^ THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 7I0.& AM 1303-1321 W" mn mmBmRi Transactions of the American Society of Landscape Architects 1909-1921 Transactions of The American Society of Landscape Architects 909-1921 Compiled and Edited by: CARL RUST PARKER BREMER W. POND THEODORA KIMBALL Copyright, 1922 The Recorder Press Amsterdam, N. Y. THE IIBRRRY OFIHE l\o.Cp AM TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 603493 PREFACE THE Committee on Editing Transactions has considered that this volume, like the preceding one, will be useful chiefly as a book of reference to the events and current thought of the A. S. L. A., not only for its members but for others. Conciseness has therefore been sought and repetition avoided ; mat- ters that seemed of merely temporary interest have been omitted, and facts placed so as to be easily accessible. Lists of members, executive and special committees, and treasurer's reports have been tabulated so that the standing of members, officers, com- mittees, and the finances of any year can be quickly found and compared with those of other years. Reports of meetings have been standardized, attention being paid even to such details as the order of statement of time and place of meeting, the omission of initials of those present (which can be found in the membership list) and of the chairman, who is the highest officer present. The membership list has been brought up to January, 1922, in order to make it as useful as possible. It has been thought best to record the meetings separately, not only because they form a sequential history of the Society, but because of the individual and intimate character which they still retain. The papers included in this volume have been print- ed entire, abbreviated or even rewritten and, in several cases, revised by the authors ; but it is believed that nothing of permanent value has been lost. It has not always been easy to decide what material should be rejected and what retained, and complete consistency therein is not claimed. It is only to be expected that opinions will differ as to judgment in selection, but it is hoped that as in the case of the first volume the book may aid in establishing a standard for future Transactions and thus lighten the labors of succeeding editing committees. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Membership List -------- 7-9 List of Chapters --------- 9 By-Laws --------- l()-n List of Officers --------- IS List of Standing Committees .-..-. 19-2'J Treasurer's Statement -------- 21-24 Minutes of Meetings -------- 25-54 Official Statement of Profesional Practice ----- 55-57 Adopted Policies with Commentaries ----- 58-64 Resolutions --------- 65-68 Reports of Chapters -------- 69-74 War Records of Fellows and Members ------ 75-80 A Statement in Regard tt) the Establishment of a F"ellowship in Landscape Architecture --------- si Prize of Rome in Landscape Architecture. 1915 - - - - 82 American Academy in Rome Competition, 1915 - - - - 83-86 American Academy in Rome Competition. 1920 - - - - 87-89 A Minute on Nathan Franklin liarrett ----- 90-92 A Minute on Charles Mulford Robinson ----- 93-99 A Minute on Charles Pierpont Punchard - - - - 100-103 A Minute on John Charles Olmsted ----- 104-108 Report of Committee on Traveling Exhibit ----- 109-110 Exhibitions of Individual Chapters - - - - - - 111 Report of Joint Committee on Relations with Trades - . - 112-117 Report of Committee on Competitions ----- \\g Architectural League Medal - - - - - - - 119 Report of Committee to Co-operate with the Comite Neerlando-Piclge d'Art Civique --------- 120-127 What is Professional Practice in Landscape Architecture - - 128-136 Collaboration between Landscape Architects and Architects - - 137-143 The Cascade in Villa Torlonia at Frascati ----- 144-145 Boston Zoological Park ------- 146-149 The Landscape Architect in City Planning - - - - 150-152 Welfare and Happiness in Works of Landscape Architecture - - 153-157 Bibliographv of Selected Articles by Members - - - - 158-161 Selected Articles in LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE Quarterly - - 162-165 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS John Charles Olmsted ---.-.. Frontispiece The Olmsted Medal -------- 76 First Competition American Academy in Rome - - - - 80-84 Second Com]:)etition American Academy in Rome - - - - gg Villa Gamberaia -------- 136 Cascade at Villa Torlonia ------- 144 Preliminary Plan of Boston Zoological Park ... - 146 Details, Plans and Views of Boston Zoological Park ... 148 MEMBERSHIP LIST OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 1909 TO 1921 INCLUSIVE M — Member. H — Honorary Member * — Deceased F — Fellow A — Associate fResigned Aldrich, Raymond W., 89 State St., Boston, Mass. M 1908 Auten, Andrew, Oberlin, Ohio M 1904 ♦Barrett, Nathan F., New Rochelle, New York F 1899-1907 Bailey. Liberty Hyde. Ithaca, New York H 1918 Heal. Robert W., .'iS Summer St., Boston, Mass. M 1930 Blair, Erie O., 1101 Buena Ave., Chicago M 191.5 Blanchard, Raymond W., Abbott Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. M 1920 tBlaney, Herbert W., 415 Maple St., Springfield, Mass. M 1915-1931 Brett, Franklin, North Duxbury, Mass. F 1913 Brinckerhoff, A. F., 537 Fifth Ave., New York City M 1903-F 191.3 Brinley, John R., 156 Fifth Ave., New York City F 1908 _. *BuIlard, Miss Elizabeth. Bridgeport, Connecticut . F 1899-1916 Button, Frank, 157 East Flagler St., Miami, Fla. M 1913-F 1910 Caldwell, Lawrence S., 45 Bromfield St., Boston, Mass. M 1916 Cann, Cliflford N., 89 State St., Boston, Mass. 1 M 1919 Caparn. Harold A., 18 East 41st St., New York City F 1905 Chamberlain, Noel, 137 East 43d St., New York City M 1907 Child. Stephen, 647 Tremont Bldg., Boston, Mass. M 1910-F 1913 Clarke. Gilmore D., 7 Benedict PI., Pelham, N. Y. M 1915 Coffin. Miss Marian C. 830 Lexington Ave., New York City M 1906-F 1918 Comey, Arthur C, Abbott Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. M 1910-F 1930 Cook, Wilbur D., Jr.. L W. Hellman Bldg., Los Angeles M 1906-F 1910 Cooper, Gordon D., 4614 Prospect Ave., Cleveland, Ohio M 1930 Cox, Laurie D., State College of Forestry, Syracuse, New York M 1913 Culley, Frank H., Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa M 1931 Dall, Marcus H.. 44 Leonard St., New York City M 1921 Davis, Edward G., Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. M 1920 Dawson, J. Frederick. 99 Warren St., Brookline, Mass. M 1905-F 1914 Dean, Miss Ruth B.. 137 East 55th St., New York City M 1931 DeBoer, S. R., 208 Tramway Bldg., Denver, Col. M 1931 DcForest, Ailing S.. 332-225 Sibley Block, Rochester, N. Y. F 1908 Desmond, Thomas H., Simsbury, Connecticut M 1912 tDow, Dana F., New Rochelle, New York M 1903-1913 Draper, Earle S., 11 East 5th St., Charlotte, N. C. M 1930 Eliot, Charles W.. 17 Fresh Pond Parkway, Cambridge, Mass. H 1916 Elwood, Philip H., Jr., 20 South 3rd St., Columbus, O. M 1915 Evans, Frederick N., 304 City Hall, Sacramento, Cal. M 1913 *-'>>f^ Farrand. Mrs. Beatrix, 31 East 11th St., New York City F 1899 tFitz-Randolph, Edgar, New York City M 1908-1910 Fleming, Bryant, Wyoming, New York M 1905-F 1911 Flint, Herbert L., c/o A. D. Taylor, Cleveland, O. - M 1919 Foster, Philip W., Harvard Sq., Cambridge, Mass. M 1931 Fowler, Clarence, 15 East 40th St., New York City M 1914 8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Gallagher, Percival. 99 Warren St., Brookline, Mass. M 1904-F 1910 Gatringer, Joseph, Municipal Bldg., New York City M 1906 Gay, Willard W., 70 East 45th St., New York City M 1906 Geiffert, Alfred, Ir., 527 Fifth Ave., New York City M 1915 Gibbs, George, Jr., 1818 16th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. M 1913-F 1919 Gillette, Charles F., P. O. Box No. 945, Richmond, Va. M 1921 Gott. Francis H., 903 Merchants Road, Rochester, N. Y. M 1921 Greenleaf, James L., 1 Broadway, New York City F 1904 Gregg, J. W., University of California, Berkley, Cal. M 1921 Hall, George D., I. W. Hellman Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. F 1913 Hare, S. Herbert, 604 Gumbel Bldg., Kansas City. Mo. M 1914-F 1920 Hare, Sidney J., 604 Gumbel Bldg., Kansas City, Mo. F 1912 Herminghaus, E. H., Bankers Life Bldg., Lincoln, Neb. M 1916 tHolton, Arthur A., Yonkers, New York M 1902-1912 Hostetter, Harry B., Bureau of MunicipaHties, Dept. Internal Aflfairs, Harrisburg, Pa. ---M 1921 tHoth. Frederick C, New York City M 1904-1911 Hubbard, Henry V., Robinson Hall, Cambridge, Mass. M 1905-F 1910 Hutcheson, Mrs. Martha Brooks, 45 East 82nd St., New York City M 1920 Imlay, Hugh A., 816 Glenwood Ave., Youngstown, Ohio M 1921 Johnston. Donald B.. 527 Fifth Ave., New York City M 1918 kellaway. Herbert J., 12 West St., Boston, Mass. M 1908-F 1912 tKennard, Frederick H., Boston, Mass. F 1905-1919 Kessler, George E., 423 Security Bldg., St. Louis. Mo. F 1919 Kimball, Miss Theodora, Robinson Hall, Cambridge, Mass. A 1919 Kruse, Arthur M.. 71 King St., W., Toronto, Canada M 1915 Langdon, James G., 15 Packard Ave., W. Somerville, Mass. F 1918 *Langton, Daniel W., New York City F 1899-1909 Lay. Charles D.. 101 Park Ave., New York City M 1904-F 1910 Leavitt. Charles W.. 18 East 41st St., New York City F 1904 tLollesgaard, Svend, Chicago, 111. M 1902-1912 ! Lowrie, Charles N., 101 Park Ave., New York City F 1899 Manning, A. Chandler. Wilmington. Mass. ^^ 19"-1 Manning. Warren H.. North Billerica. Mass. F 1899 Marquis. William B.. 99 Warren St., Brookline, Mass. M 1920 McCrary, Irvin J., 900 Exchange Bldg., Denver, Col. M 1914 McFarland, J. Horace, Mount Pleasant Press, Harrisburg, Pa. A 1916 Mische, Emanuel T., Portland, Oregon M 1905-F 1918 Morell, Anthony U., 1200 2nd Ave., S., Minneapolis, Minn. M 1906-F 1915 Movius, Hallam L., 8 Winter St., Boston, Mass. M 1907 Munroe, William H., 103 Park Ave., New York City M 1919 tMunson. J. Pomroy, Grand Rapids, Mich. M 1906-1930 Nason, George L., 639 Endicott Bldg., St. Paul, Minn. M 1916 Negus, Samuel J., 16 Arlington St.. Boston. Mass. M 1903-F 1914 Nichols. Arthur R., 1200 3nd Ave., S.. Minneapolis, Minn. M 1906-F 1915 Nicolet, Tell W., 28 Academy Ave., Pittsburg, Pa. M 1918 Nolen, John, Harvard Square, Cambridge, Mass. M 1905-F 1910 Norton. Harvard, 1301 Kresge Bldg., Detroit, Mich. M 1920 Noyes, John, Missouri Botanical Gardens, St. Louis, Mo. M 1914 7 Olmsted, Frederick L., 99 Warren St., Brookline, Mass. F 1899 "'-♦Olmsted, John C, Brookline, Mass. F 1899-1920 Outhet. Rickson A.. Beaver Hall Hill, Montreal, Canada M 1910-F 1912 tParce. William W.. Baltimore. Md. F 1900-1903-F 1907-1919 Parker, Carl R.. 99 Warren St. Brookline, Mass. M 1908-F 1915 1 Parsons, Samuel, 101 Park Ave., New York City F 1899 Payne, Irving W., 1739 New York Ave., Washington, D. C. M 19-1 Pearse, Rubee J., 261 Fine Arts Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa M 1920 tPentecost, George F., Jr., New York City F 1899-1931 OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 9 Philbrick, W. E., 244 Plymouth Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. M 1919 Phillips, T. Glenn, 1201 Kresge Bldg., Detroit, Mich. --M 1907-F 1915 Phillips, William L., 99 Warren St., Brookline, Mass. M 1912 Pilat, Carl F., 132 Nassau St.. New York City — M 1905-F 1912 Pitkin, William, Jr., 4500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, O. M 1912 Piatt, Charles A., 101 Park Ave., New York City A 1913 Pond, Bremer W., 18 Fremont St., Boston, Mass., M1916-F1921 Pray, James S., 50 Garden St., Cambridge, Mass. M 1903-F 1906 *Punchard, Charles P., Washington, D. C. M 1912-1920 Punchard, William H., 16 Arlington St., Boston, Mass. M 1920 Ramsdell, Charles H., 937 Metropolitan Life Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. M 1913-F 1916 tReynolds, Harris A., 4 Joy St., Boston, Mass. M 1914-1921 ♦Robinson, Charles M., Rochester, N. Y. A 1915-1917 Robinson, Francis A., 261 Fine Arts Bldg., Des Moines, Iowa M 1914 tRotch, A. G.. Boston, Mass. M 1930 Roy, W. Ormiston, Mt. Royal Cemetery Co., Montreal, Canada M 1908 Saltus, Rollin S., Mt. Kisco, N. Y. M 1906 Sanger, Prentice, 21 East 40th St., New York City M 1914 Schernierhorn, Richard, Jr., 363 Lexington Ave., New York City M 1904-F 1914 Schumm, Paul B., 15 East 40th St., New York City M 1921 Sears, Thomas W., 1424 Walnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. M 1906-F 1921 Shurtleff, Arthur A., 89 State St., Boston, Mass. M 1899-F 1905 Simonds, Ossian C, 1102 Buena Ave., Chicago, 111. F 1899 Smith, F. A. Cushing, 166 West Jackson Blvd.. Chicago, 111. M 1915 Smith, J. Hugh, 620 Home Savings and Loan Bldg., Youngstown, Ohio M 1920 Smith, Sibley C, 107 Westminster St., Providence, R. I. M 1912 Steele, Fletcher, 7 Water St., Boston, Mass. M 1912-F 1918 Stiles, Wayne E., 97 Oliver St., Boston, Mass. M 1915-F 1921 Strang, Mrs. R. R., Leominster, Mass. M 1914 Tapscott, Kenneth A., 4614 Prospect Ave., Cleveland, Ohio M 1920 Taylor, Albert D., 4614 Prospect Ave., Cleveland, Ohio M 1908-F 1919 Tealdi, Aubrey, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. M 1912 Tilton, L. D., Compton Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. M 1921 tTownsend, F. DePeyster, Rochester, N. Y. M 1905-1919 Tripp, Miss Amy F.. 227 Benefit St., Providence, R. I. M 1920 Tripp. Burton A., Guardian Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio M 1921 Trout, Edward H., 4614 Prospect Ave., Cleveland, Ohio M 1920 tUnderhiU, Arthur, New York City - M 1906-1919 Underwood, Loring, 45 Bromfield St., Boston, N. Y. F 1912 tVaux, Downing, Central Y. M. C. A., Kingston, N. Y. F 1899 Vitale, Ferruccio, 527 Fifth Ave., New York City M 1904-F 1908 Wcinrichter, Ralph M., 10 East 43rd St., New York City M 1905-F 1916 Wheelwright, Robert, 1618 Latimer St., Philadelphia, Pa. M 1910 tWhite, Henry P., Boston, Mass. M 1905-1911 White, Stanley H., University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. M 1921 Whiting, Edward C, 99 Warren St., Brookline, Mass. M 1912 Wilcox, Raymond H., 1000 W. Forest Ave., Detroit, Mich. M 1915 Wyman, Phelps, 201 Essex Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn. — M 1905-F 1912 Zehrung, Samuel Danford, San Rae Gardens, R. R., No. 11, Dayton, Ohio - M 1920 LIST OF CHAPTERS, AS OF 1921 Boston Chapter - - - - founded in 1913 New York Chapter - - - - " " 1914 Minnesota Chapter - - - - .. <. jgjg Mid-West Chapter - - - - " " 1916 Pacific Coast Chapter . . . .< .. jg-^g 10 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY BY-LAWS Revised to July, 1922 "The Corporation is constituted for the purpose of increasing the efficiency and influence of the profession, and to foster good fellowship among its members, and to promote the public welfare." — From Agreement of Association. Article I MEMBERSHIP Sec. 1. The membership shall con- sist of Members, Fellows, Associates, Corresponding, and Honorary Members. Sec. 2. Members shall be landscape architects, at least twenty-one years of age, of all-round technical training and in good professional standing, whose ca- pacity, attainments, aims, and character are judged to be such as will promote the objects of the Society. "All-round tech- nical training" is to be understood to in- clude technical training in respect to plants and the making and execution of planting plans, in respect to grading and the designing and direction of engineer- ing work incidental to landscape archi- tecture, and in respect to the designing of architectural structures incidental to landscape architecture, as well as train- ing in design in the solution of problems involving all or any of these. "Good professional standing" implies that the candidate for membership is one who practices the art of fitting land for humin use and enjoyment, and whose compen- sation is received directly from clients or employers for professional services ren- dered and not in the form of a commer- cial or speculative profit on materials or labor nor from persons supplying materi- als or labor to said clients or employers. Sec. 3. Fellows shall be landscape architects of at least two years' standing as Members and of not less than 30 years of age, who have been active in the pro- fession for at least ten years and who have been in independent practice for at least five years, and who have produced work sufficient in amount, in range, and in quality, to afford conclusive evidence of their attainment to a high degree of professional competence. A landscape architect in independent practice is one whose practice of the pro- fession is conducted wholly or mainly under his own name and upon his own financial and professional responsibility or under the name and upon the financial and professional responsibility of a firm of which he is a member ; provided, how- ever, that for the purposes of this section the Board of Trustees may, in their dis- cretion, classify as in independent prac- tice a landscape architect, in the employ of a corporation, firms or individual en- gaged in the practice of landscape archi- tecture, of whom it is indicated on the letterhead of his employer and stated in writing- to the Board by his employer that he is habitually charged with pro- fessional responsibilities on behalf of his employer equivalent to those assumed by a partner in a firm. Sec. 4. Associates shall be persons, other than landscape architects, who have performed notable service in ad- vancing the interest of the profession. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 11 Sec. 5. Corresponding Members shall be landscape architects, abroad, of dis- tinction, whom it is desired to honor. Sec. 6. Honorary Members shall be distinguished persons whom it is deemed desirable and appropriate for the Ameri- can Society of Landscape Architects to honor. Sec. T. The name of a candidate for admission as Fellow, as Associate, or as Corresponding or Honorary Member, shall be proposed over the signatures of tw-o Fellows of the Society, and the name of a candidate for admission as Member shall be proposed over the signatures of two Fellows of the Society or of one Fellow and one Member of the Society. In any case the proposal shall be filled out on a blank form, which shall supply pre- liminary information furnished by the proposers about the candidate. Sec. 8. The name of any candidate proposed for admission to any one of the five forms of membership shall be sub- mitted to a sub-committee to be known as the Examining Board, consisting of three members of the Society, of whom at least two shall be members of the Board of Trustees, all three members to be elected annually by the Board of Trustees, and not more than two of them to have their place of business in the same state. ."^ec. 9. When a proposal for any grade of membership, duly made out, shall have been received by the E.xamining Board, they shall mail to all members of the Society a notice thereof, giving a brief statement as to the kind and extent of education, training, and present work of the candidate, and shall request members to submit within thirty days confidential communications upon the personal and professional qualifications and standing of the candidate, and opinions favorable or unfavorable to the candidate's election. Every such communication shall be signed and objections shall be accomp- anied by the reasons therefor. If upon canvassing the replies the Ex- amining Board judge the general profes- sional or personal standing of the candi- date not to be in accordance with the standards of the Society for the grade of membership proposed, the proposal shall be rejected and the proposers so notified. Unless rejected on consideration of the replies from members, the candidate shall be requested to submit further evidence of professional abilities such as plans, drawings, before and after photographs, reports, etc., setting forth the candidate's own work in landscape architecture, and such material when submitted shall re- main the property of the Society. On examination of such material and of all other evidence before it, the Examining Board shall vote to recommend, or not to recommend, to the Trustees the elec- tion of the candidate. Sec. 10. The Examining Board shall not take final action upon a candidate within less than thirty days after asking the opinion of members in regard to lhe_ candidate. i Sec. II. In recommending to the Board of Trustees a candidate as Mem- ber, or Fellow, or Associate, or Hon- orary, or Corresponding Member, the Ex- amining Board shall report in w-riting, the grounds upon which the recommendation is based. Sec. 18. The names of candidates, having been reported by the Examining Board, shall then be voted upon by the 12 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Board by mail ballot. The affirmative votes of two-thirds of the Trustees shall elect a candidate, provided no negative vote is cast. Sec. 13. Any candidate for Member- ship or Fellowship who fails to secure the recommendation of the Examining Board for election may not become a can- didate again until two years shall have elapsed from the date of the Board's last decision in regard to the candidate. Sec. 14. Fellows retiring from the practice of the profession may be con- tinued as Fellows by vote of the Society. Sec. 15. Members shall have the vote five years after date of election. They shall not be eligible to office or to mem- bership on the Board of Trustees, but shall be eligible for appointment on Com- mittees. Sec. 16. Fellows shall have the vote, and be eligible to office and to member- ship on the Board of Trustees. Sec. 17. Associates shall have no vote, and shall not be eligible to office or to membership on the Board of Trustees, but shall be eligible for appointment on committees. Sec. 18. Corresponding and Honor- ary Members shall have no vote, shall not be eligible to office or to member- ship on the Board of Trustees, but shall be eligible to appointment on commit- tees, and shall be exempt from all fees and dues. Sec. 19. A Member or a Fellow may be expelled by two-thirds vote of the Fellows and voting Members mailed or handed to the Secretary. Article II OFFICERS, BOARD OF TRUSTEES Sec. 1. The officers shall be a President, a Vice-President, a Treasurer, and a Secretary, who, together with a representative from each chapter chosen by the Fellows and voting Members of the Society, shall constitute the govern- ing board, and be known as the Board of Trustees. Sec. 3. Officers and other members of the Board of Trustees shall be elected by the affirmative ballots of a majority of the Fellows and voting Members, mailed or handed to the Secretary, and shall hold office until their successors shall have been elected and shall have qualified. The method of nomination and elec- tion shall be as follows: On or before Oc- tober 1 of each year the Secretary shall mail to each member a list of the then officers and trustees with an indication of the dates of the expirations of their several terms and the vacancies to occur at the end of the current official year and the terms for which such vacancies are to be filled, together with a copy of this sec- tion of the By-Laws, and shall invite all members to submit to the Board of Trus- tees through the Secretary before Novem- ber 1 any suggestions they may have for filling the vacancies. Between Novem- ber 1 and November 10 the Board of Trustees shall consider the suggestions oi members submitted through the Secre- tary and make nominations for filling the vacancies, and the Secretary shall mail these nominations to all Fellows and vot- ing Members. Any Fellow or voting Member may between November 10 and December 10 submit over his signature to the Secretary independent nomina- tions. Between December 10 and De- cember 15 the Secretary shall mail to each Fellow and voting Member an official bal- OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 13 lot containing the nominations of the Board of Trustees and any independent nominations received by him before De- cember 10, and use every reasonable ef- fort to secure the return of sufficient bal- lots previous to the Annual Meeting of the Society to permit formal announce- ment of the election at that meeting; im- mediately after which, if previously elect- ed, or as soon thereafter as elected, the new officers and other new trustees shall assume office. Sec. 3. The President, or, in his ab- sence, the Vice-President, shall call and preside at all meetings of the Society and of the Board of Trustees, and shall per- form such duties as are customary to the office, or as shall have become customary to the office in this Society, or as may be assigned to him by the Board of Trus- tees. In the absence of both President and Vice-President from any meeting of the Society or of the Board of Trustees, or in the event that neither of these is able to preside, a temporary chairman shall be elected by the meeting to perform the functions of the President during the meeting. Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive all money due the Society, and shall receipt for it ; shall disburse the funds but only on order of the President, as authorized by the Board of Trustees ; shall keep the accounts, which shall at all times be open to the inspection of the officers and the Board of Trustees ; and shall perform such other duties as are customary to the office, or as shall become customary to the office in this Society, or as may be assigned to him by the Board of Trustees. Sec. 5. The Secretary shall keep a record of all the proceedings of the So- ciety; notify members of their election to office or appointment to committees and candidates for admission or advancement of their election ; issue all notices includ- ing the presentation of questions for mail- ballot vote ; and perform such other du- ties as are customary to the office, or shall have become customary to the office in this Society, or as may be assigned to him by the Board of Trustees or the President. Sec. (i. The President, the Treasurer, and the Secretary shall report annually to the Society in time for the Board of Trustees to act on such reports before their presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Society. Sec. T. The Treasurer's accounts shall be audited at or before the time of the Annual Meeting by two auditors who shall be nominated and elected each year for the ensuing year in the same manner as provided for the officers in Section 2 of this article. Sec. 8. In January, 1020, the Presi- dent and the Secretary shall be elected each for a term of one year, the Vice- President and Treasurer each for a term of two years; in January, 1921, the Presi- dent and the Secretary each for a term of two years; in January, 1922, the Vice- President and Treasurer each for a term of two years ; and, thereafter, each of these offices shall continue to be filled, by biennial elections, for terms of two years. Sec. 9. In addition to the election of officers (as provided in Section 8 above of this Article) the trustees here- tofore elected shall serve out the terms for which they were elected, and there shall be elected in January, 1920 : One trustee representing the New York Chapter to serve 2 years. 14 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY One trustee representing the Pacific Coast Chapter to serve 2 years, and One trustee representing the Mid-west Chapter to serve 1 year. In January, 1931 : One trustee representing the Boston Chapter to serve 2 years, and One trustee representing the Mid-west Chapter to serve 2 years. In January, 1922 : One trustee representing the New York Chapter to serve 2 years. One trustee representing the Pacific Coast Chapter to serve 2 years, and One trustee representing the Minne- sota Chapter to serve 2 years ; and, there- after, any vacancy occurring in the Board of Trustees by the expiration of a term shall be filled for a succeeding term of two years; provided that any newly ad- mitted Chapter shall be entitled to have a representative elected to the Board of Trustees in the January next following its admission and that the term of office of the first representative shall be either one year or two years as determined by vote of the Board of Trustees in order to secure the more perfect alternation of the personnel of the Board. Sec. 10. Vacancies occurring in the Board of Trustees or in any office be- tween elections shall be filled by vote of the Board but only for the balance of the current year or until the next regular election occurs, and such vacancies shall then be filled in the usual way by the affirmative ballots of the majority of the Fellows and voting Members, either for the remainder of an unexpired term or for a new term, as the case may be. Sec. 11. The Board of Trustees shall consider and report upon all business to be acted upon by the Society ; shall es- tablish rules for the regulation of its proceedings; shall put into effect the votes of the Society; shall be the cus- todian of all its property ; shall authorize all contracts and expenditures, but shall not incur any liabilities exceeding the amounts of the unappropriated funds in the hands of the Treasurer ; shall, through the Examining Board, inquire into the professional qualifications and personal standings of all candidates for any of the forms of membership shall nominate candidates for office (see Sec- tion 2 above of this Article) ; shall have authority to create and abolish Standing Committees and to appoint to them, and to appoint and discharge Special Com- mittees, to further the work of the So- ciety ; shall have authority to delegate its powers for the transaction of ordinary or routine business to an Executive Com- mittee, which shall exercise said powers when the Board is not in session, all ac- tions afifecting the policy of the Society requiring a majority vote of the Board ; shall examine and pass upon the consti- tutions and by-laws of local organizations seeking admission as chapters, and, when satisfied, recommend the admission of such organizations ; and shall perform such other functions as are customary for the Board of Directors or Trustees of a corporation to perform, or as shall have become customary for this Board of Trustees, or may later be assigned or delegated to it by the Fellows and voting- Members of the Society. The formal ap- proval and ratification of the acts of the Board of Trustees shall be annually put to the mail-ballot vote of the Fellows and voting Members. Sec. 12. Meetings of the Board of Trustees shall be called by the President as frequently as, in his judgment, the accumulation of business to be transacted bv the Board shall demand, and at places and times to be determined by him ; pro- vided that the Board shall meet at least once in every six months. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 15 Sec. 13 Any member of the Board of Trustees absent from a meeting of the Board may be represented by another member of the Board of Trustees present and holding his written proxy for that meeting, and it shall be the duty of the Secretary in issuing notice of any meet- ing of the Board, to state all the import- ant business to come before the meeting and to invite a proxy from any member not expecting to attend. Sec. 14. A majority of the Board of Trustees present in person and by proxy shall constitute a quorum for the trans- action of business at any of its meetings. Sec. !■). Business discussion and bal- loting on the part of the Board of Trus- tees may be conducted by mail, telegram, or telephone ; but, in any case, any three members of the Board shall have the right within three days of the issuance of the notice by mail or telegram, or of their receipt of the notice by telephone. to call for the discussion of the matter in open meeting, whereupon such open meeting shall be necessary prior to action on the matter in question ; and the re- sults of any voting by mail, telegram, or telephone shall be reported at the next meeting of the Board, and be made a mat- ter of record. Article III MEETINGS Sec. 1. There shall be an annual Meeting in the month of January in each year at a time and place to be determined by the Board of Trustees. Sec. 2. Other meetings may be called by the President, with the approval of the Board of Trustees, and shall be called by him on petition signed by twen- ty Fellows. Sec. 3. Thirty days' notice of all meet- ings of the Society shall be mailed to all members, except in an emergency, when, with the approval of the Board of Trus- tees, the President may call a meeting at shorter notice. Sec. 4. Ten Fellows and voting Mem- bers shall constitute a quorum at any meeting of the Society ; but no vote passed at any meeting of the Society shall be regarded as doing more than ex- pressing the collective judgment of those present unless and until approved by the Board of Trustees and by the necessary affirmative ballots of at least a majority of the Fellows and voting Members (cf. Article 4, Business, Section 1). Sec. 5. No guests shall be invited to any business meeting of the Society ex- cept with the consent of the Board of Trustees, but this restriction shall not be understood to apply to dinners and even- ing meetings or to other occasions where business is not to be transacted. Article IV BUSINESS Sec. 1. All business shall be re- ported upon by the Board of Trustees before being voted upon by the Society ; and all votes committing the Society to any measure shall be taken by mail- ballot, and, to be effective, must be taken after or with written notice to the whole membership, and be passed by the affirm- ative ballots of at least a majority of the Fellows and voting Members of the So- ciety; provided that the affirmative bal- lots of a majority of the Fellows and voting Members of the Society, present at any meeting of the Society, shall be effective if and when the action shall have been approved by the Board of Trustees and even though written notice shall not 16 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY have been sent out to the whole member- ship ; and provided that, in any case, one- fifth of the total number qualified to vote on the matter shall have the right, within three days of the issuance of the notice, to call for the discussion of the question in open meeting, whereupon such discus- sion in open meeting shall be necessary prior to action on the question. Sec. 2. At or before the Annual Meet- ing, tellers shall be appointed by the President who shall count all mail-ballots received by the Secretary during the pre- ceding year, and report in writing over their signatures the tabulated results, which shall be filed by the Secretary. Article V CHAPTERS Sec. 1. Local Chapters may be founded by any three or more Fellows with the approval of the Board of Trus- tees by a majority vote of the Fellows of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., provided that all voting Members of such Chapters shall be Mem- bers or Fellows of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., and shall remain members thereof in good stand- ing, and provided that the Presidents and Vice-Presidents and a majority of each Board of Trustees or of each Executive Committee of such Chapters shall be Fellows of the American Society of Land- scape Architects, Inc., and provided that the Constitutions of such Chapters shall, in the opinion of the Board of Trustees of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., not be in conflict with these By-Laws and shall have been ap- proved by and shall be modified only with the consent of or at the request of the Board of Trustees of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., and provided that the American Society , of Landscape Architects, Inc., may at any^ time by a two-thirds vote of its Fellows abolish any Chapter, and provided that each year, in time for presentation at\the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., the Presi- dent of each Chapter shall report, through the Chapter's Secretary, to the Board of Trustees of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., regarding the important events of the previous year in the life of the Chapter. Article VI FEES AND DUES Sec. 1. Candidates for admission shall be subject to an admission fee of ten dollars ($10.00) one-half of which shall accompany their proposal, the bal- ance to be paid upon the admission of the candidate. Should the candidate fail to be elected, the Society shall retain the initial payment of five dollars ($5.00) to cover expenses of inquiry and examina- tion. Candidates for advancement shall be subject to an advancement fee of ten dol- lars ($10.00), one-half of which shall ac- company their proposal, the balance to be paid upon the advancement of the can- didate. Should the candidate fail of ad- vancement, the Society shall retain the initial payment of five dollars ($5.00) to cover expenses of inquiry and examina- tion. Sec. 2. The yearly dues for Fellows shall be twenty-five dollars ($25.00) ; of Members, ten dollars ($10.00) ; and of Associates, ten dollars ($10.00). Persons admitted or advanced after October 1 shall be exempt from dues until the fol- lowing January. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 17 Sec. 3. Notification of outstanding dues shall be sent to delinquent members each six months by the Treasurer and the delinquent members informed of the penalty herein provided for. If a mem- ber fails for two years to pay his dues, he shall cease to be a member, but may, at any later time, by special vote of the Board of Trustees, be re-instated on pay- ment in full of his arrears at the time he ceased to be a member. Sec. 4. Not less than ten per centum of the annual income from admission and advancement fees and from dues shall be set aside every year and become part of the Reserve Fund established under date of January 1, 1917, which fund shall be disbursed only for such special purposes as shall be authorized by a two-thirds vote of all the Fellows. Article VII AMENDMENTS Sec. 1. Any proposed amendment to these By-Laws shall be submitted in writing by the Secretary to all the Fel- lows and voting Members at least sixty days before it can be regarded as adopted, and, for adoption, shall require the affir- mative written ballots of two-thirds of said Fellows and voting Members. 18 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY LIST OF OFFICERS 1909—1922 President F. L. Olmsted 1909-1910 Charles N. Lowrie 1910-1913 H. A. Caparn 1912-1913 O. C. Simonds 1913-1914 Warren H. Manning 1914-1915 James S. Pray 1915-1920 F. L. Olmsted 1920- Vice-President Charles N. Lowrie 1909-1910 Warren H. Manning 1910-1913 James S. Pray 1913-1915 Harold A. Caparn 1915-1919 James S. Greenleaf 1919-1931 George E. Kessler 1921- Treasurer Harold A. Caparn 1909-1912 Henry V. Hubbard 1913-1919 Carl R. Parker 1919- Secretary Downing Vaux 1909-1910 C. D. Lay 1910-1914 Ailing S. DeForest 1914-1918 A. F. Brinckerhoff 1918-1921 Bremer W. Pond 1921- Board of Trustees A. F. Brinckerhoff 1918-1931 Harold A. Caparn 1909-1919 Wilbur D. Cook, Jr. 1920- A. S. DeForest 1914-1917 Percival Gallagher 1912-1914 James L. Greenleaf 1920- Henry V. Hubbard 1913-1919 George E. Kessler 1922- Charles D. Lay 1910-1917 Charles W. Leavitt 1909-1910 Charles N. Lowrie 1909-1912 Warren H. Manning 1910-1919 Arthur R. Nichols 1932- F. L. Olmsted 1909-1910 J. C. Olmsted 1915-1920 Carl R. Parker 1920- Carl F. Pilat 1920-1922 T. Glenn Phillips 1920-1921 Bremer W. Pond 1921- James S. Pray 1911- O. C. Simonds 1913-1914 A. A. Shurtleff 1909-1910 Albert D. Taylor 1921- Downing Vaux 1909-1910 F. Vitale 1910-1920 Phelps Wyman 1919-1922 Examining Board T r- 1 f / 1910-1911 James L. Greenleaf < jgoQ. Herbert J. Kellaway 1930- Charles D. Lay 1910-1917 Charles N. Lowrie 1919-1920 Warren H. Manning 1910-1914 John C. Olmsted 1915-1920 Carl R. Parker 1920- James S. Pray 1911-1920 Ferruccio Vitale 1917-1919 OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 19 STANDING COMMITTEES 1909—1922 Directory — 1920 Stephen Child 1920- Wilbur D. Cook, Jr. 1920-1921 Arthur C. Comey 1922- Philip H. Elwood 1922- George D. Hall 1922- Sidney J. Hare 1920-1921 George L. Nason 1922- Arthur R. Nichols 1920-1921 Bremer W. Pond 1920- Richard Schernicrhorn 1920- Town Planning and Industrial Housing — 1918 A. C. Comey 1918-1922 George Gibbs, Jr. 1918- Henry V. Hubbard 1918- George E. Kessler 1922- John Nolen 1922- Carl R. Parker 1918-1920 Bremer W. Pond 1918-1922 American Academy in Rome Fund — 1914 Ferruccio V'itale 1914- Frederick L. Olmsted 1914- Bryant Fleming 1914- Education— 1912 Harold A. Caparn 1912-1913 Laurie D. Cox 1920- Frank H. CuUey 1922- Frederick N. Evans 1920- Beatrix Farrand 1914-1919 D . n-1 ■ I 1914-1917 Bryant Flemmg | ^g,g_ „ , ^ , „ „ ) 1914-19U; Herbert J. Kellaway { ig-^l- Charles H. Lcavitt 1912-1913 Charles N. Lowrie 1920- Warren H., Manning 1914-1916 John C. Olmsted 1916-1919 James S. Prav 1914-1922 Albert D. Taylor 1920-1921 Aubrey Tealdi 1914-1922 _ . ,,.. , I 1912-1913 Ferruccio Vitale <, 1916-1919 (No committee served during 1913) Entertainment — 1 911 Raymond W. Aldrich 1922- Harold H. Blossom 1917. A. F. BrinckerhofF 1911-1916 Frank M. Button 1913-1914 Marian C. Coffin 1918-1919 Noel Chamberlain 1921-1922 J. Frederick Dawson 1912-1916 Clarence Fowler 1921- Alfrcd Geiffert 1917-1920 T. Glenn Phillips 1921-1922 Bremer W. Pond 1921. Rollin Saltus 1911-1916 Thomas H. Sears 1911-1914 R. Schermerhorn, Jr. 1915-1917 Fletcher Steele 1916-1921 ... ^ „ „ , ( 1911-1912 Albert D. Taylor 1 1918-1920 ,, , , ( 1915-1916 Lormg Underwood < ,„„. Downing Vaux 1911-1912 Robert Wheelwright 1912-1914 Exhibitions — 1917 E. O. Blair 1917-1919 Frank M. Button 1917-1919 Harold A. Caparn 1920-1921 Noel Chamberlain 1917-1919 Stephen Child 1917-192:i Gilmore D. Clarke 1917-1919 Marian C. Coffin 1917-1921 Wilbur D. Cook, Jr. 1917-1919 Laurie D. Cox 1917-1919 Ailing S. DeForest 1917-1919 Thomas H. Desmond 1917-1919 Herbert L. Blaney 1917-1919 Arthur C. Comey 1921, Philip H. Elwood. Jr. 1917-1919 Frederick N. Evans 1917-1919 Brvant Fleming 1917-1919 S. 'H. Hare 1917-1919 E. H. Herminghaus 1917-1919 Henry V. Hubbard 1917-1919 Theodora Kimball 1921. Charles N. Lowrie 1922- Irvin I. McCrary 1917-1919 I. H. McFarland 1917-1919 „„,,., / 1917-1919 E. T, Mische -i -lat--). » .1 IT nr II I 1917-1919 .^nthony U. Morell < 19'''>- I. P. Munson 1917-1919 .Arthur R. Nichols 1917-1919 lohii Nolen 1922- lohn Noyes 1917-1921 R. A. Outhet 1917-1919 W. W. Parce 1917-1919 C. R. Parker 1917-1919 „ „, „, .,,. ( 1917-1919 T, Glenn Phillips -j 19''''- William Pitkin, Tr. 1917-1919 C. A. Piatt 1917-1919 Bremer W. Pond 1917-1919 Charles Punchard, Jr. 1917-1919 Charles M. Robinson 1917. A. G. Rotch 1917-1919 George L. Nason 1917-1919 20 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY T. W. Sears 1917-1919 F. A. C. Smith 1917-1919 Sibley C. Smith 1917-1919 Fletcher Steele 1917-1920 Albert D. Taylor 1917-1919 Aubrey Tealdi 1917-1919 R. M. Weinrichter 1917-1919 Robert Wheelwright 1917-1919 E. C. Whiting 1921. R. H. Wilcox 1917-1919 W. O. Roy 1917-1919 National Parks and Forests — 1916 Stephen Child 1915-1917 Laurie D. Cox 1920- Philip H. Elwood 1921- Percival Gallagher 1915-1919 Henry V. Hubbard 1918- Warren H. Manning 1915-1919 Irvin J. McCrary 1918. F. L. Olmsted 1920- James S. Pray 1920- Charles P. Punchard 1920. Harris A. Reynolds 1915-1921 Arthur A. Shurtleff 1919-1921 Professional Practice and Ethics — 1916 A. F. Brinckerhoff 1915-1917 Harold A. Caparn 1915-1917 Stephen Child 1915-1917 Wilbur D. Cook, Ir. 1921- Thomas H. Desmond 1921- Beatrix Farrand 1915-1917 Bryant Fleming 1915-1917 Percival Gallagher 1915-1917 James L. Greenleaf 1915-1917 Henry V. Hubbard 1921- ,T , T T^ ,, / 1915-1917 Herbert J. Kellaway -J jqoq. Warren H. Manning 1915-1916 f 1917 Arthur R. Nichols 11921-1922 John C. Olmsted 1916-1918 "James S. Pray 1917-1919 Charles H. Ramsdell 1915-1917 Ossian C. Simonds 1915-1917 Fletcher Steele 1915-1917 .,,,_,„, j 1915-1917 Albert D. Taylor 1 1919-1923 _, , ,,, ( 1915-1916 Phelps Wyman 1 1920- Publicity— 1916 A. F. Brinckerhoff 1915-1919 Frank M. Button 1916-1919 TT ij A r- / 1915-1919 Harold A. Caparn ■! 1991. Stephen Child 1916-1919 Wilbur D. Cook, Jr. 1916-1919 Laurie D. Cox 1920. Thomas H. Desmond 1916-1919 Frederick N. Evans 1921-1922 Bryant Fleming 1916-1919 S. J. Hare 1916-1919 Herbert J. Kellaway 1921-1922 J. Gilbert Langdon 1920-1922 Irvin I. McCrary 1916-1920 Emanuel T. Mische 1916-1919 R. A, Outhet 1916-1919 C. R. Parker 1916-1919 T. Glenn Phillips 1916-1919 Tohn Noyes 1916-1919 Charles H. Ramsdell 1915-1919 Charles M. Robinson 1916-1917 R. Schermerhorn, Jr. 1922. Sibley C. Smith 1916-1919 Fletcher Steele 1915-1920 Albert D. Taylor 1916-1919 Loring Underwood 1915-1919 Robert Wheelwright 1920- Phelps Wyman 1915-1932 Relations with Trades— 1917 Gordon D. Cooper 1920-1921 Frederick T. Dawson 1920-1921 Ailing S. DeForest 1922- Herbert L. Flint 1922- James L. Greenleaf 1917-1921 Emanel T. Mische 1922- F. L. Olmsted 1917- C. F. Pilat 1921- Charles H. Ramsdell '- 1917- Ferruccio Vitale 1917-1921 Phelps Wyman 1917-1919 OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 21 TREASURER'S ACCOUNT 1909 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 638.76 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $ 410.00 Interest on check account 13.01 Total receipts $ 423.01 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : President's account $ 9.56 Secretary's account 225.67 Treasurer's account 11.80 Miscellaneous account 58.32 Total expenditures $ 305.35 Current balance 117.66 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 756.42 1910 Cash on hand Jan 1 $ 756.42 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $ 377.10 Interest 11.85 Total receipts $ 388.95 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Secretary's account $ 199.53 Treasurer's account 11.90 Miscellaneous account 63.68 "Landscape Architecture" -- 124.00 Total expenditures $ 399.11 Current deficit 10.16 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 746.26 1911 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 746.26 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $ 526.50 Interest 17.62 Total receipts $ 544.12 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: President's account $ 44.30 Secretary's account 157.77 Treascurers account 11.55 Examining Board 5.30 Miscellaneous 49.50 Total expenditures $ 268.42 Current balance 275.70 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $1,021.96 181S Cash on hand Jan. 1 $1,021.96 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Back dues $ 30.00 Current dues 380.15 Interest 15.47 Sale of transactions 5.50 Landscape Architecture 47.50 Dinner receipts 95.69 Total receipts $ 574.31 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: President's account $ 3.90 Secretary's account 234.81 Treasurer's account 10.80 Book of Transactions 829.59 Dinner meetings 118.95 Miscellaneous 24.40 Total expenditures $1,222.45 Current deficit 648.14 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 373.83 1913 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 373.82 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Back dues $ 55.05 Current dues 520.30 Interest 6.53 Dinner receipts 101.75 Sale of Transactions 39.35 Total receipts $ 722.98 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: President's account $ 31.18 Secretary's account 285.12 Treasurer's account 1.00 Book of Transactions 27.94 22 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Dinner meeting Miscellaneous 209.16 55.73 Total expenditures $ 610.13 Current balance 112.85 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 486.67 1914 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 486.67 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Back dues $ 15.00 Current dues 465.00 Interest 16.57 Sale of Transactions 14.00 Total receipts $ 510.57 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : Secretary's account $ 523.71 Treasurer's account 35.63 Dinner meeting 83.13 Book of Transactions 5.00 Printing and supplies 101.45 Total expenidtures $ 748.92 Current deficit 238.35 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 248.32 1915 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 249.32 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Back dues $ 70.00 Current dues 540.00 Interest 9-49 Sale of Transactions 3.75 Miscellaneous 6.60 Total receipts $ 639.84 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: President's account $ 73.73 Secretary's account 278.99 Treasurer's account 25.00 Examining B. account 11.40 Miscellaneous 30.52 Old debt 429.69 Total expenditures $ 849.33 Current deficit 219.49 1916 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 28.83 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $ 635.00 Admissions and advancements 90.00 Interest 12.67 Sale of Transactions 6.00 For old bills 120.00 Miscellaneous 19.70 Total receipts $ 883.37 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : President's account $ 166.26 Secretary's account 581.61 26.86 54.41 58.43 15.25 42.19 100.00 Treasurer's account Honorarium secretary Examining Board Entertainment Committee — Miscellaneous Old debts Total receipts $1,045.01 Current deficit Deficit Dec. 31 $ 132.81 1917 Deficit Jan. 1 $ 132.81 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $ 655.00 Adm. and advancement 30.00 Interest 16.37 Sale of Transactions 13.75 Dinner meeting 22.68 Old debts 25.00 Total receipts $ 762.80 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : President's account $ 169.65 Secretary's account 281.38 Treasurer's account 54.50 Examining Board account — 43.15 Miscellaneous 12.94 Expense of incorporation — 100.00 Total expenditures $ 661.62 Current balance Deficit Dec. 31 $ 31.63 -$ 31.63 Balance $ 28.83 Deficit Jan. 1 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 23 Dues $ 955.66 Adm. and advancement 40.00 Interest 17.46 Sale of Transactions 2.00 Profit from sale of "Repton"- 13.65 Fund to remove old deficit -- 57.00 Total receipts $1,085.77 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: President's account $ 111.02 Secretary's account 230.55 Secretary's Honorarium 100.00 Treasurer's account 61.73 Examining Board account — 32.70 Entertainment Committee 00.00 Incidentals 00.00 Total expenditures $ 536.00 Current balance 549.77 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 518.14 1919 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $ 518.14 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $1,690.20 Adm. and advancement 70.00 Interest 21.78 Fund to remove old deficit — 150.00 Sale of Transactions 5,75 Surplus from Entertainment Committee 13.19 Unidentified check 75.00 Total receipts $2,025.92 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : President's account $ 439.93 Secretary's account ($250.00 in 1918 account) 282.50 Treasurer's account 102.92 Examining Board account — 24.58 Incidentals 82.67 Total receipts $ 932.60 Current balance 1,093.32 Balance on deposit $1,611.46 1920 Cash on hand Jan. 1 $1,611.46 Receipts, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Dues $1,945.10 Adm. and advancement 120.00 Interest 25.01 Sale professional circulars — 76.45 Copies of resolutions 3.00 Special committee funds 86.00 Pitkin fund 100.00 Total receipts $2,355.56 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : President's account $ 155.97 Secretary's account 704.14 Treasurer's account 128.88 Examining Board accounts -- 131.28 Printing and supplies 496.47 Miscellaneous (see note) 1,240.46 Committee on Monenclature- 36.00 Pitkin account 25.68 Reserve fund 544.52 Total expenditures $3,463.40 Current deficit 1,107.84 Balance on deposit Dec. 31 $ 503.62 Note — Of this total $1,146.51 was used to pay old accounts. 1921 Cash on hand Jan. 1, 1921 $ 503.62 Receipts. Jan. 1 to Dec. 31: Back dues $ 165.00 Admission fees 230.00 Advancement fees 40.00 Current dues 1,685.10 Interest on check account 14.72 Sale professional statements- 117.96 Sale of proceedings 2.00 Special Committee fund 5.00 Exhibition Committee 113.50 Boston Dinner Committee 65.30 For traveling exhibit now be- ing prepared 50.00 Total receipts $2,488.58 Printing and supplies 370.52 Expenditures, Jan. 1 to Dec. 31 : President's account $ 107.70 Secretary's account 721.79 Treasurer's account 153.94 Examining Board account — 148.23 Miscellaneous 540.68 Pitkin account 75.60 Reserve fund 212.00 Traveling exhibit 50.00 Total expenditures $2,440.46 Current balance 48.12 On deposit $ 551.74 24 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY BALANCE SHEET AS OF DECEMBER 31, 1921 ASSETS: Dues and Admission Fees for 1920-1921 unpaid $ 335.00 Cash on deposit Old Colony Trust 551.74 Cash on deposit Reserve Fund 792.93 Total Assets $1,679.67 LIABILITIES: Unpaid accounts None Special Committee Funds $ 55.00 Surplus December 31, 1921 1,624.67 Total $1,679.67 OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 25 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 1909 TO 1921 INCLUSIVE January 12, 1909. The tenth annual meeting and dinner at the Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones. Messrs. Brinley, Caparn, Chamberlain, Dow, Fleming, Grcenleaf, Gay, Gatringer, Kennard, Lay, Leavitt, Lowrie, Negus, Parsons, Fitz-Ran- dolph, Roy, Underbill, Vitale, Vaux. Guests: Mr. Charles Mulford Robinson, of Rochester, N. Y., and Dean Herinan Schneider. Mr. Robinson read a paper on "Beauty for Playgrounds." Dean Schneider spoke of the work of Cincinnati University and was fol- lowed by short talks by Messrs. Caparn, Greenleaf, Parsons and Leavitt. Reports of the treasurer and secretary were read and accepted. The officers for the en- suing year were elected. (See list.) February 2, 1909. Meeting and dinner at the Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Messrs. BrinckerhoflF, DeForest, Fleming, Greenleaf, Lay, Lowrie, Morell, Par- sons, Underbill, Vaux, Vitale. Mr. DeForest read a paper, "The Landscape .Architect and His Client." February 23, 1909. Meeting and dinner at the Parker House, Boston. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Gallagher, Hub- bard, Kellaway, Kennard, Lay, Lowrie, Man- ning, Negus, Nolen, Parker, Pray, Sears, ShurtlefY, Taylor. Vaux. and Mr. H. E. Mil- lard, guest. Professor Pray spoke on the course in Land- scape Architecture at Harvard, and Mr. Nolen on the State Parks of Wisconsin. Mr. Manning reported for the Committee on Improving the Quality of Nursery Stock. This was followed by considerable discussion. Mr. Nolen spoke on "Greater Publicity for the Work and Actions of the Society," and a Com- mittee on Publicity consisting of one person, Mr. H. V. Hubbard, was appointed. March 16, 1909. Meeting and dinner at the Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Jones, Messrs. BrinckerhoflF, Caparn, Gay, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Lay, Leavitt, Lowrie, Olmsted, Saltus, Sears, Un- derbill, Vaux, Vitale. Report of the Committee on Education read and approved and the resolutions in regard to co-operation between the Society and such in- stitutions as may desire aid in organizing pro- fessional courses were passed. Voted: That the Committee on Education be made a permanent committee with such membership and term of office as the Execu- tive Committee may decide. (The Executive Committee voted that the chair appoint a per- manent committee of seven on education. The term was not decided). Voted: That a committee of three be ap- pointed to co-operate with Columbia Uni- versity in the establishment of a professional course and that the Society express its ap- preciation of the work of such a committee by an honorarium of $300, to be equally divided between the members of said committee. (Though vote was passed, the honorarium was not accepted and never paid.) Mr. F. L. Olmsted spoke of the movement now on foot to place a new building in Central Park, on the site of the old arsenal, for the National Academy of Design. Voted: To publicly oppose this movement, and Messrs. Leavitt, Lowrie and Hubbard ap- pointed as committee on same. Miss Jones read a paper on "Rock Gardens." January 11, 1910. Eleventh annual meeting and dinner, Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones, and Messrs. Brinckerhofl, Caparn, Dow, Greenleaf, Kennard, Lay, Leavitt, Lowrie, Olmsted, Schermerborn, Underbill, Vaux and Vitale. Mr. Robert Wheelwright, guest. Officers for the ensuing year were elected, and reports of various committees read and accepted. No new members were admitted during 1909. 26 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY February 8, 1910. Dinner and meeting at the Hotel Victoria, Boston. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Auten, Gallagher, Hubbard, Kellaway, Kennard, Lay, Leavitt, Manning, Negus, Nolen, F. L. Olmsted, Sears, Shurtleff, Taylor, Underbill, Vaux and Vitale. Guests: Messrs. George R. Wadsworth, Smith and McKechnie. Mr. Kennard presented a loving cup to Downing Vaux, who gave a short talk on the past history of the society. Voted: To accept the proposition of Messrs. Lay, Hubbard and Wheelwright regarding the publishing of a magazine. Committee on a seal reported progress and there followed discussion of detail and char- acter of design. Messrs. Leavitt, Lay and Nolen appointed as a committee to consider change in name of society. Mr. Wadsworth spoke on "Railroad Termin- als," and Mr. Shurtleff on the "Plans for Chicago and Boston"; a general discussion on city planning followed. March 8, 1910. Meeting and dinner. Trans- portation Club, New York. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones, Messrs. Brinley, Caparn, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Lay, Lowrie, F. L. Olmsted, Parsons, Saltus, Sears, Underbill, Vaux and Wheelwright. Guests: Percy MacKaye, Calvin Tompkins. A resolution was passed against the ratifi- cation of a plan to sell a quarter of City Hall Park as a building lot. Voted: That the president appoint a com- mittee of three, Messrs. Caparn, Greenleaf and Vitale, to attend the hearing on the above sub- ject and present the resolutions. Voted: That the society accept the invita- tion and take the necessary steps to affiliate itself with the American Federation of Arts and appoint a delegate to attend the conven- tion. Mr. MacKaye spoke on the "People's Theatre in Relation to the Civic Plan"; Mr. Tompkins, Commissioner of Docks and Fer- ries, New York, on "New York and the De- velopment of the Water Front"; Mr. Caparn on "Water Fronts, Their Possibilities for Use and Beauty." December 6, 1910. Meeting at Transporta- tion Club, New York City. Present: Messrs. Brinckerhoff, Lay, Lowrie, Parsons, Sears and Wheelwright. Guest: Mr. Morse. There being no quorum no business was transacted. Mr. Lowrie showed and discussed the plans for the West Hudson Park, Hudson County, New Jersey. January 10, 1911. Twelfth annual meeting and dinner. Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones, Messrs. Caparn, Hubbard, Lay, Leavitt, Lowrie, No- len, F. L. Olmsted, Parsons, Saltus, Sears, Vaux, Wheelwright. Guests: Mrs. Leavitt, Mr. Frederick C. Howe. Officers of the society were elected for the ensuing year. Annual reports of various committees were read and accepted, including one by the Com- mittee on Editing Transactions. Resolutions were adopted regarding the publishing of the magazine "Landscape .Archi- tecture." Voted: That the Executive Committee be authorized to express the views of the society to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment regarding the creation of a commission, for the purpose of planning the city and its sub- urbs in anticipation of their growth. Mr. Howe gave a talk illustrated with lan- tern slides on "German City Planning." February 7, 1911. Meeting and dinner. Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Messrs. Caparn, Greenleaf, Lay, Lowrie, Parsons, Pray, Saltus, Sears. Vaux, Wheelwright. Guest: Mr. William M. Elli- cott, Architect, Baltimore, Maryland. Lacking a quorum no" business was trans- acted. Mr. EUicott spoke on "National Parks in Maryland." March 21, 1911. Meeting and dinner. Hotel Victoria, Boston, Mass. Present: Messrs. Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Daw- son, Gallagher, Hubbard, Kennard, Kellaway, Lay, Manning, Movius, Negus, F. L. Olm- sted, Pray, Pilat, Shurtleff, Saltus, Sears, Si- monds, Taylor, Vitale and Wheelwright. Guests : Dr. Charles Eliot, Messrs. Sibley C. Smith, E. Jackson, Punchard, Parker. Turner and G. Gibbs, Jr. Voted: To accept the resolutions of the Committee on Education. Voted: To authorize the Executive Commit- tee to appoint a committee to look into and OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS report on the matter of placing public build- ings in parks. Mr. Manning read a report on the "Stand- ing of our Profession in Relation to the Pub- lic and Other Professions." Mr. G. A. Parker, a paper on the "Value of Park Reports." President Eliot spoke on "Welfare and Hap- piness in Works of Landscape Architecture." December 12, 1911. Meeting and dinner. Transportation Club, New York. Present: Messrs, Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Lay, Leavitt, Lowrie, Manning, J. C. Olmsted, Parsons, Pilat, Roj', Underbill, Vitalc and Wheelwright. Guest: Mr. Thomas H. Mawson. Report of Committee on Education read and accepted and copies ordered sent to interested parties. Mr. Mawson spoke on the difference be- tween the standing of the profession of land- scape architecture in this country and in Eng- land. A letter was read from the A. I. A. regard- ing the proposed Lincoln Memorial in Wash- ington; Mr. Manning was appointed to con- sider this question with authority to act. January 9, 1912. Thirteenth annual meeting and dinner. Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Jones, Messrs. Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Gay, Greenleaf, Lay, Lowrie, Parsons, Underbill and Wheelwright. Guest: Mr. Charles A. Piatt. Following the election of officers for the en- suing year and the appointment of commit- tees, Mr. Piatt spoke on "Collaboration be- tween the Architect and the Landscape Archi- tect " February 20, 1912. Meeting and dinner. Hotel Victoria, Boston. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Caparn, DeForest, Gallagher, Hubbard, Kellaway, Kennard, Man- ning. -Movius, Nolen, F. L. Olmsted, Phillips, Sears, Shurtleflf and Taylor. Guests: Messrs. F. H. Bourne, H. L. Flint, F. H, Gott, W. H. Punchard, A. G. Rotch, S. C. Smith, B. A. Tripp and Loring Underwood, James Ford, J. Randolph Coolidge. Subject of the Lincoln Memorial was dis- cussed and it was Voted: To approve the report by Glenn Brown on the subject. Mr. Ford spoke on the "Housing Problem" and Mr. Coolidge on the "Mandate from the State of Massachusuetts to Consider and Re- port on the Problem of Metropolitan Planning for the Metropolitan Park System around Boston." Mr. Shurtleflf spoke on the "Boston Zoological Garden." March 19, 1912. Meeting and dinner, Trans- l)ortation Club, New York City. Present: Messrs. BrinckerhofT, Caparn, Low- rie, Outhet, Parsons, Pilat, Saltus and Vaux. Guests: W. Van Ingen, Professor Hamlin, A. S. Boring, President Architectural League. Voted: That a committee be appointed to arrange a meeting of the society and the pub- lic to consider the question of Central Park. Mr. Van Ingen spoke on the subject of Central Park from the point of view of the painter. November 12, 1912. Meeting and dinner, Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Messrs. Brinckerhoflf, Caparn. Greenleaf, Lay, Parsons, Phillips, Saltus and Underbill. On motion of Mr. Brinckerhoff the secretary was instructed to send a letter to all members of the society, urging them to enter the City Planning Study, conducted by the National Conference on City Planning. The president started an informal discus- sion on the question of professional practice and charges, which developed interesting fea- tures. December 10, 1912. Meeting and dinner, Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones, Messrs. Brinckerhoflf, Caparn, Greenleaf, Lowrie, Pen- tecost, Saltus and Weinrichter. Report of Committee on Editing Transac- tions was read. Voted: That a copy of this report be sent to each member for a written opinion, the re- port then to be revised to correspond with the majority's opinions. Voted: That the president bo empowered to appoint a Committee to Investigate Ways and Means of Organizing and Maintaining an Em- ployment Directory, through which any mem- ber of the society may obtain information as to oflfice assistants, contractors, etc. January 14, 1913. Fourteenth annual dinner and meeting. Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones, Messrs. Caparn, Chamberlain, Comey, Dawson, De- 28 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Forest, Greenleaf, Gallagher, Hubbard, Lay, Lowrie, Manning, Nolen, F. L. Olmsted, Par- sons, Pentecost, Phillips, Pitkin, Pray, Saltus, Simonds, Underbill, Vaux, Vitale and Wheel- wright. Guests: Mrs. Caparn, Mrs. Van Rensaleer, Mr. and Mrs. Walter Cook. Mr. Haldenian, Mr. Walter B. Griffin, Mr. Fred- erick Blakeman. The president's report and the reports of the committees for the year, read and accepted. Mr. Griffin spoke on the "Plans for a Capital City for Australia." January 28, 1913. Meeting and dinner. Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Miss Jones, Messrs. Brinckerhofif, Caparn, Greenleaf, Lowrie, Par- sons, Pentecost and Vaux. Voted: That the secretary forward to the Executive Committee with recommendation for immediate action the resolutions adopted by the society, regarding the repeal of the Tarsney .'\ct. (See page 65.) After discussion in regard to the formation of local chapters of the society, it was Voted: That the A. S. L. A. authorize its members to form chapters wherever local con- ditions seem to require them, provided appli- cation be made in due form to the Executive Committee of the society, and that 1. The government and management of the chapter be subject to the constitution and by- laws of the A. S. L. A. 2. The constitutions of the chapters and all subsequent amendments be approved by the Executive Committee of the A. S. L. A. 3. The members of the A. S. L. A. shall be eligible to membership in the local chapters, and all members in the local chapters shall be passed upon by the Examining Board of the A. S. L. A. Officers for the ensuing year were elected. February 18, 1913. Meeting and dinner, Hotel Victoria, Boston. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Brinckerhoff, Comey, Dawson, Hubbard, Kellaway, Kennard, Manning, Nolen, J. C. Olmsted, Pray, Sears. Shurtlefif, Simonds, Smith, Steele, Taylor, Wheelwright and Whiting. Guests: Messrs. D. A. Clark, D. M. Call, P. S. Snow, R. H. Pratt, P. H. Haldeman, Noyes, Robinson, Flavel Shurtlefif, Philip Sharpies, Rablin, Dem- arest and Professor G. E. Swain. The Executive Committee reported the recommendation that a committee be appoint- ed to suggest such modification of the consti- tution and by-laws as would permit the or- ganization of local chapters. Professor Swain spoke as the representative of the American Society of Civil Engineers; Mr. Flavel Shurtlefl on the subject of "Excess Condemnation"; Mr. Sharpies on "Road Sur- faces," illustrating his talk with lantern slides; Mr. Rablin on "Good Roads"; Mr. Demarest on "The Development of Long Island." Mr. Simonds gave an interesting talk on topics of general interest and Mr. Nolen spoke on the "City Planning Committee." May 8, 1913. Meeting and dinner. Hotel La Salle, Chicago, 111. Present: Messrs. Button. Comey, Hare, Lol- lesgaard. Manning. Munson, Nolen, J. C. Olm- sted, Phillips, Simonds, Tealdi, Wyman. Guests: Eugene Davenport, W. M. R. French, Wilhelm Miller, Arthur S. Lewis, Jacob Prost, Allen Bartlett, C. C. Cone, Walter B. Griffin, Howard Smith, Walter E. Sunderman, H. Roy West, Alfred B. Yeomans, H. D. Grubb. Mr. French spoke of his early work with H. W. S. Cleveland, and Mr. J. C. Olmsted on the general education of young men in land- scape architecture. Mr. Nolen made some in- teresting points in regard to the profession, its future prospects and what should be done to uphold the standards. Mr. Davenport and Mr. Tealdi described the work and courses at the University of Illinois and the University of Michigan respectively; Prof. Miller discussed University Extension Work in the general field of landscape gardening. December 9, 1913. Meeting and dinner. Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Miss Jones, Messrs. Brinckerhofif, Caparn, Gay, Gibbs, Greenleaf, Lay, Lowrie, Manning, J. C. Olmsted, Parsons, Pentecost, Pilat, Simonds and Vitale. Guest: Mr. Gil- more D, Clarke. The report of the Committee on Amend- ments was read and discussed and it was Voted: That the final amendments to the constitution be submitted at the February meeting. The Executive Committee reported their re- fusal to accept the resignation of Downing Vaux. and he was made a life member. January 13, 1914. Fifteenth annual dinner and meeting, Transportation Club, New York City. Present: Mrs. Farrand, Messrs. Blossom, Brinckerhoff, Caparn, DeForest, Desmond, OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 29 Fleming, Grcenleaf, Gay, Hubbard, Lay, Leavitt, Lowrie. Manning, Pentecost, Pilat, Pitkin, Saltus, Simonds, Underbill and V'itale. Guests: Mrs. Lay and Mr. Field. The annual reports of the secretary and treasurer were read and accepted, and the officers for the ensuing year elected. President Manning made a short address in which he referred to the organization of chap- ters, the development of education and the pro- tection of our Xational Parks as important matters coming before the society during the new year as well as the general subject of greater publicity. Mr. Simonds spoke on the extension work being done in Illinois, Wisconsin and Michi- gan and emphasized the need of a common name for the profession; Professor Fleming described the work being done at Cornell and Professor Hubbard the courses at Harvard, also advocating a longer term of study. Mrs. Farrand discussed the opportunities in the profession for women. These were followed by a general discus- sion among the members as to the immediate needs of the society for greater recognition and improvement in the scope of influence and effectiveness. Mr. Pilat spoke on "Memorial Playgrounds." February 17, 1914. Meeting and dinner. Hotel Victoria, Boston. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Brinckerhoflf, Cap- arn. Comey, DeForest, Desmond, Gallagher, Hubbard, Kellaway, Manning, Movius, Nolen, J. C. Olmsted. Pilat, Pray, Sears, Smith, Steele, Taylor. L'nderwood, Vitale and Whit- ing. Guests: Messrs. H. A. Reynolds, C. F. Gillette and F. A. Robinson. The amended constitution and by-laws were adopted by a two third majority. Professor Pray offered six motions to amend Article VI, "Chapters." of the constitution sub- ject to confirmation by two-third mail ballot vote. Following a discussion of these it was voted, on motion of Mr. Vitale, that no geographical division be established for chapters but the matter of belonging to one chapter rather than another be left to the opinion of the ap- plicant. Mr. Vitale presented the question of es- tablishing a scholarship in landscape architec- ture at the -American Academy in Rome, in the name of the A. S. L. A. He explained that this scholarship would require an endowment of $25,000 and until this amount could be raised the society would have to guarantee the payment of $1,000 a year. He suggested that annual subscriptions be made to run for five year periods and enthusiastic discussion fol- lowed and immediate action was urged. On motion of Mr. Brinckerhoff it was voted that a special committee be appointed to look into the methods of raising funds for the support of a scholarship in landscape architecture at the .'\merican .Academy in Rome, and a sub- scrption list was immediately started for an- nual pledges covering five j-ear periods. Following a discussion on the subject of annual dues, now the chapters are being formed, it was voted, on motion of Mr. Taylor, that the question of dues for the A. S. L. A., and the Boston chapter be referred to the Executive Committee for their consideration. Mr. Harris A. Reynolds then spoke on "State Forests for Massachusetts." Mr. Caparn reported on the hearing he at- tended in Washington, relative to the federal control of Niagara Falls. Following a discus- sion of this report, it was voted, on motion of Mr. Kellaway, that the society take the same stand as the American Civic Association has done in regard to the preservation of Niagara Falls, namely that no more water be diverted for commercial purposes. January 12, 1915. Sixteenth annual meeting and dinner at Hotel Manhattan, New York City. Present: Messrs. Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Chamberlain, Cox, Fleming, Gallagher, Gay, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Lay, Lowrie, Pentecost, Phillips, Pilat, Roach, Saltus, Taylor, Vitale, Wheelwright. Guests: Honorable George Ca- bot Ward, Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Manhattan; Mr. Gutzom Borglum, Sculptor; Professor E. G. Davis, Cornell L'niversity. President Manning in his report for the year, referred to policies which had been considered by the Executive Committee for adoption by the society, also to the Lincoln Memorial Highway, to Landscape Extension Work, and to the desirability of a professional circular. He also urged a more efficient method of pub- licity, which should include the professional activities of members as well as that part of their work which is devoted to the promotion of the public welfare without the expectation of a direct return. The secretary's report was not read owing to lack of time. The treasurer made a preliminary report. Mr. Vitale reported for the Committee on 30 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Funds for the scholarship at the American Academy in Rome. He stated that the tem- porary fund for five years was now available; and that, although the entire fund had not been subscribed in full, the American Academy in Rome had ofifered to underwrite $200 and one of the members of the society had under- written another $100 in order to bring the total up to the required $1,300 and be able to pro- ceed with the establishment of the scholarship with the authorities of the Acaderny. Voted: That Mr. Vitale be extended the thanks of the society. The report of the Examining Board was read by the acting secretary as well as a special re- port by them recommending the election of Mr. Charles Mulford Robinson to Associate Membership. Professor James S. Pray, chairman, reported for the Committee on Education stating that the most important subject to which his com- mittee has been devoting its time and thought was the determination of the conditions of the Competition for the Fellowship in Land- scape Architecture now established by the so- ciety at the American Academy in Rome. On April 28, 1914, at the recommendation of a special committee appointed to raise funds for the establishment of this Fellowship, and with the approval of the Executive Committee, the following motions were put to vote of the Fellow membership and subsequently carried: 1. That the treasurer be instructed to es- talilish two funds to be known respectively as the General Fund and the Endowment Fund of the Prize of Rome in Landscape Architec- ture, to receive contributions to the said funds from any source, and to make payment there- from to the trustees of the American Academy in Rome upon the following considerations, viz: (a) General Fund shall be applicable first to the payment of the annual stipend of a fellowship or scholarship in landscape archi- tecture at the American Academy in Rome whenever such a fellowship or scholarship shall have been established by the said trustees under conditions satisfactory to the Commit- tee on Education of the American Society of Landscape Architects, and so long as it is so maintained; second to the payment of any ex- penses properly incidental to the effective es- tablishment and administration of such a fel- lowship or scholarship; third to the increase of the Endowment Fund; (b) The Endovirment Fund shall be ap- plicable only for investment as a permanent endowment, the income from which shall be applicable to the same purpose as the General Fund. 2. That the Committee on Education be in- structed, in consultation with the officers of the American Academy in Rome, to draw up and to publish a statement of the conditions under which it is proposed that the Prize of Rome in Landscape Architecture shall be awarded and administered, and to draw up an agree- ment to be submitted for approval to the so- ciety and to the trustees of the American Academy in Rome governing the award and administration thereof. 3. That the American Society of Land- scape Architects urges upon all its members and upon all others who may be interested in the progress and welfare of the art of land- scape architecture in this country, to con- tribute liberally to a Fellowship in Landscape Architecture at the American Academy in Rome. 4. That the present special committee to look into the methods of raising funds to- gether with the secretary and treasurer be con- stituted a Standing Committee on Prize of Rome Funds and be authorized to solicit con- tributions to those funds on behalf of the society. The report states that the normal term of residence as Fellow in Landscape Architec- ture at the Academy will be three years and the stipend $1,000 a year, a new Fellow thus being sent to Rome normally every three years. The jury on the competition in Landscape Architecture is to consist of three Fellows of the American Society of- Landscape Architec- ture (one of whom is understood to be the chairman of its Committee on Education) nominated by the Committee of the School of Fine Arts at the Academy from a selected list furnished by the society; and three other members chosen to represent the other arts of architecture, sculpture and painting. Similar- ly on the juries for each of the arts of archi- tecture, sculpture and painting, there is to be one of landscape architecture. Thus, landscape architecture is placed on precisely the same footing as the other older arts represented by Fellowship in the Academy. Interesting chapter reports for the year were given by Mr. James L. Greenleaf, president of the New York chapter, and by Mr. Galla- gher, in the absence of Professor Pray, for the Boston chapter. After the report of the tel- OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 31 lers and the election of the officers and Execu- tive Committee for the ensuing year, upon mo- tion of Mr. Caparn, the retiring president and secretary, Mr. Manning and Mr. DeForest, were given a vote of thanks. The meeting was addressed by the Honor- able George Cabot Ward, Commissioner of Parks, Borough of Manhattan, who spoke briefly on the Park Problem in New York City, and also by Mr. Gutzom Borglum, Sculp- tor, who gave an admirable talk on the Re- lation of an Artist to his Profession, and Particularly as Applied to Landscape Archi- tecture. These addresses were followed by discussion on the part of the members pres- ent. Extracts from the secretary's report; "Com- mon Names for the Profession" — "The result of the society vote on the list of names sent out at the request of President Manning un- der date of February, 3, 1914, is as follows: Landscaper. 1; Landscapist, 1; Landscapor, 1; Landscape Architect, 29; Landscape Designer, 3; Landscape Engineer, 1; Landscape Artist, 0; Landscapeman, 0; Landscape Gardener, 1; Garden Designer. 0; while this, of course, com- mits no one to the adoption of another name, it will be a matter of interest, and it might help to an ultimate adoption of a common name for the profession." February 24, 1915. Boston annual meeting and dinner, Boston City Club. Present; Messrs. Aldrich, Blossom, Brinck- erhoflf, Comey, Cox, Dawson, Gallagher, Gibbs, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Kellaway, Man- ning, Nolen, J. C. Olmsted, Parker, W. L. Phillips, Reynolds, Robinson, Rotch, Roy, Sears, Shurtleff, Smith, Steele, Underwood, Vitale, Whiting. Guests; Flavel Shurtleflf, Secretary National Conference on City Plan- ning, and Mr. Wayne E. Stiles, Mr. B. W. Pond, Mr. Hammond S. Sadler, Mr. H. L. Whitney, Mr. Paul Smith, Mr. L. S. Caldwell, Mr. Rollins, and Mr. Laughlin, all of Boston. Also at the meeting following the dinner, the Senior Class of the Harvard School of Land- scape Architecture were present as guests: Herminghaus, Johnston, Morrison, Nicolet, Norton, Sturtevant, Trout, White. In the absence of the secretary, Mr. Steele was elected as secretary pro tem. President Pray referring to the Committee on Educa- tion stated that the Committee of the School of Fine Arts had appointed F. L. Olmsted, Mr. Vitale and himself as a jury on the Fel- lowship in Landscape Architecture with Mr. Fleming to serve as a member of this jury until Mr. Olmsted was able to attend the meetings. The report of the tellers on the mail ballot votes was read and accepted and various committees appointed. Mr. Kellaway. President of the Boston Society, welcomed the members to that city, and Mr. Flavel Shurtleff spoke on the Landscape Architect in City Planning. The president read a letter written by Mr. F. L. Olmsted to Mr. Allen Chamberlain relative to the distinction be- tween a National Park and a National Forest, and Mr. Vitale, chairman of the Committee on Raising Funds for the Rome Scholarship re- ported on the work done by his committee. Mr. Manning gave a brief description of his work in preparing the model of the relief map of Massachusetts which is to be sent out to the Panama Pacific Exposition. The president then introduced Professor Cox of Syracuse University who spoke on two subjects, "Pub- lic Service as a Permanent Career for the Landscape Architect" and "The Courses in Landscape Engineering at the New York State College of Forestry." January 16, 1916. Seventeenth annual meet- ing and dinner, Hotel Manhattan, New York City. Present; Mrs. Farrand, Messrs. Brincker- hofif, Caparn, Dawson, DeForest, Fowler, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Lay, Lowrie, Manning, J. C. Olmsted, T. G. Phillips, Pray, Saltus, Smith. Tealdi, Vaux, Vitale, Wheelwright. The minutes of the last meeting were not read as they had been sent out to all members of the society through the secretary's office and as the same would be true of the secre- tary's report for the year it was voted to dis- pense with the reading of that paper. The report of the treasurer was read and accepted as was that of the Examining Board. Mr. Vitale reported for the Committee on Funds for the Fellowship at the American Academy in Rome, stating that $1,148.01 had been re- ceived for the permanent fund and that the temporary fund had all been provided for. The report of the tellers on the mail ballot of the society held during the year, was made and approved. Mr. Caparn brought up the ques- tion of a seal for the society and stated that the figure of Pan had been suggested to him by Mr. Magonigal as appropriate for the pro- fession. Voted: That the matter of the society's seal be referred to the Executive Committee. In response to Mr. Schermerhorn's remarks 32 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY relative to the work of his Committee on En- tertainment and in which he expressed the opinion that more time should be given the committee in planning for the annual meet- ing, and that at least six public speakers should be secured in order that the meeting might be made the best of the year, the presi- dent stated that the Executive Committee had voted at its morning session that it should be the duty of the Entertainment Committee to recommend and, if need be, to provide the speakers at all meetings, and further that they be required to submit their program to the Executive Committee for approval at least two months in advance of said meetings. Mr. Greenleaf requested that the secretary be in- structed to notify local chapters of new mem- bers elected to membership in their district, and it was the sense of the meeting that this should be done. The report of the Committee on Professional Practice and Ethics, Mr. Child, chairman, was read and a very interest- ing discussion ensued. The president brought up the question whether the meeting should go on record as endorsing different methods of charging, and it was Voted: That it is the sense of this meeting in endorsing as many methods of charging as possible, to enable each member to select a method best adapted to his use. Voted: That the society endorses a percent- age charge, a time charge, a unit of service charge, a lump sum method and a unit of area method of charging. In taking up the preliminary report of the Committee on Publicity, President Pray ex- plained: "The first act of the chairman upon appoint- ment was to send to each committee member for comment, a statement of the different methods of publicity known to be practiced by the members of the society, or which have been recommended for the purpose. These methods are: 1. Personal solicitation by self or agent. 2. Business cards in magazines or papers. 3. Business circulars. 4. Literary civic or social activity. 5. Placing the words, "American Society of Landscape Architects" on stationery or other literature. 6. Placing on stationery a few words de- scriptive of the profession in addition to the term landscape architect or its synonym. 7. Posting a sign on work under construc- tion, giving the name and address of the prac- titioner. 8. Publicising the society or a chapter by an advertising page in certain magazines. 9. Publicising the society or a chapter by magazine articles. 10. Public exhibition of plans, perspectives and photographs. 1. Personal Solicitation by Self or Agent. Following a discussion on this subject, upon motion of Mr. Greenleaf, it was Voted: It is the sense of the meeting that the A. S. L. A. discourage all solicitation of business except as it can be done with entire personal dignity and professional propriety. 2. Business Cards in Magazines or Papers. The chairman asked, "Shall we discourage methods of advertising by cards, or other- wise?" Upon motion of Mr. Olmsted, it was Voted: The A. S. L. A. is decidedly against placing business cards in magazine advertising. 3. Business Circulars. During the discus- sion Mr. Olmsted thought "Advertising Cir- culars" would be a better term. The discus- sion resulted in the following vote: Voted: That the society condemns the send- ing out broadcast of professional circulars or their use in any way likely to result in loss of professional dignity. Dinner Session. Present: Mrs. Farrand, Miss Coffin, Messrs. Blossom, Brinckerhoflf, Caparn, Dawson, DeForest, Fowler, Gay, Geiflert, Greenleaf, Hubbard, Lay, Manning, Olmsted, Parsons, Phillips, Pray, Saltus, Schermerhorn, Smith, Tealdi. Vaux, Vitale, Weinrichter, Wheelwright. Guests: Nelson P. Lewis, Chief Engineer Board of Estimate and Apportionment, New York City, Charles W. Stoughton, President Municipal Art So- ciety, New York City, William Warner Harp- er and Irving Payne. The report of the president for the year was given during the dinner, and the president re- ferred to a message he had received from a landscape architect in Belgium appealing to the members of the society to contribute knowledge as a result of their experience in city planning to aid that country in replanning her cities after the war is over. Mr. Green- leaf, president of the New Y'ork chapter, gave an interesting report on its activities during the year and President Pray reported for the Boston chapter. Report of the Minne- sota chapter was read and applauded. The president then introduced Mr. Nelson P. Lewis, who gave a very practical talk on the cost of City Planning in American Cities. Mr. Stoughton described to the society the work and aims of the Municipal Art Society of New OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 33 York. The reports of the Committees on Education and on National Parks were made by the chairmen and accepted. February 14, 1916. Annual Boston meeting and dinner, Hotel Bellevue, Boston, Mass. Present: Messrs. Comey, Desmond, Gibbs, Hall, Kellaway, Nolen, J. C. Olmsted. Pray, Robinson, Shurtleff, Steele, Underwood, Vitale. Mr. Comey appointed as secretary pro tern, and the minutes of the Xew York meeting were approved without reading. The presi- dent announced a meeting of the incorporators at Mr. Manning's office that noon to take first steps towards incorporating the society in ac- cordance with the recent vote of the Execu- tive Committee, and invited any or all present to participate. Discussion of the three special reports presented at the New York meeting was continued, and it was voted that the meet- ing approve the adoption of a code of ethics. Various portions of the code were then taken up in detail and discussed and slight changes in the wording voted upon. The Committee on Publicity: A letter was read from Mr. Wyman accompanying his re- port which was taken up with its various recommendations for acceptance. It was the sense of the meeting that paid advertising be abolished as soon as the Publicity Bureau is effective and that a bureau be established. As having a bearing on the need of advertising by men starting out for themselves, Mr. Vitale described his office system of giving credit to his assistants and having them sign plans. The report of the Committee on Policies, Mr. Caparn, chairman, was presented and dis- cussed. At the opening of this discussion the president made the following statement: The need has long been felt for definite, usable, brief formulations of the views of the society representing the profession, on cer- tain constantly recurring questions in our field, where our judgment is or should be of special value as that of experts or where the interests of the profession are at stake, or where a member is entitled to backing by the society in some worthy civic endeavor in standing out for a principle which the society endorses. The following is proposed: First: Brief formulation of principles. Second: Supplementary material likely to be useful in applying them or securing their local appreciation (including explanation and ex- pansion of principles, citings of examples, and references to published material.) Such formulations plus supplementary ma- terial can be printed — each policy covered in a separate pamphlet — to be sold by the society to members and others, as so much "muni- tions" or as part of a certain civic "prepared- ness"; and these published statements grad- ually accumulating can become if not a body of law, at least a body of precept stamped with the approval of the society, representing, let us hope, the best thought in the profession, — a collection of useful statements of truth in the field of the profession, — helping to bring the profession as such more intimately into relation with the life of the community. When sufficient, this material will also be of inesti- mable value to secure the best kind of publicity in the press, more or less systematically when this is desirable and always promptly. A synopsis of the report was read and the policies recommended were taken up seriatim. With minor changes in the wording it was voted to accept policies in regard to the fol- lowing: Preservation of Niagara Falls, Build- ings in Parks, Diversion of Park Lands; and the shorter form of statement relating to bill boards was read by the chairman. The meet- ing referred to the Executive Committee for immediate report the question of the proposed power station said to be in conflict with the general plan of Washington, D. C. Dinner Session. Hotel Somerset, Boston. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Blossom, Comey, Dawson, Desmond, Gallagher, Gibbs, Hub- bard, Kellaway, Manning, Nolen, J. C. Olm- sted, Pray, Rejmolds, Robinson, Rotch, Shurt- leff, Smith, Steele, Underwood, Vitale, Whit- ing. Guests: Mr. Allen Chamberlain. Mr. Her- bert W. Gleason. Mr. Richard B. Watrous. Guests of members: Messrs. Caldwell, Em- mons, Martin, Norton, Smith, Wagner. After the dinner and following an informal opening, which included stories suggested by the smallness of the number present compared with the "might}' roll" of the society, and in- cluded also the toast, in recognition of "Saint Valentine's night," "To our best girls, God bless them all!" which was acted on with en- thusiasm, all rising, the president made a short speech on the subject of the evening, "The National Parks" and explained that the Hon- orable Stephen T. Mather, assistant to the Sec- retary of the Interior and in responsible charge of all the National Parks, and Mr. Robert B. Marshall, superintendent of National Parks, had been expected to speak but were unable to be present. President Pray presented vari- ous letters and telegrams expressing their re- gret and also their appreciation of the interest 34 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY taken by the society in the National Parks. Mr. Richard B. Watrous was then presented and spoke of the proposed erection of a power plant on the bank of the Potomac River in Washington and then took up his subject of National Parks. After a short talk by Mr. Manning, Mr. Herbert Gleason, a member of the American Civic Association's Special Com- mittee on the National Parks, was introduced and delivered an extraordinarily interesting lecture describing and illustrating with his wonderful colored slides typical landscapes of all the fourteen National Parks. President Pray then presented a set of reso- lutions on National Parks which was unani- mously endorsed. RESOLUTION Whereas, The need has long been felt not only for more adequate protection of the sur- passing beauty of those primeval landscapes which the National Parks have been created to perpetuate, but also for rendering this land- scape beauty more readily enjoyable through construction in these paiks of certain neces- sary roads and buildings for the accommoda- tion of visitors in a way to bring the minimum of injury to these primeval landscapes; Whereas, The meeting of this two-fold need can only be expected to come from, on the one hand, the creation of a special government service charged with the sole responsibility for the care and maintenance and, so far as need be, the development, of these areas for their primary recreative purpose, and, on the other hand, from the securing by such govern- ment service when created, of the most expert professional counsel to advise as to the actual treatment of these areas, including their plan- ning and the design of all necessary construc- tions with them; Whereas, The Secretary of the Interior has now appointed in responsible charge of these National Parks, Stephen Tyng Mather, and as general superintendent of the National Parks, under him and in direct responsible relation to these park areas, Robert Bradford Marshall, both public servants of the highest character and standing, and, in the judgment of this so- ciety particularly qualified to be in adminis- trative charge of these areas, and it is under- stood that they do not intend to accept or adopt any comprehensive plans for these areas, or designs for constructions which such plans may provide for, without first securing the ap- proval of qualified experts advisory, and an earnest desire for the co-operation of this society had been expressed; and Whereas, A bill (H. R. 8668) has been in- troduced in Congress by Mr. Kent of Cali- fornia and has been referred to the Commit- tee on Public Lands, being a bill to establish a National Park Service, and drawn by mem- bers of the American Civic Association in con- ference with representatives of the American Society of Landscape Architects: be it, and it hereby is, Resolved: First, that the American Society of Landscape Architects declares its confi- dence in the present provisional administra- tion of the National Parks; Second, that the American Society of Land- scape Architects endorses the bill (H. R. 8668), entitled a Bill to Establish a National Park Service, and pledges its utmost efiforts, in co- operation with the American Civic Associa- tion, to secure its passage; Third, that the American Society of Land- scape Architects pledges itself, and invites its individual members, to co-operate in any way possible, and consistent with the recognized ethics of the profession, with the present pro- visional National Park Service, and with the National Park service sought to be established under the aforesaid bill. RESOLUTION regarding erection of pow- er plant in Washington, D. C, also endorsed at the society meeting of February 14, 1916. Whereas, It is proposed to erect a govern- ment power plant of large proportions on the bank of the Potomac in the city of Washing- ton with four smoke chimneys, each about two hundred feet in height, and in a location where they will be seen conspicuously from the capitol, the new Lincoln monument, and the new East Potomac Park, and in relation with the Washington monument; and Whereas, Such a structure in this location will seriously interfere with the proper de- velopment of the great plan for the city of Washington originated by the French engineer L'Enfant, and recommended by the Park Com- mission of the District of Columbia and the Senate Committee on the District of Colum- bia, in Senate report number 166 of the 57th Congress, first session, which plan in the judg- ment of the society should be scrupulously ad- hered to; be, and it hereby is, Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects is emphatically opposed to the erection of the proposed power plant in Washington on the bank of the Potomac, OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 35 or in any other place where it will conspicu- ously mar the development of the plan for Washington, and to any other such interfer- ence with the full realization of that plan. January 9, 1917. Eighteenth annual meeting and dinner. Hotel Brevoort, New York City. Present: Mrs. Farrand, Messrs. Brincker- hoflf, Caparn, DeForest, Desmond, Fowler, Greenleaf, Hare, Hubbard, Lowric, F. L. Olm- sted, J. C. Olmsted, Parsons. Simonds, S. C. Smith, Vitale, Wheelwright. In the absence of the president, because of illness, the meeting was called to order by Vice-President Caparn. The reading of the minutes of the last meeting was waived upon motion duly seconded and carried. After the appointment of two tellers to count the votes upon questions put to the society by mail bal- lot during the year, various reports were given, commencing with those of the president, sec- retary and treasurer. Chapter reports were read and approved from the following chap- ters of the society: Boston, New York, Minne- sota, and Mid-West. The report of the Committee on National Parks was read and accepted. The report of the Committee on Publicity was read and dis- cussed. Mr, Olmsted referred to the action taken by the trustees discouraging any kind of paid advertising and stating that the "society does not favor paid advertising" and explain- ing further that the trustees object to a pub- lished list of members appearing in a magazine as a paid advertisement. This was one of the methods suggested in the report on Publicity. Mr. V'itale was of the opinion that the so- ciety should take a stronger stand and that we should forbid instead of disapprove paid advertising. To a question of Mrs. Farrand he stated that the New York Bar Association had a Grievance Committee to deal with such matters. Mr. J. C. Olmsted thought it bet- ter to take cases up as they arose rather than have a law on our statute books. Mr. Hare in reply to a question in regard to a card which his firm carried in a western magazine, stated that this advertisement had brought them new business. After further discussion it was the sense of the meeting that the report of the Committee on Publicity be referred back to the committee for revision. The Committee on Competitions, Mr. Vitale, chairman, reported progress and the Commit- tee on Relations with Trades stated that the report was not yet complete. Mr. Olmsted, as chairman, reported for the Committee on Plant Names and Abbreviations. It was the sense of the meeting that this excellent report be placed on file but that the financial condition of the society forbids its printing in full. Re- port of the Committee to Defray Society In- debtedness, T. G. Phillips, chairman, was read by the secretary and it was voted that the trustees be asked to authorize Mr. Phillips to continue to solicit for additional funds. Re- port of Committee on Professional Practice and Ethics, Mr. Child, chairman, was not in form to submit to the meeting. Following a discussion, it was the sense of the meeting that the portion of the report dealing with the method of charging be made available in the near future and that the whole matter be re- ferred back to the committee, further that the secretary express the appreciation of the so- ciety to Mr. Child and his committee for the work that they had done. Mr. Parsons brought up the question of the publication by the society of Classics in Land- scape .'\rchitecture and referred to a letter he had received from Houghton Mifflin and Co., relative to the publication of "Hints on Land- scape Architecture" by Prince von Puckler- Muskau. The company proposed to let the society have 200 copies at a 30% discount or a larger number at a one-third discount. It was announced that the Board of Trustees had appointed two of its members to look in- to the matter and the letter was referred to the president. The report of tlio tellers was read and ac- cepted. Annual Dinner and Evening Session. Pres- ent: Mrs. Farrand, Messrs. Blossom, Brinck- erholT, Caparn, Clarke, Dawson, Desmond, De- Forest, Fleming, Fowler. Gay, Geiffert, Greenleaf, Hare, Hubbard, Kennard, Lowrie, F. L. Olmsted, J. C. Olmsted, Parsons, Pilat, L'nderwood, Vitale, Wheelwright. Guests: Frederick L. Ackerman, Edward M. Bassett, E. G. Davis, A. H. Fields, C. F. Goodwin, J. C. Mollar, J. H. Small. Jr., H. Sadler. Telegrams and letters of greeting were read during the dinner, including those from Mr. Thomas Mawson, Mr. Stephen T. Mather, and tlie Minnesota Chapter. The chairman, Mr. Caparn, referred to the society's policies and said there were certain declarations of prin- ciple of national interest that the society should make or have considered, regarding Niagara Falls, bill boards. National Parks, and public buildings in the parks. He read a let- ter from Mr. J. Horace McFarland relative to the danger now threatening the Falls and also 36 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY gave a brief history of the treaty entered into by the United States and Canada, limiting the number of cubic feet of water per second that could be diverted for power purposes. On motion of Mr. Greenleaf, it was moved: "That the Board of Trustees of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., be urged to prepare and publish a resolution or statement expressing the opinion of the society that no more water should be withdrawn from Niagara Falls for power purposes than is permitted under fixed government limitations in the present treaty." Following the dinner the toastmaster intro- duced the principal speaker of the evening, Mr. Edward M. Bassett, ex-Public Service Commissioner and Chairman of Commission on Heights of Buildings of the City of New York, who told of the working out of the zoning system of cities as applied to New York City. He contrasted the condition of the cities with inadequate sewers, poor street improve- ments, and the consequent dissatisfied condi- tion of the population, to the present well planned and governed city which was like a transition to the realm of the beautiful. Mr. Bassett outlined the movement in New Y'ork City regulating the future policy of building, particularly the heights of buildings. He said three and a half years ago the movement was brought about and he had become interested because of the economic needs. In putting these rules into force it became evident to the committee that they were not solving the problem for one five-hundredth part of New York City. There were other interests suffer- ing for lack of control or regulation. Garage buildings were being erected in residential sections and other establishments were lo- cating in fashionable shopping districts, caus- ing a decline in real estate values that became alarming. A law was framed and passed as an amendment, giving all the powers of the state of New York to a duly appointed com- mission to regulate not only the height, but the size, location and use of buildings. Mr. Bas- sett said such a commission was appointed and worked two years districting or zoning the city. By this time it had become evident to students of the problem that the outer districts were capable also of development along pre- established lines, therefore, a plan for the en- tire city of New York was prepared, accom- panied by the commissioner's report. This report met with favor. The early opposition had disappeared and all classes now favored the zoning for reasons of self-protection. Ac- cording to the zoning map the city is divided: 1. As to heights of new buildings. 2. The per cent, of area of the lot covered by the new building. 3. As to the use of new building, or use of old building. He said that the most useful regulation was that of the per cent, of lot covered because it aflfects the amount of light and air. In warehouse districts or along the railroads and waterfronts, one hundred per cent, of the land can be covered. Next would come the high buildings where ninety per cent, of the area above the store portion or the first story, can be covered. Every one of the five boroughs, said Mr. Bassett, has a map show- ing the regulated heights, another the use, etc. The results accomplished, he said, have helped the business localities, also the resi- dential section. He referred particularly to public garages. These had been allowed in all sections and when located in a residential sec- tion proved an annoyance to the public. Now they are not permitted, except in industrial lo- calities. In conclusion, Mr. Bassett gave an outline of the legal side or workings of the law. He said the Board of Estimates could alter any district by a majority vote. He stated also that the greatest danger is in the courts but up to the present time no case has been decided against the zoning. The law is backed by the police power of the state of New York but the courts never have defined police powers in the state. For New York City, the zoning plan is depending largely up- on the safety, health and morals of its people for its success. The next speaker was Mr. Ackerman of Trowbridge and Ackerman, architects, who spoke on the question of .collaboration in de- sign. Referring to the development of a coun- try estate, Mr. Ackerman said: To the average person such a problem presents itself as com- posed of several distinct and separate phases grouped under three major divisions — the work of the architect, the landscape architect and the interior decorator; and it is not un- usual— in fact it is the general rule — to find the problem approached by the independent em- ployment of three individuals engaged in these pursuits. Sometimes — oftentimes — the three are engaged almost simultaneously, with no very definite concept of which should initiate or formulate the general outline of the scheme or solution. By chance, it is the architect, perhaps the landscape architect, or sometimes the decorator who initiates the work. Gen- erally there is an assumption that the three shall work in collaboration, but rarely is there OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 37 ever a general conference of the three with the client, and even more rarely is there real collaboration worthy of the name. What actually occurs is this: Some details are es- tablished by one of the three, and the process thereafter is that of warping the several in- dividual ideas into a sort of harmony of ar- rangement or expression. It is a rather ne- bulous ideal which remains nebulous through our persistence in the use of values which ap- ply alone to the narrow field in which we are individually engaged. The attitude already expressed as that of the average client, to- gether with the disintegrated results to be ob- served upon every hand, are most significant when examined in an attitude of inquiry which seeks its cause. The student must learn to look upon his contribution not as an independ- ent element which may at will be added or taken away but rather as a factor to be in- tegraded with other factors. All this may seem so obvious that it is hardly worth the stating, yet if one looks about with some pur- pose of analysis, he soon discovers that illus- trations or examples of such united effort are rare indeed. Our schools are preparing ele- ments to be used in a mixture; they are not making a compound. Or, to use another fig- ure, it is a patch-work quilt upon which they are working when they should be weaving a fabric. The architectural student looks with an attitude of unsympathetic criticism upon both the practical (vocational) and the ro- mantic tendencies of the school of landscape design. The student in landscape architecture looks upon the work of the architectural stud- ent with his formal plans covered with "mosaique" and oftentimes meaningless con- ventions, as void of any value whatsoever. The student in decorations has no use for the cold, monumental, conventional indications of the architect, while the architect depreciates the "interiors" of the decorator, showing as they so often do, little else than a bit of "period" wall, a chair, a table, and a bit of chintz. In answer to the question, "How can we achieve collaboration?", he answered^-only by breaking down the hedge or the wall that separates the school of architects from the school of landscape architects. The students of both should collaborate. He suggested the students of both schools be given the same problem. In his opinion, this would develop a desirable working relation which would pro- duce a foundation on which to build in after years. Mr. Ackerman said that if a student of architecture goes to a school of engineering this does not make him an engineer but rather it makes him appreciate the engineer's point of view and prepares him to co-operate the better when in practice in after years, they are called in to work on a given problem. We must show the student that his entire environ- ment counts, and that unity of expression is of first importance. Mr. Caparn called upon Mr. J. C. Mollar, a guest from South America, who responded by stating that he had started as an architect and degenerated into a contracting engineer. He told of the difficulties in landscape problems particularly in the north of Peru, where it was necessary to transport earth several hundred miles in order to have gardens. Mr. Vitale was then called upon. He ex- pressed an interest in a system of education such as Mr. Ackerman had outlined, and told of the student work at Rome. February 16, 1917. Boston annual meeting. Hotel Vendome, Boston. Present: Messrs. Blancy, Blossom, Brett, Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Comey, Fleming, Fow- ler, Gay, Gibbs, Hall, Kellaway, J. C. Olm- sted, Pond, Pray, Reynolds, Shurtleflf, F. A. C. Smith, S. C. Smith, Vitale. In the absence of the secretary, Mr. De- Forest, Mr. Brinckerhoff was elected secretary pro tem. On motion it was V'oted: To waive the reading of the minutes of the last meeting. The president stated that owing to the wider geographical distribution of members it had now for several years proved impossible to get together a quorum at any meeting of the so- ciety, and that moreover even were the ma- jority of the voting members present, the liy- laws no longer permit a meeting to commit the society on any matter of importance. Such matters must be submitted to the whole mem- bership for mail ballot vote. No action of this meeting, then, could commit the society. Nevertheless, these meetings are of great value, not merely in bringing the members to- gether but in providing opportunities for dis- cussions of important matters and for express- ing the "sense of the meeting" on these mat- ters by actual votes, which, while not com- mitting the society, are nevertheless of interest to the whole membership and most influential in determining the society's decisions. On in- quiry he stated that in these discussions and votes Juniors as well as Fellows are expected to take active part. The main purpose of this meeting was to consider, discuss, and vote 38 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY upon the recommendations included in the re- ports of certain important committees. The president then, as chairman of the Committee to Cooperate with the Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique, briefly sum- marized the annual report of the committee, which will go out in full to the membership. The president then read Mr. Vitale's report as chairman of the Special Committee on Competitions with accompanying letters from Mr. F. L. Olmsted, Mr. Lay and Mr. Comey. members of the committee. On motion of Mr. Kellaway it was voted to take up in their order the recommendations contained in this report. After discussion various slight changes were made in the wording of the recommenda- tions. It was then Voted: To approve the recommendation thus modified, reading as follows: "Competitions for the purpose of selecting a finished design should be discouraged because of the difficulty of representing the complex elements of land- scape design in graphic form; also because the designers do not have the opportunity to con- fer with the owners in order to gain a clear idea of the nature of the problem but must rely upon the data of a program generally too vague to allow unity of interpretation and ef- forts on the part of the competitors." After slight revisions, it was Voted: To approve the second recommenda- tion, which then read: "That competitions for the selection of a designer through the pre- sentation of designs for a specific problem are preferable to the former, but that the American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., should not encourage them. Since com- petitions of this sort are frequently unavoid- able, especially in the case of public under- takings, the society should do what it can in order to produce a better attitude on the part of the public, and to offset the disposition of laymen to ignore or greatly underrate the de- gree of importance and the final results of all the professional services which follow the first expression of the main conception of a design in the form of drawings. In other words, be- fore a competitor is admitted to the competi- tion, the promoters of the competition for the selection of a designer should satisfy them- selves as to the ability of each competitor to execute the work successfully, as shown by the previous work." The president then read the third recom- mendation, and after discussion and slight al- terations in the wording it was Voted: To approve the third recommenda- tion, which then read as follows: "Since com- petitions must be held, the least objectionable form of competition is for the sake of securing ideas from one or more of the competitors, provided such ideas are obtained through re- ports and rough sketches and not through elaborate drawings." Detailed recommendations regarding the rules which should govern competitions were not discussed at this meeting on account of the lack of time. The matter was referred back to the committee with the request that they give it further consideration, and report. The report of the Committee on Policies, Mr. Caparn, chairman, was discussed and the wording of the Policy on National Forests was taken up carefuUj' and in detail but in view of the shortness of time it vv-as decided not to discuss the other policies proposed in equal detail but to approve the adoption of the vari- ous policies as presented by this committee, namely those on National Highways, Natural Fertility of the Land, and Timely Acquisition of Park Lands. The president then announced the well in- tentioned move in the state of Nebraska to enact a law which would require every land- scape architect to have a state license in order to practice, and that this had been checked by the prompt action of the trustees in whose judgment such a law would not be in the in- terest of maintaining high professional stand- ards. The president then read a list of stand- ing committees and special committees for the year and their membership. The report of the Committee on Publicity, Phelps Wyman, chairman, was read by the president and he urged ,a very careful con- sideration of the various recommendations em- bodied in this report. The report lead to a good deal of discussion on the general ques- tion of advertising and on motion of Mr. Vitale, it was Voted: That although the American Society of Landscape Architects. Inc., does not ap- prove generally of the practice of paid ad- vertising, the matter of paid advertising should be left in the hands of the individual chapters to establish the practice in the regions under their immediate influence, the idea being that any outlying member will, in the long run, so far as his local circumstances permit, follow the custom established by the chapter to whose headquarters he is nearest. The specific recommendations of the Com- mittee on Publicity grouped under the two heads. Individual Publicity and Society and OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 39 Chapter, or Local, Publicity, were then taken up in order, and very carefully considered and the sense of the meeting expressed with re- gard to each finally in a vote. Under Indi- vidual Publicity, it was Voted: To approve the statement that "The American Society of Landscape Architects, Inc., does not favor indiscriminate or com- mercial solicitation, either by a member or his employee"; and Voted: To omit qualifying clause immediate- ly following, "though it does recognize the propriety of special presentations of one's work and qualifications on certain occasions;" and Voted: To approve the statement that "The society does not favor the indiscriminate use of paid advertising either in the form of busi- ness cards in magazines and directories, or of circular literature for distribution, though it does recognize its value under special condi- tions if of relevant material well prepared and presented," (Note: To this it is understood that the vote just above recorded as passed on mo- tion of Mr. Vitale, providing that the determ- ination as to how far paid advertising will be approved shall be left to the chapters, is to be added); and Voted: To approve the statement that "The society does not favor the use of signs posted on works"; and Voted: To approve the statement that "The society instruct the Board of Trustees, or a committee duly appointed by it, to take up with any member personally and in a kindly way any departure from the spirit of this statement." Under society and chapter, or local, pub- licity, it was Voted: To approve the statement that 'The society may properly issue one or more brief circulars stating its nature and aims in rela- tion to other callings, these circulars to be bought by members at pleasure." Dinner Session: Hotel Vendome, Boston. Present: Messrs. Blaney, Blossom, Brinck- erhoff, Caldwell, Caparn, Comey, Fleming, Fowler, Gallagher, Gay, Gibbs, Hall, Kella- way, J. C. Olmsted, Pond, Reynolds, C. M. Rob- inson, F. A. C. Smith, S. C. Smith and Vitale. Guests: Messrs. J. C. Sawyer, S. H. White. R. S. Sturtevant, T. S. Rogers. Following the dinner, the president pre- sented his annual report for the preceding year, and then called upon Mr. Kellaway, president of the Boston chapter, who referred to the work of the chapter during the past year and particularly to relations with the Boston Metropolitan Planning League with wliich it is co-operating. Mr. Vitale, president of the New York chap- ter, spoke on the importance of the existing Fellowship in Landscape Architecture at the American Academy in Rome. Mr. L^nderwood gave the principal talk of the evening, entitled "Old New England Gardens," illustrated with slides from direct color photography. The president then read a paper by Mr. Thomas H. Mawson entitled the "Retrospect and Prospect of Landscape Architecture in Great Britain." (See "Landscape Architecture," April, 1917.) Mr. Reynolds outlined a proposed tour of the National Parks during the summer of 1917 under the auspices of the Massachusetts For- estry Association and Mr. Gibbs gave an ac- count of the Boston Planning Board's project for the extension of Stuart street in this city. A general discussion followed in which Mr. Gibbs answered various questions as to traffic relief, financing the scheme and various other points. January 8, 1918. Nineteenth annual meeting "Peg WofTington Coffee House,' New York City. Present: Messrs. Blaney, Brinckerhofif, Cap- arn, Fowler, Gay, Geiffert, Greenleaf, Leavitt, Lowrie, Manning, Nichols, F. L. Olmsted, J. C. Olmsted, Parsons, Pilat, Pray, Roy, Vitale, Wheelwright. Guest: E. G. Davis. In the absence of the secretary, Mr. De- Forest, Mr. BrinckcrhofF was appointed sec- retary pro tern. Two tellers were appointed to count the votes made by mail ballot of the society during the year and their report was read and accepted. Report of the auditors to examine the treasurer's statement was read and accepted. Report of the secretary was read and accepted. Chapter reports were sub- mitted from New York and Boston and are to be mailed to the members for approval. Re- ports of the various committees were then taken uj) for approval or discussion; the Com- mittee on Fund for the Prize of Rome, Mr. Vitale, chairman, and the report of the Com- mittee on Exhibitions, Mr. Noyes, chairman, were read and accepted. Report of the Com- mittee on Relations with Trades, Mr. Vitale, chairman, was read and discussed in detail. In regard to the question of ethics, it was stated that nurserymen endeavor to adhere to ethical acts although they cannot enforce 40 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY rules on the members of their organization, and Mr. Caparn pointed out that inasmuch as nursery stock is perishable it might be put in a different category from materials of other trades. The recommendation that all "bills" for nursery stock be made out to owners and submitted to landscape architects for approval was endorsed, as well as the recommendation that "competitive bidding" was to be dis- couraged. Mr. F. L. Olmsted moved to recom- mend to the Board of Trustees that this com- mittee be directed to take steps toward having statements prepared expressing fully the view of the several chapters on bidding. In regard to "guarantees," Mr. Olmsted submitted the following, which was carried: Voted: That it is desirable to have a state- ment prepared setting forth definitely the re- spective obligations and responsibilities of the nurserymen and the purchaser in regard to de- fective stock — (a) when orders are placed in the ordinary course of business without special qualifications, (b) when orders are placed with a proviso that the stock is to be guaranteed by the nurseryman; and That this statement should set forth the time and manner of inspection of the stock and notification of the nurseryman and of any transportation agency by the purchaser in or- der to fix the responsibility for defective stock promptly, clearly and justly. Mr. Vitale explained that his report em- phasized the nurseryman's attitude on the various questions rather than that of the land- scape architect in order that the members of our organization might receive enlightenment. Mr. F. L. Olmsted stated that the nursery- men's attitude on contracting covered two separate activities; first, furnishing the stock, and second, furnishing and planting the stock. In the first instance he is a merchant, in the second a contractor. He recommended the practice of employing nurserymen as asso- ciates on jobs. The report of the Committee on Education was submitted in outline by the chairman. Professor Pray. Mr. F. L. Olmsted asked for an opportunity to discuss at the meeting the possible means of employment of landscape architects by the government. He stated that he would like to arrive at a definite conclusion as to what the compensation of landscape architects em- ployed on government work during the war should be. He said the question had come up in Washington particularly in reference to "Housing" problems. Mr. Olmsted said that there is a reasonable prospect that the govern- ment will go into housing projects, including the layout of streets, public utilities, etc. At present the only money available for this work is controlled by the Shipping Board. There is a bill pending appropriating funds up to one hundred million dollars. If the bill passes, the president will probably appoint a commis- sion to supervise its expenditure, with housing agencies located at various points throughout the country. A central bureau is not prac- ticable. Designing should be delegated to pro- fessional organizations under the control of a central body of some sort to be created. Method of compensation of professional as- sistants is important; various professions such as architecture, landscape architecture, and en- gineering must be co-ordinated. Mr. Olmsted thought the best results were to be obtained by employing several professional men by the government or contracting company having the work in charge, all to work in collabora- tion. The head of the group might be a lay- man. Mr. Olmsted said that on the whole he felt that it would be better to place an archi- tect at the head of such a group; than either an engineer or a landscape architect. The plan of procedure might be for each group to con- fer informally and submit a preliminary plan and report. Then organize by putting one of its members at the head of the group. The question of compensation is unsettled. It is evident that all direct expenses would be paid. The cost of assistants might be charged plus 100% to cover overhead expense and a definite stated fee for professional services. The preliminary engineerixig services might be placed on a definite fee basis in proportion to the total expenditure. Net fee of $7,500 plus 1% to 1% is a possible fee in connection with the proposed housing schemes, the percentage being based on the entire cost of the undertaking. Mr. Olmsted said he objected to a per diem basis, also a straight percentage basis. He rather favored a lump sum basis of charging. Mr. Nichols of Minneapolis related his experience in manag- ing the layout of a steel plant near Duluth, Minn. He said his firm charged 4% on a two hundred thousand dollar expenditure plus ex- pense. The president read resolutions drafted by Mr. Vitale, on the recent untimely death of Charles Mulford Robinson. Voted: That they be approved and forward- ed to Mrs. Robinson. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 41 Annual Dinner and Evening Session. Pres- ent: Messrs. Blaney, Briiickerhoflf. Caparn. Fowler, Gay, Geiffert, Greenleaf, Leavitt, Low- rie, Manning, Nichols, N'olen, F. L. Olmsted. J. C. Olmsted, Parsons, Pilat, Pray. Roy, Vi- tale. Guests: Charles Ewing, E. G. Davis. During the dinner greetings were read from the Minnesota Chapter, and various members of the society, also Thomas H. Mawson, Lan- caster, England, and Mr. E. G. Culpin. secre- tary of the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association. The president announced that owing to the war no compe- tition will be held this year for the American Academy in Rome. After the reading of the president's annual report, Mr. Charles Ewing, of Ewing and Chapel, architects, was intro- duced and described his experience in design- ing and laying out the cantonment for the Unites States navy at Pelham Bay, New York. The camp provides for 6,000 men and no typi- cal plans of buildings or layout had been pro- vided by the government, so that the entire scheme had to be created. Mr. Ewing showed plans of the work and stated that he had en- deavored to minimize the amount of road area as much as possible. Mr. F. L. Olmsted de- scribed his experiences in Washington in con- nection with the organization work and the planning of the various army cantonments throughout the country. Other members who were active in cantonment work and who spoke of their experiences in connection with this work were the following: Professor Pray on Camp Funston, Kansas. Mr. Greenleaf on Camp Lee, Petersburg, Va. Mr. Pilat on Camp Lewis, Seattle, Washing- ton. Mr. Lowrie on Camp Hancock, .\ugusta, Ga., and Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga. Mr. Manning on Camp Sherman. Chilli- cothe, Ohio. Mr. BrinckerhofF on Camp Gordon, .Atlanta, Ga. The president also spoke of the work which Mr. Schermerhorn had done at Camp Wheeler, Macon, Ga., stating that he was the first to be engaged as designer on a National Guard camp, and that he is now in active service as a captain of the sanitary corps, and stationed at Camp Jackson, Columbia, S. C. February 8, 1918. Regular meeting. Harvard Union, Cambridge. , Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Blaney, Brincker- hoflf, Caldwell, Child, Fowler, Manning, Nolen, J. C. Olmsted, Pray, ShurtleflF. Guest: Mr. Paul R. Smith. The reading of the minutes of the previous meeting was waived, .^fter the appointment of tellers to count and report on ballots re- ceived since the last meeting, the president announced that reports would be made by the four standing committees, namely those on City Planning, National Parks, Policies and Education. Report of the Committee on Edu- cation, Prof. Pray, chairman, lead to an in- teresting discussion in regard to the Rome Scholarship. The question having been raised by Mr. Nolen, Professor Pray announced that the holder of the Fellowship in Landscape Architecture must, in normal times, spend six- teen months in travel outside of Italy during his three year course, whereas students hold- ing fellowships in other professions were re- quired to so spend only eight months. Mr. Nolen asked if outside travel was confined to Europe, and Prof. Pray stated that it prob- ably could include the United States although the .'\cademy authorities undoubtedly felt that it would include only Europe. Mr. Olmsted suggested that the president be asked to communicate with Landscape .'\rchitecture with a view to publishing a sum- mary of his report as chairman of the Com- mittee on Education. Report of the Standing Committee on National Parks was read by Mr. Manning, chairman. He made a feature of the point brought out by Mr. F. L. Olmsted, Sr., who issued a pamphlet on the Yellowstone Park in 1890, that no obtrusive buildings or other artificial features of a foreign nature and not in keeping with the naturalistic character of the parks should be allowed. The report aroused some discussion and developed the question as to the relation between the Na- tional Park Service and the National Forest Service in the control of the National Park Reserves. The latter assumes the attitude that it should have entire control. The report also raised the problem as to the control and utilization of water power on the one hand as opposed to the conserving of the natural beau- ty of falls and water courses on the other. The president read report of the Standing Committee on Policies, Mr. Caparn, chairman, this included the recommendation that reports on the various accepted policies should receive wide distribution. The Policy on National Highways stirred up a discussion which brought out impressively the magnitude of our need for a national plan, for which, of course, a comprehensive, highly organized 42 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY system of national highways should supply the main lines. Mr. Blaney reported for the tellers upon the votes passed by mail ballot of the society. December 7, 1918. Special meeting, Hotel Harrington, Washington, D. C. Present: Messrs. Brett, Brinckerhoff, Cap- arn, Child, Miss Coffin, Messrs. Comey, Cook, Cox, Dawson, DeForest, Desmond, Geiffert, Gibbs, Greenleaf, Hall, Hare, Herminghaus, Hubbard, Kellaway, Kruse, Langdon, Lowrie, McCrary, Morell, Nason, Nichols, Nicolet, Nolen, F. L. Olmsted, Outhet, Parce, Parker, T. G. Phillips, W. L. Phillips, Pilat, Pray, Pond, Ramsdell, Taylor, Vitale. Wheelwright, Whiting, Wilcox, Wyman. Guests: Mrs. Fred- erick L. Olmsted, Jr., Mr. W. B. Monroe, Mr. H. L. Flint. This meeting was undoubtedly the most largely attended and most enthusiastic of any gathering in the history of the society. The most important matters discussed at the busi- ness session were the following: Question of accepting the invitation to join the corporation known as the "Wild Gardens of Acadia," the purpose of which is to conserve and beautify a tract of land in Mt. Desert, Maine. A proposal to ofifer a medal of award in landscape architecture for meritorious work, presented for the annual exhibition at Archi- tectural League of New York. Professor Pray presented for discussion the proposal by Mr. Vitale for the establishment of a medal in landscape architecture to be awarded at the annual exhibition of the Architectural League of New York and read extracts from corre- spondence from Mr. Vitale covering this mat- ter. Discussion elicited from Mr. Vitale the following statements: First. That while the Architectural League of New York is a local institution, its annual exhibition is national in character and open to all artists in the country, whether they are members of the league or not. Second. That the award of the medal would be made by the landscape architects, mem- bers of the jury. Third. That the three existing medals in painting, sculpture and architecture are offered by the league. Up to three or four years ago the medal in architecture was offered by the N. Y. Chapter of the A. I. A. Fourth. That the cost of maintaining the prize which the A. S. L. A. might eventually have to defray is about $15 per medal. The principal objections to the project as proposed were voiced by Mr. F. L. Olmsted as follows: First. That it seemed unwise for the A. S. L. A. as a national organization to be re- sponsible for a prize to be awarded by a local institution. That the N. Y. Chapter of the A. S. L. A. might more appropriately be the sponsor of such prize. Second. That the cost of the medal be de- frayed by the league under the same arrange- ment made for the other medals. It was voted that the question be referred to the full consideration of the Board of Trus- tees in the hope that some satisfactory ar- rangement might be devised. Committee on Exhibitions: The Committee on Exhibitions, Mr. John Noyes, of St. Louis, chairman, reported to the Board by letter that owing to the war conditions, the report dating back some months, it had seemed advisable to the committee to delay action, but while the war is not yet ended, it is the opinion of the Board that the Committee on Exhibitions should be immediately informed that condi- tions now favor some form of action on the part of this committee. The president announced that the Board of Trustees had that morning approved the Con- stitution and By-laws of the Provisional Pa- cific Coast Chapter, making the fifth chapter in the society. He also announced that the board had pro- posed to reorganize by recommending to the membership the amendment of the society By- laws to provide for increasing the number of the members of the board from seven to nine; of these nine, one to be from each chapter, the other four to be members at large, so far as may be necessary, the board also has pow- er to vote by proxy. On motion duly made and seconded it was Voted: To enlarge the Board of Trustees as above outlined. The president reported the action of the Board of Trustees in unanimously voting to recommend to the society the formal adoption of the Code of Plant Names, which was duly moved and carried. He then read a letter from Mr. DeForest reporting on the Conference on Reconstruction in Rochester November 20 and 23, 1918. Mr. DeForest was one of the dele- gates appointed to represent the society. Mr. Caparn offered a resolution which after some discussion was carried by the meeting, copies to be sent to the membership for vote, as follows: OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 43 "Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects heartily endorses the spirit of the platform adopted hy the National Municipal League Conference on Reconstruc- tion, at Rochester, on November 22, 1918, favoring government encouragement and su- pervision of the proper housing of industrial workers as far as may be consistent with the Constitution of the United States and an en- lightened public opinion." Question of adopting a pin or I)adge as the official insignia of the society was proposed by Thomas H. Desmond and a resolution was presented and passed at the meeting recom- mending the appointment of a special com- mittee to institute a competition among the members of the A. S. L. A. for the selection of such insignia. Evening Session: Forty-two members and three guests were present at the dinner in the Hotel Harrington grill room. President Pray presided and during the din- ner read letters of regret from the following absent members: Honorable Charles W. Eliot, Arthur A. Shurtleff, Emanuel T. Mische. The president offered the following resolution, ex- pressing a vote of appreciation by the mem- bers of the society of the work of Frederick Law Olmsted. Whereas, By reason of our country's en- try into the present world war, it became im- mediately necessary that (1) a large number of military cantonments and other military and naval camps be adequately provided in the shortest possible time in order to accommo- date millions of men during their period of training before their transport overseas, and (2) adequate housing be supplied by additions to existing communities and by the laying- out and building of entirely new communities for millions of other war workers behind the lines; and the speedy accomplishing of these great tasks has called for the expert service of men trained and experienced in planning the lay-outs of communities. Whereas, Members of the profession of Landscape Architecture and particularly mem- bers of the American Society of Landscape Architects, have been privileged to serve pro- fessionally in these most responsible planning tasks, to co-operate with other related profes- sions also concerned, and particularly to bring their measure of technical equipment to bear in the service of our country; and for this op- portunity, the members of this society are primarily indebted to the patriotic impulses of Frederick Law Olmsted; be it, and it hereby is Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects desires, first, to record its clear recognition and profound appreciation of the abounding initiative, breadth of vision, and unselfish devotion of Frederick Law Olm- sted in the service of our country; and second, to record its grateful appreciation of the op- portunities which, by reason of his initiative, have come to its members for doing their pro- fessional "bit" toward winning, for the highest ideals of humanity, the greatest war in human history. After this was unanimously carried, there was exhibited to the meeting the plaster cast of a large scale model of the proposed medal which is to be executed in bronze and present- ed to Mr. Olmsted by the society in apprecia- tion of his services. Announcement was made of the election of Afr. James L. Greenleaf to the Federal Com- mission of Fine Arts and resolutions of ap- preciation were presented in behalf of Major George Gibbs, Jr., for his services to the gov- ernment in camp planning work and to Henry \'. Hubbard for his work in the Bureau of In- dustrial Housing and in extending the knowl- edge and usefulness of the Profession of Land- scape Architecture. January 24, 1919. Twentietli aimual meet- ing, at the Architectural League rooms, New York City. Present: Mrs. Beatrix Farrand, Messrs. Brinckerhoflf, Blossom, Caparn, Child, Des- mond. Fowler, Gay, Geiffert, S. Herbert Hare. Hubbard, Lay. Lowrie, Manning, F. L. Olm- sted, Pond, Pentecost, Taylor, Vitale, Wheel- wright. The following reports and measures were considered and acted upon favorably: Report of secretary for 1918. Report of treasurer, showing a balance, January ], 1919, of $349. (i'>. Report of Publicity Committee, Phelps Wy- man, chairman, endorsed in part. Report of Committee on Policies, H. A. Caparn, chairman, endorsed in part, with recommendation that a report in full be sub- mitted to the Board of Trustees and to the Fellows, for action. Report of Committee to Defray Society Debt, T. Glenn Phillips, chairman, showed that twenty-six members of the A. S. L. A. have subscribed $355. Report of Committee on Town Planning and Industrial Housing, C. R. Parker, chairman, accepted with revision and recommendation that it be given wide publicity. This report 44 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY as revised was sent to J. Horace McFarland at Washington to be used in publicity work. Report of the Minnesota Chapter. Report of the New York Chapter. Report of the Mid-West Chapter. John C. Olmsted, as chairman of Sub-Com- mittee on Professional Practice and Ethics re- ported by letter that the full report of his committee was not completed and asked that his committee either be continued or that a new committee be appointed to continue the work. It was voted to recommend the ap- pointment of a new committee. Messrs. Hare and Blossom were appointed as tellers to count the ballots; their report was accepted. The report of the Committee on Town Plan- ning and Industrial Housing when modified included the following principal points, which were discussed and voted upon separately; Voted; (1) That we believe that the govern- ment housing projects, both of the United States Housing Corporation and of the United States Shipping Board should not be arbi- trarily discontinued, neither the houses nor any of the community features necessary to make them really livable. The senate joint resolution to stop many of the Housing Corporation's projects received an adverse report by the Committe in the House, and the Housing Corporation is pro- ceeding as planned. However, apparently the Shipping Board is seriously contemplating closing out its housing projects. (2) That there should be established a per- manent government housing and town planning bureau for research and propaganda only. Apparently this can be most readily started by the Secretary of Labor creating a division in his office — to take over records and data of the United States Housing Corporation and presumably those of the United States Ship- ping Board. (3) As one means of improvement in hous- ing, readily obtainable, secure facilitation of housing finance. Owing to the complexity of the problem it would seem best to establish a congressional commission to report a complete scheme at a later date. Mr, Olmsted has been asked by the Senate Committee on Labor and Education to submit a bill for this. The scheme would probably include a Federal Mortgage Bank which as the Federal Land Bank does for farm loans, would pool all first mortgage loans, these to be long terms and amortizing in form, and sell bonds, thus pro- viding a liquid form of investment. To in- vestors these will be so superior to the pres- ent individual non-amortizing mortgages that they can be floated at a much lower rate of in- terest. Vast amounts of capital will thereby be released at low rates — the exact converse of the present intolerable situation. A letter was read from Mr. F. L. Olmsted proposing the compilation of a "landscape in- dex" listing the objects of special professional interest to landscape architects in various parts of the United States and Canada, with a brief indication of what makes each of them interesting, and explicit directions as to how to get there from the nearest important city. This matter is to be taken up with the mem- bers of the society through the office of the secretary. The report of the auditors was submitted approving the treasurer's financial report for 1918. Dinner and Evening Session. Present: Miss Marian C. Cofiin, Messrs. Blossom, Brincker- hofif, Caparn, Child, Cox. Cook, Dawson, Des- mond, Fowler, Gallagher, Gay, Geiflfert. S. Herbert Hare, Hubbard, Leavitt, Lowrie, Man- ning, F. L. Olmsted, Pond, Parsons, Pente- cost, Vitale, Wheelwright, Whiting. Guests; Col. Henry W. Sackett, Vice-President, Ameri- can Scenic and Historic Preservation Society; Mr. Richard Child, Government Housing Rep- resentative with the United States Housing Corporation and Emergency Fleet Corpora- tion; Miss Rose Standish Nichols; Mr. Arthur Hill. In the absence of President Pray, Vice- President Caparn presided. The chairman read from the January issue of the American Magazine of Art a letter en- titled "Tribute to Frederick Law Olmsted" written by President Woodrow Wilson to Mr. Olmsted upon Mr. Olmsted's retirement from the National Commission of Fine Arts. The letter testified to the splendid service Mr. Olm- sted has rendered, not only as a member of the commission, but as a leading worker with the United States Housing Corporation in its war emergency housing. Col. Henry W. Sackett was then introduced, and spoke on Soldiers' Memorial Cemeteries and the Activities of the American Scenic and Historic Preservation Society, of which he is vice-president. He described the accomplish- ment of France in connection with the es- tablishment of cemeteries. He said France offered both England and America land and facilities in France for the establishment of cemeteries. England declined, and has ar- OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 45 ranged for soldiers' cemeteries to be estab- lished and maintained entirely at her own ex- pense. France has thus done her part, and England hers. America has yet to announce her policy. He urged every effort be exerted to stimulate and guide the action of the au- thorities in Washington. He suggested that the A. S. L. A. appoint a committee to co- operate with a committee of the American Historic and Preservation Society to forward the movement. Mr. Caparn announced that a committee on memorial cemeteries had al- ready been appointed and that it would be in- structed to co-operate with other committees in furthering this work and report at an early date. Mr. Child spoke on War Emergency Housing and gave a comparative description of the de- velopments, particularly of the Emergency Fleet Corporation, in the neighborhood of Phila- delphia. Mr. Olmsted asked Mr. Child to express his views as to what form the organization of the management of the government housing com- munities would take. Mr. Child stated that no policy has, as yet, been established. To sell the homes outright and give free play to the purchaser would be a serious mistake as it would lead to the impairment of the neighbor- hood and consequent damage to adjoining dwellers. He recommended a system similar to the English co-partnership plan, by which the purchaser invests in the purchase of the entire community on an easy payment plan and thus becomes a householder, but has a vital interest in the welfare and upkeep of the community. The present policy of the Fleet Corporation he stated, is to make no individual sales. Nothing can be done toward the in- telligent establishment of rates until cost prices have returned to normal. On inquiry from Mr. Vitale as to how our society could best offer its services to the gov- ernment in the development of war memorial cemeteries. Col. Sackett stated that the gov- ernment had received most cordial support from the Red Cross, and that funds for the work may come through the Red Cross. Sen- ator Morgan, however, has introduced a bill appropriating money to cover cost of acquir- ing land in France and maintaining the ceme- teries. He suggested that steps should be taken immediately through the work of com- mittees to assist with the movement. Mr. Vitale explained the progress that had been made in connection with the arrange- ments for the award of medal in Landscape Architecture. He announced that the repre- sentatives of the Architectural League agreed to awarding the medal on the same terms as the other medals of award and under rules of competition to be dictated by the A. S. L. A. He explained the character of the annual ex- hibition by the League. March 7, 1919. Annual Boston meeting, Lombardy Inn, Boston. Present: Miss Kimball, Messrs. Blaney, Brinckerhoff, Caldwell, Hubbard, Kellaway, J. C. Olmsted, Pray, Reynolds, Shurtleff, Under- wood. Favorable action was taken by the members present on the following matters: Regarding the announcement in the last number of the Journal of the International Garden Club in reference to the traveling ex- hibit of the A. S. L. A., it was voted that the secretary should be directed to notify John Noyes, chairman of the committee to endeavor to have a similar announcement inserted in subsequent issues of the Journal. Regarding the Landscape Index, it was voted that the secretary should be directed to request each member to send him a list of such executed projects as would be worth visiting, with necessary directions as to how to reach them. Voted: That the secretary should be direct- ed to obtain estimates for publishing the so- ciety membership list in "Landscape Archi- tecture." Voted: That in selecting a Fellow to repre- sent the A. S. L. A., Inc., in the American Academy in Rome, it is very important to se- lect one clearly qualified in powers of produc- tive research. Voted: That the Committee on Education should issue a questionnaire to obtain from all practicing members their opinions as to what qualifications students should meet to qualify for positions in their offices. Mention was made of a bill pending in the Massachusetts Legislature restricting the use of bill-boards and it was suggested that the secretary send to Harris A. Reynolds, who is actively engaged in furthering this bill, a copy of the formulated policy of the A. S. L. A., Inc., covering "bill-boards." Messrs. Hubbard and Kellaway presented the following resolu- tion: Whereas, A bill to provide for the Restric- tion and Regulation of Advertising on Public Ways and Public Places and on Private Pro- perty Within Public View, such bill being a sub- 46 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY stitute for Senate Bill No. 227, is now before the general court of Massachusetts, for action in accordance with the Constitutional Amend- ment recently adopted which provides for the restriction of such advertising, and Whereas, This bill is in harmony with the policy regarding bill-boards, which the Ameri- can Society of Landscape Architects has officially pledged itself to support, be it Resolved, Therefore, at the annual Boston meeting of the American Society of Land- scape Architects now assembled that this so- ciety approves of this bill and urges its pass- age. Dinner Session. Present: Messrs. Blaney, Brinckerhoff, Caldwell, Dawson, Hubbard, Kellaway, Manning, J. C. Olmsted, Pond, Pray, Shurtlefl, Stiles, Underwood. Guests: Messrs. F. A. Wilson, J. Hugh Smith, William H. Punchard. The president announced that he was pre- paring a report on the proposed revision of the By-laws; among other matters included in this revision will be a proposal to eliminate the term "Junior" in classifying the members and substitute the general term "Member." Mr. Warren H. Manning was called upon to describe his work for the Massachusetts Com- mission for the Employment of Discharged Soldiers. He said his interest in studying the natural resources of New England began some years ago in preparing reports for the Pana- ma-Pacific Exposition. He stated that he was now indirectly employed by the Soldiers' Land Commission in studying the agricultural re- sources of New England with a view of em- ploying returning soldiers in agricultural pur- suits. It has been found that the available western lands have all been taken up and that it is now necessary to reclaim the agricultural lands of the east. The eastern lands are po- tentially very fertile. The result of the irriga- tion projects of the west have not come up to expectations. Half of the state of Massachu- setts is assessed at only ten dollars per acre, all of which goes to indicate that there is a very fair prospect of success in reclaiming the lands of the east. Mr. Manning said he ex- pected to map the entire state, showing gra- phically the various types of soil. He showed several government geological survey maps which he would utilize in this work, and pre- liminary maps which he had already prepared. It is the intention of the federal government to establish colonies of 100 workers each. The colonies would be run on a co-operative basis, with state and federal aid, including long term payments for land. Mr. Arthur ShurtlefT, a member of the Bos- ton Committee on War Memorials described his activities and the progress that had been made by his committee. He stated that he was not privileged as yet to announce any of the findings of the committee, but he described in an interesting and humorous way the many proposals that had been advanced, and some of the possibilities. Professor Pray stated that the Belgian Com- mittee was now employed in collecting ma- terial on civic and town planning problems from all countries. Our committee has al- ready collected much material, but owing to postal restrictions the committee has been un- able to forward it to Belgium. He stated that there is better opportunity to serve in recon- structing Belgian communities than French communities. It was proposed by the Belgian Committee that "City Planning Progress" as published under the editorship of George B. Ford in 1916 be translated and included in the cyclopedia which the Belgian Committee is preparing. Mr. Hubbard called attention to the fact that the report of the recent work of the Housing Corporation and Shipping Board would be of greater value than the above publication. It was suggested by Professor Pray that the translation of Mr. Ford's books might proper- ly be put before the American Institute of Architects as it more directly concerned them than the A. S. L. A. He stated, however, that the A. S. L. A. committee is the official rep- resentative of the Belgian Committee in this country. Major Pond referred to the report now being prepared by the Construction Divi- sion covering port terminal work as being particularly applicable to the purpose of the committee as it would have value or use in peace time. It was announced by the president that as a result of the joint conference in Philadelphia on Town Planning and Housing held in January last, the following statement had been prepared: 1. Resolved, That the government housing projects, both of the United States Housing Corporation and of the United States Shipping Board should not be arbitrarily discontinued, neither the houses nor any of the community features necessary to make them really liv- able. The senate joint resolution to stop many of the Housing Corporation's projects received OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 47 an adverse report by the committee in the house, and the Housing Corporation is pro- ceeding as planned. However, apparently the Shipping Board is seriously contemplating closing out its housing projects. 2. Resolved, That there should be established a permanent government housing and town planning bureau for research and propaganda only. Apparently this can be most readily started by the Secretary of Labor creating a division in his office — to take over records and data of the United States Housing Corporation and presumably those of the United States Ship- ping Board. 3. Resolved. .'\s one means of improvement in housing, readily obtainable, secure faci- litation of housing finance. Owing to the com- plexity of the problem it would seem best to establish a congressional commission to report a complete scheme at a later date. Mr. Olm- sted has been asked by the Senate Committee on Labor and Education to submit a bill for this. The scheme would probably include a Federal Mortgage Bank, which, as the Federal Land Bank does for farm loans, would pool all first mortgage loans, these to be long term and amortizing in form, and sell bonds, thus providing a liquid form of investment. To in- vestors these will be so superior to the pres- ent individual non-amortizing mortgages that they can be floated at a much lower rate of interest. Vast amounts of capital will thereby be released at low rates — the exact converse of the present intolerable situation. Mr. F. A. Wilson, of Nahant, Mass., who was a guest of Mr. Dawson, and who has been active as an employer of labor in adjust- ing labor disputes, was asked to speak in- formally on the present labor situation. He referred to the activities of the Master Build- ers' Association of Boston, which had issued a report on the situation. Three alternatives were suggested: 1. Continue to drift. 2. Fight. 3. Endeavor to start labor and capital to- gether. Mr. Wilson said that the national labor leaders had been lilieral in their views and activities but that local leaders were small and petty and inclined to cause trouble. January 6, 1920. Twenty-first annual meet- ing and dinner, .Architectural League, New York City. Present: Messrs. Blossom, Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Child, Clarke, Dawson, Desmond, El- wood, Fleming, Gay, Geiffert, Greenleaf, Hub- bard, Lay, Leavitt, F. L. Olmsted, Pilat, Tay- lor, Tealdi, Vitale, Wheelwright. The annual report of the secretary was read and accepted. This report showed a membership in the society of one hundred and eight, divided as follows: Fellows, 51, Voting Members, 33, Members, 19, Associates, 3, Honorary 2. The report also showed the fol- lowing more important measures passed by mail ballot of the society during the year: 1. To approve the admission of the Pro- visional Pacific Coast Chapter as a regular Chapter of the A. S. L. A., Inc. 2. To approve the proposal to establish a medal for meritorious works in Landscape Architecture, Architectural League of New York. 3. To approve the amendment to the By- laws to increase the annual dues of Fellows to twenty-five dollars per year and of Juniors to ten dollars per year, this measure to apply to current year. 4. To accept the invitation to join the "Wild Gardens of Acadia." 5. To approve the adoption of the official code of standardized plant names. 7. To approve the proposal to ratify all contracts, acts, proceedings, elections, and ap- pointments which have been made or taken liy the Board of Trustees of the society dur- ing the years 1917 and 1918. 9. To approve the memorandum in regard to payment of bills for nursery stock ordered by landscape architects on account of clients. 10. To approve the "statement of obliga- tions which are normally implied by the plac- ing, and acceptance of all orders for nursery stock in the absence of specific stipulations to some other effect." 11. To approve the statement as to "dis- couraging the guarantee of nursery stock" and to approve the standard form of contract. 12. Policy No. 2 — The A. S. L. A., is op- posed to the erection in public parks of build- ings other than those required for park pur- poses. 13. Policy No. 3— The A. S. L. A. is op- posed to the diversion of land which has once been set apart for the public recreation until an overwhelming public need for such diver- sion has been convincingly shown, or until it is shown that an exchange of land will un- questionably give the community more than it loses. 14. Policy No. 4 — The A. S. L. A. favors local regulation and taxing of billboards and other outdoor advertising signs, more es- 48 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY pecially because they usually impair the amenity of the district in which they occur. 15. Policy No. 5 — The A. S. L. A. believes that additions should be made to the number of our National and State Parks as oppor- tunity arises, with the object of preserving examples of our most characteristic, rare and rapidly decreasing natural scenery against en- croachment by economic forces. The report of the Examining Board was read and approved, as was also the report of the Committee on Exhibitions and of the standing Committee on Professional Practice and Ethics. Mr. Taylor announced that the statement had been mailed to all members and that the committee would welcome any sug- gestions for its improvement. Various other committee reports were read and accepted, and the president presented one from the Standing Committee on Relations with Trades, which included (1) copy of the report of the meeting of the Joint Committee, January 24, 1919, (3) copy of the statement "Obligations Which are Normally Implied by the Placing and Ac- ceptance of an Order," etc., (3) copy of form- al agreements covering issuance of nursery stock. A discussion of the fundamental points involved in this report was asked for by the president. Mr. Dawson stated that in his opinion thirty days was too short a period af- ter the receipt of nursery stock for the ap- proval of nursery bills, and Mr. Lay agreed with him. Mr. Dawson thought that under no circumstances should nurserymen take up the matter of payment directly witli the clients. Mr. Leavitt stated that on all orders from his office there is a printed statement that the or- der is made for the client and on his credit and that the order is given with the under- standing that the price was the lowest that the nursery receiving the order would quote to anyone. Mr. Taylor explained that he ac- companied all approved bills with a letter stating that all further business should be be- tween the nurserymen and the client. A vote of the members present was taken which showed that twelve members felt that thirty days was too short a period to allow for pay- ing nursery bills while eight considered it long enough. Mr. Hubbard proposed that nurserymen should notify the landscape archi- tect when they wished to take up the matter of the bill direct with the client. The report of the Standing Committee on Town Planning and Industrial Housing was read and the president stated that a copy of this report would be mailed to all members. Mr. Caparn, chairman of the Special Commit- tee on Policies, proposed the following new policies to be formulated and considered, 1. Town Planning and Housing, 2. War Me- morials, 3. State and City Art Commissions. It was the sense of the meeting that the above policies should be prepared for the considera- tion of the members. Mr. T. Glenn Phillips reported that during the past three years $600 has been subscribed by the members to defray the society debt which amounted to $500 and a rising vote of thanks was taken in apprecia- tion of Mr. Phillips' efficient work. The treasurer's report was presented in summarized form for each year, 1912-1920. Mr. F. L. Olm- sted reported orally for the Committee on Plant Nomenclature, stating that the joint committee had not met during the past year, but the sub-committee had been very busy and was planning to meet in Washington for one week in the near future. He added that the new report would include all herbacious plants, as listed in the principal nursery cata- logues. The incidental expenses of this work had been met by funds contributed by the constitutent organizations, excepting the A. S. L. A.; it will be necessary to raise a substantial fund to print the report, this brought up the question of selling advertisement space to a representative list of nurserymen. A vote of those present on this question showed thir- teen in favor and three opposed. President Olmsted announced in reference to the Fellowship in Rome, that the Board of Trustees had voted to authorize the chairman of the Standing Committee on Education to recommend the extension of Mr. Lawson's term for six months. It was also voted to authorize sending a second Fellow to Rome, his term to begin October, 1920, and to enter into a formal agreement with the trustees of the Academy regarding the second Fellowship. Mr. Taylor, chairman of the Committee on A. S. L. A. Annuary announced that he had obtained an estimate of $750 to print 100 copies of a report of 112 pages, modeled after the A. I. A. Annual. Dinner Session. Present: Mrs. Farrand, Messrs. Blossom, Brinckerhoff, Caparn, Child, Chamberlain, Clarke, Dawson, Desmond, El- wood, Fleming, Gay, Geiffert, Greenleaf, Hub- bard, Lay, Manning, F. L. Olmsted, Pilat, Saltus, Taylor, Vitale, Wheelwright. Guests of the society: Mr. Burt L. Fenner, Mr. D. Everett Waid, Mr. Alfred D. Flinn; of mem- bers: E. Gorton Davis, F. A. Davis. After dinner F. L. Olmsted, who presided, OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 49 announced that the evening's discussion would be devoted to the question of compulsory legal registration of landscape architects, architects and engineers. He explained a peculiar situa- tion which confronted one of our members, practicing in Oregon, who was compelled to register legally as an architect because the state law was such as to compel anyone using the word architect in their practice to conform to the law afifecting architects. Mr. Burt L. Fenner, member of the firm of McKim, Mead and White was introduced as the first speaker. He stated that the matter of registration of architects goes back twenty years. Early laws were licensing laws such as those applied to plumbers and artisans. The laws are now based on educational quali- fications. These laws lead to abuses, regis- tered architects, for instance, giving the use of their name for a remuneration to unregis- tered architects. Mr. Fenner stated that he had doubts if today the majority of practicing architects believe that registration laws are desirable. State after state, however, is adopt- ing registration laws. Architects are there- fore compelled to take an active interest in the matter. Mr. D. Everett Waid, he said, who was present at the dinner, was more than any other person responsible for the present law affecting architects. The law prevents the use of the title arcliitect except by those pass- ing a fairly severe examination. Those in practice previous to the passage of the law were not affected. He felt that there would be no advantage to landscape architects in urging registration laws. Mr. D. Everett Waid followed Mr. Fenner. He said his professional experience began as a licensed architect in Illinois where all prac- ticing architects were compelled to have a state license. The first registration law was passed twenty-two years ago. The first ac- tivity of the New York Chapter of the A. I. A. was in fighting the passage of registration laws. Now we have eighteen states with such laws. New York was the eighth state to pass a registration law. He said he preferred the term "registration" to the term "licensing laws." The present law requires a college edu- cation with three years practical education for one to practice under the law without taking the prescribed examination. The right educa- tion law is an encouragement to good educa- tion. Mr. Alfred D. Flinn, Secretary of the United Engineering Societies was next introduced. He said the work of the three professions rep- resented is so closely allied that they cannot be clearly disassociated. Engineers have been driven to legal registration through self de- fense. Those less experienced than full fledged professional engineers have been most active in advocating licensing laws. The ex- perienced men have been more active in op- posing such laws. He said there is no satis- factory definition of engineering. The gen- erally accepted opinion is that the only valid excuse for passing laws controlling the prac- tice of a profession is protection to life, health and property. There are nine states in w-hich laws have been passed compelling the licensing of engineers. A joint committee of six, three architects and three engineers has been ap- pointed to meet in a few days to consider this problem. Mr. Manning read an advertisement which he had cut from a periodical soliciting stud- ents to subscribe to a correspondence course in landscape architecture and qualify for the school's diploma, which would enable them to practice the profession. It was the consensus of opinion that regardless of the misleading effect of such an advertisement and the in- justice which might result from it, it would be inexpedient for the A. S. L. A. to take active steps to combat it. February 17, 1920. Annual Boston meeting, American Academy of .\rts and Sciences, Bos- ton. Present: Miss Kimball, Messrs. Brett, Brinckerhoff, Comey, Cox, Hubbard, Kella- way, Kennard, F. L. Olmsted, Parker, Pilat, Pond, Pray, Shurtleff, Steele. President Olmsted presented a report, which was approved by the meeting, from Mr. Child who was appointed a committee of one to in- vestigate and report on the project, "To Create a National Park and Forest on the Confines of the District of Columbia, and Forest Areas of Prince George, Arundle, and Montgomery Counties, Maryland." This report was fav- orable to the project and included a resolution recommending the creation by Congress of a Regional Plan Commission. A statement on "Suggested Form of War Memorials" accom- panying the report of the Committee on War Memorials, C. M. Lowrie, chairman, was pre- sented to the meeting and it was Voted: That this statement and the sub- stance of Mr. Child's report be put in the hands of the Standing Committee on Publicity with the request that they take immediate so TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY steps toward circulation of this material in the public press. The report of the Standing Committee on Publicity, Phelps Wyman, chairman, was read by the president and the various points em- phasized therein were discussed informally; the consensus of opinion in regard to the quar- terly magazine, "Landscape Architecture" was that the technical character of the paper should be retained but that it would be most desirable to increase its circulation. Report of the Special Committee on Professional Registra- tion, F. L. Olmsted, chairman, was read as well as a letter from the president of the Min- nesota Chapter in regard to the legal regis- tration of engineers, architects, and land sur- veyors, as affecting landscape architects. Mr. Olmsted explained that inasmuch as a consti- tutional basis for such registration laws is under the "police power" of the state for the safeguarding of life, health and property, there is no serious danger of permanent laws work- ing to the disadvantage of landscape archi- tects. Professor Pray presented a letter announc- ing the formation of the Iowa Society of Landscape Architects; this was from Profes- sor Culley, Iowa State College, and he stated that he looked forward to its becoming at some future time a chapter of the A. S. L. A. Discussion on the subject showed favorable sentiment toward this idea but it was ex- plained that before it could be brought about those composing the Iowa Society would all have to become members of the A. S. L. A. and with at least three Fellows. Professor Pray read a letter from Mr. A. H. Carhart, recreational engineer, Denver, Colo- rado, who is active in the recreational develop- ment of National Forests. This letter ex- plained the nature of his work and called at- tention to the endeavors of foresters to en- croach on what is essentially landscape archi- tects' work, but for which they are not ade- quately trained. Professor Cox stated that the letter brought up a very important point and that the society should take some action through the National Park Service and Na- tional Forestry Service to check the encroach- ment of foresters on park service work. On motion of Mr. Kellaway, it was Voted: That it is the sense of the meeting that Mr. F. L. Olmsted be delegated as special representative of the A. S. L. A. to take up this matter with the proper authorities in re- gard to recreational planning of national for- ests and national parks. Dinner Session. Present: Miss Kimball, Messrs. Aldrich, Brinckerhoff, Child, Comey, Cox, Dawson, Gallagher, Hubbard, Kellaway, Olmsted, Parker, W. L. Phillips, Pilat, Pond, Pray, Shurtleff, S. C. Smith, Steele, Under- wood. Guests: Professor E. H. Wilson, Mr. Edward J. Moon, Mr. Edward W. Barron, Messrs, R. W. Beal, H. Sadler, H. P. Kelsey, Theodore Borst. Mr. Moon, president of the American As- sociation of Nurserymen was the first speak- er and described the activities of his associa- tion which was instrumental in starting the work on the report on Plant Nomenclature. He stated that a Vigilance Committee has been organized by the nurserymen and also a Bureau for Finding Nursery Stock, with head- quarters at Princeton, N. J.; this bureau tabu- lates and keeps on file information as to the availability and costs of all types of nursery stock, which is free to all interested persons. Mr. Barron, editor of the Garden Magazine, deplored the lack of active interest on the part of landscape architects in horticultural publi- cations, stating that the horticultural interests in this country support fewer trade papers than any other industry comparable to the numbers engaged. In reference to the effect of the government's restriction on the im- portation of nursery stock, he said our best ornamental material comes to us from abroad, and that our gardens would fall off rapidly if deprived of the foreign varieties. The next speaker, Professor E. H. Wil- son, Horticultural Collector for the Arnold Arboretum, dwelt further on this topic of plant quarantine and restrictions, stating that the quarantine is wrong in principle and that plant exclusion will not prevent the importa- tion of any disease or insect enemy which could not be prevented in other and less dras- tic ways. He cited as an example the Arnold Arboretum into which no plant pest has been introduced in the many years of its existence; as a solution of the difificulty he recommended tlie establishment of eight or ten open courts where proper inspection facilities could be in- stalled and through which whatever plants de- sired might enter the country and be properly inspected before distribution throughout the country. Mr. Harlan P. Kelsey was the last speaker and dwelt on some of the difficulties experi- enced by landscape architects and nurserymen. In the discussion which followed Mr. Kelsey's remarks it was pointed out by some of the members present that he apparently judged all OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 51 landscape architects by the few with whom he had come in contact and who were apparently not well informed on plants. It was also em- phasized in the discussion that the field of landscape architecture covered more than garden design. On motion of Professor Pray, it was Voted: That it is the sense of the meeting that the Board of Trustees should refer to the Standing Committee on Relations with Trades the subject of Plant Quarantine No. 37 and all other quarantines with the request that the committee report a definite plan bj' which the weight of this society's influence can most effectively be brought to bear toward the re- peal of unreasonably restrictive regulations. Januciry 17-18, 1921. Twenty-second annual dinner and meeting, .'\rchitectural League, New York City. Dinner Session. Present: Miss Coffin, Mrs. Farrand, Mrs. Hutcheson, Messrs. Brincker- hoff, Caparn, Chamberlain, Child, Clarke, Cox, Davis, Desmond, Fleming, Fowler, Greenleaf, Geiffert, Johnston, Lay, Lowrie, Monroe, F. L. Olmsted, Parker, Parsons, Pilat, Pitkin, Taylor, Tealdi, Vitale, Weinrichter and Wisel- tier. Guests: Mr. Stephen Mather, Mr. William C. Gregg, Messrs. F. F. Betts, R. L. Fowler. Jr., H. Sadler. Mr. Stephen Mather, Director of National Parks Service, Department of the Interior, was introduced by President Olmsted im- mediately after the dinner. He spoke of the activities of the National Park Service and the difficulties under which the Service was at present working, particularly with regard to the meagre appropriation available for the work. A great deal has been accomplished, however, and Mr. Mather spoke in very lauda- tory terms of the part in bringing about this accomplishment by the late Charles P. Punch- ard Jr., who was the official landscape archi- tect in the Service. Mr. Mather reviewed in some detail the dangers now threatening the parks, especially Yellowstone Park, from the irrigation and power interests. He urged the desirability of more people visiting and be- coming familiar with Yellowstone Park, where the scenery is superb and the wild game of many sorts is abundant. The problem of pre- serving the wild game is one reason why Yellowstone Lake should not be interfered with. Much damage and destruction to the natural growth of the surrounding territory would result by flooding the shores adjacent to the present lake as would be done under the Walsh bill. Mr. Mather was followed by William C. Gregg, a manufacturer of Hackensack, N. J., who, in an unofficial capacity, made a trip through Yellowstone Park last summer and studied carefully the probable effect on the park which might result from the Idaho plan for water storage in the Falls River and Belch- ler River basins in the southwest part of the park. Mr. Gregg had a very interesting set of slides with which he described his trip and explained that since the war there was an in- crease in the market for land in the areas bordering upon the Yellowstone Park, which resulted in greater activity in forwarding irri- gation schemes. He said the proposed rights to construct reservoirs in the southwest part of the park would easily increase the specula- tive value of private land. The southwestern corner of the park, through which he traveled, is little known to the public, as it is off the tourist's route. A large portion of this is shown incorrectly on governmeiM maps, as swamp land. He explained that on the contrary dur- ing the tourist season it is beautiful meadow land, surrounded by fine scenery and contain- ing much game. Mr. Gregg pointed out that the urge toward encroachment appears to be largely due not only to land speculators (who are also in part farmers) but also to water- power interests utilizing the water of the Snake River, Mr. Olmsted, on behalf of the members present, expressed appreciation and thanks to the speakers. He then called on Mr. Vitale, who explained the recent organization in New York of an .Atelier in Landscape .Architecture under the auspices of the American Academy in Rome. Mr. Vitale explained that it was the purpose, at the outset, to organize a group of about ten men, preferably graduates of pro- fessional schools and with some experience. Practical problems within reach from New York City, would be submitted to the students for study; and the method in solving these problems would be for them first, to prepare a preliminary study with written reports; second, to prepare sketches in perspective, showing proposed solutions of the more important and difficult portions of the problem; and third, to work out constructive details. Business Session. Twenty-second- annual meeting, .Architectural League, New York City. Present: Miss Coffin, Messrs. Brincker- hoff, Brinley, Caparn, Child, Clarke, Davis, Desmond, Fleming, Fowler. Geiffert, Green- 53 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY leaf, Lowrie, F. L. Olmsted, Parker, Pilat, Pitkin, Taylor, Tealdi, Vitale, Weinrichter, Wiseltier. Annual reports of the secretary and treas- urer and the report of the auditors were sub- mitted, accepted and ordered mailed to the members. The treasurer's report showed that the society's accounts are in a satisfactory condition. President Olmsted submitted to the meeting a summary of the various committee reports for discussion so far as time permitted, these reports have been studied, discussed and ac- cepted by the Board of Trustees during their session preceding the annual meeting. Re- port of the Examining Board, James L. Green- leaf, chairman, emphasized the necessity for the proposer of a new member to familiarize himself with the full requirements for member- ship before making the proposal. Application blanks will be sent only to members of the society, and the proposer and seconder of a new member will be made responsible for the adequacy of the statements contained in the proposal. The Examining Board has been considerably handicapped in its work by the difficulty encountered in obtaining necessary information from the members relative to the candidate and his work. The report of the Committee on Relations with Trades, James F. Dawson, chairman, em- bodied certain proposed changes affecting the former "Statement of Obligations," etc., for- warded to the members for a mail ballot vote of approval, and also a resolution in regard to Federal Plant Quarantine. Mr. Vitale, former chairman of this committee, pointed out that in the earlier negotiations with the nursery- men, relative to this matter, it was shown that of the nursery business as a whole, about ten per cent, comes to the nurseryman from the landscape architect, ninety per cent, from other sources. There is a feeling among the nursery- men that after their bills have been approved by the landscape architect they should be al- lowed to get in touch with the client and col- lect the bill direct. Mr. Greenleaf asked if. when a landscape architect sends his approval of a nursery bill, the nurseryman should be notified. The answer was yes, and it is so pro- vided in the "Statement of Obligations," etc. agreed upon with the nurserymen. The report of the Committee on Profession- al Registration, F. L. Olmsted, chairman, ex- plained that there is a rather wide-spread nervousness as to the effect on landscape archi- tects of state registration of engineers and architects now pending in many states. The committee felt, however, that the previous stand of the A. S. L. A. against state regis- tration for landscape architects should be ad- hered to. The president stated that a land- scape architect who is really a competent architect, in the ordinary sense of the term, might of course register properly as an archi- tect; but that a landscape architect who is not also a good designer of buildings ought not to register as an architect unless we want to break down all distinction between the two professions; and that it is certainly undesir- able to confine the legal practice of landscape architecture to those who can secure regis- tration as "architects" from a board of archi- tectural examiners; that if a joint board of examiners were appointed by the state, there would be almost a certainty of the other pro- fessions predominating in the personnel of the board and thus work injury to the profession. Moreover, even if the qualifications of land- scape architects for registration were to be determined by the landscape architect mem- bers of the joint board or by a separate Board of Landscape Architects, there are not enough competent landscape architects available in most states to make such a method workable. He also stated that the ordinary practice of landscape architecture does not involve suffi- cient danger to life, health or property to justi- fy the regulation of the profession under the police power of the state. Report of the Committee on Publicity, Phelps Wyman, chairman, was read by the president. The report dwelt at length on the question of advertising in magazines. The general opinion of those present seemed to be that group ad- vertising as outlined in the report of the com- mittee would not be worth attempting. Chapter reports were presented by the presi- dent in summary, and certain passages of the report of the Pacific Coast Chapter were read in full. Report of the Committee to Co-operate with the Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique, Stephen Child, chairman, was read. Reference was made to the very interesting and very long report of this committee giving an account of the chairman's work and observations during his mission to Belgium, undertaken at his own expense during the summer of 19:30 to collab- orate with those engaged in reconstruction and especially in town planning in Belgium. Time did not permit submission of the full report. National Botanic Garden and Arboretum: A resolution approved by the Board of Trustees OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 53 recommending the creation of such an insti- tution in the District of Columbia was read by President Olmsted who explained that this resolution would be submitted to the mem- bers for mail ballot vote of approval. The report of the Committee on Exhibitions, Fletcher Steele, chairman, explained that the American Federation of Arts had agreed to arrange a circuit for the exhibition now in preparation, the Federation taking over the exhibition after it had first been shown in Bos- ton during exhibition in New York during the month of April. The Federation has arranged for exhibitions in Washington, D. C, in May, and in Dayton, Ohio, in June or July. The president explained that an effort would be made to make available for the professional schools in landscape architecture the various plans and data submitted by successful can- didates for admission to the A. S. L. A. in the hands of the Examining Board. Committee on Year Book, chairman, Stephen Child: President Olmsted outlined the tenta- tive plans for the publication of a year book for the A. S. L. A., explaining that it was the purpose to include all data of current interest in an annual publication. He asked for ex- pressions of opinion. Mr. Caparn felt that it would be a mistake to sell it to members as suggested by the committee. It should as pro- posed by the trustees, be distributed free of charge or not printed at all. Comments were expressed relative to advertising matter in this publication. Consensus of opinion seemed to be in opposition to such advertising. Regional Plan for Vicinity of Washington, D. C, was referred to by President Olmsted. He explained that Mr. Child's able report covering this project had been submitted and read at the Boston meeting of the society in 1920 and that the resolution favoring this project had been withheld pending certain re- visions which, Mr. Child agreed, had become evidently necessary. With regard to the Committee on Policies, Mr. Caparn, chairman, Mr. Olmsted explained that the revision of the A. S. L. A. policies and formulation of new ones had not yet been completed but were well on the way. The Committee on Professional Practice and Ethics, A. D. Taylor, chairman, is engaged in compiling a revised "Official Statement of Professional Practice," which will be submitted for action at the next Boston meeting: and a more extended confidential circular for the information of members which will be sent out later in the vear. March 8, 1921. Boston annual meeting, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Bos- ton. Present: Messrs. Aldrich, Beal, Blossom, Brinckerhoflf. Child, Comey. DeForest, Hubbard, Kellaway, F. L. Olmsted, Pond, Parker, Pray, Reynolds, S. C. Smith and Steele. President Olmsted explained a questionnaire recently received from Mr. C. J. Galpin, Economist in Charge, Rural Life Studies of the United States Department of Agriculture for information as to the location and character of completed works in country planning. A request will be made for sufficient copies of this questionnaire to provide each member with two, one to be returned to the above gov- ernment bureau and the other to be sent to the Committee on Landscape Index, F. L. Olmsted, chairman. The president also explained recent activi- ties in regard to Professional Registration and called attention to the recent report of the Committee on Professional Registration which had been sent to the members of the A. S. L. A. He read a supplementary statement in the form of a letter addressed to Professor Emil Lorch of the University of Michigan which the committee proposed to send to the mem- bers. Mr. Olmsted announced that the trustees, at their recent session had finally approved the revision of the Statement of Professional Prac- tice and Ethics and explained some of the changes made, and that the proof sheets of the revised statement would be forwarded to the members for final adoption by mail ballot. Professor Pray was called upon to read the minute on the "Life and Service of Charles P. Punchard" which he had recently prepared. Mr. Olmsted explained recent activities re- garding opposition to "Xational Park En- croachment." These efforts had been success- ful in heading off the Smith bill and the Walsh bill which if passed would have permitted en- croachment in Yellowstone Park. The Smitli bill will come up again in a new form at the next session of Congress and provide for a scheme to withdraw from the Yellowstone Park a large area in the southwest corner of the park and add an area many times greater in the Teton mountain section. Mr. Reynolds urged constant activity on the part of the members against park encroachment and recommended the appointment of a committee to report on the proposed new boundary lines of the Xational Parks. He stated that the feeling between the National Park Service and 54 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY the Forest Service is such that they will not get together on any large construction work. Mr. Olmsted pointed out that much will de- pend upon the attitude of the new administra- tion as to what steps it would be advisable to take and suggested postponing any definite ac- tion until this becomes known. Reference was made by the president to the report of the Committee on a Regional Plan for Certain Areas Related to the District of Columbia and to Baltimore, Stephen Child, chairman. The project has been carefully studied and has extensive approval, but has not as yet been formally presented to Con- gress. The trustees have approved the follow- ing resolution which will be submitted to the members for vote of approval. (See page 67.) Dinner Session. St. Botolph Club, Boston. Present: Miss Kimball, Messrs. Aldrich, Beal, Blossom, Brinckerhofif, Caldwell, Child, Comey, Dawson, DeForest, Gallagher, Hubbard, Kella- way, Marquis, Nolen, Olmsted, Parker, Pond, Pray, Reynolds, Smith, Steele, Shurtleflf, Whiting. A very interesting series of illustrated talks was given by the following members showing the solution of unusual landscape problems for which they had been responsible: Mr. Fletcher Steele, on the Ethan Allen Place at North Andover, Massachusetts. Mr. Whiting, on the William A. Rogers Place at Kennebunkport, Maine. Mr. Shurtleff, on City Planning problems including: A Playground on Morton Street, Boston; Redesign of the Greeting in Franklin Park, Boston; The Development of Common- wealth Avenue, Boston. Mr. DeForest, on the Olmsted Place at Lud- low, Pennsylvania, and on Color in Gardens, shown by lumiere lantern slides. Mr. Percival Gallagher, on the George F. Baker Place, Locust Valley, Long Island. Mr. Hubbard, on the Emery Place at New- port, Rhode Island, illustrating a rock and water garden. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 55 OFFICIAL STATEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE THE PRACTICE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE SCOPE AND VALUE L Landscape Architecture is the art of fitting land for human use and enjoy- ment. IL The Landscape Architect designs and advises regarding the arrangement, and directs the development, of land and the objects upon it in connection with private grounds and gardens, institu- tions, public parks, playgrounds and squares, cemeteries, streets and park- ways, residential communities, and prob- lems of city and regional planning. IIL A Landscape Architect in good professional standing has artistic ability and thorough technical training to deal with the problems which he undertakes. His remuneration is an openly stated compensation received directly from his client for services rendered, and not a hidden or speculative profit on materials supplied or labor employed. 1\'. To the extent agreed upon with his client, he gives oral and written ad- vice, prepares or directs surveys, de- velops general designs, working drawings (such as general construction plans, grading and drainage plans, planting plans, and incidental architectural and engineering details), and specifications: supervises the execution of his plans ; and co-operates with experts in other fields, including architecture, civil and sanitary engineering, and forestry. He should be consulted as soon as the proposed de- velopment is under consideration. V. He acts, to a reasonable extent and as authorized, as his client's agent in selecting and ordering materials and in issuing instructions for the execution of work by contractors or others ; and he acts in a judicial capacity with respect to the relations between his client and ma- terial-men, contractors, or laborers, with whom on his advice the client has en- tered into business relations. \T. In accepting employment he un- dertakes an obligation to protect his client's legitimate interests to the best of his ability in the matters confided to hrm He is not pecuniarily responsible lor tiie quality or quantity of the results obtained under his direction, especially for the failure of plants to grow or to be delivered promptly. His right to com- pen.sation for services, rendered in good faith and with due diligence in accord- ance with a proper authorization, is not dependent upon his client's satisfaction with these services. VTI. The benefits derived from the services of a competent Landscape Archi- tect are normally a more perfect utiliza- tion of ground space resulting in a greater convenience of use and a higher degree of beauty, the saving of much trouble and annoyance to the owner, and often an actual saving in cost, both of development and of subsequent maintenance. 56 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY METHODS OF PRACTICE VIII. A visit to the grounds and a consultation is ordinarily the first step, to become thoroughly familiar with the client's wishes and with the nature of the problem. This visit binds neither party to any further dealings. Sometimes verb- al instructions on the ground, in the course of a visit, with or without a writ- ten report or sketches, will meet the needs of the client. IX. The usual procedure if further services are desired from the Landscape Architect, is as follows : a. The making of surveys either by the Landscape Architect or in accord- ance with his instructions. b. The making of preliminary studies as a basis for discussion of the problem with the client. c. The preparation of a general plan based on the revised preliminary studies (a written report frequently ac- companying this general plan to ex- plain further any intent of the design that might not be clearly illustrated by the plan itself). d. The development of working draw- ings (with specifications) such as grading and drainage plans, large scale construction plans, detailed planting plans, and garden details. e. The obtaining of bids, and negotia- tions with contractors preceding the letting of contracts ; or, in the case of day labor, the making of the necessary arrangements for executing the work ; and the selection and ordering of plants. /. The general direction and super- vision of the work by the Landscape Architect or his assistants during its execution. X. The employment of a Landscape Architect conveys no authority to him to proceed beyond those stages of the work clearly covered by the terms of his em- ployment ; and the client has a right to terminate his services at any time on payment for services rendered and ex- penses properly incurred to date, unless there is a definite contract to the con- trary. The plans and specifications pre- pared by a Landscape Architect are "in- struments of service," and remain his property unless by special agreement in exceptional cases. Because of the extra- ordinary difficulty of securing satisfac- tory results in the execution of landscape plans without their designer's supervision to aid in their interpretation, it is con- trary to the best practice for Landscape Architects to furnish plans for execution by others, divorced from supervision by themselves. XI. In cases where growing plants are essential elements in the design the work of the Landscape Architect normal- ly requires several years for its success- ful development, and the quality of the result is largely dependent on the skill with which the maintenance is supervised during this period. It is therefore im- portant, especially in the larger problems, that he be retained in an advisory capa- city for a period of one or more years after the completion of the initial work. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 57 METHODS OF PROFESSIONAL CHARGE XII. The value of the Landscape Architect's services and the amount of his charges vary with the experience and reputation of the practitioner and also with the character of the work upon which he is employed. XIII. The American Society of Land- scape Architects approves the following methods of charge as adapted to differ- ent types of work, and to the wishes of different clients : a. Jl fixed sum for slated sewice. 1. y? lump sum fee, including all ex- penses. 2. y? fee plus expenses. b. 'Per diem charges for the time of the Landscape Architect and of his assist- ants for visits and consultations or for supervision of work. c. yJ per acre charge, covering total professional services, for development of large country estates, real estate subdivisions, parks and institutional properties, but excluding smaller sub- urban home grounds and gardens. d. Jl percentage charge on the "total cost"* of the work executed, and varying with the amount of work to be executed within a definite period. e. yln annual retaining fee or salary for professional services rendered to municipal and other corporations; and in general for the continuing advisory- services which are often essential to the wise maintenance and gradual de- velopment of land.scape work follow- ing its initial execution. XIV. In any of the foregoing meth- ods except "a lump sum fee" expenses are usually rendered as additional charges. Such chargeable expenses may be defined by individual agreements. They nor- mally include some or all of the follow- ing items: traveling and living expenses of the Landscape Architect and of his assistants while away from the office; long distance telephone calls, telegrams, express charges, prints and photographs ; fees for services of specialists when re- quired and authorized by the client; other special disbursements authorized by the client; and under methods a-2, c and e a charge for time of assistants while engaged on work authorized by the client. When the work of more than one client is visited on any one trip, traveling and living expenses are pro- portioned among the works visited. XV. In case of the abandonment or suspension of the work, payment is due the Landscape Architect in proportion to the services performed. XVI. Payments to the Landscape Architect are due according to bills ren- dered either at monthly intervals or at stages of the work when it is practicable to determine charges for professional services and expenses to date as the work progresses. ♦The "total cost" of the work is to be interpreted as the cost of all labor and materials neces- sary to complete the work, plus all transportation charges, plus contractors' profits and expenses, as such cost would be if all materials were purchased new and all labor fully paid for at market prices current when these were ordered. 58 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY ADOPTED POLICIES WITH COMMENTARIES BUILDINGS IN PUBLIC PARKS The A. S. L. A. is opposed to the erec- tion in Public Parks of buildings other than those required for park purposes. DIVERSION OF PARK LAND The A. S. L. A. is opposed to the diver- sion of land which has once been set apart for public recreation until an over- whelming public need for such diversion has been convincingly shown, or unless it is shown that an exchange of land will unquestionably give the community more than it loses. COMMENTARY ON ABOVE TWO POLICIES It is unfortunate that the more use- ful park lands become, for park pur- poses, the more desirable they become for many others, especially those of building. The result is that attacks are continually being made on the in- tegrity of parks by people with real estate schemes, proposals for public and semi-public buildings or institu- tions, or by people with axes to grind at the expense of the community, and who cannot see that a piece of public ground is doing any work unless it has a building or a street on it. The de- termination and persistence of those who would despoil is greater than that of most of the park defenders, and the latter are mostly ill-provided with ar- guments or energy to defend the parks ; and as the best uses of parks, those of solace, recreation and the ef- fect on the mind of park scenery, though of as really practical value as any uses to which land may be put, are difficult to state, it becomes hard to overpower the pleas of the so-called practical man who can demonstrate the soundness of his scheme from his point of view by facts, figures and per- haps balance sheets. Furthermore, the American public is generally very hazy in its ideas about the inviolability of park lands, and does not see the great danger in small encroachments which form precedents for others, and become continually more difficult to resist. The number or energy of at- tacks on park lands is an index of the value of them to the people, and should be an index of the determination of the people to resist them. The open spaces of a community are, in their way, as precious to it as its covered ones ; and they will never be secure until the people have been educated to consider a public park as inviolable as a public building. BILLBOARDS The A. S. L. A. favors reasonable and appropriate local regulations by legally constituted authority for the control of advertising signs and of other private enterprises likely to impair, through of- fense to the sense of sight, the esthetic or economic value of public or private property in the district in which they occur. COMMENTARY Nearly all people endeavor accord- ing to their lights to protect their homes against ugliness within. In pro- portion as the community is more numerous than a household it is im- portant to protect it, as far as possible, against ugliness without, in its streets and public places. We are now, to a OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 59 greater or less extent, protected against things that offend all the sense excepting that of sight alone : yet this is in many respects, more important than the others, for ugliness is an of- fense against the mind, and has a subtle, but very important, effect on popular education and happiness. Billboards are made in no sense for public, but entirely for private gain, are thrust upon the view of as large a part of the public as possible, and are perhaps less necessary, less justifiable and more easily mitigated or sup- pressed altogether than any of the things that disfigure our open spaces. As time goes on it will become clear that private persons have no right to inflict what they please on the vision of the community, nor to expect the community to endure it. As billboards are made to exploit the public it is no more than just that at least they should be taxed for public advantage and that their appearance should be regulated by public officials. Existing Legislation. In Pennsyl- \ania the .\cts of June 8. 1881, and March 10. 1903. forbid under penalty of fine or imprisonment the placing of advertising signs on State property or on private property without the own- er's consent. In Milwaukee an ordinance exists regulating billboards on grounds of safety from fire and falling, and for- bidding advertisements on public streets or structures. Ordinances regulating billboards have been sustained in Texas and Mis- souri. Under a decision in the case of Com- monwealth vs. Boston Advertising Co. 188 Mass. 348. billboards could not be restricted on grounds of unsightliness. Billboard Regulation Abroad. Out- door advertising is regulated and taxed in Germany, France and Buenos Aires, and taxed in Rio de Janeiro. Control of Billboards. Billboards can be controlled by existing legisla- tion principally on grounds of trespass and danger from fire or falling, also of advertising alcoholic drinks or inciting to vice and crime. But the only way of reaching the real causes of their un- popularity will be through constitu- tional amendments enabling them to be regulated under the police power on the ground of injury to amenity or pleasing quality, comfort and livable- ness of a place and consequently to its real estate values. NATIONAL PARKS The .\. S. L. A. believes that addi- tions should be made to the number of our National and State Parks in order that examples of our most characteristic and rapidly decreasing natural scenery mav be preserved against encroachment bv economic forces. PRESERVATION OF NIAGARA FALLS The A. S. L. A. is opposed to diver- sions of water from the Falls for power or other purposes beyond those permit- ted under the Burton Act which expired March 4, 1913. We urge the perman- ent public control of the diversion of wa- ter from the Falls. COMMENTARY Niagara Falls, one of the most beau- tiful, thrilling, impressive and popular of all natural spectacles, has the ad- ditional distinction of being unique. Mountains, lakes, rivers, oceans, and other wonders of nature are multiplied on the earth's surface, but there is only one such cataract accessible to most of mankind. It is not a private, nor even a State possession ; it is actually con- 60 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY trolled by two nations, neither of which can injure it without violating the rights of the other, and who should look on it, not as their private prop- erty but as held in trust for the bene- fit of the world. Its vast and easily convertible water power has tempted many private interests to exploit it on the plea that so much power is going to waste, on the assumption that any force that does not turn wheels and produce dividends is lost. They would thus deprive the world of one of its rarest possessions for the commercial gain of a few. The depletion of Niagara would greatly endanger the enormous com- merce of Lake Erie and the Detroit River. The lowering of these waters one inch means the loss to their freighters, which load to the limits of existing depths, of about $10,000,000 annually. These existing depths in the harbors and waterways have only been attained by dredging at great ex- pense by the Federal Government. Thus, for enriching of those few rich who would destroy Niagara, the world must contribute its marvelous spectacle, the shipping interests of the Lakes a huge revenue, and the Federal Govern- ment its great outlays in harbor con- struction. The plea is made that if New York State does not use the power, Canada will, thus diverting industries from ourselves to a rival. But Canada is able to use less than one-third of the power she produces from the Falls, the rest being exported to the United States. The exportation can be limit- ed by the President under the Treaty with Canada, and the situation thus controlled. The United States would not feel the gain of using Niagara power any more than she feels the loss of leaving it to do Nature's work, and she should guard it as a private person might a rare painting or statue, as a thing too rare to be replaced, too precious to be injured, and too necessary to be dis- pensed with. NATIONAL FORESTS The A. S. L. A. believes that the num- ber and, in some cases, the extent of our National Forests should be increased by the reservation of areas suited to Nation- al Forests, for at least the next genera- tion, (and particularly where they pro- tect the water supply), and not suited to other uses ; and approves the policy of the Forest Service in recognizing the dominant scenic or recreational value of certain areas in National Forests which, because of their location or character, cannot better be created National Parks, without at this time expressing any opin- ion as to the proper administrative con- trol of such areas. COMMENTARY It is hardly necessary to enlarge on the economic value of forests in these days of rapidly waning timber supply, or on the obvious fact that no one but the Government can go into the busi- ness on a large scale of raising crops that take one or rnore generations to mature. It is less generally under- stood that the forests exercise an im- portant influence on climate and soil fertility by causing a more even dis- tribution of rainfall, and by absorption of water in the forest floor, mitigating and perhaps at times preventing floods and freshets which wash the most fer- tile parts of the soil into the streams. It will thus be clear that, as private- ly owned forests become exhausted, not only must the country depend for its future supply of home grown tim- ber to a great extent on the National Forests, but that the fertility and OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 61 scenery of the agricultural and other lands outside of the forests will, as time goes on, be affected by them. National Forests will become in- creasingly useful for the preservation of wild animals and fish and of our native flora, in the conservation of water for power and irrigation, as health and pleasure resorts and, as af- fording within proper regulations, free firewood and other timber for nearby farmers. NATIONAL HIGHWAYS The A. S. L. A. endorses the proposal for a system of National Highways con- necting our great cities, national parks, national monuments and national forests and other features of conspicuous inter- est, whether the works of nature or man. COMMENTARY It is not an exaggeration to say that there is no city of importance that is not compelled to forego park areas which it would acquire but for the pro- hibitive cost due largely to the "un- earned increment," as well as to pri- vate improvement. If such cities had been properly laid out in the begin- ning, the park areas would have been diflferent and more advantageously dis- tributed even though the total park area might not have been greater, and much land now built upon would have been made into parks. Examples both of the economy of forehandedness and the extravagance of the lack of it in acquiring park lands would make good illustrative material for this policy. RESTORATION OF NATURAL FERTILITY The A. S. L. A. views with alarm the vast destruction of the natural fertility of our soils in many parts of the country and it favors the adoption of a perman- ent national policy of encouraging the general practise of such methods as may be found practicable and effective in pre- serving and restoring the natural fertility of the soil. TIMELY ACQUISITION OF PARK LANDS Tlie A. S. L. A. considers it a principle of sound civic policy that all growing towns should choose and limit improve- ments upon, and, when possible, acquire lands suited to the probable park needs of the future, in order that, when such needs become imperative, the cost may not be exorbitant or even prohibitive. The A. S. L. A. believes that the gov- ernmental bodies, federal, state and civic, should encourage the general adoption of such a policy. STATE ART COMMISSIONS The A. S. L. A. considers that in every state and city there should be an Art Commission whose approval is necessary to the design and execution of any per- manent structure of any kind, whether architecture or sculpture, or of any park or public ground on, or extending on any state or city owned property; also to the removal or relocation of any state or city owned work of art; and that no publicly owned building, monument or park should be executed without the approval of an art commission legally qualified either i\v the state or by a municipality. COMMENTARY There is no surer index of the men- tality of a community than the public buildings or monuments which it erects. A country like this with so many public needs to fulfill, so much history in the past and so much more in the future to celebrate will create an incalculable number of buildings for utilitarian needs and monuments (>2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY for ideal ones. Every one of these ought to be a work of art, unless it is to be a slur on the neig-hborhood where it stands. In a new country like this, with ideas of art so unsettled, with great numbers of people of small taste and education continually attaining to po- sitions of wealth or influence, with the purely commercial spirit so rife among those who control and those who con- struct public works, there is inevitably a large proportion of public work exe- cuted in style and design unworthy of an enlightened people. All these con- siderations point to the control of the design of public structures by a cen- tralized and competent art authority. No building can be said to be the exclusive property of the community that puts it up and pays for it ; for it is very often seen by a far greater number than those who live in its neighborhood, and contributes its in- evitable share to the art product of the entire country. It affects the minds and helps to mould the taste, not only of its nominal owners, but of every passer-by, no matter whence he comes. Every traveler can see it, and even those who paid for it can do no more, excepting that they may see it oftener. It is a gift presented unasked by the locality to the nation. Most large communities and many small ones have art commissions which ])rol)ably accomplish much good on the whole. But great numbers of pub- lic buildings and monuments are put up under no responsible art super- vision, and these, as well as all struc- tures and parks on State property, should be subject to the veto of the State Art Commission, which should be made up of the best qualified pro- fessional and lay talent obtainable. It would be for the common advant- age if found to be practicable that works which pass through the hands of local art commissions should also be subject to the approval of the State Art Commission. HOUSING The A. S. L. A. holds that good hous- ing conditions are the right of all who contribute the labor of their hands or brain to the common cause, and are es- sential to the national safety and pros- jierity, that amenity and convenience of living conditions without as well as with- in the home are necessary to content- ment and happiness, and that the en- couragement of such conditions by the dissemination of information to all desir- ing it is a proper governmental function. COMMENTARY The question of model housing for workers has passed well out of the range of mere idealism. A model community is valued now, not merely because it is good to look at, but be- cause it is a good place, and often the only place to raise good citizens. During the recent war it was found to be impossible to keep great num- bers of workers on their jobs because of the scarcity of decent living con- ditions, and this not only retarded the work of the war in quantity and quali- ty, but was a source of enormous ex- pense. To remedy this evil the Hous- ing Bureau was created, but, unfor- tunately, suspended just as its work was beginning to be effective. But the accomplishments of this and other Government Departments prove what can be done by intelligent and sympa- thetic planning, even under the ab- normal conditions of war time. All those who have had to do with la- bor of any kind are now learning that to be really dependable and efficient, it must be contented. A man cannot be OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 63 contented and self-respecting if he and his family have to live in squalid and unsanitary hovels. It is not reason- able to expect him to have the quali- ties of a good citizen if his surround- ings are such as no owner of a valu- able animal would tolerate. In the past, great numbers of work- ers have submitted to live in wretched- ness because of the scantiness of their earnings and the fierceness of com- petition ; but this is the class that for- ever seethes with discontent, that pro- duces so many enemies of organized society, that fills our jails and costs us so much for reformatories and police forces. Americanism cannot be born and nurtured in squalor and misery, and patriotism and other civic virtues are the reaction of benefits, not of hu- miliations. A man will be grateful to a community for the advantages he has received, not for the privations he and his have endured. CITY PLANNING The A. S. L. A. urges on all citizens, whether active in municipal affairs or not, the importance of proper planning in the creation of new systems of streets and other open spaces and in addition to existing ones. The future convenience and efficiency of village or city for busi- ness, recreation or residence, as well as its possibilities of beauty are in propor- tion to the forethought expended on its plan. COMMENT.^RY As the whole is greater than its parts, so the planning of a city is of greater importance than the planning of its units. On the disposition of its streets and other open spaces depend, not merel)' the traffic conditions, the convenience and economj' of time and effort of all who travel on wheels or on foot, the facilities both for business and pleasure, but the location of every building put up in the future, with its relation to all the other buildings. In fact, the working of the city as a vast machine for business and recrea- tion depend on the forethought with which it was originally laid out. It does not require a trained ob- server to see that in many of our cities the time and energy of men and ma- chinery are wasted in incalculable quantities in travel by indirect routes, up and down steep grades or on con- gested streets ; that a bad distribution of streets produces as a corollary a bad distribution of buildings, producing congestion in one place, and unoccu- pied or badl}' occupied land in another, inflated values in one locality and un- duly low ones in another; in one part abnormal activity, in another abnorm- al stagnation. It is a matter of almost universal experience that, at least in our larger cities, the lack of proper planning in the beginning has resulted in many evils now apparently past correction, which are only endured because the cost of correcting them seems too great to be borne ; and that tedious and costly processes of rectifying some of the mistakes of the past are going on in many places which could have been avoided by a few strokes of a pen impelled by the right kind of reason- ing when the city existed only on paper. For the lack of such forethought, innumerable towns and cities have street systems arranged with economy of nothing excepting the thought giv- en to their design. In construction, maintenance and e.xpenditure of time and energy by the traffic on them they are endlessly lavish. Parks and other open spaces are too few, too small and ill-distributed ; and the city structure is so monotonous and un- 64 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY imaginative that the proper display and grouping of fine buildings is diffi- cult or impossible. A village or city should be designed, not with regard to conventional no- tions of planning, but to fit the topo- graphy and other basic conditions. The plan should grow out of the site, not be arbitrarily imposed on it. A city that is well planned for the prac- tical uses of business and living will be the easiest to beautify. The planning of the street structure, the arteries of the city's life has, in the past, been left in perfunctory hands because they were able to wield a T square and ruling pen ; seldom does a town show that its planners realized that the responsibility for its future depended, in no small measure, on them. City Planning is logically the pre- cursor, not the successor of communi- ty building. It has arrived last in the field of building design, although it should have been the first. Now that it is here, let not a young country like the United States, with so many and gigantic building enterprises before it, make the mistake of ignoring this be- lated visitor, without whose help our national household can never be set in order. MEMORIALS IN PUBLIC PLACES In defense of the rights of the com- munity in its public places the A. S. L. A. urges the greatest care by all concerned in the selection of both design and site of public memorials, whether buildings, sculpture, or of any other kind. It urges that it should always be borne in mind that the effect of a memorial may be greatly enhanced or injured by its set- ting or surroundings. That no memorial design should be decided on until ample time has been given to its consideration, and that the choice of both site and de- sign should, whenever possible, be sub- ject to the approval of an art commission legally qualified. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS G5 RESOLUTIONS PASSED BY THE SOCIETY 1909—1922 January 28. 1913. Whereas, The provision of the Sundry Civil Bill repealing the Tarsney Act will result in putting the design and construction of build- ings to be erected by the Federal Government in the hands of salaried officials of probably in- ferior architectural attainment and, therefore, unlikely to produce buildings of a high order of merit, and Whereas, In consequence, the provision above referred to will be highly detrimental to the character of architectural work to be undertaken by the Federal Government at pub- lic expense, and Whereas, A public building should not only be a work of art, but is necessarily the most conspicious kind of work of art, and in many places the only work of art within reach, and will, therefore have a continual and far reach- ing effect on the taste and education of the people; and it is, therefore, of the highest im- portance that public buildings should be de- signed by the best skill available, this being only possible by the employment of those, who wherever they may be found, are best qualified for the work, and Whereas, Buildings planned under the sole control of a Government Department are like- ly to have the character of routine work, and to be of small or even detrimental value as works of art, and Whereas, While the landscape architects are not as a rule primarily concerned in the de- sign and construction of buildings, the settings or surroundings which should form a unit with the building, come under their charge, and they realize that it is impossible to produce a satis- factory work of which the most conspicuous part is of inferior design. Resolved, That the Society of Landscape Architects hereby expresses its profound re- gret that this action has been taken in the name of an economy which experience has shown to be false; and that it wishes to ex- press its earnest hope that a new law may soon be passed, in which the provision of the Tars- ney Act may be re-enacted and in some re- spects bettered. February 14, 1916. Whereas, The need has long been felt not only for more adequate protection of the sur- passing beauty of those primeval landscapes which the National Parks have been created to perpetuate, but also for rendering this land- scape beauty more readily enjoyable through construction in these parks of certain neces- sary roads and buildings for the accommoda- tion of visitors in a way to bring the minimum of injury to these primeval landscapes; Whereas, The meeting of this two-fold need can only be expected to come from, on the one hand, the creation of a special Government Service charged with the sole responsibility for the care and maintenance and, so far as need be, the development, of these areas for their primary recreative purpose, and, on the other hand, from the securing by such Government Service, when created, of the most expert pro- fessional counsel to advise as to the actual treatment of these areas, including their plan- ning and the design of all necessary construc- tions within them; Whereas, The Secretary of the Interior has now appointed in responsible charge of these National Parks, Stephen Tyng Mather, and as General Superintendent of the National Parks, under him and in direct responsible relation to these Park areas, Robert Bradford Marshall, both public servants of the highest character and standing, and, in the judgment of this Society, particularly qualified to be in admin- istrative charge of these areas, and it is un- derstood that they do not intend to accept or adopt any comprehensive plans for these areas, or designs for constructions which such plans may provide for, without first securing the ap- proval of qualified experts advisory, and an ()() TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY earnest desire for the co-operation of this So- ciety has been expressed; and Whereas, A Bill (H. R. 8668) has been in- troduced in Congress by Mr. Kent of Cali- fornia and has been referred to the Committee on Public Lands, being a Bill to Establish a National Park Service, and drawn by members of the American Civic Association in Confer- ence with representatives of the American So- ciety of Landscape Architects; be it, and it hereby is, Resolved, First: That the American Society of Landscape Architects declares its confi- dence in the present provisional administra- tion of the National Parks; Second: That the American Society of Land- scape Architects endorses the Bill (H. R. 8668), entitled a Bill to Establish a National Park Service and pledges its utmost efforts, in co-operation with the American Civic Associa- tion, to secure its passage; Third: That the American Society of Land- scape Architects pledges itself, and invites its individual members, to co-operate in every way possible, and consistent with the recognized ethics of the profession, with the present pro- visional National Park Service, and with the National Park Service sought to be established under the aforesaid Bill. to the erection of the proposed power plant in Washington on the bank of the Potomac, or in any other place where it will conspicuous- ly mar the development of the Plan for Wash- ington, and to any other such interference with the full realization of that plan. February 14, 1916. Whereas, It is proposed to erect a Govern- ment power plant of large proportions on the bank of the Potomac in the City of Washing- ton with four smoke chimneys, each about two hundred feet in height, and in a location where they will be seen conspicuously from the Capitol, the new Lincoln Monument, and the new East Potomac Park, and in relation with the Washington Monument; and Whereas, Such a structure in this location will seriously interfere with the proper de- velopment of the great plan for the City of Washington originated by the French engineer L'Enfant, and recommended by the Park Com- mittee of the District of Columbia and the Senate Committee on the District of Colum- bia, which plan in the judgment of the Society should be scrupulously adhered to; be it and it hereby is, Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects is emphatically opposed March 14, 1916. Whereas, A Committee, known as the Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique, has been formed at the Hague, under the patron- age of the Minister Plenipotentiary of the Bel- gian Government, for the purpose of collecting from all parts of the world, and carefully or- ganizing for convenient reference and im- mediate use at the close of the War or upon the earlier recovery of Belgian territory, all possible data — careful formulations of prin- ciples and clear records of illuminating facts of experience — which when placed in the hands of those who at that time may be responsible for and control the rebuilding of Belgian cities partially or wholly destroyed, will help to as- sure this rebuilding shall not from lack of available information, be along the lines of in- efficiency and ugliness so usual and so difficult to avoid at such times of feverishly rapid re- building, particularly of the homes of the masses of the population, but be along the lines in this case of utmost possible efficiency, economy, and beauty, worthy of Belgium's noble traditions of efficiency and beauty in city-building, and of the recent and continued brave struggle of her people; and Whereas, Through a personal communica- tion from M. Louis van der Swaelman, dis- tinguished Landscape Architect of Brussels, and official City Planning advisor to Greater Brussels, representing this committee, to Pro- fessor James Sturgis Pray, President of the American Society of Landscape Architects, the professional aid of the American Society of Landscape Architects is earnestly solicited in the compiling and organizing of the said in- formation in this great task of professional "preparedness," and in any other possible ways within the said Society's professional field; be it, and it hereby is. Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects pledges its utmost pos- sible aid to the Committee known as the Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique in its self-imposed task of professional "prepared- OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS ness" for meeting effectively the problem of rebuilding, along efficient and beautiful lines, Belgian cities wholly or partially destroyed in the present War, and, in the event that, at the close of the War, the said Committee shall have the opportunity to bring this "prepared- ness" to bear, the American Society of Land- scape Architects will do all in its power to aid the said Committee in its great undertaking. December 7, 1918. Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects heartily endorses the spirit of the Platform adopted by the National Municipal League Conference on Reconstruc- tion, at Rochester, on November 22, 1918, fa- voring Government encouragement and super- vision of the proper housing of industrial workers as far as may be consistent with the Constitution of the United States and an en- lightened public opinion. December 7, 191S. Whereas, The Architectural League of New York have expressed their willingness to es- tablish a gold medal in Landscape Architec- ture to be offered annually to the most meri- torious work exhibited at their annual exhibi- tion, under conditions to be established by the American Society of Landscape Architects, and whereas this medal will be identical with the medals m Architecture, Decoration and Sculpture offered annually by the League, be it Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects welcome this opportuni- ty of promoting the advancement of the art of Landscape Architecture through the helpful competition arising from the establishment of this medal and request the Board of Trustees to formulate the terms of the award and sub- mit them to the Society for approval. January 16, 1921. Whereas, There is great need for a really adequate National Botanic Garden and Ar- boretum, in which shall be tested and grown living specimens of the great range of woody and herbaceous plants that are or can be made available for use in the L^nited States as their qualities come to be accurately known, in which those qualities can be studied as in no other way, by which the identitj' of plants can be authoritatively determined for the purposes of science, trade and art, and by means of which the enormously fruitful possibilities of plant breeding and of plant introduction under safe conditions can best be attained; and Whereas, The climatic and other conditions of Washington are peculiarly well adapted for a Central Botanic Garden and Arboretum of this sort, — operating in connection with a limited number of sub-stations or affiliated in- stitutions in the extreme climatic zones of the country; and Whereas, A Committee of Congress has al- ready had under consideration, in connection with the proposed removal of the inadequate so-called Botanic Garden which has existed for many years near the Capitol, a proposal for the establishment of a true National Botanic Garden and Arboretum on a tract in northeast Washington, some 800 acres in extent, occupy- ing in part lowland and marsh owned by the Government along the Anacostia River, and in part a very diversified upland, including Mount Hamilton, to be acquired for the purpose; and Whereas, Representatives of the .American Society of Landscape Architects have examined this tract and found it to be admirably adapted to the proposed National Scientific purpose and at the same time a valuable addition to the local park system of the District of Col- umbia. Now, therefore, be it Resolved, By the American Society of Land- scape Architects that Congress be urged to set apart the said tract as a National Botanic Garden and Arboretum and to adopt the most carefully considered means for its administra- tion, on far-seeing, scientific, artistic and prac- tical lines. March 8, 1921. Whereas, The communities centering in the District of Columbia and in Baltimore, Mary- land, are giving rise to constantly increasing developments of many kinds in the intervening and surrounding region, and Whereas, The welfare of each of these great communities and of the many lesser communi- ties of this region is in many ways dependent 68 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY upon developments outside of its own bound- aries, such as main highways and other trans- portation facilities, water supplies, sewerage or the lack of it, and the manner of utilization of the land for many economic and social pur- poses, and Whereas, Many important projects affecting this region have been and are independently under consideration by representatives of the Federal Government and the District of Col- umbia, of the States of Maryland and Virginia and of the City of Baltimore, and by various groups of citizens; including for example, a Metropolitan Water Supply project for the benefit of Washington and neighboring com- munities, involving the permanent protection of extensive water-sheds; the utilization of the Potomac River for electric power, light and water supply for Washington; a scheme of economic forest development; the setting aside of areas desirable for agricultural experimental work and kindred activities of the Department of Agriculture; the project for a National Bo- tanic Garden and Arboretum; reservations for purposes of public recreation, as notably the Gorge of the Potomac near Washington, the Valley of the Patapsco near Baltimore and the strongly advocated National Forest and Park in the wooded area adjacent to Washington; Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects urge upon the States of Maryland and Virginia and the Federal Gov- ernment, that a Joint Commission or other suitable agency be authorized and directed to report upon a preliminary, comprehensive re- gional plan for the principal features of develop- ment having more than a local importance in the region including the suburban areas of the District of Columbia and of the City of Baltimore, and such portions of the Counties of Baltimore, Anne Arundel, Howard, Prince George and Montgomery in Maryland and of the County of Fairfax in Virginia as have com- mon concern with the expanding needs and developments centering in Washington and Baltimore November 8, 1931. Resolved, That the American Society of Landscape Architects is opposed to the indis- criminate cutting of the foliage of Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and its use for dec- orative purposes; that the members of the So- ciety use their influence to prevent the destruc- tion of this plant through commercial uses along with that of other wild flowers and na- tive foliage plants. January 16, 1922. Whereas, There has been established at Brussels, Belgium, an organization known as "I'Union Internationale des Villes," (The In- ternational Union of Cities), that by means of its main Centre of Civic Documentation at Brussels and of its other Subsidiary Centres in all civilized lands in collecting and dissem- inating contemporaneous data in regard to civic affairs, and Whereas, It seems to the American Society of Landscape Architects that it is of the ut- most importance that America join in this movement, so that our progressive communi- ties and civic organizations may benefit by freely receiving this invaluable data, be it Resolved, 1: That the American Society of Landscape Architects endorses this movement and will give to it its heartiest support. 2: That the American Society of Landscape Architects favors the establishment in Wash- ing of a suitable agency that shall be em- powered to organize in co-operation with the Library of Congress an American Centre of Civic Documentation, to be affiliated with the International Union of Cities and its Inter- national Centre at Brussels. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 69 REPORTS OF CHAPTERS BOSTON SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS The Boston Society of Landscape Archi- tects was organized January 23. 1913, with twenty-seven Charter Members. In December 1921 it had twenty-five members, one hon- orary member and one associate member. The Society became a Chapter of the American Society of Landscape Architects on Decem- ber 21, 1914. It has held an average of four meetings yearly. Once each year since 1915 it has par- ticipated in a Boston meeting of the American Society. In 1915 and in several subsequent years it has held field days, visiting works of landscape architecture near Boston. Meetings have been well attended by members and their guests and the discussion of papers and topics presented has been keen. The business of the Societj' has been car- ried on by an Executive Committee of five, which has met several times each year to transact its business. In February 1915 the Society held its first Exhibition. In November 1916. November 1917. April 1920 and February 1921. the So- ciety co-operated with the Boston Society of .'Architects and others in a joint exhibition that attracted considerable attendance and pub- licity. The Society has investigated and reported on pending legislation on city planning and related matters and has supported such meas- ures as were deemed sufficiently meritorious. It has taken a positive stand against state registration of landscape architects or such registration of architects or engineers as would interfere with the landscape architects' reasonable field of practice. Since 1917 the Society has been affiliated with the Massachusetts Federation of Planning Boards and has co-operated with it in such matters as securing laws permitting zoning and regulating bill-boards and securing a state Division of Housing and Town Planning to promote local activity by Planning Boards. Recently the Society has become a member of the New England Trail Conference, active in securing responsible maintenance of foot- trails and developing a system of through trails, particularly in New England highlands, an clement of regional planning and the re- creational system. Special Committees have done important work in many directions, notably in promoting an adequate development of the Back Bay Fens in the Boston park system and in pre- paring for distribution jointly with the Bos- ton Society of Architects an illustrated pamphlet on War Memorials. II. NEW YORK CHAPTER Looking back over his memories and over the records of the New York Chapter during its eight years of existence since 1914, the writer finds its history to be made up of hopes, plans and aspirations more or less imperfectly realized. It is of interest to note the plans for the future that were subjects of current discussion among members and were sum- med up by F. Vitale in his program of De- cember 22, 1915: A series of dinners to prominent artists, to park department authorities and to editors. A public exhibition of our work. Greater eflforts for co-operation with socie- ties of allied arts. Greater interest in horticultural exhibitions. Greater activity in the Architectural League. Publicity, based on accomplished work of members. Revival of lunch meetings. More and better personal intercourse. Criticism of each other's work. Summer meetings and visits to works of landscape design. Record of employes of all classes. Closer touch with nurserymen. Closer touch with schools and universities. Definite progress has been made in the di- rection of most of these, much progress in some of them. The progress continues and should do so. But, to the writer, it seems that by far the greatest progress made by the Chapter has been in wider and closer touch ro TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY with artists of other classes, and with editors and other outsiders. All those whom we have approached have shown willingness to meet us half way, to sympathize with our ideals and aid in their accomplishment. Artists in par- ticular, have shown their willingness to fra- ternize. It is merely necessary to show that we have something worth while to contribute to the common cause of art to be welcomed into the fellowship. More especially has this been brought about through the Architectural League in which one or more of our members have been active for the past fourteen years, during all of which time there has been one of us on the Executive Committee. Land- scape work now has a definite place of its own in the exhibition, and the medal in landscape architecture, due to the efforts of Ferruccio Vitale, has established this beyond peradven- ture. Our membership in the Fine Arts Fed- eration also has helped a good deal. It will be clear from what follows that the New York Chapter has pursued consistently, if intermit- tently, a policy of seeking contact with those in other walks of life with (it is believed) mutual advantage and resultant publicity for our Chapter and our art. Chronological record of outstanding events: The New York Chapter was actually or- ganized in the office of Ferruccio Vitale, and James L. Greenleaf was chosen President. The first meeting was held at the Transpor- tation Club in the old Manhattan Hotel (where many meetings of the A. S. L. A. were held). Mr. Greenleaf began his term of office by urg- ing those essentials of success in such a body as ours, good fellowship and loyalty to each other and to the A. S. L. A. The Constitu- tion and By-Laws (drawn up by H. A. Cap- arn) were adopted, and standing committees on Parks, Publicity and Entertainment ap- pointed. Annual dues were fixed at $10 for Fellows and $5 for Juniors. The Committee on Parks has always been watchful and was able to exert a not incon- siderable influence on park affairs, at least when the city landscape architect was a mem- ber of the Chapter. Subsequently, the Schedule of Practice and Charges (drawn up by H. A. Caparn) was adopted. In 1915 the Chapter was admitted to mem- bership in the Fine Arts Federation, which is a convention of delegates from the principal artistic societies of New York City, whose chief function is to nominate candidates from whom the Mayor selects the members of the City Art Commission. Before applying for admission, enough members of the Federation were sounded (by H. A. Caparn) to make it practically certain that our entry would be welcome. This, as well as other dealings, as a body, with outsiders, appears to show the great popularity of our Art. In the summer of 1915 there was a meeting and visit to the Essex County Parks, New Jersey, laid out by C. N. Lowrie. Ferruccio Vitale was elected President for 1916-1917. January 25th was the date of a notable dinner at the Hotel Brevoort at which were present Miss Gertrude Kasebier, photog- rapher, Messrs. Lionel Moses, W. A. Boring, C. Grant LaFarge, W. Rutherford Mead, archi- tects, Frank P. Fairbanks, painter, and Her- bert Adams and D. C. French, sculptors. On March 15th was given another dinner with a number of guests, mostly connected with the Park Department. In December a cup was purchased by the Chapter to be presented at the Annual Flower Show to the nurseryman or florist giving the best exhibition of plants according to specifi- cations of the New York Chapter. On February 6th, a dinner was given to the members of the Bronx Parkway Commission followed by description of the work on the Parkway, with slides. On March 6th, there was a dinner with guests. Professors William A. Boring, of Co- lumbia; E. Gorton Davis, of Cornell; and Laurie D. Cox, of Syracuse; and A. W. Cowell, of Pennsylvania State College. A lengthy dis- cussion on the subject of Education followed. Charles N. Lowrie was President during 1918-1919. For most of 1917-1918 the war ab- sorbed a great deal of the thought and energy of most people and the activities of the New York Chapter were mostly directed towards Peace with Victory. There were only such meetings as were necessary to support the War Garden movement and to keep the Chap- ter together. Later the Chapter took up the subjects of War Memorials. Housing, the relations of the landscape architect with contractors and nurs- erymen. At the meeting of February 5, 1918, Dr. T. J. Headloe, State Entomologist of New Jersey was the principal guest, and war gar- dens were discussed. At the annual meeting of December 19th. H. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 71 A. Caparn gave an illustrated talk on War Memorials. Harold A. Caparn was President, 1920-1921. The chief activities in 1920 were in the field of publicity and the beginning of the cam- paign for the reform of the City Parks Ad- ministration. There were regular meetings on these subjects in January. February and March, and on April 27th, there was a dinner at the City Club with a meeting at which were present the editors of Country Life, the Spur, House and Garden, the Architectural Review and others. R. Schermerhorn gave an illus- trated lecture on "Early American Countrj' Estates." In June there was a trip to Long Island Country estates in Mr. Henry Hick's automo- biles. On November 16th, the campaign for park reform was opened by a dinner at the City Club at which were present eleven guests prominent in New York City afifairs. The pro- ject was explained and discussed, and the guests were unanimous in approval and en- couragement. On February 16, 1921, there was a dinner at the City Club with eleven guests from ten civic and other organizations. Their approval and encouragement of our project was also enthusiastic. Later, a committee of seven with Lowrie, Vitale and Caparn and four outsiders (Col. Henry W. Sackett, Frank B. Williams, and Professor Joseph P. Chamberlain of Colum- bia, lawyers, and Charles F. Neergaard of Brooklyn) was formed to draw up a scheme of reform for presentation to the forthcoming Charter Revision Commission. Many sessions were held, and the Official Statement contain- ing an outline of the scheme proposed was printed and circulated among individuals and organizations likely to appreciate it. The re- sponse has been very encouraging, and we have the endorsement of many individuals and organizations. The scheme of reform will be offered to the Charter Revision Commis- sion as soon as a new Chairman is appointed, or before. There was another trip in the Hicks auto- mobiles in June. Harold A. Caparn was re-elected for 1922- 1923 to carry on the park reform campaign. At this meeting (December 13, 1921) W. V. Van Ingen, painter, gave a talk on the Chi- cago South Park System, its design and man- agement, illustrated by his own drawings. MID-WEST CHAPTER The Middle West Chapter was organized in December 1916, with a membership of twelve, — important cities such as St. Louis, Chicago. Kansas City, Detroit, Cleveland, Columbus and Toledo being represented. Today the total membership of the Chapter is twenty- seven. The most important activities of the Chap- ter are as follows: During the winter of 1921 a committee was named to make a thorough investigation of the proposed registration law for architects, engineers and landscape architects, known as House Bill No. 161, of the Ohio Legislature. The chapter of landscape architects thoroughly investigated and opposed the passage of this bill and also opposed the adoption of any registration law for landscape architects, which would place them in a false relation to architects and engineers without proper rep- resentation on executive committees or coun- sels. This bill was defeated because of the opposition from various sources. During the winter of 1921 the Chapter held a joint meeting with the Cleveland Chapter of the A. I. A. at which meeting important ques- tions such as registration laws for architects and landscape architects, a proposed course of architecture and landscape architecture in the Cleveland School of Art, the encroachment upon the national park property, and the prop- er relation among architects, landscape archi- tects and clients, were discussed. In January 1921 the Chapter sent an official communication to all of the departments of landscape architecture within the general juris- diction of this Chapter, making suggestions for the improvement of the curriculum in these institutions in order that the institutions could render a better service to students by more adequately fitting them for their life's work as landscape architects after the completion of their college course. It is the feeling of the Chapter that more attention could well be paid to making graduates really valuable as- sets to a professional office immediately fol- lowing their college work. One of the recent activities of this Chapter is the work of co-operating with the Women's National Farm and Garden Association. This Chapter supplied one of the problems for this competition and also was represented on the jury. 72 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY The most recent activity of the Chapter was the work of joining hands with Cleveland's Chapter of Architects in the development of two models showing correct and incorrect so- lutions of a home building problem on a lot 100 feet by 200 feet. The object of these mod- els is to demonstrate to the public the great value of proper co-operation among architects, landscape architects and owners in the de- velopment of a home. The Chapter gave encouragement and sup- port to the establishment of a summer travel course, both abroad and in the United States, which opens this year at Ohio State Universi- ty- At Columbus and other cities, members of the Chapter have taken an active part in co- operative architectural and landscape architec- tural as well as City Planning exhibitions. IV. MINNESOTA CHAPTER On February 35, 1913, at the call of Phelps Wyman, Fellow, the Minnesota members of the A. S. L. A. met to form a Provisional Chapter. A provisional constitution was adopted and filed with our Executive Com- mittee. At this meeting, A. U. Morell was Chairman and C. H. Ramsdell, Secretary pro tem. Formal application to form our Chapter was made August 24, 1913, when a revised con- stitution for the Chapter was filed with the Executive Committee. In January 1915, an in- formal vote of the Fellows of our Society was favorable and on December 6, 1915, our Chap- ter was duly voted into existence and our Constitution of February 5, 1914, was accept- ed by the Executive Committee. During this formative period, Phelps Wy- man was President, C. H. Ramsdell, Secretary of the Provisional Chapter. Policies of name, field of activities, spheres of influence, were actively considered and adopted. Our Statement of Practice, the work of this period, has since been revised, but is still ac- cepted as the standard of our Chapter, re- ceiving favorable comment by the officers of the parent society. The first ofificers elected held over until De- cember 31, 1919, when A. R. Nichols was elected President and George L. Nason, Sec- retary-Treasurer. During the winter of 1913, several informal meetings were held with discussion of plans and reports of members. Our guests included students from the offices, landscape contrac- tors, other landscape architects and park su- perintendents. During the years of 1913-1914 and 1915, our activities were largely routine, but competitive exhibitions were entered into, after discussion of policy. The Chapter was active in the Minnesota Farmstead Competition, fathered by the State Art Society. The results were pub- lished together with the Model Farm Homes Competition by the State Art Society. In 1916. the question of a full course of Landscape Architecture was taken up with the Regents of the University of Minnesota. Our Chapter promoted the idea that a full course was not desirable but that an elementary course for students, gardeners, and superm- tendents was advisable and this idea prevailed. Later, one of our Chapter members was asked to carry on each winter for a three months' period, a lecture course to Senior Architects of the College of Architecture and Engineer- ing. This is still the accepted method of study at our State University. During the War period, 1917-1918, our Chap- ter activities were much abridged by absence of our members on various lines of war work. The Chapter had a 100% attendance at the rather historic Washington meeting of the Society in December, 1918. In 1919 and 1920, the State Registration Law for Architects, Engineers and Land Survey- ors was discussed at length and advice asked of our officers and other chapters. This has been followed to date, but it is likely our members will soon register under this law due to state wide conditions and our own needs and protection. The Chapter was active at this time in promoting our state laws for city planning which have since been passed. In July 1921, an illustrated talk by Mr. Car- hart, Recreational Director of the U. S. For- estry Service was much enjoyed by our mem- bers and invited architects present. Late in 1921, our Chapter put in the hands of our Senators, Twin City representatives in Congress, as well as all Minneapolis and Saint Paul papers, the report on the proposed Se- quoia-Roosevelt National Park and Kings River Reserve. This report by the Society's President, Mr. Olmsted, and Mr. Fitzgerald is worthy of all possible publicity as a national policy for our Society. This resume of Chapter activities, does not mention the work of members on the several OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITF.CTS 73 committees of our Society. This has not been neglected, as our Society records will show. We are glad to report a much better public appreciation of good landscape work and the city planning idea (with the city zoning plans as necessary thereto), since our Chapter was formed. Our profession is more widely rec- ognized and results will show greater advance in the next ten years. Our Chapter now numbers four voting mem- bers and three junior members. With the wider travel and acquaintance of our members with members serving as park commissioners, as city planners, at the State University, together with memberships in allied societies, chapters, the Minnesota Chap- ter is bound to have more effective influence in the years to come. P.^CIFIC COAST CH.'>iPTER The Pacific Coast Chapter was established in Washington, D. C, in the spring of 1919, as a Provisional Chapter of the American So- ciety of Landscape Architects. President. W. D. Cook, Jr., of Los Angeles, Vice-President, Stephen Child, of San Francisco, and Secre- tary-Treasurer, E. T. Mische, of Portland, Oregon. There were no other members of the American Society practicing on the Coast at that time. A Constitution and By-Laws were drawn up and submitted to the parent body for their approval. Due to the unusual conditions prevailing on the Pacific Coast in the practice of Landscape Architecture, whereby many nurserymen and engineers call tliemselves landscape architects and contract for work, and due to the general public failing to discriminate between the tech- nically trained man practicing professionally and the contractor type, our Chapter during its ex- istence has made strenuous efforts to uphold the ethics of the profession and to get rec- ognition as a "profession" included under the head of fine arts. Our limited membership and the fact that the Executive Committee officers were widely separated added to our difficulties in getting concerted action. In 1920 the following were elected to mem- bership in the Chapter: George D. Hall, Fel- low of th< A. S. L. A., Charles P. Punchard, Member, A. S. L. A.; and the Hon F. D. Blanchard, in appreciation of his great activi- ties in Civic Improvement was elected an Hon- orary Member. The Chapter keenly feels the loss of Charles Punchard, whose untimely death cut short the splendid work he was do- ing. On January 18, 1921, George D. Hall was elected Secretary, while E. T. Mische remained our Treasurer. This action was taken in or- der to expedite action through the Executive Committee, and it is hoped that changes may be made in our by-laws which cannot function properly. An affiliation between the Southern Cali- fornia Chapter of the American Institute of -Architects and the Pacific Coast Chapter is an accomplished fact and is tending toward a better understanding between the two profes- sions. This affiliation is in reality an associa- tion only, our Chapter having carefully guard- ed its entire independence of action as to any resolutions or votes that may be passed. Our Chapter is also associated in the Joint Technical Societies of Los Angeles, comprising the local members of the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, the .Vmerican Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Chemical Society, the American Institute of Mining Engineers, the American Institute of Archi- tects and the American Society of Landscape Architects. The President and Secretary of our Chapter are members of the Joint Com- mittee representing the above Societies. Here again we have carefully guarded our entire in- dependence of action as to any resolutions or votes, which may be of more than local im- portance. "The Architect and Engineer," published in San Francisco, carries the official listing of our Chapter, and is very kindly publishing the activities of the Professional Landscape Archi- tect here on the Coast. "The California South- land" is also doing much to help our cause, and "Park and Recreation," of which E. T. Mische is an Editor is proposing to do much in this line. During the year 1921, our Chapter Member- ship was increased by the election of John William Gregg, Professor at the University of California, and Frederick N. Evans, Super- intendent of Parks at Sacramento, California, both members of the A. S. L. A. Our Chapter is doing what it can to advance the high standard of Professional Ethics and Practice laid down by the A. S. L. A. but it continues to urge that the parent body under- take a broad and dignified publicity of the pro- 74 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY fession, and of its membership, in order that a clearer understanding of our profession may reach the general public. The Los Angeles members of the Pacific Coast Chapter are taking an active part, with- out remuneration, in the Regional Plan Con- ference for Los Angeles County. This con- ference comprises committees striving to point out the regional needs for co-operation and co-ordination in planning for Major Highways, Parks and Boulevards, Standard Zoning Or- dinances, Adequate Sewers and Water Supply, the preparation of a Topographic Map, and the financial and legal side of the question in- volved in the development of a comprehen- sive Regional Plan. W. D. Cook is serving on the Subdivision Committee, and George D. Hall, is on the Highways Committee. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 75 WAR RECORDS OF THOSE WHO WERE FELLOWS AND MEMBERS DURING THE YEARS 1917 AND 1918 Note: Abbreviations are used wherever possible, and while most of them are self-explanatory, whenever U. S. H. C. occurs, it will be understood to refer to the UNITED STATES HOUSING CORPORATION, the executive organization formed within the Bureau of Industrial Housing and Transportation of the Department of Labor; C. P. S. refers to the Camp Planning Section of the Construction Division. War Dept.. and T. P. D. to the Town Planning Division of the U. S. H. C. FELLOWS Note: Of the forty-five persons who were Fellows of the Society during the years of 1917 and 1918, thirty-four reported War Work as follows: BRETT, F. Camp Planner. War Dept.. Const. Div., C. P. S. July 8. 1918, to January 8, 1919. Private office closed. BRINCKERHOFF. A. F. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. In charge of plans for Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga., Camp Humphreys, Va., during 1917 and 1918. Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at Staten Island, N. Y., and Elizabeth, N. J. Part time only. Private office maintained. BUTTON, F. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., for Camp at Fort Benja- min Harrison, Ind., Sept. 1, to Nov. 10, 1918. Private office maintained. CAPARN, H. A. Landscape .'\rchitect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Pro- jects at the Alabama Nitrate Towns of Flor- ence, Shefield and Tuscumbia from August 8 to November 12, 1918. Private office main- tained. CHILD, S. Landscape .Architect, Town Planner, and later District Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at Indian Head, Md., Dahlgren, Va., Aberdeen, Md., Ilion, N. Y., Stamford, Conn. April 24, 1918, to June .30, 1919. Private office closed. COOK. W. D. Camp Planner and Super- vising Field Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. Projects at Camps Lewis, Fremont and Kearney, at Columbia, S. C, Atlanta, Ga., .'\nniston, .Ala., Columbus. Ga.. and Benning- ton, Ky. Worked on plans for tuberculosis hospital at Markelton, Pa., Cape May, N. J., and Charleston, S. C, Aviation Field, Presidio, San Francisco, Cal. February 13, 1918, to October 22, 1919. Private office closed. D.\WSON, J. F. Project Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C, for the project at Ne- ville Island, near Pittsburg, Penn., fall of 1919. DE FOREST. .\. S. Landscape Architect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at .'Mliance, Niles and Warren. Ohio, and Sharon, Pa. July 1, 1918, to June 11, 1919. Maintained private office. FARRAND, MRS. BEATRIX. Report reads, "did not do any work which could be specifically called war work." GREENLEAF. J. L. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. part time 1918- 1919. Plans for Camp Lee, Petersburg, Va. Town Planner for T. P. D., U. S. H. C. pro- ject at Charleston, West Virginia, part time 1918-1919. Maintained office. HALL, G. D. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. March 2. 1918, to March 3, 1919. Plans. Inspections and Supervision for Remount Depots, Veterinary Hospitals, at Camps Jackson, Lee and Humphrey, etc. Supervision work, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. pro- ject at Craddock. Va.. March 3 to May 1, 1919. 76 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY HUBBARD, H. V. Surveyor and later As- sistant Engineer in charge of construction at Camp Devens, Mass., 1917. Designer, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S.. 1917. Designer, Emergency Fleet Corp., U. S. Shipping Board. Expert with Housing Commission, Council of National Defense. Assistant Manager, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. and Editor of its Technical Report (i. e. Vol. II) May, 1917, to July, 1919. Private office closed. KELLAWAY, H. J. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., for Camp Devens, Ayer, Mass., March 25, 1917, to October 19, 1917, also for additions to Camps Meade, Up- ton, Dix and Devens. February 8 to March 7, 1918. Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C, for their projects at Quincy, Mass., and at Port Penn, Pa., May 13, 1918, to November 19, 1919. Maintained private office, during this time, largely for the above work. LANGDON, J. G. Reports many interest- ing and important activities in connection with his work in the office of Public Buildings and Grounds, Washington, D. C. LAY, C. D. Town Planner for T. P. D., U. S. H. C, for three of their projects at Erie, Penn., and for one project at Butler, Penn., during the summer of 1918. Private office maintained. LOWRIE, C. N. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. Plans for Camp Gordon, Atlanta, Ga., for another cantonment or camp at Augusta, Ga., afterwards abandoned. Re- ports on camps and camp extensions at Camp Wadsworth, Spartansburg, Va., Camp Sevier. Greenville, N. C. Camp Jackson, Columbia, S. C, Camp Hancock, Augusta, Ga., Camp Wheeler, Macon. May and June, 1917, and February and March, 1918. Landscape Archi- tect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at New London and Groton, Conn., New Brunswick, N. J., now known as Lincoln Gardens, Alton, 111. Portions of 1918 and 1919. Private office maintained. MANNING, W. H. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. Surveys and Plans for Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio. Land- scape Architect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. project at Lowell. Office main- tained. MISCHE, E. T. Landscape Architect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C, for pro- jects at Philadelphia, Pa., Niagara Falls, N. Y., Indian Head, Md., (for these the work was that of preliminary investigator), Bremerton, Washington, and Vellejo (Mare Island), Cal. 1917-1919. Office maintained. NEGUS, S. P. Assisted Massachusetts Fuel Administration. Chairman Sub-Committee on Wood Fuel of the Wellesley Committee on Public Safety. Served as private in Wellesley Training Unit Home Guard, January, 1917, also on Wellesley Constabulary from Novem- ber, 1917, until June, 1918. Investigator Bureau of Investigation U. S. Dept. of Justice, July, 1918, until Armistice. Office maintained. NICHOLS, A. R. Landscape Architect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C, for pro- ject at Portsmouth, Ohio, during the summer of 1918. Office maintained. NOLEN, J. Member of Advisory Housing Committee, Emergency Fleet Corp. Member of Committee on War Time Housing, National Housing Association. Member of conference group that prepared the original draft of the Standards Recommended for Permanent In- dustrial Housing Developments. Town Plan- ner for Union Park Gardens, Wilmington, Del., U. S. Shipping Board, Emergency Fleet Corp. Town Planner, Town Planning Divi- sion, U. S. H. C. Projects at Niagara Falls, N. Y., Eddystone, Penn., and Ridley Park, Philadelphia. Chief of Bureau of Housing and Community Planning, Army Education Com- mission, American Expeditionary Forces, Dept. of Citizenship. Work overseas. 1917-1918- 1919. Office maintained. OLMSTED, F. L. With Committee on Emergency Construction, advising Canton- ment Div. of Army in the preparation of plans and selecting Town Planners and Engineers for laying out Camps and for designing and supervising their water supplies, sewerage and other utilities. Assisting Mr. Otto Eidlitz, who as a Committee of One on Emergency Construction under the Council of National Defense was endeavoring to get government action for relief of industrial housing short- age. Manager of T. P. D., U. S. H. C, created to deal with the above problem, one of the Directors of this Corporation, and continued work for it until June, 1919. While private office was maintained by partners, had no con- nection with its activities. The Olmsted Medal OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 77 OUTHET, R. A. Building Inspector for Dominion Bridge Co., Munition Work, Cana- da, contracted typhoid fever on work, unfit to "carry on" for another year. (1916-1917) Landscape Architect and Town Planner, Town Planning Div., U. S. H. C. Project at Charles- ton, S. C, and Tacomy near Philadelphia and in the office of the above mentioned corpora- tion. (1918-1919). Office maintained but not continuously. PARKER, C. R. War Dept., Const. Div.. C. P. S. In charge of office assistants and outside men, in all matters excepting those of general policies and matters pertaining to de- sign. December, 1917, to July, 1918. Assist- ant to manager, and later manager of T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Duties similar to those out- lined above in connection with War Dept. July, 1918, to December, 1919. Private olKce closed. PHILLIPS, T. G. District Town Planner. U. S. H. C. April, 1918. to January, 1919. Private office closed. PRAY, J. S. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., projects at Camp Funs- ton, Fort Riley, Kansas; Camp Johnston, Jacksonville, Florida; Camp Upton, Yaphank, N. Y. May 30 to September 18, 1917. Land- scape Architect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. projects at Seven Pines, (Fair Oaks), Va., and at Ernston (near Perth Am- boy), N. J. May 30, 1918, to January 25, 1919. RAMSDELL, C. H. Landscape Architect and Town Planner, and District Town Plan- ner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at South Bend, Ind., Indianapolis, Ind., Lyles, Tenn. August 15 to December 15, 1918. Camp Busi- ness Secretary for U. S. A., Y. M. C. A., Fort Snelling, Minn. Secretary attached to 36th Regulars and later attached to Base Hospital, No. 29, Fort Snelling, Minn. November 1, 1917, to August 15, 1918, and January 1 to March 15, 1919. Office closed. SCHERMERHORN, R., Jr. Camp Plan- ner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., at Camp Jackson, Columbia, S. C. and advising in re- gard to Camp Wheeler, Macon, Ga., May 21 to October 1, 1917, Commissioned Captain En- gineering Sec, Sanitary Corps, U. S. A., No- vember 21, 1917. Cantonment Police Officer and Division Sanitary Engineer at Camp Jack- son, water supply, sewerage and waste dis- posal, December 3, 1917, to July 5. 1918. At Camp Dix, organizing special Sanitary de- tachment for overseas at Toul, France. Served at Justice Hospital until January 13, 1919, duties similar to those at Camp Jackson. At Paris attached to Engineering Dept., of the Commission to Negotiate Peace under Brig. Gen. McKinstry, purpose to estimate war damage, but did little. Discharged April 12, 1919. SHURTLEFF, A. A. Landscape Architect and Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. On projects at Bridgeport, Conn., also at Newport, R. I. and Stamford, Conn. Worked on plans for grounds for U. S. Naval Hospital at Chel- sea, for another hospital at Parker Hill (near Boston) and at Newport, R. I. 1918 and 1919. Private office maintained. STEELE, F. ,\merican Red Cross Captain. Executive and Relief Work in Washington, France, England and North Russia. October, 1917, to March. 1919. Office closed. TAYLOR, A. D. Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Project at Muskegon, Mich. Part time, 1917-1918. Office maintained. UNDERWOOD, L. Landscape Architect and Town Planner. T. P. D., U. S. H. C. for their project at Bath, Maine. Also member of the U. S. Fuel Administration working under J. J. Storrow on problems of Fuel Distribu- tion for New England. Private office main- tained. VITALE, F. Project Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at Watertown, N. Y., and Dayton, Ohio. 1918. Part time. Office maintained. WYMAN, P. Town Planner and District Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Super- vising at the Washington office and on the ground several housing projects until the Armistice. 78 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY ASSOCIATE MEMBERS Note: One of the two persons who were Associate Members of the Society during the years of 1917 and 1918, reports as follows: McFARLAND, J. H. Treasurer Commis- sion on Living Conditions of War Workers, organized October, 1918, to speed-up produc- tion of war materials by improving living conditions for workers. Commission attached to the Dept. of Labor through the U. S. H. C. but independent as regards funds. Investi- gated many cases of bad housing, advised in regard to hospital facilities in Washington and the so-called "government hotels" opposite the Union Station, supporting the Corporation during the Senatorial Investigation. (October 1.5, 1918, to June 30, 1919). Private business maintained. [EMBERS Note: Of the thirty-six persons who were Members of the Society, during the years 1917 and 1918, thirty-one reported war work as follows: ALDRICH, R. W. As principal assistant to Mr. Arthur Shurtleff, had charge of various projects for the U. S. H. C. at Bridgeport, Conn., 1918. BLAIR, E. O. At Officers' Training Camp, Fort Sheridan, III. Then at Saumur Artillery School, Saumur, France, and with the French Army, 121st Field Artillery, U. S. Army, 33nd Div., at Alsace, Chateau-Thierry, Soissons, Argonne. August 15, 1917, to February 13, 1919. Commissioned 2nd Lt. and later 1st Lt. Office maintained. CALDWELL, L. S. Assistant Town Plan- ner for project of the LI. S. H. C. at Bath, Maine, in association with Loring Underwood. Town Planner, May, 1918, to July, 1919. Part time. Office maintained. CHAMBERLIN, N. Served at Plattsburg. 1st. Lt., A. S. A. Later Capt. A. S. R. C. Executive work in 111.. Ohio and Cal. Served also as Post Censor, Post Adjutant, President of Examining Boards, and upon Courts Mar- tial. August 23, 1917, to January 6. 1919. Pri- vate office closed. CLARKE, G. D. Member "D" Co.. U. S. Engineers, France, December 1, 1917, to July 1, 1918. Secretary to General of Staff, 3d Div. (Regular). July 2, 1918, to July 1, 1919. Took part in the Somme Defensive March 21 to April 6, 1918. Champaigne-Marne Defensive July 15 to August 21, 1918. Aisne-Marne Of- fensive, July 31 to August 8, 1918. St. Mihiel Offensive September 15 to September 21, 1918. Meuse Offensive October 6 to November 1, 1918. Army of Occupation in Germany. De- cember 1, 1918, to May 1, 1919. Commissioned 1st Lt. August 1. 1917. Capt. July 15. 1918. Citation from Commander in Chief of A. E. F. for Meritorious Service. COMEY, A. C. Assisting Housing Com- mittee, Council of National Defence, January 2 to February 15, 1918. Assisting U. S. Ship- ping Board, checking plans, February 15 to April 15, 1918. Special Investigator, Town Planner and District Town Planner. T. P. D., U. S. H. C. May 15, 1918, to July 15, 1919. Helped organize the work. — member of many Preliminary and Second Investigation Teams and as District Town Planner had charge of the progress of many projects including sev- eral at Washington. D. C. Private office closed. COX, L. D. Supt. of Landscape Construc- tion, Union Park Gardens, Wilmington, Del., U. S. Shipping Board. October, 1918. to Janu- ary. 1919. Private office maintained. DESMOND. T. H. Landscape Architect. Town Planner and District Town Planner. U. S. H. C. Also acted on Second Investigating Committee as to needs of housing in various cities, and as to available sites for such de- velopments. July 24, 1918, to December 31, 1918. Private office closed. ELWOOD, P. H., Jr. Engaged in work of salvaging and demolishing ammunition dumps in battle areas until March, 1919. Later at OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 79 Verdun as Motor Transport Officer. In com- plete charge of passenger transportation. Later in charge of landscape gardening and engineering work at the Argonne Cemetery, Romagne, Lous, and Montfacon until July 4, 1919. Entire service dating from August 2", 1917, to August 28, 1919. Attached to F. A. Sig. Corps., Aviation Sec. Commissioned Cap- tain. EVANS, F. N. Taught surveying in Stud- ent Army Training Corps at University of Illinois. Part time only. HARE, S. H. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., D. P. S. Plans and supervision Camp Funston, Kan., June to November, 1917. Inspection trip to Camps and Cantonments in Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkan- sas, planning Civic Centres, Hospital ex- tensions, Fire Protection, etc. Town Planner and District Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. In charge of thirteen different pro- jects, June, 1918, to January, 1919. All private work given up during that time. JOHNSTON, D. B. Private and Master Engineer, Engineers 44th Regt., U. S. A. in charge of camp and road work supervising German labor near Saumur, France. August 12, 1918, to July 20, 1919. After Armistice, Camp Landscape Architect and Lecturer in French History in school. May IB, 1918, to August 1. 1919. KESSLER, G. E. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., for various pro- jects in the middle west. 1917-1918. Project Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C, for mid-west projects. 1917-1918. Part time only. Office maintained. KRUSE, A. M. Town Planning Assistant, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Serving as Investigator on various projects, and Town Planner on projects at Milton, Penn. 1918-1919. Part time. Office closed. McCRARY, I. J. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. Projects at Wash- ington, D. C, and Camps Custer and Sher- man. April-October, 1918. Assistant Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Neville Island project near Pittsburg, Penn. Plans for this project stopped soon after the Armistice (Oc- tober-November, 1919). Private office closed. MOVIUS, H. L. Commissioned Capt., F. A., Plattsburg Barracks, November 27, 1917. Assigned to 349th F. A. December 15, 1917, Camp Dix. N. J. Student Officers' School of Fire, Fort Sill, Okla., March 16 to May 23, 1918. With A. E. F. 349th F. A. June 15, 1918, to March 3, 1919. At Front Sept., 1918, until Armistice. Took part in Offensive of Second Army, October, 1918. August 25, 1917, to March 19, 1919. Private office closed. NASON, G. L. 1st Lt., Co. "K," 29th En- gineers, U. S. A. In charge of all mapping and printing for the Army Engineers. Sep- tember, 1918, to December, 1918. Private office closed. NICOLET, T. W. War Dept., Const. Div., Q. M. C. Officer in charge .Authorization Sec- tion, November 30, 1917, to June 1, 1919. As- sistant Camp and Project Planner, June 1, 1919, to January 1, 1920. ,'\ssociate Principal Engineer of the Engineering Branch. January 1, 1920, to June 1, 1920. Principal Engineer, Engineering Branch, June 1, 1920, to August 20, 1920. Commissioned Capt., Q. M. C. Office closed. NOYES, J. Assistant Town Planner, T. P. D., U. S. H. C. Projects at Davenport, Iowa. Moline, East Moline and Rock Island, 111., for three months, July, August, and September, 1918. Resident representative T. P. D., and supervised grading and planting for their pro- jects until June, 1919. PHILLIPS, W. L. Draughtsman and Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., for a time at one of their camp projects in Porto Rico, later in the Washington Headquarters. 1917-1918. PILAT, C. F. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S. for project at Camp Lewis, American Lake, Washington; Camp Abraham Eustis, Lee Hall, Va., Camp Bragg, Fayetteville, N. C, June to November, 1917, April, 1918, to February, 1919. Private office maintained through partner. POND, B. W. Assistant to Officer in Charge Engineering Branch, Const. Div., 1917- 1918. Assistant to Officer in Charge Consoli- dation of Procurement of Supplies, Purchase, Storage and Traffic Div., General Staff, 1918. Officer in Charge of Cable Office, Div. of Pur- chase, Storage and Traffic, 1918. In charge 80 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY of compilation of data for Congress, etc., 1919. Commissioned Capt., Q. M. C, September, 1917. Major, Q. M. C, September, 1918. Pri- vate office closed. Discharged July 1, 1919. ROBINSON, F. A. With combat troops. Private to Master Engineer, in France, 313th Engineers, 88th Division, Alsace Sector. Meuse- Argonne, graduated Engineer Candidate School, Langres, with commission of 2d Lt., 1918. Instructor City Planning, A. E. F. Ar- tillery Training Centre, Bellevue (Paris), April- July. 1919. Office closed for two years. Com- missioned Capt. in O. R. C, Engineer Section, U. S. A. SMITH, S. C. Capt., American Red Cross, in charge of American Red Cross Headquar- ters for the Dept. of the Marne. February, 1918, to February, 1919. Entire time. SMITH, F. A. C. 2d Lt. U. S. A. Air Service and Personnel Adjutant, Carlstrom Field, Arcadia, Fla., also Personal Adjutant for Air Service School for Radio Operators, Austin, Texas. December, 1917, to January 20, 1919. Entire time. WHEELWRIGHT, R. Camp Planner, C. P. S., Const. Div., U. S. A. On projects at Camp Dodge, Des Moines, la.. Camp Merritt, Tenafly, N. J. Also inspector and supervisor of portions of the work at Camps Funston, Dodge, Grant and Custer. Later became civil service employee in the Washington office of the above mentioned Division, and among other projects, had charge of the re-planning of Camp Mills. June 13, 1917, to December 31, 1918. Office closed. WHITING, E. C. Camp Planner, War Dept., Const. Div., C. P. S., project at Camp Humphreys and various additions and ex- tensions for Camps Jackson, Dix, Meade, Lee, Sherman and several others. Preliminary work for the Town Planning Div., U. S. H. C. The above work part time only, during 1918; with the Olmsted office balance of time. WILCOX, R. H. Ensign, U. S. N. Line duty aboard S. P. 1175 Patrol, ten months. 1917-1918. Land duty at Great Lakes Naval Station Public Works Dept., Camp Designer, ten months, ending February 18, 1919. Office maintained for a short time after enlistment. THE LIBRARY OF THE OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 81 A Statement in Regard to the Establishment of a Fellovv^ship in Landscape Architecture at the American Academy in Rome In January, 1914, Mr. Ferruccio Vitale. a member of the Society, met the Director of the American Academy in Rome, Dr. Jesse Benedict Carter, and discussed with him the advisability of including Landscape Design among the Fellowships in Fine Arts at the Academy. Dr. Carter showed interest in and sympathy with such a project, and was good enough to state that he would support the idea with the Board of Trustees of the Academy. Mr. Vitale then called on Mr. William Rutherford Mead, President of the -'\cadem}- and secured his opinion on the same subject, offering, in case he viewed the idea favorably, to enlist the co-operation of the American Society of Landscape Architects in raising the necessary funds to maintain a Fellowship and in directing the competition and the study and research work of Landscape Architecture in Rome. Mr. Mead assured Mr. Vitale that he would welcome the collaboration of Fel- lows in Landscape Architecture with Fellows of the other Fine Arts, and asked him to see other Trustees and to present definite sug- gestions as soon as possible. Messrs. S. B. P. Trowbridge, C. Grant LaFarge, William A. Boring and other Trustees w-ith whom the pro- ject was then discussed seemed to be heartily in favor. Mr. Vitale, therefore, decided to bring the matter officially to the attention of the Ameri- can Society of Landscape Architects, asking for their opinion and endorsement. This he did at the Boston meeting in February, 1914. The proposal met with most enthusiastic ap- proval on the part of the President of the Society, Mr. Manning, and all the members present at the meeting; and it was decided that the Society should undertake to raise an en- dowment fund sufficient |to maintain three Fellowships in Landscape Architecture at the American .A.cademy in Rome, and that, in the meantime, the annual stipend for one Fellow be provided by annual contributions from Landscape Architects and their friends. The members who were present at this meeting contributed then and there very gen- erously and later more and more members sub- scribed to this temporary fund through the solicitations of the Committee, appointed for the purpose, composed of Messrs. Frederick L. Olmsted. Bryant Fleming and Ferruccio Vitale. until sufficient funds were in sight to guarantee the first Fellowship at the Academy. From that moment negotiations with the President, the Secretary and other members of the Board of Trustees of the Academy be- came more and more encouraging until as- surance was obtained that a Fellowship would be established. The American Society of Landscape Architects was officially requested by the Secretary of the Academy to submit a program for a competition to select the first Fellow, and to outline the relationship of the American Society of Landscape Architects to the Academy in regard to the administration of such a Fellowship. It is undoubtedly due to the enthusiasm and untiring efforts of Fred- erick Law Olmsted and Professor James S. Pray that many difficulties were surmounted at that time and that the project was finally crowned with complete success. The first Fellow, Mr. Edward Lawson, went to Rome in the fall of 1915. Owing to the unusual and unpropitious conditions during the long period of the war, and the subsequent financial depression the efforts of the Society to raise a permanent endowment have not been successful; but it is very gratifying to know that the Board of Trustees of the Acad- emy are now so favorably impressed with the usefulness of the Fellowship, and the good record made by Mr. Lawson, and the promise of an equally fine record by the second Fel- low, Mr. Griswold, that the raising of a per- manent endowment fund of$150,000to maintain three Fellowships in Landscape Design at the Academy has recently been made part of the program for the increasing of the general en- dowment of the .'\cademy. So that it is very safe to say that our Art has obtained full recognition, and is placed by the Academy on a par with her sisters, Architecture, Painting and Sculpture. 82 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY PRIZE OF ROME IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE 1915 Reprinted from "Landscape Architectur In this number of "Landscape Archi- tecture" are reproduced the complete texts of the programs of the Preliminary and Final Competitions for the Fellow- ship in Landscape Architecture at the American Academy in Rome, and the principal of the drawings submitted in the Final Competition, together with the topography on which the plans were based. These and all the other drawings submitted in that competition, and the drawings submitted in the Preliminary Competition, have been on exhibition in New York, are now on exhibition at Har- vard University in the School of Land- scape Architecture, and will later be on exhibition at Cornell University, the Uni- versity of Illinois, and the University of Michigan. The drawings are of interest not only for their initial schemes, but for the exceptionally thorough way in which these schemes are developed in plan, elevations, and perspective ; in working" drawings and reports ; and in calculations of labor and materials, and estimated itemized costs from unit-data furnished, along with the programs of the compe- titions, by the Committee on Education of the American Society of Landscape Architects. This Committee, consisting of Professor James Sturgis Pray, chair- man ; Professor Bryant Fleming, Profes- sor Aubrey Tealdi, Mrs. Beatrix Farrand, Mr. Warren H. Manning, and Mr. Her- bert J. Kellaway, has represented the American Society of Landscape Archi- tects in all its negotiations with the Academy, and has full authority to de- velop the Course of Study to be adopted for the Fellowship after being approved by the Trustees of the Academy. This has been developed and forwarded to the Academy, who now have it under con- sideration. Meanwhile, Mr. Law son, the successful competitor this year, sailed from New York, with the new Fellows in the other arts, on the White Star steam- ship "Cretic," September 9, and is pre- sumably now in residence at the Acad- emy, as the first representative there of the art and profession of Landscape Architecture. Although the unusual con- ditions created by the war cannot at best be particularly favorable for using to fullest advantage the opportunities ex- pected to accrue to a Fellow in our sub- ject at the Academy, the Society and the Academy nevertheless hope for very val- uable results from Mr. Lawson's inves- tigations and study. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME 83 FELLOWSHIP IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE PRELIMINARY COMPETITION, MARCH 25. 1915* This preliminary competition is not to ex- tend over a longer period than fourteen con- secutive hours. During the period of the competition no competitor is to receive any advice or assist- ance whatsoever from other persons. PROBLEM The problem consists of the design of a Country Estate, on an imaginary area of ground, shown on the accompanying topo- graphical map. and supposed to be situated somewhere in the eastern part of New York State, and one hour and a quarter from New York City. This estate is understood to be one of a considerable number of contiguous estates of similar extent and general character which are being taken up by New York busi- ness men and developed chiefly, as this is to be, for year-round residence. Mr. L N. Cognito, the client in this case, is a New York banker; and he, his wife, a son of twenty-one at college, and two daugh- ters aged eighteen and sixteen constitute the family. The estate is part of an old farm, of which the marketable timber in the woodland was all cut off forty or fifty years ago except for a few old trees shown on the topographical map. These and the smaller trees that have de- veloped since are in good condition unless otherwise indicated. The soil is a light sandy loam said to run about a foot in depth except near the rock outcrops shown. The subsoil is sandy gravel, well drained, except for the swamp, which contains two feet or more of peaty soil. The adjoining area, separating Mr. C's prop- erty from the lake referred to in the note on the topographical map is a reservation and will not be built on. but will be kept open, so that views of the lake from the property can be counted on in the future. Mr. C. has paid $6,000 for the land and says he will pay up to $100,000 for buildings, which are to include house, stable, garage, and greenhouse, and such minor structures as the working out of the problem may lead to; and up to $50,000 on the grounds. He expects to employ a head-gardener (in charge of place), an assistant in the greenhouse, an outdoor boss (under head-gardener), and four other men on the average through the year, ex- clusive of all help employed in house, stable, and garage. It is understood that Mr. C. desires a house of brick or else of wood-frame with wire lath and "plaster. "and will not accept any other material; also that, in either case, he desires the house to be "simple and unpretentious in character." The competitor, as the landscape architect, is expected to make the choice between these two materials, and also to suggest the style and general architectural effect which seem to him most fitting for the buildings. It is stipulated that the stable is to have stalls for at least four horses, that the garage is to be large enough for two automobiles, and that the greenhouse is to supply cut- flowers through the winter. ♦Extract from Special Regulations Governing Fellowships in Landscape Architecture: Sec. 1. Candidates are required to be (1) graduates of technical courses in Landscape .'\rchi- tecture in any one of the following institutions: Harvard University. Cornell University. Universi- ty of Illinois. University of Michigan. Massachusetts .Agricultural College; or (2) graduates of a college or university in high standing, who hold certificates of at least two years' study in such a technical course; or (3) men who are not graduates of either such a technical course or of any college or university in good standing, but who have had three or more years' professional experi- ence in either independent practice or in the employ of a competent landscape architect or firm of landscape architects, and are officially recommended by the .'\merican Society of Landscape .Archi- tects and approved by the Executive Committee of the .Academy. Sec. 2. Competitors are required to make a sketch for a work of landscape architecture, with- in a period of fourteen consecutive hours, upon a program uniform for all. The cornpetitor may elect his own manner of presentation. He must accompany his drawings with a brief, but ade- quate and clear statement of the principal reasons behind his scheme. He is to preserve sufficient record of his recommendations for his own possible subsequent use. 84 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY A vegetable garden of area sufficient to sup- ply the home-table with fresh vegetables in their season is to be provided. Mr. C. himself is interested in wild flowers, and desires to have provided a secluded area as natural in appearance as possible in which wild flowers can be grown. His wife wishes a formal flower-garden in which she can, so far as possible, have a succession of bloom from early spring until late fall, and interest- ing winter effects. The special desires and tastes of the other members of the family are not specified and may be assumed. The buildings are to be shown in first-floor plan, and grade figures (approximate only) are to be given at significant points about build- ings and informal garden, and along center- lines of important roads. Water-mains and electric-light wires are to be laid in the street by the community, but the landscape architect in his preliminary report must recommend the method of sewage disposal to be employed. REQUIREMENTS The competitor is required to hand in: 1. A preliminary sketch-plan for the whole area, drawn directly on black-line print sup- plied with this statement (the competitor will be supplied with tracing paper for his stud- ies.); this sketch-plan to be accompanied by such other preliminary drawings as the com- petitor may deem it well to submit to the sup- posed client with a view to making clearer and more convincing the recommendations contained in the plan, and in the letter to the client (see below). The Committee, in judg- ing this preliminary plan and accompanying drawings, will consider primarily the clearness of thought and soundness of judgment evinced by the design, and the appearance it would have if executed: and secondarily, the effec- tiveness (particularly the clarity) of the pre- sentation. The method of presentation is left to the competitor to determine, provided only that in the case of the plan the design is to be presented directly upon the print of the topo- graphical map. He is not to carry away from the preliminary competition any copies of the topographical map. 2. A letter to the client explaining the plan and the reasons behind it, and in general set- ting forth the competitor's recommendations as convincingly as may be in the manner he would do this in professional practice. The competitor is to retain some record of his recommendations which, if he shall later be admitted to the final competition, he will be expected to follow in the main. AMERICAN ACADEMY IN ROME FELLOWSHIP IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FINAL COMPETITION, APRIL 26 TO JUNE 5, INCLUSIVE. 1915 During this final competition, it is under- stood that the competitors shall work in pri- vate and without assistance other than from the use of published texts, photographs, plates, etc. They shall not obtain criticisms from in- structors, fellow students or others. PROBLEM The problem is the one set for the Prelim- inary Competition, of the statement of which a copy is attached hereto. The area is the same (a new print of the topography accom- panies this paper), and the conditions indicated on the topographic map and set forth in the just named statement of the Preliminary Com- petition remain the same in every respect for this Final Competition. But the program now calls for the most thorough possible develop- ment of this problem short of its actual exe- cution, and thus demands complete working drawings, specifications, and detailed esti- mates of cost. REQUIREMENTS The competitor is required to hand in: 1. A general plan for the whole estate, at the scale of the topographic map. This is to be based on, and follow, the essential idea em- bodied in the competitor's preliminary com- petition plan, and to show all the essential in- formation which that showed with respect to the designer's scheme of treatment, and such other information as the competitor, if en- gaged on a problem in practice, would show in a case where he felt it particularly desirable to have the general plan carried out to the \^ Second Award — 1915 Bremer W. Pond THE LIBIHRY OF THE sir;\ FORAPRix \ir ESiArE Honorable Mention Elbert Peets OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 85 maximum degree of completeness reasonable for such a general plan and taking into ac- count what other drawings he is going to pre- sent with this plan. 2. First-floor plans of all buildings at I inch scale. 3. Sufficient sketch elevations to convey an impression of the general form and style of each building as conceived by the competi- tor. 4. Complete construction drawings and specifications for the formal garden, except for possible statuary or carving, which can be sug- gested. 5. All drawings, specifications, and state- ments necessary for complete effective execu- tion of the informal garden. 6. A complete grading emd pipe plan of the whole place, at the scale of the topographic map, with accompanying profiles of all roads (but not path), and cross-sections wherever desirable to insure proper modeling of the ground surface. On this grading plan are to be indicated complete provisions for disposal of surface water as well as sewage, and loca- tions of pipes, hydrants, etc., for water- supply for all purposes, including fire protec- tion. 7. Details, at I inch scale of all drain-inlets, catch-basins, hydrants, and such other minor engineering structures as the particular scheme calls for. 8. Complete planting plcm or plans for whole place, including formal and informal flower-gardens, and vegetable-garden; and recommendations for preservation, removal, or supplementing of existing tree growth. This plan is to be accompanied by complete planting lists. 9. At least two perspective drawings: one showing the main building or building-group in relation to its surroundings (this may be a bird's eye view), the other a view in the formal garden showing the most important feature. 10. A full careful report covering the draw- ings and other material submitted by the competitor, and supplying such explanation as will be helpful to a clear understanding of the competitor's scheme (particularly the reasons behind its various provisions), and including a complete list of the cost data employed (see accompanying sheets of cost-unit data) whether supplied by the Fellowship Commit- tee or not, and full text of competitor's cal- culations and estimates. This report is also to be used as the opportunity to argue effec- tively for the solution offered. 11, Complete calculations of quantities of materials and estimates of cost of the work. 12. Any other plans, drawings, sketches, specifications, reports, or estimates, which the complete satisfactory execution of the general scheme may call for. In all cases the form of presentation — in- cluding material, style of rendering, etc., — is left entirely to the competitor to determine. COST DATA For the purposes of this problem, it is to be assumed: 1. That the nearest freight-siding to the property is one-half mile distant from the northeast corner of the property. 2. That, wherever a rock-outcrop is shown on the topographic map, the actual rock sur- face slopes outward and downward, in all di- rections, at an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal. 3. That labor and materials, and construc- tions called for on this particular job, will cost according to the following cost-unit data so far as these are found to cover, and, where unit-data are not supplied, the competitor is to make and state his own assumptions of them: COST UNITS House, if of brick, per cu. ft. $ .25 House, if of plaster, per cu. ft. .22j Gardener's house, if of brick .20 Labor, working foreman, per day 3.50 Labor, ordinary laborer, per day 2.50 Labor, two-horse team, including driver, per day 6.00 Topsoil stripped and put in place, per cu. yd. .50 Subsoil stripped and put in place, per cu. yd. .50 Sand brought in, per cu. yd 1.00 Subsoil brought in, per cu. yd. .80 Topsoil brought in, per cu. yd. 1.50 Peat brought in, per cu. yd. 1.50 Rock cut in open cut (cellars), per cu. yd. 3.. '50 Rock cut in trenches, per cu. yd. 5.00 Bricks laid in wall in cement-mortar, including cost of brick, delivery, and laying, per 1,000 bricks 25.00 Telford road complete, including foun- dation and surfacing, per sq. yd. 1.30 Upper 4-inch broken-stone road, includ- ing surfacing but not foundation, per sq. yd. .80 Good bitulithic or similarly surfaced 86 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY road, complete with foundation, per sq. yd. 1.90 Gravel path, per sq. yd. . .50 Brick path, per sq. yd. 3.00 Dry foundations (assuming material brought from outside the property), per cu. yd. 3.50 Vitrified (Akron) tile pipe, laid in trench with branches, but excluding cost of excavation and refilling: For 6-inch pipe, per lin. ft. .20 For 8-inch pipe, per lin. ft. .30 Galvanized iron water-pipe (lead lined) laid in trench, but excluding for i- inch pipe, per lin. ft. .20 Galvanized iron water-pipe (lead lined) laid in trench, but excluding cost of excavation and refilling: For 1-inch pipe, per lin. ft. .27 For ij-inch pipe, per lin. ft. .27 For 2-inch pipe, per lin. ft. .56 Cast-iron water-pipe, laid in trench, but excluding cost of excavation and re- filling, 4-inch pipe, per lin. ft. .33i Barnyard manure, well rotted, delivered on ground, per cord 10.00 Manure and cultivation for turf, per acre 175.00 Planting, exclusive of cost of prepara- tion of ground, and exclusive of cost of plants and their delivery; i. e., just labor: For herbaceous plants, per plant .02i For shrubs, per plant .07i For small trees, per plant .12i Concrete work, according to form. Catch-basins, etc., according to form and size. Plants to be purchased according to cata- logue prices, less such discounts as may be allowed to client. Other units according to judgment of com- petitor after such investigation as he may wish to make. No profit or commission to be figured on these prices, either of labor or materials. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 87 THE PRIZE OF ROME 1920 REPORT OF THE JURY IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED, Chairman JAMES L. GREENLEAF ALBERT D. TAYLOR CHARLES N. LOWRIE FERRUCCIO VITALE PROGRAM — PRELIMINARY COMPETITION The problem consists of the design of a public park for a residential district of a large city on a tract shown on the ac- companying to()ographic map, supposed to be situated in the midst of the district to be served by it. The district served is assumed to be about one square mile in extent, with a population of about 30,000, including me- chanics, clerks, salespeople, managers, and professional people, mainly occupied in establishments elsewhere in the city; not to the exclusion of industrial labor- ers but not predominantly an "industrial population" in the sense in which that term is applied to segregated areas oc- cupied mainly by low-paid factory em- ployees. It is assumed that the City has made and is making, through its City Planning Agency, reasonable provision for large rural parks and reservations accessible by rail transportation, for small decora- tive squares, and in connection with its school system for intensive play-ground activities. Specifically it is assumed that there exists in the neighborhood of the park a school playground equipped with indoor and outdoor gymnasia, running track and playground apparatus, and none of these are to be provided in the park. It is assumed also that there exists elsewhere, but accessible to the district served by the park, sufficient provision for playing baseball. Otherwise the park is to provide rec- reation facilities for people of all ages and various tastes, and specifically for the following: 1. A place for outdoor band concerts. 3. An outdoor assembly place for public speaking, movie shows, and small pageants or other dramatic entertain- ments. 3. Facilities for the circulation of crowds under pleasant and attractive surroundings. 4. A "Community building" or grou]) of buildings, including a general assem- bly room for dancing and other entertain- ments, smaller rooms for meetings, etc., a reading room and branch library, a cafeteria, general toilet rooms for men and for women, and space for adminis- trative purposes. The ground floor area of the building is to be assumed for the purpose of the preliminary competition at not less than 8,000 nor more than 12,- 000 square feet and its height at not ex- ceeding two stories and a basement. The architectural elevation of the building or buildings is not required, but the architectural character for them is to be described by the contestant in the written report which accompanies his plans. 5. Wading pool. 6. A little children's lawn secluded and enclosed by foliage informally com- posed. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY 7. A naturalistic pond, with beaches, woodland and waterside planting, and with paths commanding, from point designated on the plan, selected views of the pond ; the pond is to be drawn down and used for skating in winter. 8. A large field suitable for such uses as are consistent with the effectiveness of its appearance as the most spacious landscape unit of the park. 9. A display of flowers as elements of a formal composition. 10. A display of flowers as elements of a naturalistic composition. progra: FINAL COMPETITION The program now calls for a carefully studied development of this problem and demands working drawings, specifica- tions, and estimates of quantities. REQUIREMENTS The competitor is required to hand in : 1. A general plan for the whole park, ren- dered in color, at the scale of the topographic map. This is to be based on, and follow, the essential ideas embodied in the competitor's preliminary competition plan, but the com- petitor is at liberty to make any improvement in the plan which does not involve an aban- donment of those essential ideas. One ele- ment in the decision of the final competition will be the competitor's ability to recognize and to explain in his written statement (See Section 5 below) what the essential ideas em- bodied in his preliminary plan really were. The final general plan is to show: the loca- tion and width of roads, paths and other paved or hard-surfaced areas, with figures of eleva- tions at all critical points thereon, and of all outdoor steps with figures of elevation at the top and bottom of each; the location and out- line of each building with a figure indicating the ground floor elevations; the outline of all masses of foliage which it is proposed to re- tain or to plant, differentiating between those masses which are designed to be kept below the height of the eye, those which are de- signed to obstruct the vision from ordinary points of view, and those under which the vision is designed ordinarily to range freely except as obstructed by the trunks; trees shown individually upon the topographic map which it is proposed to remove; the outlines of the bodies of water which it is proposed to retain or to create, with figures of elevation of the proposed water surface, distinguishing between existing shore lines which it is pro- posed to retain without change of elevation or location and those which are to be newly formed; the locations of lamp posts or other means of artificial illumination; and the loca- tions of any other features of importance in the general design. As in the case of the preliminary competi- tion, the interior arrangement of the building or buildings is to be shown, either on the gen- eral plan or upon a supplementary drawing, at least to the point of designating the locations of the assembly room, the reading room, the cafiFeteria, the toilets, and the stairs. 2. At least two perspective drawings: one showing the main building or building-group in relation to its surroundings (this may be a bird's-eye view), and the other designed to illustrate what the competitor regards as the most important composition in the design of the park. 3. A general grading plan, to be drawn in ink on tracing cloth, at the scale of the topo- graphpic map showing: (a) the limits of all areas within which it is proposed to raise the existing surface by fill- ing, and (b) the limits of all areas within which it is proposed to lower the existing surface by excavation, with an indication of the depth and form of the filling and of the excavation by means of the existing and proposed con- tours. In addition, this plan is to show the pro- posed locations of drain inlets, but no other information is required. It is not intended to be a complete construction plan for the en- tire area of the park (see Section 4 below). This general grading plan is to be accom- panied by an estimate of the quantities of cut and fill in cubic yards, with the original cal- culation sheets showing the processes by which the estimate was derived. 4. Complete construction drawings and specifications, planting plans, planting lists and planting specifications: THE USR^W OF THF. THE LIBRARY Of THE "* *^ rM- UN F/ ^K^.^'W^ ('<■ />7 ^--' •> ) OF m ■<)■;■•'"' THE LIBRRRY OF THE Second Award — 1920 Stanley White OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 89 (a) for a limited portion of the park which the competitor regards as best exemplifying his ability in the more naturalistic aspects of landscape design, including naturalistic shap- ing of the ground surface and informal com- positions of foliage masses and flowering plants. (b) for a limited portion of the park which the competitor regards as best exemplifying his ability in the more formal aspects of land- scape design. The drawings required by this sub-section (4b) are not to include construc- tion plans for buildings but are to include complete plans for structures of an archi- tectural character other than buildings, with important details at a scale of not less than 3 inch to the foot. These drawings, lists and specifications are to be as complete and as detailed in respect to everything within the area which they cover as would be required to ensure the satisfac- tory realization of the design in practice by a contractor or contractors without supplemen- tary oral instructions. They are to be accom- panied by a detailed estimate of the unit quan- tities of every item necessary to the final re- sult desired, but assignment of unit costs is not required. 5. A careful written statement enumerating the drawings and other material submitted by the competitor and supplying such explana- tion as will help the jury to a clear understand- ing and appreciation of his design and par- ticularly of the reasons for the various de- cisions in^■olved in it. In all cases, except for the limitations above noted under Sections 1 and 3, the form of presentation — includinfj material, style of rendering, etc. — is left entirely to the competitor to determine. \\'ei5Tht will be given to the quality of his draw- ings as evidence of his ability to express his ideas through that medium precisely, agreeably and without waste of effort, and to the quality of his written state- ment as evidence of his ability to write clear, terse and effective English. Local Conditions governing the solution of tlie problem: The competitor is to assume as the location for the problem some part of the Continental United States with the climate of which he is familiar, and is to specify the climate at least as definitely as by naming the State in which he assumes the location to be. It will be as- sumed that his specification of the locality does not carry with it the assumption of any peculiar local conditions controlling the design other than general climatic conditions, and other than those set forth in the statement of the problem and on the topographical map. As to soil, the site is assumed to have a deep sandy loam of good fertility with out- crops of gneiss or hard sandstone at the points indicated on the topographical map. The rock is assumed to slope outward and downward at an angle of 30 degrees from the vertical. The Award: Ralph E. Griswold (1). Stanley White (2). Fabian McKeon Smith (3). 90 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY NATHAN FRANKLIN BARRETT A MINUTE ON HIS LIFE AND SERVICE Nathan Franklin Barrett was born in Staten Island, N. Y., November 19, 1845, and died in Pelham, N. Y.. October 17, 1919. At the time of his death he was the oldest living landscape architect, and had practiced his profession for fifty years. His father was one of the found- ers of the firm of Barrett Nephews, the large and well-known dyeing establish- ment of Staten Island. The son never chose to follow the trade and in his early youth, the romance of the sea attracting him, he led a sea-faring life for several years. Finally returning home, he went to war and served three years with the Union armies, being wounded at the battle of Cedar Creek, where he served under Sheridan. In 1866 he took up the serious study of landscape architecture, which he chose for a life profession, spending a period of practical apprentice- ship in his brother's nursery, at the same time familiarizing himself with all exist- ing literature on the subject and visiting all constructed works, worthy of atten- tion, within reach. In those days, there was little in the way of precedent for an American landscape architect to follow, beyond the comparatively few country places executed by Andrew Jackson Downing, and the writings of the latter, with those also, perhaps, of Donald G. Mitchell, whose interest in the subject was pronounced. It is also possible that the development of Central Park in New York, which was then being undertaken by Frederick Law Olmsted and Downing Vaux, had some influence in his choice of career, and that this was also a sub- ject of his particular interest. In 1869 he executed his first commis- sion and some of his earliest work of im- portance was for the Central Railroad of New Jersey, in connection with which he laid out a number of station grounds, in- cluding those at Roselle, Cranford, Fan- wood, Netherwood and Plainfield. His works were nation wide and ex- tended from Maine and Florida on the east coast to California on the west. Perhaps his individuality was best ex- pressed in the country estates he treated, but he was identified with the laying out of many towns and suburban residence districts. His most important work of this class was the town of Pullman, 111. (now a part of Chicago), which he planned in 1872 ; and George R. Pullman was not only his enthusiastic client but one of his warmest personal friends. Other towns which he planned, or the planning of which he was closely con- cerned with, were those of Birmingham, Ala., Fort Worth, Tex., and Chevy Chase, Md. In 1895 he was appointed landscape architect of the Essex County Park Com- mission, associated with John Bogart, civil engineer. He served this commis- sion for several years. Branch Brook Park in the Oranges bears the particular stamp of his treatment, and the selection of park lands and the layout of connect- ing boulevards constituted some of his important duties. He served as a com- missioner of the Palisades Inter-State Park from 1900 to 1915, in the latter year being appointed landscape architect of the commission. He was a member of the National Arts Club from the begin- OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 91 ning of its existence. In 1903 he was elected President of the American So- ciety of Landscape Architects, having been one of the original group associat- ing to form the latter society, indeed having been one of the prime powers to- ward its formation. His home in New Rochellc. which he built in 1890 and occupied until a few- years ago, he designed with a view of illustrating what a landscape architect could do with a half-acre jilot. Rather than adhere to a general fixed scheme and a conventional design, with sym- metrical balancing of parts, he preferred to develop within this area individual features of landscape design. His gar- den, therefore, was actually divided into irregular sections, and here he instituted a variety of garden types : the old fash- ioned Colonial garden, the Japanese. Roman, and Moorish gardens, and Eng- lish topiary work. By the use of his cel- lar, which was opened to the garden level and through which a long vista con- tinued, he devised what he was pleased to describe as a Normandy peasant's sitting room, a German peasant's kitchen, a Pompeian Court and other details of interest. A little brook at the rear of the property materially added in the for- mation of picturesque effects, and the garden was replete with i)leasant little nooks and surprises at every turn. Mr. Barrett's work was always of strik- ing originality and his imaginative pow- ers were without bounds. He despised the conventional and was never content to be bound by precedents. Describing one of his works, a newspaper account quotes his words as follows; "111 every instance the effect produced is suggestive and the critic must grasp what lies beyond. The charm of this de- sign lies in its variety, its lack of conven- tionality, the absence of mass in color, the absence of shrub borders and little patches of green grass, so often called lawns. The poppy and the ground ivy. and creeping Charlie and myrtle mingle together ; the aster and goldenrod feel at home; ferns and mosses are used liberal- ly, and while ahandun is aimed at. there is 'method in the madness,' and the wild garden and the formal play their part, each enhancing the charm of the other." Referring to his comment on "mass in color," an expression of his is recollected in which he contrasts the virtues of "color s])ots" and "color masses." "Com- pare one beautiful diamond, against a bit of black velvet, with a diamond necklace boldly displayed, — which is the more satisfving to the eye?" Continuing he would say, when the formal and the in- formal were being discussed : "The form- al garden is a gem, therefore should be an attachment, a pendant, to the house: — away from the house, an area you enter and pass through, but never a part of the general scene." He had an apt manner of expression and could illustrate the point of his argument most successfully through quaint anecdote or apt simile. Garden ])ictures in magazines he would not consider as wholly faithful. "Take a grill gate," he would say, "A couple of posts and some trees, and perhaps you would have something for a good photograph, but such is a representation of only a meagre detail of the real art of the land- scape architect." Mr. Barrett's view of landscape was always that which com- prehended the artistic possibilities first. If at some time this would occasion a de- parture from the natural or straightfor- ward method of development, and his client mij;ht experience certain prelimi- ary qualms, he could at least be always assured that the ultimate production would be something unique and interest- ing, and decidedly worth while. Mr. Barrett's mind would at once compre- hend possibilities far beyond the powers of the average lay mind ; indeed, he pos- sessed this qualification to a greater de- gree, in the writer's opinion, than any of his contemjjoraries in the landscape art. 92 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY While his tendency was principally to- ward the formal, and many of his gar- dens were designed for individual strik- ing features of perhaps varied types, yet these were always properly harmonized and the general scene would not suffer. He claimed to be the earliest exponent of the formal garden in America, the Ponce- de-Leon Hotel in Florida and the estate of R. G. Dunn at Narragansett Pier con- taining his first efforts along these lines. Up to this time landscape architects had followed the vogue of Olmsted and Downing of this country, who in turn had been influenced by the teachings of Humphrey Repton, the famous English landscape architect of the 18th century. Apart from early Colonial gardens, the formal garden in America put in its first appearance in the early nineties. How- ever, Mr. Barrett did not allow the form- al class of treatment to influence him wholly and he used to advantage much of the informal type of landscape (which he would term "Reptonian"), and his work shows many excellent examples of this style. Among the most prominent country places he designed, the following may be mentioned : P. A. B. Widener, Ogontz, Pa.; H. O. Havemeyer, Islip, L. I.; Jo- seph H. Choate, Stockbridge, Mass. Martin Maloney, Spring Lake, N. J. Stanley Mortimer, Wheatley Hills, L. I. H. D. Auchincloss, Newport, R. I.; Nor man B. Ream, Thompson, Conn. ; W. F. Havemeyer, Seabright, N. J.; F. D. Ad- ams, Seabright, N. J. ; C. B. Alexander, Tuxedo, N. Y. ; and Elliot F. Shepard, Scarborough, N. Y. Personally Mr. Barrett was a most agreeable and lovable character. One of his chief delights was to sit over his pipe in long converse with a fellow practition- er, discoursing on the theories of land- scape design, and relating the many in- teresting incidents of his career. His clients invariably became his friends and he was always a welcome guest at their homes. By nature truly an artist in all that the word means, his mind was free from sordidness of any kind, and his "art" was to him the greatest thing in the world. An offense to his "art" was an offense against him personally, and no landscape architect ever set his profession upon a higher pedestal. Like most real artists, he was not a good business man and this, combined with an affliction of the throat, helped to curtail the activity of his prac- tice and many of his personal comforts during the last decade of his life. With Mr. Barrett passes one of the most pic- turesque personalities in the profession of the landscape architect, and one of its most steadfast promoters. In these days where press of commercialism grows stronger as time passes, and old ideals be- come increasingly difficult to follow, Mr. Barrett's figure is one that will be missed. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 93 CHARLES MULFORD ROBINSON ASSOCIATE MEMBER A MINUTE ON HIS LIFE AND SERVICE Charles Mulford Robinson, of Roches- ter, N. Y., pioneer and widely known ad- visor in city planning, author, and Pro- fessor of Civic Design in the University of Illinois, died at Albany, N. Y., on De- cember 30, 1917, in his forty-ninth year. He was born at Ramapo, Rockland County, N. Y., on April 30, 1869, the son of Arthur and Jane Howell (Porter) Robinson, who shortly after his birth moved to Rochester, N. Y. There he re- ceived his schooling, and, from the Uni- versity of Rochester, in 1891, the degree of Bachelor of Arts. From college, he entered journalism, and, from 1891 until 1902, was an editor of The Post-Express (Rochester) ; in 1904, of The Philadelphia Ledger and, in 1907, of The Municipal Journal (New York City) ; while, for some years, he was a regular contributing editor of The Survey, The Ar- chiteclural Record and The Boston Transcript; and, at his death, had long been known as a prolific, and always level-headed and interesting, contributor to newspapers and periodicals, particularly on subjects of civil interest. (For a record of the more important of his publications, .see the accompanying bibliogra])hy. )** In 1899, a series of three articles which he contributed to The Atlantic Monthly on the subject of municipal improvement in the United States attracted unusual at- tention— for the great present interest in the bettering of the conditions of city life through more rational planning of the city itself was then hardly more than be- ginning, and he was an earnest pioneer in the field. Shortly after their appear- ance, he was invited by Harper's Magazine to go abroad and prepare a similar series on municipal development in Europe ; and, having, through this trip, accumu- lated much more material than could pos- sibly find place in these articles, he was moved in 1901 to the writing of his first book in his chosen field — the field of city planning, especially jilanning for increase of civic beauty. Despite the impressive, e\'en though abbreviated, list of organi- zations which in the "Foreword" of this little book he refers to as having "done some definite thing to improve a com- munity's appearance," city planning was still so new as a subject of public interest that, journalist though he was, he was unable to find a publisher willing to take the financial risk of publication. "Compelled at last to bring out the book, prosaically named, 'The Improve- ment of Towns and Cities,' at his own cx|>ense, he had the gratification of seeing it jump at once into favor and success. In a few months it had to be reprinted ; in less than a year it was rejjrinted again, and now reprint follows reprint, and edition follows edition. . . . Abroad, The Westminster Gazette hailed Mr. Robin- son as a leader of a new school of proj)h- ets." Such, according to a subsequent re- view* of Robinson's career, was the en- thusiastic reception of this early work. But this little book was much more than •Translated into Spanish for the lieviala Municipal, Havana, March, 1908. **Oniitted for lack of space. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY a "best seller" for the moment. Reread now, after the lapse of almost a genera- tion and when the literature of civic im- provement has already swelled to little- dreamed-of proportions, it is still impres- sive as a simple, earnest, straightforward statement of the farreaching value, and some of the many possible ways, of creating more beautiful civic environ- ments. Though Robinson's later works have still further emphasized the value of civic beauty and the importance of planning for this, it may well be ques- tioned whether any of them, though in- formed by his greatly enlarged experi- ence in dealing with actual civic prob- lems and by his riper powers of thought, have actually made a greater contribu- tion to the betterment of cities than this first book. From this point, his career is so crowd- ed with constructive endeavor, and he ac- complishes so many definite things for public advantage, and receives so many marked evidences of successful achieve- ment, that any full account of his work and its results becomes quite impossible. The article already quoted gives the im- , portant facts of his career which now rapidly succeed one another. Though its statements are quoted primarily to sketch a part of the comparatively short career of one man and are personal to him, since similar experiences were be- ing had more and more by others, they indicate as clearly the general awaken- ing of American public sentiment with respect to civic improvement as they do the ,way in which, and the extent to which, he was, from now on, a most im- portant figure and always a great en- ergizing influence in this movement, — the movement for which the writings and practice of men like the Olmsteds, Eliot, and others had been preparing the way. "Mr. Robinson was now giving all his time to his subject, and, taking up the preparation of his second book, he re- moved for some months to Boston to be in touch with its ampler facilities for a study of municipal aesthetics. In Boston also he served as acting secretary of the American Park and Outdoor Art Asso- ciation, then the leading national organi- zation devoted to the subject in which he was interested, its membership made up of landscape architects, park superintend- ents, park commissioners, and a few pub- lic-spirited citizens. As his work neared completion, Mr. Robinson returned to Rochester. He had now been elected regular secretary of the Association, of which the membership was rapidly grow- ing, and had made the personal acquaint- ance of most of the men professionally active in municipal improvements. In Mav, 1903, the new book, 'Modern Civic Art,' came out. "Various local improvement societies of the Middle West had federated them- selves in an organization of which the headquarters were in Springfield, Ohio ; and Mr. Robinson and others felt that the general movement would be furthered if the American Park and Outdoor Art Association — largely representative of pro- fessional knowledge — and this other or- ganization largely composed of those who wanted to better Ipcal conditions and were seeking how to do it — could be brought together. At a joint convention, held in St. Louis in 1904, this union was accomplished, and there was formed the American Civic Association. For a few - months, until the organization could be put on its feet, Mr. Robinson consented to accept the temporary secretaryship. He then resigned to enter the profession- al field that had now opened to him. "The first commission which he re- ceived to apply to a concrete case his ab- stract theories, had come to him from Buffalo, N. Y., where the Society for Beautifying Buffalo had lately been formed. His report on the opportunities OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 95 for improving the city was read at a pub- lic meeting, was published, . . and aroused great interest. The Board of Commerce of Detroit then invited him to visit that city and make a similar report ; and this report and one by F. L. Olmsted were published together in pamphlet form by the Board. Their recommenda- tions are still the basis of improvement work in Detroit, and it is interesting to note that one of the men most active in securing Mr. Robinson's visit — Hon. James E. Scripps — dying shortly after- ward, left $50,000 for the improvement of the city. Colorado Springs next sent for Mr. Robinson to make suggestions for the treatment of its very wide streets. There he was engaged by the coopera- tion of an improvement society and the Chamber of Commerce. His report . . . was published . . . and its recommenda- tions were enacted into ordinances. "A park commission of Columbus, Ohio, recenth' appointed but granted no funds, obtained by personal subscription a sum sufficient to secure a little visit from Mr. Robinson, that he might tell the city what its opportunities were. He did this with such effect in a written re- port . . . that the people demanded a careful and thorough study of the situa- tion by an expert commission, and the City Council appropriated several thous- and dollars for that purpose. A commis- sion of five, including Mr. Robinson, was appointed ... In Syracuse, N. Y., a newspaper — The Herald — desired to rouse the people to a realization of the need of a park commission, and asked Mr. Rob- inson to write a series of ten articles on the opportunities of the city. In three months the bill was in the legislature, backed by the Chamber of Commerce and other organizations. The commis- sion was then appointed, and a good park system is now being planned. "Denver, which had watched Mr. Rob- inson's work in Colorado Springs, called next for him. He was engaged by the city ; and one feature of his report — a civic center, of which the state capitol should be the crown, involving the ex- penditure of a great sum of money — created a sensation. For weeks the news- papers were filled with discussion of it and letters about it. Then the real estate board arranged a dinner at which it should be discussed. The dinner was not an invitation aflFair, nor free. Those who came had to pay for their plates : but the largest available room, the banquet hall of the Brown Palace Hotel, was engaged. There were seats for 400, and 800 applied for them. The mayor presented a plan for financing the project by creating graduated zones of benefit, in which the propertj' owners would be assessed to pay the interest and sinking fund charges on improvement bonds to run fifty years. To issue the long term bonds a charter amendment was necessary, and, in the several months before that could he submitted to popular vote, questions of the municipal ownership of public utilities had been injected into the cam- paign. These befogged the bond-issue matter, and by a slender majority the lat- ter was defeated. The vote was locally considered so indecisive, however, and so lacking in significance as to the civic center project that the administration re- solved to carry out by other means a slight modification of the plan. Little by little the necessary property is being acquired. Most of Mr. Robinson's other recommendations for Denver have now been executed. "From Denver, Mr. Robinson went to Honolulu, where the reading of his books had awakened civic aspirations and cre- ated a demand for his personal advice, such that the local government made an appropriation to obtain a report from him. . . . The newspapers in editorial comment on the completed report re- ferred to it as 'a marvelous revelation of 96 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY local possibilities' . and as com- manding 'substantially the unanimous ap- pro\'al of our best qualified citizens.' But perhaps a more striking evidence of the satisfaction which it gave is in the fact that on the day that Mr. Robinson sailed for home a delegation from the Associa- tion Improvement Societies presented him with a purse voluntarily subscribed. "Returning to the mainland, the city administration in Oakland, Calif., en- gaged Mr. Robinson to . . . report on the park possibilities — a matter in which there was then very little popular in- terest. Six months after the report was submitted and published, an issue of $993,000 in bonds, for the purchase of lands he selected, was voted on by the people. There was now great interest. The Board of Trade, the Merchants' Ex- change and every civic organization en- dorsed the project, an open letter to the citizens from Mr. Robinson was pub- lished in the papers, and on election day the principal business and manufacturing houses gave their workmen an extra half hour in order that all might vote. The result was an extraordinarily heavy poll, with a majority of five to one in favor of the issue, while there were about a dozen precincts in each of which the negative vote was less than ten. "An improvement club in the little city of Watertown, N. Y., engaged his services for a preliminary study, and then commissioned him to execute various definite plans. The rival city of Ogdens- burg, on the St. Lawrence, learning of the success at Watertown, sent for him next. Jamestown, N. Y., engaged him through its new park commission. . . . Dubuque, Iowa, called him next. He was employed there by a Joint Committee representative of the Commercial Club, The Federated Women's Clubs, and the Trades and Labor Congress. His west- ern trips had come to be a series of re- ceptions. ... At Des Moines, . . . at Cedar Rapids, Salt Lake, Spokane, Seattle — wherever he stopped — commer- cial, civic, or political bodies made him their guest." Among still other American cities which have called on him for advice as to their plan or development, should be noted: Ridgewood, N. J.; Cedar Rapids, Iowa ; San Jose. Calif. ; Fayetteville, N. Y. ; Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, Calif. ; Waterloo, Iowa ; Fort Wayne, Ind. ; Binghamton, N. Y. ; Raleigh, N. C. ; Council Blufifs, Iowa; Alton, 111.; Greens- boro, N. C. ; St. Joseph, Mo.; Omaha, Neb.; and Long Beach, Calif. For all these, reports have been published, which, in most cases, give his sole recom- mendations, but in some cases embody the joint recommendations of a group of experts of which he has been one ; as in the case of Columbus, Ohio, where the Plan Commission included also Austin W. Lord, architect; Charles N. Lowrie, landscape architect; Albert Kelsey, archi- tect; and H. A. McNeil, sculptor; De- troit, Mich., in which project he was as- sociated with Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. ; and Omaha, Neb., where he collabo- rated with George B. Ford and E. P. Goodrich. From October, 1915, to his death, Rob- inson had been continuously associated as Consultant on City Planning with Mr. William Pitkin, Jr., landscape architect, of Rochester, who notes the following projects as the most important ones on which Robinson was engaged in this capacity during the last two and a quar- ter years of his short, busy life: a report to the City of Lancaster, Pa., on the selection of a station site, submitted March, 1917 ; a city plan for Greensboro, N. C, the rough draft of which was com- pleted by Robinson a few days before his death and has since been printed in the original form (the week before he died, he had been at Greensboro at work on this plan) ; a plan for the development OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 97 of Guilford Rattle Ground Park near Greensboro, N. C, a National park on the site of which occurred the Revolu- tionary battle between General Green and General Cornwallis, just preceding the latter's surrender at Yorktown (since Robinson's death, the plans have been completed by Mr. Pitkin) ; and the Eclipse Park tract at Beloit, Wis., a housing development for Fairbanks- Morse Company, for which the plans have now been completed by Mr. Pitkin. In the spring of 1910, having become deeply interested in problems of resi- dential subdivision, he came to the Har- vard School of Landscape Architecture for special study and for some months of quiet research in its city-planning col- lections. Though regularly enrolled as a student in the writer's advanced course, he was, by special note of the President and Fellows, made the guest of the Uni- versity throughout his stay. Largely as a result of his visit and study, but as a result also in part of another trip to Eng- land about this time to attend the Inter- national Town Planning Conference in London, his next important book on city planning, entitled "The Width and Ar- rangement of Streets" (appreciatively dedicated to the Harvard University School of Landscape Architecture and to its Chairman), was published in 1911, and was five years later rewritten, much enlarged, and published under a new title, "City Planning: with Sjiecial Refer- ence to the Planning of Streets and Lots," though still almost exclusively concerned with the fundamental require- ments of functional street-platting and particularly in relation to residential districts. In 1908 there had appeared in attrac- tive form from the press of Paul Elder & Co. his "The Call of the City." in which all who love the city will find much of its emotional appeal brought out in Robinson's most enjoyable style. Something of the rare beauty of his own .spirit breathes through his few published poems. His rare native gifts, his varied journ- alistic experience, his naturally sanguine temperament, and his particularly sane and sympathetic and altogether whole- some outlook on life all find expression in his lucid, persuasive, and unusually pleas- ing style. He always wrote interesting- ly, and his written contribution, as a clear, straightforward expounder and pleader, is a unique one to the subject of civic improvement, particularly in its aesthetic aspects. Though city planning had already been taught for many years in the Harvard School of Landscape Architecture, there nevertheless existed in no American uni- \ersity a Chair of Civic Design. In 1913, such a chair was established at the Uni- versity of Illinois, and Robinson shortly acce])ted a call to it; in fact, it is under- stood that this new chair was created with Robinson in mind as its first holder. He thus became most fittingly the first in this country to be honored with the title of Professor of Civic Design. Of the undergraduate course in civic design which Robinson forthwith developed at Illinois, Prof. Frederick N. Evans, the present head of the Department of Land- scape Gardening there, who was most closely associated with Robinson in this instruction, says that it was given as a required part in the curriculum of the Landscape Gardening Department, though open also to other members of the University ; that Robinson conducted the work in two terms, coming from his home in Rochester to Champaign for four weeks in the fall, and six weeks in the spring; that each term was distinct in its scope, the fall semester having to do with an historical study of city plan- ning, its aims and general application in- cluded under the term "Repair," while the spring semester looked ahead to fu- 98 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY ture city-plannintj efforts, typified by the term "Prepare;" and that during each term he endeavored to take the class to some good-sized city, where for two or three days, its members would be brought into close touch with actual examples of the problems they were considering. Re- ferring especially to the quality of Rob- inson's instruction. Prof. Evans writes: "From a wealth of experience and re- search he was able to emphasize and vivify every point touched upon with in- teresting citations and illustrations. His fund of knowledge of detail in his sub- ject seemed inexhaustible, and always his ideas in the classroom were given forth with a lively alertness, at times spiced with fine humor, and in terms of such masterly English expression as his students will never forget." It is to be regretted that his early death prevented the execution of a plan which he had in mind of putting into book form the sub- stance of his regular lectures to his Illinois classes in civic design. No full list ever exists of the well-nigh indefinite number of organizations with which such a man as Robinson becomes at one time or another affiliated. He was recording secretary for the American League for Civic Improvements, organ- izer and first secretary of the National Alliance of Civic Organizations, member of the City Improvement Committee of the Architectural League of America, of the Arts and Crafts Club of New York, of the National Municipal League (and member of its Advisory Council), the American Scenic and Historic Preserva- tion Society, the National Housing As- sociation, the National Conference on City Planning, the American City Plan- ning Institute, corresponding member of the Twentieth Century Club, Boston, the only member outside New York City of the New York State Committee on Con- gestion of Population in New York, and associate member of the American So- ciety of Landscape Architects. To this National Society of landscape architects, though not a landscape architect himself, he was elected in 1915 in recognition of "the notable service he has rendered in his pioneer work in city planning in this country; as author and civic advisor; and in his leading many individual American cities to higher ideals of rational planning for health, efficiency, and beauty." All over this country he was an honorary member of improvement organizations. Abroad, he was an honorary member of the Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertising (S. C. A. P. A.), of the Council for the Town Planning In- stitute of England, and of other Euro- pean civic societies. Finally, he was not without honor, even in his own home city: in Rochester, N. Y., where he had been a lifelong resident, he was a park commissioner, a director of the Children's Playground League, a member of the Rochester Art League, a director of the Memorial Art Gallery, secretary of the Civic Improvement Committee which se- cured the Rochester City Plan, mem- ber of the Executive Committee of the Chamber of Commerce, and Chairman of its City Planning Committee. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Frater- nity, and, in 1905, his Alma Mater had appropriately conferred on him the hon- orary degree of Master of Arts. At his death, in wartime, he was an earnestly interested member and worker of the American Society of Landscape Architects' Special Committee to Co- operate with the Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique, which is the official American representative of that Comite and charged with aiding it in every way from American experience in its collec- tion and arrangement of material for the use of the replanners — whoever they shall be — of the Belgian communities de- stroyed in the war. To this work he had brought his characteristic, rare initiative. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 99 ofood judgement, and devoted spirit of service. In 1896 he was married to Eliza Ten Eyck Pruyn of Albany, N. Y., who sur- vives him. She was always most closely associated with him in his city planning work, often accompanying; him on his visits to distant cities, and assisting; in many wa3's in the effective and prompt accomplishment of his service. Virtually without technical training in the planning of areas of land and the ar- rangement of objects upon them for man's use and enjoyment : without, in fact, any specific technical training, either as a landscape architect, or as an architect or engineer — the three profes- sions which have most to contribute to the development of expert powers in the field of city planning — his alert mind, profound human sympathy, and deter- mined purpose enabled him nevertheless to win success and to render a lasting service to his profession, to his country, and to the world. In view of the extra- ordinary timeliness of his writings and of his professional efforts with individual American communities, he may, with reason, be regarded as the prophet of city planning in this country. For his service, from the very nature of his ap- proach to the problems of city planning, has been essentially as a publicist and teacher, and as a wise and skillful pro- fessional advisor and consultant rather than as a professional designer whose service is largely rendered through more or less elaborately developed, detailed, drafted plans and working drawings, specifications, and estimates. Somewhat of the latter, particularly in his later years and through his association with Mr. Pitkin, he did, but his work will al- ways be noteworthy for its effectiveness without these usual and now more and more necessary means. He was truly sans peur et sans reproche. His friends will al- ways honor his memory as much for his strong, sterling character, his unfailing gentleness and courtesy, and very lovable personality as for the ability behind his g-reat service. 100 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY CHARLES PIERPONT PUNCHARD, JR. A MINUTE ON HIS LIFE AND SERVICE Charles Pierpont Punchard, Jr., Land- scape Architect, Landscape Engineer to the National Park Service, and a Mem- ber of the American Society of Land- scape Architects, died at his home in Denver, Colorado, on November 12, 1920, in his thirty-sixth year. He was born in Framingham Center, Massachusetts, June 3, 1885, the son of Charles Pierpont and Mattie Frost (Blanchard) Punchard. He was of old New England stock, the first Punchard in this country having come from Dev- onshire, England, with John Endicott's company and settled in Salem. He at- tended school in Framingham till the age of fifteen ; and then, when his family re- moved to Brookline. attended high school there until in 1901 at the age of sixteen he entered the office of his uncle, Wil- liam H. Punchard, Landscape Architect, with whom he got his first professional training. In fact, he was associated with his uncle for eight years, at the end of which, the firm being then Punchard & Negus, he was urged by Mr. Negus to apply for admission as a Special Student to the Harvard course in Landscape Architecture. For two years he studied Landscape Architecture at Harvard where his clear head, sound judgment, and his natural response to the beautiful in art, as well as in nature, coupled with his characteristic conscientiousness and devotion, enabled him to stand high in all his work. By his fellow-workers he was respected for his practical knowl- edge, and was beloved by all because of his winning personality. Not holding a Bachelor's degree he could not become a candidate for the professional degree of [Master in Landscape Architecture from the Harvard School, though he did, at the time he left, have a very large meas- ure of the professional equipment of a graduate. During this period of work in the Har- vard School, he had formed a friendship with Frederick Noble Evans. They formed a partnership under the firm name of Evans & Punchard, and in the fall of 1911 opened an office in Cleve- land, Ohio, for the all-round practice of the profession. The new firm prospered and extended its practice widely, even to the Pacific Coast. About April 1, 1913, however, when Evans was in California, Charles, as a result of a cold caught on a professional trip, contracted a serious throat-disorder and was obliged to quit work and go to a sanitarium at Colorado Springs. Professor Evans, in a letter to the writer under date of December 22, 1920, writes of Charles as follows: "I saw ill Charles a personality which com- l)incd in an unusual way professional skill and keen judgment and likable manly qualities. The proposition of going with me to Cleve- land appealed to him, and we opened an office in the Scliofield Building at a time when the term "Landscape Architect" required explana- tion after an introduction there. As I had cal- culated, his experience in handling details of field work and measured drawings for con- struction proved invaluable to us and from him I learned a great deal. He worked with a speed and exactness and a neatness in pre- sentation that one finds inspiration in thinking of. It was always a pleasure to introduce him to personal and business friends, because these invariably were glad to claim him as a friend thereafter. The necessity of making his own way to a great extent and of making his own OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 101 decisions had led to a judgment more mature than one usually found in one of his age. I remember with some sense of humor his way of scoring those who he considered had not acted squarely; and I remember, too, the many affectionate memories which he was wont to expand upon in private. It was with con- sternation, while in Mr. Child's office in Santa Barbara during the winter of 1913, having ar- ranged with Charles for e.xpanding the work in the West which Mr. Child kindly rendered possible, that I received word from Charles of the sudden attack which overtook him. His doctor ordered him to leave Cleveland at once: but, with the deterinamtion of the captain on ;i sinking vessel, he wrote that he would not leave till I returned, which I soon did. 1 did induce him to go finally, seeing him in Col- orado Springs on my way East. "I am going to win this fight,' he said to me, as I left him alone in his room." Charles did win his fight for the time being, and in May, 1914, he was able to leave the sanitarium, though obliged still to exercise a great deal of care not to bring about a recurrence of his difficulty, and still and for an indefinite time to re- main at a high altitude. He was. there- fore, obliged to renounce the idea of con- tinuing the practice of Landscape Archi- tecture with Evans in Cleveland, who, so long as there was any hope of Charles' return, had held on to the business and the firm name. Charles settled in Den- \er and in time was able to do a certain amount of professional work. In the spring of 1916 Mr. Irvin J. McCrary, who was practicing in Denver, offered him a place ;and he was with McCrary until the spring of 1917 and from letters during that time to the writer was evidently happy to be back again in the practice of his chosen profession. We were get- ting into the war and he could no longer refrain from doing his utmost to get in- to active service. He was unsucessful in this on account of his physical condition hut on July 30. 191T, he received his ap- pointment to a position in Washington under the Fine Arts Commission and en- tered the Service of the Department of Public Buildings and Grounds as Land- scape Architect for the District of Col- umbia. On July 31, he was transferred to the position of Landscape Engineer of the National Park Service of the Interior Department and was serving in this capacity at the time of his death in Den- \er on the evening of November. 12, 1920. The following extracts from the writer's correspondence with the Na- tional Park Service is believed to be of interest to Charles Punchard's friends. Acting Director Mr. Horace M. Albright writes as follows : "I am pleased to observe your interest in Mr. Punchard. He was appointed last sum- mer as Landscape Engineer in the National Park Service and spent several months in Yellowstone Park where he made a study of the arrangement of the buildings occupied by the various concessioners. As a result of his recommendations we have required the camp- ing company, particularlj-, to rearrange and al- ter certain of their structures and otherwise make their camps more attractive and har- monious with the environment. "Following his stay in Yellowstone Mr. Punchard made a survey of conditions with a view to more comprehensive developments in General Grant and Sequoia National Parks, and then proceeded to Yosemite, where he spent most of the winter making a general study of conditions, more especially with reference to the Valley. "Mr. Mather had him accompany him for a short visit to the Grand Canyon National Park, and took him later to Hawaii to make a preliminary inspection of the National Park in the islands. "As Landscape Engineer Mr. Punchard oc- cupies a position of considerable responsibili- ty and he is consulted on all problems dealing with architectural and landscape features in the various parks. He is regarded as par- ticularly competent and is held in high esteem by all of us. We feel that he is especially fitted for the work, and besides I am sure that he has a genuine interest in it which makes his efforts the more effective." And in reply to a further specific in- quiry from the writer, Mr. Albright, un- der date of May 29, added tlie following : 102 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY "As few new improvements were being made, the position of landscape engineer was not filled until we secured the services of Mr. Punchard last summer. He devotes himself exclusively to landscape planning and general architectural work. He has no administrative functions, nor does he have control of the gen- eral engineering work, which is under the supervision of our park superintendents and our general engineer. His advice on landscape matters, however, must be accepted by park superintendents and the general engineer, and in order that he may be able to give this ad- vice on the ground we have him go from park to park as occasion arises for his assistance." It is Stated that, while Charles was in the Yosemite, the King and Queen of Belgium in their tour over here visited some of the National Parks, and he was selected to be the personal escort of the Queen, and also that at the end of the trip the King decorated him with one of the orders of the Belgium Court. On May 15, 1920, Charles, who had for years been a member of the American Society of Landscape Architects and latterly a member of its Standing Com- mittee on National Parks, said in the course of a letter to the writer : "I am working on a letter to the Committee on National Parks and hope to get it ofif this next week if possible, although I am very busy with other developments here. "The tourists and campers are coming in to Yosemite in numbers 300 per cent, in excess of the same dates last season, and it looks like the biggest year we have ever experienced and our appropriations no larger than last year, which means that we are to be seriously crippled for improvements. By another week we will have to cut our labor force to not more than ten men, in order to get through till July 1. So you see there is very little money for landscape work this summer." Mr. Horace M. Albright, then Super- intendent of the Yellowstone National Park, writes under date of November 30. 1920; "Of course you have heard of the death of our Landscape Engineer, Mr. Punchard. This was a very serious loss to our Bureau and per- sonally we superintendents feel his death very keenly. He was making a wonderful success in the National Park Service." The following letter from Mr. Arthur Hawthorne Carhart, Recreation Engineer of the United States Forest Service, is particularly significant as indicating the e.xtent to which Charles extended his in- telligent and broad-sighted service be- 3'ond the confines of the areas immediate- ly under his control and, by meeting in a friendly cooperative spirit the one Recreation Engineer in the Forest Ser- \ice, vmdoubtedly did much toward tempering the feeling of jealously which has existed in some quarters between the champions of these two Services, repre- sented for our profession by Punchard and Carhart: "Soon after I came to this work in the for- ests I met Mr. Punchard in the Yellowstone Park. After this meeting we corresponded and whenever possible met and discussed our problems. There is a belief existing in some quarters that the Park and Forest Services do not cooperate as much as they might, but Punchard and I had no difficulty in getting together on all subjects and discussing them freely. We had planned some work along cooperative lines which was to cover the ap- proaches to all of the National Parks in the District. The roads into the majority of the parks pass through National Forests and con- stitute some of the best scenic attractions viewed by visitors. We had planned to cor- relate our work along these traffic lines so that there would be a unity impossible to se- cure without close cooperation." The following extract from a letter dated November 16 from Mr. Arno B. Cammerer, then Acting Director of the National Park Service, to Miss Theodora Kimball. Librarian of the Harvard School of Landscape Architecture, is the best possible evidence of the way in vvhich the officials of the National Park Service regarded Charles — his work and bis jiersonality : " 'Punch,' as his friends were wont to call him, made friends wherever he hung his hat. Faithful, loyal, hard-working, and energetic, he was also endowed with a fund of good common sense and rare judgment that secured OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 103 for him the respect of all with whom he came in professional contact. He was always ready- to devote his energies to public duties, irre- spective of the demands on his vitalities. In addition to his work as landscape architect of the District he rendered great services to the Public Buildings Commission of Congress when the investigations and report of that body were under way. I myself, as Assistant Director of the National Park Service, saw him shortly before his death in Denver, when he told me that he had so many reports yet to write that he did not want to keep away from his work and take a rest 'as long as he could push a pencil.' Apparently, however, his strength waned fast after that, because two weeks thereafter a telegram was received at National Park headquarters that he had died. It is such men as Mr. Punchard that leave their indelible stamp by work faithfully and well done, which serves as an inspiration to others in his profession and in the Service. "As an evidence of the esteem in which Charles Punchard and his work were held by Director Mather, the Director issued instruc- tions that all flags in the Park Service through- out the country were to be at half-mast for thirty days." In closing this somewhat informal minute on the life and character of Charles Pierpont Pimchard, Jr., let me quote from an informal resolution signed by certain members of the Boston So- cietj- of Landscape Architects (informal, since Charles had left Boston before the Chapter was organized and so was never a member of it) : "We had learned to hold him in affection in his early days of promise, to love his personal charm and integrity, and to admire his cour- age and enthusiasm in following, against great odds, the high cause of his chosen profession." 104 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY JOHN CHARLES OLMSTED A MINUTE ON HIS LIFE AND SERVICE John Charles Olmsted, Landscape Architect, senior member of the firm of Olmsted Brothers, Brookline, Massa- chusetts, and one of his profession's ablest and most respected representa- tives, died at his home in Brookline, after a long illness, on February 25, 1920 ; his wife, Sophia Buckland (White) Olmsted, and his two daughters surviving him. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland, September 14, 1852, the son of Dr. John Hull and Mary Cleveland Bryant (Per- kins) Olmsted. His father was the eldest son of John Olmsted, a prosperous merchant of Hartford, Connecticut, where the family had Hved since the settlement of the place in 1636, having come from the County of Essex, England. John's mother, after his father's death, married his father's brother, Frederick Law Olm- sted. John, thus originally the nephew, became now the step-son of Frederick Law Olmsted, and, in the course of time, the half-brother, as well as the first cousin, of Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., who, by John's death, now becomes the senior member of the Olmsted firm. One experience of his boyhood is of special interest in the light of his later career. In 1864-5, with his parents, he visited the Yosemite and made many camping trips in that region, enjoying to the full this outdoor life. This was three or four years before the now famous first visit of John Muir and twenty-five years before Congress was led to set apart for all time the Yosemite Valley with some- thing of the adjacent country as a Nation- al Park. Owing to the travels of his parents, he was largely privately taught. He gradu- ated from Yale in 1875 with the degree of Bachelor of Philosophy from the Sheffield Scientific School. After graduation, he entered his uncle's office, then at 209 W. 46th St., New York, and in 1878 received an interest in the business. In 1884, after the office was moved to Brookline, he became a full partner, and the firm became F. L. and J. C. Olmsted. On the former's retire- ment, about twenty years later, John be- came senior partner of the firm, which had meanwhile been enlarged by the ad- mission of Henry Sargent Codman in 1889 (becoming then F. L. Olmsted & Co.), and of Charles Eliot in 1893 (be- coming then Olmsted, Olmsted and Eliot). Codman died in 1893, Eliot in 1897, the firm for one year then becoming again F. L. and J. C. Olmsted. In 1898, Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., was admit- ted, the firm became Olmsted Brothers, and so remained until John's death*, and at this writing continues under that name. Owing to his uncle's condition, John had been, in fact even for some years before the latter's formal retire- ment, the active senior member of the firm. *James Frederick Dawson and Percival Gal- lagher had been admitted to associate partner- ship in 1906. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 105 Thus for more than forty years, he was in active practice, and, during all that period, he was concerned with large and important undertakings. His remark- ably extensive experience was also not- ably varied, for he was called on to de- sign areas for a great diversity of uses. Hundreds of private estates, large and small, in all parts of the country, and the grounds of many institutions — of uni- versities, schools, and colleges (includ- ing Smith and Mt. Holyoke, and Ohio State University) — of industrial plants, asylums, sanitariums, libraries, state c-apitols, town halls and exposition build- ings, were developed by him — several of these on the Pacific Coast. With his partners, he was concerned in the design of the grounds of the World's Fair in Chicago. 1S9;5. and, as one of the de- signers of the laj^out of this great epoch- making exposition, he received one of the commemorative medals issued to certain participating artists. He was similarly concerned with the plans for the Seattle Exposition, 1909; the Lewis and Clarke Exposition, Portland, Oregon, 1906; and the Canadian Industrial Exposition at Winnipeg. Alanitoba — all this besides his unique work on ])ublic playgrounds and parks. He always, and conspicuously regard- ed Landscape Architecture as a profes- sion rather than as a business ; yet, and largely for that reason, on the business side he was successful ; and it is said that more than any other he established the professional practice of his firm up- on a sound business basis, — a basis, in fact, that has influenced the organization of the businesses of many other firms of landscape architects in this country. Some further appreciation of the in- dustry and success of his firm in the vears when he was its active head, mav be gotten from the fact that during this period their professional jobs, as shown by a recent count for the purposes of this minute, numbered about three thousand five hundred. While it would be impos- sible to determine now with how many of these he had directly to do (and there were many for the design of which he was in no degree responsible) the pro- fessional responsibility for these resting primarily with his partner or partners, it seems clear that in his active connection with the business continuously almost from its beginning, the proportion of those jobs in which he had a hand must have been a comparatively large one. Among other notable powers and pro- fessional characteristics, he had an extra- ordinary visual memory, the utmost inde- pendence of thought, great fertility of resource, a pains-taking care for the de- tails of his schemes, a thorough knowl- edge of his materials including plants, and exceeding skill in their arrangement. His fertility of ideas and professional re- sourcefulness are well illustrated by two of his better-known jobs, the houselots for the employees of the National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio, which, even when uniform in area, were given ingeniously varied interest and livable in- dividuality, and the famous group of Southside Playgrounds in Chicago, where, with the need of providing similar elements in each case, every area has its own complete and functional individual- ity born of a skilful utilization of space and adaptation to differences in area and local need. By no means the least evi- dence of his power in this latter case lay in the remarkable shortness of time — not more than two or three days — within which these varied solutions were de- veloped and the plans forwarded to Chi- casjo. 106 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY He had early disciplined himself to work deliberately, systematically, effec- tively, without haste, without waste, but with a genuine enjoyment of his work. He had the power to give himself over so completely to the subject in hand as apparently to have lost any and all con- sciousness of the passage of time; and yet in the matter of appointments he was the soul of punctuality. To a most un- usual degree, as compared with other prominent men in his profession, he seemed fully at home in working out the relations and details of a formal scheme and those of a purely naturalistic one. On the one hand, he had a working knowledge of architectural forms suffi- cient for his own professional purpose and for his lifelong co-operation with architects, and, on the other hand, a thorough acquaintance with ground form and engineering works.incidental to land- scape architecture and a marvelously de- pendable familiarity with the plant vo- cabulary of his art. Thus he united in his own person a most rare combination, exceedingly difficult for one individual to acquire of very different professional powers, and was able to maintain these divergent powers in admirably balanced, sane, and wholesome relation. As one of those who worked under him in his most active time has said of him* : "Nothing that he engaged in was slighted or done without careful study." This well-known characteristic coupled with a wide knowledge of the practical affairs of communities, (for he was a thorough- ly practical if bold idealist) inspired con- fidence in men of affairs charged with re- sponsibility for large and costly under- takings within the field of his profession ; and, as the same writer has well said: "The range of difficulties he solved in city planning would in itself be a credit- *Mr. E. T. Mische of Portland, Oregon, in "Park and Recreation" for April, 1920. able record, but this he did as a by-pro- duct in the planning of the country's pleasure-ways, parks and playgrounds." His own greatest service — the one of most far-reaching influence — has prob- ably been in park design. In this field, he was, with his partners, concerned in the design and development of the great park system of Greater Boston, including the Boston Municipal, Cambridge, and other local parks, as well as the Metro- politan System ; the exceptionally beauti- ful large parks of Hartford, Connecticut ; parks of Brooklyn, New York, including the Shore Drive ; the extensive Essex County, New Jersey, system of parks ; as well as parks at Bridgeport, Connecticut; Fall River, Massachusetts ; Buffalo, Ro- chester and Watertown, New York; Trenton, New Jersey ; Chicago, Illinois ; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Michigan; Mil- waukee, Wisconsin ; Seattle and Spo- kane, Washington ; Portland, Oregon, and Portland, Maine, and, in the South, Louisville, Kentucky; Charleston, South Carolina ; Atlanta, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana. He brought to these problems of park design an unusual combination of quali- ties which gave him the power to evolve, under different sets of natural and social conditions, designs of varied beauty, each fitly growing out of the local circum- stances. The public benefit of this great work, in developing areas in all sections of the country for the happy relaxation and refreshment of city population, is truly incalculable; and, since a well lo- cated and well designed park of any con- siderable area tends to increase in beauty with the passing of the years, these parks — so long as they are vigilantly protected from short-sighted alterations and ex- ploitation or diversion to other uses — can but render a constantly greater ser- vice, and constitute an enduring monu- ment to the master's expert knowledge. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 107 his wise foresi<^ht. and his indefatie:able labors. It has not, however, been merely through his own extensive practice that he has served his profession*. In the American Society of Landscape Archi- tects and the Boston Society of Land- scape Architects, he had for years been a devoted worker. Of the former, he was the first President, and served for many years on its Executive Board, and on many important committees concerned with the organization and advancement of the profession. The esteem in which he was held by his professional colleagues is indicated in the resolutions which were passed by the American Society of Land- scape Architects and the Boston Society of Landscape .\rchitects and accompany this Minute. Short of stature, but possessed of quiet dignity, retiring, abounding in vigor, "J. *The breadth and catholicity of his pro- fessional interests not only in his own chosen field but in related and contributory profes- sions and fields is indicated by the following partial list of the organizations with which he was connected at the time of his death. He was a Member for thirty-thret- years of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers; Associate Member of the Boston Society of Architects; Member, American Association of Park Super- intendents; Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety: Municipal Art Society of New York; American Forestry Association; Appalachian Mountain Club; Associate, Boston Museum of Fine Arts; and a Member of the Century. Re- form, and National Arts Clubs in New York. C. O." or "J. C.", as he was familiarly called, was at once a strong and a very gentle and kindly personality ; modest, and soft-spoken, but firm and always having the courage of his convictions. His failing health stood in the way of his active participation in the technical war work in which the members of his profession were able to render so special a service, but, during the almost continu- ous absence of his brother in Wa.shing- ton, he himself kept in touch with the office: and afterwards, throughout the last months, when confined at first mere- ly to his home, but later to his couch, his strength was failing under the ex- hausting strain of periods of great suf- fering, he still for a long time, in the quieter intervals, gave some attention to his firm's business, and to questions be- fore the American Society of Landscape -Architects in which he was keenly inter- ested and on which his at once clear- headed and kindly judgment was of very great aid to his colleagues and co-Trustees. Almost to the last, he received occasion- al short visits from near friends. In this way, the writer was privileged to see him for (jerhaps twenty minutes only a few days before the end, and was more than ever impressed with his clear under- standing of men and motives, his always generous and kindly judgment, his quiet force of character, his unfailing loyalty always to be depended upon, and his ex- ceeding patience, and fortitude under the severest trial. 108 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY RESOLUTIONS ON THE LIFE OF JOHN CHARLES OLMSTED Approved by the Trustees of the American Society of Landscape Architects March 2, 1920 WHEREAS, we, the members of the Board of Trustees of, and representing, the Ameri- can Society of Landscape Architects, have learned with deep regret of the death, on Feb- ruary 25, 1920, of John Charles Olmsted, Fel- low of this Society; WHEREAS, Mr. Olmsted, from early as- sociation with his Father and through an ex- ceptionally long and active professional career as Landscape Architect, had brought his rare training and abilities to bear upon a great va- riety of important undertakings in all parts of this country; and WHEREAS, Mr. Olmsted was one of the Founders of this Society, and its first Presi- dent; had, in all, served more years than any other as its President; had, at the time of his death, been serving on its Executive Commit- tee and Board of Trustees for five years, and had rendered devoted and invaluable service on many committees, including the Examining Board; be it and it hereby is RESOLVED, That in the death of John Charles Olmsted, the profession of Landscape Architecture has lost one of its most thorough- ly equipped, and richly experienced practition- ers, whose works will be of far-reaching, benefi- cent influence; and that this Society mourns the loss of one of its most distinguished and devoted members, whose lively interest has been shown, even up to within a few days of his death, in all that concerned the welfare of this profession and this Society. RESOLVED, That we who have been most closely associated with him in the work of this Society and this Board will miss con- stantly his detailed knowledge, his expert judg- ment, and particularly his quiet strength of character and his generous, kindly spirit which endeared him to all who knew him well. RESOLVED. That, to his family and friends, we extend our deepest sympathy; and RESOLVED, That a committee of this So- ciety be appointed to draft a Minute on his life and work. BOSTON SOCIETY OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS Approved at Meeting of the Society at the Boston City Club, Tuesday Evening, March 16, 1920 RESOLVED, That, in the death, on Feb- ruary 25, 1920, of John Charles Olmsted, one of the founders of this Chapter and the greatly respected and esteemed senior in years of us all, we have lost one of our most loyal and faithful members, and one whose wisdom and whose watchfulness have, many times in the life of the Chapter, stood us in good stead; RESOLVED, That his unique wealth of technical knowledge, and his varied profes- sional experience extending over many years. and derived from the solution of most im- portant private and public problems cannot be replaced; and that his gentle spirit and always kindly and generous attitude toward us, his colleagues in the Chapter, will long carry on as a very precious memory; and RESOLVED, That a copy of this resolu- tion be sent to Mrs. Olmsted, a copy to Olm- sted Brothers, and a copy to LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE for publication in its next OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 109 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON TRAVELING EXHIBIT October 2, 1922. In 1920 the Board of Trustees appointed a Committee to assemble an exhibition of work by members of the Society, and arrangements were made with the American Federation of Arts by the Chairman, Mr. Stephen Child, to have them take over and handle the exhibition after it was finally assembled. When Mr. Steele was appointed chairman in July, 1920, with Miss Coffin, Mr. Caparn and Mr. Whiting as committee members, active measures to- ward assembling an exhibit had been started and under way for some time. Although mem- bers had long been circularized, asking for photographs of their work which could be used for the purpose, nothing had been re- ceived. Repeated efforts made during the following year in writing and often by the Chairman in person brought results from a comparatively small number of the members. It was like pulling teeth to get action from anybody. The committee was most grateful to all who sent in the material from which the exhibition was the final result. The committee had previously determined that this exhibit should be composed entirely of photographs of domestic work, as it be- lieved that the appeal of this side of profes- sional endeavor was special and that other phases deserved a separate exhibit which should follow in due time. It had also de- termined that the presentation should be uni- form in the quality and technical finish of the photographs. These standards were main- tained very much to the advantage of the show as it finally appeared. In the interest of harmonious treatment and in hope of covering ground that would not otherwise be photographed, the committee urged that the members engage Mr. E. Crosby Doughty of Williamstown to take their pho- tographs. Weather conditions all that sum- mer were unsatisfactory for photography, but Mr. Doughty submitted a large number of prints which were used. In addition several members furnished their own photographs. The final selection was made with an idea of getting as much variety in subject as might be. While the work of individuals and firms was grouped as much as possible, yet when illustration of the subject matter seemed to make it desirable, the committee did not hesi- tate to break up such groups in order to lay emphasis on problems of design rather than on the name of the designer. Thus drives, wild gardens, entrances, etc., were assembled as far as reasonably could be done. The photographs were mounted on light wooden backs, matted with card-board and protected by thin celluloid. The mounts fitted into specially made trunks. Each board was numbered and each photograph given a brief caption to draw attention to specific points in landscape design which it illustrated. It would have been impossible to get this work so expeditiously done without the very active services of Edward C. Whiting of Olmsted Brothers who made it possible to do the mounting in the office of his firm with the as- sistance of his office force. Those photographs showing the work of New England members were first seen at a joint exhibition with the Boston Society of .A.rchitccts in February. The whole was hung as the official exhibit of the American Society of Landscape Architects with the Architectural League Exhibition held in the new wing of the Metropolitan Museum, New York, in April. Then, according to an arrangement which had been previously made by Mr. Stephen Child, with the .American Federation of Arts, the latter took over its complete control, insurance, routing and exhibiting throughout the coun- try. This relieved us of a difficult, even in- superable task. It has been seen in a number of places and is always well received. The exhibit was frankly far less good than had been originally hoped for by the commit- tee. It was less good than it might have been if the committee had sweated over it for two or five years instead of one. But we had en- gaged to have it out by a certain date for the Federation of Arts, and this had to be done. It is to be hoped that a similar and better ex- hibit will he arranged in the future. But be- fore that is done, it is exceedingly important that the Society should prepare an exhibit showing other branches of the work including city planning and park design, which should be used for public education in the subjects and as a means of showing the extensive aid no TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY which landscape architecture brings to bear on such important problems. EXHIBITORS IN THE A. S. L, A. TRAVELING EXHIBIT Blossom i photographs Brinley 8 Child 2 Coffin 3 Greenleaf '' Hubbard 4 Lay 12 Leavitt 2 Lowrie 4 Nason 1 Olmsted 20 Parker 2 Pitkin 6 " Pond 2 Robinson 1 Sanger 8 Schermerhorn 2 Sears R photographs Shurtleff 2 Smith 4 Steele 4 Underwood 3 Vitale 15 SCHEDULE OF EXHIBIT 1920-1921 Ypsilanti, Michigan. Columbus, Ohio. Dayton, Ohio. To be shown at: Memphis, Tennessee. Montgomery, Alabama. Utica, New York. Pittsburgh, Penn. Cambridge, Mass. Peoria, Illinois. Bloomington, Illinois. Lynchburg, Virginia. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 111 EXHIBITIONS OF INDIVIDUAL CHAPTERS Boston Chapter: In February 1915 the So- ciety held its first Exhibition. In November 1916. November 1917, April 1920 and February 1921. the Society co-operated with the Boston Society of Architects and others in joint ex- hibitions that attracted considerable attend- ance and publicity. Mid-West Chapter: The Mid-West Chapter of the American Society has co-operated with the Ohio State Conference on City Planning in their exhibitions of 1920 at Cincinnati and 1921 at Columbus. Several members have ex- hibited at the National Conference on City Planning and joined in other exhibitions. Members throughout the Mid-West in various cities, have also exhibited quite extensively in the Better Homes Week exhibitions where lo- cal chapters of the American Institute of Archi- tects co-operated. The results were apparent- ly most satisfactory. Minnesota Chapter: The Minnesota Chap- ter held an exhibition in conjunction with several Architects in Minneapolis at the Minneapolis Building Show in the spring of 1921. They also held an exhibition in con- junction with the St. Paul Chapter A. I. A. in St. Paul Public Library in the spring of 1922. New York Chapter: The New York Chapter has exhibited under the auspices of the .\rchi- tectural League and in 1921 individual mem- bers exhibited at the Horticultural Show and the City Gardens. Pacific Coast Chapter: The Pacific Coast Chapter has held no Chapter Exhibitions. In- dividual members have exhibited with other organizations, among these being the Regional Planning Conference, the Industrial Exhibit, at the City Club of Los Angeles, at the City- Club of Portland and other places. Numer- ous illustrated articles have been published, some of which have appeared under the aus- pices of the Pacific Coast Chapter. 112 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY REPORT OF JOINT COMMITTEE ON RELATIONS WITH TRADES On January 18. 1917, William H. Moon, Chairman of the Ornamental Growers' Asso- ciation; Harlan P. Kelsey, of the Ornamental Growers' Association; James L. Greenleaf, Chairman of the Committee on Relations with Trades of the A. S. L. A.; and Ferriiccio Vitale held a preliminary and informal meeting. Mr. Moon stated that the committee under appointment of the American Nurserymen, and the committee under appointment by the Ornamental Growers' Association have pro- posed to unite for conferences with our com- mittee and then report back to their respec- tive societies. Mr. Vitale explained how the A. S. L. A. and the Chapters had formed their committees, and endeavored to make clear the distinction between matters pertaining pure- ly to the Chapter committees and those with- in the province of the main committee of the A. S. L. A. Mr. Kelsey suggested that the or- ganization of Park and Cemetery Superintend- ents be later on admitted to the discussions. Mr. Kelsey requested that the Board of Trustees of the A. S. L. A. appoint a member to address the representatives of the Orna- mental Growers' Association at their next sum- mer meeting. The president appointed Fred- erick Law Olmsted to represent the Society at this meeting, but later, on account of very important work undertaken by Mr. Olmsted with the Council of National Defense, he did not attend the meeting, and Mr. Vitale was delegated to take his place. Subsequently the Committee began discussing in a very inform- al way some of the fundamental ethical points upon which relations should be based, and this developed into a preparation of a draft of "Obligations on the Part of the Nurseryman," and other questions which came in succeed- ing years and are referred to in subsequent paragraphs . At the January 1918 meeting of the Joint Committee on Relations with Trades, further consideration was given to the question of such subjects as the signing of way-bills, the giving of commissions by nurseries to gard- eners, the question of nurserymen making landscape designs and executing them and other questions of a similar nature. At the previous meetings some of these points also had been discussed and the conclusions for- warded to the various societies for their com- ments. In regard to nurserymen handling de- sign work the Board of Trustees returned the following comment to the Committee: "The Board hopes that the Committee will find a way to deal effectively in its joint meetings with representatives of the Trade, with the evil of nurserymen rendering any professional service at all as designers. Landscape Architecture is no more properly the business of nurserymen than the nursery business is any proper part of the business of the landscape architect, and the relations between the profession and the nursery trade will never be entirely efficient and harmoni- ous until all nurserymen in good standing in their respective organizations cease to prac- tice landscape architecture at all, whether for, or not for, a fee just as landscape archi- tects in good standing and members of the American Society of Landscape Architects refrain from engaging in nursery business. In this connection, the Board has been fav- orably impressed by Mr. Vitale's suggestion that the small lot may be handled by young men in our offices on their own account. "The Board hopes that the joint meet- ings which have already accomplished so much in the direction of a better understand- ing and co-operation between the profes- sion and the trade will become the natural occasions for the registration of specific complaints of landscape architects against individual nursery firms, and of specific com- plaints of nursery firms against individual landscape architects, where they may be frankly considered and effectively dealt with." The next regular meeting of the committee was held January 24, 1919, at the office of Mr. Vitale, New York City. At this meeting Mr. Olmsted brought up the question as to what extent nurserymen were willing to undertake contracts for planting, and so forth. The dis- cussion brought out that while certain nurserymen were prepared to sell, deliver and plant nursery materials whether on a contract OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 113 basis or at a fixed price for the plants, cost of transportation, and planting, other nursery- men were not willing to undertake this ser- vice and preferred that their responsibility cease upon delivery of plants to the common carriers. Mr. Vitale requested a discussion on the phrase "nursery grown" in an endeavor to get the trade explanation of the term. After due deliberation Mr. Meehan dictated the follow- ing, which was adopted: "The definition of the phrase 'nursery grown' would be any nursery stock grov. n at least one year in a nursery and which has been subject to State Inspection." Mr. Olmsted presented a draft on the ob- ligations which are normally implied by the placing and acceptance of an order for nursery stock, in the absence of specific stipulations to some other effect. A draft of insurance policj' prepared by Mr. Vitale and Mr. Olmsted in collaboration was presented for discussion. It was immediately evident that the opinions of the members of the Joint Committee were so different, and in instances so diametrically opposed that it was impossible to come to any agreement. It was decided to drop all consideration of any kind of insurance and so notify the nurserymen and landscape architects: then, if necessary, it may be taken up later. The next meeting of the Joint Committee of the Ornamental Growers' .Association, the American Association of Nurserymen, the Garden Club of America, and the American Society of Landscape Architects, was held on February 19, 1919, in the office of Mr. Vitale. Three principal items were taken up: First, a statement of well understood obli- gations which are normally implied by the placing and acceptance of an order for nursery stock unless specifically modified. These ob- ligations were finally accepted as appears in the appended statement. The Board of Trustees of the A. S. L. A. approved of them with slight modifications and the Society voted their acceptance. Second: A brief statement was approved which outlines the methods for the payment of bills for nursery stock ordered by land- scape architects for the account of their clients; also a procedure for collecting these bills on the part of the nurserymen. This memorandum is herewith appended and has been approved by our Society. Third: The matter of insurance of plant ma- terial was thoroughly discussed but it was evident that no agreement could possibly be reached on the subject. It seems to be the concensus of opinion on the part of landscape architects as well as nurserymen to discour- age any form of insurance or guarantee, and it seems that the nurserymen wish to avoid any committment one way or another in re- gard to this insurance or guarantee. It was decided at the meeting that further study of the matter be made with the idea of later re- porting on the subject. The Chairman, Mr. Vitale, felt that without action of a different kind nothing could ever be accomplished on this subject, and he submitted a form of guar- antee contract in use in the office of Vitale, Brinckerhoflf and Geiffert, to a number of land- scape architects and nurserymen, requesting them to state if they would agree to use it in all cases where a guarantee is necessary, and the majority of the answers were favorable. The form of contract was then presented to the Board of Trustees of our Society, request- ing them to approve it and recommend it to the membership. The Board of Trustees ap- proved of it and the majority of the members of the Society voted for its adoption. The Committee does not believe that the Nursery- men's .Associations will equally adopt it officially, but is convinced that the individual nurserymen will not refuse to sign it in in- dividual cases. It also believes that this form of contract is really the only protection that a landscape architect can give his clients when, in spite of his endeavors to discourage a guarantee, he is compelled to request the nurserymen to guarantee their stock. Apart from the meetings of the Joint Com- mittee as stated above, it has had considerable correspondence with associations and in- dividuals in regard to the Quarantine Act No. '.i~. and in regard to greater co-operation be- tween nurserymen and landscape architects in the vast work of public education which the nurserymen's associations are undertaking. The majority of the best nurseries are in favor of the Quarantine Act. Those who are not in favor of it have not been able up to date to bring sufficiently weighty arguments to war- rant reopening the matter at Washington. A meeting of the Joint Committee was held May 31, 1921, at the City Club, and attended by Miss Rose Standish Nichols. Chairman of the Committee on the Garden Club of Ameri- ca; Mr. Thomas B. Meehan, Chairman of the Committee of both the American Association 114 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY of Nurserymen and the Ornamental Growers' Association; and the Chairman of our Com- mittee on Relations with Trades. At this meeting, copies of the amendments which were approved by vote of the members of the A. S. L. A., Inc., during February, 1921, were handed to the Chairman of the other Committees of the Joint Committee. The Amendments referred to the memoran- dum of the Committee on Relations with Trades entitled, "Obligations which are nor- mally implied by the placing and acceptance of an order for nursery stock in the absence of specific stipulations to some other effect." This memorandum had been in general ap- proved by vote of the members of the A. S. L. A. at the annual meeting of 1921, and also approved and adopted by the American As- sociation of Nurserymen and the Ornamental Growers* Associations at their regular meet- ings in 1921, and the above mentioned Asso- ciations have approved and adopted the Amendments of February 25, 1921. Copies of the original memorandum and the amendments have been sent to all members of the A. S. L. A., Inc., and after their adoption by the nurserymen's associations, they were printed in the nursery trade papers, so that there is now a very general knowledge of the agree- ment which covers many important points on the relations between the nurserymen and landscape architects. In addition to the matters embodied in the memorandum and the amendments many others were discussed at considerable length, but no definite conclusions were reached. The principal subjects under discussion were the following: 1. Standardizing of sizes and grades of Nursery Stock and the desirability of making a draft of specifications. 2. Standardization of prices. 3. Uniformity in the matter of discounts allowed by Nurserymen to clients of Land- scape Architects. 4. Commissions to Gardeners. 5. Modification of the law or administra- tive methods governing the importation of plants. In regard to the first four subjects, Mr. Mee- han explained that the nurserymen had been considering them for many years and that some progress had been made, but that there were great difficulties in the way of satisfac- tory standardization because of the differences in the cost of production and the character and conditions of trade in the various parts of the country. It was generally agreed that these matters would have to be worked out eventually by the nurserymen themselves, and that the Joint Committee could not contribute very much in the solution of these problems. In regard to the Quarantine Act (No. 37) which prohibits the importation of plants for immediate sale, Mr. Meehan explained that the nurserymen in general had changed their at- titude toward this act. In the beginning they had opposed it, but since it became a law, they have made the necessary provisions for propagating and growing most of the ma- terials that had previously been imported, and that the nurserymen were now in favor of its enforcement. The real grievances of the nurserymen at the time of this meeting, were the state quarantine and embargos and regu- lations of the Federal Horticultural Board of the Department of Agriculture at Washing- ton, which prohibit the sale and transporta- tion of many kinds of nursery stock outside of certain states, counties or arbitrarily de- fined districts. Our Committee was not in a position to make any definite suggestion in regard to the modification of the law or of the administra- tive methods governing the importation and transportation of plants. The subject is a very complicated one and will have to be investigated and studied further. The purpose of Quarantine Order No. 37 and the regulations of the Federal Horticulture Board is to prevent the intro- duction and to check the spread of insect pests, scale and fungus diseases and is a mat- ter which deserves careful consideration. The landscape architects may make their influence for good felt in a direct way by urging all clients to keep their trees and shrubs clean by spraying and other accepted means of fighting the enemies of plant life. The relations between the nurserymen and the members of the A. S. L. A. are very friend- ly. It is believed that there are at present very few misunderstandings, and the commit- tee has noticed with gratification the evidence of a spirit of co-operation on the part of the nurserymen, and an appreciation on their part of the professional aims and the business methods of the members of the American So- ciety of Landscape Architects. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 115 OBLIGATIONS WHICH ARE NORMALLY IMPLIED BY THE PLACING AND ACCEPTANCE OF AN ORDER FOR NURSERY STOCK. IN THE ABSENCE OF SPECIFIC STIPULATION TO SOME OTHER EFFECT A. On the part of the nurseryman. 1. That the stock shipped shall be true to name. (The standard names are those of the American Joint Committee on Horti- cultural Nomenclature. The plants corre- sponding to these names are those described in Bailey's cyclopedia, as per references in the check list of the American Joint Com- mittee on Horticultural Nomenclature.) 2. That the stock shipped shall be of the size and quality represented by the nursery- man. (An attempt to standardize and de- fine terms descriptive of size and quality is being made by the nurserymen.) 3. That all reasonable care and skill shall be exercised in digging, handling, and pack- ing the stock, having due regard to the species, size and character of the plants, to the climatic conditions at the time and place of digging, of transit and of delivery, and to the normal time consumed in transit and method of handling in transit by the trans- portation agencies selected, and that all pre- cautions which are customary in good trade practice shall be taken to ensure that the plants will arrive in good condition for suc- cessful growth unless culpably delayed or mishandled while in charge of the transpor- tation agencies. 4. That notice of shipment is to be sent in due season to the person placing order and to consignee, stating time and method of shipment, number and kind of containers, (boxes, bundles, carloads, etc.). name of transportation agency, name and address of consignee, and whether transportation charges are prepaid or collect. B. Upon the part of the person placing the order, or of others acting under his instruc- tions. 1. That arrangements shall be made for the prompt receipt of the consignment upon notice from the transportation agency that it is ready for delivery at point of destina- tion. :.'. That if at the time of delivery there is evidence of damage during transit, or if there has been serious delay in delivery, the way-bills shall be signed "under protest." 3. That a notice of the receipt of stock shall be sent to the shipper within two days of their receipt from the transportation agencj', stating whether way-bill was signed "under protest" and whether goods have been unpacked and inspected; and that fail- ure to send such notice within two days of the receipt of the stock shall be prima facia evidence of its acceptance. 4. That all reasonable care, skill, and despatch shall be used in the unpacking and inspection of the stock. 5. That if the stock shall appear, at the time of inspection or delivery, to be defec- tive from any cause other than the fault of the transportation agency, a complaint to that effect shall be sent to the shipper, either with the notice of receipt of goods specified under No. 3 above, or within one week there- after. Said complaint should specify ex- plicitly the nature of the defect or defects. 6. That in case a complaint of defective stock is thus made to the nurseryman, the stock in question shall be heeled in or other- wise properly protected from deterioration, and shall not be destroyed or otherwise dis- posed of until the nurseryman shall have had reasonable time to state whether he wishes to have the stock jointly inspected or what action he proposes to take concerning the complaint. 7. That if the stock shall appear at the time of inspection upon delivery to be defective, partly or wholly because of delay or mis- handling while in transit, the consignee or the person placing the order shall be respon- sible for making the proper claim upon the transportation agency, the shipper being un- der obligation to assist by furnishing any information needful in establishing a claim against the transportation agency. C. In case of stock ordered from a nursery- man by a landscape architect as agent for a client, it is the duty of the landscape architect to use due diligence in securing prompt pay- ment of the bills by the client and, unless ne- gotiations are pending with the nurseryman in regard to counterclaims, to make sure that the client is duly notified of the nurseryman's proper claim for payment within a maximum of sixty days after the receipt of both stock and bill for same. 116 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY SUGGESTED FORM OF AGREEMENT BETWEEN NURSERY AND CLIENT. TO BE USED BY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT WHEN PLACING NURSERY ORDERS FOR CLIENTS AGREEMENT BETWEEN AND IN CONSIDERATION of the sum of and of the statements contained in the schedule hereinafter set forth, , hereinafter called the Nursery, hereby agrees to furnish and deliver as directed all of the plants specified in the appended list, and re- place, free of charge, any or all of the plants furnished which are dead, dying, or seriously defective in vitality, on demand of the owner or of the Landscape Architect representing him, hereinafter called his agent, upon the following conditions; 1st. That the total contract price of the plants be paid thirty days after the acceptance of said plants by the owner or his agents, as per Condition 4. 2nd. That the replacement be made with plants of the same variety, size and quality, and under the same terms, conditions and specifications set forth in the list herewith ap- pended. 3rd. That no plant shall be replaced more than once. 4th. That this agreement shall be valid for a period of calendar months from the date of acceptance by the owner or his agent of the plants contracted for. A copy of said letter of acceptance shall be appended to and made part of this agreement. 5th. That the acceptance of the plants con- tracted for shall not be delayed by the owner or his agent beyond thirty days after the re- ceipt of the plants. 6th. That the owner or his agent shall promptly and diligently endeavor to ascertain whether damage to the plants has been done on account of delays or actual injury in trans- portation and, in case of such damage, shall make claims upon the responsible common carriers and assign said claims to the Nursery. 7th. By the acceptance of this agreement, the Nursery waives all claims to refuse re- placement of plants on account of their unfit- ness to stand climatic, soil or exposure con- ditions of the locality where transplanted; or on account of alleged negligence of the owner or his agent in properly caring for and pro- tecting the plants, provided however, that the Nursery shall not be held liable to replace plants which may be damaged or killed by fire, inundation or earthquake, or as a result of actionable damages by a third party. 8th. The Nursery shall have a right to as- certain whether the plants sold receive, during the period of this agreement, the care which is indispensible for their growth. To this pur- pose the Nursery may notify the owner or his agent in writing of the conditions found and of the proper remedy. 9th. In case of controversy between the Owner and the Nursery over matters pertain- ing to this agreement, the Owner and the Nursery shall request the Landscape Architect to render a decision within a reasonable time. If the Landscape .Architect fails to render a decision, or if his decision is not acceptable to both the Owner and the Nursery, or to either of them, then an appeal to arbitration shall be taken. The parties may agree upon one ar- bitrator; otherwise there shall be three, one named in writing by each party, and the third chosen by these two arbitrators or, if they fail to select a third within ten days, he shall be chosen by the presiding officer of the nearest Bar Association. Should the party de- manding arbitration fail to name an arbitrator within ten days of his demand, his right to arbitration shall lapse. Should the other party fail to choose an arbitrator within such ten days, the Landscape Architect shall appoint such arbitrator. Should either party refuse or neglect to supply the arbitrators with any papers or information demanded in writing, the arbitrators are empowered by both parties to take ex parte proceedings. The arbitrators shall act with promptness. The decision of the arbitrators upon any question subject to arbitration under this contract shall be a con- dition precedent to any right of legal action. The arbitrators, if they deem that the case demands it, are authorized to award to the party whose contention is sustained such sums as they shall deem proper for the time, ex- pense and trouble incident to the appeal, and if tlie appeal was taken without reasonable cause, damages for delay. The arbitrators shall fix their own compensation unless other- wise provided by agreement and shall assess OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 117 the costs and charges of the arbitration upon either or both parties. The award of the ar- bitrators must be in writing and, if in writing, shall not be open to objection on account of the form of the proceedings or the award. 10th. Additions of similar planting material to or subtractions from the appended list of plants contracted for may be made during the period of this agreement, or this agreement may be extended by mutual consent in writing between the Nursery and the Owner or his agent. 11th. The work under this contract is to be completed not later than Dated this day of Witness Witness -19- MEMORANDUM IN REG.ARDS TO PAYMENT OF BILLS FOR NURSERY STOCKS ORDERED BY LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT FOR THEIR CLIENTS The practice of many landscape architects of withholding nurserymen's bills from recom- mendation for payment until they have veri- fied the bills from several different nursery- men for all plants shipped on their orders to a given client throughout a whole planting season, when taken in connection with the fact that the clients often delay payment after receiving the bills with the landscape archi- tect's recommendation for payment, sometimes works serious financial hardship on the nurserymen and ought to be kept within close limits. Where the bills from individual nurserj-men are small it maj- be reasonable to hold some of them as much as thirty days for the sake of sending in a group of bills at one time to a client for the latter's convenience; but in no case is it good practice to hold any bill in this manner for more than a month after the receipt of goods and bill. Landscape Architects ordering plants from nurserymen for clients are recommended by the American Society of Landscape Archi- tects to follow the practice (unless negotia- tions arc pending with the nurseryman in re- gard to a counterclaim! of issuing as soon as practicable and in any case within 60 days af- ter the receipt of both bill and goods from the nurseryman, a certificate of payment due, as in the case of certificates of payment due contractors, sending copies both to the client and to the nurseryman. In any case, the land- scape architect should notify the nurseryman promptlj- by some means, as soon as he has verified the bill and recommended the client to make payment. In the opinion of the American Society of Landscape Archi- tects, there is no reason why the nursery- man, after the receipt of such notice and after informing the landscape architect of his inten- tion and given opportunity for reply in case there is special ground for objection, should not address himself directly to the client with regard to payment of the account. Further- more, if the landscape architect should delay sending such notice to the nurseryman for more than sixty days after the receipt of both bill and stock from the nurseryman (unless in the interval he shall have requested the nurseryman to agree to an adjustment of the bill on account of error in the bill or defect in the shipment) the American Society of Landscape Architects recognizes that the nurs- eryman may properly notif)' the client direct, after notifying the landscape architect of his intention and giving reasonable time for reply, that the bill has been sent the landscape archi- tect for verification and that payment is over- due. For the protection, both of the landscape architect and the nurseryman, from possible misunderstanding on the part of the client, the .*\nierican Society of Landscape Architects recognizes it is entirely proper that a nurs- eryman, \v!ien accepting a large order from a Landscape Architect on account of a client, should send a copy of the acceptance direct to the client so as to put the latter on notice. 118 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY PRELIMINARY REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON COMPETITIONS, 1916 February 6, 1917. James Sturgis Pray, Esq.. 50 Garden Street, Cambridge. Massachusetts. Dear Sir: — I wish to submit herewith a pre- liminary report of the Committee on Com- petitions of which 1 have the honor of being chairman. 1st. It seems to be the opinion of the ma- jority of this committee that competitions for the purpose of selecting a finished design should be discouraged because of the difficulty of representing the complex elements of land- scape design in graphic form, — also because the designers do not have the opportunity to confer with the owners in order to gain a clear idea of the nature of the problem, but must rely upon the data of a program gen- erally too vague to allow unity of interpreta- tion and effort on the part of the competitors. 2nd. It is the opinion of the majority of the committee that competitions for the selection of a designer through the presentation of de- signs for a specific problem are preferable to the former, but that the A. S. L. A. should not encourage them. Since competitions of this sort arc frequently unavoidable, especially in case of public undertakings, the A. S. L. A. should do what it can in order to produce a better attitude on the part of the public and to offset the disposition of laymen to ignore or greatly under-rate the degree of importance in the final results of all the professional ser- vices which follow the first expression of the main conception of a design in the form of drawings. In other words, before a competi- tor is admitted to the competition the pro- motors of a competition for the selection of a designer should satisfy themselves as to the ability of each competitor to execute the work successfully, as shown by previous work. 3rd. It is the opinion of some members of the committee that since competitions must be held the least objectionable form of competi- tion is for the sake of securing ideas from one or more of the competitors, provided such ideas are obtained through reports and rough sketches and not through elaborate drawings. 4th. Since competitions cannot be prevent- ed, it seems logical that the .X. S. L. A. should endeavor: (A) To publish a statement for the use of the public embodying a concise criticism of the several forms of competition and a sug- gestion as to the most advantageous form in which to conduct competitions. (B) To establish a set of rules under which it is assumed that members of the A. S. L. A. may fairlj' enter into competitions, discourag- ing at the same time these members from taking part in competitions not conducted in accordance with such rules. These rules, in so far as they regard the public should cover: a — The employment of a professional ad- viser. b — The selection of a jury of award. c — The qualifications of the competitors. d — The form of competition. e — The nature of the program. f — The nature of the drawings. g — -The anonymity of the competitors. h — The statement of cost of proposed work. i — The nature of agreement between the promoters and the successful competitors. j — The fee due to unsuccessful competitors. k — The conduct of the promoters of the competition. In so far as they regard the members of the A. S. L. A. the rules should: (A) Assert the inadvisability to take part in competitions which are not conducted in accordance with the above. (B) Prohibit to attempt in any way except as a competitor to secure work for which a competition is in progress. (C) Prohibit to attempt to influence direct- ly or indirectly the award in a competition in which he is a competitor. (D) Prohibit the acceptance of a commis- sion to do the work for which a competition has been instituted if he has acted in an ad- visory capacity. (E) Prohibit the submission of a design which was not entirely made in his own office under his own supervision, or in case of col- laboration if the names of the collaborators are not given. Respectfully submitted. (Signed) FERRUCCIO VITALE, Chairman. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITF.CTS 119 STATEMENT REGARDING MEDAL AWARDED BY THE ARCHITECTURAL LEAGUE OF NEW YORK The Architectural League of New York has for some years past held yearly exhibitions covering the work of Architects, Landscape Architects, Painters and Sculptors. In 1909 the League established a medal for Painting and Sculpture, in 1915 a medal for Architec- ture and in 1919 a medal for Landscape Archi- tecture and offers these medals annually. They are intended to encourage the submission of works of merit, to raise thereby the standards of the League's exhibition and are awarded only after recognized superiority in work actually submitted and hung. Works of Architecture and Landscape Archi- tecture to be eligible for an award must be adequately presented by means of drawings, photographs or models of executed work. The jury may request the submission of such ad- ditional data on any work as might assist them in making the award. If, in the opinion of the Jury, the work sub- mitted in either Architecture, Painting, Sculp- ture or Landscape Architecture, is not of sufficient merit to justify an award, no award shall be made. The Jury of award shall be thirteen in num- ber, of which the President of the League shall be ex-officio Chairman. The Executive Committee shall appoint three Architects, three Painters and three Sculptors, and three Landscape Architects from the nominations made by the New York Chapter of the Ameri- can Institute of Architects, the Society of Mural Painters, the National Sculpture Society and the American Society of Landscape Archi- tects, respectively. These appointments to be made in the month of October preceding the exhibition. All members of the Jury of Award shall be hers concoiirs for the awards made by such Jury. The deliberations of the Jury shall be strictly private and its decision shall be reported to the Executive Committee of the League before the exhibition is opened to the public. In case the Medal in either of the four arts is awarded to two or more joint authors of the work, a copy shall be struck for each. The Medal shall be accompanied by a cer- tificate setting forth the name of the completed work which formed the basis of the award, together with the considerations which, in the opinion of the Jury, characterize the work as worthy of this distinction. 120 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE TO CO-OPERATE WITH THE COMITE NEERLANDO-BELGE D'ART CIVIQUE* This Committee was formed during the war with the hope that in various ways American Landscape Architects and City Planners would be able to help the Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique in its efforts towards higher standards in City Planning and Civic Art. Prior to the present Chairman's visit in 1920, our efforts had consisted mainly in the for- warding by Professor Pray, of the Harvard University School of Landscape Architecture and City Planning, of a large amount of val- uable data, plans, pamphlets and so on, some of which were unfortunately lost in transit. All the material that was received, however, was sincerely appreciated and put to good use. The Comite Neerlando-Belge d'Art Civique, its moving spirit the well known Belgian Town Planner, Mr. Louis Vander Swaelmen, is now practically disbanded, its efforts being di- rected into various channels, several of which are outlined in the report. The more recent activities of our Commit- tee center about visits which the present Chairman was privileged to make during the summers of 1920 and 1921, not only in Bel- gium, but Holland, England, France and Ger- many. The first of these was undertaken as a result of correspondence between our for- mer Chairman, Professor Pray, and Dr. Rene Sand of Brussels, a member of the Belgian Industrial Commission that visited this coun- try in 1917. There followed a very cordial but of course unofficial invitation on the part of Dr. Sand to your Chairman, to come over and help. General conditions in Belgium in 1920 were depressing, for while many most important and far reaching plans for reconstruction had been prepared and much work had been start- ed, there was little to show for it all, and to make matters worse, the finances of the na- tion were in a most unfortunate state, for it must be remembered that during the "occupa- tion," German officials went to every bank in Belgium, particularly of course to the Bank of Belgium in Brussels and demanded their gold. On its face this was made a business transaction and as security for the loan there were deposited German paper marks, over two billion of them, but every pennyweight of gold was taken and the country left absolute- ly without a gold reserve, which means of course without credit. No other country, as far as the writer knows, suffered this sort of loss. Those who are best informed were hope- ful that some means would be found of settling this particular claim against Germany first and before the matter of reparations. It is in fact very distinctively a separate transac- tion— was made so by the Germans themselves — a business loan for which the Government was offered and forced to take almost worth- less paper. First came the question of lodging or living quarters for those many thousands whose homes were completely or quite completely destroyed. Something, — the best thing pos- sible under the circumstances, had to be done at once. This included, first of all, a very thoroughly worked out scheme of quartering or lodging just as many as possible of the re- turning citizens and their families, in the homes of those in the vicinity whose houses were not destroyed. Much helpful service was rendered by the so-called "Federation of Co-operatives." These privately organized and financed co-operative building societies e.xist now in all countries, are very active in England and France and here in Belgium there are more than 300 of them and 27 of these have rebuilt or restored since the war 3,124 buildings. This Federa- tion of Co-operatives functions under the con- trol of the Minister of the Interior who thoroughly understands that official interven- tion will be entirely incapable of executing the immense task which is before the country, if it is not supplemented by private initiative. As a result of these efforts, during the month of August 1920, 2,364 loans had been made and in September 3,000, — the number constantly increasing. The "Federation" has organized ^Prepared by Stephen Child, Chairman. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 121 a service of inspection, furnishes superintend- ents of work and helps in the preparation of plans and estimates, as well as supervises the management of the various local societies. The work of the officers of the "Federation" is gratuitous and extremely meritorious and the results obtained are important. As to soil restoration this was proceeding under direction of experts from the Depart- ment of Agriculture in part directly at the expense of this Department, but in part also, and with good results, by contracts with the owners or tenants, care being taken in the form of contract that dishonest schemers should not enrich themselves at the expense of the public treasury. A very effective instrument in all this great problem of reconstruction has been the "Local Consultation Committee" which has been formed in each community. The Department of the Interior worked out a very interesting form of procedure for such Committees, how they are to be constituted, where and when they should meet, what subjects they should consider and the form of report they should make and with whom they should file these in in order to get best results. One notes, for example, the following interesting regulation. "The Committee may divide itself also into three sections, the members and their colla- borators to be designated by the main Com- mittee at a preliminary meeting. The first section" (and this is worthy of comment) "to have as its particular duty the examination of all propositions of an aesthetic order, the second, those of an economic order and the third, those that concern the health of the town." When the cities of San Francisco, Chicago, or Boston, were devastated by fire, did any one of their general consulting com- mittees divide along any such lines, putting aesthetics first? It is to be doubted. Agricultural conditions in the devastated regions seemed at this time to be almost hope- less, but these have been described by the writer at some length in an article in Land- scape Architecture Quarterly for January 1921. entitled "Some Impressions of a Two Months' Visit in Belgium," and no further reference need be made to them here. Town Planning in any comprehensive sense of the term was at a very low ebb in 1920 — in fact the writer was assured by one of their most brilliant but bitterly disappointed prac- titioners of this fundamentally important art, that it was dead. It was certainly dormant and in the meantime golden opportunities for civic betterment are being apparently irreparably lost. The story of London and San Francisco after their devastating fires is repeating itself in many a Belgian town and it is a great pity. Returning to Belgium in 1921, it was found that rapid and most encouraging progress had been made during the year. This has been most noticeable in connection with the re- habilitation of the farms and general agricul- tural conditions and next in the rebuilding of factories and shops. The actual reconstruc- tion of new houses and homes, however, has proceeded more slowly, but this work is now getting into a more rapid swing. There has also been a very marked activity in the re- construction of destroyed churches. Farms and agricultural conditions in this regard, as mentioned above, seemed particular- ly hopeless and discouraging in 1920. It is therefore a great pleasure to be able to report the most remarkable progress in this direction. First, of course, large gangs were put to work clearing and repairing roads. Miles and miles of the barbed wire of the entanglement were rolled up; a difficult job, and these great rolls six or eight feet in diameter now decorate the roadside. While a small amount of this wire has been used for fencing, most of it is so twisted and tangled that it can be put to no use, and must be permitted to rust away into the soil. Another work requiring much time and patient care, was the excavation and removal of shells and other munitions. As many as three or four shells to the square meter were found in some of the more fiercely contested areas, in the vicinity of Dixmude and Ypres, for example. Here, too, were many concrete emplacements of the big guns, both German and Allied, and while effort to dynamite and remove these was at first made, the cost was so great that this has been given up, and they stand today scattered about, — a grim monu- ment to the efficiency of war construction. Water supply for these returned rural dwellers was a distinct problem and most of the old wells having been filled or contaminated, a special service of well drivers was inaugurated and each household provided with a driven well; these were put down as rapidly as ten a week. This and other like work took up most of 1919. But in the meantime nature was not idle, for weeds did not stop growing, and dur- ing my visit in 1920 these seemed to be the only crop. Such a problem did their removal become that herds of goats were set to work 122 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY during the summer and fall of that year with excellent results. One really very helpful feature of the Treaty of Versailles and subsequent negotia- tions, was the provision that as a part of the indemnity German agricultural machinery should be furnished to these people. This be- gan to arrive in quantity in the fall of 1930. Little of it was self-propelling, however, and even if it had been the current price of gaso- line (about 90c per gallon in American money) was almost prohibitive. The early spring of 1921 saw this equipment all busily engaged, horse-drawn if the owner was lucky, — other- wise cows, goats, dogs and many, many times men and women were the motive power. And the result of it all is that in October 1921 four- fifths of that great devastated region, the No- Man's Land of the war, was producing a crop of some kind or other. Along with the above went the rebuilding and refitting of factories and shops, and as, of course, most of them were near towns and railroads, good progress is shown. While some of the methods employed in rebuilding and restoring damaged homes and other build- ings, have been mentioned, the actual con- struction of new homes came in various ways, — first the distinctly temporary structures, largely what we would call portable houses of several types built under what is known as the "Roi Albert Fondation" — the King its sponsor and a liberal contributor to its funds. Thousands of these houses were built in 1919 and 1920, for the most part in or near de- stroyed towns and villages, and by far the larger part of them are still occupied. Then came the better housing work of the Office des Regions Devastees, (O. R. D. as it is called) under the Ministry of Economic Affairs. A type of "semi-permanent" structure has been developed by this Office: practically a half- timbered house. So skillfully prepared were the plans that all the material (framing, doors, windows, brick, cement, etc.) in exactly right quantity is delivered promptly to those making proper requisition and by following directions accompanying the plans two men can in a few days build a very presentable and very com- fortable home, and hundreds of these have been built in this way. Now, however, to meet urgent demands, the Government through the O. R. D. is building groups of these near the larger destroyed towns — over 300 at Ypres for example and many at Menin, Commines, Pop- peringe and Dixmude. The O. R. D. in co-operation with the Min- istry of Agriculture instituted a competition among Belgian architects for plans for various types of Model Farmstead Groups, — house, barn, granary and other out-buildings, and some particularly delightful and attractive plans were submitted. The best of these are now being executed for the more prosperous farm owners, with the result that there are springing up all over the agricultural area many such homestead groups, varied to suit not only the needs of each type of farmer, but to be in harmony with local pre-war architec- ture, and of course doing away with pre-war defects, unsanitary conditions and so on. The result of all this housing activity is that if the present programs of these various or- ganizations continue, by the fall of 1923 every family who lost a home in the war will be re- housed either in the more permanent or semi- permanent type of home. Literally hundreds of churches large and small were either completely or partially de- stroyed. In every town of the devastated region, no matter what else was spared, it was never a church. Their towers and belfries were indeed a "shining mark.'" The figures for West Flanders alone were 250 churches, 300 schools, and 16 convents either totally or partially destroyed. Now, however, much church reconstruction is going on. It is a question whether all of it is good judgment, to say nothing of good taste, and whether if, (as is quite general) temporary schools are sufficiently good, why temporary chapels might not suffice for a time until better homes were built; whether, in fact, it is wise for a nation as heavily burdened with debts and disbursements as little Belgium, to add to these expensive church construction. As to Town Planning — the subject in which most of us are so vitally interested, which, no doubt, should precede housing, — very little of this has been done, and in view of the pro- gressive "arret loi" of August, 1915, passed during the war, this is particularly disappoint- ing. Almost no comprehensive studies or sur- veys have been made for the destroyed towns. And the little that has been done in the way of planning has been undertaken by local en- gineers and consists mainly in laying down lines in red ink on older maps indicating more or less vaguely the modifications proposed in the alignment of streets, "as if the problem of reconstruction was nothing else than the prob- lem of highways." Furthermore, the Central Commission, to whom under the above-men- tioned law all plans were to be submitted, is OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 123 in fact nothing more than a revamped art commission, ill-prepared, through training or experience to pass intelligently upon such plans as are submitted. There have been some extremely disheartening examples of blundering ahead with ill-prepared plans and in the case of Ypres and Termonde for example, of doing the short-sighted thing in the face of excellent plans prepared under the direction of the Union des Villes et Communes Beiges. But it is possible there has been too great optimism and too little realization of the gross darkness, not to say ignorance, of masses of the Belgian people, particularly perhaps, in regard to this great subject of town planning. For it is to be remembered that with all their industry, thrift, and other admirable characteristics, a great many of them, unfortunately, can neither read nor write. To have secured the sort of re- sults desired, the leaders in the town-planning movement in Belgium must needs have been born 25 years earlier and to have been con- ducting a propaganda campaign on the subject all these years. The little that has been done in the way of good town-planning is the recent work of the able leaders in this profession in Belgium: what we would call new subdivisions of areas on the outskirts of the destroyed and other towns; plans prepared either under the direc- tion of the O. R. D. or the S. H. A. B. M. Some of the best of these are at or near Rou- lers, Ypres, Dixmude, Ghent and Antwerp. The leaders in the town-planning movement while somewhat heartened by these signs of progress are really very much discouraged about the conditions in the central portions of the older towns where, as has been said, the story of London and San Francisco after their devastating fires, is most unhappily repeating itself. Much is to be expected, however, from the enthusiasm and activities of the Societe des Urbanistes Beiges of which the eminent Bel- gian Architect Victor Horta is President and our good friend Mr. Louis Van Der Swaelmen, Secretary. Through the courtesy of Senator Vinck, the Director of the Union Internationale des Villes and also the President of the S. H. A. B. M., it was arranged that the technical division of this latter organization, as well as that of the O. R. D., would call upon your Chairman for suggestions in regard to any problems having special reference to town-planning. It hap- pened, however, that in the case of the first of these, a large part of their structures are erected on streets already built or laid out and accepted, and that therefore there is very little town-planning design and that as to the O. R. D. most of their town-planning plans had been prepared. Furthermore, the topography is in most instances quite level and their prob- lems are relatively simple. Nevertheless your representative was privileged to inspect all the plans of these organizations and to accom- pany representatives of their technical divi- sions on trips of investigation and inspection, during the course of which he was able to give a few suggestions from an American point of view, which it is hoped may have been help- ful. The by-product to your representative in interesting data and information acquired has been most important. Apropos of all this, your Chairman has many photographs and plans of both these S. H. A. B. M. houses and of those erected by the O. R. D., also of their street layout plans which he would be very glad to show to interested members. "Union Internationale des Villes" and its Centre of Civic Documentation — an Interna- tional Clearing House of Civic Information: — Your representative was present in 1920 at the intensely interesting meetings during which this organization was, so to speak, re-born, for it really took shape first in the Interna- tional Congress of Cities held in Ghent in 1913. Its name, however, as given above, does not fully express its function for it is the main purpose of this organization to collect and study contemporaneous documentary in- formation of all kinds relating to civic affairs, to supplement this research work by the pre- paration of briefs or short reviews and to dis- tribute promptly these results throughout the world. This work therefore is of very evident social interest for social progress elaborates itself and becomes realized in large part through the influence of cities. As befits an association that is rapidly be- coming world-wide in its scope, the details of the organization are varied to suit the peculiar conditions of the different nations interested. In France and Belgium, for example, there have been formed subsidiary National Unions of Cities, and the municipalities of each Na- tion join the movement officially by subscrib- ing to their National Union a fee depending upon the population of the town, agreeing also to contribute to their National Union all important data and published documentation in regard to their own local conditions. The National Union by its agreements with the International Union, not only turns over a fixed proportion of its fees toward the sup- 124 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY port of the main office at Brussels but agrees to do a certain amount of documentary re- search work for the benefit of the entire or- ganization. By this means none of the cities and towns is affiliated directly with the In- ternational Union but with their National Union. In Holland a National Union func- tions for most of its towns and co-operates in regard to documentary research with the In- ternational Centre, but certain of its larger cities affiliate directly with the International Union. Then it is arranged in certain coun- tries where there would perhaps not be any good reason for some time for a subsidiary National Centre, that cities and civic organiza- tions or societies may join the central or- ganization direct, subscribing a fee depending upon the population or special conditions and agreeing also to furnish the central office at Brussels with documentary data in regard to their own and nearby conditions. A fourth method permits the establishment of a subsidiary National Centre of Civic Doc- umentation by a National Government — such a "Centre" to be affiliated with the International Centre at Brussels, paying thereto a fee de- pending upon the circumstances in each case; receiving therefrom its invaluable civic infor- mation and contributing thereto, as in the case of France and elsewhere, a certain amount of documentary research work for the benefit of the entire organization. Such a subsidiary National Centre then distributes the material received to all interested cities, towns and civic organizations, wherever it will do the most good. It is believed that under some adaptation of this arrangement America can perhaps be best served; its progressive com- munities and civic organizations receiving in this manner the important data in regard to world-wide conditions which they so greatly need and for which some of these now pay large sums of money, the expense of investi- gating committees. Specialists, experts and savants, who by their functions, duties or studies are interested in any of the many branches of civic endeavor, also civic organiza- tions or societies, are permitted to join the central organization directly, paying a nom- inal fee depending upon conditions and agree- ing also to contribute documentary data, par- ticularly, of course, in regard to their own work. These units, varying as we see from Nation, to individual, all function together under the guidance of the Central Office, and its Tech- nical Department has worked out with in- finite care the details that will enable the or- ganization to collect properly, examine, sift, co-ordinate and digest or condense all this contemporaneous material in regard to civic affairs and then make it promptly available and useful to the world — for it cannot be too strongly emphasized that it is up-to-date, re- cent and forward-looking material that it is proposed to present, not passe or discarded data. It must be very evident to all that no separate city or National Government or any private organization could possibly prepare and distribute a similar amount of data of prac- tical utility or comprehensiveness, and such administrative entities are realizing this more and more and the necessity therefore of creat- ing and supporting a central international or- ganization that will accomplish for one and all the task of collecting, analyzing and dif- fusing such data. This data is now being dis- seminated by means of a series of pamphlets containing brief reviews of Contemporaneous Municipal Documentation and these notes or summaries are printed on one side only of the page, permitting members to cut them out and mount them on cards assembling and classify- ing the items as they arrive month by month. These "Note Books" serve as the necessary intermediary between the central collections and the administrative organizations, for whose use all the various collections arc des- tined, and permit all who are interested to fol- low in an abridged and condensed form the broad and intense movement of municipal ac- tivities that the literature of civilized coun- tries reveals. The pamphlets or Notebooks ("Tablettes" they call them) containing the brief reviews of contemporaneous Municipal Documentation above alluded to, are at present published only in French but it is realized that for America, England and her Colonies (Canada and Aus- tralia are showing a marked interest) there must be an English edition. Therefore your representative was soon pressed into this ser- vice and translated into English not only the first of the Notebooks, the so-called "Editorial Notes," that outline the Organization's pro- gramme and methods of work, but also the two recently issued on "Urbanism," City Planning. It was most interesting work, and as an important by-product familiarized your representative not only with the details of this Organization but with recent European Literature on City Planning. But an even more important and interest- ing work was the preparation in co-operation with Senator Vinck, the Director of the OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 125 "Union," and Mr. Van der Swaelmen, the head of its Technical Division, of a set of "Instructions," so-called, or suggestions to be followed by the various Subsidiary National Centres. These will enable each of these groups to work in harmony with the Central Organization in the task of collecting, ex- amining, digesting and preparing for publica- tion the brief reviews of contemporaneous world-wide material in regard to civic affairs. It seemed important that these Instructions should be issued not only in French but in English, therefore the first rough draft pre- pared in French by Mr. Van der Swaelmen, was translated by your representative and amended by him to meet American conditions as he understood them. In the course of its preparation, too, we were fortunate to have short visits in Brussels from Mr. Ewart G. Culpin of the English Garden Cities Asso- ciation, as well as leaders in the movement from Amsterdam and Milan, so we were able to incorporate the English, Dutch and Italian viewpoints, — those of France had already been ascertained. It will be readily appreciated from this brief statement that the preparation of these "Instructions" was only accomplished after many weeks during which there were al- most daily conferences and discussions, all of which was most interesting. The present problem is; "How can Ameri- ca best aid in this movement, and particularly what sort of helpful action can the A. S. L. A. take in the matter?" Everyone with whom the writer has discussed the problem (and he has let no opportunity pass during the past year to do this at City Planning and other meetings, as well as by correspondence) agrees that the basic idea is good. While it has been suggested that some one of the sev- eral private organizations interested in civic affairs might handle this matter, there is a very general agreement that it is too much of a proposition for any such private agency to finance, and that the best way would be to have the Government at Washington take it in hand in some form, — one suggestion being that if we ever get the Tinkham-Calder bill and its Housing and Town Planning Bureau, this might well become one of its functions, — that such a Bureau in co-operation with the Library of Congress could organize an .Ameri- can Centre of Civic Documentation which could then affiliate witli the Brussels office and serve as outlined above. The writer has interviewed Librarian Herbert Putnam of the Library of Congress, who is much interested and has offered to co-operate in any way and to have the Library of Congress serve as the depository of any such Civic Documentation as might be assembled in America, — they al- ready have a large amount of such Documen- tation and receive all current publications on this subject, and would gladly rearrange this to meet our needs. But the Tinkham-Calder bill and its proposed Bureau seem to be either dead or side-tracked, and another suggestion, perhaps the best to date, is that the Division of Building and Housing now established in the Bureau of Standards under the Depart- ment of Commerce, might well do as proposed above in connection with the Housing Bureau of the Tinkham-Calder bill. A Resolution favoring such action has now been passed by our Society and good progress is being made toward accomplishing its stipulations. The Union of International Associations, "Universitie Internationale" and other Affili- ated Organizations: Here is another activity or group of activi- ties in which those who originally organized the "Comite Ncerlando-Belge d'.\rt Civique" are now particularly interesting tliemsclves. The active and important International As- sociations at the present time affiliated with this Union include: Tlie International Union of Cities and its Centre of Civic Documentation, which we have been considering. The International Institute of Bibliography, the organization that has among other notable achievements prepared the decimal system of classification above alluded to, now universal- ly known and adopted. The International Museum, still quite in- adequately equipped, but thanks to the Belgian Government, provided with excellent and ample quarters in the "Palais Mondial," a former Exposition building. Here it is pro- posed to assemble (and a good beginning has been made) "the elements of world-wide cul- ture, past and present and through the meet- ings of these International Associations, offer these to all, particularly those who are in- terested in the future general progress of civi- lization now rapidly becoming universal." The International Library, arranged par- ticularly to serve these International Asso- ciations. Books, pamphlets, reports and so on, especially those having international interests are solicited and will be put to good use. The International Union of Intellectual Workers, definitely organized in September 19'71. Your representative was able to attend 126 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY some of the interesting meetings. This or- ganization has for its object the advancement of the best interests of the world's intellectual workers, — now so neglected as compared to financial interests and those of manual labor. The new organization has now been recognized and subsidized by the League of Nations, which has already taken similar action, es- tablishing an International (Manual) Labor Bureau. The International University which "aims to unite in a movement of higher education and universal culture the world's Universities and International Associations, enabling a portion of the students of such institutions to complete their education by initiating them in- to the international and comparative aspects of all great problems." At present, while the Library, Museum, Lecture Halls and other educational facilities of the "Palais Mondial" are open all the year for investigators and others interested, the main activities center about an annual two weeks' session, the so-called "Quinzaine de rUniversitie" held usually in September. A great deal of interesting information was obtained first hand by your Committee's rep- resentative on two separate "Journeys of In- vestigation by the Union des Villes et Com- munes Beiges"; the first one. in 1920, was to the more important Housing and Town Plan- ning Projects of Holland; the second, in 1921, to similar points of interest in the Rhineland district of Germany. We did not fail to note how much more skillfully and tastefully the Dutch handle the use of color than do the Germans, but that Dutch architects have apparently been in- fluenced by German methods in their designs. We noted, too, that in the German houses the rooms were as a rule slightly larger than in Holland, and that the Dutch tendency was to let alcoves replace separate bed-chambers. Perhaps, as one of our party remarked, the seagoing habits of the country have influenced their ship-like berths. We noted, too, that in spite of much that seemed extravagant as to the volume of house-operations in Germany, many of their methods were most economical. For example, the low-studded rooms, the in- expensive cement blocks (Schwemstein) and, apropos of this, that in many of the German houses partition walls between rooms were often but one such brick or block in thick- ness (about four inches) plastered on both sides. How can these Belgian, Dutch, German, French and English experiences help us in America? From the, perhaps narrow, point of view of the planning of towns (not the broader all-inclusive subject City Planning) not so very greatly. Very little is being done in any of these countries in regard to com- prehensive re-planning or re-building of the older portions of their cities, even the de- vastated cities (Rheims, a brilliant example and that the work of an American); nothing at all comparable to what, for example, Chi- cago is accomplishing. The unfortunate story of the central portion of Ypres and other Belgian towns has been mentioned. The mak- ing of town plans in most of these countries is confined to the preparation of what we would call now allotments on the outskirts of towns and as in most instances in all these countries their topographical conditions are simple, their plan-problems are corresponding- ly so. Formality is appropriate with straight lines of streets rather than curved. Diagonals are usually not forgotten. Narrow pavements are wisely used, and few alleyways are em- ployed, while frequent park spaces and open squares occur. The "cul de sac" idea — the court or place, has been quite generally over- worked, especially in England. Little or no attention is given to organized play and the providing of playgrounds. Front dooryards are generally not deep, 15 to 20 feet the aver- age, and rear yards are also mostly compara- tively shallow, seldom more than 50 or 75 feet in depth. Allotment gardens are not uncom- mon. Parks, as we know them, especially genuine, comprehensive park systems as at Boston, Kansas City, and Portland, Oregon, are almost unknown. The great question of Zoning has hardly been considered in either Belgium or France, and while it may be said to have originated in Germany, it is not being very strenuously considered even there at present. There is, however, an awakening in this regard in England. In all of these coun- tries, natural conservation has helped them in this matter, coupled with the fact that a great majority of the plain people are tenants. All of these countries, however, have much to teach us about Housing, particularly hous- ing for the poor. In every one of them they are doing a great deal to help the poor man, not by building model tenements but to house him and his family in conditions that are usual- ly excellent and occasionally luxurious. We are not doing this in America. We are build- ing our Rowland Parks, our Forest Hills Gar- dens and the like, but these are for what they would call the Bourgeoise, the middle class, OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 121 certainly not for the day laborer. And as to the various Government War Housing enter- prises, this admittedly emergency effort was not only conducted under the most abnormal conditions as to costs and speed but was right- ly directed largely to the better housing of the higher paid skilled mechanic and foreman rather than for the really poor man. It is our problem here and now to do better for this enormous group. Must they always "continue to occupy the cast-off houses of tlie better paid?" How are they doing it? First, by mass pro- duction,— projects of from 200 to 500 houses are quite common and we have noted one or more of 3,000, Then there are really very few detached houses, many semi-detached and many more in rows of groups of from four to fen. As to details, an enorrpous amount of money is saved in the aggregate by the almost universal method of not building cellars. H there is any substructure ("cave" they call it) it is small — more often there is none, but a convenient out-building serves for coal, wood and supplies, at far less cost. Modern heat- ing methods do not demand a cellar for genu- ine comfort, in many parts of America, and we would do well to adopt some of the in- genius heating and cooking devices noted in England and Germany — these are being intro- duced in France, Holland and Belgium. Sim- pler methods of plumbing must be devised and our Plumbing and Building Ordinances amend- ed to permit them, — they can still be safe, sanitary and healthful. For example, it is to be noted that in the homes of the real poor it is not absolutely necessary to have a bath- tub,— often, as we know, abused. With other toilet and heating facilities, portable tubs, or inexpensive shower-baths, are perfectly proper. The comparatively small size of rooms has been mentioned, also the fact that they are often relatively low-studded. The "sallc-com- mune" or common room doing away with the extravagant parlor, shut up except for funerals or weddings, is another item. Also the small scullery, — what we would call a kitchenette, saves money and steps. Standardized details, window-frames, doors, sashes, shutters, or blinds and these manufactured in large quanti- ties,— all these things help. As to exterior architecture, our American architects are by no means lacking in skill and taste — certainly Germany and Holland can teach them little. Then the policy of buying land ahead at or near agricultural values and holding for hous- ing needs is of utmost importance and there would seem to be no good reason why their principles in such matters should not be adapted to our conditions. The Society "Ons Limbourg" mentioned, that buys the farm lands in the Maestricht mining district is run on principles that could be readily employed in America. To be sure it demands foresight, good judgment and a spirit of co-operation, but no .American will admit that our people are lacking in these qualifications. The problem is to stir them up, set them to work. The writer holds no brief for many of their financial methods, however, — certainly for neither the private philanthropy of Port Sun- light and Essen with their over-luxurious pro- visions, nor the over-subsidization, the real Government charity methods that have been so common in England, France, Holland and Belgium. He became fully convinced, in 1920, when England's methods were at "full cry" that they were "riding for a fall," and the slump has now come with disastrous results to housing and labor conditions, some of which have been mentioned. Holland did not go to quite such limits and is now proceeding more conservatively to retrench. Belgium is follow- ing closely Holland's footsteps. Germany's methods of spend and make debts and "the devil take the hindmost" certainly are to be avoided. On the whole perhaps France is turning out to be the most conservative. Fi- nancial conditions have no doubt had much to do with this and there today among the most thoughtful "it is hoped that private initiative will again get the upper hand when people have been persuaded that the provision of small dwellings is a business proposition like any other and that the capital which is in- volved therein ought to bring a net return at least equal to the legal rate 5%. The philan- thropic societies which rent dwellings at lower than the market rent have killed private initia- tive." In view of the fact that the Comite Neer- lando-Belge d'Art Civique is now disbanded and its members concentrating their efforts principally upon the work of the International Union of Cities and its Centres of Civic Docu- mentation, your Chairman respectfully sug- gests that the Special Committee of the A. S. L. A.to Co-operate with the Comite Neerlando- Belge d'Art Civique be discharged, but that a new one be appointed to be called "The Special Committee of the A. S. L. A. to Co- operate with the International Union of Cities and Its Centres of Civic Documentation." 128 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY WHAT IS "PROFESSIONAL" PRACTICE IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE? :By FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED Reprinted from '^Landscape Architecture" "People in this locality don't want to pay me for professional advice unless I will carry out the work. How can I satisfy them without acting unprofession- ally?" "What is 'professional' and what is 'unprofessional' for a landscape architect to do in the way of 'executing work'?" "Is it always unprofessional for a land- scape architect to do 'contracting'?" These are representative of a class of questions which are often asked by the younger landscape architects and which the most experienced cannot always answer clearly and without hesitation. This article is an attempt to clarifj' the main principles involved in all such ques- tions. With a firm grasp of these prin- ciples honesty and common sense will show anyone the proper answer to his own particular question. The "Official Statement" of the Ameri- can Society of Landscape Architects says of the landscape architect in good pro- fessional standing that: "His remunera- tion is an openly stated compensation re- ceived directly from his client for ser- vices rendered, and not a hidden or specu- lative profit on materials supplied or labor employed." It further says that he "supervises the execution of his plans" and that "He acts ... as his client's agent in selecting and ordering materials and in issuing instructions for the exe- cution of work by contractors or others."' Let me add that, while nothing is said about it one way or the other in the "Statement," the reference in the above passages to "supervision" and to "issuing instructions" cannot be inter- preted as excluding personal performance of mechanical manual labor by a land- scape architect or his assistants ; whether that labor is pushing a pen, or cutting down a tree which blocks a view that he wants to open immediately (instead of waiting until he can find a man that holds a card in the Amalgamated Axemen's Union). It might be here noted, however, that when a landscape architect working on a per diem basis, or its equivalent, person- ally does work which could probably well be done by someone such as a laborer or a draftsman, whose rate of pay is much lower than the ordinary rate of pay of the landscape architect, the time so con- sumed ought to be charged at less than the landscape architect's standard rate, unless by such "direct action" so great a saving in time is effected as to justify charging at the full rate. This method of charging at reduced rates often ap- plies in a small office where the landscape architect occasionally does routine draft- ing in spare time rather than take on an extra draftsman. It seems clear that it would not be out of accord with the letter or the spirit of the above passages for a landscape archi- tect, at the request of a client, to assume responsibility for issuing all the orders necessary for the proper execution of work, even though in so doing the land- scape architect were to perform substan- tially all the managerial and executive OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 129 functions ordinarily performed by a "con- tractor ;" provided only that "his remun- eration is an open!)' stated compensation received from his client for services ren- dered and not a speculative profit on ma- terials or labor employed." As I understand it. the essentially dis- tinguishing feature of "speculative profit" or "commercial profit" in this connection is that the amount of such profit is in- determinate, is not accounted for to the party who pays it, and may be increased to any extent by which the energy, skill or luck of the contractor enables him to keep the cost of the work or materials or both below the amount for which he con- tracted to get the results accomplished. It is clearly unprofessional for a land- scape architect to take a "lump sum con- tract" or a "unit price contract" or any other form of contract for the furnishing of "materials" or the supplying of "labor" by which he becomes obligated to pro- duce a result for a certain price and is en- titled to whatever margin of profit there may be between the actual cost of achiev- ing that result and the price for which he contracted to produce it. It is not in itself essentially and inevitably un])rofes- sional for him to undertake a "cost plus" contract, by which he agrees to act as the agent of the client in bringing about the execution of his plans, provided his com- pensation over and above his reimburse- ment for authorized and accounted for ex- penditures on behalf of the client is a known amount, which may be either a lump sum, or a fee based upon time (such as a per diem charge or other periodic charge or salary) or an agreed percent- age. There are some objections to fixing that compensation by a percentage on the cost of the work, but it cannot be said that such a basis is in itself unprofes- sional. To make the matter clearer I will set forth successive extensions of the field of activity under an agency contract. But first let me remove a frequent source of misunderstanding in the use of the words "contractor" and "contracting." and point out the essential nature of an agency con- tract as distinguished from the s|)ecula- tive type of contract of which the familiar "lump sum contract" is representative. A contract is "any agreement between two or more parties for the doing or the not doing of some definite thing." Every professional man enters into a contract, expressed or implied, whenever he ac- cepts employment ; and is therefore strictly speaking a contractor. But the words "contractor" and "contracting" are often used, more or less colloquially, to connote a particular kind of contract. Unfortunately when used in this limited colloquial way their connotation is ant to be differently understood by different people, .'^ome peo])Ie habitually under- stand them as referring only to "lump sum contracts" and "unit price contracts." especially for the execution of buildings and works of engineering and landscape archi- tecture : but many whose main business is "contracting" in this limited sense, also undertake similar works under "agency contracts," especially under contracts of the "cost plus percentage" type : and there are some who do such work ex- clusively under "agency contracts" and who are nevertheless colloquially called "contractors." Under an agency contract the contrac- tor, so long as he acts within the limits of his authorization, need assume no fi- nancial resijonsibility on his own account and acts strictly as an agent of his prin- cipal. Any claim for payment on account of services rendered or requested, or goods delivered or ordered, or damages sustained, as a result of his action as agent (within the scope of his authori- zation by his principal) is a claim not against him personally but against his principal, by whose authority and on whose account he acts. His authoriza- i:50 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY tion may limit the total of expenditures for which he may contract with others on behalf of his principal ; but it cannot at the same time obligate him to produce certain results within that sum. It can only require him to stop incurring obliga- tions when the limit of the appropriation is reached, whether the proposed result has been accomplished or not. If as a result of his legitimate action (within the scope of his authorization) damages are incurred, his principal is liable for those damages even though they exceed the amount of the appropriation within which he was instructed to keep the cost of the work. He is obligated to use due dili- gence and skill in protecting his princi- pal's interest, but guarantees nothing be- yond that. The lump-sum contractor, on the other hand, is his own principal, and under- takes to produce for the other party to the contract a more or less well defined result for a certain sum. He hires and fires on his own account, buys goods on his own account and enters into other contracts on his own account. Claims for payment growing out of his actions, including claims for damages sustained as a result of his action, are claims against him and not against the other party to the contract. He takes a specu- lative risk, and he makes a speculative profit if he can, and as large as he can. He is not accountable to the other party to the contract for the amount of that profit nor for the actual cost of the work. He is in the position of the speculative purchaser of any commodity who sells it as best he can, accepting a loss if he must, and making all the profit he can in the face of the competition of others. There need be nothing in the least de- gree unfair or dishonorable in this rela- tion of a speculative contractor or vendor to his customers. But such a relation is absolutely incompatible with the fiduci- ary relation which a professional land- scape architect assumes to his client, be- cause the essence of that relation is the obligation which he assumes to protect his client's legitimate interests in the matters at issue to the best of his ability. He can not run with the hare and hunt with the hounds. If he tries it, under whatever pretext or in whaever form, he is not merely acting unprofessionally ; he is outright dishonest. Now let us return to the scope of what may be undertaken by a professional land- scape architect under an agency contract. It is a frequent arrangement for a land- scape architect, especially upon small or upon complicated and delicate work, to recommend to a client the employment of superintendents or foremen in whom he has confidence, to advise or direct them in their employment of laborers and ar- tisans, to direct their work, to order ma- terials for the client, and to check and recommend for payment by the client the payrolls and bills as they become due. Less frequently the landscape architect may receive deposits of cash in advance from the client and draw upon them for payment of bills and payrolls on the client's account as they become due, sub- mitting vouchers to the client subse- quently when he accounts for expendi- tures made. Still less frequently, but, so far as I can see, without any essential change in the character of the relation- ship, he may, if so requested, borrow the funds from a bank or other source of credit and make similar payments on the client's account, charging up interest pay- ments on these borrowed funds as part of the cost of the operation, and account- ing as before with proper vouchers for all expenditures. Finally he might furnish the funds out of his own capital, and charge interest thereon as a banker would do. If in the latter case his charges for interest on the capital advanced were not segregated but were lumped with certain other overhead expenses in the general OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 131 charge for his services, he would be pre- cisely in the position of the ordinary "cost-plus" contractor; and if the charge for thus furnishing the capital and his other services be reasonable and clearly defined in advance, it is difficult to see exactly how he has crossed the Rubicon and entered the field of clearly and in- herently unprofessional conduct. Take notice that I do not approve such a procedure as a general one for land- scape architects, for reasons which I will set forth. But I do say that even such an agency contract as the last seems to me, in strict logic, not necessarily unpro- fessional per se in special cases. The primary objection as a practical matter to extending the scope of a land- scape architect's business far in that di- rection is that it involves a constantly increasing emphasis upon purely execu- tive and managerial activities, the devo- tion of a constantly increasing share of his time and energy to such activities, and a corresponding reduction of the share of his time and energy devoted to problems of design. Now the reason for the existence of a profession of landscape architecture is to provide people highly skilled in the Art of Design applied to landscape problems, and having sufficient executive ability to secure the effective realization of their designs. And in so far as development of his executive activities tends to with- draw emphasis from a landscape archi- tect's function as a designer, and material- ly diminishes that effective concentration upon problems of design which is the only means of developing his skill there- in, it tends to convert him from a land- scape architect into something else — commonly called a contractor — irrespec- tive of whether he practices contracting in a professional manner under agency contracts or whether he practices it com- mercially and speculatively under lump sum or unit price contracts. The same sort of reasons which make desirable the degree of specialization that distinguishes landscape architects from architects, and that distinguishes both of them from engineers, makes it highly im- portant to maintain and develop the specialization and separation of landscape architects from "contractors." Under circumstances which make it difficult or impossible to obtain the services of com- petent "contractors" for landscape work, a landscape architect is justified in going further in assuming executive responsi- bilities, ])rofessionally and as an agent, than is ordinarily wise or proper; but it must not be forgotten that even where competent contractors are scarce it is to the interest of the profession and of its clients to develop good landscape con- tractors rather than to discourage their development by performing the functions proper to them in combination with the special functions jjeculiar tt) landsca])e architects. In other words a landscape architect ought to keep clear of undertaking, even in a professional manner, the executive functions proper to a "contractor" just as far as he can do so without manifest and substantial injury to the interests which are confided to him by his clients. Looking at the matter from the most selfish point of view, it is normally a short-sighted policy on the part of the landscape architect to undertake what are properly "contractor's" functions, for the mere sake of earning the compensa- tion which goes with these extra jobs, or even through an easy-going acquiescence in the request of a client, just as it would be to undertake the functions of a real estate agent or a hotel keeper. Working at such "side lines" is apt to seem a con- fession that he can not earn his salt as a landscape architect, and it certainly tends to spread him out so thin as to lose the advantages which come from proper pro- fessional specialization. This is not the i:?2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY day of the Jack-at-all-trades who is mas- ter of none. The foregoing discussion should have made it clear that there is no simple cri- terion by which, under all circumstances, the line can be sharply drawn between what a landscape architect can properly do in the execution of his designs and what he should not do. Experience has shown, however, that there are certain critical points which should be regarded as red flags, marking dangers that ought not to be incurred by a landscape archi- tect without the most careful and meticu- lous consideration of the circumstances of the particular case, lest he get himself into a false position ; a position either es- sentially unprofessional or likely to ap- pear so to others in the absence of a much fuller explanation than is usually pos- sible. One of these danger points is the dis- bursement of his own funds by a land- scape architect for materials delivered to a client either through him or direct. Such disbursement may be entirely aboveboard and fully understood and ac- counted for between him and his client ; but it is a regular and usual step in the mechanism of purchase and sale for per- sonal commercial profit, and as such ought to be avoided by the professional man. It is practically always possible to avoid it ; as by inducing the client, if necessary, to establish a drawing accoimt from which payments or advances are to be made on the order of the landscape architect. In the rare instances where a landscape architect cannot properly and reasonably avoid drawing checks in payment for plants or other materials purchased for a client, it is desirable, in order to make the relationship clear, to open a separate bank account and sign the checks as "Agent for ." The same considerations apply to pay- ments by the landscape architect on ac- count of other contracts entered into on behalf of the client, or on account of "labor" payrolls. This brings up the point that no sharp and invariable line can be defined be- tween what are and are not "materials" or "labor" in the meaning of the State- ment. The pencils used by a landscape architect in making his studies are in fact materials, but common sense shows that it would be ridiculous to attempt to charge them up in detail at exact cost to every client for whom a landscape archi- tect works. They are lumped in as a part of the overhead cost of his business by the landscape architect, and the charges which pay for his services go in part to meeting these overhead expenses. It might be an amusing, hair-splitting, aca- demic question for accountants to say whether his lump charges for services should or should not be regarded as in- cluding a minute element of "profit" on such materials used in rendering the ser- vice ; but so long as such theoretical profit is utterly negligible in amount and has no practical influence upon his total charges, the question remains academic and of not the slightest consequence. If the materials which he thus buys and uses in performing his services should be- come so abnormally costly in any special case or cases that he is forced to take special account of them in fixing his total compensation, he would do well in such a case to arrange for charging them up to the client in detail at cost, or if the cost cannot be fixed with absolute precision, at an approximation to cost so close that no possible element of profit in the transac- tion substantially influences the amount of his bills. If he goes beyond that point he is substantially open to the charge of deriving his compensation from a "com- mercial profit on materials used." The case is sometimes more perplexing as to "labor." The labor of his office boy or his stenographer is ordinarily charged OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 133 to a landscape architect's overhead ex- pense along with his office rent, and its cost is recouped (with or without a the- oretical but wholly negligible "profit") out of his total charges to clients. The same is true of the labor of draftsmen and other assistants only in case the land- scape architect's fixed fee covers their services as well as his own (whether it be a lump sum fee, or an acreage fee. or a fee based on a percentage of "total cost"). The cost of the services of such assistants varies widely in difiFerent kinds of jobs. As long as it is small relatively to the charge for his personal services the question of a "profit" on it is academic and negligible. But it may legitimately, and in the client's best interests, become very large in some cases, far exceeding the charge for the landscape architect's own personal services. In such cases the question of whether the charge for the "labor" of assistants includes a substan- tial profit becomes professionally im- portant. Absolutely no hard and fast line based upon the character of the work done can be so drawn as to separate that which is "labor" from that which is some kind of high-brow-stufF distinguishable from "la- bor." A landscape architect's planting assistant may just as legitimately and just as professionally set a plant with his own hands, if that is an efficient way to get the best results, as to draw plans and give long explanations of how he wants it done. In the interest of the best art we should not interpose any artificial harriers tend- ing to keep the landscape architect and his regular trained assistants at arm's length from the work. The closer the personal contact and responsibility for details the better for the work. What then is to prevent a landscape architect from gradually increasing the functions assumed by his employees un- til they are doing a large part of the "labor" of a job, in any common-sense i:se of the word labor? Nothing, except the objection previous- ly raised against his habitually undertak- ing executive functions at the expense of his proper emphasis upon the functions of design, prodded he is not making a "commercial profit" on the labor of his assistants. In any case where the pay of his employees is likely to be more than a minor item in the total which he charges against his client he ought, I be- lieve, to avoid charging for their work on a lump sum basis ; or on any basis which fixes his total compensation without re- gard to the amount which he pays out to his employees, and which leaves him to make a considerable speculative profit or loss on the transaction according to whether the}- "get away" with doing only a little work on the job or put in a great deal of work. This is one of the reasons why I think the method of charging an agreed lump sum fee to cover professional services and ex[)enses. should seldom be used where so large an amount of assistants' services is involved that the compensation for the personal services of the landscape archi- tect becomes a very minor item in his total bill. The same objection of course holds against a fee fixed by a percentage rela- tion to the total cost where that fee is intended to cover a large amount of as- sistants' services. But in view of the actual custom of some entirely reputable landscape archi- tects, and of most architects, of charging on the basis last mentioned, it would be quixotic today to regard it as unprofes- sional provided the practitioner who uses it is scrupulously careful to confine the work covered by such a fee well within the customary limits of making plans and other office work and occasional super- vision, and to avoid anv obligation under 134 TRANSACTION'S OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY such a contract of furnishing- what might reasonably be construed as "labor." Any method of charging a client for the services of a landscape architect's em- ployees which avoids the possibility either of substantial speculative profit or of considerable loss from this source leaves the landscape architect free to use his best judgment, substantially without the bias of financial self-interest and without the suspicion thereof, in deciding what work and how much work to have done by his own employees for the client, and what to have done by others not on his own payroll. He is then in the best position to establish the value of the skilled and disinterested service which he renders in deciding such questions and in the general direction of the work, and to charge for that service known fees properly commensurate with its value. A method of charging for the services of assistants without substantial specula- tive profit or loss must take account of the indirect costs or overhead expenses. No such method can be absolutely exact, be- cause the apportionment of general over- head expenses among many diflferent jobs served by the facilities which are repre- sented in the overhead expense is always a matter of somewhat arbitrary judg- ment. A rough approximation is enough, if it is intelligently scrutinized from time to time and readjusted With an honest, common-sense at- tempt to mak.e it reasonably fair. A brief reference to the history of this matter in the Olmsted firm will help to indicate at least what I believe to be the right tendency. Forty years ago the usual method of the firm was to charge a lump sum fee which covered the services both of mem- bers of the firm and of assistants, and the general overhead expenses, with pro- vision in some cases for charging separ- ately in addition only certain specified, easily segregated and directly chargeable items like traveling expenses. The office force was small and a large part of the working up of details was apt to be done by employees of the client, often recom- mended for employment by the firm, and working on the job under the advice and supervision of the firm. In case of large works extending over a considerable period there is much to be said for this method of pushing the details of design- ing out on to the job itself. But as circumstances made it appear desirable in the client's interest in more and more cases to have a large amount of detailed plan work, etc.. done by office assistants, the practice grew up of charg- ing for these assistants' services separate- ly from the fee at the direct cost of these services, the overhead expenses of the office being still covered by the profes- sional fee. About twenty-five years ago, the size of the office having grown pretty large, it became apparent that this method often resulted in a loss, and anyhow was unde- sirably speculative because much of the overhead expenses such as rent, light, heat, drafting materials, equipment, etc., (not to mention the cost of idle time of assistants, "ready to serve") were much more nearly proportional to the amount of assistants' services used on a given job than to the personal services of the firm. Therefore the method followed in many engineers' offices was adopted, namely charging up assistants' services at twice the rate per hour at which those assist- ants were paid, in order to cover over- head expense, while the '"professional fee" (which appeared on the bills separ- ately from the charge for assistants' ser- \'ices) was, on the average, reduced so as to represent more nearly the value of the personal services rendered by members of the firm. It was found that year in and year out this method of charging for assistants' services covered, in the gross, the entire direct cost of the assistants' services and OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 135 the entire overhead expenses of the office with a margin of "profit" which in some years reached as much as 18 to 20 per cent. We came to regard this as not a sufficiently fair approximation, especially as between different jobs, and it became the practice to make an arbitrary and voluntary scaling down of the 100 per cent, "margin" in special cases where it seemed unfair to the client. Later, with the gradual improvement of our cost accounting methods, differ- entiations were made between several classes of assistants' services which plain- ly involved different proportions of over- head expenses. DilTerent rates of "mar- gins" were charged on these different classes, and at the end of each year the different items of actual overhead ex- pense were apportioned against the sev- eral "departments" thus established with a real effort to make the apportionment appro.ximately fair so as to find out wheth- er the rate of "margin" charged on each class of assistants had proved to be sub- stantially correct. Of course, it is neith- er practicable, nor fair, to fix the "margin" for every short period of accounting, so as to correspond with the actual overhead costs of that period. In a busy season the overhead costs are apt to be less in proportion to the cost directly charged to each job and vice-versa. All that can be reasonably attempted is to hit a fair aver- age year in and year out. For some time prior to 1921 the "mar- gins" for meeting overhead expense varied from 25 per cent, to 80 per cent, on the pay of different classes of assistants for those hours during which their time is directly chargeable to specific work orders, the 80 per cent, margin applying to the majority of ordinary office assistants. With the relative increase in overhead costs which came with the post-war deflation, it was found necessary to increase the maximum "margin" to the old figure of 100 per cent, again. Of the total overhead expenses about one quarter is charged against the personal professional services of the firm as representing the amount of rent, etc., and clerical assistance, etc., and equip- ment, library, etc., which the firm would require if the drafting and other directly chargeable assistants' services, together with their necessary overhead expenses, were furnished by the clients themselves, as they are in the case of some well or- ganized municipal departments which we serve in a consulting capacity. A\'hen we see that with the margins charged any "department," other than the persona] professional services of the firm, is beginning to show year after year a continuing loss, or a "gain" so consider- able as to be more than a reasonable as- surance against occasional losses, we en- deavor to readjust the margins more equitably. This is primarily a system of cost ac- counting and is followed for our own in- formation even in those cases where we contract with a client to furnish certain services for a specified lump sum, or within an agreed maximum cost. It en- ables us to know with tolerable precision at any time what each work is costing us, including its fair share of overhead expense. But in the majority of cases our con- tracts with clients provide for charging a fee for the personal services of the firm, plus expenses as actually incurred from time to time, "expenses" being defined as including pay of assistants together with the corresponding share of overhead ex- pense. We are then substantially in the position of a trusted employee on a sal- ary, who either employs subordinates in the service of his employer at his em- ployer's expense (without profit or loss to himself), or delegates work to con- tractors, as may seem most advantageous to his employer. Under this system we feel at liberty and our clients are glad to have us feel at 1.36 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY liberty to send our own assistants to a job, and have them stay as long as neces- sary, and do whatever work is necessary in the client's interest to get the desired results if that seems more expedient for the client than having such work done by people not in our employ. We do, however, systematically try to avoid getting our organization needlessly entangled in executive work which can be efficiently done by others and which might interfere with our proper profes- sional concentration on problems of de- sign. There is no sense in a pharisaical at- titude of adhering mechanically to any single precisely defined method as the sure way of salvation, and of regarding all others as necessarily "unclean." The real point is to use common sense, hon- esty, and a constant scrutiny of the eflfect and tendency of one's methods in the light of three principles : 1. That the professional landscape architect assumes a fiduciary obligation to give only such advice and take only such action as will best serve the client's legitimate interests. 2. That in consonance with this obli- gation he must avoid putting himself in a position where his advice or actions might be influenced adversely to his client's interest by regard for his own financial interest in possible speculative or commercial profits. 3. That his primary function is de- sign, and that he should avoid putting himself in a position likely to emphasize executive or managerial functions at the expense of the function of design. o ii ° ^ c ^.S.3 .2 >> u ra ^ c i_ c •^ c I'i - "5 Jrt 3 CO a Si OF THE THE IIBRHRY OF THE ■HI ^ ^ ;^ S c on T^tABJ Denj AZTHUE A C/HUPTI FFF-I.JND/^JPF A P r hY B9 tJTATETJT. noj-rnn ma^,/ nhimna 'it. Fig. 3 OF THE THE LIBRfflY OF THE I'-JlVHo?;;-; [ : 0^ ^i OF THE THE LIBiiAHy Of T»£ 1./*.-!, C^ ,^i^ CiTf o^ Boston ^fiANKL/fs/ f^^RK Zoo D£mit.s OF- /Ictu^rio ft-y/nro Cage /^/fi/i^a /f*i.r-r, Ovrt-mv, G^rca trrc ^^M.. /t S/,^r//.//: A.„J^.^, yV^,i,.:.,e f^t-Mn rJo.foj THE LIBRARY OF THE OF T«£ THE IIBRARY OF THE J^r a niacin fanCSZao rfcinitx of S^ird j/ouss anS y^'imi:^ Fig. 8 OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 149 mains and sewers. Outfalls were for- tunately at hand in neighboring streets, and water could be had near-by. Among other experts, the commission had consulted Mr. William T. Hornaday, Director of the New York Zoological Park : Dr. Baker, of the National Zoo- logical Park at Washington ; and em- ployed Mr. J. T. Benson to advise re- garding the housing of the animals. Mr. C. E. Putnam, under the late superin- tendent, Mr. Pettigrew. has worked out many of the details of construction. The commissioners under whom this work has been forwarded, and who have given their personal attention to it and have contributed many of the most im- portant features of the scheme, are: Rob- ert S. Peabody, Chairman, James N. Prendergast (lately resigned). Daniel H. Coakley, D. Henry Sullivan. 150 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY THE LANDSCAPE ARCHITECT IN CITY PLANNING* Reprinted from "Landscape Architecture" Mr. Chairman and Members of the So- ciety of Landscape Architects : My topic is the landscape architect in city plan- ning. We all like to be appreciated, and I am going to try to appreciate you for a few minutes. It certainly is refreshing to talk about city planning to a group of men who do not have to be shown. Usually it is quite the other way, and you don't know what a relief it is not to be on the defensive in this matter, not to have to explain every- thing, not to have to answer the usual things that are said about city planning as an expensive luxury. We must recognize that the subject has made an astonishing advance in the United States, an advance that is reflect- ed in our own Commonwealth by the existence of planning boards in forty of its cities and towns. And yet, in spite of this progress, we still must expect even from a fairly intelligent citizen a rather curious reaction on the subject of city planning. This is so even among the members of city and town departments, and it is true also of the members of planning boards composed very often of the representative men of the city or town. As Secretary of the City Planning Conference, I spend much time and ink on letters of explanation, only to be ad- dressed by my correspondents and intro- duced occasionally to an audience as Secretary of City Planting; and that phrase always strikes me as savoring rather of the obsequies of the city than of a city which is really alive and ready to go about its proper development in a proper way. My first feeling, then, is one of real ap- preciation of men who know the value of planning, of men who are really doing the city planning, and, Mr. Chairman, of the men who are teaching future city planners. In the National Conference, we have liad a great deal of help from members of your profession. In the first place, your profession has furnished more mem- bers of the National Conference than any other profession, and more members of the kind that are worth while, worth more than the $5 annual fee — the kind of members who are active in suggestion ; and it is suggestion that is very much needed in city planning today. Although the ideas of city planning are generally pretty definite, they have to be dealt with in a way far different than in the intelligent working out of just one prob- lem. iUit, even greater than that, your society has furnished the president of the City Planning Conference. Since 1910, Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted has been the l^resident or the chairman of the execu- tive committee, and, as it now seems, has given all too liberally of his precious time. The formative years of the work have made great demands on him. The field was new ; policies had to be deter- mined ; difficulties which were far more than oral had to be threshed out. If I may for a moment use biblical language. *.'\ddrcss before the American Society of Landscape Architects, Boston, Fel^ruary :.'4. 1915 by Mr. Flavel Shurtleff, Secretary of the National Conference on City Planning. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 151 he has led us out of the wilderness of conflicting opinions and established our ways. You made possible our first ambitious effort in the way of original work. In preparing for the Chicago Conference a city planning study of a hyi^othetical area of about 500 acres on the outskirts of a city of about 500,000 jieople was an- nounced. It was a problem which was sur- rounded with a great many difficulties. It seemed to me that the problem was too complicated, but I didn't know the landscape architect. There were twenty- five entrants, but only nine submitted finished studies, eight of which were en- tirely by landscape architects, and the ninth was shared in by two landscape architects, who, I suspect, did most of the work. And out of that study came a splendid result, a result which is now on exhibition at Cambridge, and at least Professor Pray knows all about it. be- cause Harvard University is the guard- ian of the result of that study. Now, that is one of our best successes, and I think, with that concrete contribution to the work of the conference, you are en- titled to share in whatever of accom- plishment the Conference may boast. What are some of these accomplish- ments? We ought not to claim accom- plishments now, but I think that we may be very glad that the city-planning era in the United States came into being about the time of the establishment of the City Planning Conference. Let us call it a coincidence, if you will, but be- fore 1909, the date of the first confer- ence, there was only one city-planning board in existence, and that was in Hart- ford. Connecticut ; and I will challenge you to find any mention of city planning in legislation before that. Since 1910, if you search the records, you will find in about a quarter of the commonwealths of the United States some reference to city- planning legislation. Five of the states — New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, \\'isconsin and Massachusetts — have state laws authorizing the appointment of local plan commissions, and, either by ordinance or under state law, one hun- dred and fifty of the cities of this coun- try have active planning commissions. That is only one result. Generally, in the train of planning commissions and planning committees have come inquiries into the methods of acquiring land and distributing the cost of the acquisition of the land. We hear more and more today of excess condemnation and assessments for betterments: and just this year, in Massachusetts, we have a most elaborate measure presented to the legislature on the general subject of land acquisition. All these things are, it seems to me, di- rect results of the city-planning move- ment. I will grant you that the World's Fair and Mr. Burnham's plans for the White City in 1893 may have been the inspira- tion for city planning ; but. even allowing that, I am going to claim tonight that much of the result that we see, much of the activity of city-planning commis- sions, much of the city-planning legisla- tion, can be traced with equal directness to the Conference on City Planning, and to the contract between men of the cities and towns who come to these Confer- ences often with the vaguest idea of what city jjlanning means, and go away with a distinct realization of the benefits to be derived by an adherance to planning principles. These are all past endeavors, and. we hope, past successes. Beyond are our new adventures. This year, for the De- troit Conference we are proposing a study of the best methods of land subdivision. I think it is hoped that some kind of guiding principle will be evolved, which will help real estate dividers to get a better notion of what should be the size of lots and of blocks, and so on, a prob- 153 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY lem which it seems to me, is very closely related to the general problem of congestion. And there, again, your associates are taking the lead. They are in many cases either chairmen of lo- cal committees or active workers on the committees which are working out this problem in about twenty cities. The very latest undertaking was au- thorized only a few weeks ago by our executive committee, and that was the publication of an official organ to be known as the "City Plan." I suspect that some of the members of our committee felt about that publication — although they did not say anything — in much the same way as the eminent judge of the King's Bench, who, after many years of service in that court was called to the Admiralty Bench. He said, "May there be no moaning of the Bar when I set out to sea." So I hope there will be no moan- ing of the landscape architects when we try to put on paper what we think about city planning. I think there is need of such a bulletin. I think all the ideas of the various planning committees will have more value, if gathered together where all may read them and make com- parisons with their own ideas. Certain- ly, the National City Planning Confer- ence will be helped by getting together in one place all the problems and all the solutions that are suggested by commit- tees all over the country. And I am go- ing to offer the pages of this Bulletin tonight to any of the gentlemen who have any ideas that they would like to send to city-planning boards, to park- extension boards, and to committees who have that sort of thing in hand. There will be 5,000 copies printed, and they will be given the largest circulation possible among all those who are interested in the organizations or committees that I have suggested. If you have a message for them or for us, please consider that the pages of the Bulletin are open to you, and remember that we shall always be very glad to give publicity to any ideas that you think may advance city plan- ning in America. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 153 WELFARE AND HAPPINESS IN WORKS OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE* Reprinted from "Landscape Architecture" Two subjects very interesting to us all have already been introduced ; first, the condition and prospects of the profession, and secondly, the grounds on which the proper works of landscape architecture are to be recommended to the public and to private owners. With regard to the condition of the profession, it is to be remarked, in the first place, that it is a very new profes- sion. There were, to be sure, a few em- inent practitioners of the landscape art in the eighteenth century and in the first three-quarters of the nineteenth, and a few famous writers wrote on gardens and gardening in both the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Xevertheless, the art has not been recognized as a pro- fession until recent years, and it has as yet but few devotees. Secondly, the progress of the profession must depend on the increasing knowledge of the pub- lic concerning what the profession is capable of doing. From what we have already heard tonight, it seems clear that the American public has gained within the last twenty years a much better un- derstanding than they used to have con- cerning what they may expect this pro- fession to do, and what good fruits may come to the public from the work of this profession, well directed and well sup- ported. This enlightenment of the pub- lic is, of course, slow ; but it goes on gradually in several classes. The pro- prietors of estates both large and small, who have a cultivated turn of mind and are interested in landscape or in gardens, employ this profession more and more, and with more and more intelligence and better and better results. Public officials, also, are learning what this profession can do to promote the public welfare ; and they, therefore, can be more and more relied upon to build up the profession through public employments. This re- mark applies not only to the officials who are actually administering municipal or state governments, or the national gov- ernment, but also to the legislators ; that is, to the stream of citizens who are con- stantly coming into the legislative bodies, and not tarrying there long, but return- ing to private life. The legislatures of the country are perceiving more and more clearly the real values in health and public enjoyment which good work by this profession can provide. I think these are very cheerful signs that the profes- sion is making sound progress in public regard and public serviceableness. The second topic already broached is a very practical one : What reasons do you give for urging a private person or a public body to employ a landscape architect? By what arguments can the serviceableness of landscape architecture be demonstrated? Are they economic, esthetic, or philanthropic arguments? There are economic arguments in favor of providing for city populations, forests, parks, and other broad, open spaces, playgrounds for children, and some wide, decorated parkways for pleas- ♦Remarks by Charles W. Eliot, President Emeritus of Harvard University, at the meeting of the American Society of Landscape Architects, Boston, March 21, 1911. 154 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY lire, traffic, and walking. The economic argument has its place ; but I feel sure that the profession ought to place its chief reliance on other considerations, — considerations which I believe determine much more human action than economics determine. These considerations relate to the promotion of human welfare and happiness. The Declaration of Inde- pendence declares that all men have a right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Now it is the pursuit of pub- lic happiness which, I think, should be the main standby of this profession in urging the public to use the landscape art, to seek its benefits, and to employ its artists. All worthy art contributes to the pursuit of happiness, that is, to the pursuit of durable joys and satisfactions ; and the profession you practice, gentle- men, is an art, and a fine art. It will not do to advocate its works exclusively on economic grounds. Its advocates should insist that it contributes largely to the winning of the natural and durable joys and satisfactions of life. If I were asked to mention the most important public movement of the last twenty years, I should say that it was the movement to obtain for all classes of society — indeed, for the entire popula- tion— better means of health, rational enjoyment and real happiness. Much sympathy has been expressed in these later years for the unhappy condi- tion of large elements of the popula- tion. Much public efifort has been made to improve the condition of the less for- tunate classes; and among all these ef- forts there is none more important than the effort to counteract the evils which have arisen from congestion of popula- tion. This congestion is a phenomenon of the last fifty years in this countr}^ fol- lowing, of course, the introduction of the factory system on a large scale. Now it is already demonstrated that economic considerations alone cannot deal success- fully with the actual congestion of popu- lation, or remedy the hideous evils which result from congestion. The desires and beliefs of the congested population with regard to happiness, as they understand it, must be taken into account. For in- stance, there was lately a public exhibi- tion and discussion of the miserable con- dition of the women that make shirt- waists and similar articles of clothing in New York City. One would have sup- posed from the descriptions then given of the mode of life of the shirt-waist mak- ers that they were suffering from eco- nomic conditions, and that the remedy would be economic. Their wages were low in proportion to their needs ; and they suffered in their crowded lodgings and narrow streets from lack of fresh air and sunlight. Every one of these women could have transferred herself within twenty-four hours to a wholesome coun- try life, had she been willing to be so transported. There were thousands of families scattered through the Middle West that were in great need of house- hold servants, and were ready to pay high wages. There was a complete economic remedy ; but the remedy was not consistent with the ideas of happiness which the sufferers in New York enter- tained, and those ideas determined their conduct. Probably not one of those dis- tressed shirt-waist makers would have consented to transfer herself and her be- longings to a country or small-town life, although she knew that all her economic straits would have been immediately re- lieved. Something more than economic remedies must be found for the great evils which beset modern society, and particularly for the diseases, physical and moral, which are caused by congestion of population. This profession is called upon to deal with all these problems of congestion. You must take account of the desires and hopes, tastes and pur- poses of the population to be relieved; OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 155 and these sentiments and emotions will all be found to be closely related to that pur- suit of happiness in which a free people is always engaged in accordance with their tastes and inclinations. S The city plannings of which Mr. Park- er spoke with so much discrimination are, I suppose, among the most import- ant of the problems presented to your profession ; but they are full of great diffi- culties in the face of the layouts which most American cities have adopted. I suppose that the uniform rectangular layout of a city, without diagonal or radi- al avenues, is the stupidest thing the American people has done on a large scale, and under different natural con- ditions. That layout is extremely un- economical, causing an enormous daily waste of muscular and mechanical power, and in many places it has destroyed natural features of remarkable beauty. Yet today our city planning must take account of all these adverse conditions, predetermined, and often irremediable. I dare say that some of you have felt, from time to time, some discouragement at the multitude and difficulty of the problems in landscape architecture which lie before the American people; but, as 1 look back on the changes wrought in .\merican cities and their vicinities dur- ing the last twenty years, it seems to me that there is good ground for hope of , large progress and ample improvements in the years which lie immediately be- fore the young men here present. I no- tice that the strictly economic considera- tions in favor of small breathing-spaces and large landscape parks are less insist- ed on and that many minds are accessible to the considerations which relate to pub- lic enjoyment. Thus I have seen real progress made in this respect on the Is- land of Mt. Desert, where I live in sum- mer. That island, as an economic value, is whollj' dependent on the preservation of its rough natural scenery and the safe development of its various beauties. When I first went there to live, in 1881, the natives of the island hardly appre- ciated the fact that the chief asset of the place was its natural beauties. Their no- tion of the value of the island was al- most exclusively an economic one. It was a good place from which to fish. It had been a very good place in which to build small vessels. It attracted, or had begun to attract, a considerable number of summer boarders. They now see clear- ly the importance of protecting and con- serving in every way the natural beau- ties of the island ; and they are prepared to assent to having several thousands of acres of hilltops and partially wooded, steep, rough slopes held by the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations in perpetuity for public uses, and to hav- ing these thousands of acres perpetually exempt from taxation. It is not only the people born on or near the island that have come to be influenced by this mixed regard for economic considerations, on the one hand, and considerations affect- ing public enjoyment, on the other. The summer people have, within the last few years, arrived at a new comprehension of the fact that the only way to preserve the island as a happy and fortunate sum- mer resort is to secure, first the preser- vation of its scenery, and secondly, the purity of its water-supplies. The action of the givers of the money which put in- to the hands of the Hancock County Trustees of Public Reservations many thousands of acres of these hillsides shows that they appreciate the necessity of preserving natural beauties as means of open-air enjoyment for a population which tends to become dense. This suggestion may be available for you when you have to enter into discus- sion with municipal authorities or state authorities, concerning the expediency of executing public works which you have designed. Ever since 187 1, I have main- 156 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY tained a steady interest in the discussion of the existing exemption of college prop- erty from taxation in the various cities and towns in which colleges or other educational institutions have been es- tablished in Massachusetts. The doc- trine of exemption for educational insti- tutions has been more and more attacked in almost every New England legisla- ture since 1874. About four years ago, there was an unusually vigorous cam- paign on that subject in the Massa- chusetts legislature ; and a careful argu- ment was prepared by the opponents of the taxation proposed, for presentation to a committee to which a bill to tax col- lege property had been referred. That argument demonstrated that the presence of a college or other institution of edu- cation in a city or town was never in any possible sense a burden on that town or city. On the contrary, a table prepared by counsel for Harvard College from the Tax Commissioner's reports at the State House, demonstrated that those towns and cities in Massachusetts which con- tained college properties exempt from tax- ation, when compared with other towns and cities of about the same size and situ- ation but having no lands exempt from taxation because occupied by a college or other institution of learning, were in bet- ter pecuniary position as regards taxes and public expenditures than the towns which had no colleges within their limits. That proved a very convincing table. It was the principal reason for the over- whelming vote by which the House ad- hered to the ancient policy of Massa- chusetts on this subject. In the course of that discussion, I came to the following conclusion with regard to the amount of exempted properties in a city or town, namely, that the best existing test of the quality of a city or town as a place to live in wholesomely, and with access to rational pleasures, is the proportion of the exempted territory in the town to the unexempted. The higher the proportion of exempted terri- tory, the surer is that town or city to be a desirable place to live in, and, there- fore, to be a prosperous place. With the exception of cemeteries, all institutions which occupy exempted territory, such as churches, colleges, hospitals, school- houses, museums, and libraries, promote directly the well-being of the citizens. All open spaces, like parks, public gardens, playgrounds, or water areas, promote the health of the citizens, and give them pleasure. The wider the streets and avenueS' — which are exempted areas — the better the health and vigor of the popu- lation. It is a safe inference that the larger the proportion of the exempted areas to the non-exempt in any town or city, the more chance is there that the town or city is. or will be, a good place to live in, — or, in other words, a place to attract intelligent people and well-con- ducted businesses. Through my acquaintance with the Olmsteds in two generations and my natural interest in the work of my son Charles, who practiced his profession successfully for ten years before his early death, I am competent to testify that among all the professions I have had oc- casion to observe there is none capable of yielding to its members more exquisite satisfactions. There is none which can give the practitioner better reason for be- ing content with his own serviceableness to mankind, because successful results in your profession bring health, general well-being, and sweet and wholesome pleasures to mankind. The physician must see a great deal of human suffering. He often relieves it ; but he must endure the spectacle of suft'ering. The lawyer must at times make himself familiar with wrong-doing and crime ; and, while he seeks to promote justice, he must often contend against injustice. Your profes- sion, on the other hand, has to do all the OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 157 time with the elements of beauty in the natural world, with the beauty of trees, shrubs, plants, flowers, lakes, streams, ponds, and forests : and. in developing; open landscape, you take account of all the beauties of the sky. The elements with which you work are beautiful, wholesome, and winning. One cannot say that of the elements in which the physician, or the lawyer, or the lousiness man works, particularly if the business is one involving the factory sj^stem, for the factorj- hand is apt to suffer from mo- notony, too great division of labor, and an e'blusion from natural ]c>ys. You have the satisfaction of always working towards good, towards enjoyments, to- wards enlargements of view, which bet- ter human nature and better the world. You can win a further satisfaction, namely, that your product or result, if well contrived, is a durable thing. Earth work is more durable than any other hu- man work. Roads are very durable, as the Roman roads testify. So are bridges, unless they are made of wood ; and so is all park work, particularly public i)ark work. Your work is much more durable than that of the architect. I was a mem- ber of the committee which, with great pains and trouble, got built on Copley Square the Boston Museum of Fine Arts ; and already, within a little more than thirty years, the building has disap- peared. Even the churches the architects build disappear, or are moved to another site, like the Second Church in Copley Scjuare; or are dwarfed by huge commer- cial structures, as in New York ; or are left to go to decay, abandoned by the population, as on many of the hilltops of the higher parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts. If I were of your pro- fession, that durability of my work would be a cheerful thought. It has been a satisfaction to me during all my working life that, although my own daily work was generally exanescent, just a little step forward in the march of education, yet I had put some hard-burnt bricks in- to the walls of an enduring institution. You can have analogous satisfaction in the durability of many of the works that you plan and construct. The public parks around Boston, the Central Park of New York, and the great Chicago parks, are going to be extraordinarily permanent. Their superficies may be altered; but the parks themselves will endure so long as this nation endures. The artist may be forgotten, or may be recalled only by the writers and readers of history ; but the landscape artist's work will live. To be sure, we have to anticipate changes throughout the United States in regard to the holding of large landed estates, changes which may affect the durability of private country places. You cannot be sure that the country places now con- structed by you will be passed down in the same family, or carried on hereafter in the same style and spirit; but public works are going to be of great duration. So in spite of the difficulties which at- tend the development of a young profes- sion whose capacities are not yet fully appreciated, I congratulate you most heartily on the nature of the work to which you have devoted your lives ; and 1 fully believe that your professional lives will be unusually happy, and will bring you durable satisfactions. 158 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY BIBLIOGRAPHY OF SELECTED ARTICLES BY MEMBERS OF THE SOCIETY (Note- "See also L. A." means that additional articles will be found in the List of Selected Articles in Landscape Architecture Quarterly, page 162. Space has not permitted the inclusion of newspaper articles.) Brinckerhoff, A. F. Four articles on parks and landscape de- sign in Real Estate Record, Westchester Co., N. Y., 1910-11; article on London Town Planning Conference in L. A., 1910. Caparn, H. A. (See also L. A.) State Parks. Supplement to National Muni- cipal Review, Nov., 1921. Numerous articles on gardens and garden details, in House and Garden, Architecture, etc. Child, Stephen .■\rticlcs on European conditions, esp. Bel- gian reconstruction, in L. A., National Muni- cipal Review, Survey, American City, etc. Article on English landscape architecture, L. A., July, 1913. Comey, A. C. Town planning and zoning reports, especial- ly for Houston, Detroit, Brockton, Milwau- kee, and Cambridge, 1913-21; article on Co- partnership for Housing in America, in Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science, and other articles on housing finance; article on State Plan for Mass., in City Plan; Chapter in National Municipal League series volume on City Planning; and articles on city planning topics in L. A., American City, etc., 1910-21. Cook, W. D. Article "Problems of the Landscape Archi- tect in California" in Garden Magazine, Dec. 1920; two articles in California Southland, etc. Cox, L. D. Report on Street Tree System for New York City. Bulletin of N. Y. State College of Forestry, 1910; article on Los Angeles parks in California Outlook, 1911; and land- scape forestry in New York Forestry, 1919. Dean, Ruth The Livable House: Its Garden, published by Moffat Yard & Co., 1917. Ten articles in Country Life, eight articles in Garden Magazine, and one in House and Garden, on home grounds and garden topics, 1915-1921. De Boer, S. R. Articles on Denver parks in American City 1913 and Parks and Recreation 1918-19, ar- ticles on Colorado planting and western landscape work in Gardener's Chronicle, Denver Municipal Facts, Parks and Recrea- tion, etc., 1918-21. Draper, E. S. Articles on Southern mill village, park and real estate development, in Textile World, Manufacturers' Record, Realty Magazine; articles on parks and playgrounds in In- dustrial and Engineering News, Rotarian, and Cotton; article on tree moving in Gar- den Magazine, and on professional practice in Southern Architect, etc., 1919-22. Elwood, P. H., Jr. Articles on landscape extension work in M. A. C. Extension Service and American City, 1914-15, articles on Soldier Cemeteries in France in Architectural Record and L. A., and on State Parks for Ohio in Arbor Day Annual, 1920-21. . Evans, F. N. (See also L. A.) Town Improvement, published by D. Apple- ton & Co., 1919. Articles on home grounds, planting, and parks in House & Garden, American Real Estate Journal, Proceedings of Illinois Municipal League and Illinois Horticultural Society, 1915-18; article The Florist and the Landscape Architect in American Florist, 1916. Gibbs, George, Jr. City planning reports for Boston Planning Board on East Boston and North End, 1915- 17. Report of Camp Planning Engineer in documents of Construction Division of War Department, 1918-19. Gregg, J. W. Lawn making in California, Berkeley Agr. Expt. Station circular; bulletin of Calif. State Board of Education on rural School grounds; articles on landscape subjects in American City, The Architect, Architect and Engineer, Pacific Rural Press, Building Re- OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 159 view, Home and Grounds, 1915-19: articles on California shrubs and herbs in Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticulture; article on auto- mobile camping grounds in Calif. State Foresters' Report, 1910-18. Hall, G. D. Article on the future Prince Rupert (Brett & Hall), in Architectural Record, 1909. Two articles on a California estate and on Los Angeles in Architect and Engineer, 1920, and article on Metropolitan District for Los Angeles. Hare, S. H. (With S. J. Hare) Organizing and Developing a Modern Cemetery, in Park and Cemetery, 1915, and same in Cemetery Handbook. Three articles on parks and cemeteries in American City, Pacific Coast Architect, and Parks and Rec- reation, 1914-21. Hubbard, H. V. (See also L. A.) Introduction to the Study of Landscape De- sign (with T. Kimball), published by Mac- millan Co., 1917. Landscape Architecture Classification (with T. Kimball), published by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1920. Editorials, articles, and book reviews as editor of L. A. 1910-date. Paper on Size and Distribution of Playgrounds and similar Recreation Facilities, in Proceedings of National Conference on City Planning, 1914. also printed in Playground, American City, etc. Article on Landscape Architecture in latest edition of Encyclopedia Americana. Editor of technical report (Volume II) of United States Housing Corporation, 1919, etc. Kellaway, H. J. (See also L. A.) How to Lay Out Suburban Home Grounds, published by John Wiley & Sons. 2d en- larged edition, 1915. Articles on recreation areas in Puritan Magazine, 1899 and En- gineering Record, 190.3; on w-alks and drive- ways in Suburban Life, 1900; article on city planning in Woman's Journal, 1917; articles in L. A. on parks and housing, 1918 and 1920, etc. Reports in connection with pro- fessional advice to Winchester, Mass., etc. Kessler, G. E. City Plan for Dallas, Tex., 1911. Paper on Kansas City Park System for National Con- ference on City Planning, 1917, etc. Kimball, Theodora (See also L. A.) fc City Planning, a Comprehensive Analysis (with J. S. Pray), publislicd by Harvard University Press, 1913; Classified Selected List of References on City Planning, pub- lished by National Conference on City Planning, 1915; An Introduction to the Study of Landscape Design (with H. V. Hubbard, see above), 1917; Landscape Architecture Classification (with H. V. Hubbard see above), 1920. Edited Municipal Accomplish- ment in City Planning for National Conference on City Planning, 1920. Numerous bibliographies on subjects of landscape architecture, city planning, recon- struction, and industrial housing. Edi- torials, articles, and reviews in L. A., 1912- date. Annual surveys of city planning re- ports in L. A., 1912-date, and annual reviews of city planning progress in National Muni- cipal Review, 1918-date. Articles on City |)lanning and landscape subjects in Ameri- can City. Garden Magazine, Journal of The American Institute of Architects, Garden Cities and Town Planning, Journal of Town Planning Institute of Canada, etc. Kruse, A. M. Three articles and editorial on landscape architecture subjects in Construction (Can- ada), July and August 1921. Report on Town of Kapuskasing. Ontario, as associate town planner, 1921, published by Ontario Bureau of Municipal Affairs. Lay, C. D. (See also L. A.) Articles, editorials, and book reviews as editor of L. A., 1910-1921, including Space Composition, Highways and County Plan- ning, Notes on the Influence of Automobiles on Town, Country, and Estate Planning, Park Design and the Preservation of the Park Idea, etc. Also articles in garden mag- azines on garden subjects. McCrary, I. J. Pueblo (Colo.) Improvement Plan report, 1910. Manning, W. H. (See also L. A.) City plan reports for Bangor, Me. and Bil- lerica, Mass. Regional plan report for Birmingham, Ala. Article: The .Art of De- signing Landscapes, in Bailey's Cyclopedia of Horticulture, 1910. Articles on state and regional planning, cantonment planning, etc.. in various periodicals. Papers before Na- tional Conference on City Planning, etc. Mische, E. T. Portland (Ore.) park reports, 1902-12; park system of Pasadena, Calif., 1917; articles on city planning in Portland City Club Bulle- tin, etc., and on landscape and park sub- 160 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY jects in Parks and Recreation, 1921, as editor of its Dept. of Landscape and Art. MoreU, A. U., and A. B. Nichols City plan report for Stillwater, Minn. Re- port for Morgan Park, Duluth; articles in various periodicals. Nicolet, T. W. Landscape Gardening as applied to Rural School Grounds, pamphlet, 1915. Nolen, John (See also L. A.) Replanning Small Cities, published by B. W. Huebsch, N. Y., 1912; New Ideals in the Planning of Cities, Towns and Villages, pub- lished by American City Bureau, N. Y., 1919. Edited City Planning, a series of 17 papers, published by D. Appleton & Co., 1916. Author of nine pamphlets on city planning and industrial housing subjects and 21 printed city planning and park system reports, including Roanoke, San Diego, Montclair, Madison, Chattanooga, La Crosse, New London, Erie, Bridgeport, Akron, Flint, Bristol, etc., 1907-21. Papers in Pro- ceedings of National Conference on City Planning, magazine articles, etc. Olmsted, F. L. (see also L. A.) Carrying Out The City Plan (with F. Shurt- leff), published by Sage Foundation, 1914. Published city plan reports for Boulder, New Haven (with Cass Gilbert), Pittsburgh, Rochester (with Brunner and Arnold), New- port, and Detroit, 1910-15. Papers on city planning in Proceedings of National Con- ference on City Planning, National Housing Association, First Canadian Housing and Town Planning Congress. American Aca- demy of Political and Social Science, etc., 1909-21. Paper on Playgrounds in Parks, in Proceedings of American Association of Park Superintendents, 1916. Article on Parks and Park Systems in Appleton's American Cyclopedia, 1912. Article, Parks as Memorials, and the Art of the Landscape Architect, American Magazine of Art, Sep- tember, 1919; and articles on land sub- division and war housing, on professional practice and technical details, etc. Pearse, R. J. Home, Yard and Garden Contests, Bulletin of Iowa State College, 1916. Articles in various farm journals about farmstead plan- ning, county fair grounds, etc. Phillips, T. Glenn City plan reports for Detroit, Mich. Paper, Cemeteries in connection with city planning, in Proceedings of American Cemetery Su- perintendents, 1921. PUat, C. F. Three articles in Architectural Record, 1915- 18, including Popular Education in Archi- tecture and Landscape Gardening, and Camp Lewis, Wash. Garden article in Architectural Review, August, 1919. Article on Herbaceous Perennials in Landscape De- sign, in revised edition of Bailey's Cyclo- pedia of Horticulture. Several book re- views. Pitkin, William, Jr. Article, The Relation between the Architect and the Landscape Architect, in American Architect, March 1920; two articles on land subdivision in National Real Estate Journal, 1920; articles on estates and gardens in Architecture, Garden Magazine, House Beau- tiful, Architectural Forum, Architectural Review, 1915 and 1920, etc. Pray, J. S. (See also L. A.) City Planning, a Comprehensive Analysis ^ (with T. Kimball, see above), 1913. Ar- ticles on Landscape Architecture in Ameri- can Year Book, 1911-12. The Survey for a City Plan, in Proceedings of Fifth Annual Conference of Mayors of State of New York. 1914. Series of articles on Railroad Grounds in Parks and Recreation, 1921. Articles in L. A. on Harvard School of Landscape Architecture, National Parks, Prize of Rome, etc. Biographical articles on H. L. Warren, B. M. Watson, C. M. Robinson, and C. P. Punchard, Jr., 1917-21, etc. Ramsdell, C. H. (See also L. A.) Two articles on parks and planting in Min- nesota Horticulturist, 1910 and 1913; article on school grounds in American School Board Journal, 1931. Schermerhorn, Richard, Jr. (See also L. A.) Article on Andrew Jackson Downing in House & Garden, August, 1909, and on Early American Landscape Architecture, in Architectural Review, April, 1921. Paper on City Planning in Proceedings of Brook- lyn Engineers Club, 1912. Biographical ar- ticle on N. F. Barrett in L. A., 1920, etc. Shurtleff, A. A. (See also L. A.) City plan report for Newton, Mass.; articles in various magazines. Steele, Fletcher (See also L. A.) Sixteen articles, 1911-21, in L. A., Garden Magazine, House Beautiful, Vogue, Country Life (American), Popular Mechanics, and OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS 161 Architecture, on landscape subjects and garden details, including color charts, sculp- ture, use of trees, etc.; two articles on city planning subjects in L. A,, 1911 and 1915. Strang, Elizabeth L. Thirty articles on landscape and garden sub- jects, 1915-1921, in Garden Magazine, House Beautiful, and House & Garden, especially on color schemes in flower gardens and planting of small home grounds. Articles also in House & Garden's Book of Gardens. Correspondence Course for Mass. State De- partment of University Extension, in Ex- terior Home Decoration, 1918. Taylor, A. D. (See also L. A.) The Complete Garden, published by Double- day, Page & Co., 1921. Numerous articles in garden and architectural magazines. Underwood, Loring The Garden and its Accessories, published by Little & Brown, 1907, and The Garden Diary and Country Home Guide, published by F. A. Stokes Co., 1910. Wheelwright, Robert (See also L. A.) .Articles, reviews, and editorials in L. A., in- cluding The Attacks on Central Park, and two articles in Garden Magazine, 1921, on naturalesque pools and planting. WUcox, R. H. (See also L. A.) Villa Corsini Cascade, article in Archi- tectural Record, 1921. Wyman, A. P. The Small Home Yard, Bulletin of Univ. of Illinois, 1910. Articles in various maga- zines. 162 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY SELECTED ARTICLES IN LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE QUARTERLY Official Organ of the American Society of Landscape Architects Grouped for Convenience in Office Reference 1910—1921 Subject Brief Title Author Reference Date (A) BIBLIOGRAPHY Month Year Vol. Page Articles on estates and gardens R. Schermerhorn, Jr. Jan. 1912 3 89-93 Apr. 1912 2 141-142 Books on landscape architecture T. Kimball Jan. 1916 6 87-94 Gardening books for the client S. F. Hamblin Apr. 1920 10 121-127 References on playground design M. R. Bradbury Apr. 1921 11 147-150 (B) BOTANIC GARDENS Data upon botanic gardens W. H. Manning Jan. 1913 3 73-76 Planting a botanic garden* H. A. Caparn and N. Taylor July 191.5 5 157-162 (C) CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING. See also sections J, M, and T City planning study* National Conference on City Planning Jan. 1913 3 90 Principles of city planning F. L. Olmsted July 1920 10 173-174 The regional survey and the regional plan - T. Adams July 1919 9 173-179 The survey for a city plan J. S. Pray Oct. 1914 5 5-14 The Billerica town plan* W. H. Manning Apr. 1913 3 108-118 (Local surveys) Street-traffic studies F. L. Olmsted Oct. 1910 1 1-8 (D) CEMETERIES. See also section T Modern meditations among the tombs-H. A. Caparn July 1911 1 172-180 (E) CONSTRUCTION DETAILS. See also section I Sizes of steps* F. L. Olmsted Jan. 1911 1 84-90 Colonial garden details* R. Wheelwright Oct. 1913 4 13-20 Stepped ramps* R. Wheelwright Apr. 1915 5 134-135 The prodigal sun* A. A. ShurtlefJ July 1916 6 173-175 A garden theatre* Starrett & Van VIeck July 1918 8 178-179 Garden pools* C. D. Lay Apr. 1919 9 113-124 Outdoor fireplaces* R. Wheelwright July 1919 9 194-195 Arbor and treillage details* July 1919 9 208-213 Pool-control* R. Wheelwright July 1920 10 181-183 Garden ramps* C. D. Lay Apr. 1931 11 124-125 (F) FAIR GROUNDS The county and district fair* L. W. Ramsey July 1930 10 201-205 (G) FARM BUILDINGS A New Hampshire farm group* A. A. Shurtlefl Oct. 1917 8 19-22 An English farm group* A. A. Shurtleflf Apr. 1915 5 120-123 *For illustrated articles. Jan. 1914 4 53-65 July 1914 4 167-170 Oct. 1914 5 1-4 Jan. 1915 5 57-66 Apr. 1915 5 115-119 Jan. 1918 8 76 Apr. 1921 11 119-123 July 1921 11 186-188 Oct. 1921 12 29-40 Oct. 1917 8 23-43 July 1918 8 190-19; Apr. 1919 9 125-12! OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITFXTS 163 Subject Brief Title Author Reference Date (H) INSECT PESTS Month Year Vol. Page Table of insect pests of trees, shrubs and vines F. M. Edwards July 191.''. r. 168-169 (I) ITALIAN VILLAS Italian garden theatres* H. V. Hubbard Isola Bella* E. I. Williams Villa Cicogna* R. Wheelwright Note-taking in Italian gardens, Villa Gamberaia* H. V. Hubbard Palazzo Giovio, Como* H. V. Hubbard Villa Gamberaia* American Academy in Rome (Lawson) VillS^orsini-Rome. Cascade* R. H. Wilcox Cascade in Villa Torlonia, Frascati*--E. G. Lawson Seeing the Italian Villas L. H. Zach (J) LAND SUBDIVISION. See also section T Land subdivision for residential pur- poses H. V. Hubbard and T. Kimball Competition in street-naming* E. H. Bouton " [Results] E. H. Bouton Steep slopes in low cost housing de- velopments* T. B. Augur Oct. 1920 11 25-38 (K) MODELS OF LANDSCAPE Landscape in relief* G. C. Curtis Jan. 1913 3 49-58 (L) OFFICE METHODS Specification for topographical map — F. L. Olmsted Jan. 1912 2 76-81 Arrangement of a landscape archi- tect's professional collections* H. V. Hubbard and T. Kimball Jan. 1913 2 76-89 Standardizing scientific and common plant name abbreviations W. H. Manning A scheme of account forms* R. W. Beal Estimates A. D. Taylor A landscape architect's kit* F. Steele (M) PARKS AND PLAYGROUNDS. See also section R A system of cost keeping C. N. Lowrie Playground design* C. D. Lay Examples of influence of public parks in increasing city land values J. Nolen The size and distribution of play- grounds H. V. Hubbard Park department organization F. L. Olmsted Graphic presentation of park service*--A. C. Comey Classes of parkways* J. C. Olmsted Playgrounds in parks F. L. Olmsted Parks as memorial gifts* H. J. Kellaway (N) PLANTING AND PLANTING DESIGN Hardy perennials in spring and early- summer B. M. Watson Oct. Oct. 1915 6 32-36 Jan. 1920 10 72-79 July 1920 10 187-200 Jan. 1921 11 63-65 Apr. 1911 1 128-135 Jan. 1912 2 62-75 July 1913 3 160-175 July 1914 4 133-144 July 1914 4 150-166 lulv 1915 5 185-187 Oct. 1915 6 37-48 Apr. 1917 7 122-127 July 1918 8 175-177 ♦For illustrated articles. 164 TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY Subject Brief Title Author (N) PLANTING AND PLANTING DESIGN (Continued) Grouping certain flowering plants B. M. Watson Some good trees and shrubs B. M. Watson Trees of formal habit B. M. Watson Deciduous shrulis of symmetrical growth B. M. Watson Reference list of perennials R. Wheelwright and G. C. Chandler American rock gardens J. W. Manning Hardy perennials and biennials from seed B. M. Watson Climbing roses B. M. Watson The use of the axe F. L. Olmsted, Sr. and J. B. Harrison The flowering apples B. M. Watson Outdoor planting B. M. Watson The flowering plums, cherries, peach- es, and almonds B. M. Watson List of hybrid lilacs H. H. Blossom Lindens* H. J. Koehler and F. L. Olmsted Street trees in the built-up districts of large cities E. Peets The viburnums B. M. Watson Some wild marsh plants* C. E. Koch Experiments in naturalization and hybridization E. Loines Planting and pruning roses U. S. Department of Agriculture Desirability of propagating certain types of trees* S. F. Hamblin Natural grouping of trees* R. Wheelwright The cornels B. M. Watson Naturalizing flowers E. Loines Reference table of native ferns R. Wheelwright Seasons for planting* A. D. Taylor Check-list of plants mentioned in the C. D. Lay and R. Arnold Arboretum bulletins Wheelwright Trees and other public plantings J. Nolen Planting with dynamite F. N. Supplee Iris R- S. Sturtevant Reference table of herbaceous plants --R. Wheelwright Iris E. Loines Pruning of ornamental shrubs* H. J. Koehler (O) PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE. See also section L Principles of professional practice F. L. Olmsted Getting the business C. M. Robinson Advice H. A, Caparn Economizing on trained brains H. A. Caparn State registration of landscape archi- tects B. W. Pond What is "professional" practice in landscape architecture? F. L. Olmsted Reference Date Month Year Vol. Jan. Apr. July Oct. Oct. Oct. July Jan. Jan Apr July 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1911 1912 1913 July 1913 3 July 1913 3 Oct. 1913 4 1915 1915 Page 95-96 136-139 181-184 21-23 24-31 32-35 178-184 67-72 145-152 153-157 21-28 67-74 136-142 Oct. 1915 6 15-31 Apr. 1916 6 140-144 July 1916 6 184-197 July 1916 6 198-202 Oct. 1916 7 1-11 Jan. 1917 7 78-82 Jan. 1917 7 83-87 Apr. 1917 7 128-132 Apr. 1917 7 138-143 Apr. 1919 9 128-130 Apr. 1919 9 141-149 Oct. 1919 10 1-53 Apr. 1920 10 129-136 July 1920 10 184-186 Jan. 1921 11 83-85 Apr. 1921 11 115-118 Apr. 1921 11 126-132 July 1921 11 167-175 Jan. 1917 7 88-95 Apr. 1917 7 144-153 July 1917 7 193-194 Apr. 1920 10 137-141 July 1920 10 206-209 Apr. 1921 11 133-146 *For illustrated articles. OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS Subject Brief Title Author (P) SCHOOL GROUNDS Comparison of school ground plans ---C. H. Ramsdell (Q) SOIL IMPROVEMENT Management of city parks with par- ticular reference to soil fertility E. O. Fippen Soil improvement and irrigation on Boston Common F. L. Olmsted Soil improvement and irrigation on Boston Common* R. J. Hayden (R) SPORTS AND GAMES AREAS Space required for common outdoor games* H. V. Hubbard Ice skating rinks G. H. Browne Fly-and bait-casting pools* T. T. Crittenden Golf courses* F. N. Evans Polo grounds* R. H. Wilcox Municipal golf A. C. Comey Swimming pool construction* H. L. Flint Examples of outdoor swimming pools* W. H. Punchard (S) STATUARY IN LANDSCAPE Statuary in informal settings H. A. Caparn (T) WAR-TIME PROBLEMS Planning the cantonments* J. S. Pray Camp Devens* H. J. Kellaway Preliminary considerations in govern- ment industrial war housing* H. V. Hubbard American soldier cemeteries in France* P. H. Elwood, Jr. Worthy memorials of the great war---F. Steele 165 Reference Date Month Year Vol. Page Oct. 1921 12 46-51 Apr. 1911 1 115-123 July 1911 1 186-196 July 1916 6 203-204 July 1912 2 163-166 Jan. 1916 6 72-75 July 1916 6 205-206 July 1917 7 172-180 Jan. 1920 10 65-71 Oct. 1920 11 19-22 Oct. 1921 12 5-21 Oct. 1921 12 21-28 Oct. 1910 1 22-30 Oct. 1917 8 1-17 Jan. 1918 8 69-75 July 1918 8 157-168 July 1920 10 165-171 Jan. 1920 10 57-64 *For illustrated articles.