mate.

Results. — June 13. No mating.

Since we later found this female perfectly good, we
must be convinced of the male's inability to mate after
two failures.

302 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Experiment 57. — June 11, 8 :00 A. M.

(^ 180. One-half of each antenna removed.
9 149.

Object. — To see if a male with only one-half of each
antenna remaining will mate.

Results. — .June 12. 8:00 A. M. In copulo.

Experiment 58. — June 11, 11 :00 P. M.

9 187. Age 0 day 10:00 hours.

cf 182. Age 1 day 9:30 hours. Right antenna removed.

Object. — Can this male with only one antenna mate!

Results. — June 15. They have been left together for almost four
days without mating.

Since we found soon after, that the female was good,
the cause of this was obviously the absence of the an-
tenna of the male.

Experiment 59.— June 11, 11 :30 P. M.

9 191. Age 0 day 8:00 hours.

c? 188. Age 0 day 10:00 hours. Both antenna removed.

Object. — To test a male's abilitj^ to mate without the
antennae.

Results. — June 15. After four days" opportunity, they have not
mated.

A later experiment proved that the female was quite
capable of mating; hence we may safely assume the
cause of its failure to be the antennaless condition of
the male.

Experiment 60. — June 12, 8:00 A. M.

9 153. Antennaless; used in two previous experiments before

the removal of the antennae.
(?193.

Object. — To find if the removal of the antennae of the
female will hinder mating.

Results. — June 13, 8:00 A. M. The pair in copulo.

Rau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 303
Experiment 61.— June 12, 11 :00 P. M.

9 201. Age 0 day 6 to 9 hours.

c?189. Age 1 day 9:00 hours. One-half of each antenna re-
moved.

c? 204. Age 0 day 6:00 hours. One-half of each antenna re-
moved.

Object. — To see whether the younger or older of two
males, having only half of each antenna will mate.

Results. — \Tune 13, 8:00 A. M. The female and the younger male
204 found in copulo.

Experiment 62.— June 13, 8 :00 A. M.

2 151. Age 7 days 17:00 hours. Both antennae removed.
c^ 20.5. Age 0 day 15:00 hours. One-half of each antenna
removed.

Object. — To find if a male with only one-half of each
antenna will mate with an antennaless female.

Results. — June 14, A. M. The pair in copulo.

Experiment 63. — June 13, 8 :00 A. M,

9 156. Age 7 days 14:50 hours. Both antennae removed.

(^190. Age 1 day 17:00 hours.

cf 175. Age 3 days 17:00 hours. One antenna removed.

Object. — To see if an older, one-antennaed male has
any chance to mate in competition with a young, normal
insect.

Results. — June 16. The death of the female occurs after three days
without mating having taken place.

Experiment 64. — June 13, 8 :00 A. M.

9 181. Age 2 days 19:00 hours.

(^189. Age 1 day 18:00 hours. One-half of each antenna re-
moved.

(^202. Age 0 day 15 to 18 hours. One-half of each antenna
removed.

Object. — To see if the younger of two males will be
more fortunate in mating, when both possess only one-
half of each antenna.

Results. — June 16, 6:00 P. M. The insects have been kept together
for almost 4 days without mating.

304 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Experiment 65.— June 13, 10 :00 P. M.

5 216. Age 6 to 9 hours.

^ 197. Age unknown. One-half of each antenna removed.

Object. — To again test the mating abilty of a male
having one-half of each antenna removed.

Rcstilts. — June 16. The pair have been kept together for 3 days
u'ithout mating. Since this male is one of the strays whose history is
unknown it may have already been mated.

Experiment Q6. — June 13, 10:00 P. M.

9 214. Age 0 day 6:00 hours.

(^ 207. History unknown. Right antenna removed.

c? 208. History unknown. Left antenna removed.

Object. — To see if the absence of left or right antenna
will make any difference in mating.

Results. — No mating whatever.'

Experiment G7. — June 15, 8 :00 A. M.

£^182. Age 4 days 18:30 hours. Right antenna removed.
J" 188. Age 3 days 18:30 hours. Both antennae removed.
5 206. Age 2 days 15:00 hours.

Object. — In all previous experiments, males in the same
mutilated condition have not mated; this is to test once
more their ability.

Results. — June 18, 8:00 A. M. At the end of 3 days, mating has
not occurred."

Experiment 68.— June 15, 8 :00 P. M.

9 232.

(^ 229. History unknown. One-half of each antenna removed.

Object. — To see if the absence of the distal half of each
antenna will affect the mating.

Results.— June 18. After being together for 3 days, no mating has
occurred.'

Experiment 69. — June 15, 8:00 P. M.

9 220. Age 1 day 7:30 hours.

(^228. History unknown. Left antenna removed.

Hau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 305

Object. — To test the mating ability of a one-antennaed
male.

Results. — June 18. No mating in the 3 days.'

Experiment 70. — June 16, 6 :00 P. M.

5 248. Age 0 day 1:00 hour.

(^244. A stray; history unknown; one-half of each antenna
removed.

Object. — To again see if the removal of one-half of the
antennae will hinder mating.

Results. — June 18. The pair found in copulo.

Experiment 71. — June 16.

9 235. History unknown; both antennae removed.
(^240. History unknown.

Object. — To ascertain if the removal of the antennae
of the female will hinder mating.

Results. — June 17. The pair found in copulo.

Experiment 72. — June 16, 6 :00 P. M.

(^ 241. History unknown. One-half of each antenna removed.
$ 222. Age 2 days 5:20 hours.

Object. — To ascertain if the absence of the distal half
of the antennae of the male will hinder mating.

Results. — June 17. In copulo.

Experiment 73.— June 17, 8 :00 P. M.

2 254. Age 0 day 8:00 hours.

(^ 247. History unknown. One-half of each antenna removed.

Object. — Same as Experiment 72.

Results.— June IS. The pair found in copulo.

306 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.

In answer to our inqniries we find:

1. Males mating with the older or younger female.

4 males mated the older female (rival seriously defective in
two of these cases).

3 males mated younger female.

2. Females mating with the older or younger male.

1 female mated the older male.

10 females mated the younger male (chosen male deformed in
six cases).

3. Males mating with the beautiful or unattractive female.

4 males mated the beautiful female (in two of these cases, rivals

in very bad condition; in other two, of equal age).
1 male mated unattractive female (chosen female was younger).

4. Females mating with the beautiful or unattractive male.

1 female mated the beautiful male (younger).

5 females mated the unattractive and deformed male. (All of

which were either younger or of the same age as the rival.)

5. Females mating with the normal or wingless male.

3 females mated the wingless male (all younger).

6. Females mating with antennae removed.

7 mated.

1 did not mate.

7. Males mating (a) with one-half of each antenna removed.

7 mated.

1 did not mate.

(b) With one antenna removed.

12 did not mate.
1 doubtful.

(c) Both antennae removed.

11 did not mate.

By this time the reader must feel how inadequate are
the theories in explaining the real occurrences in the liv-
ing material.

It is at once evident that we do not yet know the attrac-

Rau — Sexual Selection Experiments in Cecropia Moth. 307

tion which decides the choice of the insects. We do not
know what senses or attractions may exist which we have
not perceived.

The experiments bring to light the strength of one
factor which has not yet received the consideration due
its importance,' viz., age. We have matched youth against
middle and old age in both sexes, and many times under
handicap too, and yet in the majority of cases we see the
younger individual, even though seriously defective, win-
ning over the older riyal. To just how fine a point this
advantage will hold, we cannot safely say, while other
factors which determine choice are undiscovered, but in
our experiments we find the younger individual still the
winner when the difference in ages is only fifteen or even
ten minutes.

Theories have been based upon the hypothesis of choice
of the beautiful and well qualified on one side and victory
by strength on the other. The experiments show in most
cases where behavior was noted (and the same was true
in a general way in the experiments which could not be
recorded in detail) that the female exercised no choice.
In the few cases where her choice was evident, it was sur-
prisingly varied ; she showed her preference for the plain
or even pitifully defective or mutilated mate as readily
as for a fine, perfect one.

The males, perhaps, show a little more choice in the
matter, yet here too youth is the element which decides
more ''matches" than any other, so far as we can see.

But we must not lose sight of the fact that, while selec-
tion clearly works toward youth, this does not necessarily
mean working toward the more fit in individual varia-
tions, because it is only a matter of chance whether the
beautiful one is the younger when the competition occurs.
But here we are again left in doubt about the extent to
which the male selects by victory of strength when we see
the young, wingless males winning almost every time
over the normal ones.

308 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Mayer^ has given us good evidence that the sense of
smell, rather than sight, plays a large part in mating.
Our experiments upon the removal of the antennae quite
substantiate his work, for in every case where both
antennae of the male were removed, mating did not occur.
The condition was the same where onlv one was removed,
but the removal of one-half of each antenna seems to
offer no hindrance to mating, nor does the absence of both
antennae of the female.

Issued August 9, 1911.

* Mayer, A. G., Psyche 9 : 15. 190«.

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON COPULATION AND
OVIPOSITION IN SAMIA CECROPIA LINN.*

Phil Rau.

During the spring of 1910 a study of the duration of
life of Samia ceropia Linn, was in progress. In connec-
tion with this it was convenient to gather a large amount
of data to supplement the observations published last
year.^

The 205 cocoons came from the same locality as before.
They were kept under wire dish-covers, and the insects
emerged at intervals from x\pril 13 to June 17.

I. Observations on Copui^a^tion.

1. LENGTH of TIME SPENT IN COPULO.

Mating usually commenced between midnight and
morning, and with very few exceptions, ended at those
hours on the following day. These hours were such as to
make exact observations impossible.

Tabulation shows that the time spent in eopulo varies
from 10 to 48 hours, with one case of 72, the average be-
ing 21 hours. This agrees exactly with the observations
of the previous year.

Two cases occurred which were strikingly exceptional.
One pair remained in eopulo without separation for 72
hours and then mated three times after that, the last
time remaining in eopulo 10 hours. This was the most
extreme case of remating observed. The other pair also

*Read before the Entomological Section, October 27, 1910, and pre-
sented by title to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 3, 1911.
'Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, 19 : 21-48. 1910.

(309)

310 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

remated three times. The female died and the male
continued in copnlo with the dead body for about seven
liours.

2, THE SPECIES SEEM TO BE MONOGAMOUS.

In my work of the previous year I foimd it impossible
to mate one male with more than one female, or vice
versa. After reading that in Miss Soule's^ experience
li* * * eleven males mated * * * and then mated
a second female each eight hours later," I gave each in-
sect, wherever possible, the opportunity to mate a sec-
ond time either with the original mate or with another,
which, in some cases, was yet unmated and in others had
been previously mated. As a result of these experiments
I found the species to be monogamous, that is, each male
mating with but one female, and each female mating
with one male, with but the following exceptions :

3 males mated v/ith the original female 2 times.

1 male mated with the original female 3 times.

2 males mated with the original femaJe 4 times.
1 male mated with the original female 5 times.

These are simple rematings. The following are the
only cases of true polygamy :

1 female mated with 2 males 1 time each.

3 males mated with 2 females 1 time each.
1 male mated with 3 females 1 time each.

Whenever cases of true polygamy occurred, the later
mating was always with an individual which was still
unmated and very young, and in almost every case it
was only when the new insect was placed in the cage just
a few hours after the first mating had terminated.^

* Psyche, 9 : 224.

* The exact number of opportunities given the pairs to remate was 58.
Besides this, upwards of 100 experiments w^ere made to see if mated
individuals would again mate with unmated ones or with others already
mated.

Rau — Copulation, Oviposition in Samia Cecropia Linn.

311

To summarize then, only seven pairs remated with
their original mates, four males mated with more than
one female, and only one female mated with more than
one male.

From so large a series of experiments, and from the
fact that in only a few instances and under exceptional
conditions mating occurred more than once, I think we
must conclude that the species is monogamous. In this
decision we need not be disconcerted by the small per-
centage of cases of remating, when we consider the un-
natural conditions under which the experiments must
necessarily be carried on. In nature, where the male
must expend in finding the female much vital energy,
which is not replenished by taking food or drink, mating
may occur but once. In 1909 I was led to observe
whether the males were polygamous or monogamous by
observing that the males were greatly in excess of the
females. At first it was thought that many males were
required to fertilize one female, but it was later observed
that the insects were not polygamous. In the work of
this year the sexes appeared in about equal numbers:
101 males to 104 females.

The aforementioned author was led to observe that
the males were polygamous from the fact that in "most
of the collection of Cecropia cocoons * * * the
female pupae outnumbered the males by five to one,
and twice by three to one." "For this reason," the
author says, "I inferred that the males were polyg-
amous." While it is shown that eleven males mated
two females each, it is not sliown how many insects, if
any, refused to remate.

In my previous work I suggested that at one time
the species may have been polygamous. May it not be
possible that those few exceptional individuals which
mated often may have exhibited this primitive trait T

312 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

3. AGE OF INSECTS WHEN MATING BEGAN.

The object of these experiments was to ascertain at
how late or how early an age it was possible for mating
to occur. Had the insects been free to choose for them-
selves, perhaps they would not have waited so long, or
in some cases mated so soon, as the figures show.

(a) Females.

Age. No. Mating Age. No. Mating

10 days 4 4 days 6

9 days 5 3 days 5

8 days 1 2 days 9

7 days 2 1 day 4

6 days 1 16-20 hours 9

5 days 5 13-14 hours 5

The table shows that the ages of the 56 females when
mating occurred varied from 13 hours to 10 days. Soule
found that it requires 16 hours out of the cocoon before
the female is ready to mate. This lot of material con-
tained five females which mated at an earlier age, 13
hours in one, and 14 hours in four instances,

(b) Males.

Age. No. Mating. Age. No. Mating.
12 days 1 3 days 3

11 days 1 2 days 15

9 days 1 16-20 hours 5

5 days 1 12-15 hours 5

4 days 1

The age at mating of these 33 males was found to vary
from 12 1-6 hours to 12 days. It will be seen that mat-
ing can occur in the male at a later age, and also at a
slightly earlier age, than in the female.

Rau — Copulation, Oviposition in Samia Cecropia Linn. 313
II. Observations on Oviposition.

1. NUMBER OF EGGS DEPOSITED.

(a) Fertilized Females.

The following table shows the number of eggs depos-
ited by each of 52 fertilized females:

476

344

298

244

445

343

295

243

435

340

295

229

398

339

294

228

396

334

291

228

384

327

284

228

372

326

283

220

370

324

282

220

368

308

280

211

366

305

279

203

360

302

266

181

357

301

258

145

354

301

247

103

It will be seen that the number of eggs varies from
103 to 476, while the average is a fraction over 300. In
comparing these numbers with those of the previous year^
we find in this season's count a greater range of varia-
tion, while the average is greater by 37.

(b) Unfertilized Females.

Following is the number of eggs deposited by each of
the 19 unfertilized females:

422

246

169

359

243

166

356

238

163

329

198

156

323

196

106

296

179

73

294

Thus the numbers range from 73 to 422, averaging
237. This is greater than the average for 1909 by about
80, but being based on a larger series of material, is

more significant.

314 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

(c) Comparison of oviposition in fertilized and ^^n fertil-
ized females.

The question whether the number of ova deposited be
equal in fertilized and unfertilized females is of some
interest.

In 1909 I found the average number of eggs deposited
by the fertilized female to be the greater by 106. In
this season's work upon a larger series of material, I
found the same to ])e true bj^ a ditference of 63. Thus
the fertilized females oviposited more al)undantly, in
spite of the fact that some of the time which a mated
female might have spent in ovipositing was spent ii>
long copulation. This shows that copulation, more than
the time available, influences completeness of oviposition.

2. NUMBER OF EGGS RETAINED AFTER DEATH.

(a) Fertilized Females.

Below is given the number of eggs dissected from the
fertilized females after death.

240

54

12

165

41

in

2

cases

10

151

34

9

in

2

cases

119

31

8

in

3

cases

105

29

7

101

27

6

95

22

5

in

3

cases

94

20

in

2

cases

3

in

3

cases

93

18

80

15

1

in

3

cases

72

14

0

in

7

cases

56

13

The number of eggs retained by the 52 insects varies
from 0 in seven instances to 240, the average being 36.
This is less than the corresponding number for 1909 by
about 15.

Rau — Copulation, Oviposition in Samia Cecropia Linn. 315

(b) Unfertilised Females.

The table shows the number of ova retained by the
unfertilized females.

270

103

40

257

102

37

247

100

32

189

85

31

179

80

23

144

68

21

137

62

17

135

53

2

133

48

2

110

The numbers varied from 2 to 270, averaging 96, which
accords well with the data for 1909.

(c) Comparison of the Number of Ova Retained by
Mated, and Unmated Females.

The mated insects retained the smaller number of eggs
after death. A glance at the numbers in the two tables
will at once make this clear, and the average for the
fertilized females was 36, against 96 for those unfertil-
ized. In the unmated insects I found none which ovi-
posited completely, while among those which were fer-
tilized seven oviposited perfectly. Again, in the unmated
insects I found only five which retained 23 eggs or less;
in the mated group there were thirty-three which re-
tained less than that number.

3. ENTIRE NUMBER OF EGGS PRODUCED BY FEMALES.

The count was made on 64 insects, and the total num-
ber of eggs produced by each female was obtained by
adding the number of ova deposited to the number re-
tained at death.^

* The numbers are thrown into groups of ten, 300 to 309, 310 to
319, etc.

316 Trcms. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

No.

Eggs ?•«
480 — 1

No.

Eggs 9's

370 — 4

No.

Eggs 9 '3
290 — 3

460 — 3

360 — 3

280 — 1

450 — 1

350 — 2

270 — 3

430 — 4

340 — 4

260 — 2

420 — 4

330 — 3

250 — 3

410 — 1

320 — 4

240 — 3

390 — 3

310 — 3

210 — 1

380 — 2

300 — 5

200 — 1

The average for these figures is 344, which is greater
than the corresponding number for last year by 52.

4. THE RELATION OF EAELY OR LATE EMERGING TO THE NUM-
BER OF EGGS PRODUCED.

It was found that the early emerging moths lived long
lives, while those which emerged late lived a shorter
time.^ We also know that the number of eggs produced
by each individual varied from 203 to 486, The question
of interest is to find whether large production of ova is
correlated with late or early emerging, which is synonym-
ous with short or long life. One might suppose that the
late emerging insect would produce many eggs from the
fact that it had a longer time for forming them. At
the same time one might equally well suppose that the
early emerging female would deposit many ova from
the very fact that it lived longer. We might think from
the standpoint of natural selection that those which live
long enough to deposit many eggs would predominate
and perpetuate a long-lived race.

After careful calculation, however^ absolutely no rela-
tion between the number of eggs and earlj^ or late hatch-
ing, or long or short life, was found.

5. NUMBER OF DAYS SPENT IN OVIPOSITING.

In 57 mated females I found the number of days spent
in ovipositing to vary from 3 to 15. In the 20 unmated

• The results of the observations on the duration of life are in course
of preparation.

Rau — Copulation, Oviposition in Samia Cecropia Linn. 317

females the conditions were quite the same. The inter-
esting fact is that the number of days spent in oviposit-
ing by the long lived and also by the short lived insects
is in no way correlated with the length of life.

6. AGE OF THE INSECTS WHEN FIRST EGGS WERE DEPOSITED.

Long lived insects.

Age

No. of

No. of

Total

Days

mated $'s

unmated 9 's

2

3

0

3

3

3

2

5

4

1

0

1

5

4

1

5

6

3

2

5

7

0

2

2

8

0

1

1

9

0

2

2

10

2

2

4

11

2

0

2

12

0

0

0

13

0

1

1

Short lived insects.

2

11

5

16

3

5

6

11

4

5

8

13

5

0

4

4

6

0

1

1

7

0

2

2

8

0

1

1

Hence we see that the age of the female at first oviposi-
tion varied from 2 to 13 days, regardless of whether or
not fertilization had occurred.

Notes were made on 79 insects, 40 of which partially
oviposited before mating. In the unmated, long-lived
individuals, the age at first oviposition varied from 3 to
13 days, while in the short-lived group it varied from
2 to 8 days. We see some unmated insects beginning
to oviposit very early in life, and others of the long-

318 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

lived individuals holding off until the age of 10 or even
13 days, as if *' waiting" to be fertilized.

Oviposition, it seems, is regulated by physiological
conditions of the individuals, but the table shows that
the short-lived insects deposit unfertilized eggs at an
earlier age than the long-lived ones.

7. THE EELATION OF DUEATION OF LIFE^ TIME SPENT IN

COPULO AND AGE OF FEMALE AT TIME OF MATING, TO

THE NUMBER OF EGGS RETAINED AT DEATH.

(a) Relatioyi of duration of life to eggs retained.

A careful examination of the data shows that there
is absolutely no relation between long life and perfect
oviposition, and short life and imperfect oviposition.
One would naturally think that the long-lived insects
would have ample time to lay all their eggs, while, per-
haps, the short-lived moths could only partially oviposit,
but this does not seem to be the case. The proportions
of cases of complete and incomplete oviposition are about
equal in the long and short-lived groups. In the 1909
notes the conclusion that such a correlation existed in
the unmated females was based upon an altogether in-
sufficient number of observations — only 4 against the 28
of this year. Among the 52 mated females of this year
no relation was ascertained between long life and per-
fect oviposition.

(b) Time spent in coptdo and eggs retained.

The 1909 conclusions are confirmed in this year's evi-
dence that a longer or shorter period of copulation does
not influence the number of eggs deposited or the num-
ber retained after death.

Rau — Copulation, Oviposition in Samia Cecropia Linn. 319

(c) Age of the female at mating and eggs retained.

In the notes of 1909 I found the appearance of such a
relation. If the female mated early in life, oviposition
was almost complete; if late, many eggs were retained.
This inference was drawn from 7 instances.

In this year's work 51 insects were observed. Here
I found absolutely no relation between the age of the
female at mating and the number of ova retained at
death. Among those which mated at an old age, some
retained many eggs, while in others, oviposition was per-
fect. Likewise among those which mated early in life
all degrees of completeness of oviposition were observed.

Issued August 9, 1911.

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VOL.. XX. No. 7.

TITLE-PAGE, PREFATORY MATTER AND INDEX.
RECORD FROM JAN. 1, 1911, TO DEC. 31, 1911.

PAPERS CONTAINED IN VOLUMES XI TO XX.

Is&ued April 17, 1912.

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I

List of Authors. 321

LIST OF AUTHORS.

Abbott, J. F., xxlx

Baskett, J. N., xxvii

Drushel, J. A., 27, xxvii

Engler, E. A., 37, xxvii

Hurter, J., 59

Hus, H. T. A., xxvlii

Kessler, J. J., xxix

Lindsay, G. A., xxviii
Loeb, Leo, xxvii

Murrill, W. A., xi^c

Nipher, F. E., 1, xxvi, xxvii, xxix,
xxx

Rau, Phil, 275
Roever, W. H., xxix

See, T. J. J., xxviii

Thompson, C. H., 17, xxx
Trelease, Wm., xxvi, xxx

Waldo, C. A., xxviii
Wheeler, H. A., xxvii
Wilson, M. E., xxvii
Woodward, C. M., xxviii

322

Trans. Acad. Sci. of Si. Louis.

GENERAL INDEX.

Active members vii

Address of President xxxi

Air propeller with haelicoldal

blades xxviii

Birds, Delusions concerning econom-
ic value of xxvii
Boyle, Wilbur F., Death of xxviii

Cecropia moth, Sexual selection in

275
Charter xix
Copulation and oviposition in

Samia cecropia 275
Cosmogony, Recent discoveries In

xxviii
Curators report xxxiv

Delusions concerning economie

value of birds xxvii
Desert genus Nolina xxvi
Deviation of falling bodies xxix
Discoveries in cosmogony xxviii

Economic value of birds. Delusions

concerning xxvii
Electric discharge 1, xxvi
Electric experiments in study of

solutions XXX
Electricity and matter xxix
Entomological section report xxxiv
Escherich, Theodore, Death of xxix
Exchanges xxii

Falling bodies, Deviation of xxix
Figurate numbers 37, xxvii
Four new plants from Mexico 17
Fungi, Collecting xxix

Geology at St. Louis, Glacial 27,

xxvii
•Geology of Yellowstone National

Park xxvii
•Cflacial geology of St. Louis 27,

xxvii
"Glatfelter, Noah M., Death of

xxviii
Gundelach, Chas. H., Death of xxix

Haelicoidal blades, Air propeller

with xxviii
Herpetology of Missouri 59
History xix

Honorary members vi
Hybrids, Interesting xxx

Illinois, Oil Fields of xxvii
Illusion, Interesting optical xxvii
Interpolation method of oil analy-
sis xxix
Ives, Halsey C, Death of xxviii

Librarian, Report of xxiv
Library xxii
London tubes xxviii

Mammalian ovary, Parthenogenetlo

development of xxvii
Management xx
flatter and electricity xxix
Meetings xxi
Members vi
Membership xx
Mexican plants. Four new 17
!\Iimicry, Poulton's theory of xxix
Missouri, Herpetology of 59
Mistletoes of North America xxx
Moth, Sexual selection in Cecropia

275
Museum xxii

Nature, Origin of species in xxvii
Necrology

Boyle, Wilbur F. xxviii
Escherich, Theodore xxix
Glatfelter, Xoah M. xxviii
Guhdlach, Chas. H. xxix
Ives, Halsey C. xxviii
Outten, Wm. B. xxvii
Robert, Edward S. xxx
Schweitzer, Paul xxix
Van't Hoff, J. W. xxvii
Nolina, Desert genus xxvi
North America, Mistletoes of xxx
Numbers, Figurate 37, xxvii

General Index.

323

Objects xix

Officers v, xx

Oil analysis, Interpolation method

in xxix
Oil fields in Illinois xxvii
Optical illusion, Interesting xxvll
Organization xix

Origin of species in nature xxviil
Outten, Wm. B., Death of xxvii
Ova in mammalian ovary, Parth-

enogenetic development of

xxvii
Oviposition in Samia cecropia 275

Parthenogenetic development of
the ova in mammalian ovary
xxvii

Patrons vi

Plants, from Mexico, Four new 17

Poulton's theory of mimicry xxlx

President, Address of xxxi

Propeller, Air xxviii

Publications xxii

Report of Librarian xxxiv

President xxxi

Treasurer xxxiii
Robert, Edward S., Death of xxx

Saint Louis, Glacial geology at

xxvii
Samia cecropia. Observations on

275
Schweitzer, Paul, Death of xxlx
Sexual selection in Cecropia motli

275
Solutions, Electric experiments In

study of xxx
Species in Nature, Origin of xxviil

Temperature in United States,

Annual xxviil
Treasurer, Report of xxxiii
Tubes, London xxviii

United States, Annual rainfall and
temperature of xxviii

Rainfall in United States, Annual van't Hoff, J. W., Death of xxvll

xxviii

Report of Curators xxxiv Yellowstone National Park, Geol-

Entomological Section xxxiv ogy of xxvii

324

Trans. Acad. ScL of St. Louis.

INDEX TO GENERA.

Ablades 187
Abranchus 70
Acontias 204-206
Acris 100-101, 253
Agama 129, 131, 133
Agkistrodon 198, 204, 206, 255
Amblystoma 72-73, 75, 77, 81
Ambystoma 72-73, 75, 77, 84, 252
Ameiva 139
Amphiuma 68-69, 252
Amyda 249, 251, 256
Ancistrodon 206
Andrias 70

Anguis 136, 155, 162, 172, 175, 190
Aromochelys 230-233, 255
Aspidonectes 251

Bascanion 150, 169, 171-172, 207,

254
Bascanium 169, 171-172
Batrachoseps 80
Boa 175, 206
Brachyorrhos 194
Bufo 98, 253

Caecdlia 13(5

Calamaria 168, 194

Calamita 105, 108

Callinia 249, 251

Calopisma 192

Camarataxis 73

Carphophiops 194

Carphophis 150, 193-194, 255

Caudisona 209-210, 212

Celuta 194

Cenchris 204, 206

Chamaesaura 136

Chelonura 226, 228

Chelydra 226, 255

Chilophryne 98

Chlorosoma 189

Chondrotiis 72

Chorophilns 100, 102-103, 253

Chrysemys 234-236, 238-241, 255

Chrysodonta 69

Cinosternum 231

Cistudo 231, 245, 247-248

Clemmys 236, 238-239, 242-243

Cnemidophorus 254

Cobra 199

Coluber 154-156, 162, 164-165,
168-169, 171-173, 175, 177-183,
185, 187, 189-190, 192, 194,
196, 204

Conocephalus 168

Contia 189, 190

Coronella 183, 185, 187

Coryphodon 169, 171

Couleuvre 156, 192

Crotaliniis 209, 212

Crotalophorus 209-210, 212

Crotalus 204, 209-210, 212, 255

Crotaphytus 129, 253

Cryptobranchus 70, 252

Cyclophis 189, 190

Cylindrosoma 83, 85, 89

Daboya 216
Dendrophyas 108-109
Desmiostoma 73
Desmodactylus 80
Diadophis 150, 188, 195, 255
Diemictylus 94
Diemyctylus 94, 96, 253

Echeveria 20-21, 25

Elaphe 150, 176-182, 254

Elaphis 177-179, 181

Elaps 146, 196-197, 211, 255

Emys 226, 231, 236, 239-240, 242-

243. 245, 247
Emysaura 226
Emysaurus 228
Engystoma 125, 253
Eumeces 140, 142-143, 253
Eiiprepis 140
Eutaenia 159, 161-162
Eutainia 159, 161-162

Index to Genera.

325

Farancia 150, 192, 255

Georgia 179
Graptemys 242-243
Grenouille 121
Gymnopus 249, 251
Gypochelys 228
Gyrinophilus 86

Haldea 150, 168, 198, 254
Haliotis xxviii
Helicops 192
Helocoetus 103
Hemidactylium 79-80, 252
Herpetodryas 172, 189-190
Heterodon 150, 175-176, 254
Hierophis 169
Homalocranium 195
Homalopsis 192
Hyalinus 136
Hydrops 192

Hyla 100, 103-106, 108-110, 253
Hylodes 100, 103, 106

Ipomoea 17-18, 25
Ischnognathus 164-166

Kinosternon 230, 233, 255

Lacerta 75, 131, 139-140

Lacerte 133

Lacertus 139

Lampropeltis 150, 183, 185, 187,

199, 254-255
Leio4opisma 140, 143, 253
Leptophis 190
Liolepisftia 143
Liopeltis 150, 189-190, 255
Liosaurus 129
Lygosoma 143

Mabnya 140
Macrochelys 228, 255
Macroclemmys 228
Macroclemys 228
Malaclemmys 243
Malaclemys 234, 242-243, 255
Malacoclemmys 242-243
Malacoclemys 243

Masticophis 172
Megalobatrachus 70
Menobranchus 65
Menopoma 70
Microps 166
Merremia 18
Mncoa 143
Molge 94
Mugissante 121
Muraena 66
Jvliiraenopsis 69

Natrix 150-152, 154-159, 163, 168,

172, 198, 204, 254
N«cturus 64-65, 252
Nerodia 151-152, 154-158
Nolina xxvi
Notoplithalmus 94

Oligosoma 143
Opercnlina 18
Opheodrys 150, 190, 255
Opheosaurus 136
Ophibolus 183, 185, 187
Ophiophagus 216
Opbisaurus 135-136. 253
Osceola 183
Ozotheca 231, 232

Phrynosoma 129, 132-133, 253
Phyllophilophis 190
Piscivore 204
Pituophis 150, 173, 254
Pityophis 173
Plestiodon 140, 142
Plethodon 73, 79, 81-84, 252
Potamophis 168
Proteida 64
Proteocordylus 70
Proteus 64
Protonopsis 70
Psammophis 172
Pseudemys 234, 238-241, 255
Pseudobranchus 66

Rana 100, 105, 111, 113-115, 117,

119, 121-123, 162, 249, 253
Ranaria 119
Regina 158

326

Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Salamandra 70, 73, 75, 77, 80-81,

83, 85, 89, 94, 122
Samia 275-319
Saurocercus 85
Scaphiopus 111, 253
Sceloporus 129, 131, 253
Scincus 140, 143
Scotophis 177-180, 182
Scytale 175, 204, 206
Scytalus 206
Sedastrum 21-25
Sedum 23-25
Siredon 73

Siren 64, 66, 156, 252
Sirena 65, 69
Sirene 66
Sirenoides 69
Sirtale 162

Sistrurus 204, 208-210, 255
Spelerpes 79, 84-90, 252-253
Sphenodon 127
Spilotes 179
Staurotypus 231
Stellio 131

Sternothoerus 231-232
Storeria 150, 164-166, 254

Tantilla 150, 195, 198, 255
Tapaya 133

Terrapene 231, 234, 243-245, 247-

248, 255-256
Testudo 226, 231, 243, 245
Thamnophis 104, 150, 159, 161-

162, 198, 254
Thorius 91
Tiliqua 140, 143
Toxicophis 204
Trachemys 239-240
Trigonocephalus 204, 206
Trionyx 249, 251
Triton 65, 73, 83, 94
Triturus 94

Tropidoclonium 150, 166, 198, 254
Tropidogaster 133
Tropidolepis 131
Tropidonotus 151-152, 154-159,

161-162, 164
Typhlomolge 64
Typhlotriton 91, 94, 253

Urocrotalon 212
Uromastix 131
Uropsophus 212

Vipera 176, 192, 196, 204, 210
Virginia 150, 168, 181, 191, 255

Zamenis 169, 171-172

Classified List of Papers and Notes in Vols. XI-XX. 327

CLASSIFIED LIST OF PAPERS AND NOTES
CONTAINED IN VOLUMES XI-XX.
Academy.

Abstract of history, llcxiii. 12 : xiii. 13 : xxii. 14 : xxiv. 15 : xxii.

16 : ex. 17 : xxi. 18 : xviii. 19 : xix. 20 : xix
Alt, A. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xxxix
Birge, E. A. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xlviii
Buckley, E. R. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxvii
Celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the first meeting. 16 : xv-

xcix
Chamberlin, T. C. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ivii
Chaplin, W. S. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xcii
Constitution and By-Laws. 13 : xiii. 14 : xv. 15 : xiii. 16 : ci. 17 : xiii
Coulter, S. M. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xc
Farrington, O. C. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixix
Green, J. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xlv
Hambach, G. A history of the museum and library. 16 : xxxiii, cxvi
Hunicke, H. A. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xci
Hurter, J. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xc
Layman, W. A. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxxvi
Lochhead, W. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixvii
Long, J. H. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixiii
MacMillan, C. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxxi
McGee, W. J. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxiv
Nipher, F. E. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xli

[An account of the Academy's publications and their worth].

16 : cxvij
Reardon. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxxvii
Sampson, F. A. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xci
Sander, E. A treasury statement from the beginning with mention

of all gifts received by the Treasurer. 16 : xxx, cxvi
Schrenk, H. v. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxviii
Terry, J. H. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : xci
Thompson, C. H. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxxv
Trelease, W. [Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxix

[The Academy of Science of St. Louis — a biography]. 13 : xiii

Whelpley, H. M. A sketch of the history of the Academy. 16 : xx, cxv

[Address at fiftieth anniversary]. 16 : Ixxxiv.

Woodward, C. M. [An account of its members who have attained emi-
nence either while here or after leaving St. Louis]. 16 : cxvi
Addresses of Presidents.
Alt, A. 15 : xl. 16 : cxxiv
Eliot, H. W. 12 : xxix
Moore, R. 11 : xxxvii
Smith, D. S. H. 13 : xlv
Trelease, W. 18 : Ixiii. 19 : xxxvi. 20 : xxxi
Woodward, C. M. 17 : li. 18 : xxxviii

328 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Anatomy. — See Biology.
Archaeology, ethnology.

Bagby, J. [Prehistoric Indian clubs]. 16 : cxvii

Barck, C. [The snake dance of the Hopi Indians]. 19 : xxvii

McGee, W. J. [Types of mankind at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi-
tion]. 14 : xl

Sawyer, A. [Ethnographic life lines left by a prehistoric race]. 11 :
xxiv

Whelpley, H. M. [Cranial surgery among the primitive races]. 18 :
xxxvii

[Indian flint spades]. 16 : cxx

[The celts of the North American Indians]. 17 : xxxi

[The sacred pipestone quarries of the Upper Missouri]. 13 : xxix

Astronomy.

Borgmeyer, C. J. [Stereo-model showing the path of Halley's Comet].
19 : xxvii

Brennan, M. S. [Halley's Comet]. 19 : xxvii

[The nebular hypothesis]. 14 : xxxii

[The progress of astronomy in the United States during the nine-
teenth century]. 11 : xviii

Curtis, C. B. [The planet Mars]. 18 : xxvi

James, G. O. [The approximate determination of latitude]. 18 : xxvi

Nipher, F. E. [Application of the equations for gaseous nebulae to
the planetary system]. 14 : xxxii

Primitive conditions in the solar nebula. 14 : 111-112

See, T. J. J. [Recent discoveries in cosmogony]. 20 : xxviii

Wallace, R. J. [Construction, equipment and work of a modern
observatory]. 19 : xxxv
Biograjihic notices.

Agassiz, A. 19 : xxxi

Agassiz, J. L. R. 17 : xxxiii

Baumgarten, G. 19 : xli

Boltzmann, L. 16 : cxxi

Chouteau, C. P. 11 : xx

Darwin, C. 18:1

Engelmann, Geo. 18 : xlvii

Harrison, Edwin. 15 : xxxiv

Holmes, N. 11 : xxvii

Hunicke, H. A. 18 : Iviii

Linnaeus. 17 : xxxi

Litton, A. 12 : xxiv

Moissan, H. 17 : xxviii

Pulsifer, W. H. 15 : xxxii

Spiegelhalter, J. 18 : Ix
Biology.

Abbott, J. F. [An examination of Poulton's theory of mimicry]. 20 :
xxix

[The natural selection theory and its latter day critics]. 18 : 1

Bolton, B. M. and D. L. Harris. [The use of agar-agar for imbedding
purposes]. 1 3 : xl

Classified List of Papers and Notes in Vols. XI-XX. 329

Biology, continued.

Gates, R. R. [The cytological aspect of evolution by mutation]. 18 : Ixi
Harder, U. [Evolution with reference to the acquisition of the erect
posture, its disadvantages and the decline of certain faculties in
man]. 19:xxxiv
Harris, D. L. — See Bolton, B. M.

Hus, H. T. A. [The origin of species in nature]. 20 : xxviii
Kodis, T. [On the action of the constant current upon animal tissue].
11 : xxv

[Staining brain tissue]. 11 : xxviii

Neilson, C. H. [Eosinophilia and Indicanuria]. IS : xxvii

Stedman, J. M. [Life-zones of Mexico]. 11 : xvii

Todd, C. A. [The preservation and mounting of wet preparations for

museums]. 19:xxxi
Trelease, W. [Engelmann as a biologist]. 18 : xlix
Botany.

Baker, C. F. A revision of the Elephantopeae. I. 12 : 43-56. pi. 9
Bush, B. F. A new genus of grasses. 13 : 175-183. pi. 7-8

The genus Othake Raf. 14- : 171-180

The North American species of Chaerophylhim. 12 : 57-63

The North American species of Triodia. 12 : 64-77. pi. 10-11

The Texas Tradescantias. 14 : 181-193

== — See Mackenzie, K. K.

Coulter, S. M. [Typical swamp area and their characteristic

plants]. 14 : xxxix
Duggar, B. M. The relation of certain marine Algae to various

salt solutions. 16 : 473-489
Eikenberry, W. L. [Linnaeus as a botanist]. 17 : xxxi

[Principles of ecology and development of plant societies].

14 : xxxvi
Glatfelter, N. M. [Edible mushrooms]. 16 : cxxiii

[Higher fungi in the vicinity of St. Louis]. 15 : xxx

Preliminary list of higher fungi collected in the vicinity of

St. Louis, Mo., from 1898 to 1905. 16 : 33-94

[The poisonous mushrooms of the family Amonita]. 16 : cxvi

Harris, J. A. [Fertility in plants]. 17 : xxvii

Normal and teratological thorns of Gleditschia triacanthos,

L. 1 1 : 215-222. pi. 21-25. xxxv
Polygamy and certain floral abnormalities in Solanum.

13 : 185-202

— The germination of Pachira, with a note on the names of
two species. 13 : 203-209. pi. 9-11

— [The influence of insects upon the geographical distribution

of plants]. 15 : xxxii

[The nature and function of the color of flowers]. 14 : xli

Hedgcock, G. G. [The sugar beet industry in the United States].

12 : xxvii
Hus, H.T. A. [The influence of man on the form of plants]. 15 : xxx
Life, A. C. [Alternation of generation and its application to evolu-
tion of plants]. 16 : cxvii

330 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Biology, Botany, continued.

Livingston, B. E. [The desert laboratory of the Carnegie Institu-
tion]. 1 7 : xxix
Mackenzie, K. K. and B. F. Bush. New plants from Missouri.

12 : 79-89. pi. 12-17

The Lespedezas of Missouri. 12 : 11-19. pi. 1-U

McClure, G. E. [The order Orchidacea]. 15 : xxxix
Murrill, W. A. [Experiences collecting fungi]. 20 : xxix
Norton, J. B. S. Notes on some plants of the Southwestern

United States. 12 : 35-41. pi. 5-8

Sclerotinia frxictigena. 12:91-97. pi. 18-21

Pauls, G. [Hackberry (Celtis) covered with galls]. 11 : xxvi

[The relations of human and plant life]. 15 : xxviii

[Varieties of grapes cultivated]. 11 : xxxiii

Phillips, F. J. Hail injury on forest trees. 19 : 49-56. pi. 11-17

Rolfs, P. H. Florida lichens. 11 : 25-39

Sargent, C. S. [Crataegus in Missouri]. 18 : xxvii

Sawyer, A. [Buried wood]. 11 : xxiv

Schrenk, H. v. [Impregnated wooden paving blocks of London

and Paris]. 12:xxii

[The bitter- rot disease of apples]. 13 : xxvii

[The effects of water on wood fiber]. 17 : xxvii

Spaulding, P. [The botanists of St. Louis]. 17:xxx
Thompson, C. H. Four new plants from Mexico. 20 : 17-25. pi. 7-12

[Interesting hybrids]. 20 : xxx

[Three new Mexican plants]. 19 : xxvii

Trelease, W. [Autumnal coloring of foliage]. 12: xxvii

[Green-spored Lepiota (Lepiota Morgani) from the foot of

Rascon Mountain, between San Luis Potosi and Tampico,

Mexico]. 16 : cxx

[Mistletoes of North America]. 20 : xxx

[The desert genus Nolina]. 20 : xxvi

[The geographical distribution of Agave in the West Indies

and its probable mode of introduction]. 19 : xxxii

The Mexican Agaves knov/n as Zapupe. 18:29-37. pi. 1-6. Ivi

The progress made in botany during the nineteenth century.

11 : 125-142. xxxiv

[The smallest of the century plants]. 19 : xxxiii

[Variegation in the century plant and other Agaves]. 17:xlix

[Variations in the ring or collar of Lepiota naucinoides]'

12: xxvii

[Yuccas and their allies]. 12 : xx.

Wittmack, L. Our present knowledge of ancient plants. 14 :

xxxix. 15 : 1-15
ZooIo;^y.

Abbott, J. F. [Linnaeus as a zoologist]. 17 : xxxi

Alt, A. On the histology of the eye of Typhlotriton spelaeua

from Marble Cave, Mo. 19 : 83-96. pi. 26-3i. xxxi
Baker, F. C. A revision of the Limnaeas of northern Illinois.

11 :l-24. pi. 1

Classified List of Papers and Notes in Vols. XI -XX. 331

Biology, Zoology, contimied.
Baker, F. C, continued.

Notes on a collection of moUusks from the vicinity of

Alpena, Michigan. 16 : 1-15. pi. 1

Notes on Planorbis truncatus Miles. 14 : 107-110

• Some interesting molluscan monstrosities. 11:143-146. pi. 11

■ The molluscan fauna of McGregor, Iowa. 15 : 249-258

The molluscan fauna of the Dells of Wisconsin. 14 : 99-105

Baskett, J. N. [Heads and tails in nature]. 18 : xxxviii

[Some delusions concerning the economic value of birdsj.

20 : xxvii
Bean, T. H. [The salmon and salmon fisheries of Alaska]. 13:xxviii
Casey, T. L. Notes on the Pleurotomidae with description of

some new genera and species. 14 : 123-170
Ewing, H. E. New Acarina from India. 19 : 113-121. pi. 35

New North American Acarina. 18 : 53-77. pi. 8-11

Hurter, J. [A trip through Marble Cave in Stone Co., Mo.]. 16:cxxi

[Caves and their inhabitants in SuUivan County, Mo.]. 16:cxx

Herpetology of Missouri. 20 : 59-274. pi. 18-25

[Life history of the Blind Salamander of Missouri]. 19 : xxx

[Rare and curious reptiles and amphibia]. 16 : cxvii

Second contribution to the herpetology of Missouri. 13 : 77-86

[The blind salamanders of the world]. 18 : li

[The poisonous snakes of Missouri]. 19 : xxxiv

and J. K. Strecker, Jr. The amphibians and reptiles of

Arkansas. 18:11-27. li
Lefevre, Geo. The advance of zoology in the nineteenth cen-
tury. 11 : 71-104. xxxi
Loeb, L. [The parthenogenetic development of the ova in the

mammalian ovary]. 20 : xxvii
Nipher, F. E. [Discontinuities in the evolution of the trotting

horse]. 14:xxxiii
On the predetermination of the speed of the trotting horse.

13 : 69-75

[The curve of speed of the trotting horse]. 13 : xlii

Schwarz, F. [The effect of climate on centipedes, tarantulas and

scorpions]. 16 : cxvi
Strecker, J. K., Jr. Studies in North American Batrachology.

Notes on the Robber Frog (Lithodytes latrans Cope). 19 : 73-82
=^ — See Hurter, J.
Terry, R. J. [The morphology of the pineal region in Teleosts].

19 :xxxi
The nasal skeleton of Aviblystoma punctatum (Linn.) 16:

95-124. pi. 2-5. cxv
Turner, C. H. Ecological notes on the Cladocera and Copepoda

of Augusta, Georgia, with descriptions of new or little known

species. \\) : l^l-llQ. pi. 36-38
Widmann, O. A preliminary catalogue of the birds of Missouri

17:1-288
[Introduction to a preliminary catalogue of the birds of Mis-
souri]. 16 : cxviii

332 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Biology, Zoology, continued.

Widmann, 0., continued.

[Protection of migratory birds]. 19 : xxvii

[The birds of the Missouri Botanical Garden]. 18 : lii

Entomology.

Casey, T. L. A revision of the American Paederini. 15:17-248.

[Observations on the Staphylinid groups Aleocharinae and

Xantholinini, chiefly of America. 16 : 125-434
Douglas, R. D. [Butterflies and beetles of South Africa]. 14:xli
Genung, L. T. [Structural characteristics, habits and adapta-
tions of Lepidoptera]. 12 : xxi
Pauls, G. [Galls on hickory, maple and oak leaves]. 11 : xxxiii
Rau, P. Further observations on copulation and oviposition
in Saniia cecropia Linn. 20 : 309-319

Observations on the duration of life, on copulation, and

on oviposition in Samia cecropia Linn. 19 : 21-48
Sexual selection experiments in the Cecropia moth. 20 :

275-308

Thompson, C. H. [The thirteen- and seventeen-year Cicada].
17 : xxvii

Anatomy. morplioloi2:y.

Alt, A. On the histology of the eye of Typhlotriton spelaeus
from Marble Cave, Mo. 19 : 83-96. pi. 26-34

[The development of the eye]. 12 : xxviii

Emmel, V. E. [Observations on the differentiation of regen-
erating epidermal and striated muscle tissue]. 18 : Ixii
Terry, R. J. [A case of right aortic arch in man]. 13 : xxviii

[Observations on the development of the vomer]. 18 : Iv

[The morphology of the pineal region in Teleosts]. 19:xxxi

The nasal skeleton of Amhly stoma punctatum (Linn.).

16 : 95-124. pi. 2-5. cxv
Wood, C. A. [The eyes and eye-sight of the lower animals].
15 :xxxix
Pliysiolog-y,

Abbott, J. F. [Galvanotropism in bacteria]. 17:xxix
Baker, C. F. [The development of the chick during the first
forty-eight hours of segmentation]. 11 : xxxi

Eycleshymer, A. C. [Grovs^ing old, and the attempts to pre-
vent it]. 18 : xxviii

Greeley, A. W. [Effects on protoplasm of variations in tem-
perature and in the water content of the cells]. 13 : xxix

[Experiments in the nature of the contraction of muscle].

13:xliii

[The reactions of Paramecia and other protozoa to

chemical and electrical stimuli]. 13 : xl
Grindon, J. [The protection 'against disease afforded by
certain substances in the blood]. 18 : Iv

Guthrie, C. C. [Transplantation of ovaries in chickens].

18 : xxvii

Loeb, L. [The parthenogenetic development of the ova in

the mammalian ovary]. 20 : xxvii

Lyon, E. P. [The enzymes of fertilized and unfertilized eggs],
17 : xxvii

Classified List gf Papers and Notes in Vols. XI-XX. 333

Botany. — See Biology.
Chemistry.

Andrews, L. W. [Containers used in chemical processes]. 17:1
Douglass, S. A. [The electric furnace in industrial chemistry]. 18 :

XXXV

Forder, S. W.— See Keiser, E. H.

Keiser, E. H. [A method of determining the amount of lime in
cements]. 13 : xli

[On the determination of ozone, nitrogen peroxide and hydrogen

peroxide in gas mixtures]. 17 : li

[Progress of the science of chemistry during the nineteenth cen-
tury]. 11 : xxvi

and S. W. Forder. A new method for the determination of free

lime, and on so-called dead burnt lime. 13 : 165-174
Kessler, J. J. [Interpolation method of oil analysis]. 20 : xxix

[Metals and alloys under the microscope]. 18 : Ixi

Long, J. H. [The trend of chemical development in the last fifty

years]. 16 : Ixiii
McMaster, L. [Radioactivity]. 18 : xxviii

[Relations between organic ferments and colloidal suspensions].

19 : XXV
Nipher, F. E. [Some properties of radium]. 14 : xxxii
Richter, G. [The physiological and chemical properties of gelatin].
12: XX
Conservation.

Clement, G. E. [The system of government forestry]. 15 : xxix
Fernald, R. H. [The conservation of our fuel resources made possible

by the introduction of producer-gas]. 17 : xxxiii
Holmes, J. A. [Efforts made in the United States to preserve the
forests and other natural features of the country]. 13 : xxxviii
Education, sociology.

Abbott, J. F. [Social customs of the Japanese]. 15 : xxxii
Moore, R. [Vital statistics of St. Louis from 1840 to 1902]. 13 : xlv
Soldan, F. L. [The advance made in education during the nineteenth
century]. 11 : xxxvi
Engineering, machinery, nmnut'actiires.

Allemah, G. [The chemical constitution and the manufacture of Port-
land cements]. 12 : xx
Huston, H. A. [Stassfurt industry of potash, sulphate of magnesia,

bromine, etc.]. 15 : xxviii
Kinealy, J. H. [Calorimeters for determining the heating powers of

fuels]. 15: xxviii
Langsdorf, A. S. [Factory tests of electrical machinery]. 12:xxiii

[Long distance transmission of power]. 15 : xxxix

Nipher, F. E. [The telegraphone]. 17:1

Thurman, J. S. [Industrial uses of compressed air]. 11 : xxviii

Van Ornum, J. L. [The effect of the presence of vegetable mold on

the strength of concrete and mortar]. 19 : xxxiii
[The progress made in engineering during the nineteenth cen-
tury]. 11 : xxii

334 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Engineering, etc., continued.

Waldo, C. A. [The London tubes]. 20 : xxviii
Woodward, C. M. Air-ship propeller problems. 18 : 1-10

[The mechanical problems of the air ship]. 17 : xxxiii, xlix, I

[The theory of an air propeller with haelicoidal blades]. 20:

xxviii

Entomology.— See Biology.

Ethics.

Sheldon, W. L. A bird's-eye view of the literature of ethical science

since the time of Charles Darwin. 13 : 87-142
[The progress in the science of ethics since the publication of

Darwin's "Descent of Man " in 1871]. 13 : xxviii
Ethnology*— See Archaeology.
Folk-lore.— See Language.
Geology, palaeontology.

Bagby, J. [Natural and artificial springs and pools of the Ozarks].

16 : cxviii
Branson, E. B. The fauna of the residuary Auburn chert of Lincoln

County, Missouri. 18 : 39-52. pi. 7
Buckley, E. R. [The work of the Missouri State Bureau of Geology

and Mines]. 12 : xxii
Cammon. E. A. [Fossils from Water Works Knob in Columbia, Ten-
nessee]. 16 : cxxiii
Drushel, J. A. Studies in glacial geology in Saint Louis and vicinity.

20 : 27-36. pi. 13-17

[The glacial drift under the St. Louis loess]. 18 : xxvii

Evers, E. [Report of a visit and exploration of a cave in Crawford

Co., Mo., four miles from Leasburg, called the Onondago Cave].

16 : cxxi
Hambach, G. Revision of the Blastoideae, with a proposed new

classification, and description of new species. 13: 1-67. %)l- 1-6
Hurter, J. [A trip through Marble Cave in Stone Co., Mo.]. 16 : cxxi
Keyes, C. H. The Guadalupan Series: and the relations of its dis-
covery to the existence of a Permian section in Missouri. 19 :

123-129
Klem, M. J. A revision of the palaeozoic Palaeechinoidea, with a

synopsis of all known species. 14 : 1-97. pi. 1-6
Marbut, C. F. [The advance made in geology during the nineteenth

century]. 11 : xxix
McCourt, W. E. [Darwin's influence upon geology]. 18 : 1
[Geological formations of Onondago Cave, near Leasburg, Mo.].

18:lx

[The unfolding of the map of the world]. 19 : xxxiii

Palmer, E. J. Flora of the Grand Falls chert barrens. 19 : 97-112

Waldo, C. A. [What a volcano is doing]. 18 : xlv

Weller, S. Kinderhook faunal studies. IIL The fauna of beds No. 3

to No. 7 at Burlington, Iowa. 11 : 147-214. pi. 12-20
Kinderhook faunal studies. IV. The fauna of the Glen Park

limestone. 16 : 435-471. pi. 6-7

Classified List of Papers and Notes in Vols. XI-XX. 335

Geology, etc., continued.
Weller, S. , continued.

Paraphorhynchus a new genus of Kinderhook Brachiopoda. 15 ;

259-264. pi. 1
Wheeler, H. A. [Occurrence, near Hematite, Mo., of granite boul-
ders]. 12 : xxiii

[The Mexican volcano Colima]. 13 : xxxviii

Whelpley, H. M. [The Mammoth Cave of Kentucky]. 16 : xxvii
Wilson, M. E. [Some geological features in the Yellowstone National
Park]. 20 : xxvii
LaiiA"uaj2;e, folk-lore, etc.

Abbott, J. F. [The Japanese language and the development of its

written system]. 16 : cxv
Andrews, L. M. [Phonetics and Bell's system of visible speech],
16 : cxxiii
Machinery. — See Engineering.
Manufactures. — See Engineering.
Mathematics.

Chessin, A. S. On some relations between Bessel functions of the

first and of the second kind. 12 : 99-108
Engler, E. A. Figurate numbers. 20 : 37-57. xxvii
Nipher, F. E. [Discontinuities in the evolution of the trotting horse],
14 : xxxiii

On the predetermination of the speed of the trotting horse. 13 :

69-75

[The curve of speed of the trotting horse]. 13 : xlii

Poats, T. G. Isogonic transformation. 11 : 41-50
Woodward, C. M. [A mathematical analysis on the throws of dice],
15 : xxxix

[An easy method of determining the length of a generation],

1 1 : xxix
IMerticine, sanitation.

Alt, A. [What is a cataract?]. 13 : xliv
Barck, C. [The history of spectacles]. 14 : xxxviii
Brown, O. H. [The problems of tuberculosis]. 17 : xxvi
Goldstein, M. A. [The oto-projectoscope]. 16 : cxxiv

[The uses of the tuning fork as a means of medical diagnosis],

12 : xxviii

Grindon, J. [The protection against disease afforded by certain sub-
stances in the blood]. 18 : Iv

Kirchner, W. C. G. Bacteriological examination of river water.
14 : xliii. 15 : 265-298. fig. 1

Snodgrass, C. A. [Bacteria and their work]. 14 : xxxvi

Whelpley, H. M. [Progress in the study and development of medical
remedies]. 15 : xxix

Wixford, J. F. [Purification of our city water supply]. 15 : xxix
Meteorites.— See Mineralogy.
Meteorology.

Bowie, E. H. [Predetermination of paths of centers of cyclonic
areas]. 16 : cxxii

336 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Meteorology, continued.

Lindsay, G. A. [The annual rainfall and temperature of the United

States]. 20:xxviii
Nipher, F. E. [Engelmann's work in meteorology]. 18 : xlviii
Mineralogy.

McCourt, W. E. [Diamonds in Arkansas]. 18:lix

Thacher, A. [The present and probable future of the Missouri mining

industry]. 12 : xxii
Wheeler, H. A. [Oil fields of Illinois], 20 : xxvii

[The occurrence of oil and gas about St. Louis]. 18 :xxxix

3Ieteorites.

Keyes, C. H. Abundance of meteorites on the Painted Desert;
and its bearing upon the planetesimal hypothesis of the origin
of the earth. 19 : 131-150
Nipher, F. E.— See Wheeler, H. A.

Wheeler, H. A. and F. E. Nipher. [Sulphur-balls or Nigger-heads].
12 : xxiii
Morphology.— See Biology.
Natural resoiii*ces. — See conservation.
Obituaries. — See Biographic notices.
Palaeontology.— See Geology.
Philosophy.

Lovejoy, A. O. [Some aspects of Darwin's influence upon modern

thought]. 18:1
Swift. E. J. [How we learn to do things]. 18 : xxxvii
Photography.

Cramer, G. [Color photography]. 18 : xxvii
Curtis, C. B. [Color photography]. 12 : xxix
Nipher, F. E. [Positive photography]. 11 : xviii, xx, xxii, xxv

The relation of direct to reversed photographic pictures. 11 :

51-61. Tpl. 2-10
Powrie, J. H. [Florence heliochromic plate]. l.'> : xl
Wallace, R. J. [The physical possibilities and limitations of "Auto-
crom " color photography]. 18 : Ix
Physi<s.

Chessin, A. S. [On the motion of a top, taking into account the rota-
tion of the earth]. 11 : xxxiv

On the motion of gyroscopes. 12 : 21-34. xviii

On the true potential of the force of gravity. 12 : 1-9

[The harmony of tone and color]. 11 : xxxv

[The strains and stresses in a rotating thin circular disc]. 13 :

xxxii
Langsdorf, A. S. [Electric waves]. 12: xxii
[Hysteresis of the electric current]. 17 : xxvii

[Lightning and lightning protection]. 18 : Ixi

[The fatigue of insulation]. 18 : xxxvi

[Use of arrow heads in vector diagrams]. 17 : li

Nipher, F. E. [A new device for measuring the pressure of wind on

buildings or of air in pipes]. 16 : cxvi
[Action of ball lightning discharges on wood]. 11 : xxvi

Classified List of Papers and Notes in Vols. XI-XX. 337

Physics, continued.

Nipher, F. E., continued.

[An interesting optical illusion]. 20 : xxvii

[Application of the equations for gaseous nebulae to the plane-
tary system]. 14 : xxxii

[Distortion of the magnetic field by means of explosions]. 13 :

xxxvi

[Electrical experiments in the study of solutions]. 20 : xxx

[Electricity and matter]. 20 : xxix

[Lessons to be learned from common things]. 18 : Iv

[Methods used for measuring wind velocities]. 14 : xliv

[Momentum effects in electric discharges]. 18 : 1

On pressure measurements in a fluid stream. 16 : 17-32

On the nature of the electric discharge. The one-fluid and the

two-fluid theories. 18 : Ix, Ixii. 19 : 1-20, 57-72. pi. 1-10, 18-25.
xxvi, xxxi, xxxiii, xxxv. 20 : 1-16. pi. 1-6. xxvi

— Physics during the last century. 11 ; 105-123. xxxiii

— Primitive conditions in the solar nebula. 14 : 111-122

— [Problems in physics]. 14 : xlii

— [Production of ether disturbances by explosions and by the
motion of masses of matter]. 11 : xxxvi. 12 : xix. 13 : xxix

— The law of contraction of gaseous nebulae. 13 : 143-164. xli
The specific heat of gaseous nebulae in gravitational contrac-

tion. 11:63-70

— [The telegraphone]. 17:1

— [The velocity and momentum of an electric current]. 18 : xxxv
[What is an electric current?]. 17 : xxvi

Petavel, J. E. [The ultimate limit of low temperature]. 14 : xlii
Pyle, L. [Measurement of the acceleration of a freely falling body].

18 : xxxiii
Roever, W. H. [The deviation of falling bodies]. 20 : xxix
[The effect of the earth's rotation upon falling bodies]. 11 !

XXXll

[The optical interpretation of some problems in statics]. 18 :
xlv
Siebert, A. [Liquid light]. 14 : xl
Woodward, C. M. Air-ship propeller problems. 18 : 1-10

[Stresses in a rotating disk]. 12 : xxiii

[Notes on the mechanical problems of aerial navigation]. 17 :

xxxiii, xlix, 1

[The action of an eccentric weight on a rolling wheel]. 15 :

xxviii
[The theory of an air propeller with haelicoidal blades]. 20 t

xxviii
Physiography.

Barck, C. [The Grand Canon of the Colorado]. 13 : xxxix
Chenery, W. H. [The relation of the physiography of the Iberian

peninsula to the development of the Spanish people]. 18 : lii
Erwin, J. W. [The wonders and glories of California]. 14 : xliii
Mesker, F. [China and the Great Wall]. 19 : xxxi

338 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis.

Physiography, continued.

Truax, C. [The Yellowstone National Park]. 17 : xxviii

Wheeler, H. A. [Engelmann's contributions to geognosy], 18 : xlvii

Physiology. — See Biology.

P.sychology. — See Philosophy.

Sanitation. — See Medicine.

Science.

Birge, E. A. [The progress of science since 1856]. 16 : xlviii
Chamberlin, T. C. [History of western academies of science]. 16 :

Ivii
Coulter, S. M. [Darwin as a naturalist]. 18 : 1
Farrington, O. C. [The museum and the public]. 16 : Ixix
Lovejoy, A. O. [Linnaeus and the evolution of the sciences]. 17 j

xxxii
Wislizenus, F. A. [Linnaeus, His life and personality]. 17 : xxxi

Sociology. — See Education.

Zoology. — See Biology.

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