'■• ■•■Jt HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. IM (&C/cAa u.n^'—jAauin^' TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF ST. LOUIS. VOL. VII. JULY 1894 to DEC. 1897. PUBLISHED UNDER DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL. i. ST. LOUIS: NIXON-JONES PRINTING CO. CORRECTIONS. P. 144. —For Plates 1, 2, and 3, read Plates XXII., XXIII., and XXIV. — It should also be noted that plates I. - XXIV. replace numbered pages of text. 163, several places. — For Crotallaria read Crotalaria. 171, second line from bottom. — For Anthremus, read An- threnus. 201, first line. — For constructions, read properties. 202, first four equations. — For 2, read 4. 214, fifth line. — For least, read greatest. 224-8. — For s, read 2. 241, sixth line from bottom. — Yovfilamenta, read filij 'era. 3 293, equation 43.— For wy ~ " ° ^ + y^ mx 3 read ™V ~ * ™ (** + V*)\ mx 427, line 8. — For Schradophylluin Jacquinii read Sciadophyl- lum Jacquini. Concerning No. 12, Mr. Roever submits the following note: — After the introduction of the electrified point or the electrified line into a field of electric force which before the introduction of the electrified point or the electrified line is uniform in direction and magnitude at every point (and may be the field of an isolated electrified plane of infinite extent) the equipotential surfaces cease to be planes (except at an infinite distance). Owing to this fact the following wording should be substituted for that on the title page: — Geometrical properties of the lines of force proceeding from (a) A system consisting of an electrified straight line surrounded by a field of electric force which before the introduction of the electrified line was uniform in direction and magnitude at every point. The electrified line is perpendicular to the direction of the force in the original field. (b) A system consisting of an electrified point surrounded by a field of electric force which before the introduction of the electrified point was uniform in direction and magnitude at every point. The wording on pages 273 and 285 (printed in italics) and in several other places should also be changed. The reader will, however, receive a cor- rect impression from the uncorrected statements by thinking of a field of electric force which is uniform in direction and magnitude at every point whenever " electrified plane " is mentioned. He will also think of the magni- tude of the field force as being represented by F instead of by 2~ a. Notwithstanding these corrections, the mathematical results reached are correct. JUL I 1335: CONTENTS. PAGE Table of Contents v List of Members. Revised to Dec. 31, 1897: 1 . Patrons vii 2. Active Members vii List of Exchanges. Revised to Dec. 31, 1897 xiii History of the Academy (Abstract) xxxv Record. July 1, 1894 to Dec. 31, 1897 xxxix Papers Published. July 1, 1894 to Dec. 31, 1897: 1. R. Ellsworth Call. — A study of the Unionidae of Arkansas, with incidental reference to their distribu- tion in the Mississippi valley. — Plates I. -XXI. — Issued January 3, 1895 1 2. Francis E. Nipher. — On the electrical capacity of bodies, and the energy of an electrical charge. — Issued January 21, 1895 109 3. H. A. Wheeler. — Note on the glacial drift in St. Louis. 121 — Note on an occurrence of blende in lignite 123 — Recent additions to the mineralog}7 of Missouri. — Issued February 21, 1895 12G 4. Francis E. Nipher. — The law of minimum deviation of light by a prism. — Issued December 20, 1895 133 5. N. M. Glatfelter. — Relations of Salix Missouriensis, Bebb, to S. cordata, Muhl. — Plates 'XXII.-XXIV.— Issued January 4, 1896 137 6. Charles Robertson. — Flowers and insects. Contribu- tions to an account of the ecological relations of the entomophilous flora and the anthophilous iusect fauna of the neighborhood of Carlinville, Illinois. — Issued April 28, 1896 151 7. Francis E. Nipher. — On a rotational motion of the cathode disc in the Crookes tube. — Issued May 8, 1896 181 8. C. M. Woodward. — At what age do pupils withdraw from the public schools? — Issued May 21, 1896 185 VI Contents. Papers Published — Continued. PAGE 9. Wm. H. Roever. — Geometrical constructions of the lines of foroe proceeding from (a) two parallel electrified lines, (&) two electrified points. — Issued June 30, 1896 201 10. J. B. S. Norton. — A study of the Kansas Ustilagineae, especially with regard to their germination. — Plates XXV.-XXIX.— Issued November 9, 1896 229 11. Milton Updegraff. — Flexure of telescopes. — Issued November 21, 1896 243 12. Wm. H. Roever.— Geometrical properties of the lines of force proceeding from (a) a system consisting of an electrified plane and an electrified line parallel to the plane, (6) a system consisting of an electrified plane and an electrified point.*— Issued January 19, 1897... 273 13. Henry S. Pritchett.— Results of double star observa- tions made with the equatorial of the Morrison Obser- vatory.—Issued April 22, 1897 299 14. Charles Robertson. — North American bees. — Descrip- tions and synonyms. — Issued May 7, 1897 315 15. Charles R. Ketes. — Relations of the Devonian and Car- boniferous in the upper Mississippi valley. — Issued Junel, 1897 357 16. Frank Collins Baker. — Critical notes on the Muri- cidae. — Issued June 12,1897 371 17. Robert Combs. — Plants collected in the district of Cien- fuegos, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, in 1895-1896. — ''Map, and Plates' XXX.-XXXIX.— Issued September 13,1897 393 18 William Trelease. — An unusual phyto-bezoar. — Plate 'XL.— Issued November 30, 1897 493 19. Julius Hurter. — A contribution to the herpetology of Missouri. — Issued December 31, 1897 499 20. Title-Page, prefatory matter and index of Vol. VII. Record from July 1, 1894 to Dec. 31. 1897.— Issued February 21, 1898. List of Authors 505 General Index 506 Index to Genera 510 * See note by author, on p. iii. MEMBERS. 1. PATRONS. Harrison, Edwin 3747 Westminster pi. 2. ACTIVE MEMBERS. Adams, Wellington 607 Chemical bldg. Alden, John T Colonial bldg. Allen, Edmund T 2805 Russell av. Alt, Adolf 3036 Locust st. Bailey, Charles 87 Vandeventer pi. Barck, C 2715 Locust st. Barnard, George D 47 Vandeventer pi. Bartlett, George M 215 Pine st. Baumgarten, G 2643 Chestnut st. Bernays, A. C 3623 Laclede av. Biebinger, F. W 1421 S. 11th st. Bliss, M. A 4929 Lotus av. Boogher, John H 4034 Delmar boul. Bouton, Charles L 2709 Park av. Bremer, Ludwig 3723 West Pine boul. Brennan, Martin S 1414 O'Fallon st. Brookings, Robert S 2329 Locust st. Brown, Daniel S 2212 DeKalb st. Bryson, John P 209 N. Garrison av. Budgett, S. P 3810 Washington av. Burroughs, W. S 240 Dickson st. Busch, Adolphus Busch pi. Cale, George W., Jr 4403 Washington boul. Carpenter, George O Russell aud Compton avs. Chaplin, Winfield S 3636 West Pine boul. Chase, E. C 3325 Morgan st. Chauvenet, Louis 5501 Chamberlain av. Chouteau, Charles P 918 Security bldg. Clifford, Alfred 4168 West Pine boul. Collins, Robert E 3811 Westminster pi. via Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Compton, P. C 4156 Washington boul. Comstock, T. G 3401 Washington av. Coulter, John M University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. Crunden, Frederick M Public Library. Cushman, Allerton S 603 N. Garrison av. Dameron, E. C Clarksville, Mo. Davis H. N 56 Vandeventer pi. Dodd, S. M 415 Locust st. Douglas, A. W 9th and Spruce sts. Drake, George S Boatmen's Bank. Duenckel, F. W 1936 Louisiana av. Durant, George F 9 Benton pi. Eliot, E. C 5468 Maple av. Eliot, Henry W 2635 Locust st. Engler, Edmund A Washington University. Erker, A. P 617 Olive st. Espenschied, Charles 3500 Washington av. Evers, Edward 1816 N. Market st. Ewino-, A. E 3333 Washington av. Fischel, W. E 2647 Washington av. Fletcher, W. C Granite City, 111. Forbes, S. A Urbana, 111. Fordyce, John R 3634 Washington boul. Frankenfield, H. C U. S. Weather Bureau. Frerichs, Frederick W Herf & Frerichs Chem. Co. Fry, Frank E 3133 Pine st. Glasgow, Frank A 2608 Locust st. Glasgow, William C 2847 Washington av. Goodman, C. H 3329 Washington av. Graham, B. B 3500 Morgan st. Gray, M. L 604 Houser bldg. Green, John 2670 Washington av. Gregory, E. H., Jr 3525 Lucas av. Grindon, Joseph 509 N. Theresa av. Gruner, Philip 3406 Hawthorne boul. Gurney, James Tower Grove and Magnolia avs. Haarstick, Henry C Main and Walnut sts. Hambach, G Washington University. Members. ix Hammon, W. H U. S. Weather Bureau, San Francisco, Cal. Hardaway, W. A 2922 Locust st. Hartmann, R 14 S. 2d st. Herthel, Adolph 1739 Waverly pi. Hicks, Frederick C Columbia, Mo. Hirschberg, F. D 3818 Lindell boul. Hitchcock, A. S Manhattan, Kas. Hitchcock, Henry 709 Wainwright bldg. Hodgman, Charles 300 N. 4th st. Holmes, J. M 3810 Page av. Hough, Warwick 3877 Washington boul. Hulbert, George F 4270 Delmar boul. Hummel, Charles 2621 Eads av. Hunicke, H. A Washington University. Hurter, Julius 2346 S. 10th st. Ives, Halsey C Museum of Fine Arts. Jackson, George P. B 1019 Thornby pi. James, John A. James 2836 Lafayette av. Jester, E. T c/o Liggett & Myers Co. Jewett, Eliot C Monterey, Mex. Johnson, Professor J. B Washington University. Johnson, Dr. J. B 4244 Washington boul. Johnson, R. DeO Flat River, Mo. Keyes, Charles R 944 Fifth st., Des Moines, la. Kinealy, J. H Washington University. King, Goodman , 78 Vandeventer pi. Kinner, Hugo 1103 Rutger st. Kinsley, Carl Washington University. Kinsman, G. C Decatur, 111. Kolbenheyer, F 2006 Lafayette av. Kotany, L 411 Olive st. Krall, George W Manual Training School. Kribben, B. D 701 Bank of Commerce bldg. Kromrey, Hugo 513 Walnut st. Lackland, R. J 1623 Lucas pi. Lazell, E. W c/0 Bell Telephone Co. Leighton, George B 803 N. Garrison av. Leighton, George E 803 N. Garrison av. Lemoine, E. S 1622 Washington av. Letterman, George W Allenton, Mo. XU Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Updegraff, Milton Columbia, Mo. Von Schrader, Otto U 3817 Washington boul. Von Schrenk, Hermann 1724 Washington av. Walsh,Edward, Jr Miss. Glass Co. Watts, M.F 4362 Morgan st. Wheeler, H. A 3124 Locust st. Whitaker, Edwards 300 N. 4th st. Whitten, J. C Columbia, Mo. Whittier, Charles T 2727 Olive st. Winkelmeyer, Christopher 3540 Chestnut st. Winslow, Arthur Lyceum bldg., Kansas City, Mo. Wislizenus, Fred 1817 Longfellow av. Witt, Thomas D 6th and Olive sts. Wittenberg, Paul 2d and Pine sts. Woodward, C. M 3013 Hawthorne boul. Yeatman, James E 1410 E. Grand av. EXCHANGES.* Africa. Mauritius. Port Louis. Royal Alfred Observatory. North America. Canada. Halifax (Nova Scotia). Nova Scotian Institute of Science. Hamilton (Ontario). Hamilton Association. Montreal (Quebec). " Canadian Record of Science." Natural History Society. Ottawa (Ontario). Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Institut Canadien Fran^ais. Royal Society of Canada. Quebec (Quebec). Entomological Society of Canada. Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Universite Laval. St. John (New Brunswick). Natural History Society of New Brunswick. Toronto (Ontario). Astronomical and Physical Society. Canadian Institute. Winnipeg (Manitoba). Manitoba Historical and Scientific Society. Costa Rica. San Jose. Central Office of Statistics and Meteorology. Museo Nacional. * Conformed, as far as practicable, to the International Exchange List of 1897 of the Smithsonian Institution. XIV Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Guatemala. Guatemala. Secretaria de Fomento. Mexico. Mexico. Ministerio de Fomento, Colonizacion, etc. Museo Nacional. Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate." Sociedad Mexicana de Geografia y Estadistica. Sociedad Mexicana de Historia Natural. Tacubaya. Observatorio Astronomico Nacional. San Salvador. San Salvador. Observatorio Meteorologico y Astronomico. United States. Albany (N. T.). New York State Library. New York State Museum of Natural History. Ann Arbor (Mich.). University of Michigan Library. Auburn (Ala.). Agricultural Experiment Station. Austin (Tex.). Geological Survey of Texas. State Library of Texas. Texas Academy of Science. Baltimore (3Id.). " American Chemical Journal." Johns Hopkins University, Biological Library. Johns Hopkins University Library. Maryland Academy of Sciences. Peabody Institute Library. Baton Rouge (La.). State University Library. Boston (Mass.). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Public Library. Society of Natural History. Brooklyn (N. Y.). The Brooklyn Library. Brookville (Lid.). Society of Natural History. Exchanges. xv United States — Continued. Buffalo (N. T.). Society of Natural Sciences. Cambridge (Mass.). Entomological Club. Harvard College Library. Harvard College Observatory. Museum of Comparative Zoology. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology. Chapel Hill (N. hical Society.) Imp. Sankt-Peterburgskii Botanicheskii Sad. (Botanical Garden.) Imp. Sankt-Peterburgskoie Mineralogicheskoie Obsh- chestvo. (Mineralogical Society.) Institut Imperial de Medecine Experimentale. Tiflis. Magnitnaia i Meteorologicheskaia Observatoria. (Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory.) Spain. Barcelona. Academia de Ciencias, Artes, y Oficios para la Mujer. Cordoba. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas. Madrid. Observatorio de Madrid. R. Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Natura- les. Sociedad Espafiola de Historia Natural. xxxiv Tram. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Sweden. Lund. K. Universitet. Stockholm. Biologiska Forening. " Entomologiska Tidsskrift." K. Svenska Vetenskaps Akademie. National Historical Museum. Upsala. K. Vetenskaps Societet. Switzerland. Aarau. Aargauische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Mittelschweizerische Geographisch-Commercielle Ge- sellschaft. Basel. Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Bern. Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Chur. Naturforschende Gesellschaft Graubiindens. Frauenfeld. Thurgauische Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Fribourg. Societe Fribourgeoise des Sciences Naturelles. Geneve. Institut National Genevois. Societe de Physique et d' Histoire Naturelle. Lausanne. Bibliotheque Cantonale et Universitaire. Musee d' Histoire Naturelle. Societe Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles. Neucbatel. Societe des Sciences Naturelles. St. Gall. Naturwissenschaftliche Gesellschaft. Zurich. Eidgenossensche Polytechnische Schule Naturforschende Gesellschaft. Schweizer Alpen-Club. Schweizerischer Forst-Verein. Abstract of History. xxxv THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCE OF ST. LOUIS. ORGANIZATION. The Academy of Science of St. Louis was organized on the 10th of March, 1856, in the hall of the Board of Public Schools. Dr. George Engelmann was the first president. CHARTER. On the 17th of January following, a charter incorporating the Academy was signed and approved, and this was accepted by vote of the Academy on the 9th of February, 1857. OBJECTS. The act of incorporation declares the object of the Academy to be the advancement of science and the establishment in St. Louis of a museum and library for the illustration and study of its various branches, and provides that the members shall acquire no individual property in the real estate, cabinets, library, or other of its effects, their interest being usufruc- tuary merely. The Constitution, as adopted at the organization meeting and amended at various times subsequently, provides for hold- ing meetings for the consideration and discussion of scientific subjects ; taking measures to procure original papers upon such subjects ; the publication of transactions ; the establish- ment and maintenance of a cabinet of objects illustrative of the several departments of science, and a library of works relating to the same ; and the establishment of relations with other scientific institutions. To encourage and promote special investigation in any branch of science, the formation of special sections under the charter is provided for. MEMBERSHIP. Members are classified as active members, corresponding members, honorary members, and patrons. Active member- xxxvi Trans. Acad. JSci. of St. Louis. ship is limited to persons interested in science, though they need not of necessity be engaged in scientific work, and they alone conduct the affairs of the Academy, under its Constitu- tion. Persons not living in the city or county of St. Louis, who are disposed to further the objects of the Academy by original researches, contributions of specimens, or otherwise, are eligible as corresponding members. Persons not living in the city or county of St. Louis are eligible as honorary mem- bers by virtue of their attainments in science. Any person conveying to the Academy the sum of one thousand dollars or its equivalent becomes eligible as a patron. Under the By-Laws, resident active members pay an initia- tion fee of five dollars and annual dues of six dollars. Non- resident active members pay the same initiation fee, but annual dues of three dollars only. Patrons, and honorary and corresponding members, are exempt from the payment of dues. Patrons and all active members not in arrears are entitled to one copy of each publication of the Academy issued after their election. Since the organization of the Academy, 759 persons have been elected to membership, of whom, at the present time, 202 are carried on the active list. One person, Mr. Edwin Harrison, has been elected a patron. The present list of cor- responding members includes 204 names. OFFICERS AND MANAGEMENT. The officers, who are chosen from the active members, con- sist of a President, two Vice-Presidents, Recording and Cor- responding Secretaries, Treasurer, Librarian, three Curators, and two Directors. The general business management of the Academy is vested in a Council composed of the President, the two Vice-Presidents, the Recording Secretary, the Treas- urer and the two Directors. The office of President has been filled by the following well-known citizens of St. Louis, nearly all of whom have been eminent in some line of scientific work : George Engel- mann, Benjamin F. Shumard, Adolphus Wislizenus, Hiram A. Prout, Dr. John B. Johnson, James B. Eads, William T. Abstract of History. xxxvii Harris, Charles V. Riley, Francis E. Nipher, Henry S. Pritchett, John Green, and Melvin L. Gray. MEETINGS. The regular meetings of the Academy are held at its rooms, 1600 Lucas Place, at 8 o'clock, on the first and third Monday evenings of each month, a recess being taken from the second June meeting to the first October meeting, inclusive. These meetings, to which interested persons are always welcome, are devoted in part to the reading of technical papers designed for publication in the Academy's Transactions, and in part to the presentation of more popular abstracts of recent investi- gation or progress. From time to time, public lectures cal- culated to interest a larger audience, are provided for in some suitable hall. LIBRARY. After its organization, the Academy met in Pope's Medical College, where a creditable beginning had been made toward the formation of a museum and library, until May, 1869, when the building and museum were destroyed by fire, the library being saved. The library now contains some 12,500 books and 8,500 pamphlets, and is open during certain hours of the day for consultation by members and persons engaged in scientific work. PUBLICATIONS AND EXCHANGES. Seven octavo volumes of Transactions, averaging 725 pages, have been published since the organization of the Academy, and widely distributed. Two quarto publications have also been issued, one from the Archaeological section, being a contribution to the archaeology of Missouri, aud the other a report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party of 1889. The Academy now stands in exchange relations with 550 institutions or organizations of aims similar to its own. xxxviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. MUSEUM. Since the loss of its first museum, in 1869, the Academy has lacked adequate room for the arrangement of a public museum, and, although small museum accessions have been received and cared for, its main effort of necessity has been concentrated on the holding of meetings, the formation of a library, the publication of worthy scientific matter, and the maintenance of relations with other scientific bodies, through its active membership, which includes many business and professional men who are interested in the work and objects of the Academy, although not themselves investigators. December 31,1897. Record. xxxix RECORD From July 1, 1894, to December 31, 1897. October 15, 1894. Vice-President Gray in the chair, fifty-two persons present. The Corresponding Secretary reported on a very interesting meeting of the Roj'al Society at Oxford, which he attended as a delegate of the Academy. Professor William Trelease gave an informal account of a recent visit to the Azores, describing briefly the customs of the people, and the natural history and especially the botany of the islands. Mr. E. T. Olsbausen, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. One person was proposed for active membership. November 5, 1894. Vice-President Gray in the chair, thirty-two persons present. Mr. Allerton S. Cushmau gave an account of his recent visit to the laboratory of Professor Dewar, of the Royal Insti- tution, describing Professor Dewar's experiments in his search for the absolute zero of temperature, and the process by which he has succeeded in liquefying and even solidifying air. Professor H. A. Wheeler exhibited a specimen of lignite obtained from excavations in Baden (in the northern suburbs of St. Louis), the cracks of which were filled with sulphide of zinc, which was held to corroborate the theory that decom- posing organic matter produces the precipitate. Mr. E. H. Semple, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. Three persons were proposed for active membership. xl Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. November 19, 1894. Vice-President Baumgarten in the chair, thirty-one persons present. Professor Otto Heller read an interesting paper entitled Words and their growth. Apropos of the paper, Dr. Kinner offered an explanation of the myth of the Phoenix, which he connected with the transits of Mercury. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — H. C. Frankeufield, John R. Fordyce, John J. Taussig. December 3, 1894. Vice-President Gray in the chair, eighteen persons present. Mr. Arthur Winslow read a paper on the geologic history of Missouri. Mr. Frank Leverett made a few remarks on glacial drift, speaking of two invasions of the ice, one from the northwest, in the direction of Manitoba, and the other from Labrador, in the northeast. The question was raised as to any evidence of the northeastern glaciation having crossed the Mississippi river into St. Louis county. Mr. Robert Moore, Dr. E. Evers and Professor H. A. Wheeler, were elected a committee for the nomination of officers for the year 1895. One person was proposed for active membership. December 17, 1894. Vice-President Gray in the chair, twenty-five persons present. The nominating committee reported the following nomina- tions for officers for the year 1895 : — President John Green. First Vice-President M. L. Gray. Second Vice-President ..William Trelease. Recording Secretary A. W. Douglas. Corresponding Secretary E. C. Runge. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Record. xli Curators Arthur Winslow, Julius Hurter, G. Hambach. Directors E. A. Engler, H. W. Eliot. The following additional nominations were made from the floor : — Corresponding Secretary A. S. Cushman. Director Robert Moore. Curator H. A. Wheeler. Professor J. H. Kinealy presented some notes on the ven- tilation of rooms, illustrating by experiments one of the tests for the presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of an apartment, this being taken as an index of the degree of con- tamination by respiration. In the discussion of the paper, the point was made that chemically pure carbon dioxide is not of itself harmful, save in unduly large proportions. Dr. Elisha H. Gregory, Jr., of St. Louis, was elected an active member. One person was proposed for active membership. January 7, 1895. Vice-President Gray in the chair, thirty-seven persons present. The Treasurer's report, an abstract of which follows, was submitted, and, after having been audited by a committee appointed for that purpose, was approved. RECEIPTS. Balance from 1893 $ 709 19 Sundry collections 1 1 4? Interest on invested money 360 00 Membership dues . .* 1 ,155 00 $2,235 66 EXPENDITURES. Rent $500 00 Moving library, etc 337 05 Current expenses 354 56 Publication of Transactions 847 30 2,038 91 Balance to 1895 $196 75 xlii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The Corresponding Secretary reported, and, in commenting on recent literature, read extracts from the publications of Lord Kelvin, President of the Royal Society, and Dr. Arm-, strong, President of the Chemical Society of London, regard- ino- the discovery of a new constituent of the atmosphere. The Librarian reported that during 1894 exchanges had been received from 187 foreigu and 62 American societies, of which 20 had this year been added to the exchange list. In all, 1,132 numbers were reported as having been added to the library, an increase of 451 over the preceding year. It was reported that during the year the Transactions of the Academy had been distributed to 542 societies or institutions, chiefly by exchange or donation. Professor F. E. Nipher read a paper on the electrical capac- ity of bodies and the energy of an electrical charge. The nominating committee reported that 123 ballots had been counted, and the following officers for 1895 were declared elected: — President John Green. First Vice-President M. L. Gray. Second Vice-President William Trelease. Recording Secretary A. W. Douglas. Corresponding Secretary A. S. Cushman. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators G. Hambach, H. A. Wheeler, Arthur Winslow. Directors E. A. Engler, Robert Moore. On taking the chair, Dr. Green made a short address, appro- priate to the occasion. Dr. Arthur E. Ewing, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. January 21, 1895. President Green in the chair, twenty-eight persons present. Dr. H. C. Frankenfield spoke of weather forecasts, de- Record. xlii! scribing the causes of atmospheric disturbances and enumerat- ing the general principles governing the United States Weather Bureau in forecasting changes of the weather. The President briefly outlined the present status of the Academy, as regards finance, membership and aims, and urged the desirability of taking such steps as would increase its sphere of usefulness. February 4, 1895. President Green in the chair, ten persons present. Professor J. H. Kinealy gave the results of a series of ex- periments made by him to determine the volume of air passing through a heating register in a given time, showing that the average velocity of the air, as indicated by an anemometer, multiplied into eighty-five per cent, of the total area, gave a mean approximation to the volume of air passing. Professor Engler gave an illustration of a new method of summing series of numbers consisting of two factors. Four persons were proposed for active membership. February 18, 1895. President Green in the chair, forty-four persons present. Dr. E. C. Runge read a paper on the birth and growth of scientific medicine,— a historical sketch, with special reference to our present notions on immunity. Professor Angelo Heilprin spoke briefly on glacial phe- nomena in Greenland, stating that his experience led him to believe that the phenomena presented by these glaciers and the mountain or alpine type are identical, although the belief is prevalent among geologists that the glaciers of the Ice Age were of a different type from the alpine glaciers of the pres- ent time. He further stated his belief that the erosive action of glaciers has materially modified the configuration of Greenland. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members:— H. C. Scott, Paul Wittenberg, H. N. Davis, W. D. Simmons. xliv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. March 4, 1895. President Green in the chair, fifty-five persons present: In exhibiting a photograph of the late Professor Helmholtz, presented to the Academy by Professor Pritchett, the Presi- dent briefly reviewed the life and labors of Helmholtz, noting especially his great work on physiological optics and his in- vention of the ophthalmoscope. Professor Nipher also spoke of the researches of Helmholtz in the domain of physics. Professor C. R. Sanger delivered an address on argon, re- viewing the history of atmospheric study from the time of Cavendish, in the last century. Three persons were proposed for active membership. March 18, 1895. President Green in the chair, eight persons present. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — John Alden, Wm. C. Teichmann, Philip Gruner. One person was proposed for active membership. April 1, 1895. President Green in the chair, eight persons present. One person was proposed for active membership. April 15, 1895. President Green in the chair, twenty-nine persons present. Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt read a paper on the habits of certain seed-feeding insects, giving the results of her observa- tions and experiments on insects which feed on the seeds of weeds and other injurious plants. The conclusion was stated that these insects exercise a very pronounced effect in pre- venting the spread of weeds, — and in some instances almost exterminate them. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — Edward Mallinckrodt, Charles Espen- schied. Record. xlv May 0, 1895. President Green in the chair, sixteen persons present. Professor J. H. Kinealy gave the results of some tests of ventilation made for the Board of Public Schools, which showed great lack of uniformity in the ventilation of the various schoolrooms and demonstrated the presence of an undue amount of carbon dioxide in the air of these rooms. May 20, 1895. President Green in the chair, eleven persons present. The Corresponding Secretary reported on a recent experi- ment by Professor Kamsay, who, in boiling a rare mineral, cleveite, with dilute sulphuric acid, obtained a gas which showed the same spectrum as the helium line in the solar spectrum. Dr. John Green read a note on the variation in the power and in the astigmatism of thin spherical, toric and cylindrical lenses, in principal cases of oblique centrical refraction through the lens; this was followed by a general discussion of the nature and correction of astigmatism in the eye. June 17, 1895. President Green in the chair, twenty-five persons present. Professor C. R. Sanger discussed the chemistry of photog- raphy, with respect to the formation and development of the latent image, the fixation of the developed image, and the printing and toning of the positive. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — Christoph. Winkelmeyer, Rudolph Hart- man n. October 21, 1895. President Green in the chair, nineteen persons present. Professor Trelease read a paper by L. H. and Emma Pam- mel, on the gases produced by certain bacteria. The President announced the death of Professor C. V. xlvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Riley, and on motion Professor Nipher was appointed as a committee to prepare a suitable memorial of Professor Riley. One person was proposed for active membership. November 4, 1895. President Green in the chair, thirty-three persons present. Professor F. E. Nipher read the following memorial of the late Professor C. V. Riley : — To the President and Members of the Academy of Science of St. Louis : Gentlemen : At your request I have tried to give some account of the work which our lately deceased associate Charles V. Riley did while actively engaged among us. I can give only the impressions of one unfamiliar with the details of his work. It was, however, evident to anyone who knew him twenty years ago, that he was a man of great ability, full of energy and of enthusiasm for his work, and ambitious to accomplish great things in his chosen field. His connection with the Academy began April 20, 1868, soon after he had been made State Entomologist of Missouri. On January 16, 1871, he was elected Recording Secretary, a position which he held until January 3, 1876, when he became President of the Academy. He served as President until January 7, 1878. At about this time he removed to Washington, and became connected with the Department of Agriculture. The first paper presented by him for publication in the Transactions of the Academy was read September 2, 1872. It marked the beginning of his work on the fertilization of the Yucca. Dr. Engelmann had drawn attention to the fact that the plants of this genus must rely upon insect agency for fertilization, and Riley at once took up the study of this subject. The results were perhaps the most interesting of any reached by him, and attracted world-wide attention among botanists and entomologists. Vol- umes III. and IV. of our Transactions contain in all seventeen papers written by Riley, while actively at work among us. All of this material is also to be found either in the form of reprints or rewritten in connection with other matter, in the nine annual reports which as State Entomologist he made to the State Board of Agriculture. Riley undoubtedly accomplished his greatest work in the field of economic entomology. His reports are full of information of value to the farmer and the horticulturist. He always sought to impress upon the people of our State the importance of distinguishing friends from enemies in the insect world, and his continued aim was to show the farmer how he might take an active and effective part in the war of extermination, the results of which should determine whether the farmer should lose or save the fruits of his labor. He thought it proper that the Governor should appoint a day of fasting and prayer during the great locust invasion, but he was emphatic in recommend- ing the value of a ditch two feet wide and two feet deep as an effective aux- iliary measure. It is difficult to exaggerate the educational value to a State Record. xlvii of an active student such as Riley was, devoting his entire time to such work as is represented in the nine annual reports which he made to the State Board of Agriculture. He enlisted everyone whose interest could be aroused. He made them his correspondents and taught them to collect the information he sought. He taught many a farmer's boy to appreciate the advantage of country sur- roundings in the study of Nature. It was to many the discovery of a new world. When we reflect that men who have been raised on farms have done most of the great things that have been done in this country, the educational value of Riley's work becomes apparent. The money value of the service he rendered during the great locust in- vasion probably exceeded manyfold the entire cost of his service during nine years. Many who were about to abandon their farms in despair were by him encouraged to believe, what the subsequent results verified, that the damage, although seemingly overwhelming, was in fact only temporary, that late crops could be raised after the scourge had departed for the year, and that the enormous multiplication of insect enemies would destroy the plague in a few years. But there were many well-meaning men in political life at that time, whose names I do not now remember, who were anxious to do something effective, and who convinced themselves that such work was not of sufficient value to justify the expense, and the work was stopped. Professor Riley was too serious in his address and manners to win many warm and cordial friends. He could never forget his work. He talked with men with a view of obtaining their co-operation and assistance in advanc- ing the interests which were placed in his keeping. But we all learned to admire and respect his personal worth and his great ability. For many years the work of the Academy was largely the work of Riley and Engelmann. It is very fitting, therefore, that we should thus record our high appreciation of the service he has rendered to our Academy and to the State. Professor H. S. Pritchett presented a resume of certain studies of the satellite system of Saturn, calling attention to the remarkable similarity between this system and the solar system, and mentioning the frequent eclipses to which the satellites of Saturn are subjected. An interesting exposition was given of the effect of the attraction of the large satellite Titan upon the smaller one Hyperion, resulting in great eccen- tricity of the orbit of the latter. Mention was also made of the phenomenon of greater brightness of one side of the satellite Iapetus, and of the coincidence of the revolution of this satel- lite on its axis with its revolution around the planet. Professor Nipher presented a paper on the law of minimum deviation of light by a prism. Mr. Carl Kinsley, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. Two persons were proposed for active membership. xlviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. November 18, 1895. President Green in the chair, twenty-two persons present. Dr. N. M. Glatfelter read a paper on the relations of Salix Missouriensis to 8. cor data. Mr. F. W. Duenckel presented a model of a meteorological instrument invented by Mr. Leonard Hunt and himself, called " the electric sunshine annunciator," briefly explaining its mode of operation in accurately recording the amount of sunshine each day. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — Frank B. Gallivan, H. von Schrenk. One person was proposed for active membership. December 2, 1895. President Green in the chair, twenty-three persons present. Dr. H. C. Frankenfield presented a communication on hot and cold waves, and on the deficit in rainfall during the past three years. He spoke of hot waves as being due to low pres- sure areas first appearing in the Northwest and moving east and south, causing warm winds from the South, and disap- pearing on the development of high areas in the Northwest. The accompanying phenomenon of hot winds in the Southwest and West, moving, as a rule, in narrow belts, from one hun- dred feet to half a mile in width, was discussed, and the state- ment made that their cause and limitation were somewhat obscure, but that they were evidently of dynamic origin. With respect to cold waves, it was stated that, as a rule, a low area is followed by a high one, bringing a cold wave with it, but that this is not invariable, a cold wave occasionally not following a low area, and sometimes not attending a high one. The theories as to the source of the cold air were con- sidered, and it was also stated that the most severe cold waves are those in which the preceding low area extends in a long and narrow trough-shaped depression from the northeast to the southwest. In the discussion of droughts, the phenomena were regarded as purely those of the distribution of rainfall, which might reach the normal amount during a year, although Record. xlix attended by a severe drought at certain seasons, the rainfall being excessive in some months and deficient in others. Mr. A. S. Cushman spoke informally on the present state of our knowledge of helium, stating that it has been definitely proved that this is not a simple element, but in all probability a composition of two or more elementary gases. Professors M. S. Snow, H. S. Pritchett and F. E. Nipher were elected a committee to nominate officers for the year 1896. December 16, 1895. President Green in the chair, twenty-eight persons present. The committee elected to nominate officers for the ensuiuc year reported the following nominations : — President M. L. Gray. First Vice-President E. A. Engler. Second Vice-President Robert Moore. Recording Secretary William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary A. S. Cushman. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators Julius Hurter, H. A. Wheeler, George R. Olshausen. Directors John Green, Adolph Herthel. Professor J. H. Kinealy exhibited a new instrument of his device, for testing the purity of air in buildings, and explained the method of using it. Dr. Chas. R. Keyes, of Jefferson City, Missouri, was elected an active member. Two persons were proposed for active membership. January 6, 1896. President Green in the chair, eighteen persons present. The Treasurer's report, an abstract of which follows, was submitted, and, after having been audited by a committee appointed for that purpose, was approved. 1 Trans. Acad. JSci. of St. Louis. RECEIPTS. Balance from 1894 $ 196 75 Interest on invested money 300 00 Membership dues 1,132 00 $1,628 75 EXPENDITURES. Rent $ 500 00 Insurance 100 00 Library 36 62 Publication of Transactions, and notices of meetings 543 70 Sundries 65 $1,180 97 Balance to 1896 $ 447 78 The Librarian reported that during 1895 exchanges had been received from 239 societies, of which eleven had this year been added to the exchange list. In all, 701 numbers were reported as having been added to the library, a decrease of 431 from the preceding year. It was reported that during the year the Transactions of the Academy had been distributed to 551 societies or institutions. The retiring President made a brief address, touching on the needs and prospects of the Academy. The nominating committee reported that 112 ballots had been counted, and the following officers for 1896 were declared elected: — President M. L. Gray. First Vice-President E. A. Engler. Second Vice-President Robert Moore. Recording Secretary William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary A. S. Cushman. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators G. R. Olshausen, H. A. Wheeler, Julius Hurter. Directors A. Herthel, John Green. On assuming the chair, President Gray made a short address, Record. li thanking the members of the Academy for his election and expressing his wish to serve the Academy at all times, to the best of his ability. Professor C. R. Sanger made brief mention of the methods used in the determination of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Professor Engler indicated a simple graphical method of drawing a normal to a parabola from a point outside the curve. On motion, the Council was requested to arrange for a ses- sion of the Academy commemorating the services to science of Dana, Helmholtz, Huxley and Pasteur, all of whom had passed away during the past year. Mr. Charles Espenschied exhibited several samples of sisal hemp fiber obtained by him in the island of Nassau, and ex- plained the method of preparing the fiber. The bearing life of each plant was stated to be about six years, after which it flowers and dies. He also exhibited a sample of cordage in several stages of preparation, a hand-braided sieve, a braided whip-lash, and a plaited fruit basket, made from palm fiber in the West Indies. A coil of chew-stick ( Gouania Domingensis?), a saponifying fiber used for cleansing the teeth in Nassau, was exhibited, and also a walking stick made from the arborescent Opuntia of New Mexico. The specimens were given to the Academy. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — Dr. Sidney P. Budgett, Dr. George W. Cale, Jr. January 20, 1896. President Gray in the chair, twenty -two persons present. Mr. C. H. Thompson exhibited specimens of two minute aquatics rare in the United States, — Wolffia gladiata, var. Floridana, and W. Hngulata, both belonging to the subgenus Wolffiella, — and presented the principal results of some recent studies which he had made on thern. For purposes of comparison, other Lemnaceae of the United States were exhibited in a living condition. Professor E. A. Engler, in continuation of his remarks at the last meeting, spoke of certain properties of the parabola, lii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. from which conclusions were drawn as to the number of nor- mals which can be drawn through any given point. Dr. A. C. Bernays exhibited under the microscope a speci- men of the epidermis of Fritillaria, showing unusually large and beautiful karyokinetic figures. February 3, 1896. President Gray in the chair, twenty-two persons present. Professor William Trelease exhibited several specimens of a curious silk tapestry which had been received in 1894 and 1895 from Dr. Francis Eschauzier, of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, stating that the larger specimen, nearly three feet square, had been cut from a piece over twenty yards wide and about four times as long, covering the ceiling of a corn-stor- ino1 loft. These specimens, having much the appearance and feeling of a soft-tanned piece of sheepskin, were composed of fine silk threads crossing at every conceivable angle, and were stated to be evidently the work of lepidopterous larvae which feed upon grain. One person was proposed for active membership. February 17, 1896. President Gray in the chair, seventy-five persons present. Dr. Adolf Alt spoke of the anatomy of the eye, and by aid of the projecting microscope exhibited a series of axial sec- tions representing the general structure of the eye in thirty- one species of animals, comprising two Crustacea, the squid, three fish, two batrachians, two reptiles, ten birds and eleven mammals. Professor F. E. Nipher gave an account of the Geissler and Crookes tubes and the radiant phenomena exhibited by each when used in connection with a high-tension electrical current of rapid alternation, and detailed the recent discoveries of Professor Rontgen, showing that certain of the rays so gen- erated are capable of affecting the sensitized photographic plate through objects opaque to luminous rays. Attention was also called to the experiments of Hertz and Lodge with Record. liii discharges of very high tension alternating currents, which showed that by the latter certain invisible rays are produced, which, like the Rontgen rays, are capable of passing through opaque bodies, such as pitch, but differ in their refrangi- bility by such media, and, so far as present experiments have shown, in their inability to affect the photographic plate during ordinary exposures. Mr. James Gurney, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. February 24, 1896. President Gray in the chair, forty-five persons present. The President announced that this had been called as a special meeting in commemoration of the services rendered to science by four distinguished men who had died in the past year, men who had contributed greatly to the advancement of knowledge, and who, as it happened, represented four of the great nations of the earth. Addresses on their work were then read, as follows: — Hermann von Helmholtz, by Professor H. S. Pritchett. Louis Pasteur, by Dr. A. N. Ravold. James Dwight Dana, by Mr. Arthur Winslow. T. H. Huxley, by Dr. S. P. Budgett. March 2, 1896. President Gray in the chair, twenty-one persons present. Mr. F. W. Duenckel presented a comparison of the records of the United States Meteorological Observatory, located at the government building in the city, with the record for the Forest Park Station, showing that the daily minimum aver- aged decidedlv lower at the Forest Park Station than in the city, while the wind averaged decidedly higher at the city station. Professor E. A. Engler spoke on the summation of certain series of numbers. March 16, 1896. Vice-President Engler in the chair, twelve persons present. Professor William Trelease stated some of the results of liv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. a recent study of the poplars of North America, and exhib- ited specimens of the several recognized species. Specimens were also exhibited of an apparently undescribed poplar from the mountains of northern Mexico, which he proposed to characterize shortly; and, for comparison, specimens of the two other species of poplar known to occur in Mexico, and of the European allies of the supposed new species, were laid before the Academy. In accordance with a recommendation of the Council, the following resolutions were adopted by the Academy, and a copy thereof ordered transmitted to the secretary of the Joint Commission of the Scientific Societies of Washington: — Whereas, The work of the Department of Agriculture in the discovery, exploration, development, conservation, and proper utilization of the resources of our country, is of the utmost importance; and whereas the Department's capacity for originating, procuring, and disseminating knowl- edge of vital importance to farming and other interests, though already large, is capable of much extension in the future; and whereas the results accomplished through the system now in existence have been exceedingly great, and the one thing above all others necessary to increase the effici- ency of this organization is a permanent policy with regard to its work and personnel: — Resolved, That the Academy of Science of St. Louis heartily approves the proposition to create the office of "Director-in-Chief of Scientific Divisions in the Department of Agriculture," to be filled by a broadly educated and experienced scientific administrative officer, holding office during good behavior; Resolved, That the plan of having a permanent officer in charge of the scientific and technical work, under the executive head of a Department, represents a distinct advance in good government and is therefore not only of national importance, but certain to have a beneficial effect upon the scientific standing of Government work in all its relations. April 6, 1896. President Gray in the chair, forty persons present. Professor C. R. Sanger spoke on the commercial synthesis of acetylene, illustrating the flame procurable from this gas when burned with a proper proportion of air. Professor Sanger further presented the results of a preliminary biologi- cal and chemical examination into the ice supply of St. Louis, and exhibited a device for melting ice in such examinations Record. W without danger of contamination from atmospheric ammonia, etc. The Secretary presented a paper by Mr. Charles Robertson, entitled Flowers and insects. Mr. William H. Roever presented a paper on the geometry of the lines of force from an electrified body. April 20, 1896. President Gray in the chair, seventeen persons present. Professor C. M. Woodward presented the results of a study of certain statistics of school attendance, from which it appeared that the average age of withdrawal from the public schools in three cities compared was as follows : — Boston 15.8; Chicago, 14.6; St. Louis, 13.7. Professor J. H. Kinealy exhibited and gave a mathematical discussion of the Stang planimeter. Mat 4, 1896. President Gray in the chair, thirty-five persons present. Professor F. E. Nipher read a preliminary paper on a rotational motion of the cathode disk of a Crookes tube. Dr. E. C. Runge gave the history of an interesting case of insanity which had remained undetected for twenty-eight years. The President announced the death on April 22, 1896, of Dr. C. O. Curtman, and on motion Drs. Evers, Alt and Bremer were appointed a committee to prepare a suitable memorial of Dr. Curtman. May 18, 1896. Vice-President Engler in the chair, nineteen persons present. Professor C. M. Woodward presented a critical examina- lyi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. tion of some of the mathematical formulae employed by Herbart to represent mental phenomena, in which these for- mulae were criticised as inadequate. Though not considering any formulae likely to be satisfactory, from the nature of the case, the speaker offered a substitute for the Herbart formulae pertaining to the bringing into consciousness of a sublatent concept through the suggestion of another concept similar in some respects but different in others. Dr. Amand Ravold reported on the use in St. Louis of diphtheria antitoxine, prepared by the Health Department of the city. During the past winter, 342 cases of diphtheria had been treated with this serum, by ninety-three physicians. Doses of from 2.5 to 100 cc. had been administered. As a rule, the recovery was far slower when the number of units used was small than when a larger quantity was employed. Usually the serum was administered only once. In about half the cases a decided change for the better was noticeable within twenty-four hours, and these cases were practically cured within forty-eight hours, although attention was called to the fact that for some weeks the throat of a con- valescent is a breeding-place for the diphtheria bacilli, the virulence of which did not seem to be diminished by the serum treatment. Of the cases reported ou, only 9.06 per cent, died, and, as a considerable number of cases were hopeless when treatment was administered, the patients dying within twenty- four hours thereafter, it was considered fair to deduct these deaths from the total, which reduced the mortality to 4.6 per cent, when the serum was administered in the earliest stages of the disease. The injurious consequences of administering the serum were fully considered, but held to be practically insignificant. It was also stated that when used on persons who had been exposed to but had not manifested the disease, the serum proved an unfailing means of conferring immunity for a certain period of time. Among the advantages in the use of this serum was mentioned that of lessening the chances of secondary infection, so frequent after an attack of diph- theria. On behalf of the committee appointed at the last meeting, Record. lvii Dr. Evers presented the following report, which was ordered spread on the records of the Academy: — EN MEMORIAM: DR. CHARLES O. CURTMAN. In the death of Dr. Charles O. Curtman, the Academy of Science of St. Louis has been bereft of one of its illustrious members. He was one of the select few who combined great learning, the faculty of original research and teaching, with a happy, jovial disposition and the modesty of the true scientist. The St. Louis Academy of Science, which has many times had occasion to listen to his brilliant discourses, will find the void in its mem- bership, due to his death, irreparable. His memory will not only live in the minds of those whose fortune it was to know him personally, and in the archives of the Academy of Science of St. Louis, but it is graven indelibly on the leaves of the eternal book of science. Though dead, he still lives. One person was proposed for active membership. June 1, 1896. President Gray in the chair, eight persons present. Professor Milton Updegraff read a paper on the flexure of telescopes. Professor J. M. Stedman, of Columbia, Missouri, was elected an active member. Three persons were proposed for active membership. October 19, 1896. President Gray in the chair, twenty persons present. The President briefly addressed the members of the Academy, welcoming them after the summer recess. Professor William Trelease exhibited a Tropical American orchid, Catasetum Gnomus, which he had brought from the Botanical Garden, explaining that this genus presents in its flowers one of the most remarkable instances of irritability known in the vegetable kingdom, inasmuch as each of the staminate flowers is provided with two appendages, or tentacles, so placed that an insect, in entering the flower to gnaw the fleshy labellum, must of necessity touch one tentacle or the other, the result of a slight touch on either being propagated through its length to the upper portion of the lviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of- St. Louis. column, where it induces the rupture of a membrane by which the elastically bowed pollen mass is retained in place, the re- lease being followed by the prompt and forcible propulsion of the pollen mass, the anterior end of which is heavy and very viscid, so that it will adhere to the body of the insect causing the discharge. This action was demonstrated to the Academy by the use of a lead pencil, a slight touch from the point of which on either antenna was promptly followed by the emer- gence of the pollen mass, which accurately attached itself to the pencil at a distance of about half an inch from its point. Reference was made to the studies of Darwin, Criiger and others on the pollination of this genus, and the three very dis- similar forms under which its flowers occur were mentioned. Mr. J. B. S. Norton presented a paper embodying the re- sults of a study of the Kansas Ustilagineae, especially with reference to their germination. The Anti-Vivisection Bill, now pending before the United States Senate, was read in abstract by Mr. H. von Schrenk, and, after a discussion by members of the Academy, on motion the President was requested to appoint a committee of three to prepare resolutions expressing the views of the Academy concerning the bill, for presentation at the next meeting of the Academy. The President appointed as such committee Messrs. Baumgarten, Budgett and von Schrenk. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members: — Frederick W. Frerichs, George P. B. Jackson, Andrew J. O'Reilly. Three persons were proposed for active membership. November 2, 1896. President Gray in the chair, twenty-five persons present. The Corresponding Secretary having removed from the city, on motion the President was requested to appoint an acting Corresponding Secretary for the remainder of the year. The President appointed Mr. Ernst P. Olshausen. Mr. Colton Russell spoke of what an entomologist can find of interest about St. Louis, illustrating his remarks by numer- ous pinned specimens of insects, giving particular attention Record. hx to the butterflies, aad speaking at some length of the phe- nomena of periodicity, migration, polymorphism, etc., as illustrated by these insects, his paper embodying the result of a large amount of field work performed during the last ten years. On behalf of the committee appointed at the last meeting, Mr. H. von Schrenk presented the following report, the adoption of which by the Academy was recommended by the committee. Whereas, There is a bill at present before Congress intended to restrict experimentation upon animals; and Whereas, Restrictive legislation is in our opinion unnecessary, and moreover detrimental to the progress of scientific investigation ; and Whereas, The provisions of the bill must necessarily operate to alto- gether suppress scientific investigation by means of experimentation upon animals; and Whereas, Such experimentation has been of great practica. value to man and animals, and indispensable to the progress of science; and Whereas, Those engaged in earnest scientific investigation are the least likely to inflict unnecessary pain, and least of all should be subject to the supervision of persons who are not trained in the proper understanding of the problems to be solved ; and Whereas, The passing of a bill which gives evidence both of ignorance of the methods pursued in conducting experiments upon animals, and an utter disregard of those sufferings to the alleviation of which such exper- iments are directed, would be a reproach to a civilized and humane com- munity; therefore, be it: — Besolved, That the members of the Academy of Science of St. Louis unan- imously and earnestly protest against the passage of Senate Bill No. 1552, entitled " A Bill for the Further Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in the District of Columbia," or any modification of this bill; Besolved, That copies of these resolutions, attested by the signature of the President and officers of the Academy, be sent to each member of the Committee on the District of Columbia in the House of Representatives and the Senate of the United States, the District Commissioners, and the United States Senators from the State of Missouri. On motion, the preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted, and copies certified by the officers of the Academy ordered transmitted as directed in the resolutions. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members : — Fred. J. Taussig, Albert Taussig. Professor P. H. Kolfs, of Lake City, Florida, was elected an active member. Two persons were proposed for active membership. lx Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. November 16, 189(5. President Gray in the chair, fifteen persons present. Dr. Charles R. Keyes read a paper entitled, How shall we subdivide the Carboniferous? Professor J. H. Kinealy exhibited a chart for determining the number of square feet of low pressure steam-heating sur- face required to keep a room at 70° F., and gave a description of the method of making the chart. The Council having recommended that, in view of Mr. Edwin Harrison's numerous donations to the Academy during the period of his active membership, extending over nearly forty years, he be elected a patron, on motion Mr. Harrison was unanimously elected a patron of the Academy. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members : — Ellis Warren Lazell, Lewis Olivar Atherton. One person was proposed for active membership. December 7, 1896. President Gray in the chair, twenty-four persons present. Professor H. S. Pritchett presented a paper giving the re- sults of measures of double stars, mostly close binaries, made with the twelve-and-one-half-inch equatorial of the Glasgow Observatory. These observations, compared with similar ones made by him fifteen years earlier, showed some remarkable changes, particularly in the case of 70 Ophiuchi, in which the companion had described an arc of 102.° Others, as 2 2120, showed that the motion of the companion star was in dependent of the brighter one. The speaker gave a general statement of the method of measuring double stars and the method of determining the apparent and true orbits. Mr. William H. Roever presented an abstract of a paper on the geometrical properties of lines of force proceeding from electrical systems. Mr. A. W. Douglas, Dr. G. Baumgarten, and Professor Otto Heller, were elected a committee for the nomination of officers for the year 1897. Mr. Colton Russell, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. Record. lxi December 21, 1896. Dr. John Green in the chair, in the absence of the Presi- dent and Vice-Presidents, twenty persons present. The nominating committee reported the following nomiua tions for officers for the year 1897 : — President M. L. Gray. First Vice-President E. A. Engler. Second Vice-President Chas. R. Sanger. Recording Secretary William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary E. C. Runge. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators Julius Hurter, J. H. Kinealy, E. Evers. Directors M. H. Post, Joseph Grindon. Mr. H. von Schrenk made some remarks on the parasi- tism of lichens, in which he showed that it has been asserted by some persons that lichens growing on trees may do consid- erable injury to such trees, possibly by taking sap from them, but that this did not seem probable, as no portion of the lichen thallus penetrates beyond the outer periderm layer. The lichen, however, by covering a large area, may prevent access of light and air. In the long hanging forms of Usnea barbata, growing on Juniperus on Long Island, New York, the lichen closely envelops leaves and branches, and appears to be capable of killing both by suffocation. Pieces of this lichen are carried from branch to branch by wind and birds, and in the new stations grow without attachment, spreading very rapidly over adjacent areas. In its habit this lichen resembles Tillandsia usneoides, which is likewise capable of killing branches by suffocation and of growing without attach- ment, according to Schimper. One person was proposed for active membership. January 4, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty-seven persons present. The President addressed the Academy as follows: — I take pleasure in congratulating the Academy of Science of St. Louis on its comparatively prosperous condition at the beginning of the fortieth year of its corporate existence. Ixii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. It has convenient and comfortable quarters for its meetings and property, at a rent of $500.00 a year, payable quarterly under a lease for one year from the 15th of the present month. Its library is valuable and growing, con- taining many excellent works and the proceedings of most of the learned scientific societies of the civilized world. Its museum is a creditable nucleus to which, it is hoped, from time to time, valuable additions will be made. We have two hundred and six active members, of whom twenty-one are non-residents, nine of whom have been elected during the year just closed; and in the same period fourteen have resigned and three have died, namely, Dr. C. 0. Curtman, Judge Charles Speck and O. B. Wheeler. We have, besides, quite a large list of corresponding members, a num- ber of whom are residents of foreign countries. We exchange our publications with one hundred and thirty-nine scientfic institutions in the United States, four of which were added to the list during the last year. We also exchange with three hundred and ninety-seven foreign societies, and by these means we are kept in touch with the latest scientific work and discoveries throughout the world. Our income is derived from the interest on $6,000. 00 invested on real estate security, and from annual dues from members, the amount of which will appear from the report of the Treasurer. Our meetings during the past year have been interesting and instructive. Meritorious papers have been read, and our Transactions are being published from time to time, and they maintain the high character of former years. In order to increase our income, it is highly desirable that the number of active members should be increased. In a city of the population of St. Louis, there ought to be more than two hundred persons who, if properly approached, would be willing to join our ranks and aid and promote the objects we have in view. The present arrangement of having, at each meeting, one or more papers read that treat, in a popular manner, subjects of scientific interest, and of new discoveries and their application to practical uses, is, I think, in the right direction and should be continued. It seems to me that if our meet- ings and the topics that are to be discussed were publicly advertised, a general interest might be awakened and strengthened that would result in larger audiences and membership, and a consequent increase of income, and I suggest that an earnest and active effort be made to effect this. We have long dreamed of raising a sufficient fund to erect a suitable fire-proof building in which to shelter our library and cabinet, and to the present time it is a dream, and yet not all a dream, for we have toward it the sum of $6,000.00. As long as the public is ignorant of the existence of the society and its work, we cannot expect funds to flow in; but by bring- ing its aims and work before the people, securing their interest, educating them up to its importance and usefulness, we will at least be in the way of making supporters and friends that may grant the aid we need. San Fran- cisco, (and possibly other cities), much younger and smaller than St. Louis, has for its Academy of Science a large and commodious home of its own, and a large museum. We cannot expect to attain such a home without a strong pull and a pull all together; and when times improve, I recommend that such a pull be made. Record. lxiii The Treasurer's report, an abstract of which follows, was submitted, and, after having been audited by a committee appointed for that purpose, was approved. RECEIPTS. Balance from 1895 $ 447 78 Collections (membership dues, etc) 1,086 00 Interest on invested money 465 00 Rebate on insurance 166 70 $2,165 48 EXPENDITURES. Eent $ 500 00 Current expenses 155 13 Insurance 350 00 Publication of Transactions 393 33 1,398 46 Balance to 1897 $ 767 02 [invested fund. As shown by President's Report. Investment on security $ 6,000 00] The Librarian reported that during 1896 exchanges had been received from 255 societies, of which 4 had this year been added to the exchange list. In all, 856 numbers were reported as having been added to the library, an increase of 155 over the preceding year. The nominating committee reported that 105 ballots had been counted, and the following officers for 1897 were declared elected : — President , M. L. Gray. First Vice-President E. A. Engler. Second Vice-President Chas. R. Sanger. Recording Secretary .". William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary E. C. Runge. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators Julius Hurter, J. H. Kinealy, E. Evers. Directors M. H. Post, Joseph Grindon. Ixiv Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Dr. Ainand Ravold gave a microscopic demonstration of Widal's test for typhoid fever, demonstrating that after the disease has existed for four days or more, the blood of typhoid patients, probably because of some contained antitoxine, pos- sesses the power of inhibiting the motion and causing a peculiar clumping of typhoid bacilli from a pure culture in- troduced into it, within a period of one hour or less, whereas, in normal blood, similar bacilli retain their power of loco- motion for an indefinite length of time. It was stated that typhoid blood possesses this property even after having been dried for a period of four weeks or more, so that a few drops obtained from a person suspected of having the disease may be sent to suitable places for applying the test, thus rendering comparatively easy the early diagnosis of a disease which in its early stages presents many clinical difficulties. Professor F. E. Nipher gave preliminary results of partially completed experiments, made through the courtesy of the Burlington and Illinois Central Railroads, to determine the frictional effect of trains of cars on the air near them. His apparatus consists of a cup collector supported on a bar cap- able of sliding in guides on a clamp attached to the window sill of the car. The bar is thrust out to varying distances up to thirty inches. The mouth of the collector is turned in the direction of motion of the train. The pressure due to the motion is conveyed through a rubber tube attached to the rear of the collector and passing lengthwise through the bar to a water manometer. The manometer has a tube with a rise of four or five in one hundred, and is provided with a pivotal mounting and a level. The pressure near the train is compa- ratively small, and increases as the collector is thrust further out, where it approaches a limit corresponding to the train velocity at the instant. Professor Nipher finds the relation between the limiting pressure and velocity to agree exactly with the formula — where v is the train velocity in centimeters per second, P is the pressure in dynes to the square centimeter, and d is Record. lxv the density of air in C. G. S. units at the temperature and pressure of the observations. He finds the pressure a max- imum when the axis of the collector is parallel to the direc- tion of motion with the mouth to the wind. Turning the collector until its axis makes an angle of about 60° with this position, the pressure reduces to zero. At greater angles the pressure becomes less than atmospheric pressure by an amount which reaches a maximum at an angle of 90°, and passes through a minimum at an angle of 180°, when the collector is in a trailing position. The sum of the coefficients for the two positions of maximum and minimum exhaust is almost exactly the same as Langley obtained with a pressure board when ex- posed normally to the wind. The result shows that a large amount of air is dragged along with the train, the motion being communicated to air many feet away. This air is a source of danger to one standing too near the train when it is at full speed. One is likely to be toppled over, and the blow of the air communicates a motion of rotation which may cause one to roll under the train if the nature of the ground does not prevent such result. It was remarked, however, that where trains have a right to run at any speed, no prudent person would stand so near a train as is necessary in order to be in danger from this source. Mr. Alfred Clifford, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. Two persons were proposed for active membership. January 18, 1897. Vice-President Sanger in the chair, a large number of mem- bers and guests present. Professor H. S. Pritchett presented some results of obser- vations on the recent sun-spots, prefacing his remarks by a general account of our present knowledge of the constitution of the surface of the sun, and of sun-spots in general, and illustrating them by the use of lantern slides. The following persons, resident in St. Louis, were elected active members : — H. A. Hunicke, Julius C. Strauss. lxvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. February 1, 1897. President Gray in the chair, thirteen persons present. A philosophical paper by Mr. S. H. Emmens, which the Council had ordered preserved in the library of the Academy, was laid upon the table. Professor L. H. Pammel read a paper embodying ecolog- ical notes on some Colorado plants, observing that botanists who have studied the Rocky Mountain flora have frequently commented on the interest attached to the plants from an ecological standpoint, but most perplexing to the systematise It is not strange that this should be the case, since there are great differences in altitude and soil, and the relative humidity of the air varies greatly. This is a most prominent factor in the development of plant life. A cursory glance at the plains flora of eastern Colorado shows that there are representatives of a flora common from Texas to British America and east to Indiana. We should not for a moment suppose that the species are identical in structure, since the conditions under which they occur are so different. Attention was called to the great abundance of plants disseminated by the wind, as Cyclolotna , /Salsola, Solanum rostralum, Popidus, Cercocarpus, " Fire-weeds " (Epilobium spicatum and Arnica cordifolia ) , Hordeum jubaium, Elymus Sitanion, etc. Plant migration may be studied to better advantage in the irrigated districts of the West than elsewhere, partly because the water carries many seeds in a mechanical way, and partly because the soil is very favorable for the development of plants. In- stances were cited where several foreign weeds are becoming abundant, as Tragopogon porrifolius and Lactuca Scariola. The latter, known as an introduced plant for more than a quarter of a century, is common at an altitude of 7,500 feet in Clear Creek Canon. Once having become acclimated, it is easy to see how Prickly Lettuce is widely disseminated. Col- lectors appreciate the importance of giving more attention to conditions under which plants thrive, such as phases of devel- opment, soil, climate and altitudinal distribution. Structures of plants are produced to meet certain conditions. Under extreme conditions protective devices are more pronounced. Record. lxvii In discussing some of the plants, Warming's classification into Hydrophytes, Xerophytes, Halophytes and Mesophytes was adopted. The Mesophytes of eastern Iowa were compared with some of the Xerophytes of western Iowa, such as Yucca angustifolia, Menizelia ornata, Liatris punctata, etc. These increase in abundance in western Nebraska, and attain a max- imum development in northern Colorado. In the foot hills and mountains the Mesophytes constitute a large class, although the Xerophytes are common in dry, open, sunny places. The photosynthetic system is reduced to guard against excessive transpiration which would otherwise take place at high altitudes. The thick rootstock of alpine plants in dry open places is an admirable protection against drouth and cold. In canons where snow remains on the ground, plants do not need this protection. Halophytes are not nu- merous in species and genera. Hydrophytes are abundant at higher altitudes, where they occur in marshes and along streams. February 15, 1897. President Gray in the chair, ten persons present. Professor J. H. Kiuealy presented a preliminary discussion of the Pohle air-lift pump, a device for pumping water from artesian wells by injecting into the pump tube, at a consider- able depth below the surface of the water, bubbles of air from an air-compressor. Provisional means of determining the efficiency of the pump were indicated. In the discussion of the communication a comparison was made with the action of an inverted Sprengel pump. Professor William Trelease exhibited two hair balls removed from the stomach of a bull in Mexico, and showed that they were composed of the pointed barbed hairs of some species of prickly pear upon which the animal had unquestionably fed. Attention was called to similar balls from the stomachs of horses, but composed of the calyx hairs of crimson clover, which had been described in 1896 by Mr. Coville, of the United States Department of Agriculture. Ixviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. March 1, 1897. President Gray in the chair, eighteen persons present. Mr. W. H. Kush gave some demonstrations illustrating the formation of carbon dioxide and alcohol as a result of intra- molecular respiration by plant tissues grown in an atmosphere containing no free oxygen. For the demonstration of the liberation of carbon dioxide, germinating seeds were used, the atmosphere in the apparatus being replaced by hydrogen, and the usual barium hydrate test being applied for the presence of carbon dioxide. For the alcohol, a distillate was exhibited, obtained from peas and also from fresh grapes, which, after being superficially disinfected by corrosive sublimate, had been allowed to remain for a period of some weeks in a her- metically sealed vessel, the oxygen in which was very quickly exhausted, leaving the atmosphere quite destitute of this ele- ment in an uncombined state. On removal, the seeds or grapes were crushed with water, and the alcohol removed by distillation and demonstrated by the usual tests. It was ex- plained that intramolecular respiration was supposed to result from a breaking down of the living proteid molecules, as a result of which dead molecules of two classes were formed, nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous, the latter again splitting into carbon dioxide, alcohol, and some organic acid, with occasion- ally a certain amount of hydrogen. With free oxygen, the speaker stated, the same disintegration of the living molecules occurred, but with this difference, that the non-nitrogenous portion again split into carbon dioxide, water, and some carbo- hydrate. The nitrogenous product was stated to be in part as- paragin, which, uniting with some carbohydrate like glucose, was believed to form anew the living proteid molecule. Owing to its prompt exhaustion in this manner, asparagin was stated to acumulate in quantity only when carbohydrates were absent, as, for instance, in seedlings grown in the dark. Mr. H. von Schrenk exhibited drawings and presented a preliminary notice of an oedema of the roots of Salix nigra which he had observed in the early part of the winter, along the edges of a body of water in Forest Park. The swellings were observed near the tips of actively growing roots, shortly Record. lxix after the fall of the leaves. The epidermis was found to bo burst, and the periblem cells, greatly enlarged, protruded. The speaker referred to previous studies of plant oederaas, and compared the specimens here described, particularly, with some oedematous apple twigs which had been made the sub- ject of investigation at Cornell University. The latter were observed in the early spring, before the expansion of the leaves, but after the roots had been stimulated into premature activity, and it was suggested that possibly the oedematous willow roots might have similarly resulted from an unseason- able root activity, while the plants were in a leafless condition. Professor J. H. Kinealy exhibited a simple glass model very clearly illustrating the mode of action of the Pohle air- lift pump, of which he had spoken at the last meeting. One person was proposed for active membership. March 15, 1897. President Gray in the chair, thirty-five persons present. A portrait of Dr. Enno Sander, which had been secured through the efforts of friends of the Academy, was presented, on their behalf, by Professor F. E. Nipher, who said : — Mr. President and Members of the Academy: It sometimes happens that occasions arise in the history of our Academy when our thoughts are directed back over our past record* Sometimes these occasions have been full of sorrow, when some one of our number has rested from his labors. To-night we seek to honor one of our number who is still with us, and who still carries his full share of the responsibilities of active membership. From the earliest year of its exist- ence, forty-one years ago, he has been a worthy member of the Academy. He was the associate of Engelmann, Eads, Shuraard, Harris, Holmes, Riley, and a host of worthy citizens of St. Louis, who are no longer here, and most of whom have finished their labors. Dr. Enno Sander has been a most important element in the life of the Academy. There have been times when its future was anything but promising. It has passed through the turmoil of civil war, it has suffered irreparable loss from fire, it has had seasons of financial trouble which have put its affairs in serious straits. As Recording Secretary, and continuously for the last thirty-five years as our Treasurer, Dr. Sander has never failed us in any emergency. There has never been any self-seeking on the part of members of our Academy. There has been always only a worthy and honorable devotion to those great things which the Academy represents as an element of modern life. I have seen bodies of this kind divided into contending factions until lxx Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. there, was nothing left which was worthy of contention. In our Academy each member has always held other considerations secondary to the work of widening the boundaries of human knowledge. It is not given to any one of us to do much of this work, but that is the cause which, as an organization, we represent, and no other. All other things are subordinate. This was the direction which the wise men who represented science in our midst gave to the Academy in its early days. And it is largely due to Dr. Sander that the Academy has been able to maintain this high ideal. As his old friends and associates have, one by one, departed and new faces have taken their places, he has known how to welcome them and to be one of them. We are all his juniors in membership, and nearly all are his juniors by a quarter of a century. A record such as his is certainly worthy of honorable recognition. I am asked to represent a number of gentlemen of our Academy who have inter- ested themselves in securing a portrait of Dr. Sander for presentation to the Academy. He has been induced to submit to their wishes, and has enabled them to secure a likeness of him as we have known him in these latter years of hearty good-fellowship. And I know that I represent every member ol the Academy when I express the warmest appreciation of the services which he has rendered to our Academy. We do not need to assure him of our per- sonal esteem. He has made it impossible for us to feel for him anything but the highest esteem. And we hope that time will continue to deal gently with him, and that he may be spared to us yet many years. Mr. President and members of the Academy, I now present this portrait to the Academy, in behalf of those whom I represent. On behalf of the Academy, President Gray accepted the portrait with thanks. Dr. Sander, being called upon, responded happily to the expressions of good will which had accompanied the presen- tation and receipt of the portrait, and expressed his pleasure at having his portrait placed with those of his esteemed friends, Doctors Shumard and Engelmann,on the walls of the Academy rooms. Dr. G. Hambach gave an account of the more striking geological features of St. Louis, exhibiting specimens of the principal fossils and minerals which characterize the local formations, and indicating the best localities for the col- lection of certain specimens. On recommendation of the Council, the following preamble and resolutions were unanimously adopted: — Whereas, The admission of natural history specimens to the interna- tional mails is at present restricted to such as are sent in sealed pack- ages, at letter rates of postage, which are practically prohibitory; and Record. lxxi Whereas, It is understood that the question of admitting such speci- mens to the mails at merchandise rates is to be considered by the next International Postal Congress, which is announced to meet in Washington in May next: — Besolved, That the Academy of Science of St. Louis favors the adoption of an amendment to the present regulations which shall admit to the inter- national mails " Objects of natural history, dried or preserved animals and plants, geo- logical specimens, etc., of which the transmission has no commercial inter- est, and the packing of which conforms to the general conditions concerning packages of samples of merchandise; " Besolved, That the Postmaster General of the United States be and he is hereby respectfully requested to instruct the delegates from the United States to vote for the above or some similar amendment. Mr. P. C. Compton, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. April 5, 1897. Vice-President Engler in the chair, eighteen persons present. Professor Frederick Starr spoke briefly of the Academy and its work, stating that the duties of an organization like the Academy of Science were threefold : first, to its members ; second, to the scientific world : and, third, to the community at large; and with a minuteness of detail which showed a thorough knowledge of the past history of the Academy, Professor Starr reviewed what the Academy had thus far accomplished in each of these three directions. A paper by Mr. Charles Robertson, on North American bees — descriptions and synonyms, was read by title. Mr. H. C. Irish spoke on the relations of the unfolding of plants in spring to meteorological conditions, giving a his- torical resume of the principal work in phenology thus far done in this country and in Europe, and presenting charts on which the vegetable periodicity for a series of years was con- trasted with the temperature variations for the same years. April 19, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty-one persons present. Dr. C. Barck read an interesting address on Helmholtz- his life and work. lxxii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Dr. C. K. Keyes presented in abstract papers on the rela- tions of the Devonian and Carboniferous systems of the Upper Mississippi basin, and on the distribution of Missouri coals. The President announced the death of Dr. J. M. Leete, and, on motion, a committee composed of Dr. Grindon, Mr. Harrison and Professor Nipher was appointed to prepare suitable resolutions for presentation at the next meeting of the Academy. May 3, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty persons present. Mr. H. von Schrenk spoke of the respiration of plants, with special reference to the modification of those growing with their roots submerged in water. The lecture was illustrated by a demonstration of the liberation of carbon dioxide in respiration, from the roots of an ordinary flowering plant and from freshly gathered fungi, and the more usual aerenchyma structures were made clear by the use of lantern slides. Professor F. E. Nipher described a simple means of measur- ing the resistance of a tube to a current of air, when compared with an accepted standard, by the use of a device similar in principle to the Wheatstone bridge used in electrical instru- ments. The apparatus, in the present instance, consisted of parallel tubes filled with air, connected by a tubular bridge, in the middle of which a drop of water was placed, so as to change position with the variations in the pressure of air on the opposite sides of the drop. May 17, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty- five persons present. The committee appointed at the meeting of April 19 pre- sented the following memorial of the late Dr. J. M. Leete. The St. Louis Academy of Science is once more called upon to record the death of one of its valued members. Dr. James M. Leete was born in Lock- port, New York, in the year 1832. At the close of his early studies, he removed to Hines County, Mississippi, where he taught school for some time, thua Record. lxxiii broadening his knowledge and sympathies by contact with his fellow-man in widely separated portions of our country, which breadth of sympathy was not lessened by four years' active participation in the war, and was in later life a prominent trait of his character. Returning to the North, he took up the study of medicine, was graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania, and served two years in Blockley Hospital, Philadelphia, as an interne under the late Samuel D. Gross and other men whose names have become illustrious in the annals of medicine. He gained their respect by his close attention to and proficiency in his studies, and devotion to duty. At the breaking out of the war, he entered the Federal army as assistant surgeon. His ability and conscientiousness procured his promotion, and he became medical director of Crooke's Corps in Hunter's Division (the Sixth). At the close of the war he chose this city for his home, and soon after joined himself to this Academy, remaining one of its most faithful and esteemed members until the end. In 1871, he married Miss Cordelia Harrison. Two daughters, with their mother, survive him. Three years since, his failing health induced him to seek another place of residence, and he died on April 17, 1897, at Mineral Point, Wisconsin. Dr. Leete's personality was of that purposeful and energetic sort which leaves an impression on its surroundings. Public-spirited to an unusual degree, he harbored no selfish thought when the common weal was con- cerned, and, without expectation of remuneration or demand for recog- nition, gave much labor, time, and even occasional pecuniary assistance to objects which were of equal importance to all. The St. Louis Academy of Science herewith tender to his bereaved family and friends their heartfelt sympathy in this our common loss. Professor Nipher stated that he desired to add that Dr. Leete had furnished the means for carrying on the magnetic survey of Missouri during the years 1881-1882, expressing a desire that his name should not at that time appear in connection with the reports of the work done, which were published in Volume IV., No. 3, of the Academy's Trans- actions. Mr. J. B. S. Norton read a paper embodying the results of an examination into the effects of the tornado of May, 1896, on trees about St. Louis, in which it was shown that, while ordinary winds have some influence on the form and strength of trees, in strong winds uprooting is caused by wet soil, weak spreading roots, and a large surface exposed to the wind. If the roots hold, breaks may occur in the trunk or branches, depending on the strength of the wood, the form of the tree, the mode of branching and the weight and resistance Ixxiv Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. of foliage. While the edge of dry leaves presented to the wind offers little resistance, when foliage is wet and massed this may be very different. Local variations in these several factors make a comparison of different species difficult. It was shown that Acer dasycarpum was badly broken on account of its brittle wood and heavy foliage, while the weak-wooded Tilia and Liriodendron were also broken. Spreading- topped trees, like Ulmus Americana, as a rule, were broken and uprooted, though the branches were only bent in the tougher-wooded individuals. As a general thing, conical trees, like Ulmus campestris, Liquidambar and most conifers, and the strong-wooded oaks, were little injured. Taxodium distichum, from its slender form, strength and elasticity, was injured least of all. It was shown that after the tornado, which occurred early in the vegetative period, most of the trees continued the summer's growth by producing new foliage shoots. While a few died from the inability to secure food, others indicate injury by flowering and fruiting more profusely than usual. It was shown that some of the trees which were broken have already begun to show serious decay where the branches were removed, so that the final injury can hardly yet be measured. The results observed here were compared by the speaker with those which have been reported from time to time in connection with severe storms elsewhere. In the discussion of Mr. Norton's paper, Mr. von Schrenk submitted some interesting specimens, slides and drawings illustrating the formation of a double ring of wood in 1896, resulting from the ref oliation of the branches, denuded shortly after the season's growth had begun. The Secretary presented a paper by Frank C. Baker, en- titled Critical notes on the family Muricidae. June 7, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty persons present. A paper by Robert Combs, entitled Plants collected in the District of Cienfuegos, Province of Santa Clara, Cuba, in 1895-1896, was presented, and the introduction was read by Mr. W. H. Rush. Record. lxxv Professor F. E. Nipher made some remarks on the difficult- ies yet involved in the theories of the ether. October 18, 1897. Vice-President Engler in the chair, twelve persons present. The Secretary presented in abstract a paper by Frank Collins Baker, entitled The molluscan fauna of Western New York. Professor H. A. Hunicke gave an informal account of recent progress in our knowledge of the constitution of steel, treating the subject from a chemical and microscopical standpoint. November 1, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty-six persons present. Dr. G. Hambach gave an interesting account of his impres- sions of the Hawaiian Islands, which he visited last summer, exhibiting a number of photographs, and some specimens of lava. Dr. C. Barck gave a description of the volcano Haleakala and an account of his ascent of it. November 15, 1897. Vice-President Engler in the chair, six other members and one guest present. Professor F. E. Nipher presented informally some of the results of his recent experiments on the stability of a pivotally mounted sheet in an air stream. He stated that he had used two surfaces, each having a vertical dimension of one foot, pivotally mounted on a vertical axis, the horizontal dimension of one surface being one foot and of the other forty-six and one-half inches. These pressure planes were exposed on the roof of a moving box car. It was stated that the results reached were very satisfactory, since the two planes gave nearly identical results when the distance of the pivots from the center was expressed in per cent, of the horizontal dimen- sion. Mr. Trelease presented uotice of a proposal to amend lxxvi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Article IV. of the Constitution so as to read " Three Cura- tors " instead of " Board of Curators," the amendment to be submitted to ballot at the time of the approaching annual elections. One person was proposed for active membership. December 6, 1897. President Gray in the chair, fifty persons present. Mr. Julius Hurter exhibited a number of reptiles and batrachians now first reported as occurring in Missouri, and read an interesting account of his studies of these animals. Mr. H. von Schrenk presented a paper on the trees of St. Louis as influenced by the tornado of May, 1896, illustrating his remarks by drawings, cross sections of tree trunks, and slides under the microscope. Dr. G. Baumgarten, Professor F. E. Nipher and Dr. John Green were elected a committee for the nomination of officers for the year 1898. Judge Warwick Hough, of St. Louis, a corresponding member of the Academy since December, 1856, was elected an active member. One person was proposed for active membership. December 20, 1897. President Gray in the chair, twenty-five persons present. The nominating committee reported the following nomina- tions for officers for the year 1898 : — President E. A. Engler. First Vice-President Robert Moore. Second Vice-President D. S. H. Smith. Recording Secretary William Trelease. Corresponding Secretary Joseph Grindon. Treasurer Enno Sander. Librarian G. Hambach. Curators G. Hambach, Julius Hurter. Directors M. H. Post, Amand Ravold. Dr. R. J. Terry exhibited several specimens of the human Record. lxxvii humerus, showing a supra-condylar process, associated with high division of the brachial artery, which was contrasted with similar processes observed in the anthropoid apes and the lower monkeys, and with a similarly situated formamen of the arm of the Felidae. Professor F. E. Nipher presented a paper describing expe- riments made to determine the distribution of pressure over a pressure board, illustrating his remarks by diagrams and by exhibiting the apparatus employed by him. Dr. John A. James James, of St. Louis, was elected an active member. One person was proposed for active membership. Keports of Officers for the Year 1897. Submitted January 3, 1898. The President addressed the Academy as follows : — Gentlemen of the Academy of Science of St. Louis: To review tbe work of this Academy prior to the year just closed would be a repetition of what has been ably said by my predecessors. Therefore, I shall only refer to what has been done during the year now closing. In 1897 the Academy has published Numbers 12 to 19, both inclusive, of its Transactions, which, with previous numbers and one now ready and soon to be published, will complete the seventh volume of our Transactions. The work of the year has been, I think, up to the average of what has been accomplished in previous years. Interesting and instructive meetings have been held, a variety of subjects have been discussed, and valuable papers have been presented, some of which will form a part of a new volume, con- stituting the eighth of our Transactions. Abstracts of papers read are in the records of the Academy, and will show that good work has been accomplished. There has been, generally, a good attendance at our meetings, and a growing interest has been mani- fested that is highly encouraging. We have had frequent applications from similar bodies elsewhere for our publications, and exchanges with us have been sought for. There is evidence that the Transactions of our Academy are read and appreciated by other learned societies, and this is a matter of just pride. Yet we are sensible that we have not that general and popular support at home that our plans and aims are justly entitled to. A project has been inaugurated that aims to create a more general and public local interest that shall add to our members and increase our finances. A circular has been prepared, to be sent to public-spirited citizens, in the hope that their co-operation can be secured that shall bring us nearer to the ability to build a suitable and permanent home for our library and museum. It is lxxviii Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. much to the credit of our members that courage has been kept up and that we do not despair of ultimately reaching that desirable result. I believe this object will be attained, though it comes slowly. Milton, in one of his sonnets, says, " They also serve who stand and wait," and we have a prov- erb that all things come to those who wait. I do not interpret this proverb to mean that success comes to those who idly wait, but rather to those who eagerly wait and watch and seize opportunities to accomplish what they desire. It may be that the time is not yet ripe for an effort of this kind, but it is well to be educating the public mind on the subject so that, when business is prosperous and remunerative, the people may be ready to act and come to our aid. A desire to see and know those who have achieved deserved reputation in any line of human effort is natural and commendable, and it was there- fore a great pleasure to us to meet and entertain Dr. Nansen, the great Nor- wegian Arctic explorer. His wisdom and foresight in planning and equipping his expedition, his courage, patience, cheerfulness and heroism in braving the perils and terrors of the icy plains of the frozen North, have placed him in the front rank of Arctic travelers, and our meeting with him will long linger in our memories as one of the red-letter days of the year's experience. Mingled with the pleasant emotions connected with this visit is an under- tone of sadness from the loss of one of our colaborers, Professor Pritchett, who has left us to enter upon an important field of labor, under the Gov- ernment, where, it is believed, he will be useful and will do credit to him- self, to this Academy, and to the Government that, unsolicited on his part, has placed him in a position of honor and responsibility. You, gentlemen of the Academy, have elected, to-night, officers either young or in the prime of life, active and enthusiastic workers in different fields of scientific study, with high ideals and aims, with faces set toward the future, with energy, zeal and courage to meet and solve the many prob- lems that are springing into life ; and under their guidance and leadership, I believe this Academy will achieve, in the time to come, all that its founders hoped and struggled for. That it may be so is my wish and prophecy. The Treasurer reported as follows: — Receipts. Balance from 1896 $767 02 Sundry collections 6 49 Donation (for portrait) 200 00 Interest on invested money 363 66 Membership dues 958 00 $2,295 17 Expenditures. Rent $500 00 Portrait 200 00 Current expenses 457 91 Publication of Transactions 533 85 1,69176 Balance to 1898 $ 603 41 [invested fund. Investment on security • $ 6,000 00] Record. lxxix The Librarian reported that during 1897 exchanges had been received from 248 societies, of which 7 had this year been added to the exchange list. In all, 837 numbers were reported as having been added to the library, a decrease of 19 from the preceding year. It was reported that during the year the Transactions of the Academy had been distributed to 520 societies or institutions, chiefly by exchange or donation. /¥ 7 Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis, VOL. VII. No. 1. A STUDY OF THE UNIONID^ OF ARKANSAS, WITH INCIDENTAL REFERENCE TO THEIR DIS- TRIBUTION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. By R. ELLSWORTH CALL. Issued January 3d, 1895. A STUDY OF THE UNIONID^E OF ARKANSAS, WITH INCIDENTAL REFERENCE TO THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN THE MISSISSIPPI VAL- LEY. By R. Ellsworth Call, M. Sc, M. A., M. D. There exists very little published information concerning the abundance, varieties, and geographic distribution of the great molluscan family of Unionidce, within the limits of the State of Arkansas. A few forms were originally accredited to it ; some of these have not since been found in the State, nor have some others ever occurred outside its boundary. Of the mollusks of no other one State in the Union is less known. During the progress of the investigation the results of which are herein recorded, opportunity to consult a number of original types has been afforded with some very interest- ing results connected with the nomenclature of this great group of mollusks. To those who have not had access to original publications and to original specimens, much of the synonymy herein developed will, perhaps, prove a matter of surprise. The task which one thus assumes is not without its share of responsibility. To do strict justice to those most excellent early investigators, who so completely have rendered all successive students their debtors, is no easy task. That each one did the best he could, or knew, we scarcely can doubt; measured by the faulty notions of species that prevailed during their time they could, perhaps, for the most part, have done little better. A half century spent upon this great family by the veteran Dr. Isaac Lea must, in itself, entitle his opinions to confidence and to weight. But author- ity may never stand in place of Nature and in place of fact. If so be a more modern notion of what constitutes specific value, coupled with proper regard for environmental factors, 2 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. has necessitated the reduction to synonymic rank of very many forms it is only because the facts justify the reduction, and the interests of sound scientific reasoning require it. Of so much synonymy as grew out of personal differences between former students it were better not to speak. It will always stand as a reproach that the best interests of science have thus suffered. Most of the opinions herein expressed, regarding the specific value of very many forms, are based upon an exten- sive private collection of Unionidce, which is geographically and numerically all but complete. Added thereto are very many facts gleaned during an engagement of some months in the Smithsonian Institution, at Washington, the time of which was largely devoted to the Unionidce, which had pre- viously been studied by my old friend and preceptor, the competent and painstaking Dr. James Lewis. Many facts, chiefly, however, connected with geographical distribution, were thus collated. A considerable number of American Unionidce, most of which are represented in the fauna of Arkansas, were origi- nally described by the great French naturalist, Lamarck. Con- cerning these species there has been much difference of opinion, and even yet, in certain cases, opinions are divergent. To facilitate a correct understanding of Lamarck's species his original descriptions are herein reproduced, and fuller and more complete descriptions added, of forms which are believed to be authentic. These descriptions are accompanied by drawings in the several plates; some of these were executed by the careful hand of Mr. Harry A. Pilsbry and are duly accredited to him on the plates ; the remainder were drawn by the writer. Added to the data thus assembled will be found, for Lamarck's species, most of the synonyms which have been erected as species upon his older described forms. The determination of these synonyms was in no sense a patriotic matter, but proceeded on the hard lines recognized in science as just and right. The great naturalist made serious errors, but these could not well be avoided with scanty material and not too full locality refer- ences. It is hoped that this rather full synonymy, — which is Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 3 not complete, we too well know, — will eliminate from the trade-lists of amateurs species names which should no longer burden our faunal lists. In the matter of other bibliographic references the rule adopted has been to give the volume, pao-e, plate, figure and date reference where the form was first described ; added to these are occasional references to well- known and easily accessible works. There has been made no attempt, in the case of the greater number of forms listed, to exhibit but a moiety of the bibliographic matter. Beginning with Unio elegans Lea, references have been made to Reeve's great work, the Conchologia Iconica ; this has been done in the hope that those to whom access is given to that work will find the critical notes, which are sometimes appended, of service. Many American shells are therein wrongly named but the fault lies in the sending abroad of misnamed specimens of American Unionidce. Some of these errors are corrected by Reeve in the addenda to the Genus Unio; the rest remain to puzzle the naturalist. The oppor- tunity to examine and use this great and costly work was afforded by the generous courtesy of Mr. Truman H. Aldrich, of Cincinnati, who kindly loaned me these volumes for a long period of time. Not the least interesting fact connected with the study of the Unionidce is the one that numerous species have been duplicated by describing the forms assumed by the sexes as of specific value. This has occurred in a number of instances, and is responsible for a considerable number of synonymic names. Among the forms so described, the following may stand as examples : — Unio donaciformis Lea is the female of Unio zigzag, Lea. Unio ater Lea is a synonym of Unio purpuratus Lamarck, and is based on the female form. Unio patulus Lea is based on the female of Unio clavus Lamarck. Unio lens Lea and Unio leibii are both synonyms of Unio circulus Lea and are based on the female form. Unio leibii is a dwarfed form of U. circxdus. Unio brevidens Lea is a male form of a species the female of which was afterwards described as Unio arcceformis Lea. 4 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Unio subovaius Lea was based on the male of Say's Uhio ovalus. This list, illustrating what appears to have been the misin- terpretation of sexual differences, might be extended indefi- nitely ; when extended to its limits the student of the Unionidce will be astonished at the results which he will reach. Aside from personal collections, made in the intervals of field work in geology, and which were made in the St. Francis, Ouachita and Saline rivers, help has been derived from speci- mens collected by Professor R. T. Hill, in the Ouachita, by Mr. L. S. Griswold, in the Ouachita well up toward its source, and by Mr. F. A. Sampson, in the White river and in other portions of northern Arkansas. Dr. John C. Branner, State Geologist, has furnished an occasional specimen. Other shells have been sent, for identification, from the Little Red river. It is a matter of regret that more full and exhaustive collections could not be made preliminary to a final paper; it would better represent the wealth of the State in this group of natural objects. It will be noticed that three streams and as many localities furnish the major portion of the species here listed. Reasoning from this fact it is fair to assume that very many forms yet remain to be added to the list on complete examination of the State. REGISTER OF SPECIES. Unio aberti Conrad. Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., p. 10,(1850); Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. II, Plate XXVI, Fig. 1, (1851). Unio lamarckianus Lea. Trans. Am. Phi los. Soc, 2d series, Vol. 10, PI. 17, Fig. 20, (1852). Unio popenoi Call. Bull. Washburn Coll. Lab'y of Nat. Hist., No. II. pp. 48-49, PI. II, (1885). This form was described by Lea from the Caddo river, under the name of Unio lamarckia?ius, the specimens of which were submitted to him by Dr. Byrd Powell. Additional examples were submitted by Dr. Hale who collected them in the Ouachita river, near the Hot Springs. The specimen figured by Doctor Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 5 Lea is a young one and is by no means a fair illustration of the shell. In the description of the species he mentions the numerous small nodules found over its surface but the figure shows the shell as smooth. The very young shells are nearly as triangular as the well known Unio elegans Lea. In 1885 the writer, without then having access to the com- plete bibliography of the species, and misled by the great size of the specimens submitted to him, described the form as new, giving it the name of its Kansas discoverer. Later the error was discovered by him and the facts fully stated.* In this last named paper the remarkable character of the ctenidium was made known and illustrated from specimens collected in the Verdigris river, Kansas, by Mr. J. R. Mead. This species has thus far been only found in the Arkansas and Red river drainage basins. It has not occurred to us in our collecting in the State. Unio alatus Say. Nicholson's Encyc, Am. ed., Vol. IV, PI. IV, Fig. 2, 1816. Also figured in the Am. Jour, of Science and Arts, 1st series, Vol. XIV, Fig. 17a and 176. Another good figure may be found in Conrad's Monograph of Unio, Plate XXXI. A figure has recently appeared, in Bull. U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. XIII, PI. 36, 1893, that is characteristic in all respects, except its alate features. Both aire are broken in the specimen figured. This species has not been found abundantly in Arkansas. Its sole occurrence to us was in the St. Francis river, near Wittsburg, in Cross county. It has been seen by the writer from the Ouachita river, Indian Territory, and without doubt will be found in the Arkansas portion of that stream. It is not readily confounded with any other known Unio being, when perfect, easily separated from other symphynote species by its dark purple coloration within and its flattened disk. I have received it under the name of Unio purpuratus from which species, however, it is entirely distinct. From the Cedar river, Iowa, were secured very large and See American Naturalist, September, Vol. xxi, 1887, p. 860. 6 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. fine specimens of this form. One of these measures in length 175 mm., in height 105 mm., in breadth 51 mm. Unio anodontoides Lea. Trans. Am. Philos.Soc.,Vol. IV, Pl.VIII,Fig.ll, 1830. Unio teres Rafinesque, vide Conrad's Monograph, PI. XXVIII. St. Francis river, at Wittsburg and Madison; Saline river, at Benton. This species is very widely distributed over the United States from western New York to Alabama and Texas, rang- ing north to Indiana, Minnesota, and Kansas. It is well marked and is distinct from Unio luteolus Lamarck, with which it is often confounded. The St. Francis specimens are very large and fine. Conrad's figure of Unio teres is said by him to be based upon a specimen in Mr. Poulson's cabinet, which was said to have been labeled by Rafinesque himself, who collected it "in the west." Unio arkansasensis Lea. Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. V, PI. XXX, Fig. 275. The only Arkansas specimens seen came from the Saline river, near Benton. One is quite imperfect while the other, of the two, is a good representative of the female of the species. The original specimens came from " Hot Springs " and pre- sumably from the Ouachita river. Unio breviculus Call. Plate XVII. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 10, p. 499, Plate XXVIII, 1887. White river, Carroll county; Little Red river, Clinton, Van Buren county, Arkansas. Jack's Fork of Current river, Missouri ; Big Creek, tributary to Jack's Fork, Texas county, Missouri. Shell smooth, ovate elliptical, inequilateral, subinflated, biangular posteriorly, circularly rounded before, somewhat Call — The Unionidae of Arkansas. 7 incrassate; umbones slightly elevated, so much eroded that minute characters are indeterminate ; ligament large, thick, black, or dark brown; epidermis yellowish horn-color, smooth, polished, rayed with dark green over the whole disk, the rays often interrupted by the lines of growth, which are numerous, but somewhat indistinct; umbonal slope rounded, depressed in the male, slightly elevated in the female ; posterior outline emarginate in the female ventrad of the siphonal area, dorsal outline rounded ; cardinal teeth double in the left and single in the right valve, short, erect, triangular, solid, smooth, or scarcely crenulate; plate connecting laterals with cardinal teeth thick, somewhat arched ; lateral teeth rather short, thick, slightly curved, smooth; anterior cicatrices distinct, large, deeply impressed ; posterior cicatrices confluent, well im- pressed, that of the retractor pedis muscle at tip of base of lateral tooth but not on it; dorsal cicatrices numerous and deeply impressed in the cavity of the umbones ; nacre salmon colored, occasionally white. Length 71.00 mm. ; breadth 27.20 mm. ; height 45.50 mm. Animal dirty, yellowish white; labial palps short, ovately triangular, adherent at base, laterally united so as to form an oval groove, midway from the extremities of which is placed the mouth. In the specimens examined only the anterior one- third of the external branchiae contained ova. This portion was characterized by the heavy deposit of pigmentary matter at the apex of the chambers, while the remaining margins of the branchiae were uniform in coloration with the mass of the animal. The posterior borders of the mantle were, as usual, differentiated into a series of tentacular folds ; those surround- ing the incurrent and excurrent orifices were yellow and brown, the remainder were black. While the females sustain a general resemblance to Unio elarkianus Lea and Unio gerhardtii Lea the emarginate char- acter of the female form is utterly unlike anything exhibited by the females of Lea's types. The above description is repeated from the original, that this form, which has recently been found abundantly near Clinton, Arkansas, may not remain unknown to those persons in that State who take any interest in its natural objects. 8 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Unio caliginosus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. 10, Plate VII, Fig. 21, 1845. St. Francis river, Wittsburg ; White river, Carroll county; Ouachita river, Malvern; Saline river, Benton. These localities all furnished numbers of this form and of great perfection. Among the Uniones with which it groups are Unio intercedens Lea, Unio fallax Lea, and Unio subros- tratus Say. The group is widely distributed in the southern States and is characterized by the emargination of the female, on the ventral border. Unio capax Green. Described by Dr. Green in " Cabinet of Natural His- tory and American Rural Sports," Vol. II, p. 290, Phila., 1832. Figured as Symphynota globosa Lea, in Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. V, PI. IV, Fig. 12, 1832. Dr. Green's description has priority by some weeks, though these authors published their diagnoses in the same year. Green's specimens came from the Falls of St. Anthony, and Bayou Teche, La., the localities being widely separated. Dr. Lea's specimens came from the Ohio river, about 150 miles below Louisville. The species has occurred in our collections from Arkansas only in the St. Francis river at Wittsburg and is represented by two fine examples. It has the habit of Unio occidens, with which it groups, preferring muddy bottoms and still waters. It is fairly common throughout the Mississippi valley, in the larger streams that flow into the main river. A closely related form, from the Altamaha river, Georgia, was described by Dr. Lea under the name of Unio dolabrw- formisj vide Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VI, p. 103, PI. XXIV, Fig. 113, 1838. It is probably synonymous. Unio castaneus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, p. 91, PI. XI, Fig. 21, 1830,. Described from the Alabama river, Alabama. Numerous examples of this shell have been taken in the Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 9 Little Red river, in Van Buren county, one fine example of which we have seen, together with a poorer one. It came to us under the name of Unio arkansasensis Lea. From Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, we have seen about fifty good examples. The large and old shells resemble much some forms of Unio ellipsis Lea. Unio cerinus Conrad. Monograph of Unio, p. 95, Plate LII, 1838. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio, Plate LXXXVII, Fig. 468. The only Arkansas example which we have seen was taken in the Little Red river, and was loaned to us for examination by Mr. W. A. Marsh. It is a fine female and a very charac- teristic form. Mr. Lea makes this shell a synonym of his Unio rubiginosus, but does so wrongly. Before us are forty or more specimens from Louisiana, the original home of the species, some of which are sufficiently perfect to disclose undulations on the beaks such as no rubiginosus ever possessed. They rather ally Conrad's shell to those peculiarly marked Mexican and Central American forms that have similar beaks. No shell with which I am acquainted so well presents similar characters as the common Texan form to which Gould gave the name of Unio petrinus, the original examples of which came from Mexico. This species will certainly not fall under rubiginosus whatever else may become of it. Unio clavus Lamarck. Plate I. This shell is one of those prolific sources of synonymy with which the descriptive matter of American fresh-water conchol- ogy has become so burdened. In the hope that it will subserve a useful purpose the original description of Lamarck follows, and the synonymy as now understood, excepting only those names which have not been accompanied by figures. The following description is taken from Volume VI, " His- toric Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres," page 537, 1838. " U. testa sublongitudinali, oviformi, inferne tumida, obtusa; postico latere brevissimo; denle laterali prcelongo. 10 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Var. testa versus extremitatem Jateris antici sensim depressa, magis attenuata. Unio modioliformis Say, Amer. Conch. Habite dans le lac Erie. Michaud fils. * * * Test tres blanc. Longueur apparente 72 millimetres. La variete b vit dans la riviere de la Nouvelle-Ecosse. * * * Lon- gueur apparente 53 millimetres." Lamarck's brief description is no doubt responsible for very much of the confusion which attends the separation of this form. To aid in its correct determination the following description has been drawn, from specimens collected in the Duck river, Tennessee. The specimen figured is one of those employed in this diagnosis. Shell smooth, somewhat elliptical, most of its mass posterior to a line drawn vertically from the umbones, laterally sub- compressed, somewhat pointed posteriorly, circularly rounded before ; umbones prominent and pointed anteriorly, apic- ulate; ligament large, thick, light brown; epidermis honey- yellow, smooth, often polished, rayed from the tips of the umbones with green lines over the first formed half of the disk, the rays broadening downward, occasionally in- terrupted by the lines of growth which are numerous and strongly impressed giving to the lower third of old specimens a striate appearance; umbonal slope rounded anteriorly but compressed posteriorly; in the female, the posterior slope is rather less flattened than in the male, while the outline of the disk is less pointed ; cardinal teeth single in the right, double in the left valve, rather short and incrassate, crenulate ; plate connecting laterals with the cardinal teeth disposed to folding in the left and pitted in the right to correspond, thick, slightly arched; lateral teeth long-lamellar, curved ventrad, striate; anterior cicatrices confluent, deeply impressed, that of the retractor pedis impression very deep and circular and at the end and lower margin of the lateral teeth and partly on them ; dorsal cicatrices numerous, small and impressed in an irregular line on the under side of the plate between the cardinal and lateral teeth ; nacre pure white, with a very marked iridescence posteriorly between the pallial cicatrix and the margin. Animal not observed. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 11 Length, 53.00 mm.; breadth, 18.50 mm.; height, 30.00 mm. The synonymy of this species has been but partially worked out, but it is certain that it will include the following forms: Unio patulus Lea. 1829. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. III, p. 409, PL XII, Fig. 20. Unio decisus Lea. 1830. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, p. 92, PL XII, Fig. 23. Unio chattanooga ensis~Lea.. 1858. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. IV, 1859, p. 209, PL XXV, Fig. 90. Unio consanguineus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. V, p. 67, PL VII, Fig. 217. Unio paUidofulvus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d, series, Vol. V, pp. 83-85, PL XI, Fig. 232. Unio intervenlus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. V, p. 84, PL XI, Fig. 233. Unio concolor Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. V, p. 89, PL XII, Fig. 237. Unio anaticulus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1862, Vol. V, p. 92, PL XIII, Fig. 240. Unio crebrivittatus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1866, p. 43, PL XV, Fig. 41. Unio curias Lea. 1859. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. V, 1861, pp. 92-103, PL XVII, Fig. 253. Both this last named form and Unio anaticulus were based on deformed specimens of Uniones and are, in a certain sense, pathologic forms. To this synonymy must be added those other names under which Say described this species a leading term of which will be Unio modioli formis, as had been noted by the editors of Lamarck, in 1838. Other great groups of Uniones there are which exhibit a far larger synonymy than does that group which this species of Lamarck heads. So far as known this form does not occur west of the Mis- sissippi, nor has any member of the group been found which may be located west of that stream. It has its greatest development in the mountain regions of Georgia, Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee, though it ranges, as specimens at hand prove, from western New York to Ottawa river, Canada, thence west to Illinois and south to middle Alabama, where some of its forms are exceedingly abundant in the 12 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. streams of north-central Alabama, notably in the Coosa, Alabama, and Cahaba rivers. A good illustration of this form may be found in Conrad's Monograph, PL III, fig. 1. Also in Tenney's Zoology, Manual, edition of 1872, p. 492, Fig. 460. Reeve, Concholo- gia Iconica, Plate LX1X, Fig. 354, also well exhibits its chief features, but the beaks are represented to be more decurved than in any specimen we have ever seen. Unio corndtds Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, p. 122, Fig. 5a, 56, 1823; Unio reflexus Rafinesque, in Conrad's Monograph, PI. IV, Fig. 1, 1838. This species has been seen by us from only one Arkansas locality. That one was the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, in Cross county. It has a wide range in its geographical dis- tribution since it occurs from western New York to Kansas and south to Alabama and Texas. Unio crassidens Lamarck. Piate II. Unio niger Rafinesque, in Conrad's Monograph of Unio, PI. XXVI, 1836. Unio incrassatus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VIII, PI. XVI, Fig. 34, p. 217, 1840. Unio cuneatus Barnes, Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, p. 263, 1823. Lamarck's description included several varieties, some of which were improperly included in the species as limited. Such, for instance, is his variety a which is said by Dr. Lea, who saw the type in Paris, to be his Unio trapezoids and which is entirely distinct from crassidens. The original description here follows from the Animaux sans Vertebres, 2d Edition, Vol. VI, p. 532, 1838. " U testa ovali, tumida, crassa, postice rotundata, antice, angiitis binis ternhve subsinuosa, dente cardinali crassissimo lobato, angulato, striato. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 13 Habite I ' Amerique septentrionale , dans le Mississippi, V Ohio, et plusieurs lacs. * * *" The remainder of the description is concerned with the diagnoses of the varieties which Lamarck considered as belong:- ing to this form. Variety a is from the Mississippi; variety b from Lake Erie, variety c from the Ohio. But each variety appears to be a distinct species. The following description is based upon specimens obtained from the Cumberland river, at Nashville, Tennessee, where the species is very abundant; also facts are included from char- acters exhibited by abundant material from the Etowah and Oostanaula rivers, in Georgia. The species is likewise abun- dant in the Cahaba, Alabama, and Coosa rivers, in Alabama. Shell smooth, elliptical, compressed, incrassate anteriorly, biangular and much thinner posteriorly ; epidermis rather thick, black in old specimens and deep reddish brown in young ones, striate, often with curved, dark green rays ex- tending ventrad from the umbones, in the young shell; the dorso-posterior margin much and quite regularly-curved ; posterior umbonal slope eradiate, somewhat flattened, sep- arated from the lateral slope by a marked angle, with a prom- inent raised line, sometimes two, extending from the umbones and joining the posterior margin at the angles, the whole pos- terior slope is, commonly, strongly and coarsely striate; um- bones small, scarcely prominent, slightly incurved; ligament long, thick, curved with dorsal margin, black ; cardinal teeth short, heavy, triangular, striate, single in the right, double in the left valve, the posterior portion of the double left tooth nearly equal in size and shape to the single right tooth ; lateral teeth long, thick, straight or nearly so, crenulate, in old specimens this is strongly marked ; dorsal plate connect- ing the lateral with the cardinal teeth scarcely marked, smooth, rounded ; anterior cicatrices distinct, deeply im- pressed, that of the adductor muscle much roughened and pitted with numerous small pits arranged in a row near the edge of the plate forming its upper margin; pallial cicatrix well impressed anteriorly and markedly crenulate throughout ; posterior cicatrices distinct, that of the adductor deeply im- pressed and extending to the posterior end of lateral teeth, 14 Tram. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. striate, that of the retractor pedis muscle deep, pit-like, some- times confluent with that of the adductor ; cavity of the beaks shallow, with a row of minute pit-like dorsal cicatrices some distance within the margin of the plate; nacre rich purple, light, iridescent, the latter feature especially marked pos- teriorly. Animal not observed. Length, 111.25 mm. ; breadth, 40.00 mm; height, 69.00mm. In very good specimens, not too old, small and well marked foldings, disposed at an angle with the umbonal angle and increasing in number towards the umbones, may be noticed. These are characteristic, and serve to indicate the possible affinities of this species and Unio incrassatus Lea, from the Chattahoochee, Oostanaula, and other Georgia streams. The figure given herewith is drawn from a fine specimen ob- tained in the Cumberland river, Tennessee, at Nashville, where the form is very abundant. Larger but less perfect speci- mens are common. In nearly all the great rivers of the south, west of the Appalachian system, this form occurs and usually in great abundance. It has not yet been obtained west of the Mississippi, so far as present information extends. Unio cuneus Conrad. Monograph of Unio, PL LVIII, Fig. 1, 1836. Four specimens were found in the Saline river, at Benton. The species was described from the Little Red river, Arkan- sas, by T. A. Conrad. It has long been properly regarded as identical with Unio coccineus Hildreth and should no longer be distributed under its Conradian name. Doctor Ward, of Ohio, many years ago distributed the white-nacred variety of this form under the manuscript name of Unio gouldianus Ward, but never described it. The name was adopted by Dr. John Jay, of New York, and published by him in his " Cata- logue of Shells in the Jay collection." The typical forms have a warm pink nacre but are not so common as the white-nacred variety. The range of the species is from western New York to North Alabama and west to central Kansas. In the rivers of Iowa it is both abundant and fine. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 15 In further history of the form it may be stated that the real author of the species was Dr. Hildreth, of Marietta, Ohio, who sent it to Mr. Lea with the manuscript name of Unio coccineus. Hildreth did not describe it under that name, even in manuscript, and Mr. Lea, adopting the proposed name, described the species as new in the Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VI, PI. V, Fig. 12, 1834. A good figure may also be found in Conrad's Monograph, PL XIII, Fig. 1. The white- nacred variety is figured by Conrad, on the same plate, under the name of Unio catillus, from the Scioto river, Ohio. Unio cylindricus Say. Plate XI. Unio cylindricus Say, in Nicholson's Encyc. Am. Ed. Article Conchology, PI. 4, Fig. 3, 1816. Unio naviformis Lamarck. Deshayes Encyc. Meth. Vers ,Tome II, p. 580, No. 5, 1830. Unio naviformis Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertebres, Tome VI, p. 537, No. 20, edition of 1838. From the Ohio. Unio cylindricus Say, Barnes, in Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. XIV, PI. I, Figs. 13a, 13b. This species is abundant in the St. Francis, Saline, and Ouachita rivers, Arkansas, from which localities many speci- mens have been seen. In the Cumberland and Harpeth rivers of Tennessee, the largest and finest specimens noticed have been taken. In geographical range the species extends from western New York to Indiana, Kansas, and Texas, and south to Central Alabama, in the Alabama river, at Selma. The specimen figured is from the White river, Indiana, and was contributed by Professor Barton W. Evermann. Unio donaciformis Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, p. 266, PI. IV, Fig. 3, 1827. Described from Ohio. Unio zigzag Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, p. 409, PI. XII, Fig. 19, 1829. Described from Ohio. This species is abundant in the St. Francis river, at Witts- 16 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. burg. It is reported also from the Ouachita river, near the boundary of the Indian Territory, but we have seen no speci- mens from that stream. The probable identity of these forms, as given in the above synonymy, was suspected by Mr. Lea himself ; it seems, therefore, now more than useless longer to attempt their specific distinction. Unio ebenus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, p. 84, PL IX, Fig. 14, 1830. Unio subrotundus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, p. 117, PI. XVIII, Fig. 45, 1831. Unio lesueurianus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, p. 195, PI. VIII, Fig. 6, 1840. Unio globatus Lea. Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d Series, Vol. VIII, p. 5, PI. I, Fig. 1, 1874. Unio mbgloba/us Lea. Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. VIII, p. 7, PI. I, Fig. 3, 1874. Specimens have been studied from the following Arkansas localities: St. Francis river, Wittsburg; Ouachita river, Malvern. The geographical range of the species is from western New York to Texas, north to Kansas and Minnesota. The species is very abundant in the Mississippi river, at Moline, Illinois; in the Cumberland, at Nashville, Tennessee, in the Alabama, at Selma, and is a common form in the larger rivers west of the Mississippi. This shell is peculiar, though it shares this feature with several other forms, in occurring only in large streams. It is a mud-loving form and com- monly abounds in muddy localities, where it occurs at all. The synonymy indicated above is illustrated by specimens in the cabinet of the writer and identified by Dr. Lea. Some of them are from the original localities of the various types. Unio eleuans Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, p. 83, PI. IX, Fig. 13, 1830-1. Described from the Ohio river. Conchologia Iconica, Reeve, Unio, Plate LXXIV, Fig. 380, 1868. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 17 Unio truncatus Rafinesque, Say in American Conchol- ogy, PI. 67. The only Arkansas locality where this form has been found is the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg. It is there a very common shell, preferring rather muddy bottoms. The illus- tration given by Reeve is a fairly good one, but presents certain artistic effects that are not to be seen in the shell itself. It is a member of a group of which Unio donaciformis Lea may be considered a leading term. Unio gibbosus Barnes. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, PL XI, Fig. 12, 1823. Unio arctior Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VI, p. 10, PL IV, Fig. 10, 1834; Conchologia Iconica, Reeve, Unio Plate LXXXV, Fig. 454, 1868. Unio dilatatus Rafinesque, so Conrad in Monograph, Plate XXI, 1838. Unio stonensis Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, p. 195, PL VIII, Fig. 5, 1840; Conchologia Iconica, Reeve, Unio Plate LXXXV, Fig. 453, 1868. Unio gibbosus Barnes, so Reeve in Conchologia Icon- ica, PL LXXIII, Fig. 377. The figures of all these forms, as given by Reeve, are poor and do not well represent the shells. U. stonensis Lea is from Stone river, Tennessee, from which original locality the writer has specimens, and these are part of the original lot, identified by Mr. Lea, and still with the name in his handwrit- ing. They formerly belonged to Dr. Troost, of Nashville, and were douated by Dr. J. Berrien Lindsley, into whose hands many of the shells of the Troost collection passed. There is no question that the form from the Ohio, which Mr. Lea called Unio arctior, is a white-nacred variety of gibbosus, a form which is commonly marked by a purple nacre. The white-nacred form, or arctior, is common in the Saline river, at Benton; it is abundant also in the Piney river, Missouri. Typical gibbosus was obtained in the St. Francis, at Witts- burof. 18 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The geographical range of this form is from western New York to Minnesota and Kansas, south to Texas, and east to Georgia. In the Mississippi and Cumberland rivers it is both abundant and variable. There are few shells among the Unionidce that present so great a range of variation as this one. Unio glans Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, 1830, p. 82, PL VIII, Fig. 12. From the Ohio river ; Conrad's Monograph, PL IX, Fig. 2, 1836. Unio pullus Conrad. Monograph of Unio, 1838, p. 100, PL LIV, Fig 2. From the Wateree river, South Carolina. Unio granulatus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 2d series, 1866, p. 48, PL XVI, Fig. 46. Big Prairie creek, Alabama. Unio germanus Lea. 1861. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. VI, 1866, p. 49, PL XIX, Fig. 54. From Coosa river, Alabama. Unio cromwellii Lea. 1865. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VI, 1868, p. 258, PL XXXI, Fig. 73. From Kiokee creek, Albany, Georgia. Unio cylindrellus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1868, 2d series, Vol. VI, p. 308, PL XLVIII, Fig. 121. From Tennessee, north Georgia, and north Alabama. Unio corvunculus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1868, Vol. VI, p. 314, PL L, Fig. 127. From Swamp creek, Whitfield county, Georgia. The localities at which this species has occurred, in collect- ing in Arkansas, are all in Carroll county, and presumably from the same portions of the White river. The three specimens submitted were kindly furnished by Mr. F. A. Sampson, of Sedalia, Missouri, by whom they were collected. The synonymy indicated above is based upon very large series of specimens which comprise materials from every one of Lea's localities. The species was also figured by Reeve, in 1868, Unio Plate XXXVI, Fig. 190. The specimen figured by him shows the emarginate character of the female, which sex he had before him. The shell is usually abundant in warm, shallow water, Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 19 near the margin, and on gravelly bars ; it also occurs commonly in muddy stations having the habit of Unio parvus Barnes which heads the group of which Unio glans is a member. Unio ellipsifbrmis, Conrad (Monograph of Unio Plate 34, Fig. 1, p. 60), 1838, described from Michigan, is also a synonym. Unio gracilis Barnes. Described in the Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823. Unio fragilis Rafinesque, so Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, Plate XXX, 1836. Unio dolosus Lea. 1860. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. V, 1861, p. 75, PI. IX, Fig. 224. Also Con- chologia Iconica, Reeve, Unio Plate XLI, Fig. 228. This is a poor figure of an immature specimen. Unio gracilis Barnes. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, 1868, Unio Plate XXXIX, Fig. 215. This is a figure of an old specimen but does not show the characteristic alation of the dorsal margin. This species has occurred to us in the Saline river, at Benton, and in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg. It does not differ in any material respect from the forms found so abundantly in the sloughs along the Mississippi river farther to the north, and in all the larger streams which are tributary to it, except, perhaps, the Missouri river alone. Lea's dolosus is very abundant in the Coosa river at Wetumpka, and in the Alabama at Selma. It was also found in numbers in the Cahaba, at Lily Shoals, in Bibb county. There can be no doubt of its identity with the older form described by Barnes. The typical form of the group that it heads, this species ranges from the Ottawa river, Canada, to Minnesota, Iowa, and Kansas, and south to Central Alabama and to Texas. Unio grandidens Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1862, Vol. V, p. 205, PI. XXX, Fig. 274. Also Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, 1868, Unio Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 439. This species has not been found by us in Arkansas nor do we know of the existence of any specimens other than 20 Trans. Acad. iSci. of St. Louis. the types. It was collected by Dr. Byrd Powell, near Hot Springs, Arkansas, and was described from two unmatched valves belonging to old individuals. Reeve gives a very good figure, probably copied from Lea, but is hopelessly confused on the relations of the form. He does not recognize the name of Lea, save as a synonym, but places it under Unio nodulosus Wood. He suggests that it has an aspect very much like that exhibited by certain Chinese shells, and thinks that both " may prove to be the Chama plumbea of Chemnitz." It is hardly necessary to say that there is no relation to Chama, and no question but that the shell is prop- erly credited to Arkansas. It is a member of the pustulate group and is not far removed from Unio cooperianus, which it closely resembles. Unio irroratus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, 1827, p. 269, PI. V, Fig 5. Described from Ohio. Unio irroratus Lea, Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio PI. XII, Fig. 44, female. 1868. Unio stegarius Rafinesque, so Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, p. 83, PI. XL VI, Fig. 1, 1838. Also Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate XII, Fig. 45, male. 1868. This species occurred in the St. Francis river, at Witts- burg, and in the Saline, at Benton. In the first mentioned locality it is very abundant and specimens of all ages were found. The very young have the outline of Unio elegans, but they are somewhat longer than the young of that species at a corresponding age. The resemblance of very many of the young to the form described by Conrad as Unio aberti is also marked. The triangular outline is lost with age, and the cir- cular form becomes more and more marked. Closely allied to it is the common Unio dromas Lea, of the Cumberland river. Unio hydianus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2nd series, Vol. VI, 1834, p. 14, PI. VI, Fig. 14. This species was described from the Bayou Teche, Louis- Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 21 iana ; it occurs abundantly in the St. Francis river, at Witts- burg, and in the Saline river at Benton. It is a synonym of Unio luteolus Lamarck, to which the reader is referred. Unio lachrymosus Lea. Transactions Am. Philos. Soc, 2nd series, 1827, p. 272, PI. VI, Fig. 8. Described from Ohio. Also Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, 1864, Unio PI. IX, Fig. 33. Unio asperrimus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. IV, p. 71, PI. V, Fig. 3. 1830-1. Unio quadrulus Rafinesque, so Say, in Am. Conch., PI. 53, 1834. Unio quadratics, Rafinesque, so Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate VI, Fig. 24, 1864. Unio lunulatus, Pratt. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., Vol. I, PI. XXXI, Fig. 1, (1870?). Obtained by us in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, and in the Saline river, at Benton. Unio lachrymosus was described from a small and immature specimen ; Unio asper- rimus from an old and well-worn shell. Yet the resemblances are so close that one might easily have recognized their iden- tity. From the Little Arkansas river, Kansas, come the largest and finest specimens of this species that we have ever seen. In geographic range the form extends from western New York to Kansas and Minnesota, and south to Texas and Alabama. Unio l^vissimus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, PI. XIII, pp. 444-445. Specimens of this form were taken by Dr. J. C. Branner, in the Little Red river, at Fulton. The shell is somewhat more globose than the same form reported from other local- ities ; the specimens have a slight tendency to vary toward Unio hermannii Lea, described originally from Texas. The types of Lea's Unio Icevissimus came from the Ohio, in which stream it is by no means uncommon. The range of this form is from Western or middle Ohio to Kansas and Nebraska; southward it ranges to Trinity river, Texas. It is a member of the bi-alate group, the leading term of which is Unio alatus Say. 22 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Unio ligamentinus Lamarck. Plate XXI. Animaux sans Vertebres, Ed. 1838, Vol. VI, p. 533. Described as follows: — U. testa ovali tumida, sub epiderme Candida; ligamento subduplici: unico externo detecto; allero intra nalem et car- dinem obtecto. " Habile la riviere de V Ohio. A. Michaud. La coquille a sur chaque valve un angle obtus an cole anterieur. So7i test est tres blanc. Son corselet est un peu eleve en carene. Dent cardinale fort epaisse. Largeur, 77 millimetres. " It is quite possible that the very extensive synonymy that is exhibited by this species is due largely to the incomplete description which Lamarck gave to this form. It is widely distributed over the United States from western New York to Michigan, Minnesota, Dakota, and Kansas ; south to Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Tennessee. In this vast range, throughout which it is common or abun- dant, it has a wonderfully diversified environment. Its home may be in sluggish and muddy bayous, where it delights to dwell in mud and sand ; in rapidly flowing mountain streams, like the upper Cumberland and the Holston rivers, where it may be found on gravel bars or wedged in between the larger rocks in the middle of the channels ; in the muddy or gravelly rivers of the western prairie States, as in Iowa and Illinois, where it dwells indifferently in mud or gravel. It follows therefore, that these great differences in environment will be influential in determining its coloration and its form. So it is among the most variable, in minor details, of any of the com- mon river-mussels of the western States, sharing in this regard the changes in form incident to Unio luteolus Lamarck and Unio complanalus Solander, the last named being a form which has never yet been found in any stream west of the Appalach- ians, outside the drainage of the Great Lakes. These very vari- able shells have been described many times by those who look for differences rather than resemblances, and so the great burden of synonymy has arisen. A partial list of the most Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 23 evident synonyms is given below, a list which does not exhaust, by any means, this fruitful mine. JJnio crassus Say . Nich. Encyc. Am. Ed., Article Con- chology, Plate I, Fig. 8, 1816 ; American Conchology, PI. VIII, 1831; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate XCV, Fig. 520, 1868. This is a fine figure of a well- rayed female. JJnio carinatus Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, pp. 126 and 259, Fig. 10, Plate 11. From Fox river, Illinois. JJnio ellijrticus Barnes. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, PI. 13, Fig. 19, in outline only. From Fox river, Illinois. JJnio crassus Say, so Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, 1836, PI. XVI; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, JJnio Plate XL, Fig. 220, 1866. This is a fine figure of a large male specimen. JJnio fascialus Rafinesque, so Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, 1836, Plate I, p. 3. JJnio powellii\jQ2L. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. X, PI. XIX, Fig. 25, p. 270, 1852. From the Saline river, Arkansas, where the writer obtained it in large numbers, in 1891. JJnio pinguis Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. IV, 1858, p. 78, PI. XV, Fig. 58. This is a deformed specimen of JJnio ligamentinus from the St. Peter's, Minnesota, river. The species was based on a single specimen found in the cabinet of Dr. Budd ; no other specimens are known. Unio upsoni Marsh. Ms. Described in a paper read before the Mercer county, Illinois, Historical Society. The types came from Kishwaukee river, Winnebago county, Illinois. The author of the species thinks he has also recognized it from the White river, Indiana. Having seen the original types, no hesitation is felt regard- ing this disposition of the form. Additional to these references little will be needed to under- stand this species. It may be better understood, however, if a full description of the form be given, and such description 24 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. follows, drawn from a large series of specimens from the Des Moines river, Iowa, and supplemented by very large numbers from nearly every considerable stream within the geographic range of this form. Shell large, elliptical, compressed, rounded before, sub- biaugulate behind, smooth or striate, thickened anteriorly, thin and iridescent posteriorly; epidermis yellowish-straw color, rayed with numerous, broad, green rays, extending from the umbones ventrad ; the rays are indistinct or wanting anteriorly; lines of growth numerous and often, especially in old specimens, raised into ridges which are concentric with the ventral margin ; ligament long, thick, black, nearly straight ; umbones scarcely prominent, approximating, with many very fine, concentric folds, apparent only in young specimens with perfect epidermis ; from the posterior edge of the umbones an obtuse angle extends over the disk poste- riorly to the margin where it is apparent at one of the angles which renders the outline biangulate; cardinal teeth double in the left, and disposed to be double in the right valve, trian- gular, crenulate, roughened ; lateral teeth long, lamellar, slightly curved ventrad, crenulate ; plate between cardinal and lateral teeth incrassate, arched, smooth ; anterior cica- trices large, deeply impressed, distinct ; posterior cicatrices large, slightly impressed, confluent, that of the retractor pedis muscle impressed at the extreme end of the lateral teeth ; dorsal cicatrices in the cavity of the umbones as deep pits dis- posed in a straight line, which ends near the margin of the plate ; pallial cicatrix crenulate, deeply impressed anteriorly ; nacre pure white, iridescent, in many specimens with a blush of pink or with decided pink coloration. Length, 125 mm. ; height, 75 mm. ; breadth, 52 mm. The measurements given are those of a large specimen from the Des Moines river, at Des Moines. The species often exceeds these dimensions but is commonly found smaller. In the female the posterior margin is much more rounded than in the male, and the biangulate character quite disappears. The general outline is more flowingly rounded, and the transverse measurements somewhat greater, in the female than in the male shell. Call — The Unioniche of Arkansas. 25 Say's description of Unio crassus does not agree with his figure, as has already been pointed out by Dr. Lea. He says his species has waves, while the figure, which shows the interior of the shell only, does not give any hint of that char- acter. It is doubtful that the description and figure were made from the same species. Moreover, it will be noticed, from the dates assigned to these several forms in the synonymy, that Say's species was described long before Lamarck framed his description. But there had already been described from Europe, by Retzius, 1788, a species with the name Say em- ployed. Say's name, therefore, falls into synonymy. This shell is often received from correspondents under the name of Unio luteolus Lamarck, which form it very closely, in some respects, resembles. The Arkansas localities, whence the species has been obtained, are the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg ; Ouachita river, at Malvern; and Saline river, at Benton. The last named stream is the original one for the shells which Lea described under the name of Unio powellii , the female of which is well figured by Reeve in the volume cited. His specimen was a fair exhibition of the Arkansas form. Unio luteolus Lamarck. Plate III. Animaux sans Vertebres, 1818, Vol. VI, p. 79; also, same, edition of 1838, Vol. VI, p. 544. Unio luteolus Lamarck, Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate LVIII, Fig. 239, female ; 239b, female, 1867 ; also, in same, Plate LXI, Fig. 306, as Unio multiradiatus Lea, corrected in errata. This is a good figure of the female. Unio siliquoideus Barnes. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, p. 269, Fig. 15, 1823. This is female luteolus. Unio inflatus Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, p. 266. Unio hydianusLtea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.,Vol. VI. p. 14, PI. VI, Fig., 14, 1834; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate XXXVII, Fig. 203, female, 1866. 26 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Unio haleianus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, p. 247, PI. XXVII, Eig. 63, 1842. Also a form said to be this is figured by Reeve, Unio Plate XXIV, Fis. 116, 1865, iu Conchologia Iconica. There is no resemblance to Lea's form. Unio approximus Itea.. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. X, PI. V, Fig. 13, p. 74. Described in 1845 from the Red river, Louisiana ; published as above in 1848. Unio dislans Anthony. Am. Jour, of Conchology, Vol. I, p. 156, 1865. Unio affinh Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. X, p. 271, PI. XIX, Fig. 26; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXI, Fig. 307, 1868. Described from Alexandria, Louisiana. Obtained by us in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg ; and in the Saline river, at Benton. The Benton form is Unio Itydianus Lea and is a very abundant one in the Saline. The original description of Lamarck was as follows: — " U tenia oblong o-ov ata , tenui subpellucida, luteo-virente , radiata ; latere antico majore, latiore, rotundato. " Habite la riviere Susquehana et celle Mohancks, dans les Etats Unix. * * * La ligament passe entre le crochet et la charniere. Largeur 69 millimetres." This short and imperfect description was not known to the earlier students of American mo!lusca,and there is little wonder that considerable synonymy has been established on this fehell. It has a very wide range, extending from Winnipeg and Slave Lakes and the Saskatchewan river, British America, to central New York, south to Georgia, Alabama, Texas ; west to Kansas, Montana and Dakota. In all this range it is abundant in fav- orable localities and often attains a great size. Lamarck's original specimens did not approach the maximum dimensions which this shell sometimes reaches. A very beautiful and somewhat depauperate form occurs in the lakes of northern Indiana. It was a specimen of this sort that constituted the basis of Anthony's description of Unio distans. Though sometimes confounded with Unio ligamen- tinus Lamarck there is really no excuse for the confusion of the two forms, since they are more dissimilar than alike. The Call — The Unionidte of Arkansas. 27 beaks of the young, and this statement is true as well of old and perfect specimens, are beautifully marked with ridges that are concentric, or better, perhaps, angulated, with the very obtuse angle pointing toward the tip of the umbones. In Unio ligamentinus this character is not so marked and differs in the degree of fineness of these ridges. The following description is based upon a series of shells taken from the Des Moines river, in central Iowa : — Shell large, elongate, somewhat inflated, rather thin, circu- larly rounded before, elliptically rounded behind, the male often somewhat pointed posteriorly, female more tumid poste- riorly, emarginate ventrally; epidermis light horn color, polished and shining, usually abundantly rayed with narrow, bright, green, crenulate, somewhat curved rays which depart from the beaks and cover more or less closely the posterior three-fourths of the disk, these are often wanting, especially in old specimens: lunule long, narrow ; ligament long, thin, light horn color; hinge margin nearly straight or very slightly arcuate ; umbones prominent, approximate, concentrically wrinkled, the wrinkles being angulate and the apices of each pointing toward apex of the umbone, light, nearly white, in color when the epidermis is perfect ; cardinal teeth double in both valves, equal only in the left valve, rather small, thin, acutely serrate, all directed anteriorly ; lateral teeth long, thin, lamellar, striate, nearly or quite straight; dorsal plate smooth, short, rounded, thin ; anterior cicatrices distinct, that of the adductor rather deep, large, striate, irregularly im- pressed, that of the protractor pedis well impressed but not deep ; posterior cicatrices confluent, very slightly impressed, smooth, iridescent; pallial cicatrix well impressed before, broad and shallow, or scarcely impressed, behind; dorsal cica- trices numerous, impressed as deep pits in an irregular row in the center of the cavity of the beaks ; cavity of the beaks rather shallow ; nacre pure white, sometimes somewhat iridescent posteriorly. The swollen outline of the full grown female apparently led to the description of this form under the name of Unio sili- quoideus by Dr. Barnes. This variety in the Mississippi and its larger tributaries, especially those which enter it from the 28 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. west, is not only abundant, but is frequently the only form fouud. It is usually, also, of a darker color, and inhabits muddy portions of the river beds. The female shells are usually found in greater abundance than the male forms, but occasionally the latter are most numerous. The female appears to have formed the basis of nearly every described species that has been erected, and which appears in the syn- onymy given herewith. Unio metanevrus EaSnesque. Plate X. Obliquaria metanevra Rafinesque, Annales Generales des Sciences Physique, Bruxelles, September, 1820, p. 305, PI. LXXXI, Figs. 15 et 16. Described from Kentucky. Unio metanevra Rafinesque, so Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate VII, Fig. 25, 1864. A good figure of outside character. Unio nodosus Barnes, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, PI. VI, Figs. 7a and 7b, p. 124. Described from Wisconsin; Hildreth in Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. XIV, p. 281, Fig. 10, 1828. Unio rugosus Barnes, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, p. 126, Fig. 9. Described from Ohio; Hildreth in Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Vol. XIV, 1st series, p. 282, Fig. 12, 1828. Our Arkansas specimens came from the St. Francis, at Wittsburg ; the Ouachita, at Malvern ; the Saline, at Benton. A small number of related forms, constituting a natural group, are headed by this earliest described member ; among them are Unio tuberosus Lea; Unio wardii Lea, and Unio cylindricus Say. The type of the group has a wide distribu- tion from Ohio, south to the Coosa and Alabama rivers, Alabama; Louisiana and Texas; west to the Neosho and Elk rivers, Kansas; and north to Dresbach, Minnesota. This species is exceedingly variable. In the Alabama, Tennessee, Cumberland, and Mississippi rivers it is usually Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 29 short, thick, and nodulous, and often exhibits a pinkish tinge within. In the Meramec, White, St. Francis, Saline, and Colorado rivers it is larger, natter, thinner, less nodulous, or the nodules are less numerous, but the individual ones are much larger and smoother. It is such a shell as this, with absolutely perfect beaks and epidermis, that forms the basis of the figure in the plate. It was collected by Prof. B. W. Ever- man, in the White river, Indiana, and is among the most per- fect full-grown specimens known. The arrow-shaped, green markings are well exhibited in the specimen. Conrad, in his Monograph, Plate V, Fig. 2, gives a fine figure of this species. Unio multiplicatus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. IV, 1830-31, p. 106, PL IV, Fig. 2. Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate II, Fig. 8, as Unio heros Say ; Lea figures the animal of his species in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phi la., 2d series, Vol. IV, PI. 30, Fig. 105. Unio heros Say . New Harmony Dissemiuator, Vol. II, p. 291, 1829; Conrad in Monograph of Unio, PI. LIX. Unio undulalus Say. American Conchology, 1831, PI. XVI, figured from the Fox river, Illinois. This is not the Unio undulatus Barnes, but Say abandoned his heros for the name of Barnes thinking the totally dissimilar forms to be identical. Unio boykinianus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VIII, 1840, p. 208, PI. XIII, Fig. 22; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate I, Fig. 1, 1868. Described from the Chattahoochee river, Georgia. Unio elliottii Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IV, 2d series, 1858, p. 54, PI. VII, Fig. 37. Described in 1856 from Othcalooga creek, Gordon county, Georgia. Unio eightsii Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. IV, 1860, Plate LXIV, Fig. 192, p. 367, described from Texas and Mexico. This is the most ponderous Unio found in American waters. It sometimes attains, as in the Ohio river, at Evansville and Louisville, the Cumberland, at Nashville, the Alabama, at 30 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Selma, and the Red river, at Shrevesport. very great develop- ment. From all these localities we have seen large examples, some of which are believed to be unrivaled elsewhere. Though Say's uame of heros has strict priority, it cannot be used for the following reasons : it was poorly described in the beginning : it was abandoned by its author for the name of undulatus which had been given to another and distinct species by Barnes, from which procedure it is clear that Say had no clearly defined view concerning this form. Lea's name and description being the first that was accompanied with figures, and being the first clearly to indicate the limits of the species, must be adopted, and his name is now in common use. Say himself said, in his description of Plate XVI. American Con- ehology : •• I formerly considered this species, with much doubt, as distinct from the undulatus of Barnes, and gave to it the name of -. but notwithstanding some differences, I have concluded, after a more mature examination and comparison, that it may be with propriety referred to that species. Barnes drew his description and figure from a specimen then unique, * * * which was so eroded as not to exhibit the orna- mental tubercles of the umbo and beak.'" To all who have seen the perfect forms of undulatus Barnes and multipl: Lea the marked differences in the characters of the beaks will be clear. Say abandoned his name for this form, and another student renamed it. This shell has occurred to us only in the St. Francis river, so far as collections have been made iu Arkansas. I have not seen a specimen of Um u Swainson, but a specimen in the Museum Taylor. England, is figured by Reeve as coming from the Ohio river. Vide Unio Plate LVI. Fig. 2N7. Conchologia Iconica. Vol. XVI. 1867. There can be no question that this is also Unio multiplicatus Lea, and that it should be placed under the above synonymy. Reeve describes and figures a shell under the name of Unio •:atus Conrad, in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI. Plate IX. Fig. 35. which had been labeled by J. G. Anthony, but which is most certainly a specimen of Unio multiplicatus Lea. The specimen was then in the Museum Cumins. Call — The Unionidoz of Arkansas. 31 Unio obliquts Lamarck. Plate IV. Historie Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1818, Vol. VI, p. 72 ; also same, edition of 1838, Vol. VI, p. 534. Unio undatus Barnes, inpartim. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, p. 121, Fig. 4. From the Wisconsin and Fox rivers. Unio cordatus Kafinesque, so Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, p. 48, PL XXV, 1836; also Reeve, Unio Plate LXXIII, Fig. 376, 1868. Unio obliquus Lamarck, so Conrad Monograph PI. XLIII, Fig. 2, 1838. Conrad is in error in making ebenus Lea a synonym of this form. Much confusion exists regarding this species, which is a highly characteristic one. Very much more extensive collect- ing than has hitherto been done by any person or organization throughout the range of the form will be needed to place it properly. Whether Unio pyramidatus Lea and Unio mytil- oides Rafinesque may not also fall under it as synonyms could not now be gainsaid. Lamarck's original description was as follows : — " U. testa sublongitudinali , ovato-rotundata, obliqua, sub epiderme Candida; ligamento subduplici; dente cardinal/ crasso, sulcata, bipartito. " * * Habite la riviere de V Ohio. A. Michaud. Distinct e de la prtcedente par sa forme: elleest renflee vers les crochets, deprimee vers V autre extremite, bisillonnee sur le cote anterieur. Longueur apparente, 61 millimetres." The following description is based upon specimens taken from the Cumberland river, at Nashville, Tennessee, where the species is very abundant, and attains a very large size : — Shell heavy, sulcate, thick, large, triangularly cordate, wrinkled parallel with the lines of growth, compressed on the posterior umbonal slope, turgid or swollen at the umbones, very solid and thick anteriorly ; epidermis rather thick, striate, especially at the margins, black or reddish corneous, olivaceous in the young, eradiate; lines of growth numerous, well impressed, crowded confusedly ; dorso-posterior margin 32 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. arcuate, almost circular in old specimens ; posterior umbonal slope rounded, much produced in old specimens, with rather marked angle at junction with posterior margin; ventral mar- gin disposed to be sulcate ; anterior margin rounded, scarcely produced, not as far forward as the umbonal tips; umbones large, very thick, turgid, somewhat produced beyond the anterior margin, approximating in perfect specimens, minutely undulated at tips; ligament large, thick, long, black, curved parallel to the dorsal margin; lunule large, cordate, black ; cardinal teeth large, heavy, short, bifid in the left and dis- posed to be trifid in the right valve, rough, striate-crenulate, all segments departing at varying angles from a point imme- diately under the apex of the umbones, the dorsal division in the left valve the largest and heaviest, and parallel to the car- dinal teeth ; plate joining cardinal teeth with the laterals short, thick, smooth dorsally, but striate ventrally, margin somewhat crenulate ; lateral teeth long, thick, slightly curved ventrad, striate-crenulate, rough; anterior cicatrices deep, rough- pitted, distinct, outline of the adductor somewhat triangular, that of the protractor pedis elliptical, behind rather than under the adductor ; posterior cicatrices distinct, well and deeply impressed, the adductor concentrically striate ; the retractor pedis circular, pit-like, impressed just below the ends of the lateral teeth; pallial cicatrix broad, crenulate, well impressed throughout, but not deeply impressed anteriorly ; dorsal cica- trices not impressed in the cavity of the beaks, but as a broad row on the posterior margin of plate formed by the cardinal teeth, numerous and rough ; nacre white, in some specimens with occasional brownish blotches, iridescent posteriorly ; dimensions of average mature specimen : length, 95.56 mm. ; breadth, 45.00 mm. ; height, 77.40 mm. The only locality in Arkansas which is represented by this form, so far as our collections extend, is the Ouachita river, at Arkadelphia. A single specimen only was secured, but it com- pares well with typical specimens from the Cumberland river. Not far removed from the forms which we believe will properly oroup with this as synonyms are other forms such as Unio plenus Lea and Unio soli dus Lea, the relationships of which are yet somewhat problematical. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 33 Unio occidentalis Conrad. Monograph of Unio, 1836, p. 64, PI. XXXVI, Fig. 1. This is an abundant species in central Arkansas, particularly in the Little Ked river, Van Buren county ; found also in the White river, Carroll county; Saline river, Benton, Saline county. There is no other form with which this species will be easily confused. It groups with Unio jjhaseolus Hildreth, but is quite distinct from that form; it is commonly much smaller. It was described originally from the Current river, Arkansas, and is not yet known to occur outside of the State. Unio ozarkensis Call. Plate XVIII. Proc. U. S. Nat'l Mus., Vol . X, p. 498, PL XXVII, 1887. The original description of this species follows: — Shell smooth, elliptical, somewhat compressed laterally, inequilateral, thick, but thickest anteriorly; epidermis thin, striate toward the margins, yellowish-brown, or olivaceous, marked with numerous, obscure, narrow, green rays disposed regularly over the central portion of the disk; lines of growth rather numerous, dark, well marked ; dorso-posterior margin curved; posterior umbonal slopes always eradiate, more or less biangulate, which angulations continued posteriorly mark the siphonal area and render the posterior margin biangular; umbones small, triangular, scarcely prominent, approximating, marked — in non-eroded specimens — by two or three rather coarse undulations; ligament short, thick, light brown; car- dinal teeth disposed to be double in both valves, short, oblique, thick, unequally bifid, striated, the posterior division generally thickest and heaviest; lateral teeth rather short, slender, slightly curved, crenulate at extremities, in general direction forming nearly a right angle with a line drawn through the tip of the umbo and the anterior division of the cardinal tooth ; anterior cicatrices deep, pit-like, striate, confluent, though in occasional specimens the protraclor-pedis impression is distinct from the adductors and deep; posterior cicatrices distinct, that of the adductor muscle being usually well impressed, that 34 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. of the retractor-pedis muscle circular, pit-like, impressed at extreme end of lateral tooth ; pallial cicatrix well impressed throughout, but especially marked anteriorly ; dorsal cicatrices irregularly crowded and placed near the inferior edge of the plate, which connects the lateral and cardinal teeth ; nacre usually silvery white, occasionally salmon, or warm pink, iridescent posteriorly. Length, 54.50 mm. ; breadth, 15.28 mm.; height, 32.76 mm. The original localities are the White and Current rivers of Arkansas and Missouri; and Jack's Fork of the Current river, Missouri. A single specimen referable to this form has been seen from the Little Red river, at Clinton. Unio parvus Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, p. 274, Fig. 18 ; Lea figures the animal in Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. IV, PI. XXIX, Figs. 102, 102a; Conrad, Monography of Unio, 1836, PL IX, Fig. I; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XXXV, Fig. 186, a very poor figure from a specimen in the Museum Cuming. Unio paulus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, 1840, p. 213, PL XV, Fig. 29. From the Chatta- hoochee river, Georgia. Unio minor Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IX, 1843, p. 276, PL XXXIX, Fig. 3. From Lakes Monroe and George, Florida. Unio marginis Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VI, p. 255, 1868, PL XXXI, Fig. 69. From Dougherty county Georgia. Unio corvinus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VI, 1868, p. 310, PL XLVIII, Fig. 123. From Flint river, Georgia, and Neuse river, North Carolina. Unio vesicularis Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VIII, 1874, p. 37, PL XII, Fig. 34. From Lake Ocheechobee, Florida. The Arkansas localities for this form are the'vSt. Francis river, at Wittsburg ; Ouachita river, at Arkadelphia; Saline Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 35 river, at Benton. It no doubt occurs in abundance in many other streams in the State. It is usually a very abundant shell, preferring the muddy banks of bayous and sluggishly flowing portions of streams, where it may be found most commonly buried in the mud. There is but the minute open- ing leading from the siphons to indicate its presence. So few animals of the Unionidce have been described that it may not be amiss to insert at this place a description of the animal of Unio parvus based upon the examination of speci- mens taken in the Des Moines river, in central Iowa. Animal of Unio parvus. Color of the mass whitish ; tenta- cular portion of mantle dark brown, ending in a caruncle; labial palps large, white, triangular, united at base and partially so over the posterior margin ; external ctenidium smaller than the internal, thicker and larger at the posterior ex- tremity, which is rounded, and on the margin, which is marked by a double row of minute, white papilla?; ctenidia united above throughout their entire length; free below; internal ctenidium white, ovate. The mass of the animal within the cavity of the beaks is light brown owing to the color of the large liver which shows through the thin tissues separating it from the cavity of the branchiae. The chief anatomical peculiarity is the presence of the caruncle in the female; this is somewhat separated from the main tentacular mass and is supported by a slender pedicel. Unio phaseolus Hildreth. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. XIV, 1828, p. 283, Fig. 14; Say, in American Conchology, 1830, Plate 22; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica Unio Plate LXXIII, Fig. 378, 1868 ; Lea figures splendidly the soft parts in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. IV, Plate XXIX, Fig. 101. Unio planulatus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, 1829, p. 431, PI. IX, Fig. 13. Unio camelus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. V, 1834, p. 102, PI. XV, Fig. 45. Eeeve, in Conchologia 36 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Iconica, Unio Plate LV, Fig. 283, 1867. Both Reeve and Dr. Lea had before them, for drawing and description, large and well-worn, very old, specimens. This form has occurred to us in the Ouachita, at Malvern, and the Saline river, at Benton. From the last named place large and fine examples that would readily pass under the name of Unio camelus Lea were obtained. The range of the species is from western New York west to Kansas and south to Texas. It attains a very great size in the Cumberland river, Tennessee, where it is exceedingly abundant. Specimens collected by amateurs have been received under the name of Unio arctior Lea. Unio plenus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, 1840, p. 211, PI. XIV, Fig. 26; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Unio Plate LXI, Fig. 305, Vol. XVI. The westernmost range for this form has been determined thus far to be eastern Kansas in the Neosha river. In Arkan- sas it has occurred to' us in collections made in the Ouachita river, at Malvern, and in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg. It is a very abundant shell in the first named stream. See remarks under Unio obliquus Lamarck. Unio plicatus Lesueur. Name adopted by Lea from ms name given by Lesueur. Vide Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, 1829, p. 409. Unio rariplicala Lamarck. Historie Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, edition 1818, Tome VI, p. 71. From the Ohio. Unio hippopceus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. X, PI. I, p. 67, PI. I, Fig. 1, 1845. From Lake Erie. Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XI, Fig. 40, 1864. This is a depauperate form of Unio plicatus. Unio neislerii Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., Vol. IV, 1859, p. 212, PI. XXVI, Fig. 93. From the Flint river, Georgia. Unio brazosensis Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 37 series, Vol. VI, 1868, PI. 48, Fig. 122, p. 309. Bused upon a young specimen from the Brazos river, Texas. Unio lincecicmiiljesi. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VI, 1868, p. 312, PI. 49, Fig. 125. Species based upon three specimens from the Brazos river, Texas. Unio perplicatus Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 2d series, Vol. VIII, p. 178. Unio pauciplicatus Lea. Jour. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. VIII, 1874, p. 29, PI. 9, Fig. 26. De- scribed from specimens obtained in the Colorado river, Austin, Texas. Reeve also figures, under the MS name of Unio perlensis Conrad, with the habitat " North America ", a shell contributed to the Museum Cuming by John G. Anthony, which appears to be an abnormal form of this species. Vide Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XI, Fig. 42. This Unio occurs in great numbers in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, rivaling all others, save, perhaps, Unio trape- zoides Lea. The form is the short and somewhat ventricose one, which Mr. Conrad called perplicatus. It also occurred in some abundance in the Saline river, at Benton. The form which Mr. Lea called Unio hippopceus, from Lake Erie, is without question a depauperate plicatus and is not entitled even to varietal distinction. Throughout the great geographical range of this species almost every possible variety of environment is to be found, and it would be strange indeed if the shells did not in some measure respond to these factors. It is usually abundant, wherever it occurs at all. In central Iowa it is rare, but in the Mississippi river, on the eastern border- of that State, it is both common and large. In the Cumber- land river it is a very abundant shell; and is, in short, to be reckoned among the most common of our Unios. In Ar- kansas, aside from the localities named above, the shell is said to be abundant in the Little Red river, though we have not seen specimens that came from that stream. From the Cedar river, Iowa, was obtained a specimen which presented the following dimensions: length, 135 mm.; height, 98 mm.; breadth, 59 mm. 38 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Unio purpuratus Lamarck. Plate V. Animaux sans Vertebres, 2d Ed., Vol. VI, p. 533, 1838. Described from the Mississippi ; Heeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XXIV, Fig. 115, 1865. Unio ater Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, 1829, PI. VII, Fig. 9, p. 426. This is the female and was described from specimens taken in the Mississippi river, below Natchez. Unio lugubris Say. American Conchology, 1832, Plate XLIII. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. This name was proposed by Sa}7 for Lea's species, he doubtless thinking that Nilsson's name had priority. Unio poulsonii Conrad. New Fresh Water Shells of the United States, 1834, pp. 25-26, PI. I ; Keeve, in Con- chologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, 1866, Unio Plate LI, Fig. 270. Conrad described his form from the Black Warrior river, Alabama. Unio coloradoensisLiea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. Ill, 1857, p. 314, PI. XXXI, Fig. 29. Described in 1856, from specimens obtained in the Colo- rado river of Texas. This species is among the most ponderous of North American Uniones. Chiefly confined to the streams of the southern United States it yet ranges as far north as middle Kansas, and east- wardly to north Alabama and Georgia. In Mississippi, Louis- iana, Arkansas, and Texas it is both common and large, but does not rival the giant forms which have come to our cabinet from the Little Arkansas river, near Wichita, Kansas. Two spec- imens from that locality, and those not the largest, form the basis of the figures which are given herewith. Lamarck's description, but not his original one, is given herewith, the bibliographic reference to which appears in the above synonymy. " U. testa ovato elliptica, tumida, anterius sabbiplicata, intus viridi-violaceo purpureoque tincta; dente laterali cren- ulato. * * * Habile le Mississipi * * * Je la crois des grandes rivieres de V Afrique. * * * Belle et grande Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 39 coquille a nacre pourpree avec des laches irregulieres d'un vert violatre, sur-tout sous les crochets. Largeur de mon ex- emplaire, 139 millimetres. La dent cardinale est epaisse mais de taille mediocre. L' autre dent est tres finement crenelee." The reference of this form to the rivers of Africa is, of course, entirely incorrect ; its general resemblance to Pleiodon may have caused the statement. Lea's Unio ateris the female of this species, while his Unio coloradoensis is based upon a large male. Conrad's Unio poitlsonii is also a male. Again Say described, for his form, the female. The shell may be described as follows from the appearances presented by mature and large specimens taken in the Little Arkansas river, Kansas, by Mr. J. R. Mead. Shell large, heavy, smooth, striate, posteriorly elliptical, convex, thick, very thick anteriorly, rounded before, obtusely biangulate behind ; epidermis thick, black, striate towards the margin, and on the posterio-dorsal slope, umbonal slope shin- ing, eradiate or obscurely rayed, the rays seen only on the thin margins of the old specimens, in the young as many cap- illary lines over the whole disk of the umbones ; lines of growth conspicuous, numerous and crowded, in old specimens form- ing slightly raised ridges, which are parallel to the margins but which, posteriorly, form imbrications, these are often broken and give the shell an exceedingly rough appearance; dorso- posterior margin slightly curved ; posterior, umbonal slope marked by two carinas, one of which is very prominent, the other but slightly indicated, these, at the posterior margin, in- dicate the positions of the incurrent and excurrent orifices and render the margin biangulate; umbones large, prominent, rounded, always so eroded in the old shell as not to disclose the character of the undulations, but nearly perfect, young speci- mens present indications of apiculate folds ; ligament long, thick, black, scarious, rough ; cardinal teeth single in the right and double in the left valve, of young specimens, but disposed to be trifid in the right valve, in large and old specimens, erect, dentate, rough, triangular, the anterior portion, in the left valve, the larger; lateral teeth long, straight, thick-lamellar, smooth, but often slightly crenulate on the margin, separated 40 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. entirely from the cardinals, there being no connecting plate, forming an angle of 130° with a line drawn through the tips of the umbones to the tip of the anterior division of the car- dinals ; anterior cicatrices distinct, very large, and very deeply impressed, striate, sometimes roughened, deepest close to the base of the cardinal teeth ; pallial cicatrix very deep anteriorly, crenulate, and lightly impressed behind; posterior cicatrices large, confluent, not at all impressed, concentrically striate, the retractor pedis impression neither on nor very near the end of the lamellar laterals ; dorsal cicatrices disposed vari- ously, and always irregularly, in the cavity of the beaks, sometimes quite central; nacre always rich purple, commonly roughened with numerous small pear-like masses studding the body cavity. Dimensions of large male: length, 165.00 mm. ; breadth, 66.00 mm. ; height, 116.50 mm. Dimensions of large female: length, 141.50 mm. ; breadth, 68.15 mm. ; height, 96.76 mm. Unio pustulatus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, 1830, p. 79, PI. VII, Fig. 9. Described from the Ohio. Unio nodulatm Ra6nesque. So Conrad, Monography of Unio, PI. XLV, Fig. 1, 1838; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XIII, Fig. 51, 1864. This form is easily distinguished from the related species which follows, by the fewer pustules which are larger than in Unio pustulosus Lea, and are besides differently disposed over the disk. Moreover, its quadrate outline is dissimilar to that presented by any other of the pustulate Uniones. In the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, the species occurs in very great numbers, and is well developed and perfect ; it was also found, sparingly, at Benton, in Saline river. It is so well marked that very few synonyms have been made from this shell, a fact that few other species will illustrate. Unio pustulosus Lea. Plates XIII-XV. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, 1830, p. 64, PI. VIII, Fig. 7, from the Ohio and Alabama rivers; Reeve, in Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 41 Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XII, Fig. 43, as Unio bullatus, Rafinesque, 1804 ; Unio bullatns Rafinesque; so Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, PL XL, Fig. 2, 1838. This is probably the form intended by Hildreth as his Unio verrucosa alba. Vide Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, 1828, Vol. XIV, p. 289. Unio sdiooJcraftensis Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., Vol. V, 1832, p. 37, PI. Ill, Fig. 9, from Fox river, Wisconsin. This name, for grammatical reasons, was subsequently changed to schoolcraftii. Reeve also figures this form, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate I, Fig. 3, 1868. Plates XIII, XIV, Figs. 1-4, herein. Unio prasinus Conrad. New Fresh Water Shells of the United States, 1834, p. 44, PI. Ill, Fig. 1. An imma- ture shell from Fox river, Wisconsin. Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XIV, Unio Plate VII, Figs. 26a, 26b, 1864; these two figures are excellent, and are taken from specimens presented to the Museum Cuming by John G. Anthonv. Unio turgidus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VI, 1834, p. 11, PL V, Fig. 11; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate III, Fig. 10, 1864. Described from near New Orleans, Louisiana. Unio dorfeuillianus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VI, 1836, p. 73, PL XVII, Fig. 54; Reeve, Concho- logia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate X, Fig. 38, 1864. A poor figure. Described from the Ohio river, at Cincin- nati. Plate XV, Figs. 1-2, herein. Unio mortoni Conrad. Monograph of Unio, p. 11, Plate VI, Fig. I, 1836. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. This is Lea's Unio turgidus. Unio pernodosus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. X, 1845, p. 71, PL III, Fig. 8; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XII, Fig. 46, 1864. Described from North Carolina. Unio asperatus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. V, 1861, p. 68, PL VII, Fig. 218; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXXXV, 42 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Fig. 450, 1868. Described from the Alabama river, at Claiborne. Unio vallatus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VI, 1868, p. 315, PI. L, Fig. 128. De- scribed from Alabama. Unio refulgens Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VI. 1868, p. 317, PI. LI, Fig. 130. De- scribed from Lauderdale county, Mississippi. Plate XV, Figs. 3-4, herein. Unio sphcericus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1868, Vol. VI, p. 319, PI. LI, Fig. 132. De- scribed from the Pearl river, Mississippi. Unio cahabensis Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. VIII, 1874, p. 17, Pl.V, Fig. 14. Described in 1871 from the Cahaba river, Alabama. This is an abundant form in the St. Francis, at Wittsburg, and a common one in the Saline, at Benton. It is, no doubt, quite generally distributed over the State, and the various names above listed are represented by many of the varying forms which the species exhibits. It will be noticed, in the above synonymy, that several of the so-called species come from the same stream or drainage area, and their descriptions are separated from one another by the interval of a few years. Specimens of every form listed in this synonomy, Lea's species all having been named by himself, have been seen and studied in the course of the past ten years. With the exception of Unio lurgidus Lea examples of every species is before the writer at this time. No hesitation is felt in regarding this series of forms as one species, varying only in those trivial matters which should not, at most, constitute varietal value and which are the expression of different geographic factors. The plates given herein show certain of the forms of this widely distributed shell, in some of its most marked phases. Eecently, from Louisiana comes a form of pustulosus that is very like sphcericus, as it is found in Texas ; from the Ouachita, at Arkadelphia, come excellent specimens of refulgens which, in large series, approach the Louisiana forms. The St. Francis river presents the typical specific form, and with it sphcericus Call — The Unioniduz of Arkansas. 43 and dorfeuillianus, all intergrading in so marked a manner that identity must be regarded as established. From the Little Arkansas, at Wichita, Kansas, come numbers of magni- ficent examples of schoolcraftii, some entirely covered with pustules, others absolutely devoid of even a semblance of one ; indeed, the writer's collection contains some fifty examples from that stream, exhibiting every phase of nodulation from absolutely smooth specimens to those showing great numbers of small pustules. The characters of the cardinal teeth alone would have sufficed, in the hands of species mongers, to make a dozen " extremely characteristic " species. The Des Moines river, in central Iowa, presents only the form to which Mr. Lea gave the name of Unio schoolcraftii. From this form of the shell a number of the figures given have been made. As in typical j^stulosus so here there is every degree of nodulation and even of rotundity of form. Unio vallatus from Alabama, which was collected by the writer in great numbers in Alabama a few years ago, much resembles the form from Iowa even in the numbers and disposition of the pustules. The female is often somewhat emarginate, but does not approach Unio pustulatus Lea in that respect. In refulgens the truncated posterior is the most marked differ- ential feature. Plates XII to XIV represent schoolcraftii in its various phases. Unio rectus Lamarck. Plate VII, (male in outline.) Historie Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1819, Vol. VI, p. 74; described from Lake Erie. Same, 2d edition, Vol. VI, p. 537, 1838; Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XIX, Fig. 86, 1865, the figure is that of a large and old male; Conrad, Monograph of Unio, PI. XV, 1836. Unio proelongus Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, No. 1, p. 261, Fig. 11, 1823. Unio sageri Conrad. Monograph of Unio, 1836, p. 53, PI. XXIX, from the Detroit river. Unio leprosus Miles. Annual Report of the Geological 44 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Survey of Michigan, 1861, p. 240. From the Huron river. Arkansas specimens have been seen only from the St. Fran- cis, at Wittslnirg, and the Saline, at Benton. It doubtless occurs in nearly all the large streams in that State. Lamarck's description of Uhio rectus runs as follows: — " U. testa transversim elongata, angusta, convexa, anterius, subangulata; latere antico striis longitudinalibus obliquis, remotis obsoletis. * * * Habite le lac Erie, Michaud. Elle a presque la forme du mytilus lithophagus, Son test est blanc, reconvert d' un epiderme brun noiratre. Largeur, 1 00 millimetres . ' ' The figures here given in the plate are of shells collected in the l)es Moines river, and upon similar shells the descrip- tion of the species, given below, is based : — Shell large, smooth, elongate, compressed laterally, thick, very thick anteriorly, rounded before, pointed posteriorly, epidermis thick black, or reddish corneous, shining, obscurely rayed with dark green, the broad rays not very apparent in old specimens, lines of growth numerous, well marked, imbri- cated posteriorly, and often so on ventral margin ; dorso- posterior margin straight, or nearly so ; posterior umbonal slopes gently rounded, becoming more angular near the beaks, much imbricated towards posterior margin ; umbones small, scarcely approximating, marked, in non-eroded specimens, by many minute, fine, concentric crenulations or folds; ligament long, thick, black, sometimes dark brown; cardinal teeth double in the left, and disposed to be double in the right valve, the larger portion erect, sometimes sharp, sometimes blunt, and commonly gently posteriorly recurved, the characters of the double portion in left valve various, sometimes sharp, often blunt, or smooth rounded; lateral teeth long, lamellar, straight, finely crenulate on margins ; anterior cicatrices very large, deep, striate, distinct, that of the protractor pedis im- pression considerably above the lower margin of the large and deep adductor cicatrix ; posterior cicatrices not deeply im- pressed, confluent, very large , pallial cicatrix very deep anteriorly, irregularly impressed throughout, crenulate ; dorsal cicatrices impressed deeply in the center of the cavity of the Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 45 beaks, large, often pit-like, in old shells exhibiting two or three large scars, circular in outline, and as deep as the pro- tractor pedis impression, though the posterior one is commonly oval ; plate connecting the cardinal and lateral teeth not well developed ; nacre usually dark purple, often pink, white, or salmon; frequently the coloration is confined to the region of the cardinal and lateral teeth, the remainder of the interior being pure white. Length, 171 mm. ; breadth, 60 mm. ; height, 70 mm. These are the dimensions of very large shells collected in the Cedar river, Iowa. This species ranges from New York to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas, to Georgia, and is com- mon throughout all that vast area. Unio retusus Lamarck. Plate VIII. Historie Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, 1819, Vol. VI, p. 72 ; also, 2d edition, 1838, Vol. VI, p. 534. Described as from Nova Scotia. Reeve, in Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXXI, Figs. 363a, 363b, 1868. Unio torsa Rafinesque. Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques, Bruxelles, 1820, Vol. V, p. 311, Plate LXXXII, Figs. 1, 2 et 3. Described from the Ohio. See also Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, Plate VIII, 1836, p. 19. Unio obtusa Say. So Deshayes, in Cuvier's Regne Animal, teste Lea. I have been able to find no work in which Say uses this name for any Unio. Lamarck described this shell in the following terms: — " U. testa rotundata, titmida, intus violacea; natibus retusis, erosis; dente laterali breviusculo. * * * Habile les rivieres de la Nouvelle-Ecosse. A. MicJtaud. Test epais; epiderme d' un vert jaunatre; dent cardinale grossiere, sillonnee, divisee en deux. Longueur apparente, 4 7 millimetres. ' ' The range of this species is rather more restricted than is 46 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. common for Unios of this type. It has been found only in the drainage of the Ohio, and the Mississippi river itself, but is not yet known from streams beyond. South it ranges to the Holston river, in east Tennessee, and to the Cumberland, at Nashville. It is there quite abundant. There is certainly an error in assigning to this species the distant habitat of Nova Scotia, as was done by Lamarck in originally describing it. The great traveler and naturalist, Michaud, had secured this form, with numerous others, during his visit to the New World, and from material furnished by him Lamarck drew his descrip- tion. The localities were either confused by Lamarck, or what would be more natural under the circumstances, had been confounded by the collector. However this may be, the orig- inal shells were most certainly obtained elsewhere than in the region named by Lamarck. From specimens furnished by Professor Barton W. Ever- mann, and taken in the White river, Indiana, the following description is drawn: — Shell rotund, large, smooth, convex, heavy, rounded before, circular behind ; epidermis rather thin, polished, striate, dis- posed to imbrication towards the margins, olivaceous, lines of growth numerous, crowded, darker ; dorso-posterior margin curved and rounded ; postero-dorsal umbonal slope lighter horu-colored, with numerous capillary rays of green, which are especially marked near the beaks, this slope is separated from the lateral umbonal slope by a rather well marked angle, it has also two slightly marked carina?; umbones large, prom- inent, approximating closely, curved anteriorly, and projecting slightly beyond the antero-ventral margin, smooth ; ligament short, thick, curved with dorsal margin, light horn-color; lunule large, cordate, scarious ; cardinal teeth single in the right, double in the left valve, multi-tuberculate, striate, cren- ulate, the folds all originating at a common point imme- diately under the tip of the umbone, as a whole the segments are triangular, massive, thick, short ; lateral teeth long, curved, commencing well toward the dorsal margin, and nearly on a line with the anterior portion of the cardinals, lamellar, somewhat thick, double in both valves, crenulate on the margins; the plate connecting the cardinal with the laterals Call — The Uyxionidce. of Arkansas. 47 has several folds or plications, rather thin ; anterior cicatrices distinct, deep and pit-like, not very large, the adductor rough- ened, the protractor pedis striate; posterior cicatrices deeply impressed, large, confluent, that of the retractor pedis at the tip of lamellae of lateral teeth ; dorsal cicatrices numerous, pit-like, often confluent, placed on the plate formed by the base of the cardinal teeth ; pallial cicatrix well impressed throughout, but deepest and most crenulate anteriorly ; nacre rich purple, lighter to white on the margins, beyond the pallial line. Length of a mature specimen, 70.75 mm.; breadth, 43.50 mm. ; height, 74.56 mm. The species has not yet been found, to our knowledge, in Arkansas; the conditions which obtain in the bayous along the Mississippi are such, however, that it may reasonably be expected to occur since it is common in the Mississippi river farther to the north. Unio rotundatus Lamarck. Plate IX. Animaux sans Vertebres, in Historie Naturelle, 1819, Vol. VI, p. 75 ; also, same, edition of 1838, Vol. VI, p. 538. From unknown locality. Unio suborbiculatus Lamarck, Historie Naturelle Ani- maux sans Vertebres, Vol. VI, p. 81 ; also 2d edition, 1838, Vol. VI, p. 546. From locality uuknown. Unio glebulus Say. Transylvania Journal of Medicine, Vol. IV, p. 526, 1831 ; also American Conchology, 1832, Plate 34, female ; Keeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXX1V, Fig. 384, young and not char- acteristic female. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Unio subglobosus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. V, 1837, p. 30, PI. II, Fig. 3 ; Eeeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Plate Unio LXIV, Fig. 321, 1868. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Reeve's figure is that of an old male. 48 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Reeve also figures, as this form, a shell on Plate XXIII, Vol. XVI, figure 106, which is certainly some other species. Correcting the error in the addendum to Unio he quotes Con- rad, who thinks that the shell may be Unio kienerianus Lea. It is certainly much like it. This is a rare species, and will probably always be so con- sidered. It has not occurred to any collector outside of Louisiana, though it has been found in other than the original locality. There is a fine specimen in my collection which was recently obtained in Crass Lake near Shrevesport, Louisiana, by Mr. Wayland Vaughan, that is very characteristic indeed. Besides, there is before us a suite of three specimens that form- erly belonged to Dr. Gerard Troost, of Nashville, Tenn., a warm personal friend of Thomas Say, and a member, for a time, of the singular community which sprang up at New Har- mony, Indiana. To him Say gave these examples of his glebu- lus, the original label of which is still treasured with the specimens. They came into my hands through the kind liberality of Dr. J. Berrien Lindsley, of Nashville, who became the owner of Troost' s collection, or of most of it. The history is complete, and there is no question that this lot has passed nnder the inspection of the great naturalist who described it as new. The suite is from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Lamarck described this shell in the following terms: — " U. testa elliplico-rotundata, inferne ventricosa, sub epi- derme splendide margari/acea ; cardine arcuato. Habite * * * Coquille rare, d'une forme singuliere pour le genre, et dont la nacre est argentee, legerement teinte de rose, irisee et tres brillante. Largeur, 78 millimetres. Elle a un pli sur le cote anferieur." The "silvery nacre" indicated by Lamarck has been ex- hibited by but one specimen which has come to our notice. The original description of Unio suborbiculatus Lamarck comes nearer to the conditions exhibited by this shell, but the example must have been a very large one. To connect the two better, in the mind of the reader, it is only necessary to add that Lamarck himself gives Say's glebuius as a synonym, that is to say, this has been done by Deshayes, who edited the second edition of the Animaux sans Vertebres. Lea, who saw the original example of Unio rotundatus, in the collec- Call — The Unionidaz of Arkansas. 49 tion of the Baron de Ferussac, surrendered his species to Lamarck. From the examples in our cabinet, formerly belonging to Troost, the following description is made: — Shell subcircular in outline, globose, convex, the longitudi- nal about twice the lateral diameter, the male somewhat com- pressed, rounded before, and angular behind, the female somewhat emarginate posteriorly; epidermis thin, olivaceous, greener over the umbones, eradiate, striate towards the mar- gin, velvety; lines of growth numerous, and crowded, especially so near the region of the margin, often broad and darker col- ored ; posterior-umbonal slope separated from the lateral slope by a well-marked angulation, with two rather faint carina? ; umbones small, scarcely rounded, depressed, without undula- tions; ligament short, rather thin, scarious, light brown, curved with the dorsal margin; cardinal teeth short, thick, erect, slightly inclined forwards, double in the left, and dis- posed to be*trifid in the right valve, the central mass of the right tooth far the largest ; the plate connecting the cardinals with the laterals is poorly developed, thin, rounded, smooth ; lateral teeth short, distant from the cardinals, straight, single in the right and double in the left valve, crenulate, rather thin; na- terior cicatrices distinct, deep, and pit-like, roughened, some- what excavated under the plate formed by the cardinal teeth ; pallial cicatrix faintly impressed throughout ; posterior cicatri- ces very large, confluent, that of the retractor pedis at extreme tip of lateral teeth; dorsal cicatrices small, arranged in a more or less regularly disposed row within the cavity of the beaks, pit-like and deep; nacre purplish or rose-tinted, — this colora- tion is most marked on the teeth and extends as a mere blush of pink or rose over the balance of the shell. One specimen, from Shreveport, is pure white except a portion of the lateral teeth and the tips of the cardinals, approaching most nearly Lamarck's description of the silvery nacre. Dimensions of ma- ture male: length, 61,(50 mm. ; breadth, 31.32 mm. ; height, 45.58 mm. ; of mature female : length, 54.20 mm. ; breadth, 32.70 mm. ; height, 41.02 mm. This species will doubtless yet be found in southeastern Arkansas, in muddy bayous. Its close resemblance to a 50 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Cyrena or to a Cyprina in color, and general character of the epidermis, will serve to readily distinguish it from all related forms. Unio securis Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc.,Vol. Ill, 1829, p. 437, PI. XI, Fig. 17; embryo figured in Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. IV, p. 47, PI. V, Fig. 6, 1858; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXI, Fig. 304, 1868. Described from the Ohio. Unio fo'neofatfMsRafinesque. So Say, in American Con- chology, Plate XLVIII. This part, VII, is undated and was published by Mr. T. A. Conrad, after Mr. Say's death. The only occurrence to us, in Arkansas, of this shell was in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, where it is commonly found on the muddy bottoms in great numbers and of large size. Its cuneiform shape separates it readily from all others likely to be found in Arkansas. Unio speciosus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. V,p. 207, PI. 31, Fig. 276 ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXXXIV, Fig. 447, 1868. Described and figured from Texas. This shell has not been found by us in Arkansas nor have we seen more than one specimen, said to have been taken in the Ouachita river, near the Indian Territory boundary. If this is its real habitat it properly belongs in this list and will, besides, be found at other localities within the State of Arkansas. Unio sfbgibbosus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. IV, 1858, PI. VI, Fig. 36, p. 53. Described from the Oostanaula and Etowah rivers, Floyd county, Georgia. In the remarks accompanying this form's characterization Mr. Lea says that he has specimens received from Dr. Hale, from the Red river, Arkansas. On this statement the shell is Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 51 listed in this register. Recently a large set of some twenty specimens was received from Carney Bayou, Claiborne Par- ish, Louisiana, rendering it very likely that the shell will yet be found abundantly in favorable localities in Arkansas. Some years since the writer collected it, in large numbers, in Piney river, Texas county, Missouri. It groups with Barnes form, along with Unio sublatus Lea, though the specific value of all the forms is doubtful, the point cannot be settled now. The specimens from Louisiana and Missouri have been com- pared with large suites from the Oostanaula river, collected in 1881. They differ in no respect. Unio subrostratus Say. New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, January 15, 1831; reprint by Say, p. 6. From the Wabash river. The shell which Reeve figures for this species, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XVII, Fig. 78, is Unio iris, and was drawn from a speci- men communicated by John G. Anthony, who, evidently, did not know the species. Unio nashvillianus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. V, 1834, p. 100, PL XIV, Fig. 43; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XXX, Fig. 158. De- scribed from specimens communicated by Dr. G. Troost from the Cumberland river, at Nashville. See below. Unio mississippiehsis Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1850, p. 277, PI. XXXVIII, Fig. 11; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XIX, Fig. 85. Described from the lower Mississippi. Unio nigerrimus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. X, 1852, p. 268, PI. XVIII, Fig. 23. From Alexandria, Louisiana. UniorulersvillensisLiea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, Vol. IV, 1860, p. 356, PI. LX, Fig. 181. Described from Rutersville, Fayette county, Texas. Unio topekaensis\ue&. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., 2d series, Vol. VI, 1868, p. 313, PI. XLIX, Fig. 126. Described from near Topeka, Kansas. Specimens were secured from the White river, Carroll Trans. Acad. <$ci. of St. Louis. county ; the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg; the Ouachita, at Arkadelphia ; the Saline, at Benton. A specimen of this shell was reported on by Dr. Lea in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences for I860, page 51, to which was assigned the indefinite locality o[' "Arkansas." It was reported under the name of Unio nasutus Say, a species which does not occur west of the Appalachians, outside of the drainage of the Great Lakes. It was peculiar in that the teeth were reversed, being single in the left and double in the right valve. In some MS notes left by Dr. G. Troost in his copy of Volume I of Observations on the Genus Unio, now in the library of Dr. J. Berrien Lindsley, of Nashville, the statement is made that the shell which I. ea called Unio nashviUianus was not originally found in the Cumberland river, but in the Har- peth river, some miles further south. The original locality will, therefore, be the latter river. The original specimen, with Lea's name in MS is now in my possession. The writer has. however, found the species in the Cumberland, at Nashville, Unio tetralasmus Say. Plates NIX. XX. American Conchology, Plate XXIII, 1830. Described from the Bayou St. John, Louisiana. This plate is copied in Plate XX herein, figures -4. 5. Unio dec&ivis Say. Transylvania Journal of Medicine, Vol. IV, 1831, p. 527; American Conchology, Plate XXXV, 183'2; Conrad, Monograph of Unio, p. 45, PL XXIII, Fig. 1, 1836. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Unio campiodon Say. American Conchology, 1832, PI. XLII. Reeve, Couehologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXX, Fig. 356. From near New Orleans, Louisiana. Unio geomctricus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. V. 1832, p. 38, PI. IV, Fig. 10. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Unio excultus Conrad. Monograph of Unio, 1836, (Jail — The Uaionidoz of Arkansas. 53 pp. 99-100, PI. LV, Fig. 1. Described from near New Orleans, Louisiana. A copy of this figure is given here- with, Plate XX, Pigs. 1-3. Unio sayii Ward. So Tappan in Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. XXXV, 1839, p. 268, PI. Ill, Fig. 1; Conrad, Monograph Plate LVI, Fig. 2, as Unio say- anus Ward. These figures are produced herewith, on Plate XIX, figures 3-5. Described from Circleville, Ohio. Unio symmetrica* Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. X, 1845, p. 73, PI. IV, Fig. 11. From the Red river, Alexandria, Louisiana. Unio subcroceus Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.Phila., 2d series, Vol. II, p. 297, 1854, PI. XXVI, Fig. 1. Described from a stream in Arkansas, tributary to the Canadian fork of Red river. Unio manubrius Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. V, 1855, p. 229. From Chihuahua, Mexico. Unio jamesi anus Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1858, Vol. IV, p. 52, PL VI, Fig. 35. Described from a single specimen obtained at Jackson, Mississippi, and then in the cabinet of U. P. James, of Cincinnati. The specimen is a pathologic representative of Unio I' Iralasmus Say. This widely distributed species occurs from Ohio, south to central Alabama and through Texas into Mexico. Its most northern and western locality thus far is central Kansas, not far from Wichita. It preserves its specific characters so generally that it is a matter of great surprise that so many synonyms should fall under it. The study of the figures, descriptions, and localities above indicated, will furnish convincing evidence of identity. Of the total number listed, seven came from Louisiana and contiguous territory; of these seven, five are from the same State, and of these five, two are from the same bayou. The pathologic Unio jamesianus is not the first shell or the only one which has been projected into specific distinc- tion; the small Unio liebii Lea and the Unio hippopceus Lea, both from Lake Erie, are further illustrations. This species occurs in Arkansas in the White and the Black rivers, and in the Red river, near the Louisiana boundary. 54 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Unio trapezoides Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, 1830, p. 69, PL III, Fig. 1 ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate V, Fig. 17, 1864. Described from Lake St. Joseph, Louisiana. Unio interrupt us Say. Transylvania Journal of Medi- cine, Vol. IV, p. 525, 1831 ; also American Concholog}*, 1832, PI. XXXIII. From Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Unio alromarginatus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, 1840, p. 207, PI. XIII, Fig. 21. From the Chattahoochee river. Georgia. Evidently a junior. Unio sloatianns Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. VIII, 1840, p. 217, PI. XVI, Fig. 33. From the Chat- tahoochee river, Georgia. This is an abundant shell in the St. Francis river, at Witts- burg, at which point very large and fine specimens were secured. It also occurred in the White river, at Augusta, where a single valve was found on the bank ; in the Saline, at Benton ; and in the Ouachita, at Malvern. I am not sure that Lea's atromarginalus falls into the synonymy of his trajjezoides but it appears to do so judging from the only specimens which have come to notice. From Louisiana come very numerous and fine specimens of this species, but they do not attain the great dimensions reached by the shells from the St. Francis. The species is a mud- loving one, and delights in sluggishly flowing water. The geueral transverse form, and the peculiar folds or plications on the posterior margin and slope, will serve to distinguish this species from all others. Uxio triooxus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc,Vol. IV, 1831, p. 110, PI. XVI, Fig. 40; so, also, Reeve, Concholgia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXXXVI, Fig, 459. From the Ohio river. Unio chunii Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. V, 1862, p. 196, PI. XXVII, Fig. 265. From Dallas, Texas. Unio riddeUH Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. V, 1862, pp. 197-8, PI. XXVII, Fig. 267; Reeve, Con- Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 55 chologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio, Plate LXXXIII, Fig. 442. From Dallas, Texas. The geographic range of this heavy and well marked shell is very wide, extending from western New York to Minnesota, and Iowa, and Kansas; to Texas, east to Mississippi and Ten- nessee. In Arkansas it has been found in the St. Francis river at Wittsburg. Unio tuberculatus Barnes. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, last series, 1823, Vol. VI, p. 125, PI. VII, Figs. 8a, 8b; also, figured as Unio verru- cosus Rafinesque, in Poulson's translation of " Monograph of the Bivalve Shells of the river Ohio", 1832, frontis- piece; same, in Chenu, Bibliotheque Conchyliologique, 1845, p. 17, PI. II, Figs. 10-12; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate 1, Fig. 4; the figure is that of a fine old male. The range of this form is very great; specimens have been found from western New York to Minnesota, Iowa, and Ne- braska; to Kansas, and central Texas; to Georgia, and Ala- bama. It is commonly abundant wherever found. In the Cahaba river, Alabama, where the shell is very abundant, more than half of those taken have purple nacre. The nacre is usually white, though, in large specimens, it is often blotched with irregularly distributed, brownish spots. In Arkansas specimens have been taken in the Saline river, at Benton; in the St. Francis, at Wittsburg. Its great length, nodulous anterior portion, striate, posterior slopes, bi-angulate and compressed posterior, will serve to easily separate it from its congeners. The species was originally described from Wisconsin. Unio tumescens Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol X, 1845, p. 71, PI. Ill, Fig. 7. Described from Alexandria, Louisiana. This species was erected on one perfect shell, and one valve of a second specimen. The only locality in Arkansas, from which specimens were secured, is the Ouachita river, at Ark- adelphia. It appears to be very rare. It is also credited to 56 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. the Tennessee drainage of north Alabama and east Tennessee. It is a very tumid shell and bears some points of resemblance to Unio Irigonus Lea, but is abundantly rayed over the whole disk, and is of a honey yellow color. Unio undulatus Barnes. Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, p. 120, Fig. 2, 1823; Keeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, PI. IV, Fig. 16, as Unio costatus Rafinesque. Described from Ohio. Unio latecostalus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos Soc, Vol. X, 1845, p. 68, PI. I, Fig. 2. Described from the Black Warrior river, at Tuscaloosa, Alabama. Unio atrocostatus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. X, 1845, p. 70, PI. II, Fig. 5 ; Reeves figure 404, Con- chologia Iconica Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXXVII is of plica/us and not of this shell at all. Unio quintardii Cragin. Bull. Washburn Coll. Lab'y of Nat. Hist. Vol. II, p, 6, 1887. From Salt Creek, Indian Territory, Sac and Fox Reservation. Unio pilsbrt/i Marsh . Nautilus, Vol. V. May, 1891, p. 1; illustrated in The Nautilus, Vol. VII, No. 1, May, 1893, PI. I, Figs. 7 and 8. Described from the Little Red river, Arkansas. Inspection both of the types, and the published figures confirms this disposition of the form. Specimens were observed on the bars of the Saline river, at Benton. It occurs commonly in the Little Red river, near Clinton, Van Buren county, from which locality came the shells that were characterized by the name of Unio pilsbryi. The species is of wide distribution, ranging from New York to Kansas, Nebraska, Dakota, and to west Central Texas; east to Georgia, Alabama, and intermediate States. It is flatter than Unio plicalus, and the undulations are differently disposed ; they are commonly more numerous than inLesueuer's species, and often are interrupted or broken ; not infrequently speci- mens are found in which the undulations cover the entire disk, at other times they are few in number, and almost entirely confined to the posterior slope. This is one of the most Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 57 common Unios in North America. Conrad figures this shell as Unio costatus Rafinesque, on Plate VII of his Mono- graph . Unio venustus Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol VI, 1834, p. 4, PI. II, Fig. 4 ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXIV, Fig. 326. Described from Potosi. Missouri. Unio pleasii Marsh. The Nautilus, Vol. V, No. 1, p. 2, May, 1891. Described from the Little Red river, Van Buren county, Arkansas. Specimens have been seen from the Little Red river — the lot forming the types of Marsh's supposed new form, and from the White river, Carroll county. While the species does pre- sent some features, like those of the young of Unio ligamentinus Lamarck, it is entirely distinct from that shell; the compari- son was not fortunate, for very many characters that are not allied to those of the Lamarckian form are exhibited; among them may be mentioned the capillary character of the rays, their wavy outlines, their crowding, also the character of the teeth, which are unlike those of young ligamentinus, the beaks, which are more elevated ,the emarginate character of the female, which is not like the outline of the female ligamentinus. The shell which most nearly represents this one is Unio spatulatus Lea, but it appears to be distinct from it. Having seen and compared the types of Unio pleasii with the real venustus there is no hesitation in uniting them. Unio ventricosus Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci.and Arts, Vol. VI, 1st series, 1823, p. 267, Figs. 14a, 14b, 14c; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XLIII, Fig. 235 ; American Con- chology, Say, Plate XXXII. Described from the Wis- consin and Mississippi rivers. Unio occidens~Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. Ill, 1829; p. 435, PI. X, Fig. 16. Described from the Ohio river. Unio cardium Rafinesque. So Conrad, in Monograph of Unio, 1834, p. 7. 58 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Unio satur Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. X, 1852, p. 265, PI. XVII, Fig. 19; Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate XCII, Fig. 501. Described from Alexandria, Louisiana. Unio canadensis Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Vol. IV, 1859, p. 268, PI. XLIV, Fig. 148. Described in 1857, from the St. Lawrence river, at Montreal. Unio subovatus Lea, of Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LXXXV, Fig. 456. This is not the true subovatus Lea. Specimens were obtained only in the Saline river, at Ben- ton. The form is ver}7 widely distributed, and presents variant features in all its different habitats. Commonly abundant wherever it occurs at all, when perfect specimens are obtainable it constitutes one of the most beautiful of Uniones. It is the type of a great natural group, which includes Unio ovalus Say, Unio subovatus Lea, Unio capax Green Unio lineatus Lea, and others. Specimens of the last named, from the original locality in Georgia, indicate that it too must pass into the list of synonyms. Margaeitana complanata Barnes. Plate XVI. Alasmodonta complanata Barnes, Am. Jour. Science and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, p. 278, PI. XIII, Figs. 17a, 17b, 1823. Symphynota complanata Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 1829, Vol. Ill, p. 448. Transferred from Unio. Unio complanatus Lea. So Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate L, Fig. 266. This species is rarely found in the St. Francis, at Witts- burg. While it has a wide range it appears to be most abun- dant in western Illinois, in the Mississippi river, and through- out Iowa. The last named State may, indeed, be said to be its metropolis. The figure is made from a young individual taken in the Des Moines river, and is designed to show the characters of the beaks, which are peculiar to this form. Call — The Unicnidce of Arkansas. 59 Margaritana confragosa Say. New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, Vol. II, No. 22, 1829, p. 339; American Conchology, Plate XXI, 1830. Described from the Wabash river, Indiana. Unio confragosus Say. So Keeve, Conchologia Iconica , Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LX, Fig. 299. A fine figure of the external view of the shell. This species hus occurred only in the St. Francis river, so far as present information extends. It is a form which loves to dwell in the soft mud of sluggishly flowing streams. Just over the Louisiana boundary line, in Claiborne Parish, this shell occurs in numbers. It is not without reason, therefore, that it may be expected to occur in other portions of the State of Arkansas than the one listed. Margaritana rugosa Barnes. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes. Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol. VI, 1823, p. 278, PI. XIII, Figs. 21a, 21b; DeKay Natural History of New York, Vol. V, Mollusca, p. 196, PI. XIV, Fig. 226. 1843. Unio rugosus Barnes. So Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVI, Unio Plate LX, Fig. 302, 1867. Keeve says this is equivalent to Unio abducta Say, a species which we have been unable to find that Say ever characterized. Specimens were obtained in the White river, Carroll county ; and in the Saline, at Benton, where the form appears to be abundant. This shell has a wide range from New England, to west central Kansas, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, and Georgia ; the northernmost range, that is authoritatively known, is the Rideau and Ottawa rivers, Canada. Anodonta edentula Say. Alasmodonta edentula Say. New Harmony Dissemin- tor of Useful Knowledge, Vol. II, No. 22, 1829, p. 340 ; described from the Wabash river. Anodonta edentula Say. DeKay Nat. Hist. N. Y., Pt. V, 1843, p. 201, PI. XVI, Fig. 231; Lea, Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. IV, 1858, p. 50, PL VI, Fig. 37. 60 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Anodonta ferruyinea Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VIII, 1840, p. 289, PI. XIX, Fig. 43. Described from Simon's Creek, Indiana. Anodonta tetragona Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X, 1845, PI. VIII, Fig. 25, p. 82; described from Alexandria, Louisiana. Anodonta sJtafferi%na Lea. Trans. A.m. Philos. Soc, 2d series, 1852, Vol. X, PI. XXVI, Fig. 50, p. 288 ; de- scribed from Horn Lake creek, Tennessee, and FlatKock creek, Indiana; Reeve, Anodon Plate XXXV, Fig. 143, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII. Anodonta arkansasensis Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. X, 1852, p. 293, PI. XXIX, Fig. 56. Described from Kansas. Alasmodonta rhombica Anthony. Am. Jour. Conchol- ogy, Vol. I, 18G5, p. 158. Anodon annulaius Sowerby. Reeve, Conchologia Icon- ica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XVIII, Fig. 67. This figure and description are based upon a specimen in the Museum Cuming, from an unknown habitat ; it shows the characters of the beaks of edentula, and is without question that form. This is the most common and abundant Anodonta in the west. The characters of the dorsal margin are such that it is often mistaken for a Margaritana as, indeed, was the case when originally described. Subjected to a vast variety of environmental conditions, it is not surprising that very many names have been applied to its differing forms. It is not easily separated, at times, from the form called Anodonta undulata Say, which is supposed to be entirely confined to the regions east of the Appalachians, or to waters draining into the Great Lakes. Reeve's Fig. 60, Vol. XVII, Conchologia Iconica, Plate XVII, is not Anodonta edeiitula, but is something else. The species has occurred in collections made in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, and in the Saline, at Benton ; a single imperfect specimen was picked up in a small stream, without a name, in the southeastern part of Craighead county. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. Gl Anodonta grandis Say. New Harmony Disseminator, Vol. II, 1829, No. 22, p. 341 ; Keeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Plate Ano- don I, Fig. 1, 1870. Described from the Fox river, and the Upper Mississippi river. Anodonta slewartiana Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 2d series, 1834, Vol. V, p. 47, PI. VII, Fig. 17; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXXIII, Fig. 133. Described from the Bayou Teche, Louisiana. Anodonta plana Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, 1834, Vol. V, p. 48, PI. VII, Fig. 18, as palna in typographic error ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXIV, Fig. 94. Described from Bear Grass creek, near Louisville, Kentucky. Anodonta declivis Conrad. Am. Jonr. Sci. and Arts, Vol. XXV, 1st series, p. 341, PL I, Fig. 11, 1834. De- scribed from the Flint river, Morgan county, Alabama, Anodonta corpidenta Cooper. Appendix to " Narra- tive of an Expedition through the Upper Mississippi to Itasca Lake, etc., under the direction of Henry B. School- craft," p. 153; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXXII, Fig. 129. Described from the Lake of the Woods, and the Upper Mississippi. Anodonta decora Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VI, 1836, p. 64, PI. XX, Fig. 63; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXI, Fig. 83, 1869. Described from the Ohio river. Anodonta gigantea Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VI, 1838, p. 1, PI. I, Fig. 1; Reeve, Concho- logia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXXVII, Fig. 152. Described from Port Gibson, Mississippi. Anodonta ovata Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VI, 1838, p. 2, PI. II, Fig. 2; Reeve, Con- chologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXII, Fig. 85, 1869. Described from Marietta, Ohio. Reeve's figure, which is that of a shell without decortication of the beaks, shows well the undulate-apiculate character of the tips. 62 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Anodonta harpethensis Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. VIII, p. 224, PL XIX, Fig. 42 ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXI, Fig. 82, 1869. Described from the Harpeth river, Tennessee. Anodonta linna'analueix. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X, 1852, p. 289, PI. XXVII, Fig. 51 ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXXV, Fig. 144. Described from Lake Concordia, Louisiana. Anodonta virens Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. X, 1852, p. 290, PI. XXVIII, Fig. 53; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXXIV, Fig. 138. This form was described from the Red river, near Alexandria, Louisiaua. Through some curious blunder Reeve says " River Euphrates." Anodonta gesneri Lea. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d series, 1859, p. 231, PI. XXXI, Fig. 109; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate VII, Fig. 15. Described from the Uphaupee creek, Macon County, Georgia. Anodonta inornata Anthony. Am. Jour, of Con- chology, Vol. II, 1866, p. 145. Teste Lea. This is, without doubt, the most abused American Anodonta. Of wide distribution it is one of the most polymorphous shells found on the continent. A number of years ago attention was called to this variant shell, and some of the synonymy here indicated definitely was there hinted at.* There is scarcely a stream in all the great Mississippi Valley but that in it some form of this abundant shell occurs. In outline every one of the forms given above may be found in every lot which numbers forty or fifty specimens, and if the old and the young are taken and compared, all the forms from gigantea to ovata and virens may be obtained. It has fared rather better than the European Anodonta cygnea, of which over one hundred and twenty synonyms are known, but by the time it has had atten- tion equal to that of its European congener, it may fare as badly. * American Naturalist, Vol. XIV, 1880, pp. 529-530. Call — The Unionidce, of Arkansas. 63 The group has received too little attention, and too much re- liance has been placed upon authority to fully and correctly understand this shell. Those who collect Unionidce by proxy, and whose acquaintance with streams and lakes is confined to the views from passing train or from study window, will continue to see many species in this polymorphous form. Specimens were obtained in the St. Francis river, at Witts- burg, and in the Saline, at Benton. It will doubtless be found, in numbers, in the old river beds of all the larger streams, and in most ponds and lakes throughout the State of Arkansas. It ranges to western New York and to central Texas, and north to British America. Anodonta imbecillis Say. New Harmony Disseminator of Useful Knowledge, 1829, Vol. II, No. 23, p. 355 ; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XXVII, Fig. 102, as of Lea. Described from the Wabash river. Anodonta incerta Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, Vol. V, 1832, p. 45, PI. VI, Fig. 16; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon Plate XVII, Fig. 59. Described from the Ohio river. Anodonta hordea Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, 1855, p. 229; Reeve, Conchologia Iconica, Vol. XVII, Anodon PI. XVIII, Fig. 66, as Anodon hordeum Gould. Lea says this is Say's Anodonta imbecillis; it must be confessed that Reeve's figure bears no resem- blance to it as it is generally understood on this side of the Atlantic. There is no Anodonta in American waters so easily de- termined as this one, and so little likely to be confounded with any other species. It is commonly of a bright green color, and is of very thin texture, resembling nothing else in our waters. In Arkansas it has been found only in the St. Francis river, at Wittsburg, but doubtless occurs elsewhere. We have it from various localities in Louisiana and Texas, whence it ranges to western New York and Canada. 64 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Anodonta opaca Lea. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc, 2d series, Vol. X, p. 285, PI. XXV, Fig. 46. Described from near New Orleans, and from near Little Rock, Arkansas. This is a member of the grandis group and it is not sure but that it should have been placed under the synonymy of that species. It has not been seen by us in any collection from Arkansas, and is admitted to this list on the strength of the original description, which credits it to this State. There have been listed in the foregoing pages fifty-nine species of Unionidoe, illustrating the three common North American genera. Had there been recognized the great number of synonymous forms, with which mere collectors seek to enrich their cabinets, the list might have been greatly ex- tended. At present we know, from Arkansas, 52 species of Unio, 3 species of Margaritana, and 4 species of Anodonta. The Unionidoti abound in the streams of Arkansas ; varie- ties or species may be relatively few, but individuals are very abundant. They are to be sought in every conceivable con- dition of bottom, and other factors of environment. Often certain forms affect stated or well-known sorts of stations in cold and clear, or warm and muddy waters ; others will be found on gravelly or sandy bars, ordee ply buried in mud, close to the river's margin. Careful search rarely fails to reveal some form of interest. Louisville, Kentucky, Nov. 16, 1893. Issued January 3d, 1895. Call — The Unionidce of Arkansas. 65 LIST OF PLATES. Plate I. Unio clavus Lamarck. II. Unio crassidens Lamarck. III. Unio luteolus Lamarck. IV. Uuio obliquus Lamarck. V. Uuio purpuratus Lamarck. Male and female VI. Unio purpuratus Lamarck. Female. VII. Unio rectus Lamaick. VIII. Unio retusus Lamarck. IX. Unio rotundatus Lamarck. X. Unio metanevrus Raflnesque. XI. Unio cylindricus Say. XII. Unio schoolcraftii Lea. XIII. Uuio schoolcraftii Lea. Varieties. XIV. Unio schoolcraftii Lea. Figures 1-4. Unio pustulosus Lea. Figures 5-6. XV. Unio dorfeuillianus Lea. Figures 1-2. Unio refulgens Lea. Figures 3-4. XVI. Margaritana complanata Barnes. XVII. Uuio breviculus Call. From U. S. Nat. Museum. XVIII. Unio ozarkensis Call. From U. S. Nat. Museum XIX. Unio sayii Ward. Figures 1-2. Unio sayanus Conrad. Figures 3-5. XX. Unio excultus Conrad. Figures 1-3. Unio tetralasmus Say. Figures 4-5. XXI. Unio ligamentinus Lamarck. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis Call on Unio. Plate I. "^13. ia. Unio clavus Lamarck. Trans. Acad. .'■< - -, /. <:m.i. i , ■ L mrek. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate hi. Unio luteo'us Lamarck. Trans. Acid. Sci. of St. L< Call on qnio ■^W:^r'.i Unio obliquus Lamurcjc. Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Loin. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Loins. Call on Unio. Plate VI. Unio purpuratus Lamarck. Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Call on Usid. Plate Ml. Unio rectus Lamarck. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate VIII. Unio retusus Lamarck. Trans. Acrid. Sci. of St. Louis. I ALL ON UNIO. Plate IX. I'n in rotundatus Lamarck. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Unio metanevrus Mafinesque. Trims. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on [Jnio. Plate XI. Unio cylindricus See/. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate XII. Unio schoolcraftii Lea. (REDUCED.) Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate xiii. Unio schoolcraftii Lea. (VARIETIES.) Tram. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call <>\ Umio. i'l. \ 1 1. \ I V Figs. II. (Jnio schoolcraftii Leu. Figs. 5-6. Unio pustulosus, Lea. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on ixio. Platk XV. Figs. 1-2. Unio dorfcuillianus Lea Figs. 3-4. Unio refulgens Lea. Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Loui outs. Call on Unio. Plate XVI. Margaritana complanata, Barnes. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate XVII. Unio breviculus Call. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate XVIII. ~'.'ui- '■ £7>ito ozarkensis Call. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on I'M". Plate XIX. - d-ff Figs. 1-2. Unio sayii Ward. Figs. 3-5. Unio sayanus Conrad. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on Unio. Plate XX. '-x Q 1 ~3. 4- -5 Figs. 1-3. Unio excultus Conrad. Figs. 4-5. Unio tetralasmus Sin/. Tram. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Call on I'nio. Platk XXI. Unio liqamentinus Lamarck. /Vf Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 2. ON THE ELECTRICAL CAPACITY OF BODIES, AND THE ENERGY OF AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE. FRANCIS E. NIPI1ER. Issued January 21, 189 5. Ml ON THE ELECTRICAL CAPACITY OF BODIES AND THE ENERGY OF AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE. Francis E. Nipher. The lines of force or induction around an electrified body distribute in space as if space offered resistance to their pas- sage. They follow Ohm's law, the number of lines per unit area being always inversely as the resistance. In case of a small sphere of radius r0, and having a charge Q, the number of lines of force proceeding from the sphere is 4 r. Q. The Q. potential of the sphere is -7- If R represent the resistance of space to these lines of force then by the application of Ohm's law a n- Q 4 * Q = — R or R 1 ^r0 (1) Here the total flow of force from the sphere is treated as Q a current, flowing from the sphere under a potential — and * o to an infinite distance where the potential is zero. If the radius of the sphere be changed, the flow of force is un- changed, since the potential and resistance are changed in the same ratio. If the sphere were surrounded by a shell of shellac or other de-electric of specific inductive capacity jut, the capacity of the sphere would be increased, and its potential thereby dimin- ished. The flow of induction /i/FdS would remain un- changed and would be 4 n Q. The resistance R would then be diminished in the same ratio. In the treatment proposed in this paper it becomes necessary (109) 110 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. to treat the quantity which Faraday called specific inductive capacity as a specific conducting power for lines of induction. It is a quantity analogous to what is called permeability of a medium for magnetic lines. My former assistant, Mr. Timmerman, has suggested a name for this quantity which seems to me very satisfactory. It is pewiability . For electrostatic conduction of any tube of induction as ex- pressed by equation (3) which follows, he suggests the Dame perviance as meaning electrostatic conductance in the field of an electrical system. If the medium of perviability ft were of infinite extent, the capacity of the sphere would be ;i r0 and the resistance of space to the lines of induction would 1 be -. 4-//r0 This result is readily reached by direct integration. The resistance of a shell bounded by surfaces concentric with the sphere is dr dR~47r//r2 (2) which integrated between r0 and oo gives for the resistance 1 K 4*/ir0 (3) If the sphere be surrounded by a concentric spherical and conducting shell, forming a condenser, the difference of potential between the acting surfaces will be v = Q-(±_±) // \ r0 rl J The number of lines of induction is ft I F d S = 4 * Q. Hence applying Ohm's law ^ /i \r0 r ! / R 4 r. /j. ro n/ (4; Mpher — The Electrical Capacity of Bodies. Ill This formula is also the same as would be obtained by inte- grating ( 2) between r0 and i\. If C represent electrical capacity, and we indicate by P = -5- , the perviance of the medium, both (3) and (4) may be written, -*- = P = 4*C (5) orC=4~V (6) This means that the electrical capacity of these bodies de- pends solely on the nature of the medium which surrounds them, and upon the characterizing dimensions of that portion of the medium which carries the field of force. Or in other words, the capacity depends solely on the perviance for the flow of induction from the body, of that part of the surround- ing medium which carries the field of force. The energy of the electrification is _ _ Q2 _ (4 » Q)2 R W _ 2C " 8* (7) If the flow of force or induction which we have treated as a current in applying Ohm's law, be denoted by I, the last equation becomes 0^ PR W ~~ 2 Q2 numerically. The potentials of the spheres will be V, Qi v.=_a In the figure, the smaller sphere is assumed to have the charge — Q2. All of the lines proceeding to it come from the larger sphere. They are all within a surface of revolu- tion generated by revolving any critical line P0 M a around the principal axis of figure of the system. The point P0 is the position of unstable equilibrium, where the attraction of — Q2 balances the repulsion due to Qv This critical surface intersects the charge Qx in a circle, and pro- ceeding to P0 it continues either in the line P0 b or P0b v The lines of force external to this surface, proceed from the larger sphere to an infinite distance. We have here two tubes of force separated from each other by the critical surface, a MP0. In the external tube of force there are 4^ (Qx — Q2) lines. Nipher — TJie Electrical Capacity of Bodies. 113 Calling Ri the resistance to flow within this tube and apply- ing Ohm's law we have Qi i 4 , (Q.-Q,) = = ^ 1 Qi •'■El_4.r1Q1-Q; (9) -^j\ 2 is evidently the fraction of the spherical surface which the free charge Q: — Q2 occupies. If the charge Qx were alone in space, since the entire resistance around the sphere would be — — -> ^ follows from (9) that the lines pro- 1 4 it rx ceeding from the free charge Qx — Q2 suffer the same resist- ance when charge — Q2 is present as when it is absent and the lines are all radial. This is due to the fact that we have assumed that the bodies areAso far apart that they do not appreciably disturb each other. The charge on the larger sphere within the critical surface is + Q2. From this charge 4 % Q2 lines proceed to the other sphere. The difference of potential between the two spheres is V — V — — • + — v 1 — v2 — r T Hence as before 1 Qi 1 •'•R2-4V7; C£ + 4^r2 (10) This is the resistance of the internal tube terminating on the two bodies. The charges on the ends of this tube may be called bound charges. Q The first term of eq. (10) contains a factor-^ *, the recipro- cal of which is the fraction of the surface of the larger sphere which its bound charge occupies. 114 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The first term therefore represents the resistance which the lines of the bound charge on the larger sphere would suffer, if they proceeded radially to an infinite distance in the absence of the other sphere. The second term on the other hand is the resistance which these lines would suffer if they proceeded radially from the smaller sphere. The sum of these two resistances, then, is the resistance of the internal tube. If the first term of eq. (10) and the resistance 1^ as determined in (9) be treated as resistances in multiple, their product divided by their sum, will be found to be -^—^ which is the resistance around the larger sphere when it is alone in space and its lines are radial. The remaining term of (10) gives the resistance around the other sphere under the same conditions. If Qx = Q2 then Ra = oo 1 1 2 4 - rx 4 t: r2 If now \\ = r2 = r 1 Ro — 2 rr which is a very well-known result. The resistance offered to the lines of either body is the same as it would be if the other were absent and the lines were radial. It is evident that the two terms of (10) represent resist- ances from the respective charges + Q2 and — Q2 within the internal tube, to the surface of zero potential surrounding the smaller charge — Q2 , and which all the lines of this tube cross. If — = — * these terms become equal. If we now apply equation (8) to these two tubes of force we have W = ^r(llE1 + lU!) (11) Nipher — TJie Electrical Capacity of Bodies. 115 = 8i[i6^(Ql-Q,)'L_|_^ 2 rx 2 r8 ^12) This is the well-known expression for the energy of these two spheres, in terms of their respective charges and capacities. If the spheres are brought near enough so that they react on each other, the density will no longer be uniform on the spheres. The total flow of force from the positive charge Qx and to the negative charge Q2 will, however, remain unchanged. The potential of each body will, however, be changed. The potential of each body can then be determined to any desired precision by determining the successive images of the two charges. Knowing the resulting potentials, the perviance between the two bodies can be computed. The conclusion that the energy of an electrical system re- sides in the medium has been formerly inferred from the following considerations. The energy of any system is usually represented in general by the equation W=r fVAVdv (13) This equation is the exact equivalent of (8) for AV is de- fined by Poisson's equation to be d2V d2V , d2V_ . &Y= dx^ + W+ ~Mr-~~ p where p is the volume density of the medium. AV therefore represents the flow of force from unit volume of the medium and AV dv is the flow from an element of volume. If the integration in (13) be extended through the volume of a tube VI of force the result would be -^~ which is the same as (8). 116 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. By Green's equation fv A V dv = fv -^- ds — f F3 dv. (14) This formula is to be applied to the volume bounded by a sphere of very large radius and which includes the electrical system. The first term of the second member is to be applied to the surface of the sphere, the center of which is at the center of gravity of the system. The potential V varies dV inversely as r, and the normal force — varies inversely J dn J as r2. Since the surface is directly as r2 the total surface integral is inversely as r and becomes nearer zero as r becomes greater. The second member of (14) therefore reduces to its second term and we have for the energy w=hf^^- (15) The energy per unit volume is therefore dv 8* ' (16) To apply this method more specifically let us suppose the electrical charges of the system to be transferred to the spheri- cal surface of large radius which is an equipotential conduct- ing surface of the system. The force outside of the surface will remain unchanged, when the charge comes to equilibrium. The force with which an element of surface dS havino- a charge Sub- Carboniferous. The excavation stopped at the limestone, on which the coal- measures rested unconformably. The sandstone in which the fragments of lignite occurred was coarse-grained, porous, cross-bedded, light-gray to dark- drub in color, and rich in lignitic streaks with occasional fragments several inches in thickness. Some of these frag- ments of lignite or brown-coal are full of longitudinal and transverse desiccation cracks, which are completely filled with a crystalline mixture of sphalerite or zinc-blende, calcite and pyrite. The blende decidedly predominates, forming thin seams -^ to % inch in thickness through the lignite, and is light to dark brown in color, has a perfect cleavage, and the usual resinous fracture. Calcite, of the white, crystalline (123) 124 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. variety, is occasionally intermixed, and less frequently pyrite. The lignite is brown in color, shows an eminent wood structure, and dries out on prolonged exposure, becoming heavily checked and very tender. The coarse sand and gravel of recent age that overlays the sandstone is cross-bedded (showing that it is a channel deposit of the river), and contains abundant fragments of drift-wood that is more or less lignitic. None of these lignitic fragments in the sand contain any blende, which shows that the zinc was hitroduced before they were deposited. This occurrence of blende in this basal coal-measure sand- stone is very interesting from its bearing on the problem of the origin of our Missouri zinc deposits. For though only found in specimen quantities, it shows that during or since the coal-measure epoch, this coarse-grained, porous sandstone has been permeated with solutions carrying zinc-sulphate, from which by the reducing action of the lignite, the soluble zinc- sulphate has been reduced to the insoluble zinc-sulphide or blende, and precipitated in the interstices and cracks of the shrinking lignite. The blende is only found in the lignite, so that large amounts of zinc may have been present in the sand- stone, but was only retained where locally converted by the lignite into the insoluble blende. The nearest known occurrence of zinc is in the quarries in the underlying St. Louis limestone that are worked tive to ten miles south, where small disseminated grains of crystalline blende occur occasionally in the geode-bearing magnesian limestone beds ; the latter are sufficiently porous for the feeble infiltration of solutions, and organic matter in the limestone seems to have precipitated slight amounts of zinc. Numerous other instances of occasional disseminated grains or nodules of zinc have been observed in the neighboring limestones, and unsuccessful attempts at zinc-mining have been made near Troy, in Lincoln County. 45 miles northwest, and at Hannibal, 90 miles, at the base of the Sub-Carbonif- erous. The nearest producing zinc mines are 50 miles south, at the Valle Diggings, in St. Francois County, where the zinc occurs in gash-veins, associated with galena in magnesian- limestone of Lower Silurian or Cambrian age; while the great Wheeler — Note on an Occurrence of Blende in Lignite. 125 zinc region of Southwest Missouri, where the zinc occurs so extensively in irregular bodies in broken chert and limestone of Sub-Carboniferous age, is 250 miles southwest. Dr. W. P. Jenney* thinks that the zinc occurrences of the Mississippi Valley are all of the same age, and that the source of the zinc was from below. While the former idea of con- temporaneous age may be possible, the occurrence of the disseminated grains in the St. Louis limestone and in the seams of the lignite in the Baden sandstone, decidedly show that in at least these two cases the zinc was derived from lateral secretion. The Baden sandstone, which is the equiva- lent of the "Ferruginous " or at the base of the Coal Meas- ures, also shows that the zinc was introduced at least as late as the Coal Measure period, but not so recent as the Quater- nary ; the lack of any formations between these horizons pre- vents any closer determination of this question. The writer is indebted to Mr. J. Gordon Reel, C. E., the engineer in charge of the work, for an excellent suite of the blende specimens. * "Lead and Zinc Deposits of the Mississippi Valley." W. P. Jenney, E. M. Transactions American Inst. Mining Engineers. Vol. 22. Issued February 21st, 1895. RECENT ADDITIONS TO THE MINERALOGY OF MISSOURI. H. A. Wheeler, E. M. (Read by title at Academy meeting, March 17th, 1890.) A contribution to our Missouri mineralogy was made in Vol. 4, p. 440, of the " Transactions of the St. Louis Academy of Sciences " by Mr. A. V. Leonhard who, in a paper entitled " Notes on the Mineralogy of Missouri," describes 70 species and 5 varieties of minerals that are found in the State of Missouri. Later collectors have since added 48 more species and 11 additional varieties to our local mineralogy, which are herewith given (1894) as a supplement to Mr. Leonhard's list (1884). GOLD. Placer Gold. Occasional occurrences, in small amounts, in the Glacial Drift in the Northern and Western parts of the State; by Norwood and Broadhead. SILVER. Argentiferous Galena, at the Einstein mine, in Madison County, in a fissure-vein in archean granite; it assays 100 to 300 ounces per ton, but is not abundant. MERCURY. Native Mercury. In the Loess or surface clay at Cheltenham station, St. Louis, in very small amounts, by J. P. Gazzam, E. M. ; is probably of artificial origin. TIN. Cassiterite was reported as occurring as disseminated grains in greenstone near Fredeiickstown, in Madison County; a large company was formed in 1871 to work it, but it proved to be a case of " salting." (126) Wheeler — Recent Additions to Mineralogy of Missouri. 127 COPPER. Chrysocolla, at the Cornwall Copper Mines, in St. Genevieve County, as a thin incrustation with other oxidized products in the chalcopyrite-bearing limestone, by H. A. Wheeler ; uncommon. LEAD. LeadhillUe. In small green crystals and clusters, of excep- tional beauty, from a lead mine near Granby, Newton County. See American Journal of Science, Sept., 1894. Mimetile, at Seneca, in Newton County, as a thin crystalline coating on galenite, by Dr. W. P. Jenney; rare. Artificial Silicate of Lead. Beautiful hexagonal prisms of lead-silicate, resembling Pyromorphite, of an opaque brown to transparent ruby-red color, and with a resinous fracture, from the hearth of a lead roasting-furnace at Bonne Terre, by J. T. Monell, E. M. See American Journ. Science, Aug., 1885, and Sept., 1886. ZINC. Goslarite, at Joplin, Jasper County, as a white, stalactitic incrustation in the blende mines ; first found very spar- ingly by Broadhead, and later quite frequently in the drainage of the mines, by Dr. W. P. Jenney. Ferro- Goslarite, at Webb City, Jasper County, as a brown stalactitic incrustation in the old-workings of the zinc- mines, by H. A. Wheeler ; rare. See American Journ. Science, Mch. 1891 (Vol. 41). Amorphous Sphalerite, as an amorphous, white, pulveralent mass or " natural-paint " in a zinc mine at Joplin, Jasper County, by J. D. Robertson. Only a single pocket of a few tons was found, and was evidently the result of recent oxidation of the blende and subsequent chemical precipitation. TITANIUM. Rutile, in Southeastern Mo., in the granites, as an accessory mineral of microscopic size, by Dr. E. Haworth; rare? NICKEL. Siegenite. A new occurrence of this nickeliferous Linneaite has just been found (Nov., 1894) at the Donnelly Lead 128 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Mine, in the Flat River district, St. Francois county, where the Siegenite occurs mainly massive though occa- sionally in fine crystals, in seams 2 to 4 inches thick in magnesian limestone, by J. N. Judson. IRON. Arsenopyrite, at the Einstein Silver Mine, in Madison County, as one of several minerals filling a fissure vein in granite ; occurs as imperfect crystals 4 to 15 m.m. long and is not abundant, by H. A. Wheeler. Also sparingly in association with pyrite in the limonite deposits of the Mine-la-Motte estate, by J. W. Neill. Turgite, at Des Arc, Iron County, in stalactitic aggregations of reddish-brown color and sub-metallic luster, and con taining 5.8% combined water, by H. A. Wheeler ; uncommon. Copiapite, at Granite Bend, Wayne County, as a yellow, crystalline incrustation on pyrite in granite, by H. A. Wheeler; rare. Petkoite, at Granite Bend, Wayne County, as a black, amorphous incrustation on pyrite in granite, by H. A. Wheeler ; rare. Dufrenitey at the Cherry Valley Iron Mines, Crawford County, as minute green crystals less than 1 mm. in size, incrusting specular hematite, by A. V. Leonhard ; un- common. Cacoxenile, at Cherry Valley Mines, Crawford County, as a thin, yellow, earthy incrustation on quartz and specular hematite, by A. V. Leonhard; uncommon. Vivianite, from Joplin, Jasper County, as a blue, earthy powder, by Dr. G. Hambach; rare. MANGANESE. Rhodochrosite, at Iron Mountain, St. Francois County, in massive form, filling thin seams in specular hematite, by W. B. Potter; uncommon. Manganocalcite, at Iron Mountain, St. Francois Couuty, as crystalline masses, of a reddish-brown color, associated with calcite in specular hematite, by W. B. Potter ; uncommon. Wlieeler — Recent Additions to Mineralogy of Missouri. 129 ALUMINUM. Aluminite, at Joplin, Jasper County, as a white incrustation on limestone; rare. Alunogen (alum) as a white incrustation, as silky tufts, and as tine disseminations in pyritic shales in the coal measures in the western part of the State, by H. A. Wheeler ; common. Wavellite, in Jasper County, as small white radiating crystals on chert, by Broadhead ; rare. Earthy Laznlite? in Dallas County, as a white, pulveralent earth or plastic clay in caves, by W. B. Potter. BARIUM. Ammoniacal Barile. Finely crystallized banded barite, from Pettis County, that contains small amounts of sulphate of ammonia (mascagnite). See American Journal of Science, Vol. 42, p. 495. STRONTIUM. Strontianite, in St. Louis, as small crystals in geodes in the St. Louis limestone ; very rare. SILICATES. Chalcedony, as pink, gray and white pebbles in the drift in North St. Louis, by H. A. Wheeler; uncommon. Tripoli, at Seneca, Newton County, as extensive beds of soft, massive, pulveralent, white to buff colored masses, where it is mined and shipped. Frequently as fragments of altered chert in the " flint hills " of the southern half of the State, by H. A. Wheeler. Hyalite, at Granite Bend, Wayne County, as transparent, colorless, irregular botryoidal incrustations on granite, by H. A. Wheeler ; rare. Augite I in Southeastern Mo., in diabase, by E. Haworth. Uralite > Almandite, at the Einstein Mine, Madison County, as bright red, transparent crystals 0.1 to 0.5 mm. in size, by H. A. Wheeler; rare. 130 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Essonite, at Iron Mt., St. Francois County, as yellow, sub- transparent, rhombic-dodecabedral crystals 1 mm. in size on specular hematite, by W. B. Potter; rare. Zircon "| Chrysolite | . . jj. ... ; in microscopic sections of the granites in „,. 7. i Southwestern Mo., by E. Haworth. Microcline J Piedmontite J Anorthile ~\ . . . _ , , . , . f in microscopic sections of the porphyries in t> , -u i Southwestern Mo., bv E. Haworth. Bytownite ) Topaz ) at the Einstein Mine, Madison County, in the Lepidolite j granite, by E. Haworth. Talc, at Pilot Knob, Iron County, as thin, white scales on specular hematite ; not common. Margarodite, at the Einstein Mine, Madison County, as imperfectly radiating scales of a light gray color and pearly lustre, from 4 to 8 mm. long, by H. A. Wheeler ; not common. Kaolinite. Kaolin variety. Very abundant in pockets as soft, white to pink, slightly plastic clay in Bollinger, Cape Girardeau and Howell counties. Is extensively mined. China or Ball Clay Variety. Occurs as pockets, of light gray color, and very plastic, in Jefferson and Franklin counties; is extensively mined. LitJiomarge Variety. Very abundant in pockets as a hard, non-plastic, light gray to buff color, with conchoida fracture, in Warren, Callaway, Osage, Phelps, Crawford and Franklin counties. Is extensively mined and shipped as " flint fireclay." Pholerite, occurs with the Lithomarge, as above, by H. A. Wheeler. Pyrophyllile , at Potosi, Washington Couuty, as very thin, white, greasy feeling scales, intermixed with clay, from the lead mines, by Dr. G. Hambach ; rare. CARBON MINERALS. Peat, at Glenwood, Schuyler County, in local swamps, in the drift, by H. A. Wheeler: not abundant. Wheeler — Recent Additions to Mineralogy of Missouri. 131 Lignite, as fragments of wood changed into lignite, in clay pockets in Jefferson (Regina) and Cape Girardeau coun- ties, by H. A. Wheeler. Also as fragments of drift-wood in the Ferruginous Sand- stone (coal measures) at Baden, North St. Louis, by H. A. Wheeler. ~) In slight amounts in an artesian well at the Petroleum ■ Excelsior Brewery, St. Louis, bv C. A. Lue- Natural Gas f , . . J deking. SULPHUR. Sulphuretted Hydrogen, dissolved in mineral or " sulphur " water in some springs and artesian wells about St. Louis, Jefferson, Henry, Vernon and other counties. See " Report on Mineral Waters," Mo. Geol. Survey, 1892. Issued February 21st, 1895. Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 4. THE LAW OF MINIMUM DEVIATION OF LIGHT BY A PRISM. FRANCIS E. NIPHER. Issued December 20, 1895. JAN 29 1896 THE LAW OF MINIMUM DEVIATION OF LIGHT BY A PRISM.* Francis E. Nipher. An elementary proof of the law of minimum deviation of light by a prism may be obtained as follows : — Let i and r represent the angles of incidence and refrac- tion at the point where the light enters the prism, and let i' and r' represent these angles where the same ray leaves the prism. The angles i and r' are in air and r and i' are in the glass. Then by geometry, calling d the angle of deviation of the ray, d = i — r 4- r' - = i + r' — A ( 1 ) where A =r -\- i', is the angle of the prism. If we lay off the angles d, i and r' on three rec- tangular axes, (1) is the equation of a plane. The trace of this plane on the plane d, i is obtained from (1) by making r' = 0. If i be made zero we shall have the trace on the plane d, r.' These traces make an angle of 45° with the axes which they inter- sect, and the distance of each point of inter- section, from the ori- gin, is A. The position of this plane is wholly ^ independent of the re- fractive properties of the prism. Any two prisms having equal Fig. l. * Read before Regular Academy Meeting, November 4, 1895. Approved by Council, November 18, 1895. (133) 134 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. angles A, the ordi nates d would terminate in points upon a common plane whose equation is (1). If any two prisms have unequal angles A, the ordinates d would terminate in differ- ent, but parallel planes. This plane is in all cases symmetric- ally placed with respect to the axes i and r' . Its position is shown in Fig. 1. There is, however, another condition depending on the index of refraction. We have sin i = n sin r sin r' — n sin i' = n sin (vl — r) = n sin A cos r — n cos A sin r = n sin A V 1 — sin2 r — cos A sin i or finally sin r'=sin^4 Vn2 — sin2 i — cos A sin i (2) By considering the physical conditions, it is easily seen that Hie quantities r' and i must be symmetrical in equation (2). If the light be made to reverse its direction, it will re- trace its path through the prism. The angles r' and i will then replace each other. The same result will be obtained by solving (2) for sin i, which gives sin£:=sin vl V ' n'1 — sin2 r' — cos A sin r' (3) Equation (2) or (3) may be used in the computation of simultaneous values of i and v' . When r' = 90, we have sin i A l/n2 — 1 — cos A. The values of i that will be physically possible must lie between the value determined in the last equation, and 90°. These values of ?•' and i determine a curve on the plane of ?•', i of Fio-. 1. This curve is convex toward the axes r' and i, and it is symmetrical with respect to them. This curve is a projection in a direction parallel to the axis d, of points on the plane represented by (1), which must represent the rela- tion between d, r' and i. The conditions of symmetry in- volved in equations (1) and (2), both of which must be satisfied, show that the minimum ordinate d must lie in a Niplier — Law of Minimum. Deviation of Light by Prism. 135 plane symmetrically located with respect to the axes r' and i. This plane is determined by the condition r ' = i, which makes the entering and emergent rays symmetrical with respect to the bounding surfaces of the refracting angle A. Putting this condition in (2) it reduces to „ . sin2 A " 3. 2 + 2 cos A Since sin i = n sin r we have . „ sin 2 A n 2 + 2 cos A The angles r = i' within the prism then become inde- pendent of n, their value being dependent on A only. If the sines are regarded as the variables, equations (2) and (3) represent an ellipse. Calling sin r' = y and sin i = x, those equations become, y2 -\- x2 -\- 2 y x cos A = n 2 sin 2 A. When the angle of the prism becomes zero the ellipse be- comes the diagonal of a square whose sides are 2 n, the last equation being y = — x. When A = 90° the ellipse becomes a circle whose equation is y2+ x2 = n2. For intermediate values of A the ellipse has the square whose side is 2 n as an envelope, the major axis lying in the line whose equation is y= — x. The minor axis always lies in the line whose equation is y = x, which involves the condition i=r'. In its general form (2) becomes y = — x cos A ± sin A y n 2__ 50 cts. each. 75 cts. $1.00 •7.50 7.00 8J 1,3 to 6 8, 10, 12 2,7,9, 11 \ 25 cts. each. 60 cts. each. 3.75 3.50 9X 1, 3, 4, 7, 9 2, 5,8 6 26 cts. each. 50 cts. each. $1.25 3.75 3.50 10$ 9 2, 4, 5, 10 1 3,6,7,8, 11 10 cts. 25 cts. each. 40 cts. 60 cts. each. 3.75 3.60 memoirs (in quarto). Contributions to the archaeology of Missouri, by the Archaeological Section. Parti. Pottery. 1880. $2.00. The total eclipse of the sun, January 1, 1889. A report of the observations made by the Washington University Eclipse Party, at Islormau, Califor- v>.o lorn (So r>A nia. 1831. $2.00. * Supply exhausted. t Can be sold only to purchasers of the entire volume, — so far as this can be supplied. pplK'rt. f Bach number is a brochure contnini^sf one complete paper. I rG Transactions of The Academy of Science of St Louis VOL. VII. No. 5. RELATIONS OF SALIX MISSOURIENSIS, BEBB, TO S. CORDATA, MUHL. N. M. GLATFELTER, M. D. Read before Regular Academy Meeting of November 14, 1895. Approved by Council December 16, 1895. Issued January 4, 1896. JAN 29 1096 RELATIONS OF SAL IX MISSOURIENSIS, BEBB, TO S. COB DAT A, MUIIL. BY N. M. GLATFELTER, M. D. The great variability of that species of Salix formerly in- cluded under the name of cordata has long been known. In- deed, so impressed am I with the extent of this variation, I have come to feel that no simple, straight statement regard- ing any one of its characters, can represent a truth: it is for this reason that the usual descriptions render but a part of a truth, and, by too much inclusion, become virtually errors. Looking at the different forms of leaves and stipules as repre- sented on the plates accompanying this paper, one will be struck with the apparent indifference of the plant as to what kind of leaf or stipule it produced. Certain of its forms have, long ago, been named as varieties. The matter of erecting one of these forms into a species under the name of Missouriensis, judging from the language of its projector, Mr. M. S. Bebb (see Garden and Forest, p. 373), seems, as yet, a somewhat open one. Considering it important to know whether we really have here a new species, and what its spe- cific limits might be, I have collected during the season just past, nearly two hundred specimens. The range of the ter- ritory of my collections is limited westward to Forest Park, Ferguson and Creve Cceur lake, northward to the Missouri river, eastward to the Illinois bluffs and Cahokia. For convenience of handling my subject-matter, I shall assume, from the first, but one species under the name S. Cordata, the reasons for which assumption will be apparent later on. North of the city along most of the ravines it grows abun- dantly, extending almost to the very heads of the ravines or gullies, most of which, in dry seasons, become perfectly dry, as is the case at the present writing. These ravines and small creek valleys were all covered over with that earliest alluvium (137) 138 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. that followed immediately upon the closing scene of the Gla- cial period, viz., the deposition of the loess. The willow under consideration avoids low bottom lands, growing spar- ingly, however, on the higher elevations of such lands. As observed in the limits already pointed out, it occurs as a shrub or small tree, chiefly the latter. The undoubted shrubby form is really very scarce in this region. Often, when, at first, I thought here I have one, upon closer inspec- tion, it proved to be only sprouts of several years growth sprung from a stem or stems previously cut, or from a pros- trate trunk covered with soil on occasion of flooding of the gully or ravine. The banks being alluvium, trunks are up- rooted and laid prone along the edges. In such case there will be plenty of shrubs apparently. One can the better ap- preciate such complication when the fact is recalled that this willow, especially, by nature, hugs closely the water-courses. Moreover, inasmuch as trees are small before they are big, and as the habit of this willow is, frequently, to grow in a clump, like Nigra, from a common center, it becomes a no easy task, nay, often, an impossible one, to say whether the example before you is a tree or shrub. As a tree, full grown, I think I may safely state the range, in height, from 15 to 35 ft., in diameter from 3 to 7 in. Its usual habit is to fork low, often near the ground, or from 3 to 8 ft. higher, or throw off branches within this distance; but if crowded, as in a grove, many may be noticed not giving off any considerable branches for at least 20 ft. above the ground. When growing in clump of 3 to 5 or more, one or two of the stems may be 5 to 7 in. thick, and as high as the single stemmed tree. The bark on all is light or dark grey, smooth, except towards the base of old trunks, where it is roughish : Year-old twigs if downy or tomentose, which is usually the case, are grey or blackish ; if not downy or tomentose, greenish, greenish-yel- low and blotched, or even yellow, or red on the side toward the sun. The same shoot which, early in the season, puts out with a hairy, tomentose vestment, will, in a second, prolonged growth, later in the season, be perfectly smooth. The same holds true of the buds. Glatfelter — Relations of Salix Missouriensis to S. Cordata. 139 It has been stated S. Missouriensis flowers in February, S. Cordata in April (B. F. Bush as quoted by Bebb in the article above referred to). I have to report the collection of all my araents both sterile and fertile from April 14th to 28th, finding no material difference, in time, as to high or low. The opening of the earliest staminate flowers is, of course, much earlier. In this, as in every other particular, we must allow for great variation, especially as modified by season. Of the whole number of specimens collected, 13 were re- jected as hybrid sericea and cordata, either fully identified or probable. There remained 171, of which 93 attained a height of over 10 ft. ; 78 10 ft. and under. Every one of the 171 was examined separately, its characters noted and tabulated. In order to secure a more telling parallel or contrast, all those of the former class reaching a height of 20 ft. and over, 38 in number, were selected. The remainder of this class num- bering 55 reaching 10 to 20 ft. in height, were placed in a separate column in the summary. The 78 classed as shrubs, it should be remembered, are subject to the restrictions and uncertainties already referred to above. I feel quite confident many of them ought to be included with the tree form, but being anxious to preserve the purity of the latter, I unhesi- tatingly consigned all under 10 ft. into the shrub class. The results of my investigations are, in part, summarized in tabulated form placed at the end of this paper. From it the reader can readily draw conclusions. One of these will certainly be the astonishing variation running all through the three classes, with equal pace, as to leaves, stipules, petioles, etc. Not having collected a sufficiently large number of flowers and fruit to draw reliable inferences, I do not, in this summaiy, present this side of the subject. I can say, how- ever, I found in this, also, equally great variation. Pedicels, capsules, and styles are either long or short; capsules are beaked, or simply ovate-conical ; scales and rachis are intensely hairy, or nearly bare. All this irrespective of the size of the plant. Petioles vary from a line to more than one inch in length; stipules from ovate to reniform, to semicordate acutely to long acuminately pointed, in some examples distinctly stalked. 140 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The bases of the leaves range from acute to cordate. It is an exceptional plant on which the truncate or cordate may not be found. In regard to their outline the variation on the same plant is often very surprising. The shapes of the leaves may all be reduced to about five types : First, the broad ovate or ovate-oblong, Figs. 1 and 7 of the plates ; second, the obovate or rhombic, Figs. 2 and 12 (this the Missouriensis); third, the elliptical, Figs. 3* and 6 (a common tree form); fourth, the oblong-lanceolate with obtuse, truncate, or cordate base, Figs. 4 and 9 (the old recognized type form) ; fifth, the long narrow lanceolate, Figs. 5, 10, 11. There is one idea which runs, more or less, through all the forms, viz., the ob idea, — the leaf broadening above the mid- dle. Even in the long narrow leaves it may usually be noticed. There is, besides, another, a universal character of the highest importance, it, in conjunction with the ob idea, being probably the chief mark by which we so readily recognize the species. This is the lack of symmetry of the two sides, or in other words, the leaf is not equilateral. It has a peculiar concave curve on one side towards the apex, which I believe is dis- tinctive. It is, indeed, a wonder that, in spite of all the variation, there yet is not the least difficulty in the recognition of the species. How do we come to know it? Surely, not by a remem- brance of its technical characters as given in descriptions. I conceive it must be from a very complex impression produced by the plant as a whole, too spiritual, perhaps, to fully in- terpret upon paper. No doubt, the shade color of the foliage, the way the leaves are massed on the twigs and branches, as well as the manner in which these spread, all have to do with it. A second inference to be drawn from the table is, that there is not sufficient ground to draw the specific line between tree and shrub. Comparing the column of 38 trees with the 78 shrubs, it may, in a general way, be affirmed that the latter bear leaves having greater tendency to the * After plate was drawn, when too late to rectify, I discovered that Fig. 3 represents a hybrid. — N. M. G. Olatfelter — Relations of Salix Missouriensis to S. Cordata. 141 lance form, shorter petioles and lessglaucousness. But to me, it appears quite evident, judging both from a review of the table, and comparison of the first two plates, there exists not a demonstrable line of separation justifying a division into two species. This is not saying there is not a form rather peculiar in Missouri and Nebraska. Such form may present itself in Mr. Bush's district in a purer or less mixed state than here about St. Louis. If such be the fact, it could be ascertained only by making an extensive collection in his vicinity as I have done in mine. If we assume two species then the intermediates would have to be regarded as hybrids, but such line of separation could not be drawn between tree and shrub as already shown ; for the parallelism in most of the characters is almost complete ; and besides, assuming any two forms as types, there would still remain the others as side types not fitting in between. Have we the typical form of cordata as originally given at St. Louis? I think we have. Having examined a copy of the original drawing by Muhlenberg besides many herbarium specimens from many parts, at the Missouri Botanical Gar- dens, and a specimen personally collected on the "Potomac Flats," D. C, I come to the above conclusion. Moreover, I think we have here all the forms growing in the Mississippi valley and eastward at least to the Falls of Niagara, but not those of California and Mexico. Is it not possible that in some former age these various forms may have arisen in separate regions as very distinct varieties, but now, having in some unknown way been brought together, present an almost protaean and unresolvable com- plexity? Or what influence may some other species of salix have exerted in modifying the original or its varieties? Ser- icea, for example. This latter willow grows sparingly here, but leaves abundant evidence of its contaminating influence on cordata wherever found. At first I felt myself able to distinguish the hybrids thus produced, but finally had to suc- cumb to the indistinctness of the line of separation. This hybridism is found in tree as well as shrub. The silkiness of the Sericea, in the hybrid is often completely lost ; the differ- ing capsule merges into that of cordata. These two 142 Traits. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. important characters gone there remains little to distinguish the spurious specimen in hand from the narrow-leaved forms of cordata. Even tho veining, perhaps the most constant single character of cordata, fails us here. Inasmuch as S. sericea is widely spread over tho country, is not its influence the same wherever coming in contact with cordata? And may not many of our narrow, long-leaved forms be due to this influence? A detailed technical description is not one of the objects of this paper. I will call attention, however, to several variations which seem, hitherto, to have been overlooked, or which may be peculiar to our region. One is a tendency, in some specimens, to the notching of the stigma, a good example being represented in Figs. 19, 20, 21. Another is the occa- sional teudency to union partways, of the filaments, repre- sented in Fig. 18; both are from trees. Summing up the three classes into which the collection is divided, it will be seen that the oblong and long lance shapes, the obtuse to truncate base, the medium petiole, the obtuse stipule, and glaucous surface, predominate. In conclusion, allow me to say, it gives me no pleasure to run counter to the results arrived at by Mr. Bebb. Had he the same material to work with, I feel confident there would be no essential difference. He wrote me he had barely a dozen speci- mens amongst which were no truncate or cordate leaves, which, of course, was very exceptional to all his experience of the cordatse. This deficiency must be attributed to the fault of the collectors ; for in the so-called Missouriensis, the collector must look for tho most vigorous shoots to obtain the truncate and cordate leaves, inasmuch as the tendency in this direction is not strong. It is not to be expected this paper will settle the question at issue. It should provoke further inquiry. St. Louis, Nov. 4, 1895. Glatfelter — Relations of Salix Misnouriensu to IS. Cordata. 143 s •qioocuc< .— > 60 eo Ol o eo eo »o Cl -r ~r •asoiaauioi JO iOMOQ CO co Cl lO »o i— ( CI to Cl 6 o s! «t-t 3 BQ •aa»JO f— l eo ■i CO -f t- ^ 3IBJ o CO Ol ~r CI 1—1 eo -»■ Ol 'A -r •8tioon«i2-qns I ; CO Ol 'O o Ol •snoonBio Ol t-i Cl CO -* CI CO CO «5 3) o5 ft w •asniqo oa pajajoj ** eo CO •** 04 ■«»• CO •aernqo o^ a^noy X ec 051 Cl CO OI i - CO Ol lO •pajaiod oi ainoy I I t- Ci- Cl CO G0 •p^aio^ ■* 3 I- OJ 01 'fj «o CO 01 •ajnoy ■* 2 ci «s ■o Cl Cl •asmqo co ■ - OI -r to Ol 1- -r 9 .2 33 •^aoqs -~ •Saoi oi uimpajv US eo ! 1 • O Cl O •mriipaj^ t» Cl CO •*> Cl CO eo o CO •jioqs 00 ci CO CO 051 0 Ol Ol eo ■ o • (A*pAjii?jaj) aaoi t' cc i— ( co t~- 1- eo eo d on 33 pq •aveoatui oj ainoy ; ; 0 -»< Ol •panoH I • o CO •— Ol CO •panoa oj 8TB0urux cc QO co ■* -r t- o •aVBoatux o< ■a co Ol 1—1 C ■* eo •ayepjoo oj avBoamj, •wspioo oi ainov ec CO • 0 Cl '0 Cl CO Ol 05 «o : -r h» CO •paaoa oi astuiqo ec CO ■~ eo -r t» CO •asmqo M ia I- CM 051 c Ol Ol 'O eo •ainoB CO -r CC c CO >-< eo eg M >» -4 W Cm CO e-< •9oa-B[-3aoiqo pucug ; •a CO I lO •aaojqo-ai'BAO « CO •^ U» 1- eo -T •90UB1 ■* o •-* X o 1- CO Cl 1-H •son^i-a^AO 05 1© ■* >o o; ■* 00 •aou«i Saoi «£ co C CO Ol c eo CO •9oa'B^-opdi[ig Cl « ■* c CO Ol •annBi-JSaoiqo c 051 eo e •-> - lO eo eo -.cv •ON ■e a "5 o^ ■ o t~ ■*- a a *. c o t a s> c a a 2 E- > > > i « > > > < < a £ ! > 1 1 1 4- a a <•- c o c -*- c 7 c a £ r > > i > i > * ) > t 1 "ol a w 144 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate 1. Explanation. — Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, leaf forms from trees over 20 ft. high. Plate 2. Explanation.— Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, leaf forms from shrubs under 10 ft. high. Plate 3. Explanation. — Fig. 13, stipules various forms, natural size, the first three, upper line from the same tree, the one at right of second line from a shrub collected at Washington, D. C; Figs. 14 and 15, twigs with winter buds, natural size, the former most usual in the arborescent form ; Figs. 16 and 17, pistillate catkins, natural size; Fig. 18, stamens partly aduate X 8» Figs. 19, 20, 21, three forms of pistil X 3, with stigmas X 6- Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. , Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 6. FLOWERS AND INSECTS. CHARLES ROBERTSON. Issued April 28, 1896. JUL Xo 1895 FLOWERS AND INSECTS.* CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN ACCOUNT OF THE ECOLOGICAL RELA- TIONS OF THE ENTOMOPHILOUS FLORA AND THE ANTHOPHI- LOUS INSECT FAUNA OF THE NEIGHBORHOOD OF CARLINVILLE, ILLINOIS. Charles Robertson. The following paper belongs with a series begun in the Botanical Gazette, Vol. XIV, May, 1889, which has reached the fifteenth number in the Gazette for February, 1896. The papers on Umbelliferae and Asclepiadaceae to Scrophulari- aceae, in Vol. V, 449-460, 569-598, and on Labiatae and Rosaceae and Compositae, in Vol. VI, 101-131, 435-480, of these Transactions, as well as a paper on the Philosophy of Flower Seasons, in the American Naturalist, XXIX, 97- 117, Feb., 1895, are parts of the same series. Unless other- wise stated, the observations were made in the neighborhood of Carlinville, Illinois, and within the limits of Macoupin County. In making up the indexes to the literature of the several genera, use has been made of the bibliography compiled by D'Arcy W. Thompson, published in the translation of Mtiller's Befruchtung der Blumen, and giving titles of books and papers published up to 1883; of MacLeod's continuation of Thompson's list for the period 1883-1889, Bot. Jaarboek, 1890; of the abstracts by Mtiller and Dalla Torre in Just's Bot. Jahresbericht, those of Ludwig and others in the Bot. Centralblatt and those of Loew in the recent work now to be mentioned. Next in importance to the translation of Mtiller's Befruchtuno; der Blumen is Loew's Bliitenbiologische Floristik des mittleren und nordlichen Europa sowie Gronlands — Svstematische Zusammenstellung des in den letzen zehn * Presented by title to the Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 6, 189C. (151) 152 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Jahren veroffentlichten Beobachtungsmaterials. Besides a slisrht German bias it must be used with cautiou on account of its time limit. I have had trouble with it because it mentions an author's name without citing the paper in which the ob- servations are recorded. For access to much of the literature I am indebted to the authorities of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Owing to the interest Professor Trelease has taken in the subject, the library probably contains the best collection of the literature of pollination in this country, and that, too, in the most con- venient form for consultation. It is highly desirable to make this collection as complete as possible. In the determination of Hymenoptera I have been aided by Mr. E. T. Cresson, W. H. Ashmead, L. O. Howard and W. J. Fox; in Diptera by Dr. S. W. Williston, C. H. T. Town- send and D. W. Coquillett; in Lepidoptera by Prof . G. H. French and C. A. Hart ; in Coleoptera by Mr. Hart, Chas. Liebeck, through Entomological News, and S. Henshaw; in Hemiptera by Mr. P. R. Uhler and Mr. Hart. Hepatica Dill. — Sprengel (1) regarded H. triloba as a pollen-flower adapted to bees, and his view that the flower contained no nectar is confirmed by Axell (3) Miiller (4) and Loew (8). Miiller saw JEristalis tenax frequently feeding upon the pollen and hive-bees collecting it. He also notes that the male of Osmia rufa vainly sought for nectar, and that a but- terfly, Golias rhamni, rested upon the flowers and probed for nectar upon different parts of the receptacle. Loew accounts for the visits of Osmia rufa as a result of a scarcity of food or as being in the search of the female. I have observed that when male bees fly about flowers looking for the female, they only do so about flowers upon which the female occurs, and they seldom alight. I make it a rule to capture these male bees and to watch the flowers for the visits of the females to which they belong. Miiller (6 ) goes to an extreme in mentioning Hepatica as an example of the blue flowers specially attractive to the highest specialized bees. The color is commonly quite pale, and the indications seem to point to an adaptation to the least special- Roberlson — Flowers and Insects. 153 ized bees. The flowers are perfect and homogamous, but rare cases of gynomonoecism and gynodioecism have been recorded by Irmisch (2), Schroter (9), Calloni (10) and Schulz (11). The perfect flowers are spontaneously self-pollinated after the innermost anthers bave begun to dehisce (Kerner 12). Hepatica acutiloba DC. — H. acuta (Ph.) Britton. — The plants are common on hill-sides and bloom quite early — March 18th to April 19. The scapes rise 1-2 dm. high and bear erect flowers with about six sepals, which are blue, pinkish or white, expanding horizontally so that the flowers measure about 25 mm. across. Commonly several scapes are near together, and the plants, having no competitors to overshadow them, are quite conspicuous. The flowers close at night and open in the morning, the old ones persisting long enough to increase the attractiveness of the patches. As stated above, H. triloba is considered to be without nectar, and I could not satisfy myself of its presence in this species either by sight, taste or test for sugar in water in which the flowers had been immersed. In spite of the failure to dis- cover its presence I am inclined to suspect that it occurs in a thin layer, for all of the insects mentioned in the list thrust their proboscides about the bases of the filaments, except Syrphus americanus. On the other hand none of them were feeding upon the pollen, or collecting it, except the three Syrphidae and the hive-bee, which is not indigenous. The receptacle is covered with papillae which may secrete nectar. Unless they do, I can understand neither why they are present and so strongly developed, why the filaments are separated in such a way as to make room for them, nor the behavior of the insects. In Anemone nemorosa, which is also said to be devoid of nectar, Bonnier* states that similar papillae secrete nectar in minute drops. The early flowers with their abundant exposed pollen, and possibly convenient nectar, are adapted to the less specialized bees, Andrenidae, though often also visited by Syrphidae and other insects. With rare exceptions, the visitors consist of a few individuals of the commonest insects flying at the * Les Nectaires, 141. 154 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. time. The following list was observed on March 21 and 29, and April, 4 : — Bees — Apidae: (1) Apis melliflca L. § , s. & c. p., freq.; (2) Ceratina tejonensis Or. $, s.; Andrenidae : (3) Halictus sp. $,s. ; (4) H. confusus Sm. $ , s. ; (5; H. stultus Cr. ? , s. ; (6) Andrena vicina Sm. <-f 9 , s. ; (7) A. erythronii Eob. tf, s.; (8) A. mandibularis Rob. tf, s.; (9) A. flavoclypeata Sm. 9, s.; (10) A. rugo^a Rob. c??, s., freq.; (11) Colletes inaequalis Say Flies — Bombylidae: (12) Bombylius major L., s., freq.; Syrphidae: (13) Syrphus americanus Wd., f. p.; (14) Eristalis dimidiatus Wd., s. & f . p.; (15) Brachypalpus frontosus Lw., s. & f. p., freq.; Tachinidae: (16) Gonia frontosa Say, s. ; Muscidae: (17) Lucilia cornicina F., s., freq. ; Anthomyidae: (18) Phorbia fusciceps Zett., s. On the literature of Hepatica see : — (1) Sprengel, Das entdeckte Geheimuiss, 31, 291-2. 1793. Anemone hepa- tica.— (2) Irmisch, Montrose Anemonenbluthen. Bot. Zeit. 1848: 217-18. A. hepatica. — (3) Axell, Om anorduiugarna for de fauerogama viixternas be- fruktning, 104. 1869. Anemone hepatica. — (4) Muller, Weitere Beobachtun- gen. I: 43. Verb., naturhist. Vereins preuss. Rheinl. u. Westfalens 1878. — (5) Hildebrand, Die Farben der Bliithen in ihrer jetzigen Variation und friiheren Entwickelung, 25, 28. 1879. H. triloba, cyanic. (Just 71: 110).— (6) Muller, Die Stellung der Honigbiene in der Blumenwelt. Bienenzeit. 38: No. 10. 1882. (Just 91: 499).— (7) Muller, Fertilization of Flowers, 71.1883. H. triloba. — (8) Loew, Blumenbesuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin 3: 114 (46). 1884.— (9) Schroter, Gynodioecisme chez Anemone hepatica. Arch, sci.phys. etnat. Geneva 14: 283. 1885. — (10) Calloni, Fleurs unisexu^es et mouvement spontane des etamines dansl'Ane- mone hepatica. Arch. sci. phys. et. nat. III. 13 : 409. 1885. (Just 131 : 751) — (11) Schulz, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Bestiiubungseinrichtungen und Geschlechtsvertheilung bei den Pflanzen. 2: 178. 1890. — (12) Kerner, Pflan- zenleben 2:126, etc. 1891. — (13) Hansgirg, Neue biologische Mittheil- ungen. Bot. Centralblatt 52: 386. 1892. E. angulosa. — (14) Loew, Bliitenbiologische Floristik, 177, 377. 1894. H. triloba. AsmisrA triloba Dunal. — Common Papaw — Delpino (1-4) has given so complete an account of this flower that there is hardly anything new that can be said about it. It is our best example of a flower adapted to flesh-flies (sapromyi- ophilous). It is pendulous, broad bell-shaped, with dark purple color and an odor which Delpino compares to that of leaven. The short-lived stigmas protrude from the hemispher- ical mass of stamens and are receptive before the latter dis- charge, so that we have a very well marked case of protero- gyny. The three outer petals are larger and form the most Robertson — Floivers and Bisects. 155 conspicuous parts. The three inner ones secrete nectar on their roughened inner faces, and are shaped and disposed so as to require the insects to come in contact with the anthers and stigmas. At first they are not so widely expanded, and this is important, since, when the flies crawl in, they are more apt to touch the stigmas, which are much fewer than the anthers and occupy a more limited and central position. Flies land upon the backs of the petals and crawl around to the underside, so that they strike the anthers and stigmas with their backs. Asimina is an American genus, but there seems to be no reason why plants transferred to Europe should not be ex- pected to show a quite natural assemblage of visitors, at least in the case of the species in question, since they would become exposed to a similar insect fauna. At Firenze, Delpino cap- tured on the flowers a number of flies, which were determined by Eondani as follows : — Muscidae; (1) Calliphora erythrocephala Mgn.; (2) Lucilia sericata Mgn.; (3) Cyrtoneura pasquorum Mgn.; (4) C. stabulans Fll. ; (5) C. assimilis Fll. j Anthomyidae; (6) Homalomyia prostrata Rossi; Ortalidae: (7) Platy- stoma umbrarum Mgn. Delpino did not seem to hold that the flower was adapted to flesh-flies until later (4). The following list observed on May 5th confirms this view. The trees are common on creek banks and bloom from April 22 to May 15. Syrphidae: (1) Syrphus americanus Wd., one; Tachinidae: (2) Masicerasp., one; Sarcophagidae: (3) Cynomyia mortuorum L., freq. ; (4) Sarcophaga aegra Wlk.; (5) Helicobia sp.; (6) H. helicis Twos.; Muscidae: (7) Lucilia caesar L.; Anthomyidae: (8) Pliorbia fusciceps Zett. ; Cordyluridae: (9) Scatophagy squalida Mgn. On the pollination of Asimina triloba see: — (1) Delpino, Ulteriori osservazioni. Pt. I: 231, 242. Pt. II. fasc. 2: 24, 53, 94, 17G, 178,214, 301, 314. Atti d. soc. Ital. d. Sci. Milano 12: 221, 232. 18G9. 16:172-3,201,242,324,326. 1873. 17:—. 1874.— f2) Hildebrand, F. Delpino's Weitere Beobachtungen iiber die Dichogamie im Pflanzer.reich. Bot. Zeit. 28: 672. 1870.— (3) Miiller, Fertilization of Flowers, 90. 1883.— (4) Delpino, Sulla impollinazione dell' Arum Dracunculus. Malpiguia 3: 389 (5). 1890. (Just 181 : 470). Podophyllum L. — Loew (1) regards the two species of this genus as pollen-flowers. They are devoid of pathfinders. 156 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The Himalayan P. emodi Wallr. resembles our species in a general way. It expands from 4 to 5 c. m. and has six petals and six stamens. The ovary is about 16 mm. long and bears a large stigma with six irregular lobes. The stamens are only 10 mm. long, so that self-pollination can hardly occur except as a result of irregular behavior on the part of the insect visitors. Podophyllum peltatum L. — May Apple — The flower stem rises from a creeping rootstock to an height of about 3 d. m. and is terminated by two peltate leaves, between which is situated a single flower, which looks outwards and a little downwards. The flower is white and expands from 5 to 9 c. m. The petals are six to nine and the stamens 12 to 18. As a rule the anthers do not reach as far as the stigma, but sometimes their tips touch its edge so as to effect spontaneous self-pollination. The flower seems to be devoid of nectar. I have watched it frequently, but have seldom seen it visited. A single hive- bee, Apis mellifica L. £, was observed collecting the pollen, but it is not a native insect. Two bumble-bees, Bombus americanorum F. § and B. separatus Or. 5, probed about the bases of the filaments as if trying to find nectar, but did not try to collect the pollen. Another long-tongued bee, Synhalonia frater Cr. ^, also sought for nectar. The pollen protecting arrangements mentioned by Kerner (2) I think are quite imaginary. The plant is common and blooms from April 26th to May 19th. On the literature of Podophyllum see : — (l) Loew, Bliithenbiologische Beitrage I. Pringsheira's Jahrbucher 22:452-3 (8-9). 1891. P. emodi, peltatum.— (2) Kerner, Pflanzenleben 2:126. 1891. (Just 17':529.) Solea concolor Ging. — Green Violet — The plant is rare in my neighborhood, there being, as far as I have observed, but one station for it. It grows in woods, in somewhat shady situations, and is the latest of the family to bloom, its season being from April 30 to May 30. The stems grow several decimetres high and bear small greenish flowers, which are Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 157 pendulous, or nearly so. The flowers are rather inconspicuous and are partly concealed by the leaves, but there is an abun- dance of nectar. The lower petal is quite large. It is notched at the apex and bears a longitudinal groove which terminates in a blunt spur. The spur conceals the nectar, which is secreted by a large gland formed by a union of the two basal processes of the two lower stamens. The stamens are united into a tube enveloping the pistil, their cone-shaped tips receiv- ing the loose pollen. Near the tip, the style is bent aside so that the stigma is placed in the groove of the lower petal. When a bee lands upon the lower petal, to which it clings, its proboscis is guided by the groove to the nectar at the base. The stio-ma is first touched and thrown upwards and back- wards, a movement which disturbs the loose pollen and causes a downpour. Although there is evident adaptation for cross- pollination, and I have not seen any evident modification for securing spontaneous self-pollination, still the inconspicuous flowers, partly concealed by the leaves, the shady situations in which the plant grows, as well as the apparent iufrequency of insect visits, lead me to suspect that spontaneous self-pol- lination may occur. On May 7th, I saw the flowers visited for nectar by a single female of Augochlora pura Say. Euonymus L. — The flowers have freely exposed nectar. They are usually perfect, but in England, Darwin (5) found E. europaeus to be polygamous and trioicous, about one-half of the plants having all of the flowers pistillate. In the Tyrol Schulz (12) found this species to have perfect flowers in most cases, less frequently andro- or gynomonoecious. Of several thousand plants, he observed but two or three with only pistil- late or staminate flowers. Among the more or less fanciful types of floral mechanisms which Delpino (4) recognizes are the Tipo ramnaceo and Tipo melantino. He regards both as adapted to the larger flies. The former contains E. europaeus, latifolius, and japonicus; the latter contains E. verrucosus, with lurid color and offen- sive odor. In England, Darwin saw E. europaeus visited by many Diptera and some small Hymenoptera. In Germany, Miiller (3) saw it visited by twelve flies, mostly Syr-phidae and 158 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Muscidae, while in the Tyrol Schulz observed many flies, bees and wasps, and beetles. In the Berlin Garden, Loew (8, 9) saw E. lalifolius visited by a flesh-fly, CalUphora erythro- cephala, and our E. americanus visited by the hive-bee. According to Midler E. europaeus is proterandrous, with spontaneous self-pollination impossible. According to Schulz the proterandry is sometimes only slight. (See 2.) Euonymus atropurpureus Jacq. — Waahoo. — This is a small tree bearing numerous small, dark purple, pendulous flowers in loose cymes. The flowers expand horizontally for about 8 mm. In the center is situated a nearly square flat disc which secretes nectar. Each angle of the disc bears a nearly sessile anther, while iu the middle is situated a stigma which is also nearly sessile. The flowers are proterandrous. The stamens and style are so short that, I think, pollen is carried mainly upon the feet and proboscides of the insects. The flower has a disagreeable odor, which, with the dark pur- ple color, would probably place it in Delpino's Tipo melantino, along with E. verrucosus. These characters suggest an adap- tation to flesh-flies, but my observations as yet do not confirm this view. I have found the flowers in bloom from the 28th of May, to the 23d of June. The following visitors were taken on June 8, 11 and 15 : — Bees — Andrenidae: (1) Halictus confusus Sra. $; (2) H. zephyrus Sm. $ ; (3) H. stultus Cr. $, freq.; (4) Augochlora labrosa Say $ ; (5) A. para Say $. Diptera— Syrphidae: (6) Syrphus ribesii L. ; (7) Allograpta obliqua Say; (8) Mesograpta marginata Say; (9) Baccha tarchetius Wlk.; Ortalidae: (10) Seoptera colon Lw. Coleoptera — Chrysomelidae : (11) Rkabdopterus picipes Oliv.; Mordel- lidae: (12) Mordellistena ornata Melsh.— All sucking. On the pollination of Euonymus see : — (1) Fournier, De la Fecondation dans les Phanerogames, 118. 1863. Pro- terandry.— (2) Delpino, Altri apparecchi dicogamici recentemente osser- vati. Nuovo. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2: 52. Proterandry. 1870.— (3) Miiller, Be- fruchtung der Blumen, 153. 1873. Fertilization of Flowers, 162. 1883.— (4) Delpino, Ulteriori osservazioni. II. 2: 25, 54, 160, 214, 300, 302. 1875. Atti d. soc. Ital. d.sci. nat. in Milano 16: 173, 202, 308. 1873. 17:—. 1874. (Just 2: 883, 895). — (5) Darwin, Forms of Flowers, 287-93. 1877. (Just 5: 738)— (6) Errera et Gevaert, Sur la structure et les modes de fecondation des Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 159 fleurs. Bull. Soc. royale bot. Belgique 17: 159. 1878. E. europaeus.— (7) Miiller, Die Stellung der Honigbiene in der Blumenwelt. III. Bienenzeitung Jahrg. 39: 157-61. 1883. E. europaeus, Apis wanting. (Just ll1: 476).— (8) Loew, Blumenbesuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin 3: 82 (14) 1884.— (9) Loew, Weit. Beob. iiber den Blumen- besuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin 4: 152. 1886.— (10) Kirchner, Flora von Stuttgart und Umgebung, 356. 1888. E. europaeus.— (11) Trelease, Ilicineae and Celastraceae. Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. 5: 349-50. 1889.— (12) Schulz, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Bestiiu- buDgseinrichtungen und Geschlechtsvertheilungbeiden Fflanzen. 2: 61, 185. Bibliotheca Botauica 17, 1890.— (13) Kerner, Pflanzenleben 2: 169. 1891. E. europaeus. (Just 171: 531) — (14) MacLeod, Bevruchting der bloemen van Vlaanderen. Bot. Jaarboek 6: 246, 437. 1894. E. europaeus. (15) Loew, Bliitenbiologische Floristik, 214, 378. 1894. E. europaeus. Aesculus L.— Most of the observations made upon this genus were upon plants growing in Europe, where none of them are indigenous. AE. rubicanda is andromonoeeious, with the perfect flowers proterogynous (Hildebrand 2). AE. macrostachya is also andromonoeeious, with the perfect flowers proterandrous, and is adapted to nocturnal Lepidoptera (Kirchner 21). AE . Jlava (lutea Wang, octandra Marsh.) has most of its flowers fertile, is perforated by Bombus terrestrzs, and in the Berlin Garden is visited by hive bees (see Loew 13, 26). According to Meehan (22) AE . parvifiora is andromonoeeious. Trelease (MS. notes) saw it visited by bumble bees and by Trochilus colubris (10). I suspect that the Red Buckeye, AE. pavia, is specially adapted to hummiug birds. Aesculus hippocastanum L. ("Adv. from Asia via Eu."). — Sprengel's account of this species left little to be added. He was mistaken in regarding the perfect flowers as proterandrous instead of proterogynous (2). The plant is andromonoeeious, but Ogle (4) found some flowers which were pistillate from losing their anthers before dehiscence. The flowers are supposed to be adapted to bumble-bees (1, 5, 11, 19). In my yard I have seen them visited by: — Bees — (1) Bombus americanorum F. $, ab.; (2) B. pennsylvanicus De. G. $,ab.; (3) B. separatus Cr. 9, ab.; (4) B. virginicus Oliv. $,ab.; (5) B. scutellaris Cr. £ ; (6) Synhalonia f rater Cr. J*?, ab. Birds— (7) Trochilus colubris L. 160 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Aesculus glabra Willd. — Coulter (12) records the fact that the flowers are androinonoecious, the perfect ones proterogynous. The trees are common and bear numerous panicles of yellowish flowers. The two lower petals are directed horizontally, lying on each side of the stamens. The two upper ones are turned upwards and form a vexillum, being marked by yellow blotches which serve as pathfinders. These by turning reddish enable the bees to distinguish the older flowers, which only serve to increase the conspicuousness of the inflorescence. The stamens and style are declined to the lower side and are curved upwards. The stamens are of unequal length and the longest are exserted 10 mm. beyond the tips of the lower petals. The anthers dehisce in suc- cession. Nectar is secreted by a portion of the disc which is strongly developed above and may be reached by a bee inserting its proboscis above the filaments. On account of the depth of the calyx tube a proboscis 10 mm. long is needed to do this easily. The flowers are adapted to bumble bees, which on account of the early blooming time — April 20-May 11 — are represented only by the females, and by other long tongues, such as Anthophora and Synhalonia. May 4, 5 and 9, I saw the flowers visited by the following : — Apidae — (1) Bombus separatus Cr. ? ; (2) B. pennsylvanicus De G. $, freq.; (3) B. americanorum F. 9, freq.; (4 J B. virginicus Oliv. ?; (5) Anthophora ursina Cr. $ ; (6) Synhalonia frater Cr. $ ; (7) S. belfragei Cr. tf 9> freq., in cop. — all sucking. On the literature of Aesculus see : — (1) Sprengel, Das entdeckte Geheimniss, 209-14. 1793.— (2) Hildebrand, Geschlechter-vertheilung bei den Pflanzen, 11, 26. 1867.— (3) Axell, Om anordningarna for de fanerogama vaxternas befruktning, 104. 1869. AE. hippocastanum, cit. (2)— (4) Ogle, The fertilization of some plants. Pop. Sci. Rev. 9:54 Ja 1870.— (5) Muller, Befruchtung der Blumen, 154-6. 1873. AE. hippocastanum, rubicunda. — (6) Delpino, Ulteriori osservazioni. II. 2:178, 266, 268. 1875. Atti. d. Soc. Ital. d. Sci. in Milano. 16:326. 1873. 17 :_, 1874. AE. hippocastanum, rubicunda. — (7) Errera et Gevaert, Sur la structure et les modes de fecondation des fleurs. Bull. d. Soc. roy. d. Bot. Belgique 17:146. 1878. AE. hippocastanum, cit. (4).— (8) Hildebrand, Die Farben der Bliithen in ihrer jetzigen variation und friiheren Ent- wickelung, 38. 1879. AE. hippocastanum, color changes. (Just 71:110)- (9) Bonnier, Les Nectaires. Ann. d. Sci. nat. Bot. VI. 8:107. f. 29 Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 161 30. 1878. AE. hippocastanum. — (10) Trelease, Fertilization of flowers by humming birds. Am. Nat. 14:362. 1880.— (11) Miiller, Fertilza- tion of Flowers, 161-6. 1S83. AE. hippocastanum, rubicunda. — (12) Coul- ter, Notes on Aesculus glabra. Bot. Gaz. 8:245. 1883. — (13) Loew, Blumenbesuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin 3: 84 (16). 1884. — (14) Urban, Zur Biologie der einseitswendigen Bliitenstande. Ber. Deut. bot. Gesellschaft 3: 409. 1885. AE. hippocasta- num.— (15) Kirchner, Neue Beobachtungen tiber die Bestaubungseinrichtun- gen einheimischer Pflanzen. Progr. d. 68 Jahresfeier d. K. Wiirttemb. landwirtsch. Akademie Hohenheim, 31. 1886. (Just 141: 790). AE. rubi- cunda.— (16) Ascherson, Der Farbeuwechsel des Saft-mals ia den Bliiten der Rosskastanie. Naturwiss. Wachenschrift 2: 129-30. 1888. (Just 161: 548) — (17) Martelli, Dimorflsmo fiorale di alcune specie di Aesculus. Nuov. giorn. bot. Ital. 20: 401-4. 1888. AE. hippocastanum, car nea, flava. (Just 161: 531. Bot. Ceutralblatt 36: 264.) — (18) Beyer, Die spontanen Bewegun- gen der Staubgefasse und Stempel. Wissenschaftliche Beilage zum Progr. d. Kgl. Gymnasiums zu Wehlau, 54. 1888. AE. hippocastanum. (Justie1: 523) — (19) Focke, Der Farbenwechsel der Rosskastanien-Blumen. Verh. bot. Ver. Prov. Brandenburg 31: 108-12. 1889. (Just 181: 473)— (20) Bail, Ueber die gelben Flecken der Rosskastanienbliite. Schr. Naturf . Gesellsch. Danzig 7: 6. 1890. AE. hippocastamtm, carnea, color changes and sun light. (Just 181: 463) — (21) Kirchner, Beitriige zur Biologie der Bliithen. Progr. z. 72 Jahresfeier d. K. Wiirttemb. landwirtsch. Akademie Hohen- heim, 30. 1890. — (22) Meehan, Contributions to the life histories of plants. V. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1890:274-6. (Just 191: 420)— (23) Kerner, Pflanzenleben 2 : 179 etc. 1891. AE. hippocastanum, macrostachya. (Just 171: 531, 533-4. 181: 485)— (24) Newell, The flowers of the horse- chestnut. Bot. Gaz. 18: 107. 1893.— (25) Knuth, Blumen und Insekten auf den Nordfriesischen Inseln, 50. 1894. AE. hippocastanum. — (26) Loew> Bliitenbiologische Floristik, 208-9. 1894. AE. hippocastanum, rubicunda, flava, macrostachya. See also (27) Jordan, Beitriige z. physiol. Oranogra- phie d. Blumen. Ber. d. D. Bot. Ges. 5: 338-40. 1887. AE. hippocastanum . Astragalus L. — The observations made upon this genus indicate an adaptation of the flowers to bumble-bees, though some species are also visited by other bees, such as Megachile. A. alpinus (6) shows a tendency to change to a butterfly- flower. In those cases in which the stigma surpasses the anthers, cross-pollination is indicated, while those in which these parts are near together have been supposed to be spontaneously self-pollinated. It seems, however, in these cases that it needs to be shown that the stigma is capable of being properly pollinated before it has been rubbed (Heinsius 19). Of the two species which are the only ones found about Oarlinville, A. mexicanus belongs to the spring group of 162 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Leguminosae and blooms from April 15 to May 12, while A. canadensis blooms later and much longer, July 3 to August 26. These flowers illustrate what seems to be a general rule with the bumble-bee flowers of the neighborhood : the early ones visited by bumble-bee females, with accessory visits of Anthophora and Synhalonia, have the nectar more deep seated than the late flovvers visited by bumble-bee workers, with accessory visits of Melissodes and Megachile. Astragalus canadensis L. — A. carolinianus L. — The flowers are entirely greenish-yellow, are crowded in racemes and are visited by bees crawling over them. The stigma touches the insect visitor in advance of the anthers. From the calyx tube being 4-5 mm. deep and the vexillum being strongly produced forwards the nectar is only readily ex- hausted by long-tongued bees. On July 7, 9, 16, 23, and Aug. 2, I saw the flowers visited by the following insects : — Hymenoptera — Apidae: (1) Apis melliflca L. g, one, vainly trying to obtain nectar; (2) Bombus separatus Cr. §,s.; (3) B. pennsylvanicus De G. $§,s. & c. p.; (4) B. arnericanorum F. § , s. & c. p., freq. ; (5) Melis- sodes biraaculata Lep. tf, s. ; (G) Megachile relativa Cr. 9, s-5 (7) Anthi- diura emarginatum Say tf, s. ; Andrenidae: (8) Halictus parallelus Say $, s., one. ; Eumenidae: (9) Odynerus fundatus Cr., s., one. Lepidoptera — Bhopalocera: (.10) Nisoniades martialis Scud., s., one. At Mt. Carmel, Illinois, Schneck (17) saw the flowers perforated by Xylocopa virginica Dm. Astragalus mexicanos A. DC. — This is the northernmost limit of the plant in Illinois, but it is quite common. To the list of visitors given before (14) add the following observed on April 19 and 29 : — Apidae: (3) Bombus pennsylvanicus De G. ?, s. & c. p.; (6) Anthophora ursina Cr. ^9, s. & c. p., freq.; (7) Osmia brevis Cr. 9, s. & c. p. On the literature of Astragalus see :— (1) Sprengel, Das entdeckte Geheimuiss, 3G2. 1793. A. onobrychis.— (2) Axell, Om anordningarna for de fanerogama vaxternas befruktning, 17, 73, 111. 18G9. A. or oboides, alpinus. — (3) Delpino, Ulteriori osservazioni. PL II, fasc. 2: 199. 1875. Atti d. soc. Ital. d. sci. nat. in Milano 16:347. 1873. A. alpinus.— (A) Errera et Gevaert, Sur la structure et les modes de fecondation des fleurs. Bull. Soc. royale bot. de Belgique 17:78. 1878. A. alpinus.— (5) Miiller, Weitere Beobachtungen. II. Verh. naturhist. Ver. preuss. Kheinl. u. Westf. 1879. 252-3. A. glycyphyllos.— (6) Miiller, Robertson — Floivers and Insects. 1G3 Alpenblumen, 230-2. 1881. A. depressus, monspessulanus, alpinus. — (7) Loew, Blumenbesuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin 3:96-8, 112, 116, 275, (28-30, 44, 48, 73). 1884. 8 spp.— (8) Kirchner, Neue Beobachtungen iiber die Bestaubungseinrichtungen einheimischer Pflanzen. Progr. 68 Jahresfeier d. K. Wiirttemb. laud- wirtschaftl. Akademie Hohenheim, 41. 1886. A. cicer. (Just 141: 791;.— (9) Lindman, Bliihen und Bestaubungseinrichtungen im Skandinavis- chen Hochgebirge. Bot. Centralblatt 30:127, 157, 158, 1887. (Biol. Centralblatt 8:198-201.) A. oroboides, frigidus, alpinus. — (10) Lind- man, Ueber die Bestaubungseinrichtungen einigen Skandinavischen Alpenpflanzen. Bot. Centralblatt 33:59. 1888. A. oroboides. — (11) Kerner, Ueber das Wechseln der Bliitenfarbe an einer und derselbeu Art in verschiedeneu Gegenden. Oest. Bot. Zeit. 39:77. 1889. A. vesicarius. (Just 171:536). — (12) Schulz, Beitriige zur Kenutniss der Bestaubungseinrichtungen und Geschlechtsvertheilung bei den Pflanzen. 1:32. 1888. 2:209-10. 1890. A. excapus, danicus, cicer, glycyphyllos. — (13) Kirchner, Beitriige zur Biologie der Bliiten. Progr. 72 Jahresfeier K. Wiirttemb. landvvirtschl. Akademie Hohenheim, 44. 1890. A. onobrychis. — (14) Robertson, Flowers and insects. V. Bot. Gaz. 15:199. Ag. 1890.— (15) Kerner, Pflanzenleben 2:189, 266. 1891. A. vesicarius, (Just 171:532). — (16) MacLeod, De Pyreneeenbloemen. Bot. Jaarboek 3: 438. 1891. A. mo?ispessulanus. — (17) Schueck, Further notes on the muti- lation of flowers by insects. Bot. Gaz. 16:313. 1891.— (18) Taubert, Leguminosae. Engler u. Prantl, Die nat. Pflanzenfamilien. L. 63, 71, 77. 1891-2. A. depressus. (Just 192:436). — (19) Heinsius, Eenige waarnemin- gen en beschouwingen over de bestuiving van bloemen der Nederlandsche flora door insecten. Bot. Jaarboek 4:87-91. pi. 6. 1892. A. glycyphyl- los.— (20) Loew, Bliitenbiologische Floristik. 1894. 9 spp. See also (21) Kieffer, Observations sur la Cleistogamie. Bull. Soc. Bot. Lyon 8:17. 1890. A. monspessulanus, semi-cleistogamous. (Just201: 48S.) Stylosanthes elatior Schwartz — S. biflora (L.) B. S. P. — This plant has a southerly range. In Patterson's Cata- logue it is credited to Jackson and Union Counties. It is rare and blooms from June 8 to September 9. The small yellow flowers have the petals and stamens inserted at the summit of the calyx-tube. The vexillum is orbicular, bright yellow and marked with a i'ew lines forming pathfinders. As in Crotal- laria, the wings are bright yellow and cohere at the summit, serving to cover the pale keel. The keel is somewhat incurved and closed except at base and tip. The stamens are mona- delphous, but there is an opening in the base of the tube to admit the bee's tongue to the nectar. As in Crolallaria and Lupinus, five stamens have long anthers attached near their bases and five have shorter anthers attached near their middle. As soon as the flower opens, the tip of the keel is filled with 164 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. pollen from the long anthers. When the keel is depressed, the pollen is forced out in a band partly by the aid of the style and the shorter anthers, which have not yet discharged. It is quite probable that effectual pollination does not occur until the stigma has been rubbed. The banner often extends horizontally and the keel in a vertical position. The flowers are adapted to the smallest bees and are abundantly visited for nectar by Calliopsis andre- niformis Sm. §. Of nine species of Calliopsis occurring here, this species has the longest flight — June 3 to September 18 — extending throughout the blooming season of Stylos- anthes. According to Kuhn (1) Stylosanthes has cleistogamous flowers, but it is not stated in which of the about fifteen species close pollination occurs. Foerste (3), quoting Chap- man (2), says of S. elalior: " It has ' flowers of two kinds : one perfect but sterile ; the other destitute of calyx, corolla, and stamens, and fertile.' The fertile flowers consist there- fore solely of the legume." It is needless to state that a legume is no part of a flower. It is not explained why the perfect flowers are supposed to be invariably sterile, or how the "legume" could receive pollen from the perfect flowers. Foerste says : "It is impossible to say whether the fertile flowers always were destitute of other floral envelops and organs or not." Then, speaking of the pollen of the perfect flowers, he says: "How from this place it reaches the recurved style of the fertile flower below, except by dropping off, is a mystery. Perhaps the long, bristle-like hairs on the subtending leaves and bracts serve as brushes. But even then it may be remarked that at least the earlier legumes seem already fertilized." From the above we may conclude that whether these legumes arose from perfect or cleistogamous flowers, or both, does not appear, though it is not improbable that the species has cleistogamous flowers. Foerste infers from the horizontal position of the banner that: " Any insect visiting this flower will therefore receive the pollen on its upper side." This is not true of the Calliopsis, mentioned above. In fact there are a number of flowers, such as Gerardia, Gratiola and Viola, whose normal Robertson — Floivers and Insects. 165 visitors usually turn upside clown and receive the pollen on the under side. On the literature of Slylosanthes see: — (1) Kuhn, Einige Beobachtungen iiber Vandellia und den Bliithenpoly- morphisraus. Bot. Zeit. 25:67. 1867.— (2) Chapman, Flora of the Southern United States, 100. 1884. [2d ed.].— (3) Foerste, Botanical notes from Bainbridge, Georgia. I. Bot. Gaz. 18:462. 1893. Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. — G. dioicus (L. ) Koch. — The Coffee-tree is a large tree, growing in creek bottoms and blooming from May 7 to June 1. The flowers are regular, are arranged in panicles and are said to be dioecious or polygamous. The calyx-tube is about 10 mm. long, with five equal lobes, and with five petals and ten stamens inserted near the throat. The stamens are somewhat exserted, five of them being longer than the others. The anthers are introrse, form a circle about the mouth of the calyx-tube and serve to narrow the entrance. Nectar is secreted by the inner wall of the tube. An adaptation to bumble-bees is indicated. The following visitors were noted on May 10 : — Apidae: (1) Bombus americanorum F. ?, s., freq.; (2) B. virginicus Oliv. ?, s. & c. p.; (3) Synhalonia frater Cr. tf, s. Papilionidae: (4) Papilio troilus L., s. Trochilidae: (5) Trochilus colubris L., s. Spiraea L. — According to Miiller (4), S. uhnaria is devoid of nectar and is homogamous, though Axell (2) calls it proter- androus. Cross and self-pollination may be effected by in- sects, or, in their absence, spontaneous self-pollination or geitonogamy may occur. According to Schulz (18), this species and 8. filipendula are andro-monoecious. Kernel* (19) calls the scent of S. ulmaria benzoloid. S, filipendula is also homogamous and devoid of nectar, according to Miiller. Insects effect cross-pollination ; in their absence, spontaneous self-pollination takes place. On account of their abundant nectar and pollen and their proterogynous condition, S. salicifolia, ulmifolia and sorbi- folia are abundantly cross-pollinated by insects. When these fail, there may be spontaneous self-pollination (Miiller). In 166 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 8. ulmifolia and chamaedri folia the scent is aminoid (Kerner). In the case of S. opulifolia, Ludwig (13, 14) observes that the reddish color of the ovary in old flowers, which becomes more evident in the fruit, serves to increase the conspicuous- ness of the plants and to draw unbidden guests away from the younger flowers. He saw the flowers visited by bees and Syrphidae. The principal visitors of Spiraea are flies, especially Syr- phidae, beetles, and bees, especially Andrenidae. Other flies and the lower Hymenoptera are less abundant. The follow- ing table gives the results of observations in this line: — fsalicifolia| m.xed Spiraea^ ulmifolia > ^ [sorbifolia J ulmaria (t K (( (( (( fllipendula digitata aruncus Low Germany. Miiller (i, 8) Flanders MacLeod (24) Scotland Willis (26)... Pyrenees j MacLeod (20) Netherlands .. North Frisian Islands Alps. Low Germany. Berlin Garden. Alps Low Germany. Illinois Heinsius (21) Knuth (25)... Miiller (10).. " (4,8) Loew (12).... Miiller (10).. (4,8) T, O ^ 3J D a t-i H a 03 C5 ~ o> X3 3 ij « o s; C 46 25 20 19 10 12 7 6 12 3 2 2 8 3 2 1 2 1 1 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 G 4 3 4 30 13 4 110 35 19 11 3 2 1 10 2 5 1 15 51 Spiraea aruncus L. — Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst. — I find nectar to be secreted by a perigynous disc, as observed by Delpino (5). On the other hand Miiller (4, 10) states that the flowers are devoid of nectar, but he does not explain how the pistillate flowers, which of course bear no pollen, are to be visited. According to Gray's Manual and Chapman's Flora, the flowers are dioecious, and this is the only condition in which I have found them. The staminate flowers have twenty Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 167 stamens, the anthers of the outer ten discharging their pollen before the others. The pistillate flowers have the stamens aborted. Kerner (19) mentions S. aruncus as typical of a group, in which some plants bear only perfect flowers, others are andro-monoecius, a third set bear only staminate and a fourth only pistillate flowers. Kerner calls the pistillate and staminate flowers pseudo-hermaphrodite, but they are so very different that they give a different aspect to the plants that bear them, enabling one to distinguish the plants at a consid- erable distance. The plants bearing staminate flowers are more conspicuous from the simple fact that the numerous stamens are more conspicuous than the pistils of the fertile flowers. On this account, as well as from the fact that the}' yield both nectar and pollen, these plants are more abundantly visited by in- sects. The pistillate flowers are consequently more likely to receive the visits of insects coming from the staminate flowers. Delpino regards /S. aruncus as adapted to the smaller bees (micromelittofile piu segnalate), or at least principally visited by them. Miiller found beetles more abundant, at any rate in number of species, while I have taken a larger proportion of beetles on it than on any other flower. The blooming time previously recorded (22) is extended from May 24 to June 24. The following list of insects, taken on the flowers on June 4, 7-10 and 20, includes the one given before, with additions and corrections : — Coleoptera — Dermestidae: (1) Anthrenus musaeorum L.,ab.; (2) Cryp- torhopaluni haemorrhoidale Lee; (3) C. triste Lee, ab.; (4) Orphilus glab- ratus, F., ab.; Nitidulidae: (5) Epuraea truncatellaMann; (6) E. labilisEr. ; Elateridae: (7) Sericosomus silaceus Say; Malachidae: (8) Anthocomus erichsoni Lee. ; (9) Attalus scincetus Say; Ptinidae: (10) sp., freq. ; Scara- baeidae: (11) Trichius piger F. ; (12) Valgus canaliculars F. ; Cerambycidae : (13) Euderces picipes F., ab.; (14) Acmaeops directa Newm.; (15) Typo - cerus badius Newm.; (16) T. lugubris Say; (17) Leptura exigua Newm.; (18) L. vittata Germ.; (19) L. pubera Say; Chrysomelidae: (20) Disonycha limbicollis Lee. var pallipes Cr.; Bruchidae: (21) Bruchus hibisci Oliv.; Oedemeridae : (22) Asclera puncticollis Say; Mordellidae: (23) Pentaria trifasciata Melsh., freq.; (24) Mordella marginata Melsh., ab.; (25) Mor- dellistena biplagiata Hel., freq.; (2G) M. ornata Melsh.; (27) M. aspersa Melsh., freq.; (28) M. tosta Lee. ; (29) M.pubescensF. ; Curculionidae ; (30) Centrinus picumnus Hbst., ab. — all s. or f. p. Hymenoptera — Apidae (31) Heriades carinatum Cr. tf, s.; (32) Nomada 168 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. americana Kby. ?, s.; Andrenidae: (33) Halictus sp. $, s.; (34) H. foxii Rob. ?. s.; (35) H. stultua Cr. J1?, s. & c. p., freq.; (36) Andrena platy- pariaRob. ?, s.; (37) A. cressonii Rob. ?, s. ; (38) A. flavoclypeata Sm. <$, s.; (39) A. ziziae Rob. ?, s.; (40) A. crataegi Rob. $, s. & c. p., freq.; (41) A. spiraeana Rob. $ s.& c. p., ab.; (42) Prosopis modesta Say ^9, s. & f. p., freq. ; (43) P. pygmaea Cr. $, s. : Eumenidae; (44) Eumenes fraternus Say, s.; Crabronidae: (45) Anacrabro ocellatus Pk, s. ; (46) Oxybelus frontalis Rob., s. Diptera — Empidae : (47) Empis distans Lw., freq.; Conopidae: (48) Zodion nauellum Lw.; Oscinidae: (49) Siphonella cinerea Lw. ; Phytomy- zidae: (50) Phytomyza palpalis Coq. (MS.) —all s. Hemlptera— Capsidae: (51) Lopidea media, Say, s. On the literature of Spiraea see : — (1) Sprengel, Das entdeckte Geheimniss, 270. 1793. S. opiilifolia.— (2) Axell, Om anordningarna for de fanerogama vaxternas befruktning, 111. 1869. S. ulmaria.— (3) Kerner, Schutzmittel des Pollens, 36. 1873. Ber. naturh.— med. Vereines Insbrack 2 and 3:—. 1872. S.filipendula.— (1) Miiller, Befruchtung der Biumen, 211-14. 1873. Fertilization of Flowers, 222-6. 1883.— (5) Delpino, Ulterori osservazioni II. 2:46, 96,160, 179, 215. 1875. Atti d. Soc. Ital d. Sci. in Milano 16:194, 244, 308, 327. 1873. 17: — . (215). 1874. S. aruncus, ulmaria, salicifolia, ulmifolia, sorbifolia.— (6) Lubbock, British wild flowers in relation to insects, 90. 1875.— (7) Bonnier, Les Nectaires. Ann. Sci. nat. Bot. VI. 8:114, 115, 147. 1878. S. ulmifolia, salicifolia, aruncus. — (8) Miiller, Weitere Beobachtungen II. Verh. d. naturhist Ver. d. preuss. Rheinl. u. Westf. 1879 : 243.— (9) Henslow, On the self-fertilization of plants. Trans. Linn. Soc. II. Bot. 1: 362. (1877; 1880.— (10) Miiller, Alpenblumen, 228. 1881.— (11) Miiller, Die Stellung der Honigbiene in der Blumenwelt. Bienenzeit Jahrgang 38:— (No. 10) 1882. S. ulmaria, aruncus, fllipendula. (Just 9!;498) — (12) Loew, Bluraenbesuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrbuch Bot. Gartens Berlin. 3:82 (14) 1884. 4:149, 157, 159, 160. 1886.— (13) Ludwig, Ueber einem eigenthiimlichen Farben- wechsel in dem Blutenstande von Spiraea opulifolia. Kosmos 2:203-5. 1884. (Just 12!:670) — (14) Ludwig, Einige neue Falle von Farbenwechsel in verbliihenden Bliithenstanden. Biol. Centralb. 6:513-14. 1886. S. opulifolia. (Just H^oe) — (15) Meehan, Botanical Notes. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1886: 60. S. reevesiana.—(lG) Jordan, Beitrage z. physiol. Organographie d. Biumen. Ber. D. Bot. Ges. 5:333. 1887. S. sorbifolia. (Ludwig, Biol. Centralb. 8:204) — (17) Beyer, Die spontanen Bewegungen der Staubgefasse uud Stempel. Wissensch. Beilage zum Progr. Kgl. Gymnasiums zu Wehlau, 13, 14. 1888. S. aruncus, hypericifolia, ulmaria.— (18) Schulz, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Bestiiubungseinrichtungen und GeschlechtsvertheilungbeidenPflanzen. 1:33. 1888. 2:186. 1890.— (19) Kerner, Pflanzenleben 2:195-6, 299,324. 1891. Oliver Translation 2:200, 300. 1895. (Just W-.MB. 181 -A86) .— (20) MacLeod, De Pyreneeen- bloemen. Bot. Jaarboek 3:426. 1891.— (21) Heinsius, Eenige waarne- mingen enbeschouwingenover debestuiviugvanbloemen der Nederlandsche flora door insecten. Bot. Jaarboek 4:57. 1892.— (22) Robertson, Flowers Bobertson — Flowers and Insects. 169 and Insects — Rosaceae and Compositae. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 6:437, 4-47-50, 477-9. 1894.— (23) Loew, Bliitenbiologische Floristik, 85, 224. 1894. Seven species. — (24) MacLeod, Bevruchting der bloemen van Vlaanderen. Bot. Jaarboek 6:321-2, 380, 436-7. 1894.— (25) Knuth, Weitere Beobachtungen iiber Blumen und Insekten auf den Nordfriesischen Inseln, Schr. d. Nat. V. f. Schleswig-Holstein 10:233, 252. 1895.— (26 Willis and Burkill, Flowers and Insects in Great Britain. Ann. of Bot. 9:248. 1895. Gillenia stipulacea Nutt. — PoHeraiithus stipulatus (Muhl. ) Brittou — The stems grow from 5 to 10 dm. high and are terminated by a very loose cluster of white flowers which expand from 20 to 25 mm. The stems are slightly inclined so that the flowers are thrown into an almost horizontal posi- tion, and there is a tendency on the part of the petals to assume a position somewhat as in the violet, the three lower ones extending more horizontally, and the two upper being somewhat reflexed. The calyx-tube is quite long — 5 to 6 mm. — and narrow, the stamens and pistils being included. When the flower opens, the mouth of the tube appears quite narrow and is filled with dehiscent anthers belonging to the outer stamens. Later the innermost anthers discharge their pollen. After the anthers have become empty, the calyx-tube opens wider at the mouth, and the stigmas, which are now receptive, become visible. The depth and narrowness of the tube render the flowers most favorable for the smaller, long-tongued bees, though they may also force their heads in for some distance. Insects cannot reach the nectar without becoming thoroughly dusted with pollen or touching the stigmas. The plant is rather frequent in woods and blooms from June 3 to 29. On the 15th, 16th and 20th the following list was observed : — Bees — Apiclae: (1) Anthophora abrupta Say tf, s.; (2) Ceratina dupla Say J1, s. & c. p., ab.; (3) C. tejonensis Cr. J1, s.; (4) Alcidamea producta Cr. 9, s. & c. p., ab.; (5) Heriades carinatum Cr. J*9, s. & c. p., freq.; (6) Osmia distincta Cr. 9, s. & c. p., ab. ; (7) O. albiventris Cr. ?, s. & c. p.; (8) O atriventris Cr. $,s. ; (9) Nomada affabilis Cr. ?,s.; (10) Cal- liopsis parvus Rob. tf$, s. & c. p., ab. ; (11) C. andreniformis Sm. tf. s.; Andrenidae: (12) Halictus pectoralis Sm. tf%, s. & c. p.; (13) H. macoupi- 170 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. nensis Rob. ?, s.; (14) H. confusus Sm. ?, 8. & c. p.; (15) H. stultus Cr. 9, c. p., freq. Diptera— Conopidae: (16) Stylogaster biannulata Say, s., freq. ; Syrphi- dae (17) Pipiza pistica Will., f. p., one; (18) Baccha fuscipennis Say, f . p., one. Lepidoptera— Rhopalocera: (19) Papilio troilus L., s., one; (20) Euda- mus bathyllus S. & A., s. Viburnum L. — In V. opulus, Sprengel (1) explained the significance of the more conspicuous, sterile marginal flowers. Delpino (3) includes V. opulus and lantana in his Tipoidran- geino, along with some species of Hydrangea, Cornus and Sambucus. He regards the inflorescences as favoring the visits of beetles. Sprengel observed that V. opidus was especially sought by beetles, and these form a majority of the insect visitors observed by Mailer (2, 8), though he consid- ered flies to be the most efficient pollinators. In Illinois I find a larger proportion of beetles on V. pubescens than on any other flower except Spiraea aruncus. After beetles, species of Andrena and Empis are next in abundance. The blooming time occurs when these insects are frequent. In the Tyrol Schulz (12) found V. lantana to be abundantly visited by Diptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. In the Berlin Garden Loew (11) saw it visited by Bibio laniger. The following table gives the visitors which have been identified : — 7 6 o u Pi S3 3 '5 X c- CJ rt S "O fl c >1 a U O H m < O H Muller (2,8).. MacLeod (15) 7 ] K 1 1 Ifi (1 1 ] 2 '> P 10 i s 1 f)S In V. opulus, according to Muller (2), the flowers are crowded in a flat corymb. They are white, with short tubes, expanded borders, rather long stamens and short styles. Nectar is secreted by the upper surface of the ovary. Insects Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 171 usually effect cross-pollination. Spontaneous self-pollination may occur by the pollen falling upon the stigma. According to Kerner (13), the flowers have an aminoid scent, and goit- onogamy results from the stamens diverging so far that the pollen may fall upou the stigmas of surrounding flowers. According to Kirchner (9), V. lanlana resembles V. opulus, and spontaneous self-pollination may cocur in the same way. Schulz (12) finds it proterogynous with long-lived stigmas. Spontaneous self-pollination is not the rule and is superfluous on account of the visits of numerous insects which may effect self- or cross-pollination. Kerner (13) observes a similar scent to that of V. opulus and the occurrence of geitonogamy in this species. Viburnum pubescens Pursh. — According to Patterson's Catalogue, this plant has been found by Bebb, in Winnebago County, and by Vasey, in McHenry. A few plants occur here, on a high creek bank where it was first found by Andrews. The white flowers are arranged in nearly flat-topped co- rymbs, which measure about 3 cm. across. The corolla forms a shallow bell about 2 mm. deep, the lobes expanding about 7 mm. Nectar is secreted by the conical base of the style, and seems to be quite abundant. The flowers are homogamous. The stamens rise from 4 to 5 mm. above the stigma and are often so divergent that geit- onogamy may occur by the pollen falling upon the neighbor- ing stigmas. Spontaneous self-pollination may be effected in a similar way by the pollen falling upon the stigma of the same flower. Cross-pollination must often result from the abundant insect visits. The flowers bloom from May 6th to 25th. Most of the shallow flowers blooming at the same time show a preponder- ance of the less specialized bees — Andrenidae — and flies. The preponderance of beetles in this case seems to be no kind of an accident. The following insects were taken on the flowers on May 9th : — Coleoptera — Dermestidae : (1) Antbremus musaeorum L., freq., (2) Cryp- torhopalum triste Lee; (3) Orpbilus glabratus F., ab.; Scarabaeidae : (4) 172 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Hoplia trifasciata Say, freq.; (5) Euphoria fulgida F. ; (6) Valgus canalicu- lars F.; Cerambycidae: (7) Molorchus bimaculatus Say, ab.; Mordellidae: (8) Mordellistena biplagiata Hel., freq.; (9) M. aspersa Mels., freq.; (10) M. grammica Lee. — all s. or f . p. Bees — Andrenidae: (11) Halictus pectoralis Sm. 9, s. & c. p.; (12) An- drena sayi Rob. $, s. ; (13) A. serotina Rob. $, s. & c. p. ; (14) A. cressonii Rob. 9 , s. & c. p. ; (15) A. nuda Rob. $ , s. ; (16) A. rugosa Rob. ? , s. ; (17) A. claytoniae Rob. $, s.; (18) Prosopis modesta Say 9, s. Diptera — Empidae: (19) Empis humile Coq. (MS.) ; (20) E. otiosa Coq. (MS.); (21) E.distans Lw.; (22; Rhamphomyia priapulus Lw.; Tachinidae: (23) Siphona illinoensis Twns. — all s. On the pollination of Viburnum see: — (1) Sprengel, Das entdeckte Geheimniss, 21, 33, 43, 82, 159-60. 1793.— (2) Miiller, Befruchtung cler Blumen, 364. 1873. Fertilization of Flowers, 291. 1883.— (3) Delpino, Ulteriori osservazioni. II. 2: 238, 311. 1875. Atti d. Soc. Ital. d. Sci. Milano 17:—. 1874. (Just 2: 882)— (4) Lubbock, British wild flowers in relation to insects, 108. 1875. V. opulus. — (5) Dar- win, Forms of Flowers, 6, 7. 1877. — (6) Errera et Gevaert, Sur la structure et les modes de f^condation des fleurs. Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belgique 17: 146. 1878. Fls. agamo-monoiques. (Just 61: 310) — (7) Henslow, On the self-fertilization of plants. Trans. Linn. Soc. II. Bot. 1: 327. (1877.) 18S0. V. opulus.— (8) Miiller, "Weitere Beobachtungen. Ill, 75. 1882.— (9) Kirch- ner, Neue Beobachtungen uber die Bestaubung.«einrichtungen einheimis- cher Pflanzen. Progr. 68 Jahresfeier d. K. Wiirttemb. landwirtschaftl. Akad. Hohenheim, 66. 1886. V. lantana. (Just 141: 793)— (10) Hildebrand, Ueber die Zunahme des Schauapparates bei den Bliithen. Pringsheim's Jahrbiicher 17: 622-41. 1886. (Just 141: 804)— (11) Loew, Blumenbesuch von Insekten an Freilandpflanzen. Jahrbuch Bot. Gartens Berlin 4: 167. 1886. — (12) Schulz, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Bestaubungseinrichtun- gen und Geschlechtsvertheilung bei den Pflanzen 2: 95. 1890. (Just 181: 519)— (13) Kerner, Pflanzenleben 2: 183, 195, 324. 1891. Oliver Transla- tion 2: 187, 200, 326. 1895. V. opulus, lantana, peripheral fls., aminoid scent, geitonogamy. (Just 171: 532-3) — (14) Fritsch, Caprifoliaceae. Engler u. Prantl, Die nat. Pflanzenfamilien. IV. 4, 159. 1891. (Just 191: 409)— (15) MacLeod, Bevruchting der bloemen van Vlaanderen. Bot. Jaarboek. 5: 254, 389. 1893. 6:372-3,438. 1894.— (16) Loew, Bliitenbiologische Floristik, 249. 1S94. V. opulus, lantana. Stmphoricarfos Jus. — The observations made upou 8. racemosus indicate an adaptation to wasps. Although the flowers are visited by other insects, the wasps usually occur in numbers which in proportion to other guests are only observed in cases of flowers which have been regarded as wasp flowers. There is certainly nothing to indicate an adaptation to the Robertson — Floicers and Insects. 173 higher bees. The following table gives the results of obser- vations which have been made in this line : — S3 ■a < 83 '3 M -a a e3 U ft o a 2 OQ 1 99 oa '3 o z; O S. racernosus Oberpfalz & Westphalia Paris. Oderberg. Belgium. Kiel. Sylt. North Frisian Islands. Fohr. Illinois. Miiller (2,10,11) Loew (12) 6 2 1 2 1 2 7 3 4 1 17 6 .... 5 8 12 8 Kuuth (18) " (19) « (22) 2 2 2 2 2 4 •' fl vulgaris . . 5 7 2 1 , 3 14 Miiller says that cross-pollination is insured in case of insect visits, but self-pollination can hardly occur in their absence. Henslow (7) regards spontaneous self-pollination as probable, but admits that it is less likely when the flowers are pendulous. This, however, according to Miiller, is their normal position. From observations of Delpino (14) it appears that nectar is secreted by the corolla and not by the swollen base of the style, as claimed by Miiller. In this Loew (21) states that Delpino is anticipated by Kurr (1), but Kurr's observa- tions were on S. vulgaris. Stmphoricarpos vulgaris Michx. — S. symphoricarpos (L.) Mac M. — In Patterson's Catalogue this species is not credited to Illinois. It agrees in a general way with Midler's account of S. racemosus. The flowers are collected in axillary clusters. They are commonly pendulous, but vary from that position to erect. The corolla tube is about 2 mm. long and expands at the throat about 3 or 4 mm. It is green- ish-white with a trace of rose color. The nectar is concealed by hairs arising from the inner wall of the corolla near the insertion of the filaments. The stamens occupy a position near the corolla wall and have introrse anthers which surpass the stigma. The flowers are homogamous. Wasps comiug with their noses covered with pollen are more likely to effect cross- 174 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. pollination than otherwise, but they may also effect self-pol- lination by carrying pollen back to the stigma. In weather unfavorable for insect visits, spontaneous self-pollination is quite likely except in the pendulous flowers. The flowers bloom from July 8 to Sept. 10. The following list, the result of observations made on July 8, 11, 12, 19, 25, and Aug. 30, seems to be a very natural one, for after the Vespidae and Eumenidae one would expect to find Andrenidae and lower Aculeata. Hymenoptera — Andrenidae: (1) Halictus coriaceus Sm. tf ; (2) H. stultus Cr. 9; (3) Agapostemon radiatus Say $\ (4) Augochlora viridula Sm. $; (5) A. pura Say $ ; Vespidae: (6) Polistes pallipes Lep.; Eumenidae: (7) Eumenes fraternus Say, ab.; (8-10) Odynerus spp., ab.; (11) O. foramina- tus Sauss., freq. ; (12) O. conformis Sauss.; Sphecidae: (13) Ammophila vulgaris Cr.; Pompilidae: (14) Pompilus philadelphicus Lep. —all sucking. On the pollination of Symjihoricarpos see : — (1) Kurr, Untersuchungen iiber die Bedeutung der Nektarien, 55. 1832. 8. vulgaris. (2) Miiller, Befruchtung der Blumen, 360-1. 1873.— (3) Del- pino, Ulteriori osservazioni. Pt. II. fasc. 2:212, 321. 1875. Atti d. soc. ital. d. sci. Milano 17:—. 1874. S. racemosus.— (4) Miiller, Die Insekten als unbewusste Blumenziichter, Kosmos 3:485-6. 1878. S. racemosus. (Just ^-.SIS) — (5) Bonnier. Les Nectaires. Ann. d. Sci. nat. Bot. VI. 8:37, 138. f. 106. 1878.— (6) Miiller, Die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den Blumen und den ihre Kreuzung vermittelnden Insekten. Encycl. der Nat- urwiss. Breslau. 5:— .Schenk, Handbuch der Botanik (65). 1879. S. race- mosus. (Just 71:98) — (7) Henslow, On the self-fertilization of plants. Trans. Linn. Soc. Bot. II. 1:366. (N 1877) 1880.— (8) Trelease, Note on the perforation of flowers. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 8:69. 1881. S. race- mosus.— (9) Miiller, Die Entwickelung der Blumenthatigkeit der Insekten. Kosmos 9: 266, 272. 1881. S. racemosus. (Just 81: 148) — (10) Miiller, Weitere Beobachtungen. III. 73. Verh. naturhist. Ver. preuss. Rheinl. u. Westf. 1882.— (11) Miiller, Fertilization of Flowers, 292. 1883.— (12) Loew, Weitere Beobachtungen iiber Blumenbesuch von Insekten an Freiland- pflanzen. Jahrb. Bot. Gartens Berlin 4: 99. 1886.— (13) MacLeod, Unter- suchungen iiber die Befruchtung der Blumen. Bot. Centralblatt 29: 119. 1887. (Just 141 : 793) — (14) Delpino, II nettario florale del Symphoricarpus racemosus. Malpighia 1: 434. 1887. (Just 151: 431) — (15) Cocconi, Con- tribute alio studio dei nettari mesogamici delle Caprifogliaceae. Memor. accad. sci. istit. Bologna 9: 279-85. 1888. (Just 161:552).— (16)Ludwig, Die Bliitennectarien des Schneeglokchens und der Scheebeere. Biol. Centralblatt 8:225-6. 1888. (Just 161: 553) — (17) Fritsch, Caprifoliaceae. Engler und Prantl, Die nat. Pflanzenfamilien. IV. 4:159. 1891.— (18) Knuth, Bliiten- biologische Herbstbeobachtungen. Bot. Centralblatt 49 : 267. 1892.— (19) Knuth, Vergleichende Beobachtungen iiber den Insektenbesuch an Pflanzen der Sylter Haide und der Schleswigschen Festlandshaide. Bot. Jaarboek Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 175 4 : 4C, 41 . 1802.— (20) Knuth, Blumen und Insekten auf den Nordfriesischen Inseln, 81. 1894.— (21) Loew, Bliitenbiologische Floristik, 147, 250, 391. 1894. S. racemosus.— (22) Knuth, Weitere Beobachtungen iiber Blumen und Iusekten auf den Nordfriesischen Inseln. Schr. d. Nat. V. f. Schleswig- Holstein, 10: 235. 1895. Aster ericoides L. var. villosus Torr. & Gr. — A. ericoides pilosus (Willd.) Porter — This is a common plant, having rather small heads with yellow discs and white rays. It blooms from Aug. 21 to Oct. 17. The following visitors were taken on the flowers on Sept. 14, 18, 20-24, 26, 28 and Oct. 8 and 10 :— Hymenoptera — Apidae : (1) Apis melliflca L. 8, s.; (2) Bombus virginicus Oliv. (^8_, s. & c. p. ; (3) B. americanoruni F. J* § , s. ; (4) B. separatus Cr. $ 8. , s. ; (5) Melissodes confusa Cr. $ 9 , s. & c. p., f req. ; (6) M. nivea Rob. 9> s. & c. p., freq.; (7) M. autumnalis Rob. 9> s. & c. p., ab.; (8) Ceratina tejoneusis Cr. tf, s. freq.; (9) C. dupla Say $, s.; (10) Megachile latimanus Say $, s. & c. p.; (11) Heriades carinatum Cr. 9> s- & c. p.; (12) Coelioxys altilis Cr. 9, 8.; (13) C. dubitata Sra. 9,8.; (14) Epeolus cressonii Rob. 9, s. ; (15) E. illinoensis Rob. cT9» 8-5 C16) E- pectoralis Rob. 9, s. ; (17) E. donatus Sm. 9>s-5 (17) Nomada vicina Cr. tf, 8.; (18) Calliopsis asteris Rob. ^9, s. & c. p. ; in cop., ab.; (19) C. compositarum Rob. ^9, s. & c. p., in cop., ab.; (20) C. andreniformis Sm. 9, s. & c. p.; (21) Perdita 8-maculata Say 9> s- & c p. ; Andrenidae: (22) Halictus foxii Rob. 9, s.; (23) H. coriaceus Sm. ^, s.; (24) H. ligatus Say tf, s.; (25) H. pilosus Sm. tf, s.; (26) H. confusus Sm. tft s.; (27) H. stultus Cr. J*, s.; (28) Agapostemon viridula F. 9>s- & c- P-? C29) A- radiatus Say 9, s.; (30) Augochlora para Say 9, s. ; (31) A. similis Rob. 9, s.; (32) Andrena asteris Rob. ^9, s. & c. p. ; (33) A. solidaginis Rob. J>9, s. & c. p., freq.; (34) A. nubecula Sm. 9,s. & c. p.; (35) Colletes americana Cr. ^9« s- & c- P-> freq.; (36) C. compacta Cr. J19» 8- & c- P-> freq.; (37) Sphecodes stygius Rob. 9, s.; (38) Prosopis pygmaea Cr. 9» s.; (39) P. modesta Say 9, s. ; Vespidae: (40) Vespa maculata L. ; (41) V. germanica F., freq.; (42) V. cuneata F. ; (43) Polistes metricus Say; (44) P. annularis L.; (45) P. pallipes Lep. ; Eumenidae: (46) Eumenes fraternus Say; (47) Odynerus sp.; (48) O. capra Sauss. ; (49) O. campestris Sauss. ; (50) O. tigris Sauss.; (51) O. forminatus Sauss.; (52) O. anormis Say; Mimesidae: (53) Mimesa cressonii Pack.; Philanthidae : (54) Cerceris clypeata Dlb.; (55) C. fulvipes Cr. ; Sphecidae: (56) Ammophila gracilis Lep.; Scoliidae: (57) Scolia bicincta F. ; Ichneumonidae : (58) Metopius polycinctorius Say var. — all s. Diptera — Empidae: (59) Empis clausa Rob. (MS.); Bombylidae: (60) Argyramoeba albofasciata Mcq. ; (61) Anthrax alternata Say, freq.; (62) Sparuopolius fulvus Wd.; (63) Systropus macer F., freq.; (64) Toxophora amphitea Wlk. ; Conopidae: (65) Zodion fulvifrons Say; (66) Z. nanellum Lw.; Syrphidae: (67) Syrphus ribesii L., freq.; (68) S. americanus Wd. ; (69) Xanthogramma emarginata Say; (70) Allograpta obliqua Say; (71) Mesograpta marginata Say; (72) M. geminata Say; (73) Sphaerophoria cyl- 176 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. indrica Say; (74) Eristalis dimidiatus Wd.; (75) E. tenax L., freq.; (76) E. latifrons Lw.; (77) E- aeneusF.; (78) Helophilus similisMcq.; (79) H. lati- fronsLw.; (80) Tropidia mamillata Lw. ; (81) Syritta pipiens L.; (82) Spi- lomyia longicornis Lw., freq.; (83) S. quadrifasciata Say; Tachinidae: (84) Gymnopareia americana Twns.; (85) Besseria atra Coq. (MS.); (86) Jurinia aplcifera Wlk. ; (87) Belvosia bif asciata F. ; (88) Peleteria robusta Wd. ; (89) Siphoplagia anomala Twns.; (90) Micropalpus fulgens Mg.; (91) Acroglossa besperidarum Will., freq.; (92) Siphona illinoensis Twns.; Dexidae: (93) Ptilodexia abdominalis Desv. ; Sarcophagidae: (94) Sarcopbaga sp. ; (95) Helicobia sp.; (96) H. helicis Twns.; Muscidae: (97) Lucilia sp. ; (98) L. cornicinaF.; (99) Compsomyia macellaria F.; (100) Musca domestica L.— all s. or f. p. Lepidoptera — Bhopalocera: (101) Phyciodes tbaros Dru.; (102) Pyrameis buntera F. ; (103) Thecla melinus Hon.; (104) Pieris protodice Bd.-Lec. ; (105) Meganostoma caesonia Stoll; (106) Colias philodice Gdt.; (107) Pyr- gus tessellata Scud.; Heterocera: (108) Scepsis fulvicollis Hbn.; (109) Feltia subgotbica Stepb.; (110) Heliothis armiger Hon.; (Ill) Drasteria ericbto Gn. — all s. Coleoptera — Lampyridae: (112) Cbauliognatbus pennsylvanicus De G.; Cerambycidae: (113) Cyllene robiniae Forst. ; Chrysomelidae: (114) Diabe- tica longicornis Say; Meloidae: (115) Epicauta pennsylvanica De G. — all f. p. Hemiptera — Capsidae : (116) Lygus pratensis L., s. Silphium perfoliatum L. — The cup-plant is common in low o-rounds along streams. The stems grow two or three metres high and bear yellow heads which expand six to seven, or more, centimetres. The disc florets yield nectar and pollen, the ray florets being pistillate. The tubes of the disc florets are rather large and measure about 5 mm. in length. This secures the visits of the longer-tongued insects. The bloom- ing season is from July 9th to Sept. 12th. The following visitors were noted on July 23, 31, Aug. 3, 4, 9, 13, 15-17, and Sept. 12: — Hymenoptera — Apidae: (1) Apis mellifica L. §, s. & c. p., freq.; (2) Borabus americanorum F. c?§,s. & c. p.; (3) Melissodes bimaculata Lep. tf, s.; (4) M. obliquaSay J1?, s. & c. p. ; (5) M. agilis Cr. J>, s., freq.; (6) M. perplexa Cr. ^$, s.,freq.; (7) M. dentiventris Sm. tf, s., freq.; (8) M. confusa Cr. J», s. ; (9) M. coloradensis Cr. J' $ , s. & c. p. ; (10) Ceratina dupla Say $, s.; (11) Megacbile petulans Cr. J\ s. ; (12) M. mendica Cr. $,s. ; (13) M. brevis Say 9, s. &c. p.; (14) Epeolus concavus Cr. «^ 9 . s-; (15) E. lunatus Say ^?, s.; (16) Calliopsis labrosus Rob. $, s., freq.; (17) C. rugosus Rob. J*$, s.; Andrenidae: (18) Halictus lerouxii Lep. $,s.; (19) H. ligatus Say 9, c. p.; (20) H. pilosus Sm. $, c. p., freq.; (21) H. con- fusus Sm. $, c. p.; (22) H. stultus Cr. $, c. p., freq.; (23) Agapostemon viridulaF. $, s. & c. p.; (24) A. radiatus Say $, s. & c. p.; (25) Augocblora Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 177 pura Say ?, s.; (26) Andrena pulchella Rob. JS s., freq.; (27) A. aliciae Eob. ?,s.; Scoliidae: (28) Scolia bicincta F., s. Diptera — Bombylidae : (29) Exoprosopa fasciata Mcq., s.; (30) Anthrax halcyon Say, s. ; (31) A. alternata Say, f. p. ; (32) Systoechus vulgaris Lw., s., freq.; (33) Sparnopolius fulvus Wd.. s.; Conopidae: (34) Zodion leucos- toma Will., s.; Syrphidae: (35) Allograpta obliqua Say, f. p.; (36) Eristalis transversus Wd., f. p.; Tachinidae : (37) Jurinia smaragdina Mcq., s. Lepidoptera — Bhopalocera: (38) Danais archippus F.; (39) Papilio philenor L. ; (40) Pamphila cernes Bd.-Lec; (41) P. otho S. & A. var. egeremet Scud. — all s. Heliopsis laevis Pers. — H. heUanthoides (L.) B. S. P. — The plants are common, grow one metre, or more, high, and bear numerous orange-yellow heads, which expand about 5 cm. The ray florets are pistillate. The disc florets are per- fect, yield nectar and pollen, and have tubes 3 to 4 mm. long. The blooming time is from July 1 to Sept. 28. The following visitors were taken July 16, 31, Aug. 1, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 15, 17, 21, 22; Sept. 10, 12: — Hymenoptera — Apidae : (1) Melissodes perplexa Cr. s. & c. p.; (12) Andrena aliciae Rob. $, s. & c. p., freq.; (13) Colletes com- pacta Cr. c?9i s. &. c. p., freq.; Bembecidae: (14) Beinbex fasciata F., s. ; Sphecidae: (15) Ammophila gracilis Lep., s., freq.; (16) A. intercepta Lep., s. ; Scoliidae: (17) Scolia bicincta F., s. Diptera — Empidae: (IS) Empis clausa.Rob. (MS.), 8., freq.; Bombylidae: (19) Exoprosopa fasciata Mcq., s.; (20) Anthrax halcyon Say, s.; (21) A. alternata Say,s.; (22) Systoechus vulgaris Lw., s., (23) Sparuopolius fulvus Wd.,s.; Syrphidae: (24) Syrphus ribesii L., f. p.; (25) Eristalis trausversus Wd., s. ; (26) E. dimidiatus Wd., s.; Tachinidae: (27) Jurinia smaragdina Mcq., s. ; (28) Peleteria robusta Wd., s., freq.; (29) Cyphocera fuesta V. d. W., s.; (30) Acroglossa besperidarum Will., s. Lepidoptera — Bhopalocera: (31) Phyciodes uycteis Db.-Hew.; (32) Lycae- na pseudargiolus Bd.-Lec; (33) Parnphila cernes Bd.-Lec; Heterocera: (34) Scepsis fulvicollis Hbn. — all s. Cacalia reniformis Muhl. — The stems grow from 5 to 15 dm. high and are terminated by rather large flat-topped corymbs of white heads. Each head contains five tubular perfect florets. These open in succession, the ones in the second stasre being bent aside so that the stigma cannot touch the anthers of the younger flowers. The tubes are about G mm. long, very narrow below, but opening above into a wider portion about 2 mm. long. Insects only insert their proboscides into the wider part of the tube. The plant blooms from June 25 to Aug. 1. The following insects were taken on the flowers on June 25 and July 2, 8 and 1G: — Hymenoptera — Apidae: (1) Apis mellifica L. §, s. ; (2) Melissodes bimaculata Lep. 9» s. ; (3) Ceratina tejonensis Cr. tf, s.; (4) C. dupla Say 9iS. ; (5) Heriades carinatum Cr. $, s. & c. p. ; Andrenidae : (6) Halictus f oxii Rob. tf, s. ; (7) H. pectoralis Sm. tf 9 , s. ; (8) H. cressonii Rob. $, s. ; Robertson — Flowers and Insects. 179 (9) H. zephyrusSm. $,8.; (10) H. confusus Sm. 9, s. & c. p. freq.; (11) H. stultus Cr. 9> s.; (12) Agapostemon radiatus Say rj1, s.; (13) Augochlora labrosa Say 9 , 8. & c. p., freq. ; (14) A. viridula Sm. :-, ry.r. Nipher — Rotational Motion of Cathode Disc in Crookes Tube. 183 answered. There is much reason to suspect that the gas par- ticles do not shoot off normally from the surface of the disc, but in a vortex, the axis of which is in the two dark spots opposite the cathode faces. The fact that the anode does not respond, and that similar experiments in open air have thus far failed seems to point to the cathode discharge as the direct active agent. This view is not easily reconciled with the result of the experiment made by Crookes with the hemi- cylindrical cathode (Nature, July 3, 1879, p. 229, Fig. 3), but the figure shown does not seem to quite agree with the descrip- tion of it. Experiments are now in preparation which will decide this question. It is possible that the rotation observed is a direct action and reaction between the current in the disc, and the external field due to the current. In this case the rotation apparently ought to be producible in open air, and on the anode terminal of the Crookes tube. Whatever may be the direct agency producing this rotation, it seems apparent that we now have an experimental basis for imposing a term representing a rotation into the equations representing the conditions within a conductor. Issued May 8,1896. 1 . '-" ■ "- • " " ■'. . . ■ — . __-,.— _. — ^_ UUi~ i*S 180$ •m. Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 8. AT WHAT AGE DO PUPILS WITHDRAW FROM THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS? C. M. WOODWARD. L "Issued May 21, 1896. ^Ul ., j 13DS AT WHAT AGE DO PUPILS WITHDRAW FROM THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS? * C. M. Woodward. 1. Before attempting to answer this question, I desire to call attention to the obvious importance of a correct answer. The best planned course of study takes into consideration both the probable duration of a school course, and the age of the pupils. The direct bearing of this question is seen in the fact that an estimated average length of the period of pupil- age is frequently made the basis of arguments for or against some proposed modification of the course of study, or some other detail of school management. 2. I use the word " withdraw" in a somewhat restricted sense, and as properly excluding the effect of mortality among school children ; that is to say, I exclude from the number of those who can with propriety be said to " with- draw from school," those whose school course is cut short by death. Fortunately, this allowance is small, but it is not on that account to be ignored. The propriety of omitting from my calculations those who die cannot be seriously ques- tioned. The practical inquiry is: At what age do pupils leave school to enter upon the active duties of life, or to enter private schools? 3. The data for my calculations are the reports of the superintendents of the public schools of St. Louis, Chicago and Boston. In these reports the ages of all the children enrolled are recorded either at the beginning, or in the middle of the school year ; and the number for each year of age is given with- out any regard to the grading of those pupils. For example, we have the number that are between seven and eight years old, and the number between eight and nine, the number between nine * Read before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, April 20, 1896. (185) 186 Trails. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. and ten, and so on. These numbers are given in every annual report, and I have taken them from the annual reports of 12 or 13 consecutive years. I am bound to assume that these reports are accurate, although they exhibit certain anomalous results. By grouping these reports as exhibited in Tables I, II, and III, and then considering the figures in any vertical column, I am able to follow the same group of children through their course in the public schools. I have assumed that no pupils withdraw before the age of eight years. By following down any vertical column we can see how the num- bers increase or diminish from the combined effect of immi- gration, emigration, death, and withdrawals from school, till the class disappears altogether at the age of 20. 4. To extend my investigations over as much ground as possible I have entered on Tables I, II, III, sufficient data to enable me to make three independent calculations from each table. I have named the columns " A," " B," " C," in each case so that in all I have applied my analysis to nine sets of pupils, three in each city. I will add that I limited my study to the cities St. Louis, Chicago, and Boston for the reason that all the other large cities failed to furnish me with the requisite data. 5. It is a source of regret that the data furnished by the three cities are not uniform in character. In the Boston schools the reports give the number " 16 years old," " 17 years old," " 18 years old," " 19 years old and over." In the Chicago reports all pupils " 17 years old and over " are lumped together. In the St. Louis reports all pupils " 16 years old and over" are lumped together. It has been nec- essary to distribute the pupils thus lumped together, according to their ages as accurately as possible. It was useless to refer to the unpublished records in St. Louis and Chicago for the exact details of such distribution, as they could give no additional information. In this emergency I adopted the following method based upon an examination of the distribution in the Boston schools, and of the ratio which the 16 year old pupils bore to those " 17 and over " in the city of Chicago. I will not give the details of my investiga- tion, but will plainly state that I assumed in the case of Woodward — Public Schools: Withdrawal Age of Pupils. 187 St. Louis that 52 per cent of those who were reported to me as '« 16 years old and over " were 16 years old ; 30 per cent were 17 years old ; 13 per cent were 18 years old ; 5 per cent were " 19 years old and over." This distribution is made for each of the numbers at the bottoms of several columns in Table I. In the case of the Chicago schools I assumed that 63 per cent of those who were enrolled as "17 years old and over " were 17 years old ; 27 per cent were 18 years old ; 10 per cent were «' 19 years old and over." This, I may say in paren- thesis, corresponds to the distribution in the St. Louis schools for those three years. This method of distribution is applied to the last numbers in several columns in Table II. The fact that nearly all of these tables show the withdrawal of the 20-year-old pupils in the years 1895-6, and even later, was an inevitable consequence, but the results are not on that account to be called in question. All my results are based upon averages, and are the consequence of laws which vary very slightly from year to year in any given city. 6. Other data essential to my calculation are: First, the rate at which the population is increasing on account of the excess of the number of births over the number of deaths. Secondly, the rate at which the population is increasing, or diminishing, from all causes, whether by accession of new ter- ritory, the moving in or the moving out of children, or from births or deaths. The internal growth (by which I mean that arising from the excess of births over deaths) I calcu- late from data furnished by the city officials. The growth from excess of immigration over emigration and death, added to the growth from the accession of new territory (as in the case of Chicago in the year 1889) I call the "external growth." The total growth is, of course, the sum of the "internal" and "external" growths. I may here remark that the growth in school population shown by the enrollment in the public schools may differ from that shown by a general census. There may be a general movement towards private schools, or from private schools. When a pupil leaves a pub- lic school and enters a private one, he practically "emigrates ;" when he enters the public schools in one of the higher grade?, he practically "immigrates." 188 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 7. The Kate of Internal Growth. As the number of children of school age iu a city bears a very nearly fixed ratio to the total population, the increase in the number of school children from year to year is the same as the rate at which the total population increases. This is true of both the " ex- ternal " and the " internal " growth. Now the internal growth of a city is exactly measured by the increase of births over deaths. Hence I calculate the rate from the official reports of births and deaths. All cities give accurate reports of deaths; the reports of births are incomplete. In Boston they are more nearly complete than in Chicago, and in Chicago they appear to be better than in St. Louis. In Boston, as would be expected, the internal growth is least, viz.: 7-1000 or 0.7 per cent. In St. Louis it is, as nearly as I can learn, 16-1000 or 1.6 per cent. In Chicago it is greatest, viz. : 20-1000 or 2 per cent. While these rates are not uniform they are approximately so. In fact these results are averages of several years. In a former discussion of this problem in May, 1879, I did not distinguish the two kinds of growth, but allowed for the death rate of school children directly. 8. The Total Rate of Growth in School Population. This rate is readily found by comparing the enrollment any one year by the enrollment for the same ages for the preceding year. For example : take the two years 1889-90 and 1890- 91 in the table of the Chicago schools. The attendance of children above 7 years of age in 1889-90 was 115,366. The next year the enrollment was 124,144, a growth of 7.6 per cent. This approximately represents the growth of the city. In the last column but one on Tables I, II, and III, represent- ing the attendance in St. Louis, Chicago and Boston, this total rate of growth of school population for each year is given. It will be seen that in some cases it is small, in others very larofe. Thus in Chicago schools the increase from 82 to 83 was 5.7 per cent; from 83 to 84, 4.5 per cent; from 84 to 85, 5.8 per cent ; from 86 to 87, 2.5 per cent, and so on. In the year 88 to 89 I find the enormous increase of 41.5 per cent; this signalizes, of course, an immense accession of ter- ritory with a school population two-fifths as large as that of the former city itself. This explains the unexpected showing Woodward — Public Schools : Withdrawal Age of Pupils. 189 made by the city of Chicago in the census of 1890. The growth since 1890 has been all the while rapid, reaching in tfhe year 92 to 93, 9 per cent. It is probable that the increase in the school population as shown by the public school report was relatively greater than the increase in the population of the city, for two reasons : (a) the ratio of children to population was greater in sub- urban than in urban districts; and (b) the proportion of children in the public schools was greater in the suburbs than within the old city limits. It is evident that both the rate of internal growth and the total rate of growth are affected by the mortality rate of school children, so that element needs no further considera- tion. 9. Now it is evident that the increase with which we are concerned when we are considering any group of pupils is that which arises from " external " growth alone. No in- crease in the number of births over deaths can add to the number of those who were ten years old last year and who are eleven years old this year; though such increase does help to explain why the number who were ten years old this year is greater than the number who were ten years old last year. Consequently, in order to find the possible increase ( which may be shown as we read down any vertical column) we must, from the total rate at which the school population increases, subtract the rate of internal growth, and then apply the remaining rate to the number enrolled the previous year. For example: I found that in 1890-91 the rate of increase of school attendance in Chicago was 7.6 percent. I had already found that the internal rate of growth was 2.0 per cent; the difference is 5.6 per cent. This is the rate at which the num- ber of pupils of certain ages in 1889-90 would have been increased during the next twelve months had there been no withdrawals. In the year 1889-90 there were 7,029 pupils in the Chicago schools who were between 14 and 15 years old. 5.6 per cent of that number is 394; hence the " pos- sible number " of pupils between 15 and 16 years old at the registration in 1890-1 was 7,423, as given in Table VII. By means of the final rates, which I have in the same way 190 Trans. Acad. JSci. of St. Louis. calculated for each and every year in the series, I have cal- culated the possible attendance for each year. 10. Now turn to Tables IV-XII. I have here in every case in the third column one of the columns from Tables I, II and III. In the fourth column I have the rates of external increase already obtained. The next column gives the theo- retical "external" increase in numbers, and in the sixth column, the " possible " or ideal number for each age, ob- tained by adding the increase to the enrollment of the previous year. Now subtract the actual attendance from the " possi- ble " attendance and we have of course the number who during the year withdrew. 11. It is evident that the average age of those withdrawing during any one year is one year greater than their age when they were last enrolled. For example: At enrollment the pupils in their fifteenth year are enrolled as 14, and it is evident that their average age is 14^. Then those who with- draw before the next enrollment are on the average half a year older, so that those 14-year-old pupils who do not reappear withdraw on the average when just 15 years old. Hence it makes no difference at what date during the year the ages are registered provided the date is always the same. 12. The average age of withdrawal is, of course, found by adding all the products found by multiplying the number of pupils withdrawing each year by their age, and dividing the sum by the total number of withdrawals. 13. It will be noticed in certain tables that not only is the rate of external gain minus, showing loss of school popula- tion, but in some cases they show a negative withdrawal, or an abnormal entrance of new pupils. This involves of course an unusual withdrawal during the same year from other groups or columns, as the rate of increase is calculated from all ages. I have carried out all such negative results, sub- tracting such amounts as have prefixed a minus sign. 14. Results. Table XIII gives the results of the nine cal- culations. I submit them without comment. 15. The Average Age of Withdrawal versus The Average Age of Children in School. I was originally led to this discussion by what I regard as erroneous statements Woochvard — Public Schools: Withdraival Age of Pupils. 191 in regard to the average length of time that the children attend school; and lam convinced that a great deal of con- fusion exists on this point in the minds of both teachers and school superintendents. For the purpose of clearing up this matter, I desire to state, first ; the average age at which pupils withdraw from the public schools is a very different thing from the average age of pupils in the public schools. For example: I have shown by the results in Table XIII that the average age at which pupils withdraw from the St. Louis schools is approximately 13.3 years. Now the average age of the pupils in the St. Louis schools at the time of their enrollment in the year 1894-5 was 10.2 years, which is evidently a very different thing. In the same way the average age at which pupils withdraw from the Chicago schools I have found to be ap- proximately 15.5 years. The average age of pupils in the Chicago schools at the time of their enrollment in the year 1894-5 was 10.1 years. So in the Boston schools the average age of withdrawal is approximately 15.9 years ; while the average of those in the Boston schools at the time of their registration in 1894-5 was 10.52 years. However, this result must not be compared with the averages in St. Louis and Chicago for the reason that in the Boston schools pupils are admitted under 4 years of age, while in St. Louis no pupils are admitted until they are six years old. In Chicago all those under 7 years old are grouped together without specify- ing how old they are, whether 4, 5, or 6 ; consequently no com- parison can be made except for those who are 7 years old and over. Using the figures given on Tables I, II, and III for the year 1894-5 for the three cities, I find the average age of all those children who were above 7 years of age at the date of regis- tration in the public schools in 1894-5, to be as follows: St. Louis, 10.83; Chicago, 10.87; Boston, 11.56. I wish now to show how entirely reasonable it is that the average age of those in school should be very different from the average age at the time of withdrawal. Let us suppose that in an ideal city 1,000 pupils enter the schools every year at exactly the age of six years. Let us also suppose that this 192 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. number of pupils remains without change, that is, there are no deaths, no removals, no additions, no withdrawals, but every pupil remains in school until the age of 20, and then withdraws. Under such an ideal condition of things, it is evident that the average age at the time of withdrawal would be exactly 20 years ; and yet the average age at the time of registration at the beginning of any one year would be exactly 12-1- years, which is clearly seen to be a very different thing. This of course is an ideal and an extreme or limiting case toward which results may approximate more and more as the attendance is extended more and more generally throughout the course of the public schools. 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Cl — — rc r- x IS IS eft 00 CJ Cft IS Cft £ s X X rc o o c s is IM l-rc eo e»r- rc cc "" rc X r-iS er x^ es rc X eft rc t- -^ 00 00 3 3 r-x •IB9i e 3 3 ; S O K IS X 1— CO 1 x co 03 00 s o x er. e>i eft er 2 J s 196 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Table IV. ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Column "A."- Per cent of Years. Age. 7 Enrolled. External Gain in Population. of Increase. Possible Nninber. Withdrawn. Year Pupils. 83 4 8,614 7,180 8,614 8,588 84-5 8 —0.3 — 26 1,408 11,264 85-6 9 6,675 —1.0 — 72 7,108 433 3,897 86-7 10 6,477 +0.3 + 20 6,695 218 2,180 87-8 11 5,720 +0.6 + 39 6,516 796 8,756 88-9 12 5,464 —2.1 —120 5,600 136 1,632 89-0 13 4,214 +0.9 + 49 5,513 1,299 16,887 90-1 14 2,946 + 1.5 + 63 4,277 1,331 18,634 91-2 15 1,946 +2.5 + 74 3,020 1,074 16,110 92-3 16 1,085 +2.8 + 54 2,000 915 14,640 93-4 17 726 +4.3 + 47 1,132 406 6,902 94-5 18 305 —0.1 — 1 725 420 7,560 .... 19 119 0 0 305 186 3,534 .... 20 119 119 2,380 8,741 114,376 114,376 h- 8,741 = 13.1 years. Table V. ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Column " B."" Per cent of Years. Age. Enrolled. External of Possible Withdrawn. Year Gain in Number. Pupils. Population. 82-3 83-4 7 7,835 7,171 7 835 8 +3.2 +250 8,085 914 7,312- 84-5 9 6,590 —0.3 — 22 7,149 559 5,031 85-6 10 6,301 —1.0 — 66 6,524 223 2,230 86-7 11 5,732 +0.3 + 19 6,320 588 6,468 87-8 12 5,611 +0.6 + 34 5,766 155 1,860 88-9 13 4,279 —2.1 —118 5,493 1,214 15,782 89-0 14 2,944 +0.9 + 39 4,318 1,374 19,236 90-1 15 1,741 +1.5 + 44 2,988 1,247 18,705 91-2 16 1,091 +2.5 + 44 1,785 694 11,104 92-3 17 626 +2.8 + 31 1,122 496 8,432 93-4 18 314 +4.3 + 27 653 339 6,102 94-5 19 117 —0.1 0 314 197 3,743 20 117 117 2,340 8,117 108,345 108,345 -s- 8,117 = 13.3 years. Woodward — Public Schools : Withdrawal Age of Pupils. 197 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Table VI. Column " C." Years. Age. Enrolled. 81-2 7 7,273 82-3 8 7,066 83-4 9 6,605 84-5 10 6,306 85-6 11 5,568 86-7 12 5,262 87-8 13 4,142 88-9 14 2,881 89-0 15 1,587 90-1 16 1,069 91-2 17 630 92-3 18 271 . 93-4 19 121 94-5 20 Per cent of External Gain in Population. +3.2 +3.2 —0.3 —1 0 +0.3 +0.6 —2.1 +0.9 + 1.5 +2.5 +2.8 +4.3 —0.1 Amount of Increase. +233 +226 — 20 — 63 + 17 + 32 — 87 + 26 + 24 + 27 + 18 + 12 — 0 Possible Number. 7,273 7,506 7,292 6,585 6,243 5,585 5,294 4,055 2,907 1,611 1,096 648 283 121 Withdrawn. 440 687 279 675 323 1,152 1,174 1,320 542 466 377 162 121 7,718 Year Pupils. 3,520 6,183 2,790 7,425 3,876 14,976 16,436 19,800 8,672 7,922 6,786 3,078 2,420 103,884 103,884 -r- 7,718 = 13.5 years. CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Table VII. Column " A." Years. Age. 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Enrolled. Percent of External Gain in Population. Amount of Increase. Possible Number. Withdrawn. Year Pupils. 83-4 84-5 85-6 86-7 87-8 88-9 89-0 90-1 91-2 92-3 93-4 94-5 10,438 10,058 10,061 10,270 9,673 9,471 10,805 6,431 4,564 2,441 1,603 815 336 + 2.5 + 3.8 + 0.5 + 3.8 + 2.1 +39.5 + 5.6 + 6.3 + 4.2 + 7.0 + 5.4 + 5.0 261 382 50 390 203 3,741 605 405 192 171 86 41 10,438 10,699 10,440 10,111 10,660 9,876 13,212 11,410 6,836 4,756 2,612 1,689 856 336 641 379 —159 987 405 2,407 4,979 2,272 2,315 1,009 874 520 336 5,128 3,411 —1,590 10,857 4,860 31,291 69,706 34,080 37,040 17,153 15,732 9,880 6,720 16,965 244,268 244,268 -=- 16,965 = 14.4 years. 198 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Table VIII. CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Column " B." Years. Age. Enrolled. 82-3 7 10,161 83-4 8 9,932 84-5 9 10,006 85-6 10 9,953 86-7 11 9,356 87-8 12 9,103 88-9 13 7,593 89-0 14 7,029 90-1 15 4,540 91-2 16 2,563 92-3 17 1,637 93-4 18 687 , 94-5 19 20 302 Percent of External Gain in Population. + 3.7 + 2.5 + 3.8 + 0.5 -f- 3.8 + 2.1 +39.5 + 5.6 + 6.3 + *-2 + 7.0 + 5.4 Amount of Increase. 376 248 380 50 355 191 2,999 394 286 107 115 37 Possible Number. 10,161 10,537 10,180 10,386 10,003 9,711 9,294 10,592 7,423 4,826 2,670 1,752 724 302 Withdrawn 605 174 433 647 608 1,701 3,563 2,883 2,263 1,033 1,065 422 302 15,699 Year Pupils. 4,840 1,566 4,330 7,117 7,296 22,113 49,882 43,245 36,208 17,561 19,170 8,018 6,040 227,386 227,386 -5- 15,699 = 14.5 years. CHICAGO PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Table IX. Column "C." Per cent of Year Pupils. Years. Age. Enrolled. External Gain in of Possible Number. Withdrawn. 9,336 9,551 Population. 82-3 83-4 8 9 9,336 9,681 + 3.7 345 130 1,170 84-5 10 9,363 + 2.5 239 9,790 427 4,270 85-6 11 8,820 + 3.8 356 9,719 899 9,889 86-7 12 8,469 + 0.5 44 S.864 395 4,740 87-8 13 6,874 + 3.8 322 8,791 1,917 24,921 88-9 14 4,748 + 2.1 144 7,018 2,270 31,780 89-0 15 3,959 +39.5 1,875 6,623 2,664 39,960 90-1 16 2,391 + 5.6 222 4,181 1,790 28,640 91-2 17 1,491 + 6.3 151 2,542 1,051 17,867 92-3 18 702 + 4.2 63 1,554 852 15,336 93-4 19 254 + 7.0 49 751 497 9,443 94-5 20 254 254 5,080 13,146 193,096 193,096 -r- 13,146 = 14.7 years. Woodward — Public Schools: Withdrawal Age of Pupils. 199 Table X. BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Column » A." Years. Age. Enrolled. Per cent of External Gain in Population. Amount of Increase. Possible Number. Withdrawn. Year Pupils. 84-5 85-6 86-7 87-8 88-9 89-0 90-1 91-2 92-3 93-4 94-5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 5,649 5,924 6,146 6,278 6,053 6,028 5,734 4,544 3,105 1,886 1,018 509 254 +1.7 +1.7 ,2 +1.9 —2.2 — .3 — .3 + .8 + 1.8 +1.6 + 96 +101 — 12 +119 —133 — 18 — 17 + 37 + 56 + 30 5,649 5,745 6,025 6,134 6,397 5,920 6,010 5,717 4,581 3,161 1,916 1,018 509 254 —179 —121 —144 344 —108 276 1,173 1,476 1,275 898 509 255 254 —1,432 —1,089 —1,440 3,784 —1,296 3,588 16,422 22,140 20,400 15,266 9,162 4,845 5,080 5,908 95,430 95,430 -r- 5,908 = 16.2 years. BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Table XI. Column " B." 96,074 -=- 6,028 = 15.9 years. Per cent of Years. Age. Enrolled. External Gain in Population. of Increase. Possible Number. Withdrawn. Year Pupils. 83-4 84-5 7 8 5,770 6,097 5 770 + .8 + 46 5,816 —281 —2,248 85-6 9 6,197 +1.7 +104 6,201 4 36 86-7 10 6,234 +1.7 +105 6,302 68 680 87-8 11 5,941 .2 — 13 6,221 280 3,080 88-9 12 6,192 +1.9 +113 6,054 —138 —1,656 89-0 13 5,698 —2.2 —136 6,056 358 4,654 90-1 14 4,539 — .3 — 17 5,681 1,142 15,988 91-2 15 2,991 — .3 — 14 4,525 1,534 23,010 92-3 16 1,672 + .8 + 24 3,015 1,343 21,488 93-4 17 973 +1.8 + 30 1,702 729 12,393 94-5 18 565 +1.6 + 16 989 424 7,032 19 282 £65 283 5,377 .... 20 282 282 5,640 6,028 96,074 200 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Table XII. Column " C Years. Age. Enrolled. Per cent of External Gain In Population. Amount of Increase. Possible Number. Withdrawn. Tear Pupils. 8 .S 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 6,215 6,215 6,223 6,074 6,025 5,843 4,546 3,039 1,777 921 491 299 -f .8 +1.7 +1.7 — .2 +1.9 —2.2 — .3 — .3 + .8 +1.8 +1.6 + 50 +106 +106 — 12 +114 —128 — 14 — 9 + 14 + 16 + 8 6,215 6,265 6,321 6,329 6,062 6,139 5,715 4,532 3,030 1,791 937 499 299 50 98 255 37 296 1,169 1,493 1,253 870 446 200 299 83-4 84-5 85-6 86-7 87-8 88-9 89-0 90-1 91-2 92-3 93-4 94-5 450 980 2,805 444 3,848 16,366 22,395 20,048 14,790 8,028 3,800 5,980 6,466 99,934 99,934 _*_ 6,466 = 15.5 years. AVERAGE AGE OF WITHDRAWAL. Table XIII. St. Louis. Column " A " lSA Years. ii iib" 13.3 " m' numerically. The number of lines of force leaving the mass m through the wedge whose edge is the line A and whose semi- angle is co is N= 2ma>. The number of lines of force converging to — m through the wedge whose edge is the line A' and whose semi-angle is co' is N' = 2m' co. The number of lines of force proceeding to the right between the two parallel lines of intersection of the wedges is N — JST = 2mco — 2m' co'. The locus of all such lines of intersection constitutes a tube of force, the right section of which is a line of force. If in the above equation co — 0, N— N' = 2mco = 2ma, in which a is the special value of co for which co' = 0. Com- bining these equations gives mco — m'co — ma (1), which is the equation of a line of force whose direction at A makes an angle a with AX. Wheu the lines A and A have charges of like sign the equation of a line of force is mco + rn'co' = ma (2), Eoever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 203 Equations (1) and (2) were obtained from electrical con- siderations. In what follows it will be shown how they can be obtained from geometrical considerations. In Fig. 1 suppose A and A to be the traces of two axes of rotation, each perpendicular to the plane of the paper, and AP and A'P two right lines in the plane of the paper. AP rotates around A with an angular velocity m,, and AP around A' with an angular velocity m\, such that — i = K, a con- stant. If the lines rotate in the same direction (in the figure, counter clockwise) aud AP starts from a position AX and A P from a position AG, making an angle a with AX, the locus of the point of intersection, P, is io = — -1 {(o — a), m1 in which at = ^ PAX, w = ^ PAX and a = ^ GAX. The above equation written in another form is m\co — mxi£>' — m\a (3). When the rotations are iu opposite directions the locus of the point of intersection, P ', is cw = — (a — ft)) or m\co + mv = r r dco dr AT = AP tan TPA = »■' tan ' = i , r' dw' ~dV" Whence AT r2dr'ih AT'~ r'^drdto But from equation ( 1 ) As r approaches r' dco _ m' dco' m AT r2 dr' AT' r'2 dr m AT , m' approaches — AT PH m Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 207 Hence in the limit AT AO _ m ' AIT' ~ AO ~ m' or AOXm = A'0 Xm' (7). 0 is the point in which the asymptote cuts A' A produced. Equation (7) shows that the moments taken about 0 are equal; hence 0 is the centre of gravity. The angle 6, equation (6), cannot be greater than 7r, and when it has this value (6 = it) m m — m from which m — m ao = —^ * (8)' m in which aQ is the special value of a that makes 8 = tt. For this value of a equation (1) becomes mm — m'co' = (?n — m' ) tt or m 77 — a>' = -r (*■-*>) (9). This is the equation of the limiting or critical line which separates the lines of force that go to infinity from those that go to A'. The dashed line Fig. 2 is the critical line for that system. A positive particle at 0', the point in which AA' produced is cut by the critical line, is in unstable equilibrium, being attracted as much by A' as it is repelled by A. The point 0' and the centre of gravity O are symmetrically situated with respect to the points A and A.* * "Electricity and Magnetism," Mascart and Joubert, Vol. I, 1883. 208 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. For any point of the critical line r sin co sin ( it — to') r sin to ~~ sin (nr — to ) ' from this and equation (9) sin ( — ; (it — to) r \ m K ' ) r ~ sin ( 7r — to) As to approaches it r , m — approaches r' m Hence in the limit r A O' m r ~ A'O' ~ m' or AO X m' = A'O' X m ( 10). If m — 2m', numerically, as in Fig. 2, equation (9) becomes TT — tO = 2(7T — CO) (11). This is the equation of a circle having its centre at A' and a radius A' A = 2a. If m = m', numerically, equation (2) becomes to + co' = a (12). This is the equation of an equilateral hyperbola referred to the poles A and A . A line of force is only an arc of this curve. If to = co' = 6, then from equation (2), 0 = x — '« (13)' m + m ' which determines the direction of the asymptote. Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 209 The asymptote passes through the centre of gravity of the masses m and m' . This is proved in a manner similar to that in the last case (Fig. 4). In this case dco m' dco' m AT = r2Z dr>AT=r tdco dr' AT r2 dr' dco r2 dr m' AT' ~ ,.<2 dr dco' r' 2dr m In the limit, when r = r AT AT' A 0 m' AO ~ m AO X?n = AOXm'.. or The point O in this case is between A and A . (Fig. 3.) The angle a, equation (2), cannot exceed 7r, and when it has this value (a = ir) equation ( 2) becomes mco + m'co' = mir or m CO = — 7 ( 7T CD ) (15). This is the equation of the limiting or critical line, which separates the region occupied by the lines of force that start at A (Fig. 3) and go to infinity, from that occupied by the lines of force that start at A and go to infinity. The point O', in which A A is cut by the critical line (dashed in Fig. 3), and the centre of gravity O, are symmet- rically situated with respect to the points A and A. For any point on the critical line r sin co sin co' r' sin co sin (ir — co) 210 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. From this and equation (15) / m \ sin ( — , (7r — a) r sin (77 — ' can have any values from plus infinit}T to minus infinity, equation (1) or (3) rep- resents a curve which may have a number of loops and infinite branches, depending upon the relative values of m and m , and equation (2) or (4) represents a curve which may have, depending upon the relative values of m and m , a num- ber of infinite branches, of which some pass through A and the rest through A, but none of which pass through both A and A. Consider first the case in which the lines rotate in the same direction, which is represented by equation (3) or (1). 1/1 1Tl ' 8 In Fig. 5, in which _ = — ? =— numerically, AG, at angle hi ni. 3 a = 50' with AO, and A A, coinciding with AG, are the initial positions of the rotating lines AP aud AP. As these lines rotate in a counter clockwise direction, the part marked 1, and having A G as a tangent at A, is traced. This part approaches the asymptote marked /. After a position Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 211 of parallelism the point of intersection is below A A, and the part marked 2 is traced. This part necessarily has the same asymptote as part 1. The point A on part 2 is reached when the line AP makes an angle it with A A, and then the line AP is tangent to part 2 at A. On further rotation the part 3 of a loop is traced. The point A on this loop is reached when AP makes an angle it with AO, and then AP is tan- gent to part 3 at A. Next the part 4 of the loop below A A is traced; the point A is reached when AP again coincides with A A, and then AP is tangent to part 4 at A. Next part 5, which approaches asymptote II, is traced. After this second position of parallelism part 6 is traced, then part 7, and so on in the order indicated by the numbers. Any two consecutive asymptotes, as for instance III and IV, are not, in general, adjacent. The equation of the curve in Fig. 5 is 5 20 8ft) Ou>' — 8 T"5 7T — -q ""a 212 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. 5 5 in which ^L GAO = jr. tt. If in place of t-q ^ we Put the angle which a tangent at A to another part of the curve makes with AO, the new equation is still the equation of the curve shown in Fig. 5. Each of the 2m parts of the complete curve represented by equation (1) is a line of force. This is shown in Fig. 5, which may be considered as representing 2m = 16 lines of force. In order to investigate the curve for asymptotes, put for the 1st position of parallelism co' = co 2nd " " " (o' = CO + tt 3rd " " " m = co + 2?r nth " " " co' = co -\- (n — 1) tt, in which n is an integer. For the nth position of parallelism, equation (1) becomes m m - a + ;(n— 1) tt. ...(18), i oil an v ' \ / ' m — m m — m in which &>0 is the special value of co when the rotating lines are parallel. If in equation (18) ?i = 1 m co, = 6 = r «, 0 m — m which is the same as equation (6). Equation (18) shows that the angle between two consecutive positions of parallelism is In this fraction the numerator rn'ir is the angle m — m swept through by AP before a position of parallelism coin- cides with a previous position of parallelism, and the denomi- nator m — m' is equal to the number of asymptotes. — ; is the angle between two adjacent asymptotes, such for exam- ple, as 11 and IV, Fig. 5. Moever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 213 To investigate the curve for tangents at A put for the 1st tangent co' = 0 -)nii , =« + ^-(«i — 1)«" (1^ is the special value of &>' when line" ^.P coincides with AA . Equation (20) shows that the angle at A' between two loops, consecutively formed, is — . it. In this m expression mir is the angle swept through by the rotating line A'P before a position of parallelism coincides with a pre- 214 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. vious position of parallelism, — is the angle between two m' adjacent tangents at A', and m' is equal to the number of tangents at A', which is also equal to the number of loops. The last three paragraphs show that when m and m' are expressed in terms of their least common factor, the number of tangents at A is m, " " " " at A, equal to the number of loops, is m , the number of asymptotes is m — m' . In Fig. 5 the number of tangents at A is m = 8, " " " loops is m' = 3, " asymptotes is m — m' = 5, i< a angle between adjacent tangents at A is — = _ , " " asymptotes is .i i i m 6 IT IT m' 3 7T 7T ?/< 972 0 In Fig. 6 the number of tangents at A is m = 4, " " «< " «« yl' is m' = 1, " " " asymptotes ism — m' = 3. The dashed loop is the limiting line, and separates the region having loops from that having infinite branches. The limiting line is a portion of a curve which, just before it became critical, also had m tangents at A, m tangents at A, and m — m' asymptotes. Fig. 6 shows the whole curve dashed, of which the limiting line is a part. In Fig. 2, where m = 2 and — m = — 1, a complete curve gives place to a circle and a straight line on reaching the critical position. Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 215 The angle which a tangent, at A to the limiting line, makes with AO is by equation (8), m — m m aa — 7T = 7T 7T, m nt Fig. 6. Tit in which — rr is the ans;le between the two tangents, at A, m to a loop. In Fig. 3 is shown the complete curve represented by an equation of the form * 7iMo + m'to = ma (2). The parts are traced in the order indicated by the num- bers. Parts 4 and 5 form a branch which passes through A', the remaining parts form branches which pass through A. * If oj can have values ranging only from a to d, equation (2) accounts only for the lines of force that proceed from the charge m. In order to ac- count for the lines of force that proceed from charge m' we must interchange m and m' in equation (2) and count angles in the opposite direction. 216 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louts. In order to investigate the curve for asymptotes put for the 1st position of parallelism &>' = = 0, 2nd " ft) = TT, n2th " &) = (w2 — 1) tt. For the n9th tangent equation (2) becomes - m m / IN /9*\ Equations (21), (22), and (23) show that the number of branches passing through A is m, t< «< " »< " " ^4' is ??i', asymptotes is m + m', " angle at A between adjacent branches is 7T — » 111 IT J^ C ( 4 4 < « " } m 7T O " " asymptotes " m + m' Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 217 The dashed line (Fig. 3) is the limiting line, and separates the region having branches passing through A, from that having branches passing through A'. The angle which the asymptote to the limiting line makes with OA is by equation (13) m in' 7T = IT 7T, m + in' m + in' in! in which -, r ^ is the angle which the asymptotes to a in + ni branch passing through A', make with each other. (b) The curve representing a line of force proceeding from a system consisting of tvjo electrified points, is the locus of the intersection of two straight lines rotating in the same plane about parallel axes, passing through those points, in such a manner that the versines of their angles of inclination to the plane of the axes change at uniform but different rates. Suppose A and A' (Fig. 1) to be the centres of two small spherical conductors having charges -}-m and — m', respec- tively. The number of lines of force leaving the mass m through the circular cone whose vertex is at A and whose semi-angle is co is N = 27rm (1 — cos co ) . The number of lines of force converging to — m' through the circular cone whose vertex is at A' and whose semi-angle is co is JV = 2tthi' (1 — cos co'). The number of lines proceeding to the right through the circle of intersection of the two co-axial cones is iV — iV' = 27rm (1 — cos co) — 2irm' ( 1 — cos co' ) . The locus of all such circles of intersection is a tube of force, and the meridian curve of such a tube must be a line of force. If in the above equation co' = 0 N — N ' = 2irm (1 — cos co ) = 2irm (1 — cos a), 218 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. in which a is the special value of co for which co' = 0. Com- bining the last two equations gives ra ( 1 — cos co ) — m' (1 — cos co' ) = m ( 1 — cos a ) . . ( 24 ) . This is the equation of a line of force. Its direction at A makes an angle a with AX. When A and A' have charges of like sign the equation of a line of force is m ( 1 — cos co) + m' (1 — cos co') = in ( 1 — cos a). .(25). Equations (24) and (25) were obtained from electrical considerations. In what follows it will be shown how they can be obtained from o-eometrical considerations. Fig. 7. S ]E X In Fig. 7 suppose A and A to be the traces of two axes of rotation, each perpendicular to the plane of the paper. AP and A'P are two lines in the plane of the paper, which rotate in such a manner that the versines of the angles PAX and PAX change at uniform rates. This can be brought about mechanically by making AP and AP the centre lines or axes of two equal cranks AB and AB\ each of which is driven by a separate slotted crosshead whose slot is perpen- dicular to, and whose motion is parallel to, A AX. The cross- Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 219 head BC which moves the line AP, has a linear velocity mlf and the crosshead BC which moves line AP, has a velocity Til' m\, such that — 1 — K, a constant. If the crossheads move in v m1 the same direction, (as shown in the figure by the arrows) and BC starts from the beginning E' of its stroke when BC starts from a position 8 at a distance E8 from the begin- ning of its stroke, and D and D are the respective positions of the crossheads for a general point P, then, from the figure, E'D' = K (eD — ES), or 7)%' I \ A'B' versin PAX = — AB I versin PAX — versin GAX , ?«! V / 6(1 — COS co' ) = b — 1((1 — COS co ) — (1 — COS a ) ) , in which co' = ^ PAX, co = ^ PAX, a = <£ GAX, and b = AB = A'B'. The above equation reduces to m\ (1 — cos co ) — ml (1 — cos co') = m\(l — cos a). .(26). When the crossheads move so as to make the lines rotate in opposite directions, the locus of the point of intersection P' is m\ (1 — cos co) + mi (1 — cos co') = m\ (1 — cos a). .(27). Equations (24) and (26) have the same form, but the primed constants are interchanged. This shows that the curve representing a line of force proceeding from a system consisting of two electrified points having charges of opposite algebraic sign, is the locus of the intersection of two straight lines rotating in the same plane about parallel axes (passing 220 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. through these points) in such a mauner that the versines of their angles of inclination to the plane of the axes both increase or both decrease at uniform rates; also, that the charges on the electrified points are, numerically, inversely proportional to the rates of change of the versines. Equations (25) and (27) have the same form, and in this case also the primed constants are interchanged. This shows that the curve representing a line of force proceeding from a system consisting of two electrified points, having charges of the same algebraic sign, is the locus of the intersection of two straight lines rotating in the same plane about parallel axes (passing through these points), in such a manner that the versine of the angle of inclination of one of the lines to the plane of the axes, increases or decreases at a uniform rate, while the versine of the angle of inclination to the plane of the axes of the other line, decreases or increases at a uniform rate ; also, that the charges on the electrified points are, numerically, inversely proportional to the rates of change of the versines. Fig. 8 shows the lines of force proceeding from a system consisting of two electrified points A and A having charges Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 221 m = 4 and — m' = — 1, respectively; and Fig. 9 shows a few of the lines of force proceeding from a system consisting of two electrified points A and A having charges m = 4 and m' = 1 respectively. If m — m', numerically, equation (24) becomes ( 1 — cos (w ) — (1 — oos &)' ) = 1 — cos a cos (y' — cos &) = 1 — cos a (28). or This is the equation of a closed curve passing through A and A . A line of force is only an arc of this curve. If a, = a' = 0, then, from equation (24), m versin 6 = 1 — cos 6 = m — m -, (1 —cosa).. (29). This determines the direction of the asymptote to a line of force. 222 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The asymptote passes through the centre of gravity of the masses m and — m' . In order to show this draw a tangent PT to a line of force AP at a point P. (Fig. 4.) Also draw the two radii vec- tores AP — r and AP = r', and the two polar subtangents ^Tand^L'7". Then from the figure r2 dco AT = AP tan TPA = r tan 4, = -j— , and r'2 dco' AT' = A' Plan TPA' = r' tan 4' = -5-7- " ar Whence AT r2dr'doo AT ~ r2 dr d<»' Differentiating equation (24), sin co dco m' sin co' dco' m But sin co r' r sin co' AT r2 dr dco ' AT' ~ r"- 1 dr dco In the limit, when r = ?•', AT AT' " AO A0~ m in i'3 dr' m' or AO Xm = AOX m' (30). 0 is the poiut where the asymptote cuts A A produced. Equation (30) shows that the moments taken about 0 are equal. Hence O is the centre of gravity. Roever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 223 The angle 6, equation (29), can not exceed rr ; and when 6 = tt, versin a0 — 1 — cos a0 = (1— costt) = 2 (31). Putting this value of a in equation (24) gives m ( 1 — cos co) — m' ( 1 — cos w) = 2 ( m — m' ) or w' cos w' — m cos co = m — rn' ( 32 ). This is the equation of the limiting or critical line. Ifm = m', numerically, equation (25) becomes 1 — cos at + ( 1 — cos a>') = 1 — cos a or cos co + cos co' = cos a + 1 ( 33 ) . If tO = and &>' can have any values from minus infinity to plus infinity, we will get results analogous to those reached in case (a). It will be convenient in the following discussion to designate by the word travel ( for short, trav) the distance moved through by the slotted cross- head while the crank moves through a corresponding angle. This word ( travel) may be used as an angular function. Thus, by trav 240°, is to be understood the whole distance traveled by the crosshead in moving the crank from a position of coincidence with AX (Fig. 7) to a position making an angle 240° with AX. Trav co = versin &> when co < it. Equation (24) when written in the form m trav &> — m' trav co' = m versin a (37) is the equation of a curve which may have a number of loops and infinite branches, depending upon the relative values of m and m\ and equation (25) when written in the form m trav co + m' trav a>' = m versin a ( 38 ) is the equation of a curve which may have, depending upon the relative values of m and m\ a number of infinite branches, of which some pass through A, and the rest through A'. In order to investigate the curve represented by equation (37) for asymptotes, put for the first position of parallelism to' = &), or trav co' = trav co, for the 2nd, to' = w + 7r, or trav co' = trav w + s, Eoever — Geometrical Constructions of Lines of Force. 225 for the nth, to' = co -\- ( n — 1 ) 7r, or trav to' = trav to + ( n — 1 ) s, in which s is the stroke and n is an integer. Then, for the nth position of parallelism trav ton = ; versin a. -\ ; (n — 1 ) s (39 ), o m — m' m — m v ' v which is analogous to equation (18). To investigate the curve for tangents at A, put for the 1st tangent to' = 0, or trav to' = 0 2nd " to' = 7r, or trav to = s n/h " to' — (n1 — l)7r, or trav to' = {ni — 1) s. Then, for the n^ tangent at A m' trav tot = versin a-\ ( na — 1 ) s ( 40 ) , which is analogous to equation (19). To investigate the curve for tangents at A', put for the 1st tangent to = 0, or trav to = 0 2nd " to = 7r, or trav to = s n2th " to = (n2 — 1) 7r, or trav to = (n2 — 1) s. Then for the n2th tangent at A' m m trav to,' = — — t versin a + —r(n9 — l)s (41), which is analogous to equation (20). Equations (39), (40), and (41) show, in a manner similar to that shown in case (a), that the number of tangents at A is m, " " " loops is m', " " " asymptotes is m — - m' . 226 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. They further show, that the difference in trav (used as an angular function) between the angles made with A' AX by two adjacent tangents at A is — , m the difference in trav between the angles made with A' AX by two adjacent tangents at A' is — m! the difference in trav between the angles made with s A' AX by two adjacent asymptotes is m — m Fig. 10- O' In Fig. 10, where m — 4 and — m' = — 1, the number of tangents at A is m = 4, " " " " A'" m' = 1, " " " asymptotes «« m — m' = 3. In order to investigate the curve represented by equation (38) for asymptotes, put for the first position of parallelism &>' = g), or trav co' = trav ' = co + (n — 1) 7r, or trav co' = fr'av {n — l; s.(4^), u m + m m + m which is analogous to equation (21). To investigate the curve for tangents at A, put for the 1st tangent co' = 0, or trav co' = 0, 2nd " co' = 7T, or trav co = s, n^ " ©' = (Wj — 1) 7T, or trav co' = (nx — 1) 5. Then, for the n^ tangent at A trav cot = versin a — — (nl — 1 ) s (43), m which is analogous to equation (22). To investigate the curve for tangents at A', put for the 1st tangent co = 0, or trav co = 0, 2nd " co = 77-, or trav co = s, n* " co = (n2 — 1) 77-, or trav co = (n2 — 1) s. Then, for the n.,th tangent at A' trav co ' t = — versin a — — ; (nQ — 1) s. .(44), in' m' which is analogous to equation (23). 228 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Equations (42), (43), and (44) show, in a manner similar to that shown in case (a), that the number of branches passing through A is m, " " «' branches passing through A is m , 44 " " asymptotes is m + w,' > the difference in irav between the angles made with A AX by two adjacent tangeuts at A is — , m the difference in trav between the angles made with. A' AX by two adjacent tangents at A is — , m the difference in trav between the angles made with ^.'^4 X by two adjacent asymptotes is — — — -. In Fig. 9, where m = 4 and m! = 1, the number of tangents at A is m = 4, " " " «« " A is m — 1, «« " " asymptotes is w + m' = 5. Issued June 30, 1896. Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. M VOL. VII. No. 10. A STUD5T OF THE KANSAS USTILAGINEAE, ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD TO THEIR GER- MINATION. J. B. S. NORTON. Issued November 9, 1896. ln97 A STUDY OF THE KANSAS USTILAGINEAE, ESPECIALLY WITH REGARD TO THEIR GERMI- NATION.* J. B. S. Norton. The Ustilagineae in Kansas are represented by the genera Ustilago, Tilletia, Entyloma, Sorosporium, Urocystis, and Doassansia. The above generic names are arranged in order of their number of representing species. Far the greater number of our 33 species belong to the genus Ustilago. Scarcely enough data have been collected to show much re- garding the distribution in the State. I have given the local- ities known except where the species is a very common one. A few words in explanation of my objects, and methods of research in these studies will be necessary. The study has been primarily the germination of the teleutospores, and con- fined principally to the genus Ustilago; but the intention is to give as complete a list as possible of all the species of Ustilagineae known to occur in the State, and something of their distribution. Other observations of more or less inter- est and importance have been added, especially the effect of the fungus on the host plant. The most of the work was done in the botanical laboratory of the Kansas Agricultural College, the finishing touches be- ing added at the Missouri Botanical Garden. The list is based on specimens in the herbarium of the former, and the col- lections of the author. The advantages offered by the ex- cellent collections of Ustilagineae in the College herbarium, and the Experiment Station library abounding in works on smuts are almost as good as one need wish for. The material used for germination I have collected mostly about Manhattan, Kan., during the last two years. The germination has for the most part been made in hang- ing drop cultures, and kept in a large moist-chamber to * Read before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, October 19th, 1896. (229) 230 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. secure a more equal temperature and supply of moisture. The temperature of the room has not varied much from 70° F. Cultures of most of the smuts have been made both in water and in nutrient solutions. I have used almost always the modified Cohn solution or Pasteur solution used by Kel- lerman and Swingle,* and others, for this purpose, and some- times a decoction of manure such as Brefeld used in most of his cultures of the Ustilagineae. Usually check cultures of corn smut were made with the others in order to detect any irregularities in them. The corn smut being common and its germination well known it was well adapted to be used as a standard. The drawings have been rather carefully made and are not intended simply to illustrate the descriptions, but to be equally prominent with them. Indeed they may show more sometimes than I have attempted to write. The nomenclature used is mostly that of Saccardo's Syl- loge Fungorum and the arrangement much the same with the newer species added at the end. Wherever possible I have looked up the citations to original descriptions and compared them with the specimens, indicating them thus ( !). I have considered it unnecessary to describe germinations by other investigators where I have not repeated them myself, but in most cases have indicated the literature where previous germinations are recorded. I am indebted to Prof. Hitchcock of the Kansas Agricul- tural College, with whom I have done most of this work, and to Dr. Trelease of the Missouri Botanical Garden, for sug- gestions and advice and for kindly supplying facilities which have made it possible to do the work here presented. I also wish to thank Prof. J. B. Ellis, Mr. Elam Bartholomew of Rockport, Kan., and Mr. George L. Clothier, my suc- cessor as assistant botanist in the Kansas Experiment Station, and others for the interest they have shown in sending me specimens and communicating notes of value in connection with my studies. * Second Annual Kept. Kas. Exp. Sta., p. 230. Norton — The Kansas Ustilagineae. 231 I. USTILAGO. 1. U. Sorghi (Link) Pass., Thum. Herb. Myc. Oec, n. 63. (Plate XXV. 1-5.) Common on cultivated Sorghum sp. ; on Kaffir corn, Man- hattan (Kellerman); and on broom corn, Phillipsburg; also reported from other places on the latter. The smut usually fills every ovary on the affected plants, which are smaller than unsmutted ones. The spores germinate in water in six or eight hours and produce promycelia 20-35 p. long and about 6 y. wide. In many cases where the water supply was not so abundant, long germ-tubes narrower than the promycelium and 500 or more fx long, were produced, the protoplasm following the end and the remainder of the tube divided by septa into cells about three diameters long. Knee joints occur in abundance and there were also a few bow joints. Conidia few. In nutrient solutions each germinated spore is soon sur- rounded by a mass of extensively branched promycelia bearing many conidia. No germ-tubes or fusions are produced until the solution becomes exhausted, then long threads grow out from the promycelia and conidia as in water. 2. U. Ischaemi Fuckel, Enum. Fung. Nass., p. 22. In the deformed inflorescence of Andropogon provincialis. The stems are shortened and the smutted flowers inclosed in the upper leaf sheath. The specimens are from Mr. Bar- tholomew of Rooks Co. He says the smut is undoubtedly perennial as it appears from year to year on a single plant on his farm. I have not tried germination as all my material is several years old. The germination is described and figured by Brefeld.* 3. U. Austro- Americana Speg., Fungi Argentini, IV. n. 45, p. 10. ( !) (Plate XXVIII. 9-12.) Forming large hard masses in the inflorescence of Poly- Untersuchungen, V. p. 961, T. XI. f. 1-2. 232 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. gonum Pennsylvanicum, Riley and Republic counties. The spores are surrounded by a gelatinous envelope which binds them together when it hardens. The germination in water begins after a day or two and proceeds slowly. The promycelia are small and slender, frequently branched, and irregular in shape. Conidia few. 4. U. Avenae (Pers.) Jensen, Le Charbon des Cereales, p. 4. (!) Common on oats. The germination of this species and the other loose smuts of the small grains ( U. laevis, £7". Hordei, U. 7iuda, and U. Tritici) has been quite fully studied and described by Kel- Lerman and Swingle in the Second Annual Report of the Kansas Experiment Station. 5. U. laevis (K. & S.) P. Magnus, Ust. Provinz Branden- burg, p. 69. (!) On oats, not so common as the above. 6. U. Hordei (Pers.)K. & S., Second Ann. Rept. Kans. Exp. Station. On barley, Manhattan. 7. U. nuda (Jensen) K. & S., Second Ann. Rept. Kans. Exp. Station. On barley, Coolidge. 8. U. Tritici (Pers.) Jensen, Second Ann. Rept. Kans. Exp. Station. Common on wheat all over the State. 9. U. Aristidae Peck, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XII. p. 35. (!) (Plate XXV. 19-23.) On Arislida (purpurea?), Hodgeman and Ellis counties. The smut fills the ovaries, and the awns are much shorter than usual and so changed that the species could not be recognized. Germination begins almost immediately in water. After four hours a promycelium 10-12 /j. long was produced. This Norton — The Kansas Ustilagineae. 233 grows rapidly for 8 or 10 hours until 30 or 40 // long, then a conidium is formed at the apex, 3 or 4 septa appear in the promycelium and a part of the protoplasm in each cell thus formed passes into a lateral conidium at its upper end leaving a vacuole at the end next the spore. The conidia soon become detached. In nutrient solutions the germination is much similar but slower and more vigorous. 10. U. spermophora Berk. & Curt., Curt. Cat. N. Car., p. 123. In the enlarged ovaries of Eragrostis major. In the speci- mens I have seen, only a few of the ovaries are smutted in each inflorescence and not the whole panicle as in most smuts of this kind. Attempts at germination unsuccessful. 11. U. Vilfae Wint., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, X. p. 7. (!) Destroying the inflorescence of Sporobolus vaginae jiorus. Found at Manhattan, Dec, 1895. Cultures of spores failed to germinate. 12. U. Rabenhorstiana Kiihn, Hedwigia, 1876, p. 4, ( ! ) (Plate XXVII. 6-8, and XXVI. 4, 5.) Common in the inflorescence of Panicum sanguinale and less often on P. glabrum. Every branch of the plant is usually smutted, a good evidence of early infection. On the latter host often only a portion of the inflorescence is infested. The smut dwarfs the host plant and causes it to branch more than normally. No germination in water. In nutrient solutions the growth is vigorous and the promycelium branched often and irreg- ularly, not septate, no conidia. Germinated by Kiihn and Brefeld. Kiihn gives figures of the germination in Raben- horst's Fungi Europaei, Cent. 21. 13. U. Reiliana Kiihn, Rabenh. Fungi Europaei, No. 1998. ( I) (Plate XXV. 14-18.) On Sorghum sp., Manhattan; and on Zea Mays, Riley, Morris, Saline, Jewell, and Geary counties ; rather common. 234 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. I have already described the general appearance and effect on the latter host in a note in the Botanical Gazette, Oct. 1895. Germination in water after 24 hours. The promycelium is medium sized, arrows little and bears few conidia. In nutrient solutions germination takes place after two or three days. The promycelium is almost as wide at the base as the spore, and bears large yeast-like colonies of conidia. The conidia are short and oval. Germination by Brefeld* and Kiihn. The spores are aggregated in masses and this species seems much like a Sorosporium, but until further studies of the development I have left it here. 14. U. neglecta Niessl, Kab. Fungi Europ., no. 1200. (Plate XXVIII. 7, 8.) On Setaria, glauca, Manhattan. The smut does not affect the outward appearance of the host plant except to slightly enlarge the ovaries. Germination usually unsuccessful. In one culture on glass plate in nutrient solution some spores at the edge of a large drop had germinated as shown in fig. 8. They could not be seen with the high power objective without displacing them but the liquid near was full of detached conidia ( ?) (fig. 7). These may, however, have been from some yeast in the cul- ture. None of the spores farther from the edge showed germination. 15. U. Mays Zeae (DC.) Magnus, Ust. Prov. Brand., p. 72. (Plate XXV. 6-13.) Common on all parts of Zea Mays, everywhere. Germination begins in water in 18-24 hours. The promy- celium is 3 or 4 celled and often bears numerous conidia, usually 2-4. The conidia are fusiform and easily detached. The whole promycelium is often detached a short distance from the spore in a few hours after production. Air conidia are abundant in dryer cultures. Fresh spores germinate very * Untersuchungen, V. p. 94. Norton — The Kansas Ustilagineae. 235 readily and quickly in water even before they are quite ripe. I have found the germination in pure water much better than is described by Brefeld and others. The germination of this species is described by Brefeld,* Wolff,f and KUhn.J 16. U. Syntherismae (Schw.) Ell. & Ev., N. A. Fungi, no. 1890. Under this name I have placed provisionally several smuts which are much alike yet different in many ways and occu- pying different hosts. Those on Panicum capillare and P. proliferum I have no doubt are the same and they auswer the descriptions of U. Syntherismae best. The smut on Cenchrus is different in form and size of spores and in germination, yet I am not prepared to say that it is not U. Syntherismae, the only smut described on this host. The smut on Andropogon scoparius seems to be U. Syntherismae, but in the germination, which, however, was under unfavor- able conditions and only took place in one instance, is different from that on other hosts. In the greatly enlarged ovaries or the whole inflorescence of Cenchrus tribuloides (Plate XXVI. 11-13; XXVII. 1, 2). Common all over the State. The stems of the host plant are shortened and the enlarged ovaries or inflorescence, covered with a yellowish or white membrane, project from or are en- closed by the upper leaf-sheath. If the plant is not badly affected the glumes and other floral organs grow out into long leaf-like bodies sometimes two or three inches long. Germination as on all the hosts difficult in water. In a great many cultures only a few spores germinated. In nutrient solutions the germination takes place in one or two days, almost always sooner than in water. Promycelium short and septate, bearing conidia apically or in clusters at the septa or producing germ-tubes without conidia. In the enclosed inflorescence of Panicum proliferum (Plate XXVI. 1, 2, 6-10; XXVII. 3), and P. capillare (Plate XXVII. 9-12), rather common on both at Manhattan. Germination in both water and nutrient solutions usually * Untersuchungen, V. and X. % Krankheiten, pp. 36, 54. t Brand d. Getr., p. 11. 236 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. by a long, infrequently branched septate promycelium. Knee joints abundant, and producing slender germ-tubes which often fuse with another part of the promycelium. Conidia few, never in nutrient solutions, short and fre- quently stalked as shown in fig. 11, Plate XXVII. On Andropogon scoporius. One specimen from Manhattan found in a student's herbarium. In the inflorescence, covered by a whitish membrane. Germination (Plate XXIX. 6-8) by a short promycelium two or three times septate, constricted at the septa and bear- ing few short thick conidia. 17. U. utriculosa (Nees) Tul., Ust., p. 102. On Polygonum acre, Rooks and Barton counties, and P. Pennsylvanicum, Riley. Filling the flowers with a purplish mass of spores. Smutted plants are easily distinguished by the compact appearance of the spikes. Repeated attempts at germination unsuccessful. Saccardo gives a short description of the germination in the Sylloge Fungorum. Plowright speaks of the difficulty of ger- mination. 18. U. Andropogonis, Kell. & Swing., Jour. Myc, 1889, p. 12. ( !) (Plate XXVI. 14-17.) Common on Andropogon provincialis from several places in the State, and on A. Hallii, Arkalon and Harper. The smut causes the host plant to flower several weeks earlier than normally, and the affected plants are about half as high as healthy ones. No germination in water. In nutrient solutions the spores germinate after two or three days, but produce only an un- divided and unbranched tube of moderate length, and no conidia. 19. U. Boutelouae Kell. & Swing., Jour. Myc, 1889, p. 12. (!) (Plate XXIX. 11.) ' In ovaries of Bouteloua oligostachi/a, Rooks and Riley counties. Norton — The Kansas Ustilagineae. 237 Germination * in water in about 12 hours. A short promy- celium is produced in a few hours and soon bears a small conidium on the end and then a few lateral ones. The conidia are short and sometimes stalked. Air conidia produced in older cultures. 20. U. pustdlata Tracy & Earle, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 1895, p. 175. (!) On Panicum proliferum, Pottawatomie Co. (F. F. Creva- couer.) Attempted germination was unsuccessful. 21. U. filifera n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. 1, 2, 4-6; Plate XXIX. 1-4, 9, 10.) On Bouteloua racemosa and B. oligostachya, Riley and Wabaunsee Co. f Produciog rounded protruding swellings §—2 mm. wide and 1-12 mm. long on the leaves and sometimes stems of the host plant. Spores irregularly angled, subglobose, dark yellow- ish brown, rather opaque, black in mass, minutely echinulate, contents granular, 13X15 ii in diameter. The germination in water in favorable cases begins in about 12 hours. The usual manner is to form long septate tubes (about 300 ll long, the cells 2-3 ti X 6-10 ti) which grow rapidly in length for two or three days, these produce a few conidia and usually branch some. The branches near the spore have a tendency to grow backward in a peculiar manner. In nutrient solutions more abundant conidia are produced. These vary from fusiform to almost spherical. Chains of air conidia were sometimes seen. These conidia vary in length as the others, but are usually shorter. The conidia are at first smaller at the apex, then bud off secondary conidia at the end, grow larger themselves and finally become septate, the whole chain of conidia forming a long irregular branch of short thick cells bearing small conidia at the sides (fig. 9, Plate XXIX.) In old cultures some of these cells become * See Kell. & Swing., Jour. Myc, 1889, p. 12. f Specimens also on Bouteloua sp. collected in Mexico in 1880 by Dr. E. Palmer, in Herb. Mo. Botanical Garden. 238 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. enlarged and rounded, appearing much like young teleuto- spores. The smut has been found well developed the last of April and is probably perennial in the underground parts of the host. Pustules have been found on leaves just emerging from the ground. The affected parts scarcely ever send up flower stalks but when they do the smut occurs in some of the flowers or at the base of the spikelets.* 22. U. minor n. sp. (Plate XXVIII. 3 ; XXIX. 5, 12.) On leaves of Bouleloua hirsuta, Manhattan, rare. Much like the preceding but spores much smaller, 8-9 fi ; contents less homogeneous. I have examined a large number of plants of the three species of Bouteloua growing together, where B. oligostachya and B. racemose, were much smutted, and in almost every case hirsuta was free from smut. So it is quite evident that the smut does not pass from the other two species to hirsuta. This together with the great difference in the size of the spores seems to justify the separation of this from U. fili- fera as a distinct species. The germination is about the same as U. filifera but though the spores of the latter germinate very easily most of my cultures of U. minor have failed to grow. II. TILLETIA. 23. T. foetans (B. & C.) Schrot., Beitr. Biol. PfL, 1877, p. 365. On wheat (Triticum sp.), common. A few spores of this and the next germinated in water after about a week. Coni- dia produced fasciculate on the end of the promycelium. 24. T. Tritici (Bjerk.) Wint., Die Pilze. On wheat ( Triticum sp. ) Rooks and Greeley counties. * Since the above was first written Schroter has described a South American Ustilago (U. Hieronymi) on Bouteloua ciliata, which is possibly the same. Norton — The Kansas Ustilagineae. 239 25. T. Buchloeana K. & S., Jour. Myc, V. p. 11. (!) In ovaries in the normally staminate spikelets of Buchloe daclyloides, Jewell Co. (Miss Dahl), Trego and Ford coun- ties (Kellerman and Swingle). In the early part of last year while making some germina- tion tests preliminary to infection experiments with corn smut a culture of Tilletia Buchloeana was made on a glass slide in a moist chamber from material collected in Jewell Co. the previous summer. This year I have not succeeded in getting the same material to germinate. Unfortunately no drawings of the first were made and only the following note, " after nine days, No. 7, germination good, some show the charac- teristic conidia of Tilletia. ," 2Q. T. rotundata (Arth.) Ell. & Ev.* Collected December, 1895, in ovaries of Panicum virgalum, Manhattan, and on herbarium specimen collected by Joseph Henry at Salina in 1886. Attempted germination unsuccessful. III. ENTYLOMA. Owing to lack of suitable fresh material no germination studies of this genus were made. 27. E. Compositarum Farlow, Bot. Gaz., 1883, p. 275. On leaves of Ambrosia psilostachy a, Riley and Cloud ; Bidens chrysanthemoides, Rooks ; Heleroiheca Lamarckii, Rooks ; Senecio Balsamitae, Riley. 28. E. Menispermi Farl. & Trel., Bot. Gaz., Aug., 1883, p. 275. ( !) Common on leaves of Menispermum Canadense. 29. E. Physalidis (Kalchbr. & Cooke) Wint., Hedwigia, 1883, p. 130, and 1884, p. 8. ( !) On Solanum nigrum, Riley Co. ; Physalis pubescens, Riley ; P. longifolia, Rooks, Riley. Probably on other Solanaceae, in the State. * By implication in Ell. & Ev., N. A. Fungi, no. 1894, 1887, and so ascribed in Farlow & Seymour's Host Index. 240 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. IV. DOASSANSIA. I have not accurately identified the herbarium material of this genus, and having no fresh material have not attempted germination. 30. D. Alismatis (Nees) Cornu, Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 6, XV. (1883), p. 285. On Alisma Plantago, Rooks and Saline Co.; Sagiitaria variabilis, Riley Co. The one on the last host may be D. Sagittariae .* V. SOKOSPORIUM. 31. S. atrum Peck, Bot. Gaz., 1880, p. 35. (!) On Carex Pennsylvanica. Found at Manhattan by Mr. J. E. Payne in 1894. Germination unsuccessful. 32. S. cuneatum Schofield, Sec. Ed. Webber's Appendix, Cat. Flora Neb. ( !) (Plate XXV1I.4, 5.) In enlarged stems and contracted inflorescence of Solidago Missouriends, Rooks Co. ; also in an old /Solidago, Man- hattan. Germination begins in 12 hours. More or less branched tubes pointed at the ends and septate, a few conidia and in dry cultures long chains of air conidia are produced. VI. UROCYSTIS.f 33. U. Anemonis (Pers.) Schroet., Beitr. Biol. Pfl., 1877, p. 375. On leaves of Anemone Caroliniana, Rooks Co. (Barthol- omew). No material for germination. * A Doassansia on Potamogeton is reported from Lawrence by Mr. M. A. Barber of the State University and is probably D. occulta. The specimens on onion bulbs distributed by Mr. Bartholomew from Rooks Co., as U. magica, Pass., are an Aspergillus. I have compared it with de Thiimen's specimens of U. magica and find no resemblance between the two. Norton — The Kansas Ustilagineae. 241 EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates XXV. -XXIX. Plate XXV. — 1-5, JJ. Sorghi, after 24 hours in water, X 600. 6-13, JJ. Mays Zeae; 6-8, germination after 22 hours in water, from fresh material col- lected in August, 10 days before germination, X600; 9» Part of a colony of budding conidia from one spore, in nutrient solution, X 60°; 10, from one- year-old spores, 48 hours in water, X400; H. 12, air conidia from cultures in moist air only, on glass plate, X 180; 13> air conidia from culture in manure solution, almost exhausted, X 1000. 14-18, JJ. Reiliana, after 3 days in water, X 600. 19, JJ. Aristidae from edge of culture in nutrient solu- tion. 20-23, Same in water. Plate XXVI. — 1, 2, Germination of JJ. Syntherismae on Panicum proliferum, after several days in nutrient solution, X 500. 3, Spores, JJ. Syntherismae on Andropogon scopariut, X 1000. 4, 5, Spores, JJ. Babenhorstiana, X 1000. 6, 7, Spores, JJ. Syntherismae, on Panicum proliferum, X 1000. 8-10, JJ. Syntherismae from P. proliferum, germination in water, X 500. 11-13, JJ. Syntherismae from Cenchrus tribuloides, germination in nutrient solution, after 3 days, X 500. 1*-17, JJ. Andropogonis after 3 days in nutrient solu- tion, X 500. Plate XXVII. — 1, 2, Spores, U. Syntherismae on Cenchrus tribuloides, X 1000. 3, JJ. Syntherismae, germination of spore from Panicum proliferum, after 5 days in water, X 320. 4, 5, Sorosporium cuneatum in water, X 500. 6-8, JJ. Babenhorstiana, after 3 days in nutrient solution, X 500; 7, much swollen promycelia from both ends of the spore. 9-12, JJ. Syntherismae from Panicum capillare, X 500 ; 9, germination from a mass of spores,— the ends at a and b curve downward toward the culture drop surface (water) ; 10, formation of knee joints; 11, shows peculiar stalked conidia; 12, old promycelium with conidia, and germ tubes proceeding from knee-joints at a and b, the former passing under a mass of spores at c. Plate XXVIII. — 1, JJ. filifera after 4 days in water, X 400. 2, Same species after 48 hours in nutrient solution, X 600. 3, Air conidia (JJ. minor) after 8 days in nutrient solution, spore and ends of long filaments not shown, X 60°- 4» 5, IT. filifera, after 18 hours in water, X 500. 6, Same species, after 46 hours in nutrient solution, not a very vigorous specimen, X 600. 7, Conidia and germinating spore from culture of JJ. neglecta in nutrient material on open glass slide, X 320. 8, Same culture, germinating spores, X60- 9_12> V- Austro- Americana, in water, X 500. Plate XXIX. — 1, JJ. filifera in inflorescence of Bouteloua racemosa. 2, 3, Usual appearance of JJ. filamenta on B. racemosa. 4, Same on B. oligostachya. 5, JJ. minor on B. hirsuta. (1-5, Xi-) 6_8» &• Syntherismae on Andropogon scoparius, in nutrient solution. 9, Portion of old branch of JJ. filifera from culture in nutrient solution, X 500. 10, Spores of IT. filifera, X 500. 11, IT. Boutelouae, old culture in manure decoction, air- conidia grow out in branches at a, X 600. 12, Spores of JJ. minor, X 500. Issued November 9, 1S96. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XX v. KANSAS USTILAGINEAE. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXVI. KANSAS USTILAGIXEAE. Trans* Acad, & St, Louis, \w ii KANSAS I STILA.GINEAE, Trams. A*«*. •::ii^:yi Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXIX. J. i»y(.rl »»,., R + R" 0 — yu — _ ana a =R" — s u* If the horizontal flexures, object-glass north and object- * See Sawitsch, Abriss der Praktischen Astronomie, p. 209. t We shall show later on that there is in theory a reason for the existence of the term b"s\n2z. See Equations (16) and (37). Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 247 glass south, are not equal, the value of a' deduced by this method will be illusory. The demonstration of the rule that the astronomical flexure of a telescope in a vertical plane varies as the sine of the zenith distance is as follows:* — It was shown above that the force tending directly to bend either half of a telescope tube varies as the sine of the zenith distance. If a weight W at one end produces a linear deflec- tion H when the tube is horizontal, the deflection at any zenith distance z is assumed to be Hs'mz. An equal weight at the other end which produces a horizontal deflection of H\ gives at the same time a deflection of H's\n( 180° — z) = H' sin,. The difference of these deflections is (H — H') sins; and the astronomical flexure is si n (_^__ bid,), in which 21 is the focal length of the telescope. Astronomical flexure may be produced in two ways by the second cause given above: — (1) Bending due to moments of compressive and tensile forces. (2) Displacement of the neutral surface f by the com- pressive and tensile forces. We proceed to develop by means of the commonly accepted theory of the elasticity and resistance of materials an expres- sion for the astronomical flexure of telescopes due to the bending moments of the compressive and tensile forces. * See Chauvenet's Spher. & Pract. Ast., Vol. II., p. 303. f In the theory of the resistance of materials, the term neutral surface signifies that surface in a bent beam which separates the part of the beam subject to a tensile strain from that subject to a compressive strain. This surface is supposed to pass through the centers of gravity of the cross-sec- tions of the beam; and the term neutral axis, is applied to the line in the neutral surface joining these centers of gravity. (See Weisbach, Coxe's Trans., pp. 410-413 ) 248 Trcuis. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. While formulae of this kind will not in practice give the absolute values of the flexure, it is possible that they may throw some light on the law of variation of flexure with the zenith distance. Let us assume that the tube is of uniform transverse sec- tion, that it is supported at the middle point of the line joining the centers of gravity of the object-glass and e37e-end, that the material of the tube is homogeneous throughout and that the object-glass and eye-end are of the same weight, W. We shall cousider first the flexure due to the weight of the object-glass and eye-end, and second that due to the weight of the tube itself. Then for the first case the differ- ential equation of the neutral axis of the upper half of the tube of the telescope is, as given in Wood's Resistance of Materials, p. 138 and in other text-books, El ®* [= — y W costf — x W sin0. For the lower half of the tube, EI p{ = + y W costf — x W Bind. The zenith distance 0 is taken less than 90° in each of these equations and the origin of co-ordinates is taken at the object and eye-ends respectively in the disturbed position. The rc-axis is taken parallel, and the y-axis perpendicular to the undis- turbed position of the line of collimation. E is the modulus of elasticity of the material of the tube and 1 the moment of inertia of a transverse section. If we put , TFsintf j „ U'eos/' P2 = —EI- «* 22 = — m ' the above equations become (,., =—px — r>/, (1) Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 249 *y=-p*x + q*y. (2) Integrating these equations we get y=K^x^~lJf Kne-^-l—^rX, (3) j i - q- y = K;eqx + K;e~qx + Ktx. (4) By inspection of the flexure curve we see that for x = 0, y = 0 ; and for x = l,~¥= 0, Z being the half length of the tube. From (3) *=**>- -W--5-. <5) Putting x = I in (5), ^e * - iqICe- * - |r = °- ( 6 ) Putting a: = 0 in (3), R\ + K2 = 0. (7) From (6) and (7) R, = 1 and E = Substituting these values in (3), 250 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. In like manner (4) becomes, »2 , 1 (AX _ e-qx X Equations (8) and (9) are the equations of the neutral axes of the upper and lower halves of the telescope tube re- spectively. If we put A for the deflection of the upper end of the tube and A' for that of the lower end we have, since in (8) and (9) y = A and A' for x = I, pi (i ei=lq2inznO(l-lq2P+gqV-^qn« . ... .). (14) Since q'2 = — J^— , q2l2 will always be a small quantity in case of a telescope of ordinary construction. Therefore these series converge rapidly and the absolute deflections A Vpdegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 251 and A' may be conveniently and accurately computed by (13) and (14). Subtracting (14) from (13) we get, A-J'= T5 ^ tan/?(x + m ^4 ••■•)' (15) in which only the first term of the series will be appreciable. Neglecting all terms except the first and substituting for q2 its value, we have 2 / W \2 J-J, = i5'5bi) sin2^' (16> from which the difference of deflection may be computed with convenience and accuracy. From (16) we see that A — A' is always positive for direct observations since 2d can never be greater than 180°, and hence the flexure of the upper half of the tube is always theoretically greater than that of the lower half. For observations by reflection A — A' is negative. The position of the telescope when pointed to the nadir being taken as the undisturbed position, the flexure is zero at the zenith and the horizon and is a maximum at zenith distances of 45°. Flexure of this kind will diminish both zenith-distances and nadir-distances (as measured) and hence will not be eliminated by taking the mean of observations direct and reflected. While it will not in theory give rise to a discordance Reflected minus Direct it does not follow that it will not so do in practice. Substituting in Eq. (12) the value of A — A' given by (16) we have, h = sin JlL ( w\ 15 \E1) shi20 (17) The astronomical flexure varies directly as W2 and in- versely as {EI)2 If inEqs. (13) and (14) we put 0 = 90° we get, I3 W A = A' = ~2~j^j, (18) 252 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Fig. 4. which is the formula for the deflection of a horizontal beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other.* We now pass to the case of flexure due to the weight of the tube of the telescope. Let the weight per unit of length be to. Then, the origin of co-ordinates being taken, as before, in one case at the object-end and in the other case Y at the eye-end of the telescope, we have as the weight on any section, ivx. The components perpendicular and parallel to the line of collima- tion will be wx sin# and iox cos#, d being as before the angle which the line of collimation in its undis- turbed position makes with the vertical. In Figure 4 let OX and OY be the axes of co-ordinates for the upper half of the tube. Evidently the moment on any transverse section, as that pass- ing through the point s, will be ~wx2s'\nd very nearly. We here assume sO to be a straight line, which when the deflec- tion is small may be done without appreciable error. The case of the longitudinal component is however less simple, since in this case, except for sections near 0, we cannot assume sO to be a straight line. If we assume the curve CsO to be an arc of a circle, the lever arm of the compressive force for any section would be \y, while on the assumption of a straight line the lever arm for any section would be \y. The problem seems not to admit of direct and rigorous solu- tion since a knowledge of the equation of the curve CsO is needed in forming its differential equation. Evidently, however, the mean value of the lever arm of the compress- ive force is somewhere between \y and \y, and we adopt ^y. This gives as the moment of the longitudinal component of the weight on any section ^ivxy cosd. We shall see later that whatever error there may be in this assumption will not for our purpose seriously affect the result. We then get as the approximate differential equations of See Wood's Resistance of Materials, p. 109. Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 253 the flexure curves for the upper and lower halves of the tube respectively, El — -J — — - wxycosd — - w;x2sin#, dx2 3 J 2 „ rd2y 1 1 EI-r-2 — + o wxycosd — g ivxh'md. 1 wcos# 1 ivs'md If we put a — g jjiT and 6 = ^ ^j , these become # y — 2 = — axy — bx\ (19) d?y /oa\ ~2 = + aay — &«2. (^j It is evident on inspection that Eq. (19) is satisfied by the relation y = — ■£*> (21) which is a particular solution, so called. If to this value of y be added that given by solving (19) with the term bx2 put equal to zero, the sum put equal to y will, according to a well known theorem of Differential Equa- tions, be the complete or general solution of (19). We have now to solve the differential equation, d2y (22) dt Putting y — el and — , — = u, we have, dy dx t dt dx and d2y t(dt)2_L tdH dx2 ~ \dx / dx2"1 and Eq. (22) becomes du ^+u> = -ax, 254 Trans. Acad. ISci. of St. Louis. which is a special case of Riccati's Equation not integrable in finite terms. Returning to Eq. (22) and integrating it in series we get, (23) JL _ ,2 y CJ±(u) + CyJ x{u) 3 ~3 2 3. 1 in which u = -^x2a2 and J is the well known functional symbol of Bessel. Then we have, according to the above theorem, from (21) and (23) as the complete solution of Eq. (19), i — .2 y = CJx{u) + C,J_Au) (24) Now Jx and J x each represent a series in general form 3 — 3" as follows, JM = 2T(n + 1) + 4(h + 1) 32(w + l) (n + 2) 384(n+l)(»+2)(7i + 3) On substituting in (24) the values of Jx(u) and J 2(w) 3 — 3 we find in the resulting expression for y a term in the co- efficient of Cj which does not contain x, while each term in the coefficient of C does contain x. Since we know by the conditions of the problem that y = 0 for x = 0, we find on putting x = 0 Cx = 0, and Eq. (24) reduces to, ?/ = -rj^CJ, (U) X. J f\ \K a (25) Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. Differentiating Eq. (25), 255 dx '© aWA(w) — x 2Jx(u) 3 Differentiating (26) and reducing, (26) (27) Combining Eqs. (25) and (27) to eliminate the constant of integration C we get, — £ = — axy — bx2, dxi dy which shows that Eq. (25) is correct. From the conditions of the problem we know that ^- = 0 for x = I, the half length of the tube, and substituting I for x in Eq. (26) we have, ty ° (I) I 2JJL(u1) — a^lJ^Uj) 3 3 = 0, (28) 2 A i in which uL = «72a , Eqs. (25) and (28) then give on eliminating C, V = x2J-L{u) I 2J±(u1) — a2/e/i(M1) (29) which is the approximate equation of the neutral axis of the upper half of the tube. From Eq. (20) we deduce in the same manner, as the equation of the elastic curve of the lower half of the tube, 256 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. x2J1(u') I 2JJL(u1') — l(— a)2J±(u;) 3 3 + X (30) 2 3 _^ 2 i in which w' = o^( — a)2 and w/ = qJ ( — a) Now if we put A1 and J/ for the deflections of the upper and lower halves of the tube respectively, since y = A1 for x = I'm (29) and y = J,' for cc = /in (30), we have b A, = — PJAux) 1 I 3Jx{u1) — a2U±(u1) 3 3 (31) l2Jx(u\) a: = rt ,/•(„/)-_ j (_a)Vi («',) + I \ (32) By evaluating the Bessel's Functions the values of A1 and &l may be computed from (31) and (32). More convenient formulae may be deduced as follows. Substituting for a and b their values as given above, Eq. (31) may be written in this form: — 4 = £ I tant in which X = 1 — a2l2X JAui) 3 Now by the calculus of Gamma Functions (33) r(P+ i)=pr(P), J A ui ) = "H 23rd) Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 3/«,\a 257 "1~ L40 I 2 / 1820 V 2 / * * i r- 3 "^ 56 V 2 / 560V2/ and X= gllj i . l^Wl1 /^r.4- 13851 /M 1 "+" 28 I 2 / "^ 560 V 2 / "^ 203840 \ 2 / 28 V ' 203840 \ 2 Substituting this value of X in (33) and reducing we get 3 / 2 23 43 _ \ 4 =g-aZ*tan0 (l + ^aZ3 + 280a ^ + 1820a¥ ' ' )' (34) And in the same way we get from Eq. (31), for the lower half of the tube. 23 43 j/ = gaZ4tan0 1 1 — y«i3 + ^oal ~ W2bal ••••)• (35) In the case of any telescope of ordinary construction alz is a very small quantity and these series converge very rapidly. Therefore the deflections A1 and A\ may be accurately and con- veniently computed from Eqs. (34) and (35). Subtracting we get 3 /4 43 \ A1 — J/ = g al4\.and UaZ3 + 910^ * ' 'J' Q i O or ^-J/^^tan^l+^Z6 . . . . J. (36) 258 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Only the first term of this series will ever be appreciable. Neglecting the others and putting for a its value and for wlt Wv we have which has the same form as Eq. (16). Jj — a\ is always positive for direct observations, is a maximum for 6 = 45s, and is zero for d = 0° or 90°. If in Eqs. (34) and (35) we put 6 = 90°, then J* = J'i = 8 Bt which is the well-known formula for the deflection of a hori- zontal, uniformly loaded beam, fixed at one end and free at the other.* The formula for the astronomical flexure is h, = sin * 1 ^r-l sin2# (38) If in the differential equations (19) and (20) the value of .j. i 1 ?^COS^ . . , - 1 WCQS0 , , , , a had been made — _ — - instead of- we should have as 2 El 3 EI 3 the coefficient of the right hand member of (37) in- v J 112 stead of — While (37) gives theoretically the law of varia- 84 v 'fi J tion with the zenith distance of the astronomical flexure due to the weight of the tube it can hardly be expected to give even a rough approximation to its absolute value. f * See Wood's Besistance of Materials, p. 110. t For an attempt to deduce from the theory of the elasticity and resist- ance of materials formulae for computing the astronomical flexure of teles, copes, see an article by V. Baggi in the Astronomische Nachrichten Nr. 3285. Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 259 Furthermore a rigorous solution of the problem makes neces- sary a solution of the differential equation d2y -t— 2 = — plx — II Approx. De- flection for load at ends. Approx. De- flection for dist. load. 1 1 1 - 1 Ph 'g o . a & o S: D. 0° 0in.000 0in.000 +0in. 00000 4-0in.00000 4-0in. 00000 0".00 0in.0000 10 0 .022 0 .008 18 2 20 0 .56 0 .1050 20 0 .043 0 .016 35 3 38 1 .11 0 .0509 30 0 .063 0 .024 47 4 51 1 .56 0 .0321 40 0 .081 0 .031 53 5 58 1 .76 0 .0221 45 0 .090 0 .034 54 5 59 1 .80 0 .0185 50 0 .097 0 .036 53 5 58 1 .76 0 .0155 00 0 .110 0 .041 47 4 51 1 .56 0 .0107 70 0 .119 0 .045 35 3 38 1 .11 0 .0067 80 0 .125 0 .047 18 2 20 0 .56 0 .0033 90 0 .127 0 .048 +0 .00000 +0 .00000 4-0 .00000 0 .00 0 .0000 The experience of investigators of the elasticity and resist- ance of materials has shown that formulae deduced from theory do not give results which agree accurately with the re- sults of experiments.* That the action of materials subject to strains is more or less capricious has been abundantly * Weisbach says, " Except as exhibiting approximately the laws of phe- nomena, the theory of the strength of materials has many practical defects." Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 263 proven by experiment. In this case, however, we are con- cerned with the difference of two flexures, and relatively small errors in the absolute deflections may cause large astronomical flexures. We have shown above that the astronomical hor- izontal flexure may be assumed to vary as the sine of the zenith distance, and also that there is a small theoretical astronomical flexure which varies as the sine of twice the zenith distance. Again, the effect of the displacement of the neutral axis by the longitudinal forces seems to be uncertain. The tube of the telescope of a meridian circle as ordinarily constructed consists of two tubular brass castings of the same size and shape, which are bolted to a hollow cubical brass portion which is cast in one piece with the horizontal axis of the instrument. When the telescope is in an inclined posi- tion the greatest strain comes where the parts are fastened together with screws.* This tends of course to make the flexures uncertain. According to formulae (17) and (37) the flexure due to the compressive and tensile forces varies inversely as the square of the coefficient of elasticity of the material of the tube. Now the coefficient of elasticity of some kinds of steel is more than three times as large as that of brass. t If, there- fore, there is any danger of appreciable flexure errors arising from the compressive and tensile forces it is advisable to construct meridian circle telescopes of steel instead of brass, provided that steel is as nearly homogeneous as brass. It is not the purpose of this paper to discuss the various methods used for determining the astronomical flexure of telescopes by observation or experiment, but we shall touch briefly upon certain results of observation which seem to be of interest in connection with the foregoing theory. The only practicable way of determining the flexure is by observation or experiment, yet there has never been devised any method for getting the flexure of a meridian * See Harkness on Flexure of Meridian Instruments, Appendix III. to Washington Obs'tis for 1882, p. 14. t See Wood's Besistance of Materials, pp. 310-311, and Weisbach's Mechanics of Engineering, Translated by Coxe, p. 403. 264 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. circle telescope at all zenith distances which has proven satis- factory on general application. The flexure of such a teles- cope is usually small and is not easily separated from other errors of the instrument in zenith distance, errors of refrac- tion tables and systematic errors of division. Furthermore, the flexure of a telescope may not be constant but probably varies with time, temperature or the manner of using the instrument.* Observers, therefore, instead of attempting to determine and allow for this troublesome class of errors, have usually tried to adopt some method of observing by which they may be eliminated.! The founder of that celebrated firm of instrument-makers, the Repsolds of Hamburg, con- structed the telescopes of his meridian circles so that the object-glass and eye-end could be interchanged, thinking that the mean of observations in declination on any star made before and after the change would be free from errors of flexure. It is evident that that term of the flexure which varies as sin 6 would be eliminated by this method, but that the term which varies as sin 26 would not (see p. 251). A better method for eliminating flexure errors is that of Bessel, the star being observed four times — direct and reflected circle West and the same circle East. It does not, however, in theory eliminate the term of the flexure which depends on sine 26. Assuming the perfect homogeneity of the telescope tube the 26 term of the flexure affects zenith distances and nadir distances alike and gives rise to no discrepancy Re- flected minus Direct. But the sine flexure — that is the term depending on sine 6 —does, when unallowed for, give rise to a difference R — D amounting to twice the flexure itself since this flexure term increases measured zenith distances and diminishes nadir distances or vice versa. It is conceivable that in the same way that the sin 6 term arises from non-homogeneity of the tube, the 26 term may not be the same for supplementary zenith distances — that is for a star direct and reflected. Also flexure arising from displacement of the neutral axis of the tube or auy other * See V. J. S. der Ast. Oesell. 31 Jahrgang Erstes Heft, p. 41. | See Valentiner's Handworterbuch der Astronomie, pp. 575-592. Updegroff — Flexure of Telescopes. 265 effect arising from displacement of the neutral axis by action of the compressive and tensile forces upon the two halves of the tube when in an inclined position may, on account of non- homogeneity of material, differ for supplementary zenith distances. That these causes and their effects must exist is sufficiently clear. The question is whether the effects are likely to be appreciable. The R — D discordance found many years ago to exist in case of the Greenwich Transit Circle was considered by Sir G. B. Airy to be due to refraction of the light in passing from the cool air outside to the warmer air surrounding the mercury basin.* More recent researches at Greenwich seem to show that the discrepancy is due to instrumental error. f A similar dis- crepancy has been found in observations made with the transit circle at the C;ipe of Good Hope. After correcting the observations for sine flexure by the formula h = V.Ss'mZ.D. the results for R — D at Greenwich as given by Professor Turner in Mon. Not. R. A. 8., Vol. LIV., p. 487, are as follows: — Z. D. R- -D 25° -fO" .06 30 +0 .20 35 +0 .28 40 +0 .26 45 +0 .12 50 +0 .03 55 — 0 .21 60 — 0 .28 On account of mechanical difficulties, observations by reflec- tion are not made at Greenwich outside of the above limits of zenith distance. The results for R — D at the Cape of Good Hope after being corrected for sine flexure by the formula h = — 0".46 sinZ.Z). are as follows :$ — * Memoirs B. A. S., Vol. XXXII., pp. 9-17. t Mon. Not. B. A. S., Vol. LIV., p. 486. | Introduction to Cape Catalogue of Stars for 1885, p. XVII. Z.D. E.- -D. —12° 19' +0" .19 —17 35 0 .00 —23 10 +0 .35 —27 6 +0 .29 —32 39 +0 .26 —37 27 +o .17 —42 16 +o .41 —47 23 + 0 .59 —52 19 +1 .15 —56 57 +1 .05 266 Trcms. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Z.D. It.—D. _j_ 9° 10' — 0".24 +12 31 +0 .17 + 17 31 +0 .37 + 22 40 +0 .50 +27 53 +0 .69 +32 33 +0 .44 +36 42 +0 .34 +43 28 +0 .76 +47 52 +1 .04 During the years 1885-7, 1 made at the Washburn Observa- tory of the University of Wisconsin with a 5-inch Repsold meridian circle about 700 observations on more than 100 Berliner Jahrbuch stars for the purpose of determining the latitude and the errors of the instrument in declination. A description of the instrument, which is one of the finest in the world, may be found in Vol. II. of the Publications of the Washburn Observatory and a detailed account of the manner in which the observations were made is given in Vol. V. of the same Publications. No stars were observed by reflection because the instrument was not provided at that time with apparatus for the purpose. The results were published in Vol. V. of the Publications of the Washburn Observatory in June, 1887. The fact that latitudes vary periodically was not known until four or five years later. In order to give some idea of the accuracy of these observations the results for latitude from the four groups of stars observed, are giveu below, as published in 1887 (see Publications Washburn Observatory, Vol. V., p. 5* of Appendix), together with the mean epoch of the observations on each group and the quan- tities necessary to reduce the observed latitudes to the mean latitude, quantities computed from Chandler's formula pub- lished in 1892.* * See Astronomical Journal, No. 277. Updegraff — Flexure of Telescopes. 2G7 •« a, Mean Observed Observed J3 o c ° S3 »C5 Epoch. Latitude. A

cos? cosa dt. This by means of Eq. (4) reduces to, dd = — cosa d:. ( 8 ) Differentiating (2) regarding d, t and ? as variable, we have, cosd cos£ dt — sind sin< dd = cos? sina cZ?. By (4), cos M2\ cos<5 Aa = — cosgsinCcZa — s'mq d* )' * ' in which Ao and Aa are the sum of the differentials in d and with each other is N= 4ttX — = 2Xw. 2tt The force at a finite distance from an infinite electrified plane whose charge is a per unit area is F= 2-rra. Hence the flow * Read before The Academy of Science of St. Louis, December 7, 1896. (273) 274 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. of force from a rectangular portion of this plane whose length is x and whose width is unity is M = 2w (3). This is the equation of a line of force which never reaches 0 but approaches an asymptote Y'G' (Fig. 1.) which is parallel to OY aud at a distance x0 from O. If, as in Fig. 2, the line and plane have charges of like ~0' |r7 *" D VB signs the equation of a line of Fig. 2. force is \oj + ircrx = K' (4), in which K' is a constant. If in equation (4) x = 0 K' = \co = Xa. Substituting this value of K ', equation (4) becomes X ( co — a ) = — it ax ( 5 ) . 276 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. If in equation (4) co — ir Jl ' = \tt -j- 7TCTX = XtT -\- 7TCTXQ. Substituting this value of K ', equation (4) becomes 7TCT (X XQ) =\ {lT 0)) (6). For co = 7r — co' and a = it — a equation (5) becomes X (to — a) = Trffx, which is the same as equation (2). Also, for co = it — w equation (6) becomes ira (x — x0) = W, which is the same as equation (3). This shows that the lines of force proceeding from a system consisting of an electrified plane and an electrified line parallel to the plane, are curves of the same kind whether the charges are of like or of unlike signs. Since the force at any point due to an electrified plane is independent of the distance of the point from the plane, it follows that the lines of force of the above system are the same regardless of the distance of the electrified line from the electrified plane. The preceding equations were obtained from electrical con- siderations. In what follows it will be shown how they can be obtained from geometrical considerations. In Fi the \ nght I , and if PD has a position OY when OP has C left > Boever — Geometrical Properties of Lines of Force. 277 a position OG, then the locus of the point of intersection P is expressed by the equation x — » v in which co = ^.YOP, a = ^.YOG and x = O'D. Now a = 2irn' = nrn, in which n is the number of half rotations made by OP in a unit of time. For this value of a the above equation becomes v (co — a) = irnx (1). If, however, PD has a position Y'G' (which is parallel to YO and at a distance x0 trom it) when OP has a position OY, then the locus of the point of intersection P' is expressed by the equation x — x0 __ co v a Putting for a its value tth this equation becomes TTIl ( X XQ ) = VCD ( 8 ) . Equations (7) and (8) may be simultaneously expressed in the general form vco — irnx — K1 ( 9 ) , in which Kx is a constant. If, as in Fig. 2, OP rotates about 0 in a \ left handed I t right handed > direction and PD moves to the < ^ v , and if PD has a ( left 5 position Or"when OP has a position OG, then the locus of the point of intersection P is expressed by the equation V (CO a) = TT71X (10)' 278 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. If, however, OP has a position 00' when DP has a position G'Y\ then the locus of the point of intersection P' is expressed by the equation irn (x — x0) = v (7r — a)) (H)- Equations (10) and (11) may be simultaneously expressed in the general form vco + nrnx = 7T/ (12), in which K{ is a constant. Equations (9) and (12) represent identical curves in the same manner as do equations (1) and (4). Equations (2), (3), (5), (6) have the same forms as equa- tions (7), (8), (10), (11) respectively and this shows : — I. That the curve representing a line of force proceeding from a system consisting of an electrified plane and an electri- fied line parallel to the plane, is the locus of the intersection of two straight lines having motions in a plane which is per- pendicular to the electrified line ; one line having a motion of uniform rotation about the electrified line as an axis, and the other a motion of uniform translation perpendicular to itself and parallel to the electrified plane. II. That the constants > or r = rQ (cos a) — S sin co) (20a). If /S is a constant this is the equation of a circle which passes through O (x=0, y = 0) and / (x = 0, y = —). This \ 7T07 shows that a circle passing through 0 and /cuts lines of force in points at which they (the lines of force) have the same slope /S. The slope of a tangent to this circle at the point O is jS. For S = 0 equation (20) becomes V 2iro) 4 ttV' which is the equation of a circle whose diameter is 01 = r0 = This circle cuts lines of force in points at which they 7ri i — w\ t- ~ (x — x') (22)- u J tto {x* + y1) — ^y >- If y' = — this equation becomes \ Xx' , ,x y — 1 . (x — x ). TTO r + vv)"^ The intercept of this line on the axis OY is y = 0. There- fore normals to the lines of force at their points of inflection pass through the origin 0. If y' = 0 equation (22) becomes y = 7 (x — a;'). The intercept of this line on the axis 0 JTis y = = — r0. 284 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Therefore normals to lines of force at points in which they are cut by the axis OX pass through a point in the axis OY which is as far below O as 1 is above O. If we assume that the rotating line OP (Fig. 1.) extends in both directions from its axis and that co can have any value from minus infinity to plus infinity, equation (1) represents a curve which has an infinite number of branches, of which only '(Tv Fia. 6. one passes through the point O. Fig. 5, which explains itself, shows a portion of the complete curve represented by equa- tion (1). In order to investigate this curve for asymptotes put for the l8t asymptote = 2tt th a n . of St. Louis. versin &> = 2 — versin &>' and versin a = 2 — versin a' equition (29) becomes 7?i (versin a>' — versin a') = r-^x2, which is tbe same as equation (26). Also, for versin co = 2 — versin a>' equation (30) becomes iro ix' — x} ) = m versin co , which is the same as equation ( 27 ). This shows that the lines of force pro _ from a system consisting of an electrified plane and an electrified point are curves of the same kind whether the changes are of like or of unlike signs. ( Figs. 1 and 2.) In thi> - lines of force are the e Hess of the distance of the el from the electrified plane. :ng equations were from electrical con- In what follows it will be shown how they can be m geometrical In Fig. 1. -•S'ht l'ne (JP rotates about O and the jht line PD moves in a direction perpendicular to its .irallel to AB. OP n tea 0 in such a manner that the ver^ine of the \ . which it n with OY (a peq->emiicular to AB, thro... _ - at a uniform r;ite. This _ >ut mechani- .-: ng OP the center line or axis of a crank to be --/iead, which 3 a slot ular to and a uniform linear moti the length of stroke of the crosshead and u the portion of that nich the f the crosshead. PD moves in such re the m :ne of a circular cylinder . - - P, the area - - - wou! . are at a uniform rate. L . - = - - be the ki this _ - in a unit of I Then if PD st - . >m a position of coincidence ^r t the end of a unit of ill be x — - ~ and ( iett han Boever — Geometrical Properties of Lines of Force. 289 PD moves to the \ r,ght I , and if PD has a position OY ( left ) when OP has a position OG, then the locus of the point of intersection P is expressed by the equation s . -( versin — versin a) = 2wx2 (31), in which o> = ^YOP, a = ^.YOG and x = O'D. If, however, OP has a position OY when PZ) has a position Y'G', then the locus of the point of intersection P is ex- pressed by the equation 5 , 9 -x versin oj lTXi TTXq I A SU or 2u (x2 — x02) = v2 versin a> (32), in which x0 is the distance between the parallel lines YO and Y'G'. Equations (31) and (32) may be simultaneously ex- pressed in the general form v2 versin co — 2wx2 = K1 (33), in which K\ is a constant. If, as in Fig. 2, OP rotates about 0 in a < l > direction and PD moves to C right handed 3 the \ nght I , and if PD has a position OF when OP has a £ left 5 position OG, then the locus of the point of intersection is expressed by the equation v2 (versin &> — versin a) = — 2wx2 (34). If, however, OP has a position 00' when PD has a position •.".Ml 'I'nuis. Anid. Sri. of St. Louis. (," )", then the locus of the poinl of Interned ion is expressed by 1 In- equal ion 2u (.••' ..■;-') /••' (2 — vereiu «>) (M). Equations (84) and (85) may be simultaneously expressed in the general form r '•' versin CO | 2u»8 A"', ( 86 ), in which /i ', li i constant . Equations (88) and (86) represent identical ourves. Equations (2€), (87), (29), (80) have the same forms as equations (81), (82), (84), (.">.r>) reepeetively, and tins shows : — I. That the ourve representing s line of foroe prooeeding from a system consisting of an eleotrified plane and an eleo- t rifled point, is the locus of the intersection of two straight lines haying motions in :i plane which passes through the eleotrified point and is perpendioular to the eleotrified plane ; one Line haying 8 motion of rotation about the electrified point and the other a motion of translation perpendicular to Itself ami parallel to the eleotrified plane. The rotation is such that the versine of the angle which the rotating line makes with 07 (a line which passes through the eleotrified point and is perpendioular to the electrified plane) ohanges at B uniform rate, and the translation is such that if the moving line were the meridian line ol' a cylinder of revolution whose axis is () )', the area of cross section of t he cylinder would ohange at B uniform rale. II. Thai the constants *, m, v and u are related by tho equation "' _ ™L = J (37). III. Thai if the eleotrified point be considered us being above the eleotrified plane Bower — GeometrfeeU Properties 0/ Lines of Force, ^->i 1. The system baring electric charges <>f unlike - ... ,, ., . ( right banded / DOndl to the Case in which Ur'wMl > ' [aft banded > rotation and /' I) bat a motion to tbes * £. IPig. 1. ' left ) 2. The system baring electric charges of like i .v i i ^.a> i $ kft banded / corresponds to the case in which '>/' oas < c ' gnf banded > rotation ami P D bas a motion to the* *• ' , . Fig. 2. ' left S Fie. s. J rig- (; shows the Knes of force proceeding from a sys- tem consisting of an electrified plane yl B and an eled point O. 292 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. For a = 0 equation (26) becomes m versin o> = ttox* ( 38 ) . This result is also obtained by making xQ = 0 in equation (27). This is the equation of the limiting or critical line. This line is the meridian curve of the surface of revolution which separates the lines of force terminating in the elec- trified point from those which never reach it. The dashed line in Fig. 6 is the critical line. For the point i" in which the critical line cuts OY, — = 2ira or 01 = r» = \fe (89>- Inspection shows that (26) is the equation of a line of force which is inside the critical line and (27) is the equation of a line of force which is outside the critical line. For (o=tt equation ( 26) becomes m (2 — versin a) x2 = _ ( 40 ) , 1 7T(T in which a^ is the distance from O to the asymptote of a line of force which is inside the critical line. For co = tt equa- tion ( 27) becomes In i ^9 = — + »02 (41), in which (xn — x0) is the distance between the two parallel asymptotes to a line of force which is outside the critical line. For a = 0 equation (40) becomes < = Vw = 2r« (42)- which is also obtained by making xQ = 0 in equation (41). Roever — Geometrical Properties of Lines of Force. 293 Hence x\ is the distance from O to the asymptote of the critical line. t m For &) =«r equation (27) becomes 77-r2 — 7rx02 = — ; from 2m equation (41) ttx^ — itx2 = — . This shows that a line of force outside the critical line and the two asymptotes to this line of force are meridian curves of co-axial surfaces of revolution which cut from a plane OX (through O and parallel to plane AB) two annuli of equal areas. In Fig. 4. let 0 represent the electrified point and AB the trace of the electrified plane. Through O draw OX parallel to AB and OY perpendicular to AB. At any point P draw m the arrows PE = 27ro-and PF = — representing the forces due to the electrified plane and the electrified point respec- tively. On PE and PF construct the parallelogram PEQF; the diagonal PQ will represent the magnitude and direction of the resulting force. PQ is tangent to a line of force at P. Then from the figure the slope of PQ is o = fy _ _ QH __ PE — FH m — cos &) But dx HP HP m —^ sin a) y y x cos &) = — = .. _ r and sin &> = — = r Vx2 + y2 r Vx2-\-yi Therefore, a. dy = my — ira (x2+y2)2 ,^ dx rax When integrated this expression becomes m {-l+vm)+wa*=0 V x2 + y or ra versin &> — irax2 = (7, 294 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. in which C is the constant of integration. This is the same as equation (25). It shows that in this case also, the analogy of considering force as flowing is correct. When 8 is constant (43) is the equation of a curve which cuts lines of force in points at which they (the lines of force) have the same slope 8. The polar equation of this curve, when referred to 0 as a pole and 0 Y as an initial line, is r = ±r0l/cos&) — 8 sin co (43a). This equation represents a curve which has two loops, one of which is represented by + and the other by — . (Fig. 6. ) The -+■ loop alone has the property of cutting lines of force in points at which they have the same slope. For co = 0, r = ± r0. This shows that the plus loop cuts OY in /and the minus loop cuts OT^in a point which is as far below 0 as 1 is above O. For r = 0, cos co = 8 sin co or cot 2 = — 8. This shows that the longest radius vector is perpendicular to the tangent at O. For a> = o>2 + &>' equation (43a) becomes r = ± r0 (1 + #2)4 i/cos «' (43b) i in which r1 = r0 (1 + #2)4 is the longest radius vector. Equation (43b) represents the curve referred to 0 as a pole and its longest radius vector as an initial line. Since cos (+«')=cos( — a>') it follows that the longest radius vector is an axis of symmetry. For 8 = 0 either equation (43a) or equation (43b) becomes ± r0 7/cos co (43c). r2 Since tan co = — 8, cos co = 7 ~ = _2_ or dropping V 1 -f 82 r.2 Boever — Geometrical Properties of Lines of Force. 295 the subscripts r=±~^=- (43d). ycos co This equation represents the locus of the verticies of the curves represented by equation (43a). Fig. 6 shows curves represented by the equations : r = rQ j/cos co — 2 sin co, r = r0 j/cos co + sin co, and r = r0 ]/cos co, in which 01 = rQ. Fig. 6 shows that all the lines of force which are outside the critical line have points of inflection. For the locus of such points d2y = dx2 A (JL dx \ x 2ira ( x2 m + X y2V\ = Qttct m (x2 + y2 X2 )2 /27TCT \ m (x2 +y*)* y -1)-1 Therefore > on 0 (44) y i/ic2 + 2/2 = 2^ or yr = ro2 ( 45 ) or r==k-7J±=r (45a). Fcos co Equation (45a) represents a curve which has two branches. The plus branch is the locus of the points of inflection. The curve is symmetrical with respect to the axis OP" and the branches are symmetrical with respect to the axis OX. For co = 0, r = ± rQ and for co = _., r = ± oo. Hence the locus of the points of inflection passes through 1 and approaches the axis OX as an asymptote. (Fig. 6.) Equation (45a) is the same as equation (43d). Hence the locus of the points of inflection is the locus of the verticies of 296 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. the curves represented by equation (43a). The second form of equation (45) suggests an easy method of construction. The curve represented by equation (43) is tangent to some line of force at its point of inflection. The slope of a normal to a line of force at the point (»', y') is „, _ 1 mx' S 3- 2tto- (x'2 + y'2)2 — my' Hence the equation of a normal is mx' y — y' = | (as — as') (46). 27r<7 (x'2 + y'2)2 — my' The condition that the point (as', y') shall be a point of in- m flection is y'^/x'2 + y'2 = » For this condition equation (46) becomes y' y = V' + ~> (* — «'), from which y = 0 when x = 0. This shows that normals to lines of force at their points of inflection pass through the origin O. If in this case also we assume that the rotating line extends in both directions from its axis and that <^7r.* Equation (25) written in the form m trav th it trav co = 2na then for the n£> asymptote the equation m (trav co — versin a) = ttctx2 becomes m m x? = 2na — — — versin a (47) - — r- _____ _ _-_ — - - r;z7 298 Trans. Acad. iSci. of St. Louis. or if we consider the equation ira (x2 — x2) = mtrav g> put for the 1st asymptote trav a> = 0 2nd " trav w = 2 n* " trav &) = (na — 1) 2 then from the above equation xa* = 2(na — 1) — + *02 (48), ira in which xa is the distance from 0 to the n*ah asymptote. For n0 = 1 equation (47) becomes the same as equation (40). For na = 0 equation (48) becomes xa2 = — — + x02. The 7T Po~ • Per Eq. (P-H). 33 0C to 90= — 0C.20 15 90° to 180" -f 0 .97 25 180c to 270° — 34 ."to 360 + 0 .28 302 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. In these comparisons the distances have been grouped with- out regard to position-angle, and the position-angles without regard to distance. The individual comparisons however in- dicate no systematic error in either co-ordinate which is a function of the other. The results show a systematic difference in measures of dis- tance which is apparently constant for all distances. The comparison of position-angles on the other hand show small differences (except in one case depending on a small number of observations) and these differences are, I think, purely accidental, in spite of the similarity of sign in the first and third, and second and fourth, quadrants. The following tables give the individual results. The powers employed were 300, 600 and 800 and these are indi- cated by the letters C, D and E respectively. In the Mean Results, which follow the individual observa- tions, I have added for comparison my observations of these same pairs made in 1880, 1881 and 1884. The Right Ascensions and Declinations refer to the Equinox 1900.0. Pritchett — Double Star Observations. 303 Date. Sid. Time. Pos. Ang Distance. Eyepiece. Remarks. I 1998, f Scorpii A. B. a = 15h 58m.9 8 = — 11° 5' 1896.576 h 16.2 217.91 1.12 I) 1 1998, £ Scorpii ^^-, C. 1896.567 .576 16.5 16.5 62.29 65.16 7.18 6.90 v Scorpii A. B. a = 16h 16m.2 8 = — 19° 12' 1896.589 .603 16.7 17.1 6.60 8.23 0.90 0.87 v Scorpii A+B C+D. 2 ' 2 1896.587 17.0 337.90 40.97 v Scorpii C. D. 1896.587 17.2 50.13 2.09 C .589 17.1 51.90 1.93 D .603 17.4 50.90 2.25 E 304 Trans. Acad. JScL of St. Louis. 1896.606 .613 Date. Sid. Time. Pos. Ang. Distance. Eyepiece. Remarks. I 2021. a = 16h 8 .6 8 = + 13° 47' h 17.2 17.3 333.60 333. 84 3.77 3.91 I 2022. a = 16h 8m.6 8 = + 26° 55' 1896.606 17.5 140.52 2.36 E .613 17.6 133.55 2.57 E \ 1 2023. a = 16h 9.6 d : = + 5° 47 1896.592 16.9 228.76 1.84 C .598 17.6 231.36 2.05 D I 2032, a CORONAE a = 16h 10m.9 8 = + 34° 7' 1896.584 16.6 210.90 4.12 D .589 17.4 209.93 4.08 C .595 170 211.10 4.06 D I 2041. a = 16h 20m.3 8 = + 1° 28' 1896.598 17.4 4.00 2.45 D Good. Pritchett — Double Star Observations. 305 Date. Sid. Time. Pos. Ans. Distance. Eyepiece. Remarks. 2 2055, k Ophiuchi. a = 16h 25m.9 8 = + 2° 12' 1896.581 h 16.6 o 48.53 1.61 D Poor. .598 17.0 53.33 1.63 D Good. 2 3105. a — 16h 26m.5 8 = — 6° 50' 1896.598 17.0 49.06 0.82 E I 3107. a = 16h 53m.8 8 = + 4° 4' 1896.592 .598 17.2 18.0 96.74 95.46 1.34 1.38 Fair. I 2120. a = 17h 0m.8 8 = + 28° 14' 1896.595 .585 17.1 17.3 244.10 245.06 6.87 6.50 36 Ophiuchi. a — 17h 9m.2 8 = —26° 27' 1896.567 17.9 192.96 4.06 C .612 17.8 196.05 4.18 E .632 17.7 194.93 4.04 D 306 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Date. Sid. Time. Pos. Ang. Distance. Eyepiece. Remarks. I 2156. a = 17h 18m.8 d = — 0° 45' 1896.581 h 16.8 o 36.83 3.32 D Poor. .592 17.3 39.26 3.36 D .595 17.6 37.00 3.28 D Good. S 2171. a = 17h 23m.7 8 = —9° 55' 1896.595 .587 I 2173. a = 17h 25m.2 d = — 0° 59' I 2244. a = 17h 52m.O 8 = + 0° 7' 1896.581 17.1 160.86 1.30 D .592 17.5 159.06 0.95 D Poor. .598 18.3 165.23 1.42 E 1896.581 .598 17.8 18.2 278.23 275.06 0.94 0.87 Fair. Pritchett — Double Star Observations. 307 Date. Sid. Time. Pos. Ang. Distance Eyepiece. Remarks. 2" 2220, n Herculis A. B. a = 17h 42ra.5 3 = + 27° 47' 1896.584 h 16.8 243.28 31.93 I) 1896.584 .598 .606 I 2220, n Herculis B. C. 17.6 17.6 17.8 50.23 54.98 52.70 0.70 Poor. £ 2262, r Ophiuchi. a = l7h 57m.5 d = —8° 11' 1896.581 17.4 253.62 2.10 D Good. .592 18.0 258.33 1.98 D Poor. .595 17.9 257.21 1.93 D Good. 2 2272, 70 Ophiuchi. a = 18h 0m.4 3 = -f 2° 32' 1896.567 16.8 290.95 2.36 C .576 16.8 291.13 2.34 D .581 17.3 288.46 2.14 C .592 17.7 286.74 2.12 D Poor. .595 18.2 288.91 1.97 D 308 Trans. Acad. Sci. oj St. Louis. Date. Sid. Time, Pos. Ang. Distance. Eyepiece Remarks. 2 2286. a = I8h5m.3 S = -f0°31' 1896.592 .595 h 18.2 17.4 317.60 315.20 2.32 2.14 Poor. 2 2303. a = 18h 14m-6 S = — 8° 3' 1896.595 17.0 224.23 2.37 D 2 2306, A. B a = 18h 16m.5 = —15° 8' 1896.606 .612 17.8 18.2 220.25 220.82 11.54 11.58 2 2306, B. C. 1896.606 .612 18.1 18.5 73.43 59.08 0.83 0.81 2 2311. a = 18h I7m.5 8 = + 11° 23' 1896.598 .632 18.3 18.1 159.06 160.00 5.64 5.21 Pritchett — Double Star Observations. 309 Date. Sid. Time. Pos. Ang. Distance. Eyepiece. Remarks. O 2 358. a = 18h 31m.5 d = + 16° 55' 1896.612 .633 h 18.6 18.4 194.37 195.30 1.93 2.02 2 2541. a = 19h 31.3 8 = —10° 39' 1896.633 18.9 333.20 4.32 E 2 2545. a = 19b 33m.3 d = — 10° 23' 1896.633 18.6 322.10 3.70 E (3 151, jS Delphini A. B. a = 20h 32.9 d = + 14° 15' 1896.633 19.2 1.80 0.45 E ft Delphini A. D. 1896.633 19.5 333.00 37.23 E 310 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. MEAN RESULTS. Star. R. A. Dec. Epoch. o *^ . X! O M ^5 Pos. Ang. Dist. h m o / o „ 2 1998 £ Librae. A. B. 15 58.9 — 11 5 1880.875 1896.576 3 1 189.58 217.91 1.10 1.12 2 1998 A+B c 2 1880.535 1896.571 2 2 65.31 63.72 7.07 7.04 v Scorpii A. B. 16 16.2 — 19 12 1880.549 1S96.596 2 2 0.45 7.41 0.51 0.88 v Scorpii A+B C+D 1S80.541 1896.587 1 1 336.31 337.90 40.83 2 2 40.97 v Scorpii CD. 1880.541 1896.593 1 3 48.46 50.98 1.96 2.09 2 2021 16 8.6 + 13 47 1881.481 1896.610 2 2 331.96 333.72 3.85 3.84 2 2022 16 8.6 + 26 55 1881.548 1896.610 1 2 136.61 137.03 2.29 2.46 2 2023 16 9.6 + 5 47 1881.516 1896.595 2 2 231.44 230.06 1.72 1.94 2 2032, a Coronae. 16 10.9 + 34 7 1884.528 1896.589 2 3 204.71 210.64 3.74 4.09 2 2041 16 20.3 + 1 28 1881.508 1896.598 2 1 5.05 4.00 2.58 2.45 2 2055, A Ophiuchi. 16 25.9 + 2 12 1881.516 1896.590 2 2 37.91 50.93 1.48 1.62 2 3105 16 26.5 — 6 50 1880.556 1896.598 2 1 52.28 49.06 0.65 0.82 2 3107 16 53.8 + 4 4 1880.556 1896.595 2 2 100.69 96.10 1.33 1.36 £ 2120 17 0.8 + 28 14 1884.556 1896.590 1 2 250.33 244. 5S 5.52 6.68 36 Ophiuchi. 17 9.2 — 26 27 1880-540 1896.604 2 3 200.71 194.65 4.21 4.09 2 2156 17 18.8 — 0 45 1880.544 1896.589 3 3 34.75 37.69 3.15 3.32 I 2171 17 23.7 — 9 55 1880.555 1896.591 2 2 68.62 68. C3 1.51 1.86 J" 2173 17 25.2 — 0 59 1896.590 3 161.72 1.22 Pritchett — Double Star Observations. 311 Star. R. A. Dec. Epoch. o2 O W> Pos. Ang. Dist. h m O 1 o ,, y 2244 17 52.0 + 0 7 1880.570 1896.590 2 2 271.90 276.65 1.01 0.91 S 2220 A. B. 17 42.5 + 27 47 1896.584 1 243.28 31.93 2 2220 B. C. 1896.596 3 232.63 0.70 Z 2262 T Ophiuchi. 17 57.5 — 8 11 1896.589 3 256.39 2.00 2 2272 70 Ophiuchi. 18 0.4 + 2 32 1884.518 1896.582 3 5 35.89 289.24 2.18 2.19 2 2286 18 5.3 + 0 31 1880.551 1896.593 2 2 318.25 316.40 2.49 2.23 S 2303 18 14.6 — 8 3 1880.561 1896.595 2 1 222.08 224.23 2.79 2.37 y 2306 A. B. 18 16.5 — 15 8 1880.634 1896.609 3 2 220.75 220.54 12.06 11.56 I 2306 B. C. 1880.634 1896.609 3 2 64.20 66.25 0.91 0.82 y 23ii 18 17.5 + 11 23 1880.573 1896.615 1 2 161.56 159.53 6.49 5.43 0-358 18 31.5 + 16 55 1896.622 2 194.83 1.98 Z 2541 19 31.3 — 10 39 1880.615 1896.633 2 1 332.03 333.20 3.65 4.32 J 2545 19 33.3 — 10 23 1880.615 1896.633 2 1 320.38 322.10 3.56 3.70 ]8 Delphini A. B. 20 32.9 + 14 15 1896.633 1 1.80 0.45 (3 Delphini A. D. 1896.633 1 333.00 37.23 312 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. NOTES. ^2021. : Phis is a sy stem appar< mtr r m i slow 0 lution. 1829.48 315°.5 3" .20 y 54.63 321 .2 3 .67 De 71.42 327 .2 3 .94 Ha 81.48 332 .0 3 .85 P 96.61 333 .7 3 .84 P I 2022. The observations indicate no appreciable change in 40 years. Struve's observation of 1830 appears erro- neous. I 3105. The only observations I have found of this close pair are the following : - 1830.91 59°.4 0" .41 2 70.05 53 .2 0 .50 De 80.56 52 .3 0 .65 P 96.60 49 .1 0 .82 P 2 2120. It has been hitherto difficult to pronounce defi- nitely as to the motion of these stars but the following observations seem to indicate that the change in position — ano-le and distance is due to a rectilinear movement of the smaller star : — 1829.60 11°.4 3" .83 Y 51.97 306 .9 2 .19 Y 67.16 269 .3 3 .26 De 76.50 256 .6 4 .59 Ha 84.56 250 .3 5 .52 P 96.59 244 .6 6 .68 P -2156. Probably a binary of long period. Change in angle in 77 years only 6°. I 2173. A binary system in quick motion, the plane of the moving body passing nearly through the sun. Pritchett — Double Star Observations. 313 2 2272 (70 Ophinchi). This is one of the most interesting of the binary systems, and one to which special interest has been drawn by the paper of Dr. See, A. J., 363. The fol- lowing measures give a very safe position for 1896 : — 1896.39 292°. 3 2". 19 6n Hussey .51 291 .3 2 .40 3n Aitken .58 289 .2 2 .19 5n Pritchett M 287 .1 2 .12 9n Schur .74 288 .6 2 .19 6n Leavenworth 1896.59 289 .7 3 .22 Mean 1 2286. Has changed but 6° in 65 years. 2 2311. Probably a case of rectilinear motion. 1830.30 170°.7 8". 65 I 65.50 165 .1 6 .72 De 80.57 161 .6 6 .49 P 96.61 159 .5 5 .43 'P O 2 358. Probably a binary. 1845.41 227°.0 1".23 0. 2 71.90 204 .7 1 .72 De 96.62 194 .8 1 .98 P 2 2541. The observations of different observers show con- siderable discrepancies, but the change is due probably to rectilinear motion. 1828.76 343°.3 51.86 338 .4 67.90 331 .5 80.61 332 .0 96.63 333 .2 Issued April 22, 1897. 2" .45 2 3 .61 V 3 .42 De 3 .65 P 4 .32 P 2 1897 my Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 14. NORTH AMERICAN BEES — DESCRIPTIONS AND SYNONYMS. CHARLES ROBERTSON. 4 'issued May 7, 1897. JUN 2 1897 NORTH AMERICAN BEES— DESCRIPTIONS AND SYNONYMS.* Charles Robertson. Prosopis F. Prosopis illinoensis Rob. Prosopis Illinoisensis Robertson, Canadian Entomologist, XXVIII, 138, C?, 1896. The spelling of this name in the place cited is a typographi- cal error. Colletes Latr. COLLETES ROBERTSONII D. T. Colletes punctata Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVIII, 62, tf, 1891 (nee Mocs.). Colletes robertsonii Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 44, 1896. Colletes brevicornis $A Black, clothed with rather long, thin whitish pubescence ; vertex shining, sparsely punctured; clypeus densely punc- tured, convex ; labrum with two median tubercles; mandibles, except base, rufous ; antennae short, third joint longest, clavate; mesonotum and scutellum shining, rather strongly punctured, more sparsely on the disc; metathorax with the usual transverse series of pits, a triangular shining space be- yond, otherwise reticulated, but surface nearly concealed by lonor pubescence; wings hyaline, nervures and stigma testa- ceous, tegulae dull; legs slender, black, with long whitish pubescence, especially on anterior femora and tibiae ; apical joints and spurs ferruginous ; abdomen shining at base, which is rather strongly punctured, the punctures more dense and finer on following segments ; bases of second and third seg- ments somewhat constricted; apical margins of first and sec- * Presented by title April 5, 1897. t All names not followed by author's initial are of new species. (315) 316 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ond segments depressed and somewhat reflexed, the margins of following segments less reflexed, and becoming dull testa- ceous; narrow fascia on first segment, becoming wider on following; beneath the segments have widely emarginate margins with narrow rather dull fasciae. Length 8 mm. Illinois ; one $ specimen. Easily distinguished by the short antennae having the third joint longest. Sphecodes Latr. The males of this genus are often entirely black, or nearly so, and in collections are likely to be found mixed with males of black species of Halictus, from which they are sometimes hard to distinguish. From most males of Halictus they may be separated by their shorter antennae. From those in which the antennae of the males are short, like Halictus pectoralis, the male Sphecodes may be distinguished by the flagellum being submoniliform. As a rule the second submarginal cell is nar- rower than in Halictus, and with its sides more parallel, less- narrowing towards marginal. Sphecodes dichrous Smith. Sphecodes dichroa Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. Hym. I, 38, $ (nee tf), 1853. Sphecodes arvensis Patton, Am. Ent. Ill, 230, J1 ? , 1880. Halictus scabrosus Provancher, Nat. Can. XIII, 200, 1872. Sphecodes mandibularis Provancher, Addit. Faun. Ent. Can. Hym., 335, C?9. 1889. Twenty-two 5 and 13 $ specimens are referred to this species. The female has the mandibles honey yellow, rufous at tips, inner edge presenting a distinct tooth or dentiform angle ; labrum short and rounded, testaceous or black ; vertex and disc of mesothorax sparsely punctured, the latter shining and with a greenish reflection ; semicircular iuclosure of metathorax with a more or less salient rim, coarsely reticulated or with irregular longitudinal rugae ; wings hyaline, nervures testaceous or black; flagellum testaceous, especially beneath; leo-s dull testaceous or black, tarsi paler; abdomen often entirely red, or with the last three segments more or less black. The male has rather conspicuous white pubescence on the sides; flagellum testaceous, somewhat dusky above; wings whitish, with pale nervures, and the tarsi pale; abdo- men sometimes entirely black, or with the basal segments more or less yellow. Sphecodes stygius Rob. Sphecodes stygius Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 145, ^9» 1893- I refer 12 § and 17 $ specimens to this species. This closely resembles S. mandibularis. The mandibles in the female are entire or toothed; vertex and mesonotum blacker and more closely punctured than in 8 . mandibularis ; antennae, tegulae, 31S Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. wing veins and legs darker. These distinctions are even more evident in the males. The males of S.mandihidaris have more of the white pubescence, and the abdominal markings are also paler, being yellowish instead of reddish. In the female the abdomen shows the same variations as in S . mandibulavis. Sphecodes ranunculi. $. — Head and thorax black, abdomen entirely red ; vertex and face, including clypcns, densely and evenl}' punctured ; mandibles bidentate, rufous towards tips ; labrum short, en- tire; flagellum dull ferruginous beneath ; mesonotum closely and strongly punctured, more sparsely on the disc, which is shining; scutellum shining, with a median punctured line; metathorax coarsely reticulated, without defined inclosure, presenting a small truncation; wings hyaline, increasing fus- cous clouded towards tips, stigma fuscous, nervures and tegulae exteriorly dull testaceous, second submarginal cell un- usually narrowed towards marginal, about one-half; legs black, apical joints of tarsi dull ferruginous; abdomen shin- ing, almost impunctate at base, the punctures increasing in size and number towards the apex ; second segment depressed basally. Length 8 mm. £. — Resembles the female : antennae, mandibles and labrum blacker; antennae long, second and third joints subequal, fourth usually longer than fifth and longer than second and third together; wings more hyaline, dusky at tips; meta- thorax presenting a semicircular inclosure with rugae usually longitudinal ; mesonotum more closely punctured and with central raised line more evident ; seventh segment of abdomen evident, broadly rounded. Length 8 mm. Illinois, 1 $, 8 ^ specimens. This species may be distinguished from S. diclirous by its smaller size, more dense punctuation of mesonotum and cly- peus, and second submarginal cell more narrowing towards marginal. Sphecodes heraclei 5. Black, shining, first three abdominal segments red ; head coarsely and closely punctured, less closely on clypeus and Robertson — North American Bees. 319 vertex; the latter with a conspicuous median tubercle reach- ing from occiput nearly to anterior ocellus ; labrum short and rounded, black; mandibles except base rufous, strongly dentate; antennae black; the head and thorax with thin pale pubescence ; rather close on collar and tubercles ; mesonotum coarsely punctured, the punctures close anteriorly, sparse on the disc ; metathorax, as well as the whole thorax beneath, coarsely reticulated, the disc with semi-circular inclosure; wings except base dusky, tegulae and nervures dark; legs black, tibial spurs whitish. Length 7 mm. Illinois; one specimen. This species is distinguished from 8. conferlus Say by the punctures of the mesonotum being not " equally close set," by its entire labrum, dentate mandibles, and tuberculate ver- tex, clouded wings, etc. Other specimens may not show the red color of abdomen to be limited as indicated in the description. Sphecodes davisii $. Black, opaque, the base of abdomen shining; head, thorax and legs with rather long, whitish pubescence, more close on clypeus, cheeks and thorax beneath; mandibles, except base, rufous; antennae dull ferruginous beneath, short, joints in- creasing in length from second to fourth ; fourth and follow- ing joints subequal; mesonotum rather closely and strongly punctured, with median and lateral raised lines; metathorax strongly reticulated, with a semicircular inclosure ; tegulae testaceous exteriorly ; wings hyaline, nervures testaceous, stigma black ; legs black, apical joints of tarsi ferruginous; abdomen almost impunctate at base, towards apex closely and finely punctured, first and fourth segments at apex and the second and third entirely ferruginous. Length 10 mm. Michigan ; one $ specimen. Dedicated to Mr. G. C. Davis, of Michigan Agricultural College, from whom the specimen was received. No reliance need be placed on the definite limitation of the red color of abdomen in the description of a single specimen. This is the largest male Sphecodes I have seen. 320 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Sphecodes clematidis. g. Black, first four segments of abdomen red. Head as broad as thorax ; face closely punctured, vertex and clypeus more sparsely punctured; occiput transversely striate ; mandi- bles bidentate, rufous at apex; flagellum dull ferruginous; mesonotum and scutellum shining, with rather sparse punc- tures, especially on the disc; metathorax coarsely reticulated, disc with semicircular inclosure; wings slightly clouded, more hyaline at base and apex ; uervures and tegulae testa- ceous, stigma dull ; second submarginal cell not narrowing above; abdomen shining, almost impunctate, segments 2-4 finely and closely punctured, fifth more coarsely punctured; apical margins of first four segments shining and impunctate, slightly depressed. Length 8 mm. £. — Eesembles the female ; a little more closely punctured ; third joint of antennae little longer than second, fourth as long as second and third together and equaling following joints ; inclosure of metathorax poorly defined ; second submarginal cell more narrowing above ; first two abdominal segments yellowish red, third partly so, remaining segments black. Length 6 mm. Illinois ; one £, one female specimen. Somewhat resembles S. ranunculi, but is less slender, more sparsely and finely punctured, second submarginal cell not narrowing above, abdomen black at tip, and with second seg- ment not depressed basally. Sphecodes ptcnanthemi §. Head and thorax black, first three, or more, segments of abdomen red; head broad, closely and finely punctured, clypeus black or dull ferruginous, with sparse coarse punc- tures, labrum semicircular, entire, testaceous ; mandibles bi- dentate or simple, honey yellow or rufous at base, black at tips; flagellum dull ferruginous, more or less testaceous be- neath, mesonotum shining, sparsely and rather finely punc- tured, as well as scutellum ; metathorax truncate, disc short, with poorly defined inclosure presenting rather fine irregular longitudinal rugae; below the metathorax is reticulated, but not coarsely so, upper part of truncation with a triangular Robertson — North American Bees. 321 space which is smooth and shining; wings slightly dusky, nervures, stigma and tegulae rather dull testaceous; legs black or dull ferruginous, abdomen shining, finely punctured towards apex, first three segments red or yellowish red, the remaining segments the same, or blackish. Length 5-6 mm. Illinois; 2 $ specimens. This species is separated from S. mandihularis and S. stygius on account of its large size and the unusually short disc of metathorax. Sphecodes smilacinae 5. Entirely black, shining ; head closely and finely punctured, the clypeus with more coarse sparse punctures ; mandibles bidentate, dull rufous; labrum dull testaceous, short, slightly emarginate; flagellum dull testaceous beneath; mesonotum and scutellum shining, sparsely punctured, punctures coarser than on head ; disc of metathorax with irregular longitudinal raised lines, smooth and shining beyond ; wings fusco-hyaline, nervures, stigma and tegulae dull, second submarginal cell short, hardly narrowed above; legs dull ferruginous; ab- domen shining, segments one and two impunctate, third finely punctured at base. Length 5 mm. Illinois; one 5 specimen. Halictus Latr. Halictus foxii Eob. Halictus gracilis Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVII, 316, ^9, 1890 (nee Morawitz). Halictus foxii Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 117, 1895. Halictus gracillimus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 63, 1896. Halictus 4-maculatus Rob. Halictus 4-maculatus Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVII, 316, tf 9 , 1890. Halictus macoupinensis Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 1895. According to Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., X, 65, Halictus qvadrimaculatus Schenck is the same as H. interruptus Panz. Halictus nymphaearum Rob. Halictus palustris Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XVII, 317, ^9, 1890 (nee. Mor.). Halictus nymphaearum Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 117, 1895. Halictus paludicola Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 75, 1896. 322 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Halictus cephalotes Dalla Torre. Halictus cephalicus Robertson, Am. Nat. XXVI, 270, 1887- Agapostemon nigricornis Cresson, Synopsis, 309, £, 1887. Agapostemon bicolor Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 148, $cf, 1893. Agapostemon viridula Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 118, 1895. Augochlora radiata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 96, in part, 1896. Agapostemon virescens Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 98, 9 in part, 1896. 5. — Head and thorax golden green, the abdomen black. ^. — Wings hyaline; trochanters black, with a more or less greenish reflection ; femora black at base behind ; front tibiae, except a spot beneath and rarely a small one above, yellow ; middle tibiae with a black or fuscous spot exteriorly and within; hind femora hardly more thickened than the others; hind tibiae straight, with a black spot at base, another on middle, sometimes wanting, and a little brownish at tip ; metathorax rather evenly reticulated but not coarsely so; abdomen five-fasciate, last ventral segment with central long- itudinal carina, third from last of equal length, not thickened or emarginate, segments black with testaceous margins, 2-5 with basal angles more or less yellow, the ventral surface usually two-spotted, often with four, more rarely with 6 or 8 spots. Length 10-12 mm. 90 5, 60 $ specimens; Can., Vt., N. H., Mass., Ct., N. Y., Pa., Md., Va., N. C, Ga., La., Tex., Mich., 111., Neb., Ks., Col., Utah, Idaho, Wash. In the Systema Piezatorum, 333, the Megilla viridula is distinctly credited by Fabricius to North America, while his Apis virescens, Syst. Ent., 378, is only credited to America. It is an absurd affectation of authority to give this name to the Cuban species, before it is shown that Fabricius did not Robertson — North American Bees. 327 mean that his species came from the continent of North America, that he did not know where it came from, or that the description of Apis viridula does not apply to the North American species. However, the localities in the American part of Dalla Torre's catalogue should always be verified. Provancher's Augochlora radiata, described as having the abdomen " noir bleuatre," evidently belongs here and not under Agapostemon radiatus. Agapostemon radiatus Say. Halictus radiatus Say, Bost. Journ. I, 394, 9> 1837, Lee. Edit. II, 772. Halictus tricolor Lepeletier, Hist. Ins. Hym. II, 289, ^, 1841. Augochlora radiata Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. Hym. I, 80, 9> 1853. ? Agapostemon tricolor Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. Hym. I, 86, tf, 1853. Agapostemon tricolor Provancher, Nat. Can. XIII, 203, <$, 1882. Agapostemon tricolor Provancher, Faun. Ent. Can. Hym., 703, tf, 1883. Agapostemon radiatus Cresson, Synopsis, 293, $, 1887. Agapostemon radiatus Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 147, 9(5\ in part, 1893. Augochlora radiata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 96, £, in part, 1896. §. — Golden green ; wings hyaline, slightly clouded at apex ; disc of metathorax strongly longitudinally rugose, without triangular inclosure. $. — Wings hyaline, apical margins slightly clouded ; disc of metathorax more irregularly rugose or reticulated, trunca- tion often strongly notched above; trochanters yellow, some- times dark above and behind, especially the posterior ones; femora at base yellow, or with a slight trace of black, a spot at apex above, sometimes wanting on anterior pair, posterior femora rather strongly incrassate ; tibiae at base exteriorly with a black spot extending more or less towards tips, hind tibiae sometimes black at tips and rarely with a spot within; abdomen black, often showing greenish, six banded, ventral segments 2-4 broadly yellow at base, fifth, and sometimes the others, variously narrowed or interrupted, third from the last short, widely emarginate, edges thickened, greenish, last not carinate, with a yellow spot at basal angles, extending more or less towards tips and leaving only a dark median stripe. Length 9-11 mm. 107 $, 83 $ specimens; Can., N. H., Mass., N. Y., N. J., 328 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Pa., Del., Md., Va., W. Va., N. C, Ga., La., Tex., Mich., III., Dak., Neb., Ks. Agapostemon tex anus Cress. Agapostemon texanus Cresson, Trans. Am. Eat. Soc. IV, 255, £, 1872. Agapostemon texanus Cresson, Synopsis, 293, 9, 1887. Agapostemon texanus Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 147, J\ 189S. Agapostemon texanus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 97, 1896. 2. — Golden-green, blue or purplish; mesonotum with a distinct double punctuation. £. Wings hyaline; metathorax rather finely reticulated, presenting a more or less evident triangular space, which is sometimes bluish or purplish and usually more rugose; front and middle trochanters varying from entirely yellow to entirely black, usually yellow beneath and in front, posterior yellow beneath; femora yellow, or black at base behind, extending more or less towards tips; middle ones, and sometimes the anterior, with a spot at tips, sometimes connected with basal spot; hind femora incrassate, the black at base and apex sometimes connected ; anterior tibiae with a brown spot within, and sometimes exteriorly; middle tibiae with an elongated spot above and beneath, sometimes connected ; hind tibite black at base, with a stripe exteriorly, sometimes wanting, and another within, towards tips, also sometimes reduced or wanting ; abdomen black, showing greenish or bluish on sides and apical margins, five fasciate ; ventral segments 2-4 with yellow bands, the rest usually black, third from last widely emarginate, gibbous on the sides and usually greenish in the depressed interval. Length 10-12 mm. 59 $, 69 $ specimens; Mass., R. I., N. Y., Pa., Va., Ga., 111., Dak., Neb., Colo., Utah, N. Mex., Ariz., Tex., Nev., Van., Or., Wash., Cal. This species varies greatly in color and in the extent of the black markings of legs. The thorax above has the pubescence varying from white to nearly fulvous and mixed with black or fuscous. Agapostemon splendens Lep. Salictus splendens Lepeletier, Hist. Ins. Hym. II, 283, $, 1841. Agapostemon aeruginosus Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. Hym. I, 86, 9, 1853. Ealictus splendens Cresson, Synopsis, 292, 1887. Robertson — North American Bees. 329 Agapostemon aeruginosas Cresson, Synopsis, 293, 1887. Agapostemon nigricornis Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 147, $^, 1893. Halictus splendens Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 85, 1896. Agapostemon aeruginosus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 97, 1896. Agapostemon nigricornis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 97, 1896. $>. — Large, golden-green, the abdomen often showing bluish ; metathorax with a triangular space on disc which is less coarsely reticulated ; mesonotum densely and finely punc- tured, or more sparsely and coarsely so ; scutellum with large scattered punctures, the intervening spaces densely and finely punctured, or shining and almost impunctate; wings uniformly rufo-hyaline, or the apical margins darker. g. — Wings and metathorax as in the female; anterior and middle trochanters yellow, sometimes more or less blackish above and behind, posterior green, subcampanulate; femora yellow, usually with a little blackish at base behind, middle sometimes with spot at tip, posterior strongly incrassate, about one-half as wide as long ; anterior and middle tibiae with a brownish streak behind, sometimes wanting on first, hind tibiae black at base, streaked beyond and with a spot at tip exteriorly, a streak towards tips within ; abdomen black, with a brown spot at base, six fasciate, ventral segments with yel- low basal fasciae, usually wanting on last, third from last short, thickened, widely emarginate, hind metatarsi presenting a dentiform angle. Length 11-13 mm. 25 5, 17 $ specimens; Can., Mass., N. Y., Pa., Va.,N. C, Ga., Fla., Ohio, Mich., 111., Neb., Ks., Tex. The following are sex names of any one of the four pre- ceding species. It is fairly impossible to determine them without seeing the insects on which they were based. In that case the first two would probably replace names above adopted. Apis sericea Forster, Nov. Spec. Ins. I, 91, tf, 1771. Andrena nigricornis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. II, 313, $, 1793. Centris nigricornis Fabricius, Syst. Piez., 360, (J1, 1804. Halictus nigricornis Say, Bost. Journ. I, 394, J> , 1837, Lee. Edit. II, 772. Halictus sericea Say, Bost. Journ. I, 394, tf, 1837, Lee. Edit. II, 772. Agapostemon tricolor Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 255, <^, 1872, Agapostemon nigricornis Cresson, Synopsis, 293, tf, 1889. Agapostemon sericea Cresson, Synopsis, 293, tf, 1889. Agapostemon sericea Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 118, tf 1895. Apis sericea Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 612, tf , 1896. 330 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. The Apis sericea Forst. may be the male of A. splendens on account of the wings being described as " fuscae hyalinae,' but that term might be applied to the other species except the clearest winged examples. I have supposed that Andrena nigricomis F. might be the male of A. splendens, as perhaps the commonest species in Georgia, and the one to which " femoribus posticis ineras- satis " might likely be applied. But this description might be used for any except A. virididns. A. tricolor Cress, is probably A. texanus $. In the Am. Ent. Soc. collection I find no other Texan males except one of A. viridulus. I am indebted to Mr. Cresson and Dr. Skinner for the opportunity of examining the specimens of Agaposiemon contained in the collection of the American Entomological Society. Andrena F. Andrena nubecula Sm. Andrena nubecula Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. Hym. I, 117, 9, 1853. Andrena nubecula Provancher, Addit. Faun. Ent. Can. Hym., 312, . — Black, clothed quite evenly with thin ochraceous pubes- cence, which is a little paler beneath ; head wider than thorax, cheeks produced behind, but not to a salient angle as in the Robertson — North American Bees. 333 male, face in front of ocelli striate ; clypeus finely roughened at base and on the sides, more shining elsewhere, punctures sparse, becoming coarser towards a median impunctate space which widens towards the apex; basal process of labrum nearly semicircular ; mandibles rufous at tips; antennae black, third joint as long as fourth and fifth together, or nearly so ; mesonotum quite opaque, finely roughened, with obscure shal- low punctures ; inclosure of metathorax bordered by im- pressed line, more rugose within; wings fulvo-hyaline, nerv- ures and stigma testaceous, tegulae more dull; first submar- ginal cell longer than next two together, second half as long as third, receiving recurrent nervure beyond the middle ; legs blackish, inclining to dull ferruginous apically, slender, scopa thin ; abdomen clothed with thin pubescence, which is longer on basal segment and inclines to form obscure fasciae on the narrow dull testaceous edges of following segments, fimbria thin, fuscous; surface of abdomen, finely roughened, im- punctate, somewhat shining. Length 10 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 20 §, 12 ^ specimens; Algonquin, 111. (Nason), Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson). The usual specimens have the pubescence pale and quite denuded. The male types were faded. One of my male specimens, as well as the one from New Hampshire, has some black hairs behind the summit of the eyes, as in the male of A. salt cis. Andrena g. maculati. §. — Black, clothed with thin whitish pubescence; head broader than thorax, cheeks broad and rounded, front before ocelli striate ; clypeus minutely roughened, with sparse, coarse, shailow punctures, presenting an irregular transverse ridge before apex; basal process of labrum large, triangular,, truncate ; mandibles rufous at tips ; third joint of antennae longer than next two together, flagellum dull, testaceous beneath; mesonotum minutely roughened, with rather sparse, shallow punctures ; inclosure of metathorax finely roughened ; wings subhyaline, nervures, stigma and tegulae dull testa- ceous; second submarginal cell about half as long as third, rather strongly narrowed above, receiving recurrent nervure at, or a little before, the middle ; legs slender, blackish, 334 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. inclining to dull ferruginous on hind tibiae and tarsi ; scopa thin and whitish; abdomen shining, faintly roughened and punctured, thinly pubescent, segments 2-4 with thin, narrow, whitish fasciae, anal fimbria fuscous. Length 9 mm. $. — Closely resembling the female, the mandibles longer, basal process of labrum subquadrate, cheeks broader, pre- senting a rounded angle at a point opposite and a little below the middle of the eye, third joint of antennae about equaling next two together, abdomen with margins of the segments narrowly pale testaceous, apex with pale pubescence con- cealing the ventral process. Length 7-8 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 13 $, 5 ^ specimens. The species is named as above because it seems to depend for pollen upon the flowers of Geranium maculatum, whose large grains the thin scopa is well suited for holding. Andrena arabis $. Black, pubescence of head and thorax thin and pale ochra- ceous ; head not broader than thorax, somewhat produced behind the eyes, hardly striate before ocelli ; clypeus finely roughened, opaque, sparsely punctured laterally, in the middle more shining, coarsely punctured and irregularly depressed, sometimes presenting two irregular longitudinal grooves sep- arated by a raised portion; basal process of labrum small, triangular, slightly truncate or emarginate; mandibles except base ferruginous ; third joint of antennae as long as next two together, sixth and following joints dull testaceous beneath ; mesonotum opaque, finely roughened, with sparse shallow punctures, inclosure of metathorax with rather fine wrinkles extending half way towards apex ; wings yellowish hyaline, tips slightly clouded, nervures, stigma and tegulae testaceous, second submarginal cell two-thirds the length of third, receiv- ing recurrent nervure about the middle; legs black, tibiae and tarsi with pubescence inclining to blackish, scopa pale; abdomen at base opaque, finely roughened, with shallow punc- tures, more shining on fourth and fifth segments, 2-4 with apical fasciae of white pubescence, interupted on second, fimbria fuscous. Length 10 mm. Carlinville, Illinois, 18 5 specimens. Robertson — North American Bees. 335 Andrena scutellata D. T. Andrena Scutellaria Robertson, Trans. Ana. Ent. Soc. XX, 148, 1893 (nee Morawitz) . Andrena scutellata Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 151, 1896. Andrena bipunctata Cress. Andrena bipunctata Cresson, IV, 259, tf, 1872. Andrena flavoclypeata Smith, New Spec. Hym. Brit. Mus., 54, ^ 1879. Andrena flavoclypeata Robertson, XVIII, 55, 1891. The female closely resembles the male and may be readily distinguished from allied species by its clypeus being smooth, shining and impunctate except on the sides. Through the kindness of Mr. Cresson I have had an oppor- tunity to examine the Texan examples. In the place last cited I indicated the synonymy of the two names, but Cresson's name has the priority. Andrena ziziae Rob. Andrena ziziae Robertson, XVIII, 55, ^$, 1891, in part. 5. — Black, with an obscure greenish reflection, thinly clothed with pale pubescence ; head wider than thorax, finely striate before ocelli; clypeus sometimes dull ferruginous, finely roughened, with sparse, rather coarse, shallow punc- tures, clothed with thin pubescence; basal process of labrum small, narrow, mandibles honey yellow in middle, rufo-picens at tip ; third joint of antennae as long as next two together, or nearly so; flagellum testaceous beneath; lateral depres- sions of face wide ; thorax very thinly clothed with pale pubescence, very sparsely and feebly punctured, finely rough- ened ; inclosure of metathorax wide, rather strongly rogose at base; wings long, yellowish hyaline, nervures, stigma and tegulae testaceous, second submarginal cell half as long as third, or a little wider, receiving recurrent nervure beyond middle ; legs blackish or dull ferruginous, often inclining to yellowish; abdomen depressed, impunctate, finely roughened, with an obscure greenish reflection, apical margins of seg- ments pale testaceous, 2-4 with apical fasciae of thin pale pubescence, anal fimbria dirty white. Length 6-7 mm. ^# — Resembles the female, a little less greenish; clypeus whitish, with a blackish spot on each side, with thin whitish pubescence, basal process of labrum emarginate, mandibles 336 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. rufous at tips; third joint of antennae shorter than next two together, flagellum testaceous beneath, abdomen with pale testaceous margins broader. Length 5-6 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 13 §, 4 ^ specimens. The sexes were taken in copula. In the original descrip- tion specimens of this were mixed with the following. Andrena personata. Anclrena ziziae Robertson, XVIII, 55, cT$, 1891, in part. 5. — The female of this species is distinguished from that of A. ziziae by the antennae, mandibles and tegulae being darker; the clypeus darker, more convex, bare, reflecting purplish; lateral facial depressions more narrow, inclosure of metathorax more evenly rugose ; second submarginal cell longer, nearly equaling third ; receiving recurrent nervure at, or a little before, the middle ; legs a little darker, abdomen about the same. Length 6-7 mm. $. — Resembles the female ; otherwise differs from the male of A. ziziae by having a whitish spot on each side of face, .also sometimes wanting, or nearly so ; antennae long, darker above, brownish testaceous beneath, third joint not longer than fourth. Length 5-6 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 19 $, 34 $ specimens. Andrena heraclei 5. Black, thinly clothed with pale pubescence; face before the ocelli, smooth and shining, finely and sparsely punctured ; lateral depressions of face broad above, at a point about half way between anterior ocellus and antennae strongly narrowed by the encroachment upon it of a smooth and shining portion of the eye margin, the narrow portion being directed a little outward; clypeus shining, closely and coarsely punctured, basal process of labrum subquadrate; mandibles at tips rufous ; third joint of antennae shorter than next two together, flagellum more or less dull ferruginous beneath ; mesonotum finely roughened, rather closely and strongly punctured, the disc behind slightly shining and more sparsely punctured, in front the mesonotum presents a deep impressed line, with two short lines on each side ; scutellum shining and more sparsely punctured in front; metathorax sharply truncate, Robertson — North American Bees. 337 strongly rugose on the disc, especially the inclosed space, which is poorly defined; wings yellowish hyaline, nervures, stigma and tegulae exteriorly testaceous, second submarginal cell half as long as third, receiving recurrent nervure at, or beyond, the middle ; legs black, hind tibiae and middle and hind tarsi dull ferruginous, scopa pale; abdomen shining, rather closely and finely punctured, apical margins of seg- ments narrowly dull testaceous, without pubescent fasciae, 2-4 medially depressed nearly two-thirds their width, anal fimbria fulvou3. Length 10-11 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 9 $ specimens. In its facial grooves this species resembles A. nuda and A. rugosa. The second segment of abdomen is not so widely depressed as in those species. Parandrena. This is proposed as a new genus of Andrenidae for the reception of Panurgus andrenoides Cress. It has all of the characters of Andrena except that the wing has two submar- ginal cells. Parandrena andrenoides Cress. Panurgus andrenoides Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 62, J\ 1878. Panurgus nemdensis Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 214, J>, 1879. Panurgus ? andrenoides Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 121, ^9, 1895. Carlinville, Illinois; 28 $, 36 $ specimens; Col.,Nev., Tex. (Cress.). This is little more than a section of Andrena, only showing as a constant character what is an occasional variation in that genus, for some specimens of Andrena have the second and third submarginal cells united in one or both wings. Halictus anomalus and Spliecodes antennariae have only two submar- ginal cells in the few specimens known. Some individuals of Sphecodes mandibularis show the same variation. Parandrena wellesletana. 5. — Differs from female of preceding in its somewhat larger size, tooth of mandibles nearer the apex, basal process of labrum more spinous, clypeus more strongly punctured, 338 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. median line more elevated, space on metathorax more rugose, wings clearer, second submarginal cell longer, receiving second recurrent farther from apex, abdomen black in three specimens before me. Length 9-10 mm. £. Besides the characters common to both sexes, differs from the male of preceding in its clypeus being more flat, the sixth segment broader above and beneath, the angles of the latter more strongly reflexed and more evident above. Length 9 mm. Wellesley, Mass. (A. P. Morse) ; 3 §, 2 $, specimens. Mackopis Panz. Macropis morsel $. — Black, shining, clothed with thin pubescence which is pale except on the mesonotum, where it is blackish and on tarsi beneath where it is more or less fulvous; middle of face rather closely punctured, vertex on each side of ocelli smooth, shining and impunctate; the clypeus, a small spot on each side in the lower corner of the face, and sometimes a spot on base of mandibles yellow; apex of mandibles rufous; flagellum dull testaceous beneath, fourth joint of antennae about one-half as long as third, fifth about as long as third and fourth together and a little shorter than following joints; mesonotum shining and rather sparsely punctured; base of metathorax shining and impunctate; wings subhya- line, nervures, stigma and tegulae dull testaceous, second submarginal cell receiving recurrent nervures near base and apex, narrowing about one-half above; legs blackish, joints 2-4 of tarsi ferruginous, hind tibiae simple, quite different from those of M.dliata and patellata; abdomen shining and impunctate, apical margins of segments depressed, second and following segments with thin fasciae of whitish pubescence; ventral segments smooth and shining, apical margins nar- rowly pale testaceous and wholly without ciliae. Length 7 mm. o_. — Resembles the male, more sparsely punctured ; tibiae exteriorly with pale pubescence, less evident on anterior pair, long dense and white on posterior pair ; basal joints of tarsi fuscous above, ferruginous beneath, more black on posterior, Robertson — North American Bees. 339 the latter sometimes mixed with white hairs basally, joints 2-4 ferruginous, paler on hind tarsi; anal fimbria blackish medially. Length 6-7 mm. Mass., N. Y. (A. P. Morse), Mich. (Nason); 5 $, 2 $ specimens. This is quite distinct from M. ciliata and patella ta. The female of M. palellata is unknown or mixed with that of M. ciliata. It is impossible to describe the female so that it can be distinguished. M. andrenoides Sm. and M. longilin- gua Prov. are sex names which can hardly be identified. These five names no doubt belong to three species. M. steironematis is nearly twice as large and differs from all in having the abdomen closely and strongly punctured. Panurgus Panz. Panurgus novae-angliae $. Black, shining, finely punctured; pubescence above black, mixed with paler on clypeus, middle of face and scutellum, beneath paler, mixed with black on cheeks and legs ; clypeus produced, transverse, densely pubescent ; labium short, broad, finely roughened; mandibles rufous at tips; antennae sub- moniliform, black, dull ferruginous beneath, fourth joint longer than following joints and longer than 2 and 3 together; face closely, vertex sparsely punctured; mesonotum sparsely punctured, disc of metathorax rather strongly rugose; wings except base fusco-byaline, nervures, stigma and tegulae dark; second submarginal cell about as long as first, narrow- ing about one-third above, receiving recurrent nervures near base and apex ; legs dull ferruginous, tarsi somewhat paler ; hind trochanters strongly produced behind into a mammiform process, the femora thickened; tibiae arcuate, thickened towards apex and presenting a small tooth on the lower edge ; abdomen minutely punctured, apical margins of segments subdepressed, narrowly pale testaceous; last ventral segment shining, presenting a median elevation which terminates in a long spiue, and has a shorter tooth on each side. Length 7-8 mm. Mass., Ct. (A. P. Morse) ; 2 $ specimens. 340 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Panurgus marginatus Cress. Panurgus marginatus Cresson, Trans. Am. Eat. Soc. VII, 62, $, 1878. Panurgus halictulus Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 63, $, 1878. Panurgus autumnalis Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXII, 121, £, 1895. Carlinville, Illinois, 27 5, 7 $ specimens; Ks., Col., Utah (Cresson). Nomad a Scop. NOMADA BELLA CreSS. Nomada bella Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, 287, <^, 1863. ? Nomada bella Provancher, Addit. Faun. Ent. Can. Hym., 333, J1, 1888. 5. — Mandibles simple; fourth joint of antennae longer than third or fifth; ferruginous, tips of mandibles, antennae above, middle of face, vertex, cheeks behind, three broad bands on mesonotum uniting before scutellum, pleura beneath wings extending in a broad band on each side of metathorax, broad middle of latter, coxae, trochanters, femora at base behind, hind femora largely, hind tibiae behind and their metatarsi, base of abdomen and apical margins of segments 1-3, more or less black ; a spot on each side of segments 2-3, four spots on fourth, and two spots, separated or united, on disc of fifth segment, yellow ; wings a little more clouded than in the male. Length 9 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 2 5, 7 $ specimens; Mass., Ct. (Cres- son). Nomada superba Cress. Nomada superba Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, 281, tf, 1863. ^. — The spots on pleura and collar often wanting. Length 10-13 mm. 2, — Kesembles the male, the wings more clouded, spot on pleura larger, sometimes another small one present; orbit entirely bordered, or nearly so ; spots on scutellum united, sometimes also in the male a line on post-scutellum; the face and all of the ornaments below largely tinged with rufous, sometimes all of the ornaments are red except the bands of abdomen above ; mesonotum black, or with two or four rufous lines. Length 12-13 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 14 §, 18 $ specimens; Col. (Cress). The metathorax on each side is produced into a dentiform Robertson — North American Bees. 341 process. The band on first segment is often indented pos- teriorly. NOMADA INTEGERRIMA D. T. Nomada Integra Robertson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX, 276, 1864. g. — Easily matched with female by the first segment of abdomen being carinate at the edge of the wide concavity and being fasciate on basal and apical margins, last segment nar- row, the fossa quite longitudinal, the teeth being unusually approximated, the interval with black or fuscous hairs; man- dibles black, or rufous in middle, legs ferruginous, varying to more or less black, especiall}' apical joints of hind tarsi. Length 9-11 mm., $ 10-12 mm. Carlinville, Illinois, 85, 12 $ specimens; Pa.,N. Y., Mex., (Cress.). Coelioxys totonaca Cress. Coelioxys totonaca Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 102, ^9, 1878. Coelioxys germana Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 102, $, 1878. Carlinville, Illinois; 4 5, 4^, specimens ; 111., Mex. (Cress.). The form of the trochanters, and the color of pubescence, is variable. All of my specimens have the base of the abdo- men red on the sides. <£, 9-11 mm ; 5, 10-12 mm. Robertson — North American Bees. 347 Osmia Panz. OSMIA ATRIVENTRIS CreSS. Osmia atriventris CressoD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 29, 9, 1864. Osmia proxima Cresson, Proc. Eat. Soc. Phil. Ill, 32, <^, 1864. Brit. Am., U. S. (Cress.). Osmia conjuncta Cress. Osmia conjuncta Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 31, 9, 1864. Osmia 4-dentata Cresson, Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 107, tf, 1878. Osmia cressonii Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 392, tf, 1896. Carlinville, Illinois ; two £, forty-one $ specimens ; Ct., N.Y. (Cress.). Osmia illinoensis g. Entirely bright green, of the shade of Augochlora viridula, including the tegulae and legs, except apical joints of tarsi ; with a bluish or purplish reflection ; closely and rather finely punctured, most coarsely on the head, most finely and sparsely on abdomen, which is shining; pubescence long and thin, white below, especially on clypeus where it is also dense, above slightly tinged with ochraceous, on the abdomen short and appearing subfuscous; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, second submarginal cell longer than first, narrowing nearly one-half towards marginal, receiving first recurrent nervure nearly one-third from base, the second near the tip ; sixth segment slightly sulcate on the disc longitudinally, the apical margin produced, slightly sinuate on the sides, entire medi- ally, with only the slightest indication of a notch, apical segment strongly bifid. Length 8 mm. Carlinville, Illinois ; one $ specimen. Heriades Spin. Heriades bucconis Say. Osmia bucconis Say, Bost. Journ. I, 400, 9d\ 1837, Lee. Edit. II, 777, 1859. Osmia bucconis Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Ill, 9cT» 1864. Megachile osmoides Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 269, 9d% 1872. Heriades ? denticulatum Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 108, tf, 1878. ? Osmia bucconis Provancher, Nat. Can. XIII, 208, 9^, 1882. ? Osmia bxicconis Provancher, Faun. Ent. Can. Hym., 708, 9d\ 1883. 348 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Heriades denticulata Schletterer, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. IV, 687, tf, 1889. (Dalla Torre.) Eriades dentieulatus Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 375, 1896. Osmia bucconis Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym. X, 388, 1896. $>. — Black, closely and coarsely punctured, the punctured a little more separated above; pubescence whitish, short and thin above, more dense on last two segments of abdomen, longer and more dense on sides of the face, cheeks, tubercles and mesothorax in front, posterior edge of scutellum and sides of metathorax ; head as large as thorax; strongly pro- duced behind eyes so that the ocelli are nearer insertion of antennae than the edge of the vertex; mandibles stout, with a patch of glittering fulvous hairs at tip; clypeus appearing truncate, slightly notched on each side of middle, which is slightly depressed ; antennae short, black ; middle of vertex with a shining impunctate space which is irregular ; tegulae piceus, with a line of white pubescence above; wings hyaline, nervures blackish, second submarginal cell longer than first, receiving first recurrent nervure about one-third from base, the second near the tip ; matathorax above with a transverse space which is smooth, shining and impunctate; legs with thin whitish pubescence, except on tarsi beneath where it is yellowish ; abdomen with the basal segments more shining and more sparsely and finely punctured on the disc; basal segment rather broadly and deeply excavated, segments 1-4 with fasciae of white pubescence, wider on sides of first, hairs on tergum short and pale though appearing blackish, ventral scopa fulvous. Length 8-9 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; two $ specimens; Ind. (Say), Can. ? (Prov.), Col., Nev., Tex. (Cress.). Heriades florid anus $. Black, rather coarsely and closely punctured, more shining and more sparsely punctured on vertex, mesonotum and discs of abdominal segments; pubescence white, most evident on middle and sides of face, mesonotum in front, scutellum behind, edges of pleura and metathorax, line over tegulae, legs, and two apical segments of abdomen ; head as wide as thorax and nearly as large, clypeus bare in the middle, closely punctured, apex widely emarginate, presenting two dentiform Robertson — North American Bees. 349 angles ; mandibles stout, two toothed below, apex with yel- lowish hairs ; ocelli about one-third of the distance from ver- tex to insertion of antennae ; metathorax above and large oval depression below, smooth, shining and iinpunctate; wings hyaline, nervures fuscous, tcgulae black with dull testa- ceous spot, second submarginal cell wider than first, receiving first recurrent nervure about one-third from the base and the second near the tip ; first segment of abdomen widely concave at base, segments 2-4 depressed basally, 1-4 with narrow fas- ciae of white pubescence, widening on sides of first, 5-6 more coarsely punctured, the latter depressed at apex, ventral scopa white. Length 7-8 mm. Inverness, Florida; two $ specimens. Closely resembles Acidamea jpvoducta o, but the basal seg- ment of abdomen is different and the maxillary palpi three jointed, etc. Andronicus Cress. Andronicus cylindricus Cress. Andronicus cylindricus Cresson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. II, 384, tf, 18G4. 2. — Closely resembles the male, the clypeus closely and finely punctured, emarginate at tip, mandibles quadridentate, antennae black; wings a little irregularly clouded, second submarginal cell receiving first recurrent nervure near the base and the second near the tip ; abdomen at base subtruncate, with a median impressed line, segments 1-5 with narrow fasciae of white pubescence, apical margin of sixth segment hardly depressed, scopa white or pale yellowish. Length 9-12 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; one $t five 5 specimens; Conn. (Cress.), Can. (Prov.). The female resembles Alcidamea prodncta 5, but is larger, more finely punctured, the clypeus more closely, second sub- marginal cell receiving first recurrent nearer the base, apical margin of abdomen not so depressed, etc. Alcidamea Cress. Alcidamea truncata Cress. Alcidamea truncata Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. VII, 108, J\ 1878. 5. — Black, more shining and more sparsely punctured above; head as wide as thorax, sides of face with thin pale 350 Trans. Acad. Sci. oj St. Louis. pubescence; clypeus rather short and flat, opaque, closely punctured, with a median raised line, space above shining and sparsely punctured, apical margin slightly emarginate ; edsre of cheeks beneath with a row of long incurved hairs; head beneath smooth, shining and impunctate, on each side of tongue fossa; vertex swollen, shining, rather sparsely punc- tured ; antennae and mandibles black, the latter triden- tate; mesonotum and scutellum shining and rather sparsely punctured on the disc, scutellum swollen ; space on meta- thorax above opaque, impunctate, fossa shining below ; wings a little dusky, more so towards tips ; submarginal cells sub- equal, second receiving one recurrent about one-fourth from base and the other about one-fifth from apex ; nervures fus- cous, tegulae black; legs with pale pubescence, yellowish on tarsi beneath; abdomen rounded at base, with a median impressed line, basal segments sparsely punctured on the disc, 1-5 with apical fasciae of white pubescence, interrupted and wider on sides of 1-2, ventral scopa white. Length 9 mm. . Carlinville, Illinois; one ^, one $> specimen; Georgia (Cress.), N. Y. (Morse). The female may be separated from that of A. producta by its swollen scutellum, etc. Megachile Latr. Megachile inimica Cress. Megachile inimica Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 267, £, 1872. Megachile pugnata Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 264, tfQ, 1872. Megachile sayi Cresson, Trans. Am. Eat. Soc. VII, 119, tfQ, 1878. U. S. (Cress.) I have four $ and twelve 5 specimens. Some specimens have the pubescence quite as yellow as in the description of M. inimica, but usually it is more white. Megachile optiva Cress. Megachile optiva Cresson, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. IV, 268, 9, 1872. ? Megachile optiva Provancher, Faun. Ent. Can. Hym. 715, , 1878. ? Megachile mendica Provancher, Fauu. Eat. Cau. Hym., 715, 9, 1883. ^. — The male of this species closely resembles that of M. brevis, but is distinguished as follows : larger, vertex mesono- tum and segments 2-5 of abdomen with black'hairs, abdomen more sparsely punctured, edge of sixth segment with the two median teeth sloping away rather equally on each side, about as near to each other as to the lateral teeth, or nearer, pubescence above yellowish or even fulvous varying to whitish. Length 9-11 mm. Carlinville, Illinois; 27 $, 23^ specimens; Can., U. S. (Cress. ). Megachile brevis Say. Megachile brevis Say, Bost Jouru. N. II. I. 407, tf x : X X X X X X X X xxx ] xxx xxx xxx X X X 368 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. DISTRIBUTION OF UPPER FAUNAS AT LOUISIANA. — Continued. SPECIES. d s C8 o a S3 ,Q — be H fl a ss ed W S5 w J B 0 l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lower Burlington. '20 Capulus paralius (Keyes) Capulus obliquus (Keyes) Capnlas tribulosus ( YVhlte) Orothonychia formoeus (Keyes) Pleurotoniaria subcarbonaria, Keyes. . Pleurotomaria sp? Pleurotomaria sp? Holopea conica, Winchell Porcellia nodosa, Hall Cry toceras sp ? Goniatltes sp? Gonlatites osagensis, Swallow Nautilus sp? Orthoceras sp ? Avlculopecten burllngtonensis, Meek & \V orthen Avicnlopecten circulus, Shumard Cardlopsis sp Conocardium sp? Crenlpecten sp? Cyprlcardella sp? Eduoondia burlingtonensls, White and Whitfield Edmondia nuptialis, Winchell Nucuhtes sp? Sanguinolites burlingtonensls, Wor- then Sphenotus sp? Llthophaga occidentalis (White and Whitfield) Phlllip8ia insignis, Winchell Phillipsia tuberculata, Meek and Worthen Phillipsia sp? The most striking features in the vertical distribution of the fossils shown in the tables given are: (1) The upper fauna nowhere extends beneath the base of the Chouteau (No. 12), and the lower fauna nowhere rises above the same line; (2) the species belonging to the fauna beginning in the Chouteau extend upward into the Burlington; (3) while in the Bur- lington many new forms appear, there is not an immediate replacement of the older forms; and (4) the many new species which appear in the second bed of the Burlington (No. 14) are largely so-called Kinderhook forms, not alto- gether from the Chouteau of the immediate neighborhood but from the limestones which occur just beneath the Burlington limestones in other localities, as at the city of Burlington. Keyes — Devonian & Carboniferous in Upper Mississippi Valley. 369 From a consideration of both tabular arrangements the following general conclusions are deduced : — 1. The most marked change in the succession of faunas in the entire sequence of rocks commonly know as the lower Carboniferous or " Subcarboniferous," as represented along the Mississippi river, is at the base of the Chouteau limestone (limited). At this horizon there is so great a faunal hiatus that there is scarcely a species that is common to the beds on either side. 2. That instead of the so-called Kinderhook containing in its fauna a mingling of Devonian and Carboniferous types, there are really two faunas that are perfectly distinct, well defined, and do not merge into each other. The one is charac- teristically Devonian in character, and the other as strikingly Carboniferous in its general aspect. 3. The basal line of the lower Carboniferous or Missis- sippian series is the base of the Chouteau limestone, and the lowest member of the fourfold series contains only one formation, instead of the three heretofore commonly ascribed to it. 4. The early reference of a part of the so-called Kinder- hook or "Chemung" to the Devonian was correct in fact, though done entirely through erroneous correlations and a misconception of the real facts. 5. That the evidence afforded by the faunas of the region is in close accord with the facts obtained regarding discordant sedimentation and the stratigraphical and lithologicai charac- ters of formations themselves. Issued June 1, 1897. UUL 1397 Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis, VOL. VII. No. 16. CRITICAL NOTES ON THE MURICIDAE. FRANK COLLINS BAKER. "Issued June 12, 1897. JUL - 1387 CRITICAL NOTES ON THE MURICIDAE.* Frank Collins Baker. During the past three years a large number of specimens of this family have passed through the writer's hands, and he has had the opportunity of examining a number of large col- lections of shells which included a goodly number of this most interesting family. From the trouble and labor in identify- ing these collections, the following critical remarks concerning the synonymy and classification have seemed necessary. Family MURICIDAE. Subfamily MURICINAE. Genus Murex Linne. Subgenus Murex (sensu stricto). The following sections have been proposed t but cannot stand, since the characters are not constant and fade imperceptibly into each other. The shells of the different subgenera of Murices cannot be used as characters upon which to found stable sectional characters. It is barely possible that a study of the animals might bring to light some definite diagnoses: Acupurpura, Bayle, 1880 (type M. tenuispina Lam.); Tubi- cauda, Jouss, 1880 (type M. brevispina Lam.). Murex occa Sowb. Murex occa Sowb., Zool. Proc, p. 137, 1840. Conch. 111., fig. 45. Various authors have considered this species a synonym of Murex scolopax, Dillwyn. I have seen several undoubtedly * Presented in abstract, May 17, 1897. f See Fischer, Manuel de Conchyliologie, pp. 638-649. 372 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. authentic specimens of occa and hundreds of scolopax, and I am sure that they are quite distinct. Occa possesses two intervarical tubercles, while scolopax is quite smooth even in the very young specimens. The brown bands are wanting in occa and the spines are strongly curved upwards, while in the former species they are almost straight. The sizes are also quite different, scolopax being six or seven inches in length, while occa seldom exceeds three inches. The outer lip of the latter species is toothed (scolopax is not), and the canal is almost destitute of spines. All of the specimens I have seen were from China. Murex Macgillivrayi Dohrn. Murex Macgillivrayi Dohrn, Zool. Proc, p. 203, 1862. It is doubtful if this species will prove synonymous with Murex scolopax, as some authors have contended. Mr. E. A. Smith says of it : "It is a yellowish shell, exhibiting three pur- plish-brown bands on the body-whorl, of which the uppermost is the broadest, being situated around the broadest part of the volution. The spiral lirae are fine, reddish, in some exam- ples more deeply colored than in others, and terminating at the margin of the labrum in red dots, which fall between lobe-like prolongations." (Zoology, Voyage of the Alert, p. 44.) This is a stumpy little species with but a single well-devel- oped intervarical node and short, slightly curved spines. From scolopax it is distinguished by its shorter spines and more nodulous surface, and from occa by the greater propor- tionate width of the body-whorl, the fewer, straighter spines, and the three purplish bands on the body-whorl. The orig- inal specimens were dredged off Lizard Island, Torres Strait, Australia, in 29 fathoms. Murex tribulus var. nigrospinosus Eeeve. Murex nigrospinosus Reeve, Zool. Proc, p. 88, 1845. Conch. Icon. sp. 79. This species seems to be but little understood by most conchologists, for I have received it under at least half a dozen different names and have seen it wrongly named in almost every collection I have examined. It is most fie- Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 373 quently confounded with tribulus, ternispina and rarispina. It may be considered a variety of the first-named species, characterized by dark colored spines shading from black into blue. This is the only species of the subgenus which has these peculiarly colored spines. This fact will at once dis- tinguish it from the nearly related species. Murex tribulus var. aduncospinosus Beck. Murex aduncospinosus Beck., Reeve, Conch. Icon., fig. 93. I recently had the pleasure of examining a specimen of this species, and am led thereby to make the above disposition of it. The spines are quite curved and the whole shell is of a much darker color than in the typical tribulus. Sowerby in Conchological Illustrations gives a very good figure (fig. 68). The species is from the Red Sea. Murex tribulus var. carbonnieri, Jousseaume. Murex carbonnieri Jouss., Le Naturaliste, No. 44, p. 349. Nouvelles Archives du Museum, plate x, fig. 1. This form will stand as a variety of tribulus characterized by chestnut spotted spiral bands. I have seen a large num- ber of specimens of this variety, and when perfect it is a very handsome shell. The largest specimen seen by me measured a little over three inches in length. Murex acanthodes, Watson. Murex acanthodes, Watson, Jour. Linn. Soc. London, p. 599, 1883. Chal- lenger Report, Gastropoda, p. 151, pi. x, fig. 1. The specimen from which this was described is a juvenile form, and I am strongly inclined to consider it the young of Murex tribulus or some of its varieties. I have seen juvenile specimens of tribulus which would answer to the description of acanthodes. That it is a young shell is evident from its size (alt. 1.8 in., diam. 0.6 in., aperture alt. 1.5 in. [excludiug the canal 0.38 in.], diam. 0.27 in.), which is about that of some small specimens of tribulus that I have seen. It was dredged off Cape York, Australia, and Albany Island, in 3 to 12 fathoms. It is said by its describer to resemble Mac- gillivrayi, aduncospinosus and Cabritii. 374 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Murex Coppingeri, E. A. Smith. Murex coppingeri, E. A. Smith, Zool. Voyage of H. M. S. Alert, p. 42, pi. 5, fig. 9. It seems to me very doubtful if this species will prove to be more than a variety of Murex Iribulus. I have seen many specimens of var. nigrospinosus which would answer very well to the description and figure of this species. Mr. Smith says of it, "This may prove eventually a remarkable variety of 31. nigrospinosa of Reeve, the only species it is likely to be confounded with. That species, although attaining a larger size, consists of only eight whorls, whilst in M. Coppingeri I count nine and a half. The nucleus of the latter consists of two and a hrdf whorls, which are a little convex, together forming a blunt-topped cone. In the former species there are two nuclear volutions very convex, forming a globose apex. * * * in the interstices in M. nigrospinosus three or even more nodose costaeare met with, whilst in the present species there are but two, and these are not nodulous. * * * M. tribulus has a different apex, more convex whorls, different' coloration, and much coarser and nodose spiral ridging. The number and position of the spines is seen to be very similar in all three species when closely and carefully compared." From the above remarks, and from the fact that specimens of tribulus which have passed through my hands are so nearly like the species in question, I should be strongly inclined to place Coppingeri, either as a synonym, or at most as a variety of M. tribulus. The species was found in the Arafura Sea, Dundas Straits, in 17 fathoms. Murex serratospinosus, Dunker. Murex serratospinosus, Dunker, Malakozoologischer Blatter, p. 35, pi. 1, fig. 4, 5, 1883. This is a distinct little shell, and the description of it is not in the reach of the average conchologist. I believe, there- fore, that a translation of the original description will not be out of place here. " Shell solid, with three varices, whitish encircled by wide yellowish bands, on the varices pale ferruginous, and nearly equal lirae, longitudinally plicate- costate. Varices thick, rounded, serrate-spinose in front, posteriorly hollowed-subcanaliculate ; intervarical folds two Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 375 or three. Whorls 8 to 9, separated by profound sutures, -the last, including canal, more than double the length of spire; lip crenate, sulcate within; columella rugose-plicate; throat milky white, entirely smooth ; canal elongated, nearly straight, a little ascending, the channel narrowly open. Alt. 95 mm." It is from the Island of Flores. The species is related to the tribulus group. MUREX ACANTHOSTREPHES WatSOU. Murex acanthostrephes, Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc, London, p. 596, 1883; Challenger Report, Gastropoda, p. 149, pi. x, tig. 2, E. A. Smith, Zool. Voy. H. M. S. Alert, p. 143, pi. v, fig. B. This appears to be a very distinct species, and I am not able to refer it to any described form. It differs from adunco- spinosus, Beck, in the spines standing out much more from the axis, and the earlier whorls being ornamented with a double row of hollow squamous spines; from ternispina, Lam., it differs in possessing a double row of hollow spines; from tribulus, Linne, it differs in having longer, more numerous spines, and in the general form of the apex; and from Ca- britii, Bernardi, it differs in being longer, thinner, and with longer, weaker spines. It is a species which will at once be recognized when seen. The original specimens were from west of Cape York, off S. W. point of Papua, in 28 fathoms, in green mud. Murex Martinianus Reeve. Murex Martinianus, Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 88, 1845; Conch. Icon., Murex, sp. 72. This species has no affinity with ternispina, Lam., as many authors have supposed. Many hundred specimens of both of these species have passed through my hands, and I have thus far failed to notice a specimen connecting them. The present species has a longer shell with shorter and more nu- merous spines. In ternispina there are eight well-developed spiral ribs and no longitudinal costae, while in the present species there are three, sometimes four, heavy longitudinal costae, and about fourteen light spiral lines. In Martinianus there is a strong tooth at the base of the outer lip, which is absent in ternispina. The apices are quite different, the 376 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. present species having nearly two glossy, horn-colored whorls with a carnia running about their base, while ternispina has an apex with two and a half conical, glossy, smooth whorls. The species is found in China and Japan. Murex Troscheli Lischke. Murex Troscheli Lischke, Mai. Blatt., p. 219, 1868; Jap. Moll., I, p. 41, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2; suppl., p. 164. This is a species which is rare in collections, and therefore but little understood. I have received it under various names but it is more often confounded with ternispina. I recently had the pleasure of examiuiug over a dozen specimens fresh from Japan. It is a perfect giant, being the largest of the subgenus. The spines are short and blunt, and almost straight, resembling in this respect Martinianus. There are no intervarical nodes on the last three whorls, but on the first three, after the nuclear whorls, there are four well-devel- oped costae; there are on the body-whorl five to seven strong spiral lines of a rich red color, and between these larger lines -several finer lines. The operculum differs also, being nearly round, and having its surface raised in strong lines of growth. That of ternispina is long-ovate and the lines of growth are not nearly so prominent. The nuclear whorls are widely different, those of Troscheli having a very strong, sharp carina encircling two and a half whorls, while in ternispina there are but one and one-half rounded whorls destitute of a carina. The largest specimen examined measured as follows: Alt., 6 8 in.; diam., 2.10 in.; aperture alt., 1.25 in.; diara., 0.75 in. It has been reported from Japanese waters only. Murex Cabritii Bernardi. Murex Cabritii Bernardi, Journ. Conch., VII, p. 301, pi. 10, flg. 3 1858. This is a rare species in collections and I was quite sur- prised to find two very perfect examples in a lot of shells recently examined. Its principal distinguishing point is the row (4) of long spines on the canal; all the other spines are very short. The color is pink or pinkish-white. There are three distinct longitudinal costae, and numerous distinct spiral lines encircling the body whorl. The species is not likely to Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 377 be confounded with any other form. The localities for this species, so tar as known, are as follows: Off Sombrero, 50-72 fms.; Gulf of Mexico, in 84 fms. ; Santa Cruz, in 115 fms., on a rocky bottom ; Saba Bank, in 150 fms. ; Montserrat, in 88 fms. ; Grenada, in 92-164 fms., coral; Barbados, in 76 fms. ; 20-40 miles east and south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, in 34-62 fms., sand. Dr. Win. H. Dall suggests (Blake Gastropoda, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard College, XVIII. no. XXIX) that Murex Tryoni Hidalgo may be a young specimen of this species. From a study of the limited material at my disposal I should be inclined to agree with him. Neither figure nor description give any distinctive char- acters which are not possessed by Gabrilii. Murex recurvirostris Brod. Murex recurvirostris Brod., Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 174, 1832; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Murex, fig. 75. Murex messorius, Menke, Zeitsch., 1850. This group is badly mixed in Tryon's Manual, and seems to be but little understood. Many of the species have very close relationships, but they may, for the most part, be easily recognized, and possess tangible specific characters. The typical recurvirostris is a species almost wholly destitute of spines, the varices are thick, and the canal nearly closed and curved at the end. The color is a dark slaty-brown. The species is confined to Panama. Murex messorius (Sowb.) Reeve. Murex messorius Sowb... Conch. 111., fig. 93. Reeve, Conch. Icon., Murex, fig. 90, 1845. Murex Gundlachi Dunker, Malak. Blatt., p. 35, pi. 1, fig. 1, 2, 1883. The present species is one which is seldom named correctly; it is most frequently called recurvirostris and rectirostris. The shell is quite stout, almost destitute of spines, with two strong and a single faint intervarical rib, and is devoid of any color markings, like dots or lines. The few spines are thick and curved. Dr. W. H. Dall has characterized a variety rubidum, from Cedar Keys, Florida, the shell being of a deep pink color. The species is found from Cedar Keys, Florida, to Aspinwall, Panama. 378 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. MUREX NIGRESCENS Sowb. Murex nigrescens Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 113. From a careful study of numerous material I am led to con- clude that this species is specifically distinct from messorius. The canal is considerably curved, the spire is long and coni- cal, and the shell is almost destitute of spines, some specimens possessing but a single spine on the canal just below the aperture. The varices are thick and strong, and the spiral lines well developed. The general color of the shell is ashy with a dark brown band above the periphery of the body- whorl. The species is confined to the Panamic province. Murex rectirostris Sowb. Murex rectirostris Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc, 1840. Conch. 111., fig. 111. I know of no good description of this beautiful species, and the one which follows, and which was drawn from over a dozen fine specimens, seems quite necessary. Shell fusiform, whitish, with two broad brown spiral bands; sutures deeply impressed; whorls 8^, the two apical smooth and glossy, the second provided with a well-marked carnia near the suture of the third whorl ; the rest of the whorls rounded, somewhat shouldered at the suture, trivari- cose, with three nodules between the varices; the latter are provided with one strong spine at the suture of the whorls ; whorls ornamented by fine spiral lines, which rise into ridges on the varices and nodules; spire high, about twice the length of the aperture ; canal long, straight and about three times the length of the aperture and crossed by from 16 to 20 coarse lirae ; a short spine is frequently developed to the left of the inner lip ; aperture ovate, white ; outer lip thin at the edo-e and denticulated ; inner lip erect, thin and raised over the columella, at the lower end of which it runs into the long, closed canal. Alt., 70; diam., 25 ; aperture alt., 13; diam., 9 mill. Canal 40 mill. long. Habitat. Xipixapi, West Columbia, in 11 fathoms (Cum- ing); China (Sowerby). This species is separated from recurvirostris, Sowb., by the greater elevation of the spire, comparatively longer canal and the entire absence of any indication of an old snout end ; and Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 370 it is separated from similis, Sowb., by the greater elevation of the spire, straight canal, which in similis is recurved, and by having but three intervarical nodes whilst similis generally has four. The canal in similis is only twice the length of the aperture, while that of rectiroslris is three times the length. The spiral striation in similis is much finer than in rectiroslris. The character which will at once separate it from all related forms is the presence of the carina on the second apical whorl. MUREX MlNDANENSIS Sowb. Murex Mindanensis Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 92. In the more elongated spire and fusoicl form this species dif- fers specifically from Murex rarispina Lam. ; the spines in the latter species are longer and the general character of the shell more robust than in the present species. The most notice- able character of rarispina is the great development of the superior spines of the body -whorl, they being eight times the length of the other spines. It is from the Island of Mindanao, Philippines. Murex Beaui Fischer andBernardi. Murex Beaui Fischer and Bernardi, Journ. de Conch., V., p. 295, pi. viii, fig. 1, 1856. This distinct species has recently been found in considerable quantity in and about the Gulf of Mexico. The additional localities are as follows: Florida Reefs, 119 fms. ; Barbados, 82 fms.; off Frederickstadt, Santa Cruz, in 115 fms., on a rocky bottom ; Saba Bank, 254 fms., sand ; off Guadalupe, 183 fms. ; south of Cuba, 254 fms., sand ; between the delta of the Mississippi river and Cedar Keys, Florida, in 111 fms., mud. Murex pliciferus Sowb. Murex pliciferus, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 138, 1840. Conch. 111., fig. 101. After a careful study of more than fifty specimens of this species I am convinced that its proper place is in the typical Murices rather than in Chicoreus. The shell has the same gen- eral characteristics as similis, motacilla, antillarum, etc., and is the most fusiform Murex yet described. It is not a syn- onym or even a variety of calcar Kiener, as has been thought by some authors. It is a Japanese species. 380 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. MUREX SUPERBUS Sowb. Marex superbus Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 565, pi. 28, figs. 10, 11, 1888. This species is closely related to Marex pliciferus of the same author and may eventually prove to be but a variety of the same. The shell is said to be browner in color, the nuclear whorls are round and smooth and the spiral lirae are granular in texture ; the varices are somewhat scaly. The dimensions given are, alt., 70; diam., 32; aperture alt., 18 ; diam., 15 mill. Only a single specimen is known, the type, from Hong Kong, China, and it is reasonable to suppose that when more material is collected it will be found but a variety, at most, of the preceding species. Murex calcar Kiener. Murez calcar Kiener, Coq. Viv., pi. 36, fig. 2. This species should be classed with the typical Murices, instead of with Ohicoreus, and is of the same general type as Marex rarispina and M. nodatus. Murex nodatus Reeve. Murex nodatus Reeve, Conch. Icon., Murex, fig. 107, 1845. This species is not a synonym of messorius Reeve. They may always be separated by the following characters : nodatus is a lighter, more spinose species, the intervarical plicae are more numerous, and the inter-nodular brown spiral lines give the sheila granular appearance. In messorius the nodules are large and coarse, and the varices much shorter, less numerous or wanting. Nodatus has been found at the following locali- ties : OIF Santa Cruz, in 115 fms., rocky bottom ; Flannegan Passage, in 27 fms., sand ; off Montserrat, living in 88 fms. ; off Barbados, in 76 fms., sand (Dall). It is a species which may be looked for in collections from the West Indies. Subgenus Chicoreus Montfort, 1810. Considerable revision is necessary to bring order out of chaos in this group. In my judgment the following sections have no distinctive characters which can be regarded as higher than specific: Stratus, Jouss., 1880 (type M. Senegalensis Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 38 1 Gmel.); Eupliyllon, Jouss., 1880 (type M. monodon, Sowb. ; Inermicosta, Jouss., 1880 (type M. fascialus Sowb.). So far as my material goes, I am able to trace a gradual transi- tion from very spinose to a condition entirely destitute of spines. Some character other than the shell must be chosen upon which to base the subdivisions of this group, if, indeed, such division is necessary. Murex MrcROPHYLLUS Lam. Murex microphyllus Lam., An. sans Vert., IX, p. 576. Murex Poirieri, Jousseaume (Le Naturaliste, No. 44, p. 349 ; Nouvelles Archives du Museum, p. 58, pi. iv, fig. 2, a, b, 1882) is a synonym of microphyllus. I can fiud no dis- tinctive characters in the description, and I have seen typical specimens of microphyllus which cannot be distinguished from the figure. Murex Jousseaumei Poirier, described in the same paper, is also a synonym. Murex Banksii Sowb. Murex Banksii Sowb., Conch. 111., fig. 82. Murex Bourguignali, Poirier (Nouvelles Archives du Museum, p. 57, pi. v, fig. 2, a, b), is a synonym of this species. Murex torrefactus Sowb. Murex torrefactus Sowb., Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 141, 1840; Conch., 111., fig. 120. Murex Rochebruni Poirier (Nouvelles Archives du Mu- seum, p. 57, pl.v, fig. 1, a, b), is a slim, elongated form of this species. In the last three species the authors have been unfortunate in fixing upon the frondosity as a specific charac- ter, really one of the most mutable characters of the whole family. Particularly in this subgenus is this variation most perplexing, and instead of new species being found, old ones will be seen to merge with others, and a reduction of species will be the result. Murex rufus Lamarck. Murex rufus Lam., Anim. sans Vert., IX, p. 574. This species is not a synonym of Murex adustus Lam., as ^quoted by Mr. Tryon. Dr. W. H. Dall quotes it from the 382 Trans. Acad. Sci. oj St. Louis. West Indies, and on the Atlantic coast of the United States from Cape Fear to West Florida. I have found it on the northern coast of Yucatan. Its extreme southern range is Carthagena. Murex salleanus, A. Adams, which was made a synonym of Murex pomum, Gmel. by Mr. Tryon (Man. Conch. II, p. 98) is a synonym, instead, of rufus. Murex florifer Reeve is a variety found at Nassau, N. P. Murex recticornis Martens. Murex recticornis Martens, Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., VII, p. 81, pi. iv, fig. 3. This species is very closely related to Murex cervicornis Lam., from the same faunal region, and may prove eventu- ally to be but a variety of that species. It is described as follows : — " Shell fusiform, solid, canal slim, rather long, slightly- curved, spire subturreted; whorls 7 with three varices ; varices rounded, spire very narrow, the last whorl armed with two long, acute spines; distinctly spirally Urate, provided with two equal folds between the varices; aperture round, small, the canal nearly closed, double the length of aperture, col- umella arcuate, callous quite thick, suberect, slightly tuber- culate above; outer lip erect, crenulated, armed with a scale at the foot of the last varix; canal provided with a series of spines; unicolored dull brown. Alt., 42; diam., 17 mill. Aperture alt. (including canal), 29 mill." Collected at East Australia, in 76 fathoms. The species is also very closely related to Murex longicor- nis Dunker, and is perhaps more nearly related to this species than to cervicornis, since Von Martens does not mention that the spines are bifurcated in any way. Murex capucinus Lam. Murex capucinus Lam., Anim. sans Vert., IX, p. 576. In a letter to Mr. Tryon, Mr. R. E. C. Stearns says: " This species is certainly found at the Philippines, where I have re- ceived it from reliable collectors." The species has a wide distribution, being found in Valparaiso, Porto Rico and the Philippines. Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 383 Subgenus Phyllonotus Swainson. The following sections may be considered synonyms: Bas- sia, Bayle, 1880 (type M. Stainforthii Reeve); Poirieria, Jouss., 1880 (type M. Zelandicus Quoy and Gaim.); Pa- ziella, Jouss., 1880 (type M. Pazi Crosse). No one has yet been able to find characters of enough stability to form sections of this extremely variable group. Murex Stainforthii Reeve. Murex Stainforthii Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 104, 1842; Conch. Icon., sp. 68. Murex hirsutus Poirier, described and figured in Nouvelles Archives du Museum, 1882, p. 83, pi. vi, figs. 2a, 2b, is simply a very perfect specimen of this species. Subgenus Homalocantha Morch. Murex scorpio Linne. Murex scorpio Linu6, Syst. Nat., XII, p. 1215. Murex Lamberti Poirier (Arch, du Museum, p. 86, pi. vi, figs. 3a, 3b) is a synonym. The specimen figured is simply a very fine individual. Subgenus Pteronotus Swainson. The following sections have no distinctive value : Morchia Jouss., 1880 (type M. davits Kiener) ; JSTaquetia, Jouss., 1880 (type M. triqueter Born.); Triremis Bayle, 1880 (M. Gambiensis Lam.) ; Poropteron Jouss., 1880 (M. uncina- rius Lam.); Pteropurpura Jouss., 1880 (M. macropteron Desh.); Alipurpura Bayle, 1884 ( M. acanthoplerus Lam.). It is difficult to conceive of what use these sections are to the scientific world. Murex macropterus Desh. Murex macropterus Desh., Mag. de Zool. pi. xxxviii, 1841. Several living specimens of this species were obtained by the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. The 384 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. operculum is as figured by Deshayes. The specimens were collected off Cape Hatteras in 63 fathoms. Murex Bednalli Angas. Murex Bednalli Angas, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1880, p. 418, pi. xl, fig. 2. This species strongly resembles Murex triformis Reeve, from the same region. Specimens before me agree quite well with the description given by Angas. It may prove to be but a well-developed form of this species or, perhaps, a variety. Murex bipunctatus Reeve may eventually prove to be a variety of triformis. Genus Trophon Montfort. Section Trophon (sensu stricto). Trophon acanthodes Watson. Trophon acanthodes Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XVI, p. 386; Challenger Report, Gastropoda, p. 166, pi. x, fig. 6. I am strongly inclined to consider this species a variety of Trophon vaginatus Jan. It is said to differ from that species in being more tumid on the base, more constricted at the anterior canal, has a straighter canal, a less contracted suture, and a more depressed spire. The figure given by Watson is excellent. It was collected off Patagonia in 175-245 fms., blue mud. Trophon Baileyana Tenison-Woods. Trophon Baileyana Tenison-Woods, Trans. Royal Soc. Victoria, XVII, p. 80, fig. 1, 2. I have seen specimens of Trophon Flindersi Adams & Ano-as, which strongly resembled this species, although there are some points in which Baileyana differs considerably, as in the sculpture and form of the spire. It is an Australian species. Section Boreotrophon Fischer. Trophon clathratus Linne. Trophon clathratus Linn., Syst. Nat., XII, p. 1223, 176. Trophon declinans Watson (Journ. Linn. Soc. London, XVI, p. 388; Challenger Report, Gastropoda, p. 168, pi. x* Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 385 fig. 10) can be considered nothing but a large, thin variety of this species. Trophon cepula Sowb. (Thes. Conch., IV, p. 61, pi. 404, fig. 14 ; pi. 405, fig. 27) is also a synonym. Trophon craticulatus Fabricius. Trophon craticulatus Fab., Faun Gionl., p. 400. Trophon Sluarli E. A. Smith (Proc. Zool. Soc, p. 481, pi. 48, fig. 6, 1880), seems to me to be simply a well developed form of this species. I can see no distinctive characters by which the two species may be separated. Genus Ocinebra Leach. The following sections are probably synonymous with Ocinebra: Heteropurpura Bayle 1880 (type O. polymorpha Broc.) and Hadriana Buc. et Dantz. 1882 (type O. cralicu- lata Broc). Subgenus Favartia Fischer. Ocinebra cellulosa Conrad. Murex cellulosa Conrad, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., Ill, p. 25, 1846. Besides Murex nuceus Morch, the following species are undoubtedly synonymous with cellulosa: casta A. Adams, Jamaicensis Sowb., telragonus Brod., and cyclostoma Sowb. Dr. Wm. H. Dall has characterized a variety distinguished by being somewhat smaller and more slender, with one varex less and the varices thinner and branched, each branch having a sharp edge. The species is found plentifully throughout the West Indies and southeastern part of the United States. Subgenus Pterohytis Conrad, 1862.* Ocinebra Californica Hinds. Murex Californicus Hinds, Zool. Proc, London, p. 128, 1843; Voyage Sulphur, pi. iii, fig. 9, 10. I have seen no good description of this species, and as it is very frequently mixed with other species, a description * For the reasons for changing the name of this subgenus from Cerostoma see the author's paper in Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci., II, No. 2, 1895. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. drawn from a fine series of specimens will not be out of place. Shell fusiform, yellowish, with three varices; varices sub- spinose; spirally Urate, the lirae coarse, equidistant ; one node between the varices ; spire elongated, scalar; apex consisting of two roundish, nearly smooth whorls; whorls 7, shouldered and considerably angulated below the sutures ; sutures hardly impressed ; aperture oblong-oval, smooth inside, produced anteriorly into a moderate, closed canal; outer lip provided with short digitations ; columella arcuate, white, smooth, con- tinuous above with the outer lip; below, and near the old canal-end, it is raised in a thin lamina ; color yellowish, with a greenish tinge ; the tip of the canal inside and the throat marked with purple. Operculum with the nucleus at the lower, outer edge. Alt. 60, diam. 30 mill., aperture alt. 17, diam. 10 mill. California and Lower California. This species is quite distinct from Ocinebra trialata Sowb., a synonym of which many authors have considered it. Genus Muricidea (Swainsou) Morch. Muricojms Bucquoy and Dautzenberg (Moll. Marina du Roussilon, p. 19, pi. i, figs. 5, 6, 1882) is a synonym. Muricidea cristata Brocchi. Murex cristatus Brocchi, Conch. Foss. sub-app., p. 394, pi. vii, fig. 15. Murex porrectus Locard (Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, XXXII, p. 221, 1885) is a synonym of variety Blainvillei Payr. Murex iiiermis Monter., described on same page, is also a synonym. In 1840 Sowerby described a Murex inermis in Zool. Proc. Genus Urosalpinx Stimpson. This genus differs from Muricidea (with which some authors have confounded it) in its operculum, which combines the characters of both Murex and Purpura. Externally it is like Murex and internally it is like Purpura, showing the peculiar Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 387 gyratory scars so characteristic of that genus. The nucleus is situated within the edge of the operculum, midway between the ends. Hanetia Jouss., 1880 (type Urosalpinx Haneti Petit) is a synonym. It may not be out of place here to mention the American species of the genus, since they are pretty badly mixed in most cabinets. U. cinereus Say. Massachusetts to Florida. U. tampaensis Conrad. West Coast of Florida. (This species is usually classed as a Eupleura.) U. perrugatus Conrad. Cedar Keys, Key West to West Florida. (See Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., pp. 46-47, 1890.) U. carolinensis Verrill,") [off Cape Hatteras, 120-938 fms. U. macra Verrill, ) (See A. E. Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., VI, pp. 237-239. ) Genus Lachesis Bisso. This genus, formerly included iu Pleurotomidae, is now placed by Fischer in the Muricidae (vide Man. de Conch.). The characters are said to be entirely muricoid, thus the change. The type species, Lachesis minima Mont., is from European seas. Its relationships are somewhat doubtful. Subfamily PURPURINAE. Genus Purpura Brug. Subgenus Thalessa H. & A. Adams. Purpura armigera Chemn. Purpura armigera Cheran., Conch. Cab., XI, pi. 187, fig. 1798. Purpura affinis Reeve (Conch. Icon., sp. 77, 1846) may be considared a good variety of armigera; it is always a much slenderer form, with the spines less numerous ; it is also a smaller species, ranging from 37 to 65 mill, in length. 388 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Subgenus Stramonita Schum. Purpura haemastoma Linne\ Purpura hcemastotna Linn., Syst. Nat., XII, p. 1202. Purpura Trinidadensis Guppy (Proc. Sci. Ass. Trinidad, 1869) is said by Dr. W.'H. Dall to be a variety of haemas- toma. Purpura oceanica Locard (Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon., XXXII, p. 216, 1885) is a synonym of typical haemastoma. Subgenus Polytropa Swainson. Purpura lapillus Linne. Purpura lapillus Linn., Syst. Nat., XII., p. 1202. Purpura celtica Locard (Agric. Soc. Lyons, p. 558, 1886) is a synonym of lapillus. This prolific form probably has as numerous a synonymy as any existing species. Purpura scobina Quoy. Purpura scoUna Quoy, Voy. Astrol., II., pi. XXXVIIL, figs. 12, 13. « Purpura biconica Hutton is said by its authors to = tristis Dunker (= scobina). Vide letter to Mr. G. W. Tryon, Jr. (1882). Purpura exilis Dunker. Purpura exilis Dunker, Mai. Bliltt., XVIII., p. 154, 1871. This species was said by Mr. Garrett, in a letter to Mr. Tryon, to = Baphnella tricarinaia Val. Purpura cheesemani Hutton. Polytropa cheesemani Hutton, Trans. New Zealand Institute, p. 131, 1882. The writer recently had the pleasure of examining a dozen fine specimens of this species, and there is no question con- cerning its validity. It is a small species (about half an inch in length) and may at once be knowu by its white shell en- circled by five spiral ribs, with the ribs broad and smooth and the grooves narrow and transversely lirated. The interior of the aperture is bright purple. It is allied to Purpura pro- pinqua Tenison- Woods, but the grooves in that species are much narrower. The species was originally collected at Port Waikato, New Zealand. Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 389 Genus Sistrum Montfort, 1810. < Sistrum Montfort, Conch. Syst., II, p. 594, 1810. = Ricinula, Lamarck, Extr. d'un Cours, 1812. The name Sistrum has two years' priority over Ricinula. Pentadactylus Klein (Ostracol., p. 17, 1753) has been used for this group, but Klein's work antedates the tenth edition of the Systema of Linnaeus and cannot therefore be used. Subgenus Morula Schumacher, 1817. < Morula, Schumacher, Nouv. Syst., p. 227, 1817. This name should be used in the same sense that Sistrum has heretofore been used for the smaller forms of the genus. Sistrum marginatum Blainv. Sistrum marginata Blainv., Nouv. Ann. du Mus., I, p. 218, pi. x, fig. v, 1832. In a letter to Mr. Geo. W. Tryon, Mr. Garrett said (some ten years ago): "Sistrum affinis Pease is a synonym of marginatum (=fusconigra Dunker) ; the latter is not a syn- onym of muricina as supposed by Schmeltz. Marginatum is common at the Marquesas, but is not found in any other part of Eastern Polynesia; but is found commonly in the Western Group. " Sistrum squamosum Pease (= marginatum) is not found east of Samoa, but is common in the Western Group and Australia." Subfamily CORALLIOPHILLNAE. Genus Latiaxis Swainson. Sometime ago (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1883, p. 187), M. Jousseaume proposed the name Latiaxiena for a number of species belonging to various genera ; his diagnosis was as follows: "Shell largely umbilicated, fusiform and ventri- cose, longitudinally costate and encircled with squamose lirae or with denticulate striae, aperture oval, crenate on the outer 390 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. edge find lirate within, uniting posteriorly in a curve with the inner lip, this margin is interrupted at the level of the suture by a deep sinus ; canal more or less elongated, open, and with straight margins; the general aspect of the shell is constant in all the species; the form of the canal and posterior sinus of the outer edge permit us to distinguish at the first sight the Laliaxiena from the allied genera." The following species are included in the genus: — Murex luculentus Reeve (= Trophon fimbriatus Hinds). Fusus muricoides Desh. (fossil). Afer Blosvillei Desh. (= Buccinidse). Latiaxis rhodostoma A. Adams (= Corailiophila + La tiaxis). Latiaxiena latiaxiena Jouss. (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1883, p. 189, pi. x, fig. 1). Latiaxiena elegans Jouss. (Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 1883, p. 190). All the species, save the last two, are referable to other genera or families. The last two species appear to me to be some form of Corailiophila (= Latiaxis) near Jeffreysii E. A. Smith or pachyraphe E. A. Smith. The genus is certainly not a valid one, and in its construction the author has followed closely in the footsteps of Humphreys. Subgenus Coralliobia A. Adams. < Coralliobia A. Adams, Zool. Proc, p. 93, 1852. Magilus Tryon, Man. of Conch., II, p. 217, 1880 (non Montf.). Coralliobia Fischer, Man. de Conch., p. 647, 1884. This subgenus has been merged with Magilus by various authors, but its affinities seem to be rather with Latiaxis ( Corailiophila). The shell is irregular in outline, the spire is very short, lateral and partly concealed by the last whorl ; surface lamellose ; aperture oval, subsinuous ; border of the Baker — Critical Notes on the Muricidae. 391 columella very much reflected and covered by the spire. It inhabits the Pacific ocean. The species included are : — C. fimbriata A. Adams, C. robillardi, Lienard. C. cancellata Pease, C. sculptilis Pease. The last two are uufigured and may possibly be synony- mous with either of the first two species. Genus Melapium H. & A. Adams. Dr. Paul Fischer refers this genus to the family Turbin- ellidae. This disposition is probably correct, as the columella has a very distinct plait. Issued June 12, 1897. OAN £8 1898 Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 17. PLANTS COLLECTED IN THE DISTRICT OF CIENFUEGOS, PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA, CUBA, IN 1895-1896. ROBERT COMBS. 'Issued September 13, 1897. OAM 28 1898 PLANTS COLLECTED IN THE DISTRICT OF CIEN- FUEGOS, PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA, CUBA, IN 1895-1896. Robert Combs.* introduction. The collection of the plants listed here was begun at the commencement of the rainy season in May, 1895, and extended through the remainder of the year until April in 1896, except the months of October and November, 1895, during: which months I was absent from the island. The plants therefore represent the flora of both the rainy and the dry seasons. The territory covered during this time extends from the entrance to the bay of Cienfuegos (Jagua Bay), on the south coast, up to the bay on both sides — excepting the northeast coast from " Pasa Caballos " opposite Castillo de Jagua around to Cienfuegos — and thence up Rio Damuji to Rodas ; west from the river at Abreus to Yaguaramos and south almost to the Cienega de Zapato. (See map). The territory includes nearly all kinds of soils and conditions that are found upon the island (except in the mountainous region and the " cienegas," or mud swamps). The plants collected at Cieneguita N. and at Faro Villa Nueva E., border on the mountainous flora; and some from Cieneguita S. W. and Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, are allied to the. cienega flora. In making the collection, I made my headquarters on the estate of Cieneguita, to the owner of which, Sr. Dn. Fermin de Sola, I wish to express my sincerest thanks for the many courtesies and conveniences extended to me. And to Prof. * Presented in abstract to the Academy of Science, St. Louis, June 7, 1897. (393) 394 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. L. H. Pammel, of the Iowa Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa, under whose advice and direction the whole work has been done, my most heartfelt thanks and gratitude are due. The full credit of the determinations, except the Loran- thaceae which were determined by Dr. I. Urban of Berlin, is due to Mr. J. M. Greenman of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, whose notes and descriptions are placed in quota- tion marks, and to whom I am deeply grateful for manu- script and suggestions as well as for his arduous labor in determining these plants for me. The drawings for the plates illustrating the new and interesting plants were made under my direction by Miss Charlotte M. King, artist for the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station, to whom much credit is due. RELATIONS OF THE FLORA. The flora of Cuba is interesting, not only for its great number of endemic types, but also for the striking characters of those types, their occurrence, distribution and economic uses. The flora belongs to the neotropic region, which is noted for being rich in strange and characteristic animals peculiar to this part of the world ; therefore one might expect to find its plants also striking and peculiar, which to a certain degree is true. Cuba, being in the northeast corner of the neotropic realm, besides having the general important charac- ters of the region as a whole, has striking endemic peculiarities. A comparison of its flora with that of its near neighbor, Florida, shows a greater difference than a comparison of the florf.s of Florida and Canada, while a comparison with far off Central and South Americas shows it to be almost identical with them in general character. This fact, from a superficial point of view, is strange indeed, but considering the geological and geographical relations that Cuba has to those countries, it is what one would expect. Cuba, with the whole of the Greater Antilles, was at one time probably connected with the continent, South and Cen- tral American, and the land has since subsided, leaving only Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 395 the islands above water, or, as Belt suggests,* " the land may never have subsided, but the connection with the continent was made by the water having been withdrawn to form the polar ice cap during the glacial epoch, leaving the islands connected with one another and with the continent by what are now submarine banks." This explanation seems hardly probable, since during the glacial epoch the polar regions were greatly elevated, and the southern part of the United Stales region was greatly depressed. This would touch the West Indies, and it is hardly probable that they would be above water when the southern part of the United States was under water. Marine charts of this region show Cuba con- nected with Yucatan, except for a short distance of 15 miles, by a marine bank, covered by a depth of from 600 to over 1,000 fathoms of water. Cuba and Haiti are connected by a submarine ridge lying a little north of the shortest distance between them, which does not exceed the depth of 900 fathoms; Haiti with Jamaica by one, the extreme depth of which is something near 1,000 fathoms, and Jamaica in turn with Honduras at a depth of 1,000 fathoms. On the north, Cuba is connected with the Bahamas at 300 fathoms by the Great Bahama Bank, and the Bahamas are in turn connected with Florida at 500 fathoms. Then, as Hitchcock f says, '* if from any cause the depth of the water of the ocean should be lessened by 100 fathoms there would be exposed the Little Bahama and Great Bahama banks and several of the smaller banks to the south- east. The Bahamas would be separated from the surrounding islands and from Florida, and the important channels would still occupy the same places. If reduced by 300 fathoms, the Great Bahama bank would be united with Cuba. If the water were 500 fathoms shallower than at present, the Little and Great Bahama banks would be united with Florida and some of the Windward Islands would be connected. It is not, however, till a layer of water 1,000 fathoms deep is removed that important changes would occur. Jamaica would be * The Naturalist in Nicaragua, p. 266. t Plants collected in the Bahamas, etc., p. 160. 396 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. united with Honduras, Cuba with Florida and also with South America, through the Windward Islands. There would be a narrow channel between Cuba and Yucatan, between Jamaica and Haiti, and a wide and deep channel between Jamaica and Cuba." Florida and the Bahamas, with their submarine banks, are all of recent formation from the calcareous deposit of the warm waters of the Gulf Stream, and are still growing. From this we may deduce that at one time the United States and Cuba were not connected through Florida and the Ba- hamas, because these connections did not exist. Then we would have Cuba connected with Yucatan and Honduras only, and thereby account for the neotropic origin of the Cuban flora. The Greater Antilles are all of an old formation, and the presence of such a great number of endemic species of phae- no^ams would indicate that they were separated from the maiuland at an early date, thus giving isolation and the time necessary for the evolution of the plants peculiar to them. Cuba, being the greatest, would have a natural right to the greatest number of these peculiar forms. The geographical means of distribution are important fac- tors in tracing the origin of the Cuban flora. The Gulf Stream, washing the coast of northern South America, is deflected from the coast of Central America into the Caribbean Sea, carrying all tropical seeds that it may have gathered from the shores of South and Central America, over into the West Indies. Cuba's great coast liue and its proximity to the stream, a part of which flows down along the south coast, losing itself in the Lesser Antilles, while the main part flows north, making a circuit of the Gulf of Mexico, and back toward the south, striking the north coast of Cuba, would »reatly favor the reception of such seeds. The Gulf Stream in this way not only establishes neotropic plants in Cuba, but materially prevents the entrance of plants from Florida. All the prevailing winds in this region are from the south except an occasional norther, whose distributing influence is more than counteracted by the Gulf Stream. Even should these northers succeed in driving seeds across from Florida, Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienficegos. 397 as these winds occur in winter, Cuba's dry season, the seeds could hardly establish themselves for want of favorable con- ditions, and when the rainy season comes, in May, they could not contend with the luxuriant tropical plants already established there. But, if the migration is so decidedly from south to north in this region, the question might well be asked: Why does not the neotropical flora become established in Florida? That it does not, is due partly to the fact that the Gulf Stream flows rapidly in the straits of Florida, and, when it leaves the straits it quickly diverges from the coast, thus throwing all its influence on the Bahamas instead of on Florida, as might at first be supposed. It is also due in part to the inability of the tropical plants to contend with tem- perate ones on their own " native heath." The great difference between the Cuban and Floridan floras is beautifully accounted for by considering the original birth- place of plants to have been somewhere in the northern hemisphere, and that they then by migration came south, part going to Florida, where they stopped, part going down the continent through Mexico into Central and South America, and thence turning north, along the lines of the now sub- marine banks, into Cuba. This would make the Floridan flora much the oldest and most general, while the Cuban would be an extreme. The distribution of the flora over the island is very interest- ing. The many different kinds of soil, the altitude, the proximity to the sea, all combine to make a constantly vary- ing or changing flora, which might be likened by an enthusiast to a great panorama. We have, 1st, the maritime region, the plants of which vary with its character, according to whether it is rocky cliffs, rocky reefs, long sandy beaches, sand hills, salt marshes, or mangrove swamps; 2d, the river bottoms, gradually dif- ferentiating from the maritime as they ramify in the island ; 3d, the inland swamps, or " cienegas," derived from the maritime; 4th, the upland woods, varying with the soil and moisture; 5th, the mountain region, the plants varying with altitude, proximity to sea, etc. ; 6th, the savannahs or wooded 398 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. grass lands, grading into upland woods on the one hand, and into what are called " maniguas," and prairies with scattered clumps of bushes, on the other, and varying with the soil as to whether red, gravelly, or black ; and 7th, a kind of arid, desert-like region, which may be classed as a savannah, but of an extremely gravelly, red, dry soil, and usually covering a comparatively small area. All seven of these divisions grade into one another, from the maritime at one extreme to the arid regions at the other, each one having plants common to some of the others, but possessing some plants peculiar to itself alone. CATALOGUE. Kanunculaceae. I. Clematis dioica L. " Cabello de angel." Common to savannahs in good soil, both black and red. Cieneguita, Dec. to Jan., fruits in March. ( 674. ) DlLLENIACEAE. II. Davilla rugosa Poir. " Bejuco Colorado." In gravelly, red soil, savannahs, not frequent. Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 26, '96. (713.) Anonaceae. V. Anona palustris L. " Baga," " Palo bobo de Cuba." Not uncommon, in river marshes and along small marshy streams. Abreus, May 23, '95. (79.) A. reticulata L. " Maindn." A good fruit, cultivated and spontaneous in good soil. Cieneguita, June 8, '95. (144.) OXANDRA VIRGATA Rich. Rich soil along the sea, uncommon. Loma de Pajeros at Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (537.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 399 Menispermaceae. VI. Cissampelos Pareira L. " Pareira brava " and " Bejuco de mona." Open woods, fertile soil; a low climber, not frequent. Cieneguita, July 3 and 6, '95. (278.) Nymphaeaceae. VIII. Nymphaea ampla DC. var. pulchella Casp. " Nelumbio bianco" and " Flor de agua." Not common; open mangrove swamps along Rio Damuji. Constancia, Aug. 2, '96. (380.) Papaveraceae. X. Argemone Mexicana L. " Cardo santo." A not uncommon weed in fertile waste places, Dec. -April. Rare in summer. Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (485.) Cruciferae. XII. Nasturtium officinale R. Br. " Berro." In small streams, running water. Not common, June-Nov. Common, Dec. -April. Cieneguita, June 17, '95. (156.) Capparideae. XIII. Cleome spinosa L. " Volantin." Not frequent or not common, rocky fertile soil. Calicita, May 31, '95. (98.) C. Houstoni R. Br. " Volantin." Along Rio Damuji, fertile soil, uncommon. Abreus, Aug. 20, '95. (632.) C. polygama L. " Volantin." Uncommon, in fertile soil along small streams. Cieneguita E., May 21, '95. (64.) 400 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. POLANISIA VISCOSA DC. Not uncommon in waste places, dry sandy soil. Juragua, Sept. 14, '95. (582.) Gynandropsis pentaphylla DC. " Volantin." A common weed in waste places. Cieneguita, June 10, '95. (188.) Capparis Jamaicensis Jacq. " Carbonero." Along the coast, rather poor soil. Loma de Pajero, Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (536.) C. cynophallophora L. " P — de perro," " Palo diablo." Low sandy coast woods, uncommon. Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (649.) C. Grisebachii Eichl. " Alcaparro." Rocky and sandy coast woods, uncommon. Faro Villa Nueva, Sept. 18, '95. (574.) VlOLARIEAE. XVI. Ionidium Jacquiniandm Roem. and Schultes. Rough, rocky hillsides and sea banks, common. Castillo de Jagua, Sept, 17, '95. (550. ) Sauvagesia erecta L. " Yerba de San Martin." Marshy grass land, shaded places, not uncommon. Ciene- guita S. W., Aug. 8, '95. (435.) S. TENELLA St. Hil. Poor, gravelly, wet soil along small streams, common or frequent. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 8, '95. (439.) Canellaceae. XVII. Canella alba Murr. Rare along Rio Damuji, fertile soil. Abreus, June 20 and 29, '95. (227.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 401 POLYGALEAE. XXI. POLYGALA LONGICAULIS Kth. " Poligala." Gravelly wet soil near source of stream. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95. (442.) P. ANGUSTIFOLIA Kth. Common in grass lands of savannahs, dry black and red soil Cieneguita, June 18, '95. (213.) Securidaca Lamarckii Griseb. " Enredadera del hacha " or " Flor de la cruz." Low climber, not uncommon in open woods and savannahs. Cieneguita, May 20, '95. (71.) Guttiferae. XXIX. Clusea rosea L. " Copey," " Cupey." Low coast woods, open rich soil. Calicita, Aug. 27, '95. (501.) Malvaceae. XXXIII. Malvastrum tricuspid atum Gray. " Malvavisco." Common in pastures, waste places and savannahs. Ciene- guita, May-July. (89 and 323.) Anoda hast ata Cav. Common in waste places. Cieneguita, July 10, '95. (298.) Sida acuta Burm. var. carpinifolia K. Sch. " Malva de caballo." Common in waste places, etc. Cieneguita, May 27 and 29, '95. (91 and 117.) S. urens, L. " Malva peluda." Not uncommon in savannahs. Cieneguita S., Dec. 6, '95. (664.) S. PYRAMID ATA CaV. Not common, in low rough woods or thickets. Cieneguita N.,Feb. 3, '96. (699.) 402 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. S. CORDIFOLIA L. Common in dry sandy soil, along the coast at Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (561.) S. LINIFOLIA JUSS. Common in dry savannahs, sandy poor soil. Cieneguita S., Sept. 10, '95. (595.) Bastardia viscosa Kth. " Escoba de bruja." Sandy river banks of Rio Damuji, uncommon. Santa Eosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (387.) Wissadula periplocifolia Griseb. " Pichana." In dry savannahs, red soil, rare. Cieneguita N., Aug. 22, '95. (634.) Abutilon IndicumG. Don. var. HiRTUMGriseb. " Boton de oro." Sandy waste places along suburban streets of Cienfuegos, common, Aug. 13, '95. (462.) A. leiospermum Griseb. IC Pichana macha." Sandy waste places, suburbs of Cienfuegos, not common, Aug. 13, '95. (464.) Malachra ruderalis Giircke. A weed ; very common in waste places, fertile soil. Ciene- guita, May 15, '95. (48.) M. alceaefolia Jacq. " Malva mulata." Black fertile soil, not uncommon. Cieneguita and Santa Rosalia, July and Aug., '95. (63 and 391.) M. radiata L. " Malva mulata." Fertile waste places, a common weed. Cieneguita, May 15, '95. (47.) Urena sintjata L. " Escoba." Rich damp savannahs, common. Cieneguita, May 15, '95. (46.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 403 Pavonia spinifex Cav. " Majagiiilla de costa, espinosa." In low rocky woods or thickets. Not infrequent. Ciene- guitaN., June 3, '95. (124.) P. racemosa Sw. " Majagiiilla.' ' Common along river banks, Rio Damuji. Abreus, June 20, '95.- (222.) KOSTELETZKYA PENTASPERMA Gl'iseb. Wet river woods, mangrove swamps, etc. Infrequent along Rio Damuji. Abreus, June 20 and 29, '95. (267.) Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L. " Mar-Pacifico." A white-flowered variety is called " Leche de Venus." Commonly cultivated in gardens, sometimes escaped. Ciene- guita, July 22 and 29, '95. (359. ) H. elatum Sw. " Majagua comun." Paritium elatum G. Don. Infrequent along small streams and Rio Damuji. Ciene- guita, Dec. 7, 95. (672.) Thespesia populnea Corr. " Majagua de Florida." Common along the water's edge of the bay at Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (522.) Gossypium BARBADENSE L. Not uncommon. Cultivated in fertile soil, as a garden plant. Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 13, '95. (609.) Eriodendron anfractuosum DC. " Seiba." Common in fertile savannahs. One of the largest trees of Cuba. Cieneguita, Jan. 25, '96. (696.) Sterculiaceae. XXXIV. Melochia hirsuta Cav. var. serrata Schaur. " Bretonica peluda." Common in fertile waste places and pastures. Cieneguita, June 11 and 22, '95. (217.) 404 Tram. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. M. nodiflora Sw. ("Bretonica prieta"), '* Malva col- orada." Not uncommon in open woods and savannahs, black, fertile soil. Cieneguita, Dec. 3, '95. (653.) Waltheria Americana L. " Malva blanca." Common in old fields and pastures, red soil. Cieneguita, June and July, '95. (189 and 274.) Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. A very common low tree (10-30 ft.) in savannahs, red and black soil. Cieneguita, May 18, '95. (51.) G. ulmifolia Lam. G. tomentosa HBK. A large tree (20-40 feet), black fertile soil. Common along the sea. Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (533.) Ayenia pusilla L. Common on rocky hillsides near the sea at Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (549.) Tiliaceae. XXXV. Triumfetta semitriloba L. Common in savannahs, fertile black soil, sometimes red soil. Cieneguita, May 29, '95. (115.) Corchorus siliquosus L. " Malva te,'' also " Te de la tierra." In fertile savannahs, black soil. Cieneguita, May 29, '95. (118.) C. HIRSUTUS L. In rich sandy soil near the shore, common at Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (572.) Luhea speciosa Willd. L. platypetala Rich. Not uncommon in savannahs, both black and red soil. Cieneguita, Dec. 4, '95. (651.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 405 Prockia crucis L. Trilex crucis Griseb. Rare. In fertile open woodlands along small streams at Cieneguita N., June 4, '95. (125.) LlNEAE. XXXVI. Erythroxylon brevipes DC. Rare along rocky coast hilte at Calicita, June 12, '95. (178.) E. obtuscm DC. " Jiba." Not uncommon in rocky fertile woods and thickets. Ciene- guita N., May 14, '95. (30.) Malpighiaceae. XXXVIII. Byrsonima crassifolia HBK. " Peralejo." Very common in dry savannahs and in gravelly arid black and red soil. Cieneguita S. W., May 9, '95. (Kj.j Malpighia urens L. " Palo bronco." Infrequent in savannahs, black fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 13, '95. (27.) M. urexs L. var. lanceolata Griseb. 3-5 feet high, in gravelly poor soil, savannahs, uncommon. Cieneguita S., June 22, '95. (218.) M. UKEHfl L. var. lanceolata Griseb. 4-6 feet high, along rocky sea banks. Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (517.) M. coccigera L. " Palo bronco del pinar." 4—6 inches high, in dry, arid, 3andy and gravelly soil. Rare. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 19, '95. (493.) BUNCHOSIA MEDIA DC. Uncommon in rocky woods. Cieneguita N., Aug. 1, '95. (362.) 406 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Heteropteris laurifolia Juss. " Vergajo de toro." Not uncommon in open fertile woods or savannahs, black soil. Cieneguita, May 29, '95. (113.) Stigmaphyllon periplocaefolium A. Juss. A high climber, uncommon, savannahs and woods. Ciene- guita S., Jan. 1, '96. (678.) S. Sagraeanum Juss. Mostly trailing, common in savannahs throughout the year. Cieneguita, May 4 and 6, '95. (14.) Banisteria pauciflora Kth. Low climbing, in savannahs, uncommon. Cieneguita, Aug. ],'95. (628.) Triopteris rigida Sw. " Bejuco de paralejo," " San Pedro de flor azul." Common, climbing and trailing (?) in savannahs and open woods. Cieneguita, May 6, '95. (15.) Zygophylleae. XXXIX. Tribulus maximus L. " Abrojo." Common weed in fertile waste places, as fields, roadsides, etc., black soil. Cieneguita, May 15, '95. (33.) Rutaceae. XLI. Zanthoxylum Pterota HBK. " Espino," " Limoncilla." 8-10 ft. high, in savannahs or open woods, rather dry red soil, not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W., July 9, '95. (301.) Z. juglandifolium Willd. " Ayuda blanca." 15-20 ft. high, in rough woods, fertile soil, infrequent. Cieneguita N., Aug. 6, '95. (Fruits.) (376.) Murray a exotica L. " Murraya " and " Boj de Persia." 4-10 feet high, cultivated. (Cieufuegos; Cieneguita S. \V.) Calicita, July 17, '95. (309.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 407 Citrus aurantium L. var. spinosissimum Mey. In savannahs and open woods, apparently indigenous. Frequently cultivated. Cieneguita, June 5, '95. (137.) SlMARUBACEAE. XLII. SURIANA MARITIMA L. Along the sea shore, not uncommon. Calicita, Aug. 14, '95. (467.) Picramnia pentandra Sw. " Quina del pais " aud " Aguedita." In rocky or rough woods, not frequent. Cieneguita N., July 13, '95. (316.) Picrodendron arboreum Planch. " Yanilla." P. juglans Griseb. In dry woods and rocks along coast. Faro Villa Nueva, Sept. 18, '95. (646.) OCHNACEAE. XLIII. GOMPHIA (OURATEA Auhl.) ACUMINATA DC. In savannahs and woods, gravelly poor soil, infrequent. Cieneguita, June 14, '95. (171.) G. ilicifolia DC. " Guanabanilla de sabana." Open woods and savannahs, gravelly poor soil, infrequent. Calicita R. R. UK., June 27, '95. (249. ) BURSERACEA. XLIV. Bursera gummifera L. " Almacigo Colorado." Common in savannahs. Cieneguita, Aug. 16, '95. (486.) B. angustata Wright. " Almacigo de costa." Along rocky sea-shore, uncommon. Calicita, Aug. 14, '95. (454.) 408 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Meltaceae. XLV. Melia Azedarach L. " Paraiso " and " Prusiana." Cultivated and escaped ( ?). (Cieneguita), Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (479.) Guarea trichilioides L. " Yamao." On small streams, rare. Cieneguita E., May 17, '95. (49.) Trichilia spondioides Sw. " Cabo de hacha." Common in fertile open woods and rich savannahs. Cieneguita, June 10, '95. (187 and 700.) T. havensis Jacq. " Ciguaraya." Fertile open woods along small streams, not frequent. Cieneguita E. and N., July 26, '95. (346.) Olacineae. XLVII. Ximenia Americana L. On low sandy hills near sea-shore, rare. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (642.) Celastrineae. L. Maytenus buxifolius Griseb. " Boje." On sandy shore at Calicita, rare. Aug. 14, '95. (457.) Myginda Rhacoma Sw. " Maravedi." Fertile sandy soil along sea, not frequent. Cienfuegos and Calicita, Aug. 13 and 14, '95. (452 and 456.) M. ilicifolia Poir. Along sandy shore, common at Cienfuegos. Aug. 13, '95. (451.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 409 Rhamneae. LIII. Colubrina ferruginea Brongn. " Bijaguara." Not uncommon in savannahs, gravelly red soil. Ciene- guita S. W., Feb. 28, '96. (733.) C. reclinata Brongn. " Jayajabico." Along rocky coast hills, Calicita, not uncommon. Aug. 24, '95. (520.) Colubrina sp.? Coast hills at Calicita, not frequent. Aug. 24, '95. (528.) Gouania tomentosa Jacq. " Bejuco de Cuba." Climbing in fertile open woods or savannahs, not common. Cieneguita, May 28, '95. (93.) Ampelidaceae. LIV. VlTIS AESTIVALIS Michx. ? Climbing in rough rocky woods, infrequent. Cieneguita N., Aug. 1, '95. (365.) ClSSUS SICYOIDES L. " Ubi." Common in savannahs, along fences, etc. Cieneguita, May 11, '95. (21.) C. trifoliata L. " Ubi macho." Along small stream in savannahs, not uncommon. Ciene- guita S., June 14, '95. (170.) Cissus sp. Low climber in low, open woods and wet savannahs along small streams. Cieneguita S. W., July 26, '95. (355.) Sapindaceae. LV. Serjania diversifolia Radl. Low climber in savannahs, common, usually in fertile soil. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 19, '95. (490.) 410 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Hypelate trifoltata Sw. " Yaicuage de costa." On coast hills, rather poor soil, rare. Loma de Ciego, Calicita, Aug. 28, '95. (506.) Anacardiaceae. LXI. Mangifera Indica L. " Mango." Culivated in fertile soil, black and red. Common. Abreus, Jan. 17, '96. (695.) Anacardidm occidentale L. " Acajii " and " Marafion." Cultivated and escaped, not frequent. Calicita R. R., 13K., July 17, '95. (310.) Spondias lutea L. " Jobo." Not uncommon in open fertile woods and fertile savannahs. Cieneguita, May 13, '95. (24.) S. purpurea L. " Ciruela campechaua," " Ciruela col- orada." In fertile soil, savannahs, not frequent. (Cultivated.) Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 28, '96. (722.) COMOCLADIA DENTATA Jacq. " GuaO." Common in red gravelly soil, savannahs and open woods. Cieneguita S., Feb. 26, '96. (712.) MORINGEAE. LXIII. Moringa pterygosperma Gaertii. "Ben" and "Palo bianco." Cultivated and escaped. A common ornamental shrub. Calicita, June 6-12, '95. (177.) Leguminoseae. LXV. Crotalaria retusa L. " Maromera." Common in savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 13^ '95. (25.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 411 C. pumila Ort. Uncommon in savannahs, red soil. Cieneguita S., June 22, '95. (219.) C. incana L. " Canario." Not uncommon in fertile soil. Abreus, May 31, '95. (122. ) Indigofera tinctoria L. " Anil." Not uncommon in fertile savannahs, roadsides and pastures. Cieneguita, July 9, '95. (308.) Tephrosia cinerea Pers. Sandy coast hills, common. Suburbs of Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (459.) Gliricidia platycarpa Griseb. " Jurabaina " or " Cuchar- illo." On rocky sea banks, uncommon. Faro Villa Nueva E., Sept. 18, '95. (600.) G. MACULATA HBK. In rich soil, open woods. (Cultivated.) Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 28, '96. (736.) Sesbania grandiflora Poir. Agati grandiflora Desv. In fertile black soil. (Cultivated.) Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 21, '96. (719.) Pictetia sessilifolia Wright, in herb. Pictetia ternata, Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub., p. 73, not DC. " Shrub, 1 to 2 meters high : leaves sessile, trifoliolate ; stip- ules obsoletely spinose ; leaflets oblanceolate, shortly mucro- nate-acuminate, 8 to 30 millimeters long, 2 to 5^ millimeters broad, glabrous on either surface, margins entire, revolute, midrib prominent beneath : pedicels fascicled in the axils, smooth, slender, bibracteate above the middle, 8 to 16 milli- meters long : flowers yellow : calyx glabrous, veiny, unequally divided ; anterior lobe acuminate, the other lobes of the calyx 412 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. obtusish.— Collected by Charles Wright, 1860-1864, no. 2320; also by Robert Combs in dry, sandy or gravelly barrens and savannahs at Cieneguita, Cuba, February 28 and March 4, 1896, no. 735. This species was distributed in Wright's collection under the name Pictetia ternata DC, from which, however, it is readily distinguished by its sessile leaves and by its narrower and less distinctly veined leaf- lets."— Plate xxx. Brya Ebenus DC. " Granadillo." Common in dry gravelly red soil, savannahs. Cieneguita S.,May 17, '95. (54.) Aeschynomene sensitiva Sw. In grassy marshes along small streams, not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 10, '95. (409.) A. Americana L. Common in pastures and waste grass land. Cieneguita, Sept. 26, '95. (620.) A. Brasiliana DC. Not uncommon in barren, saudy or gravelly red soil, savan- nahs. Cieneguita R. R., S. W., Aug. 10, '95. (408.) Stylos anthes viscosa Sw. Not uncommon, barren, sandy or gravelly, red soil, savan- nahs. Cieneguita R. R., S. W., Aug. 10, '95. (407.) Arachis hypogea L. " Mani." Cultivated and escaped in fertile, black soil. Cieneguita, July 8, '95. (306.) Zornia diphylla Pers. var. latifolia Benth. In dry, gravelly, red soil, rare. Cieneguita R. R., S., June 14, '95. (166.) Z. Sloanei Griseb. Not uncommon in dry, gravelly or sandy red soil. Ciene- guita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug/lO, '95. (404.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 413 Desmodium triflorum DC. Not frequent; creeping in old pasture land, fertile soil. Cieneguita E., Dec. 3, '95. (661.) D. incanum DC. " Amor seco." This plant has white flowers, a form probably due to local- ity. In shaded, fertile places along small streams, rare. Cieneguita E., Oct. 1, '95. (616.) Desmodium incanum DC. var. angustifolium Griseb. 11 A very interesting specimen clearly referable to this variety, although a still more reduced form, was collected by Robert Combs in dry, poor soil at Cieneguita, Cuba, June 22, 1895, no. 215. In Mr. Combs' plant the stems (about 25 centimeters high) are tufted from the base, and the leaves nearly all unifoliolate, sparingly pubescent on either surface; the lower oblong-elliptic, 7 to 13 millimeters long, 3 to 6 millimeters broad; the upper linear, 2 to 4^- centimeters long, 1 to 3 millimeters broad." — Plate xxxi. D. axillare DC. " Amor seco." Common in fertile shady woods, along small streams. Cieneguita E., May 21, '95. (70.) Alysicarpus vaginalis DC. Not uncommon in fertile soil in old pasture lands. Ciene- guita E.,Dec. 3, '95. (662.) Centrosema Plumieri Benth. " Conchita de Plumier." Common in fertile open waste lands and fertile savan- nahs. Cieneguita, Sept. 9, '95. (622.) C. Virginianum Benth. " Conchita Virginia." Not uncommon in rich savannahs. Cieneguita, May 23, '95. (76.) Clitoria glycinoides DC. "Conchita blanca." In open, fertile savanuahs, not frequent. Cieneguita, Sept. 10, '95. (103.) 414 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Erythrina carnea Ait. Not uncommon, escaped ( ?) and cultivated. Cieneguita, Feb. 28, '96. (721.) Calopogonium caeruleum Hemsl. " Jicama cimarrona." Not frequent in fertile woods and savannahs. Cieneguita, Aug. 31, '95. (542.) Galactia angusttfolia Kth. " Soplillo." Climbing in savannahs, gravelly red soil. Cieneguita S., June 22, '95. (216.) Canavalia obtusifolia DC. " Mate de costa " or " Caya- jabo." Along the rocky beach at Calicita, June 22, '95 (also Cieneguita). (235.) Phaseolus lunatus L. " Frijolito." Cultivated as a flower. Cieneguita, Dec. 4, '95. (652.) P. semierectus L. In fertile waste places, fields, etc., not uncommon. Ciene- guita, May 21, '95. (65.) Vigna vexillata Rich. " Marrullero." Common in fields and waste places, fertile soil. Ciene- guita, May 15, '95. (32 and 102.) Cajanus Indicus Spreng. " Gandii." Cultivated and escaped in fertile waste places, not common. Calicita, Aug. 28, '95. (511.) Rhynchosia minima DC. " Peonia chica." Common in waste places. Cieneguita, May 21, '95. (69.) Eriosema crinitdm E. Mey. Common in dry, sandy, arid soil. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (395.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 415 Ecastaphyllum Brownii Pers. " Pe'ndola." Along Rio Damuji in fertile soil, infrequent. (Abreus), Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (386). Lonchocarpus sericeus HBK. " Guama bobo." In savannahs and along small streams, fertile soil, not frequent. Cieneguita, June 17, '95. (150.) Sophora tomentosa L. " Tambalisa." Along rocky sea banks, not common. Calicita, May 31, '95. (121.) Belairia mucronata Griseb. " Jamaguey." Common in savannahs, usually in poor, red soil. Ciene- guita S., June 18, '95. (200.) Ateleia apetala Griseb. " Yerba de la sangre." On rocky and sandy coast hills, not frequent. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (562.) Poeppigia procera Presl. " Tengue." A tree, 20 feet high, in savannahs, red soil, rare. Ciene- guita, S., July 16, '95. (322.) Caesalpinia Bonduc Roxb. " Guacalote amarillo " " Ja- yabo." Spiny, shrubby, climber, in open woods and savannahs, not frequent. Cieneguita, May 29, '95. (116.) C. Bonducella Fleming. " Guacalote prieto." Spiny climbing shrub in rich sandy woods along the coast at Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (564.) C. bijuga Sw. " Guacamaya decosta," " Campeche." A stout, thorny shrub, 10 feet high, common along the coast, sandy fertile soil. Calicita, Aug. 14, '95. (455.) C. pulcherrima Sw. "Guacamaya" or "Guacamaya nacional." Cultivated and escaped, common garden flower. Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (629.) 416 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. C. crista L. " Brasilete Colorado." A thorny shrub, 4 to 7 feet high, common in savannahs and woods. Poor, dry, sandy or gravelly soil. Calicita R. R., UK., July 17, '95. (313.) C. pauciflora Benth. and Hook. f. A slender, spiny shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, along rocky shores, uncommon. Calicita, May 31, '95. (97.) Caesalpinia Cubensis Greenman, n. sp. " A low spreading shrub or tree, 3 to 4 meters high : leaves alternate, petiolate, bipinnate, unarmed; pinnae 2 to 4 pairs; leaflets 6 to 8 pairs, oblique-oblong, obtuse or rounded at the apex, obtuse at the unequal base, entire, puberulent on both surfaces, at length glabrate, finely but not prom- inently reticulate-veined beneath, 2 to 5 centimeters long, nearly two-thirds as broad; the upper opposite, the lower subalternate ; petiolules 2 to 4 millimeters long, sparingly pubescent: racemes terminal, short pedunculate, 16 to 32 centimeters long, puberulent: flowers solitary or subfascicled, pedicellate ; pedicels about 5 millimeters long, jointed abovethe middle: calyx turbinate, ferruginous-pubescent, 5-parted; the four inner divisions oblong, rounded at the apex, irregu- larly glandular-ciliate, glandular-punctate, 4+ millimeters long, 2 to 3 millimeters broad; the fifth and lower division of the calyx elliptic-oblong, slightly narrowed at the base, con- cave, about 7 millimeters long, glandular-punctate, and with a glandular-pectinate margin: petals broadly spatulate, entire, 6^ millimeters long: 1\ millimeters broad, fiab- ellate-nerved, glandular-punctate, rounded at the apex, nar- rowed below into a short retrorsely pubescent claw, inserted on the tube of the calyx ; the fifth and upper petal some- what narrowed, thickened, recurved, and with more dense retrorse pubescence. — Collected by Robert Combs in sandy soil along the coast at Castillo de Jagua, Cuba, Oct. 16, 1895, no. 571. The plant is nearly related to Caesalpinia tinctoria, Dombey, from which it is readily distinguished by the dis- tinct petiolules, the venation of the leaflets, the more slender inflorescence, and the character of the calyx." — Plate xxxn. Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 417 Poinciana regia Boj. " Flamboyant ." A cultivated tree, very ornamental, common. Cieneguita, May 20, '95. (84.) Parkinsonia aculeata L. " Espinillo," " Palo de rayo." Commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes. Ciene- guita S. W., Feb. 28, '96. (726.) Cassia chrysocarpa Desv. A climbing shrub. Along the coast and in savannahs, gravelly or red soil. Caemonera, Aug. 28, '95. (504.) C. LIGUSTRINA L. A shrub about ten feet high in marshy open woods, fertile soil, rare. Cieneguita S., Sept. 24, '95. (617.) C. alata L. " Guacamaya francesa," " Guajaba." Cultivated, an ornamental shrub, not uncommon. Ciene- guita, Dec. 19, '95. (673.) C. occidentalis L. " Brusca " and " Yerba hedionda." A common shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, in waste places and savannahs. Cieneguita, May 27, '95. (92.) C. obtusifolia L. " Guanina " and " Yerba hedionda." A common weed in waste places, red soil. Cieneguita, June 26, '95. (243.) C. sericea Sw. " Guanina " and " Yerba hedionda." A weed in waste places, red soil, not frequent. Cieneguita, June 26, '95. (244.) C. hispidula Vahl. A spreading shrub, prostrate on red gravelly dry soil, branches about 1 foot long, not uncommon. Cieneguita S.W.,Mar. 4, '96. (732.) C. rotundifolia Pers. A spreading prostrate herb, on gravelly red soil, not fre- quent. Cieneguita R.R., S., June 14, '95. (167.) C. LISXATA Sw. A common shr. ! _ A8N on sand hills r^a and [ . Aug 1 8 ' " C atAHMJLOSA L. N : uncommon in savannahs. Cieneguita. Aug. 1. Bauhi>ia Ksuan Urban. N : frequent in san grass land along the Bay at C m- fue_- i . _ . TAMAKixrus Inpica L. Cu. 'n rich o June 1" L. A creeping herb, : g - - ' : 5. CtNMg Sept. ' ' --■ M. pudica L. - SeasK In fertile r^ - - _ . R. - :. _ 1. •• T ' .union in sa - _ and trail: ■ - _".".'.' .: A. 5LASCHA.LOCZFSA: *b. >";. _ _ - k woods, fertile ! - A ;ree 15-3 :' . _ - :.ihs. N ' -. 24 A. ¥ ziarillo." A low sprcdu:_ hig Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 419 fertile grass land along the coast. Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (448.) Acacia polypyrigenes Greenman, n. sp. "A spreading shrub or low tree, 3 to 5 meters high: branches with red or grayish bark, dotted with numerous small lenticels: leaves alternate, bipinnate, on short (3 to 4 milli- meters long) petioles ; pinnae 1 to 5 pairs; leaflets 8 to 14 pairs, small, 1 to 2 millimeters long, scarcely 1 millimeter broad, oblong, rounded at the apex, a little oblique at the base, entire, glabrous, sessile or nearly so ; stipules of short straight or slightly recurved spines, 3 to 6 millimeters long: flowers in heads on single axillary slender peduncles; the heads about 6 millimeters in diameter; peduncles 8 millimeters long; the young pod smooth except on the outer surface of either valve, where there is a narrow glandular area extend- ing two-thirds its entire length; mature fruit not seen. — Collected by Robert Combs at Faro Villa Nueva, near the entrance to the Bay of Cienfuegos, Cuba, October 18, 1895, no. 602. " A species apparently belonging to Bentham's series Gummiferae, subseries Semibracteateae, and most nearly related to A. Farnesiana, and A. (ortuosa Willd., being dis- tinguished from the former by the smaller leaflets and different habit, from the latter by the shorter stipular spines, the smaller leaflets, and the character of the pod." — Plate xxxm. Lysiloma latisiliqua Benth. A tree, 15 to 20 feet high, in fertile red soil, savannahs, uncommon. Cieneguita S., Aug. 1, '96. (367.) .■: ' » L. Sabicu Benth. " Sabicu. A tree, 10 to 15 feet high, on fertile coast hills, not frequent. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (553.) Calliandra pauciflora Griseb. A hardy shrub, 6 inches to 4 feet high, decumbent or upright, and spreading. Common along small streams in 420 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. hard, sandy, gravelly, barren savannahs. Cieneguita S. W. (Yaguaramos), Feb. 28, '96. (724.) PlTHECOLOBIUM TORTUM Mart. Acacia Vincentis Griseb. A spreading tree, 10 to 15 feet high, not uncommon in fertile open woods and savannahs. Cieneguita N., May 20, '95. (74.) P. Sam an Benth. Calliandra Saman Griseb. A large tree (30 to 40 feet high) not uncommon in fertile soil along streams. Cieneguita, May 14, '95. (31.) ROSACEAE. LXVI. Chrysobalanus Icaco L. " Hicaco." A shrub, 4 to 10 feet high, not uncommon in marshy, fer- tile soil along small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95. (436.) Droseraceae. LXIX. Drosera communis St. Hil. In marshy grass land, fertile soil, at source of small stream, common. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Jan. 9, '96. (689.) Rhizophoraceae. LXXIII. Rhizophora Mangle L. "Mangle Colorado." "Mangle de una." Common along marshy and swampy river and sea banks in the edge of the water. Rio Damuji and bay of Cienfuegos. Abreus and Calicita, June 20, '95. (231.) COMBRETACEAE. LXXIV. Terminalta Catappa L. " Almendro de la India." Cultivated and escaped in fertile soil, uncommon at Abreus. June 20, '95. (232.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 421 T. buceras L. ■« Jiicaro de playa." A large tree, 30 to 40 feet high, in swampy, marshy, fer- tile soil, along coast rivers and in upland swamps, common. Calicita, May 31, '95. (109.) Conocarpus erectus L. " Yana " and " Mangle boton." Common in mangrove swamps along Eio Damuji. Abreus, June 20, '95. (229 and 230.) C. erectus L. var. sericeus DC. Uncommon on coast along salt marshes. Calicita, August 26, '95. (534.) Laguncularia racemosa Gaertn. " Pataban " or " Mangle bobo." Common in mangrove swamps and along swampy river banks, Rio Damuji. Abreus, June 20, '95. (221.) Myrtaceae. LXXV. Psidium Guava Radd. " Guayabo " and " Guayabo coter- rero." Common in savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 3, '95. (Fruits in July.) (1.) Eugenia axillaris Willd. A low tree, 10 feet high, not uncommon in savannahs, fer- tile soil. Cieneguita S., June 7, '95. (129.) E. LATERIFLORA Willd. A slender shrub, 6 to 10 feet high. In fertile woods, not frequent. Calicita R. R., 14K., July 20, '95. (331.) E. FARAMIOIDES Rich. A shrub 5 to 7 feet high, not uncommon in low, thick upland woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita N., July 16, '95. (320.) Calycorectes protractus Griseb. Shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, not frequent, red soil (and black), 422 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. savannahs and open upland woods. Cieneguita S., June 18, '95. (201.) Melastomaceae. LXXVI. ACISANTHERA QUADRATA JuSS. Common in marshy grass land, fertile soil, at the source of small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (410.) A. pellucid a Wright. Not frequent, in grassy marshes, fertile soil, at the source of small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (650.) Tetrazygia bicolor Cogn. In savannahs, fertile red soil, not common. Cieneguita S., June 7, '95. (128.) Miconia albicans Triana. A shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, in barren savannahs, dry, red and gravelly soil, not common. Cieneguita W., Feb. 26, '96. (711.) Lythrarieae. LXXVII. Ammannia latifolia L. " Yerba de cancer." An herb, not common along boggy small streams. Ciene- guita, Aug. 20, '95. (645.) Cuphea Parsonsia R. Br. " Chiagari." Common in savannahs, red gravelly soil. Cieneguita S., June 22, '95. (212.) Ginora Americana Jacq. " Rosa del rio." Not uncommon along the banks of small streams in rocky places. Cieneguita E., May 13, '95. (26.) Lawsonia inermis L. "Reseda francesa." A shrub, cultivated. Cieneguita, May 16, '95. (45.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 42S Onagrarieae. LXXVII. Jussiaea repens L. " Clavellina," '« Yerba del clavo." Common in the water of small streams. Cieneguita, June 17, '95. (158.) J. ERECTA L. Ill marshy places along brooks, fertile soil, not uncommon. Cieneguita, June 18, '95. (205.) J. SUFFRUTICOSA L. J. salicifolia HBK. Not uncommon along brooks in wet fertile soil. Cieneguita, June 17, '95. (157.) J. Peruviana L. Not uncommon along brooks in wet fertile soil. Cieneguita, June 18, '95. (204.) LUDWIGIA PALUSTRIS Ell. Jussiaea palustris Mey. Common aquatic in mangrove swamps along Rio Damuji. Abreus, Aug. 17, '95. (475.) Samydaceae. LXXIX. Casearia sylvestris Sw. " Rompe-hueso," "Llordn." A tree, 15 to 20 feet high (or a shrub) in savannahs, rich soil. Cieneguita, July 30, '95. (168 and 341.) C. hirta Sw. " Jia peluda." A shrub, 5 to 8 feet high, not frequent, in fertile savan- nahs and upland woods. Cieneguita, July 30, '95. (75 and 342.) C. praecox Griseb. A shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, in rocky woods, fertile soil, (flowers precocious), rare. Cieneguita, Feb. 12, '96. (704.) 424 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. C. spinescens Griseb. A slender spreading shrub, 6 feet high, in savannahs, poor, red, gravelly soil. Cieneguita W., Mar. 4, '96. (730.) Banara reticulata Griseb. A shrub, 5 feet high, on rocky coast hills, not uncommon. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (551.) TURNERACEAE. LXXXI. Piriqueta cistoides Mey. " Piriqueta." Common in savannahs, red (gravelly) soil. Cieneguita S., June 18, '95. (214.) P. cistoides Mey. Common in wet gravelly soil. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 19, '95. (491.) P. viscosa Griseb. Uncommon on gravelly red soil in savannahs. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (416.) Turnera ulmifolia L. " Mari-Lope." Not uncommon in rich soil along coast. Calicita, June 5, '95. (133.) T. PUMILEA L. Common in red gravelly soil, savannahs. Cieneguita S., June 14, '97. (165.) Passifloraceae. LXXXII. Passiflora suberosa L. " Huevo de gallo." P. pallida L. Not uncommon in savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita, N. E., May 17, '95. (50.) P. suberosa L. (forma). " Huevo de gallo." A form with entire leaves and quite hirsute. In savannahs, rare. Cieneguita S., July 10, '95. (304.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 425 P. rubra L. " Pasionaria cle cerca." In open fertile upland woods, rare. Cieneguita N., July 3, '95. (279.) P. ctliata Ait. " Pasionaria de Candelaria." P. foetida Cav. var. ciliata Mast. Common in savannahs, grass lands, fertile red soil. Ciene- guita S., May 16, '95. (44.) P. oblongata Sw. " Pasionaria vejigosa." "Tagua- tagua." In fertile open woods, climbing high (10 ft.), not fre- quent. Calicita K. R., 10K., July 13, '95. (318.) Carica Papaya L. " Papaya " and " Fruta bomba." Not uncommon, in fertile soil along small streams, etc. (Often cultivated.) Cieneguita, May 29, '95. (110.) CUCURBITACEAE. LXXXIII. Lagenaria vulgaris Sw. " Giiiro cimarron." Cultivated and escaped in fertile waste places. Cieneguita, July 8, '95. (324.) Momordica Charantia L. " Cundeamor." Common in fertile waste places (often cultivated). Ciene- guita, May 20, '95. (72.) Luffa acutangula Roxb. " Jaboncillo." Not uncommon in fertile, waste places (often cultivated). Cieneguita, May 20, '95. (68.) L. acutangula Roxb. (forma). " Jaboncillo," " Estro- pajo," or " Cayote frances." Same as above but fruit more angulated and flowers lemon yellow. Cieneguita, Sept. 2, '95. (543.) Cucumis Anguria L. " Pepino cimarron." Not infrequent in fertile, waste places, fields, etc. Ciene- guita, May 15, '95. (38.) 426 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. CUCURBITA RADICANS Naud. In waste places, fertile soil, not common. Cieneguita, May 27, '95. (627.) Melothria pervaga Griseb. Frequent in fields and waste places, fertile black soil. Cieneguita, May 15, '95. (37.) Anguria Ottoniana Schlecht. In fertile wood lands, not common. Abreus, May 23, '95. (83.) Cayaponia Americana var. vulgaris Cogn. " Coloquin- tilla." In fertile fields and waste places, rare. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 10, '95. (415.) Elaterium Carthagenense L. In fertile river woodlands along Rio Damuji. Abreus and Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2 and 17, '95. (388.) Cacteae. LXXXVI. Cereus eriophorus Link. " Patana." Common (climbing) creeping over rocks, etc. (some- times in palmetto trees). Cieneguita, May 15, '95. (66.) Rhipsalis Cassytha Gaertn. " Disciplinaria." Not uncommon in savannahs, hanging from trees, usually palmettos. Cieneguita R. R., S., 7K., July 17, '95. (470.) Opuntia Tuna Mill. "Tuna." Common along rocky coast hills at Castillo de Jagua. Sept. 19, '95. (648.) Ficoideae. LXXXVII. Sesuvium Portulacastrum L. " Verdolaga de costa." Common on the sandy, marshy beach at Calicita, May 31, '95. (208.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 427 Umbelliferae. LXXXVIII. Hydrocotyle prolifera Kell. ( ?) Along rocky shoals of Rio Damuji, not uncommon at Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (625.) Araltaceae. LXXXIX. Dendropanax (Gilibertia) arboreum Decsne. and Planch. " Vibona." Schradophyllum Jacquinii Griseb. A tree, 10 to 20 feet high, infrequent. Along small streams, fertile soil. Cieneguita, June 15, '95. (196 and 197.) RUBIACEAE. XCII. Exostemma Caribaeum Roem. and Schultes. " Macagua de costa." A shrub or low tree, 10 to 15 feet high. Along banks of Rio Damuji, not common. Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (383.) E. longiflorum Roem. and Schultes. A shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, along small streams, not com- mon. Cieneguita E., May 21, '95. (62.) RONDELETIA TRIFOLIA Jacq. Not uncommon in savannahs, fertile red soil. Cieneguita S., July 6, 95. (290.) Rondeletia Combsii Greenman. n. sp. " Shrub or low tree, 3 to 5 meters in height : branches terete, covered with a grayish verrucose bark; branchlets somewhat compressed: leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtusish at the apex, often short-mucronate, entire, revolute, 2 to 5 centimeters long, one-third to one-half as broad, narrowed below to a 3hort pubescent petiole, and covered on both surfaces with a short spread- ing pubescence; stipules ovate, acuminate, entire, 3 428 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. to 4 millimeters long, densely pubescent ; iuflorescence axillary, usually near the ends of the branchlets ; pedun- cles about 3 to 5 millimeters long, equaling the petioles, often terminated by the three short-pedicelled flowers : calyx 4-merous, united above the ovary for about one- third its length ; lobes linear, acute, 2 millimeters long : corolla tubular, 7 millimeters long, retrorsely strigillose- pubescent ; lobes rotund: youug capsule ovoid-globose and (as well as the calyx) densely pubescent ; mature capsule 7 millimeters long. — Collected by Robert Combs at Calicita, Cuba, August 24, 1895, no. 527. Although this plant is stated by Mr. Combs to be common on sea banks and coast hills at the above named station, it does not agree with any described species known to the author. The plant is habitally much like R. Camarioca, Wright and R. chamaebuxifolia, Griseb., but differs from the former in foliage and especially in the characters of the calyx, and from the latter by the pubescent leaves, longer petioles, and less divided calyx." — Plate xxxiv. Rachicallis rupestris DC. Along the barren rocks of the sea-shore, common. Castillo de Jagua, Sept, 16, '95. (566.) Ham eli a patens Jacq. Not uncommon in upland woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 11, '95. (29.) Catesbaea spinosa L. " Catesbea." A shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, along river banks in sandy fertile soil. Rio Damuji, Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (384.) Catesbaea nana Green man, n. sp. " A small, glabrous or slightly puberulent shrub, 10 to 30 centimeters high, branching rather profusely from the base: branches provided with numerous axillary spines, these about 1 centimeter long, slightly exceeding the internodes : leaves elliptic to broadly ovate, 2 to 5 millimeters long, two-thirds as broad, obtuse at the apex, narrowed at the base into a Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 429 short petiole : flowers solitary in the axils, short-pedicellate : calyx minutely 4-lobed (occasionally 3-lobed) : ovary 2-celled ; cells several (5-6)-ovuled ; ovules pendulous or at least descending from the upper inner angle of the cell : fruit a several-seeded red berry, in the dried state about 7 milli- meters long, and equally broad; seeds flattened, concavo-con- vex with a papillose surface. — Collected by Robert Combs in dry poor soil at Cieneguita, Cuba, August 10, 1895, no. 406. A species nearly related to 0 '. parviflora Sw." — Plate xxxv. Alibertia edulis Rich. " Pitajoni cimarron." A shrub 5 to 10 feet high, not uncommon in fertile savan- nahs. Cieneguita S., June 27, '95. (248.) Genipa Caruto Kth. " Jaguilla." Common in savannahs, fertile black and red soils. Ciene- guita, July 16, '95. (327.) Guettarda longiflora Griseb. " Cuero." Common in savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita S., July 2, '95. (270.) G. elliptica Sw. " Cuero de sabana." In savannahs, a shrub, rather uncommon. Cieneguita S., July 22, '95. (360.) G. calyptrata Rich. " Cuero de hojas grandes." A common shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, in upland woods, gravelly red soil. Calicita R. R., UK., July 17, '95. (312.) Stenostomum (Antirrhoea Comm.) lucidum Gaertn. A shrub or low tree along the rocky shore, not frequent at Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (518.) Erithalis fruticosa L. var. odorifera Jacq. A shrub, 3 to 6 feet high, along the shore, not uncommon. Loma de Pajeros, Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (538.) 430 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Chiococca racemosa Jacq. " Cainca." A low trailing shrub, savannahs and woods, not uncommon. Abreus, May 21, '95. (57.) C. racemosa Jacq. " Cainca." A form with dark leaves and purplish flowers. In marshy woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita S. W., July 9, '95. (302.) Morinda Royoc L. " Pifta raton, arbusto." A low trailing or erect shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, in savan- uahs, red soil, common. Cieneguita S., July 6, '95. (289.) PSYCHOTRIA TENUIFOLIA Sw. A slender shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, in upland woods, fertile soil, common. Cieneguita S., July 6, '95. (291.) P. RUFESCENS Kth. A slender shrub 2 to 4 feet high, in upland woods, fertile red (?) soil, common. Cieneguita S., July 6, '95. (288.) P. PUBESCENS Sw. A shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, in rich woods, not frequent. Cieneguita N., May 29, '95. (119.) P. nutans Sw. var. puberula Wright. A shrub, 5 to 8 feet high, not frequent on coast hills near sea. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (552.) P. HORIZONTALS Sw. A much spreading shrub, 10 feet high, infrequent in savannahs. Cieneguita W*., July 8, '95. (307.) P. MYRTIPHYLLUM Sw. A low spreading, slender shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, infrequent in fertile woods along small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Feb. 26, '96. (720.) P. coronata Griseb. " Lengua de vaca." Not common, in upland woods, poor soil. Calicita R. R., UK., July 13, '95. (315.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 431 P. foveolata Ruiz and Pa von. A shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, in fertile, black, shaded soil along small streams. Cieneguita E., May 17, '95. (56.) Palicoukea pavetta DC. A slender shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, in fertile upland woods, rare. Cieneguita, May 13, '95. (181.) DlODIA TERES Walt. D. prostrata Sw. Common in waste places, poor red soil. Cieneguita S., June 26, '95. (240.) D. SIMPLEX Sw. Borreria simplex Griseb. Not uncommon in upland, damp, fertile woods, black soil. Cieneguita N., July 30, '95. (339.) Spermacoce tenuior L. " Yerba de garro." In open, upland woods, fertile, damp, black soil. Ciene- guita N., July 30, '95. (340.) S. ASPERA Aubl. (?) Growing in thin, fertile, damp or wet soil, over rock strata in marshy woods. Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 24, '95. (619.) S. aspera Aubl. var. latifolia Griseb. In fields and waste places, not uncommon. Cieneguita S., July 2, '95. (275.) S. podocephala DC. " Boton bianco de arenales " (Puerto Rico). Common in barren, red, sandy or gravelly soil, flat savan- nahs. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (396.) S. laevis Lam. Borreria laevis Griseb. Common in waste places, (rather poor) red soil. Ciene- guita S., June 26, '95. (241.) i;;-; I'nuis. Acad. Sti. of St. Louis. Rich ibdsoni v bc lbh v L. Common in waste plaoes, fertile red soil. Cieneguita S., July 8, '95. (272.) COMPOSITAB. XCVI. Sparg lnophorus \ \u i w in Gaertn. Not nnoommon along small streams, in damp, fertile soil, shaded plaoes. Cieneguita E., Deo, 7, '95, (670.) Vi'knonu KBNTHABPOLIA Loss. Not nnoommon in savannahs, fertile soil (usually red), Cieneguita S„ Feb. 10, '96, (706.) El KPHANTOPUS SPICATUS .hiss. " LengUS de vaoa," " Yorba de burro.*' Not unoommon in savannahs ami along brooks. Ciene- guita B„ Poo. 3, '96. (660.) Aon; vn m CONTXOIDES L. Not common; fertile waste places, usually damp soil. Aureus, May 21, '95. (59.) El PATOBIUM OANESCBNS Vahl. A low shrub, 8 to T> foot high, along ooast hills noar shore, not common. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95, (554.) E. \ u LOSUM Sw, " Albahaoa de sabana." In fertile, open, coastal woods, not common. Calicita, A.ug. 84/95, (525.) Mikvma ruiMi'vuiA DC, " Guaoo." An annual or suffrut iooso climber, not unoommon along brooks. Cieneguita N., Jan. 4, '96. (682.) M, GONOOJ ADA DC. *' GuaCO." An annual, twining; fertile, rough woods, not common. Cieneguita N., Jan. 4, '96. (683.) QomJb Plants Collected tn the DUtorkt of Cien 433 M. OBINOCEN8M Ktb. " Guaco." An annual twiner; in fertile, - irannahs and (roods, damp places, not common. Cieneguita, Jane 10, '95. (184.) Aster ex ills Ell. Common along water in open, marshy wood*, fertile soil. Cieneguita S. \V., Dec. 6, '95. (SSS.) Ebigebon Jaman Common in barren places in old pastures. Cieneguita 8. W.t Aug. 7, '95. (424.) Bacchabis balmifolm J>. " Bajaquillo." A shrub, 6 to 8 feet nigh, in marshy open woods, common. Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 3, '95. (544 and 545.) PLUCHEA ODORATA Cass. ".Salvia do playa." Jn open, marshy woods and upland mai common, leguita S. \\\, Mar. 2, '96. (729.) PHALIUM PUBPUBBUM L. A much reduced form (2 to 4 inches high) common in marshy, open savannahs. Cieneguita \V\, Feb. 26, '!**;. (714.) LAOA8CEA mollis Cav. " Romerillo cimarron." In fertile waste grass lands, common. (. a, June '95. (251.) Elvira BIFLORA DC , Not uncommon in fertile fields and waste places. C guita, June 18, '95. (206.) ACANTHOSI'ERMUM HLMILE DC. " PJnedo." Spreading on black fertile soil, rare. 16, '95. (M7.) Parthemum hysterophorls L. '•'- K-coba amarga/' y common weed in fields and waste place*. Cieneguita, Jul, .- 5. (250.) 434 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Iva cheiranthifolia Kth. " Arteinisa de playa." Common, creeping and spreading infields and waste places. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (453.) Eclipta alba Hassk. Common in wet places, fertile soil along brooks. Ciene- guita, Aug. 20, '95. (472.) ISOCARPHA ATRIPLICI FOLIA R. Br. In wet marshy places, not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W., Jan. 2-6, '95. " (666.) Borrichia arborescens DC. " Verdola^a de la mar." B. argentia DC. Common on sandy beach at Calicita, July 27, '95. (372 and 499.) No. 499, a form from same locality with little or no pubescence. Wedelia gracilis Rich. Common, spreading on fertile red or black soil. Ciene- guita S., June 11, '95. (193.) W. reticulata DC. " Careicillo amarillo." Not frequent in fertile soil. Abreus, June 29, '95. (269.) Melanthera deltoidea Rich. " Botdn de plata." In fertile, sandy soil along Rio Damuji, common. Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, 95. (385.) Verbesina encelioides Benth. Not uncommon on low sand hills along the sea-shore. Faro Villa Nueva, Sept. 18, '95. (577.) V . alata L . * < Botoncillo . ' ' Not common, fertile soil, waste places. Abreus, May 21, '95. (60.) Synedrella nodiflora Gaertn. Not uncommon in fertile river woodland. Rio Damuji, Abreus, Aug. 17, '95. (478.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 435 Cosmos caudatus HBK. "Margarita." Not infrequent in fertile waste places. Cieneguita, Sept. 30, '95. (623.) Bidens leucantha Willcl. " Ronierillo." Common weed in fields and waste places, fertile soil. Cieneguita, Aug. 9, '95. (432.) B. bipinnata L. " Romerillo de loma." Not uncommon in rocky woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita N., June 17, '95. (152.) Chrysanthellum procumbexs Rich. " Manzanilla del pais." Common in savannahs, red, fertile soil. Cieneguita S., June 6, '95. (142.) Tridax procumbens L. Common in grassy, waste places, fertile soil. Cieneguita, Aug. 31, '95. (541.) Thymopsis Wrightii Benth. Not uncommon in wet or marshy grass land along small brooks. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95. (437.) Flaveria repanda Lag. Common weed in waste places. Cieneguita, Aug. 20, '95. (473.) Pectis ciliaris L. "Romero cimarron." In savannahs, fertile red soil, not common. Cieneguita S., Sept. 10, '95. (596.) P. prostrata Cav. " Romero macho." Spreading prostrate, in fertile waste places, not uncommon. Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (460.) Anastraphia Northropiana Greenman, n. sp. " Much branched rugged shrub, 1 to 1^ meters in height : stems covered below with a rough grayish bark, closely 436 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. pubescent above: leaves alternate, oblong to slightly obo- vate, 1 to nearly 4 centimeters long, almost or quite half as broad, obtuse or rounded at the apex, entire or spinulose- denticulate, closely pubescent above in the early stages, later becoming glabrous and shining, densely white-tomentose with short felted hairs beneath, obtuse or rounded and often slightly unequal at the base; petioles densely white-tomentose, 5 to 8 millimeters long : heads 2 to 2^- centimeters long (including the exserted stamens and styles), 8-10-flowered; involucre about 13 millimeters long; inner scales linear- attenuate, distinctly one-nerved, 8 millimeters long, nearly 2 millimeters broad; the outer gradually smaller, pubescent on the outer surface, margin ciliate ; the involucral scales becom- ing strongly recurved with age: flowers 2 centimeters long: corolla divided nearly to the base, 6 millimeters long: achenes villous-pubescent, 3 millimeters long; pappus sordid. — Col- lected by John I. and Alice R. Northrop along Fresh Creek, Andros Island, June 10, 1890, no. 743 ; and by Robert Combs along rocky sea banks near Calicita, Cuba, Aug. 24, 1895, no. 521. This species is most nearly related to A. intertexta Wright, but differs in the foliar characters, the much smaller flowers, and the more pubescent achenes." — Plate xxxvi. Chaptalia albicans Vent. Not infrequent in fertile waste grass lands, etc. Ciene- guita, June 11, '95. (192.) Trixis frutescens P. Br. A shrub, 2 to 4 feet high (or suffruticose). In rocky woods, common. Cieneguita N., Feb. 12, '96. (703.) LOBELIACEAE. XCIX. Isotoma longiflora Presl. " Revienta caballos." Common along the banks of small streams, fertile black soil. Cieneguita, May 13, '95. (34.) Lobelia Cliffortiana L. " Lobelia." In damp fertile black soil, open savannahs, or upland woods. Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 10, '96. (58.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 437 Ericaceae. C1I. Bejaria angustifolia Sw. A twining annual in rocky woods, not common. Cienc- guita N., June 24, '95. (236.) Plumbagineae. CVII. Plumbago scandens L. " Mala-cara." Not frequent. In fertile soil, black or sandy. Castillo de Jagua (and Cieneguita), Sept. 16, '95. (565.) Primulaceae. CVIII. Centunculus pentandrus R. Br. Not uncommon in rich damp shaded upland woods. Ciene- guita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (592.) Myrsineae. CIX. Wallenia clusiieolia Griseb. " Guacaman','' " Cas- magua." A shrub, 3 to 6 feet high, not uncommon in marshy upland woods, rich soil. Cieneguita N., Jan. 7, '96. (685.) Conomorpha bumelioides Griseb. A shrub or low tree, 10 feet high, in savannahs, rare. Cieneguita S., July 31, '95. (336.) Jacquinia ruscifolia L. Not uncommon shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, savannahs, fertile sandy soil along river banks, Rio Damuji. Constancia, Aug. 2, '95. (382.) J. linearis Jacq. " Espuela de cabellero." In barren savannahs, along brooklets, red sandy or gravelly soil. Infrequent. Cieneguita W., Feb. 28, '96. (723.) 438 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Sapotaceae. CX. Chrysophyllum oliviforme Lam. " Caimitillo." Common, in savannahs, usually in red fertile soil. Ciene- guita, June 24, '95. (361 and 234.) LUCUMA PAUCIFLORA A. DC. A low tree, 10 to 15 feet high, in fertile savannahs, infre- quent. Cieneguita N., July 30, '95. (344.) L. mammosa Gaertn. " Mamey Colorado." A large tree, in rich savannahs, uncommon. Commonly cultivated. Cieneguita N. , Jan. 7, '96. (684.) Achras Sapota L. " Nispero " or " Sapote." Sapota achras Mill. Commonly cultivated as a fruit tree. Cieneguita, June 5, '95. (136.) Bumelia horrida Griseb. " Sapote espinosa." A rigid, thorny shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, trailing in hard, sandy or gravelly red soil in savannahs near small brooks. Cieneguita W., Feb. 28, '96. (734.) Ebexaceae. CXI. DlOSPYROS HALESIOIDES Griseb. In fertile rocky woods, uncommon or rare. Cieneguita N., May 28. '95. (94.) Oleaceae. CXII. Jasminum Bahiense DC. Cultivated climber. Abreus, June 15, '95. (161.) FORESTIERA PORULOSA Poil*. A shrub or low tree, 8 to 10 feet high, on sea bank above Calicita, rare, Aug. 14, '95. (458.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 439 F. rhamnifolia Griseb. A low tree or shrub (10 to 15 feet high), rare on coast, fertile sandy soil. Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (530.) LlNOCIERA LIGUSTRINA Sw. On coast, hillsides, fertile soil, rare. Calicita E., Aug. 27, '95. (508.) Apoctnaceae. CXV. Vallesia glabra Cav. A shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, in fertile coast woods, not uncommon. Loma de Pajeros, Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (529.) Rauwolfia nitida L. " Huevo de toro." A tree, 20 to 30 feet high, in fertile upland woods, rare. Cieneguita, July 3, '95. (296.) R. canescens L. " Palo boniato." A shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, in fertile soil, open woods, along streams. Cieneguita N., Abreus, May 23, '95. (81.) R. Alphonsiana Mull. Arg. Not uncommon in savannahs, red soil. Cieneguita W., June, 13, '95. (180.) R. Cubana A. DC. " Lirio de costa." A spreading shrub, 3 to 6 feet high, common in savannahs, dry, poor, gravelly, red soil. Calicita R. R., UK., June 27, '95. (245.) Cameraria retusa Griseb. " Maboa de sabana." In savannahs, common in fertile, usually red soil, gravelly. Cieneguita S., May 9, '95. (19.) Vinca rosea L. " Vicaria." Not infrequent in fertile soil. Commonly cultivated. Cieneguita, Aug. 7, '95. (369.) 440 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plumeria obtusa L. " Lirio amarillo." A shrub, 5 to 8 feet high, in rough, rocky woods, not uncommon. Cieneguita N., May 15, '96. (36.) Tabernaemo]stana citrifolia Jacq. " Huevo de gallo." A shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, common in fertile savannahs. Cieneguita, May 9, '95. (18.) FORSTERONIA CORTMBOSA Mey. A shrubby climber in fertile coast woods, infrequent. Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (524.) Nerium Oleander L. ** Adelfa " " Rosa francesa." Commouly cultivated as a garden shrub. Calicita, June 12, '95. (207.) Echites rosea A. DC. " Rosa de sabana." Very slender shrub, climbing in savannahs, usually fertile, red soil, not frequent. Cieneguita, June 5, '95. (138.) E. UMBELLATA Jacq. Shrubby climber in fertile savannahs and open coast woods. Not uucommou. Cieneguita (Calicita), May 9, '95. (17.) E. paludosa Vahl. Shrubby climber in open mangrove swamps and river marshes, Rio Damuji. Abreus, May 23, '95. (78.) E. Andrewsii Chapm. E. neriandra Griseb. Common shrubby climber in savannahs. Cieneguita S., May 9, '95. (13.) E. Cubensis Griseb. Upland woods and savannahs, fertile soil. Uncommon. Cieneguita S., Aug. 1, '95. (635.) ASCLEPIADACEAE. CXVII. Cryptostegia grandiflora R. Br. In fertile waste places, uncommon. Most probably escaped from cultivation. Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (463.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 441 Philibertia viminalis Gray. Climbing in upland marshy woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita N., July 19, '95. (330.) Calotropis procera R. Br. A shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, in sandy soil, coastal hills and savannahs, not common. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (610.) Asclepias curassavica L. " Flor de calentura." Common in savannahs. Cieneguita, May 30, '95. (105.) A. nivea L. " Flor de calentura blanca." Common in savannahs. (Cieneguita) Abreus, May 21, '95 (61.) Metastelma penicillatum Griseb. Slender woody climber in upland woods and savannahs, red soil. Not common. Calicita R. R., UK., June 27, '95 (247.) M. filiforme Wright. A slender profuse woody climber, common in rocky, rough woods. Cieneguita N., July 2, '95. (276.) M. brachystephanum Griseb. A low slender woody climber, infrequent, savannahs, dry, sandy or gravelly soil. Cieneguita R. R., 3. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (413.) M. Bahamense Griseb. A shrubby climber not frequent in coast hills. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (556.) Marsdenia satureiaefolia, A. Rich. A higher climber in low woods on coast hills. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (558.) M. fusca Wright. A climber in rough open woods, rare. Cieneguita, June 3, '95. (123.) 442 Tram. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. M. campanulata Griseb. A woody climber on low shrubs, coast hills along the sea. Caemonera, Aug. 28, '95. (503.) LOGANIACEAE. CXVII. Spigelia anthelmia L. " Yerba lombricera." A low herb, common in fields and waste places. Ciene- guita, June 28, '95. (258.) Mitreola petiolata Torrey and Gray. In wet fertile soil along brooks, common. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 19, '95. (496.) Gentianeae. CXVIII. Schultesia stenophylla Mart. Common low herb, 2 to 4 inches high, in damp sandy (?) soil at marshy source of brook. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. "l9, '95. (438.) S. heterophylla Miq. " Genciano de Cuba." Not common in damp or marshy soil along brook. Cien- eguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (587.) Hydrophyllaceae. CXX. Hydrolea spinosa L. "Tabaco cimarron." Not uncommon in damp fertile black soil (savannahs), upland marshy woods. Cieneguita N., Jan. 7, '96. (686.) H. nigricaulis Wright. In marshy black soil along small stream. Uncommon. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Jan. 9, '96. (691.) BORAGINEAE. CXXI. Cordia gerascanthoides Kth. " Varia." A tree, 20 to 25 feet high, in rough rocky upland woods, fertile soil, infrequent. Cieneguita N., Feb. 25, '96. (717.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegcs. 443 C. Sebastiana L. " Vomitel Colorado." A roughish, spreading low tree or shrub, 8 to 10 feet high, along sand hills near the sea. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (608.) C. nitida Vahl. (?) " Ateje." A large spreading tree (40 feet high) in fertile savannahs, not uncommon. Cieneguita N., Aug. 20, '95. (471.) C. ulmifolia Juss. " Ateje." A shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, in fertile damp soil, infrequent. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 7, '95. (420.) C. globosa Kth. " Ateje." A low, spreading shrub (3-6 feet high) common in sandy, fertile soil along the shore. Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (450.) BOURRERIA MICROPHYLLA Griseb. A small shrub (1-2 feet high) in dry sandy or gravelly soil, barren savannahs, common. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (393.) B. Montana Wright. A shrub, 6 to 10 feet high, on rough rocky sea banks. Not frequent. Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (523.) Ehretia tinifolia L. " Roble prieto." A tree, 10 to 15 feet high, in fertile soil, savannahs, infre- quent. Cieneguita, June 7, '95. (176.) Tournefortia gnaphalodes R. Br. " Balsamillo " " In- cienso de playa." A shrub, 4 to 6 feet high along rocky sea shore. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, 95. (611.) T. hirsutissima L. " Nigua." A common shrubby climber in rough fertile woods. Cieneguita N., May 25, '95. (86. ) 444 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. T. BICOLOR Sw. A woody climber in fertile soil in savannahs, not frequent. Cieneguita, June 13, '95. (183.) T. laurifolia Vent. " Nigua de pareddn." A low climbing shrub, much branched. Not frequent, savannahs. Cieneguita, May 23, '95. (77.) T. volubilts L. " Nigua." A profuse low woody climber, coast hills, not uncommon. Calicita, June 5, '95. (134.) Heliotropium Indicum L. " Alacroncillo." A common herb (weed) in waste places, fields, etc. Fre- quent in early spring. Jurugua, Sept. 14, '95. (612.) H. parviflorum L. " Alacroncillo." Not uncommon in fertile sandy soil along the coast at Cali- cita. June 12, '95. (179.) H. inundatdm Sw. " Alacroncillo." Common in wet fertile soil, waste places. Cieneguita, June 21, '95. (174.) H. curassavicum L. " Alacroncillo de playa." Common on sandy beach at Calicita. May 31, '95. (96.) H. humifusum Kth. A small spreading decumbent shrub, 3 to 6 inches in dia- meter, when in natural state ; lying flat on the sand, in small sandy places along rocky sea-shore. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (568.) CONVOLVULACEAE. CXX1I. Ipomoea Bona-nox L. " Flor de la Y." Common in fertile soil in waste places and along brooks. Cieneguita E., Feb. 24, '96. (716.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 445 I. Batatas Lam. "Boniato." In wet places, fertile soil, not common. Cieneguita, Dec. 3, '95. (656.) I. sidaefolia Chois. " Aguinaldo bianco." Common trailing or climbing, shrubby in savannahs. Cieneguita, Dec. 3, '95. (658.) I. TENUISSIMA Chois. Creeping or a low climber in red soil in savannahs, not uncommon. Cieneguita, June 26, '95. (238.) I. umbellata Mey. " Aguinaldo amarillo." Common, creeping or low climbing, in fertile savannahs, usually along brooks. Cieneguita, Dec. 30, '95. (675.) I. Pes-caprae Sweet. " Boniato de playa." Common, creeping on sandy beach. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (614.) I. nymphaeifolia Griseb. " Boniato de playa." In marshy upland woods, rare. Cieneguita _S. W., Aug. 3, '95. (630.) I. Martinicensis Mey. Not uncommon, in fertile, damp soil of open savannahs. Cieneguita S. W., July 26, '95. (358.) I. heptaphylla Griseb. " Bejuco de criollo." Common, climbing, low, coast hills, fertile soil. Calicita, Aug. 28, '95. (509.) I. microdactyla Griseb. (?) On fertile hillsides near the sea, rare. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (643.) I. fuchsioides var. glabra Griseb. (Ex. char.) On fertile hillsides near the sea, rare. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (607.) 446 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. I. cissoides Griseb. Not uncommon in fertile black land, savannahs. Ciene- guitaS. W., Jan. 1, '96. (680.) I. cathartica Poir. " Aguinaldo." Common in savannahs, low climbing. Cieneguita, July 2, '95. (271.) Convolvulus micranthus Roem. and Schultes. Not uncommon in fertile soil and coast hills, low climbing. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (548.) C. Havanensis Jacq. A suffruticose climber, common along rocky sea-shore at Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (557.) EVOLVULUS SERICEUS Sw. Common, low spreading on barren, gravelly, red soil. Cieneguita S., May 17, '95. (41.) E. NUMMULARius L. " Aguinaldito rastrero." Creeping and rooting in fertile black soil, not uncommon, in open places, upland woods near coast. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (606.) Breweria calophylla Griseb. In fertile savannahs, not common. Cieneguita N., May 20, '95. (73.) Cuscuta Americana L. " Bejuco de fideo." Common in marshy open woods on low shrubs and weeds (Compositae). Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 3, '96. (546.) SOLANACEAE. CXXIII. Lycopersicum Humboldtii Dun. Along Rio Damuji in fertile black soil, uncommon or rare. Abreus, June 20, '95. (225.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 447 Solanum Seaforthianum Andr. A woody climber in fertile soil, commonly cultivated. Cieneguita, May 8, '95. (35.) S. callicarpaefolium Kth. and Bouch. " Prendedera macba." In savannahs, red fertile soil, infrequent. (Cieneguita S.) CalicitaR. R., 13K.,July 17, '95. (311.) S. verbascifolium L. "Pendejera macho," "Prendedera hedionda" and " Tabaco cimarrdn." In fertile savannahs, not uncommon. Cieneguita, June 18, '95. (202.) S. Havanense Jacq. " Tomatillo de la Habana." In rough, rocky woods, fertile soil, infrequent. Cieneguita N., May 29, '95. (114.) S. lentum Cav. A woody climber in savannahs, uncommon. Cieneguita E., June 15, '95. (164.) S. Bahamense L. Along sandy sea-beach, not frequent. Loma de Pajeros, Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (539.) S. scabrum Vahl. "Ajicdn." Common in river marshes and open mangrove swamps. Rio Damuji. Abreus, June 20, '95. (228.) S. Jamaicense, Sw. In savannahs, fertile soil, not uncommon. Cieneguita S., June 11, '95. (190.) S. torvum, Sw. '• Prendedera " and " Pendejera." In savannahs, common, Cieneguita, June 10, '95. (185.) S. mammosum, L. " Giiirito." In waste places, infrequent. Cieneguita, June 15, '95. (209.) 448 Tram. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. S. aculeatissimum Jacq. In fertile waste places, rare. Cieneguita S., Dec. 6, '95. (665.) S. Melongena L. Commonly cultivated. Cieneguita S., Jan. 10, '96. Physalis angdlata L. " Tomatillo." In fertile waste places, not frequent. Cieneguita N., June 8, '95. (163.) Capsicdm baccatdm L. Common in rough woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita N., June 8, '95. (149 and 151.) Cestrdm diurnum L. " Galan de dia." " Jasmin de dia." A shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, in fertile sandy soil along the coast. Not common. Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (461.) Goetzea amoena Griseb. " Arrayan." A shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, in savannahs, common. Ciene- guita, May 6, '95. (12.) Brunfelsia sinuata A. Kich. Fl. Cub. Fanerog. ii. p. 151, t. 6Q. " Specimens agreeing in every detail with Mueller's descrip- tion (Walp. Ann. V., p. 596) of this species were collected by Robert Combs on rocky hillsides on the coast at Calicita, June 5, 1895, no. 132. The species is well characterized by the stellate-tomentose pubescence on the younger branches and on the lower surface of the leaves, by the shallowly and ciliately lobed calyx, and finally by the long slender glabrous corolla-tube; the latter being about 12 centimeters long. No. 3021 of Wright's Cuban collection, cited as B. sinuata, Rich, in Griseb. Cat. PI. Cub. 3 88, from the glabrous char- acter of stem, leaves, and the deeply parted calyx, should doubtless be referred to B. nitida, DC." Schwenkia adscendens, Kth. " Tabaco cimarrdn." In barren savannahs, dry, sandy or gravelly red soil, infre- quent. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10 and 13, '95. (82.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 449 SCROPHULARINEAE. CXXIV. Angelonia angustifolia Benth. " Fernandina." In fertile black soil, savannahs, common. Cieneguita S., June 6, 95. (130.) Stemodia durantifolia, Sw. In damp or marshy upland woods (maniguas), fertile soil. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 7, '95. (422.) Herpestis sessiliflora Benth. In damp shaded places, fertile soil, not common. Ciene- guita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (590.) H. Monnieria Kth. " Graciola." A small, creeping or ascending herb, common in the edge of river marshes and mangrove swamps. Constancia, Aug. 2, '95. (381.) Micranthemum bryoides Benth. and Hook. Amphiolanlhus bryoides Griseb. On damp, fertile, thin soil over rock strata, common. Cieneguita S. W., July 26, '95. (353.) Scoparia dulcis L. " Escobilla." Common in savannahs, usually red soil. Cieneguita, June 11, '95. (191.) Capraria biflora L. " Escabiosa." Not uncommon in fertile waste places, along river woods. Rio Damuji, Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (482.) BUCHXERA ELONGATA Sw. In barren savannahs, damp sandy or gravelly red soil. Not uncommon. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95 and Sept. 13, '95. (444 and 598.) Gerardia hispidula Mart. In damp marshy savannahs, fertile soil, near brook. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (591.) 450 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. G. Domingensis Spreng. " Fernandina blanca." In wet or marshy fertile soil, along brook. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95. (443.) Lentibularieae. CXXVL Utricularia subulata L. In grassy marsh at source of small stream, common on the mud. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (412.) U. juncea Vahl. Iu grassy marshes at source of small streams, common on mud. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (411.) U. spirandra Wright. (?) On " water weeds " and algae, in brook water, common. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch. Aug. 19, '95. (494.) POLYPOMPHOLIX LACINIATA Benj. On mud and damp soil of marshes at source of small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S.W.Branch, Jan. 9, '96. (687.) BlGNONIACE AE . CXXIX . BlGNONIA GNAPHALANTHA Rich. In savannahs and open coast woods, common. Cieneguita, Calicita, May 31, '95. ( 106.) B. SAGRAEANA DC. In open woods and savannahs, high climbing, uncommon. Calicita R. R., 16K., July 20, '95. (332.) Tabebuia pentaphylla Hemsley. " Roble de yugo " or "Roble bianco." Tecoma pentaphylla Griseb. A large tree in open upland woods and savannahs, fertile soil, not frequent. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 7, '95. (421.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 45 1 T. lepidophylla Greenman, in litt. " Sabanero " or " Rompe- ropa." Tecoma lepidophylla Griseb. Common in savannahs, red soil. Cieneguita S., May 4, '95. (11.) Tabebuia petrophila Greenman, n. sp. '« Shrub or small tree, 2^ to 6 meters high, stems much branched, covered with a grayish bark : leaves unfoliolate; leaflets oblong, obtuse or rounded, sometimes slightly retuse at the apex, rounded or obtuse at the base, entire, subrepand, 8 to 18 millimeters long, 4 to 7 millimeters broad, minutely lepidote on both surfaces ; petioles short, about 1 millimeter long: flowers on slender, solitary peduncles at the ends of the branchlets ; peduncles nearly or quite 1 centimeter in length: calyx unequally lobed, minutely lepidote on the outer sur- face, 8 millimeters long: corolla somewhat funnel shaped, glabrous, about 3 centimeters in length: fruit not seen. — Collected by Robert Combs in rocky mountainous woods on the seashore at Faro Villa Nueva, Cuba, Sept. 18, 1895, no. 601. This plant is said by Mr. Combs to be very rough and ragged in habit. It resembles certain forms of Tabebuia lepidophylla (Tecoma lepidophylla Griseb. Mem. Am. Acad. n. ser. viii. p. 524), from which species it is distinguished by its very different habit, smaller and more typically oblong leaflets, and decidedly smaller flowers." — Plate xxxvii. T. longiflora Greenman, in litt. '* Roble real." Tecoma longiflora, Griseb. A high tree in rough, rocky woodlands, rare. " Colonia de Columbia," Juragua, Sept. 14, '95. (581.) Tecoma stans Juss. " Sauco amarillo." Common in fertile open woods, often cultivated. Ciene- guita, May 6, '95. (10.) Crescentia Cujete L. " Giiira cimarrona." Common in savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 6, '95. (9.) 452 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ACANTHACEAE. CXXXI. Edellia PANICULATA L. Annual or suffruticose, not uncommon in rocky, fertile upland woods. Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 10, '96. (702.) R. tuberosa L. " Salta-perico." Common in fertile savannahs and river woods. (Ciene- guita.) Abreus, June 20, '95. (224.) Barleriola solanifolia Oerst. Barleria solanifolia L. A small shrub, flowers not common. Savannah, Aug. 20, '95. (88.) Anthacanthus spinosus Nees. A shrub, 4 to 6 feet high (trailing) in rough rocky woods on coast. Faro Villa Nueva, Sept. 18, '95. (576. ) Stenandrium droseroides Nees. Common in barren savannahs, dry, sandy or gravelly soil. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 19, '95. (492.) Justicia origanoides Griseb. (Ex. char.) Not uncommon on sand hills near the sea. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (570.) Dianthera pectoralis Murr. Not infrequent along brooks in the water or in wet places. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 7, '95. (418 ; also 481.) D. reptans Griseb. In the edge of or near upland marsh, common. Cieneguita N., July 19, '95. (329.) DlCLIPTERA ASSURGENS JuSS. Not uncommon in fertile rough woodland. Cieneguita N., Dec. 3, '95. (654.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 453 Myroporineae. CXXXII. BONTIA DAPHNOIDES L. A shrub, 6 to 8 feet high, along the sea banks, rare. Cae- monera, Aug. 28, '95. (497.) Verbenaceae. CXXXIV. Lantana Camara L. '< Filigrana." Not infrequent in savannahs and open coastal woods. Calicita, May 31, '95. (108.) L. involucrata L. " Yerba de la sangre." Common, open woods on coast hills, fertile soil. Calicita, May 31, '95. (107.) LlPPIA NODIFLORA Michx. Creeping in fertile wet soil in upland woods. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 7, '95. (423.) L. dulcis Trev. " Orozuz de la tierra? " A trailing shrub, 2 to 3 feet high, in fertile open river woods. Kio Damuji, Abreus, Aug. 17, '95. (476.) L. STOECHADIFOLIA HBK. Suffruticose or shrubby, not uncommon in damp or wet grass land, savannahs near small brooks. Cieneguita N., Aug. 7, '95. (425.) Bouchea Ehrenbergii Cham. Common weed in fertile waste places, fields, etc. Ciene- guita, June 13, '95. (154.) Stachytarpheta (Stachytarpha Link) Jamaicensis Vahl. " Verbena azul." In fertile savannahs, common. Cieneguita, June 11, '95. (194.) S. angustifolia Vahl. " Verbena de hoja angosta." Not uncommon in grassy marshes along small brook Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (589.) 454 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Priva echinata Juss. In fertile waste places, usually shaded, black soil, not un- common. Cieneguita, June 24, '95. (220.) Verbena urticifolia L. In rich sandy soil, Rio Damuji. Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (389.) ClTHAREXYLUM V1LLOSUM Jacq. Fertile coast hills, not uncommon. Calicita, Aug. 14, '95. (468.) Duranta Plumieri Jacq. " Violetina." A shrub, 8 to 12 feet high, in rough rocky woods, not un- common. Cieneguita N., July 3, '95. (280.) Petitia Poeppigii Schauer. " Roble guayo." Not common, in savannahs, red soil. Cieneguita S., June 14, '95. (169.) Vitex divaricata Sw. " Ofon criollo " or " Roble giiiro." A low tree in savaunahs, not frequent. Cieneguita, June 18, '95. (203.) V. ilicifolia Rich. " Granadillo de costa." In poor, gravelly, red soil, savannahs, not frequent. Cal- icita R. R., UK., June 27, '95. (239. ) Clerodendron aculeatum Griseb. A common shrub in rocky places along brook. Ciene- guita S. W., July 26, '95. (356. ) C. fragrans Willd. " Mil-rosas." An herb, not uncommon in waste places and along streets of Abreus, June 15, '95. ( 162. ) Avicennia nitida Jacq. "Mangle negro" "Mangle prieto." Common in mangrove swamps and river and salt marshes. Rio Damuji, Abreus, May 23, '95. (80.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 455 Labiatae. CXXXV. Ocimum sanctum L. " Albahaca citnarrona." Common weed in waste places, fertile black soil. Rio Damuji, Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (483.) Htptis capitata Jacq. " San Diego cimarron." Not common in marshy grass land, savannahs. Ciene- guita N., Aug. 30, '95. (636.) H. suaveolens Poit. " Oregano cimarron." In savannahs, fertile waste places, common. Cieneguita, Dec. 6, '95. (663.) H. PECTINATA Poit. Common in pastures and old grass lands, savannahs. Cieneguita, Sept. 26, '95. (621.) H. gonocephala Wright. " Oregano." In poor, red soil, open savannahs, not frequent. Ciene- guita S. W., Dec. 6, '95. (669.) Salvia tenella Sw. Common in fertile black soil, waste places along coast hills. Calicita, July 26, '95. (352.) Leonotis nepetifolia R. Br. " Bastdn de San Francisco." Along river woods, fertile soil, not uncommon. Rio Dam- uji, Abreus, June 20, '95. (223.) Teucrium Cubense L. " Agrimonia." Not uncommon along the sea-shore, Calicita, Aug. 25, '95. (507.) Nyctagineae. CXXXVII. Mirabilis Jalapa L. " Maravilla." In waste places, fertile soil, probably escaped from cultiva- tion. Cieneguita, July 3, '95. (286.) 456 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Boerhaavia paniculata Eich. " Mata-pavo." Common in fertile fields and waste places, Cieneguita, May 30, '95. (104.) Pisonia acdleata L. " Una de gato," " Zarza." Very common and pernicious shrub, 6 to 8 feet high, spreading and trailing, sometimes climbing in fertile savan- nahs, and upland woods. Cieneguita, Feb. 15, '96. (709.) P. discolor Chois. Common on sandy flats along the sea-shore. Cienfuegos, Aug. 13, '95. (446 and 447.) P. OBTUSATA Sw. A shrub or low tree, 4 to 10 feet high, not uncommon, in savannahs, dry red gravelly soil. Cieneguita W., Mar. 4,' 96. (731.) Amarantaceae. CXXXIX. Celosia paniculata L. " Moco de pavo," " Siempre- viva." C. nitida Vahl. A slender shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, in rough, rocky woods, uncommon. Cieneguita N., July 19, '95. (328.) ACHYRANTHES ASPERA L. "P de gato." A common weed, fertile soil. Cieneguita, Sept. 3, '95. (547.) Alternanthera muscoides Benth. and Hook. Lithophila muscoides Sw. A common weed on the rocky sea-shore. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 18, '95. (573.) A. ACHYRANTHA E. Bl\ A common weed in waste places, fertile black soil. Ciene- guita, July 8, '95. (305.) A. spinosa Eoem. and Schultes. " Bledo espinoso " and " Pinedo bianco." Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 457 In rich river woods, Kio Damuji, not common. Abreus, June 29, '95. (268.) Gossypianthus LANUQiNosus Moq. (smooth form). Small, spreading prostrate herb, in barren savannahs, dry, sandy black soil, infrequent. Cieneguita K. R., S. W. Branch,' Aug. 10, '95. (405.) GOMPHRENA DECUMBENS Jacq. Common, ascending, in grassv waste places. Cieneguita July 30, '95. (338.) Iresine celosioides L. Common in fertile black soil in savannahs near brooks. Cieneguita, Aug. 20, '95. (512.) Chenopodiaceae. CXL. Chenopodium ambrosioides L. " Apasote." In fertile river woods, not infrequent. Cieneguita, Au«- 20 "95. (226.) Atriplex cristata Humb. and Bonpl. " Armuelles." Shrubby (or suffruticose), 1 to 3 feet high, in sandy, fer- tile, wet soil, along the sea. Not uncommon at Calicita, July 27, '95. (373.) Phytolaccaceae. CXLI. Rivina laevis L. " Ojo de ratdn " or " Coral itos." Common in rough rocky woods, fertile soil. Cieneguita N., June 10, '95. (186.) R. laevis L. var. pubescens Griseb. " Ojo de ratdn " " Cor- alitos." Not uncommon in rough, rocky woods, fertile soil. Ciene- guita N., June 13, '95. (153.) R. octandra L. " Guaniqui " and " Bejuco canasta." A trailing or erect shrub, 6 to 10 feet high. Common in rough woods. Cieneguita N., June 11, '95. (195.) 458 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Lords. Petiveria alliacea L. " Anarnii." Not uncommon in fertile black soil, rocky, rough woods. Cieneguita N., June 24, '95. (182.) Phytolacca Bogotensis HBK. (?) Along rocky coast hills, rare. Calicita, June 12, '95. (173.) Batideae. CXLII. Batis maritima L. " Barrilla." Common shrub, 1 to 3 feet high, along the sea, sand}' low beaches and salt marshes. Calicita, July 27, '95. (371.) POLYGONACEAE. CXLIII. Coccoloba uvifera Jacq. " Uva de la caleta," " Uvero." Common on low sand hills along sea-shore. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (569.) C. arm ata Wright. "Uverillo." A rouo-h, rigid shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, not uncommon. Coast hills, poor soil. Loma de Ciego, Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (531.) C. retusa Griseb. " Uvero macho." A low tree or shrub (10 to 15 feet high), in savannahs, rare. Cieneguita S., Aug. 6, '95. (374.) C. microphylla Griseb. " Uverillo." A rough, spreading, rigid shrub, 4 to 8 feet high, not uncommon along brook in barren savannahs, dry sandy or gravelly red soil. Cieneguita W. to Yaguaramos, Feb. 28, ^96. (725.) Antigonon leptopus Hook, and Arnot. In fertile waste places, probably escaped from cultivation. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (563.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 459 Aristolochieae. CXLVII. Aristolochia passiflorifolia Rich. Common on coast hills, low climbing. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (488.) PlPERACEAE. CXLVIII. Piper angustifolium R. and P. var. ? " Platanillo de Cuba." A shrub, 5 to 8 feet high, common along brooks and small streams, rich black soil. Cienenguita E., May 2, '95. (8.) P. peltatum L. Along small stream, rich shaded places, rare. Cieneguita N., Aug. 20, '95. (514.) P. UMBELLATUM L. Common along small stream, rich, damp, shaded soil. Cieneguita E., May 2, '95. (7.) Peperomia sp. (693.) A succulent herb, fleshy leaves, creeping on rocks in rough woods, shaded damp canons. Cieneguita N., Dec. 4 and 30, '95. — Plate xxxviii. Laurineae. CLII. Persea gratissima Gaertn. " Aguacate." An excellent fruit. Commonly cultivated, often sponta- neous. Cieneguita, Jan. 20, '96. (697.) Phoebe Montana Griseb. " Boniato del pinar." In savannahs, fertile, black soil, infrequent. Cieneguita N., Jan. 13, '96. (692.) Nectandra coriacea Griseb. Not common, fertile coast hills. Calicita, May 31, '95, and Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (101 and 604.) 4(i() Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Cassvtha Americana Nees. (Determined by Dr. Urban.) An aphyllous, herbaceous cumber, clinging by papillae or suckers to low shrubs. Not uncommon in savannahs, dry poor soil, usually red. Calicita li. R., 11K., June 27, '95. (246.) LORANTIIACEAE.* CLVII. Dendrophthora Domingensis Eichl. Common, parasitic on Brya ebenus DC, Belairia mucro- nata, etc., in dry savannahs. Cieneguita S., July 11, '95. (293.) D. LEPTOSTACHYA Eichl. Parasitic on Belairia, rare. Savannahs. Calicita R. R., 10K., July 17, '95. (333.) D. Wrightii Eichl. On Terminalia Buceraa L., in upland marshes, rare. Cieneguita N., Feb. 22, '96. (710. ) D. Wrightii Eichl. On Tabebuia pentaphylla Hemsl., in savannahs or upland woods, rare. Cieneguita W., Feb. 26, '96. (715.) Piioradendron rubrum Griseb. " Cepa-caballero." On Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., in savannahs, not common. Cieneguita, July 10, '95. (299.) P. sfathuli folium Krug and Urban. Common on large trees along Calicita R. R., at UK., July 27, '95. (348 and 347.) Phthirusa emarginata Eichl. Common on low shrubs, coast hills. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (555.) Dendropemon purpurbns (L.) Krug and Urban. On low shrubs, coast hills, rare. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (613.) * The members of this order were determined by Dr. I. Urban. Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 461 EUPHORBIACEAE. CLX. Pedilanthus tithymaloides Poit. A low shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, commonly cultivated. Cal- icita, Aug. 28, '95. (498.) Euphorbia buxifolia Lam. In sandy crevices of rocks along the sea-shore. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (567.) E. heterophtlla L. Common in fields and waste places, fertile soil. Ciene- guita, May 2, '95. (5.) E. hypericifolia L. Common weed in fields and waste places, Cieneguita, May 2, '95. (4.) E. pilulifera L. " Yerba de boca." Spreading, prostrate, fertile soil, fields and wastft places, common. Cieneguita, May 2, '95. (2.) E. Brasiliensis Lam. A spreading or ascending common weed in fields and waste places, Cieneguita, May 2, '95. (3.) Savia sessiliflora Willd. " Aretillo." A low tree or shrub, 8 to 10 feet high, in rich, rough, rocky woods, not uncommon. Cieneguita, Aug. 6, '95. (377.) Phyllanthus epiphyllanthus L. " Pauetela." P. falcatus Sw. Not an uncommon shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, on coast hills near the sea. Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (502.) Jatropha gossypifolia L. " Tuatua." A common shrub, 2 to 4 feet high, in fertile low savannahs. Cieneguita, May 8, '95. (20.) 462 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. J. hastata Jacq. A shrub, 4 to 6 feet high, low fertile savannahs, along brooks, not common. Cieneguita, June 3, '95. (99.) J. Curcas L. " Piftdn botija " and *« Pifion purgante." A common shrub, 6 to 15 feet high. (Cultivated.) Ciene- guita, May 30, '95. (100.) Croton Sagraeanus Mull. Arg. Not uncommon in savannahs, black soil. Cieneguita S., May 16, '95. (43.) C Cubensis Miill. Arg. A shrub, 8 to 13 feet high, in rough, rocky woods, not frequent. Cieneguita N., June 4, '95. (120.) C. ludicus L. " Caobilla " or " Cuaba de ingenio." A common shrub, 3 to 6 feet high, in rocky rough woods. Cieneguita N., May 14, '95. (28.) C. glandulosus var. genuinus Miill. Arg. C. glandulosus L. A common herb in waste places, savannahs. Cieneguita S., June 6, '95. (139.) C. NUMMULARIAEFOL1UM A. Rich. Not uncommon in barren savannahs, dry, gravelly or sandy soil. Cieneguita R. R., S.W.Branch. Aug. 10, '95. (394.) C. lobatus L. " Fraelicillo cimarrdn." A common weed in fields and waste places, fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 2, '95. (6.) Argythamnia candicans Sw. A slender shrub, 3 to 5 feet high, in rough, low woods, common. Cieneguita N., May 18, '95. (53.) Caperonia palustris St. Hil. In fertile fields and waste places, not common. Ciene- guita, June 6, '95. (135.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 463 C. CASTANEAEFOLIA St. Hil. In wet or marshy fertile soil along brooks, etc. Not un- common. Cieneguita, June 17, '95. (155). Manihot utilissima Pohl. " Yuca," Commonly cultivated and sometimes escaped in fertile waste places. Cieneguita, June 17, '95. (198.) Berxardia dichotoma Mull. Arg. In rough, rocky woods, infrequent. Cieneguita N., June 5, '95.. (120a.) B. dichotoma, var. venosa Miill. Arg. B. venosa Griseb. A shrub 6 to 8 feet high, in rough, rocky woods, not fre- quent. Cieneguita N., Aug. 1, '95. (364.) B. microphylla Miill. Arg. Adeliamicrophylla. A.Rich. A shrub, 3 to 4 feet high, not uncommon in rocky coast woods along the sea. Faro Villa Nueva, Sept. 18, '95. (575.) ACALYPHA ALOPECUROIDES Jacq. In fertile waste places, not uncommon at Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 16, '95. (560.) A. CHAMAEDRYFOLIA Vai\ REPTANS Miill. Arg. A. reptans L. Common in waste places, fertile savannahs, black and red soil. Cieneguita, June 6, '95. (140.) A. CHAMAEDRYFOLIA var. pendula Miill. Arg. On high, rocky sea banks, common at Faro Villo Nueva E., Sept. 18, '95. (578.) Adelia Ricinella L. Common low tree in rough, rocky woods. Cieneguita N., May 20, '95. (52.) 464 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Platygyna urens Mercier. " Pringa-moza." A slender, shrubby climber, infrequent in open, fertile woods and savannahs. Cieneguita, May 21, '95. (40.) Tragia volubilis L. " Candelilla." ( ?) A slender shrubby climber, not frequent in open woods and savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita, May 16, '95. (39.) Sapium laurocerasum Desf . Sapium laurifolium Griseb. A large tree, 25 to 35 feet high, in fertile black soil along small stream, uncommon. Cieneguita E. Flowers in Feb. and March; seeds in June. (160.) Bonania Cubana A. Kich. " Filigrana de costa." Exoecaria Cubensis Mull. Arg. A shrub 2 to 6 feet high, common on coast hills, dry gravelly soil. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (603.) Sebastiania corniculata var. genuina Mull. Arg. Spreading and ascending herb, savannahs, waste places, fertile black or red soil. Cieneguita S., June 6, '95. (141.) Exoecaria sagraei Mull. Arg. " Manzanillo del Morrillo." Not uncommon on coast hills and sea banks. Calicita, Aug. 24, '95. (519.) Gymnanthes lucida Sw. A shrub 4 to 10 feet high, in rough, rocky woods, infre- quent. Cieneguita N., June 5, '95, and Sept. 12, '95. (131 and 586.) Urticaceae. CLXII. Celtis trinervia Lam. " Kamdn de costa." A low, spreading tree (10 feet high), in rough, rocky woods, infrequent. Cieneguita N., Sept. 12, '95. (583.) Trema mollis Blume. In coastal woods, fertile soil, rare. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 19, '95. (605.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 465 Ficus crassinervia Desf. " Jagiiey macho." A common large tree in fertile soil along small streams. Cieneguita E., June 5, '95. ( 145.) F. crassinervia Desf. (Affinis.) A tree 20 feet high, figs warty and involucre minute. On sea-shore, rare. Calicita, Aug. 29, '95. (500.) F. laevigata Vahl. "Pinipini," "Jagiiey." A tree on coast hills and sea banks, infrequent. Faro Villa Nueva, Sept. 18, '95. (599.) F. lentiginosa Vahl. Low tree in rough, rocky woods, infrequent. Cieneguita N., Aug. 1, '95. (366.) F. dimidiata Griseb. A large tree in fertile soil along small streams. Cieneguita, June 8, '95. (147.) F. suffocans Banks. A large tree, not uncommon along small streams, fertile soil. Cieneguita, June 6, '95. (146.) Ficus sp. A large tree (40 to 50 feet high). (Cultivated?). Ciene- guita, July 18, '95. (314.) Cecropia peltata L. " Y"agruma hembra." A slender tree, 15 to 20 feet high, in fertile black soil along brooks and small streams. Cieneguita N., May 25, '95. (111.) Fleurya cuneata Wedd. A delicate or fragile herb growing on rocks in shaded places, not uncommon. Cieneguita N., July 6, '95. (277.) Urera baccifera Gaud. " Chichicate." A spiny shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, leaves and flowers with irritating nettles, not uncommon in rough, rocky woods. Cieneguita N., Jan 4, '96. (681.) 466 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. PlLEA MICROFHYLLA Liebm. A small delicate herb, in shaded fertile places on rocks, in woods, common. Cieneguita N., June 24, '95. (242.) P. microphylla Liebm. var. herniarioides Lindl. In shaded, rough woods, in crevices of rocks, not frequent. Cieneguita N., Sept. 12, '95. (585.) P. pubescens Liebm. Uncommon, in crevices of rocks, rough woods, in fertile soil. Cieneguita N., Aug. 6, '95. (378.) Boehmeria cylindrica Willd. var. litoralis Sw. In the edge of river marshes, common, Rio Damuji. Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (390.) ROUSSELIA LAPPULACEA Gaud. Common in crevices of rocks in damp, shaded places, rough woods. Cieneguita N., Sept. 12, '95. (584.) Myricaceae. CLXVI. Myrica microcarpa Benth. Common in marshy savannahs along brooks and small streams. Cieneguita W. and S. W., Feb. 21 and 28, '96. (718.) Casuarineae. CLXVII. Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. " Pino." A tree, 40 to 50 feet high, on coast hills, infrequent. (Castillo de Jagua.) Calicita, Aug. 27, '95. (510.) BURMANNIACEAE. CLXXIV. BURMANNIA CAPITATA Mart. On mud in grassy marshes at source of small streams. Cieneguita S. W., Jan. 9, '96. (688.) Orchideae. CLXXV. Bletia verecunda R. Br. In marshy open woods, not uncommon. Cieneguita S.W., Feb. 10, '96. (705.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District oj Cienfuegos. 467 Epidendrum phoenicium Lindl. Not uncommon, epiphytic on trunks of trees and palmettos in savannahs. Cieneguita S., May 15, '95. (67.) E. fucatum Lindl. " Vainilla amarilla." In savannahs, epiphytic on trees, uncommon. Abreus, May 25, '95. (87.) E. difforme Jacq. On the branches of trees ( Terminalia Buceras) in dark, damp woods. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (644.) E. cochleatum L. " Canuela." On trunks and branches of trees in upland marshy woods, uncommon. Cieneguita N., Jan. 7, '96. (698.) E. fuscatum Sw. On trunks of trees in dark, rough woods, rare. Ciene- guita N., Dec. 30, '95. (677.) E. rigidum Jacq. On low trunks of trees in dark, damp woods, not uncom- mon. Cieneguita S. W. and N., Feb. 10 and 21, '96. (737.) POLYSTACHIA LUTEOLA Hook. On trees in dark, damp woods, rare. Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 3, '95. (641.) Cyrtopodium Woodfordii Sims. Cyrtopera Woodfordii Lindl. Terrestrial in wet, marshy woods, common. Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 24, 95. (618.) C. punctatum Lindl. On trunks of trees and palmettos, clinging by a large mass of fibrous roots, rare. Cieneguita S. W., Sept. 3, '95. (640.) 468 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Oncidium variegatum Sw. On branches of trees in dark, damp woods, not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W., July 26, '95. (354.) O. Lelboldi Reichb. fil. (?) On the trunks of shrubs, close to the ground, coast hills near salt marsh. Loma de Ciego, Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (532.) IONOPSIS UTRICULARIOIDES Lilldl. On trunks of trees and shrubs in dark, damp woods, uncom- mon. Cieneguita S., June 7, '95. (127.) PONTHIEVA GLANDULOSA R. Br. Terrestrial in crevices of rocks in dark, damp woods, fertile soil, uncommon or rare. Cieneguita, Dec. 30, '95. (676.) Spiranthes tortilis Rich. In wet or marshy grass land, fertile soil, not frequent. Cieneguita W., Feb. 28, '96. (728.) Habenaria bicornis Lindl. In upland grassy marshes, not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 8, '95. (440.) ZlNGIBERACEAE. OLXXVT. Canna Indica L. " Platanillo de monte." Commonly cultivated, and escaped in fertile soil occasion- ally. Cieneguita, Sept. 10, '95. (593.) Musaceae. CLXXVII. Musa sapientum L. " Platano." Common in cultivation. Cieneguita, May 30, '95. (112.) Bromeliaceae. CLXXVIII. Bromelia Penguin L. " Piiia de raton." Very common, cultivated as a hedge. Cieneguita, May 2, '95. (95.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 469 HOHENBERGIA PENDULIFLORA Mez. "Specimens evidently belonging to this species were secured by Robert Combs at Cieneguita, Cuba, July 5, 1895, no. 466. Mr. Combs' specimens differ from the typical form (as repre- sented by Wright's no. 1525) by having a more robust in- florescence, larger and more numerous flowers, and a more pronounced lanate pubescence throughout the entire inflo- rescence. The plant is said to be common on rocks and on the branches of trees at the above locality." Catopsis nutans Griseb. On branches of trees in open woods, infrequent. Ciene- guita S. W., Sept. 3, '95. (638.) TlLLANDSIA TENUIFOLIA L. On branches of trees and shrubs in dark, damp woods, not common. Cieneguita N., Aug. 12, '95. (639.) T. POLYSTACHA L. Common on trees in savannahs and open woods. Ciene- guita, June 7, '95. (175.) T. pruinosa L. " Curujey." On branches of trees in dry open savannahs, rare. Ciene- guita S., Dec. 7, '95. (671.) T. utriculata L. " Curujey." On branches of trees in open woods and savannahs, com- mon. Cieneguita, Aug. 13, '95. (633.) T. recurvata L. " Agave de Mejico." Common on branches and trunks of trees in savannahs. Cieneguita, Sept. 6, '95. (580). T. usneoides L. " Guajaquillo." Hanging in festoons from the branches of trees in damp woods or upland wooded marshes, not frequent. Cieneguita N., July 30, '95. (343.) 470 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Irideae . CLX XX . ClPURA PALUDOSA Aubl. In fertile savannahs, not common. Cieneguita S., June 24, '95. (211.) Amaryllideae. CLXXXI. Curculigo scorzoxeraefolia Benth. " Azafran del pais." Hypozis scorzoneraefolia Lam. In savannahs, fertile black and red soil, common. Ciene- guita S., May 17, '95. (42.) Zephyraxthus rosea Lindl. In damp thin soil over rock strata, along small stream, common. Cieneguita S. W., July 26, '95. (357.) Crinum americaxum L. " Lirio," " Lirio de San Pedro." In fertile river bottoms, damp or wet places, uncommon. Rio Damuji, Abreus, May 23, '95. (85.) Pancratium Carolixiaxu.m L. " Lirio de San Juan." Not uncommon in fertile damp or wet places along small streams. Cieneguita S. W., July 26, '95. (345.) Fourcroya cubensis Haw. "Pita," "Maguey de cocuy." Common in rough, rocky wools (and fertile savannahs). Cieneguita N., July 6, '95. (287.) Dioscoreaceae. CLXXXIII. Dioscorea multiflora Presl. " Name." Climbing in open fertile woods and savannahs, not uncom- mon. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 10, '95. (414.) LlLIACEAE. CLXXXV. Smilax Havanexsis Jacq. " Raiz de China," " Zarzapa- rilla." Common, climbing in open woods and savannahs. Cali- cita (Cieneguita), June 12, '95. (172.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 471 Xyrideae. CLXXXVI1. Xyris communis Kth. Not uncommon in grassy marshes at source of small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95. (445.) COMMELINACEAE. CXC. Commelina Virginica L. " Canutillo," " Zapato del obispo." C. elegans Kth. In fertile, rough, rocky woods, common. Cieneguita N., May 11 and 14, '95. (23.) Palmae. CXCIV. Oreodoxa regia Kth. " Palma criolla," also " Palma real." Common in fertile black soil, savannahs, streams and rivers. Cieneguita, Jan. 15, '96. (694.) Sabal umbraculiferum Mart. " Palma cana," and " Pal- meto." Common in poor soil, savannahs. Cieneguita S., July 5, '95. (292.) Copernicia hospita Mart. " Jata " or " Guano." In dry sterile red soil, savannahs and coast hills, not un- common. Calicita R. R., 10K., July 13, '95. (334.) Copernicia sp. In dry sterile red soil, savannahs, rare. Calicita R. R., 10K., July 13, '95 (335.) C. Wrightii Griseb. and Wendl. " Miraguano espinoso " or " Guano espinoso." In grassy marshes and river swamps, infrequent. Ciene- guita S. W. (Santa Rosalia), Aug. 10, '95. (465.) 472 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Thrinax argentea, Lodd. " Guaoo bianco" or " Palina blanca." Common in savannahs, upland woods and coast hills. Cieneguita S. W., July 12, '95. (300.) Cocos nucifera L. " Coco " or " Palma de cocos." Not uncommon in fertile soil. (Commonly cultivated.) Jurugua, Sept. 14, '95. (615.) Aroideae. CXCV1II. Philodendron hederaceum Schott. Not uncommon in rough, rocky woods. Cieneguita N., Jane 5, '95. (143.) P. LACERUM Schott. Not infrequent, in fertile shaded places, climbing trees and rocks. Cieneguita, July 29, '95. (469.) Andromycia cdbensis Rich. Xanthosoma, per Durand, 1887. In rough, rocky woods, fertile soil, uncommon. Ciene- guita N., July 25, '95. (370.) Alismaceae. CCI. Sagittaria lancifolia L. " Flechera." Common along river marshes, Rio Damuji, Santa Rosalia, Aug. 2, '95. (392.) S. intermedia Micheli. Common in brooks and small streams. Cieneguita, Aug. 20, '95. (515.) Naiadaceae. CCII. POTAMOGETON FLUITANS L. " Lino de HO." Common in brooks, running water. Cieneguita, June 18, '95. (159.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 473 Naias microdon A. Braun. Common in running water, brooks. Cieneguita, Feb. 21, 'M. (707.) EltlOCAULEAE. CCII I. Eriocaulon fuliginosum Wr. Not uncommon in grassy marshes near source of small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Sept. 13, '95. (588.) CYPERACEAE. CCVI. Cyperus variegatus Kth. Common along brooks in wet grass land. Cieneguita, Aug. 9, '95. (428.) C. HUMILIS Kth. In marshy grass land along brooks, not common. Ciene- guita S. W., Aug. 19, '95. (495.) C. ROTUNDUS L. Common along brooks in wet grass land. Cieneguita, Au<*. 9, '95. (433.) C. ESCULENTUS L. Common along brooks in marshy grass land. Cieneguita, Aug. 9, '95. (434.) C. ferax Rich. Not uncommon, marshy grass land along brooks. Ciene- guita, Aug. 9, '95. (427.) Kyllingia monocephala Rottb. In marshy grass land along brooks. Not common. Ciene- guita, Aug. 9, '95. (429.) Eleocharis capitata R. Br. In damp, rich soil, not frequent. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 19, '95. (626.) 474 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. E. INTERSTICTA R. Br. In marshy grass land along small streams. Cieneguita, Aug. 9, '95. (431.) Fimbristylis Grisebachii Greenman, in litt. Abildgaardia setacea Griseb. Common on sandy or gravelly barren soil. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (400.) F. autumnalis Roem. and Schultes. On barren sandy or gravelly soil, savannahs, Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (399. ) F. laxa Vahl. In wet or marshy places along small streams, not frequent, Cieneguita, Aug. 7, '95. (417 and 430.) F. complanata Link. Common in wet or marshy grass land along brooks. Cieneguita N., Aug. 20, '95. (474.) F. monostachya Hassk. In barren savannahs, sandy or gravelly soil. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (397.) Rhynchospoka deflexa Griseb. In shaded, damp, fertile soil, not uncommon along small stream. Cieneguita S. W., Aug. 7, '95. (419.) R. gracilis Vahl. Common in barren savannahs, damp places. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (398.) R. Cubensis Griseb. In damp, shaded places near brooks. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (402.) Scleria phylloptera Wright. Common in wet places near small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 19, '95. (489.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 475 S. HIRTELLA Sw. Not uncommon in wet grassy places near the source of small streams. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 8, '95. (441.) Gramineae. CCVII. Imperata gaud ata Triu. In fertile, damp waste places, not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W., Feb. 10, '96. (701.) Saccharum officinarum L. Commonly cultivated. Cieneguita, Jan. 1, '96. (679.) Andropogon bicornis L. " Sape." Common in savannahs. Cieneguita, July 6, '95. (265.) Anthepiiora elegaxs Schreb. Not infrequent in fields and waste places, fertile soil. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (257.) Paspalum plicatum Michx. Not uncommon in fertile prairies and savannahs. Ciene- guita S. E., July 1, '95. (262.) P. PANICULATUM L. Not uncommon in fertile savannahs. Cieneguita S. E., July 10, '95. (295.) Panicum paspaloides Pers. Along small streams in marshy places, uncommon. Ciene- guita N., Aug. 9, '95. (426.) P. colonum L. " Grama pintada." Erect or spreading in fertile fields and waste places, not uncommon. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (254.) P. prostratum Lam. " Grama de Castilla." Spreading prostrate in fertile soil, fields and waste places, common. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (253.) 476 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. P. FUSCUM Sw. Not uncommon in waste places, fields, etc. Fertile soil. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (252.) P. distichum Lam. " Arafia." In clean, shady, damp woods, fertile soil, common. Ciene- guita N., July 16, '95. (321.) P. Cayennense Lam. P. Budget Roem. and Schultes. Not uncommon in old fields, etc. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (259.) P. maximum Jacq. " Yerba de Guinea." Common in fertile soil along " Pina " hedges, etc. Ciene- guita, July 10, '95. (294.) P. DIVARICATUM L. A perennial, high' climbing (or trailing) on trees, etc. In rough, rocky woods, not frequent. (148.) P. Sloanei Griseb. Perennial, climbing into trees and shrubs, rough rocky woods, not frequent. Cieneguita N., July 2, '95. (55.) P. LEUCOPHOEUM HBK. In prairies and savannahs, common. Cieneguita S., June 28, '95. (255.) P. ROTTBOELLOIDES HBK. In dry barren savannahs, sandy or gravelly soil, uncommon. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Aug. 10, '95. (401.) Opltsmenus loliaceus Lam. Common in rich damp woods. Cieneguita S. W., Dec. 6, '95. (667.) Setaria setosa Beauv. Not uncommon in savannahs, fertile soil. Cieneguita, July 2, '95. (264.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegoa. 477 Cenchrus echinatus L. Common infields and waste places, fertile soil. Cienegaita S., Sept. 10, '95. (597.) Stenotaphrum Americanum Schrank. " Grama de play a." Not uncommon on sandy fertile beach. Loma de Pajeros, Calicita, Aug. 26, '95. (535.) Olyra latifolia L. Large perennial, in rough woods, not common. Cieneguita N., June 24, '95. (210.) O. PAUCIFLORA Sw. In damp shady upland woods, fertile loose soil, infrequent. Cieneguita N., July 16, '95. (319.) Pharus glabra Ktli. In dark, damp, rough woods, uncommon. Cieneguita N., Aug. 1, '95. (363.) Reynaudia filiformis Kth. Common in savannahs, dry, shaded places. Cieneguita S., Sept. 10, '95. (579.) Sporobolus Jacquemontii Kth. Common in savannahs and grass lands. Cieneguita S., June 28, '95. (261 and 263.) Cynodon Dactylon Pers. Common in sterile waste places, as old roads, etc. Ciene- guita, Aug. 31, '95. (540.) Chloris eleusinoides Griseb. var. vestita Greenman, n. var. " Annual : roots filiform, fascicled : culms tufted, ascending glabrous, branching at the base, only 2 to 3 decimeters high: leaves covered with a spreading pilose pubescence. — Collected by Robert Combs on the high grassy river banks of Rio Damuji at Rodas, Cuba, September 17, 1895, no. 631. 478 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Wright's no. 3819, distributed as Chloris Beyrichiana HBK., in the Gray Herbarium, may also be referred here." — Plate XXXIX. Eleusine Aegyptiaca Desf. In waste grass land, not frequent. Cieneguita and Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (513.) E. Indica Gaertn. " Pata de gallina." Erect or spreading, in fields, etc., not uncommon. Ciene- guita, June 28, '95. (260.) Leptochloa virgata Beau v. " Pata de gallina." Common in fields and savaunahs. Cieneguita, June 28, '95. (256.) Akundo Donax L. Not common in wet soil. Castillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (624.) Eragrostis poaeoides Beau v. " Escobilla." Spreading in open waste places, common. Cieneguita, July 8, '95. (266.) E. ciliaris Link. Not frequent. Rio Damuji, Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (480.) CONIFERAE. CC1X. PODOCARPUS Sp.? In savannahs, poor gravelly red soil. Calicita R. R., UK., July 17, '95. (297.) Cycadaceae. CCX. Zamia sp. In rough, rocky woods, rare. Cieneguita N., Sept. 12, '95. (647.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 479 Vascular Cryptogams. Rhizocarpeae. Marsilea polycarpa Hook, and Grev. In ponds, not frequent, or uncommon. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch, Jan. 9, '96. (690.) Lycopodiaceae. Selaginella stolonifera Spr. Common in damp shady woods. Cieneguita S. W., July 9, '95. (303.) PSILOTUM TRIQUETRUM Sw. On side of canons in dark, rough woods, common. Ciene- guita N., July 31, '95. (351.) FlLICES. Adiantum villosum L. " Culantrillo velludo." In rough, rocky woods, in dark, damp canons, not uncom- mon. Cieneguita N., July 31, '95. (337.) A. CRENATUM L. On shady, fertile banks of small streams, not frequent. Cieneguita, Dec. 3, '95. (657.) A. fragile Sw. "Culantrillo de pozo." On rocks of high river banks, rare, Rio Damuji. Rodas, Aug. 17, '95. (484.) Pteris longifolia L. Along the walls of the fort in crevices, uncommon. Cas- tillo de Jagua, Sept. 17, '95. (559.) Asplenium dentatum L. " Doradilla " or " Culantrillo." In rough, rocky woods, in crevices of rocks, damp, shaded places, not uncommon. Cieneguita N., July 19, '95. (326.) 480 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. A. formosum Willd. On dark, damp, shaded rocks, in rough woods, not fre- quent. Cieneguita N., Sept. 1, 95. (637.) ASPIDIUM TRIFOLIATUM Sw. Ou rocky, shaded, wet banks of brooks and small streams. Not uncommon. Cieneguita E., July 3, '95. (283.) A. patens Sw. Nephrodium patens Desv. On damp, shaded, rocky banks of small streams; common. Cieneguita E., July 3, '95. (284.) A. MACROPHYLLUM Sw. Common in damp, fertile soil. Cieneguita E., July 3, '95, (282.) POLYPODIUM PECTINATUM L. In crevices of rocks, rough, rocky woods; rare. Ciene- ' guitaN., July 25, '95. (349.) P. AUREUM L. On trunks of palmettos and sometimes on ground (Calicita) in savannahs ; not uncommon. Cieneguita S. W. and Cali- cita K. R., 10K., July 9 and 13, '95. (317.) P. PHYLLITIDIS L. On sides of rocky precipices, in rocky woods, uncommon. Cieneguita, N., July 5, '95. (285.) P. Swartzii Baker. P. serpens Sw. Creeping and climbing on rocks and up the trunks of shrubs, etc., in damp, shaded places, rocky woods, not uncommon. Cieneguita N., July 25, '95. (350.) VlTTARIA LINE ATA Sw. On the trunks of palmettos, fronds pendent ; in fertile, damp woods along small streams, rare. Cieneguita W., Feb. 28, '96. (727.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 481 ACKOSTICHUM AUREUM L. Aquatic or in marshes along small streams or rivers. Not uncommon. (Santa Rosalia.) Cieneguita, July 19, '95. (325.) Anemia adiantifolia Sw. In savannahs, fertile black soil, not uncommon on shaded side of banks. Cieneguita E. and S. E., Aug. 2, '95. (379.) Lygodium volubilis ISw. Climbing by twining in shrubs, open savannahs, common. Cieneguita S., July 5, '95. (281.) EXPLANATION OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plates XXX.-XXXIX. Plate XXX. — Pictetia sessilifolia Wright, natural size. Plate XXXI. — Desmodium incanum DC, var. angustifolium Griseb., natural size. Plate XXXII. — Caesalpinia Cubensis Greenman, n. sp., one-half size. Plate XXXIII. — Acacia polypyrigenes Greenman, n. sp., one-half size. Plate XXXIV. — Bondeletia Combsii Greenman, n. sp., one-half size. Plate XXXV. — Catesbaea nana Greenman, n. sp., natural size. Plate XXXVI. — Anastraphia Northropiana Greenman, n. sp., natural size. Plate XXXVII. — Tabebuia petrophila Greenman, n. sp., natural size. Plate XXXVIII. — Peperomia sp., natural size. Plate XXXIX. — Chloris eleusinoides Griseb., var. vestita, Greenman, n. var., natural size. 482 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. ADDENDA. Sterculiaceae. Melochia pyramidata L. A slender, spreading, suffruticose herb or shrub, 2-3 ft. high, not un- common. Cieneguita, July 2, '95. (273.) Sapindaceae. schmidelia cominia sw. A shrub 5-10 ft. high, not uncommon in open woods. Cieneguita R. R., S. W. Branch. Aug. 10, '95. (403.) BORAGINEAE. CORDIA NITIDA Vahl. A low tree, in savannahs, rare. Cieneguita S., June 20, '95. (233.) ACANTHACEAE. Hygrophila hispida Nees. In marshy places along small streams, etc., not uncommon. Cieneguita, Aug. 20, '95. (516.) Labiatae. Salvia occidentalis Sw. A slender, ascending annual herb, common in waste grass lands. Ciene- guita, Dec. 12, '95. (659.) Amarantaceae. Chamissoa altissima HBK. A trailing and climbing shrub or suffruticose herb, not uncommon in fertile low woods. Cieneguita, Dec. 3, '95. (655.) EUPHORBIACEAE. ACALYPHA SETOSA A. Rich. In fertile river woods, uncommon. Rio Damuji, Rodas and Abreus, Aug. 17, '95. (477.) Cyperaceae. DlCHROMENA CILIATA Vahl. In fertile savannahs, black soil, common. Cieneguita S., June 7, '95. (126.) Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 483 INDEX TO GENERA. Pagk Abutilon (Malv.) 402 Acacia (Legum.) 418 Acalypha (Euphorb.) 463, 482 Acanthospermum (Coinp.) 433 Achras (Sapot.) 438 Achrosticura (Filic.) 481 Achyranthes (Amarant.) 456 Acisanthera (Melastom.) 422 Adelia (Euphorb.) 463 Adiantum (Filic. ) 479 Aeschynomene (Legum) 412 Ageratum (Composite 432 Alibertia (Rubiac.) 429 Alternanthera (Amarant.) 456 Alysicarpus (Legum.) 413 Ammannia (Lythrar.) 422 Anacardium (Anacard.) 410 Anastraphia (Composit.) 435 Andromycia (Aroid.) 472 Andropogon (Gramin.) 475 Anemia (Filic.) 481 Angelonia (Scrophul.) 449 ADguria (Cucurbit.) 426 Anoda ( Malv. ) 401 Anona (Anonac.) 398 Anthacanthus (Acanth.) 452 Anthephora (Gramin.) 475 Antigonon (Polygon.) 458 Antirrhoea (Rubiac.) 429 Arachis (Legum.) 412 Argemone (Papav.) 399 Argythamnia (Euphorb.) 462 Aristolochia (Aristol.) 459 Arundo (Gramiu.) 478 Asclepias ( Asclepiad .) 441 Aspidium (Filic.) 480 Asplenium (Filic.) 479 Aster (Composit.) 433 Ateleia (Legum.) 415 Atriplex (Chenopod.) 457 Avicennia (Verben) 454 Ayenia (Stercul.) 404 Baccharis (Composit.) 433 Page Banara (Samyd.) 424 Banisteria (Malpigh.) 406 Barleriola (Acanth.) 452 Bastardia (Malv.) 402 Batis (Batid.) 458 Bauhinia (Legum.) 418 Bejaria (Ericac.) 437 Belairia (Legum.) 415 Bernardia (Euphorb.) 463 Bidens (Composit.) 435 Bignonia (Bignon.) 450 Bletia (Orchid.) ... 466 Boehmeria (Urtic.) 466 Boerhaavia (Nyctag.) 456 Bonania (Euphorb.; 464 Bontia (Myoporin.) 453 Borrichia (Composit.) 434 Bouchea (Verben.) 453 Bourreria (Boragin.) 443 Breweria (Convolv.) 446 Bromelia (Bromel.) 468 Brunfelsia (Solan.) 448 Brya (Legum.) 412 Buchnera (Scrophul.) 449 Bumelia (Sapot.) 438 Bunchosia (Malpigh.) 405 Burmannia (Burman.) 466 Bursera (Burserac.) 407 Byrsonima (Malpigh.) 405 Caesalpinia (Legum.) 415 Cajanus (Legum.).. 414 Calliandra (Legum.) 419 Calopogonium (Legum.) 414 Calotropis (Asclepiad.) 441 Calycorectes (Myrtac.) 421 Cameraria (Apocy.) 439 Canavalia (Legum.) 414 Canella (Canel.) 400 Canna (Ziugib.) 468 Caperonia (Euphorb.) 462 Capparis (Capparid.) 400 Capraria (Scrophul.) 449 Capsicum (Solan.) 448 484 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Page Carica (Passif .) 425 Casearia (Samyd.) 423 Cassia (Legum.) 417 Cassytha (Laurin.) 460 Casuarina (Casuarin.) 466 Catesbaea (Rubiac.) 428 Catopsis (Bromel.) 469 Cayaponia (Cucurbit.) 426 Cecropia (Urticac.) 465 Celosia (Amarant.) 456 Celtis (Urticac.) 464 Cenchrus (Gramin.) 477 Centrosema (Legum.) 413 Centunculus (Primal.) 437 Cereus (Cactac.) 426 Cestrum (Solan.) 448 Chamissoa (Amarant.) 482 Chaptalia (Composit.) 436 Chenopodium (Chenopod.) 457 Chiococca (Rubiac.) 430 Chloris (Gramin.) 477 Chrysanthellum (Composit.) . . 435 Chrysobalanus (Rosac.) 420 Chrysophyllum (Sapot.) 438 Cipura (Iridac.) 470 Cissampelos (Menisperm.) 31)9 Cissus (Ampelid.) 409 Citharexylum. (Verben. ) 454 Citrus (Rutac.) 407 Clematis (Ranuncul.) 398 Cleome (Capparid.) 399 Clerodendron (Verben.) 454 Clitoria (Legum.) 413 Clusia (Guttif.) 401 Coccoloba (Polygon.) 458 Cocos (Palmae) 472 Colubrina (Rhamnac.) 409 Commelina (Commelinac.) 471 Comocladia (Anacard.) 410 Conocarpus (Combret.) 421 Conomorpha (Myrsin.) 437 Convolvulus (Convolv.) 446 Copernicia (Palmae.) 471 Corchorus (Malvac.) 404 Cordia (Boragin.) 442, 482 Cosmos (Composit.) 435 Crescentia (Biguon.) 451 Crinum (Amaryll.) 470 Crotalaria (Legum.) 410 Crotoa (Euphorb.) 402 Page Cryptostegia (Asclepiad.) 440 Cucumis (Cucurbit.) 425 Cucurbita (Cucurbit.) 426 Cuphea (Lythrar.) 422 Curculigo (Amaryll.) 470 Cuscuta (Convolv.) 446 Cynodon (Gramin.) 477 Cyperus (Cyperac.) . 473 Cyrtopodiura (Orchid.) 467 Davilla (Dillen.) 398 Dendropanax (Araliac.) 427 Dendropemon (Loranthac.) . . . 460 Dendrophthera (Loranthac.) . . 460 Desmodium (Legum.) 413 Dianthera (Acanth.) 452 Dichromena (Cyperac.) 482 Dicliptera (Acanth.) 452 Diodia (Rubiac.) 431 Dioscorea (Dioscor.) 470 Diospyros (Ebenac.) 438 Drosera (Droser.) 420 Durantia (Verben.) 454 Ecastaphyllum (Legum.) 415 Echites (Apocyn.) 440 Eclipta (Composit.) 434 Ehretia (Boragin.) 443 Elaterium (Cucurbit.) 42& Eleocharis (Cyperac.) 473 Elephantopus (Composit.) 432 Eleusine (Gramin.) 478 Elvira (Composit.) 433 Epidendrum (Orchid.) 467 Eragrostis (Gramin.) 478 Erigeron (Composit.) 433 Eriocaulon (Eriocaul.) 473 Eriodendron (Malvac.) 403 Eriosema (Legum.) 414 Erithalis (Rubiac.) 429 Erythrina (Legum.) 414 Erythroxylon (Linac.) 405 Eugenia (Myrtac.) 421 Eupatorium (Composit.) 432 Euphorbia (Euphorb.) 461 Evolvulus (Convolv.) 446 Exoecaria (Euphorb.) 464 Exostemma (Rubiac.) 427 Ficus (Urticac.) 465 Fimbristylis (Cyperac.) 474 Flaveria (Composit.) 435 Fleurya (Urticac.) 465 Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 485 Page Forestiera (Oleac.) 438 Forsteronia (Apocyn.) 440 Fourcroya (Amaryll.) 470 Galactia (Legum.) 414 Genipa (Rubiac. ) 429 Gerardia (Scrophul.) 449 Gilibertia 427 Ginora (Lythrar.) 422 Gliricidia (Legum.) 411 Gnaphalium (Composit.) 433 Goetzea (Solan.) 448 Gomphia (Ochnac.) 407 Gomphrena (Amarant.) 457 Gossypianthus (Amarant.) 457 Gossypium (Malvac.) 403 Gouania (Rhamn.) 409 Guarea ( Meliac.) 408 Guazuma (Sterculiac.) 404 Guettarda (Rubiac.) 429 Gymnantb.es (Euphorb.) 464 Gynandropsis (Capparid.) 400 Habenaria (Orchid.) 468 Hamelia (Rubiac.) 428 Heliotropium (Boragin.) 444 Herpestis (Scrophul.) 449 Heteropteris (Malpigh. ) 406 Hibiscus (Malvac.) 403 Hohenbergia (Bromel.) 469 Hydrocotyle (Umbellif.) 427 Hydrolea (Hydrophyl.) 442 Hygrophila (Acanth.) 482 Hypelate (Sapindac.) 410 Hyptis (Labiat.) 455 Imperata (Gramin.) 475 Indigofera (Legum.) 411 lonidium (Violar.) 400 Ionopsis (Orchid.) 468 Ipomoea (Convolv.) 444 Iresine (Amarantac.) 457 Isocarpha (Composit.) 434 Isotoma (Lobeliac.) 436 Iva (Composit.) 434 Jacquinia (Myrsin.) 437 Jasminum (Oleac.) 438 Jatropha (Euphorb.) 461 Jussiaea (Onagrar.) 423 Justicia (Acanth.) 452 Kosteletzkya (Malvac.) 403 Kyllingia (Cyperac.) 473 Lagascea (Composit.) 433 Page Lagenaria (Cucurbit.) 425 Laguncularia (Combret.) 421 Lantana (Verben.) 453 Lawsonia (Lythrar.) 422 Leonotis (Labiat.) 455 Leptochloa (Gramin.) 478 Linociera (Oleac.) 439 Lippia (Verben.) 453 Lobelia (Lobeliac.) 436 Lonchocarpus (Legum.) 415 Lucuma (Sapotac.) 438 Ludwigia (Onagrar.) 423 Luffa (Cucurbit.) 425 Luhea (Tiliac.) 404 Lycopersicum (Solan.) 446 Lygodium (Filic.) 481 Lysiloma (Legum.) 419 Malachra (Malvac.) 402 Malpighia (Malpigh.) 405 Malvastrum (Malvac.) 401 Maogifera (Anacard.) 410 Manihot (Euphorb.) 463 Marsdenia (Asclepiad.) 441 Marsilea (Rbizocarp.) 479 Maytenus (Celastrin.) 408 Melanthera (Composit.) 434 Melia (Meliac.) 408 Melochia (Sterculiac ) 403, 482 Melothria (Cucurbit.) 426 Metastelma (Asclepiad ) 441 Miconia (Melastomac ) 422 Micranthemum (Scrophul.)... 449 Mikania (Composit.) 432 Mimosa (Legum.) 418 Mirabilis (Nyctagin.) 455 Mitreola (Loganac.) 442 Moraordica (Cucurbit.) 425 Morinda (Rubiac.) 430 Moringa (Moring.) 410 Murraya (Rutac.) 406 Musa (Musac.) 468 Myginda (Celastrin.) 408 Myrica (Myricac.) 466 Naias (Naiad.) 473 Nasturtium (Crucifer.) 399 Nectandra (Laurin.) 459 Neriura (Apoeynac.) 440 Nymphaea (Nymphaeac.) 399 Ocimum (Labiat.) 455 Olyra (Gramin.) 477 486 Travis. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Page Oncidium (Orchid.) 468 Oplismenus (Gramin.) 476 Opuntia (Cacteae.) 426 Oreodoxa (Palmae) 471 Ouratea 407 Oxandra (Anonac.) 398 Palicourea (Rubiac.) 431 Pancratium (Amaryll.) 470 Panicum (Gramin.) 475 Parkinsonia (Legum.) 417 Parthenium (Composit.) 433 Paspalum (Gramin.) 475 Passiflora (Passif.) 424 Pavonia (Malyac.) 403 Pectis (Composit.) 435 Pedilanthus (Euphorb.) 461 Peperomia (Piperac.) 459 Persea (Laurin.) 459 Petitia (Verben.) 454 Petiveria (Phytolac.) 458 Pharus (Gramin.)..., 477 Phaseolus (Legum.) 414 Philibertia (Asclepiad.) 441 Philodendron. (Aroid.) 472 Phoebe (Laurin.) 459 Phoradendron (Loranthac.) ... 460 Phthirusa (Loranthac.) 460 Phyllanthus (Euphorb.) 461 Phytolacca (Phytolac.) 458 Physalis (Solan.) 448 Picramnia (Simarubac.) 407 Picrodendron (Simarub.) 407 Pictetia (Legum.) 411 Pilea (Urticac.) 466 Piper (Piperac.) 459 Piriqueta (Turnerac.) 424 Pisonia (Nyctagin.) 456 Pithecolobium (Legum.) 420 Platygyna (Euphorb.) 464 Pluchea (Composit.) 433 Plumbago (Plumbag.) 437 Plumeria (Apocynac.) 440 Podocarpus (Conifer.) 478 Poeppigia (Legumin.) 415 Poinciana (Legum.) 417 Polanisia (Capparid.) 400 Polygala (Poly gal.) 401 Polypodium (Filic.) 480 Polypompholix (Lentibular.). 450 Polystachia (Orchid.) 467 Page Ponthieva (Orchid.) 468 Potamogeton (Naiad.) 472 Priva (Verben.) 454 Prockia (Tiliac.) • 405 Psidium (Myrtac.) 421 Psilotum (Lycopod.) 479 Psychotria (Rubiac.) 430 Pteris (Filic.) 479 Rachicallis (Rubiac.) 428 Rauwolfla (Apocynac. ) 439 Reynaudia (Grarnin.) 477 Rhipsalis (Cactac.) 426 Rhizophora (Rhizoph.) 420 Rhynchosia (Legum. ) 414 Rhynchospora (Cyperac.) 474 Richardsonia (Rubiac.) 432 Rivina (Phytolac. 1 457 Rondeletia (Rubiae.) 427 Rousselia (Urticac.) 466 Ruellia (Acanth.) 452 Sabal (Palmae) 471 Saccharum (Gramin.) 475 Sagittaria ( Alismac.) 472 Salvia (Labiat.) 455, 482 Sapium (Euphorb.) 464 Sapota (Sapot.) 438 Sauvagesia (Violar.) 400 Savia (Euphorb.) 461 Schmidelia (Sapind.) 482 Schultesia (Ge ntian.) 442 Schwenkia (Solan.) 448 Scleria (Cvperac.) 474 Scoparia (Scrophul.) 449 Sebastiania (Euphorb.) 464 Securidaca (Poiygal.) 401 Selaginella (Lycopod.) 479 Serjunia (Sapindac.) 409 Sesbania (Legum.) 411 Sesuvium (Ficoid.) 426 Setaria (Gramin.) 476 Sida (Malvac.) 401 Smilax (Liliac.) 470 Solanum (Solan.) 447 Sophora (Legum.) 415 Sparganophorus (Composit.). 432 Spermacoce (Rubiac.) 431 Spigelia (Loganac.) 442 Spiranthes (Orchid.) 46S Spondias (Anacard.) 410 Sporobjlus (Gramin.).. 477 Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 487 Page Stachytarpha (Verben ) 453 Stachytarpheta (Verben.) 453 Stemodia (Scrophular.) 449 Stenandrium (Acanth.) 452 Stenostomum (Rubiac.) 429 Stenotaphrum (Gramin.) .. 477 Stigmaphyllon (Malpigh.) 406 Stylosantb.es (Legum.) 412 Suriana (Siraarub.) 407 Synedrella (Composit.) 434 Tabebuia (Bignon.) 450 Tabernaemontana (Apocyuac.) 440 Tamarindus (Legum.) 418 Tecoma (Bignon.) 451 Tephrosia (Legum.) 411 Terminalia (Combret.) 420 Tetrazygia (Melastom.) 422 Teucrium (Labiat.) 455 Thespesia (Malvac.) 403 Thrinax (Palmae.) 472 Thy mopsis (Composit.) 435 Tillandsia (Bromel.) 469 Tournefortia (Boragin .) 443 Tragia (Euphorb.) 464 Trema (Urticac.) 464 Tribulus (Zygophyll.) 406 Trichilia (Meliac. ) 408 Page Tridax (Composit.) 435 Triopteris (Malpigh.) 406 Triumfetta (Tiliac.) 404 Trixis (Composit.) 436 Turnera (Turnerac.) 424 Urena (Malvac. ) 402 Urera (Urticac.) 465 Utricularia (Lentibular.) 450 Vallesia (Apocyn.) 439 Verbena (Verben.) 454 Verbesina (Composit.) 434 Vernonia (Composit.) 432 Vigna (Legum.) 414 Vinca (Apocjn.) 439 Vitex (Verben.) 454 Vitis (Ampelid.) 409 Vittaria (Filic.) 480 Wallenia (Myrsin.) 437 Waltheria (Stercul.) 404 Wedelia (Composit.) 434 Wissadula (Malvac.) 402 Ximenia (Olacin.) 408 Xyris (Xyrid.) 471 Zamia (Cycad.) 478 Zanthoxylum (Rutac.) 406 Zephyranthus (Amyrill.) 470 Zornia (Legum.) 412 4K8 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. Page Abrojo 406 Acaju 410 Adelfa 440 Agave de Mejico 469 Agrimonia 455 Aguacate 459 Agued ita 407 Aguinaldito rastrero 446 Aguinaldo 446 Aguinaldo amarillo 445 Aguinaldo bianco 445 Ajicon 447 Alacroncillo 444 Alacroncillo de playa 444 Albahaca cimarrona 455 Albahaca de sabana. 432 Alcaparro 400 Almacigo Colorado 407 Almacigo de costa 407 Almendro de la India 420 Amor seco 413 Anamu 458 ABil 411 Apasote 457 Arana 476 Aretillo 461 Armuelles 457 Aromo amarillo 418 Arrayan . 448 Artemisa de playa 434 Ateje 443 Ayuda blanca 406 Azaf ran del pais 470 Baga 398 Bajaquillo 433 Balsamillo 443 Barrilla 458 Baston de San Francisco 455 Bejuco canasta 457 Bejuco Colorado 398 Bejuco de criollo 445 Bejuco de Cuba 409 Bejuco de fldeo 446 Page Bejuco de mona 399 Bejuco de paralejo 406 Ben 410 Berro 399 Bijaguara . 409 Bledo espinoso 456 Boj de Persia 406 Boje 408 Boniato 445 Boniato de playa 445 Boniato del pinar 459 Boton bianco de arenales 431 Boton de oro 402 Boton de plata 434 Botoncillo 434 Brasilete Colorado 416 Bretonica peluda 403 Bretonica prieta 404 Brusca 417 Cabello de angel 398 Cabo de hacha 408 Caimitillo 438 Cainca 430 Campeche 415 Canario 411 Candelilla 464 Canuela 467 Canutillo 471 Caobilla 462 Carbonero 400 Cardo santo 399 Careicillo amarillo 434 Casmagua 437 Catesbea 428 Cayajabo 414 Cayote frances 425 Cepa-caballero 460 Chiagari 422 Chichicate 465 Ciguaraya 408 Ciruela campechana 410 Ciruela colurada 410 Clavellina 423 Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfitegns. 489 Page Coco 472 Coloquintilla 426 Conchita blanca 413 Conchita de PJumier 413 CoDchita Virginia 413 Copey 401 Coralitos 457 Cuaba de ingenio 462 Cucharillo 411 Cuero 429 Cuero de hojas grandes 429 Cuero de sabana 429 Culantrillo 479 Culantrillo de pozo 479 Culautrillo velludo , . 479 Cundeamor 425 Cupey 401 Curujey 469 Disciplinaria 426 Doradilla 479 Dormidera 418 Dormilona 418 Enredadera del hacha 401 Escabiosa 449 Escoba 402 Escoba amarga 433 Escoba de bru ja 402 Escobilla 449, 478 Espinillo 417 Espino (Limoncilla) 406 Espuelo de caballero 437 Estropajo 425 Fernandina 449 Femandina blanca 450 Filigrana 4 53 Filigrana de costa 464 Flechera 472 Flor de agua 399 Flor de calentura 441 Flor de calentura blauca 441 Flor de la cruz 401 Flor dela Y 444 Frailecillo cimarron 462 Flamboyant 417 Frijolito 414 Galan de oia 448 Gandu 414 Genciano de Cuba 442 Graciola 449 Grama de CastilJa 475 Page Grama de playa 477 Grama pintada 475 Granadillo 412 Granadillo de costa 454 Guacalote amarillo 415 Guacalote prieto 415 Guacamai i 437 Guacamaya 415 Guacamaya de costa 415 Guacamaya francesa 417 Guacamaya nacional 415 Guaco 432, 433 Guajaba 417 Gua jaquillo 469 Guamabobo 415 Guanabanilla de sabana 407 Guanina 417 Guaniqui 457 Guano 471 Guano bianco 472 Guano eepinoso 471 Guao 410 Guayabo cotorrero 421 Guira cimarrona 451 Giiirito 447 Giiiro cimarr6n 425 Hicaco 420 Huevo de gallo 424, 440 Huevo de toro 439 Incienso de playa 443 Jaboncillo 425 Jaguey macho 465 Jagiiilla 429 Jamaguey 415 Jasmin de dia 448 Jata 471 Jayabo 415 Jayajabico 409 Jia peluda 423 Jia (Catesbea) 428 Jiba 405 Jicama cimarrona 414 Jobo 410 Jucaro de playa 421 Jurabaina 411 Leche de Venus 403 LeDgua de vaca 4'0, 432 Limoncilla 406 Lino de rio 472 Lirio... 470 490 Trans Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Page Lirio amarillo 440 Lirio de costa 439 Lirio de San Juan 470 Lirio de San Pedro 470 Lobelia 436 Llor6n 423 Maboa de sabana 439 Macagua de costa 427 Maguey de cocuy 470 Majagua comun . . . 403 Majagua de Florida 403 Majagiiilla 403 Majagiiilla de costa, espinosa. 403 Mala-cara 437 Malva blanca 404 Malva colorada 404 Malva de caballo 401 Malva mulata 402 Malva peluda 401 Malva te 404 Malvavisco 401 Maraey Colorado 438 Mamon 398 Mangle bot6n 421 Mangle bobo 421 Mangle Colorado 420 Mangle de una 420 Mangle negro 454 Mangle prieto 454 Mango 410 Mani 412 Manzanilla del pais 435 Manzanillo del Morrillo 464 Maran6n (acaju) 410 Maravedi 408 Maravilla 455 Margarita 435 Mari-Lope 424 Marafi6n 410 Maromera 410 Mar-Paciflco 403 Marrullero 414 Mata-pavo 456 Mate de costa 414 Mil-rosas 454 Miraguano espinoso 471 Moco de pavo 456 Murraya 406 Nelumbio bianco 399 Nigua 443, 444 1'AOE Nigua de paredon 444 Nispero 438 Name 470 Ofon criollo 454 Ojo de raton 457 Oregano 4 55 Oregano cimarron 455 Orozuz de la tierra 453 Palraa cana 471 Palma criolla 471 Palma de cocos 472 Palma blanca 472 Palma real 471 Palmeto 471 Palo bianco 410 Palo bobo de Cuba 398 Palo boniato 439 Palo bronco 405 Palo bronco del piuar 405 Palo de rayo 417 Palo diablo 400 Panetela 461 Papaya 425 Paraiso 408 Pareira brava 399 Pasionaria de cerca 425 Pasionaria de la Candelaria... 425 Pasionaria vejigosa 425 Pata de gallina 478 Pataban 421 Patana 426 Pendejera : 447 Pendejera macho 447 Pendola 415 Peonia chica 414 Pepino cimarron 425 Peralejo 405 P de perro 400 Pichana 402 Pichana macha 402 Pinedo 433 Pinedo bianco 456 P de gato 456 Pinipini 465 Pino 466 Pifia de raton 468 Pina raton, arbusto 430 Pifion botija 462 Pifion purgante 462 Piriqueta 424 Combs — Plants Collected in the District of Cienfuegos. 49 1 Page Pita 470 Pitajoni cimarron 429 Platanillo de Cuba 459 Platanillo de monte 468 Platano 468 Poligala 401 Prendedera 447 Prendedera hedionda 447 Pringa-moza 464 Prusiana 408 Quina del pais 407 Raiz de China 470 Ramon de costa 464 Reseda francesa 422 Revienta caballos 436 Roble bianco 450 Roble de yugo 450 Roble guayo 454 Roble giiiro 454 Roble prieto 443 Roble real 451 Romerillo 435 Romerillo cimarron 433 Romerillo de loma 435 Romero cimarron 435 Romero macho 435 Rompe-hueso 423 Rompe-ropa 451 Rosa de sabana 440 Rosa del rio 422 Rosa francesa 440 Sabanero 451 Sabicu 419 Salta-Perico 452 Salvia de playa 433 San Diego cimarron 455 San Pedro de flor azul 406 Sape 475 Sapote 438 Sapote espinosa 438 Sauco amarillo 451 Seiba 403 Sensitiva 418 Siempre viva 456 Soplillo 414 Tabaco cimarron 442, 447, 448 Tamarindo 418 Tambalisa 415 PiGE Te de la tierra 404 Tengue 415 Tocino 418 Tomatillo 448 Tomatillo de la Habana 447 Tuatua 461 Tuna 426 Ubi ■ 409 Ubi macho 409 Una de gato 456 Uva de la calela 458 Uverillo 458 Uvero 458 Uvero macho 458 Vainilla amarilla 467 Varia 442 Verbena azul 453 Verbena de hoja angosta 453 Verdolaga de costa 426 Verdolaga de la mar 434 Vergajo de tore 406 Vergonzosa 418 Vibona ■ 427 Vicaria 439 Violetina 454 Volantin 399, 400 Vomitel Colorado 443 Yagruma hembra 465 Yaicuage de costa 410 Yamao 408 Yana 421 Yanilla 407 Yaya (Oxandra) 398 Yaya de monte (Yaya) 398 Yerba de boca 461 Yerba de burro 432 Yerba de cancer 422 Yerba de garro 431 Yerba de Guinea 476 Yerba del clavo 423 Yerba de San Martin 400 Yerba de la sangre 415, 453 Yerba hedionda 417 Yerba lombricera 442 Yuca 463 Zapato del obispo 471 Zarza 456 Zarsaparilla 470 Issued September 13, 1897. Trans. J cad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXX. PICTKTIA SESSILIFOLIA. Trans. Acad. Sri. of St. Louis Plate wxr. DES.MODIUM INCAXUM, var. ANGUSTIFOLIUM. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. PLVTE xxxit. CAESALPINIA CUBENTSIS. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXXIII ACACIA POLYPYRIGENES. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XX XI v. RONDELETIA COMBS II. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXXV. H^Ku,,, Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXXVI. ANASTRAPHIA NORTHROPIANA. Trims. Acad. £ci. of St. Louis. PLATE XXXVII. TABEBUIA PETROPHILA. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Plate XXXVIII. PEPEROMIA sp Trans. Acad. Sci. of Si. Lojxis. Plate XXXTX. CHLORIS ELEUSINOIDES, var. VESTITA. F., ■,;'■'-. — :~t ^m^n^HH^nBBn^M JUL i Ik* 1 Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL.. VII. No. 18. AN UNUSUAL PHYTOBEZOAR. WILLIAM TRE LEASE. "issued November 30, 1897. JUL 1 1BS8 AN UNUSUAL PHYTO-BEZOAR. William Trelease. In January, 1897, Dr. Francis Eschauzier, of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, sent to me two specimens (Plate XL.), one a ball of surprising accuracy of surface, measuring a little over three and one-half inches in diameter and weighing seven and one-half ounces, and the other one-half of a similar ball, about four inches in diameter and weighing four ounces, — stating that sixteen such balls of about the size of the speci- mens sent had been taken from the stomach of a bull at the Hacienda de Cruzes, and adding that he believed them to be composed entirely of an agglomeration of the fibers of some cacti, an undigested portion of which formed the nucleus. Subsequent inquiry resulted in the additional information that the chief food of cattle at that season of the year consisted of five Opuntias, and that the animal from which the specimens were obtained was wild, of fighting stock, and consequently allowed to seek food where it could be found, instead of beino- fed upon cacti which had been roasted, as is the custom with other stock. My informant further stated that the wild bulls drink very little water while feeding upon cacti, and that the animal in question, which was ten years old, had not exhibited any signs of illness, though for some time the large size of its abdomen had attracted the attention of the vaqueros, but, owing to the intractability of the animal, no examination of it could bevmade until after its death. The specimens, which were exhibited to the Academy Feb. 15, 1897, are of a brown color, and in appearance some- what suggest felt or rubbed sole leather, and on examination prove to be composed, aside from the small nucleus at the center, of the barbed hairs with which the pulvini of the Pla- topuntias are armed. To the barbs with which these hairs are covered is due their power of felting together, and there (493) 494 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. is every indication that, starting about some small nucleus of vegetable fiber, they have been compacted into the dense, felty texture by the visceral movements of the animal, to which, causing friction against one another, their perfectly round form is attributable. It is well known that the Opuntias produce spines and two kinds of trichomes. In some of the Cylindropuntias, each spine is invested by a deciduous sheath, which is downwardly barbed, so that a person or animal brushing carelessly against a plant is certain to remove some of the barbed sheaths. In the Platopuntias, to which the ordinary flat-stemmed prickly pears, and the species upon which the Mexican cattle are fed, belong, the spines, when present, are destitute of such a sheath, and protect the plant simply because of their rigidity and pungency. The spines originate in what have been called pulvini, which in this genus of cacti are coated with delicate, flexible hairs, divided by partitions into a number of cells, and stiff, thick-walled hairs, several millimeters in length and from one to two tenths of a millimeter in diameter at the base. These are very lightly attached to the epidermis of the plant, so that when the pulvinus is touched they are cer- tain to be removed in considerable numbers, the fine points of the stiffer ones penetrating the skin, and the barbs with which they are closely beset preventing their ready with- drawal. Balls formed largely of the hair of animals are often found in the stomachs of ruminants, to which they have found their way when the animals have licked themselves, and not infre- quently smaller balls, with a hard, glossy surface, are found in the stomachs of cattle, horses and, as Dr. Eschauzier in- forms me, of goats. In general, such a formation is spoken of as a bezoar, and all of the principal agricultural museums contain good specimens of them. One of the largest of the ordinary hair balls which has come to my notice is preserved in the museum of the Iowa Agricultural College, and is stated to weigh four pounds and eleven ounces and to measure twenty- five and one-half inches in circumference. The smaller, harder structures, which seem to be primarily of biliary com- position about some sort of nucleus, rarely measure more Trelease — An Unusual Phyto-Bezoar. 495 than two inches in diameter, with a dry weight of one or two ounces. In the human stomach, concretions comparable with bezoars have occasionally been observed. In 1894, Dr. W. B. Outten* recorded one of a conical shape which measured over five inches in length and about five inches in diameter in its broadest portion and weighed fourteen ounces, and was accompanied by another similar but somewhat smaller gastro- lith weighing seven and eight-tenths ounces. These masses appeared to have formed about a quantity of vegetable con- nective tissue, intermingled with starch, etc., and subse- quently increased by the same materials, yeast cells, etc. ; and it is stated that the nucleus was formed through the patient having gorged himself with bread and persimmons, the fiber of which bound together the starchy matter. The only structures of which I have found record which are closely comparable with the specimens sent by Dr. Eschauzier, are described by Mr. Coville,f who records the formation in the stomachs of horses of somewhat similar balls (in one case, as many as thirty of which were found in the stomach of a single animal), which are also occasionally found in the large intestine. These balls are described as uniform in all respects save size, being almost exactly spherical, of yellowish-brown color, with a smooth, even sur- face, and, on removal, saturated with the intestinal juices. On drying, they shrank but little and varied in diameter from three to four and one-half inches, and were of a dull brown color, having the appearance of a fine quality of felt. In texture they were so firm that the surface could not be indented with the thumb, yet the weight is said to have been unexpectedly light, as one about four inches in diameter weighed onlj' four and three-fourths ounces. When cut open, these balls were found to be solid and to consist of a uniform felt-like material throughout, showing faint concentric layers of slightly different color ; and a microscopical examination * A Case of Double Gastrolith Removed by Gaetrotomy. * * * The Medical Fortnightly. St. Louis, August 15, 1894. f Covllle: Crimson Clover Hair Balls. Circular No. 8, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Div. of Botany, June 15, 1896. 496 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. demonstrated that they were composed of minute, rather stiff hairs, seldom more that one-tenth of an inch in length, pointed at one end, and covered with fine barbules directed toward the pointed apex, which usually faced the surface of the ball. Further investigation showed that these hairs were derived from the calyx of the crimson clover, the assumption being that the horses had fed upon over-ripe plants of this species (Trifolium incarnatum), the hairs which accumulated in the stomach being aggregated into spherical felted balls in the manner assumed for the above-described Mexican specimens composed of Opuntia hairs. In discussing the use of oat bran as a food for domestic animals, especially horses and donkeys, Dr. Harz* character- rizes it as a dangerous food material, because it favors the formation of large bezoars, which he had previously discussed in an extensive paper, f in which is given a classification of structures of this kind, with a very considerable citation of earlier literature. It is a frequent practice in Texas to cut the branches of cacti which are fed to stock into half -inch lengths. In this way, every one of the obliquely set longer spines of Opuntia Engelmanni (and of some other species which are so used) is almost certain to be cut off, so that the danger from the spines is removed. This treatment, however, does not destroy the barbed hairs of the pulvini, of which the bezoars under con- sideration are composed. It is also the practice, in some places, to roast the fragments as a means of completely re- moving the spines and barbed hairs, but this is objected to by some feeders, because the roasting has been asserted to add to the laxative properties of the cactus. % Where some such treatment has not been resorted to, injury to the animals not infrequently results; and in the bulletin referred to, Dr. Vasey gives a number of instances in which cattle have * Landwirtschaftliche Samenkunde, ii. 1315. t Beitrage zur Kenntniss der PflanzeDbezoare des Pferdes und Rindes. Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Thiermedicin und vergleichende Pathologie, i. 393- 407. 1875. % Vasey, Grasses of the South. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Botanical Division, Bulletin No. 3, 52. 1887. Trelease — An Unusual Phyto-Bezoar. 497 died from an accumulation of spines in the mouth and stomach, an effect somewhat comparable with that caused by the awns of Hordeum when cattle feed upon these. Considering that in the West and Southwest of our own country, as well as in Mexico, Opuntias are not infrequently fed to cattle in considerable quantities, it is surprising that other cases similar to the one here recorded have not been reported, but to my knowledge they have not. Issued November 30, 1897. Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. PLATE XL. JU.C 1 13SC /^ Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 19. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HERPETOLOGY OF MISSOURI. JULIUS HURTER. "Issued December 31, 1897. JUL 1 1338 A CONTRIBUTION TO THE HERPETOLOGY OF MISSOURI.* Julius Hurter. It is only for the last few years that ray son Henry, who is also an enthusiast in this particular line, and I, have ex- tended our excursions into Jefferson County, where we have found a very interesting field in the outrunners of the Ozark mountains, where we begin to encounter the hardier species of the Subtropical realm which the late Professor Edw. D. Cope subdivided into the Austroriparian and Sonorian sub- regions. The farther south we proceed in the Ozark moun- tains the more numerous become not only the species but also the specimens, so that, when we reach the southern slope of these mountain chains in Missouri, as we had the opportunity of doing this year (but unfortunately a little too late in the season), one would think he was near the Gulf of Mexico, so plentiful do these animals become. I may call attention to the fact that the Ozark mountains, up to this date, have not been well investigated in either their fauna or flora. The literature is also very meager. For example, Professor D. S. Jordan, in his Manual of Vertebrate Animals of the Northern United States, including the dis- trict north and east of the Ozarks and east of the Missouri river, stops right there and leaves our mountains as a " terra incognita," to science. I would like to remind you also of the fact that reptiles and batrachia are not migratory, like birds or mammals, and for this reason they give a clearer idea of the geographical realm to which they belong. I will now consider unrecorded species for the fauna of the State of Missouri. Besides two Rattlesnakes and the Copperhead, which we encounter all over the State, we find in our southern frontier counties another Pit viper, called * Presented to The Academy of Science of St. Louis, December 6, 1897. (499) 500 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. the Cottonmouth, Black Moccasin or Water Moccasin (Ag- kistrodon piscivorus Lacepede), a real poisonous snake not to be confounded with what the farmers and fishermen in the northern and central part of the State call Water Moccasin, which is the common Watersnake {JSfatrix sipedon Linnaeus), a non-poisonous snake, but which, in old specimens, has a very close resemblance to the true Cottonmouth, so that it takes a person already very familiar with the habits of either of them to distinguish one kind from the other. In the year 1892, when we had a very high river and all the bottom lauds opposite the city of St. Louis were inundated so that the Watersnakes had sought a refuge in some of the larger trees yet projecting out of the water, we captured a few of them by approaching the trees with a skiff. At the request of the Agricultural Department of Wash- ington, D. C, I sent them some very large specimens of the common Watersnake, accompanied by a large Cottonmouth, just to show the close resemblance of the two kinds. The next species I wish to mention is a true Watersnake (JVatrix fasciata Linnaeus), the Banded or Southern Water- snake. We found these to be very abundant in Butler and Stoddard Counties. They have the same habits as all other water snakes, and those which we found and captured were all gorged with small pikes. Holbrook's Watersnake or the Diamond Watersnake (Ma- trix rhombifer Hallo well) is our next species. I have caught specimens of this kind right opposite St. Louis, in Madison, St. Clair and Monroe Counties, Illinois, but had not the opportunity to find any in Missouri until this year, when I found them in Butler and Stoddard Counties. They were plentiful, and also show a little different marking, particu- larly on the ventral side of the body, from those which we caught in Illinois. They represent plainly only a variety of the common Watersnake, as Professor Samuel Garman in his synopsis of North American snakes has arranged them. The last kind of serpent to report as new to the State is Haldea striatula Linnaeus, the Little Brown Snake, a small slender animal hardly over a foot in length. We found these for the first time in the neighborhood of Pevely, Jeffer- Hurter — A Contribution to the Herpetology of Missouri. 501 son County, on a sunny slope of the Ozarks, under some rocks. Their marking is also a little different from that of those that I have found in some more Southern States, — Texas and Alabama. Another very peculiar snake is Tantilla gracilis Baird & Girard, a so-called " suspicious snake." It belongs to a class of snakes called Opisthoglypha, serpents having grooved teeth or fangs situated in the back of the jaw, contrary to the Proteroglypha, which have the fangs in the front of the jaw, to which class belong the deadly Cobra of India and the Coral Snakes of America. In the species under consideration, the fangs in the rear of the mouth are generally a little separated from the rest of the teeth and are directed backwards and grooved on their posterior or concave side. These grooves communicate with the poison ducts. Most of these snakes are only small, as are also the specimens under consid- eration, and therefore could not inflict on a person a danger- ous wound, whereas the small animals, which they catch, are said to be worked back in the mouth, stung by these fangs and so paralyzed by the poisou as to become an easy prey for the snake. This species is so far only mentioned from Texas, but I have found specimens only a few miles from the city of St. Louis, very likely their most northern and eastern record. In Jefferson County they become more abundant. This serpent is a representative of the Sonorian region. Amoug the chelonians or turtles we made one good find, as we discovered the Louisiana Mud Turtle, but so far only in one specimen, near Poplar Bluff, Butler County. It was found under a log, a good distance away from any water. Professor H. Garman, in his synopsis of Reptiles and Am- phibians of Illinois, records Kinostemum pennsyhanicum, the Eastern Mud Turtle, as common in southern Illinois ; but our specimen is Kinostemum louisianae Baur, and quite different from its eastern congener, which is found all through the States of Louisiana, Texas and Arkansas. Very likely this will be the most northern limit to its distribution. To the list of batrachia I have to add two species. The first is Plethodon erythronotus Green, so far never recorded from the western side of the Mississippi River. The late 502 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Professor Edw. D. Cope, in Bulletin No. 34 of the United States National Museum, 1889, North American Batrachia, writes on page 134, " This species, including all varieties, has an extensive range, being found throughout the United States east of the Mississippi River." Last spring I was surprised by my friend Mr. Colton Russell, of our city, bringing me a salamander, which I recognized at once as the species under consideration, and which he bad found not far from Creve Coeur Lake, St. Louis County. I afterwards found a few more in the same neighborhood, but they were not very abundant. The second kind of salamander is the hand- somely marked species Ambly stoma opacum Gravenhorst. We found eleven of them in Butler County, and three were brought to me by Mr.. George Miller, of St. Louis, who col- lected them in Stoddard County. The salamander seems to be quite common in tbat neighborhood. I wish also to call attention to the following species, which I have found within the limits of the State in the last few years : — Crotaphylus collaris Say, the Collared Lizard or Bull Liz- ard, as the farmers call it, which is recorded in North Ameri- can Fauna, No. 3, 1890, page 104, as being found in Kansas, Indian Territory, Arkansas, Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico. Say's specimens, in the National Museum, came from the Ver- digris River, near its junction with the Neosho River, in the Creek Nation, Indian Territory, and furnish the most eastern record, so I was not a little astonished when we happened to find this large lizard near Pevely, Jefferson County, in the outrunners of the Ozark Mountains. We afterwards also found numbers of specimens in the mountainous and more southern counties, e. g., Washington, Phelps, St. Francois, Madison and Iron Counties. This lizard carries its tail more elevated when running, and not straight out backwards as all the other lizards do. The species belongs to the Sonorian region, and we find it here at its most eastern limit. This is the largest species of lizard in the State, and we come now to consider also the smallest kind, Lygosoma lalerale Sa}r, the Ground Lizard. This nimble animal is quite common in all the Southern States, and also in all the southern counties of Hurter — A Contribution to the Herpetology of Missouri. 503 Missouri, but it reaches its most northern recorded limit at Cliff Cave, only eleven miles south of the city of St. Louis, where we have collected so far two specimens. As soon as we come to Jefferson County, they become more plentiful. The species belongs to the Austroriparian region. Bascanium flagellum Shaw, the Coach Whip Snake, has only of late years been recorded from the State. The late Professor E. D. Cope, when he visited St. Louis three years ago and ex- amined my collection, told me that he had found this snake in Stone County, Southwestern Missouri, but since that time we have been fortunate enough to capture some old as well as young specimens in the neighborhood of Pevely, Jefferson County. They are considered by no means common, and are very swift. I have also received one specimen from Mr. O. Funke, from near Rolla, Phelps County. In conclusion I wish to mention two other batrachians. One is a little toad peculiar to America, Engy stoma caro- linense Holbrook. This toad is very common in the Southern States. Dr. Kennicott sent some that he caught in New Madrid County, Mo., to the National Museum. I have found some specimens in Butler County, and three at Cliff Cave, St. Louis County, which is, to all appearance, the most northern locality of this subtropical species. These toads are found under rocks, sometimes on the top of the bluffs. They are very hard to see, as they are partly hidden in the ground and also protected by their color. Our last specimen is the so-called Hellbender or Mud Devil (Cryptobranchus alleghaniensis Daudin). This is one of the largest of salamanders, and next in size to the Giant Salamander of Japan. It lives in creeks fed by spring water, and those that I have, come from a place called Boiling Spring, near Arlington, Phelps County, Mo. They are often caught by fishermen on the hook baited with minnows, and are sluggish animals but very voracious. Issued December 31, 1897. 1^ Transactions of The Academy of Science of St. Louis. VOL. VII. No. 20. TITLE-PAGE, PREFATOKY MATTER AND INDEX. RECORD FROM JULY 1, 1894, TO DEC. 31, 1897. Issued February 21, 1898. List of Authors. 505 LIST OF AUTHORS. Alt, A. lii Barck, C. Ixxi, lxxv Baker, F. C. lxxiv, lxxv, 371 Call, R. E. 1 Combs, R. lxxiv, 393 Cushman, A. S. xxxix, xlix Duenckel, F. W. xlviii, liii Engler, E. A. xliii, li, liii Espenschied, C. li Frankenfleld, H. C. xlii, xlviii Glatfelter, N. M. xlviii, 137 Green, J. xlv Hambach, G. Ixx, lxxv Heilprin, A. xliii Heller, O. xl Hunicke, H. A. lxxv Hurter, J. lxxvi, 499 Irish, H. C. Ixxi Keyes, C. R. Ix, lxxii, 357 Kinealy, J. H. xli, xliii, xlv, xlix, lv, Ix, lxvii, lxix Kinner, H. xl Leverett, F. xl Murtfeldt, M. E. xliv Nipher, F. E. xlii, xlvii, lii, lv, Ixiv, lxix, lxxii, lxxv, lxxvii, 109, 133, 181 Norton, J. B. S. Iviii, lxxiii, 229 Pammel, L. H. lxvi L. H. and E. xlv Pritchett, H. S. xlvii, lx, lxv, 299 Ravold, A. lvi, lxiv Robertson, C. lv, Ixxi, 151, 315 Roever, W. H. lv, lx, 201, 273 Runge, E. C. xliii, lv Rush, W. H. lxviii Russell, C. Iviii Sanger, C. R. xliv, xlv, li, liv Starr, F. Ixxi Terry, R. J. lxxvi Thompson, C. H. li Trelease, W. xxxix, lii, liii, Mi, lxvii, lxxv, 493 Updegraff, M. lvii, 243 Von Schrenk, lxi, lxviii, lxxii, lxxvi Wheeler, H. A. xxxix, 121, 123, 126 Woodward, C. M. lv, 185 506 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. GENERAL INDEX. Acetylene liv Aerenchyraa lxxii Agave li Age of leaving school lv, 185 Air, flow of, in registers xliii friction of trains on, lxiv pressure of, lxxii, lxxv, lxxvii purity of, xli, xliii, xlv, xlix, li Air-lift pump lxvii, lxix Alcohol in plants lxviii Almandite 129 Alum 129 Aluminite 129 Aluminum 129 Alunogen 129 Amendment of Constitution lxxv Ammoniacal barite 129 Anatomy of arm lxxvi of eye lii Andesite 130 Anorthite 130 Antitoxine lvi Anti-vivisection Bill lviii, lix Argon xli, xliv Arm, anatomy of, lxxvi Arkansas Unionidae 1 Arsenopyrite 128 Astigmatism xlv Atmospheric hot and cold waves xlviii Augite 129 Azores xxxix Bacteria xlv Ball-clay 130 Balls, hair, 493 Barite 129 Barium 129 Barley 232 Batrachia lxxvi, 501, 503 Bees, North American, lxxi, 315 Bezoars lxvii, 493 Biotite 130 Blende xxxix, 123 Broomcorn 231 Bytownite 130 Cacoxenite 128 Cacti 493 Calcite 128 Carbon 130 dioxide xli, xlv, xlix, li, lxviii, lxxii, lxviii Carboniferous period lx, lxxii, 357 Cassiterite 126 Cathode disc, rotation of, lv, 181 Cattle 493 Chalcedony 129 Chemistry of photography xlv Chemung period 361, 369 Chert 129 Chew-stick li China clay 130 Chrysolite 130 Cienfuegos flora lxxiv 393 Clay 130 Cleveite xlv Clover, crimson, lxvii, 495 Cold waves xlviii Colorado plants lxvi Constitutional amendment lxxv Copiapite 128 Copper 127 Coral snake 501 Cottonmouth 500 Crookes tube lii, lv, 181 Cuban flora lxxiv, 393 Curators, number of, lxxvi Curtman, Dr. C. O. Memorial lv, lvii Dana, J. D. Memorial li, liii Department of Agriculture, Reso- lutions liv Devonian period lxxii, 357 Diabase 129 General Index. 507 Diphtheria lvi Dissemination lxvi Double stars lx, 299 Drift xl, 121, 126, 129, 130 Droughts xlviii Dufrenite 128 Ecology lv, lvii, lxvi, 151 Electrical capacity xliii, 109 energy xlii, 109 rays lii Electrified systems, lines of force of, lv, lx, 201, 273 Energy of electrical charge xlii, 109 Entomology of St. Louis lviii Essonite 130 Ether theories lxxv Exchanges xiii, xlii, 1, lxiii, lxxix Eye, anatomy of, lii Ferro-Goslarite 127 Fibers li Fire clay 130 Flexure of telescopes lvii, 243 Flint fire clay 130 Flora of Cienfuegos, Cuba lxxiv, 393 Flowers and insects lv, lvii, 151 Formulae of Herbart lvi Friction of trains on air lxiv Gas, natural, 131 forming bacteria xlv Gastrolith 495 Geissler tube lii Geodes 129 Geology of Missouri xl of St. Louis lxx Geometrical constructions of lines of force lv, lx, 201, 273 Germination of Ustilagineae lviii, 229 Glacial drift xl, 121 Glaciers of Greenland xliii Gold 126 Goslarite 127 Grain insects lii Granite 128-130 Hair balls lxvii, 493 Haleakala lxxv Harrison, Edwin, elected a patron lx Hawaiian Islands lxxv Helium xlv, xlix Hellbender 503 Von Helmholtz, Hermann. Memo- rial xliv, li, liii, lxxi Hematite 130 Herbart's formulae lvi History of Academy xxxv, lxxi Hot waves xlviii Humerus, aberrant, lxxvii Huxley, T. H. Memorial li, liii Hyalite 129 Hydrogen, sulphuretted, 131 Hyperion xlvii Iapetus xlvii Ice, biological study of, liv Insanity lv Insects xliv, lv, lvii, 151 Iron 128 Kaffir corn 231 Kansas Ustilagineae lviii, 229 Kaolinite 130 Karyokinesis lii Kinderhook rocks 361, 369 Lazulite 129 Lead 127 Leadhillite 127 Leaves, injury to wet, by wind lxxiv Leete, Dr. J. M. Memorial lxxii, lxxiii Lenses xlv Lepidolite 130 Library xxxvii, xlii, 1, lxiii, lxxviii Lichens lxi Light, refraction of, xlv, xlvii, 133 Lignite xxxix, 123, 131 Limonite 128 Lines of force lv, lx, 201, 273 Lithomarge 130 Lizard 502 Mailing natural history specimens lxx Manganese 128 Manganocalcite 128 508 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Margarodite, 130 May apple 156 Medicine xliii Members vii, xxxv Mercury xl, 126 Meteorology xlii, xlviii, liii, lxxi Mimetite 127 Mineralogy of Missouri 126 Mississippi Valley, Devonian of, 357. Unionidae 1 Missouri geology xl herpetology lxxvi, 499 mineralogy 126 Moccasin 500 Molecule, changes inproteid, lxviii Mollusca lxxv, 1 Mud Devil 503 Muricidae lxxiv Museum xxxviii, li, lxii, lxxvii Natural history specimens in mail lxx New York Mollusca lxxv Nickel 127 North American bees lxxi, 315 Numbers, summation of series of, xliii, liii Oats 232, 496 Oedema of plants lxviii Officers xxxvi, xl, xlii, xlix, 1, lxi, lxiii, lxxvi Onion 240 Palm fiber li Papaw 154 Pasteur, Louis. Memorial li, liii Parabola li Parasitism lxi Peat 130 Petkoite 128 Petroleum 131 Phenology lxxi Philology xl Phoenix, myth of, xl Pholerite 130 Photography xlv Phyto-bezoars lxvii, 493 Piedmontite 130 Placer gold 126 Planimeter Iv Plants, alcohol in, lxviii respiration of, lxviii, lxxii Pohle pump lxix Pollination lv, lvii Porphyry 130 President xxxvi, xliii, 1, lxi, lxxvii Pressure of air lxxii, lxxv, lxxvii Prism, refraction by, xlvii, 133 Proteid molecule, changes in, lxviii Psychology lvi Pump, air-lift, lxvii, lxix Pupils, age of withdrawal of, lv, 185 Pyrite 128 Pyrophyllite 130 Quartz 128 Railroad trains, friction of air on, lxiv Refraction of electric rays liii of light xlv, xlvii, 133 Reptiles of Missouri lxxvi Registers, passage of air through, xliii Respiration of plants lxviii, lxxii Rhodochrosite 128 Riley, C. V. Memorial xlvi Rocky Mountain flora lxvi Rontgen rays lii Rotation of cathode disc lv, 181 Rutile 127 Salamander 502 Sander, Dr. Enno. Portrait lxix Santa Clara flora lxxiv, 393 Saturn xlvii School attendance lv, 185 ventilation xlv Seed-eating insects xliv Series of numbers xliii, liii Siegenite 127 Silicates 129 Silk of grain loft lii Silver 126 Sisal hemp li Snakes 499 Sphalerite 127 Stang planimeter lv Stars, double, lx, 299 General Index. 509 Steam heating chart lx St. Louis entomology lviii geology lxx Stronlianite 129 Strontium 129 Sulphur 131 Sulphuretted hydrogen 131 Summation of series of numbers xliii, liii Sun spots lxv Sunshine annunciator xlviii Supracondylar process lxxvii Suspicious snake 501 Talc 130 Telescopes, flexure of, lvii, 2-13 Tin 126 Titan xlvii Titanium 127 Toad 503 Topaz 130 Tornado injury to trees lxxiii, lxxvi Treasurer xli, xlix, lxiii, lxxviii Trees, tornado injury of, lxxiii, lxxvi Tripoli 129 Turgite 128 Turtles 501 Typhoid fever test lxiv Uralite 129 Ustilagineae lviii, 229 Ventilation xli, xliii, xlv, xlix, li Vivianite 128 Vivisection lviii, lix Wavellite 129 Waves, hot and cold atmospheric. xlviii Weather forecasts xlii Weeds xliv, lxvi Wheat 232-3 Widal's typhoid test lxiv Wood, double rings of, lxxvi Word growth xl Zinc 127 blende in lignite xxxix, 123 Zircon 130 510 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. INDEX TO GENERA. (SYNONYMS in parenthesis.) Abilgaardia (474) Abutilon 402 Acacia 418-9 (420) Acalypha 463, 482 Acanthospermum 433 Acer lxxiv Achras 438 Achyranthu8 456 Acisanthera 422 Acmaeops 167 Acroglossa 176, 178 Acrostichum 481 Actinocrinus 366 Acupurpura (371) Adelia 463 Adiantum 479 Aeschynomene 412 Aesculus 159-161 Afer (390) Agapostemon 174-6, 179, 325-8 Agaricocrinus 366 Agati (411) Agave li Ageratum 432 Agkistrodon 500 Alasmodonta (58) 59, 60 Alcidamea 169,349 Alibertia 429 Alipurpura (383) Alisma 240 Allagecrinus 363 Allograpta 158, 175, 177 Alternanthera 456 Alysicarpus 413 Amblystoma 502 Ambocoelia 363 Ambrosia 239 Ammannia 422 Ammobates 352 Ammophila 174, 175, 177-9 Amphiolanthus (449) Amphipeltus 365 Amphoracrinus 366 Amplexus 366 Anacardium 410 Anacrabro 168 Anastraphia 435 Andrena 154, 168, 172, 175, 177-8 (329) 330-6 Andromycia 472 Andronicus 349 Andropogon 231, 235-6, 475 Anemia 481 Anemone 153 (154) 240 Angelonia 449 Anguria 426 Anoda 401 Anodon (60) Anodonta (59, 60) 61 (62) 63, 64 Anona 398 Anthacanthus 452 Anthephora 475 Anthidium 162 Anthocomus 167 Anthophora 160, 162, 169 Anthrax 175, 177-8 Anthrenus 167, 171 Antigonon 458 Apathus (356) Apis 154, 156, 159, 162, 175-6, 178 (326) (329) (330) (356) • Arachis (412) Archaeocidaris 366 Argemone 399 Argyramoeba 175 Argythamnia 462 Aristida 232 Aristolochia 459 Arnica lxvi Aruncus (166) Index to Genera. 511 Arundo 478 Asclepias 441 Asclera 167 Asimina 154-5 Aspergillus 240 Aspidium 480 Asplenium 479, 480 Aster 175, 433 Astragalus 161-2 Ateleia 415 Athyris 363, 367 Atriplex 457 Attalus 167 Augochlora 157-8, 174-7, 179, 323-4 (326-7) Avicennia 454 Aviculopecten 368 Ayenia 404 Baccha 158, 170 Baccharis 433 Banara 424 Banisteria 406 Barleria (452) Barleriola 452 Bascanium 503 Bastardia 402 Batis 458 Batocrinus 366 Bauhinia 418 Bejaria437 Belairia 415, 460 Bellerophon 367 Belvosia 176 Bembex 178 Bernardia 463 Besseria 176 Bibio 170 Bidens 239, 435 Bignonia 450 Bletia 466 Boehmeria 466 Boerhaavia 456 Bombus 156, 159, 162, 165, 175-6, 178, 356 Bombylius 154 Bonania 464 Bontia 453 Borreria (431) Borrichia 434 Bouchea 453 Bourreria 443 Bouteloua 236-8 Brachypalpus 154 Breweria 446 Bromelia 468 Bruchus 167 Brunfelsia 448 Brya 412, 460 Buchloe 239 Buchnera 449 Bumelia 438 Bunchosia 405 Burmannia 466 Bursera 407 Byrsonima 405 Cacalia 178 Caesalpinia 415-6 Cajanus 414 Calceocrinus 366 Calliandra 419 (420) Calliopsis 164, 169, 175- Calliphora 155, 158 Callonema 363 Calopogonium 414 Calotropis 441 Calycorectes 421 Cameraria 439 Canavalia 414 Canella 400 Canna 468 Caperonia 462-3 Capparis 400 Capraria 449 Capsicum 448 Capulus 363, 367 Cardiopsis 368 Carex 240 Carica 425 Casearia 423-4 Cassia 417-8 Cassytha 460 Casuarina 466 Catasetum lvii Catesbaea 428 Catopsis 469 Cayaponia 426 Cecropia 465 Celosia 456 Celtis 464 Cenchrus 235, 477 51 ' Tra/M dead £i > oi 8t LouU 0 UN 107 c i< (880) < ' m Hi 1 1 < li ni i. hi, iii.i 1 18 < l| Mill In i , < l( i.ilhui 11,1, li. 'i I , Oorcorli 170 171 « - 1 ii pi. ( ', I, u.. I I. < lorout • li brum i >'< i 'iiiiniM i BO I i Ibamlwon • •■■■" < |)| ,.,,l..ll:i I I. < 'llllllll";ll.il 1 1 II 1,1,, < 'I podium 11,/ ( 'iii. .... M i 870, B80 < 'iii" ii 480 CI.I..M,. i, , Obom ti 6 1, 01 ' 'hi \; lllllll, lllllii I | < 'In vrt.iliiiliinur, I'n < 'In \ "i "II. i I I] < 'in \ ."|>IivHiimi 488 Olpura ir, [oi DO 0 LOO Clllini. \ j linn i:.l Oltru i", I 111 I, Hill | . 81 ti.. 80 • 111 I". I. nil II I < lllstopoi i .im, OI a 418 Oluila 101 I ' lobfl 488 ( '.,, oi I ," Oodaitw 800 Ooi lloxyi i , •. L77| B48, 840 OollM L58, i rfl CiIImI.m IM, I,;,, | ,m, 818 « lolubi inn 100 Commollna 471 Gomooladla 1 10 < lompiomj i.i i rfl < 'nil". 111. lllllll 808 < '.hi... arpui i ■ i Oonomorpha i II ( lonopti 1 1 ii i >i B08 Oonulai in 808 Oonvoh ului 1 10 I0PI I Ml' I" 11 1 loralllobil 000i '!''i loralllopblli (800) lori ii"i ii" 404 lordla ii 180 ' in- '"i« iiiinni ii | '"imhii 480 'niliii, 170 'i iii.iii, ,",ii/ Iri ni i >< - 1. n 908 ' i i.i 1 01 'i iiiiini i ,d irol tl&rl i 108| i L0 Irotaphytui BOO iroton 10 ■ I] j |il l,l.i;,| r, I \ |,l"l,l III, 1 1 ll II | I'l.'l ll"|,lll ll,/ , I /I 'i | ptoatogla 440 'i | i m B80 lUl nun I ■ . •in nihil i 480 lupin a 199 'in. nil-., 170 luioutfl 140 \ ..I ii,,, i luui 888 '\ i i"i ii Ixvl lylloni 170 lj M.I.I.MI I , | Ij IH'lllvlll Iftfl lypi rui 478 I) |iii"< .in i ,a lypj Inn. I. Hi. i •\.II.IM 080, 01 \ i toot ni' 800 ■\ i tioooura IM' ■\i bopon 1 101 1 Ij i Lopoi Iiiiiii li,/ Ion ati i . / >u\ in,, o >, udropanai 497 >< Mill "|H IIMUI Hill »i mdropbthora 400 > < • . 1 1 1 . > . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i in lexlobla 008 Mnlil'.illrii I /', Mn ni Iki it 489 Mill". iIiiiim 800 III I Ill I i !•■!<■ i. to Qtnera DtellpUr* Kt;/. . 131 . 167 Doi /■ ' :/l* J 7', Dimti 464 i . . /jjijf/j 41/; in i I 4^ -, J72, J7/5, J77 ;> i .7-. ... ;.'/. / • WMtiBM ■ urtWI 47^ .- - EodMtM 170 I Eapfewla 172 Btlpbjrlkffl (811) r////iH 4/7 Q • ■ 177 0 '. 0 ■ • •, V.--.;. .".-. . 4 .7 - '/j'.'.-'A'.',.";;. . 4'/- 514 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Habenaria 468 Iladriana (385) Haldea 500 Halictus 154, 158, 1G2, 168-9, 172, 174-8 (316) 321-3 (326-9) Hamelia 428 Hanetia (387) Helicobia 155, 176 Heliopsis 177 Hcliothis 176 Heliotropium 444 Helophilus 176 Ilepatica 152-4 Heriades 167, 169, 175, 178, 347-8 Herpestis 449 Ileteropteris 406 Ileteropurpura (3S5) Heterotheca 239 Hibiscus 403 Hohenbergia 469 Holopea 368 Homalomyial55 Iloplia 172 Hordeum lxvi, 497 Hydrocotyle 427 Hydrolea 442 Hygrophila 482 Hypelate 410 Hypoxis (470) Ilyptis 455 Ichthyocrinus 366 Igoceras 367 Impcrata 475 Indigofera 411 Inermicosta (381) Ionidium 400 Ionopsis 468 Ipomoea 444-6 Ircsine 457 Isocarpha 434 Isotoma 436 Iva 434 Jacquinia 437 Jasminum 438 Jatropha 461-2 Juniperus lxi Jurinia 176-8 Jussiaea 423 Justicia 452 Kinosteruum 501 Kosteletzkya 403 Kyllingia 473 Lachesis 387 Lactuca lxvi Lagascea 433 Lagenaria 425 Laguncularia 421 Lantana 453 Latiaxieua (389, 390) Latiaxis 389, 390 Lawsonia 422 Leioclema 363 Leonotis 455 Leptochloa 478 Leptura 167 Liatris lxvii Liugula 367 Linociera 439 Lippia 453 Liriodeudron lxxiv Lithophaga 368 Lithopbila (456) Lobelia 436 Loncbocharpus 415 Lopidea 168, 179 Loxonema 367 Lucilia 154-5, 176 Lucuma 438 Ludwigia423 Luffa 425 Luhea 404 Lupinus 163 Lycaena 178 Lvcopersicum 446 Lygaeus 177 Lygodium 481 Lygosoma 502 Lygus 176 Lysiloma 419 Macrocera (355) Macropis 338 Magillus (390) Malachra 402 Malpighia 405 Malvastrum 401 Maugifera 410 Mauihot 463 Margaritana 58, 59, 64 Index to Genera. 515 Marsdenia 441-2 Marsilea479 Masicera 155 Maytenus 408 Megachile 161-3, 175-7(347) 350-352 Meganostoma 17G Megilla (326) Megistocrinus 366 Melanocoryphus 17!) Melanthera 434 Melapiura 391 Mella 408 Melissodes 162, 175-8, 353-5 Melochia 403, 482 Melothria 426 Menispermum 239 Mentzelia lxvii Mesograpta 158, 175 Metablastus 367 Metastelma 441 Metopius 175 Michelinia 366 Miconia 422 Micranthemum 449 Microcline 130 Micropalpus 176 Mikania 432-3 Miltogramma 179 Mimesa 175 Mimosa 418 Mirabilis 455 Mitreola 442 Molorchus 172 Momordica 425 Morchia (383) Mordella 167 Modellistena 158, 167, 172 Morinda 430 Moringa 410 Morula 389 Murchisonia 363, 367 Murex 371-384 (385) 386 (390) Muricopsis (386) Murraya 406 Musa 468 Musca 176 Myginda 408 Myrica 466 Naias 473 Naquetia (383) Nasturtium 399 Natrix 500 Nautilus 368 Nectandra 459 Nephrodium (480) Nerium 440 Nissoniades 162 Nomada 167, 169, 175, 340, 341 Nucleospira 363, 367 Nuculites 368 Nymphaea 399 Obliquaria (28) Ocimum 455 Ocinebra 385-6 Odynerus 162, 174-5, 179 Olyra 477 Omphalotrochus 367 Oncidium 468 Oncomyia 179 Oplismenus 476 Opuntia li, lxvii, 426, 494, 496 Oreodoxa 471 Orophocrinus 366 Orothonychia 368 Orphilus 167, 171 Orthis 367 Orthoceras 368 Orthotetes 363 Osmia 152, 162, 169, 347 (348) Oxandra 398 Oxybelus 168 Palaeacis 363 Palicourea 431 Pamphila 177-8 Pancratium 470 Pauicum 233-4, 237, 239, 475-6 Panurgus (337) 339, 340 Papilio 165, 170, 177 Parandrena 337 Parkinsonia 417 Parthenium 433 Paspalum 475 Passiflora 424-5 l'avonia 403 Paziella (383) Pectis 435 Pedilanthus 461 Peleteria 176, 178 Pentadactylus (389) 516 Trans. Acad. Set. of St. Louis. Pentaria 167 Peperomia 459 Perdita 175 Pernopecten 3G3 Persea 459 Petitia 454 Petiveria 458 Phanerotinus 367 Pharus 477 Phaseolus 414 Phileremus 177 Philibertia 441 Phillipsia 363, 368 Philodendron 472 Phoebe 459 Pholisora 177 Phoradendron 460 Phorbia 154-5 Phragmoceras 365 Phthirusa 460 Phyciodes 176-8 Phyllanthus 461 Phyllonotus 383 Physalis 239, 448 Physetocrinus 366 Phytolacca 458 Phytomyza 168 Picramnla 407 Picrodendron 407 Pictetia 411 Pieris 176-7 Pilea 466 Piper 459 Pipiza 170 Piriqueta 424 Pisonia 456 Pithecolobium 420 Platycrinus 366 Platygyna 464 Platystoma 155 Plethodon 501 Pleurotomaria 363, 368 Pluchea 433 Plumbago 437 Plumeria 440 Plumulina 363 Podocarpus 478 Podophyllum 155-6 Poeppigia 415 Poinciana 417 Poirieria (383) Polanisia 400 Polistes 174-5 Polygala 401 Polygonum 231, 236 Polypodium 480 Polypompholix 450 Polypora 367 Polystachia 467 Polytropa 388 Pompilus 174 Ponthieva 468 Populus liv, lxvi Porcellia 368 Poropteron (383) Porteranthus (169) Potamogeton 240, 472 Poteriocrinus 367 Priva 454 Prockia 405 Productella 363, 367 Productus 367 Prosopis 168, 172, 175, 179, 315 Psidium421 Psilotum 479 Psychotria 430, 431 Pteris 479 Pterohytis 385 Pteronotus 383 Pteropurpura (383) Ptilodexia 176 Purpura 386-8 Pyrameis 176 Pyrgus 176 Quercus lxxiy Rachicallis 428 Rauwolfia 439 Retzia 363 Reynaudia 477 Rhabdopterus 158 Rhamphomyia 172 Rhipidomella 363 Rhipsalis 426 Rhizophora 420 Rhodocrinus 367 Rhynchonella 363, 367 Rhynchosia 414 Rhynchospora 474 Richardsonia 432 Ricinula (389) Index to Genera. 517 Rivina 457 Rondeletia 427 Rousselia 466 Rudbeckia 177 Ruellia 452 Sabal 471 Saccharum 475 Sagittaria 240, 472 Salix xlviii, lxviii, 137 Salsola lxvi Salvia 455, 482 Sanguinolites 368 Sapium 464 Sarcophaga 155, 176 Sauvagesia 400 Savia 461 Scatophaga 155 Scepsis 176, 178 Schmidelia 482 Schultesia 442 Schwenkia 448 Sciadophyllum (427) Scleria 474-5 Scolia 175, 177-8 Scoparia 449 Sebastiania 464 Securidaca 401 Selaginella 479 Senecio 239 Seoptera 158 Sericosomus 167 Serjania 409 Sesbania 411 Sesia 179 Sesuvium 426 Setaria 234, 476 Sida 401 Silphium 176 Siphonella 168 Siphona 172, 176, 179 Siphophyto 179 Siphoplagia 176 Siratus (380) Sistrum 389 Smilax 470 Solanum lxvi, 239, 447- Solea 156 Solidago 240 Sophora 415 Sorghum 231, 233 Sorosporium 229, 234, 240 Sparganophorus 432 Spamopolius 175, 177-8 Spermacoce 431 Sphaerodoma 367 Spbaerophoria 175, 179 Sphecodes 175, 316-321 Sphenotus 368 Spigelia 442 Spilomyia 176 Spiraea 165-6, 170 Spiranthes 468 Spirifer 363 Spirifera 367 Spiriferina 363 Spirorbis 363 Spondias 410 Sporobolus 232, 477 Stachytarpheta 453 Stemodia 449 Stenandrium 452 Stenostomum 429 Stenotaphrum 477 Stigmaphyllon 406 Stramonita 388 Straparollus 367 Strophalosia 363 Strophomena 367 Stylogaster 170 Stylosanthes 163-5, 170, 412 Suriana 407 Symbathocrinus 367 Symphoricarpos 172-4 Symphynota (8, 58) Synedrella 434 Synhalonia 156, 159, 160, 162, 165, 353 Syringothyris 363, 367 Syritta 176, 179 Syrphus 153-5, 158, 175, 178 Systoechus 177-8 Systropus 175 Tabebuia 450-1, 460 Tabernaemontana 440 Tamarindus 418 Tantilla 501 Taonurus 363 Taxocrinus 367 Taxodium lxxiv Tecoma (450) 451 518 Trans. Acad. Sci. of St. Louis. Tephrosia 411 Terebratula 363, 367 Terminalia420, 460, 467 Tetrazygia 422 Teucrium 455 Thalessa 387 Thecla 176-7 Thespesia403 Thrinax 471 Tnymopsis 435 Tilia lxxiv Tillandsia lxi, 469 Tilletia 229, 238-9 Tournefortia 443-4 Toxophora 175 Tragia 464 Tragopogon lxvi Trema 464 Tribulus 406 Trichilia 408 Trichius 167 Tridax 435 Trifolium 496 Trilex (405) Triopteris 406 Triremis (383) Triticum 238 Triumfetta 404 Trixis 436 Trochilus 159, 165 Trophon 384-5 (390) Tropidia 176 Tropidocaris 365 Tubicauda (371) Turnera 424 Typocerus 167 Ulmus lxxiv Unio 3-58 (59) 64 Urena 402 Urera 465 Urocystis 229, 240 Urosalpinx 386 Usnea lxi Ustilago 229, 231-8 Utricularia 450 Valgus 167, 172 Vallesia 439 Verbena 454 Verbesina 434 Vernonia 432 Vespa 175 Viburnum 170-172 Vigna 414 Vinca 439 Viola 164 Vitex 454 Vitis 409 Vittaria 480 Wallenia 437 Waltheria 404 Wedelia 434 Wissadula 402 Wolffia Hi Xanthogramma 175 Xanthosoma (472) Ximenia 408 Xylocopa 162 Xyris 471 Yucca Ixvii Zamia 478 Zanthoxylum 406 Zaphrentis 363, 366 Zea 233-4 Zephyranthus 470 Zodion 168, 175, 177, 179 Zornia 412 Issued February 21,1898. 5 2044 093 1291 144