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TRANSACTIONS

AMERICAN

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

PROCEEDINGS
ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES.

VOL. XV.

PHILADELPHIA:
PAUL C. STOCKHAUSEN, ENTOMOLOGICAL PRINTER.

1888.

ee iE A i sa
Pty ia
FLay. - My
4 tbo Eee

eae
ay Ss ne

Te

Mist OF PArE RS:

PAGE
—~.! Bonzon, ALBERT, Santiago de Cuba.
‘
Description of a larva of Papilio Gundlachianus two
days previous to its transformation into a chrysalis . 293
GauHan, C. J., London, England.
Notes on some types of North American Cerambycide
in the British Museum, with additional notes by Geo.
iE. Horn, MoD. ; : ; : . : . 299

Horn, Greorce H., M. D.

Review of the species of Pleocoma, with a discussion of

its systematic position in the Scarabeeidee . ¢ 1
Descriptions of the larvee of Glyptus, ae 8 a
Polyphylla : dd

Jacosy, Martin, London, England.
Notes on some North American species of Halticinee
(Group Monoplati), with supplementary notes by Geo.
H. Hom, M. D: : 2 : : A : . 802
McFARLAND, JOSEPH.
A table of the species of Vespw found in the United States,
with descriptions of two new species . ; : 2 20T
_) SmirH, JouN B.
5
A Monograph of the Sphingide of America North of
Mexico. : : , : . 49
WEED, CLARENCE M.

Descriptions of some new or little known Microgasterinze. 294

Wiuuiston, S. W., M. D.

Diptera Brasiliana, ab H. H. Smith Collecta—Part I
Stratiomyidee, Syrphide . : ; f . 248

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

VOLUME XV.

Review of the species of PLEOCOMA, with a discussion
of its systematic position in the Scarabzeidz.

BY GEORGE H. HORN, M.D.

The recent publication of a translation of Dr. Gerstaecker’s elab-
orate discussion of Pleocoma, in the “ Entomologica Americana,”
brings the matter now very fairly and prominently before those who
are unable to read it in the original.

It has been my desire to reply to the article, which diametrically
opposes the views of Dr. LeConte, and to which I am made a co-
respondent, willingly, I admit, by virtue of my association in the
second edition of the “ Classification.”

At the present time there are three undescribed species in my
cabinet, these give the opportunity for a review and comparison of
all those now known. The females of three species have been studied,
two were known to LeConte, one of which lacked the important an-
tenn. Two of the females belong to the four-lamellate males and
one to the seven lamellate.

The larva described by Baron Osten-Sacken as that of Pleocoma
has been placed beyond controversy as the true larva by the argu-
ments of Dr. Gerstaecker in the contrary direction.

We have, therefore, the history of Pleocoma far more complete
than of many genera of which the species are more numerous and
individuals more abundant.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (1) JANUARY, 1888.

\

2 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

Through the liberality of friends, whose kindness will be acknowl-
edged in their proper places, sufficient material has been obtained to
permit of all necessary dissection, so that the details of Pleocoma
will be more thoroughly given than heretofore. At the same time
drawings have been prepared to illustrate the parts and to enforce
the argument which will follow.

In the following pages I propose to begin with the generic details
and to continue with sufficient descriptions of the species, after which
the “ Literature” will review Pleocoma from its beginning to the
criticism by Dr. Gerstaecker in the “ Stettin Zeitung” for 1883.

PLEOCOMA Lec.

Form broadly oval and convex, dorsum slightly depressed, body
beneath and legs clothed with moderately long reddish-yellow hair,
in one species black, upper surface without hair, the margins fim-
briate. Under wings well developed.

Heap relatively small, rather deeply inserted, eyes large, globular
and prominent; vertex with a short erect horn obtuse or slightly
emarginate at tip; genze prolonged each side partly dividing the eye
and forming a more or less acute free angle.

Criyprus reflexed, forming a rather broad horn more or less emar-
ginate and broader at apex.

ANTENN ® eleven-jointed, the first joint stout and conical, second
globular, but as thick ; club long in the male, composed of a vari-
able number of lamellee from four to seven, the first lamellar joint
always glabrous, the others opaque, with sensitive surface.

Lasrum broadly oval, placed either perpendicularly to the axis
of the body or slightly obliquely, connate with the elypeus, but with
the suture well marked.

MANDIBLES visible only by dissection, placed close together against
the roof of the mouth, doubtless immovable, when viewed laterally,
of triangular form, the base resting against the roof of mouth, the
perpendicular against the inner side of clypeus, outer side ciliate
with long hairs.

MaxiILu small, the inner lobe in the form of a plate surround-
ing the outer lobe, the latter a little longer, terminated by an obtusely
conical process ; surface ciliate within by moderately long hairs.

MaxILuary PALPI relatively long; first joint short ; second longest;
third half as long, conical; fourth fusiform, nearly as long as the
first.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 3

Mentvum oval, longer than wide, apex arcuate, base emarginate,
supported by a broad peduncle of the submentum, the free face
roughly punctured, with long hairs.

Liaua free, arising behind the apex of the mentum, corneous,
form short and transverse, slightly emarginate.

LABIAL PALPI as long or even longer than the mentum and ligula,
arising from the apex of the ligula, three-jointed, the last joint as
long as the two preceding and more slender.

PROTHORAX transverse, the sides broadly arcuate.

ScuTELLUM transversely oval.

Eryrra longer than wide conjointly, the apices obtuse ; dise with
a sutural costa, three oblique discal costee, limited usually faintly, by
geminate strize, a feeble submarginal costa.

ANTERIOR COX large, conical and prominent, with a large tro-
ehantin.

MIDDLE cox large, very narrowly separated.

PosTERIOR COX transverse as usual, rather short, contiguous at
middle, but not prominent.

METASTERNAL episterna narrow, the epimeron distinct.

ABDOMEN with six segments, all freely movable, the first concealed

oe i a OLE eS by the coxee and broadly membranous
S ] ”

at middle, segments nearly equal in
length. By dissection an anal segment
is observed, which is always closely
retracted. Dorsal portion of abdomen
consists of eight semi-membranous seg-
ments.

ABDOMINAL SPIRACLES, seven on
each side, are situated in the connecting
membrane which unites the dorsal and
ventral plates.

ANTERIOR TIBLE with three large
teeth occupying the apical half of the
outer edge ; four or five smaller teeth above.

Mippie tipi broader at apex, the apical margin undulated or
subdigitate, a strong transverse carina at middle of outer edge.

PosTERIOR TIBL® similar in form, the apex, however, less undu-
lated.

Tarst slender, as long as the tibive, the first four joints slightly

decreasing in length, last joint as long as the three preceding. Ony-
chium distinct, trisetose at apex.

4 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

CxLAws slender and moderately long.
TIBIAL spuRS moderately long, middle and posterior tibize each
with two.

The preceding description is applicable more especially to the male.

The females are shorter, more robust and convex ; body without
wings. The cephalic processes are less developed than in the male,
the clypeal horn scarcely emarginate. The eyes are smaller than in
the male and quite flat. The legs are shorter and more robust, al-
though otherwise similar to the male. The tarsi are scarcely half as
long as the tibize.

As a whole the mouth parts of Pleocoma are small and feebly de-
veloped, and so enclosed as to be, apparently, of no use to the insect
in taking food. It is probable that during their short life in the
imago state very little or no food is taken.

The antenne vary in their construction according to the species.
The club is not placed at a right angle to the stem, but forms quite
an acute angle with it. The lamellz are not of the same form, the
lower edge being more or less irregular or undulating. Nor are the
lamellee directly superimposed, as they overlap each other in such a
manner as to be misleading without considerable care. The accom-
panving sketches of the antenne are to a certain extent diagrams
representing all the lamelle of their proper length brought into
vision at the same time. The middle joint of the club is always
longer, from this inward and outward the joints are slightly shorter.
The first joint of the club is more or less glabrous, at most the edges
only have the sensitive surface, the proximal side is fimbriate with
moderately long hairs, while the edges of all the lamelle have shorter
and stiffer bristles.

The following species are now known:

Third joint of antennee shorter and narrower than the first, the club with but
four long lamellee.
Seventh joint of antennz merely transverse, not prolonged in a process; hairs
Of uNndersidenon Dod, Dlacko-.ceccestesessecetaneeeceseeeeeeee Rickseckeri.
Seventh joint prolonged in a process one-third as long as the following joint;
hairs OL undersid ery ellow ys <.u2<te ace cece ome: art nee sere fimbriata.
Seventh joint prolonged in a process two-thirds as long as the eighth: hairs
VGLIOW, wds-cte wecleversiccenessdie cosets nee teresa ncce ne cone Ree aeaeeeae Behrensii.
Third joint of anteune nearly as long and as stout as the first joint.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. vo

Thorax convex in front, with at most a slight depression.
Punctures of thorax rather fine, not greatly coarser in front, surface not
Tea tay gueeiseaten serene ace ten eeert icine tee csferistas ecec ese n i eteeee cece fe oce conjungens.
Punctures of thorax relatively coarse, very conspicuously coarser, denser
and deeper in front, the surface with semi-erect hairs......hirticollis,
Thorax retuse in front, i.e. suddenly declivous in front and broadly impressed
behind a transverse elevation, surface rather finely punctured, not hairy.
Hind angles of thorax distinct, but obtuse; fourth joint of antenne very
little prolonged; sutural and geminate strive of elytra deeply im-
OLESSO tepesee ss Bete tent sae alicri se meiorcacs coe ved uve bacciattesacensucere tseeecas Ulkei.
Hind angles of thorax broadly rounded; fourth joint of antenn pro-
longed in a process fully half as long as the following joint; strize deeply
WIMP EOSSE Creams ear ametceeeteee eo. deexat abi ens jiWs de veliseeedisoecore to acaa vues coreest Staff.

From data given principally by Mr. L. E. Rickseckeri, Pleocoma
appears after the first soaking rain usually in October, sometimes
November. The males are in far greater number than the other sex,
flying in search of the females, whose habit is to remain concealed in
burrows or holes in the soil, rarely appearing above ground.

The four species known to Dr. LeConte have been so well de-
scribed that I do not propose to deal with them in any detail, merely
giving such characters as may seem to require fuller explanation.

P. Rickseckeri n. sp.—Oval, one-third longer than wide, black, shining,
margins fimbriate and underside clothed with long black hair. Front coarsely
and closely punctured, horn of vertex broader and emarginate at apex. Thorax
more than twice as wide as long, narrowed in front, widest at base, sides arcuate,
the hind angles distinct, but obtuse; dise convex, a slight flattening behind the
head, punctures small, not closely placed, sparser near the sides. Elytra a little
broader behind the middle, dorsum slightly depressed, sutural strize deep, the
four pairs of geminate strive on each elytron faintly indicated not punctured,
the intervals wrinkled. Body beneath rather densely clothed with long black
hair concealing the sculpture. Legs black. Length .80 inch; 20 mm.

Male.—-Antennx piceous, club pale brown; first joint elongate

conical, second globular, as wide as first; third nar-

rower, half as long as the first; fourth and fifth

together as long as third; sixth short, transverse ;

seventh shorter and twice as wide as sixth, joints
eight to eleven forming an elongate club ; ninth joint longest.

Female.—Form more robust, ovate, broader behind, more convex,
brownish, shining, fimbriate and clothed beneath with moderately

2 long reddish-brown hair. Clypeal horn short, not
= emarginate, the vertical horn short and broad, emar-
ginate at apex. Thorax less transverse than in the

male, more coarsely and closely punctured. Elytra broadest at apical
third, the sutural stria moderately deep, the geminate striz feeble.

6 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

Legs much shorter than in the male, the femora more robust. Tarsi
short, the posterior pair very little more than a third the length of
the tibia. Antennze much shorter than in the male, terminated by
a four-jointed club, the lamellze short and thick.

The oral organs of the female, as far as can be seen without dis-
section, are similar to those of the male, except that the palpi are
shorter.

This species most closely resembles Behrensii, but differs in the
structure of the male antennee, the color of the hair of the under-
side, the finer punctuation of the thorax and its true black color.

In dedicating this species to Mr. L. E. Ricksecker, it gives me
pleasure to acknowledge his great kindness at all times in aiding my
studies. To him I am indebted for both sexes of the present species
captured by him near Sylvania, California, Nov. 28, 1887.

P. fimbriata Lec.— Broadly oval, slightly depressed, piceous, shining, mar-
gins fimbriate and underside densely clothed with yellowish-brown hair. Thorax
more than twice as wide as long, broadest slightly in front of middle, hind an-
gles obtusely rounded. Elytra scarcely broader behind the humeri, sutural stria
not deep, the interval very little, if any, broader at apex, the geminate strive
very faintly impressed. Length 1.00—1.10 inch ; 25—26.5 mm.

Male.—Antennex as in Rickseckeri from joints one to six, seventh
prolonged nearly half the length of the eighth, last four joints form-
ing an elongate club as in that species.

At the time Dr. LeConte published his notes on
Pleocoma (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 82) no good
specimens were known of this insect. I have recently
obtained two fine examples through the kindness of
W.G. W. Harford, of California.

Collected in El Dorado County ; also in Fresno County, Cal.

It is highly probable that the mouth parts described briefly by
Dr. LeConte (Proce. Acad. 1859, p. 71) and attributed to this species
may belong to some other. This has no great importance, except as
to the distribution of the species.

P. Behrensii Lec.—Oblong oval, sides nearly parallel, piceous, feebly shin-
ing, underside and legs custaneous, the margin and body beneath with moder-
ately long, reddish-yellow hairs. Vertical horn scarcely emarginate. Thorax
more than twice as wide as long, widest at middle, slightly narrower at base,
hind angles rounded, dise in front faintly impressed, a slight impression of the
median line at base, surface with moderate punctures not dense, except in the
anterior depression, where they are denser and coarser, each side of middle and
equidistant, from median line and base a small round fovea. Sutural stria of
elytra moderately impressed, the interval very little wider at apex, the gemi-
nate striz distinct, but not deep. Length .85 inch; 21 mm.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 7

Male.—Antenne very nearly as in Rickseckeri from joint one to
five, sixth a little more transverse, seventh nearly three-fourths as
long as the eighth, joints eight to eleven as in that

3 species.
Captured by Mr. James Behrens near Sauzalito,
Marin County; also near Berkeley, Cal., by J. J.

Rivers.

The small fovea on each side of the thorax mentioned in the above
description is probably not a constant character. A counterpart of
it exists in every other species, but is not constant. In fimbriata and
Behrensii there is a well marked, short, oblique depression ; in hirti-
collis a vague concavity, while in the other species all trace of it
seems to be obliterated by the broad transverse depression.

The female of this species resembles that of Rickseckeri, but is a
little larger and rather more robust. The antennee differ from each

4 other in much the same manner that those of the males
differ. In the present species the club is truly four-
lamellate, the seventh joint more than half as long as

the eighth, while in Rickseckeri the eighth joint is not longer than
the seventh of Behrensii; joints four to seven are more transverse
than in Rickseckeri.

The original from which LeConte described the female passed
again to Mr. Behrens, the one now before me belonging to the Le-
Conte cabinet, was collected at Berkeley, Cal., by Mr. J. J. Rivers
in the month of May, “ nearly dead and too feeble to make a burrow.”

P. conjungens n. sp.—Form rather broadly oval, convex, dorsum slightly
flattened, piceous and shining above, beneath brown, fimbriate at sides and
clothed beneath with reddish-yellow hairs. Clypeal horn deeply triangularly
notched, narrowed at hase, a slight emargination between it and the lateral pro-
cesses, vertical horn emarginate at tip. Thorax more than twice as wide as long,
very similar in form to hirticollis, the sides behind the middle nearly straight
and divergent, hind angles very distinct, but obtuse, disc not concave in front,
surface sparsely finely punctate as in jimbriata, the punctures a little coarser at
middle in front, surface entirely without hairs. Elytra a little broader behind
the humeri, sutural stria moderately deep, the interval a little broader behind,
the geminate strize indicated by rows of punctures, the interspace sparsely
punctate, not wrinkled. Legs piceous. Length .92 inch; 23.5 mm.

Male—The antennze do not seem to differ appreciably from those
of hirticollis.

At first glance this species would be mistaken for fimbriata, but the
structure of the antennz approaches it to hirticollis, from which it
differs by the absence of hairs from the thorax as well as by the
style of punctuation.

8 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

Three % specimens have been seen, one of them kindly given me
by Mr. J. J. Rivers, of Berkeley, Cal. Two of them have the
fourth antennal joint prolonged in a process, one as figured for hirti-
collis, a second shorter, a third without any process. The latter is
smaller than the others and probably is merely a feebly developed
specimen, although antennal differences are usually specific. ~ All
were taken in the same flight.

Occurs near Santa Cruz City, California.

P. hirticollis Schaufuss.—Oval, slightly oblong, not broader behind, pice-
ous and shining above, castaneous beneath, fimbriate and clothed beneath with
yellowish hair. Clypeal horn with rather strongly divergent sides, a distinct
notch separating it at base from the lateral processes. Thorax more than twice
as wide as long, sides more abruptly narrowed from the middle to apex, broadest
at base, hind angles distinct, but obtuse; dise somewhat declivous in front and
broadly flattened, the surface more coarsely and closely punctured than in the
other species, the punctures in the depression very coarse, deep and close, with
semi-erect hairs sparsely scattered over the thorax, more numerous in front.
Elytra with feebly arcuate sides, sutural stria deep, the interval distinctly broader
behind, the geminate strive very faint, the surface sparsely punctate, compara-
tively smooth. Length .80 inch; 20 mm.

Male.—First two joints of antennz very like fimbriata, third nearly
as large as the first; fourth short, with a slender process one-half as
long as the lamella of the fifth; joints five to eleven
forming a long club, the lamelle gradually larger to

6

the eighth, then gradually shorter.
Female.—Ovate, robust, convex, reddish-brown.
Clypeal horn short, broad and feebly emarginate, vertical horn short,
rather deeply emarginate. Thorax similar in outline to the male,
but not more than twice as wide as long, not impressed in front,
moderately strongly and closely punctate, nearly equally over the
entire surface, median line smooth, without erect hairs. Elytra
broadest behind the middle, sutural stria not deeply impressed, the
interval not wider behind, geminate strize very faintly indicated, sur-
face more sparsely punctate than the thorax. Legs very robust.
Length 1.32 inch; 35 mm.

The antennze of the female are of the same type as the male, but
much shorter and with the lamelle short. First joimt conical, second
7 globular as well as first, third more slender, half as long
as first, fourth short, transverse, angulate on inner side,
fifth prolonged in a lamella, three-fourths as long as

sixth, joints six to ten nearly equal in length, the eleventh shorter.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. A

When the leaves of the lamell are closed the apices are contigu-
ous, but the joints at middle are separated.

The description of the female is taken from a perfect specimen in
the LeConte cabinet, the one originally described has been in my
possession since he received the other.

The male specimens have brownish or yellowish-brown elytra, they
may possibly be somewhat immature, although I suspect they are
never so dark in color as fimbriata and Behrensii.

For the specimens in my cabinet I am indebted to Mr. Henry
Edwards, who collected them Noy. 3, 1866, near Nevada City, Cal.,
drowned in a small stream of water.

P. Ulkei n. sp.—Oblong-oval, convex, dorsum depressed, surface shining,
margin fimbriate and body clothed with reddish-yellow hair. Head piceous,
clypeal deeply oval emarginate, ante-ocular processes auriculate (not triangular
and acute). ‘Thorax piceous, a paler space at the sides, more than twice as wide
at middle, as long, widest at middle, very strongly arcuately narrowed in front,
slightly narrowed to the basal angles, which are distinct, but rounded, dise retuse
(rather abruptly declivous) in front, a transverse obtuse elevation at middle,
behind which the dise is slightly concave, surface sparsely finely punctate, a
little more coarsely toward the sides. Elytra pale castaneous, sutural stria
deep, the interval convex and wider behind, geminate strie deeply impressed
and punctured, the intervals sparsely punctate, not rugose. Legs castaneous.
Length .96 inch; 24 mm.

Mule.—First three joints of antennze as in hirticollis, fourth joint
short, with a slight prolongation, joints four to eleven
& forming an elongate club as in hirticollis.

Of this species I have seen but one specimen. It
is, therefore, not possible to say whether the paler
elytra are due to immaturity or represent the full color.

It gives me pleasure to dedicate this splendid species to my friend,
Henry Ulke, of Washington, whose name has often been mentioned
in our writings as a synonym for kindness and liberality.

Collected in Utah. Remarkable as the first species known outside
of the California fauna.

P. Staff Schaufuss.—Oval, slightly oblong, convex, dorsum scarcely de-
pressed, head and thorax piceous, elytra pale chestnut-brown, beneath and legs
brownish, the margin fimbriate and clothed beneath with pale brown hair. Cly-
peal horn deeply emarginate, very little narrower at base, vertical horn short,
conical; ante-ocular processes auriculate. Thorax more than twice as wide as

TRANS, AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (2) FEBRUARY, 1888.

10 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

long, much narrowed in front, sides broadly arcuate, hind angles very broadly
rounded, dise retuse in front and broadly concave behind an obtuse transverse
ridge at middle, surface finely not closely punctured, punctures coarser toward
the sides, [lytra very little broader behind the middle, sutural stria deep, in-
terval a little broader at apex, geminate strim deep and coarsely punctured, the
interspaces sparsely punctate with intermixed punctures. Length 1,05 inch ;
26.5 mm,

Mule.—Vhe first five joints alone remain on the specimen exam-
ined; these are almost an exact repetition of those of hirticollis.

This species and Udkei have a close superficial resemblance in form,
color and sculpture. In the present species the hind angles of the
thorax are so broadly rounded that the sides and base are really
continuous. The fourth joint of the antennze is merely transverse
in U/kei, while in Staff it is prolonged in a process half the length of
the fifth joint.

As remarked by Dr. LeConte, this species is recognizably deseribed
by Mr. Schaufuss; at the same time the name given was dropped
and Kdwardsii substituted. While I fully agree with LeConte in all
he says about keeping our literature and “ scientific nomenclature
free from all personal, political or religious prejudices or expressions
of opinion,” [cannot accept an arbitrary change of the name as an
adequate amendment of an unwise obtrusion of a scientific name
given under those influences. Prejudices are, for the most part, very
ephemeral, but an ill-conceived scientific name remains as a monu-
ment to the folly of the individual who gave it,

California. The precise locality unknown.

For an account of the habits of Pleocoma we are probably more
indebted to the publications and letters of Mr. L. EK. Ricksecker
than to any other observer, ‘The following summary has been pre-
pared mostly from private letters from him and others.

The first rains of the wet season in California fall at variable times
in October and November. After the first fall of sufficient extent
to moisten the soil for a depth of six inches or more the specimens
emerge and the males are found flying about, usually in considerable
numbers in their search for the females.

Mr. Ricksecker writes, “no females have yet been found really on
the surface of the ground, and it is at present a matter of doubt

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. det

whether they actually emerge and walk away to some distance to re-
enter the earth or whether they only approach the surface and open
a way for the males to find them. The female sent you was found
four inches underground, going downwards, with three males follow-
ing her.”

Mr. Rivers found one female on the surface nearly dead and too
feeble to make a burrow.

While nearly all the individuals of a brood emerge at the same
time it seems that some are retarded, so that of two females of Rick-
secker’, of which I have data, one emerged with the vast majority of
the brood Oct. 16, 1886, a second “after a warm rain Dee. 7, 1886,
being either a straggler from a deeper burrow, or more probably one
that had not been previously found by any male and had approached
the surface a second time. A male was near by where the female
was found just under the surface.”

After the flight all the specimens disappear, the males dying, or
are captured by insectivorous birds and mammals, the females en-
tering the burrows to deposit their eggs.

PLEOCOMA Lec.
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1856, p. 24.

P. Rickseckeri n. sp.
P. fimbriata Lec., Proc. Acad. 1856, p. 24; Pacific R. R. Rep. ix, App. 1, p. 40,
pl. 1, fig. 13;* Proc. Acad. 1859, p. 71 (describes mouth parts); Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc. 1874, vol. v, p. 82.
P. Behrensii Lec.. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1874, vol. v, p. 83.
P. conjungens n. sp.
P. hirticollis Schaufuss, Nunquam Otiosus, Dresden, 1870, vol. ii, p. 51; Lee.,
Trans, Am. Ent. Soe. v, p. 83; Lec., Pacific R. R. Rep. loc. cit. p. 40, note t
P. Ulkei n. sp.
P. Staff Schaufuss, Nunquam Otiosus, li, p. 50.
adjuvans Crotch, Check List, 1874.
Edwardsii Lec., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1874, p. 83.

* The outline figure is fair, the antenna is not accurate, and in addition does
not belong to fimbriata.

+ The note was evidently hurriedly written, for reasons given, and the speci-
mens supposed to belong to fimbriata are hirticollis.

12 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

Literature of Pleocoma.

Proceedings Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, p. 24.

In this article Dr. LeConte established the genus and described
P. fimbriata.

The original specimen (PI. 1, fig. 1) was badly mutilated, having
been partially eaten by a bird. The oral organs were destroyed, the
abdomen entirely gone ; one antenna and part of the legs remained.

In this article, at the beginning of a paragraph, LeConte says of
Pleocoma, “ apparently belonging to the Dynastidee,” and after some
speculations concerning resemblances to Syrichthus and Athyreus
(our species are now Bradycinetus) concludes the paragraph as fol-
lows: “Doubt must, therefore, be entertained whether the genus
should be placed with the Dynastidee or Geotrupide.”

Considering the material at his disposal I think the article is an
evidence of his wonderful analytical powers.

Pacific R. R. Reports, 47th parallel, vol. ix, App. i, p. 40, pl. |, fig. 3.

In this article LeConte again says, “as the oral organs and the
abdomen are destroyed I cannot tell whether this genus belongs to
the Dynastides or Geotrupides; in either case the four-jointed an-
tennal club is equally remarkable. The affinities, so far as I can
understand them, seem to be rather with Geotrupes.”

In a foot note, written on the eve of a journey, the author speaks
of the arrival of a perfect specimen closely resembling fimbriata, dit-
fering in having a seven-jointed antennal club. This he suspected
might be a sexual difference. The foot note contains this expression,
“ Although agreeing with Geotrupide in the eleven-jointed antenne,
the form of the antennz is entirely anomalous in that and allied
groups, and the small size of the oral organs would seem to indicate
anew group between Geotrupidee and Copridee.”

The specimen referred to in the foot note belongs to P. hirticollis,
and it seems to me unfair that Gerstaecker says that LeConte changed
his diagnosis of the genus when the remark, by LeConte’s statement,
applies to the insect just at that moment received.

Proceedings Acad, Nat, Sci. Phila., 1859, p. 71.

In this article LeConte briefly describes the oral organs obtained
in a fragmentary condition from the stomach of a woodpecker, and
coneludes with these words: “It will be seen that combined with
the eleven-jointed antenne with polyphyllous club, the characters

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 13

above detailed are abundantly sufficient to establish this genus as a
new group, related to the Geotrupidz and Coprids, with, however,
a strong tendency toward the Dynastide group of Scarabseide pleu-
rosticti.”
Classification of the Coleoptera of North America, 1861, p. 128.

Here the tribe Pleocomini is defined and placed after the Geotru-
pini.
Nunquam Otiosus, vol. ii, 6870.

Dr. L. W. Schaufuss describes two new species of Pleocoma.

Trans, Am. Ent. Soc. v, 1874, pp. 81-84.

Dr. LeConte gives a table of the species known to him, describes
one new, renames one of those described by Schaufuss and describes
the females of two of the species.. Sketches of the antennze are
given not very accurately drawn.

Following this paper is a description of the larva of Pleocoma by
Baron R. Osten-Sacken.

Classification of the Coleoptera of North America, 1883, p. 244.

This work is a revised edition of that mentioned above, in which
it was my privilege to be associated with Dr. LeConte in authorship.
The genus Pleocoma occupies the same position as in the former
work,

In reviewing the work of Dr. LeConte there will be seen a very
consistent evolution of opinion based on more and better material,
but from the first he has insisted on the evident relationship of Pleo-
coma with the Geotrupini. As early as 1861 all reference to any
Dynastide affinity diappeared from his writings, having continued
from 1856 to 1859, in what was the period of extremely poor and
limited material for study.

Without wishing to anticipate I may here state that the opinion
published by us in the “ Classification” of 1883 was not adopted
without a careful study of the comparatively abundant material then
before us.

Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung, 1883, pp. 436-450.

Dr. Gerstaecker publishes, under the title, “On the position of the
genus Pleocoma Lec. in the Lamellicorn system” a lengthy article,
full of interesting information, in which he deduces results calculated
to destroy our faith in the analytical power of Dr. LeConte, but—
the deductions are not warranted by the actual facts of the case.

14 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

We owe to John B. Smith, of the National Museum, a carefully
prepared translation, so that those unacquainted with the language
of the original may read the views of Gerstaecker in “ Entomologica
Americana” vol. ili, pp. 202-211.

I propose to pass the paper of Gerstaecker in review as briefly as
consistent with accuracy, while the reader will have in the preceding
pages and the plate, the material on which my arguments are founded.
Gerstaecker begins with the statement of the well known fact that
the larger divisions, called families among insects, divided more or
less naturally and sharply into subordinate groups, but that genera
often oecur with such varied relationships that it is difficult to place
them, as different authors will give greater regard to characters sub-
ordinated by others.

After stating what material he has studied, he says he has exam-
ined the superficial characters and those not immediately visible, and
hesitates no longer in asserting that Pleocoma belongs to a group
remote from Geotrupini.

Then follows a resumé of LeConte’s writings, as has been given in
the preceding pages, quoting more liberally than I have done. He
seems not to have seen the second edition of the ‘ Classification.”

Dr. Gerstaecker correctly surmises that Pleocoma cost LeConte
considerable thought, but the changes of opinion are merely the
dropping off of supposed affinities, first: “ Dynastiform” disappears,
then “ Coprini,” but the Geotrupide idea is permanently retained.
The first perfect specimen LeConte saw fixed the idea that its affini-
ties were with Geotrupes.

Then Gerstaecker proceeds to picture the train of thought which
caused LeConte to arrive at his final conclusion, but the thought does
not seem to have arisen in Gerstaecker’s mind that probably LeConte
examined the spiracles. That LeConte did examine the spiracles I
can assert positively, and the specimens used were those mentioned
in the foot note in the paper in the Pacific R. R. Reports.

“ But what, actually, is the structure of the abdomen ?” asks Ger-
staecker. ‘This examination proved, positively what I fully ex-
pected,—that the large spiracles of the second and third, and the
smaller ones belonging to the fourth and fifth abdominal segments
had, in Pleocoma, precisely the same situation as in Melolontha, that is
on the superior portion of the ventral segments, and not on the mem-
brane connecting the corneous, dorsal and ventral plates, as in Geo-
trupes.”

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 15

At this point I wish to assert positively that the abdominal spira-
cles, seven in number, are all situated in the connecting membrane, the
last spiracle is concealed by the closing
together of the last dorsal and the last
visible ventral segments. Consequently
Pleocoma is a Laparostict Lamellicorn !

In order that the position of the spi-
racles may be seen by those who do not
have a Pleocoma, much less a specimen
to dissect, I have had the accompany-
ing photographic block prepared from
a dissection spread between glass plates.
The photographic method has reversed

the sides, this being the same prepara-
tion as that sketched on Plate II. The
ventral portion is to the left. The small terminal segment is not
visible, except by dissection, being completely retracted within the
abdomen. The accompanying figure is about two and a half times
the size of nature.

The argument drawn from the oral organs by Gerstaecker seems
to me of but little value. Pleocoma, as already stated, has but a
brief existence, the mouth parts are reduced in size and so crowded
as to be of little use in taking food. As far as the mouth parts are
concerned Pleocoma differs no more from Bradycinetus (Athyreus {
olim) than the latter does from Aphodius (pl. ii, figs. 6-16), and I
think there can be no doubt that these are equally Laparostict La-
mellicorns. Atrophy of the mouth parts is observed in more than
one family of Coleoptera and indicates, usually, a very ephemeral
life in the species.

After having stated several times that Pleocoma is not a Lapa-
rostict, Gerstaecker discusses the question whether it should consti-
tute a distinct tribe. It is not necessary to follow his argument here
unless it be conceded that the position of the spiracles is Pleurostict,
then he may be right, otherwise wrong.

Gerstaecker then discusses the structure of the antennse. It must
be admitted that these are entirely anomalous for a Laparostict and
suggest the polyphyllous clubs of many of the Melolonthidee well
known to every one. This is, however, one of those instances abun-
dant everywhere in zoology in which an animal, with a fundamental
structure of some well recognized series, has a superadded peculiarity
possessed by some other group not otherwise related.

16 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

In a resumé Gerstaecker again refers to the oral organs and states
that the figures given by Erichson (Entomographien, pl. 1, figs. a-e,
g-i) of the mouth parts of Elaphocera and Pachypus might be re-
ferred to Pleocoma. I can see no such resemblance as any one can
realize by comparing the figures quoted with those prepared by
myself of Pleocoma.

“ After having, in the preceding remarks, disproved all the argu-
ments brought forward by LeConte to justify his placing Pleocoma near
Geotrupes by proving its Melolonthid character—in the imago—,”
Dr. Gerstaecker proceeds to discuss the larva described by Baron
Osten-Sacken as that of Pleocoma.

I will admit that I had grave doubts of the accuracy of the de-
termination of that larva until I had read the remarks of Gerstaecker
denying that it could possibly be the larva of Pleocoma. His oppo-
sition and all he says convince me that inasmuch as Pleocoma is a
Laparostict, and that the larva “made known by Osten-Sacken be-
longs to the Scarabzeidxe Laparosticti, admits, indeed, of no doubt”—
all this satisfies me that we have truly the larva of Pleocoma, as
there is not that well explored part of California from which the
larva was obtained any other Laparostict Scarabeeide, or Lucanide
of any size approaching that required by a larva 50 mm. long, or
even of a larva 530 mm. long.

“To compare a 50 mm. long larva with Geotrupini and Trogini is
strange to begin with.” I can hardly see what size had to do with
comparisons based on structure. Objection might be as well made
to the comparison of the larvee of Rhynchophorus palmarum and
Calandra oryze, which differ more greatly in size, although nearly
identical otherwise.

Certain other statements regarding the plication of the segments
in Geotrupini and Lucanide are certainly open to very severe criti-
cism, but this is foreign to the object of these remarks. I will only
say that Gerstaecker’s reference of the larva to Lucanide is singu-
larly unfortunate from every point of view.

Having gone as thoroughly over Gerstaecker’s remarks as seems
necessary, I will give the following as a summary of the results of
my study:

1. Pleocoma is an undoubted Laparostict.

2. There are six free ventral segments, the first almost entirely
concealed by the coxze. A small anal segment exists, always retracted,
visible only by dissection.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 17

3. Antenne eleven-jointed, the club $ elongate with 4-7 lamelle.

4. Pleocoma should form a distinct group, related more closely to
the Geotrupini than any other group of Laparosticti.

5. Any relationship with the Melolonthidee must be deduced (1)
from the elongate antennal club (2), the geminate, oblique striz of
the elytra which represent the feeble costze of the Rhizotrogini (3),
the long hair of the underside. The first alone has substantial value.

6. It seems to me of but little moment whether Pleocomini is
placed before, after, or alongside of Geotrupini, the fact remains
that, inasmuch as Pleocoma is a Laparostict, Geotrupini is its nearest
ally. It has nothing to do with the Dynastini.

7. The larva described by Osten-Sacken is undoubtedly that of
Pleocoma. Mr. James Behrens, who obtained the larva, has given
me sufficient evidence apart from the structure. As these data will
probably be published by Mr. Behrens, I merely state the fact and
leave the other evidence to him.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATES.

PLATE I.

This plate has been produced by Mr. F. Gutekunst by means of the Phototype
process from photographic negatives taken directly from the specimens. The
figures are, therefore, accurate reproductions of the form and appearance of the
species.

Fig. 1. Pleocoma fimbriata* Lec. The original type. The artist seemed pleased
to find that many of the defects had been concealed by the arrange-
ment of the light. The figure looks far better than the specimen.

Fig. 2. the same, a perfect specimen.
Fig. 3. P. conjungens Horn.

Fig. 4. P. Behrensii Lec.

Fig. 5. P. Behrensii* Lec., a female.
Bigs 65 2. Ulke: Horn.

Fig. 7. P. Rickseckeri Horn.

Fig. 8. P. Rickseckeri Horn, a female.
Fig. 9. P. Staff* Schaufuss.

Fig. 10. P. hirticollis Schaufuss.

Fig. 11. P. hirticollis* Schauf., a female.
Fig. 12. P. hirticollis Schauf., a larger female.

* T am indebted to the kindness of the authorities of the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoology at Cambridge, through Dr. Hagen, for the facilities extended in the
preparation of the necessary negatives for the specimens indicated.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (3) FEBRUARY, 1888.

18 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

PLATE II.

. Right half of abdomen, showing the position of spiracles in Pleocoma.
Fig. 2. Diagram in transverse section showing the relation of spiracle to adja-
cent parts.

ee
a
_

Fig. 3. Anterior and posterior tibiz of P. fimbriata.
Fig. 4. Lateral view of head of P. hirticollis, the mouth parts removed.

Fig. 5. Front view of clypeus and labrum.
Fig. 6. Head beneath, showing the relation of parts, the maxille are not so
plainly visible in nature.

Fig. 7. Mandibles as seen from beneath in situ.
Fig. 8. Right mandible as seen from side.
Fig. 9. Right mandible (more enlarged) as seen from the upper side.

Fig. 10. Left maxilla, the side adjacent to mentum.

Fig. 11. same the side adjacent to mandible.

Fig. 12. Right maxilla a lower side, b upper side of Bradycinetus ferrugineus.
Fig. 13. Mentum and ligula of same.

Fig. 14. Mandible of same.

Fig. 15. Maxilla of Aphodius erraticus (after Duval).

Fig. 16. Mentum and ligula of same (after Duval).

Fig. 17. Form of maxilla of larva of Pleocoma from a sketch of the cast skin.
Fig. 18. Mentum and ligula of same.

Descriptions of the larv:e of Glyptus, Platypsyla
and Polyphylia.

BY GEORGE H. HORN, M.D.

The larvee of Coleoptera will doubtless yield facts of taxonomic
value, and may aid in settling disputed relationships among the im-
agines. Some attempts have already been made in this direction,
notably by Erichson and others among the Scarabzeidee, and more
recently by Rey in Elateridee. Some families have yielded very
little, from the fact that the species have almost the same mode of
life as Cerambycidee, Buprestidee, and the majority of the Rhyncho-
phora,

At present too little attention seems to be paid to study of this
sort, and every student of classification should consider it a duty to
describe any authentic larva known to him with such figures of form
and detail as may be useful hereafter.

Recently three larvee have come into my possession, two of which
are entirely new, the third merely showing the almost absolute iden-
tity of our form with that of European species, and in accordance
with the idea above expiained the following descriptions are given
with figures and details on the accompanying plate.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. tg

Glyptus seculptilis Brullé.

During a visit to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cam-
bridge in the summer of 1887, Dr. Hagen showed me some larvze
from the west coast of Africa with the following history :

About fifty years ago Dr. Savage, in company with Dr. Perkins,
was engaged in missionary work in Sierra Leone. On their return
they brought many objects of natural history, among them some
insects, which received attention from Dr. T. W. Harris. A speci-
men of Glyptus sculptilis in the lot came finally into the possession
of Dr. LeConte, and is now in his cabinet. This insect, it is well
known, lives in the nests of the great white ant of that region.

From the nests of that ant Dr. Savage obtained queens, some of
very great size, and in the same bottles were smaller objects sup-
posed to be small queens of the same. When the collection reached
Cambridge, from Salem, Dr. Hagen at once recognized the fact that
these smaller specimens were not queen ants, but larvee unknown to
him.

When these larvee were shown to me it was at once seen that they
were Carabide larvee. The fact that Glyptus was known to occur
with these ants was made known to Dr. Hagen who has searched the
literature with great care for any mention of the larva, but fruit-
lessly. Believing that a larva, which seems so rare, should be made
known the following description is given :

Form.—Somewhat clavate, robust, narrow in front, gradually
broader to the ninth and tenth segments, then rapidly narrower.
Length 1.25 inch or 52 millimetres. PI. iii, figs. 1-2.

Cotor.—Whitish, the head pale brown.

Herap.—Small, flat above, very convex beneath, pale brown, the
gular region broadly paler. Clypeal region prolonged, arcuate, the
margin slightly crenate, a few erect hairs at the sides of the front
and behind the insertion of the antennze, a few punctures at sides of
the head. PI. ii, fig. 3.

OceLLi.—Entirely absent.

ANTENN#&.— Four-jointed, arising from a membranous base behind
the base of mandibles and not much prolonged beyond the apex of
the latter ; first joint stout, with moderately long stiff hairs in front ;
second narrower, two-thirds as long; third narrower and shorter;
fourth small, almost subulate, placed obliquely on the third, termi-
nating in two bristles. PI. iii, fig. 4.

20 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

MANDIBLEs.— Stout, placed nearly vertically, strongly curved, the
antero-inferior edge deeply trisulcate, the inner edge obtusely triden-
tate, the middle tooth longer. PI. iii, figs. 4 and 6.

Maxriti#&.—Short and rather stout, the basal piece or support
short, semi-corneous ; cardinal piece cylindrical, semi-corneous, ob-
liquely truncate at apex and filled with membrane; the outer or
palpar lobe four-jointed, the first joint longer than the others to-
gether, second and third rapidly shorter, fourth small, subulate.
Inner lobe extending nearly as far as the palpar lobe, rather slender,
indistinctly divided in two unequal parts. The maxillee have a few
stiff hairs on the cardinal piece. PI. ii, fig. 5.

Mentum.—Pentagonal in form, semi-corneous, supported on a
semi-membranous extension of the gula, the ligula prolonged in a
corneous joint and terminated by two bristles. PI. iii, fig. 5.

LABIAL PALPI.—Short, two-jointed, the first jot short and stout,
the terminal small and conical.

ProrHorax.—Much broader than long, broader behind, arcuate
in front, a narrow, semi-corneous space each side, behind which is a
deep groove ; surface with erect hairs sparsely placed, directed to the
front, and a fine median groove which extends to the end of the
eleventh segment.

Merso- and METATHORACIC SEGMENTS.—Similar in form, shorter
than the prothorax, each with a transverse crescentic region bearing
very short spines with a few longer hairs directed backwards.

ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS.—On the upper side the first six segments
have a small space each side of the middle bearing very short spines.

Srpes of Bopy.— Distinctly wrinkled, showing the division be-
tween the dorsal scutes, the connecting membrane and the ventral
plates.

UnpersipE.—F latter than the upper surface, the ventral seg-
ments 2-7 with a small mammiliform protrusion on each side bear-
ing very short spines, the last two segments with a transverse ridge
bearing longer spines.

Last sEGMENT.— With a feebly protrusile pseudo-segment.

Lecs.—Rather short, the anterior pair stouter. Femur longer
than the rest of the leg, the tibia broader at apex; tarsi bi-articulate,
terminated by a single stout claw. PI. ii, fig. 7.

SprrAcCLEs.—On each side nine, the first situated in the connect-
ing membrane at the side of the mesothorax close to the anterior
border. The other eight spiracles are smaller and are placed in the

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 21

dorsal plates of the first eight ventral segments, close to their junc-
tion with the connecting membrane.

From the above description and the accompanying figures it will
be seen that the larva is undoubtedly that of a Carabide. It is re-
markable that there is, practically, no thoroughly corneous structure
in its entire surface, except the head. The absence of ocelli is ac-
counted for by its subterranean life.

While there is possibly room for discussion as to whether this is
really the larva of Glyptus there is in my own mind no doubt; first
from the collateral evidence already given, and, secondly the mandi-
bles of the larva are a very close reproduction of those of the per-
fect insect.

The Museum of Comparative Zoology possesses quite a number of
these larvee and Dr. Perkins, who is now living, states that they were
dug from the nests as stated in the label, which he identified as in
the handwriting of Dr. Savage.

Polyphylla decemlineata Say.

Form of the usual Scarabzeide type,—soft, flat, whitish, the caudal
extremity recurved beneath. PI. iii, fig. 8.

Heap brownish, broader than long, convex, slightly scabrous.
Pl. in, figs. 9-10.

Lasrum short, crescentic, anterior border arcuate.

MANDIBLES stout, curved, slightly curved downward, the apex
chisel shaped, slightly sinuous, with a slight notch internally.

Mentvm short, crescentic, the anterior outline oval, its face hairy,
the apex with larger cilize, the peduncle of the gula also oval in
front. Labial palpi two-jointed, arising in a transverse groove behind
the apex of the mentum, the joints equal in length. PI. iii, figs.
13-14.

Maxi. large, arising on each side of the base of the mentum,
the two lobes united, except a slight fissure at apex, the internal lobe
with three spiniform teeth at apex, the inner side with stiff spiniform
hairs, the outer lobe with spines at apex. PI. iii, fig. 12.

MAXILLARY PALPI four-jointed, the first joint very short, second
longest, third half as long, the fourth two-thirds, the entire palpus
projecting but little beyond the maxilla.

ANTENN# four-jointed, arising from a tubercle at the front angle
of the head behind the base of the mandible. First joint stouter,
broader to tip, second longer and more slender, third a little longer

22 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

than half the second, the lower apical angle prolonged in a point be-
neath the fourth joint, last joint oval, acute, shorter than the third.

THORACIC SEGMENTS short, each with two dorsal plications.

ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS from the first to fifth formed of three plicze,
one of which is narrower on the dorsum and pyriform in outline
beneath, the other two cuneiform, broader on the dorsum and gradu-
ally more acute beneath. At the ventral end of the larger are some-
what oval folds, in which the stigmata are placed. Last three seg-
ments quite smooth, not plicate, the terminal segment divided into
two unequal parts by a distinct suture, and near the apex a deep
arcuate impression separating a pseudo-pygidium. Anal opening
transverse.

Leas widely separated at base, the posterior pair longer, hairy
above and with spinous hairs beneath. PI. iii, figs. 15-16,

Cox long and rather slender, supporting a trochanter, the femur
short and stout, the tibize oval, the front tibia with a single long claw,
the middle with a short claw, the posterior without claw.

SriGMATA on each side nine, the first in the prothoracic segment,
the others in the lower side of oval plicee in the first eight abdominal
segments.

Surrace.—The thoracic segments are comparatively smooth, a
few indistinct scattered granules and with moderately long erect
hairs. The abdominal segments 1-8 are moderately densely granu-
late, each granule with a very short erect hair. The last three seg-
ments of the abdomen are smooth and shining, a few scattered long
hairs. The terminal segment is, however, more punctate and rugu-
lose near the tip, the hairs more numerous. The underside of the
body has scattered hairs.

Lenora measured along the upper side of body from tip of man-
dibles to anal fissure 2.10 inch; 53 mm.

This larva does not differ essentially from that of the European
Melolontha vulgaris as figured by Ratzeburg (Forst. Insecten pl. ili,
fiig. 1, et seq.). As in that species the thoracic region is the wider,
from this the body is gradually narrower to the fourth abdominal
segment, then gradually wider to the last segment.

For the specimen described and figured I am indebted to Mr. J.
J. Rivers, of Berkeley, California.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. De
Platypsylla castoris Rits.

Form elongate-oval, equally narrowed at either extremity, about
three times as long as wide, depressed. Color whitish. Length 1.6
mm. Pl. ii, figs. 17-18.

Heap semicircular, more obtuse in front, hind angles distinct, a
long seta directed outwardly arising from near the hind angles, be-
neath with six shorter sete directed backward arising near the pos-
terior border. Eyes wanting. PI. iil, fig. 19.

ANTENN four-jointed, arising under the hind angles of the head.
First joint short and broad, second narrower, bearing a spiniform
process at the front angle ; third cylindrical, narrower ; fourth very
narrow, bearing two setz at its end. The joints are capable of tele-
scopic retraction. PI. iii, fig. 20.

Mentum quadrate, a little longer than wide, supported by a short
peduncle of the gula; ligula not distinctly separated, but broader
than the mentum, emarginate in front, the angles rounded. Labial
palpi short, two-jointed, inserted at the side of mentum at the prob-
able point of separation in the ligula.

MAxILu flattened, pyriform, rapidly narrowing at apical third,
terminating in a narrow, obtuse process. Maxillary palpi short,
three-jointed, arising at the sides of the maxillz a little more than
one-third from the apex. PI. i, fig. 19.

ManprsieEs conical, but slender and flattened, semi-corneous,
arising from the sides of the buccal cavity exterior to, but a little in
front of the maxillee, slightly overlapping the apices of the latter,
the tips of the mandibles crossing each other in front.

THORACIC SEGMENTS gradually wider, hind angles obtuse, upper
side with four long setze, the two near the hind angles directed out-
wardly and backward, those each side of middle directed backward,
the lateral margin bearing a short spine near the middle. Underside
of each thoracic segment with six or eight moderately long setz
arising near the posterior border and directed backwards.

ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS nine. First narrower than either the meta-
thorax or the next, and without the short spine near the side margin.
Segments 2-7 similar in form, each with the short lateral spine,
eighth without lateral spine, ninth rapidly narrowed, the apex ob-
tuse. Dorsal side of segments bearing four setz as in the thoracic
segments; ventral side with four pairs of long sete, between which

24 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

are two or three shorter ones arising close to the posterior margin of
the segment and directed backwards ; across the middle of each seg-
ment (except the last) a row of short spines. Anal fissure with a
process each side, bisetose at apex.

Leas short and stout, widely separated, the coxa oval, femur more
or less quadrate in outline, tibia more cylindrical, terminated by a
single strong claw. Anterior femur obtusely subangulate beneath.
The edges of the articulations with spinules gradually shorter to the
tip of tibia. PI. iii, figs. 21-22.

SprracLes.—There are nine pairs of spiracles. ‘The first pair is
situated at the side of the mesosternal segment close to the anterior
angle in a fold between the dorsal and ventral plates. The abdomi-
nal spiracles are in the first eight segments on the dorsal side just
within the position of the short lateral spine. The last spiracle is,
however, nearer the angle than the others.

The larva just described is, in form, like that of a slender Silphide,
recalling also the Corylophide, but too little is yet known of the
larvee of many genera to which Platypsylla is supposed to be related
to enter into any generalizations.

It is well known that no mandibles have been detected in dissections
that have been made of the imago, but in the larva we have very
distinct mandibles which are probably lost in the last moult of the
larva to the pupa state. By comparison it will be seen that the
buccal cavity is similar in outline in the larva and imago.

The maxillse are soft in structure and give no evidence of the
future form of those of the imago.

The largest of the larvee seen is not longer than 1.6 mm. and is
probably not fully grown, seeming rather disproportionate in size to
the future imago. It must not be supposed that a small larva pre-
supposes a small imago, as the larva of Dicelus purpuratus would
never be suspected of yielding the large imago without actually raising
the larva to maturity.

For great assistance in the determination of the position of the
spiracles I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Prof. C. V. Riley,
who has also, for some time, had this larva under consideration. By
means of stained specimens and photography the entire structure has
been very accurately developed.

The larvee in Prof. Riley’s hands vary in size (like my own) from
1.2 to 1.7 mm. and were obtained from a Beaver trapped by Mr.
Lawrence Bruner at West Point, Neb., October, 1886.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 25

The larvee before me were obtained from Beavers trapped in some
of the tributaries of the Colorado of Texas. The tender skin behind
the ears seems to be the favorite place, the larve being concealed
under scales of dried material, seemingly mucilaginous.

I owe these larve to the kindness of a friend who has recently
traveled in Texas, through whose instruction the skins were so pre-
pared that he was enabled to obtain what, at one time, seemed almost
a hopeless desire.

The eggs of Platypsylla were also observed. They are minute
objects, not fastened to the hair, as is the case with lice, but placed
directly on the skin among the densest hair.

When the larva are removed from the fur and placed on a flat
surface they move with the sinuous snake-like motion observed in
Staphylinide larvee.

The fully developed beetles have also a mode of progression de-
cidedly Staphylinide in appearance.

Platypsylla seems destined to have difficulty in finding a final
resting place.

Ritsema, in the beginning, referred it to the Aphaniptera, an in-
definite aggregation of forms gradually disentegrating.

Shortly after Prof. Westwood made it the type of a totally dis-
tinct order Achreioptera.

During his sojourn in Europe Dr. LeConte obtained specimens,
and after the study of dissections, carefully made by Rev. A. Mat-
thews, claimed Platypsylla as a Coleopter of the Clavicorn series
and placed it in relation with Silphidze and Leptinidee.

My own dissections and study have not caused me to doubt in any
respect the opinion of Dr. LeConte.

In the “ Berlin. Zeitschr.” xxx, 1886, p. 103, Kolbe, in a short
paper, sees resemblances between the mouth parts of Platypsylla and
certain Mallophaga (bird lice), and is dispos d to unite it with the
latter series.

Dr. A. 8. Packard, in a review of the Mallophaga, considers them
degraded members of the pseudo-neuropterous series.

If we combine the opinions of the last two authors we will have
another position for Platypsylla in the Neuroptera (in the broad
sense), an order which seems destined to be the asylum for entomo-
logical invalids of all sorts.

Platypsylla seems widely distributed. First discovered on the
American Beavers in the Zoological Gardens at Amsterdam. I have

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (4) MARCH, 1888.

26 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

received it from the Beavers captured at the mouth of the Rhone in
France. Skins of Beavers from the Hudson’s Bay region have
yielded specimens while others from Alaska have given both Platyp-
sylla and Leptinillus. Recently the Beavers of Texas have fur-
nished specimens.

Miscellaneous Coleopterous Studies.
BY GEORGE H. HORN, M.D.

The following pages have not been used as the means of describing
isolated species merely, although several have been included. From
time to time the question is often asked as to the differences between
closely allied species, more especially of those genera that have not
been studied as a whole. As it is not always convenient to give in
detail in letters to each correspondent the information desired, sev-
eral studies, based on questions asked, have been made and are here
presented for the benefit of all.

ANILLUS Duval.

A. explanatus n. sp.—Pale rufotestaceous, shining. Head rather large,
frontal impressions deep and broad, surface smooth. Antenne nearly half as long
as the entire body, gradually thicker externally, the joints verticillate, the second
longer and stouter than the third. Thorax trapezoidal, a little wider than long,
sides arcuate anteriorly, oblique behind, the margin narrowly reflexed, but more
breadly near the hind angles, these nearly rectangular, slightly obtuse, median
line finely impressed, the space behind the posterior transverse impression some-
what depressed and finely rugulose. Elytra abruptly wider at base than the
thorax, humeral angles prominent, but obtuse ; general form oval, broadest in
front of middle, the sides somewhat explanate from the humeri two thirds to
apex external to a deep stria bearing subocellate punctures, the margin distinctly
serrate near the humeri; disc moderately convex, the strie nearly obsolete,
forming an oval space at the middle of the surface, the first stria indistinctly
punctured, the submarginal rather deep and with subocellate punctures ; surface
distinctly alutaceous near the base, smoother near the apex. Body beneath
smooth. Legs slender, middle tibize broadened at basal half. Length .08 inch ;
mim. ela tie. Zo.

One specimen, @?, “ Alabaster Cave,” California.

The species of Anillus now known to inhabit our fauna are as
follows :
Elytra somewhat explanate at the sides, the margin serrate near the huweri.

explanatus Horn.
Elytra of regular oblong oval form, the sides not explanate, margin not serrate.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 20

Thorax scarcely wider than long, obliquely narrowing to base, which is nar-
OVE GA UMA TIMUME re EXats aach anasto se jen ccseees acecearen ocentocen-osecey see debilis Lec.
Thorax very obviously wider than long.
Median line of thorax distinctly impressed, the base a little narrower than
ITEP APE Meee eon reree see capees ose oireve rs caedl Meswoncee & Joven cause tensed povbes fortis Hori.
Median line scarcely visibly impressed, the base not narrower-than apex.
Dohrni Lhlers.
The first two species are from California, fortis from Tennessee,
Dohrni from Florida. They are extremely rare in collections, their
small size and mode of life rendering them difficult to collect.

JEGIALITES Mann.

MENTUM twice as wide as long, sides irregularly converging to the
front, apex truncate.

LicuLa short, transverse, feebly emarginate in front, the angles
rounded, sparsely ciliate in front with two longer setze each side.

MAxILL@ with two distinct lobes, the inner narrow, parallel, apex
obtuse, with a few spines and sparsely ciliate, outer lobe broader, but
obtuse, with short spiniform hairs at the inner angle.

MANDIBLES rather stout, apex emarginate, inner edge deeply
notched within the apex.

LABIAL PALPI short, three-jointed, arising behind the mentum on
each side of the base of the ligula, last joint oval, rather longer than
either of the others.

MAXILLARY PALPI four-jointed, first very short, second clavate
third shorter, fourth fusiform, truncate, longer than either of the
others.

The above details are intended to supply the deficiencies existing
in the descriptions of the mouth parts of Aigialites. The aceompa-
nying figures (PI. ii, fig. 23, a, b, c, d) will give a sufficiently accurate
idea of the form of the mouth parts.

OTHNIUS Lec.

This name is introduced to call attention to the figures of the
mouth parts, and to correct an error in the ‘‘ Classification.”” The
ligula does not have distinct paraglossee. The first joint of the labial
palpi is ciliate with moderately long fine hairs within, which are
curved at their apices, giving the appearance of paraglossee when
the dissection is mounted in Canada balsam.

28 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

In the figure of the mentum there will be observed a depression
on each side of middle with a brush of short hairs at bottom. This
is a male character, the female mentum being entirely plain. PI. iii,
fig. 24, a, b, ¢.

In O. umbrosus Lec. &, the fovere are large and narrowly sepa-
rated ; in longicornis Horn they are small and widely separated, and
in dugubris Horn the foveze forms but one transverse depression.
Males of fasciatus are not now before me.

O. guttulatus Lee. should be dropped from our lists, as there was
never a type in hand from which to make a description.

LAGRIIDZ.

This family is represented in our fauna by a small number of spe-
cies which have never been treated collectively, consequently their
determination is difficult, the names having been transmitted from
one cabinet to another in a traditional manner.

Two genera are recognized in our fauna:

Head not constricted to a neck, eyes transverse, reniform, not prominent.

Arthromacra.
Head constricted behind the eyes, which are large, convex and prominent.
Statira.

The tibize are usually described as having no terminal spurs, but
in all the species before me the spurs are distinct, but very small.

ARTHROMACRA Koby.

A. senea Say (Lagria), Long’s Exped. ii, p. 287; edit. Lee., i, p. 191; donaci-
oides Kby., Fauna Bor. Am. p. 238.—Body beneath and legs dark bronze, above
usually with brilliant metallic lustre, either blue, green, cupreous, or dark
bronze. Antenne reddish-brown, tarsi somewhat darker. Head and thorax
sparsely punctate, the latter cylindrical, longer than wide, the base slightly ex-
panded, lateral margin entirely obliterated. Elytra rarely with faint traces of
strie near the apex, the surface coarsely and moderately closely punctate, some-
times rugose. Body beneath very sparsely punctate. Length .37—.50 inch;
9.5 —13 mm.

In the male the last joint of the antennz is equal to the four pre-
ceding joints, in the female to three. The outer edge of the tibize is
rounded, as in the majority of our species of Statira.

STATIRA CSery.

Our species are few in number, and may be distinguished in the
following manner:

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 29

Tibiz suleate on the outer edge.
Setigerous punctures of the alternate intervals numerous; tibiz sulcate nearly

GHEMMEMGIEG NEMO thy toscesetite-etcenc seveekinseausseseenceess pluripunctata.
Setigerous punctures few, mostly on the third interval; tibize sulcate below
pica lahallis Olive --.0-s21eee-2sene< 500+ <ecees zStelen cate ossreciterenaeek subnitida.

Tibie rounded on the outer edge, not sulcate.
Setigerous punctures numerous on first, third, fifth and seventh intervals.

opacicollis.
Setigerous punctures entirely absent from first interval.
Thorax bright orange-red.
HE OSB DICCOUS racer vance eset ecw tacsh oscaccsecceeuaveeacel caetaes,) eeaceae resplendens.
MBC RSIPALCRVEM OM) ceaccriGeacsisces coverssses: -ktnets=sres-dees tow sencones croceicollis.

Thorax more or less piceous, body concolorous above.
Thorax polished, the punctures fine, but distinct; legs piceous, the basal
halitof femora and coxss) paler yellowec-s.--c+----c- secre sscoecses basalis.

The first three species occur in Arizona and Lower California, and
are without metallic lustre, the others belong to the Atlantic region,
and have more or less metallic lustre.

S. pluripunctata n. sp.—Body beneath and legs reddish brown, abdo-
men and elytra piceous, surface opaque, without metallic lustre. Antenne half
as long as the body, brown or piceo-testaceous. Head scabrous, always darker
in color in the male. Thorax longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate. the base
slightly explanate, lateral margin rounded, without distinct edge even at base,
surface scabrous, opaque. Elytra striate, strive finely and closely punctate, in-
tervals very slightly convex, the alternate intervals 1-3-5-7-9 with setigerous
punctures extending from base to apex, but not closely placed, surface subopaque.
Body beneath smooth, shining, Tibiz suleate their entire length on the outer
side. Length .25 —.37 inch; 6—- 9.5 mm.

The antennz are a little more than half the length of the body,
the terminal joint in the female equal to the three preceding joints.

The color described is that of fully mature specimens, but the
majority of those before me are imperfectly piceous as in very many
gagatina. The suleation of the outer edge of all the tibive is seen in
but one other of our species. It is probable that some of the Mex-
ican species may have this character, but I have not found it men-
tioned. Only females have been seen.

Occurs in Arizona.

S$. subnitida Lec. New Species 1866, p. 141.—Piceous or dark brown, sub-
opaque. Antenne paler brown. Head sparsely punctate. Thorax finely seab-
rous, lateral margin obliterated. Elytra striate, striee closely, scarcely crenately
punctured, first interval with but three setigerous punctures placed near the
apex, third with six to eight from base to apex, fifth with about three near the
apex, seventh and ninth without any, a few near the margin close to the apex.

Body beneath smooth, feebly shining. Tibiee grooved on their outer edge near
the apex only. Length .28—43 inch; 7—11 mm.

30 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

The two specimens examined are the types in the collection of
LeConte, both females. The terminal joint of the antennz is equal
to the three preceding. In one of the two specimens the thorax is
distinctly longer than wide, the sides feebly arcuate, the other speci-
men is larger, thorax as wide as long, the sides arcuate.

This species occupies ar intermediate position between pluripune-
tata and the species which follow, being related to the former by the
grooved tibiz, and to the latter by the very few setigerous punctures.

Occurs in Lower California.

S$. opacicollis n. sp—Piceous brown, shining, antennee and legs much
paler, head and thorax darker and opaque. Head sparsely punctate. Thorax
longer than wide, sides very feebly arcuate, lateral margin slightly distinct, sur-
face finely scabrous. Elytra striate, strie crenately punctured, intervals slightly
convex, the first, third, fifth and seventh with numerous setigerous punctures
from base to apex, the ninth with few behind the middle, a few along the lateral
margin behind the middle. Body beneath smooth, shining, paler than above.
Outer edge of tibiz rounded, not grooved. Length .35—.40 inch ; 9--10.5 mm.

The antennze are a little longer than half the body, the terminal
joint in the male equal to five and the female to three preceding.

By its very numerous setigerous punctures this species is related
to pluripunctata, but the tibize are simple. not grooved on the outer
edge,

Occurs in Arizona (Morrison).

S. resplendens Mels. Proc. Acad. 1845, p. 311.—-Piceous, shining, elytra
with slight zeneous lustre, thorax reddish yellow, legs piceousor paler. Antenne
piceous, scarcely half as long as the body. Head sparsely punctate. Thorax a
little longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate, base slightly explanate, surface
sparsely finely punctate. Elytra striate, strive finely and closely, but not eren-
ately punctured, intervals slightly convex, the first without setigerous punctures,
the third and fifth with very few behind the middle, others close to the border
near the apex. Body beneath nearly smooth, shining. Length .30 inch; 7.5 mm,

The antennee are entirely piceous, the terminal joint equal to the
five preceding in the male and three in the female.

In the short diagnosis given by Melsheimer the legs are said to be
yellow, but in the more detailed description are pale brown. It is
evident that he had immature specimens before him and did not
properly discriminate.

Occurs in the Middle States region.

S$. croceicollis Mikl., Acta Fenn. 1863, p. 594.

Closely related to the preceding species and differing in the fol-
lowing particulars :

9

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 0

Elytra distinctly blue, the first interval without setigerous punctures, the third
and fifth with about eight placed from the base to apex, seventh interval without,
ninth with five or six in its apical half. Legs and coxe pale reddish-yellow.
Length .28 —.37 inch; 7 —9.5 mm.

The antennz are not quite half the length of the body, the ter-
minal joint in the male equal to five preceding and in the female to
three and a half.

Occurs in the southeastern Atlantic region, Florida, Georgia and

Alabama.

S. gagatina Mels., Proc. Acad. 1845, p. 311.—Piceous shining, elytra with
faint metallic lustre. Antenne brown. Head sparsely punctate. Thorax very
feebly shining, the surface finely alutaceous, the punctuation indistinct, except
that in a few specimens some larger punctures are seen near the base. Elytra
moderately deeply striate, the striz finely crenately punctured, intervals slightly
convex, the first without setigerous punctures, the third and fifth with very few,
seventh without any as also the ninth, a few close to the margin near the apex.
Body beneath almost perfectly smooth. Length .25 —.31 ineh; 6.5-—8 mm.

The specimens from the Middle States region are moderately shin-
ing and with quite distinct metallic lustre of surface. Three from
Texas are distinctly less shining.

In the antennze of the males of the northern form the terminal
joint is about equal to five preceding joints, while in the Texas form
it is fully equal to six. In the females of both the last joint equals
the three preceding. These seem to be probably local varieties, at
all events having but one % of the Texas form, it is not possible to
say if the variation is constant. In this species the legs are uniform
in color, in the fully developed specimens piceous, varying to piceo-
testaceous in the less mature forms.

In the specimens collected by Mr. Ulke, near Washington, the
thorax is very often quite pale, contrasting very decidedly with the
color of the elytra, but there is never that reddish-yellow seen in
resplendens and eroceicollis, nor are the elytra ever of the bright me-
tallic lustre.

Occurs from the Middle States to Texas.

S. basalis n: sp.—Piceous, shining, elytra with distinct metallic blue lustre,
legs piceous, the femora at base and coxee testaceous. Antenne brown. Head
with very few punctures, eyes large and very convex, the posterior canthus very
small. Thorax not longer than wide, sides feebly arcuate, base slightly explan-
ate, disc very shining, the punctures small. but distinct. Elytra moderately
deeply striate, the strive crenately punctured, intervals slightly convex, the first
without setigerous punctures, third and fifth with very few, seventh and ninth
without any, a few close to the margin near the apex. Body beneath smooth,
shining. Length .30 —.40 inch; 7.5—10 mm.

32 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

The antennz are about half the length of the body, the last joint
in the male fully as long as seven preceding joints, while in the
female it equals very nearly four.

While closely related to gagatina it seems quite a distinct species
by the characters above given. Although the eyes are large in all
the species, in this one they are especially so, the portion of the head
which usually forms quite a conspicuous border behind the eye is
here much reduced.

Occurs in Georgia, Florida and Louisiana.

It seems worthy of remark that the species of this genus have one
or rarely two setigerous punctures on each side of the abdominal
segments placed in the same position as in the Carabidee.

MELANDRYIDA.
EUSTROPHUS Latr.

This genus contains but few species, the majority of those de-
scribed being members of our fauna. As in the case of Statira the
descriptions are scattered, somewhat indefinite, and from their isola-
tion very little comparative. As the majority of the species are
known in nearly all collections, and as the knowledge of them is
purely traditional, it is now proposed to give a few comparative notes.

In the first place it has been observed that two species differ nota-
bly from the others in the form of the prosternum and absence of
strize of punctures, it is therefore proposed to divide the genus in the
following manner :

Prosternum narrowing to a point and not prolonged behind the cox; elytra

with strie of moderate or coarse punctures..... .. Be sheen stoser Eustrophus.
Prosternum prolonged behind the cox and separating them, the apex somewhat
broader; elytra finely, confusedly punctured................ Holostrophus.

As restricted above, Eustrophus contains a small number of very
closely related species difficult to separate by superficial comparison,
and of almost impossible recognition from the descriptions. The
following table and notes may, therefore, be of some service.

The eyes vary in size in two ways. Those species which are dis-
tinetly narrowed posteriorly have large eyes very narrowly separated
on the front. In the species which are obtuse posteriorly the eyes
are smaller and widely separated on the front.

In all the species but one the middle and posterior tibize have, on
their outer edge, numerous transverse ridges, recalling those of Mor-

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 30

dellistena, bearing short, closely placed spinules. In repandus these
ridges are obliterated to such an extent that scarcely any traces can
be observed.

The underside of the prothorax shows two forms of sculpture—
that in which the surface is shining and the punctures simple, al-
though closely placed, and that in which the surface is opaque and
rather roughly granulate-punctate.

These characters afford the means of arranging the species in tab-
ular form with a sharpness of definition that will enable them to be
readily determined.

The following is the arrangement proposed :

Eyes narrowly separated, sometimes almost contiguous on the front; form dis-

RM Chive AEUO Wels POSLOLIOL Wes cscasiecs ice saccisccosc<teiecsteve Sy scchcve6 ociaceencssen asieccec se 2
Eyes widely separated on the front; form very little narrowed, obtuse poste-
MOT eeeraeennd en wae ens e eocestaaeat eal <cecns iva cease uh weoweweaeraswaehquceteceteciecede sess see aweees 4.
2.—Middle and posterior tibize without distinctly defined transverse ridges ; body
PEMeaATHyANGele XS ePICEOUS: «.es-iec aac «asssecinccs vse= eins anteenees 28 ...- repandus.
Middle and posterior tibize with distinct transverse ridges on their outer
CCE Orancme borane ace me ee dececa plied escocadseacs js See enntaseeeodsacar de sear unacs save ees samosohneeetos
3.—Underside of prothorax densely roughly punctured; legs and body beneath
PIC COUS terscr sowie -tengt sn cans cas avec oasrcin cos bunas cies seweseecbisdcees teeees arizonensis.
Underside of prothorax shining, closely, but not roughly punctured ; legs
and abdomen pale brown OF Teddish. ........2.-.c-...+0cseece+encoesecees bicolor.
4.—Piceous black ; prothorax beneath shining, the punctures close, but not rough.
confinis.

Brown ; prothorax beneath densely, roughly punctured...... tomentosus.

E. repandus n. sp.—Ovyal, convex, distinctly narrowed posteriorly, moder-
ately shining, sparsely clothed with short blackish hair. Antennee dark brown
or black, the four basal joints paler, apical half of last joint yellow. Eyes very
narrowly separated on the front. Thorax densely punctured, the basal impres-
sion on each side moderately deep, short. Elytra striato-punctate, the punctures
moderately coarse and close. but become rapidly finer, so that at apical fourth
they are hardly distinguished from the interstrial punctures which are densely
placed on the flat intervals. Prosternum densely punctured, the side pieces
more finely slightly shining, sparsely pubescent. Body beneath and abdomen
densely punctured. Legs black, the tarsi brown. Middle and posterior tibie
without transverse setigerous ridges. Length .24—.28 inch; 6--7 mm.

While this species is usually entirely black, the abdomen is occa-
sionally brown, but never so pale as in bicolor, nor are the legs ever
pale.

* To this series E. dermestoides, of Europe, should be Perel From the de-
scriptions the eyes are even more widely separated than in our species.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (5) MARCH, 18838.

34 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

This species is universally mixed with bicolor in collections, but
may be known by the entire absence of the tibial ridges, the dark
lees and by only the half of the terminal joint of the antennee
yellow.

Its distribution seems to be across the northern half of our country
from Canada and New Hampshire to Virginia, and from these points
through all the States to the Pacific coast as far south as the extreme
north of California.

E. arizonensis n. sp.——Oval, distinctly narrower behind, moderately con -
vex, black, feebly shining, clothed with very short black hair. Eyes narrowly
separated. Antenne black, the four basal joints ferruginous, the last joint en-
tirely yellow. Thorax very closely and finely punctured, the basal impressions
vague. Elytra striato-punctate, the punctures moderately coarse and close, be-
coming finer toward the apex, but easily distinguishable from the interstrial
punctures, which are finer and closely placed. Prosternum coarsely and closely
punctured, the side pieces densely and roughly punctured and subopaque. Body
beneath densely punctured, the abdomen very finely. Legs black-brown, middle
and posterior tibize with distinct transverse ridges bearing very short, closely
placed sete. Length .26—.30 inch; 6.5—7.5 mm,

This species is the largest known in our fauna. It is rather less
attenuate behind than bicolor and repandus. As in bicolor the pune-
tures of the strise extend distinctly to the apex. From either of the
two species cited it differs in the roughly sculptured underside of the
prothorax.

The eyes are a little more widely separated than in either bicolor
or repandus, but the distance between the eyes is scarcely more than
one-third the width of either eye as seen from above.

Occurs in Arizona and New Mexico.

E. bicolor Fab. (Mycelophagus), Ent. Syst. i, 2, p. 497; Syst. El. ii, p. 566;
indistinctus Lee., Ann. Lye. v, 1851, p. 151.—Oval, convex, distinctly attenuate
posteriorly, black, shining, sparsely pubescent, abdomen and legs ferruginous.
Antenne black, four basal joints reddish, terminal joint entirely yellow. Eyes
very narrowly separated. Thorax shining, the punctures fine and close, but not’
dense, basal impressions vague. Elytra striato-punctate, the punctures moder-
ately coarse, but becoming finer posteriorly, but still quite distinct near the apex,
the interstrial punctures close, but not dense nor rough. Prosternum moderately
coarsely punctured, the side pieces finely and shining. Body beneath and abdo-
men rather densely punctured, middle and posterior tibize with well marked
transverse ridges with short, closely placed sete. Length .20——.24 inch;.

5—6 mm.
Some specimens collected by me in very early spring, in Arizona,
have a decidedly brownish color above, although the abdomen and

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 35

legs are still paler. These are probably merely less mature speci-
mens as no other structural differences have been observed.

With this species I have united indistinctus, as there are no valid
differences.

In the two preceding species I have alluded to the characters sepa-
rating them from bicolor.

In its distribution bicolor occupies the region more generally south
of that occupied by repandus. It extends from the New England
States southward through Virginia, thence westwardly to Arizona.
Tt occurs also in Kansas.

E. confimis Lec., New Species 1866, p. 152.—Oval, convex, nearly equally
obtuse at both extremities, black, moderately shining, sparsely clothed with
short black hair. Antenne brownish-black, the basal joints scarcely paler.
Eyes widely separated on the front. Thorax finely and closely punctured, the
basal impressions feeble. Elytra striato-punctate, the punctures moderately
coarse and close, becoming finer toward the tip, but distinct, except at the apex;
the interstrial punctures close and slightly rough. Prosternum rather coarsely
and closely punctured, the side pieces more finely punctured, not rugose, moder-
ately shining. Body beneath and abdomen densely punctured, the latter more
finely. Middle and posterior tibiz with distinct ridges on the outer edge.
Length .24 inch; 6 mm.

This species differs from all the other black ones in our fauna by
its form, the rather widely separated eyes and the almost uniform
color of the antennz. The eyes are nearly as widely separated as
the width of either eye as seen from above.

Occurs in Canada, Wisconsin and Nebraska.

E. tomentosus Say, Journ. Acad. 1827, p. 293; edit. Lee., ii, p. 305; niger
Mels., Proc. Acad, 1846, p. 58.—Oval, moderately convex, equally obtuse at either
extremity, brown, moderately shining, with short brown pubescence, body he-
neath and legs a little paler than above. Antenne uniformly pale brown. Eyes
as widely separated on the front as their own width. Thorax closely, not densely
punctured, the basal impressions very indistinct. Elytra striato-punctate, the
punctures not coarse, becoming fine posteriorly, and at apical third not distin-
guishable from those of the intervals, these latter dense and somewhat rough.
Prosternum coarsely punctured, the side pieces granulate-punctate and sub-
opaque. Abdomen densely and somewhat roughly punctate. Middle and poste-
rior tibiv with distinct transverse ridges on their outer edge. Length .18 —.20
inch: 4.5—5 mm.

This species is scarcely at all variable. The eyes are more widely
separated than in any other Eustrophus and approach the form seen
in Holostrophus. The underside of the thorax is even more roughly
sculptured than in arizonensis.

Occurs from the New England States westward to Dacota and
Towa.

36 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

HOLOSTROPHUS 0». ¢.
Under this name I have separated three species which differ as
follows, while possessing, otherwise, the characters of Eustrophus:
Eyes very widely separated on the front, scarcely emarginate in
front and not prolonged over the insertion of the antenne. Last
joint of maxillary palpi oval, obliquely truncate (cylindrical in Eus-
trophus). Prosternum more widely separating the cox, prolonged
behind them and slightly broader at apex. Mesosternum prolonged
in an obtuse keel, but not mucronate at apex. Fourth joint of an-
tenn not shorter than the fifth. Elytra without striz of punctures.
Middle and posterior tibize without ridges on outer edge.
The species here referred may be separated in the following
manner :
Apex of prosternum distinctly margined at tip and sides.
Surface very densely and finely punctured ; color uniformly brown; basal im-
PLESSIONPOH WNOTAx LINGaT seas ee seeeneen recess peeeeee impressicollis.
Apex of prosternum not margined.
Surface densely, but not very finely punctured ; color brown, elytra with two
wide yellow bands, broadly interrupted by the suture ; basal impression
Of thOTaX, MN CAI., tc.- vesessnesco0- ster teen meee eee nena bifasciatus.
Surface more coarsely, not densely punctured ; color brown, the elytra gradu-
ally paler to base; basal impression of thorax very vague. somewhat
triangular..-...... Bets ak Mea een oaaee Jawlaabe det ean teaaeeC eee ee eee discolor.

H. impressicollis Lec. (£ustrophus), Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 1874, p. 69.—
Elongate-oval, depressed, distinctly narrowed posteriorly, brown, feebly shining,
sparsely clothed with short brown pubescence. Antenne reddish-brown, the
last joint a little paler. Eyes entirely lateral, not extending above the insertion
of the antenne. Thorax very finely and moderately densely punctured, the
basal impressions rather long, linear and sharply defined. Elytra punctured
similar to the thorax, a faint trace of a sutural stria. Prosternum coarsely punc-
tured, the apex rounded and distinctly margined, the side pieces densely and
finely punctured. Metasternum at sides rather coarsely punctured. Abdomen
densely and very finely punctured. Length .20 inch; 5 mm.

In this species the antennze are rather more slender than the other
two, the outer joints being less transverse. The uniform color of
the body and the fine, dense punctuation will enable this species to
be at once known.

Occurs in Nevada, Vancouver and Washington Territory. Three
specimens have been seen in the collections of Dr. LeConte and
myself.

H. bifasciatus Say ( Lustrophus), Long's Exped. ii, 1824, p. 282; edit. Lee.
i, p. 186; quadrimaculatus Mels., Proc. Acad. 1846, p. 58.—Oval, distinctly nar-
rowed posteriorly, moderately convex, reddish-brown, elytra piceous, with two
broad yellow bands interrupted at the suture, surface moderately shining, clothed

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. ol

with short pubescence of the color of the surface. Antenne pale reddish-brown,
the terminal joint somewhat paler. Eyes entirely lateral. Thorax finely and
closely punctate, the basal impressions short and linear. Elytra closely finely
punctate, the punctures slightly muricate. Prosternum coarsely punctate, the
apex oval acute, not margined, the side pieces less coarsely punctate, but more
closely. Metasternum coarsely sparsely punctate. Abdomen densely punctured,
the punctures very fine at apex, becoming gradually coarser toward the base.
Length .16 —.20 inch ; 4—5 mm.

The outer joints of antennze 8-9-10 are transverse, the tenth
twice as wide as long. The yellow fascize are broadly interrupted at
the suture, and their edges are somewhat sinuous, especially in the
case of the anterior one.

Occurs from Massachusetts to Virginia and Tennessee.

H. discolor n. sp.—Oval, convex, distinctly narrowed posteriorly, reddish-
brown beneath, darker above, the elytra gradually paler to base, surface moder-
ately shining, sparsely clothed with short brownish hair Antenne with first
five and the last joint reddish-yellow, the intermediate joints piceous. Head
moderately coarsely punctate, eyes entirely lateral. Thorax relatively coarsely
not closely punctate, with few extremely fine interstitial punctures, basal im-
pressions vague. Elytral punctures a little coarser than those of the thorax and
not closely placed. Prosternum sparsely distinctly punctate, the apical prolon-
gation obtuse and not margined, the side pieces coarsely sparsely punctate in
front, smooth behind. Metasternum coarsely sparsely punctate. Abdomen more
closely and finely punctate, Length .14—.16 ineh; 3.5—4 mm.

This species is similar in form to bifasciatus. The punctuation of
the surface, although not coarse, is very conspicuous, and seems
coarse in comparison with that of the other species. The antennze
have the bicolored tendency of Eustrophus. The thorax is dark
brown, the elytra reddish-brown, becoming paler to the base.

Two specimens collected in Virginia by Mr. Ulke, to whom I
must again acknowledge my indebtedness, not only for one of these
specimens, but also for the great freedom permitted in the use of his

cabinet during a recent visit.

ORCHESEA Latr.

Hitherto but two species have been known in our fauna so nearly
alike, except in size, that many collectors doubt their specific dis-
tinctness. The occurrence of a new species in the Pacific region
affords the opportunity for giving the differences between them all.
Prosternum between the coxe very narrow and acute at apex.

Luteous or ochreous, the elytra ornate with piceous spots and a fascia.

ornata.

CAShANCOUSLOTMOLO WIN MUMMLOLID...cscessrssseos- ce cceccoee sseaccssslacecesess castanea.
Prosternum between the coxe broader and parallel, the apex obtuse.

Castaneous or brown, uniform. ........ Siaceeenscessreodes Fe eee gracilis.

38 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

The species are remarkable in having the spurs of the middle and
posterior tibize finely pectinate on their inner or lower edge. The
last two species have the eyes moderately closely approximate on the
front, while in ornata they are distant. For the Scandinavian spe-
cies of the former type Thomson (Skand. Col. vi, p. 306) retains the
name Orchesia, while for the ornate form Clinocera is used. The
latter name has not been generally adopted.

®. ornata n. sp.—Very elongate oval, narrower behind, luteous or ochreous,
moderately shining, surface clothed with fine yellowish pubescence, elytra with
piceous markings. Front densely punctured, three vague impressions, one near
each eye, a third on the occiput. Thorax much broader than long, sides arcuate,
broadest slightly in front of the middle, surface densely punctured, the basal
impressions well marked and oblique. Elytra densely punctured. slightly rugu-
lose near the base, an oval, oblique piceous spot on each elytron near the base, a
sinuous fascia one-third from apex, a small piceous spot close to the apex. Body
beneath densely punctured, the abdomen very finely. Prosternum very narrow
at tip and acute. Length .18 inch; 4.5 mm.

This species is the first representative of the genus from the west
coast. The eyes are more distant on the front than in either of the
other species, and, in view of a similar occurrence in Eustrophus,
does not seem to warrant the division of the genus. That the elytra
are ornamented with a design adds another to the many evidences
of the similarity of our west coast fauna to that of Europe.

Occurs in Washington Territory and Oregon.

©. castanea Mels., Proc. Acad. 1846, p. 51.—Elongate, scarcely more acute
posteriorly, castaneous or brown, pubescence silken brown. Eyes closely ap-
proximated on the front. Thorax rather coarsely punctured near the base, more
finely in front, the basal impressions vague. Elytra punctured similarly to the
thorax, the punctures gradually finer to the apex. Body beneath very closely
punctate, the abdomen more finely. Prosternum narrow and acute at apex.
Length .14 —.20 inch; 3.5—5 mm.

Occurs from Massachusetts to Michigan, southward to Virginia.
0. gracilis Mels., loc. cit —Similar to castanea, but more slender, more nar-
rowed posteriorly, sculpture coarser and more rugose ; basal impressions of thorax

indistinct. Prosternum parallel between the cox and obtuse at tip. Length
.14—.16 inch; 3.5—4 mm.

The differences between this species and the preceding are more
entitled to generic value than those used to separate species of the
ornata type.

Occurs from Pennsylvania to Louisiana.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 3

HYPULUS Payk.

This name is here adopted as the correct name of the genus, Dircea
often used, having for its undoubted type barbatus, which is in turn
the type of the older genus Serropalpus.

In examining the characters used by authors in separating Dirczea
and Phloeotrva there does not seem to be any difference. Lacordaire
uses the insertion of the antennz which is entirely illusory. Duval
finds the maxillary palpi distinctly dentate in Phloeotrya and the
anterior tarsi not dilated, while in Dirczea the palpi are distinctly
dentate and the tarsi dilated. These are purely sexual characters.
The males of all the species studied in our fauna have the palpi more
serrate, the last joint longer, the anterior tarsi dilated. Thomson
(Skand. Col. vi) adopts Mulsant’s determination of the genera and
his Hypulus does not contain the Paykull type.

In our books the name Hypulus should replace Dirczea, and Mys-
taxus replace Hypulus. Mystaxus Aug. has never been character-
ized by that author, but has been sufficiently described since, and the
name is certainly as well worthy of adoption as many of the Erich-
son genera, which pass without question.

In all the species before me the males have the anterior tarsi rather
widely dilated and the last ventral segment truncate or emarginate.
In the males of fuscu the ventral segments 2-3-4 have a transverse
space at middle more densely and finely punctured and with the
pubescence denser. Unfortunately, the male of Vaudoueri sent me
by Fauvel has no abdomen, although it is quite certain that this and
fusca are identical.

The species known to me are as follows :

Marginal line of thorax not visible in front of the middle of the sides............ 2
Marcinalelimeentine, reac hin he APEX. --cvescr.essorcees -cccscavelesresents\eectveces/sanse sense
2.—Thorax rather roughly granulate, elytra densely anal finely punctured,
pronus.
Thorax simply punctured.
PU VPRAL EMILE kympPLCCOMStesec=se=eleneve stances arecorsi-sclaeeceesesnca/sceaceses Riversii.
Elytra with two yellow bands..............02...c.ssses vecsssecs consecess bicinctus.

3._-Antenne slender, joints longer than wide.
Thorax shining, simply punctate ; elytra ornate with yellow spots of irreg-

ADL aes Neato Caeser reete nee sces feccoeece ope eres sacsesecaercase. canes sees lituratus.
Thorax opaque rugulose, elytra brown.. ....... ...........--. Vaudoueri.

Antenne with joints somewhat triangular, nearly as wide as long.
concolor.

H. pronus Lec. (Dircea), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1878, p. 426.
Our largest species; of uniform ferruginous brown color and fine

40 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

pubescence. It is very obtuse in front, the head strongly deflexed.
Length .48 inch; 12 mm.

Occurs at Enterprise, Florida.

H. Riversii Lec. (Dircea), Trans. Am. Ent. Soe. 1884, p. 29 (posthumous).

Dark brown or piceous, moderately shining, the pubescence short,
sparse and indistinct. Similar in form to litwratus. Length .82—.44
inch; 8—11 mm.

In this species the punctuation of the thorax is coarser than in any
other, although preserving its simple and distinct character. On
the elytra the punctuation at base is somewhat intermixed, but not
to the extent observed in /itwratus.

Occurs in California, Sylvania. A number of specimens have
been sent me by Mr. Rivers, the males three times more numerous
than the females.

H. bicinetus n. sp.—Elongate, scarcely narrowed behind, moderately con-
vex, piceous, moderately shining, very finely and sparsely pubescent, thorax
margined at base and apex with yellow, elytra with two yellow bands. An-
tenn slender, piceo-testaceous. Head vertical, not visible from above, densely
and finely punctured. Thorax not longer than wide, narrower in front, sides
regularly arcuate, base truncate and slightly narrower, surface moderately
densely and finely punctured, the basal impressions absent. Elytra finely and
closely punctate, the punctures less distinct toward the apex, color piceous, a
broad yellow band on each elytron arcuate, convex in front, not reaching the
suture, one-third from base, a second narrow sigmoid band one-third from apex
crossing the suture. Body beneath finely, but moderately punctate. Legs
brownish. Length .14 inch; 3.5 mm.

This species is the smallest known to me. It is the second of the
group discovered on the Pacific coast, and is rather of the type of
some of the European species. The lateral margin of the thorax is
distinct near the base only, and the marginal line does not extend in
front of the middle. This structure is also observed in the two pre-
ceding species.

Occurs at Sylvania, California. L. E. Ricksecker.

H. lituratus Lec. (Dircea), List. Col. N. A. p. 66; quadrimaculatus || Say
(Serropalpus), Long’s Exp. ii, p. 283; edit. Lec., i, p. 187; Hald., Journ. Acad.
1848, p. 98..—Elongate oval, narrower behind, convex, brown or piceous, moder-
ately shining, sparsely pubescent. Antenne uniformly brown. Thorax with
apical border pale, surface moderately closely and finely punctate, not rugulose,
the marginal line entire. Elytra moderately closely punctate, somewhat smoother
posteriorly, the punctures near the base unequal, color brown, with a yellow spot
behind the humeri somewhat in shape like the letter H with the transverse bar
broad, posteriorly a sinuous band one-third from apex interrupted at the suture.

Body beneath densely and finely punctured, the abdomen similarly punctured in
the sexes. Length .30—.44 inch; 7.5—11 mm.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. Al

In the males the anterior tarsi are dilated as usual, and the last
ventral segment emarginate. The markings vary somewhat on the
elytra, but not greatly from that described.

Occurs from Canada to Virginia and Missouri. The males seem
the more rare.

H. Vaudoueri Muls. (Phlwotrya), Col. Fr. Barbip. p. 79, pl. i, fig. 11; fusca
Lee. (Dircea), Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1878, p. 619.—Elongate, cylindrical, slightly
depressed, dark brown, feebly shining, sparsely clothed with short brown pubes-
cence. Antenne slender, ferruginous, outer joints all longer than wide. Front
moderately closely punctate. Thorax usually a little longer than wide, apical
margin usually paler, surface densely punctured, opaque, more or less rugulose,
sometimes slightly confluent transversely, the basal impressions wanting or very
vague. Elytra with very vague cost, the surface less coarsely punctured than
the thorax, except near the base, toward the apex the punctures become rapidly
finer and the surface more shining. Body beneath moderately coarsely punc-

tured, the abdomen more densely and finely. Legs reddish-brown. Length
7—9.5 mm.

.28 —.37 inch; 7

In the males the anterior tarsi are dilated, the last ventral segment
emarginate. Segments 2-3-4 of the abdomen have at middle a
transverse space of denser punctuation and pubescence.

By means of a specimen kindly sent me by Mr. Fauvel I am ena-
bled to realize the identity of our species with that previously de-
scribed by Mulsant in Europe.

This species seems very rare in Europe, and is by no means com-
monly met with here, although widely diffused, and differs slightly in
the various localities. In some specimens the thorax is very dis-
tinctly rugulose, almost finely granulate, in others the punctuation
is almost simple. As a general rule the larger specimens have the
rougher thorax, the costze of the elytra more distinct and the basal
fovee of thorax more evident.

From a study of my specimens and a reading of Duval’s account
of the differences between Vaudoueri and Stephensii, it seems that
these should be carefully studied before further continuing them as
distinet.

Our species extends across the continent from Nova Scotia to
California, and as far south as North Carolina.

H. concolor Lec. (Dircea) New Species, 1866, p. 149.

Very similar in form and color to the preceding species, but much
smaller, differing especially in the following particulars :

Antenne very little longer than the head and thorax, piceous, the three basal

joints testaceous, joints 6—10 not longer than wide. Leys fuscous, the tarsi
paler. Length .25 inch; 6 mm.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (6) APRIL, 1888.

42 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

The males have the anterior tarsi dilated and the last ventral
feebly emarginate. The segments 2-3-4 have the densely punctured
and pubescent transverse space extending nearly from side to side,
although interrupted at middle.

r i c: . 5 » .

Two specimens have been seen, both from Pennsylvania. I am
indebted to Mr. Ulke for the loan of his specimen.

MALLODRYA 0. ¢.

Form elongate, not very convex, recalling Melandrya or Emmesa.
Maxillary palpi robust, not serrate, the last joint triangular, the
distal side arcuate. Mandibles entire at apex. Labrum moderately
prominent, entire. Eyes oval, lateral, slightly emarginate by the
sides of front. Head prominent, very slightly narrowed behind the
eyes, these distant from the thorax, the frontal suture distinct. An-
tenn reaching the hind angles of the thorax, not thicker externally
nor serrate, first joint conical, second small oval, third longest, fourth
slightly shorter, joints 4-10 gradually shorter, eleventh longer, oval.
Anterior coxze oval, moderately prominent, narrowly separated by
the acute prosternum, the coxal cavities with a very slight fissure
externally, the trochantin not visible. Middle coxze not prominent,
separated by the mesosternum, which is slightly oblique in front, the
coxal cavities open externally, the trochantin visible. Metasternum
of moderate length, the side pieces rather wide. Legs moderate,
tibial spurs short, tarsi slender, the penultimate joint not excavato-
emarginate nor lobed beneath. Tarsal claws simple, merely slightly
broader at base.

This genus is instituted for a rather inconspicuous species resem-
bling a depressed Melandrya or an Emmesa, which cannot be made
to enter any of the recognized subdivisions of the family. While
related by many of its characters to Melandrya and the closely as-
sociated genera, it differs from all of them by the slender tarsi, the
penultimate joint not being excavato-emarginate and the anterior
tarsi not dilated in the males.

M. sub:zenea n. sp.—Oblong, moderately convex, piceous with faint eneous
surface lustre, moderately shining, with short, sparse brown hair. Head moder-
ately coarsely and closely punctate. Thorax nearly twice as wide as long. nar-
rower at apex, sides arcuate in front, a very slight sinuation posteriorly, the hind
angles rectangular, margin distinct in its entire extent, disc moderately convex,
median line distinctly impressed, basal impressions deep and rather broad, ex-
tending in front of middle, surface moderately coarsely and closely punctate,
base bisinuate. Elytra coarsely and moderately deeply punctate, closely placed
in the basal and seutellar regions, then gradually finer and sparser toward the

_ ~

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 43

sides and apex. Body beneath piceous, coarsely punctate, the sides of the pro-
thorax especially so, the abdomen more finely, with sparse pubescence. Legs
piceous. Length .25—.34 inch; 6-—8.5 mm.

The elytra have no traces of strize and the costze so often observed
in the family are entirely wanting.

Occurs in southern Ohio collected by Mr. Charles Dury.

A recent study of the Melandryidze makes it evident that the sub-
divisions are somewhat unnatural. By the removal of those genera
with slender tarsi the relationship of the tribes to each other becomes
more evident and the genera have a more natural sequence.

The following is the scheme proposed :

Penultimate joint of all the tarsi simple; the anterior tarsi of male not dilated..2.

Penultimate joint of the tarsi excavato-emarginate,* more or less lobed beneath :

ADberonaarsl Ot males CIAO. , dacec.00cecees cacebeacccchs, cocdcsensccoshsecoacceee De

2.—Tarsal claws cleft to the base ; middle coxze prominent and contiguous.
Stenotrachelini.

Tarsal claws not cleft; middle coxee not prominent, separated..................3.
3.—Antenne with last four joints suddenly larger, forming a perfoliate club.

Tetratomini.

Anihennas praduallliys thicker, OL fliOVIMs c-.c.sce0csccs. ce. -cccanactcvecevsess ieeccdece es 4,

4.—Front coxal cavities with an external fissure, more or Man distinet.
Third joint of antenne elongate ; anterior coxee not prominent, separated

by prosternum......... Seat aSaenee tee cesses sto: soeeseees Penthini.
Third joint of antennz not much longer than fourth.
Anterior coxe not prominent, rather widely separated... Synehroini.
Anterior coxz moderately prominent and nearly contiguous.

Mallodryini.

Front coxal cavities without fissure....-.... .-.<-25 .s.sscees cssovseee Orchesiini.
5.—Tarsal claws simple, or very slightly broader at base.

Headinob constricted DeMInd)<c..c..5 secen<s--s2-seseeeceses corse Melandryini.

Head suddenly constricted behind the eyes............ 20.08 Scraptiini.

Tarsal claws appendiculate.
Middle coxal cavities enclosed by the sterna, the head more or less pro-
longed in a.-beak ; margin of thorax evident at base only.

Mycterini.
Middle coxal cavities open externally, head not prolonged; lateral margin
OAMURO LARS EMUIME NA CULO cceccs sicee once sccel-cstere cues cseccoree soeees Nothini.

STENOPRACHELINI. This tribe remains as at present in the books
and contains Stenotrachelus and Scotodes, each represented by one
species.

TETRATOMINI consists of the single genus Tetratoma with three
species.

* Serropalpus and Allopoda make a slight exception, the penultimate joint of
the hind tarsi being simple.

44 GEO. H. HORN, M.D.

PENTHINI is represented by Penthe with two species.

SyNCHROINI, Synchroa with one species.

MALLODRYINT is instituted for a new genus, Mallodrya, with one
species, with which I am at present inclined to associate Sphalma
quadricollis, formerly placed in the Pythide.

ORCHESIINI remains the same as in the Classification, with the
addition of Holostrophus formed by the division of Hustrophus.

MELANDRYINI by the removal of certain disturbing elements for-
merly considered as subordinate groups, the Melandryini form a very
homogeneous central series in the family. With an increase of spe-
cies it is not quite so easy to subdivide the tribe into subordinate
groups, but there are three fairly indicated groups illustrated by
Melandrya, Serropalpus and Hypulus.

SCRAPTIINI remains as at present constituted.

Mycrerint is unchanged.

NoruHrnt contain the genus Nothus alone. There is not perfect
accord as to the name. Osphya, often used is merely a name men-
tioned in a foot note. Four years later Olivier gave the name Nothus
with a description sufficient at the time, and I think, with Lacordaire,
that the name should be adopted.

PYTHIDA.

TRIMITOMERUS 0. ¢.

Mentum transverse, concave, truncate in front, ligula short, palpi
three-jointed, the first two equal, the third slightly longer. Mavxil-
lary palpi not elongate, four-jointed, first joint short, second twice as
long, third shorter than second, fourth as long as second, compressed
cylindrical, slightly broader toward apex. Mandibles prominent,
stout, acute at tip, a tooth within the apex. Labrum short, broadly
emarginate. Head rather large, slightly narrowed behind the eyes.
Eyes large, prominent, coarsely granulated and very slightly emar-
ginate in front. Antennz long, first joint stout, but not long ; joints
2-8 moniliform, the third slightly longer, joints 9-11 elongate, to-
gether twice as long as the preceding joints, joints 9-10 nearly equal
in length their inner apical angle somewhat prolonged, joint 11 nearly
as long as the two preceding, broader at its basal half. Thorax oval,
slightly transverse, laterai margin very obtuse. Scutellum rounded
at tip. Elytra widest at base, gradually narrowed to apex. Ante-
rior coxee conical, prominent and contiguous, the prosternum very
narrowly prolonged between them. Mesosternum horizontal, the

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 45

coxve conical, oblique, contiguous, the cavities narrowly separated.
Legs slender, moderately long. Tarsi slender, the last joint longer
on the front and middle feet, first jomt longer on the hind feet.

The head and thorax in form are not unlike that of Crymodes, the
elytra are, however, narrowed toward the apex, being quite excep-
tional in the family. The general organization is that of the true
Pythidze as defined by Lacordaire. The antennz are, however, very
remarkable, and are not unlike those of many genera of Anobiini.
The first eight joints are smooth with a few hairs, the last three
opaque, the surface very finely punctured and apparently sensitive.

T. Riversii n. sp.— Moderately elongate, dark castaneous, elytra yellowish
testaceous, surface shining. Head brown, densely coarsely punctured posteriorly,
more sparsely in front, a slight concavity at middle of clypeus. Thorax casta-
neous, shining, sparsely punctate, disc slightly flattened, a vague oblique depres-
sion each side of middle, the two converging posteriorly. Elytra yellowish tes-
taceous or luteous, very shining, punctures rather sparse and indistinct at base,
more distinct near apex, margin with short cilie. Body beneath piceous, nearly
smooth. Abdomen darker. Legs brown. Length .47 inch; 12 mm. P). iii, fig. 26.

The specimen before me is a male. The last ventral segment is
broadly, but rather deeply triangularly emarginate, the last dorsal
slightly emarginate. It is possible that the form of the antenne may
be merely sexual, or at least the female antennz may not have the
last three joints so elongate.

One specimen from Arizona kindly given me by Mr. J. J. Rivers,
of the University of California.

PYTHO Latr.

The species of this genus, although few in number, seem to be
misunderstood, more from the fact that the descriptions are scattered
than from any real trouble in separating them. The following notes
will assist in the determination :

Base of thorax constricted, forming a collar; median line of thorax broad and
Gre meee iene «Pepin daw an oeal-tenrsh=2 percep save accu ct emcsecsseteses cece ses strictus.

Base of thorax not constricted, Fie sides arcuate from the front to hind angles;
median line of thorax fine.

Color, when mature, black, shining; legs black, surface without metallic lustre ;

prosternum in front and gula not punctate......... sec seer wssteceraapyae ds niger.

Color piceous or castaneous; legs and underside reddish-yellow, surface blue

or violet, even when partly immature; prosternum more or less punctate,
gula transversely wrinkled....... .... .:5..06.+.0.s Meee eceees americanus.

P. strietus Lec., New Species, 1866, p. 168.
All the specimens seen are brownish with paler elytra, the surface
without metallic lustre.

46 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

This species is the representative in our fauna of kolvensis Sahlb.
The latter does not have the thorax constricted at base, but the me-
dian line is broad and the middle of the dise depressed below the
level of the sides as in strictus.

Occurs from Canada to Pennsylvania.

P. americanus Kby., Faun. Bor. Am. iv, p. 165; deplanatus Mann., Bull.
Mose. 1853, iii, p. 268.

Beneath, legs and antennze rufous, head and thorax piceous, elytra
somewhat paler, surface with a bluish or violet lustre.

Varies with the elytra, or even the entire surface pale.

This species represents, in our fauna, depressus Linn., of Europe,
and may even be identical with it.

The form described by Mannerheim is merely a poorly developed,
immature specimen ; similar have been seen.

Occurs from Canada to North Carolina.

P. niger Kby., Faun. Bor. Am. iv, p. 164.

Black, shining, without metallic lustre ; legs black or brown.

In this species the underside may be paler, but never as pale as in
americanus.

Occurs from Canada to New England States.

In the males of Pytho the antennz are longer than in the female,
joints 1-6 being very obviously longer than wide, 7-10 as wide as
long, 11 longer. In the female joints 1-5 are longer, 6-10 wider
than long, 11 a little longer. In nearly all females the base of the
elytra is smooth, while in many males it is distinctly punctured.

PYROCHROIDE.
DENDROIDES Lair.

The species are separable in the following manner :
Thorax rather coarsely punctate.
Elytra piceous.
%,. Ramus of third antennal joint arising very near the distal end; last

joint scarcely as long as the three preceding.............. bicolor 4%.
©. Free angle of third joint distinctly prolonged; last joint equal to two
PIOCEGIN Gs -.ceccs) es -0s saaseele vos rac dadetaat er eelastaes one See nvecoeaase bicolor °.

Thorax smooth and shining.
Elytra piceous.
%. Ramus of third joint arising near the distal end; last joint as long as
the five preceding............ deetacss ect vetes peek Gee senaces: co sseneen picipes 4%.
Elytra testaceous.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. AT

Thorax distinctly longer than wide.
%. Ramus of third joint arising a little behind the distal end ; last joint
ASPLONL AS GE MiVenpre COGN. .cc<cuc-eeeuccmacsiveceee colacec concolor 4%.
©. Third joint distinctly prolonged, the fourth with a process half as
long as the fifth joint; last joint as long as the two preceding.
concolor °.
Thorax as wide as long.
%. Ramus of third joint near the end; last joint as long as the four
preceding........ fede susede hues aNanauees ses wees casseieeiee ephemeroides 4%.
Q. Joints 3-4-5 with free angle not prolonged, the sixth slightly, the
rami of the following joints gradually longer, but in no case longer
than the joint; last joint as long as the two preceding.
ephemeroides °.

D. bicolor Newm., Ent. Mag. v. p. 375; canadensis Lee., Proc. Acad. 1855,
Dodo:

This species is usually known under the latter name and credited
to Latreille. The latter author never named the species, and the
first mention of the name is in Encye. Meth. Ins. x, p. 261, where
there is also no description. To Newman we owe the first description
—brief, but sufficient.

The thorax, scutellum, underside of body and legs are rufotesta-
ceous, the rest of the body piceous. Thorax sparsely punctate.
Elytra moderately coarsely and closely punctate, the surface with
short, semi-erect brown hair. Length .82—.55 inch; 8—14 mm.

The males are always smaller and have a narrower and less coarsely
punctured thorax. The fifth ventral is broadly, but not deeply emar-
ginate, the sixth, usually visible, feebly emarginate. In the females
the fifth segment is broadly obtuse, the sixth not visible. The eyes
are large and contiguous on the front as in all the species of the
genus, while the female eyes are moderately separated.

Occurs from Canada to Florida and westward beyond the Missis-
sippi River.

D. picipes Horn, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 1880, p. 154.

This species is almost entirely piceous, the scutellum, pro- and
mesothorax, femora at base and anterior coxee rufotestaceous. The
thorax is smooth, as in the following species, the elytral sculpture
denser and coarser than in bicolor, which it otherwise resembles.
Length .42—.51 inch; 11—18 mm.

In the male the fifth ventral segment is truncate, the sixth feebly
notched at middle.

Occurs in Washington Territory and northern California.

48 GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

D. concolor Newm., Ent. Mag. v, p. 375; Lec., loc. cit.

Entirely pale yellowish testaceous. Thorax distinctly longer than
wide in both sexes, surface smooth, the median longitudinal impres-
sion visible at base only. Length .55—.50 inch ; 9—13 mm.

The fifth ventral of the male is broadly truncate, the sixth feebly
notched. The fifth of male is broadly rounded.

Occurs in Canada and the northern portions of the adjacent States.

D. ephemeroides Mann. (Pogonocerus), Bull. Mosc. 1852, p. 348 ; testaceus
Lec., Proc. Acad. 1855, p. 275.

This species is very like the preceding in form, color and sculpture.

I 4 g ,

The thorax in both sexes is not longer than wide, and the median
line is more or less impressed in its entire length. Length .50—.56
inch; 12.5—14 mm.

The ventral sexual characters are the same as in concolor.

Occurs from Canada to Washington Territory and Vancouver and
to Alaska.

Pyrochroa fuscicollis Mann., Bull. Mosc. 1854, iv, p. 301; Motsch.
Schrenks Reise, p. 143.

Mr. Otto Lugger, of Baltimore, has given me two 9 specimens of
this species collected in Alaska. It was originally described from
Kamtschatka, so that its occurrence in Alaska is possible.

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III.

Fig. 1. Larva of Glyptus sculptilis as seen from above.

Fig. 2. The same, lateral view. Fig. 3. Head as seen from the side.
Fig. 4. Clypeus, mandible and antenna.

Fig. 5. Mentum and maxilla. Fig. 6. Mandible seen from beneath.
Fig. 7. Leg of Glyptus larva.

Fig. 8. Larva of Polyphylla decemlineata natural size.

Fig. 9. Head seen from above. Fig. 10. Head, lateral view.

Fig. 12, Maxilla, seen from beneath.

Fig. 138. Mentum, the lower side. Fig. 14. Mentum, the inner side.
Fig. 15. Anterior leg. Fig. 16. Posterior leg.

Fig. 17. Larva of Platypsylla castoris, upper view, magnified fifty diameters.
Fig. 18. View of underside.

Fig. 19. Underside of head, with mouth parts.

Fig. 20. Antenna of left side, seen from beneath.

. Front leg. Fig. 22. Posterior leg.

3. Mouth parts of Agialites debilis; a, mentum and ligula; b, maxilla; e¢,
mandible from beneath; d, mandible, upper side.

. Mouth parts of Othnius lugubris ; a, maxilla; 6, mentum, ligula and
palpi of % ; c, mandible.

. Anillus explanatus Horn.

Fig. 26. Trimitomerus Riversii Horn.

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3 38

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NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 49

A MONOGRAPH OF THE SPHINGID-E
of America North of Mexico.

BY JOHN B. SMITH.

Early in 1885 I gave a short paper on the genera of the N. A.
Sphingide, as one of a series of introductory papers published in
“Entomologica Americana.” In this considerable changes were
made from the classification usually accepted by American authors
and quite a number of genera merged. The paper called forth a
criticism from Prof. Fernald, who was working on the New England
forms of the same family, as a whole appreciative in tone, but dis-
agreeing in the fusion of some of the genera, and calling attention
to some few inaccuracies which had crept in, mainly the result of a
loose use of language. Prof. Fernald suggests, from the result of his
studies, that a study of more species would probably modify my
opinions in the direction of further generic division. The professor
was right; since that time I have lost no opportunity of adding to
my notes, which formed a goodly number of pages before this paper
was begun. I have seen nearly every species, and of most I have
made thorough study—in an isolated way it is true, and at odd times,
as I saw the species, but sufficient to enable me to complete the work
at this time with the U. 8S. National Museum collection (now in-
cluding my own) which represents the great majority of all the
species, except in the Macroglossine, in which it is comparatively
poor.

I have drawn liberally for my descriptions on Prof. Fernald’s
work, and have freely reproduced the original descriptions of larvee
and imagos where they were sufficiently full, in all cases, however,
comparing them with the insects themselves where possible. Prof.
Riley has very kindly placed at my disposal all his notes in the
family, and I have made use of them in many cases to solve doubts,
without special acknowledgement. There is hardly a collector: or
collection that has not in some way contributed or aided in this paper
at odd times and often unknown to himself, and all have my sincere
thanks.

~]

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. ( APRIL, 1888.

D0 JOHN B. SMITH.

In the present paper I have changed, considerably, my views as
given in the synopsis above cited, and in the direction suggested by
Prof. Fernald. I have no apology to offer for this, since the prin-

cipal changes are the result, less of corrected observation, than of

the advisability of adopting generic terms for certain fairly well
marked divisions or. sections of the genus Sphinz. The genera
adopted in the Sphingidw are very largely opinionative. It rests
merely on individual opinion as to what value is to be given them—
whether we will with Boisduval have a large genus with numerous
sections, or with Butler have small, compact genera, each name ex-
pressing a definite idea, less of structure than of appearance or
habitus. I have adopted the latter view in this paper, though I have
not carried it to the extent of some of the recent authors. From
the other point of view the subfamily Sphingide would contain only
the genera Argeus, Dilophonota, Sphinx, Cautethia and Ellema, the
genera Ceratomia, Daremma, Protoparce, Diludia, Hyloicus and Dolba,
being comprised under the generic term Sphinx. The assemblage
thus constituted is unwieldy, and the generic term loses definiteness.
The smaller genera are susceptible of sufficiently accurate definition
to enable them to be readily recognized.

The family Sphingida, as here treated, corresponds with the Sphina
legitime of Linnaeus, and the family characteristics are as follows:

Body robust, yet generally graceful ; abdomen long, conic, usually
cylindric, rarely depressed, often tufted at the sides and at tip. Head
usually large, rarely retracted ; eyes often prominent, naked, some-
times lashed, never hairy. Palpi usually well developed, never ab-
normally so, reaching the middle of front, its clothing often forming
a short, conic, obtuse snout. Tongue usually long and strong, often
much exceeding the length of the insect itself, sometimes obsolete.
The thorax is robust, oval, convex, rarely somewhat depressed, often
considerably produced in front of the base of primaries. The an-
tennze are peculiar; they are prismatic, the joints, as a rule, with
hexagonal sides, the top and bottom flat ; sometimes they are almost
clavate, with an abrupt little hook at tip; more usually, in the
typical genera they are thickest in the middle with a similar tip;
quite commonly they are fusiform, the terminal hook long and
gradual, usually recurved, but often simply curved. The wings are
usually comparatively small and narrow, the primaries with usually
acute apices and oblique outer margin, the inner margin always
much shorter than the costal, outer margin sometimes angulated and
dentate.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Dill

The venation is distinctive. The primaries may have eleven or
twelve veins; vein one, the dorsal, submedian, or internal vein (sub-
median nervure) runs from root to the internal angle, and is furcate
at base. The discal cell is usually very short and narrow, rarely
more than one-third the length of costa. From the median vein,
forming the lower margin of cell, two (medio posterior nervule), is
given off usually basad the middle; vein three (medio central ner-
vule) starts from the same vein nearer its end; vein four (medio
superior nervule) runs from the end of the median to usually about
the middle of the outer margin. The cross vein closing the cell
(discal nervure) is usually oblique, and from it near its middle,
though usually nearer to four than six, vein five (disco central ner-
vule) runs to the outer margin. The subcostal is usually close to the
costa and gives off at its outer third, vein eleven (first subcosto mar-
ginal nervule); half way from this point to the tip arises vein nine
(third subcosto marginal nervule), which may or may not branch
near its termination in costa; according as it branches or not, the
wing has either eleven or twelve veins; it is an inconstant factor,
varying in the same species; usually it is not branched. From the
end of the subcostal arise six and eight; the latter (subcosto apical
nervule) to the apex, giving off seven basad the middle (subcosto post-
apical nervule) to the outer margin; six (subcosto inferior nervule
runs to the margin. Vein twelve, the costal vein runs to the cos:a,
free from base at a variable distance therefrom.

The secondaries have two internal veins, 1 a and 1 6 (internal and
submedian). The cell is usually short and small here also; it gives
rise to two, three and four (medio posterior, m. central and m. supe-
rior nervules), the latter from the end. The cross vein is oblique,
giving rise to five (disco central nervule) at about its middle ; veins
six and seven (subcosto postapical and s. ¢. apical) from the end of
the subcostal, or on a short stalk from that point; vein eight (costal
vein) free from costa to the costal margin above the apex ; it is con-
nected near base with the subcostal vein by a short branch (inter-
costal nervure). This venation is typical of the family and thor-
oughly constant in all its modifications.

Throughout this paper I have followed the European (Continental)
practice of indicating the veins by numbers rather than names.
This has been recently objected to by Dr. Packard, as unscientific,
but I prefer to be unscientific until some nomenclature is generally
agreed upon. At all events it seems much more simple to refer to

De JOHN B. SMITH.

vein seven, than to the “subcosto postapical nervule,” and where
the number of veins is so uniform and the relative position of the
veins so Constant as it is throughout the Lepidoptera, the numeric
system has decided advantages over the other in simplicity.

I cannot see the advantages either in speaking of nervules and
nervures, making those veins reaching the base nervures, while those
which do not reach the base are nervules.

Clemens’ names for the veins are given above; his names for the
interspaces are as follows:

Apical, between 7 and 8; postapical, between 6 and 7; disco-cen-
tral, between 5 and 6; medio superior, between 4 and 5; medio cen-
tral, between 3 and 4; medio posterior, between 2 and 3; submedian,
between 1 and 2; internal, below vein 1.

The legs are variable in length, strength and armature, both as to
spinulation and the ordinary spines of middle and hind tibie.

The genitalia are of a peculiar type, so far as I am aware not
found with any constancy in any other group of the order The
supra-anal plate and the normal supra-anal hook of the Heterocera
is here modified into a structure that may be roughly compared
to one of the great claws of a lobster. There is a decided tendency
in the genus Hemaris to a division of the supra-anal hook, which in
Dilophonota and Argeus is completed, the hooks being separated some-
what as in some of the Satuwrniide, while here the plate in one of the
genera, at least, is double.

I have been able to examine the genitalia in most of the species
here treated, and have given figures of the supra-anal plates and
side pieces. In addition there are one or two other variable struc-
tures, as the penis sheaths, which I have not been able to examine
carefully, and which may in future afford characters of value.

The habits of the imago are diurnal or crepuscular, some species
flying in the hottest sunshine, others and the great majority of the
species in the early evening, in the twilight and just at dusk ; a few
fly to light or come to sugar, while in the Smerinthine the species
are rarely taken, except at light. Their habits are thoroughly Bom-
byciform.

The larva of the Sphingide@ are as readily distinguished as are the
imagos. They are usually large in size, solitary feeders as a rule,
green in color in the majority of instances, often with oblique lateral
stripes ; generally they are furnished with a prominent caudal horn,
in some few forms lost in the latter stages and then replaced by a
shining lenticular tubercle.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 53

At rest they often have a habit of elevating the head and thoracic
segments, and somewhat curving them in sigmoidal shape, and it is
supposed that this habit, giving them a fancied resemblance to the
Egyptian Sphinx, prompted the name.

According to Lintner the larvee of most Sphinges have eight ob
lique folds or wrinkles to each segment which he calls annulets, and
uses the term very often in the larval descriptions.

Concerning the larva of the Sphingide Boisduval says they are
smooth, cylindrical, elongated, slightly swollen posteriorly, generally
furnished with a horn on the penultimate segment, or sometimes with
a little lenticular shield in place of the horn. They live solitarily
on trees, shrubs or low plants.

The SMERINTHIDES have larve with habits and with the horn of
the eleventh segment as in the other Sphingide, and are particularly
distinguished by having, in most instances, the head triangular and
the skin shagreened or rugose.

The EuryG.Lorripes have larvee with rounded head and smooth,
never shagreened skin. There is usually a horn to the eleventh seg-
ment, and in most cases a series of oblique lateral stripes.

The DErLEPHILIDES have smooth larvee with globular head, are
often rather brightly colored and marked with ocellate spots. Some
of them, which might almost constitute a tribe by themselves, have
the first three rings more slender than the rest and retractile. Some
have a horn on the eleventh segment ; others, forming the exception,
a little wart-like plate. In some others again the horn exists only in
the earliest stages and disappears completely in the adult.

The MAcRoGLOossIDEs have larvee which are generally green, more
or less rugose dotted, even sometimes a little shagreened. They are
attenuated anteriorly, and the head is globose. Usually with a more
or less developed straight or curved horn the eleventh segment.
Some have longitudinal lines, others oblique lines as well, while some
have ferruginous lateral spots.

When full grown they either pupate above ground between leaves
in a slight cocoon, or go deep under ground and pupate in a cell.

The pupze are variable in shape and will be more closely described
with the species. Prof. Riley has described a peculiarity of pupal
structure in Ceratomia catalpe, which will be quoted under that spe-
cies. He says it is found in a modified form in some other species,
and he intends to make a close study of the structure throughout the
family.

54 JOHN B. SMITH.

According to Mr. Lintner the sexes of Sphinges may be deter-
mined in the pupa state by the following characters, which are, how-
ever, not equally developed :

% .—Eleventh segment inferiorly similar to the preceding, and its
posterior incision is not interrupted and rectilinear. On the twelfth
segment, occupying its full length, are two prominent elongated
granulations, divided by a deeply impressed line. Posterior to this
is the anal plate, having a central sulcus, with prominent margins,
with a suboval, smooth, depressed spot; this is similar in both sexes.

9 .—Eleventh segment inferiorly marked with an impressed medial
line, on each side of which, near the middle of the segment, is a sub-
oval, smooth spot, through which the impressed medial line is con-
tinued; the intermediate incisure is interrupted by the smooth spot,
and, in some species, is bent in an angle directed anteriorly.

It may be interesting to give a brief review of the principal clas-
sifications heretofore proposed, which will supplement the rather
brief characterization given by me.

The genus Sphinx was created by Linnaeus, in 1758, in the “Sys-
tema Naturee,”’ and defined as follows:

“ Sphina.— Antenne medio crassiores f. utraque extremitate attenuate,
subprismatice. Ale deflexw (volatu graviore vespertino f. matutino).

This genus he divides into four groups as follows:

LecitimM & alis angulatis.
= alis integris, ano simplici.
a alis integris ano barbato.
Apscir@ habitu et larva diverse.

In that general term Sphinx were included all the forms known to
Linnaeus belonging to the present families Sphingide, Sestide and
Zygenide. The first and second divisions associate tolerably con-
gruous species ; the third contains a mixture of Sphingide and Sesii-
de, while the fourth has nothing to hold it together save that the
species do not belong to either of the foregoing divisions.

No changes were made by Linné in this classification in his subse-
quent writings.

Fabricius, in 1775, in the “ Systema Entomologiz’”’ divides the
insects into eight classes, corresponding practically to the Linnaean
orders, but with different names. The Lepidoptera are here the
Glossata (Os palpis linguaque spiralis). The Linnaean generic terms
and divisions are retained and somewhat elaborated, while several
new terms are proposed.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. ae

The genus SpuHrnx is here defined as follows: Palpi duo reflex,
pilosi. Lingua spiralis plerisque exserta. Antenne squammate.”

The genus is headed by ocellata, followed by lugubris, then the
other European Smerinthids and then the other Sphinges in no par-
ticular order. The Linnaean idea of dentate and non-dentate wings
seems to have controlled the arrangement.

On page 547 of the same work he creates his genus Sesta, defining
it as follows: “ Palpi reflexi. Lingua exserta, truncata antennee eylin-
drice, extrorsum crassiores.”

The first species is our tantalus, then hylas, of China, then. stedla-
tarum, of Europe, then the clear wings, thysbe and fuciformis. These
are all allied, at least in some respects, but the following species are
those later termed by him dgeria.

Zygena is defined on page 550 as having: “ Palpi reflexi. Lingua
exserta setacea. Antenne seepius medio crassiores.”

Z. pholus is the only American representative. In the other, sub-
sequent published works of this author, no changes are made in this
group, save that new species are added, described since the preceding
period of publication.

In 1777, Scopoli proposed the genus Macroglossa for the European
stellatarum and allies.

In 1801 Laspeyres, in his “Sesie Europe Iconibus et Descriptionibus
illustrate,” excludes from the genus Sesia all those species not allied
to tipuliformis.

In 1805, Latreille, in the Histoire Nat. des Crust. et Ins. vol. xiv,
calls his second family SpHINGIDES, divided as follows :

Sphine.— Antennee thickened to a prismatic club, with a simple
thread at tip; tongue present.

Atropos, ligustri, convolvuli, elpenor, euphorbic, enothere, stellatarum,
fuciformis, bombyliformis.

Smerinthus.— Antenne prismatic, pectinate or serrate, hooked at
tip; tongue very short, or nearly wanting.

S. tilie, ocellata, populi, quercus.

Sesia.—Antenn spindle shaped, a little incurved, at tip with a
little scaly tuft; palpi nearly clavate, second joint stouter, clothed
with hair or scales.

S. apiformis, tipuliformis, culiciformis.

Zygena.— Antenne spindle shaped, often curved, without scaly
tuft. Palpi nearly clavate, the second joint not more strongly clothed
with hair than the others; tongue present.

Z. filipendule, loti, scabiosa, staticis, ete.

D6 JOHN B. SMITH.

Stygia.— Antenne cylindric-clavate, curved, without scaly tuft at
tip; beneath with a double row of lamellze or teeth. Palpi clavate.
Tongue wanting or very short.

Stygia australis from southern France.

Laspeyres’ restriction of the term Sesia is followed, and the species
not congeneric with apiformis are replaced in Sphinw, Scopoli’s genus
being evidently overlooked, since it is not mentioned at all. In the
Gen. Crust. et Ins. it is used though Latreille considers it not gene-
rically different from Sphinx. No other changes were made by La-
treille from this classification.

In 1807, in the sixth volume of Illiger’s Magazine, p. 279-289,
appears an extract from “ Fabricii Systema Gilossatorum.” The au-
thor of the translation says: ‘‘ Bei dem Interesse, dass dieser Gegen-
stand gerade gegenwartig hat, benutze ich die gtinstige Gelegenheit,
diese Gattungen zur Erkenntniss des entomologischen Publikums zu
bungen, da der eriste Band jenes Systema Glossatorum vor Ostern
nicht ersheinen kann.”

As a matter of fact the work was never published, and the Fab-
rician genera rest on this extract, which embraces the Rhopalocera,
and the Heterocera to the Zygenide.

The following is a translation of the paper so far as the Heterocera
are concerned :

LaorHor—Palpi two, rough, very obtuse, two-jointed. Tongue
very short, membranous, almost indistinct. Antennze setaceous ;
joints scaly beneath.

Types—Sph. ocellata, quercus, tibie, populi, ete.

This genus is therefore perfectly synonymous with the Latreillian
genus Smerinthus.

SpHinx.—Palpi thick, rough, very obtuse, two-jointed. Antenne
setaceous; joints beneath scaly.

Wings dentate.

Sph. ello, tetrio.
Wings entire.
Sph. nerii, atropos, euphorbie, ligustri, et al.
Srsra: Palpi two, short, thick, rough, obtuse, two-jointed. Antenne
thicker outwardly, with a small hook at tip.
Wings scalloped.
Sp. enothera.

Wings entire.

S. stellatarum, fuciformis, ete.

=I

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

AEGERIA: Palpi two, projected forward, three-jointed, second joint
further from the head, third joint shorter, clavate, pointed. An-
tenn cylindrical, many jointed. Terminal joint longer, finer,
pointed.

AY. apiformis, ichneumoniformis, vespiformis, ete.

Amata: Mouth with projecting flattened tuft covering the base of
the tongue. Palpi very short, single jointed. Antenne filiform.
A, passalis, cerbera.

ZYGENA: Palpi two-jointed; second joint longer, hairy outwardly.
I J ; J g i
Abdomen thicker in the middle.
Z. filipendule, scabrosa, quercus, ete.

Guiaucopis: Palpi long, recurved, three-jointed ; second joint longer,
outwardly hairy; third compressed, naked. Antenne filiform,
pectinated.

G. argynnis, pugione, halterata, infausta, ete.

Procrts: Palpi two, slender, recurved, three-jointed, joints subequal.
Antenne cylindrical.
P. staticis, pruni, ete.

This seems to be as far as the first volume carried the classification,
at all events the article in question leaves that impression. On a
subsequent page the systems of Schrank and Latreille are compared
with the Fabrician scheme, principally in the Rhopa/ocera.

The term Sesia is here used to express the idea fixed by Scopoli
for Mucroglossa, while dA¢geria is perfectly synonymous with Sesia, as
that term is restricted by Laspeyres and Latreille.

Latreille, in 1809, used Scopoli’s term Macroglossa, considering it,
however, not sufficiently distinct from Sphinx. In that year, too, he
divides the Lepidoptera into Diurna, Crepuscularia and Nocturna.
The Crepusculaires form two families: Sphingides, with prismatic
antennze, tufted at tip, and Zygenides, with fusiform antennze, not
tufted at tip.

The Sphingides here include the genera Castnia (antennee clavate),
Smerinthus, Sphinx and Macroglossum. The Zygenide are here for
the first time excluded from the Sphingide, while they are retained
in the same group.

Ochsenheimer, in the second volume of the “ Schmetterlinge Eu-
ropa’s” uses the term Sphinx in its widest sense, including Macro-
glossa and Smerinthus under the same term. Sesia is used in the

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (8) MAY, 1888.

58 JOHN B. SMITH.

Latreillan sense, and the extract of the Systema Glossatorum in
“Tliger’s Magazine” is referred to and again abstracted.

In the fourth volume of the same work, issued in 1816, he gives a
new scheme of classification, which, so far as the present family is
concerned, resulted in the adoption of the genera Macroglossa, Dei-
lephila, Sphinx, Acherontia and Smerinthus.

In the same year Dalman, in the “ Vetensk. Akad. Handl.,”’ pro-
posed the genus Hemaris for the European clear winged species fuci-
formis and bombyliformis, a genus, by-the-bye, which has met with
but scant recognition in Europe.

Dated the same year, but as to the Sphingidee certainly not issued
before 1818, is Jacob Hiibner’s Verzeichniss bekannter Schmetter-
linge. This is the first time since Fabricius, that an undertaking
was made to bring together all the described species of the order and
to propose a consistent general classification. It may be of interest,
too, in this connection to remark that the journals of that period
inveighed fiercely against ‘“ the modern” tendency to create genera
on insufficient characters, and there were lumpers and splitters in
those days as there are at present. In view of this loudly expressed
tendency it certainly required an extraordinary man to calmly ignore
the feeling of his age and bring out a classification which, for mi-
nuteness of division and subdivision, is rivalled only by Mr. Seudder’s
modern classification of the Nymphalide and Hesperide. The result
was that the work was utterly disregarded by Htibner’s contempo-
raries, Stephens first bringing portions of it into use, and by reprint-
ing a portion of it, bringing it to the knowledge of English students.

The SpHinces form Htbner’s second Phalanx, defined as follows :

Mouth and tongue prolonged and spiral, the palpi rather closely
appressed, the antennze lamellate. Primaries long and narrow, the
secondaries short and broad. Abdomen long and stout.

In this Phalanx the first tribe is the Papilionides, with the tongue
moderate, the antennze thickened toward tip, palpi small and pointed.
The first stirps is Zygene, containing no N. A. species.

Stirps HI, Chrysaores, contains in Family A, Procris, here applied
to Ino staticis ; in Family B, Syntomis; both used in our fauna, but
in the case of Procris in an entirely different sense.

Stirps III, Glaucopes, and Stirps IV, Sphecomorphe contain no
American genera.

The second tribe is termed Hymenopterides, with the palpi curved
upwards, hairy ; the antennz hardly pectinated. Wings partly bare
of scales. Abdomen with a brush-like tuft at tip.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 59

Stirps I, Sesta, has the primaries long and narrow, the seconda-
ries short and broad, both rather lengthily fringed.

Familia A, Corpulente has the body rather thick, the wings not
very narrow, and contains the single coitus Sphecia, to which api-
formis is referred as one of the species.

Familia B, Graciles,has the body rather thin and the primaries
very narrow. It contains five coiti, viz. :

Paranthrene, with primaries closely scaled, the abdomen unequally
ringed with yellow.

Melittia, with primaries partly, secondaries entirely transparent,
the feet with large hairy tufts.

Bembecia, with both wings transparent, abdomen with fan-like tufts
at tip. The common tipuliformis is typical.

‘Synanthedon, with primaries maculate with red in centre and outer
margin.

Conopia, with the abdomen banded with bright red.

Stirps I], ApyRALIpDEs, has the wings rather broad and angulate,
and also dentate.

Familia A, Vitrate, has the wings with transparent spots; the ab-
domen smooth.

It contains two coiti: Thyris, with but a single row of pale spots,
abdomen white ringed (7. fenestrina sole species) and Phostria, which
has two rows of clouded spots on primaries, the abdomen concolor-
ous.

The third tribe contains the Legitime, and as it is with this that
we have more particularly to do, the whole is reproduced, the species
only being cited which are either North American, or necessary to
give an idea of the composition of the coitus. The Verzeichniss has
left its mark on the present arrangement of the American species, and
Mr. Grote has used most of the terms in some one of his many lists
to abandon them for others in subsequent ones.

LEGITIM A.

Palpi thick, obtuse, the antennze broadening anteriorly, shortly
lamellate, at the tip almost recurved, the body thick, the wings
strong.

Stirps .— BOMBYLLA.

The tongue very long, the antennze nearly clavate and pointed at

the tip, body tufted.

60 JOHN B. SMITH.

Familia A.— Vulgares.
The wings rather short, entire, the abdomen tufted at the sides and
tip.
Nis ~ at
Soitus |.—CEPHANOD”.
Wings nearly scaleless, the abdomen variegated.
Cephanodes hylas, bombyliformis, fuciformis, pelasgus, croatica.

Coitus 2.—A®LLOPODEs.

The primaries with transparent white lines, the secondaries dilated.
Ellopos titan, fadus.

Coitus 3.—PstrHyrt.
The primaries banded with black and gray, the secondaries rusty
yellow and blackish, the anal tuft spotted.
Psithyros stellatarum, belis, ceculus, faro.

Familia B.— diquivoce.
The wings dilated, and dentate or angulate, the body tufted at tip

only.
Coitus 1.—PROSERPINI.

The dorsum of thorax neat; the primaries darkly banded and
streaked with whitish.
Proserpinus cenothere, gaure, gorgoniades.

Coitus 2.—ENYONEs.
Primaries almost hooked at tip, pale and darkly marked.
Enyo japyx, camertus, danum, phegeus, ete., congeneric.
Coitus 5.—HEMEROPLANA.

Primaries obtuse at apex, mottled, and with a pale mark in median
space.
Hemeroplanes pan, triptolemus, plutotonius, oiclus.

Coitus 4.—AMBLYPTERI.
Primaries rounded at tip; median space brilliantly colored.
Amblypterus ganascus, panopus, bubastus.

Coitus 5.—NEPHELZ.
Primaries clouded and banded, secondaries dark.
Nephele morpheus, didyma, chyron.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 61

Stirps Il—EUMORPH 2.

The antennz rather thin and long, recurved at tip, abdomen long,
acute at tip, entirely smooth.

Familia A.— Elegantes.
Head, body and abdomen not entirely immaculate; wings above,
brightly colored.
Coitus 1.—PHOLI.
Primaries brownish-gray ; secondaries prettily colored, both with
brownish shades and angulated black spots.
Pholus crantor, licaon, strigilis, ficus.

Coitus 2.—DaAPHNIDEs.
Primaries principally green, softly and brightly spotted.
Daphnis megeacus, hippothous, nerti.

Coitus 3.—ARGEI.
Primaries green, marked with pale lines; secondaries brightly
colored.
Argeus labrusce, pandion.

Familia B.— Obliquostriate.
Primaries outwardly striate, with pale and dark streaks from the
middle of inner margin to apex.

Coitus 1.—AMPHIONES.
Primaries dark reddish-gray, clouded, spottedly streaked ; secon-
daries red.
Amphion nessus, brennus.

Coitus 2.—THERETRE.
Both wings outwardly with angulated lines; secondaries shaded
with yellow and black.
Theretra equestris, nechus, porcellus, tersa.

Coitus 5.— H1pporiones.
Primaries outwardly with oblique white bands and brown stripes,
and with white veins; secondaries softly red spotted.
Hippotion celerio.

62 JOHN B. SMITH.

Coitus 4.--IsopLa.
Primaries brown, outwardly obliquely banded with pale and dark ;
secondaries red.
Isoples eson, alecto, neoptolemus, theylia.

Coitus 5.—XyYLOPHANZ.
Primaries obliquely marked with ligneous streaks; secondaries
blackish shaded.
Xylophanes anubus, lycetus, gortys, cajus, drancus.

Coitus 6.—OREI.
Primaries alternately with colored stripes; secondaries with black
and colored bands.
Oreus gnoma, acteus, elpenor, amadis, licastus.

Stirps IT] —DEILEPHIL.
Antenne somewhat thicker outwardly; primaries with oblique
shaded bands.
Familia A.— Pallidivenose.
Primaries spotted and streaked with brown shades ; secondaries
black, with red bands ; abdomen black at sides.

Coitus 1.—DuPOoNEs.

Primaries with longitudinal as well as transverse bands, and with
veins pale; secondaries pale gray and rosy-red.
Dupo vitis, Jussieue.

Coitus 2.— PHRyYXI.
Primaries almost entirely pale veined ; abdomen, at sides and top,
black and white checkered.
Phryxus livornica,* eaicus.

Familia B.— Populares.
Primaries with transverse dusky bands; secondaries red in the
middle.
Coitus 1.—Hy.z.
Primaries with dark shades along costal margin ; abdomen check-
ered at sides with white and black.
Hyles galii, zygophylli, euphorbie, et al.

* To this lineata and daucus are cited as synonyms.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 63

Coitus 2.--THAUM2.
Primaries indistinctly spotted and streaked; abdomen sparsely
checkered.
Thaumas vespertilio, capensis, cecrops.
Coitus 3.—CHROMES.
Primaries with angulated broken bands ; secondaries yellow, with
black margin.
Chromis erotus.
Coitus 4.—-CLANEs.
Wings rather broad, dull in color, with black transverse streaks.
Clanis nicobarensis, phalaris, achemenides.

Stirps 1V.—MANDUCZ.
All organs rather well developed; tongue strong; eyes large ;
wings streaked ; body colored.
Familia A.—Leves.
Tongue long; all parts rather slender.
Coitus 1.— Hy orct.
Entirely whitish-gray, with black maculation ; primaries straightly
and wavily streaked ; secondaries with blackish shades.
Hyloicus pinastri, coniferarum, hyleus, hasdrubel, ete.
Coitus 2.— ERINNYEs.
Primaries blackish-gray, with dentate black streaks ; secondaries
rusty, with black margin.
Erinnyis ello, enotrus, scyron, alope, carice.

Familia B.— Ponderose.

All parts rather thick and short, neatly maculate.

Coitus 1.—ACHERONTIZ.
Tongue very short ; antennee at tip with a small brush ; body with
larviform maculation ; fringes short.
Acherontia atropos, chionanthi, morta.

Coitus 2.—CocyTit.
Tongue long; body almost immaculate ; abdomen one-half yellow

spotted.
Cocytius jatrophe, rustica, forestan.

64 JOHN B. SMITH.

Coitus 3.—PHLEGETHONTIUS.
Thorax immaculate, but the body ornamented with yellow spots.
Phlegethontius cluentius, lucetius, hannibal, carolina, paphus.

Coitus 4.—AGRII.
Secondaries and abdomen banded with red and black.
Agrius anchenolus, convulvuli, cingulatus.

Coitus 5.—LETHIA.
Primaries outwardly dentato-strigose ; secondaries banded.
Lethia, ligustri, prini, drupiferarum, kalmie, gordius.

Stirps V.imSMERINTHI.
Head small, almost concealed; tongue short and very weak ; palpi
short ; antennee bent; wings with margins dentate; the legs thick,
with concolorous vestiture.

Familia A.— Dentatz?.

Body immaculate ; wings angulate, or dentate.

Coitus 1.—CoLaces.
Primaries with a single angle; with shining median macula; sec-
ondaries pale.
Colax apulus.
Coitus 2.—POLYPTYCHI.
Wings scalloped, or dentate ; with shaded bands and black stripes.
Polyptychus dentatus, tomesius, juglandis, populi, quercus.

Familia B.—Angulati.
Thorax maculate ; primaries obtusely angulated, with softly shaded
maculation.
Coitus 1.—Paonrm.
Secondaries with an ocellus above.
Paonias salicis, ocellata, myops, exceecatus.

Coitus 2.—MIMANTEs.
Palpi rather moderate; primaries deeply excavate and obtusely
angulate ; with banded maculation.
Mimas tilie.

o>
OI

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

Familia C.— Uneinati.

Primaries beak-like ; secondaries sharply angulated.

Coitus 1.—Ort.

Primaries with shaded bands; secondaries dusky at anal angle.
Otus cherilus, myron.

O

It will be noticed, at once, that only the most superficial color
characters are used for the majority of the divisions, and that species
now considered generically identical, are often widely separated. For
instance, the genus Phlegethontius Hb., as used in Grote’s List, con-
tains four species. In the Verzeichniss one of these is an Acherontia,
the same species under one of its synonyms is also a Cocytius, a sec-
ond species is a Phlegethontius, a third an Agrius, while the fourth
is here omitted, but later on also described as a Phlegethontius.

It is apparent, also, that Hubner did not bother himself in the
least about genera created by previous authors. Some terms like
Deilephile, Smerinthi and Sesiw, are used to designate Tribes, but
the genera Sphina, Smerinthus, Deilephila and Sesia, have disappeared.

In every family, in every group, the question of how far the coiti
names are to be recognized, comes up as a puzzle to the student.
Whether to follow Boisduval and other European authors, and ignore
the work as without value, or, like Mr. Grote, to use it as a sort of
Alkoran, all the terms of which must in some way be brought into
use, whether it displaces other subsequent and more conscientious
describers or not. There certainly seems no reason why many of the
terms referring to correctly associated species should not be used, but
on the other hand, as Hiibner did not consider himself bound in any
way to recognize the genera of his predecessors, he cannot complain
(or his champions for him) that subsequent authors have treated his
illy-constructed coiti in the same way.

In Stephens’ Illustrations of British Ent. Haust. 1, 1828, the divi-
sion Crepuscularia is divided into Zygenide, Sphingide, Sesiide and
Aigeriide. ‘The Sphingidee are divided among four genera as follows :

Wine sam onerorl essramoul ated sess. eeasenessece access dclsceseesenvautsere: Smerinthus.
Wings entire, acute. J
IMiascilll cepts WOM eeeaseriasenceeet eases sesrien oeeissiccae) oessese= pes cee eh Mecomn ese Acherontia.
Maxille long.
AMIPEMIMEE ISCALCE ly tClAV ALCS scsdecssnecce) <ccssessanjecovesseieeeccenes eceesecs seoaee Sphinx.
ATEN R Mas tiIMet lyr ClaVALC Hace os ao. -4secelssacssenomen ee Nddscedse Deilephila

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (9) MAY, 1888.

66 JOHN B. SMITH.

The term Sesiide is here used for the genera Macroglossa and Sesia,
the latter term being used in a manner synonymous with Hemaris
Dalm., which is not mentioned.

The Ageriide are synonymous with the Sestide of Continental
authors, and two genera are recognized :

Maxille short; antennee abbreviated .......... s.cssccs svcscceaceccescsos Trochilium.
IMeralilce loner vantenmcollongencesonis.ssceneeseesestee rece stecsee nee neeceh ete atnee /Egeria.

Stephens’ example in this misuse of the term Sesia, or rather his
failure to recognize the restriction of the term by previous authors,
has been followed by British entomologists to the present day, and
American entomologists have, until recently, followed in their wake.

In the thirty-sixth volume of the “ American Journal of Science
and Art,” (Silliman’s journal) 1859, Dr. T. W. Harris gives the first
review of the American species of the Linnaean genus Sphine in its
widest sense, recognizing the families now generally adopted, and in-
cluding the species loosely classed as Zygenide. He begins his paper
with a definition of the group, and of the habits of the larve and
imagos, then follows a “ Synopsis of Families and Genera.” He
divides the Sphinges into two tribes, according to the Linnaean sys-
tem, and as follows:

Tribe I.—SPHINGES LEGITIMZ.

Larvee colored, for the most part horned on the tail, and feeding
on the leaves of plants; or whitish, slightly hairy, not horned, and
living on woody material within the stems of plants. Antenne of
the winged insects tipped with a minute bristly tuft [ Note-——Obsolete
or wanting in the Smerinthin7]. Palpi (except in the Avgeriide) with
the third joint minute and indistinct.

Tribe II.—SpPHINGES ADSCIT®.

Larvee always colored, more or less hairy, never horned, feeding
on leaves and transforming in a silken cocoon, which is fastened to
the plants on which they live. Antenne of the winged insects not
tufted at the end. Palpi distinctly three-jointed.

The Sphinges legitime he divides into three families: Sphingide,
Macroglosside and Ageriide.

The Sphingide he limits as follows:

“Antenne fusiform and prismatic, ending in a hook, and in the
males transversely biciliated beneath, or more rarely curved, and in
the females bipectinated beneath. Palpi pressed close to the face,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 67

short, thick and obtuse, with the third joint minute and concealed.
Body thick; abdomen conical and not tufted at the end. Flight
erepuscular. Larvze colored, naked, with a caudal horn, which is
sometimes obsolete and replaced by a callous spot; they devour the
leaves of plants and go deep into the earth to transform, or conceal
themselves upon the surface under leaves in an imperfect cocoon.”

Six. genera are here included, those newly created being indicated
by a *—Smerinthus, Ceratomia*, Sphin, Philampelus*, Deilephila.

It will be observed that here the Smerinthini or nearest allies of
the Bombycide are placed at the head of the series, running to Dei-
lephila as the most natural grading into the Macroglosside. Harris
did not appear to know Hiibner’s work, and, in fact, his supply of
literature, except from English sources, appears to have been ex-
tremely limited.

The Macroglosside are defined as follows:

“Antenne fusiform, prismatic, ending with a hook, and trans-
versely biciliated beneath in the males. Palpi pressed close to the
face, with the third joint minute and concealed, short, thick and
obtuse at the end in some, slightly elongated and subacute in others.
Body short and thick, or flattened a little ; abdomen tufted at the
end. Flight diurnal. Larvee colored, naked, with a caudal horn,
which is sometimes obsolete and replaced by a callous spot; they
deyour the leaves of plants and enter the earth to transform, or
conceal themselves upon the surface in an imperfect cocoon under
leaves.”

Three genera are placed in this family, viz.: Pterogon, Thyreus
and Sesia.

The Ageriide follow next in order, and are elaborately defined ;
but with them we have nothing to do at present, save to state that
three genera are placed in the family, viz.: Trochilium, dAigeria and
Thyris.

The English entomologists are followed in the use of the terms
Sesia and dtgeria.

In the second tribe, ‘‘SpHINGES ADscIT®,” three families are rec-
ognized: Agaristide, with Alypia as only genus; Zygenide with a
single (new) West Indian genus Mastigocera and Glaucopidide with
the genera Glaucopis, Syntomeida, Cosmosoma, Lycomorpha, Ctenucha
and Psychomorpha.

It is not to Harris, therefore, that we owe the mess of genera
known as Zygenide in Mr. Grote’s most recent list.

68 JOHN B. SMITH.

Several species and quite a number of larvee are described here for
the first time.

In 1855, Burmeister gave a “ Systematische Uebersicht der Sphin-
gid Brasiliens,” (Verh. Naturforsch. Ges. zu Halle, II 58-74) in
which he gives a definition of the family and describes the genera
and species, and gives also what is known of the larval history. He
attributes considerable importance to the structure of the tarsal claw
and its appendages, which has not, however, been borne out by the
examinations made by me.

No subfamily divisions are used, and the sequence of genera is as
follows, new genera being starred: Philampelus, Deilephila, Proto-
parce, Pseudosphinx,* Sphinx, Dilophonota,* Ambulyx, Smerinthus,
Pterogon and Macroglossa.

To Philampelus he refers, as a section, Ph. tersa as well as the other
species still referred to this genus, saying, however, that Duponchel
and Duncan had each created a genus for it, and in his opinion
properly.

To Deilephila, ficus is referred as sole species, and the differences
between it and the European species are detailed with no suggestion
that it might form a generic type.

Protoparce is created for rustica, and a series of species said to rep-
resent the Acherontia group of the Eastern hemisphere. The char-
acterization points to the type, and the species usually referred to
Macrosila, but as additional North American species, Burmeister re-
fers brontes, hyleus, plebeja, sordida and coniferarum, evidently with-
out autoptic knowledge of the species.

To Pseudosphinx is referred tetrio as sole species.

Sphinx contains as § A, S. jatrophe, distinguished by the horny
palpal structure, as § B, not so distinguished, florestan, lichenea, pam-
philius, cingulata, hannibal and paphus.

Dilophonota is created for S. ello, alope, enotrus, cacus and carice,
all congeneric forms, the genus being an extremely well defined one.

Ambulyx contains two species: strigilis and gannascus.

Smerinthus is said to be unrepresented in the Brazilian fauna, and
the North American species excecatus, astylus and jamaicensis, are
briefly referred to.

To Pterogon are referred lugubris, danum, camertus and lyctus.

Finally, as Macroglossa, we find tantalus and titan.

As a whole Burmeister’s work is not much of an advance in clas-
sification, nor did he know a goodly proportion of the species cited

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 69

by him. No reasons are given for the sequence, and only two
large divisions are adopted: the Ist, broad winged, without anal
tufts containing all the genera save Pterogon and Macroglossa, which
form group 2, distinguished by narrow wings and tufted anal seg-
ment.

Bearing date 1857, Walker, in the eighth volume of the “ British
Museum Catalogue of Lepidoptera,’ gives a monograph of the
Sphingidee of the world. This is really the first attempt at a com-
plete monograph, and a mine of information concerning the literature
of the family, whatever may be said of the work in other respects.

The term Sphingide is used to include the Sesiw, and the whole
series is divided into two tribes, viz.: Sestrand Spurner. The Sesir
«contain two families: Stygiide and geriide, the latter family in-
cluding the genera Thyretes, Thyris and Ama, usually separated as
a distinct family.

The Spurncr are included in one family, Sphingide, and the best
way to give an idea of the classification adopted is to reproduce the
Synopsis of Genera, premising that the translation (from the Latin)
is a free one, and that generic synonyms are omitted here.

Abdomen tufted at apex.

Anterior wings with the outer margin entire.

Want oe mbtsyeuliinn Geena see ase scan) ee aretas(ou det eeenelisnectonsivscen seenroeacecceaacwern Pace=n: Sesia.
Wings opaque, with scaly clothing.................+5 shawneseesosts Macroglossa.
Anterior wings with the outer margin excised.

Thorax not crested.
Antenne clavate ................5 Beane era ald Oa, cade Proserpinus.
Antenne not clavate.
Primaries without silvery spots.
HE eACern ot COMM sertrerenatec tl eseer eceince axes ee Cleves ieee cect cnceseses Thyreus.
Head conic.
Primaries with outer margin hardly excised.

Wings with outer margin hardly dentate........... Perigonia.

Wings with outer margin moderately dentate...... Temnora.

Primaries with outer margin moderately excised...... Lophura.
Primaries with silvered Spots.........:cce0- cosccooee -oscoees Calliomma.

BH ORAM CKESTEC cas cen2cese ee cee neseeee Miene deeectoncereseciec ate ea ceseeeosopoee wanes Enyo.

Abdomen untufted at apex.
Wings very long.
Abdomen slender, gracile............. tee oer ass Wid duoeaseeeheoee ass Ambulyx.
IAC OMENPSLOMbemb HTC keensedtancacr acres ened acess iececereconanessnaereeeceees Calymnia.
Wings not very long.
Tongue long, or very long.
Abdomen long, or moderately long.
AtbdomenewathusilyerysSpoiSiss-sc--2 is-<5) ecdenacenseesesleneces Basiothia.
Abdomen with silvery, golden, or pallid stripes.

70 JOHN B. SMITH.

Outer margin of primaries straight.
Wines MATT OWs i, cd-eoad chasse ates ee eed Choerocampa.
Wings wider
Outer margin of primaries waved or dentate.
Wings narrow.
Posterior tibiz with long spurs.

Margin of primaries denticulate.............0. 2.0.00 -_Pergesa.
Outer Margin CNtiTe .... 2... -c.ss.0-0cces cece ove ceese Me MACE A.
Posterior tibiz with short spurs... .. Unzela.

Wings! broader as ssc s.ccsad-ccsvierteesunecoeee teeec eons teoeee Didoside.
Abdomen without metallic spots or vitte.
Abdomen obconic, moderately long.
Head rather small.

Outer margin of primaries not waved............... Deilephila.
Outer margin denticulate.................+ piieeeisesentestnet Darapsa.
Head large.
Antenne distinctly thickened and pointed at tip.
Philampelus.
Antenne subfiliform.............. chistes Ceobsiewsstoesemeneee Daphuis.
Head very large.
Size: lan pes2ss tens osGeece-hesne nee etrtecsen eae eee ...... Pachylia.
Size moderate.
Primaries with apices not acuminate...............-+ - Zonilia.
Primaries with apices acuminate........... teracts soncesees OO WAR a

Abdomen long, cylindric, or eylindroconic.
Proboscis long, abdomen stout, very long; wings very broad.
Macrosila.
Proboseis long, or very long; abdomen medium long and stout;
Wines Lone and marrow cess seccresmceeeeseeseeaacts Sphinx.
Proboscis medium ; abdomen medium, long and stout; wings long
and narrow........... a aon tascteaicaetclaeaseatee[tcee ses serene Anceryx.
Abdomen long, wings short and broad.........................-- Dolba.
Abdomen rather slender, moderately long, wings long and broad.
Daremma.
Wings Shorbec.tscescccce sseeuesdedecuccnccuaes maptomeeoame ..Enosandra.
Head small; proboscis of medium length; antennz slender; ab-
domen linear, rather graceful ; feet slender; wings rather
NLALT OW, MLO LOMGs cea varaseasmeesecaseccercsete ae Lapara.
Albdoniens Shorts. .ccsseccesses: posses velsnes sais Gaaoseencese wi Cizara.
Proboscis short or wanting.
Palpi not porrect.
ead! Varc@sscs.dssce eats. becanssctecess budeneewenes teseucee ses sueser Acherontia.
Head medium and retracted.
Primaries with exterior margin entire.
Wings long.
Primaries with interior margin not incised............ Basiana.
Primaries with the interior margin incised........ Daphnusa.
Primaries with outer margin dentate or excised... Smerinthus.
Palpi porrect, exceeding the front.
VANTIN OE. pre ww acemateinsa slot acs matesatstarectsseneceeene nee see ceeeeeee Coeqguosa.
Wings moderately narrow......... sdsassminanevecneweeteceesuesens Ceratomia.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 71

The arrangement here is from Macroglossa to Smerinthus, and
whatever the just objections to the work, it is an extremely valuable
one to the student, bringing together all the known literature of the
group to that date, and better generic characterizations than there-
tofore,—not much praise by-the-bye.

Bearing date also in 1857, but probably not issued until after the
appearance of Walker’s work, is Horsfield and Moore’s Catalogue of
the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East India
Company, vol. 1.

Here the tribe ““Spuinces” is divided into five distinct stirpes,
deriving their names from the form and shape of the larva, some-
what after the manner of the Wiener Verzeichniss.

The first stirps is not named, and is simply referred to as including
Castnia and allies.

Stirps II, Elongate, has a cylindrical larva more slender and elon-
gate than in the other stirpes. It is generally without lateral ocelli,
the head is globular and the caudal horn short and rigid. The imago
has short wings, a diurnal flight, and the abdomen terminated by a
broad and depressed brush-like appendage. The proboscis is long.
In their metamorphosis the species exhibit a slight affinity to the
Diurna. The typical genera are Sesia and Macroglossa.

The third stirps—the AcRocEPHALa, W. V.—has larvee with a
head almost triangular, or acuminate above, the body being obliquely
striated, generally with yellow,—-naked and somewhat rugose; the
caudal horn of moderate size, smooth and marked with a peculiar
color. The perfect insect is strikingly distinguished by its angulated
or excavated ‘wings. The proboscis is very short or obsolete. The
typical genus is Smerinthus.

The fourth stirps is called AMBLOCEPHAL®. The larvee have an
ovate, truncated head ; they are nearly naked and even on the sur-
face ; the caudal horn is lengthened, tuberculated and curved. The
perfect insect has entire, lanceolate wings; the abdomen is marked
with oblique lateral striz. The proboscis is large and strong, and
this character is strikingly manifested in the pupa. The typical
genera are Acherontia and Sphinz.

The fifth stirps, characteristically named in the Wiener Verzeich-
niss “ Augen Raupen” larve ophthalmica, has a larva with a small,
globose, retractile head, and is, moreover, strikingly distinguished by
the ocelli, with which it is marked, and which are also observed on
the chrysalis. These ocelli, or eyes, are placed in some genera behind

Wee JOHN B. SMITH.

the head only, while in others they exist in a regular row along the
entire larva, and in some cases are very prominent and brilliant.
The metamorphosis takes place on the surface of the earth, the pupa
in some cases covered with a slight web. The pupa is enlarged to-
wards the head, and is generally provided with an annular case cov-
ering the proboscis which is not so large as in the preceding stirps.
In the imago the abdomen is long and acute, and the insects in many
cases have the habits of a vespertilio. The typical genera are Dei-
lephila and Cherocampa. The arrangement of genera is:

Stirps I.— Omitted from the Catalogue.

Stirps I1.—Sesia, Sataspes Moore, Macroglossa, Lophura.

Stirps II1.—Smerinthus only.

Stirps [V.—Leucophlebia, Basiana, Ambulyx, Calymnia, Acheron-
tia, Sphinx, Macrosilo, Zonilia.

Stirps V.—Panacra, Philampelus, Darapsa, Daphnis, Pergesa,
Elibia, Deilephila, Cherocampa.

Some of the genera enumerated are not represented in our fauna,
but enough of them are familiar to enable the student to appreciate
the arrangement according to larval structure, by which the Smer-
inthine are sandwiched in between two groups of typical Sphingine,

In 1859, Clemens, in the Jour. Ac. N. Sci. Phil., gives a synopsis
of the American Sphingide. He first gives a very careful review
of some of the structural peculiarities of the family, speculating on
the use and development of several organs, and restricts the family
to the Legitime Linn.

In essentials he follows, while he elaborates and somewhat im-
proves on Walker, whose errors, however, are very generally copied.

The order of genera is as follows: Sesia, Macroglossa (for Lepisesia
and <Allopus), Proserpinus, Thyreus, Deidamia, Enyo, Deilephitla,
Darapsa, Cherocampa, Philampelus, Pachylia, Macrosila, Sphinx,
Anceryx, Dolba, Ceratomia, Smerinthus, Daremma, Cinosandra,
Lapara, Ellema and Arctonotus.

In 1862, Morris, in his “Synopsis” published by the Smithsonian
Inst., follows Clemens.

Since that time no monographic revision of all the American forms
has been attempted, while the monographs of Boisduval and Butler
hereinafter noted, both cover the Sphingidee of the world.

In 1865, Mr. Grote gives some notes on the Sphingidee of Cuba,
following it by a list of species. The genera are not defined, and the
arrangement is closely that of Walker. In the same year, and in

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 73
the same publication (Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. v), is an elaborate paper :
“A Synonymical Catalogue of North American Sphingide, with
notes and descriptions,’ by Messrs. Grote & Robinson, which marks
a decided epoch in the American history of the family. A number
of new genera and species are described, some errors of synonymy
corrected, while Walker’s bibliography is pretty generally quoted in
full. The divisions are not defined, nor is any reason given for the
particular arrangement adopted. The scheme is as follows:

Family SPHINGID&.

Tribe MACROGLOSSINZ.
Genera Lepisesia, Sesia, Hemorrhagia, Allopos, Eupyrrhoglossum
(Cuban), Thyreus, Amphion, Deidamia, Proserpinus, Euproserpinus,
Enyo, Hemeroplanes, Perigonia, Calliomma (the last three Cuban).

Tribe CHG@ROCAMPINI.
Genera Otus, Darapsa, Pergesa (Cuban), Cherocampa, Deilephita,
Philampelus, Pachylia, Ambulyx (Cuban),

Tribe SMERINTHINI.
Genera Smerinthus, Cressonia.

Tribe SPHINGINI.

Genera Pseudosphine (Cuban), Amphonyx, Macrosila, Diludia,
Syzygit, Daremma, Ceratomia, Sphinx, Dolba, Hyloicus, Ellema,
Lapara, Erinnyis, Cautethia, Arctonotus.

In 1873, in the Buffalo Bulletin I, 17, Mr. Grote gives a list of
the American Sphingidee, differing in toto from the preceding, no
reason for the change being given. The scheme here is:

SPHINGID &.
Subfamily Bompyiia Hiibner.

Tribe VULGARES Hubner.
Genera Arctonotus, Lepisesia, Hemaris, Hamorrhagia, d£llopos,
Euproserpinus.
Tribe HQUIVOCZ Hubner.
Genera Thyreus, Amphion, Enyo, Deidamia, Proserpinus.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (10) MAY, 1888.

(A JOHN B. SMITH.

Subfamily DerLerHiLa Hibner.

Tribe PALLIDIVENOS 4 Hiibner.
Genera Deilephila, Dupo (for vitis and linnei), Philampelus (for
pondorus and achemon), Pachylia, Argeus.

Tribe OBLIQUOSTRIATZ Hiibner.
Genus Metopsilus.

Tribe UNCINNATI Hubner.
Genus Darapsa.

Subfamily Smerinrar Hiibner.

Tribe ANGULATI Hibner.
Genera Paonia, Calasymbolus, Smerinthus.

Tribe DENTATZ Hubner.
Genera Laothoe, Cressonia.

Subfamily Manpuca Hiibner.

Tribe PONDOROS 2 Hibner.
Genera Ceratomia, Daremma, Diludia (brontes, jasminearum),
Mucrosila, Sphinx (drupiferarum, kalmiz, chersis), Lethia (gordius,
luscitiosa), Agr/us (eremitus, lugens), Do/ba (hyleeus).

Tribe LEVES Hubner.
Genera Dilophonota, Hyloicus, Ellema, Lapara.

It will be seen that here the Verzeichniss is used as a guide exclu-
sively, and Arctonotus now heads the series.

Boisduval, in 1874, in the Species General, Het. I, restricts his
SPHINGIDES to the Legitimze, excluding the Sésiides, under the term
ENDOPHYTES as a separate family, following, in this respect, earlier
authors.

The true Sphinges are divided into six tribes :

I.— ACHERONTIDES, with the single genus Acheront/a.

II.—SMERINTHIDES, with the genera Brachyglossa, Metagastes,
Calymnia, Euclea, Nyceryx, Sinerinthus, Eurypteryx, Basiana, Daph-
nusa, Cypa and Ceratomia. All our North American species are in-
cluded in the generic term Smerinthus, none of the Htibnerian or
Grotean terms being recognized. The genus Ceratomi: is placed in
this tribe, quite contrary to previous and subsequent writers.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. (9

I1].—LeEvucopHuerBiDeEs, with the single (Indian) genus Leuco-
phlebia.

IV.—EuryYG.Lorripes, with the genera Megnoton, Macrosila [not
as used by American authors], Amphonyx, Euryglottis, Sphina,
Anceryx, Pachylia, Zonilia, Mudoryzx.

The term Sphinx is used in an extremely wide sense, including the
genera Phlegethontius, Sphinx, Dolba, Hyloicus, Ellema, Daremma
and Diludia of our lists. Quite unusually Puchylia is placed far
from Philampelus, of which it is certainly a close ally.

V.—DEILEPHILIDES, with the genera Deilephila, Elibia, Ambu-
lyx, Philampelus, Aleuron, Everyx, Euchloron, Acosmeryx, Eucheryx,
Cherocampa, Panacra.

Of these Cherocampa presents a great diversity of forms, thirteen
groups being recognized, some of which had been before, or have
been since recognized as good genera.

VI.—MacroGuossipes, with the genera Temnora, Lapara, Are-
tonotus, Tylognathus, Epistor, Trichocolon [Deidamia], Ocyton, As-
pledon, Pterogon, Pogocolon, Angonyx, Perigonia, Microlopha, Thyreus,
Macroglossa, Sataspes and Dasysphinx.

The excuse for placing Lapara [ Ellema] with this tribe must be
sought in the statement that the genus and species were unknown to
him in nature, and it affords at the same time a drastic commentary
upon the misleading character of the description, that the species,
which is a synonym of this, should be placed so far from it in a clas-
sification based upon characters not used in the original description
of the species.

The Smerinthini here lead the series, and the lead is through the
Macroglosse. into the Sesiides.

In 1875, in the second volume of the Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sei.,
Mr. Grote gives a “ New Check List of North American Sphinges”
decidedly differing from that given in the previous volume. The
arrangement here is as follows :

SPHINGES Linn. restr.

CAUDIBERBES Borkh.

Hemaris, Hemorhagia, Allopos, Euproserpinus, Arctonotus, Lepi-
sesia, Proserpinus, Amphion, Thyreus, Enyo, Deidamia.

76 JOHN B. SMITH.

Eumoreu2 Hib.

Hyles (for chameenerii), Dedlephila (for lineata), Dupo (vitis and
linnei), Philampelus (pandorus and achemon) Argeus, Pachylia, Me-
topsilus, Darapsa.

PHALZNOIDES Borkh.

Puonias (exceecatus and myops), Calasymbolus (astylus), Smerin-
thus, Amorpha (modesta), Cressonia.

Manpuca& Hib.
Ceratomia, Daremma, Diludia, Amphonyx, Macrosila, Sphinx, Le-
thia (gordius and luscitiosa), Agrius (eremitus and lugens), Dodba,
Dilophonota, Hyloicus, Lapara.

In the “ Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.” ix, pp. 511-644, pl. xc-xcivy, is
Mr. Butler’s ‘“ Revision of the Heterocerous Lepidoptera of the
family Sphingide,” read Feb. 1, 1877.

Mr. Butler here classifies the family as follows:

1. MACROGLOSSIN A.

Larva with the anterior segments tapering towards the head, re-
tractile ; horn long and curved, head rather small.

Imago generally with externally angulated palpi, the antennze
often gradually thickened from the base to the apex; thorax large
and prominent; abdomen of the & always with a more or less de-
veloped anal tuft of hair scales.

2. CHGEROCAMPIN.

Larve with the anterior segments retractile, the fifth somewhat
abruptly broader; the fifth and sometimes all the segments laterally
ocellated ; horn variable ; head rather larger.

Imago generally with externally rounded palpi, the antenne gen-
erally rather slender; eyes salient, thorax large and prominent ; ab-
domen without an anal tuft.

3. AMBULICIN®.

Larva with the anterior segments non-retractile, tapering slightly
towards the head, which is abruptly rather larger and rounded ; horn
oblique, not curved, but sightly pointing upwards at tip ; a series of
lateral oblique stripes.

Imago with externally rounded palpi, the antennze slender in both
sexes; eyes salient; thorax rather short; abdomen of the %_ pro-
duced behind with lateral angular expansion.

~|

|

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

4. SMERINTHIN®.

Larva rugose, with the anterior segments tapering towards the
head, which is abruptly and decidedly larger, flattened in front and
angular above, horn straight.

Imago with the head and thorax short and broad; palpi small,
antennz of % more or less pectinated.

5. ACHERONTINE.

Larva thick, clumsy, Sphinx-like, but with the horn always more
or less recurved at the tip and tuberculate or granulose.

Imago clumsy ; legs, antennze and proboscis thick, the latter very
short; head, thorax and abdomen short and broad.

6. SPHINGIN®.

Larva with the anterior segments very slightly smaller than the
posterior, generally marked with oblique lateral stripes ; horn (when
present) rather long; head tolerably large; position of the larva in
repose almost sigmoidal.

Pupa with an external sheath for the proboscis.

Imago, Cheerocampine in form, but with the head generally
smaller, the thorax variable in length, proboscis very long.

Mr. Butler evidently derives most of his group characters from
the larval stages ; as applied to the American genera, the sequence is
as follows:

MACROGLOSSIN &.
Lepisesia, Hemaris (incl. Hemorrhagia), Macroglossa (for errato
Bd.), dillopos, Thyreus, Amphion, Deidamia, Proserpinus, Euproser-
pinus, Enyo.

CHG:ROCAMPIN &.
Otus, Ampelophaga, Pherocampa, Darapsa, Deilephila, Philampelus,
Argeus, Pachylia.

AMBULICINZ.

Are not North American.

SMERINTHIN#.

Triptogon, Cressonia, Paonias, Calasymbolus, Smerinthus.

ACHERONTIN &.

Contains no North American genera.

78 JOHN B. SMITH.

SPHINGIN2E.

Amphonyx, Cautethia Dilophonota, Macrosila, Protoparce, Da-
remma, Dolba, Diludia, Hyloicus, Sphinx, Lintneria, Ceratomia, El-
lema, Lapara.

The genus Arctonotus was unknown to Mr. Butler, and is placed
among the doubtful Sphingide.

Mr. Butler does not define the generic terms used by him. except
when new, so that except for the aggregation of the species it is not
easy to know what Mr. Butler’s ideas of the limit of the terms are.

At all events the paper is an important one, and I have followed
it closely in the synonymy where unable to verify it myself, believing
that Mr. Butler would not suppress a species without good cause.
His material, too, was probably much larger in the case of the sub-
tropical forms than that at the command of any previous author.

In 1877, in the third volume of the Buff. Bull., Mr. Grote gave
yet another list, retaining the main divisions and general arrange-
ment of the previous list, and adding species since described. In
the CAUDIBERBES, Chamesesia is added for gracilis, referred to
Hemorrhagia in the previous list. In the Eumorpna, Elibia is
used for versicolor, previously referred to Darapsa, and Everyx is used
for the other species of Darapsa.

In the PHaLanorpeEs, Calasymbolus now contains also myops ;
Eusmerinthus is added for geminatus and cerisit, and Triptogon re-
places Amorpha.

In the Manpuca#, Phlegethontius replaces Macrosila; Lethia is
included in Sphinw, as is also Agrius lugens, while Lintneria is sub-
stituted for Agrius eremitus.

These changes, as Mr. Grote says, were induced by a study of the
works of Boisduval and Butler, and are partly explained in foot-
notes. Evidently no personal study was made and no reason is given
for separating such closely allied forms as dugens and eremitus. In
fact nothing in this, or in the previous lists indicates that any but the
most superficial study of the family was ever attempted by Mr.
Grote.

Worthy of mention here is a paper by P. Maassen Stett. Ent. Zeit.
1880, v, 41, pp. 49-72, reviewing Mr. Butler’s work in the Sphingide.
The author professes to be an admirer of Boisduval, and roughly
criticises Butler for his disagreement with that author. He makes
many notes on American species and their synonymy, some of them

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 79

trom their tenor and their style like inspirations from Mr. Strecker,
especially in the “aside” reflections on Mr. Grote.

Many of the synonymical remarks are correct, though previously
made by others, while some argue either ignorance of the species or
great carelessness in examination, e. g. that Deidamia = Pterogon ;
Ellema = Sphinx ; H. metathetis = axillaris, ete. It jis a pity that
by an arrogant assumption of correctness and a failure to credit in-
formation, the author has thrown doubt on his other statements not
so easily verified.

In 1882, Mr. Grote, in the “ New Check List,” gave yet another
version of the arrangement, which now reads as follows :

CAUDIBERBES.
Lepisesia, Hemaris (§§ Hemaris, Chamesesia, Hemorrhagia),
llopos, Euproserpinus, Cautethia, Pogocolon, Amphion, Thyreus,
Enyo, Deidaumia, Arctonotus.

EUMORPH.
Deilephila, Philumpelus, Argeus, Pachylia, Cherocampa, Everyx,
Ampelophaga.
PHALZNOIDES.

Smerinthus, Paonias, Calusymbolus, Triptogon, Cressonia.

Manpucs%.
Ceratomia, Daremma, Diludia, Amphonyx, Phlegethontius, Sphinx,

Dolba, Dilophonota, Hyloicus, Ellema, Exedrium.

In 1885, in vol. 1, Ent. Am. in the series of Introductory papers
on Lepidoptera, I gave a synopsis of the genera as a result of original
study, somewhat reducing the number of genera, and enlarging the
term Sphinx to an extent nearly as great as Boisduval. The follow-
ing is a reproduction of the table, which will best show the charac-
ters used :

Mono usslONe Astron SCORMEOMS sae. a. cess <2s->- ef esrweialcsecoes=e SPHINGIDES 1.
Tongue short, weak, membraneous....... 0.0.2.0: .seeeeeeee SMERINTHIDES 8.
1.— Antenne clubbed at tip and furnished with a short bent hook.................. 2
Antenne not clubbed, equal, or thickest at middle, either bent at tip or
SIGNET Curved ites. cseseeceecss Soa aioe se caces eae s.ca scenes sevesconjestdercas sseselescisse 3

2.—Tibie unarmed, wings more or less hyaline................ sees. Macroglossa.

Tibiz spinose, anterior armed at sides and tip..................0055 Pogocolon.

80 JOHN B. SMITH.

3.—Abdomen tufted at tip, and usually also at SideS..............scesecenesesees seeeee naeAs
Abdomen not tufted at tip or sides.. SaelsPeuucniscneeetiteneensairaesenaeatmeenee tenn 5.
4.—Body short, plump: abdomen pointed 4 at tip; primaries excavated below apex
and again before hind angle................-. Sener tteas ecaleeaete Amphion.

Abdomen elongate, flattened, rather abruptly terminated; anal tuft fan-

like; primaries very narrow, pointed; antenne very slender.
JEllopos.
Abdomen short, obtuse; broad, with brush-like lateral tufts; antennee
thick, in § serrate; primaries angulate and excavate...... Thyreus.
Abdomen conic, with a fan-like tuft at tip; thorax with a distinct sharp
crest behind collar; primaries as in Thyreus......... siaies deleeeases Enyo.
5.--Spurs of middle and hind tibiz very long, unequal; legs robust................6.
Spurs of middle and hind tibiz short, weak, more equal; legs weak. ........ ae
6.—Prothorax not much extended before base of primaries; fore legs short and

stout.

Abdomen conic, pointed, fore tibia and tarsi usually armed with spines or
claws at outer side.............. cscs esinels sty se Codse yee tecevoeeeeeReeese Sphinx.
Abdomen conic, pointed, head much broader ; eyes larger ; size very small ;
secondaries yellow with black margin................ eens Cautethia.
Abdomen obtuse at tip, head retracted, wings wider..........Ceratomia,.
Prothorax more extended before the base of primaries, head larger, thorax
robust; anterior legs longer, weaker; primaries with outer margin

sinuate.
AbdomenObtuseirs. «.fcesc.ccesece.ccesessviertaxecto: never mete wees seonemiee Pachylia.
Abdomen conic; anterior tibia onl tarsi unarmed........ Philampelus.
Abdomen conic; shorter; anterior tibia and tarsi with claw-like spines at
outer side...... Raidedstcual seacteunecesutee teeessncone wiescustaaseeres Deilephila.

Prothorax still further produced before base of primaries; head large; eyes
very prominent; abdomen long and rather slender; thorax narrower.
Thorax untufted; third joint of palpi projecting forward like short

horns; outer margin of primaries not dentate........... Amphonyx.
Thorax with divided crest, outer margin of primaries dentate.

Dilophonota.

7.—Wings very narrow, small; abdomen long, conic, very smoothly clothed.
Choerrocampa.
Broader winged, less robust; head more retracted; abdomen shorter, less
LEOUAT lv COMIC mee eee erences seoeresenehscencescen eo reescen eats Darapsa.
Primaries angulated; abdomen obtuse, head crested, strongly retracted ;
* antenne serrate ........... idsicenas /avedisaiae ancisaeuenaserrens .. Deidamia.

8.—Primaries with outer margin scalloped, or evenly crenulated.

Anterior tibia with a heavy claw at tip...... ........0...000 ...Triptogon.
Anterior tibia unarmed...... Boincscite sateencnccechrisscccaste-ortenetiaen ..Paonias.

Primaries with outer margin excavate and angulate.....Smerinthus,
Primaries with outer margin evenly dentate: third joint of palpi un-
NSual ly loneT-NGInVATICALC OID Peccrsdarsceuiscoseesseqcivestesaes Cressonia.
Primaries with outer margin even.
Anterior tibia armed with a series of long claws; plump, robust; body
WOOLY sic3leievessesunscdvescsweetexstestyecssospessecseess PeuSuscoceeeee Aretonotus.
Anterior tibia unarmed ; form more slender, less robust... ......... Ellema.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 81

In 1886 in a very well written pamphlet on “ The Sphingidse of
New England,” Prof. Fernald gives very careful and accurate de-
scriptions of the genera and species of this section. Many of my
suggestions are adopted, while the Professor differs considerably in
his estimate of certain genera.

The generic descriptions are careful and complete, and in this
paper I have drawn largely from them, finding them in almost every
instance absolutely correct. Characters not noted by previous au-
thors are here fully described, and the paper, limited as is its scope,
is a positive and valuable addition to our knowledge. As far as
possible the descriptions of the early stages are also given, and to the
beginner this little pamphlet is invaluable, as it is clear and simple,
and yet scientifically accurate.

I reproduce his table of genera :

oan cn tte OT geld Um NOTIN Ys ence once sacs eects anseerani--aooirinseonseisscoecces easkeee ress cee eee}
Moneue saorti and mMeEMbraANEOUS -.s-1c00\--.0c) <e -os-oaeee ashen conse Smerinthinee 16.
2.—Abdomen with a well-developed anal tuft, flight usually diurnal.
Macroglossinze 4,
Abdomen untufted, flight crepuscular, or nocturnal............ 60. cee... eee, 3.
3.—Thorax tufted, outer margin of wings obliquely rounded... Sphinginee 7.
Thorax untufted, outer margin of wings more or less excavate.

Cheerocampin:z 12.

—The middleok the wings transparent, .2...cc.o.- nse --ces-ees secs esos, Hemaris.
The middle of the WAITS ACG sac sesenanesseoet a eeoe eee eee reece eae eee nen 5
5.—-Outer margin of the fore wings entire.................. sceseses sooee Lepisesia.
Outernmareinoh the tone wangsjaneulateds.....:-0.0.-<00sqscesece-ndeeesesecee eee 6.
6.—Fore tibia spinose ............... Ban oar ets ses maieals eee Ro Pune eco N rote eee Amphion.
HOTERULOIaRTIO UTS PUA OSEGre sata cadteastenteet lapses neadvcins oss scl sarehet accent ae Thyreus.
fe BIVESeS ULOMP Ys CUMAUCE coe scene) - cee s<feisis)-acns <r aeeebiie orcas Fgh
BIVESESCALCE ye) OlsM OMe ACEO saea teers aactenascesenane (ecesseercueey seen ee oence ence me 10.
Se OLE MUID Ice MS DIM OSC cecesetrcven tem eas cetpeie seta inoss<eeo- uo ssaclesecncmseseencees Gesiahcer ee 9.
RIGHERUID IE OLS PIN OSCun sees aseceesceedaccseceeewacees Reece aeen Leek he Dolba.
9.—First joint of fore tarsi with a row of fires or four stout curved spines on
TINO MOULSTC Clic at fares sesee cites tele eos tece/ daceonncaaheawectesee tatesteasces ce Hyloicus.

First joint of four tarsi without stout curved spines on the outside.
Sphinx.
10.—Head prominent ; eyes large ; palpi well developed.. ee aes
Head sunken into the thorax; eyes small; palpi short........ ....... teal,
11.—Outer margin of fore wings excavate on vein 2. ... ............ Cerntoniia:
Outer margin of fore wings entire, rounded.................. 0... .Daremma.
12.— Outer margin of fore wings angulated.......... Eeesmaeecateeer ee Deidamia.
Outeramarcinvor fore: wines entire; OriSimUOUs:s:sc.sscea:eseroseseees cues ecel ce 13.
13.—Antenne straight; largest near the outer end.................... Deilephila.
Antenne largest in the middle; hooked at the outer end....... cnesttesecseees 14,
14.—Spurs of the middle and hind tibize short, legs weak................cesee ceeeeee aul ys
Spurs of the middle and hind tibiz long, legs stout........ Philampelus.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (11) MAY, 1888.

82 JOHN B. SMITH.

15.—Seales of the head lying smooth and flat.......... iectthanauees Choerocampa.
Seales of the head in a ridge or tuft between the antenne......... Everyx.

16.—Outer margin of the fore wings evenly rounded and entire......... Ellema.
Outer margin of the fore wings scalloped, or more or less angulate......... 17.

17._-Fore tibize with a stout spine at tip; large species, .............+. Triptogon.
All the tibize spinose ; medium sized species.................5 ..... Cressonia.
‘Tibize not spinose; medium sized species ; hind wings with an eye spot...18.

18.—-Outer margin of the fore wings scalloped................. alos suyscacseee Paonias.

Outer margin of the fore wings more or less angulated..... Smerinthus.

This is followed by a synopsis of the larvee so far as known, which
need not, however, be reproduced here.

Prof. Fernald recognizes four subfamilies, following somewhat my
arrangement of the genera, in the location of Detdamia and Ellema
and in the situation of the Smerinthine.

His arrangement is as follows:

Macroauossin&: Hemaris, Aellopos, Lepisesia, Amphion, Thyreus.

SPHINGINE: Ceratomia, Daremma, Phlegethontius, Sphinx, Dolba,
Dilophonota, Hyloicus.

CHa@ROCAMPINAE: Deilephila, Philampelus, Cherocampa, Everyx,
Deidania.

SMERINTHINE: Triptogon, Paonias, Smerinthus, Cressonia, Ellema.

In marked contrast to the above, is a pamphlet by Mr. A. R.
Grote, in 1887, on “ The Hawk Moths of North America.” (This is
a loose treatment of the Sphingide of the Atlantic region, with in-
definite descriptions in popular style of the genera and_ species,
largely culled from Prof. Fernald’s paper and with some remarks on
the geographic distribution of genera and species, which form the
most interesting and useful part of the whole work.

The genera Deilonche for Cher. tersa, Atreus tor Sphinx plebeius
and Copismerinthus for Smer. cerysti, are created on information
gained from Prof. Fernald’s paper.

The arrangement in the Check List of 1882 is retained in essen-
tials, except that the subfamily terms MAcroGLOssiIn»®, ete., are
here used to replace the inexpressive terms for the sections used in
the list.

This enumeration of authors is by no means complete, but it em-
braces all those who have either done general monographie work, or
have done similar work on the American species. Many authors
have given us isolated descriptions of genera and species. Besides
the older illustrated works of Drury, Cramer and Abbot, Mr.
Strecker has, in recent times, very acceptably figured a large pro-
portion of our species.

én teen

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 83

Not the least valuable part of the work done on the group has
been done in the descriptions of early stages, and among these the
many detailed descriptions of life histories by Prof. Lintner rank
high, while the excellent figures of the early stages of many of our
species furnished by Prof. Riley have perhaps done more to famil-
iarize their appearance and habits to those interested in entomology,
scientific or economic, than all word descriptions taken together.

It remains now to outline the classification which my study of the
family has led me to adopt, and this is not materially different from
that of some of the other authors. Larval characters are omitted
entirely. I recognize four subfamilies: Macroglossine, Choerocam-
pine, Sphingine and Smerinthine.

The order of these I change from that adopted by me heretofore,
placing the Sphingine after instead of before the Cherocampine.
It need scarcely be noted that I have taken into account North
American forms only, and have but seldom had recourse to exoties
when the determination of a type made it necessary.

The Macroglossine are usually placed at the head of the series,
because of their diurnal habit, and the general idea that it is the
most specialized group in the family. Boisduval, however, sees in
the tufted abdomen and often hyaline wings, an approach to the
Sestide, and places this subfamily at the foot of his series.

As they stand in Mr. Grote’s “ New List” this subfamily—in
Hiibnerian jargon “ Caudiberbes” yclept
to hold it together. Excluding Cautethia, the laterally or anally
tufted abdomen furnishes a base for the association. The group con-

has not a single character

tains species with clubbed antennze; species with fusiform antennee,
and species with almost setaceous antennze. The head may be broad
and prominent, or it may be small and retracted. The tongue in
some is very long and strong, in others it is weak and short. Some
have a slender, graceful habitus, others are heavy and obese ; in
short there is a most beautiful mixture. The explanation seems to
be that in this assemblage were placed all those aberrant forms which
were excrescences or abnormal developments, from whatever source.

I have restricted the subfamily to those forms in which the an-
tenn are distinctly clavate, or enlarged at or before the tip.

The type of the genus Macroglossa, and consequently of the sub-
family, is M. stellatarum, a species closely resembling the form of
Aellopos, but with distinctly clavate antennee. Macroglossa croatica
is not, I believe, congeneric with stel/atarwn, but seems to be so with

84 JOHN B. SMITH.

our species of Hemaris. The discussion of further differences be-
longs to another place, and the subfamily character only need be
noted here.

The Cherocampine have species the most diverse in habitus.
None of them, however, have distinctly clavate antennee, and none
of them, unless the abdomen is tufted anally or at sides, have entire
or even outer margins. ‘There is no strong structural character iso-
lating the subfamily. I have here placed all those genera eliminated
from the Macroglossine, forming of them a small group of aberrant
forms without definite or close relation to other forms in our fauna
and which must be placed in connection with work on other faunas.
Such forms as Knyo and Aellopos are spurs from a tropical fauna,
showing numerous similar forms and perhaps entitled to subfamily
rank when properly associated.

A tendency throughout this family is to bright colors and distinct
shades and bands in wing maculation. The abdomen is rarely
banded, and there are no sober gray forms represented.

A very large proportion of our species in the larval state will feed
on grape, or Ampelopsis. In fact, there are but three exceptions to
this rule, though many of those on grape will also feed on other
plants.

This subfamily finds its greatest representation more southwardly,
where many of the forms are of the most beautiful and graceful.

In contrast to the above the Sphingide are, as a rule, sober gray
or brown insects of large or moderate size, with pointed wings and
even outer margin, not sinuate or angulated as in the Cherocampine.
The maculation consists either of simple, undulated, transverse lines
like that in so many Bombycide, or of longitudinal interspaceal black
dashes. Sometimes the primaries are a mottled surface of gray and
black streaks without distinct pattern. Rarely the secondaries are
red, brown, or yellow with black margins.

In this group there is a very general tendency to spinose, or armed
tibixe and tarsi, which in the former family is barely indicated in
Deilephila. There is a gradual decrease in the length of tongue from
forms like ce/eus, where it is five or six inches long, to forms like
Ellema harristi, where it is wanting, or a mere membraneous rudi-
ment.

At the foot of the series are the Smerinthine with angulated wings,
small, retracted head and obsolete tongue. Insects thoroughly bom-
biciform in habit and appearance, but completely Sphingiform in
larval and imaginal characters.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 85

From my study of the family it appears to me that there are at
least two very distinct series leading either from or to the Bom-
bycide. The one seems to show an affinity to the Ptilodonts through
Ellema and allies, and forms a very complete chain to the immense
forms of typical Sphinx. This is a rather distinctive series with ap-
parently few aberratic forms, but some branches toward the Chero-
campine. ‘The other seems to find closer allies in the Saturniida
through Cressonia to the most typical Smerinthine. The affinities of
this group are strongly with the Charocampine, to which a tolerably
complete chain, with Deidamia in a prominent place, can be con-
structed, though not from our fauna. Even to the Macroglosside
forms like Arctonotus show distinct relationships, while the Chero-
campine and Macroglossine are so closely related that it would not
be at all difficult to complete the chain from a general study of the
entire fauna.

In our fauna we may expect to discover little more in the way of
new species. The high western plateaus and the mountain ranges
there, may give us a few more inconspicuous species probably be-
longing to the genus Sphinw, or belonging at least to the subfamily.
Yet how long a species may escape observation is illustrated by
Sphinx cupressi, which was figured by Abbot many years ago, and
has only been taken again in 1887.

There are few families, too, in which the larval history is so gen-
erally known. The larve are large, easily discovered, and, as a rule,
not difficult to raise. Of the few of which we have no descriptions
quite a fair proportion have been bred, but no history published.

In Prof. Riley’s unpublished notes is a vast deal of information
on the early stages of many of our species. This it has proved im-
possible to incorporate here at present, and will be the subject of a
memoir by the professor at an early date.

In tabular form the Sphingidee divide as follows :

Antenne distinctly clubbed at bipi:....2...---:-c00/ o0scones ooerceeee Macroglossinz.

Antenne not distinetly clubbed, usually fusiform.
Tongue long and strong.

Primaries with outer margin sinuate or angulate....... Choerocampine.

Primaries with outer Margin CVEN....... .....-0..censecoecceeceeoes Sphingidsze 7.
Tongue weak and short.

Primaries with outer MATGIN CVEN...........0ceeeee seveen cone seees Sphinginee 77.

Primaries angulated and dentated ..........0...200- cseseceee veces Smerinthinz.

86 JOHN B. SMITH.

MACROGLOSSIN &.

This subfamily is at once separable from all the other Sphingide
by the distinctly clavate antennze, furnished at tip with a minute
recurved hook. In some species, the majority in fact, the males have
the joints lamellate inwardly, while in the females they are ciliate or
entirely smooth. The only genus that at all approaches this sub-
family in antennal structure is Detlephila, belonging to the Chero-
campine, and to that some forms of Lepisesia are closely allied. The
body is, as a rule, short, stout; the wings comparatively small, often
hyaline in part; abdomen tufted, laterally or at tip, or both, some-
times inconspicuously so; head small; eyes small, round, usually
lashed ; the legs are moderate, subequal, rather sparsely clothed with
fine hair. In habit the species are diurnal, flying in the hottest sun-
shine and hovering over flowers like the humming birds, to which
they bear a resemblance when on the wing.

This characterization restricts the subfamily much more than has
been done by previous authors. As the subfamily pow stands in
lists the only feature uniting them is the tufting of the abdomen,
while in all other respects they vary widely.

As here restricted two genera belong to the subfamily,— Hemaris
and Lepisesia, the latter term embracing the species listed as Lepisesia,
Euproserpinus and Pogocolon.

The genera -are easily distinguished ; Hemaris contains the clear
winged species, in which also the fore tibize are unarmed, while Lepi-
sesia contains opaque winged forms in which the fore tibize are heavily
armed outwardly and at tip with long stout spines or claws.

The species taken as a whole are not common, and as I could not
get material enough under my control to make such dissections as I
should have liked, the information in regard to genital structure is
incomplete.

HEMARIS Daln.

Vetensk. Akad. Hand. 1816, 207.

Head narrow, small, not retracted, untufted. Tongue as long as
the body, stout, corneous. Palpi closely scaled, oblique, sometimes
forming a more or less complete cone in front of the head. Eyes of
medium size and lashed. Antenne about two-thirds the length of
costa, clavate, outwardly abruptly terminating in a minute and bent
seta, biciliate in the males, simple in the females. Thorax smooth,

O
ay

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

tapering in front and prolonged in front of the primaries. Abdomen
somewhat flattened beneath, with a broad, fan-like anal tuft. The
posterior edge of the segments above is armed with minute, flattened
spinules. The primaries are eleven veined, the outer margin rounded,
entire, the centre of the wings transparent and crossed by the dark
veins. Secondaries also transparent in the middle, the outer margin
somewhat excavated between veins Ib and 2. The colors are black,
with yellow and ferruginous maculation, and the species, when flying
in the bright sunshine, bear a deceptive resemblance to humming
birds, for which they are not infrequently mistaken.

In this genus I regret that the material at my command has been
too incomplete to accord that careful study which it requires. There
are many species described, and all sorts of opinions as to their va-
lidity. Boisduval’s species are not satisfactorily identified in any
collection, and are probably synonyms of others. Mr. Strecker’s
species are not certainly known to any but himself, while of the
other species described, many of them are based upon characters
which all analogy seems to prove evanescent.

In the few species of which I have been able to examine the male
genitalia, I find an unexpected similarity amounting practically to
identity of structure. This removes one important guide to the dis-
tinction of species and leaves us to more superficial characters. Of
these, Mr. Henry Edwards has remarked that differences of color
are here given specific value, which would not be accorded them in
other genera. It is this fact which makes long series of bred speci-
mens necessary to decide upon the range of variation. Many of the
species have been bred, but apparently only in small numbers, and
the results have never been carefully analyzed. I have, therefore,
given descriptions here of all the described forms, mostly reproducing
the original descriptions and supplementing them with such notes as
I have made.

It may be added that the genitalia are of the typical Sphingid
type, the supra-anal hook showing a decided tendency to divide—in
fact it consists of two hooks closely joined along the median line.

The transformation of the larvee takes place on the surface of the
ground in an imperfect cocoon among the leaves.

As the best way to give an adequate idea of the characters used
to separate the more common forms I will give a review of the work
of Messrs. Grote & Robinson and of Mr. Grote singly upon the genus.
The first paper was by Messrs. Grote & Robinson in the Ann. Lye.

88 JOHN B. SMITH.

N. H.N. Y. viii, 455. There the genus Hemorrhagia is elaborately
defined, and the species included are those with the generally deep
red or brown colors as contrasted to those forms in which yellow
forms the prevailing shade. This they divided as follows:

Group I (Aberrant).
Discal cell of primaries free; vitreous field of secondaries crossed by five ner-
vules. Sp. 1. :
Thorax beneath, with lateral red shades................02. -.ses00. 1. H. gracilis.

Group II (Typical).
Discal cell of primaries crossed by a longitudinal bar.
Vitreous field of secondaries crossed by six nervules.
Inner margin of external band of § primaries dentate on the interspaces.
Sp. 2 and 3.
Abdomen shaded with olivaceous on the sides of the terminal segments.
2. H. thysbe.
Abdomen terminally entirely deep red................. 3. H. fuscicaudis.
Inner margin of external band of % primaries not dentate on the inter-
spaces. Sp. 4 and 5.
Size moderate; hind “tarsi Ted -cccs+e-ce-eeecoscee === 4. H. buffaloensis.
Sizellances hind: tarsilaCKeres-cscse-nceccemenaererseseee 5. H. floridensis.

In their other papers, while occasionally discussing the species of
the genus, they make no changes save in suppressing the genus
Hemorrhagia, while they add no new species in this group. In the
section Hemaris they give random notes, but no comparative or tab-
ular statements.

In vol. 1 of the “ Bulletin of the Buffalo Soe. N. Sei.’”’ Mr. Grote
gives another synopsis of this group of the genus, adopting the fol-
lowing division :

Group I (Chameesesia).

Discal cell of primaries free ; vitreous field of secondaries crossed by five nervules.
Thorax beneath with lateral red shades ; hind wings beneath with a pale shade
Sa ifaN alleur) Pl Ong eeees wacanaeree teaecenee achacteisioaaocersisceacuersneseseceh gracilis.

Group II (Hemorrhagia).

Diseal cell of primaries crossed by a longitudinal bar of scales, appearing as a
prolongation of vein 5; vitreous field of secondaries crossed by six
nervules.

Inner edge of external marginal band of the fore wings not dentate on the

interspaces.
Size small (expanse 1.65—1.70 imch.). ......2...0..c0ses seeconees buffaloensis.
Size moderate (expanse 1.80—2.20 inch.)............-cseesseecereee uniformis.
Size large: (expanse 5 2:40 mnChin)ts.csnce-o-neseescianes oosenosenenes floridensis.
Inner edge of external marginal band of the fore wings dentate on the in-
terspaces.
Abdomen with the pre-anal segments olivaceous.......... eoeestats thysbe.

Abdomen terminally entirely deep red. .............25 eee fuscicaudis,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 89

No other comparative description or synopsis of this group is given
by Mr. Grote, and he contradicts his conclusions and negatives the
value of one of his chief characters by classifying wi/formis and
floridensis, with entire margins, as varieties of thysbe with dentate
margins. As to floridensis he revokes this determination, but leaves
uniformis as a variety, abandoning the principle.

Tn vol. 2 of the same journal, p. 147, he gives a table of some spe-
cies of the other section as follows:

Terminal band of primaries even on its inner €dge................00+ seeeeenes tenuis.
Terminal band interspaceably roundedly exserted on its inner edge... diffiimis,.
Terminal band dentate on its inner edge............... sqeceee- seesceece marginalis.

It may be noted here that the extreme western forms, as a rule,
differ from the eastern species in the thinner, more scanty vestiture,
and shorter, more slender palpi. They have a peculiar shaggy ap-
pearance, which is very characteristic. Some of the eastern forms
extend nearly to the Rocky Mountains, and retain their characters
quite constantly. None of the species of the section Hamorrhagia
extend beyond the Rocky Mountains, and the species are perhaps
best known.

In the treatment of this genus, considering the scantiness of the
material at hand, I shall first give the descriptions, following Mr.
Grote’s catalogue adding what notes I can, and will then add a
synopsis so far as I can make it up from the specimens at hand.

It may be stated here that in “ Can. Nat. and Geol.” 1859, p. 122,
Dr. Gibbs records the fact that Sesia thysbe emits a squeaking sound.
No one has since verified this observation.

H. palpalis Grt., Buff. Bull. ii, 145, Hemaris; Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. v, 89,
Hemaris ; Butl., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 519, Hemaris.

Antenne black. Head above pale sulphur-yellow, palpi bright orange with
the tips black; tongue black; breast and sides of thorax beneath the wings pale
sulphur-yellow. Thorax above, covered with olivaceous or rusty yellowish hair
extending over the dorsum of the abdomen. Abdomen black, with the pre-anal
segments tufted with light sulphur-yellow at the sides; anal hairs black. Legs
black. Wings pellucid with narrow blackish-brown terminal borders, on the
primaries even, inwardly a little irregular towards internal angle. Allied to the
eastern H. tenuis and differing from all the species by the discolorous labial
palpi. No perceivable reddish apical stain. Expands 1.85 inches; 46 mm.

Hab.—Gilroy, Brit. Col.

Of this species Mr. Edwards says (Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi, 89): ‘Its
chief difference from thetis seems to be in the darker shade of the
labial palpi.”

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (12) MAY, 1888.

90 JOHN B. SMITH.

I have nothing to add to this as the species is unknown to me. It
is probably nothing more than a variety of thetis.

Hi. thetis Bd., Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. iii, ser. 3, Bull. p. 32, 1865, Macroglossa ; G. &
R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 192, Macroglossa ; Tr. A. E.S i, 325, pl. vi, fig. 36, Sesia ;
Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi, 87, Macroglossa ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 5, pl. 1, fig. 7,
Hemaris; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 368, Macroglossa ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.
ix, 519, Hemaris.

Size and form of S. diffinis. Head above dull olivaceous; eyes narrowly cir-
cled with white scales; labial palpi yellowish beneath and on the sides, tipped
with ferruginous inwardly and with superior, lateral, black scales tipping the
terminal joint. Antenne rather stout, blackish ;* beneath, the thoracic parts are
clothed with pale yellowish scales, as are the anterior femora outwardly. Legs
black. The thorax beneath is encroached upon centrally by the pale pectoral scales,
but is elsewhere black ; above, it is entirely obscure olivaceous. Abdomen above,
black, shaded with brownish from over the base downwardly ; the two pre-anal
segments are entirely pale yellow, except centrally beneath. while dorsally the
pale yellow scales are narrowly tinged with brownish. Anal segment and tuft
black. Wings largely vitreous ; anterior pair narrowly clothed with dark brown-
ish seales along costal edge; an unusually narrow terminal band tapering to in-
ternal angle; a basal scale patch below median nervure outwardly obliquely bent
on internal margin. Secondaries largely vitreous; a very narrow, even, terminal,
dark brownish edging ; from the base downward the internal margin is broadly
clothed with dark scales; beneath as above; the wings at base are partially
clothed with pale yellow seales. Expands 1.80 inches; 45 mm.

Hab.—California.

The above description is from Grote & Robinson; they say:
“This species closely agrees in structure with S. diffinis; the body
squammation is rough. The coloration of the body parts and the
narrow edging of the wings, will at once distinguish the present from
our common species from the Atlantic district.”

In Buff. Bull. i, 5, Mr. Grote compares the species with tenuis,
than which he says it is larger, “ marginal band even, black and very
narrow. Costal edge depressed, external margin more oblique, un-
even and longer than in tenuis. No apical stain on primaries. The
more robust California species may be distinguished by details of
abdominal coloration.

Mr. Edwards in Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi, 87, says that in fresh speci-
mens there is always present on the hind tibia a bunch of long, pale
yellow hairs, which are not visible in the somewhat worn and faded
type specimens. ‘The presence of the reddish apical spot in the
anterior wings is, I think, by no means a safe character, as in any
one of my specimens it is quite apparent, while in two others it is
entirely absent. This species may, however, be known by the tho-
racic and abdominal clothing, which is invaribly dull olivaceous,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 91

with a brownish tinge and is extended without any break to the

yellow pre-anal segments.” It is found in the valleys of California,

chiefly in the neighborhood of the coast range, and may be sought

for in May and June. It is especially attracted to the flowers of the

species of Lupinus. Nothing is known of the early stages.

H, cynoglossum Hy. Edw., Pr. Calif. Ac. Sci. v, 88, Hemaris ; Grt., Buff.
Bull. iii, 220, Hemaris ; Butler, Pap. i, 103.

Size of H. thetis. Head above pale yellowish olive; eyes margined behind
with white scales. Palpi pale yellowish, with the terminal joint tipped with
black. Thorax above bright greenish olive, without the brown tint observable
in thetis. Basal segments of abdomen rich velvety black. Two pre-anal seg-
ments pale yellowish with a darker median shade. The under side of abdomen,
including the anal tuft, is wholly black, except the edges of the pre-anal seg-
ments which are pale lemon yellow. The thorax is less covered beneath with
yellowish hairs than in thetis, and the pale scales are hardly visible at the base
of the wings, while the tufts of yellow hairs on the tibis, so eminently charac-
teristic of thetis are here wholly wanting. The wingsabove and below are similar
to the allied species, but are decidedly more opalescent, giving out a most beau-
tiful bluish reflection. Antennz blue-black. The fore wings are a little sharper
at the apex than those of thetis. Taken on flowers of Cynoglosswm grande.

Hab.—California, Vancouver.

This species differs from thetis more particularly in the absence of
the yellow brush of hind tibize and the absence of colored hairs on
the basal segments of the abdomen.

Mr. Edwards seems to believe that his species rests on rather a
shaky foundation, and adds that “ The species of the genus Hemuaris
are very closely allied, and can be separated only by characters
which in other genera would hardly be considered as sufficient to
indicate a difference of species.”

This, however, seems to me a very distinct form. The pure black
legs and basal segments of abdomen contrast strongly with the yel-
low, downy legs of thetis and rubens, which have the basal segments
also more densely clothed with either yellowish or reddish hair.

The early stages of the species are unknown.

H. metathetis Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 519, Hemaris ; Pap. i, 103
Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, xli, 51, = avillaris.

In the Ann. and Mag. N. H. Lond. ser. 4 vol. xiv, p. 366, Mr.
Butler describes Sesia G'rotei = azillaris stating that it was nearest
to avillaris G. & R. Afterward, in the Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. above
cited, he speaks of metathetis: “This species was sent by Belfrage,
labelled ‘S. axillaris Grote & Robinson,’ which has led to my error ;
it differs in its smaller size, narrower and not dentated border, with
other minor characters.”

92 JOHN B. SMITH.

In speaking of H. cynoglossum Hy. Edwards, in Pap. i, 103, Mr.
Butler says: “ This species is nearly allied to the Texan insect to
which I gave the name of HH. metathetis. It differs in being slightly
smaller and with the external dark brown border of the primaries
of only two-thirds the width ; these appear to be the only noteworthy
distinctions between the two forms.”

Hab.—Texas.

In the Belfrage collection, which formed a part of the collection
presented to the Museum by Prof. Riley, I find a single specimen
fully answering Mr. Butler’s brief characterization. As in Mr. But-
ler’s specimen this also bears Mr. Belfrage’s label Sesia axillaris,
making it almost certain that it is the same form sent Mr. Butler
under that name. This species is so close to thetis that I cannot find
any seizable distinctive features. The material, however, is too scant
to authorize a positive reference in this genus.*

H. rubens Hy. Edwards, Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi, 88, Hemaris; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii,
220, Hemaris.

Mr. Edwards gives only a comparative description of this form.
He says: “ Under this name, if a true species, I wish to recognize
two specimens in my collection in which the apical red mark is very
distinct above and below, the oblique scale patch at the base of the
primaries reddish and the costa and margins on the lower side also
with a decided reddish hue. In H. thetis the two preanal segments
alone are yellowish, but in the two specimens referred to above the
yellow is carried on to the third segment, dorsally and beneath, but
is interrupted on the sides by a black band. This appears to be a
strong character, as in my examples of thetis the yellow shade is dis-
tinctly confined to the two pre-anal segments. Slightly smaller than
thetis. The tuft of yellow hairs on the hind tibiz is present in this
species.

Hab.—Oregon, California.

In the specimens examined by me the abdominal maculation is not
quite constant, though there are always more than two segments
yellow. The species looks quite distinct from thetis, and is a good
one I think.

* A good colored figure of HH. metathetis kindly sent me by Mr. Butler proves
my identification correct, and makes it certain that it is a slight variation only
of H. thetis. Maassen’s reference of the species to axillaris is wild.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 93

H. senta Strk., Rept. Chief of Engin. 1878-79, p. 1858, pl. ii, fig. 1, Macro-
glossa ; Grote, New List, 1882, Hemaris.

Male expands 1} inches. Above the head, thorax and first two and part of
third segment of abdomen heavily clothed with olivaceous hair; beneath the
first three segments of the abdomen are black; the remaining ones pale sulphur
yellow with black in the middle: anal tuft black; antenne black. Beneath,
head and body are yellowish white. Legs clothed with yellowish white hair.
Upper surface: wings hyaline, with the veins dark brown. Primaries, costa
blackish, exterior margin of moderate width, widest at apex, scalloped on its
inner edge, but not deeply, Indian-red in color, brightest at apex, and between
the last two cells at and near the inner angle; in the middle this border is sprin-
kled or suffused with brownish; fringe dark brown: inner margin Indian-red,
narrow at and near the inner angle, becoming very broad from middle of inner
margin to base. Secondaries have a narrow exterior margin of dark brown,
slightly scalloped inwardly and showing traces of red toward inner half. Ab-
dominal margin broad and reddish, brightest at anal angle. Under surface,
wings: Primaries, costa pale yellowish from base to over or about half its length ;
terminal half sprinkled heavily with dark brown ; exterior margin with the red
not so dark as above, but brighter; inner margin also not as dark as the outer
half and pale yellow towards and at base. Secondaries with basal part, costa
and inner margin pale yellow; exterior margin red ; fringes of all wings brown.

One male; Fierra Amarilla, New Mexico, July 10.

“This beautiful little species is far more slender and delicate than
diffinis or allies, and its position would be between the group of
which diffinis B. is typical and the other composed of such species
as thysbe F., gracilis Grt. ete. It can be distinguished at a glance
from any other known American species.”

This is almost surely H. rubens Hy. Edwards. I have examined
a specimen of the latter which agrees very well with the description
and figure. Mr. Edwards informs me that he has a specimen he
takes to be this species and it seems to differ in the abdominal macu-
lation. It seems to me that much reliance cannot be placed on this
character in this species. The description is from Strecker’s original
characterization of the species.

Hi. sethra Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 107, pl. xiii, fig. 2, id. p. 142, Macroglossa ;
Grt., New List 1882, Hemaris ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 69,
= diffinis.

** Female.—Expands 1 inches. Above, head and body olivaceous, of a paler
yellow shade toward the sides; caudal brush yellow and black, beneath same as
diffinis. Primaries: margin much broader than in diffinis and serrated on inner —
edge; a large carmine apical spot; base and interior margin reddish, with oliv-
aceous hairs on the former. Inferiors narrow, brown exterior margin. Ab-
dominal margin carmine; beneath, costa of both wings red.”

One example from Montreal, Canada. From Mr. P. Knetzing.

94 JOHN B. SMITH.

“Tf this be not a new species it is certainly a most remarkable
aberrant form of diffinis; the total absence of the broad, black,
transverse band of upper side of abdomen is a most noticeable
feature, as well as the entirely red costa of all wings beneath.”

Mr. Strecker speaks afterwards of receiving additional specimens
from the same iocality. I have seen specimens which I believe to be
this species, and judging from these and from Mr. Strecker’s well
executed figure, it is merely a form of diffinis. So, too, Mr. Maassen
refers the species.

H. tenuis Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 4, pl. i, fig. 6, Hemaris ; id. ii, 146, 147, Hemaris ;
Fish., Can. Ent. xvi, 143; Grt.,* Psyche ii, 66 ; Fernald, Sphing. 14, Hemaris ;
Holland,* Can. Ent. xviii, 101; Grote, Hawk Moths 26, Hemaris; Grt., Can.
Ent. 1887, 19, 79.

fumosa Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 93, 1875, pl. xiii, fig. 3, Maeroglossa ; id. 140;

Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 518; Grt., Buff. Bull. ii, 146, 147, pr. syn. ;
Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 69, pr. syn.

Pale yellowish and black. The two bluish white lateral abdominal spots evi-
dent against the blackish hairs of the basal segments, which latter are dorsally
yellow. Anal tuft black, divided by yellow central hairs. Beneath, some sparse
yellow hair overlies the usual abdominal vestiture. Legs black; pectus pale
yellowish white ; palpi above black, beneath pale yellowish. Wings largely vit-
reous, with very narrow, dull blackish borders; blackish at base as usual, and
partially overlaid with yellowish scales. Costal edging narrow; the band along
external margin is even on its inner edge and narrower throughout than in any
species described from the Atlantic district. There is no perceptible red apical
shading; the body squammation is rather rough; the external margins of the
wings are more rounded and full than in most other species of the genus. Ex-
pands 1.50—1.70 inches; 37—42 mm.

Hab.—Eastern United States.

In Buff. Bull. ii, 145, Mr. Grote again speaks of the species, and
says that in a series of imagines seen the characters are inconstant,
except in the form of the outer marginal band. The apical stain is
sometimes prominently present.

Mr. Strecker’s species was based on fresh specimens which had the
vitreous space clothed with scales. Most of the species when first
from the pupa have this slight coating of scales, which is generally
lost with the first flutter of the wings; in this species they adhere
much more strongly than usual and specimens may be taken afield
with the vitreous space opaque with scales.

Mr. Grote (1. ¢.) also says that compared with diffinis the larva of
tenuis has the ventral stripe much more distinct and well defined.
The general color is green, but a few brown specimens are found.

* The star wherever used to an authority indicates that the author describes
the early stages, or some of them.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 95

H. marginalis Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 6, pl. 1, fig. 10, Hemaris; id. ii, 147, He-
maris ; Jewett,* BklIn. Bull. iv, 17, life history ; Pilate, Pap. ii, 66; Butl., Tr.
Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 521, Hemaris ; Grt., Hawk Moths 26, Hemaris ; Maassen,
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 51. = azillaris.

axillaris { Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 140.

Thorax above yellowish shading to olivaceous, the squammation becoming deep
yellowish over the basal abdominal segments dorsally. Middle abdominal seg-
ments black; the two pre-anal deep yellowish. Anal tuft black, with central
yellowish hairs; beneath, the abdomen is black, the yellowish hairs of the pre-
anal segments extending downwardly at the sides. Legs black; anterior with
pale scales along the tarsi and tibie inwardly. Thorax beneath sulphur white;
the body seems narrower, more fusiform than in the other species, and the squam-
mation more depressed. Wings largely vitreous, ornamented as usual, but with a
wider terminal band on the primaries than is possessed by H. diffinis. The inner
edge of the marginal band is plainly dentate inwardly on the superior interspaces,
There is a reddish apical stain as in H. diffinis. Expands 1.65—1.70 inches;
41—43 mm.

Hab.—Michigan, Ohio, Texas.
A very complete life history is given by Dr. Jewett in Bull. Bkln.
Ent. Soc. vol. iv, p. 17.

H. axillaris G. & R., Tr. A. E. Soe. i, 23, Sesia ; id. ii, 180, Sesia; Grt., Buff.
Bull. i, 6, pl. 1, fig. 9, Hemaris; id. ii, 147, Hemaris ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe.
Lond. ix, 521, Hemaris; Grt., Hawk Moths 26, Hemaris.

grotei Butl., Ann. and Mag. N. H. ser. 4, v, xiv, p. 365, Sesia ; Tr. Zool. Soc.

Lond. ix, 521, pr. syn.

Size rather large, form stout; black. Head and thoracic region above, obscure
yellowish olivaceous ; this color extends over the basal segments of the abdomen.
Antenne and legs black. Labial palpi beneath and under thoracic surface, pale
yellowish white. At the sides behind the eyes, are linear black shades. Eyes
narrowly edged above with white scales ; above, the palpi are black. Abdomen
black, except at base as above noted; the two pre-anal segments are yellowish,
this color extending over the sides, but not obtaining centrally beneath. Anal
tuft black; in one specimen mixed centrally with olivaceous hairs. Wings
largely vitreous; primaries with a very oblique yet rounded outer margin. An-
terior wings with an obscure brown costal edging and brown at base, where they
show a few olivaceous scales. The discal cell is free; a terminal, very broad
brown band, tapering to internal angle and very strongly dentate on the inter-
spaces within. The apical and two succeeding nervular interspaces are shaded
with red scales within, from the apex downwardly and inwardly obliquely, in
such a manner that the border on the apical interspace is almost wholly red,
while on the two succeeding interspaces the red scales merely touch the toothed
edge of the border. Secondaries largely vitreous; an even, narrow, brown ter-
minal border, regularly and shortly dentate on the middle of the interspaces.
Base of the wing and internal margin fuscous or blackish. The fuscous basal
scales extend along costa very narrowly towards the apices. Five nervules are
clearly exposed on the pellucid field of the wing. Beneath as above, the external
borders tinged with reddish. Expanse 2.10 inches; 52 mm.

Hab.— Texas.

96 JOHN B. SMITH.

The above is the characterization given by the describers of the
species. They add: “ At once distinguished from S. diffinis by the
greatly broader band on the external margin of primaries, which is
dentate on the interspaces. The form is stouter and the head wider
across the vertex than in S. diffinis.”

Afterward Mr. Grote states that the species is very similar to
marginalis, but is larger, more robust, the marginal band much wider
and more strongly dentate.

Mr. Strecker says: “ These two [axillaris and marginalis] are un-
questionably the same species ; the type of marginalis has the denta-
tions on inner edge of margin of primaries not as deeply cut as in
the type of axillaris, but in a number of examples all the gradations
between the two extremities can be found, and in one example which
I possess the teeth are inwardly dentate, even more than in Grote’s
figure in Bull. Buf”

I believe that Mr. Strecker is right. There is nothing but a gen-
eral unlikeness between the two species, which disappears when a
number of specimens come under observation. I have seen speci-
mens which agree as well with one as with the other.

HW. diffimis Bd., Sp. Gen. i, pl. 15, fig. 2, Maeroglossa; Harris, Sill. Journ. 36,
308, Sesia ; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 81, Sesia ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci.
Phil. iv, 1859, 129, Sesia ; Morris, Synopsis 1862, 148, Sesia ; Harris, Inj. Ins.
Flint ed. 328, Sesta ; Mead,* Can. Ent. ii, 157; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 5, pl. 1, fig.
8, Hemaris ; id. ii, 147, Hemaris; Lint.,* Ent. Cont. i, 40, Sesia; id. ii, 157;
Bd., Sp. Lep. Het. i, 366, Macroglossa ; Fernald,* Sphing. 14, Hemaris ; Grt.,
Hawk Moths 26, Hemaris ; Can. Ent. 1887, xix. 79, Hemaris.

fuciformis ¢ Sm. Abb. Ins. Ga. i, p. 85, pl. 43; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii,
81, pr. syn.

Head above and thorax anteriorly olive green, inclining to yellowish on the
sides. A broad band of brown, bordered on each side with pale yellow, extends
along the top of the thorax and abdoinen. Upper side of the palpi, legs and
under side of thorax and abdomen black, marked with pale yellow on the under
side of the palpi; sides of thorax beneath the wings, front of the fore coxe, a
few hairs on the fore femora and on the middle and hind tibiz, also on the sides
of the middle segments of the abdomen, yellow. The lateral tufts at the end of
the abdomen are black, while the central one is pale brown. There are a few
blue scales on the hinder edge of the sides of the first two abdominal segments,
The primaries are transparent, with dark brown veins and have a narrow, dark
brownish opaque border along the costa; a similar one on the outer margin, in-
terspaceally roundedly exserted on the inner side, widest at apex, where there
is a rust-red apical spot. There is also a brown patch on the base of the wing
with a narrow prolongation along the hinder border. The secondaries are trans-
parent, with dark brown veins, a narrow outer border and a broad inner one

el,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA.

=~]

which extends around on the costa, where it grows narrower as it extends out-
ward; the borders are dark brown and opaque and marked more or less with
rusty-red. Expands 1.70—1.90 inches; 43--48 mm.

Hab.—Canada, Hudson Bay Territory, Maine to Georgia, westward
to Missouri, Iowa.

This is one of our more common species of the East, and there are
southwardly at least two broods annually. It extends further North
than most other species. It has been taken in New York in May
and again in July, fresh specimens in each instance. Mr. Lintner
says it is essentially a day flyer, and he has never taken it at dusk.
Tt was usually on Lupinus perennis.

Among the specimens in Mr. Lintner’s collection which I exam-
ined were many varieties in the amount of yellow on the abdomen,
some with very distinct bands and some without any bands whatever.
A form of the latter, in which the red stains are very strongly
marked, must have furnished the type of Mr. Strecker’s ethre.

In the “ Canadian Entomologist” for April, 1887, vol. xix, p. 79,
Mr. Grote, in a rambling note on this species, mentions nearly all
the American forms without adding anything new save a speculation
on the probable origin of the species.

H. gracilis G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soe. Phil. v, 174, pl. 3, figs. 1 and 2, Hemorrhagia ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 8, Chamesesia ; id. 18, Hemorrhagia; Beth. Can. Ent. i,
10; Lint., Ent. Cont. i, 40, Sesia; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 371, Macroglossa ;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 522, Hemaris ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 220, Cha-
mésesia ; Fernald, Sphing. 161, Hemaris; Grt., Hawk Moths 27, Chamesesia.

ruficaudis { WIk. C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 82, Sesia; G. & R,, Pr. E. S. Ph. v,
149, 175, pr. syn.

Male.—Form somewhat small and slight. Head and thorax above, clothed
with olive green appressed hair; basal abdominal segments above similarly col-
ored. Palpi black at the tips, whitish beneath. Orbits of eyes white; in front
of these a few whitish scales. Laterally, the under thoracic parts are clothed
with long white hair extending from behind the eyes to base of secondaries.
Centrally, the under thoracic parts are clothed with long white hair, which is
separated from the lateral white hair by two sublateral broad stripes of long
reddish hair; a character which is very distinctive when we compare it with the
concolorous pectus of allied species. Anterior femora clothed with thick white
hair. Anterior tibie pale red, as are also the middle and posterior legs, both
femora, tibiz and tarsi. Abdomen, except basal segments above, dark red; third
basal segment fringed anteriorly with pale hairs ; fourth dorsally, with a few
similarly colored appressed hairs; fifth and sixth with a few pale lateral hairs.
Anal tuft black laterally, centrally pale red ; under surface of abdomen pale red,
with a central subobsolete series of pale spots composed of aggregated hairs.
Laterally, spots of similar pale hairs at the base of the segments; the sides of
the abdomen show subtufts fringed above with pale yellowish, similarly colored

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (13) MAY, 1888.

98 JOHN B. SMITH.

hair to that forming the lateral and central series of abdominal spots; anal tuft
concolorous with abdomen beneath; extremities of anal hairs black. Wings
vitreous, anterior pair largely bright red at base, the scales encroaching on the
discal cell from the base; a narrow cross bar at end of cell; discal cell free.
External margin with a moderately broad, dark red, even band, narrowing to
internal angle, not dentate on the interspaces. Costa and internal margin bor-
dered somewhat narrowly with dark red scales; posterior wings bright red at
base and over anal angle; external margin with an even border of dark red
scales. Centrally, the secondaries are vitreous, the diaphanous field crossed by
five nervules; under surface resembling upper, the red color of the primaries is
a little brighter, especially along costa and at apices, when compared with the
color of these parts on the upper surface. The posterior wings are distinctly
shaded with pale yellowish over and within anal angle on the interspaces inside
of the external border. Expands 1.75 inches.

Hab.—Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Eastern and
Middle States.

There is no perceptible difference between the sexes. The species
appears in June and July, and as far as I am aware the early stages
are not described.

This species, Messrs. Grote & Robinson say, while presenting too
many points of difference to be ruficaudis Kirby, is evidently the
form described as ruficaudis by Mr. Walker. Mr. Butler explains
that while one specimen of gracilis was placed by Mr. Walker among
the examples of ruficaudis, yet the Walkerian type is Kirby’s species.
He further says that graci/is may at once be distinguished from even
the most similar examples of H. ruficaudis (Kirby ?) Walker, by the
straight inner edge of the external brown band of primaries, the
more heavily scaled discocellulars and the smaller hyaline patch on
the secondaries.

The species is not uncommon and seems very constant, except that

I 4 ,
quite often six veins are very distinctly visible in the vitreous field
of secondaries. At least half of the specimens in Mr. Lintner’s
collection examined by himself and myself proved to have six dis-
tinct veins. There could be no doubt as to the species,

H. thysbe Fabr., Syst. Ent. 548, Sesia ; Sp. Ins. ii, 155, Sphinw ; Mant. Ins. ii,
99, Sesia; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 381, Sesia; Gmel. ed. Linn. S. N. 2, 388, Sesza ;
WI1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 82, Sesia ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N.S. Phil. iv, 1859,
129, Sesia ; Morr., Syn. Lep. 1862, 149, Sesia ; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Phil. iii, 646,
Sesia; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 150, Hemorrhagia; Lint., Ent. Cont. i, 40,
Sesia; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 8, Hemorrhagia; Beth., Can. Ent. i, 10, Hemor-
rhagia; Bd., Sp- Gen. Het. i, 369, Macroglossa ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.
ix, 521, Hemaris ; Hulst,* BkIn. Bull. ii, 38, Macroglossa ; Pilate, Pap. ii, 67;
Fernald,* Sphing. 16, Hemaris ; Holland, Can. Ent. xviii, 102; Grt., Hawk
Moths, 27, Hemorrhagia.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 99

pelasgus Cram., Lep. Ex. iii, 93, pl. 248, fig. B, Sphina; Htib., Verz. 131,
Cephanodes ; Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 308, Sesia ; W1k., C. M. B. Lep. Het. viii,
82, pr. syn.; Harr., Inj. Ins. Flint. ed. 328, fig. 156, Sesia ; Morris, 1. ¢. in
note, pr. syn.

cimbiciformis Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust. i, 135, Sesia ; Wood, Ind. Ent. pl.
53, fig. 29, Sesia; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 82. pr. syn.

Var. UniFormis G. & R., Tr. Am. Ent. Soc. ii, 181, Sesia ; id. List. Lep. 1868,
Hemorrhagia; Lint., 23d Rep. N. Y. State Cat. N. H. 172, Sesia; Ent. Cont.
i, 40 = ruficaudis; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 8, Hzemorrhagia; id. ii, 224; Strk.,
Lep. Rhop. et Het. 1876, 109, Macroglossa = ruficaudis ; Grt., New List 1882,
var. thysbe; Edw., Papilio, iii. 125; Holland, Can. Ent. xviii, 102, Hemaris ;
Grt., Hawk Moths 27, an dim. form. pr.

Var. FLORIDENSIS G. & R. Ann. Lye. N. H. viii, 439, pl. 16, fig. 20, Hemorrhagia ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 8, Hemorrhagia ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 522, He-
maris ; Hulst, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soe, ii, 40, pr. syn.; Grt., New List an var. pr.

The upper side of the head, palpi and thorax is of a bright olive green color.
The sides of the palpi are blackish, and they are cream colored beneath; the
breast and legs, except the hind tarsi and lower ends of the tibie which are
brown, are also cream colored ; the upper side of the abdomen has the first two
segments yellowish-brown, the next two deep reddish-brown or blackish, and
the terminal segments yellowish-brown with reddish-brown in the middle and
black on the sides. The primaries have a narrow costal border, a wide outer
border dentate inwardly on the interspaces and a basal patch extending along
the hinder margin of a dark reddish-brown color and overlaid on the basal por-
tion with olive-green hairs. The cell is divided through the middle by a longi-
tudinal line of brown scales. Secondaries bordered all around, narrowly on costa,
more widely on outer margin, with dark reddish-brown, while the hinder mar-
gin and base of the wing have a very wide border of rust-red. All these borders
are lighter on the under side of the wings. Expands 2 inches; 50 mm.

Hab.—Labrador, Canada; Southward to Florida; Westward to
the Mississippi.

This is the description of the type form.

In Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. ii, 182, Grote & Robinson says: “ As
Sesia thysbe var. wniformis, we would record the Sesia ruficaudis of
Mr. Walker, This is not Kirby’s species to judge from the descrip-
tion of that author. This is a form of S. thysbe, occurring in both
sexes, in which the external border of the primaries is not dentate
inwardly on the interspaces. We formerly regarded this as the usual
female form of S. thysbe, but with more material we correct this
opinion. In S. thysbe, both & and 9? have the external marginal
border of the primaries dentate on the interspaces within.”

Later they separate uniformis as a good species. Mr. Lintner
gives a very good description of the larva of this form in Proc. Ent,

100 JOHN B. SMITH.

Soe. Phil. iii, 646, from which the following is taken in order to pre-
sent fully the differences supposed to exist between this and other
species hereafter mentioned.

Length 1.75 inches. Head elliptical, granulated, dull green, when at rest par-
tially buried within the first segment. Mandibles yellow, black tipped. Body
tapering anteriorly from the Seventh segment, clear green, lighter dorsally,
shading darker to the stigmata, below which to the prolegs it is of a uniform
darker hue; underneath, from the third pair of legs to the terminal pair, dull
rose, bordered externally by a buff stripe, continued to the sixth segment and
inflated above the prolegs. First segment carinated on its anterior margin su-
periorly, upon which are about sixteen light yellow granulations. Collar studded
with smaller, light green granulations; vascular stripe bordered by two white
lines, commencing on the second segment, becoming wider and more distinct on
the central segments and uniting anterior to the base of the caudal horn; a white,
sometimes yellow green subdorsal line, commencing on the second segment,
running midway between the stigmata and dorsum and terminating in the sides
of the caudal horn, made up of a white spot on each annulation, except on the
smooth eleventh segment, where it is continuous; white ocellations on the annu-
lations above the stigmata. Stigmata red, with a white dot at each extremity.
Caudal horn .2 inch. in length, curved, light blue, yellow tipped, granulated with
white laterally, with black anteriorly and a few granulations posteriorly ; caudal
shield and plates granulated like the collar. Legs, basal joint black, tipped.
Prolegs green, with a fusiform black spot exteriorly. In readiness for pupation
the larva changes as follows: Head purple; the granulations of the first segment
ochre yellow; between the subdorsal lines purple or reddish brown; laterally
and ventrally pea green. Forms aslight cocoon among the leaves on the ground.
Pupa 1-—-1.10 inches in length, broadest at about the middle, tapering thence
regularly to the extremities; entire surface shagreened ; color brownish black,
with reddish brown on the movable segments posteriorly—and anterior to the
stigmata, prominent transverse wrinkles—-showing only when the segments are
bent on one side, as they usually are, to such a degree as to bring the terminal
spine at nearly a right angle with the central segments. Segments 3-8 inclusive,
prominently ridged transversely. Head case produced, subtriangular anteriorly.
Antenne cases terminating midway between the tips of the middle and poste
rior leg-cases in the Q. Tongue case buried. Stigmata brown, oval; terminal
spine broad at base, prominent, flat, rounded towards the tip, showing under a
lens a marginal row of about ten delicate curved reflected spines on each side
and a larger terminal double hook, by which the pupa is attached to some trans-
verse threads in its cocoon.

Feeds on the Snow ball (Viburnum opulus) the imago emerging
early in May.

Mr. Hulst gives a somewhat different description in Bull. BkIn.
Ent. Soe. ii, 38; according to him:

“The mature larva has the head deep green, large, closely sessile upon the
body. The head is partly retractile beneath the first segment of the body. The

body is nearly cylindrical, enlarging moderately from the first to the fourth seg-
ments. The first segment has a collar above, which is edged with yellow and

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 101

under which the head may be partly retracted. There is a subdorsal line ex-
tending from the head to the caudal horn—up to maturity it is yellowish, then
becomes pale white. There is also an indistinct line of yellowish changing to
white. The ground color of the body below the subdorsal line is clear deep
green, above a blue green, deeper bluish toward dorsal line. Spiracles red spots
with a yellow dot above and below. Fore legs red, the others vitreous, capped
on outside with black, that with yellow. Body beneath pink between tenth and
last segments. Caudal horn prominent, stout, curved backward, light blue in
color with yellow and pink point. Larvee varying from 30 to 50 mm. in length.”

“There is much difference in the amount of red markings upon
the larvee. Some few are suffused with a crimson shade, and many
are strongly marked with red forming dorsal and lateral stripes.”

The eggs were deposited May 31st by a specimen of H. wniformis.
They are generally deposited singly on the under side of leaves of
Viburnum lentago (Sheep berry), but in one instance Mr. Hulst says
he found ten eggs on the under side of one leaf. The larvee appeared
June 7th; first moult June 11-12; second moult June 15-14; third
moult June 16-17 ; fourth moult June 21-22. They left their food
plant and began making cocoon June 29th. They pupated two days
later, and emerged July 15th as HZ. thysbe. That is, from eggs laid
by H. wniformis were obtained imagos of H. thysbe.

Mr. Hulst says that there is not much difference in maculation
throughout the life of the larva and that the cocoon is thin and
parchment like.

H. Fioripensis is described in Ann. Lye. N. H., N. Y. viii, 439,
as follows:

“Form stout. Head above, dark olive green. Palpi projected beyond the
front, approximate at their tips; above, blackish; beneath, with under thoracic
surface, clear yellowish white. Legs, generally finely scaled; anterior pair out-
wardly clothed with whitish scales; inwardly, the tegument is almost naked,
blackish and dusted with ferruginous atoms. Middle pair with the femora
clothed with yellowish white hair outwardly; inwardly blackish, naked ; tarsi
shading to blackish towards the extremities. Hind tarsi and the basal portion
of the tibial hairs black; inwardly, the tarsi are obsoletely shaded with pale
hairs. Thorax above entirely dark olive green, which color extends over the
two basal segments of the abdomen above. Next four segments above very deep
red, fringed sparsely anteriorly by short white hairs, which are easily removed
by attrition, appressed. Fifth and sixth segments with olive green lateral shades.
The fifth and sixth, and the anal segment of the male show yellowish white sub-
tufts at the sides. Anal tuft reddish in the middle, where the hairs are longest ;
black at the sides; underneath, entirely bright red, where the hairs are more
thinly spread out and shorter than above, allowing the lower black surface of the
superior tuft to be seen; under surface of abdomen bright red; terminally a few
yellowish white hairs, gathered on anal and pre-anal segments into small, medial

102 JOHN B. SMITH.

subtufts. Antennee black, rather massive. Anterior wings with the costa, sub-
sinuate, rounded at base, medially depressed, rising again to apices; external
margin very oblique; internal angle prominent. At extreme base these are cov-
ered with olive green hairs; beyond, dark red; costa and internal margin bor-
dered with dark red scales; centrally, the pellucid tegument acquires, in certain
lights, a blue reflection. The terminal band is obscure dark red, with its inner
margin sinuate, not dentate on the interspaces. The discal cell retired towards
the base of wing, is nearly filled with dark red scales and but partially hyaline.
but sufficiently so as to allow a distinct longitudinal bar to be seen, traversing
the cell, appearing at the inward prolongation of first median nervule. Under
surface bright red, much paler than upper surface; terminally, the band is of an
obscure tint, but along costa and over apical interspaces the color is brighter.
Internal margin bordered with paler, somewhat ochreous red scales, as is also the
extreme base of the wing. Secondaries above bright red, largely vitreous; the
hyaline space crossed by six nervules. The narrow terminal band, along exter-
nal margin, is deep red, shading to bright red over anal angle and the base of
the wing; under surface bright red, paler than upper surface; at extreme base
some ochreous and yellowish white scales. Expands % 2.40 inches.

Hab.—Florida.

In the “ New Check List” Mr. Grote places this as a variety of
thysbe, but later retracts this opinion and again claims specific dis-
tinctness for it.

Macroglossa etolus Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 370; Maassen, Stett. Ent.
Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 69 = thysbe.

A free translation of Boisduval’s description is as follows: We
have never seen this species; our description is made after a fine
drawing which we réceived from John LeConte.

This Macroglossa is near the size and shape of thysbe, but it has a
little the habitus of bombyliformis. The primaries are brown, with
a transverse band, oblique, transparent, cut by the nervures, sinuate
at its anterior margin and dentate at the side which looks to the base
of the wing.

The secondaries are largely ferruginous at the base, marked a little
beyond the middle with an oblong, rounded, transparent patch cut
by the nervures; the border is brown.

The head, thorax and abdomen are of an olive green; the latter
is marked a little beyond the middle with two brown segments, of
which the latter is jomed by a spot of the same color which is pro-
longed to the beginning of the anal brush. This latter is reddish,
cut with two fascicles of black hair. We have nothing to say of the
under side.

This is thysbe without any doubt. The description fits some speci-
mens perfectly and fits nothing else. The description being made

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 103

from a figure should have no standing anyway. I find that Maassen
also says that this is the Southern form of thysbe.

H. rufiecaudis Kirby, Fn. Bor. Am. iv, 303, Sesia; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het.
viii, 82, Sesia = thysbe ; Clem. Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Ph. iv, 129 = thysbe ; Morr.,
Synopsis 1862, 149, Sesia; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 149, 175, Hemorrhagia ;
Tr. A. E. S. ii, 181 = thysbe ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 19.? = thysbe ; Couper, Can.
Ent. iv, 205, Sesia ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 371, Macroglossa; Butl., Tr. Zool.
Soc. Lond. ix, 521, Hemaris ; Strk., Lep. 109, pl. xiii, fig. 1 §; id. 140 = wni-
formis ; Hulst, Bull. B. E. Soe. ii, 40 = thysbe ; Grt., Can. Ent. ix, 151; Beth.,
Can. Ent. xi, 152, Sesia ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 51 = thyshe.

Kirby’s description is as follows: ‘“ The body yellow olive, under-
neath pale yellow. Antennee black; primaries reddish brown, hya-
line part half divided towards the base, with a costal bar, covered
with yellow olive hairs at the base; underneath the costa, the poste-

rior margin and the nervures are dark ferruginous; there is also a

yellow stripe on the inner side of the base; secondaries hyaline in

the disc ; base externally and costa yellow; internally the base is
ferruginous; underneath the dark part of the wing is ferruginous
and the base parts yellow; two first segments of the body yellow
olive, two next black, the rest ferruginous with pale lateral spots.

This species appears to be the American representative of Sesia fuct-

formis, which it greatly resembles, but differs in the color of the tail

and the base of the secondaries.”

H. pyramus Bd., Sp. Gen. Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 372, Macroglossa.

The following is a translation of Boisduval’s description: It is a
little larger than our bombyliformis, of which it has the habitus. The
four wings are transparent, cut with black on the nervures as in the
other species of the same group; the primaries have the base black
with olivaceous hair; the border is moderate, ferruginous brown ; it
has in addition, an oblique patch of the same color at the end of the
cell.

The secondaries are largely ferruginous at the inner margin, the
outer border is straight and blackish brown.

The thorax is olive green, as is the abdomen ; the latter is traversed
at the middle with two black segments, of which the latter is joined
posteriorly by a dorsal spot of the same color; the anal tuft is olive
green above, laterally bordered with black.

Beneath, the contour of the wings is rust red, with the breast and
palpi white ; the belly is ferruginous and with very small fascicles of
yellow hair at the incisions. It lives in the Northern United States.

104 JOHN B. SMITH.

The larva, according to John LeConte, is found at two periods,—
in June and in September, on Viburnwm and other shrubs of the
Caprifoliacie. We have not a figure of it. It seems to us a near
neighbor of ruficaudis of Kirby.

Mr. Grote says this is probably wniformis, and I think he is cor-
rect.

H. buffaloensis G. & R., Ann. Lye. N. H. N. Y. viii, 437, pl. 16, figs. 18-19,
Hemorrhagia ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 8, 18, Hemorrhagia ; id. ii, 224; Lint.,* Ent.
Cont. i, 40, Sesia ; id. ii, 112; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 109 = ruficaudis:; Butl.,
Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 522 = ruficaudis ; Grt., Can. Ent. ix, 131, an sp. dist. ;
Hulst,* BklIn. Bull. ii, 40 = thysbe ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p.
51 = thysbe; Grt., Hawk Moths 27, Hemorrhagia.

Head above, dark green; palpi prominently scaled, converging to the tips,
which prominently exceed the front, blackish above and laterally, beneath with
the entire under thoracie surface pale yellowish white; eyes margined below
with pure white scales; maxillee well developed, blackish ; antenne rather stout
and long, tapering to base, serrate outwardly, with a short attenuate terminal
hooklet. Thorax above bright green, becoming somewhat discolorous, tinged
with ochreous posteriorly. Basal segments of the abdomen above pale ochreous;
third and fourth entirely deep red; terminal segments olivaceous, shaded me-
dially by patches of the same color; anal segment provided with an ample tuft ;
laterally. at base, a few ochreous hairs: beyond, on each side, the anal hairs are
largely black, the longer lateral scales from beneath fringe these black lateral
portions of the tuft, which are also somewhat folded towards each other termi-
nally; medially the anal tuft is obscure reddish, tipped with black ; inferiorly
rust red. In the female the anal tuft is narrower, pointed, beneath black, red at
base ; above dull reddish tipped with blackish. Abdomen beneath dull ferru-
ginous or rusty red. The pre-anal segment shows medially a few white scales;
laterally longer, pale ochreous hairs converge inwardly from the margins of the
segments. Anterior coxe thickly clothed with pale yellow hair, concolorous
with under thoracic surface. Legs slender, finely scaled ; anterior femora, tibie
and tarsi obscure pale ferruginous or red inwardly, outwardly pale yellowish
white; middle femora and tibie entirely pale whitish, with a dark discolored
dot at the joint above; tarsi ferruginous. paler towards the base. Posterior legs
with the femora and tibiz pale yellowish white ; tarsi and base of the tibiw dark
ferruginous or red ; tibial spurs rather feeble, pale colored. Anterior wings nar-
row, much produced at apices, short along internal margin, dark claret brown
covered at base with bright green scales; discal cell narrow, brought near to the
base of the wing, traversed longitudinally by a bar of scales. The costa is nar-
rowly covered with ferruginous scales from just beyond base to apex. Centre
of the wing taken up by an oblique vitreous space, free from scales, much as in
H. thysbe. A terminal brown marginal band narrowing to internal angle, its
inner margin sinuous, not dentate on the interspaces. On internal margin, below
the vitreous space, a few scattered pale scales. Secondaries smaller, but quite
similar to those of H. thysbe in general coloration and appearance; the vitreous
space crossed by six nervures; under surface resembling upper, dull rusty red,
with a few pale scales at extreme base. Expanse 1.65—1.80 inches.

Hab—-New York, Canada, Northern United States.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 105

A series of specimens examined by me shows very little variation.
Except in the smaller size and consequent smaller vitreous spaces I
could distinguish no difference from uniformis.

Mr. Lintner has given us a very good life history of this species
in the Ent. Cont. 11, 112, which I reproduce in nearly his own words
for comparison with the description of H. thysbe:

Egg on Viburnum opulus (Snow ball) in August; nearly round, smooth and ofa
pale green color.

Young larva of a uniform whitish green, with a straight, dark brown caudal
horn. The first moult occurred August 24th; length .15 inch, of a uniform pale
green. Body under a lens showing a number of delicate hairs. . Caudal horn
brown, smooth and straight. When ready for the change it was .32 inch. in
length. Second moult August 30th; length .35 inch. in length. Head uniform
pale green, with short, fine whitish hairs. Body slightly hairy, pale green, with
a lateral stripe of yellow green ; segments with a yellow green dot in front on
each side of the vascular line and a few smaller ones on the posterior half. Cau-
dal horn straight, nearly cylindrical, light red, striped anteriorly near the base
and tipped with brown, and spotted with brown intermediately; borne at an
angle of about 40°. Third moult six days later; length .5inch. Head granu-
lated. Collar bordered anteriorly with about twelve small tubercles. Body
minutely papillose, else as before. Caudal horn light red, regularly tapering
from base to tip, covered with spinules which anteriorly and posteriorly have
black bases. Stigmata deep orange, with a yellow green dot at each end; those
of the prolegs bearing segments bordered before with a deep orange line. Legs
at base marked with black; prolegs on the outer side and body beneath on the
last two segments pale red. Fourth moult sixth days later; length .65 inch.
Head green, its surface appearing shagreened under a Jens, marked with indis-
tinct lateral stripes and dotted with whitish granulations which diminish in size
toward the centre; mandibles yellow, black tipped; eyes on a fuscous crescent.
Collar with whitish granulations, except on the anterior margin, where they are
orange. Body greenish white dorsally, with a vascular line of rose pink inter-
rupted at the incisures; a lateral stripe of yellow green papillae of one to each
annulet, edged above with darker green and below with green shading deeper to
the prolegs; lateral papillee greenish yellow; ventrally, from the fourth segment
to the posterior extremity, concolorous with the vascular stripe. Caudal horn
curved, rose colored, tipped with ferruginous, with fuscous spinules anteriorly
and posteriorly. Stigmata crimson, white dotted at the extremities and sur-
rounded with rose. Legs and prolegs ferruginous basally, next fuscous and
rufous terminally. As the larva approaches maturity it becomes more white
dorsally, the red of the vascular stripe changes to white and the red surrounding
the stigmata disappears. With the distension of the skin the papillae change to
whitish ocellations.

The larva makes a slight cocoon of bronze brown silk, so loose
that the pupa is visible through the meshes. The pupa is of a
chestnut color with testaceous at the incisures. The imagos emerged
in April and had the “ vitreous spot” of each wing thinly covered
with scales.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (14) JUNE, 1888.

106 JOHN B. SMITH.

H. fuscicaudis Bd. in Wik. C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 83, Sesia ; Clem., Jour.
Ac. N. Sci. Ph. iv, 1859, 130, Sesia ; Morris, Synopsis 1862, 150, Sesia; G. &
R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 150, Hemorrhagia; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 8, 19, Heemorrha-
gia; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 373, Macroglossa ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix,
522, Hemaris; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 140 = thysbe: Maassen, Stett. Ent,
Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 51 = thysbe.

Of this species Boisduval says: “ At first glance one would take
it for pyramus, but it is well distinguished by the following charac-
ters: The last five segments of the abdomen and the anal brush are
red brown; 2d, the brown color above is separated from the olive
by a transverse line of pure white; 3d, the base of primaries is as in
thysbe, much more largely black, so that this color absorbs the little
transverse ray at the end of the cell. From a unique example in
the British Museum from Georgia.”

Grote & Robinson, in Ann. Lye. viii, say that the species is un-
known to them, but they “ have examined a drawing of this species
made under the superintendance of Mr. Walker, which shows it to
be much nearer allied to thysbe than the present species, [ floridensis]
since it is slenderer and shows the inner margin of the terminal band
of the primaries to be plainly dentate as in H. thysbe, while the ab-
sence of the olivaceous lateral shades on the terminal abdominal seg-
ments is the only prominent character which distinguishes Mr. Wal-
ker’s S. fuscicaudis from Fabricius’ species, to judge from the brief
diagnosis of the former given in the British Museum Lists.”

In Buff. Bull. i, Mr. Grote suggests that this may be only a form
of thysbe. In his New List he places it as a good species, elsewhere
stating that he does not positively know it.

The synonymy and the various notes under the species from thysbe
to fuscicaudis have made it sufficiently clear that it is extremely un-
certain what rank these forms have. Whether we have one variable
form thysbe, or else a number of closely allied species. Mr. Grote
holds that there are a number of allied species. His synonymy is
THYSBE, var. UNIFORMIS = ruficaudis, var. FLORIDENSIS, BUFFALO-
ENSIS, FUSCICAUDIS.

Mr. Strecker, in his various papers, has expressed himself in no
uncertain terms as to the specific standing of the forms.

His notion seems to be that we have two forms,—thysbe, of which
fuscicaudis is the Southern form differing in nothing except its greater
size. The slight differences in color pointed out by Mr. Butler
(hereinafter cited) are regarded as evanescent; floridensis, Mr.
Strecker would undoubtedly refer to the following species, ruficaudis,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 107

with buffaloensis and uniformis as synonyms. Mr. Strecker’s idea has
this in its favor, that it associates the forms with similar outer mar-
gin, while Mr. Grote’s arrangement is inconsistent in that respect.

Boisduval’s species are undoubtedly synonyms of some of these
thysbe forms.

Mr. Butler, speaking of ruficaudis Kirby, says that he thinks
Walker’s identification correct, and considers this as the American
representative of H. fuciformis, but in some respects more nearly
allied to H. floridensis G. & R.

Of H. buffaloensis, he says it is closely allied to, if not identical
with H. ruficaudis ; the body, however, seems greener in coloring,
and the cell of the primaries less open.

Of H. floridensis, again, he says it is allied to fuseicaudis, but with
the external margin narrower and not dentated ; in H. fuscicaudis it
is much more strongly dentate than in H. thysbe.

Finally, Mr. Hulst raised thysbe from wniformis, settling the ques-
tion of their identity. The size, he says, is subject to much variation,
and the specimens are made large or small, or, in other words are
made the forms floridensis or uniformis, almost if not quite at one’s
pleasure by different methods of rearing. Reared in a glass jar,
with much moisture in the air, with high average temperature and
with plenty of food, and the result is floridensis; reared in the open
air, with neglect in food, and the result is uniformis. As it was, by
rearing in the open air under practically the same circumstances, the
spring form varied from 45 mm. to 56 mm. in expanse of wing.
The thysbe form varied much less in expanse than did the other.
The imagines of the thysbe form varied in the same brood in the
depth of the dentations on the exterior band of the fore wings.
One specimen was almost without dentations, and one had them
reaching almost half way across the transparent space. In most
before flight, the transparent costal spot was covered with scales so
as to be entirely indiscernible. These were more or less lost upon
flight, though more permanent than the scales at first covering the
central transparent portion of the wings.

Mr. Hulst adds the following synonymy as the result of his studies :

MAacroGLOSSA THYSBE Fabr.
= pelasgus Cramer.
et cimbiciformis Stephens.

108 JOHN B. SMITH.

Dimorphic variety :
MACROGLOSSA RUFICAUDIS Kirby.

Es uniformis G. & R.
2 buffaloensis G. & R.
u floridensis G. & R.

Mr. Grote has always objected to including buffaloensis in this
synonymy because the larva was different and as can be seen from
the description there are differences, though apparently not greater
than in other Sphingid larve.

Mr. Holland states that he considers wniformis the Northern form,
and that he has never received it from south of the Potomac, and
has never found it in West Virginia, North Carolina and southern
Indiana.

Personally, after the examination of large series in all accessible
collections, I believe we have to do with but a single species, and
that with a really narrow range of variation. The difference in size
is a very common one in this family, and the difference in the denta-
tion of the outer band is an inconstant character. It is, of course,
possible to separate out the varieties, but it is equally easy to run
an uninterrupted series from one form to the other.

As to the Western species, which all belong to the Hemaris, or
yellow section of the genus, it is impossible to venture any decided
opinion. There seem to be too many names, but exactly what spe-
cies fall together cannot yet be told with certainty.

I would arrange the species for the present thus :

Colors yellow and black, form plump.
Vestiture shaggy, thin, short, palpi small.
Black margin of primaries narrow, even.

Palpiroranges) blacks tipped sr..<<-se) \cxtececslecansenciencavieaccecoselacmes palpalis.

Palpi yellow, black at sides and tip.
Abdomen with dorsum yellow or olivaceous at base. and pre-anal seg-
ments yellow, posterior tibia with a tuft of yellow hairs..thetis.
Abdomen more or less covered with yellow hairs over its entire surface ;
no colored hairs at base; red stains on primaries very prominent.
rubens.
Abdomen black at base, only two pre-anal segments yellow ; marginal
band of primaries narrow ; no brush of yellow hair to hind tibia.
cynoglossum.

Vestiture longer, smooth, more closely appressed; palpi longer, forming an

indistinct snout.
Terminal band of primaries even on its Inner CdE..........606 ceeeeeeee tenuis.
Terminal band of primaries roundedly exserted on its inner edge..diffimis.
Terminal band of primaries dentate on its inner edge........ .... axillaris.

: NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 109

Colors olive and red brown ; body more graceful and slender.
Discal cell of primaries free; vitreous field of secondaries usually crossed by
five nervules.
Thorax beneath with lateral red ‘shades ; hind wings beneath with a pale
Blade ei amelie ple sets <9 sccees stots oa dectestecaeeeeee se ealacke gracilis.
Discal cell of primaries crossed by a bar of scales; vitreous field of secondaries
crossed by six nervules.

Inner margin of band of primaries inwardly dentate................. thysbe.
Inner margin of band of primaries not dentate.
Gap eter etre see ese obee ea oseecustices sacane sos sew veelcace Ne wacecst muna var. ruficaudis.
ROMANS Ie ean sssatecenccos) seccacn Ace ess acaccetnwaieenavecnssesseseess var. buffaloensis.

The synonymy will be given in the list at the end of this paper.

LEPISESIA Grt.
Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v, 38, 1865.

Head small, eyes small, more or less distinctly lashed; tongue
moderate or long, corneous ; palpi somewhat variable, usually short,
rarely forming a short snout (gawre); body stout, sometimes more
or less depressed; abdomen with inconspicuous lateral tufts, often
wanting, and a more distinct anal tuft; posterior margins of seg-
ments spinulose. Feet moderate, anterior tibize stout, with a series
of stout spines or claws outwardly and at tip. Primaries rather
elongate, outer margin oblique, sinuate, hind angle distinct and
somewhat produced. Secondaries somewhat variable in form, usually
somewhat produced. The venation presents nothing peculiar.
There is never any difficulty in recognizing this genus as the com-
bination of clavate antenne and armed fore tibize is found nowhere
else.

Taken as a whole the genus is not a compact one. In Mr. Grote’s
List the species here united are divided among Lepisesia, Euproser-
pinus and Pogocolon, and at first sight the division seems justified.
As, however, we get the species together and compare them more
closely, it will be seen that the differences are hardly tangible, and
that following the same line, clarkiw* is not congeneric with gaure,
and, indeed, offers better characters for separation, while terlooi Hy.
Edwards, certainly does not belong with its associates and probably
furnishes an ally to Arctonotus. The species is Mexican, and I am
at a loss to know why it stands in our catalogues, as it has never
been recorded from this country.

* T find that Mr. Butler has made this the type of Dieneces.

110 JOHN B. SMITH.

The type of Lepisesia is the New England flavofasciata, a rarity,
differing in the somewhat stouter, shorter, more or less depressed
body from the others. The wings have a semi-transparent fascia,
which is yellow on the secondaries. The palpi are short, the front
wide, and the secondaries narrow, the anal angle not produced. Its
near ally, so far as the figure and description will admit of judgment,
is Macroglossa ulalume Strk., which, besides some minor differences,
has the semi-transparent fascia blackish and not yellow on the secon-
daries.

The type of Euproserpinus is the Californian species E. pheton
G. & R., a shorter winged species, with more slender, scarcely de-
pressed form, thin vestiture, and with the secondaries broader and

somewhat produced anally, not, however, acutely so. The dise of

secondaries is very pale whitish yellow. Close to this in structure
of head, short palpi and thin vestiture is Pogocolon clarkie Bd.
This has the typical ornamentation of Pogocolon—more or less olive
green in color with a deeper central band—and the peculiar western
shagginess so marked in some of the species of Hemaris. The see-
ondaries have the anal angle scarcely marked. Intermediate be-
tween this and gaure is P. circee Hy. Edwards, an Eastern form
resembling clarkiw somewhat in wing form, but with the anal angle
of secondaries much more distinet, larger also in size and with more
dense vestiture, the palpi longer and more distinct.

At the extreme comes P. gaure with its variety juanita Strecker,
differing from all the others in its larger size, acutely produced anal
angle of secondaries and more prominent palpi, the latter forming a
short pointed snout similar to that in some species of Hemaris. The
vestiture is longer, thicker, more smoothly appressed and the habitus
of the insect most nearly approaches that of Detlephila.

Of the species the genitalia of clarkiw alone have been examined,
and they have presented nothing of special note. They will be de-
scribed under that species. In tabular form the scheme above de-
veloped would be as follows:

Primaries with a semi-diaphanous fascia.

Secondaries with’ aryellow, faSciacoce....s0ceescs+see esersscoclesesrcans flavofasciata.

Secondaries with fascia semi-diaphanous, blackish as on primaries .ulalume,
Primaries without semi-diaphanous fascia,

Secondaries with dise very pale yellow........... 0.005.002 sccscsses soconenee phieton.
Secondaries orange or red.
Vestiture thin, palpi short, Size Smalli ..--.1..cccescecciseccocionseoslscones . Clarkiz.
Vestiture thicker, palpi longer, size larger........000...0scese cesses careoeers circez.

Vestiture smooth, dense; palpi forming a short snout; size larger. gauree.

4

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. let:

L. flavofasciata Barnst. in WIk. C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 87, Macroglossa ;
Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 131, Macroglossa ; Morris. Syn. Lep.
151, Macroglossa ; Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 39, Lepisesia; G. & R., Pr. E. 8S.
Phil. v, 149-171, Lepisesia ; Beth., Can. Ent. i, 10, Lepisesia; Bd., Sp. Gen.
Lep. Het. i, 364, Macroglossa ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. p. 110, pl. xiii, fig.
4, 2, Macroglossa; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 517, Lepisesia ; Fernald,
Sphing. 19, Lepisesia ; Grt., Hawk Moths 27, Lepisesia.

Head and thorax above pale yellow, interspersed with a few black hairs. Lat-
erally the orbits of the eyes and palpi black, the latter yellowish beneath. Ab-
domen black, with the first segment above and the side tufts on the last segment
but one pale yellow; under side of the body and legs black. Primaries blackish,
with a pale or whitish oblique band across the wing beyond the cell and crossed
by the black veins. Discal spot small and black. Hind wings black, with a
broad central band of bright orange yellow. Beneath the maculation of upper
side reproduced, but paler, and the basal part of the primaries is bright orange
yellow. Expands 1.60—1.75 inches; 40—46 mm.

Hab.—Hudson’s Bay Territory, Canada, Maine, Massachusetts.

The specimens seen by me vary in the direction of a narrower
basal paler transverse band on primaries. The species is extremely
rare and flies in mid-day around flowers in June. Prof. Fernald
says it appears to be one of their earliest day flying Sphinges. Few
collections have more than one or two specimens of this species, and
I have been unable to obtain any for dissection.

Nothing is known of the early stages.

L. ulalume Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 135, pl. xv, fig. 3, %, Macroglossa.
“Male. Expands 1g inches. Head above sulphur yellow, below black, an-
tenn black. Thorax on back black mixed sparingly with yellow hairs, patagice
sulphur yellow, collar intense velvety black ; beneath black; legs black. Abdo-
men above velvety black with sulphur yellow side tufts to the last two segments,
anal brush black above, yellow beneath; underside of abdomen black. Upper
surface of all wings blackish, darkest on basal half and at abdominal margin of
secondaries; a common broad, semi-diaphanous band a shade or so paler than
ground color crosses both wings, this band on the secondaries does not extend to
inner margin and shows toward its inner extremity a few scattered, scarcely
noticeable yellow scales. Under surface as above, dark color more dull; some
loose orange hairs on basal part of primaries and the inner termination of the
mesial band of secondaries is slightly clothed with sulphur colored scales.”

“One § from Oregon.

“This beautiful species is near to I. flavofasciata Barnston, but
differs notably in the black collar and thorax, in the absence of the
bright yellow mesial band of secondaries, as well as in its greater
size.”

Mr. Strecker’s figure shows a remarkable species, entirely unlike
anything thus far known to me. The figure expands nearly two

nity, JOHN B. SMITH.

inches and resembles, at first sight, Hemaris rather than Lepisesia,
though the outline of primaries is nearer to Lepisesia. Mr. Strecker
gives no account of whether the legs are armed or not, and I place
the insect in its present position from the general appearance rather
than from any actual conviction that it belongs here.

L. phzeeton G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soe. Phil. v, 178, Euproserpinus ; Tr. A. E. S. ii,
181, Euproserpinus ; Hy. Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. 1875, 89, Eupros. ; Bd., Sp.
Gen. Het. i, 363, Macroglossa ; Grt., Can. Ent. viii, 28, Euproserpinus ; Strk.,
Lep. Rhop. et Het. 124, 140, pl. xiv, fig. 1, Maeroglossa ; Grt., Can. Ent. x,
94, Euproserpinus ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 536, Euproserpinus ; Maas-
sen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41. p. 53 = errato.

errato Bd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. xii, 62 (Lep. Cal. 1868), Macroglossa ; Butl.,
Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 529, Macroglossa; G. & R., Tr. A. E.S. iii, 174, pr.
syn.

Wings entire. Head and thorax above of a peculiar grayish brown, concolor-
ous with anterior wings. Abdomen darker, blackish. The pre-anal segments
pale yellowish. Anal tuft black, divided ; anal segment with black tufted scales.
Beneath, the palpi are white, and the under thoracic surface is white mixed with
slaty gray. Legs finely scaled, slight, obscurely colored. Primaries dark at
base, where there are a few paler scales. A double black transverse line. The
middle of the wing is concolorous with the thorax above. <A discal black ab-
breviated line. Below the third median nervnle this line is continued to in-
ternal margin. A faint sinuate line before the extremity of the middle field of
the wing; this paler middle of the wing is limited by a deeper and diffuse black-
ish line coincident with the first and faint transverse line. Outside of this
deeper line the terminal portion of the wing is obscurely darker than centrally,
fringes tinted like the paler ground color of the wing. Secondaries black at
base, with a very broad, pale yellowish white median band, and a deep black
even terminal band. Fringes yellowish white. Beneath, the primaries are
whitish, the veins darker, terminal space darkly shaded. Secondaries yellowish
white, except a terminal black band. Expands 1.25 inches ; 32 mm.

Hab.—California.

Also a rare species, the early stages of which are not known. | It
is readily distinguished from all its allies by the very pale yellow
secondaries. The specimens that I have seen show little or no varia-
tion.

L. Clarkize Bd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2d ser. x, 318, Pterogon ; Lep. Cal. 1856,
46, Pterogon; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 262, Thyreus?; Clem., Journ.
Ac. N. Sci. Ph. iv, 134, Proserpinus ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 154, Proserpinus ; G.
& R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 151, Proserpinus; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 20; id. i, 225;
Proserpinus ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 316, Pogocolon ; Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sei. vi,
89, Proserpinus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 111, pl. xiii, fig. 5, 2, Pterogon ;
Butl., Pap. i, 103, Lepisesia; Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 536, Proserpina; Ann.
Mag. N. H. 1881, ser. 5, viii, 308, Dieneces; Grt., New List, 1882, Pogocolon ;
Can. Ent. xviii, 131, Lepisesia.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. iS

victorize Grt., Buff. Bull. ii, 147, Lepisesia: id. 225, pr. syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool.
Soc. Lond. ix, 517, Lepisesia: Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 51, pr.
syn.

Head greenish olive above, whitish beneath ; labial palpi whitish, with green
tinge. Eyes and tongue brownish black. Antenne black above, reddish be-
neath, terminal spinule white, with the extreme hook yellowish brown. Thorax
above greenish olive, whiter at the sides and beneath. Abdomen greenish olive
with a white tinge, except the three anal and the fifth segments, which are dark
olive green, the anal segment being marked in the centre with a paler streak.
Beneath, the abdomen is greenish olive, with the segments edged posteriorly
with white. Anterior wings rich greenish olive, paler at their base, except to-
wards the costa, where there is a darker shade. The median space rich greenish
olive, narrowing to the internal margin, and enclosing a black discal streak.
Behind this band, and resting on the internal margin, is a pinkish shade, not
visible in old specimens, and beyond this is a rich olivaceous band, spreading to
and widening out upon the costa, the outer edge being somewhat notched.
Fringe of the anterior wings olive green tipped with black. Posterior wings
bright orange yellow, with a broad and moderately regular black marginal band.
Fringe yellowish white. Underside of wings wholly olivaceous green, darkest
at the base. Across the dise of the secondaries is a slightly waved whitish band.
The discal streak of the primaries is scarcely visible. Feet and legs whitish
green. Expands 1.25—1.50 inches; 31—37 mm.

Hab.—Northern California, Iowa, Oregon.

Perhaps the most common species of the genus. Mr. Edwards
says “not rare in May and June. It appears to delight in the
flowers of the various species of Gilia.”

Mr. Butler makes this species the type of his genus Dieneces, Ann.
and Mag. N. H. 1881, p. 308, which he characterizes as follows:
“ Allied to Cinogon, but the margins of the wings not sinuated, the
secondaries smaller, shorter ; the anal tuft better developed, expanded
in the male; coloration of Pterogon.”

The characters are scarcely strong enough to warrant the genus in
this group. Its recognition would necessitate a distinct genus for
every species here referred to Lepisesia—an extent to which I am not
yet ready to go.

Dr. Boisduval says his specimen was raised from the larva by Mr.
Lorquin, but he gives no description of it. Of this species I was
able to examine the genitalia. They are of the ordinary Sphingid
type, the plate somewhat flattened transversely, the superior hook
short, stout, obtuse, the lower similar, but much shorter. The side
piece is oblong with a rounded tip. So far as I could make out there
was no distinct clasper, but this needs verification, as I had but a
single available male.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (15) JUNE, 1888.

114 JOHN B. SMITH.

L. circeze Hy. Edwards, Pap. ii, 9, Proserpinus.

In form and outline of the wings very closely resembling the Californian P.
clarkiz Bd., but abundantly distinct in color. The primaries are of a reddish
olive tint, the basal space and that behind the median band being the palest.
The band is rich, deep olive brown, almost straight on its anterior edge, sinuous
on its posterior, leaving it on costa twice as wide as on inner margin, and inclos-
ing a rather darker, ovate discal spot, shaded posteriorly with paler color. See-
ondaries dull chestnut red, with the base and margins darker than the centre of
the wing, the basal shade being in the form of a band. There is no trace of a
black band as in P. gaure S.& A. Fringes fawn color, and the extreme mar-
ginal edge of the wing dark brown, particularly at the anal angle. Beneath, the
wings are wholly dull reddish (inclining to chestnut) at their base, with pale
central band. and margins again slightly dark. Pale shades of apex of primaries
repeated. Head and thorax olivaceous. Abdomen reddish with olive tint,
darkest toward the posterior extremities. Palpi whitish, as is also the base of
the legs. The lower side of the abdomen has the segments narrowly edged with
whitish. Expands 1.60 inches; 40 mm.

Hab.—Georgia.

Mr. Edwards, whose description is virtually reproduced above,
gives as distinguishing features from gaure the shorter, less dentate
wings, and the lack of the black band and white margin of secon-
daries.

Nothing is known of the early stages.

L. gaureze Sm. Abb.* Ins. Ga. i, 61, pl. 31, Sphinx ; Hub., Verz. 132, Proserpi-
nus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 100, Thyreus ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci.
Phil. iv, 1859, 133, Proserpinus ; Morris,* Syn. Lep. 1862, 153, Proserpinus ;
G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 177, Proserpinus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 20, Proserp7-
nus: Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 315, Pogocolon: Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 536,
Proserpinus: Grt., New List, 1882, Pogocolon.

Var. JUANITA Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 112, pl. xiii, fig. 6, &, Pterogan; Grt.,
Buff. Bull. iii, 221, pr. syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 636, Proserpinus ;
Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 69, pr. syn. ; Edw., Pap. ii, 10, pr. var.

Head, thorax and abdomen pale olive green; posterior margin of abdominal

segments paler. Palpi white beneath, a greenish white line at sides of head and
thorax. Primaries pale olive, with the median band deep olive green. Anterior
edge of this band concave: the posterior from outer third of costa is a little
rounded outwardly, then runs nearly parallel with the outer margin to the inner
margin at about its middle. This median band is bordered posteriorly with pale
yellowish green and the terminal border is shaded with bright greenish, deepened
toward the costa and tip, with a pale streak at tip. Discal spot darker green,
edged with a ring of pale yellowish green. Secondaries orange, with a narrow
terminal blackish band ; sometimes the orange color is deepened to reddish above
the terminal band. Beneath, primaries rich vinous brown, broadly shading to
greenish at outer third, beyond which the wing is paler, reproducing the macu-
lation of the upper side. Secondaries deep olive basally, yellowish green out-
wardly. Expands 1.90—2.10 inches; 48—52 mm.
Hab.—Georgia, Texas, Kansas.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Litre

The variations in this insect are in the color of the secondaries and
the width and color of the marginal band. The color varies from
bright red to orange yellow, and the band varies from a narrow
black margin to quite a broad terminal band interrupted at the anal
angle. The form with deep red secondaries and narrow black mar-
gin is typical; the form with yellowish or orange secondaries and
more brownish rather than black margin, is juanita Strk. Interme-
diate forms occur. There are two broods, one in April the other in
July.

The larva has been figured by Abbot and Smith, and deseribed
from the figure by Clemens. A good description is still a desideratum.

CHGROCAMPIN&E.

Usually robust, yet elegant species. Head usually distinet, palpi
rarely short and slender; tongue corneous, usually as long as the
body and often exceeding the tip of abdomen. Antennze various,
usually fusiform with a rather long re-curved hook at the tip ; some-
times the hook is not well marked, at others it is very prominent ;
in Deilephila there is a decided approach to a clavate tip and this
genus is most vearly related to the Macroglossinew. ‘The thorax is
usually smooth, crested only in Enyo, and the abdomen is usually
long and slender, tufted in some few genera. The venation offers
nothing abnormal. The wing form is variable, usually angulated in
those species in which the abdomen is tufted, while in all the others
the outer margin of primaries is sinuate; the apex distinct, a slight
excavation below, then outward curve of the middle and a somewhat
marked anal angle. There is a tendency to bright colors, and a
banded or strigose style of maculation very different from the simple
sober maculation of the Sphingine.

In the Tropics this family is much more numerous in genera and
species, and there is an immense variety in form and color, yet they
are as a rule readily distinguishable from a peculiarity of habitus,
and partly also because almost everything which does not readily fit
elsewhere is placed in this subfamily.

As enlarged by me, several of the genera usually placed in the
“Macroglossine find a place in this subfamily. It seemed to me that
the former group was so capable of definite limitation, and yet so
thoroughly indefinite as usually constituted that a decided advantage
would be gained in removing all aberrant material from it and leav-

116 JOHN B. SMITH.

ing it clear and easy of definition. The addition of these genera to
the Cherocampine add a little discordant material to the already
heterogeneous mass. I believe the group capable of further subdi-
vision, but cannot attempt it here from paucity of genera and species
in our fauna, belonging to those very groups which here seem aber-
rant.

The genera added from the Macroglossine are readily distinguished
by having the abdomen tufted at the sides or at tip, and except in
Ellopos the wings are angulated. I place them at the head of the
series here, though in a classification of the species of the world other
situations would probably be assigned. .

.Ellopos is readily distinguished by the short, rather slender an-
tennze, nearly subequal and furnished with a little hook at tip; by
the broad depressed body, the fan- as tuft at tip of abdomen and
the entire margin of wings.

This genus is a close relative of the European Macroglossa stella-
tarum, and connects that form with the Cherocampine. Macroglossa
stellatarum, by-the-bye, offers too many points of difference from
croatica to be considered congeneric with it, while on the other hand,
despite the opaque wings, I believe croatica to be generically identical
with the clear winged forms of Hemaris.

Enyo is not very closely related to the preceding. It is aberrant
and easily recognized in our fauna by the prominently crested thorax,
the fan-tufted abdomen and small angulated wings. This may form
a subfamily type when its tropical relatives are considered.

Amphion contains a bright little species with long, fusiform an-
tenn recurved at tip, and the wings are angulated.

Thyreus is a peculiar form,—plump, heavy, somewhat depressed.
Head retracted. Abdomen with lateral, truncate tufts to the ab-
domen; primaries angulated. Altogether, a distinguished form.

Deidamia is still more aberrant, with a decidedly Smerinthid
habitus. The head is retracted, crested, the vestiture thin. Abdo-
men slender, tufted at tip; the primaries angulated. This form in
‘atalogueing should be placed at the foot of the series. Its tenden-
cies are all toward the Smerinthids.

The remainder of the genera are those usually referred to this
subfamily, and they are all untufted, with wings not angulated, and
with no striking structural features.

Deilephila has the antennz thickened toward tip, but not forming
a distinct club. The outer side of the first tarsal joint is armed with
long spines, a feature not found in any other genus of the subfamily.

=

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 117

Cherocampa has a very long abdomen; narrow, graceful wings
and slender antenne, with a small hook at tip. It finds a close ally
in Allopos.

Argeus is allied to Cherocampa by the slender antenne, with a
somewhat longer hook at tip. The head is large and prominent, and
the body slender and graceful. The wings are rather narrow, the
excavation of outer margin well marked.

The other genera have the antennze fusiform, with a long, recurved
hook at tip, or without any perceptible hook, the end being merely
somewhat curved.

Pachylia is a heavy form with sombre coloring, obtuse abdomen
and broad wings.

Philampelus is closely allied, but more graceful ; with larger, more
pointed abdomen, narrower wings and entirely different genitalia.

Ampelophaga contains smaller forms with short, slender antenne,
much more sinuate primaries and weaker legs. This genus makes a
very decided approach to the Smerinthid type of structure.

Three of the genera,—Pachylia, Philampelus and Argeus are rather
closely allied, the differences being principally comparative. They
are recognizable by somewhat different habitus as well as by the

differences heretofore pointed out.
~ Pachylia seems better marked than Argeus, but of the latter I have
had no % for dissection.

In tabular form, the scheme outlined above, would be as follows:

Abdomen with a fan-like tuft at tip.

Primaries not angulated........... Brees cena aa ccncceneersnse cnavameseieeivarseters JEllopos.
Primaries angulated.
MVOLAxXS PLOUMN SM bliy CLESLEGssa2ecenc-sclscies canes aves sases/cenccsen-sensccseunecns sr Enyo.

Thorax not crested.
Body not depressed ; head distinct ; abdomen not laterally tufted.
Amphion.
Body heavy, depressed ; head retracted ; abdomen with a series of trun_
Cutedmlanersdlahmbisesssesesstepederssreccestssstectedeeriiscesscesbececnees Thyreus.
Body slender; head retracted, with a distinct frontal crest; vestiture thin.
Deidamia.
Abdomen not tufted.
Antenne gradually thickened to tip, not clubbed.
Anterior tarsi with first joint armed with stout spines outwardly.
Deilephila.
Antenne slender, a small recurved hook at tip.
Anterior tarsi unarmed.
Abdomen elongate, slender; wings narrow, pointed, graceful.
Cheerocampa.
Abdomen shorter, wings broader, anal angle well marked; antenne with
longer hook at tip; head large, prominent............06+seeeeeee Argeus.

118 JOHN B. SMITH.

Antenne fusiform, with a long recurved hook, or only a slightly curved tip.
Abdomen obtuse, form heavy, wings Wide ........ 00.00. --c0. sescoseee Pachylia.
Abdomen more slender, pointed; wings narrower ; form more graceful.

Philampelus.

Antenne short, not recurved at tip, wings more sinuate, legs weak, head more

MOCTACLEM:.eoss sosteees scale alacsesassee siceeset cop sese aor enteette Ampelophaga.

JELLOPOS Hib.
Verzeichniss 131.

Body depressed, fusiform, untufted ; vestiture smooth. Head
broad, prominent, obtuse ; palpi closely applied, stout, reaching to
the middle of the front and there appearing to form part of the head,
pointing it off neatly. Tongue moderate in length, reaching about
to end of thorax, strong, corneous. Eyes lenticular, not at all promi-
nent. Antennze slightly thickened toward tip, forming a somewhat
indistinct club, with a short, recurved, but not spiniform tip. Legs
moderate, not spinose, becoming gradually longer and stouter poste-
riorly ; middle tibize with short terminal spurs, posterior with two
pair of spurs, the upper pair short. Abdomen with a fan-like tuft
of long, flattened hairs at tip, and laterally on the sixth segment.
The lower edges of the segments spinulose. Primaries with eleven
veins, venation of the usual type. Secondaries with three and four
from the same point, five midway between four and six; six and
seven from the end of the subcostal. Primaries comparatively
small, apex acute, outer margin very oblique, even, inner margin
very little sinuate, and about three-fifths as long as costa. Seconda-
ries small, slightly produced at the anal angle, else entire.

This genus is a very readily recognizable one. The somewhat de-
pressed, fusiform body, broad head, small wings and fan-shaped anal
tuft are distinctive. The abdomen exceeds the secondaries by more
than half its length, and the primaries are inserted in thorax about
two-fifths from the head.

The genus is a tropical one, and the two forms in our catalogue
are aberrant members of our family—rather emigrants who have a
precarious sort of a footing and make occasional journeys northward
than as natives. The species have been found as far North as Mas-
sachusetts and grow commoner Southward. Their true home, how-
ever, is in subtropical America. Two species appear in our cata-
logue,—titan and tantalus, the first described by Linnaeus, the other
described by Cramer. Walker united them, and so did Clemens.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 119

Grote afterwards (1865) separated them again, giving the features
in which they differed as he thought. Previously, Burmeister had
referred fadus Cram., as a variety of titan lacking the abdominal
white band. Grote considers this an error and restores fadus to rank
as a species. Butler finally refers titen as a synonym of fadus, and
places tantalus as a distinct species. Mr. Butler is not usually a
lumper of species, and I must confess I am puzzled to know why he
makes these references. Judging from Cramer’s figures and descrip-
tions I should have considered fadus as unquestionably distinct from
titan, while on the other hand I cannot, on comparing the figures
with what specimens I have seen separate tantalus from titan. I feel
very sure that titan and tantalus are identical, while I am very doubt-
ful, indeed, of the identity of titan with fadus. But Mr. Butler has
had access to many more specimens than I could examine, and his
careful study of the literature induces me to follow his synonymy,
though I must express my doubts as to its correctness. Maassen
makes fadus and titan both synonyms of tantalus, and perhaps he is
nearest right.

I have examined the genitalia of tantalus, and they are as peculiar
as the superficial appearance of the species would lead one to imagine.
The side piece is narrow, subequal, the tip oblique ; there is a very
small, straight, corneous spur from its lower edge. The penis sheath
is very heavily armed with long spinules. The supra anal plate and
hooks are unique; seen from above the plate is divided at base,
united by a distinet piece in the centre, then again separated and
bending downward into two divaricate and slightly curved hooks;
secn from below it will be seen that after the separation of the plate
below its point of secondary union it divides into two distinct hoops
so placed that they cannot be recognized as distinct from above.
The figures on plate 4 will easily explain this peculiar structure,
while description is not without difficulty. The differences between
the species are hereafter pointed out.

So far as ] am aware the immature forms of the species are not
known.*

A. fadus Cram., Pap. Ex. i, 95, pl. 61, fig. C, Sphinx; Fabr., Ent. Syst. iti, 1,
378, Sesia; Hiib., Verz. 131, Allopos; Burm., Sph. Braz. 17, an var. titan ;

WIlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 89, Macroglossa ; But]., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix,
530, dillopos ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v, 41, p. 52— tantalus.

* Since the above was written Mr. Hy. Edwards has described the larva of
tantalus in Ent. Amer. iii, 163.

120 JOHN B. SMITH.

titan Cram., ii, 73, pl. 142, fig. F, Sphinx ; Hub., Verz. 131, #llopos ; Lucas, in
Sagra. 1856, 288; Burm., Sph. Brazil, p. 17, Macroglossa ; H. S. Corr. Bl. 1865,
56, Macroglossa; Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 41, Allopos; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i,
358, Macroglossa ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 530, pr. syn. ; Maassen, Stett.
Ent. Zeit. 41, p. 52 = tantalus; Fernald, Sphingide N. E. 18, Allopos ;
Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 174, Macroglossa (an sp. dist. prec.).

annulosum Swains. Zool. [1]. 1822, pl. 133 (upper figure), Macroglossa ; W1k.,
C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, pr. syn.; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 131 =
tantalus.

balteata Kirt., Sill. Journ. 13, 337, Macroglossa ; Clem.. Journ. Ac. N. Sci.
Phil. iv, 131 = tantalus ; Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v, 41, pr. syn.

Du!l blackish, more or less olivaceous, in fresh specimens bright olivaceous
brown throughout. Head and thorax immaculate. Abdomen with the third
segment usually white above (var. titan) more rarely concolorous ( fadus) ; fourth
segment with a large, dark brown, or lateral shade, which is much reduced on
the fifth, but crosses the sixth. Anal hairs brown, olivaceous centrally ; beneath,
the palpi are whitish; the thorax gray, more or less clothed with olivaceous
hair, the legs a trifle darker. Abdomen grayish white, a series of small white
lateral dots at the lower margin of the abdominal segments. Primaries oliva-
ceous brown or blackish ; discal spot black, of variable size, sometimes wanting ;
a median, straight, semi-transparent whitish band from the tip of the cell to the
hind margin, closely followed by a narrower, second and similar band. A some-
what arcuated band of lunulate white spots from costa to vein 3. Terminal
space paler, with a purplish reflection. The outer lunulate band is sometimes
geminate, the lunules narrower. Beneath, dark brown, the maculation of upper
side distinctly reproduced, the outer arcuate band continued nearly to the exter-
nal margin. Secondaries blackish, paler at base, shaded with yellowish along
costa—medially the yellow hairs, especially in the 2, extend across the costal
half of the wing, forming an obsolete band. Beneath, brown, with two median,
parallel, contiguous, distinct darker shade bands, largely shaded with white at
base and along internal margin. Expands 2.20 2.30 inches; 54—57 mm.

Hab.—F lorida; occasionally northward ; Cuba, South America.

The description above is from Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. v. 41, with
some alterations made necessary after examination of a larger series
of the species.

A. tantalus Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x, 493, Sphinx ; ed. xii, 803, Sphinx ; Mus. L.
U. 21, Sphinz ; Gmel., ed. S. N. 2386, Sesia ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. 547, Sesia ; Sp.
Ins. ii, 153, Sesia; Mant., Ins. ii, 98, Sesia; Ent. Syst. ili, 379, Sesia ; Cram.,
Lep. Ex. i, 107, pl. 68, fig. F, Sphina ; Hiib., Saml. Ex. Schmett. ii, Sph. 3,
Allopos; Burm., Sph. Braz'l, 17, Macroglossa ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii,
88, Macroglossa ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 131, Macroglossa ; Morr.,
Syn. 151, Macroglossa ; H. 8. Corr. Blatt. 1865, 56. Macroglossa ; Grt., Pr. E.
S. Ph. v. 42, Zillopos; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v. 176, Zillopos ; Bd., Sp. Gen.
Het. i, 358, Macroglossa ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 174, Macroglossa ; Edw..*
Ent. Amer. iii, 163, 4llopos.

tripunctata Goeze Beytr. iii, 2, 216, 1780, Sphinx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond,
ix, 530, pr. syn.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. At

zonata Dru., i, p. 57, pl. 26, fig. 5, Sphinx ; Westw., ed. i, 52, pl. 26, fig. 1, Mac-
roglossa; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 88, pr. syn.

ixion Linn., S. N. ii, 803, Sphinx ; Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, 154, Sesia ; Mant., Ins. ii,
98; Ent. Syst. ili, 1, 379, pr. syn.; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2386, Sphina ; W1k.,
C. B. M. viii, 88, pr. syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 530, pr. syn.

According to Grote much smaller than the preceding, which it
resembles. On the primaries the median white band is obsolete, and
the subterminal arcuated band of whitish semi-transparent spots is
reduced to two or three unequal, irregular spots toward the middle
of the wing. Beneath, the median band is entirely wanting, while
the subterminal spots are as on upper surfaces. The yellow scales
on upper surface of the posterior wings in A. titan are absent, while
the costa shows a paler, somewhat whitish shade. The abdomen is
paler and the brown terminal segmentary bands are brighter and
more reddish than in A. titan. Expands 1.80 inches; 45 mm.

Hab.—Florida, ranging northward occasionally to Massachusetts ;
Cuba, South America, Lower California.

None of the characters pointed out by Mr. Grote are constant
Within a limited range this is an extremely variable species. The
discal spot may be absent, and from this point to a distinct transverse
bar closing cell I have seen all intergrades. The upright, geminate,
transverse line reaching to the cell may be very strongly marked, or
not recognizable at some portion of its course. The outer band of
lunulated spots may be geminate in part, in which case the lunules
are narrow, or the lunules may be broad and distinct, and in a single
series. The terminal space may or may not be paler. The abdomen
varies also; the white band is constant in my experience. The
fourth segment is sometimes an intense deep black, the fifth with a
round black spot on each side of the middle, the sixth again entirely
black. The black may be replaced by brown or red in the ordinary
form, or the entire abdomen, except the third segment may be oliv-
aceous yellowish. I therefore repeat that I am very sure that titan
and tantalus are identical, while fadus is probably distinct, but as
the settlement of this question is rather for the entomologists in the
true home of the insect I follow Mr. Butler in the synonymy.

Ivion also seems to me much more likely to be fadus than tantalus,
but in the interests of a stable nomenclature I retain the present
synonymy, since there can never be any positive certainty as to the
form Linnaeus really had before him.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (16) JUNE, 1888.

122 JOHN B. SMITH.

ENY®O Hib.
Verzeichniss, 132.

Body, as a whole, long, stout and fusiform ; the head large, promi-
nent, broad ; front nearly vertical, flattened and smooth; eyes large
and prominent ; palpi smooth, stout, closely applied to the front and
reaching about to the middle. The tongue is stout, about as long as
the body. The antenne are fusiform, rather short, the clothing of
ciliz very short, at tip recurved into a long pointed hook. ‘The ves-
titure is hairy. Thorax rather long, the vestiture smooth, but form-
ing a very prominent anterior crest. The primaries are inserted
just before the middle of the thorax. Abdomen long, stout, conic,
with a spreading, though not very large anal tuft. Legs unarmed
in any way, except for the usual spurs of middle and hind tibie.
The fore legs are shortest, the posterior much the longest and clothed
with rather long hair, while the others are not so distinguished. The
anterior femora are very long, and the anterior portion is inferiorly
excavated to receive the tibia. Primaries proportionately short and
narrow, the apex obtuse, excavated beneath to vein 5, where it is
again excavated to the anal angle, which is decidedly produced.
Internal margin sinuate. Secondaries narrow, the anal angle pro-
duced into a broad, rather obtuse angle. Frenelum distinct, in the
% running in a loop from costa of primaries, in the 9 without this
loop. Primaries with eleven veins, secondaries with eight, the cell
short.

The genitalia of the $ are peculiar. The supra-anal plate is pro-
duced into a long, straight, acute spine, and the inferior spur is
broader, but less than half its length. The side piece is rather long,
its superior angle extended, finger-like ; in fact, the end of the side
piece is marvelously like the outline of a closed hand with the index
finger extended. The males, too, are furnished with a pencil of
yellow hair at the base of the abdomen resting in a groove between
the dorsal and ventral portions of the first and second segments, the
pencil extending to the middle of the second segment.

This genus is readily recognized by the prominent thoracic crest
alone, which is unique in our fauna. The peculiar modification of
the supra-anal plate and hook is interesting, and is not paralleled
elsewhere in the family. The thorax is produced to an unusual ex-
tent before the base of primaries. There is only a single North
American species.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 123

E. lugubris Linn., Mant. ii, 537, Sphinx ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. 537, Sphinx ; Mant.
Ins. ii, 92, Sphinx ; Sp., Ins. ii, 140, Sphinw ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 356, Sphinz ; A.
and S. Ins. Ga. 1, p. 59, pl- 30, Sphinx ; Gmel. ed. Linn. S. N. V. 2372. Sphinz ;
Dru., Ex. i, 61, pl. 28, fig. 2, Sphinz ; Westw., Ed. Dru. iii, p. 55, Thyreus;
Hub. Verz. 132, Enyo ; Swains. Zool. Ill. i, Thyreus; Harr., Cat. Sph. Sill.
Journ. 36, 306, Thyreus; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 113, Enyo ; Burm..,
Sph. Braz. p.16; Verh. Nat. Ges. Halle, iii, 73, Pterogon; Clem., J. Ac. N,
Sci. Phil. iv, 139, Hnyo; Morr., Syn. 1862, 162, Enyo; H. Sch. Corr. Blatt.
1865, 57, Enyo; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 297, Epistor ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond.
ix, 540, Enyo; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 180, Enyo; Butl., Pap. i, 103,
Enyo; Grt., Hawk Moths 29, Enyo.

fegeus Cram., Ex. iii, 56, pl. 225, fig. EK, Sphinx ; Hub., Verz. 132, Enyo ( pheg-
eus) ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 113, pr. syn.; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit.
1880, v. 41, p. 54, an sp. dist.

luctuosus Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 297, Epistor ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix,
632, pr. syn.

camertus Cram., Ex. iii, 53, pl. 225, fig. A, Sphinx; Stoll., Suppl. to Cram. pl.
xxii, fig. 1, la, larva and pupa; Hub., Verz. 132, Enyo ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep.
Het. viii, 114, Enyo; Burm., Sph. Braz. 16, Pterogon; Clem., J. Ac. N. Sei.
Phil. iv. 140, Enyo ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 163, Enyo; H. Sch., Corr. Blatt. 1865,
p. 57, Enyo; Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 44, Enyo; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 288,
Epistor ; Wallengren, (fv. Vet. Akad. 1871, 913, pr. syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool.
Soe. Lond. ix, 541, pr. syn.; id. Pap. i, 140; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880,
v. 41, p. 54, pr. syn.; Grt., New List, 1882, an sp. dist.; Gundlach, Cont. Ent.
Cuba, 180, an sp. dist.

General color a rather rich chocolate brown, often with a purplish or reddish
hue; palpi beneath, bright reddish brown: eyes golden. Thorax with the mar-
gins of patagize obscurely darker, more distinctly so towards the tip. Abdomen
with an indistinct double row of dorsal, dark brownish spots. Under side of
thorax and abdomen pale reddish brown, with a tawny line in the middle of
the ventral surface of the abdomen; yellow lateral dots on the hind portions of
the segments. Primaries with a decided rufous tinge in the middle and toward
the apex. An oblique, rigid, pale line margined on each side by a darker shade
line from costa two-fifths from base to the inner margin about one-third from
base; within this is a somewhat diffuse and indefinite pale line, which is curved
and still more oblique than the other; the costal portion of the interval between
this latter line and the base rather deeper, richer brown. Discal spot small,
black, narrowly edged with yellowish; beyond this a series of four rather ob-
scurely defined dentate lines cross the wing, nearly parallel with the outer mar-
gin. A distinct richer brown shade runs from the costa above the discal spot to
the outer margin above the anal angle, filling the terminal space to the middle
of the space between veins three and four, and extending upward as a margin to
a curved line running from the costa near the apex to the outer margin between
veins three and four. This line is also margined inwardly with a deeper shade.
A bright reddish brown oblong spot on costa near the apex, Secondaries crossed
by a broad diffuse brown shade near to and parallel with the outer margin, the
veins tipped with deeper, rich brown at the margin, the spots decreasing in size

124 JOHN B. SMITH.

Beneath the wings are more reddish, crossed by two faint
Expands 2—3 inches; 50—75 mm.

from the hind angle.
common lines, the terminal space darker.

Hab.—-Georgia to Florida; West Indies; Mexico; occasionally
northward to Massachusetts.

This species is so strongly characterized and so different from any-
thing else in our fauna, that there should be no difficulty in recog-
nizing it. It varies somewhat in ground color, in size and distinct-
ness of maculation. In camertus we have a smaller form, the
primaries less dentate, the lunate line from apex to the outer margin
very strongly marked. Extremes would seem to indicate two species,
but I would hardly care to separate them after Mr. Butler, who
probably had a large material at hand for comparison, and is not
usually classed as a “lumper,” has united them. The description
above is of a somewhat intermediate form. Gundlach considers the
species distinct, and relies on the ground color and some minor de-
tails of maculation to separate them. The camertus form seems con-
fined to the more southern countries and has been found in our ter-
ritory in Florida only, so far as [ am aware. Stoll figures the larva
of camertus, and his figure does not differ greatly from that given by
Abbot, allowing for inaccuracies in coloring. It is rare in the
Northern States, and probably does not breed there. In the South
it is double brooded and appears in May and September.

The larva was figured by Smith and Abbot, and described from
the figure by Clemens. No other or better description has been
found by me.

The better to show the characters relied on I add the differences
between Enyo dugubris and E. camertus as enumerated by Gundlach
Cont. Ent. Cuba, 181:

lugubris. camertus.
Thewround coloris@arkerpee a) Wegikecsscesetseconedltonsesse ie ansenceeeeeds lighter.
‘TRherocellar pots Sales ey Ne ceescesee\-decnsceelnonaseactm esas sseese meee larger.
The dark part occupies the apical ........ oesaseedne settee BRAOPEE Lee -eCO- all the

half of the wing from the anterior
border towards the anal angle, which,
however, is light.

The external edge of the anterior
wings has not, toward the apex a well
marked semi-lunar spot and the ex-
ternal border has no very salient or
black points.

The thorax above has no longitudi-
nal medial dark line.

Second segment of abdomen without
transverse blackish border.

semi-lunar spot plainly visible, of a
light or ash color, and the border has
various blackish sinuations.

Re uetavbhnsne- sede wates cased Meecered has a longi-

sec eesee sense - see see eeeeeeese sesessess

with a blackish transverse border.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 125

AMPHION Hib.

Verzeichniss, 1816, p. 135.

Body plump, robust, wings comparatively short and narrow.
Head small, not retracted; eyes small, semi-globose, fringed with
distinet lashes ; palpi moderate, projecting straight forward, forming
with the vestiture of front a short snout; tongue nearly as long as
the body ; antennz fusiform, with a large, slender, curved hook at
tip; slightly ciliate in the %, simple in the 9. Thorax plump,
narrowing abruptly in front of the base of primaries, widening pos-
teriorly ; vestiture smooth, upturned and forming indefinite tufts
posteriorly. Abdomen plump, narrowing suddenly to the tip, which
is provided with a fan-like tuft; the posterior edge of segments with
several series of scale-like spinules. Legs rather short; posterior
longest and stoutest ; anterior and middle tibize with a few spinules
near tip; posterior apparently unarmed ; spurs of median and hind
tibize small.

Primaries narrow, short, outer margin bisinuate ; excavated below
apex and again above the anal angle. Anal angle prominent, hind
margin sinuate; venation of the usual type, vein 10 wanting. Sec-
ondaries with the outer margin excayated before the anal angle,
which is somewhat prominent. The supra-anal plate and hook are
modified into a structure most nearly resembling a lobster’s claw,
the upper part largest and stoutest, the lower more slender and some-
what more pointed. ‘The side piece is rather short and broad, the
tip oblique; the clasper a small curved spur. The corneous sheath
of penis has a distinct curved hook at tip.

A strongly marked genus. The very plump form and the short
abdomen, which narrows so suddenly, the small, stout wings, the
fan-like anal tuft and the fusiform antenne are characteristic features.

We have but a single species :

A. nessus Cram., Pap. Ex. ii, p. 16, pl. 107, fig. D, Sphinx: Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii,
140, Sphinx ; Mant., Ins. ii, 92, Sphinx ; Ent. Syst. ili, 1, 355, Sphinw ; Gmel.,
Ed. Linn. 8. N. v. 2372, Sphinx; Hib., Verz. 135, Amphion; Enc. Meth. pl.
66, fig. 1, Sphinw; Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 308, Thyreus?; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep.
Het. viii, 99, Thyreus ; Clem., Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 136, Thyreus ; Morr.,
Syn. 1862, 157, Thyreus; G. & R., Proc. E.S. Ph. v. 151, 176, Amphion ; Beth.,
Can. Ent. i, 10, 47 (49), Amphion: Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 316, pl. 1, figs.
5 and 6, larva and pupa, Pogocolon ; Andrews,* Can. Ent. ix, 19, Thyreus ;
Butl., fr. Zool, Soc. Lond. ix, 535, Amphion ; Pilate, Pap. ii, 66; Fernald,*
Sphing. 20, Amphion ; Holland,* Can. Ent. xviii, 102; Grt., Hawk Moths 28,
Amphion.

126 JOHN B. SMITH.

The head, palpi and thorax are dull, rusty brown; palpi beneath and breast
rufescent ; a yellowish white streak on the sides of the head and prothorax, and
a transverse ferruginous line at base of thorax. The abdomen is a dark chestnut
brown, with the hind margin of the fourth, or more rarely the fourth and fifth
segments pale yellow, with three or four bright, ferruginous, lateral spots begin-
ning on the fourth segment, and two very small pure white tufts on the posterior
segments; apical tuft deep chestnut brown. Beneath rufescent, with three lat-
eral white dots on the hind portion of the posterior segments. Primaries brown,
with a purplish hue, costa powdered with gray scales; an indistinct dark brown
band and line in basal space; a broad, dark brown, oblique, transverse, median
band, divided above the median vein to the costa and containing the paler discal
spot; a greenish subterminal line nearly parallel to outer margin, anteriorly
edged by a narrow, dusky shade; a subapical bright red costal patch, below
which is a deep brown shade; a deep brown spot crossing the terminal space just
below the middle; a brown patch at anal angle; fringes pale in the excavate
portion of the margin. Secondaries of a rich, deep brown, with a central red-
dish band, which, starting from the costa, merges gradually into the ground
color before reaching the hind margin ; fringes yellow, more or less interrupted
with brown in the apical half. Beneath, primaries to the middle rich crimson
brown; beyond, a ferruginous shade to the dark purplish brown outer margin ;
an apical gray patch and a sprinkling of gray scales along costa. Secondaries
ferruginous, with a broad, purplish outer margin, a dusky discal spot and two
crimson brown transverse lines, the inner being broadest. Expands 1.75—2 in.;
44—-50 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia; westward to Missouri, Iowa, Illinois.

The species is locally common, and is a Northern rather than a
Southern form. It flies early in June in the hottest sunshine, and
occasionally also in the evening. Dr. Holland says he has taken it
at light, and near Pittsburgh it flies mostly at dusk. If found fly-
ing in the middle of the day he “has noticed that it always keeps
in the shadow, or slyly hovers about among the thick masses of the
Syringa blossoms in the deep umbrageous recesses, where it is not
easily reached by the net of the collector.”

The larva has been superficially described by Andrews, Boisduval
and Fernald, but a good life history is still a desideratwin.

THYREUS Swains.
Zool. Illustrated i, 1821, pl. 60.

Body very stout, somewhat depressed. Head broad, not promi-
nent ; eyes moderate, strongly lashed superiorly ; a low conic tuft on
vertex ; tongue nearly as long as the body; palpi densely scaled,
closely applied to the front and reaching barely to its middle. An-

tennze fusiform, bent into a long hook at tip; the tip tapering grad-
ually, not suddenly to a point; simple in the 9, laterally ciliated in

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. LT

the $ and somewhat thickened. Thorax well developed, rather
broader than long, with a transverse ridge of short truncated tuft-
ings along base. Abdomen somewhat depressed beneath, with a
pointed anal tuft, above which is a larger, but shorter truncated tuft ;
laterally with truncated tufts becoming larger toward the tip. The
segments are not spinulate, but the posterior edges are somewhat
raised and the edge is very densely set with very fine, sharp denti-
cles. Legs unarmed, the posterior pair not much longer than the
anterior, but apparently much stouter from the dense clothing of
long hair on tibiz ; median tibia with a pair of short terminal spurs ;
posteriors with two pairs of longer unequal spurs. Primaries long
and narrow, very small in proportion to the large body, produced at
apex, middle of outer margin and anal angle, excavate between ;
11 or 12 veined, venation of the ordinary type. In the $ provided
on costa beneath, with a loop for the frenelum; in the @ this is
wanting. Secondaries with 5 and 4 from the end of median vein ;
5 nearly midway between 4 and 6; 6 and 7 from the end of the sub-
costal. In form they are somewhat trigonate, the anal angle some-
what produced.

The side piece of the $ is somewhat curved, subequal, obtusely
rounded at tip; inferiorly with a moderate, somewhat curved, pointed,
corneous clasper. The supra-anal plate is produced into a rather
long, scarcely curved, somewhat flattened, pointed hook ; the infe-
rior process is much stouter, about half as long as the superior and
also pointed, but obtuse at tip.

This remarkable genus contains but a single species very readily
recognized by the generic characters alone. It is:

T. abbotii Swains., Zool. Ill. i, pl. 60, Thyreus ; Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 307,
Thyreus; Kirtland, Proc. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. 1837, 148; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep.
Het. viii, 99, Thyreus ; Clem.,* Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. iv, 135, Thyreus ;
Morris,* Syn. Lep. 1862, 156; Riley,* Am. Ent. ii, 123, fig. 84; 2d Rep. Ins.
Mo. 78, fig. 54, Thyreus; Bd., Lep. Guat. 1870, 66, Brachynota ; Sp. Gen. Lep.
Het. i, 301, Thyreus ; Whitney,* Can. Ent. viii, 75; Andrews,* Can. Ent. viii,
100; Harris,* Ent. Corr. 284, pl. 3, fig. 9; Saund.,* Can. Ent. x, 130, fig. 7,
Thyreus ; id. xiii, 2, fig. 2, Thyreus; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 534, Thy-
reus; Fernald,* Sphingide, 22, pl. iv, fig. 4, Thyreus ; Grote, Hawk Moths
28, Thyreus.

Head, palpi and thorax dull chocolate brown; hind edge of collar usually
black ; a transverse black band from base of primaries, arcuated cephalad ; the
transverse tuftings at base, are darker tipped. Abdomen dull brown, blackish at
base, somewhat paler and with a more or less distinct iridescence across the mid-
dle, darker at tip. The anal tuft is dull yellowish brown, the central pointed

128 JOHN B. SMITH.

tuft yellow; the lateral tufts are brown. Primaries dull brown, paler beyond
the middle to the terminal space; more evenly colored in the 9. An oblique
black line, heaviest at its inception on inner margin about one-third from base,
narrowing evenly to its termination on costa at about the middle of the wings.
Five blackish lines from the middle of inner margin outward, curving strongly
toward outer margin and lost above the middle of wing in the long blackish spur
in the interspace between veins 5 and 6; above this the lines are again traceable,
but indistinct and very strongly dentate. The terminal space is dull brown,
with blackish spots of variable sizes on outer margin above the angle on vein
4. Discal dot minute, blackish. Secondaries bright yellow at base, with a brown
outer band, toward anal angle broken up into interrupted blackish bands. Be-
neath, paler throughout. Primaries yellowish at base, with a yellowish trans-
verse shade at outer third, through which runs a strongly dentate blackish line.
Secondaries yellow at base, costal region powdered with brownish, with a broad
brown outer margin and two dentate blackish lines, the inner incomplete. Ex-
pands 2.30—2.60 inches ; 57—65 mm.

Hab.— Canada, Eastern United States, westward to Iowa.

One of the most characteristic and easily recognized forms of the
family by the broad, heavy body, the lateral tuftings of abdomen, the
narrow, short primaries and yellow secondaries. The antennz are
yellow.

The life history of the species has been known since it was first
described, and nearly every writer has either originally or following
others, described the larva. Prof. Riley’s figures have made both
insect and larva well known everywhere since they have been used
in almost every subsequent work dealing with this species.

Clemens says of the larva that its position when disturbed is not
Sphinx-like ; it shortens the anterior rings and throws the head from
side to side, making at the same time a crepitating sound. When on
the ground its motions are often violent.

The larva varies considerably, and for quite a time it was consid-
ered that the two most diverse forms indicated sexes. However, it
has been proved that both sexes are produced from each form of the
larva, and that the theory of sexual modification in the larva is a
mistaken one.

DEIDAMIA Clem.
Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 137, 1859.

Body quite fusiform. Head small, retracted, laterally compressed,
with a distinct crest between the antennz; palpi small, shaggy, not
attaining the vertex; eyes rather small, round, with hairy lashes.
Antenne fusiform, tip pointed, but slightly hooked, without seta ;
biciliate in the &, simple in the 9 ; tongue rather more than half

eal

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 129

the length of the body. Thorax stout, the wings inserted well for-
ward ; vestiture fine, recumbent, forming an indistinct dorsal crest.
Abdomen conic, in the & with a small anal tuft; segments armed
with spinules on the hinder edge. Legs comparatively small and
weak, the posterior not much longer or stouter than the anterior ; me-
dian tibize with a pair of minute terminal spurs, and posterior with
two pairs of small spurs; tibize otherwise unarmed. Primaries nar-
row, outer margin angulated; apex truncate; thence excavate to
vein 4, where it is produced, and below this deeply indented ; anal
angle prominent, produced; inner margin sinuate; 12 veined, the
venation of the normal type. Secondaries small, outer margin sin-
uate, slightly denticulate and somewhat produced on vein 1b ; vena-
tion of the normal type. The supra-anal plate of the % is elongate,
triangular, with the hook moderately long, stout and not much
curved, obtuse at tip; the inferior projection about two-thirds as
long and acute at tip; side pieces elongate, rather narrow, with an
vbliquely rounded tip; clasper a long, corneous shank running to
the base, produced at about the middle of side piece into stout hook,
dilated basally and with a somewhat curved, more slender tip.

This peculiar genus is readily recognizable ; the Smerinthoid wing
shape, combined with the elongated corneous tongue, the compressed
frontal tuft and rather slender abdomen, form a combination not
easily mistakable.

Mr. Butler, in Pap. i, 103, says of the genus: “Seems, excepting
in the form of secondaries, to be intermediate in structure between
Lophura continua (of Brazil) and Amphion nessus. It also seems
allied to Mimas and Cypa, two old world genera of Smerinthine. To
which has it really most affinity?” To the Smerinthine, by all odds,
I think.

Maassen makes Deidamia a synonym of Pterogon, showing thus
that he knows neither of them structurally.

There is but a single species in our fauna.

D. inseriptum Harr.,* Cat. Sph. Sill. Journ. 36, 306, Pterogon?; Wlk., C. B.
M. Lep. Het. viii, 100, Thyreus?; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859
137. Deidamia ; Morris, Cat. Lep. 1860, 18, Proserpinus ; Synopsis, 1862, 159,
Deidamia; G. & R., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil. v. 151, Deidamia; Bd., Sp. Gen.
Het. i, 302, Trichocolon ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 20; id. ii, 225, Deidamia; Strk.,
Lep. Rhop. et Het. 112, pl. 13, fig. 8, 4, Pterogon ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.
ix, 535; Pap. i, 103, Deidamia ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 53,
Pterogon ; Fernald,* Sphing. 69, Deidamia; Grt., Hawk Moths 29, Deidamia.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (17) JULY, 1888.

130 JOHN B. SMITH.

Head and thorax brownish gray. Head whitish above the eyes, palpi darker
brown. Thorax with a double curved white line edged with brown at tip of
collar, another single line across the middle of tegule and another at base: the
latter often indistinct. A brown dorsal spot. Abdomen a darker brownish gray,
dorsum darker, and with a row of subdorsal deep brown spots each side of the
middle; anal tuft brown. Primaries ashy gray, maculation brown. An indefi-
nite, narrow, basal transverse line; a second more distinct, rigidly oblique; a
broad band at about one-third from base, somewhat incurved inferiorly. Median
space evenly gray, somewhat powdery; discal spot indefinite, somewhat paler,
outwardly defined by darker scales; a broad sinuate band beyond middle, in-
wardly even, outwardly dentate below the middle; below vein 6 a dusky shade
extends outwardly to the pale subterminal shade; above this darker shade the
apical region is pale gray; below the apex two large lunate marginal spots, in-
wardly defined by a narrow white line; between veins 6 and 7, close to the lower
of the marginal spots, is asemi-oval brown spot, preceded by a somewhat reddish
yellow shade ; two faint dusky lines cross this paler space; from the white line
margining the terminal lunules above described a pale, somewhat diffuse shade
extends to the margin at the middle angle; below the dark outward shade a
rather bright brown, transverse line dentate on the veins, crosses the paler space,
followed by a decided reddish shade. Secondaries dull reddish brown, with a
darker terminal band. Beneath, primaries dull fawn gray, ashy along costa; a
bright red brown, rigidly oblique transverse line near margin, beyond which the
space to the dark, irregular outer margin is powdered with red; a distinct white
spot above vein 6 in the dark outer margin. Secondaries with the color and
outer margin as in primaries, but without the white spot. Expands 1.90—2.25
inches; 47—56 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Virginia; westward to the Mississippi Valley.

This species is by no means common. It is readily known by the
generic characters as well as the somewhat peculiar maculation.
Little is known of its habits, and, though the species has been quite
frequently bred, the larva has been described only in the most gen-
eral terms.

DEILEPHILA Ochs.
Schmett. Eur. Band. iv. p. 42, 1816.

Body stout, fusiform. Head of moderate size, not sunken, smoothly
clothed ; tongue about as long as the body; palpi reaching to the
middle of the front, the tip somewhat enlarged by the vestiture.
Antenne subclavate, gradually enlarging outwardly to the tip, where
they are furnished with a little, recurved, bristly hook ; eyes mod-
erate in size, with distinct lashes. Thorax stout, untufted ; the pri-
maries inserted well back. Abdomen untufted, conic, the tip acute,
tapering rather gradually in dineata, more abruptly in chamenerii ;
hinder edge of the segments densely set with small spinules. Tibize
not spinose, gradually increasing in size, so that the posterior is nearly

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 131

twice as long and stout as the anterior; median tibia with a single
pair of unequal spurs at tip; posterior with two pairs of longer, un-
equal spurs. Anterior tarsi with a row of stout, curved spines out-
wardly, most prominent in /ineata.

Primaries with eleven veins, the cell short ; outer margin arcuate,
entire, oblique; apex acute; hind margin very little sinuate. Prof.
Fernald says the primaries have sometimes twelve veins; none of
the specimens examined by me had more than eleven, but it is not
unlikely that 9 does occasionally branch ; in such case vein 10 must
be very difficult to see, except by fully denuding the wing. Secon-
daries with 2, 3 and 4 nearly equidistant at base; 5 midway from
the cross-vein. The margin is entire, except for a slight projection
on vein Lb.

The genitalia of the male have the supra-anal plate produced into
a short, abruptly pointed and slightly curved hook ; the inferior pro-
jection nearly as long as the superior, but thicker, the tips blunt.
Side pieces enlarging somewhat toward tip, then rather suddenly
rounded off, the angle rather inferiorly. From the inferior margin
near the base arises a single corneous hook, differing somewhat in
form in the two species.

The European fauna is rich in forms in this genus, while in
America but two species are found. They have a habitus all their
own, and are consequently recognizable at a glance whenever a sin-
gle typical form has been once carefully observed.

Two species are known from our fauna, one of which is claimed
as identical with European forms, viz., chamenerii with gallii. This
question will be more fully discussed hereafter.

Chamenerii has the spinules of tibia less marked, the abdomen
more abruptly conic, the thorax immaculate on disc, the veins of
primaries not white lined.

Lineata has the tarsal armature much heavier, the abdomen more
elongate, the thorax with longitudinal white lines; primaries with
veins white, marked.

D. gallii Rott. Naturf. vii, 107; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 166; Clem.,*
Journ, Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 144; Bd., Lep. Cal. 66; G. & R., Pr. E. S.
Ph. v. 156; Tr. A. E. Soe. ii, 75; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 79; Bd., Sp. Gen.
Het. i, 169; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 569.

chameenerii Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 305, Deilephila; Ag., Lake Superior, 387,
pl. vii, fig. 2; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 167 = gallii ; Morr.,* Syn. 1862,
165, Deilephila ; Harr., Inj. Ins. 328; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Ph. iii. 660, Deilephila ;

132 JOHN B. SMITH.

Grt., Pr. E. 8S. Phil. v. 40, Detlephila ; Butf., Bull. i, 20, Detlephila ; id. ii, 225,
Hyles ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 79 = gallit; Saund., Can. Ent. ix, 63, fig. 2,
Deilephila; Fruit Ins. 256, fig. 267; Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi. 90; Maassen,
Stett, Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 58, pr. syn.; Fernald,* Sphingidee N. E. 55, pl.
2, fig. 1, Deilephila; Grt., Hawk Moths 31, Deilephila.

intermedia Kirby, Fn. Bor. Am. iv, 302: Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 306; G. & R.,
Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 179; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 169, pr. syn.; Strk., Lep. Rhop:
et Het. 140, pr. syn.; Beth., Can, Ent. x, 152, pr. syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc.
Lond. ix, 569.

7»

canadensis Gn. mss. G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 179, pr. syn.
epilobii |
lectum).

Harr., Cat. Ins. Mass. 1838, 590; Sill., Journ. 36, 3805 (nomen bis

The upper side of the head and thorax is olive brown, with a white stripe
along each side, which is edged with black on the upper side along the thorax.
The palpi are whitish beneath and olive brown above. The abdomen is olive
brown, with a row of small white spots along the middle. The first and third
segments are marked with black on the sides; the second, fourth and following
segments with white, some of them more or less suffused with pink. The under
side of the thorax and the legs are of a dull yellowish brown and the abdomen
is darker brown with white lines along the edge of the segments. The prima-
ries are olive brown with a buff colored band extending from the hind margin
near the base to the apex of the wing. The lower edge of this band is slightly
sinuous, and the upper is irregularly indented. There is a black patch at the
base of the wing and another at the end of the cell, and the terminal space and
fringes are olive gray. The secondaries are black, with a rose-red central band.
which ends in a white spot at the inner margin. The outer margin is narrowly
edged with dull brown. which is often stained with reddish. Fringes white.
Beneath paler, more sordid than above, the maculation of upper side reproduced,
the band on primaries not reaching the hind margin and broader basally, so that
it becomes really an oblique triangle. Expands 2.65—3 inches ; 65—75 mm,

Hab.—Canada to Georgia; westward to California; Labrador.

The clasper of the % in this species is rather small, slender, but
little curved, acute at tip.

A widely distributed, but rather distinctively Northern form, and
easily recognizable from the characters above given.

Walker first referred this as a synonym of gadli?, and he is fol-
lowed by Clemens in this reference. Harris states that the larva of
this species differed from that of the European form, but Dr. Harris
knew only one of the varieties of-the larva, and I cannot find any
essential differences from descriptions. Mr. Grote again, in 1865,
Pr. E.S. Ph. v. 40, separates the forms as distinct ; he says: “I find
the following differences in the imagos, which I am satisfied are spe-
cifically distinct. In our species the central fascia on anterior wings
is of a warmer shade, not excavated inwardly at base, and not con-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 133

tinued so near the apex as in D. gallii; the apices show a very dis-
tinct black streak, absent in the European species. The central
fascia of the inferior wings is more suffused with rose color. The
basal abdominal segment is less black laterally than in D. chamenerii,
while I notice a few minor differences which are perhaps not con-
stant, as are those I have cited.”

Now, of all these there is but one feature constant, viz., the color.
The American specimens are more intensely colored and rather
smaller than the European examples, but otherwise I cannot find
any constant differences. In genital structure they are identical.
The greater intensity of color is a character of nearly all American
representatives of European forms. In the Noctuidee, European and
American specimens of the same species are nearly always separable
in this way. I would, therefore, retain the term chamenerii to ex-
press a geographical form or race
all the American forms of European species must receive names.

None of the American specimens I have seen reach the average
size of gallii, which has also proportionally longer and stouter an-
tennee.

Harris, and after him, Clemens and Morris describe the larva in
general terms, as: “Green, somewhat bronzed, dull red beneath ;
with nine round cream colored spots encircled with black on each
side, and a dull caudal horn.”

Prof. Fernald states that the species is common about flowers near
Orono, Maine. It is rare south of Massachusetts.

hardly a variety, for in that case

D. lineata Fabr., Syst. Ent. 541, Sphinx ; Sp. Ins. ii, 147, Sphinx ; Ent. Syst.
iii, 1, 368, Sphinx ; Mant., Ins. ii, 96, Sphinx ; Gmel. ed. Linn. 2383, Sphinz ;
Sm. Abb.,* Ins. Ga. i, 77, pl. 39, Sphinx ; Donovon, pt. 6, pl. 204, fig 1, Sphina ;
Hub.. Verz. 137, Phryxus = livornica ; Harris,* Sill. Journ. 36, 304, Deilephila ;
Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 143, Deilephila ; Morris,* Syn. 1862,
164; Harris,* Inj. Ins. (Flint ed.) 382; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Phil. iii, 662; Grt.,
Pr. E. Soc. Phil. iv. 319. Deilephila ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 156, 179, Dei-
lephila ; Riley,* Am. Ent. ii, 257, ff. 162-164, larva; 3d Mo. Rep. 140, figs. 60-
62; 8th Mo. Rep. 122, figs. 42-44, Deilephila : Saund., Can. Ent. ix, 63, figs.
2-4; Edw.,* Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. v. 91; id. vii, 20: Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix,
569, Deilephila; Behr., Pap. ii, 2 (food plants); Pilate,* Pap. ii, 66: Saund.,*
Fruit Ins. 254, figs. 264-266; Fernald,* Sphing. N. E. 56, pl. ii, figs. 2-4:
Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cub. 196, Deilephila ; Grt., Hawk Moths 31, Deilephila.

daucus Cram., Lep. Ex. ii, 41, pl. 124, fig. D, Sphinx ; Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, 147,
pr. syn.; Gmel., ed. Linn. 2384, pr. syn.; St. Farg. and Serv. Enc. Meth. pl.
66, fig. 5, Sphinw ; Steph., Ill. Br. Ins. Haust. i, 126, Deilephila ; Wood, Ind.

134 JOHN B. SMITH.

Ent. 246, pl. 53, fig. 27, Deilephila; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 171, Dei-
lephila ; H.S. Corr. Bl. 1865, 58, Deilephila ; Bd., Lep. Cal. 65; Sp. Gen. Het.
i, 173, Deilephila; Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi. 91.

oxybaphi Clem.,* Journ. Ae. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 145, larva only.

Head, thorax, abdomen and primaries olivaceous brown. Thorax with three
parallel white stripes on each side of the middle; the first over the base of the
wings and extending forward over the eyes to tip of the palpi; the second,
through the middle of the patagize, and the third along the upper edge of the
patagie. There is also a white line rnnning from the top of the head, back
through the middle of the collar. There is a double row of elongated black
spots, with a central row of small white ones, along the middle of the abdomen,
and on each side is a row of alternate black and white spots, decreasing in size
towards the end of the abdomen, below which the sides are reddish. Beneath
very pale olivaceous gray, or sordid whitish gray. Primaries with a buff stripe
extending from near the base of hinder margin to the apex, overlaid on the basal
part with whitish hairs. The hinder margin is narrowly edged with white, and
veins 1-7, as well as the discal, or cross vein, are marked with white as far as the
terminal space, which is purplish gray. The fringes are somewhat lighter. Sec-
ondaries black, with a central reddish band, which-encloses a whitish spot near
the hinder margin. The outer margin is narrowly edged with brownish, tinged
with reddish. Fringes white. Beneath, paler than above; throughout, the
lighter portions of the wing more or less sprinkled with brown. Expands 3.25
—3.60 inches ; 81—90 mm.

Hab.—Canada, United States, Cuba.

The & clasper differs from that of gallii in being much stouter,
comparatively shorter, with the tip more abruptly pointed. In other
respects it is not different.

The species is a widely distributed one, and it is common nearly
everywhere. It flies early in the evening, often in bright daylight.

The larva of this species has been figured by Riley, the two promi-
nent forms being given, and his figures appear in nearly every sub-
sequent work. No very detailed description has been given, and it
is not easy to do so, because of the great range of variation.

One of the recent numbers of “ Entom. Amer.” contains a state-
ment that the larva serves as food to some Indian tribe.

CHEROCAMPA Dup.
Hist. Nat. Lep. de France, Suppl. t. ii, p. 159, 1835.

Slender and gracefully built. Head distinct, but not prominent,
broad, vestiture fine and smooth; eyes large, hemispherical, with a
very sparse fringing of short stiff hair; palpi stout, attaining middle
of front; tongue about as long as the body ; antennz with a small,
abrupt, bent hook at the tip. Thorax smooth, moderately advanced

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 135

in front of primaries. Abdomen very long, tapering gradually to a
point, the segments armed posteriorly with spinules ; vestiture very
smooth, a narrow brush of fine hair at tip in the $. Tibiz not
spinose; median pair with unequal terminal spurs, posterior with
terminal and middle spurs. Legs lengthening posteriorly, the hind
legs much the longest and stoutest. Primaries narrow, proportion-
ately small, apex acute, subfalcate, outer margin very oblique, inner
margin sinuate; 12-veined, the venation presenting no peculiarity.
Secondaries small and narrow, venation as usual, outer margin
sharply produced on vein 1b, else even, apex pointed. The genitalia
are very much as in Darapsa; there is no essential difference in the
supra-anal plate and hook; the side piece is rather broad, a small,
weak, slightly curved hook inferiorly near base.

This genus differs from all others of our American forms in the
long, slender abdomen, and the comparatively short, narrow wings,
the primaries subfalcate.

Two species are in our lists as North American; the common C-
tersa of the East, and C. procne Clem., from Lower California. This
latter species has never since been found in our territory. Mr. Hy.
Edwards states that he never saw or heard of it in California. Butler
says he thinks it an African form with an erroneous locality. Strecker
figures a species which he says agrees with Clemens’ description and
which may have been Clemens’ type, but he has no definite informa-
tion in regard to its locality. Mr. Grote suggests that it may be C.
lucasii from East India, and Mr. Maassen makes the reference posi-
tively. For the benefit of those desiring to investigate, I add the
bibliography.

The only species really belonging to our fauna is fersa, and the
genus is essentially a tropical one.

Cc. tersa Linn., Mant. Ins. ii, 538, Sphinx: Dru., Ex. i, 61, pl. 28, fig. 3, Sphing ;
Westw., ed. i, 56, pl. 28, fig. 3, Deilephila ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. 547, Sphina ;
Sp. Ins. ii, 153, Sphinz; Mant., Ins. 2, 98, Sphinz ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 378,
Sphinaz; A. & S.* Ins. Ga. i. 75, pl. 38, Sphinx ; Cram., Ex. iv, 226, pl. 397,
fig. C, Sphinz ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2379, Sphinw ; Hub., Verz. 135, Ther-
etra; Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 303, Cherocampa ; Duncan,* Nat. Libr. 37, pl.
v, fig. 1, and pl. vi, fig. 1, Metopsilus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 131,
Cherocampa; Burm., Sph. Braz. 61, Philampelus ; Lucas in Sagra Cuba, 1856,
293, Cherocampa ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 150, Cherocampa ; Morr.,
Syn. 1862, 171, Cherocampa; H. S. Corr. Bl. 18, p. 58. Cherocampa; Grt.,
Buff. Bull. i, 22, Metopsilus ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i, 268, Cherocampa; Butl.,
Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 563, Cherocampa ; Fernald,* Sphing. 62, Cherocampa ;
Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba 191, Cherocampa; Grt., Hawk Moths 30, Dei-
lonche; Edw., Ent. Amer. 3, 165, Cherocampa.

136 JOHN B. SMITH.

Head and thorax fawn brown, often with an olivaceous tint; palpi reddish
beneath ; a lateral whitish line often inclining to roseate, on head and thorax,
patagie edged above with ferruginous brown. Abdomen with a broad, dorsal
dusky band, containing five somewhat indefinite darker lines and a rusty yellow
lateral band still less distinctly strigate. Primaries light brownish yellow, some-
times rich yellowish brown, somewhat purplish at the base, a dark smoky brown
patch below the origin of vein 1. From the apex a series of from seven to nine
darker brown, rather straight lines diverge toward the inner margin; a brown
shade accompanies the inner lines, reaching the hind margin rather close to base ;
a yellowish shade from the extreme apex to the middle of the inner margin,
broadening toward that point. The outer lines are rigidly parallel with the
outer margin. A small blackish discal dot. Secondaries black, outwardly mar-
gined with brown; costal margin and anal angle yellow, and with a series
of large wedge-shaped yellow subterminal spots. Beneath, dise purplish, out-
wardly ochreous with ferruginous powderings ; an indistinct, interrupted oblique
transverse line; a row of black venular dots, outer margin purplish ; secondaries
ochreous with ferruginous powderings ; two purplish transverse bands; a row of
blackish venular dots, not reaching the inner margin; outer margin purplish.
Legs grayish. Abdomen with a series of small black stigmatal dots. Expands
from 2.25 —3 inches ; 56--75 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Massachusetts oeeasional, southward to Texas,
West Indies, Central and South America; westward to Iowa.

The most elegant and graceful of our species, varying only in the
ground color. Its home is South and West, where it is common, but
it ranges northwardly as far as Canada as an occasional visitant.

The larva was figured by Abbot, and subsequent authors have,
apparently copied this figure and drawn their descriptions from it.
Cc. proene Clem., J. Ac. N. Sei. Phil. iv, 1859, p. 151, Cherocampa ; Morr., Syn.

1862, 173, Cherocampa; Wlk.. C. B. M. Mus. Lep. Het. Supp. xxxi, p. 30,
Cherocampa ; Grt., Buff. Bull. 1, 22, Metopsilus ; id. ii, 226; Edw., Pr. Cal. Ae.
Sci. vi, 90, Cherocampa ; Strk., Lep. 114, pl. xiii, fig. 10, Cherocwmpa; Butl.,
Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 564, Chwrocampa ; id. 638, an sp. Afric. ? Maassen,
Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 57= C. lucasit ; Grt., Pap. ii, 170 = C. lucasii
(East Indian) ?
ARGEUS Hib.
Verz. bek. Schmett. 134.

The differences between this genus and Philampelus are largely
comparative, yet evident. The head is larger, more prominent ; the
eyes larger; autenne more slender, and with a short hook at tip.
The thorax is further advanced before the base of primaries, and the
abdomen is larger and more slender. The wings, too, are somewhat
more narrow, the secondaries with anal angle prominent, and as a
whole the species are more graceful than in the other genus. The
single species is hardly a native of the United States, though it often

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. teri

ranges as far north as New Jersey, and has been found in Canada
and Racine, Wis., as an occasional visitant. Its striking green color
will at once serve to identify the species, which is common enough
in Mexico, West Indies and South America. I have seen many
specimens, but could not get a single male fit for examination as to
the genitalia.

The species is :

A. labruseze Linn., S. N. ed. x, 491, Sphinz ; ed. xii, 800, Sphinx ; Mus. L. U.
352, Sphina ; Clk., Ic. t. 47, fig. 3, Sphinx ; Cram., Pap. ii, p. 133, t. 184, fig.
A, Sphinz ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. 546, Sphing ; Sp. Ins. 1i, 152, Sphinw ; Mant., Ins.
li, 98, Sphinx ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 377, Sphinz ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2380,
Sphinx ; Swain's Zool. ii, pl. 87, Sphinx ; Hub, Sammi. 1, 167, Ewmorpha ;
Verz. 134, Argeus ; Wik., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 178, Philampelus ; Burm..*
Sph. Braz. 2, Philampelus ; Ciem., Journ. Ac. N. Sei. Phil. 1859, 156, Philain-
pelus; Lucas in Sagra 1856, p. 292, pl. 17, fig. 3, Philampelus ; Morris, Syn.
Lep. 1862, 178, Philampelus ; H. S. Corr. Blatt. 1865, 58, Philampelus ; G. & R.,
Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 158, Philampelus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 22, Argeus; Bd., Sp.
Gen. Het. 1, 193, Philampelus ; Gundlach, Cont. Lep. Cuba, 186, Philampelus ;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 578, Philampelus ; Grt., New List, 1882, Argews.

eclotho Fabr., Ent. Syst. 540, Sphinx ; Sp. Ins. ii, 152, pr. syn.; Ent. Syst. ili,
1, 376, an sp. dest.; Gmel., et Linn. S. N. 2380, pr. syn.

Head, thorax and primaries above, green, varying in shade. The centre of
primaries is taken up with a V shaped deeper green space, the marginal lines
strongly marked and inwardly shaded. Beyond this, are two parallel, somewhat
deeper green lines which unite before reaching the internal margin. A series 0
small, brown, subterminal spots. A large, somewhat oval brown patch in the
centre of the wing just beyond and somewhat encroaching on the darker me-
dian space. Secondaries blue, with a central black band, in which is a blue spot.
the band margined with pink toward the internal margin to which the band does
not extend. Another, submarginal black band, breaking up into a series of nar-
row lines toward the anal angle, where the wing is also tinged with pink. The
outer margin is green. Abdomen somewhat paler, olive green, beneath with
lateral white dots. Wings beneath yellowish, with two common transverse lines
and a broad, very irregularly dentate dark outer band on both wings, disc of
primaries toward base also dark. Expands 4.25—4.75 inches; 105—120 mm.

Hab.—South America, Mexico, West Indies, Northward from
Florida to Canada, Wisconsin occasional.

As already stated this insect is only an occasional visitant, and so
far as I am aware the larva has not been observed in the U.S. It
has been described by Burmeister. The striking green color of
primaries and prominent blue secondaries are very characteristic.

The colors are very sensitive to light, and often change to a dirty
testaceous or luteous yellow. A fully colored fresh specimen is a
beautiful insect.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (18) JULY, 1888.

138 JOHN B. SMITH.

PACHYLIA WIk.
C. B. M. Lep. Het, i, 189.

Body robust, heavy. Head large, free, rather prominent; eyes
large, hemispherical, not lashed ; palpi reaching the middle of front ;
thick, heavily clothed, so as to form a conic protuberance on front,
tongue strong, about half the length of the body ; antenne fusiform,
with a tapering, curved tip. Thorax smooth, stout, well advanced
before base of primaries, narrowing anteriorly ; vestiture rather
loose at base. Abdomen moderate in length, cylindric, heavy, ob-
tuse at tip, the segments posteriorly spinulose. Legs unarmed; in-
creasing in length and strength posteriorly, median tibize with a pair
of unequal terminal spurs; posterior tibize with two pairs of unequal
spurs. Primaries well developed, apex acute, slightly excavate
below, outer margin somewhat convex at middle; anal angle distinct,
but hardly drawn out; inner margin sinuate. Venation of the
usual type; vein 9 wanting. Secondaries with apex acute, outer
margin obsoletely scalloped, somewhat produced on vein 1b; vena-
tion also of the normal type. The genitalia of the $ are peculiar ;
the supra-anal plate divides not far from base, forming two long,
curved prongs, somewhat thickened in the middle and pointed at tip ;
the prongs are parallel, slightly divaricate at extreme tip. The side
piece is short and broad, without a distinct clasper, but with a some-
what chitinous inferior process set with spinules near base. This
structure would seem to ally the genus to the Bombycid type. In
wing shape, and in most other details of structure, the genus is close
to Philampelus. The form of the body, however, is distinctive, as is
also the genital structure. The species are all large, rather obscure
forms, and the genus is a tropical one. Our only species is Southern,
and extends also into South America. It is:

P. fieus Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x, 491, Sphina ; ed. xii, 2, 800, Sphina ; Mus. L.
U. 353, Sphinz ; Clk.,* Ic. pl. 49, fig. 2; Dru., Ex. ii, 44, pl. 26, fig. 1, Sphina ;
Fabr.,* Syst. Ent. 540, Sphinx ; Sp., Ins. ii, 145, Sphina; Mant., Ins. ii, 95,
Sphing ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 366, Sphinx ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2380. Sphinx ;
Westw., ed. Dru. ii, p. 48, pl. 26, fig. 1, Sphinz ; Htib., Verz. 134, Pholus ; W1k.,
C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 189, Pachylia ; Burm.,* Sph. Brazil, p. 5, Deilephila ;
Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sei. Phil. iv, 1859, 158, Pachylia ; Morr.,* Syn. 1862,
181, Pachylia ; H. S., Corr. Blatt. 1865, 58, Pachylia ;-G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil.
v, 184, Pachylia; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 136, Pachylia; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc.
Lond. ix, 578, Pachylia ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 201, Pachylia.

Crameri Ménét En. An. Acad. Petrol. Lep. pt. ii, 138, Cherocampa; Grt., Pr.
EK. S. Phil. v. 62, pr. syn.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 139

lyncea Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Se. Ph. iv, 1859, 159, Pachylia ; Morr., Syn. 1862,
182; Grt., Buff. Bull. ii, 150, pr. syn.; New List 1882? an sp. dist.

venezuelensis Schaufuss, Nunquam Otiosus, i, 16, 1870; Butl., Pr. Zool. Soe.
Lond. ix, 578, pr. syn.

Dull luteous brown, varying to brighter, paler more yellowish or reddish brown.
The vestiture at base of thorax is paler, more yellowish. Abdomen, laterally
yellowish. extending toward the dorsum at the incisures ; more distinctly so near
base. Primaries marked and banded with darker, smoky brown; a large, semi-
oval, pale, apical patch, pointed at the costal margin and apex. Basal space
darker, beyond which is a transverse, sinuate and dentate line. At basal third
is a series of three rather obscure, not entirely parallel transverse lines, accom-
panied by a deeper, more reddish shade ; beyond this is another outwardly curved
transverse line, dentate on the veins. From the pale apical patch a darker shade
extends to the middle of the outer margin making it of a triangular form.
Anal angle grayish. Discal spot distinct, with centre of ground color. Second-
aries dull luteous, with a black central band, a broad black outer margin, not,
however, reaching to the anal angle, and a narrow blackish line just above this
margin, often obsolete towards the margins; the little projection at anal angle is
pure white. Beneath uniform, rather bright reddish yellow, powdery. An extra
discal darker line crossing both wings, and beyond this is a series of darker
venular dots, also common to both wings; between the two there is often a more
or less evident additional transverse line, visible only in bright specimens. Ex-

Kor
«

pands 4.25—5.25 inches; 1.06—1.30 mm.

Hab.—F lorida, Texas, Central and South America.

This species is really an intruder in our fauna, belonging to a
tropical type. It is decidedly variable in ground color, and in the
distinctness of the maculation ; in dark specimens the latter is often
obscured and difficult to make out. The oval apical pale patch,
however, and the yellow and black secondaries with the pure white
anal angle render it a form easy of recognition.

It is one of the oldest known American insects. Madame Merian
figures it in her “ Insects of Surinam,” and Clerck figures it in his
“ Teones.”’

Fabricius (Syst. Ent. 540) describes the larva from the figures, and
says of it “larvae viridis, flavo lineata, capite caudaque nigris.” It was
said to feed on the Fig. Subsequent authors seem largely to have
drawn their information from the same source, Boisduval, in 1874,
referring to Madame Merian’s figure and describing the larva as
green, transversely striated with yellow, with the head, the first seg-
ment and the anal parts black. The horn is short and arcuated.
Burmeister gives a more detailed description.

140 JOHN B. SMITH.

PHILAMPELUS AHAarr.
Sill. Journ. 1839, v. 36, 286, 298.

Head rather large, free and prominent, smoothly. scaled. Tongue
about as long as the body ; palpi ascending, pressed close to the front ;
eyes large, not lashed; antennz slender, fusiform, ciliate in the % ,
simple in the 9, with a regular curve at tip, or somewhat abruptly
bent forming a curved hook. Thorax stout, untufted, moderately
extended in front of the base of primaries. Abdomen large, cylin-
drical and tapering to a point, entirely untufted, the segments armed
with spinules on the posterior margin. ‘Tibize not spinose, the pos-
terior longest and strongest; middle pair with two long, unequal
terminal spurs, posterior with two pairs. Primaries with eleven
veins, the arrangement of the typical form. Secondaries with the
cross-vein closing the cell obliquely sinuate; 5 much nearer to 4
than 6; 8, 4 and 5 nearly equidistant. Primaries with the outer
margin entire, obliquely rounded, or somewhat excavate between the
apex and the end of vein 4, the sexes differing somewhat in this
point. Secondaries slightly produced on vein 1b, elsewhere entire.

The supra-anal plate of the % is trigonate, depressed above; the
hook is slender, elongate, acute at tip; the inferior process stouter,
about half the length of the superior process. The side pieces are
rather variable in form, the tip always obtusely rounded; a single,
rather short, stout, curved, abruptly pointed hook at the middle of
the inferior margin, forms the clasper.

The genus is very readily distinguished by the curved antennee,
large size, the somewhat pointed primaries, and the produced anal
angle of the secondaries. The larvee have the head small and
globose, the anterior segments attenuated and retractile into the third
which is much swollen. The anal horn is wanting in the mature
larva, its place indicated by a shining lenticular tubercle. They are
clumsy looking, and in repose, or when disturbed, the anterior seg-
ments are retracted into the third, causing it to appear truncated or
bulbous anteriorly, and at the same time the body is thrown into the
typical Sphinx posture.

The transformations are subterranean. The pupa is cylindriconic,
head-case distinct or prominent, tongue-case not apparent.

The larva are all vine feeders, and are not uncommon. Those
of achemon and pandorus have an economic importance, and the

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 141

larvee have been carefully figured in all stages by Prof. Riley.

These figures have been used again and again until the larvee are

about as well known as any.

We have four species belonging to our fauna—posticatus being
excluded as not referable thereto; satedlitia and lycaon are also ex-
cluded as not synonymous with pandorus.

Primaries with a longitudinal band from base to apex and an oblique transverse
band from middle of inner margin to costa before apex; ground color
olive green.

Outer margin of secondaries fuscous, except at anal angle; larger, primaries

LGA Oleseessesnyscterscscc secs scnse sen cvsee) saceasese./occscuat sscecnsecis oescescs stesters linnei.

Outer margin of secondaries pinkish red; smaller, primaries narrower..vitis.
Primaries without the bands above described.

Ground color olive green, secondaries very pale bluish green on disc.

pandorus.

Ground color very pale fawn gray; secondaries red on dise......... achemon.

There are two distinct types of maculation. Vitis and dinnei agree
in the ground color of olive green, with a broad longitudinal pale
streak, crossed by one of the same nature from the middle of inner
margin to the costa near the apex. Linnei is larger, broader winged,
more sordid in appearance ; the outer margin of secondaries not red,
except at anal angle; vitis is smaller, narrower winged, the outer
margin less arcuate, maculation much more distinct ; the secondaries
have the outer margin pink.

Pandorus and achemon lack the stripes; they have a somewhat
triangular spot before the apex on costa, another near the anal angle
on inner margin; a quadrate patch at about the middle of inner
margin and a rather larger, more diffuse shade from costa beyond
middle, extending downward to about vein 38. Pandorus has the
ground color a very pale olive green, while achemon has it reddish
or fawn gray. The species are thus very distinct, irrespective of any
structural difference.

P. linnei G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 157, 179, 182, pl. 2, fig. 3, Philampelus ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 21, Dupo; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 140, Philampelus ;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 574, Philampelus ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba,
191, Philampelus ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 58 = vitis Linn. ;
Grt., Hawk Moths 32, Philampelus.

vitis { Cram., Ex. iii, 138, pl. 268, fig. E, Sphinz ; Hub., Verz. 187, Dupo ; W1k.,
C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 176, Philampelus ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv,
1859, 156, Philampelus ; Morris, Syn. 1862, 179, Philampelus ; H.S., Corr. Bl.
1865, 58, Philampelus; G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v, 157, pr. syn.; Bd., Sp.
Gen. Het. i, 200.

142 JOHN B. SMITH.

fasciatus { Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 59, 84, Philampelus ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph.
v, 157, pr. syn.

The head, thorax and abdomen are of a pinkish gray above and beneath. A
diffuse line along the middle of head and thorax, and a large triangular spot on
the thorax olive green. A spot on each side of the abdomen and a broad, longi-
tudinal stripe each side of the middle, brown of a variable shade, usually rather
light reddish. Primaries bright olive green, with a pale flesh colored or fuscous
stripe from the middle of base to the apex, and crossed by a similar one which
extends from the middle of the inner margin to the outer fourth of costa, leav-
ing a triangular spot of olive green on the outer part of costa. This oblique
stripe has two imperfect brown lines running through it. Terminal space paler,
fuscous, or purplish flesh color, inwardly limited by a more or less defined paler
line. Discal spot small, black, margined with fuscous. Veins 2, 3 and 4 light
flesh color where they cross the green. A broad, basal, transverse band, often
obsolete above the median fascia and varying from pale flesh color to dull fuscous.
Secondaries light green; a large rose colored space on anal angle and along in-
ternal margin; a large rectangular spot within; two narrow median lines; the
inner black, most distinct, joining the large black spot at the outer inferior angle ;
the outer faint, glaucus, contiguous to subterminal band, bent before anal angle;
a broad, subterminal black band, widest at costa, narrowing to anal angle, before
which it is suddenly constricted ; terminal space narrow, nowhere pinkish, ob-
scure brownish; external margin more rounded than in vitis. Expands 3.25s—
4.50 inches; 81--1.12 mm.

Hab.—Atlantic region from Massachusetts to Florida; Cuba;
South and Central America.

This species is variable, principally in intensity of maculation.
In fresh specimens the green is quite bright, and the reddish or flesh
colored tinge in the pale markings of primaries is distinct; in old
specimens the red fades out and the green becomes sordid, often yel-
lowish, decidedly changing the aspect of the species. There is little
variation in the maculation, which is characteristic and easily recog-
nized. It could only be confused with vitis, and from that the see-
ondaries separate it at a glance, as above mentioned.

The genitalia of the $ differ from the others in the longer corne-
ous and somewhat less curved clasper, ending in an obtuse point ; the
side piece is very similar to that of pandorus and vitis, the difference
being in the clasper.

The larva of this species has not been recognized as yet. It will
probably be found to resemble that of vitis quite closely.

Vitis and linnei have been very generally confused by earlier
writers and considered identical. Messrs. Grote & Robinson have
given a very full history of the two forms in the Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.
v, 179, satisfactorily straightening out the confusion theretofore ex-
isting. It will be sufficient to refer the student to this bit of careful

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 143

study, and to note my full concurrence in their views. It will be as
well to note, however, that as a rule the German entomologists do
not agree in the results of this study. Maassen’s criticisms in Stett.
Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 58, being quite rabid.

P. vitis Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x. 491, Sphina; ed. xii, 801; Mus. L. U. 354,
Sphina ; Dru., Ex. i, p. 60, pl. 28, fig. 1, Sphinaz ; Westw., ed. i, 54, pl. 28, fig.
1, Sphinx ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. 542, Sphina; Sp. Ins. ii, 147, Sphinz ; Mant.,
Ins. ii, 96, Sphinx; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 369, Sphina; W. Verz. p. 47, Sphinz ;
Cram., Ex. iii, 136, pl. 267, fig. C, Sphinz; S. & A.,* Ins. Ga. i, 79, pl. 40,
Sphinaw ; Gmnel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2381, Spninx ; Hub., Verz. 137, Dupo ; Harr.,*
Sill. Journ. 36, 299, Philampelus ; Burm., Sph. Braz. p. 3, Philampelus ; Clem.,*
Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. 1859, iv, 156, larva; Grt., Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 58, 83, Phi-
lampelus; G. & R., Pr. E S. Ph. v, 179, 181, Philampelus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i,
21, Dupo; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 574, Philampelus ; Koebele,* BkIn.
Bull. iv, 22; Fernald, Sphing. 57, Philampelus ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba,
188, Philampelus ; Grt , Hawk Moths 32, Philampelus ; Edw.,* Ent. Amer. iii,
165.

jussieuze Hub., Saml. Ex. i, pl. 169, Ewmorpha ; ii, pl. 376, Dupo; Verz. 137,
Dupo ; Wik., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 177, Philampelus ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N.
Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 157, Philampelus ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 180, Philampelus ; Grt.,
iPr He S. Eh. v/s, pr. syn-

fasciatus Sulz., Abk. Gesch. Ins. 151, pl. 20, fig. 1, Sphinw ; Huttb., Verz. 137,
pr. syn.; H.S. Corr. Bl. 1865. 58, Philampelus ; Grt., Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 83, pr:
syn.; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 202, Philampelus ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880,
v, 41, p. 58, an sp. dist. vitis.

Smaller, and the maculation more sharply defined than in /innei; the prima-
ries are narrower and more acute, the outer margin scarcely rounded. The
maculation is essentially like that of linnei, but the colors are deeper, and the
contrasts, therefore, greater. There is less suffusion, and the bands are more
rigid. The secondaries show greater differeuces; they are dull pale greenish
inwardly. Along the external margin, from costal angle to the medio-posterior
nervule, is a broad, terminal, pink band, within which a broad black fascia, in-
terrupted by greenish scales on the neryules and terminating below medio-pos-
terior nervule in two narrow lines, outside of which latter is a brownish square
space above anal angle. Internal margin and anal angle largely pink ; two large
black dots below the disc, merely separated by a few pink scales; a few white
scales within the terminal black lines above anal angle. Expands 3—4.25 in. ;
75—106 mm.

Hab.—Florida, Texas, along Atlantic coast to Massachusetts,
South and Central America, Cuba.

The genitalia of the $ are essentially like those of pandorus, save
that the clasper is slenderer and more curved.

As with linnei, this species shows comparatively little variation.
There is the usual tendency to fade, which will account for most of
the apparent differences. The bands on this species are much more

144 JOHN B. SMITH.

sharply defined, and the basal band is not often distinct above the
median stripe ; often it is a mere upright, white line. The pink outer
margin of secondaries is characteristic of the species.

The larva has been figured by Abbot, and prior to that by Madame
Merian. Clemens and Morris describe it in somewhat different
terms, but I am unacquainted with any complete life history

P. pandorus Hub., Samml. Ex. Schmett. ii, pl. 374, Daphnis ; Wlk.. C. B. M.
Lep. Het. viii, 174, Philampelus ; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Ph. iii, 659, larva; Beth.,*
Can. Ent. i, 11: Saund.,* Can. Ent. i, 26; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 197, Philam-
pelus ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 575, Philampelus ; Saund.,* Fruit Ins.
249, figs. 258, 259; Fernald,* Sphing. 59, pl. iii, figs. 1 and 2, Philampelus ;
Grt., Hawk Moths 33.

satellitia { Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 299, Philampelus ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Se.
Phil. iv, 1859, 154, Philampelus ; Morr.,* Syn. 1862, 176, Philampelus ; Harr.,*
Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 3235, pl. v, fig. 2, Philampelus : Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 61, 84,
pr. syn.; Riley,* Am. Ent. ii, 89, figs. 58, 59, larva; 2d Mo. Rep. 76, figs. 52,
53; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i, 196, Philampelus ; Saund.,* Can. Ent. xii, 41, figs.
4, 5, Philampelus ; Scudder,* Psyche ii, 68.

ampelophaga Bdy. mss.; WIk.. C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 174, pr, syn.; G. &
Re lteAs Bl Seis 16, pr sya:

Upper side with a ground color of very pale olive green, with spots and shades
of rich or deep olive green. Palpi brownish at base. Head and thorax with a
narrow dark dorsal] line; patagise olive green, forming a triangular patch at each
side of thorax and the latter also olive marked at base. Abdomen with a brown-
ish tinge; a rich olive dorsal patch at base and a blackish patch each side; a
somewhat indefinite, paler dorsal line. Primaries with a large olive green spot
on the middle of the inner margin, connected by a somewhat paler olive shade
with the base of the wing. A triangular spot of green rests on the inner margin
just within the anal angle; between these two spots resting on the inner margin
the space is shaded with rosy scales, very distinct on veins 2 and 3. A somewhat
trigonate olive patch on costa just before apex, below which a yellowish shade
gradually loses itself in the ground color towards the middle of the subterminal
space. A somewhat more diffuse and less distinct olive shade extends outwardly
from middle of costa and downward nearly to vein 3, sending a spur along this
vein to the outer margin. A series of three wavy, transverse lines before the
middle, visible only through the paler costal region; a series of three angulate
and sinuate transverse lines beyond the middle, faintly marked through the
pale space on inner margin. Discal spot consisting of two or three small black
spots at the end of the cell. Secondaries very pale green basally ; a large round-
ish black patch at middle of inner margin ; a broad black subterminal half band,
breaking up at the inner half of its course into a series four or five lines on a
roseate ground; outer margin olive green. Beneath luteous; primaries with
outer margin olivaceous gray, the shade very distinctly margined inwardly ; two
somewhat bent darker transverse lines beyond the middle; a darker shading
along internal margin. Secondaries paler along inner margin ; two very distinct
parallel transverse darker lines. Expands 3.75 —4.50 inches; 95-112 mm.

Hab.— United States east of the great plains ; Canada.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 145

This species is easily distinguished by the characters above pointed
out. It is not uncommon, becoming more rare, however, north-
wardly.

The side pieces of the & are moderately long and broad, some-
what curved, the tip broadly rounded; the clasper is rather short,
stout, narrowing rather rapidly to a point, somewhat curved.

There is little variation in this species save in the distinctness of
the shades and in the amount of rosy shading in the primaries. The
green of the primaries fades readily into a sordid luteous.

The larva being of some economic importance has been frequently
figured and described. Harris first gave a tolerably complete life
history and figures of this species, and Prof. Riley has also figured
and described the various stages.

P. achemon Dru., Ex. ii, 51, pl. 29, fig. 1, Sphinz ; Westw., ed. ii, 55, pl. 29,
fig. 1, Sphinz ; St. Farg., et Serv. Enc. Méth. x, 441, Smerinthus ; Harr.,* Sill.
Journ. 36, 300, Philampelus ; Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 325, figs. 150, 151, pl. v, fig. 3;
Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 174, Philampelus; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. Sci. Phil.
iv, 1859, 155, Philampelus ; Morr.,* Syn. 1862, 177, Philampelus ; Lint.,* Proce.
E. S. Ph. iii, 661; G. & R., Pr. E S. Ph. v. 184, Philampelus; Riley,* Am.
Ent. ii, 54, figs. 33 35, all stages: 2d Mo. Rep. 74, figs. 49-51, all stages;
Harr.,* Ent. Corr. pl. iii, fig. 11, larva; Lint.,* Ent. Cont. ii. 117; Saund.,*
Can. Ent. x, 101, figs. 4-6; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 575, Philampelus ;
Behr., Pap. ii, 2, Philampelus ; Saund.,* Fruit Insects, 250, figs. 260-262; Fer-
nald,* Sphing. 60, pl. iv, figs. 1 3; Grt., Hawk Moths 34.

crantor Cram., Pap. Ex. ii, p. 11, pl. 104, fig. A, Sphinx ; Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, 151,

Sphinx ; Mant., Ins. ii, 197, Sphina ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 375, Sphing ; Sm. & Abb.,
Ins. Ga. i, 81, pl. 41, Sphina; Hutb., Verz. 134, Pholus; St. Farg., et Serv.
Enc. Méth. pl. 66, fig. 9, Sphinx ; Westw., ed. Dru. Ex. ii, 54, pr. syn.; Bd.,
Sp. Gen. Het. i, 199, Philampelus.

Head, thorax and primaries above grayish fawn, or red ash color, with the
maculation and shadings brown. Palpi, except at tip, brown. Patagize rich deep
brown, forming a somewhat trigonate patch on each side. Abdomen somewhat
darker dorsally, laterally near base with a roseate tint; segments narrowly edged
with white posteriorly. Primaries with a brown dot near base; a quadrate deep
brown patch at middle of inner margin; a small, trigonate patch of the same
color just before anal angle, and a larger, also trigonate, patch before apex; a
dusky shade from the middle of costal margin outward and downwardly as in
pandorus ; terminal space dusky. The transverse lines are as in pandorus, but
more distinct. Secondaries pink, with a reddish ash colored outer border, which
has a row of elongate deep brown spots along its inner edge not clearly defined
in the basal half of the series, and there is a diffuse, dark reddish spot above the
anal angle. Beneath, primaries rosy red, with a broad ash colored outer margin,
which is inwardly dentate, and two parallel, somewhat rivulous, transverse,
deeper brown lines. Secondaries powdery, with two parallel transverse lines.
Expanse 3.75—4.25 inches ; 95-106 mm.

Hab.—Canada; United States from Atlantic to Pacific.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (19) JULY, 1888.

146 JOHN B. SMITH.

This is at the same time the handsomest and most widely distrib-
uted of our species of this genus; it is found everywhere where the
grape grows, but is rarely abundant enough to do mischief, though
it figures in the literature of economic entomology.

The side piece of the § is shorter and broader than in pandorus,
and there is a decided enlargement at the insertion of the clasper,
which is more curved and somewhat longer than in pandorus.

There is little variation in the imago, which is so different in color
from the others of the genus as to be readily recognizable.

The early stages of this species are also well known. Prof. Riley
has figured the larva and imago, and these figures have been freely
used by others, and Mr. Lintner has given, perhaps, the most com-
pletely written history of the species.

AMPELOPHAGA Brem. & Grey.

Beitr. Schmett. Fauna nord. Chin. 1853, p. 11.

Head small, the vestiture forming a central ridge or tuft between
the antennze ; tongue about half the length of the body ; palpi mod-
erate, curving up and rather closely applied to the front; eyes mod-
erate in size, and slightly lashed ; antennz slim, fusiform, the tip
attenuated and prominently curved or hooked, biciliate in the males
simple in the females. Thorax short and stout, but little advanced
in front of the base of primaries, untufted, vestiture smooth. Ab-
domen large, cylindrical, tapering rather suddenly on the last seg-
ments; without anal or side tufts, segments without spinules along
the hinder edge ; some specimens have a few fine spinules ; tibiae not
spinose, except in cherilus, which has the fore and middle pairs
sparsely spinose ; middle tibize with one pair of comparatively long,
unequal spurs, the hind tibize with two pairs. Primaries with eleven
veins (10 wanting), not differing in pattern from the family type;
apex falcate, outer margin excavate from apex to vein 4 and rounded
beyond. Secondaries with the typical venation ; outer margin ex-
cavate between veins 1b and 3, but nearly straight beyond this to
the apex. Costa of all the wings arcuate. Frenelum and loop
present in the males, the loop wanting in the females, the frenelum
reduced to a bunch of bristles.

The genitalia of the males are all of one type, differing only in
minor characters in the species. The side piece is short and broad,
irregularly oval in shape, with a variously formed, small corneous

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA, 147

clasper at its inferior margin. The supra-anal plate is small, tri-
gonate, the hook short, broad, flattened above and somewhat re-
flexed at the side margins, not much curved; the inferior process
flattened, trigonate, but little shorter than the superior.

The characterization of the genus, except as to the genitalia, is
largely taken from Prof. Fernald’s paper on Sphingidee of New
England, and the shorter note in Ent. Am. ii, 2,—it having been
found correct in all essentials. I united Ampelophaga and Darapsa
under the later term in my synopsis of genera. The term Darapsa
had been previously restricted to a West Indian form not congeneric
with our species, and Prof. Fernald uses Boisduval’s term Everyx for
our species. Bremer and Grey’s generic term, however, has priority
of both Boisduval’s and Walker’s, and Butler says that versicolor is
perfectly congeneric with the typical species, while he leaves myron
and cherilus in the Htbnerian genus Otus. Htibner’s term, how-
ever, is pre-occupied. Fernald pointed out the spinulation in the
tibie of cherilus, and Mr. Grote thereupon separates that species
from versicolor and myron, which he calls Ampelophaga, under the
term Hveryx.

The spinulation of the tibize is so slight and so unimportant a
feature in view of the general agreement in all stages that the sepa-
ration seems hardly justifiable.

The species are all Eastern, and mostly double brooded. They
are all occasionally attracted to sugar and light.

The species may be divided as follows :

ANHERIOL AN OSG dS bibice SPIUNOSC:.scsccsvessscesccors sccacvauelccevcost secceue choerilus.
Tibiz not spinose.

Under side of primaries reddish and gray without yellow markings..myron,.
Under side of primaries green, with yellow markings.............. versicolor.

A. choerilus Cram., Ex. iii, 91, pl. 247, fig. A, Sphinx ; Hiib., Verz. 142, Otus ; St.
Farg. & Serv., Enc. Meth. x, 441, Smerinthus; Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 302,
Cherocampa ; Wlik., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 182, Darapsa; Clem.,* Journ.
Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 147, Darapsa ; Morr.,* Syn. 1862, 168, Darapsa;
Grt., Pr. E.S. Ph. v, 81, Otus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 22, Darapsa ; Beth., Can. Ent.
i, 10, Otus; Hulst,* Bkln. Bull. ii, 35; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 210,
Everyx ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 222, Everyx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 545,
Otus ; Edw.,* Pap. iii, 126, Everyx; Fernald,* Sphing. 64, Everyx; Grt.,
Hawk Moths 30, Everyx.

clorinda Martyn, Psyche, pl. 25, figs. 66-67, 1797, Sphina ; Butl., Tr. Zool.
Soc. Lond. ix, 545, pr. syn.

azaleze Sm. & Abb.,* Ins. Ga. i, 53, pl. 27, Sphinx ; Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 302,
pr. syn.

148 JOHN B. SMITH.

Head and thorax above rust red, varying to brown red, with the tips of the
patagiz and a spot at the base of primaries pale gray. Abdomen fawn colored,
varying somewhat in shade, the segments narrowly edged with pale yellowish,
Primaries reddish brown with purplish reflections. The basal half is sprinkled
with grayish scales and crossed by four curved brownish lines; a small brown
discal dot. Outer portion of wing darker reddish brown, crossed by several in-
distinct paler lines, the inner edge being oblique and straight. Terminal space
of the same color as the base of wing. Secondaries rusty brown. Beneath, pale
rusty brown with indistinct terminal bands and two faint transverse lines on all
wings. Expands 2.25-——3.25 inches; 56--81 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia; westward to Missouri, Lowa.

The species is readily recognizable not only by its spinose tibize,
but also by the red brown thorax ; that of the other species being
more or less green. The genitalia are as described in the generic
heading, the clasper a very small, slender, corneous hook, but slightly
curved at the tip and somewhat obtuse. The species is not uncom-
mon, the larva was first made known by Abbot and Smith, and has
been more or less completely described by various authors since that
time.

A. myron Cram., Ex. iii, p. 91, pl. 247, fig. C, Sphinx ; Hub., Verz. 142, Otus ;
St. Farg. & Serv., Enc. Méth. x, 441, Smerinthus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het.
viii, 188, Darapsa ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 147, Darupsa ;
Morr.,* Syn. 1862, 168, Darapsa; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Phil. iii, 663, larva; Grt.,
Pr. E. S. Ph. v, 81. Otus; Beth., Can. Ent. i, 10, Otus; Riley,* Am. Ent. 11,
22, figs. 12-15, life hist.; Saund.,* Can. Ent. iii, 66, figs. 25-27, life hist. ; Grt.,
Buff. Bull. i, 22, Darapsa; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 209, Everyx ; Hulst, BkIn.
Bull. ii, 35; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 222, Everyx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc Lond. ix,
546, Otus ; Saund.,* Fruit Ins. 244, figs. 253-257, Darapsa ; Fernald,* Sphing.
65, pl. v, figs. 1-3, Everyx; Grt., Can. Ent. xviii, 1382, Ampelophaga ; Hawk
Moths 30, Ampelophaga.

pampinatrix Sm. Abb.,* Ins. Ga. i, p. 55, pl. 28, Sphinx; Harr.,* Sill. Journ.
36, 301, Cherocampa; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 183, pr. syn.; Harr.,*
Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 327, figs. 152-154, et pl. v, fig. 4, life hist., Cherocainpa ;
Morris in note ]. ¢. syn. pr.; Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. iii, 93; Riley,* 2d Rep. 71,
figs. 44-47, all stages; Pack.,* Com. Ins. 57, figs. 47 and 48.

Var. cnotus Hiib., Zutr. 161, figs. 321-322, Otus; Morr. note to Harris’ Inj.
Ins. Flint ed. 327, pr. syn.; Grt., Pr. E.S. Ph. v, 81, pr. syn.; Buff., Bull. ii,
226, pr. var.

Head, palpi and thorax of a dark olive green, with a dull reddish triangular
spot posteriorly on thorax and a pale, ash colored stripe on the side, over the base
of the wings. The abdomen is dull greenish, with dull reddish reflections.
Primaries of an olive gray color, with a curved olive green oblique band crossing
at basal third; a brown discal point; a second oblique band starts from the outer
third of the costa and crosses to the middle of hind margin. This band is nearly
obliterated in the middle. The outer part of the wing is shaded with olive green

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 149

at the apex and the anal angle, leaving the rest of the terminal space olive gray.
Secondaries dull red, with a darker, more or less complete terminal band, which
is greenish towards the anal angle. Beneath, the primaries are pale reddish, ex-
cept the costa and outer border, which, together with the secondaries and body,
are greenish gray ; there is a central slightly darker median band on secondaries.
These colors vary in intensity, and the maculation varies in distinctness. Often
there is considerable suffusion of the primaries and this form, which is rather
more common southwardly, is the cnotus of Hubner. Often the reddish suffusion
becomes predominant, and the insect resembles cherilus quite strongly. The
more rigid transverse bands of chwrilus will, however, always prevent confusion,
Expands 2.10—2.50 inches ; 53—62 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia ; westward to Missouri, Iowa.

The clasper of the $ of this species is rather short and broad,
with a rather large, spoon-shaped tip. Otherwise as in cherilus.

This insect is rather common, and is the form most frequently
taken at sugar.

Its larva is of some economic importance, as it feeds on grape, and
since Smith and Abbot it has been frequently figured and described.

A. versicolor Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 303, Cherocampa ; Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 328,
Cherocumpa ; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 131, Cherocampa ? ; Clem., Journ.
Ac. N. Sei. Phil. iv. 148, Darapsa; Morr., Syn. Lep. 1862, 169, Darapsa; G.
& R., Pr. E.S. Phil. v. 154, Otus ; List. Lep. 1868, Darapsa ; Beth., Can. Ent.
i, 10, Otus ; Edw., Can. Ent. ii, 134, Darapsa; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 22; id. ii,
226, Darapsa; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 113, pl. xiii, fig. 9, 4 ; id. p. 142,
Darapsa; Peck., Can. Ent. vili, 239, Darapsa; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 284,
Cherocampa ; Butl., Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 546, Otus ; id. 637, Elibia ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 222, Elibia ; Hulst,* Can. Ent. x, 64, life hist.; BkIn.*
Bull. ii, 351, Darapsa; Bunker,* Can. Ent. x, 211; Butl., Pap. i, 104, Ampe-
lophaga ; Grt., New List, 1882, Ampelophaga ; Fernald,* Sphing. 67, Everys ;
Fischer,* Can. Ent. xvii, 78; Holland,* Can. Ent. xviii, 104, Everyx ; Grt.,
Hawk Moths 30, Ampelophaga.

Head and thorax dark green, varied with greenish yellow; the abdomen
greenish yellow or buff, varied with darker green, especially along the middle
andon the hinder edge of the segments. There is a whitish line along the
side of the head and thorax over the base of the wings, and a dorsal line ex-
tending from the head to the tip of the abdomen. The collar and patagiz are
edged with white. Primaries green, of various shades; a deeper curved shade
band from costa beyond middle to inner margin at basal third. A series of three
curved white lines from costa to the base of the wing, ending in a grayish blotch;
the lines are sometimes distinct throughout, but more usually the lines become
olive gray below the median vein. Often the space between the second and third
of these lines is darker. At the inception of the third line on costa is a pale
shade, variable in extent toward the middle of the wing, but reaching to the
shade band above described, and which is margined inwardly with white to the
middle of the wing, the white gradually shading into olive gray. At about the
outer fourth is another series of three whitish transverse lines running nearly
parallel to the onter margin. The first runs into the second before the middle of

150 JOHN B. SMITH.

the wing; the others reach the internal margin. An oblique white mark from
apex to the outer whitish transverse line above the middle, broadening on the
veins, which are marked on either side for a short distance. A darker blotch
between this oblique line and the outer pale line between veins six and seven.
Secondaries reddish or rusty brown, inner margin greenish gray, outer margin
narrowly and often indistinctly green; fringes white. Beneath, primaries dull
reddish on disc, the costa and outer margin green, marked with yellow and
white, imperfectly reproducing the maculation of upper side. Secondaries
shaded with green, yellowish and white. Expands 2.75—2.90 in.; 68—72 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Maryland; westward to the Mississippi.

The side piece, unlike the others of the genus, is somewhat spinu-
lose inwardly ; the clasper is comparatively long and slender, some-
what curved and pointed.

At once our rarest and most beautiful species of the genus. It is
seldom taken, but not difficult to rear. The larva is greatly infested
by parasites, and this may account to some extent for the rarity of
the imago.

Mr. Hulst gives a complete life history in “Can. Ent.” x, 64.

SPHINGIN A.

This subfamily is distinguished by usually rather graceful form,
with narrow wings, the primaries not sinuate nor angulated, but
either evenly oblique, or slightly convex. The body is robust, the
head usually distinct ; their eyes are often small and lashed, and except
in Ellema, the tongue is long and strong ; some of the species of this
subfamily representing the extreme of development in this direction.
The palpi seldom are as prominent as in the Chewrocampine, and
often very short. The legs are very variable in length, strength and
proportion, and also in armature. There is a very general tendency
towards spinose tibize and armed fore tarsi; few species not being so
distinguished. The venation is typical and offers nothing more than
has been already described. There are very generally only eleven
veins present.

In ornamentation this group shows a decided agreement im some
few points. The abdomen is almost universally banded or laterally
spotted—an exceptional character in the Chorocampine—the ten-
dency is to gray or brown shades of ground color with longitudinally
strigose markings or uniform transverse lines or mere dashes, while
in the Cherocampine the tendency is to bright colors and broad
shades or bands as markings. These peculiarities in marking and
the wing form enable the student to recognize a species of this sub-
family at once.

q

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 151

There has been some difficulty in dividing this subfamily. A few
of the genera there is no trouble with, such as Amphonyx, Dilopho-
nota and Cautethia, and these I place at the head of the series.

Amphonyx contains one of the largest of our American species,
and the genus is easily recognizable by the prominent head, large,
unlashed eyes, untufted thorax and the peculiar naked hooked ter-
minal joint of palpi, which look like a pair of small horns out of
the vestiture of the head.

Dilophonota shares this latter peculiarity in some species, in a
much less marked degree, but is evidently distinct by the thoracic
divided crest, which is unique in the subfamily.

Cautethia contains a single small species with prominent head and
eyes, untufted thorax and body, and unarmed legs. The secondaries
are reddish or orange.

The remainder of the genera offer no salient characters, except in
Ellema, which has the tongue obsolete. The characters here used
are primarially the lashed or unlashed eyes, an extremely uncertain
character ; the armature of the legs, which here is unreliable and
very variable, and some slight differences in the wing form. A ref-
erence of all the species to the genus Sphinx would not be indefen-
sible, and it becomes a mere question of the desirability of subdivi-
sion. Prof. Fernald places S. plebeius in Hyloicus, and yet cannot
quite satisfy himself that it is not congeneric with Phlegethontius
Species not seen by Prof. Fernald, however, make a connection with
Sphinx complete, while the only things separating Ceratomia from
Hyloicus are the unlashed eyes and slightly retracted head, charac-
ters in which cupressi forms almost the exact intermediate. It is,
therefore, nothing at all but a question of convenience. The order
of arrangement is similarly complicated by forms like hy/eus, which
are somewhat aberrant wherever placed. After due consideration
the following scheme seems not unnatural :

First in the series might come Protoparce, with rather distinct or
promivent head, unlashed eyes, very long tongue, sparsely or non-
spinose fore tibize and armed fore tarsi.

To this Sphina will join naturally. The eyes are smaller, head
more retracted, eyes lashed, anterior tibix always, middle tibiz gen-
erally, spinose, fore tarsi variable as to armature.

Dolba is sphingiform in appearance and has similarly lashed eyes,
differing in the entirely non-spinose legs. It bears a superficial re-
semblance in ornamentation to Protoparce rustica, but is very much
smaller.

a2 JOHN B. SMITH.

Chienogramma, with jasminearum as the type, agrees with Dolba
in the unarmed legs, but has the eyes not lashed, and is, as a whole,
more sphingiform in appearance.

Ceratomia has a retracted head, rather short tongue, not lashed
eyes, non-spinose fore-legs and armed fore-tibia. The outer margin
of primaries is somewhat retracted above the anal angle, marking
that point. In structure it most nearly resembles the Hyloicus sec-
tion of Sphinx, but the species have a somewhat distinctive habitus,
not the least of which is due to the distinet transverse maculation of
the primaries.

Finally, as nearest relatives of the Bombycide come Ellema and
Exedrium, with weak, short tongue, but otherwise sphingiform habi-
tus. Evedrium seems to differ by the unusually rounded wings,
giving the insect quite a bombyciform appearance.

In the form of a synopsis the genera would be separable as follows:

$ Tongue long and strong.

i, Head larce, prominent) eyes motilashed)..-+.sc.ccc.c2sce-e cose -saneckiseenceueeteecereee 2:
Head smaller, never prominent somewhat retracted ; eyes variable............. 3.
2. Palpi with terminal joint naked, prominent; thorax untufted ; secondaries
partly semi-transparent; legs unarmed.................-sscceeee/ Amphonyx.
Palpi with terminal joint rarely naked; thorax with a prominent divided
Crest: legs WNATMEM\=<.05<.s-e-owsseeecrescschess= ceesceees Mexeseees Dilophonota.
Palpi normal; thorax untufted ; size very small; secondaries orange at base ;
J@SSSUNMATMEG cc. cece etedcostacec cesses secastotniocterecsestecesen ceeeee Cautethia.
Anterior tarsi armed outwardly with longer spinules; anterior tibiz usually
SP UNLOSO fee seete cel see seseelectece wale eeceats oseccabeiasrecammesaacenieeenenee Protoparce.
SRV EGP ASH teen acens (tense enieesceeecisaenesen ieee nses Wiest cadlendescivanbo von'aae sreceeceeaeneee 4.
PVs MOL MASE .ccescccsersccneinostashsn deren enleecseenpsletessteen/ cr acns=s-srocnstreteeecan ies 5.
4. Tibize spinose ; anterior always; median usually ; anterior tarsi usually armed
With longer SPINES. <:52.c<e. vcs<sccavsousssdearencesesl vascess.vsdsssesc)tasdmsess Sphinx.
MTibiss NO’ Spinose’= tarsi UMALMed | ---eccsscescscecs werea-es--enceseecne ate Dolba.
Sem LCoS mM AGING eee re ceserteceseceteck cre iccneetrsete eee irreecse: Chiznogramma.

Anterior tarsi outwardly armed with long claws ; tibize not spinose.
Ceratomia.

SS Tongue short and weak.

Primaries narrow, pointed, sphingiform.............0.cc0-ecee- sevecseee secesenes Ellema.
Primaries wider, rounded, bombyCiform.........0...scsccsee seceereee ceeeee Exedrium.

AMPHONYX Poey.
Cent. Lep. Cuba, Dee. i, 1832.
Large, robust, yet graceful species. Head large, broad, distinct,
prominent; eyes large, hemispherical, fringed with short bristly
lashes ; tongue stout, slightly exceeding the tip of the abdomen in

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 153

length; palpi reaching the middle of front, the terminal joint cor-
neous, curved and produced into a little curved, pointed horn, pro-
jecting nakedly beyond the frontal vestiture; antenne fusiform,
prominently hooked at tip, the point gradual and aciculate, termi-
nating in a bunch of fine hair. Thorax oyate, stout, the vestiture
smooth, somewhat elevated at base, well advanced before base of
primaries. Abdomen elongate, rather slender, cylindric and some-
what obtusely terminated ; segments spinulose along posterior mar-
gin. The legs are tong and stout, lengthening posteriorly ; median
and hind tibize with one and two pairs of spurs respectively, else
unarmed. Venation as usual; primaries elongate, narrow, apex
acute, outer margin oblique, slightly convex at middle, somewhat
excavated above anal angle; inner margin scarcely sinuate. Second-
aries small, narrow, somewhat produced at anal angle.

This genus is readily known by the peculiar structure of the palpi.
The secondaries also have a semi-vitreous discal space, the base more
or less yellow, giving the species a characteristic appearance.

The genus is a tropical one, containing few species, and but one—
anteus—is found in our fauna, extending southward into 8. America.

The genitalia of our species have not been examined.

P. antzeus Dru., Ex. ii, 43, pl. 25, fig. 2, Sphinx ; Westw., ed. ii, 47, pl. 25, fig.
2, Sphinx; Poey, Cent. Lep. Cub. Dec. i, Amphonyx ; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het.
viii, 200, Macrosila ; Clem., Pr. Ac. N. Sei. Phil. iv, 1859, 162, Macrosila ;
Morr., Syn. Lep. 1862, 186, Macrosila; H. S. Corr. Blatt. 1865, 59, Macrosila
antheus : Wallengren, Ofvers. Kongl. Vetensk. Ac. Hand]. 1858, 138, Ancis-
trognathus ; Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 66. Amphonyx ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil.
v. 162, Amphonyx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 599, Amphonyx ; Gundlach,
Cont. Ent. Cuba 206, Amphonyx ; Edw.,* Ent. Amer. 3, p. 164.

jatrophe Fabr., Syst. Ent. 538, Sphinx ; Sp. Ins. ii, 143, Sphinx ; Mant., Ins.
11, 94, Sphina ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 362, Sphinx; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2376,
Sphinz ; Westw., ed. Dru. ii, 47, pr. syn.; Hub., Verz. 140, Cocytius; Wlk.,
C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 201, pr. syn.; Burm., Sph. Braz. 1856, p. 9, Sphina ;
Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 162; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 64, Amphonyz ;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 599, pr. syn.

hydaspes Cram., Ins. ii, 30, pl. 118, fig. A, Sphinx ; Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, 143, pr.
syn.

medor Cram., Ins. Ex. iv. 215, pl. 394, fig. A, Sphinx ; Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii, 362,

pr. syn.

Palpi blackish brown, beneath yellowish white. Head, thorax and abdomen
blackish brown, irrorate with gray. Tegule with a black line at sides, inferiorly
edged with white. Abdomen with a series of dorsal dusky spots of variable
distinctness; a series of three yellow lateral spots enclosed by a broad blackish

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (20) JULY, 1888.

154 JOHN B. SMITH.

ring, and a series of decreasing blackish spots from the third yellow spot to the
tip of abdomen. Primaries blackish brown, irrorate with gray scales; a grayish
patch at base; basal space crossed by two indefinite and interrupted, black,
transverse lines, often not attaining the inner margin. Two more distinct,
somewhat approximate and nearly parallel dark lines cross the wing at basal
third, strongly angulated above the median vein ; discal dot pale, ringed with
blackish at upper edge of cell, a more elongate spot similarly edged at lower
angle. At outer third the wing is crossed by two parallel black lines obliquely
sinuate, and dentate on the veins ; below the middle a third parallel line becomes
visible, distinct to the inner margin, but not traceable to the costa in any speci-
men I have seen; between veins 2 and 8, and 3 and 4, these lines are crossed by
a blackish, short, longitudinal dash ; nearer to the outer margin is a very wavy
black line, inwardly edged with paler gray or whitish, and parallel to the inner
lines, rather less oblique than the outer margin ; an interrupted, very wavy ter-
minal line; a subapical black dash connecting the terminal and subterminal
lines. Fringes cut with white. Secondaries brownish black, dise semi-trans-
parent, the veins black, base yellow. Beneath, body whitish; primaries dark
brown with yellowish irrorations, most distinct on costa, a yellow patch below
median cell. Secondaries with maculation of upper side reproduced. Expands
4.50--6 inches; 113—150 mm.

Hab.—F lorida and southward.

There is no danger of mistaking this for anything else. It is one
of our giants, and really a sub-tropical form. Madame Merian has
figured the species in the “ Insects of Surinam” as well as the larva
and pupa. The larva is clear green, with seven oblique black bands ;
the caudal horn is arcuate and rough; the chrysalis is of a maroon
brown with the tongue-case detached. There is a closely allied, but
smaller species in Cuba, differing from the present by a decided mossy
green powdering. It is Poey’s A. Duponcheli.

DILOPHONOTA Burm.

Syst. Uebers. Sph. Bras. Verh. Nat. Geo. Halle, 1856, 69.

’
Body long and slender, wings narrow, comparatively short, habitus

graceful. Head large, free and prominent, broad, sub-conic, the
vertex pilose; eyes large and salient; tongue about as long as the
body ; palpi reaching the middle of front, pilose, the terminal joint
sometimes exposed, varying in this, however, in the same species.
Antenne with a short, abrupt hook, setose at tip; ciliate in the ,
simple in the 9. Thorax elongate, well produced before the base
of primaries, with a variably prominent, median, divided crest ante-
riorly. Abdomen elongate, slender, cylindro-conic. Legs unarmed,
except the ordinary spurs of middle and hind tibiz ; increasing in

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. ae

length posteriorly. Primaries narrow, moderately long, apex pointed,
outer margin oblique, somewhat scalloped between the nervules;
secondaries small, the apex acute, anal angle marked, but not promi-
nent. The venation presents nothing out of the ordinary type.

The genitalia of the % are distinctive. The supra-anal plate
divides rather close to the base, forming two long, somewhat divari-
cate prongs, which really consist of two portions; the upper is semi-
chitinous, somewhat flattened and densely set with somewhat diver-
gent bristles ; the lower consists of more corneous, slender, cylindrical,
smooth hooks, which are pointed at tip; side pieces oblong, with
obliquely rounded tip; clasper various in shape—in fact no two spe-
cies are entirely alike in any of the parts and each species will be
described more in detail hereafter.

The genus is an easily recognizable one. The divided crest of the
thorax is a peculiarity (among our forms) of this genus, and is dis-
tinctive. Add to this the elongate build, the somewhat scalloped
margins of primaries, the confused maculation of primaries and the
discolored, dusky margined secondaries, and they form a combination
not readily mistakable.

The genus is a sub-tropical one, and our forms are all from southern
Florida and Texas. One species, e//o, sometimes ranges North as a
visitor as far as northern New York and Massachusetts, but these
are stray examples.

Six species have been described from our fauna, of which I have
been unable to make a close study of festa and melancholica from
lack of material. Of these ello and obscwra are pale, ashy gray
forms with the secondaries deep red, margined with blackish brown.
Inter se these are distinguished—el/o, by the greater size and banded
abdomen ; obscura, by its small size, and its unbanded abdomen.

The other species have the primaries dark, blackish brown, usually
paler along the inner margin and sometimes gray marked. Of these
meriane and edwardsii have the abdomen banded ; meriane has the
secondaries dull red, while in edwardsii they are bright yellow. The
others, melancholica and festa, have the abdomen not banded, but
with a dorsal stripe simply. Melancholica is larger and paler ; festa
is closely allied, but readily separated by its much smaller size and
- darker color.

It will be seen thus that every one of our species offers some salient
feature, easily recognizable.

156 JOHN B. SMITH.

In synoptic form the scheme appears thus:

Primaries pale ashen gray.
Size larger, ‘abdomen band ed)::ic.sciesssssessnontoe soe see se eae eee nese ello.
Size smaller, abdomen not banded.......... dee swabii desi stn ucts esoearioeeeeee obscura.
Primaries deep dark brown.
Abdomen banded.

Secondaries at base dullliredt tess.) essececeoeenceen eee meee ee eeenee merianz.

Secondaries: ati base syelllOw;..-.-ce<con<s--saeel neosnerscserteteesessivensesses edwardsii.
Abdomen not banded.

Size larger, color paler, inclined to ashen............+ codices melancholica.

Size smaller: color dankeric-cco.cesscecstauss cues eeeiaesat eecsetee eee eee festa.

D. ello Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x, 491, Sphina ; ed. xii, 2, 800, Sphinx ; Mus. L. U.
351, Sphinx; Dru., Ex. i, 58, pl. 27, fig. 3, Sphina ; Fabr., Syst. Ent. p. 538,
Sphinx ; Sp. Ins. ii, 143, Sphinx ; Mant. Ins. ii, 94, Sphinx ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1,
362, Sphinx ; Cram., Ex. iv, 22, pl. 301, fig. D, Sphinx; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N.
2375, Sphinx ; Hutb.. Verz. 139, Erinnyis ; Westw., ed. Dru. i, 54, pl. 27, fig.
3, Sphinx; Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 297, Sphinx; Wlk., C. B. Mus. Lep. Het.
viii, 224, Anceryx ; Burm., Sph. Bras. 1856, 13, Dilophonota; Clem., Journ.
Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 175, Anceryx ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 200, Ancery. ; H.
S. Corr. Blatt. 1865, 175, Anceryz; Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 78, Erinnyis; G. &
R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 167, 191, Hrinnyis; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 27, Dilophonota ;
Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i, 120, Anceryx; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 603, Dilo-
phonota; Fernald,* Sphing. 51, Dilophonota; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba,
222, Dilophonota; Holland,* Can. Ent. ‘xviii, 103; Grt., Hawk Moths 46,
Dilophonota ; Edw., Ent. Amer. 3, 166.

Head, thorax and primaries ash gray, dorsal crest of thorax usually more or
less discolored, as is also the vertex; patagiz usually margined with fuscous
brown, and in some specimens a fuscous tint invades the ground color. Abdomen
with a broad dorsal gray line ; on each side of this the segments are banded with
black and gray. Beneath paler, whitish gray. Primaries in some specimens
almost immaculate, an outer interrupted, dentate, transverse line and a row of
terminal dots only traceable; more usually, however, there is a longitudinal fus-
cous and blackish shade from middle of base through the centre of the wing to
the apex ; above this there is always a fuscous tinge, and sometimes it becomes
well marked; below this the fuscous suffusion is more rarely marked. The
maculation is fragmentary, angulated and difficult to describe; a variably dis-
tinct basal line reaching from costa to the longitudinal line; a geminate line
nearer the centre of the wing; a geminate, strongly dented outer line parallel to
the outer margin, often reduced to a double series of venular dots; a row of
inter-spaceal terminal dots. Discal dot black, at the extreme upper angle of the
cell. Secondaries dull red, with a broad black outer margin, not reaching the
anal angle, where there is a bluish gray patch. Beneath dull red basally, out-
wardly dusky fuscous, a dentate outer common line. Expands 3—3.50 inches ;
75--88 mm,

Hab.—Florida and southward; westward to California; north
ward occasional to northern New York and Massachusetts.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Dif

The most common of the American forms, and at the same time
the most variable. It varies from an almost immaculate gray to a
form with a distinct fuscous shade and an obvious, longitudinal,
blackish line or shade. None of the transverse markings are dis-
tinct, yet there is no difficulty in recognizing the species, because we
have no other at all resembling it in our fauna.

The species was first figured in all its stages by Madame Merian
in her “ Insects of Surinam,” and until recently this was the only
knowledge of the early stages.

The genitalia have the general form of the genus; the hooks are
rather long, moderately close together and but little divergent at tip ;
the inferior plate is very similar in form. The side pieces are elon-
gate, narrowing to a somewhat abrupt tip; clasper stout, corneous,
somewhat twisted, with a rather spatulate, pointed tip.

Rev. W. J. Holland has given a very good description of the
larval forms.

D. obscura Fabr., Syst. Ent. 538, Sphinx ; Sp. Ins. ii, 142, Sphina ; Mant., Ins.
li, 94, Sphinz ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 361, Sphinx ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2375,
Sphinz ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 226, Anceryx ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N.
Sci. Phil. iv, 176, Anceryx ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 201, Anceryx ; Grt., Proc. Ent.
Soe. Phil. v, 78, Erinnyis; G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v, 168, Hrinnyis ; Grt.,
Buff. Bull. i, 27, Dilophonota ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 182, Anceryx ; Butl.,
Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 604, Dilophonota ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 220,
Dilophonota.

stheno Hub., Saml. Ex. Schmett. ii. Hrinnyis: Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii,
226, pr. syn.; Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 132, pr. syn.

rhoebus Bd., Lep. Guat. 1870, 72, Anceryx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 604,
pr. syn.

Head and thorax dark gray; head with a distinct tuft between the antenne ;
sides paler; front with two indistinct lines; thorax anteriorly dusky, or with
indefinite lines, sides also with a dusky line. Abdomen dusky gray, not banded,
but with two brownish dorsal lines. Primaries ashy gray, powdery, with the
shadings and markings almost identically like those of D. ello, and they will not,
therefore, be described in detail. Secondaries dull red, with an obscure brown
marginal band, sometimes merely a dusky powdering; a grayish anal patch.
Beneath reddish, outwardly shaded with fuscous, with an extra discal series of
dots. Expands 2—2.25 inches ; 50—56 mm.

Hab.—Pa. (?), Texas, Mexico, West Indies, South America.

Easily recognized by the small size, gray primaries and unbanded
abdomen. Specimens of this very rarely range Northward, and a
specimen in my possession was said to have been taken in Pennsyl-
vania. I do not know the source whence I obtained it and I cannot

158 JOHN B. SMITH.

vouch for the locality. It is a Southern form. The genitalia re-
semble those of ed/o so far as the supra-anal plate is concerned ; the
side piece is more curved, rounded at tip, and the clasper is more
elongate, not twisted, somewhat beak like.

There seems to be the same range of variation noted in D. ello, but
the species is much less abundant. So far as I am aware the larva
has not been described.

D. merianve Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 75, pl. 2, fig. 2, Erinnyis; G. & R., 1. ¢.
168, Erinnyis ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 128, Anceryx; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 225,
Dilophonota ; Can. Ent. vii, 221, Dilophonota ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba,
219, Dilophonota.

omphalee Bd., Lep. Guat. 72, Anceryx ; Sp. Gen. Het. i, 128, pr. syn.; Maas-
sen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 64, pr. syn.

Primaries deep blackish brown, all the transverse lines subobsolete. A trian-
gular, subcosto-apical patch; a distinctly defined cinereous patch at about the
middle of internal margin, beyoud which the region within the internal angle
is shaded with dull cinereous scales, which show as pale margins to the subob-
solete, transverse, subterminal, undulating blackish lines; external margin den-
ticulate; nervules interrupted narrowly with cinereous; at base of wing a few
cinereous hairs. Secondaries dull reddish ferruginous, with a narrow, blackish,
shaded border; dull cinereous at anal angle, where a black line is apparent;
fringes, from anal angle along internal margin whitish. Beneath dull brownish ;
base of both wings whitish, especially the secondaries; disc of primaries very
distinctly covered with reddish ferruginous hairy scales; costa at base and
towards the centre on secondaries irrorate with cinereous scales; no median
darker shade lines as in oenotrus, subterminal darker shade dentate, subobsolete.
Head and thoracic region above, very deep brownish black; on the sides ante-
riorly a few cinereous scales which extend laterally on the thoracic region.
Metathorax clothed with ferruginous-cinereous scales, which extend centrally on
the dise ; thorax bi-crested. Abdomen above black, banded with whitish hairs,
which margin the segments posteriorly ; dorsally, the scales are paler than lat-
erally, forming a longitudinal shade stripe. Legs cinereous: tibie darker. Ex-
pands % 3.40 2 3.10 inches; 78—85 mm.

Hab.—Cuba, Am. Mer. et Aeq.; Texas.

Nearly allied to @notrus Cram. The primaries are especially very
similar. The pale costo-apical shade is longer, better defined and
paler; the one on internal margin is also more determinate as to
shape. The posterior wings are darker ferruginous than in enotrus,
and the external margin is not so deeply excavate before anal angle.
The tegule in the latter species are largely brownish and the abdo-
men is the same shade, not black and not banded. The internal
margin of the primaries in meriane is much more undulate, and the
whole insect is much more robust.

;

nt,

et i a

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 159

The above is almost entirely from Mr. Grote’s description. Speci-
mens examined by me agree very well with this characterization and
vary in the line of obscurity, the paler patches of primaries some-
times becoming almost obliterated. The genitalia are distinctive ;
the upper plate divides into two broad, flattened, curved hooks, en-
larged basally, constricted in the middle and again enlarging toward
the tip, where they diverge, and end in a rather obtuse tip ; the lower
plate forms two slender hooks, widely separated at base, outwardly
curved and with a long, acute tip. The side piece and clasper are
very much as in e//o, but the latter is shorter, proportionately thicker.
The species is not common in our fauna, and the early stages are
undescribed.

D. edwardsii Butl., Pap. i, 105, Anceryx; Grt., New List, 1882, Dilophonota ;
Edw.,* Ent. Am. 3, 165.

Head, thorax and primaries deep fuscous brown; head darker on vertex, more
yellowish at sides. Thorax with the centre of the crest blackish, the sides more
yellowish, tegule lined with deeper brown, the lines often indistinct. Abdomen
with a dorsal gray stripe with a narrow darker central line, margined each side
with a broad black line; on each side of this line the segments are banded with
pale, whitish gray and black. Primaries usually paler, often yellowish along
inner margin, extending sometimes nearly to middle of outer margin ; the macu-
lation fragmentary and extremely difficult to describe. It consists of very
strongly dentate transverse lines, usually only marked by black venular dots,
except through the paler portion of wing; veins between these dots marked
with paler scales, and there is a transverse series of pale venular dashes through
the subterminal space; a row of black terminal lunules. Secondaries yellow at
base, the outer third blackish brown, margin grayish. Beneath gray, powdery,
with an outer dentate common line. Secondaries yellow along internal margin,
and with a transverse line nearer base and not quite reaching the inner margin.
Expands 3—-3.50 inches ; 75—88 mm.

Hab.—F lorida.

Easily recognized, but not easily described. The species varies in
depth of coloration, some specimens seen being almost purplish ;
there is always a pale shade along the course of the transverse pos-
terior line below the middle of the wing. It is the only dark species
in our fauna with yellow secondaries.

The genitalia are distinctive. The upper plate has the forks di-
verging to the middle; there bent, and converging somewhat to the
tip, which is rather acute; the lower plate has the hooks shorter,
much more slender, converging toward the middle, there curved and
diverging to the tip. The side pieces are long, rather narrow, form-
ing a somewhat acutely rounded tip; clasper very small, flattened,
with a straight tip, before which it is notched on the upper side.

160 JOHN B. SMITH.

The early stages of this species have been recently described by
Mr. Edwards in “ Ent. Amer.” vol. iii.

D. melancholica Grt., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 77, pl. 2, fig. 4, Erinnyis; G. & R.,
1. ¢. 168, Erinnyis ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 180, Anceryx; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe.
Lond. ix, 6083 = §%& enotrus; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 220 = obscura;
Grt., New List, Dilophonota.

‘Anterior wings dark cinereous in the female, much shaded with blackish
brown in the male, traversed by many confused, inconspicuous lines. No paler
patches at apex, and on internal margin, are perceptible, while the transverse
lines are more distinct terminally, and especially before internal angle, where
they are margined with pale cinereous, showing the ordinary ornamentation of
the genus in this respect; external margin denticulate. Posterior wings red-
dish ferruginous, with rather narrow blackish borders, the nervules within
touched with blackish dots much as in the preceding species [merianz] ; external
margin more excavate before anal angle than in EZ. merianz, much as in E.
oenotrus, which FE. melancholica more nearly approaches. Under surface brown-
ish, with ferruginous scales on the dise of the anterior pair; posterior wings
whitish at base, below central region, along internal margin, reddish over the
discal region. The under surface very generally resembles that of the preceding
species (supra), while the transverse. median and subterminal dark shade bands,
crossing both pair of wings, are most distinct in FE. oenotrus, in which the median,
on anterior pair, is more appreciably sinuate. In EF. melancholica the inner (me-
dian) bands are less distinct, becoming macular, especially in the female. In
E. meriane the inner bands are obsolete aud generally imperceptible. Thorax
bi-crested ; head and thoracic region above brownish black in the male, in the
female cinereous black, paler laterally in both sexes. The segments are fringed
with mixed paler and darker hairs, and two dorsal longitudinal shade lines are
very distinct. Underneath the abdomen is paler than in either EF. meriane or
E. oenotrus. Expands % 3, 2 3.10 inches; 75—78 mm.”

Hab.—Texas, Florida (?), Cuba, Central and South America.

“This species is very confusedly marked and difficult to describe,
except by comparison with its allies, H. meriane and E. cenotrus.
With the latter it has a similarity of abdominal coloration and orna-
mentation, while the generally paler primaries, the absence of the
characteristic paler patches and differing ornamentation of the teg-
ulee will separate it from either of its above mentioned allies.”

Mr. Grote had both sexes before him, or what he supposed were
such. Later he describes what he here calls the 2 as Erinnyis
cinerosa. Mr. Butler refers them in that way, 7. e. & and 9 to-D.
enotrus. Dr. Gundlach, on the contrary, does not seem to agree in
this synonymy, and makes melancholica a synonym of D. obscura,
which is manifestly an error, unless Dr. Gundlach has in mind an
entirely different insect as obscura from that so named by American
entomologists.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 16]

My material in this species was too scant to permit me to decide
on the synonymy, and, as the insect scarcely belongs to our fauna, I
have simply repeated Mr. Grote’s description. For the same reason
I am unable to give a description of the % genitalia. I have seen
no United States specimens. It is readily recognized by the not
banded abdomen and large size.

The early stages appear unknown.

D. festa Hy. Edw., Pap. ii. 11, Dilophonota.

‘Head smoky black on crown. mingled with grayish, with two white lines
between the antenne. Thorax blackish, mingled with gray; a.double median
line, and the tegulee and space at base of the wings gray. Abdomen dull iron
gray, with very faint blackish dorsal double line, enclosing a paler space. Sides
and undersides of both abdomen and thorax white, thickly interspersed with
brown scales. Antenne with the shaft white, the pectinations fawn color and
the tip pitchy brown. Palpi and the whole of the legs white, with brown scales.
Primaries black, with a few gray scales intermixed, except on the apex and along
the internal margin, where the gray predominates. The wings are deeply
notched at the termination of the nervules, which are white and jet black, on a
gray ground. Secondaries dull red, with a whitish streak at base. The costal
margins also whitish. Apex shaded with dull black, continued aronnd the mar-
gin to near the anal anyle, where the usual mark of the genus occurs. In this
species it is a waved, broad line of black and gray alternately, the gray line
being double, the upper strongly toothed. The nervures are black as they ap-
proach the margin. Fringes gray, except on the abdominal margin, where they
are clear white. Underside of wings dull bricx red at their base, brownish
toward the extremities, the margin speckled with black and white, and the
whole surface mottled with brown scales. Expands 2.65 inches; 66 mm.”

Hab.—N. W. Texas.

This description is a copy of Mr. Edwards’ original characteriza-
tion of the species, and like that gentleman’s descriptions usually,
very accurate.

Mr. Edwards says it is allied to D. melancholica, but the wings and
abdomen are blacker, the marginal band of secondaries less distinct
and the anal spot more gray in color. The larva has not been de-
scribed.

Since the above was written I have discovered two % specimens
among Prof. Riley’s material in the Museum collection. The one
from Texas, collected by Belfrage, agrees very well with Mr. Ed-
wards’ description in all details. The other, without locality, was
labelled obscura, and Mr. Grote is given as authority for the name.
This specimen is much paler than the other, more ashen gray, the
veins black marked and a central longitudinal dark shade. The
specimen bears a very strong resemblance to an extremely distinct

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (21) JULY, 1888.

162 JOHN B. SMITH.

obscura, and I am not at all sure that it will not prove to be such
eventually. The size is similar, the secondaries have the same ground
color, and the maculation of primaries in the better marked forms
of obscura is very similar, though much less distinct. The species is
nearer to obscura, at any rate than to melancholica, though I admit
that with Mr. Edwards’ type form alone before me I should have
agreed with him in the separation.

CAUTETHIA Grt.
Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. viii, 202.

Small, rather robust, but not heavy. Head large, distinct, not
prominent. <A slightly pointed tuft between the antenne, which are
fusiform, rather more than half the length of primaries, with a long,
abrupt hook at tip; ciliate in the %, simple in the 9. Tongue
nearly as long as the body, stout. Palpi reaching the middle of
front, the joints distinct, not so heavily clothed. Eyes widely sepa-
rated, of good size, not lashed. Thorax convex, vestiture scaly,
somewhat elevated posteriorly. Abdomen moderate in length, ey-
lindro-conic. Legs becoming longer and stouter posteriorly ; tibize
not spinose ; median with one pair of spurs, posterior with two pairs.
Primaries somewhat elongate trigonate, apex rounded, outer margin
oblique ; secondaries trigonate ; venation of the normal type.

The genitalia of the € are somewhat peculiar; the supra-anal
plate is transversely flattened, the hook but little curved, somewhat
bulbous just before tip; the inferior process is slender, cylindrical,
curved, with a bulbous tip. The side piece is elongate, narrowing to
the tip; no distinct clasper.

Messrs. Grote and Butler placed this genus with Anceryx and
Dilophonota ; later, Mr. Grote places it in the “ Caudiberbes” in def-
erence to the opinion of Mr. Hy. Edwards, who says, as to its loca-
tion near Anceryx, ‘This appears to me to be an error, its coloration,
shape of wing, extremely long tongue and tufted abdomen bearing
a closer resemblance to the Macroglossinw.” Boisduval also places
it with the latter group. In coloration it is quite as close to Dilo-
phonota as to any Macroglossid, while the long tongue is a typically
Sphingid feature. The antennal structure alone, however, would
remove it to the locality Messrs. Grote and Butler assigned to the
genus, though it does undoubtedly present resemblances to Maero-
glossa. The abdominal tufting is slight and of no consequence.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 1638

The genus is easily recognized by its small size and lack of all
5 oO
peculiar characters.
One species occurs in our fauna :

©. grotei Hy. Edw., Pap. ii, 10, Cautethia; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 179,
Cautethia ; Edw.,* Entom. Amer. iii, 164.

noctuiformis { H. S., Ex. Schmett. ii, fig. 552, Gnosandra; Cuba, p. 21,

(nosandra; Grt., Ann. Lye. N. H. viii, 202, Cauutethia ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het.
i, 319, @nosandra; W. H. Edw., N. Am. Ent. i, 103; Butl., Pap. i, 105, an
sp. dist. noctuiformis W1k.

“General color of primaries brown black, with a grayish tint. Basal space
blackish, enclosed by a double, indistinct, black line. Discal mark velvety black.
Posterior double line also black, the inner one bent forward very suddenly to-
wards the costa from the subcostal nervure, the outer one nearly straight for its
costal half and sharply dentate on the nervures. The submarginal line has a
grayish white shade behind it continuing to the edge of the wing, and there is
also a blotch of the same color near the centre of the internal margin. Fringes
alternately black and gray. Secondaries rich, bright orange for the basal two-
thirds. Marginal band brown [blackish], moderate in width. Wnderside
brownish, flecked with white scales, the base of the secondaries dull orange
along the abdominal margin. Thorax and abdomen grayish, with black scales ;
the fifth and seventh segments banded with darker shades as in Macroglossa.
Antenne dusky black.” Expanse 1.30 inches; 33 mm.

Hab.— Florida.

The above description is that given by Mr. Edwards, “ Papilio” ii,
10, and Mr. Edwards adds that he has several examples all constant
to the description. A series in the Museum collection shows more
variation. Some specimens are uniformly gray, the markings as
described by Mr. Edwards sharply defined; others have a dark
patch in the space between the outer transverse line and submarginal
pale line near the inner margin; others again have the entire space
between these lines blackish as well as the basal space. The ground
color differs considerably in tint.

Prior to 1881 this species had been considered the Cnosandra
noctuiformis of Walker. In “ Papilio” i, 105, Mr. Butler says it
“does not agree with Walker's type from San Domingo, the prima-
ries are considerably darker, and the dark brown border of the sec-
ondaries of only half the width; it must be distinct.”

Mr. Edwards in describing the species quotes a letter from Mr.
Grote, who compared specimens of one form with Walker’s type.
He says: “I have carefully examined the type of Cautethia noctui-
formis Walker. The specimen is unset, and smaller than ours from
Florida; the fore wings very similar, but the hind wings have the

164 JOHN B. SMITH.

yellow only a patch at base and resting on the internal margin.
The wider fuscous border extends also on costal region, and the yellow
is paler.”

Mr. Neumoegen contends that this is but a local form of the San
Domingo species, and he may be right. I have not material enough
to settle the question.

The larva has been but recently described by Mr. Edwards in
“Entomologica Americana” iil, 1888, p. 164.

PROTOPARCE Burm.
Sphing. Braz. 1866, p. 7, 63.

Head large, prominent, untufted; eyes large, prominent; not, or
very feebly lashed; palpi long, ascending, appressed to front, the
basal jomt unusually long, second so clothed as to appear clavate,
third joint minute; antennee fusiform with a short, abrupt, recurved,
setose tip; tongue as long, or longer than the body. Thorax stout,
well advanced before base of primaries, with short, stout, erect, post-
thoracic tufts. Abdomen cylindro-conic, pointed at tip, untufted,
the segments posteriorly spinulose. Legs moderate in length, stout,
somewhat lengthening posteriorly ; median tibize with one pair, pos-
terior with two pairs of long, unequal spurs. The fore tibize and
tarsi are variably armed ; in celeus there is a series of dorsal spinules
on tibia, two long spines outwardly near tip, three distinct, long,
stout outer spines to first tarsal joint and a long spine at tip of second
and third tarsal joints; in carolina the armature is similar, but very
much reduced ; the spines of fore tibize are minute and hardly promi-
nent; those of the tarsi are more slender; in rustica the armature
is still more reduced, that of fore tibia consists only of minute
spinules at tip; first tarsal joint with a series of small lateral spines
and a larger one at tip; the second and third joint with simply a
longer spine at tip; in cingulata the fore tibize are entirely unarmed,
and the tarsal joints have the faintest reproduction of the armature
of carolina.

The primaries are usually eleven veined; rarely a specimen will
have twelve veins; the outer margin roundedly oblique; in celeus
(which has the primaries somewhat broader also than in the other
species), somewhat more oblique in carolina, with a trace of an in-
denture on vein two, while in rustica and cingulata the excavation on
vein 2 is distinct, and the angle below prominent. Secondaries with
the margin somewhat produced on vein 1b; in celeus less so than in
the others. The venation is of the typical form.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 165

As in the other characters the genital structure is variable. The
supra-anal plate and hooks have, essentially, a similar form, the hook
being rather long and curved, almost meeting the inferior process,
which is stouter, but much shorter ; the side pieces and claspers vary,
so that it will be necessary to describe them in detail with each
species.

The characters that hold together these species are the prominent
head, large eyes and heavy build. These give them a distinctive
appearance, the eyes especially, being much larger and more promi-
nent than in the succeeding genera.

Celeus is a heavier, more robust form than either of the others,
with wider wings and more even outer margin and heavier tibial
armature. The secondaries have the median lines very distinct and
strongly dentate.

Carolina is intermediate between this and the other species as well
in wing shape as in the armature of fore legs. It is a decidedly
slighter insect. The secondaries have the two median lines much less
distinct, obscured by a dusky shade and not distinctly dentate on
the veins.

Rustica differs at once by the deep umber brown color, with the
prominent white maculation. It is a stouter insect than carolina,
but not so heavy as celews. All these have the sides of abdomen
maculate with yellow.

Cingulata differs from all the others in the rose red maculation of
the abdomen and secondaries. In habitus it is much like rustica.

It will be seen that the genus is not the most compact, yet the
species form a rather distinctive group, which has been almost uni-
versally recognized by authors, though but the least satisfactory
characters were relied upon or discovered ; most of them were con-
tent to recognize the genus without troubling themselves to define it.

I have used Burmeister’s term Protoparce, following Butler in this
respect. Htibner’s term is not one expressing a distinct idea, and
the three American species now referred as congeneric were placed
in three distinct coiti by him.

P. eceleus Hiub., Samm. ii, pl. 377, Phlegethontius ; Edw.,* Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi.
92, Macrosila; Butl., Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 607, Protoparce ; Bebr.,*
Pap. ii, 3; Grt., Pap. ii, 99; Fernald,* Sphing. 33, Phlegethontius ; Grt., Hawk
Moths 40, Phlegethontius.

166 JOHN B. SMITH.

quinquemaculata Haw. in Steph. Ill. Br. Ent. Haust. i, 119, Sphinx ; Wood,
Ind. Ent. 246, pl. 53, fig. 23, Sphine; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 217,
Sphinx ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 166, Macrosila ; Morris,*
Syn. 1862, 190, Macrosila; Harr.,* Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 320, figs. 142, 143 (all
stages); Fitch,* 9th N. Y. Rep. pl. 4, fig. 1, Sphina ; Lint., Pr. Ent. Soc. Ph.
iii, 648, Sphinz; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 163, 187, Macrosila ; Beth.,* Can.
Ent. i, 17, Macrosila ; Gentry,* Can. Ent. vi, 88; Pack.,# Common Ins. 197,
fig. 239, Sphinx ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i. 76, Sphina ; Riley,* 8th Mo. Rep.
95, fig. 38 (all stages); Am.* Ent. i, 23, fig. 10 (all stages); Sceud.,* Psyche ii,
75; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 707, pr. syn.: Beth., Can. Ent. xii, 101.

de

carolina { Don., Brit. Ins. i, 11, pl. 361, Sphinz ; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii.
217, pr. syn.

General color above and below ashy gray. Dorsum of thorax brownish, collar
tipped with brownish; a fine, black, transverse line at base; a broader, arcuate
one at middle, and another less distinct midway between the last line and the
tip. Two or three inconspicuous, transverse lines anteriorly on dorsum of thorax.
Patagie edged with black, and an angulated black line through the middle, not
reaching the tip. The metathoracie tufts are blue, followed by a black patch.
which extends across the base of thorax and is followed by a black line. Ab-
domen with a fine black dorsal line, a row of five orange colored spots surrounded
with black along the side, and the segments above and below these spots are
edged with white. Beneath, a row of four or five black spots along the middle
of abdomen. Primaries shaded with brown beyond the middle and toward apex.
a series of three indistinct, parallel, blackish lines from costa near base, running
outwardly to near the small, round, discal ringlet, thence inwardly bent and
much more distinct to the inner margin near base. A series of three nearly
parallel, much angulated brown lines from outer fourth of costa, outwardly
curved to middle, then obliquely inward to middle of inner margin. A less an-
gulated line, from costa nearer to apex brown for one-fourth of its course, then
black and nearly parallel with outer margin to inner margin within the anal
angle. A subtermina! brown line, inwardly edged with white, runs near to and
parallel with outer margin, but does not reach either costa or inner margin. An
oblique, sinuate, black, apical dash ; another longitudinal dash upwardly curved
at its outer end between veins six and seven ; between veins five and six another,
but less distinct black line extending from the end of cell to the outer, black,
transverse line. Fringes brown, narrowly cut with sordid white. Secondaries
whitish gray, with a broad outer border of ashy gray, on the inside of which is
a blackish band, broader toward costa and tapering to a mere line at anal angle.
A brown spot at base of wing; a doubly curved, basal, blackish, transverse line;
middle of wings crossed by two blackish, parallel, dentate lines, making an out-
ward and downward curve to the anal angle. Fringes gray, cut with white.
Beneath, primaries with the apical and intra-venular black dash reproduced, and
an obscure, dentate brown line across outer fourth. Secondaries with outer
margin shaded, and two strongly dentate, median transverse lines, rather widely
separated at costa, but converging toward inner margin. Expanse 3.75—5 in. ;
94—125 mm.

Hab.— United States; Canada.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 167

A widely distributed species, and not uncommon anywhere. It
varies very little, except in depth of ground color and comparative
distinctness of maculation. The genitalia of the $ have the supra-
anal plate narrow, the hook long, stout, somewhat triangular, curved
and acute at tip, meeting the inferior process, which is shorter, stouter
and straight, having an internal acute hook with an outer, less chiti-
nous, broad, upturned fold covering it and forming the apparent tip.
Side piece oblong, parallel, with a rather irregularly rounded tip ;
the clasper is broad, excavated, with the inferior angle produced
into a short, acute point.

The larva has been long known, and is figured and described in
most popular works, yet I cannot find any complete life history, nor
does the egg seem to have been described. The larva is extremely
variable in color.

P. carolina Linn., Mus. L. U. 346, Sphine; Syst. Nat. ii, 798, Sphinx ; Dru.,
Tll. i, 52, pl. 25, fig. 1, Sphinz ; Brown, Jamaica, 438, pl. 43, fig. 17; Fabr.,*
Syst. Ent. 539, Sphinaw ; Sp. Ins. ii, 144, Sphinx; Mant., Ins. ii, 94, Sphinz ;
Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 363, Sphina; A. & S., Ins. Ga. i, 65, pl. 33, Sphina ; Gmel.,*
ed. Linn. S. N. 2377, Sphinx ; Hub., Samml. Ex. i, pl. 170, Manduca obscura ;
Verz. 140, Phlegethontius ; Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust. i, 118, Sphinx ; Curtis,
Brit. Ent. v. pl. 195, Sphina ; Westw.,* ed. Dru. i, 47, pl. 25, fig. 1, Sphinz ;
Wood, Ind. Ent. p. 246, pl. 53, fig. 22, Sphinz ; Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 294,
Sphina ; Wlk.,* C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 216, Sphinz ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N.
Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 165, Macrosila ; Morris,* Syn. 1862, 189, Macrosila ; Harr.,*
Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 322, figs. 145-147, Sphina ; H.Sch., Corr. Bl. 1865, p. 59,
Sphinx; Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 69, Sphing ; G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil.
vy. 163, Macrosila ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 70, Sphina ; Edw.,* Pr. Cal. Ac.
Sci. vi. 92, Macrosila ; Seud.,* Psyche, ii, 73; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix.
606, Protoparce; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 224, Phlegethontius ; Leidy,* Pr. Ac. N.
Sei. Phil. 1882, 237; Behr.,* Pap. ii, 3, Macrosila ; Gundlanch, Cont. Ent.
Cuba, 210, Macrosila; Fernald,* Sphing. 31, Phlegethontius ; Grote, Hawk
Moths 40, Philegethontius.

Head, thorax and primaries above, dark brownish gray or fuscous. Palpi a
little lighter beneath and in front. Collar and base of patagie laterally also
paler, the former with an indistinct, darker, transverse line. Thorax anteriorly
black marked, and there are some irregular, black spots edged with white poste-
riorly ; the metathoracic tufts are black, rarely with a trace of blue scales. Ab-
domen with a gray dorsal band, in which is a narrow, more or less complete
central black line, the edges of the segments dotted with white; laterally is a
series of five large orange spots, decreasing in size posteriorly and surrounded
with black ; below these spots is a series of white dots. Beneath a series of me-
dian dusky spots variable in number and sometimes entirely absent. Primaries
with a small white spot at base and a small, irregular, whitish discal spot edged
with brown. Four angulated, dusky lines cross the wing inside the discal spot,
about equidistant at costa, and so arranged as to give the basal field a long, acute,

168 JOHN B. SMITH.

outward angle on the cell. Three similar lines cross the wing beyond the cell,
giving off acute angles on the veins and often fusing together below the discal
spot, and forming a more or less evident brown patch. The space following these
lines is usually darker, more brownish. Another single, angulate and dentate
line crosses the wing rather close to outer margin, becoming more distinct to-
wards the inner margin. Still nearer to the outer margin and parallel with it is
a white, dentate line, which does not reach the costa. A dark brown or blackish
streak extends obliquely inward from the apex, and is edged above with whitish
gray. Fringes cut with gray between the veins. Secondaries gray, with a small,
smoky brown spot at base, a line extending nearly across the wing outside of
this spot, two more slightly dentate across the middle, the space between. them
dusky, and another margining the outer gray band, which is broad at the costa
and tapers to a point at the anal angle. Beneath, the primaries are of a uniform
dark fuscous gray, crossed by two or three parallel lines beyond the cell, and
dentate on the veins, while the wing beyond is somewhat clouded. Secondaries
of a lghter shade than primaries, crossed by three median lines strongly angu-
lated on the veins. A shade band crosses the wing beyond this, and the anal
portion is whitish. Expands 3—5 inches; 75—125 mm.

Hab.—United States; Canada; West Indies.

—- : ; : eee E tes :

This species also varies little, except in size, and comparative dis-
tinctness in markings. It is a much more sordid form than the pre-
ceding, and this as well as the other previously noted differences will
serve to distinguish it.

lg . . .

The supra-anal plate and hook are very similar to that in the pre-
ceding species; the side piece is broader, tapering rapidly from either
side to a blunt tip. The clasper is unique, and resembles nothing
more in shape than a mitten with the thumb drawn out to a point
and somewhat curved, while the outer edge of the hand is irregu-
larly serrate. The structure is unique and very different from that
of celeus.

This species, as well as ce/eus, figured for a time among the British
species. Stephens obtained some specimens of the home of which
he felt certain, and for a long time the species stuck as a European.

The larva of ‘this species was known as long since as Fabricius,
who gives a short description of it. Since then it has been figured
and described times without number, yet, as with celeus, the egg is
still undeseribed so far as I can find.

P. rustica Fabr., Syst. Ent. 540, Sphinx; Sp. Ins. ii, 145, Sphinx ; Mant., Ins.
ii, 95, Sphinw ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 366, Sphinx ; Sulz., Ab. Gesch. Ins. pl. 20, fig.
2, Sphina ; Cram., Ex. iv, 21. pl. 301, fig. A, Sphina ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N.
p. 2385, Sphinx; A. & S.,* Ins. Ga. i, 67, Sphinz ; Hub., Verz. 140, Cocytius ;
Burm.,* Sph. Braz. 1856, Verz. Naturf. Ges. Halle, 63, Protoparce; W1k., C.
3. M. Lep. Het. viii, 199, Macrosila ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859,
163, Macrosila ; Morr.,* Syn. 1862, 187, Macrosila ; H. Sch. Corr. Blatt. 1865,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 169

59, Sphinx; Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v 68, Sphinx ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v.
162, Macrosila; Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 82, Sphinx; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii,
224, Phlegethontius ; Butl., Trans Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 606, Protoparce ; Gund-
lach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 208, Macrosila ; Grote, Hawk Moths 40, Phlegethon-
tius ; Edw.,* Ent. Amer. iii, p. 164.

chionanthi A. & S.,* Ins. Ga. i, 67, pl. 34, Sphinz ; Hib, Verz. 139, Acherontia ;
Dunean,* Nat, Lib. 37, p. 100, pl. 5, fig. 2, and pl. 6, fig. 2, Sphina ; Grt., and
Robs ier. Hts, hil. v.63, pr syn.

Head, thorax and primaries above, blackish or ferruginous brown, marked
with black and white. Palpi white, except at tip. Head with a transverse, in-
terantennal white line, and a white spot behind base of antennee. Thorax with
a gray dorsal line, with a median blackish tufting which is white margined ;
metathoracic tuftings black, anteriorly margined with white or gray. Tegule
at base of wings white. Abdomen paler brown than thorax, with a more or less
evident black dorsal line and a series of white spots on the hind margins of seg-
ments subdorsally ; laterally a series of three large, round, orange spots margined
with black; the other segments rather irregularly and variably marked with
black and white. Primaries white marked at base; within the small, triangular,
white discal dot, is a series of four zigzag brown lines, the intervals between
first and second, and second and third, white; the lines are but slightly sinuate
and scarcely bend outwardly over the cell; the fourth line is somewhat more
remote from the other, and is darker, more nearly black. Below vein two and
beyond these lines the inner margin is heavily powdered with white. Beyond
the cell is an irregularly dentate, black, transverse line outwardly bent from
costa, then incurved to within the middle of the hind margin. Beyond this is
a series of three black, dentate, transverse lines, the intervals white, and between
the second and third the centre of the interval is filled with a yellowish brown
shade; of these lines the first and second are rather close together and parallel ;
the third is remote from the others, and is very irregularly lunulate and angu-
lated. A subterminal, dentate, white line not reaching the costa, and outwardly
and irregularly black margined. Anal angle white, the subterminal space oppo-
site the cell strongly white marked to margin. A sinuate, oblique, apical line,
superiorly white marked. Fringes cut with white. Secondaries blackish brown,
white marked at base; an obscure whitish band near base; two obscure, black,
median lines, followed by a variably distinct white shade. Marginal space more
or less strongly white and yellow marked. Beneath, primaries deep ash gray,
powdery, with the extra discal series of transverse lines of upper side faintly
reproduced. Secondaries paler gray, with a broad, deep, ashy brown, outer mar-
gin, disc crossed by three parallel, dentate, transverse lines. Expands 3.50—5
inches; 87—125 mm.

Hab.—New York and southward into South America; Texas.

This species is very characteristically marked and not easy to mis-
take. The chief variation is in the distinctness of maculation, in
the amount of white powdering, and in the depth of color—a vari-
able quantity bye-the-by—since fresh specimens are usually very
deep, blackish brown ; age renders them a rather light rusty red.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (22) AUGUST, 1888.

170 JOHN B. SMITH.

In the % genitalia the supra-anal plate shows no important differ-
ences from that of celews, save that the hook is less curved; the side
pieces are rather narrow, elongate, the tip narrowing and obtusely
rounded. ‘The clasper is a long, tapering, sinuate prong, with the
edges serrate ; very different from anything else in the genus.

The larva has been figured by Smith and Abbot, and subsequent
authors have copied from them, so far as I can find. Burmeister
gives a brief, original description from Brazilian specimens.

P. cingulata Fabr., Syst. Ent. 545, Sphinx; Sp. Ins. ii, 151, Sphina ; Mant.,
Ins. ii, 97, Sphinx ; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, p. 375, Sphina ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. v.
2378, Sphinx ; Hub., Sammi. ii, 378, Agrius ; Verz. 140, Agrius; Westw., ed.
Dru. i, 49, pl. 25, fig. 4, Sphinw ; Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 293, Sphinaz ; W1k., C.
B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 215, Sphinx ; Burm., Sph. Braz. 1856, 12, Sphinx : Clem.,*
Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 164, Macrosila ; Morris,* Syn. 1862, 188,
Macrosila ; Lint.,* Pr. Ent. Soe. Phil. iii, 650, Macrosila ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep.
Het. i, 95, Sphinx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 608, Protoparce ; Grt., Buff.
Bull. iii, 224, Phlegethontius ; Gundlach, Cont. Ent. Cuba, 211, Macrosila ;
Fernald,* Sphing. 35, Phlegethontius ; Grt., Hawk Moths 40, Phlegethontius.

affinis Goetze, Beytr. iii, 2, p. 215, Sphinx; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 608,
pr. syn.

convolvuli ¢ Dru. Ex. i, p. 54, pl. 25, fig. 4, Sphina ; Cram., Ex. iii, 55, pl. 225,
fig. D, Sphinx: S. and A., Ins. Ga. i, p. 53, pl. 32, Sphina ; Westw., ed. Dru. i,
49, pr. syn.

pungens Eschscholz in Kotzebue’s Reise, p. 218, pl. xi, fig. 28; Butl., Tr. Zool.
Soc. Lond., ix. 608, pr. syn.

drureei Don., Br. Ins. xiv. pl. 469, Sphinx ; Wood, Ind. Ent. 246, pl. 53, fig. 4,
Sphinx ; Steph., Ill. Br. Ent. Haust. i, 120, pr. syn.

Var. decolorata Hy. Edw., Pap. ii. 11, Sphina.

The head and thorax above are grayish brown; palpi somewhat paler above,
white beneath. Collar with two transverse black lines; patagie edged with
black and with a black line through the middle, below which they are gray ;
metathoracic tufts black, edged in front with blue and behind with yellow. Ab-
domen with dorsum broadly brownish gray, with an interrupted brown dorsal
line; there are five rosy, oblong, lateral spots, decreasing in size posteriorly and
separated by black bands. The sides of the thorax, abdomen and all the legs are
of a lighter gray color, while the under side of the body is whitish, with a row
of three or four black spots along the middle of the under side of the abdomen.
Primaries dark brownish gray, with a small gray spot at the base. The discal
spot is small, reniform, pale gray and encircled with black. A series of three or
four angulated, blackish brown lines cross the wing basally and inside the discal
spot, and a series of three similar lines crosses the wing beyond the discal spot,
outwardly angulated below the cell and reaching the internal margin about one-
third from anal angle; along the outer of these lines is a grayish white accom-
panying shade. These two sets of lines are joined by a dark brown shade with
two black dashes in it below the cell, thus forming, with the upper and darker

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. lege

parts of the lines, a large, quadrate, darker area, which rests on the middle of
the costa, and extends rather more than half way across the wing, containing
the reniform or discal spot. A brownish shade follows these outer lines, then an
outwardly curved, interrupted somewhat lunulated black line, strongest at its
inception on costa. Parallel with and near to the outer margin is a row of out-
wardly curved lunules, inwardly marked with gray and outwardly brownish to
the outer margin opposite each lunule. An irregular black line, shaded above
with gray, extends obliquely inward from apex. The fringes are brown, marked
with white between the veins. Secondaries rosy red, with a broad, gray, outer
margin. An irregular black loop at base; a broad, sinuate, median line, and a
black shade margining the gray outer space, broadest on costa. Beneath, prima-
ries mouse gray, with three faint, dentate lines beyond the cell. Secondaries
mouse gray, whitish between the median and outer bands and along inner mar-
gin ; a series of three dentate, median lines, uniting at middle and then asa black
band to inner margin. Expands 3.75—4.50 inches; 94—112 mm.

As variety decolorata Mr. Edwards describes a form from Florida
in which the rose-colored shade on the base of primaries and at the
sides of the abdomen is wanting. In all other respects the markings
are as in the type form. He adds that the species extends from
Canada to Brazil and reaches the extreme west of our continent ;
also that it is abundant in the Hawaian Islands.

Hab. as above.

There is little variation in this species, except as above set out.
The species is not common usually. The larva of this species is
quite variable, as in others in this genus, and the variations have
been well described by Prof. Lintner. No history of the egg or
earlier larval stages has been written to my knowledge. The %
genitalia are, as to the supra-anal plate, like the others of this genus;
the side piece not unlike celeus, while the clasper is moderately long,
stout, at tip divided into two curved, acutely terminated hooks, the
upper much more curved and at an angle with the other. The rosy
lateral spots of abdomen and on secondaries easily distinguish this
species.

SPHINX Linn.

Syst. Nat. Ed. x, p. 489.

Head moderate or small ; distinct, yet neither retracted nor promi-
nent. Eyes small, round, somewhat variable in size, usually very
distinctly lashed, but often the circle of hair becomes very much
reduced, and the term “lashed” must be a little liberally understood.
Antennze subfusiform, somewhat variable in the form of the tip,
which may be abruptly bent, or on the contrary be gradual and
somewhat curved. The tongue is long, stout and corneous. Palpi

2 JOHN B. SMITH.

usually reaching the front, never very prominent, sometimes quite
stout and reaching to the middle of front and varying from that to
small, weak processes hidden in the dense vestiture. Thorax stout,
with upright, short, metathoracic tufts. Variably produced in front
of the base of primaries, but never very much. Abdomen conic,
untufted, the posterior edges of segments spinulose. Legs very va-
riably armed, sometimes the fore and middle tibize are very densely
spinulose, and there is no armature of the fore tarsi ; sometimes there
are a series of stout spines at outer side of the first joint of anterior
tarsi; again the spinulation, while all present, may be very much
reduced. Some species have the fore tibia only spinose, and here
there is usually a heavy armature to the fore tarsi consisting of stout,
claw-like spines; sometimes there is but a very slight armature to
the fore tibia and a strong armature to the tarsi. The spurs of the
middle and hind tibia also vary in length ; sometimes they are weak
and short, while in other species they are very long and stout, equal-
ling nearly half the length of the tibia. There is usually no very
great difference in the length of the legs. As a rule the short spurs
occur in those species in which the fore and middle tibiz are heavily
spinulose, while the tarsi are unarmed, but there is no rule, and the
variations run into each other by imperceptible degrees. The vena-
tion is typical. Primaries usually narrow, with acute apices and
very oblique outer margin, which may be almost straight, or may be
somewhat convex. Here, also, there is every variation. The sec-
ondaries vary only in width, and are all narrow, with the apex dis-
tinct. The genital organs vary considerably, and will be described
with the species.

In maculation there is a considerable sameness. The ground color
is usually gray, rarely somewhat fuscous, and in one case only dis-
tinctly yellow brown. The transverse lines are, as a rule, almost
obsolete, and most species, in fact I think all of them, have black,
longitudinai markings or dashes between the veins.

This characterization includes the species usually separated as
Hyloicus. ‘There is here considerable variation in color, maculation,
armature and wing shape, and yet I find myself incapable of draw-
ing any line sufficiently distinct to separate genera—unless, indeed,
I chose to make at least six genera of our species.

In the arrangement of species I have adopted a sequence based
partly on maculation and partly on structure, which seems to asso-
ciate the species very well with very few exceptions.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. ies

The first group contains insects at once recognizable by the dis-
colored dise of thorax. They agree also in narrower, pointed wings,
in very heavily spinose fore and middle tibia, and, with one exception,
no special armature of the fore tarsi. The spurs of the middle and
hind tibize are short.

Kalmie is easily distinguished from all the other species by its
yellowish brown color. All the others have a shade of gray as base.

Drupiferarum has the costal region much paler than the rest of
the wing, which is a dull fuscous gray, with a decided brownish tint.
A variety has been named utahensis, and another vancouverensis, by
Mr. Hy. Edwards. In this species, while there is no distinct arma-
ture of fore tarsi, the series of spines outwardly show some unusually
long and prominent ones indicating the more distinct armature of
the other groups.

Perelegans is a much more evenly colored species, with very dark
gray ground, and a submarginal whitish band. The palpi are much
more distinct than in either of the preceding species. The armature
is like drupiferarum.

Gordius is, in wing shape, much like the preceding, but the palpi
are smaller; there is a luteous shade over the primaries which show
also a usually very distinct white discal spot, while the median band
of the secondaries is somewhat fainter than usual. The armature of
legs is as in kalmie.

Luscitiosa is closely allied, but is still more brown, the discal white
spot is wanting on primaries, the secondaries are yellow, the median
band reduced to a mere trace and often entirely wanting. The palpi
also are still shorter, and the outer margin of primaries is more
evenly oblique, not so convex as in gordius, which it resembles in
armature of legs.

Albescens differs from all in this group by the heavily armed fore
tarsi, there being three stout outer spines to the first joint and two
to the second. The middle tibize are not so heavily spined and the
spurs are moderate. In maculation also it differs from all the others
by the oblique, submarginal black streak followed by a whitish shade.
It combines the features of the present with those of the following
group.

This following group is characterized by concolorous dorsum of
thorax, the patagie black margined, wings rather wider, armature
of fore tarsi usually distinct.

174 JOHN B. SMITH.

Vashti is nearest to albescens, differing from it principally in the
concolorous thorax, the patagize only being heavily black edged.

Libocedrus | have not examined closely enough to give details as
to differences. The thoracic markings are very much as in chersis,
except that in addition to the triangle outlining the patagiz there is
also a line through the middle of each.

Chersis has, on the thorax, a triangle, its apex towards the head.
The submarginal black streak is somewhat irregular and not followed
by a white shade. Oreodaphne Edw., was based on a small specimen.

Insolita is a small species, very much like vashti in style of macu-
lation, but not near so distinct. The abdominal bands are beauti-
fully cream colored and the secondaries black at base. Very much
resembling these others in markings and in the armature of the legs
is the next group, obviously differing from them in the immaculate
secondaries.

Of these pinastri is the largest, and distinguished at once from all
others by usually having a distinct, single, basal, transverse band on
primaries, with a variable number of interspaceal dashes from this
band. The lateral thoracic bands are straight and run through the
middle of the patagize instead of on the margin. Mr. Strecker de-
scribed and figured the species as saniptri, and afterward stated it
was identical with pinastri. I have never seen a pinastri from the
United States, and I do not believe, judging from the figure, that Mr.
Strecker’s species is identical with the European insect, yet I follow
his reference, since I do not know his species.

Sequoie has the wing form of pinastri, but is smaller. It lacks all
trace of the transverse line of primaries and has a submarginal black
streak similar to that in vashti, chersis, etc. The patagiz are black
margined, and there is also a black line through the middle.

Very similar in maculation, but much smaller and paler is doll
Neum. This is the smallest species of the genus expanding less than
two inches. E

Coloradus differs, obviously, from the others in having two broad
brown thoracic stripes margining the patagiz and extending nearly
to their middle. There is an oblique dusky shade band extending
from the inner margin near to base through the centre of the wing
to the apex, margined above by a pale gray shade.

In all these species the palpi are short, the frontal vestiture is
loose and the head is not prominent. The spurs of the middle and
hind tibize are short.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 175

The next group contains species in which the middle tibiz are not
spinose, the fore tibia sparsely or not spinulose, while the fore tarsi
have the first and second joints outwardly armed with a rather
heavy claw-like spines. The primaries are comparatively somewhat
shorter and broader, with less oblique margin than in the previous
groups. The head is distinct, and except in esa, which is aberrant,
the palpi are well developed and reach well up the front. The spe-
cles seem more robust in build than the others. The maculation is
of the same type as the previous groups, but is much heavier and
the species have not, therefore, that uniform grayish appearance.

Elsa is an aberrant and beautiful species. The palpi are smaller
than in the others of the group, and the spurs of the middle and
hind tibize are small. It is the connecting link, structurally, between
the typical Sphinx and the Hy/oicus structure. In color it is white,
with black powderings on primaries and with a more or less evident
suffusion of pale brick red, most distinct in the 6. The secondaries
are white, with two black bands.

Canadensis resembles in color and general appearance gordius, but
the dorsum of the thorax is not dark. The secondaries resemble
those of chersis, and it is possible it may belong with that group. I
have been unable to examine the structure of the legs personally,
though I have seen the species in Mr. Hill’s collection. The trans-
verse lines of the primaries are very distinctly traceable, and it dif-
fers in that respect from the previous group.

TIngens has the transverse lines of primaries very distinct, and
there is a double white discal spot. The secondaries are blackish
with narrow white bands. I consider Mr. Neumoegen’s species,
separatus, as a color variety of this species, the typical form of which
has, so far as I am aware, never been found in the United States.
Walker describes it from Mexico.

Eremitus resembles lugens very closely in appearance, but the
transverse lines are very indistinct, and the longitudinal streakings
heavier. The gemminate discal spot of primaries is the same, and
the maculation of secondaries is also identical.

Plebeius differs obviously from all the species by the blackish
brown secondaries. The eyes are distinct and very feebly lashed,
and the palpi are well developed. The primaries are gray, with the
markings heavy; no transverse maculation, and with a single white
discal spot. The spurs of the middle and hind tibiz are very long.

Cupressi has also concolorous, but brown primaries. The abdomen
also is not banded, but has three longitudinal dusky lines. In

176 JOHN B. SMITH.

maculation it resembles sequoie, but differs in the non-spinose middle
tibia. It is another of these intermediate forms that upset so many
and plausible systems. At first appearance it suggests an Hllema
allied to coniferarum. I have seen but a single imperfect specimen.

It will be noted from what has been said above that while there is

a possibility of dividing the genus into certain arbitrary groups, yet
they are so closely related structurally and in ornamentation that it
is impossible to create any divisions of generic rank.

In tabular form the scheme would appear as follows:

iPAntenorandsmid dle tibice SpImOSGs. cccsesce-eefeccecasenscrresaeascreccrencoseressseaeeneen 2.
Middilestibisen ot ‘Spin OS@s2h-.-.00 csesceseeleverces onsen ct asec dvcters aolovesesecs eoedeereclastumetes %.
Os Dorsum of bhioraxyGiSCOLOrOUs.. DlaACkdShieccerscsceesncectiacsaceteleccececssehbe tact eaeiere 3.
Dorsum of thorax concolorous ; patagize edged or lined with black..... ........ 4
3. Primariessyellowish brOWdl.1..cc-----\--cecusee -secess ba cpercostiocecseensines cesses Kalmize.
Primaries fuscous gray, with a reddish tint; costal region obviously paler.
drupiferarum.
Primaries dark gray, costal region not paler; no discal spot....perelegans.
Primaries with white discal spot; with a fuscous tint; median band of sec-
ondaries somewhat iMdistin¢ta...veco4se-e-coccecassceessiese est eeers gordius.
Primaries without discal spot; with a brownish shade; secondaries yellow,
Withoub mediansband -a.c2: sc. ss-soreccsecee sevectees coccesieteeeect luscitiosa.
Primaries gray, with costal region discolorous, pale; a submarginal black
Streak On primaries. -c.-c-2--cclewcsencs)sene) seesceese Jase tenes albescens.
4, Secondaries pale, whitish, banded with black................... .ccscce-»ssevessensecees 5.
Secondaries: Concolorous!:; DLO Wl:.-c.:2scrssssecincscresesleccccscsclecece noerecasn ones mateeee 6.
5. Costal region aieemiacone! paler; abdominal bands whitish........ ...... washti.
Costal region concolorous.
A black edging to patagize, and a black line through middle of each.
libocedrus.
A black edging only to patagiz ; size very large ....... ......ce...s00 chersis.
Costal region slightly discolorous; size small; abdominal bands beautiful
creamy white...... wilson s{cuisaaie aa cbuceher vaseceessin es yobowel ieecezescae aes insolita.
6. Size large; a more or less distinct transverse band near base from which radi-
ate heavy black: marks! cco; cn cacees cesmselrvinriae oman) newsocisresesses (PME SOS ORR)
Size smaller ; no basal transverse reas davie binieh gray ; ionenudinel dashes
between! alliveinsyenraqresece-sese neces asckreoaet ereaneltnen .. SCQuoize,
Pale gray; with two longitudinal dashes only; very small............ dollii.
Pale gray; a fuscous oblique shade from inner margin, near base, to apex.
coloradus.
7. Secondaries white, with two narrow black bands............ceec.seccccece sseeer elsa.
Secondaries black, with two narrow white bands.............::ssescsces cece covcnse: 8.
Secondanies Uniform oro Wi OT SUA yn ccserc--\-ceeanessseecse ascveceectnsessatecteeuessedeadteee oe
8, Primaries without pale discal spots... eecsssesusesccasteeeersasa eeene canadensis.
Primaries with a gemminate white discal spot.
Transverse maculation: GistinCt.ia---.s1--cs-sscciecercecnelsses eo esceeee siamese lugens.
Transverse maculation (Obsoletes...:.<s1---cccesassscees|tasesce= cnececers eremitus.
9. Primaries gray; with white discal spot; secondaries blackish.....plebeius.

Primaries brown; without discal spot; secondaries brown..........c apressi.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. ila

S. kalmiz A & S.,* Ins. Ga. i, 73, pl. 37, Sphing; Hiib.. Verz. 141, Lethia;
Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, p. 295, Sphinx ; Wlk., Cat. Lep. B. Mus. Het. viii, 218,
Sphinx ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 171, Sphinz ; Morris,* Syn.
1862, 196, Sphinx ; Lint.,* Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii, 657; Harris,* Inj Ins.
Flint ed. 328, Sphinx ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i, 91, Sphinx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe.
Lond. ix, 620, Sphinx ; Fernald,* Sph. N. E. 40, Sphinx ; Grt., Hawk Moths
44, Sphina.

Head and thorax chestnut brown above, white or yellowish laterally. Front
whitish, palpi brown laterally. Patagizee narrowly black edged and a fine black-
ish line margining the edge of the pale lateral shade. Metathoracic tuftings
black. Dorsum of abdomen yellowish brown, with a narrow black dorsal line ;
laterally the abdomen is black, with the anterior edge of the segments white:
the white scarcely forming bands, and not quite crossing the black shade. Be-
neath, thorax and abdomen dull white, with three or four blackish points along
venter. Primaries very pale yellowish brown, the markings deeper brown. A
brown shade along internal margin; from basal fourth of costa to basal fourth of
internal margin and making a very wide bend outwardly and over the discal
cell isa deeper brown line interrupted and giving rise to interspaceal brown
dashes, a series of which extends obliquely nearly to the apex; just within and
parallel to the outer margin is a whitish line, shaded on its inner side with
blackish, broken by the veins; an oblique black line, edged above with whitish
extends inwardly from the apex. All the fringes marked alternately with red-
dish brown and whitish. Secondaries dirty yellowish white, with a central and
submarginal blackish band, the outer margin of the same yellowish brown as the
primaries. Beneath, reddish brown on primaries with an indefinite and usually
incomplete outer darker band. Secondaries a paler red brown, with the macu-
lation of upper side more or less evidently reproduced, the median band dentate.
Expands 3.25—4.50 inches; 81—112 mm.

Hab.—Can. to Georgia, Alabama westward to Missouri, Illinois
and Wisconsin.

Probably found still further West and South, but I have no note
of such localities. The species does not seem to vary much, and is
very readily distinguished from all its allies by the color of prima-
ries. The genitalia are very much as in ce/eus as to the supra-anal
plate. The only male specimen f had for dissection seemed to have
no distinct clasper, but I think that is error in observation and dis-
section. The side piece is as in drupiferarum. The larva has been
several times figured, but never very carefully described.

S. drupiferarum S. & A.,* Ins. Ga. i, 71, pl, 36, Sphinx ; Hib., Verz. 141,
Lethia; Harris,* Sill. Journ. 36, 294, Sphinw; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii.
218, Sphinx ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 172, Sphinx ; Morris,*
Syn. Lep. 1862, 197. Sphinx ; Lint.,* Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil. iii, 658; Harris,*
Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 328, Sphinw; Reed,* Can. Ent. iii, 5, figs. 1-3; Bd.,* Sp.
Gen. Het. i, 97, Sphinx ; Saund.,* Fruit Ins. 162, figs. 170-172, Sphina ; Butl.,
Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 620, Sphinx ; Fernald,* Sphing. N. E. 38, pl. 1, figs.
2-4, Sphinx; Grt., Hawk Moths 43, Sphinx.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (23) AUGUST, 1888.

178 JOHN B. SMITH.

vancouverensis Hy. Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. v, 111; id. vi, 93; Butl.. Tr. Zool.
Soe. Lond. ix, 618, Sphinxz,; Holland, Can. Ent. xviii, 103, pr. syn.

Var. utahensis Hy. Edw., Pap. i, 115, Sphinz.

Top of head and dorsum of thorax dark brown. Front and thorax laterally
light gray or whitish. The middle of the posterior part of thorax is brownish
gray, with black tufts at each side. Abdomen brownish gray, with a black dorsal
line; laterally is a broad black band with a series of white spots not cutting the
band superiorly, but joining the pale under side. Beneath, the abdomen is
white, with a narrow ventral and two subventral darker lines. Thorax darker
gray, deeper anteriorly. Primaries dark, smoky brown, sometimes with a reddish
tinge, light gray or whitish along the costal region from the base nearly to the
apex and in width extending to the median vein. The outer margin is of the
same color, widest at the anal angle and not reaching to the apex. The brown
portion of the wing is covered by several very oblique, blackish brown, wavy or
angulated lines, which appear on the costal portion as reddish brown streaks.
The gray space along the outer border has a white line through the middle, par-
allel with the outer margin, and the space is limited within by a fine black line
margined with white inwardly and angulated between the veins. The discal
spot is represented by an oblique, fine black line, from which a double line of
the same color extends in along the middle of the cell, and a single one outward
on vein 5. An oblique apical streak extends in across the intervenular space
and is nearly connected with another in the space below. There are also black
dashes on the dark brown portions of the wing between veins 1 and 2, 2 and 3,
3 and 4, and also between 5 and 6. Secondaries blackish brown, with a whitish
base, narrow central band and a brownish white outer border. All the fringes
are smoky brown. The underside of the wings is dark gray with the outer bor-
der and a central band toothed on the veins in the hind wings, smoky brown.
Primaries with a very faint reproduction of the markings of upper side. Ex-
pands 3.40——4.25 inches ; 97—106 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia; westward to California; Vancouver ;
Oregon, Colorado, Utah.

The supra-anal plate of $ is flattened, narrow, abruptly bent to
form the flat pointed hook. The inferior process is short and broad,
bifid at tip. The side piece is rather narrow, of the usual form.
The clasper is stout, broad, corneous, inwardly concave, the inferior
angle extended in the form of an index finger, the terminal margin
irregular.

The species is readily recognizable by the contrast between the
costal space and the very dark ground color. As is usual in the case
of very widely spread species, there is some variation in size and
ground color. To one of the Western forms of the species Mr.
Edwards has applied the name vancouverensis. There is every inter-
grade between the two, and indeed specimens taken in the Eastern
States are, I am informed, indistinguishable from typical Western
forms. The differences can best be appreciated by quoting Mr.
Edwards’ description entire :

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 179

Head dull gray, brownish on the occiput and sprinkled with brown hairs.
Eyes dull black, surrounded by a blackish ring of hairs. Tegule wholly cine-
reous. Abdomen blackish gray, with narrow black dorsal line and six rather
broad demi-bands of dirty white, blackish on the posterior margins of segments.
Thorax and abdomen beneath dull brownish gray. Primaries fuscous, with a
grayish space running from base to about half way along the middle of wing
and an irregular submarginal band from internal angle to apex, the outer edge
of which is deeply dentate; near the median nerve are three straight black
dashes and a bent one toward the apex. Fringes brown, sprinkled with gray.
Secondaries fuscous, with two dull whitish bands, slightly waved, the outer one
parallel with the margin of the wing for three-fourths of its distance.

The variety utahensis is described by Mr. Edwards as much larger
than the type form, of a grayer cast, without any trace of pinkish
yellow. The primaries preserve the resemblance to the type form;
the secondaries have the median band much broader, straight and
not waved on its outer edge; it terminates also on the costa nearer
to the base than in drupiferarum. The abdomen is a darker gray,
and the demi-bands are reduced to small, oblong patches. It ex-
pands 4.50 inches, = 113 mm., and is from southern Utah.

A complete life history of the species has been written by Mr.
Reed in the “Canadian Entomologist” iii, p. 5, with figures. Mr.
Lintner has added a careful description of the pupa.

S. perelegans Hy. Edwards, Pr. Cal. Ac. ‘Sci. v, 109, Sphinx; id. vi, 93,
Sphinx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 621, ? Lintneria; Pap. i, 105, Sphina.

Head pale, silvery gray, black on occiput. Thorax with the tegule and sides
gray ; disc velvety black, uniting with the black on the upper side of head, and
forming, when viewed from above, a long, triangular patch ; centre of thorax
gray at the base. Abdomen dark gray, sprinkled with black, with narrow black
dorsal line. The five basal segments are equally divided into black and white
demi-bands, the black being very intense and glossy ; under surface of thorax
gray, with central interrupted black line. Antenne white above, dark gray
beneath. Tibiz grayish brown, with tarsi paler. Primaries fuscous, with many
paler waved lines and a whitish space reaching from base over half way along
the costa, but not extending to its edge. Resting upon this pale space are five
bent black lines of unequal length, and a bent line at the apex reaching to the
tip. Along the margin, from internal angle to apex, is a pale submarginal band,
very faintly dentate externally, running parallel with the margin until it reaches
the apex, where it spreads into a wider space, receiving the before-mentioned
bent apical line. At the base of interior margin is a clouded black patch. The
fringes are brownish black, dotted on their edge with six conspicuous white
patches, which do not, however, entirely cross the fringe. The whole of the
fringe on the interior margin is brownish black. Secondaries black, with brown-
ish tinge; a broad, whitish band at the base, widest posteriorly ; a narrow grayish
white band crossing the wing obliquely, almost parallel with the margin, but
slightly bent a little behind the middle. Fringes white, intersected with brown.
Expands 3.64 inches; 41 mm.

Hab.—California.

180 JOHN B. SMITH.

Mr. Edwards says this beautiful species closely resembles Sphinz
eremitus Walk., of the Atlantic States, but is readily known by its
more brilliant gray coloring, by the very sharply defined demi-
bands and by the strongly marked, whitish submarginal band of the
fore wings. The distinctive characters of this species have been
already sufficiently discussed. I have not had specimens for dissec-
tion unfortunately. The early stages are unknown.

S. gordius Cram., Ex. iii, 91, pl. 247, fig. B, Sphinx ; Hub., Verz. 141, Lethia ;
Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 295, Sphinaz; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 218,
Sphinx ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 173, Sphinx ; Morris,* Syn,
Lep. 1862, 198, Sphin.e ; Harris,* Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 328, Sphinx; Grt., Buff.
Bull. i, 26, Lethia; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 91, Sphina ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe.
Lond. ix, 618, Sphinx; Saund.,* Fruit Insects 86, fig. 85, Sphinx; Feruald,*
Sphing. N. E. 44, pl. 1, fig. 1, Sphinz ; Grt., Hawk Moths 45, Sphinx.

poecila Steph., Iil. Brit. Ent. Haust. , 123, Sphinx ; Wood, Ind. Ent. 246, pl.
53, fig. 26, Sphinz ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 165, pr. syn.

Front of head, palpi and thorax laterally, gray. Palpi at sides, vertex of head
and dise of thorax blackish brown, with black metathoracic tufts, between which
there are some gray hairs intermixed with the brown ground. Abdomen ashy
gray, above with a dorsal black line and a broad black lateral band cut with
white on the first four or five segments, forming thus a series of alternate black
and white demi-bands. Beneath, thorax and abdomen gray. Primaries gray,
more or less clouded with brown. The discal spot is small, white, triangular,
and from it two fine black lines extend in along the’cell, uniting at a variable
distance from the end of cell. The median vein and veins 2, 3. 4, 5 and 6, are
marked with black, and there are black dashes between all the veins below the
apex, the last forming the oblique apical streak. An indistinct ashy gray shade
erosses the wings at basal fourth; another still more distinct from the costa a
little beyond the middle, ends at the middle of the hind margin, and a third,
equally indefinite, crossing a little beyond and parallel to the last is somewhat
toothed on the veins. Outside of this, nearly parallel with the outer margin, is
a distinct white shade, not reaching the apex, through which runs a variably
distinet blackish brown line. A brown spot on costa before apex leaving a white
shade above the apical black streak. Fringes brown, cut with white. Second-
aries sordid white, with a rather indefinite central band and a broad blackish
outer margin. Fringes white, narrowly cut with black. Beneath, the primaries
are brownish gray, the fringes as above; the secondaries are gray, with a narrow
central and broad terminal band of dark brownish gray. Expands 3—3.60 in. ;
75—90 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia ; westward to the Mississippi.

Probably this species ranges further West, but I have no definite
information that it does so.

The supra-anal plate and attached claws offer nothing that is un-
like the general structure in the genus. The side piece is oblong,
the tip oblique. The clasper is very stout and large, corneous, broad,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 18]

concave ; the inferior angle produced into a stout, long and pointed
process slightly curved, the margin serrate. Altogether it is a for-
midable looking structure.

There is a considerable variation in intensity of color in this spe-
cies. The above description was drawn from a rather uniformly gray
specimen. Others occur in which there is a very distinct yellowish
cast to the whole upper side, and all the black markings are intensi-
fied. In this form the interspaceal dashes are forked—united basad
the wing and thence spreading. Between veins 5 and 6 is a more or
less perfect and very elongated loop. This marking closely ap-
proaches that of duscitiosa in type.

From all the previous species the distinct discal dot and broadly
blackish margined secondaries will prove distinctive.

Little is known of the larval history; the same general descrip-
tion from Harris forms the base of the knowledge we have. I am
not aware that it has been frequently raised.

S. luscitiosa Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 172, Sphinx ; Morris,
Syn. Lep. 1862, 197, Sphinx ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Suppl. 31, p. 36, Sphin. ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 26, Lethia: id. ii, 228, Lethia ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het.
114, pl. xiii, fig. 11, 9, Sphinz ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 225, Sphinx; Butl., Tr.
Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 618, Sphinx ; id. 642, Lethia ; Fernald, Sphing. N. E. 45,
Sphins ; Grt., Hawk Moths 44, Sphinz.

Head, except vertex and sides of thorax, yellowish or gray. Vertex and disc
of thorax black, the latter with gray scales intermixed posteriorly. A broad
brown stripe extends from the middle of the palpi, back under the wings. Ab-
domen in the % dull ochre yellow, with a fuliginous dorsal line and irregular
dull smoky markings; in the ? the dorsum is gray, with a distinet blackish
dorsal line and a broad lateral black band anteriorly cut on the segments by
narrow, dull yellowish white, demi bands. Beneath, thorax and abdomen gray.
Primaries yellowish gray, with the margins sooty brown. The band on the
outer margin is broader at inner angle and does not reach the apex; the inner
edge is wavy, and there is a parallel wavy brown line just within. A darker,
smoky shade on costa before apex. The centre of the wing is paler, more gray-
ish, more or less of the veins are black and a black line extends in along the
middle of the cell from the minute concolorous discal dot; this line is double at
first, but the two parts unite inwardly. A short, black, generally outwardly
furcate black dash between the veins as far as the apex, the last two forming the
bent apical streak. The first below this apical streak is in the form of an ex-
tremely elongated loop. Fringes dark, very narrowly cut with pale yellow.
Secondaries bright ochre yellow in the 4, grayish in the 2, with a broad black
border and a faint indication of a central band. Fringes yellowish; the under
side of all the wings is dull ochre yellow, with broad terminal black bands. Ex-
pands % 2.50, 9 3 inches; 62—75 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Virginia; along Atlantic coast; westward to

the Mississippi ; Wisconsin.

182 ‘ JOHN B. SMITH.

The male of this species is always smaller, more yellow; the pri-
maries more pointed, outer margin almost rigidly oblique. In the
there is a subdued gray shade, the wings are broader, and the
outer margin is more convex. ‘The species is a very distinct one,
most nearly allied to gordius, with which it agrees perfectly in tibial
armature as well as general habitus. Its yellow secondaries, lacking
all but a trace of the central band, and the minute, concolorous dis-
cal spot, as well as general ground color of primaries are distinctive,
and render the species easily recognized.

The genitalia of the 6 while on the same general plan as in
gordius, yet differ obviously. The side piece is shorter and broader,
the clasper is equally stout, broad, concave, but both the angles are
produced into long processes the lower pointed at tip and longer, the
upper with a rounded tip.

The species has been frequently raised in the vicinity of New York
on willow, but no description has been made, and I have been unable
to get hold of any preserved specimens of the larva. This lack in
our knowledge of Sphinx larva ought to be soon filled.

The species is very rare.

S. albescens Tepper, Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soe. iv, 1, pl. fig. 3, Sphina.

Head light gray ; antennz white above, dark gray beneath ; collar and shoulder
covers whitish gray, the latter heavily edged with black inwardly. Dorsum of
thorax deep blackish gray. Abdomen gray, with a black dorsal line edged with
gray at the sides, laterally banded with white and black; beneath uniform dark
gray, with a black ventral line. Legs gray. Primaries gray, shaded with cine- j
reous white along the costa for about half of the wing; a rather heavy black,
apical line, and one near outer margin, the first shaded inwardly and the last
outwardly with whitish gray; between these lines and the light costal field are
several black streaks; under side gray, powdered with white along the costa and
outer margin; the black apical line is reproduced, and there is a wavy dark line,
double at inner margin, and bordered outwardly with whitish gray. Secondaries
white at base, followed by a narrow black band, then a narrow white one, both
drawn to a sharp point at anal angle; beyond this is a heavy black band shaded
with gray towards exterior margin; under side much as above, but the bands
and shadings are not so heavy. Fringes of all wings gray. Expands 2.75 in. ;
70 mm.

Hab.—Colorado.

Mr. Tepper distinguishes this species from vashti Strk., by the dark
dorsum of thorax and the form of the bands on secondaries, which
are angulated opposite the anal angle. This latter is an evanescent
character, and only the dark thorax remains to distinguish the two.
I have not seen any intermediate specimens. This species forms a

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 183

complete connection between these two groups: of Sphinx, having the
thoracic maculation of the one, the wing maculation of the other,
somewhat modified, however, in the direction of the first, while the
armature of the legs is like that of chersis.

Unfortunately all the specimens of this species and vashti at my
command are females, therefore I cannot give any idea of the genital
structure. The early stages are entirely unknown thus far.

S. vashti Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 136, pl. xv, fig. 4, 4, Sphina ; Grote, New
List 1882, = vancouverensis ; Holland, Can. Ent. xviii, 103, an sp. dist.

Ash gray, head and thorax more whitish. Palpi laterally brown. Vertex of
head slightly darker, as is also the prothorax. Patagize edged with black ; meta-
thoracic tufts also black, and a few irregular black lines at base of thorax. Ab-
domen with dorsum dark gray, with a distinct median black line. Laterally
there is a broad black band interrupted by a series of white demi-bands, which
do not always entirely cross the black shade. Beneath, dull gray; venter with
a distinct black median line. Primaries ashen gray; a whitish shade from the
base through the costal region narrowing outwardly and a white submarginal
shade broader toward anal angle and not quite attaining the apex. Below the
pale shade toward base of wing is a darker smoky gray shade. The veins are
narrowly black marked, and there is a long, slender black line between veins 1
and 2, and another through the outer part of median cell, and thence close to
vein 5. Other short interspaceal dashes to apex, where two unite to form the
usual oblique apical streak, which is superiorly margined by white scales. In-
wardly marking the pale submargival shade is a distinct oblique black streak,
within which is a parallel brown line. The fringes of both wings are evenly
gray. Secondaries whitish with a blackish, median, and subterminal band. Be-
neath, primaries ashy gray, with a transverse outer, oblique line, faintly repro-
ducing that of the upper side, a faint median band and a reproduction of the
apical dash of upper side. Secondaries reproducing the maculation of the upper

side, but much more whitish. Expands 2.75 inches; 70 mm.

Hab.—Arizona, Montana.

The resemblance of this species to albescens Tepper, has been al-
ready noted. The structure is practically identical. No male of
this species was available for examination, and nothing is known of
the early stages.

§. libocedrus Hy. Edw., Pap. i, 115.

At first sight looking like a small example of S. oreodaphne, but differing
greatly when carefully examined. Color the same as that of S. chersis, with the
same black dashes upon the primaries, that along the median nervule, which is
frequently wanting in oreodaphne, and sometimes in chersis. being here well de-
fined and reaching almost to the base of the wing. The ground color of the
secondaries is a clear white, and the median band stands out in stronger contrast
than in either chersis or oreodaphne, while the gray dorsal space of the abdomen,
traversed by a black line, is narrower than in either of the other forms, and the
demi-bands comparatively larger and clearer white. In chersis and oreodaphne

184 JOHN B. SMITH.

the thorax has the tegule edged inwardly with black, in the form of a long tri-
angle. In libocedrus this mark is present, and in addition the tegule themselves
have a distinct black streak, reaching to the base of the head, not observable in
either of the others. The under side of the wings is paler gray, with the median
band of secondaries very strongly marked. Expands 2.50 inches; 62 mm.

Hab.—Prescott, Arizona. , ‘

This species I have casually noticed in Mr. Edwards’ collection,
but without making any closer study of it. It is apparently a much
smaller species than chersis and more evenly colored than vashti. It
probably has a similar tibial armature to vashti. So far as I am
aware nothing is known of the early stages.

Since the above was written a specimen has turned up among the
Belfrage material in Prof. Riley’s collection, now in the Museum.
It has been submitted to Mr. Edwards, who confirms my identifica-
tion. It agrees very well with Mr. Edwards’ characterization save
that the demi-bands of abdomen have a decided yellowish tinge and
the markings of the secondaries are obscure and not as prominent as
in the type. ‘The specimen is unfortunately a 9, and the species is
a good one I believe. The armature of tibia and fore tarsi does not
differ in any important particular from that of chersis.

S. chersis Hiib., Samm. ii, pl. 380, Lethia; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v, 165, 190,
Sphinx ; Beth.,* Can. Ent. i, 17, Sphinc; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i, 93, Sphinz ;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 617, Sphinw ; Edw, Pap. iii, 127; Fernald,*
Sphing. N. E. 42, Sphinz ; Grt., Hawk Moths 44, Sphing.

cinerea Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 295, Sphina ; Wlk.. C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 217,
pr. syn-; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 169, Sphina ; Morr.,* Syn.
1862, 194, Sphinx; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Phil. iii, 655; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v.
165, pr. syn.; Seud.,* Psyche ii, 76; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 93, pr. syn. ; Hagen,
Pap. iii, 62.

oreodaphne Hy. Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. v, 109 1874, Sphinz ; id. vi, 93, pr.
syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix, 618, Sphinx ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het.
142, pr. syn.; Butl., Pap. i, 104, an sp. dist.; Holland, Can. Ent. xviii, 103,
pr. syn.

Head, palpi and thorax ashy gray. A brownish stripe extends from the apex
of the palpi to the eyes, and is continued as a black line along the side under the
wings. The patagiz are edged above with black, and the metathoracic tufts are
of the same color. The abdomen is ashy gray, with a central black line, and a
broad black band on each side broken by four or five white demi-bands. The
under side is paler than above, and has a row of small black spots along the mid-
dle of the abdomen. The primaries are ashy gray, with a dark smoky brown
cluster of hair like scales at the base, behind the origin of vein]. The discal
spot is not usually perceptible, but a black line runs along the middle of the
outer part of the cell, crossing the position of the discal spot. There are black
dashes between all the veins below the apex, the last two often uniting in an ob-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 185

lique apical streak. There are two or three light and dark, somewhat wavy sub-
terminal shade lines, which do not reach the costa. Of these the outer is black
and is outwardly margined with white scales. Secondaries pale gray with dark
blackish brown median and submarginal bands. The fringes are all pale ashy
gray, cut with deeper gray. The under side of all the wings is ashy gray with
An ill-defined terminal band, a dentate central line on the secondaries, continued
on the primaries, all a little darker than the ground color. Expands 4—5 in.;
100—-125 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia; westward to California.

The supra-anal plate of the $ genitalia is essentially like that of
chersis. The side piece is large, oval; the clasper broad, flat, giving
off from the upper margin a very long, slender spur, pointed at tip ;
the terminal portion of main part of clasper is straight. There is
little variation in this species, except in size. There are everywhere
the same ashy gray color and the same longitudinal dashes. The
only variation is in the number of these.

Mr. Edwards described the Californian form of the species as oreo-
daphne ; afterward he, himself, placed it as a variety of chersis: then
it got back to the lists somehow as a good species, and Mr. Butler
said that if the form is local and constant it is entitled to a name.
Last of all Dr. Holland shows that it is not local and not constant,
and therefore not entitled to a name.

I think, myself, that Dr. Holland is correct, and that the name
applies merely to a slight geographical variety of the same form. I
give, however, Mr. Edwards’ original description, which will speak
for itself:

“Thorax pale, ashy gray, slightly sprinkled with black hairs, and with a well
defined triangular black mark, the vertex of which rests on the prothorax, its
sides reaching to and joining the basal black demi-band of the abdomen. The
area inclosed by the triangle is pale gray. Abdomen above, gray sprinkled with
black, with narrow black dorsal line, and seven demi-bands of rich velvety
black, the basal one becoming almost circular in form, and uniting with the tri-
angular mark on the thorax. Thorax and abdomen beneath wholly pale gray
as also are the legs, the tarsi being very faintly sprinkled with black. Primaries
wholly pale gray, with narrow black longitudinal lines, only slightly bent, the
two largest resting on the centre of the median nerve. Along the posterior mar-
gin is a whitish, irregular, submarginal band, not reaching to the internal angle.
Secondaries blackish fuscous, with two undulating white bands. the outer one
not quite reaching to the apex. Fringes of primaries brownish, sprinkled with
gray; those of secondaries white, very indistinctly mottled with brown.

The heavy armature of the fore tibia and tarsi is very much like
that of P. celeus, but in addition the fore and middle tibize are heavily
spinulose.

The larva and pupa have been described quite fully by Mr. Lint-
ner in Proce. Ent. Soe. Phil. iii, 655.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (24) AUGUST, 1888.

186 JOHN B. SMITH.

S. insolita Lint., Pap. iv. 145, Sphinz.

Head, prothorax and tegule gray as in Sphinx plebeia; prothorax crossed by
two black lines, nearly continued on the black bordering of the tegule, which
also bear an indistinct black median streak. Abdomen dark gray above, with a
narrow black dorsal line which is not so broad as in S. eremitus ; beneath paler,
with a black mark mesially on each segment, broader on the anterior portion,
forming an elongated triangular spot acute posteriorly, a broad black band bear-
ing five transversely elongated demi-bands of a fine creamy white color on the
anterior portion of the segments. Primaries narrow, acute, slightly rounded
costo-apically ; outer margin nearly straight ; inner margin but slightly excavated.
General color ashy gray near to S. cinerea; crossed by three brown bands, of which
the inner one arises at or near some interno-basilar lines and black basilar patch,
and runs obliquely toward the cell, in which it is apparently sharply deflected
toward the centre; the following two bands run from the internal margin at its
middle; the median one runs with an inward curve to opposite the cell, whence
it is directed towards the costa at its outer third at nearly a right angle to the
costa ; the outer and narrower band is angulated on the submedian fold, and thence
approaching the outer margin to opposite the cell (its course beyond not traceable
in the specimen) ; following the band is a narrow black line parallel to it, which
is outwardly bordered with a whitish shade; cilia white, marked with black
opposite the nervules. The veins and the submedian fold have apparently been
clothed with black scales; cells 3-8 bear distinct black streaks, the last two of
which form a nearly direct line, disconnected only by vein 7. There is an indi-
cation of a small white discal spot. Secondaries narrow, acute, with a broad
black border widening toward the costa; a nearly straight, central, black band,
separated from the preceding by a narrower grayish band, and by a still narrower
one from the black basilar space. Beneath, a median band, which is a continua-
tion of a similar one on the primaries. Expands 2.60 inches; 65 mm.

Hab.—Texas, Rio Grande.

The unique % type is in Mr. Lintner’s collection, where I had an
opportunity to examine it. The eyes are not very distinctly lashed.
The legs are subequal, rather like those in the first group, and the
heavy spinulation of fore tibia and weak armature of the tarsi also
agrees with that group. The spurs of middle and hind tibiz are
short. The species is a distinct one, and will be easily recognizable
I think. The description is almost a transcript from Mr. Lintner’s
original characterization of the species. Nothing is known of the
early stages.

S. pinastri Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x. 492, Sphinx; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.
ix. 642, Hyloicus.

saniptri Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 118, pl. xiii. fig. 18, %; id. 148, pr. syn.

Dark ashy gray; edges of collar and patagiz black ; metathoracic tufts also
black. Dorsum of abdomen gray, with a dorsal black line. Laterally, a series
of alternate white and wider black demi-bands. Primaries rather evenly col-

ored. A distinct transverse black line from basal third of costa, widely curved
outwardly and then running inwardly to the inner margin close to base; some-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 187

what beyond the middle of costa is the inception of a second band, extending,
however, but a short distance toward the disc. An apical oblique black streak
and short, rather heavy black dashes between most of the veins. Fringes pale,
cut with dark gray. Secondaries brownish gray, darker outwardly. Expands
3 inches; 75 mm.

This description is made from a specimen of pinastri (European)
which agrees perfectly with Mr. Strecker’s figure. Mr. Strecker’s
description is comparative wholly. He says: ‘‘ Male expands three
inches. Upper surface in color and ornamentation same as the Eu-
ropean S. Pinastri L., with this exception—that the latter has two
broad, transverse brown bands on primaries, the outermost of which
is entirely wanting in the present insect, and the innermost is quite
narrow and darker in color than in Pinastr?. Under surface brown-
ish gray, faint traces of a mesial band on secondaries. In Pinastri
are the marginal parts of primaries a little paler and more ashen
than the rest of the wing; in this species there is no perceptible
change in the coloration.

“ Female expands 3% inches.

‘Head and body same color as the male, destitute of all markings
save a faint apical line and the obscure streaks in cells between the
median nervules near the median nervure.

“ Under surface uniform dull grayish brown.

“Described from one $ and one @ example. The former was
captured in Canada, and was received by me from Mr. Reakirt ; the
female I took sitting on a fence near some pine woods a mile from
Reading, Pa. I have never seen any others. Both examples are’in
good condition, though the female is a little worn; they seem to me
to be an intermediate form between Sequoie and Pinastri, though
very close to the latter.

“Some years ago in the month of October, crawling among the
dead pine leaves in this same piece of woods, I found two larve
which belonged to some insect of this group, perhaps to this species.
My notes say: ‘ Not quite three inches long, rather slender, head
yellow striped with red ; body reddish, surrounded with many trans-
verse fine black lines; a brown stripe on back from head to anal
horn, this stripe lined with white on both sides; on sides alternate
bands or lines of green and yellow, green predominating from head
to last segment (save one); caudal horn dark reddish brown; first
few spiracles white, the others ringed with red and black ; from base
of anal horn to end of anal segment a reddish brown dorsal line.’ ”’

The larvee were not carried to maturity.

188 JOHN B. SMITH.

In a later number Mr. Strecker positively identifies this species
with pinastri.

I am not quite ready to believe him correct. I would rather be-
lieve in a species closely resembling the European form, but not
identical with it.

I have given none of the European bibliography as that can be
readily gotten from any European work on Lepidoptera. I shall
watch with interest the reappearance of this species. In the Euro-
pean form the spurs of middle and hind tibiz are very long, the
former not spinose. Anterior tibia sparsely spinose, the first tarsal
joint with longer outer spines; the armature not very heavy.

S. sequoize Bd., Lep. Cal. 1869, 66, Sphinx ; Hy. Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sei. 1873,
93; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 27, Hyloicus ; id. ii, 228, Hyloicus ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep.

Het. i, 101, Sphina; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 117, pl. 18, fig. 17, Sphinz ;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 616, Hyloicus.

*% coniferarum WIk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 224; But!., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.

ix. 616, pr. syn.

Head and thorax light gray, sprinkled with black, with two indistinct black
lines on the occiput, reaching to prothorax, and thence spreading towards the
sides of the tegule. Abdomen gray, with black dorsal line. The segments are
whitish at their base, the five posterior with a black sublinear patch on their
outer edges. Antenne white above, gray beneath. Feet wholly gray, spotted
with black. Primaries gray, indistinctly dotted with black, with four or five
very faint black lines, the longest near the apex. Fringes grayish brown, inter-
sected with white. Secondaries grayish fuscous, entirely without bands. The
fringes are white, intersected with brown, except toward anal angle, where they
are wholly whitish. Expands 2 inches; 50 mm.

Hab.— California.

The anterior and middle tibiz of this species are very heavily
spinose, as is also the first tarsal joint, which has the heavy outer
armature of chersis. The legs are, however, rather short, and the
spurs are weak. This makes one of the intermediate forms between
Sphine and Hyloicus, and prevents the separation of the latter as <
distinct genus.

The species is a neatly marked and very recognizable one, as the
description, which was taken from Edwards, shows. I have not been
able to examine the % genitalia.

Mr. Strecker gives an excellent figure of this species in Pt. XIII,
p. 117, pl. xiii, fig. 17, of his work.

Mr. Edwards in recording the first capture of a specimen states
that it was hovering at mid-day over a pool of water, darting down
occasionally to drink.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 189

Dr. Boisduval’s specimen was found sitting on the bark of a Red
wood tree—Sequota sempervirens.

S. dollii Neum., Pap. i, 149, Hyloicus ; Grt., New List 11, Sphinz.

Head light gray, with two black spots near antenne. Antenne brownish, with
light gray pectinations. Collar light gray; thorax and patagiw whitish gray,
with two broad dark gray stripes along tegule accentuated with black at their
commencement at collar. Primaries light gray, shading off into whitish towards
base; costal edge darker gray. Fringes whitish, with darker gray spots alter-
nately at the intersection of the veins. A blackish dash from apex pointing
diagonally towards base and fading away in the discoidal veins. Two short
blackish dashes between first and second, and second and third median veins,
parallel with the neuration. Secondaries uniform brownish gray with fringes
alternately dark gray and white. Beneath uniform cinereous with the blackish
trace of the apical diagonal dash of primaries. Abdomen pale gray, with a black
dorsal line, and black and white lateral intersections at segments. Expands
1% inches: 50 min.

Hab.—Prescott, Arizona.
Nothing is known of the early stages of this species.

S. coloradus Smith, Ent. Am. iii, 153.

Fuscous or ashen gray, dorsum of thorax a little darker. A broad deep brown
band from base of antenne, forming thence a broad margin to the patagie ; this
band narrowly margined with white on either side. Metathoracic tufts also.
blackish. Abdomen with dorsum fuscous or brownish gray with a dorsal line.
A broad lateral black band interrupted by having the segments narrowly white
margined. Beneath dull ashen gray. Primaries with a whitish shade through
the centre of wing from base to apex, this shade inferiorly margined by a deeper,
more brownish gray. Through this darker shade is a series of short, interspaceal
black marks, the apical oblique dash formed of three of these dashes joined by
the dark shading. Parallel with and near to the outer margin is a somewhat
sinuate black line, with a paler gray shading on either side; the line reaching
neither the inner margin nor the apex. Fringes pale, cut with darker gray.
Secondaries brownish gray immaculate; fringes pale, cut with darker gray. Be-
neath, uniformly brownish gray, with the apical dash faintly reproduced. Ex-
pands 2.12 inches; 28 mm.

Hab.— Colorado.

A single male specimen in Mr. Graef’s collection. The species is
well marked, and the only one in the group with immaculate second-
aries, which has a paler longitudinal shade, which, with its darker
inferior marking, is characteristic of the species. The palpi are
small; fore and middle tibize spinose ; first joint of fore tarsi armed

with longer spines outwardly. The spurs are short and weak.

S. elsa Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 126, pl. xiv, figs. 4 and 5, Sphinz.

Head and thorax white, with black powderings, more dense on disc, which
thus appears gray. The patagize margined with black, and dull orange yellow.
Metathoracic tufts black, as is the basal segment of abdomen. The latter is

190 JOHN B. SMITH.

whitish gray, with a black dorsal line and the posterior edges of segments black,
usually forming complete rings. Primaries white, with black powderings. An
apical, oblique black streak and a series of three oblique black shade lines from
the inner margin obliquely outward, reaching only to a little above the middle
of wing. A submarginal narrow black shade from apex nearly to hind margin
within anal angle. The lower half of the wing is most densely black powdered,
and there isan orange tint over a greater or less portion of the surface, most
prominent usually in the male, which also is more heavily black powdered than
the female. Secondaries white. with a basal spot, a medial and a submarginal
narrow black band. Beneath white, powdered with black, very distinctly and
densely on dise of primaries, which have also an outer transverse dark band and
an apical streak. Secondaries with markings of upper side reproduced. Expands
2.75—3 inches; 68—75 mm.

Hab.— Arizona.

A very distinct and readily recognizable species, differing from all
the other American species by its pure white ground color. The
antennze are very stout, black, in the & with distinct serrations.

The spurs of middle and hind tibiz are short and weak, and the
fore tibise only are sparsely spinose. The outer side of first joint of
fore tarsi with a series of three or four long outer spines or claws.

I have not had a male for dissection, and the species is not common.

§. canadensis Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 93, Sphinaz; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.
ix. 629, ? = leucopheata; Fernald, Sphing. N. E. 43, Sphinx; Grt., Hawk
Moths 44, Sphing.

plota Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 106; id. 115, pl. xiii, fig. 13; id. 142, pr. syn.

Head, thorax and abdomen light brownish gray. The patagize are edged with
black, and there is a dark line through the middle, below which the sides of the
thorax and head above the eyes are paler than above. Metathoracic tufts black.
The abdomen has a central black line and a broad black band more or less broken
by sordid white on the edges of the segments along each side. The under side
is lighter than above, and has a central black line and a similar one on each side
of the abdomen. The primaries are light brownish gray with a cluster of black-
ish hair-like scales at the base below the origin of vein 1. The wings are crossed
by several very oblique cross lines, visible only on the costa and near the base
of inner margin. A subterminal black line edged with whitish extends nearly
to the apex, followed by another within. Black dashes occur between the veins
as far as the apex. Secondaries pale gray, with a spot at base, a central and a
subterminal band dark smoky brown. The terminal space is brownish gray.
The under side of all the wings is brownish gray with a darker, dentate central
band on the middle of the secondaries. Expands 3.25—3.60 inches; 81—90 mm.

Hab.—Newfoundland, Canada, Maine, New York, Ohio.

This rather rare species was taken in Bangor, Me., on flowers, in
July, according to Prof. Fernald. Mr. Strecker figures the species
very accurately, and says he has heard of its being taken in various
parts of the country. In Mr. Hill’s collection I saw a specimen taken

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 191

by him in the Adirondacks. It resembles gordius at first sight in
color and maculation, but lacks the dark dorsum of thorax, and
there are other differences as well.

Prof. Fernald quotes a letter from Mr. Thaxter as follows: “I
found two small Sphinx larvee ready for their last molt, last summer
[1885] on the ‘bake apple’ marshes in Newfoundland, as the high,
open peat bogs there are called. One was on the bake apple (Rubus
chamemorus), the other creeping among the low Ericaceous plants
and both fed in confinement on low bush blueberry. They were
much like S. drupiferarum and S. gordius, but differed noticeably
from either. Unfortunately I lost them before taking a description.
Near by on the marsh I found a battered dead female S. canadensis,
and have little doubt that this larva was of the same species.”

Nothing else has been published on the early stages.

S. lugens WIk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 219, Sphinx ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 26,
Agrius ; id. ii, 228, Agrius ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 87, Sphinx ; Snow,* Observer
of Nature, iii, No. 1; Strk.,* Lep. Rhop. et Het. 115, Pl. xiii, fig. 12, 9 ; id.
p. 142, Sphinx; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 618, Sphinz.

eremitoides Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 93, Sphinw ; id. 115, pr. syn. ; Grt. Buff.
Bull. ii, 150, pr. syn.?; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix. 621, Lintneria.

merops Bd., Lep. Guat. 73, Sphinx ; Sp. Gen. Het. i, 87, pr. syn.

andromedea Bd., Lep. Guat. 1870, 74, Sphinx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix,
618, pr. syn.; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 65, an sp. dist.

sordida { Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 169, Sphinx ; Morris, Synopsis
Lep. 1862, 194, Sphinz.

separatus Neum., Ent. Am. i. 92, Sphinz.

Head, thorax and abdomen of mouse gray color, with darker shades on pro-
thorax and thorax, shading laterally into whitish gray. Lateral lines of pro-
thorax and patagize prominently marked in black, inner marginal line hardly
distinguishable. Gray dorsal band on upper side of abdomen with a black dorsal
central line ornamented with black segmentary bands. Primaries of mouse gray
color, with markings as in Sphinx lugens W1k., in brownish black, but the apical
diagonal dashes, the undulating transverse line which runs partly along outer
margin and in an irregular bend turns and rests within the central part of inner
margin, as well as the two horizontal dashes between the median nervules, much
more prominent and pronounced than in /ugens. The space between interior and
anterior transverse line and along costa, above discal spots of brownish hue, leay-
ing in discal cell and above centre of inner margin interspaces of grayish white.
A round basal black blotch. Secondaries whitish gray, with large marginal and
prominent medial bands of brownish black, the color in marginal band fading
into gray towards anal angle. A black basal blotch. Fringes on primaries and
secondaries whitish gray, ornamented with dark brown at intersection of veins ;
less marked in secondaries. Below, legs and abdomen mouse gray. Primaries

192 JOHN B. SMITH.

and secondaries brownish gray, the basal regions shading into light gray and
assuming a whitish tint near anal angle of secondaries. The anterior transverse
line on primaries and the marginal and medial bands on secondaries well pro-
nounced. Fringes as above. Expands 4—4.50 inches; 100—112 mm.

Hab.—New Mexico, Texas, Southwestern States.

The description above is Mr. Neumoegen’s description of separatus,
and with which about all the specimens from the United States I
have seen agree very well. Walker describes dugens, from Mexico,
as “ Blackish gray, paler beneath. Head and thorax paler on each
side. Thorax with two black stripes. Abdomen with interrupted
white and blackish bands. Fore wings slightly tinged with brown,
with costal marks and with discal and exterior streaks; two whitish
discal dots, the fore one occasionally obsolete. Hind wings black,
with two whitish undulating bands; cilize white.”

In addition may be mentioned that in this species the transverse
lines are very distinct, recalling the maculation of Ceratomia. The
t. a. line is gemminate with a very strong outer band. The t. p. line
consists of three dark, with intermediate paler shade lines not very
distinctly marked, and very strongly dentated on the veins.

Mr. Neumoegen adds to his description of separatus: “ This stately
insect has been for many years confounded with Sphina lugens W1k.,
which comes from Mexico, although a few specimens have been found
in our Southwestern States. Lugens W1k., is a considerably smaller
insect, of a brownish olive tint, with delineations not so prominently
marked, and faint basal blotches. The excellent figure of Mr.
Strecker’s Sphinz lugens Wik. (H. Strecker’s No. 13, fig. 12), would
do well for Sphinx separatus if the color were changed and the other
differences prominently marked.” The original of Mr. Strecker’s
figure came from Prof. Snow, who also sent Mr. Neumoegen speci-
mens. There is no doubt that the insects received by Mr. Strecker
and Mr. Neumoegen belong to the same species. The Museum col-
lection contains also a specimen from Prof. Snow which agrees very
well with Mr. Neumoegen’s description and Mr. Strecker’s figure.
This same Kansas form described as separatus was previously de-
seribed by Strecker as erenvitoides. Specimens compared from Mexico
show only the differences in color between fresh specimens of the
Kansas form; in older, more faded specimens the difference is not
noticeable.

Mr. Strecker quotes Prof. Snow’s description of the larva in the
“Observer of Nature” which I have not seen. The species is very

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 193

closely allied to the Eastern eremitus, with which it agrees in tibial
and tarsal armature. No % has been available for dissection.

S. eremitus Hiib., Samml. ii, pl. 379, Agrius; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii,
221, Sphinz; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v. 165, Sphina; Beth., Can. Ent. i, 17.
Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 26, Agrius; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 90, Sphinx; Fyles.* Can,
Ent. xi. 59, Sphinx ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix. 620, Lintneria; Grt., Buff.
Bull. iii, 225, Lintneria ; Fernald,* Sphing. New Engl., 46, Sphinx; Grt.,
Hawk Moths 45, Sphin.c.

sordida Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 296, Sphinx ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 219,
Sphinz; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v. 165, pr. syn.

Head, palpi and thorax brownish ash colored. A brown stripe extends along
the outer side of the palpi and a black line extends from the eye along under
the wing. A broad black stripe extends through the middle of the patagie, and
they are edged above with black. Metathoracie tufts black. The abdomen is
brownish ash colored with a black dorsal line, and a broad black band broken
by white on the edges of the segments along each side. Primaries brownish ash
colored with a white discal spot set on a black longitudinal dash. above which at
the upper angle of cell is another, smaller white spot. There are heavy black
dashes between the veins from the first to the apex. A pair of blackish brown
stripes start from the costa a little outside of the base, run out to the median
vein where they form an acute angle and are usually obsolete, and then across
the hind margin near the base. Another, very indistinct pair crosses the wing
at outer fourth somewhat dentate on the veins and marked only on the costa
and inner margin. A subterminal line from costa near apex, accompanied by a
pale shade, becoming whitish below the apical streak, while the margining line
becomes black and somewhat irregular. Fringes brown, narrowly cut with
white. Secondaries black with a basal and narrow median gray band. Fringes
gray, darker at anal angle. Beneath, primaries dark ashy gray, with a faint
subterminal! line slightly paler; secondaries dirty whitish with a black median
band, dentate on the veins, and a broad blackish marginal band. Expands 2.50
—3.15 inches; 63—-79 mm.

Hab.—Canada, Atlantic and Central States.

This species is closely allied to dugens, but is smaller, much darker,
the longitudinal dashes heavier, the transverse lines with difficulty
traceable, and not nearly so strongly dentated on the veins—in fact
the lines are scalloped rather than dentate.

Clemens evidently mixed up /ugens and eremitus, his descriptions
applying throughout rather to the former than the latter.

The spurs of median and posterior tibize are long and stout. The
fore tarsi have three outer long claw-like spines. The genitalia are
of the usual type. The inferior process of the supra-anal hook is
short and broad, the upper long, curved and flattened. The clasper
is corneous, broad, somewhat ladle shaped, with the margin dentate
and serrate.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (25) AUGUST, 1888.

194 ; JOHN B. SMITH.

Messrs. Fyles, Lintner and Fernald have together given a very
fair description of the larva, though Mr. Fyles in some way mixes
up Strecker’s notes on dugens with eremitus, and thus somewhat mis-
leads Fernald, who quotes him in opposition to Lintner.

S. plebeius Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, 146, Sphinx; Gen. Ins. 273; Mant., Ins. 98,
Sphinz ; Philos. Ent. 273; Ent. Syst. iii, 1, 367, Sphina ; Steph., Ill. Br. Ent.
Haust. i, 122, Sphinx; Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 296, Sphinx ; Wood, Ind. Ent.
246, pl. 53, fig. 27, Sphinx ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 224, Anceryx ; Clem.,
Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 170, Sphinx ; Morris, Syn. 1862, 195, Sphina ; G. & R.,
Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 166, Hyloicus ; Scud.,* Psyche ii, 78, Sphinx ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen.
Het. i. 99, Sphinx ; pl. i, fig. 3, larva; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 617, Hy-
loicus ; Fernald,* Sph. N. E. 52, Hyloicus ; Grt., Hawk Moths 41, Atreus.

Head, thorax and abdomen dark gray, The palpi are whitish beneath and
have a brown stripe across the outside, which extends back including the eyes,
under the wings. The collar is edged behind with black, and a black stripe ex-
tends through the middle of the patagize, below which the side of the thorax is
paler. The abdomen has a central dark line and a broad band of the same color
enclosing a row of four or five whitish spots along each side. The under side is
pale yellowish or sordid white. Primaries gray, with a white discal spot en-
circled with black, and there are heavy black dashes between the veins from the
base along below the median vein to the apex. The usual cross lines on the
basal part of the wing appears as a pair of oblique faint brown stripes from the
basal fourth of the costa to the discal cell, and there are three very indefinite
brown lines across the outer part of the wing, dentate on the veins. The fringes
are alternately white and brown, the latter color resting at the ends of the veins,
which are also marked with brown at their extremities. The hind wings are
dark blackish brown, grayish towards the base and on the anal angle. Fringes
alternately brown and white. The under side of the fore wings is ashy brown
with a darker, dentate line across the outer part. The under side of the hind
wings is paler than that of the fore wings, but has a dark gray terminal band
and dentate line continuous with that on the fore wings; sometimes there is a
second line crossing the middle of the wing. Expands 2.65—3 in.; 66-—-75 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Florida; westward to the Mississippi.

This is an extremely well marked species. The dark unbanded
secondaries, ashy gray primaries with heavy longitudinal dashes and
white discal spot are distinctive. The tibise are not spinose, except
a few on anterior pair; first joint of fore tarsi with a series of three
or four outer, long, curved spines. The spurs of middle and _poste-
rior tibize are very long and unequal. The genitalia are of the usual
type. The supra-anal hook is somewhat compressed laterally, the
inferior projection short. The clasper is stout and corneous, and
somewhat excavated.

The genus Atreus Grt., based on this species has absolutely no
foundation. The larva has been quite well described by Scudder,
and Boisduval gives a description after a figure by Abbot.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 195

S. cupressi Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 102, pl. 2, figs. 3-5, Sphinx ; Hy. Edw.,
Can. Ent. xix. p.

It has the size and habitus of juniperi, but the primaries are a little more
elongate and a little more pointed; they are of ashy white, just as in juniperi,
striate with brown, principally towards the base and the internal angle ; the apex
is marked, as in related species with an oblique brown mark. The discal mark
is small and not easily visible. The secondaries are of asomewhat reddish brown,
with the base paler. The thorax is pale gray with the tegule reddish, bordered
with white at the base of the wings. The abdomen is brown, a little reddish,
very like the secondaries, with a dorsal black line which dilates at the incisures
and forms spots on the posterior segments. The sides are marked by a series of
black spots separated by the incisures. Beneath, brownish gray with a badly
defined brown transverse band. Expands 3 inches; 75 mm.

Hab.—Georgia (Abbot).

The foregoing is a close translation of Boisduval’s description of
this species which was not until very recently known to American
collectors. The figure shows a brownish gray species with a series
of four longitudinal brown stripes at base, the upper extending
through cell and almost to the apex, twice interrupted in its course ;
two parallel oblique lines toward internal angle, and the oblique
apical dash. The abdomen shows three triangular spots on the hind
margins of segments 4,5 and 6. Head small, front pointed, antennze
short and slender; outer margin of primaries scalloped. Secondaries
with margins even, fringes white, cut with brown.

Recently this species has been taken in Florida, and I have seen
a somewhat imperfect specimen. The antennz of the 3 is stout and
quite strongly ciliated. The tibize are not spinose, but the fore tarsi
have the basal joint armed outwardly with long spines. The spurs
of middle and hind tibiz are very long. At first sight the species
resembles Ellema quite strongly. It is a very distinct species. In
the specimen seen the lateral black spots mentioned by Boisduval are
wanting. It contained only a dorsal and subdorsal line. Boisduval
describes the larva after a colored drawing by Abbot.

DOLBA WIlk.
Cat. Lep. B. M. Het. viii. 229,

Head small, roughly scaled, forming an indefinite truncate frontal
tuft. Eyes small, round, distinctly lashed. Palpi short, straight,
hardly exceeding front, roughly scaled. Tongue as long as the body.
Antenne fusiform, with a short abrupt hook at tip. Thorax short,
stout, but little advanced in front of the primaries with short, stout,
erect, metathoracic tufts. Abdomen conic, untufted, the hinder edges

196 JOHN B. SMITH.

of segments spinulose. Tibize not spinulose, median with one pair,
posterior with two pairs of moderately long unequal spurs; legs
moderate, but little longer posteriorly. Primaries eleven veined,
venation as usual, outer margin entire, but for a slight excavation
above anal angle. Secondaries slightly produced at anal angle.
The genitalia of the single species offer no great peculiarities ; the
supra-anal hook is rather long, somewhat irregular and with a darker
bent tip; the inferior process but little exceeding half the length of
the other. The side pieces are long, rather narrow, somewhat curved,
the tip rounded ; the clasper is a stout rolled plate, extended into a
rather short, thick spur or process.

There is but a single species, differing from Chienogramma, the
genus with which it most nearly agrees in structure, by the lashed
eyes, the smaller head, comparatively stouter body and shorter wings.
From all the other forms with lashed eyes it differs by the non-
spinose tibiee. The dark coloration and small size of the single species
renders it easily recognizable.

D. hylzeus Dru., Ex. ii, 45, pl. 26, fig. 3, Sphinx ; Cram., Ex. ii, 16, pl. 107, fig.
C. Sphinx ; Fabr., Sp. Ins. ii, 149, Sphinx ; Mant., Ins. ii, 97, Sphinx ; Ent.
Syst. iii, 1, 373, Sphinw: Gmel, ed. Linn. S. N. 2383, Sphina ; Hub., Verz.
139, Hyloicus ; Westw., ed. Dru. ii, 49, pl. 26, fig. 3, Sphinx ; Harr.,* Sill.
Journ, 36, 296, Sphinx ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. vili, 230, Dolba ; Clem.,*
Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv, 1859, 178, Dolba; Morris,* Synopsis 1862, 203,
Dolba; Harris,* Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 328, Sphina ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 26, Dolba;
Seud.,* Psyche, ii, 77; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 98, Sphinx; Butler, Tr.
Zool. Soc. Lond. ix, 612, Dolba; Pilate,* Pap. ii, 66; Harrington, Can. Ent.
xvi, 54; Fernald,* Sphing. 48, Dolba; Holland,* Can. Ent. xviii, 103, Dolba ;
Grt., Hawk Moths 39, Dolba.

prini A & S.,* Ins. Ga. i, p. 69, pl. 35, Sphinx ; Westw., ed. Dru. ii, 47, pr. syn.

Upper side of body and primaries varying from rusty red brown to blackish.
Palpi whitish beneath. Thorax white laterally, and with two white dorsal spots,
often wanting; the metathoracie tufts black. Abdomen with an interrupted
dorsal line, a row of white on each side of middle, and a darker lateral band, all
the segments margined with white. The under side of thorax and abdomen is
white. Primaries with a white patch at base and a white discal dot. A series
of three black dentate transverse lines at basal third, the inner lines accompa-
nied by white shades. Another series of three similar lines at outer third; the
inner line darkest, heaviest and most dentate, the outer line more or less white
powdered, and beyond this the wing is usually more or less blotchy and white
marked. A rather evenly sinuate series of somewhat Junate spots, the lunules
convex inwardly between this last series of lines and the outer margin, and a
similar but less complete row of marginal lunules, convex outwardly. A sub-
apical streak surmounted by an apical white shade. Secondaries smoky brown
to blackish, with whitish at base, and a whitish shade accompanying the dentate

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 197

median lines. Anal angle powdered with white. Fringes of both wings cut with
white and brown. Beneath primaries mouse or dark ash gray, with the outer
series of transverse lines faintly reproduced; secondaries paler, powdered with
whitish to the dark outer margin, crossed by three dentate black lines, which
are often more or less confluent. Expands 2—2.50 inches; 50—62 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Alabama; westward to Missouri, Iowa.

This species varies greatly in ground color and much in distinct-
ness of maculation. Some specimens are nearly black, and in these
the maculation is very indistinct, sometimes only indicated by the
white scales, which in such specimens are prominent. In other pale
specimens the black transverse lining is very distinct, and the speci-
men has somewhat the appearance of a miniature S. rustica with the
white omitted. It is rather common. Smith and Abbot first figured
the larva on ink berry (Ilex glabra) and until the present time no
one has written the life history of the species.

CHL ENOGRAMMA Smith.

Ent. Amer. iii, p. 154.

Form rather robust, yet graceful. Head small, retracted, though
scarcely sunken. Eyes not lashed. Palpi stout, scarcely attaining
front; antennz fusiform, the tip hardly recurved ; a small tuft be-
tween the antennz; tongue moderate. Thorax rather short, stout.
not produced before base of primaries, as usual with indefinite pos-
terior tufts. Abdomen long, conic, pointed, with small, loose dorsal
tufts. Legs rather short and not very strong, subequal, tibize not
spinose, anterior tarsi not armed in any way. Primaries large, rather
broad, outer margin even or very faintly scalloped, somewhat exca-
vated above the hind angle. Secondaries of the usual form, vena-
tion as usual.

The only species referred here is the Diludia jasminearum of our
lists.

The genus Diludia was created by Messrs. Grote and Robinson in
1865, with Sphinx brontes as type, and with it were associated florestan
and collaris, all West Indian or South American species (see Proce.
Ent. Soc. Phil. 1865, pp. 163 and 188). In describing the genus
they say that Sphinx jasminearum and S. leucopheata would probably
be referable to the same genus when identified.

Three species of Diludia accordingly appear in our lists: jasmine-
arum Bdy., brontes Dru. and leucophwata Clem.

198 JOHN B. SMITH.

As characterized by the describers, Diludia is said to have the
‘head large and salient ; prothoracic parts well advanced before the
insertion of primaries.’ In the figure of D. brontes given by them
(J. e. pl. 1, fig. 5) these characters are well marked, and with the
genus Diludia as based upon this species I have no present disagree-
ment.

In describing the species originally, Drury records it from New
York, and for some time the name was applied to what we now know
as C. undulosa. Mr. Grote, however, showed that it could not well
be this species, and thinks Drury mistook the locality of the speci-
men. He figures a Cuban form which he identifies as brontes, yet
names cubensis in case he should be in error.

Mr. Butler agrees with Mr. Grote in the identification of the spe-
cies, and thinks the name cubensis unnecessary. Boisduval, on the
contrary, still believes wndulosa to be the form intended by Drury,
and so cites his figure; he adds that it is poor, and had Drury not
been explicit in stating that his specimen came from New York, he
would not have dared to identify it with wndulosa; but he believes
Drury intended this species, and not the one figured by Mr. Grote,
and will continue so to believe until some species from New York
turns up which agrees better with Drury’s picture.

After a careful study of specimens and figures I believe Mr. Grote
correct, and exclude brontes from our fauna as West Indian since I
know of no records sufficient to authorize its reception into our faunal
lists” On comparison with jasminearum I find brontes to differ gene-
rically in the head and thoracic structure. It agrees with the char-
acters given by Grote & Robinson above cited, and disagrees with
those above given by me for Chlenogramma. The legs are unarmed,
but the fore tarsi are heavily spinulose. The species belongs with
rustica and allies, or with Pseudosphina.

Of leucopheata I have seen several specimens from Mexico, which
also are not congeneric with jasminearum, nor indeed with brontes,
but closely allied to /ugens in all essentials. The eyes are lashed, the
fore tibize spinose, the tarsi with longer outer spines as in dugens.
Compared with the latter species the primaries are narrower and
longer, with more pointed apices. The transverse maculation is
much less distinct. I have no doubt of the correctness of the de-
termination of the specimens examined, which I believe was made

* Mr. Edwards has since published a record of its capture at Indian River, Fla.
See on this point appendix hereto.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 199

by Mr. Grote. I believe also that Clemens’ locality was erroneous,
or that the species is but a visitor, as is S. tetrio and some others.

The result of this is that the genus Diludia loses two of the species
referred to it, and disappears from our faunal lists, leaving jasmine-
arum as the representative of a distinct generic type.

Cc, jasminearum EBEd., Griffiths Cuvier An. Kingd. ii. pl. 84, fig. 1, Sphina ;
Wilson's Treat. Ent. Ene. Brit. pl. 236, figs. 5 and 6, Sphinz ; Clem.,* Journ.
Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 173, Sphinx; Morris,* Synopsis Lep. 1862, 198,
Sphina: W1k., C. Brit. Mus. Suppl. 31; p. 36, Sphinz; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Pr.
v. 165, Sphinx; List. Lep. 1868, p. 4, Diludia ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i, 114,
Sphins ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i, 25, Diludia ; id. ii, 227, Diludia ; Strk.,* Lep.
Rhop. et Het. 115, pl. 13, fig. 14, Sphinx ; Butler, Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix.
618, Sphinx ; id. 640, Diludia ; Grt., Hawk Moths 39, Diludia.

Head and thorax pale ashy gray, with a transverse line on prothorax extended
through the middle of tegule and over the metathoracic tufts, completing the
ring, sometimes the dorsum of thorax has an indefinite line each side of the
middle. Abdomen dull gray, with a darker, narrow dorsal line and a broad
lateral band containing large round pale spots, often interrupting the band. Pri-
maries pale ashen gray with blackish brown markings. A blackish streak from
base, along inner margin; two very irregular, dentate, transverse lines about
one-third from base, not very distinct. Beyond the middle a series of three much
more distinct scalloped lines straight from costa to middle, then inwardly curved.
Beyond this is another lunulated and more or less interrupted line, not so dis-
tinct as those before described. From the basal bands on costa a blackish shade
band extends obliquely across the wing to the middle of the outer margin, and
’ below this from the basal transverse lines extends a short spur of the same color.
An irregular, subapical black streak. Discal spot white, small; beyond it an ir-
regular yellowish brown blotch. Fringes white, cut with black. Secondaries
black, with a faint grayish central band, and the outer margin grayish powdered,
wider toward anal angle. Beneath, nearly uniform dull fuscous with two com-
mon, darker, central bands. Expands 4— 4.25 inches; 100-105 mm.

Hab—New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maine, Canada,
Maryland, Georgia.

The genitalia are, in the supra-anal plate, after the general type.
The side piece is broad, the clasper large, broad, ladle shaped, ab-
ruptly bent beyond its base, the terminal margin serrate and dentate.

The species is rare, and apparently not very widely distributed.
My list gives Canada and Maine as localities without authority.
Prof. Fernald omitted the species because not certainly recorded
from New England.

There is no difficulty in recognizing the species. Superficially it
resembles Ceratomia, but is readily distinguished by the oblique
black shade band heretofore mentioned.

200 JOHN B. SMITH.

The early stages have been mentioned, but scarcely well described,
by several authors. The species has been raised several times to my
knowledge, and a good description ought not to be long among the
desiderata. It has been figured by Boisduval, and shortly described
by Clemens and Strecker.

CERATOMIA Harr.
Sill. Journ. 36, 286-293.

Head small, retracted, with a slight interantennal tuft; antennze
subfusiform, the hook distinct, long, but not abrupt. Palpi small,
slender, hardly reaching the middle of front, the vestiture not heavy.
Eyes small, not perceptibly fringed, not at all prominent. Tongue
reaching about the end of thorax, not very strong. Thorax short,
but little advanced before the base of the wings with short, stout,
post-thoracie tufts and scale ridges along inner edge of patagiz. Ab-
domen cylindrical, tapering to the tip, untufted, the segments poste-
riorly spinulose. The legs are short, weak, subequal, spurs of middle
and posterior tibiz small. Tibize not spinose, except that the fore
tibia has usually some short, stout terminal spinules; first joint of
anterior tarsi with three stout outer claw-like spines and a smaller
spine at tip of second joint.

The primaries large, with eleven or twelve veins; the number
being variable in the same species, outer margin oblique, entire, or
with a slight excavation at the end of vein two. Secondaries with
outer margin entire, except a slight rounding out on the end of vein
1b. The genitalia are variable, that of wmyntor having the supra-
anal plate produced into a broad, somewhat irregular, pointed hook,
the inferior projection reduced to two points; the clasper is also
unique and will be further described hereafter. In the other species
the supra-anal plate is more laterally compressed, the upper hook
short and not curved, the lower much narrower, upcurved at tip,
altogether more Sphingiform, as is also the clasper.

To the single species usually placed in this genus I add the species
usually classed as Daremma. The only difference that can be dis-
covered in the imagos excluding the genital characters are, that in
amyntor the primaries are very slightly excavated above the anal
angle, while in the others this character is not so noticeable in the
majority of specimens, though it is easy with series of each species
at command to find specimens of hagenit and undulosa that will

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 201

match specimens of amyntor in this respect. The difference in genital
structure is more marked, but I am not ready to base genera on this
character as yet.

In the larval state the species are yet more dissimilar; that of
amyntor has the peculiarly horned thorax; those of hageni and un-
dulosa are laterally marked with oblique stripes, and are distinctly
sphingiform, while cata/pe has a cylindrical larva which is striped
and more or less spotted.

In the imago state the species are as easily separable. Amyntor is
larger in size as a rule than the other species, though extremely va-
riable in this respect; the head and collar are white, and this gives
the insect a rather peculiar appearance, different from that of the
other species ; the costal region of primaries is pale luteous brown,
while the transverse maculation, except near the outer margin is
obsolete.

Undulosa differs at onee in the concolorous head and collar, the
uniformly gray primaries on which the transverse maculation is very
distinct. It is a smaller species in average expanse than amyntor.

Hageni is usually still smaller, the maculation very much as in
undulosa, while there is an olive green shade over the whole wing
which is distinctive.

Catalpe is a darker, much more obscurely marked species, about
the size of hageni, without trace of green and with the transverse
markings obscure and partly obsolete.

In synoptic form the species are separable as follows:

Head and collar discolorous white.
Costal region pale luteous brown; transverse maculation indistinct.

amyntor.
Head and collar concolorous.
Transverse maculation distinct.
PRIMA nles evens ory swab OU PECOMcocsseccas-scecesaslaeeecnsessiacedeccs undulosa.
MIM AGlese SUM USEC mW NBO MEC Mnsecnescclssscsessccelenaeccel camseceseheecceeieres: hageni.

Transverse maculation obscured, general color grayish fuscous......catalpee.

©. amyntor Hub., Sammi. Ex. Schmett. ii. Agrius; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het.
vill. 251; G. & R, Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 164-190, Ceratomia ; Beth.,* Can.
Ent. i. 171, Ceratomia ; Minot.,* Can, Ent. ii. 28; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i, 53.
pl. 1, fig. 2, Ceratomia ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 621, Ceratomia ; Pilate,*
Pap. ii. 66; Fernald,* Sphing. 24, Ceratomia; Grt., Hawk Moths 38, Cera-
tomia.

quadricornis Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 293, Ceratomia: Wlk., C. B. M. Lep.
Het. viii. 258, Ceratomia ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 179, Cera-
tomia ; Morris,* Syn. 1862. 205, Ceratomia ; Harr.,* Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 323, figs.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (26) SEPTEMBER, 1888.

202 JOHN B. SMITH.

148, 149, Ceratomia ; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Phil. i. 286, life history; id. iii. 664,
pupa; G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 164, pr. syn.; Andrews,* Can. Ent. viii.
40; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i. 53, pr. syn.; Hagen, Pap. ili. 61.

Palpi, under side of head, and all the legs dark coffee brown; upper side of
the head, thorax and collar whitish, the head and collar more or less stained with
clay color and edged with brown. Upper side of thorax luteous, the patagie
edged with dark brown, and another line of dark brown follows the upper edge
of the white on the sides. The lateral thoracic tufts at the posterior part of the
thorax are marked with luteous, dark brown and white. The abdomen above
and beneath is clay colored, with a narrow black dorsal line more or less inter-
rupted at the incisures, and two broader and less definite lateral brown lines.
Primaries with costa light brownish gray, and a stripe of luteous extends from
the base of the wing along the cell, widening outwardly to the apex. The cen-
tral part of the wing below the cell and between the inner and outer cross lines
is dark coffee brown. The discal spot is small and white, and there are several
heavy black dashes between the veins and parallel with them below the median
and beyond the cell, forming an oblique series from apex to the base. A triple
dark brown line starts from the costa near the base and runs very obliquely to-
wards the end of the cell, giving off one tooth in its course, then turning sharply
back, runs to the hinder margin near the base of the wing in a somewhat wavy
course. This line is usually very indefinite, and rarely distinct enough to be
traced for its entire extent. A similar triple line, more separated on the costa,
starts from the outer fourth and runs down as far as vein 5 at nearly right an-
gles to the costa, thence obliquely and parallel, to the hinder margin. This line
is several times angulated in the first part of its course, then wavy to near the
hind margin, where it forms a sharp outward angle. The outer one of the lines
is margined outwardly with grayish. This line is very indistinct through the
costal region, and below this the outer line is much the most distinet. Second-
aries dull fusco-luteous, with a central fuscous band, the margins only distinct,
forming rather two parallel lines with a dusky shade between and a broader in-
definite subterminal band; grayish near anal angle. Beneath pale, brownish
gray, lighter on the costal margins. Primaries with the transverse maculation
more faintly reproduced. Secondaries with three brown discal lines giving off
sharp angles on the veins, Expands 3—4.25 inches; 75—106 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Virginia; westward to Missouri, Iowa.

The species is not very variable, and is easily recognized. It has
a very distinctive appearance, given by its coloration rather than by
any structural feature, and the species has always been separated
from Sphinx, principally however, upon its larval history. This is
certainly aberrant for the family, and Walsh, many years ago, saw
in the resemblance of the larva to that of some of the Ceratocamp-
ide an affinity between the families. This affinity, which seems to
me really non-existent, for there is nothing in the imago to bear it
out, has been enlarged upon without being added to by Mr. Grote,
who has evidently forgotten where he first got the idea since he never
credited it to its first propounder.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 203

This species is not rare. The genitalia of the male are rather dis-
tinetive. The supra-anal plate has been already described ; the side
pieces are oblong, with the tip obliquely rounded, the clasper short,
broad, coneave, the tip oblique, straight, the margin serrate as is also
the outer portion of the superior margin.

The life history of the species was first written in a general way by
Harris, and since his time the species and its abnormal larva have
been very generally referred to in accounts of the family.

Cc. undulosa WI1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 231, Daremma; Clem., Journ. Ac.
N. Sci. Phil. iv. 186, Daremma ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 214, Daremma ; Lint.,* Ent.
Cont. ii. 128, Daremma; Andrews,* Psyche ii. 73; Hulst.,* BkIn. Bull. ii. 35;
Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 611, Daremma ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880,
v. 41, p. 65, an sp. dist. brontes Dru.? Fernald,* Sphing. 27, Daremma; Hol-
land,* Can. Ent. xviii. 102; Grote, Hawk Moths 38, Daremma.

brontes { Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. pl. 15, fig. 6; id. i. 116, Sphinaw ; Grt., Pr.
E. S. Phil. v. 39 = repentinus; G. & R., Tr. A. E.S. ii. 76, pr. syn.

repentinus Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 180, Ceratomia ; Morris,
Syn. 1862, 206, Ceratomia ; Grt., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 39, Ceratomia ; id. 72,
Sphina; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 164, 189, Daremma; Tr. A. E. Soc. ii. 76,
pr. syn.; Beth., Can. Ent. i. 17.

Head and palpi brownish gray, the latter being darker on the middle joint,
and the head darker above, aud lighter on the sides. The thorax is gray, with
two black lines edged with yellowish, crossing the prothorax. These lines meet
two similar ones on each side, which run backwards, one on each side of the
patagize and meeting behind where the patagiz are tipped with white. There is
also a curved black line preceded by white and followed by yellowish across the
hinder part of the thorax. The abdomen is gray, with a dark brown dorsal line,
a broad, broken, subdorsal line, and a narrower lateral brown line; the edges of
the segments paler. The whole under side is gray, with the breast of a pale,
coffee brown color. Primaries gray, mixed with yellowish scales, and crossed by
four pairs of wavy or angulated dark brown lines, which start from the costa at
unequal distances apart and divide it into five very unequal parts. The pair
nearest to base of the costa runs obliquely as far as the cell, giving off one tooth,
then it takes a somewhat wavy course to the hinder margin nearly at right an-
gles with it; often it is obsolete below the cell or only marked as a shade. The
second pair crosses the wing within the discal spot, curving outwardly to the
cell, then inwardly more gently to the inner margin ; the lines are feebly toothed
at about the middle, and sometimes rather indefinite below the cell. The third
pair starts at right angles with the costa, and curving around the end of the cell
ends near the middle of the hind margin. The inner of these two lines is
slightly angulated, while the outer one gives off quite long and sharp teeth, and
the space between them is filled in somewhat with ochre yellow scales. Between
this and the outer pair of lines the space is filled in somewhat with whitish.
The outer pair of lines starts at right angles with the costa, curves evenly around
to vein 2, and then runs with a slight curve to the inner margin. The outer one

204 JOHN B. SMITH.

of this pair is scarcely undulated or toothed, while the inner one gives off acute
angles on each vein. A black shade line starting from the apex obliquely, ex-
tends into the third pair of cross lines. A parallel dash crosses the outer pair
just below, and there are two and sometimes three parallel] black dashes near the
middle of the wing extending from the median vein out to the outer pair of lines
between the veins. The fringes are white, marked on the veins with dark
brown spots, from which brown dashes extend nearly half way across the ter-
minal space. Secondaries dark smoky brown, lighter on the hinder margin, and
crossed by three parallel darker brown wavy lines, the outer rather a broad, but
indistinctly limited band. The fringes are white and marked with brown on the
veins. The under side of the wings is gray. The primaries are crossed out-
wardly by a dentate line and the oblique apical line is partly reproduced. The
secondaries are somewhat lighter and are crossed by two dentate yellowish brown
lines, one a little before the middle, the other a little beyond. Expands 3—3.75
inches ; 75--94 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Virginia; westward to Illinois, Missouri, Iowa.

This species is not uncommon. It varies somewhat in the depth
of ground color and the distinctness of the lines, but in no other
important point so far as I am aware.

The supra-anal piece has been already described. The side piece
is moderately long and narrows evenly to a pointed tip. The clasper
is a broad, corneous plate, somewhat curved, and the lower angle
drawn out into a long acute point. The life history is tolerably well
made out by Andrews, Fernald and Lintner.

Cc. hageni Grote, Buff. Bull. ii. 149, Ceratomia; Butl, Tr. Zool. Suc. Lond. ix.
621, Ceratomia ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 127, pl. xiv, fig 6, Sphina ; Maas-
sen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 66, Daremma; Riley,* Rep. U. S. Dept.
Agric. 1881-82, p. 193, pl. xii, fig. 2, Sphin.

Gray and olivaceous, the latter of a variably intense hue, but always distinct,
sometimes nearly blackish; variable also in distribution, sometimes tolerably
even over the entire wing, more usually most prominent at base, terminally and
exteriorly between the double dentate black transverse lines which cross the
wing somewhat as in D. undulosa. On the whitish discal blotch is a small ringed
white spot, and a smaller dot is placed above this and obliquely outwardly at the
origin of vein six. A white apical shade limited inferiorly by an oblique black
zigzag streak. As in Ceratomia amyntor there are black dashes on the interspaces
running obliquely inwardly, but these are less prominent and diffuse than in
Hiibner's species. Fringes olivaceous, narrowly interrupted centrally with white.
Hind wings blackish, with double faint transverse shade lines, and with the ex-
ternal margin olivaceous. A fine terminal dark line, fringes as on the primaries.
Beneath fuscous gray, with double, transverse exterior common dentate line, and
on primaries the apical streak repeated. Tegule olivaceous; disc gray. Ab-
domen dorsally olivaceous, laterally gray, with a dorsal black line; two lateral
stripes and a stigmatal line on each side. Head above and collar olivaceous, the
latter with two black lines and the tegul are lined; sides of thorax and collar
whitish. Antenne white outwardly. Expands 3.75-—4.10 inches; 94--102 mm.

Hab.—Texas.

-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 205

The species is readily recognized. It is intermediate between wn-
dulosa and catalpe in size, with the same typical maculation, distinct
enough from each at first sight by the green or olivaceous powdering
of the primaries.

The variation is in the intensity of coloring; sometimes the pri-
maries will be very dark, leaving only the outer margin beyond the
transverse lines paler. Prof. Riley has figured the extreme of this
variation as well as the more common form and the larva, in the
Rept. U. S. Agricultural Department for 1881-82. The genitalia
are much as in undulosa. I could not make a very close study of
them,

D. ecatal pz Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i. 103, pl. ii, figs. 1 and 2, Sphinx; Strk.,
Lep. Rhop. et Het. 142. Sphina ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 224, Diludia ; Koebele,*
Bkln. Bull. iv. 20; Grt., Can. Ent. x. 231, Daremma; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc.
Lond. ix. 629, Pseudosphinz ; Riley,* U. S. Agr. Rep. 1881-82, 189, pl. xiii.
life history.

Ashy or fuscous gray, more sordid in appearance than either of its congeners,
with essentially the same markings, but much less distinct. Head and sides of
tegule paler, more grayish, collar with two transverse black lines joined at the
extremes. Tegule darker to the lateral pale shade, a distinct brown line sepa-
rating the two shades: the terminal tuftings are blackish, dorsum of thorax of
the ground color. Abdomen of the same sordid fuscous gray with a more or less
evident dorsal line and a broader, interrupted, subdorsal line and a narrow lat-
eral one. Beneath uniform pale fuscous gray. Primaries with an obscure, trans-
verse shade at basal fourth, outwardly angulated over the cell, and inwardly
terminating on the inner margin rather close to base. Beyond the discal spot is
another dusky shade somewhat lunulate, more distinct than the others, evenly
curved outwardly over the cell and thence rather straight to inner margin a
little beyond the middle. Beyond this line, to the outer of the following lines,
the wing is usually somewhat lighter in shade. From the outer fifth of costa a
double line runs, outwardly curved to middle, then parallel with outer margin,
to the hind margin rather close to the anal angle. The two parts of this double
line are rather remote at costa, the outer forming an obscure blotch. An oblique
angular black streak from apex inwardly, a longitudinal black streak between
veins 5 and 6, and another in the submedian interspace near the base. Discal
dot distinct, round, pale, dark ringed. Fringes paler gray, cut with dark brown.
Secondaries deep fuscous brown, with three indefinite darker transverse bands,
the two median converging at anal angle. Fringes as in primaries. Beneath
much the same color as above, but a somewhat paler shade, the transverse
shadings of both wings faintly reproduced. Expands 2.75—3.50 in.; 70—87 mm.

Hab.—Virginia to Florida; westward to the Mississippi; as far
north as Indiana.

The species varies somewhat in intensity of markings, but never
becomes distinctly ornamented. Boisduval figures a form with much

206 JOHN B. SMITH.

greenish suffusion, but this seems rare. Prof. Riley’s figure is a good
representation of the more common form.

Despite the abundance of the larva the moth is not common in
collections. The genitalia are distinctive. The supra-anal plate is
much compressed laterally forming a long, curved, pointed hook ;
the inferior process is short, broader than the superior, and upcurved.
It is really not unlike that of undu/osa, but the superior hook is
longer and more compressed laterally. The side piece is very much
like that of wndulosa in shape, but the clasper is a broad, somewhat
ladle-shaped process, with the oblique outer margin irregularly den-
tate.

The larva has been described by Koebele, Boisduval and Riley,
the latter giving the complete unique life history illustrated by good
figures.

ELLEMA Clem.
Journ. Ac. N. Sci. iv. 1859, 187.

Head small, retracted, the vestiture forming a somewhat indistinct
tuft between the antennze; palpi short and slender; tongue mem-
branous, about equal in length to the palpi; practically obsolete.
Eyes of medium size and scarcely lashed. Antennze slender, fusi-
form, rather largest beyond the middle, ending in a somewhat bent
ciliated seta, simple in the females, biciliate in the males. Thorax
very short and stout, rounded in front, and scarcely advanced in front
of the base of primaries; the vestiture thin, but close. Abdomen
cylindrical and tapering, untufted ; the hinder edges of the segments
spinulose. Fore and middle tibia spinulose ; middle and hind tibic
with the usual spurs short; legs subequal, not strong. Primaries
eleven veined, moderate, with an even obliquely rounded outer mar-
gin. Secondaries with the usual venation, outer margin entire, some-
what excavated between veins 1b and 2.

The species are rare, and I have been able to dissect harristi only.
In this the supra-anal plate of the & is very like that of the genus
Darapsa, the side piece is moderate, with the tip oblique. The clas-
per is broad and corneous, and can be compared to nothing better
than a gouge chisel.

There are four American species described ; all of them are pine
feeders, and except harrisii they are all very rare; even harrisii is
not often obtained unless bred from the larva. The species are
closely allied, of a cinereous color, more or less shot with umber
brown; the maculation, except in harrisii, indefinite.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 207

Harrisii, as stated, has the maculation most distinct; the thorax
has a dark line each side of the disc, and the abdomen has a lateral
dusky line. The primaries have the transverse lines very distinct ;
the t. a. lines are angulated over the cell, while the t. p. lines are
strongly dentated on the veins.

Bombycoides is closely allied; the color is more shot with umber
brown, the markings very much as in harrisit, but much more ob-
scure, and the basal transverse bands are wanting.

Coniferarum lacks the maculation on thorax and abdomen, and
the transverse maculation is reduced to a faint reproduction of the
outer line so prominent in harrisi.

Pineum still more resembles the Ptilodontids in wing form; the
uniform color, darker than harrisii, with only a darker, indefinite,
curved shade to represent the t. p. lines will easily distinguish this
species. The larvee lack the caudal horn.

The present position of this genus, at the end of the Sphingid
series is contrary to my previously expressed opinion, placing it with
the Smerinthids. A more careful study of all the features of the
genus convinces me that it is rather a lead from the Sphingine to
the Ptilodontids, i. e. that the Sphingide have decided. affinities with
two distinct Bombycid families ; i.e. with Saturnia through Cressonia,
and with Heterocampa through Ellema and Exedrium. The general
habitus of the species is a degraded Hyloicus type, while the wing
form, the structure of the tibise and of the genitalia all are Sphingid
rather than Smerinthid.

The larva, too, have nothing of the Smerinthid type, while resem-
bling in some respects, at least, the Sphingine.

E. harrisii Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 188, Ellema; Morr., Syn. 1862,
216, Ellema ; Lint.,* Pr. E. S. Phil. iii. 669, Ellema ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v.
166, Ellema; Beth.,* Can. Ent. i. 18, Ellema; G. & R., List. Lep. 5, Hyloicus ;
WI1k., C. B. Mus. Lep. Supp. 36, 297, Ellema : Lint.,* 23, Rep. N. Y. State Cab.
N. H. 170, pl. 8, figs. 10 and 11, Ellema ; Ent.,* Cont. i. 38, Ellema ; Grt., Buff.
Bull. i. 27, Ellema ; Andrews,* Psyche ii. 79; Grt., Tr. A. E. S. ii. 115, Hy-
loicus; Grt., Buff. Bull. ii. 228, = bombycoides ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i.
106, Sphina ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 116, pl. 13, fig. 16, Lapara ; Butl., Tr.
Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 626, Ellema; id. 642, Hyloicus ; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit.
1880, v. 41, p. 66 = bombycoides; Fernald,* Sphing. 83, var. bombycoides,
Ellema.

coniferarum { Harr., Sill. Journ, 36, 297, Sphinx ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het.

Vili. 224, Anceryx ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 188, sp. err. cit.; Har-
ris, Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 328, Sphinx.

208 JOHN B. SMITH.

Head, palpi and thorax umber brown, dise irrorate with white, patagiz also
white tipped and with a deeper brown line margining the discal space at sides;
the line variably distinct, but traceable in all specimens seen by me. Abdomen
umber brown with indistinct lateral deeper brown lines. Primaries umber
brown, with whitish scales scattered over the surface; a pair of deep brown
transverse lines angulated over the cell, and another pair of more distinct,
strongly dentate darker outer lines. The first line starts from basal fifth of costa,
the second from basal fourth. These two lines extend obliquely out, the second
one to the dark discal dot, then turning they run to the hinder margin near the
base, where they are lost in an indistinct reddish brown spot. The third line
starts from costa a little beyond the middle, curves outward around the cell, and
ends near the middle of the hinder margin. This line is sharply toothed on each

vein. The outer line, which is darkest and is followed on its outer side by a _

narrow, brown shade, starts from the outer fourth of costa and crosses the wing
parallel to the last, and equally dentate on the veins. The space between these
two lines is more heavily overlaid with white scales than any other part of the
wing. Two black dashes rest on the wing, one between veins 2 and 3, and the
other between veins 3 and 4, and extend from the median vein to the outer line.
A row of terminal black venular spots. Sometimes the space beyond the outer
dentate line, nearly to the margin, is umber brown, a paler transverse line run-
ning along the outer dents of the dark line. Fringes brown, cut with white-
Secondaries umber brown, lighter at the base, and sometimes with a faint trace
of a median band. The fringes are marked alternately with white and brown.
The under side of all the wings is grayish brown, with a darker colored line,
searcely visible, crossing the outer part. Fringes as on the upper side. Expands
2--2.50 inches; 50--63 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Florida; westward to the Mississippi.

The species is tolerably widely distributed, but hardly common
anywhere. It varies much in the depth of ground color, and in the
distinctness of maculation; all the lines, however, being at all times
traceable. The larva has been best described by Lintner.

E. bombycoides Wlk., C. Lep. B. Mus. Het. viii. 233, Lapara ; Clem., Journ.
Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 187, Lapara; Morr., Syn. 1862, 215, Lapara; Grt., Buff.
Bull. i, 292, Lapara ; id. ii. 228; Bd. Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i. 292, Lapara ; Strk.,
Lep. Rhop. et Het. 116-127, pl. 14, fig. 7, Sphina: Grt., Buff. Bull. ili. 225,
Ellema ; Lint., Ent. Cont. i. 39, Ellema; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 626,
Lapara; Fernald, Sphing. 82, Ellema.

“Cinereous. Fore wings with a zigzag oblique black line, and
with several lanceolate black marks. Hind wings brownish, paler
toward the base; cilize white. Length of the body 10 lines (4 inch.) ;
of the wings 24 lines (2 inches).

“ Canada.”

This is Walker’s description, and what it referred to has been a
puzzle to American entomologists. It has been referred by Mr.
Grote as identical with harristi; Mr. Strecker, on p. 117 of his work,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 209

gives fide Westwood, the following differences : ‘‘ Bombycoides is much
more brownish in tint, not near so leaden gray ; the thorax is desti-
tute of all black lines; the dark dashes on middle, near inner mar-
gin of primaries, are more central and nearer to base of the wing ;
the secondaries are without any appearance of dark central fascia,
the fringe on anal margin is of the same dull brown as the rest of
the wing; under surface of all wings is uniform pale brown.”

In the following number he gives a figure of the species from a
drawing made from the type. This represents an insect very much
like harrisii, save that the pale shade between the outer lines is
strongly marked and the basal line is reduced to a few black dashes.
Mr. Strecker seems in doubt whether it is an aberrant form or a good
species. Mr. Lintner claimed it a good species in his Ent. Cont. i.
Prof. Fernald quotes Mr. Thaxter as having taken an FE //ema “ which
is practically the same with Strecker’s figure of bombycoides,” and as
far as he can judge is that species. He also expresses the opinion
that it is a variety of harrisit.

Mr. Lintner showed me an insect in his collection, last winter,
which he claims is Walker’s species, and from a comparison made
with harrisii at the time, it looked distinct ; the fore wings are wider,
less acute at tip, the costa more convex. The color is more shot with
umber brown and the basal bands are wanting. The specimen was
obtained from Mr. Meske as an imperfect harrisi/, and was a bred
specimen,

Mr. Meske assures me he never obtained harrisii, except by breed
ing, and this insect given to Mr. Lintner must have been produced
by a larva so like that of harrisii that he failed to note any distine-
tion.

In view of all this I believe that this species will eventually turn
out only an aberratic form of harrisii—hardly a variety

for were it
a variety it would occur more frequently.

E. pineum Lint.,* Ent. Cont. i. 1872, 37, pl. 8, figs.12-13, Ellema ; Bd., Sp. Gen.
Lep. Het. i. 107, Sphinx; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 225, Hllema; Butl., Tr. Zool.
Soe. Lond. ix. 626, Ellema.

% .—Head and collar umber; palpi brown; thorax umber at the sides and
brownish cinereous on the middle. Abdomen immaculate. brownish cinereous.
Legs brown, with white scales on the femora and at the joints. Anterior wings
as long as the body, umber colored, dusted with grayish at the base, along the
terminal margin, and on the principal nervures and their branches; within the
cell is a quadrangular blackish brown spot; an umber brown shade is placed over
the base of the nervules, filling the lower half of the post-apical interspace half

~

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (27) SEPTEMBER, 1888

210 JOHN B. SMITH.

way to the hinder margin, entirely filling the disco-central interspace within
one-third of the margin, the middle portion of the medio-superior, the base of i
the central and posterior interspaces; the outer margin of this shade is doubly
curved, convex toward the hinder margin, becoming concave from the medio-
superior nervule; the inner margin of the wing beneath the submedian nervure
is brownish from the base to the middle; the tips of the nervules are touched
with umber brown ; cilia umber brown, spotted with white on the interspaces ;
posterior wings above and beneath ochreous gray, lighter at the base. Expands
1.75 inches ; 43 mm.

9 .—Head and thorax umber brown, the latter grayish at the sides and in the
middle, with a short white line on the upper edge of the patagize ; anterior wings
broader than in the male and longer than the body; color umber brown, with a
darker brown costo-basal spot, another on the internal margin near the base,
which is continued in a dark shade along the internal margin: a similar colored
spot occupies most of the apical interspace and there are two witbin the post-
apical; within the cell a subquadrangular blackish brown spot; of the umber
brown shade, which in the male rests on the nervules, scarcely more than its
hinder margin is visible, and that indistinctly ; middle of the wing at base dusted
with grayish scales and the nervules are also more or less dusted with grayish, es-
pecially the branches of the subcostal vein. Posterior wings above darker upon
the apex and upon the hind margin than in the male, and beneath without the
obscure band which crosses the middle of the nervules in EF. harrisii. Cilia
white, spotted with dark umber on the ends of the nervules. Expands 2.10
inches; 53 mm.

Hab.—New York, Canada.

Differs from harrisii in the darker color, the absence of the gray
shades and the much less distinct markings. The insect is extremely
rare.

Mr. Lintner has also described the larva, which resembles quite
closely that of FE. harrisii.

E. coniferarum A. & S.,* Ins. Ga. i. 83, pl. 42, Sphinw ; Hub., Verz. 139, Hy-
loicus; Wlk., C. Lep. B. M. Het. viii. 224, Ancerys ; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N.
Sci. Phil. iv. 174, Sphinaz ; Morris,* Syn. 1862, 199, Sphinx; G. & R., Pr. E.S.
Phil. v, 166, Hyloicus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i. 27, Ellema ; id. ii. 228, Lapara; Bd.,
Sp. Gen. Het. i. 105, Sphinx ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 325, Ellema; Strk., Lep.
Rhop. et Het. 93, 116, pl. 13, fig. 15, Sphinx ; Koebele,* BkIn., Bull. iv. 20,
Sphinx; Grt., Tr. A. E. Soe. ii. 115, Hyloicus ; Lint.,* Ent. Cont. i. 32, pl. 8,
figs. 10 and 11. Ellema; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix. 626, Ellema ; id. 642,
Hyloicus ; Grote New List, 1882, 11, Ellema ; Fernald,* Sphing. 85, Ellema ;
Edw.,* Ent. Amer. iii. 167.

cana Martyn, Psyche pl. 19, fig. 1 (1797), Sphinw ; Butl., Tr. Zocl. Soc. Lond.
ix. 626, pr. Syn.

Head and collar umber brown. Thorax and abdomen ashy gray, immaculate’
Primaries ashy gray, with an inconspicuous brown line, dentate on the veins,
preceded by a pale shade, crossing the wing from the outer fourth of costa to the
outer fourth of hinder margin. This line is considerably rounded out beyond
the cell and curving in between veins 2 and 3 runs from this place to the hind

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 211

margin at right angles with it. Three cross lines starting from and visible only
at costa divide the portion inside of the outer line into nearly equal parts. Two
dark brown dashes rest, one between veins 2 and 3, the other between veins 3
and 4, and extend out to the outer cross lines. Fringes white, cut with brown
at the ends of the veins. The under surface is pale brownish gray. Expands
2—2.35 inches ; 50—59 mm.

Hab.— Canada to Florida.

This species is a variable one; according to Mr. Koebele, who has
raised it in some numbers, it varies considerably. The primaries
vary in width (in the sexes?) considerably, and they may be uni-
formly ash gray in color. Many specimens have the two black
dashes near the middle of the wing ; some have only one ; some have
a band of lighter gray across the wings, and some have dark lines
and markings; some, apart from the color of the abdomen, which
remains uniform, exactly resemble Sphinx pinastri of Europe.

The form above described is the most common, though the insect
is never abundant. Abbot and Smith have figured the larva of this
species on Pinus palustris, and represented it with a yellow head, the
body checkered with light and dark gray squares. Mr. Koebele has
given a more detailed account of the transformations in “ Bull. BkIn.
Ent. Soe.” iv. 20.

EXEDRIUM Grt.

This genus, so far as I can find, is undescribed. Mr. Grote pro-
posed it in his “ New Check List” for Mr. Strecker’s species Sphinx
halicarnie. This species I saw on one occasion in Mr. Strecker’s col-
lection, unfortunately without noting its structure. I give Mr.
Strecker’s original description of the species, which is all I know of
nee

SPHINX HALICARNIE Strk., Bull. BkIn. Ent. Soe. iii. 35.—* 9
expands 2$ inches. Upper surface light fawn or drab gray, slightly
darker on top of head, thorax and costa of primaries than elsewhere ;
towards and at the exterior margin of primaries somewhat whitish,
though insensibly blending into the drab of the rest of wing, so as
to make no marked difference. A rather short, dark brown streak
in the space between the second and third median nervules and some
brown on the fringe at termination of the veins is all the attempt
nature has made in ‘the decoration of this moth. The secondaries
are light brown, paler at and towards the base, and with the fringe
white and brown alternately ; under surface light brown or fawn
color.

212, JOHN B. SMITH.

“One example was taken by Rev. George D. Hulst, in Florida, in
summer of 1878.

“In Museum Strecker.

“This Sphinx, of which I append a figure in order to exhibit the
great breadth of primaries, is without doubt the most remarkable
species yet discovered in this country.

“Though evidently allied to the coniferarum group its peculiar
bombycid appearance distinguishes it at once from all species yet
known. Doubtless, like its nearest allies, it will be found to exist
in the larva state on some species of pine.”

Mr. Strecker’s figure, if at all accurate, certainly does show a
remarkable looking form. The primaries have the apex rounded,
hind margin decidedly shorter than the outer margin. No structural
details are given, but its location at the extreme end of the present
series is probably correct.

SMERINTHINZE.

Head retracted, comparatively small; palpi usually short, in
Cressonia only, exaggerated and divaricate at tip. Antennze fusiform,
not recurved, and only very little curved at tip. In the male ciliated
or pectinated, in the female simple. Tongue rudimentary in all the
species." Thorax usually short, plump, convex ; sometimes with an
indistinct central ridge. Abdomen always untufted, cylindric, rarely
conic, usually rather obtusely terminated. Legs subequal, short and
weak, usually with only a single pair of small spurs at the ends of
the median and posterior tibiz. Vestiture woolley, fine and dense ;
supra-anal plate in the male genitalia flat and prolonged into a flat-
tened, obtusely rounded hook. Primaries always more or less angu-
lated or dentate, less so in Cressonia; inner margin always sinuate,
the hind angle always more or less produced. Frenelum in the male
very much reduced in size, barely discernible. Primaries without a
loop for its reception ; in the female it is reduced to a mere brush of
short stiff hairs. Primaries with eleven or twelve veins; the same
species sometimes variable in this respect. Internal vein furcate at
base, running to the anal angle; median vein giving off 2 at about
its middle ; 3 about midway between 2 and the end of the cell, where
+ continues the median vein; cross-vein more or less angulated ; 5
from the cross-vein, nearer to 4 than to 6; 6 and 8 from the subcostal,
the latter to the apex, giving off 7 at about oue-quarter from its in-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Dalles

ception ; 9 from the subcostal to the costa near tip, sometimes fork-
ing near the end of its course giving off thus 10, which, when present,
is always very short ; 11 from the subcostal usually about the middle ;
12 is the costal vein. Secondaries with the cell not extending to the
middle of the wing, cross-vein variable ; four always from the inferior
angle; two usually from the middle of the median; three variable ;
five from the cross-vein at varying distances from four, usually closer
to four than six; six and seven together from the end of the sub-
costal ; costal vein variable, depending somewhat on the wing shape.

This subfamily is very distinctly separated in its entirety from the
rest of the Sphinges, forming a division equal in value to all the rest.
In its division I have met with considerable difficulty, less because
there were no characters, but because there were so many that a
genus might almost be based on every species. Indeed, this has been
done, except for myops, which I believe is not a generic type. Astylus
and myops, in fact, are the only species strictly identical in structure,
lumping everything

except in the genitalia. The other extreme
under Smerinthus seemed equally undesirable, and it was not an easy
task to strike the correct mean. Prior writers seem to have had no
definite basis for their subdivisions, a number of species being first
associated in one way then in another, and finally separated alto-
gether. The genital structure of the male has here again given
raluable hints, and I believe the present arrangement as satisfactory
as can be easily made. I have excluded the species of E//ema from
the subfamily contrary to my previously expressed opinions, having
convinced myself that Mr. Grote was more nearly right in consider-
ing them degraded Sphinginw. Though having an aborted tongue,
the wing form and habitus, as well as the genitalia, are more Sphingid
than otherwise.

I head the species with Tr/ptogon, which contains our largest spe-
cies, and has the fore tibix: armed with a long, stout claw. The
genital structure is unique and described in its proper place. There
is but a single species. I follow this by Smerinthus, which contains
three species agreeing in type of genital structure, in the general body
form, in habitus and in pattern of maculation. In all the dor-
sum of thorax between the patagizw is deep brown, the primaries
have an outwardly angulated band or line at basal third, and the
secondaries have the ocellus black centred and connected by a black
spur, with the anal angle; the costal margin is straight. In an-
tennal structure these species differ greatly, and to a less extent in

214 JOHN B. SMITH.

wing form. Under the term Puonias I unite three species again
agreeing in type of genital structure in having a frontal crest be-
tween the antennze, a rather narrow and indistinct, somewhat dis-
colored thoracic crest, more conic abdomen, and in having the ocellus
of secondaries without a black centre, and not connected with the
anal angle; the apex of secondaries is lobed and the costal margin
is sinuate. In this genus, too, there is some diversity in the outer
margin. At the end of the series I place Cressonia, which is isolated
from its allies in antennal structure—the males have the antenne
doubly bi-pectinated, each joint bearing two branches on each side.
Clemens has observed this structure without deeming it of generic
importance. The palpi, too, are unusually long, and are divaricate—
all of them features which isolate the genus from all other American
Sphinges.

The habits of the species are nocturnal. Having no tongue they
are incapable of feeding ; the wings are not built for sustained or
rapid flight, the thoracic muscles being too little developed. They
fly to light, however, and in that way many are taken. The larvee,
withal, are truly Sphingiform, and have the anal horn; they are
granulated, and have the head triangular. Other particulars in re-
gard to the larvee may be gathered from the Introduction.

The pupe are all subterranean and make no cocoon of any kind.

In tabular form the genera and species may be placed as follows:
Antenne of male doubly bi-pectinated, palpi divaricate at tip.. .......-.......06 5.

_

Antenne of male ciliate or singly pectinated, palpi closely applied to front..2.

. Costal margin of secondaries sinuate, the apex produced or lobed. .............. 4.

Size large, thorax immaculate, anterior tibia with a long, strong curved claw,

secondaries not ocellate ............sssceees seserenes Triptogon modesta.

Smaller, the thorax with the dorsum between the patagiz dark brown, second-

BTIOS OCC llabecasderec stews eee acts cocudosstedetaceesaicenserestlsea sone. Smerinthus.

Antenne of male pectinated; ocellus of secondaries with two blue pupils;

fore bibles MOM ATMNEM=sec.s-cocs esses seecuetstess rag eeewesiieeseenes S. geminatus.

Antenne of male ciliated; ocellus of secondaries single; fore tibize with a
spine at tip.

Mpiline notslunuUlatec..cecescsesseccenchesvseveesectiessentes 8S. ophthalmicus.

oT De lanewUMUMlatessscessoeccacsunsersiceaenecceearsasseste-satueeeeeneeesrene S. cerysii.

4. Thorax with a narrow, slightly discolored crest; head crested between the

antenne.......- subveaveserdccel sasersedevsornueeesetes ssisseceom hacdeneruiateceeees Paonias.

Outer margin regularly scalloped. ...... ....2. sess: secccssce soeceeees P. exezeecatus.

Outer margin not scalloped, simply slightly produced on veins 1, 3, 7 and 8.

Ground color deep chocolate brown with lilac powderings; maculation dis-

DIN Chreececestasenesccnaciecene sconsuccsanentoneccsnecencerssecdnaenaconieueessts P. myops.

Ground color pale yellowish brown, the maculation indistinct..P. astylus.

5. Secondaries not ocellate......... .... Secinasereeneinneres as wessonia juglandis.

we wo

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. aS

Belonging to this subfamily is the genus Arctonotus, which yet
offers characters so peculiar that Mr. Grote placed it in the Caudi-
berbes with Pogocolon and Aellopos, while Mr. Butler questions its
right to belong to the Sphingide at all. The species is so extremely
rare that I have been able to examine only a single specimen, and I
hold to my previously expressed opinion* that it belongs here rather
than elsewhere. As, however, I have not been able to make the same
careful examination as in the other forms I place it at the end of the
series ; in fact it must either end or head it, for it belongs nowhere
else. It cannot remain where Mr. Grote puts it on account of its
antennal structure as well as its other characters—in fact the only
reason I can imagine for its position among the Macroglossine is the
small size and plump form which somewhat resembles that of the
species with which it is associated.

TRIPTOGON Bren.
Bull. de Acad. Imp. St. Petersb. 1861, iii.

Head sunken, small, with a small median crest. Palpi very short,
terminal joint minute. ‘Tongue minute, membraneous; vestiture
fine silky hair. Antennze fusiform, without a terminal hook ; simple
in the 9, biciliate in the &. The ciliations are ranged in two series
on each side of the middle of each joint, and approach at tip, form-
ing thus an approach to the double bi-pectinations of Cressonia.
Thorax plump, heavy, not tufted, the vestiture very dense, fine and
silky hair. Abdomen plump, cylindric, obtusely terminated, uni-
formly covered with fine spinules which are concealed by the vesti-
ture, which is somewhat flattened. Legs strong, short, subequal in
length, the anterior shortest; in all the tarsi much exceed the tibiz
in length. Middle and hind tibize with a single pair of short termi-
nal spurs, anterior with a stout curved spine at inner side of tip—
not spinose. ‘arsi finely spinose. Primaries large, with regularly
scalloped outer margin and 12 veins; 10 very short, from 9 to the
costa. Secondaries large, anal angle somewhat produced, outer mar-
gin slightly and irregularly sinuate ; 8 veins, costal straight, or but
little sinuate; 6 and 7 from the end of the subcostal; 3, 4 and 5 at
equal distances from the end of the cell; 5 from the cross vein, much
nearer to 4 than to 6.

The genital structure of the male is characteristic. The supra-
anal plate is thick, bent into a broad flat hook. The inferior spur is

Sin en

216 JOHN B. SMITH.

also broad and flattened and meets the hook at the inner side of tip.

The side pieces are very broad at tip, at the inferior angle with two

curved corneous hooks. A narrow, elevated, corneous ridge runs

close to but not entirely parallel with outer margin ; inside of this is

a broader ridge with flattened top, which is rough with elevated

points and teeth. The American species is of large size and easily

recognized.

T. modesta Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 292, 1839, Smerinthus ; Ag., Lake Sup. 388,
pl. 7, fig. 7, 1850, Smerinthus ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Ph. iv. 1859, 183,
Smerinthus ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 210, Smerinthus; G. & R., Pr. E. 8. Ph. v. 161-
185, 1865, Smerinthus ; List. Lep. N. A. i, p. iv. 1868, Smerinthus ; Grt., Buff.
Bull. i, 24, Laothe ; id. ii, 227, Amorpha ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 60, pl. vii
fig. 11, 4, Smerinthus; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix. 589, Triptogon ; Grt.,
Can Ent. ix. 132, Triptogon; Bunker, Can. Ent. ix. 210, Smerinthus ; Edw..,
Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi. 92, Smerinthus ; Fernald, Sph. N. E. 71, Triptogon.

princeps WIk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii, 255, Smerinthus ; G. & R., Tr. A. E. S.
ii. 76, pr. syn.

populicola Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i, 22, Smerinthus.

Var. occidentalis Hy. Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi. 92, Smerinthus ; Strk., Lep.
Rhop. et Het. 126; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii, 223; New List, 1882, an sp. dist. ;
Holland, Can. Ent. xviii. 105, var. pr.

imperator Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 125, pl. xiv. fig. 3, Smerinthus ; Grt., Lists
pr. syn.

Head, thorax and abdomen pale gray or olivaceous, darker beneath, segments
of abdomen paler marked or ringed. Basal third of primaries pale gray, with
faint transverse shades. A broad, olive median band, the interior margin strongly
defined, upright, slightly sinuate and dentate; the outer margin marked by a
wavy, pale line. Outer part of wing olivaceous, somewhat paler than the me-
dian band, crossed by three lighter shade bands. Secondaries deep rosy red on
the disc, pale gray on the costal and hinder margins, and olivaceous on the outer
margin. A bluish gray patch near anal angle, with a black streak above it, and
a pale fawn gray shade above that. Beneath olivaceous, with a broad, dusky
outer margin and a variable number of obscurely marked shade lines. Disc of
primaries toward base clothed with longer, dense, rosy red hair. Expands 3.5—
5.5 inches; 88—138 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Louisiana; westward to California.

A widely distributed but not very common species, and the largest
American Smerinthid. The soft blending of olive and gray shades
gives this species a beauty of its own, well expressed by its name.
It varies in depth of ground color, and in the distinctness of the
transverse maculation. Somewhat also in the form of the inner
margin of the median band which is sometimes strongly indented.
The pale form of the species has been named occidentalis by Mr.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Diley

Edwards, and is the prevailing form on the Pacific slope, though
Mr. Holland says he has it from Ohio not in any way differing from
California examples. The life history is given by Mr. Bunker in
Can. Ent. ix. 210.

Boisduval’s description of this species is based upon the assump-
tion that Harris’ name is pre-occupied, but in that case princeps W1k.,
would have to be used, and Boisduval’s name is, in any event, a
synonym.

T. imperator Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 125, pl. xiv. fig. 3, Smerinthus.

Head above yellow fawn color, thorax violaceous gray, not dark; abdomen
yellowish fawn shaded, somewhat darker dorsally, and with a faint dorsal line of
violaceous extending the whole length ; beneath pale fawn ; legs violaceous. Upper
surface: primaries general style of ornamentation somewhat as in modesta Harr.
Basal third of wing very pale violaceous gray, yellowish at base, and traversed
in its middle from costa to inner margin by an irregular darker shade; the outer
edge of the basal third is very irregular and produced in a sharp angle at the
innermost median nervule and is narrowly shaded where it joins the median
space by a darker tint; the inner half of the median space is tinted with brown-
ish, the outer half is of the same pale violaceous gray as the basal part; the outer
edge of the median space is scalloped and shaded with darker gray ; a large, pale
discal mark ; the third or terminal space is of the same pale gray as the major
part of the rest of the wing, shaded on costal half with pale yellowish fawn, a
darker patch on inner margin not far from inner angle. Secondaries dull crim-
son, yellowish white at inner margin and a large pale gray patch covers that
part of the wing at and near the anal angle, within which patch is a blackish
dash parallel with outer margin, between which latter and said dash is a faint
gray abbreviated line extending from the anal angle inwards to where the crim-

-son color commences. Under surface of all wings very faint yellowish fawn
with a broad terminal band, but a shade darker; basal half of primaries dull
crimson, which color does not extend to either costa or inner margin and the
discal mark is designated by the pale fawn of the ground color of the wing.
Expands 4.5 inches; 113 mm ().

Hab.—Arizona.

The above is almost a literal transcript of Mr. Strecker’s descrip-
tion, which is quoted to present fully its claim to specific distinction.
Mr. Strecker says on this subject: “ This differs from its nearest ally,
modesta Harr., in the far greater breadth of wing, the great robust-
ness of body, the entirely different color and in the difference of the
undulations of the transverse lines and shades, also in the shape and
greater size of the discal mark or bar.” Thus far Mr. Strecker.—
Mr. Grote has, on several occasions, incidentally referred this as a
synonym of occidentalis Hy. Edw., and so it stands in his last list,
as I believe correctly. The most obvious difference is in the inden-

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (28) SEPTEMBER, 1888.

218 JOHN B. SMITH.

tation of the median band of primaries, and this is a decidedly vari-
able quantity, the size is not unusual for modesta, and it does not
differ perceptibly in bulk or wing shape.

A third species has been described by von Reizenstein as S. Cablet
in “Scribner’s Monthly” from Louisiana. The larva also is described
as horned and feeding on water plants. ‘The determination that the
species was new seems to have been made upon Mr. Grote’s authority,
but Mr. Grote has since disclaimed knowledge of the species, and in
his new list (1882), he leaves it without number, and in a note to p.
10 he says: “ This will probably turn out to be modesta.” ‘The larva
differs considerably from that of modesta and Prof. Riley tells me it
represents an Arzama. It therefore adds nothing to the species which
does not seem as imago to be anything but modesta.

SMERINTHUS Latr.
Hist. Nat. Ins. p. 431.

Head small, sunken, the front smooth, not tufted, palpi short, in
the males scarcely, in the female not exceeding front. Tongue rudi-
mentary. Eyes small; antennze fusiform, curved at tip, ciliate or
pectinate in the %, simple in the 9. Thorax short, convex; the
vestiture with a plush-like appearance. Abdomen plump, cylindric,
moderately long and tapering, the segments not spinulose. Legs
subequal, short; unarmed in geminatus ; the others have a very
short, blunt spine at tip; middle and posterior tibize with a pair of
small spurs at tip. Primaries with the venation of the group; 11,
rarely 12 veined; the outer margin usually produced beneath the
apex, and again on vein three. The species differ somewhat in this
respect. Secondaries rather long, with costal margin straight, the
anal angle somewhat produced.

The genitalia are after one general type. Side pieces oblique
beneath, straight superiorly, the tip broadly rounded. From the
upper margin arises near the tip a somewhat spatulate, concave, cor-
neous process rounded at tip, and on the inner margin nearer base is
a broader process, which tapers rather abruptly to a point. In
geminatus there are two such. The supra-anal plate is produced into
a broad, flat hook, with obtusely rounded tip, the inferior projection
very much reduced in size.

Three species are referred to this genus, agreeing in general style
of ornamentation, wing form and essentials of structure, yet suffi-
ciently different to have been referred to as many genera.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 219

Geminatus has bi-pectinated antennze in the %, a single branch to
each side of each joint. The pectinations slender, curved, cylindrical,
with rounded tip, fringed with fine ciliz. The primaries have the
outer margin slightly produced on veins one, three, seven and eight.
The ocellate spot is geminate, i. e., the blue centre is completely di-
vided by a black band. Rarely the band is not complete and the
variety jamaicensis is thus formed. Mr. Grote has proposed the term
Eusmerinthus for this species.

In ophthalmicus the antenne of the $ have a single series of thin
square laminz, each nearly equal in length to the joint, and upon
each side there are two rows of fine cilia which converge at the tip.
The outer margin of primaries is somewhat produced on veins 1, 3,
4, 6 and 8, but less prominently than in the other species. The
ocellus is single.

In cerysti the antennze are similar to those in ophthalmicus ; the
outer margin of primaries are somewhat markedly produced over
veins 1, 3, 4,6, 7 and 8. The distinguishing structural feature is a
very short blunt spine at the tip of the fore tibise to which Prof.
Fernald first called attention and upon which Mr. Grote based his
generic term Copismerinthus, not aware that ophthalmicus shared this
peculiarity, and using another’s labors to secure a new generic term.
We are thus, fortunately, in possession of a generic term for every
one of our species with the solitary exception of myops. I cannot
find that this has been made the type of a genus.

It will be noted that in the arrangement here given the species
add regularly to the number of dentations of primaries; geminatus
has four; ophthalmicus and cerysii six ; so that the species are distin-
guishable by this character alone.

Mr. Strecker’s species astarte is a form of cerysii.

S. geminatus Say, Am. Ent. i, 25, pl. 12, Smerinthus ; Harr., Sill Journ. 36,
29, Smerinthus ; Wik., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 246, Smerinthus; Lec. ed. Say
Am. Ent. i, 25, pl. 12; Clem.,* Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 183, Smerin-
thus ; Morris,* Syn. 1862, 210, Smerinthus ; Lint.,* Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. iii. 665;
Ent. Cont. ii, 119, life history; G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phil. v. 185, Smerin-
thus ; Reed, Can. Ent. i. 40; Pack.* Guide 275, Smerinthus ; Grt., Buff. Bull.
i. 23, Smerinthus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. i. 56, pl. vii, figs. 6%, 7 Qo,
Smerinthus ; Bd.,* Sp. Gen. Het. i. 39, Smerinthus ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond.
ix. 592, Calasymbolus ; Grt., Can. Ent. ix. 132, Eusmerinthus ; Buff. Bull. iii.

223, Eusmerinthus ; Hulst,* Bull, Bkln. Ent. Soe. i. 67; id. ii. 35, Smerinthus g
Fernald,* Sphing. 77, Smerinthus ; Grt., Hawk Moths 35, Calasymbolus.

220 JOHN B. SMITH.

Var. jamaicensis Dru., Ex. ii. 43, pl. 25, figs. 2, 3, Sphina ; Westw., ed. ii, 47,
pl. 25, figs. 2, 3, Smerinthus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 247, pr. syn.;
G. & R., Pr. Ent. Soe. Phil. v. 160, Smerinthus (an sp. dist.?); Lint., Ent.
Cont. ii. 123, pr. syn.; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. i. 57, pl. vii, fig. 8, Smerin-
thus; Grt., Hawk Moths 36, pr. var.

ocellatus Fabr., Ent. Syst. iii. 1, 355, Sphinw ; Gmel., ed. Linn. S. N. 2371,
Sphinx ; Westw., ed. Dru. ii. 47, Jamaicensis.

Var. tripartitus Grt., Hawk Moths 36.

Head and thorax bright, somewhat corneous gray ; palpi more reddish; dor-
sum of thorax rich.deep brown, except at extreme base; the dark patch occupy-
ing the entire space between the patagie. Abdomen rather darker, more fuscous,

with an indefinite, interrupted dorsal line and a series of still more indefinite,

often obsolete lateral pale spots. Primaries gray, with a very variably marked
rosy tinge. Basal space palest, with a pale transverse line marked by two darker
shades through its outer third. From the basal third of costa a dark brown line
runs outwardly oblique to vein two (more or less dentate on the median vein),
then forming an angle that may be either acute, right or obtuse, inwardly ob-
tuse, inwardly oblique to the internal margin at basal third. This line is very
variable in its course, but is always outwardly angulate a little below its middle.
At outer third of wing is a transverse shade band that may be either rigid, sin-
uate, or simply with an outward curve. Beyond this band the wing is darker to
a series of three pale alternated by two darker, sinuate, transverse lines. The
middle pale line may be wanting, in which case there seem two parallel pale
lines with a broad dark shade between. Through the subterminal space is a very
variably distinct paler shade, dilating some at anal angle, where it is preceded
by a darker patch; and margining inwardly, a very distinct dark, apical lunule.
A narrow lunulate patch, discal spot margined with brown. A deep brown shade
from the middle of the angulated line at basal third, in the space between veins
two and three and extending through and filling that interspace to the series of
outer lines. In dark specimens this is not prominent, as the whole of the me-
dian space below the cell then becomes of a nearly equal tint; in pale specimens,
on the contrary, it is very distinct. Secondaries rosy red, with costal and outer
margin rather broadly buff or yellowish ; a large ocellus near to and connected
with anal angle with a blue centre which is divided into two by a central trans-
verse band. Beneath, primaries rosy to the oblique shade at outer third, then
darker, with the maculation of primaries much more distinetly reproduced.
Secondaries with a linear white discal spot, a broad brown discal band; another
near outer margin, staining the anal angle; between these brown bands is a
series of three pale and two darker lines similar to those of the primaries Ex-
pands 22.75 inches ; 50--69 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Virginia; [linois, Kentucky, Jamaica?

A somewhat variable species, especially in the form of the ocellus
of secondaries. Drury described his species from Jamaica, and fig-
ures it with a single ocellus. No one has since received the species
from that locality and there was probably an error. Mr. Lintner,
in a brood of geminatus, obtained a single female, which in all re-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Al

spects agreed with Drury’s figure and description. Later Mr. Hulst
obtained from normal & and 9 a brood of over thirty imagines.
About half of these were of the normal form. Of the remainder
one, a male, was a perfect specimen of the variety jamaicensis, and
the rest filled every gradation between it and the type form. One
specimen had but one or two blue scales to represent the second ocel-
lus. In every case it was the inner ocellus which showed a tendency
to be lost. The outer one seemed nearly constant, except in position.
As the inner one faded the outer one approached a little the centre
of the black space, which became at the same time less elongate.
Mr. Hulst also speaks of a female in which a few scales represent a
a third ocellus. Clemens also says that the spot may have two or
three blue pupils. This form Mr. Grote has named tripartitus in his
most recent opus, basing his action upon information obtained in
Prof. Fernald’s paper, as in the creation of the subgenus Copisme-
rinthus.

The terms jamaicensis and ocellatus both have priority of geminatus.
The latter is a synonym of the former. Jamaicensis, however, is not
only a misnomer, but is inexpressive and absolutely misleading,
whereas geminutus well expresses ove of the most marked superficial
features of the species, and refers also to the true stem form. I have,
therefore, retained Say’s name, following in this all prior writers on
the group.

The genitalia of the male emphasize the other differences. The
side piece is very broad at base, furnished inferiorly with a rather
stout, somewhat beak-like, obtusely rounded tip. It suddenly nar-
rows at this point from the declivity giving off another shorter, but
rather more pointed spur, and finally from the upper margin near
tip giving off a spatulated beak with rounded tip.

The larva has been mentioned, and more or less completely de-
scribed by a number of authors.

S. ophthalmicus Bd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, iii. 3d ser. 32, Smerinthus ; Lep.
Cal. Ann. Soc. Belg. xii. 67, Smerinthus ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv.
1859, 184, Smerinthus ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 211, Smerinthus; G. & R., Pr. E. Soe.
Phil. v. 160, Smerinthus; Lint. Ent. Cont. ii. 125, Smerinthus; Grt., Buff.
Bull. i. 23, Smerinthus ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i. 31, pl. i, fig. 1, larva; Strk., Lep.
Rhop. et Het. i. 58, pl. vii, fig. 5 Q, Smerinthus ; Edw.,* Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi.
91; id. vii. 21; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 592, Smerinthus.

Var. pallidulus Hy. Edw.,* Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi. 91; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het.
58, pl. vii. fig. 4 4 ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 223.
Var. vancouverensis Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 593, Smerinthus.

222 JOHN B. SMITH.

Head brown, vertex paler. Thorax pale fawn, with the dorsum broadly deep
brown, widening to the base—in fact leaving the patagise only pale; the latter
sometimes with a rosy flush. Abdomen bright fawn color, immaculate. Prima-
ries above dun or fawn of various shades. Base to the angulated line paler than
the rest of the wing; median space below the cell darker, richer brown than
elsewhere; beyond the outer transverse lines the wing is again darker with paler
powderings toward apex and anal angle: an indistinct transverse line banded by
a diffuse dusky shade each side, through the basal space. A very sharply defined
outwardly oblique shade line from costa at basal third—-narrow through the cell,
broadening out below—-to below vein two; there acutely angled and inwardly
oblique, and somewhat convex to internal margin at basal third. This line is
variable in the amount and acuteness of its angulation ; sometimes the angle is
rounded, and drawn out very acutely so as almost to meet the outer transverse
line. A pale, somewhat yellowish, lunate, discal spot; the median vein broadly
pale marked through the median space. A somewhat indefinite oblique trans-
verse pale line at outer third, beyond which is another parallel to it, preceded by
a dark shade. A very indistinct subterminal pale shade. An angulated pale
mark before the apex, outwardly diffuse along costa. Anal angle pale powdered.
Secondaries rosy at base, with broad pale fawn margins; a large, round, ocellate
spot; black ringed, blue centred and with black pupil, connected with the anal
angle by a short black dash. Beneath, rosy at base, pale fawn outwardly, the
maculation of upper side reproduced. Secondaries pale fawn, with a discal spot
and two parallel pale median lines. Expands 2.50—3.25 inches; 63—81 mm.

Hab.—California, Vancouver, Oregon, Washington Territory,
Lake Superior.

This species seems variable only in the depth of ground color, and
the paler form Mr. Edwards has named pallidulus. The variety
intergrades fully and very gradually with the type form throughout
its entire range. The species does not seem common. The side piece
of the male is rather narrow, the tip obtusely rounded. From the
upper side near the tip arises a spatulate corneous process, somewhat
dilated and rounded at the tip. The projection from the lower mar-
gin is nearer the middle, and is very much stouter and longer, some-
what beak-like, acute at tip. Mr. Butler speaks of “ A female ex-
ample of a species from Vancouver’s Island is also in the collection ;
although rather a large insect, it approaches very close to S. ophthal-
micus Q, as figured by Strecker, but has the primaries of a much
browner tint, as in S. ocellatus, and less excavated below external
angle; the central band forms a large, oblong patch on inner mar-
gin, and the whitish submarginal streak is less distinct. The second-
aries are bright rose color, excepting a narrow buff outer border and
a diffuse whitish patch at anal angle; the ocellus is larger. I pro-
pose to call it S. vancouverensis.”

Mr. Edwards has described the early stages of this species.

bo

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 223

S. cerysii Kirby, Fn. Bor. Am. iv. 301, pl. iv, fig. 4, Smerinthus ; Hare., Sill.
Journ. 292, = geminatus; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 246, = geminatus ;
Grt. & Rob., Pr. Ent. Soe. Phil. v. 40, an sp. dist.; Beth., Can. Ent. xi. 151,
Smerinthus ; Lint., Ent. Cont. ii, 124 = geminatus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het.
59, pl. vii, fig. 3 §, Smerinthus ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i. 35, Smerinthus ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 223, Eusmerinthus ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 592,
Calasymbolus ; Grt., Can. Ent. xviii. 133, Calasymbolus ; Fern., Sphing. 79,
Smerinthus ; Grt., Hawk Moths 35, Copismerinthus.

Head and thorax fuscous gray or cinereous; dorsum of thorax rich, deep
chestnut brown, widening toward base. Thorax fuscous, silky, with a slightly
darker dorsal line and a series of indefinite paler lateral spots. Primaries ash
gray, shaded and maculate with fuscous brown. Basal space pale, with a dusky
shade, crossed by an indistinct whitish band. A little beyond basal third of costa
adusky, outwardly oblique band crosses the cell, widens into a broad shade below,
acutely angled below vein two, thence inwardly oblique to the inner margin
about two-fifths from base. A tolerably even, not very definite whitish shade
runs from apical fourth of costa to the inner margin about one-third from hind
angle. Within this, just beyond the cell, is a still more indistinct light fuscous
shade line parallel to it; below the cell the space between the angulated basal
line and the outer pale oblique line is dark fuscous brown; a pale, yellowish
discal lunule, dividing a small discal spot; veins marked with yellowish beyond
the cell. Beyond the whitish shade line the wing is darker, crossed by a lightly
scalloped and somewhat sinuate pale band inwardly margined with darker fus-
cous; a powdery, pale subterminal gray shade widening at anal angle and at
apex. Throughout, the costal region is suffused with gray. Secondaries rosy
red, the margins fawn colored ; a large ocellate spot near anal angle black ringed,
blue centred and with a black pupil; connected with anal angle by a black spur
from the outer black ring. Beneath, the primaries are rosy at base, the yellow
discal mark prominent, outwardly fuscous, with gray powderings, the macula-
tion of primaries reproduced. Secondaries gray, with fuscous powderings, outer
margin rather darker, two parallel, fuscous transverse lines. Expands 3—3.15
inches ; 75—79 mm.

Hab.—British America, Can., N. Y. (Adirondacks), Me., R. I.

This species is so extremely rare that very little can be said of it.
The specimens have been very generally captured at light, and the
early stages are entirely unknown. The side piece of the male
seems broader than in its allies, the corneous processes very much
as in ophthalmicus.

The species was long considered as synonymous with geminatus as
no further specimens were obtained, but there is not the slightest
doubt of its distinctness. It has also borne most ‘of the generic
terms proposed for this group, until it was finally made typical of a
distinct term. It is rather more powdery than any of its allies.

S. astarte Strk., Pr. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil. 36, 1884, 283.

“Male expands three inches; head brown; thorax above dark brown, patagice
whitish gray ; abdomen grayish brown above, more ashen beneath. Primaries

224 JOHN B. SMITH.

dentated exteriorly, but not as deeply notched as in cerysii, but more so than
ophthalmicus. Pointed apically more as in the latter, not so squarely cut off as
in cerysii. Secondaries larger in proportion and more evenly cut on outer edge.
Upper surface : ground color whitish gray, variegated with brownish shades and
bands as in cerysii and ophthalmicus, not as much broken and zigzag as in the
first, neither as clearly defined as in the last; the white discal line and accom-
panying line extending half way along the median nervure are boldly defined
as in cerysii. Secondaries rosy with white at inner margin, grayish at costa and
inclined to brownish at exterior margin. An anal ocellus black, with a bi-sected
blue ring enclosing large black centre; fringe white. Under surface resembles
closely that of the two allied species alluded to.”

Hab.—Colorado; near Denver (Bruce).

Mr. Strecker, whose description is quoted, carefully discusses the
question as to whether it might not be an intermediate form or a
hybrid between the species with which he compared it.

Mr. Strecker’s expressed belief that cerysii and ophthalmicus may
prove varieties of the same species I am scarcely able to agree to, and
the differences seem too great to be easily bridged.

A specimen seen in Mr. Graef’s collection proves it a variety of
cerysit.

PAONTIAS Hib.
Verzeichniss, 142.

Head sunken, moderate in size; palpi in the male reaching to the
middle of the front; in the femaie scarcely exceeding front; tongue
rudimentary ; antennze fusiform, curved at tip; ciliate in the male,
simple in the female; vestiture fine and dense, forming a very dis-
tinct crest between the antennz. Thorax moderate, convex, a some-
what elevated, obtuse ridge extending its full length. Abdomen
elongate, slender, conic, pointed, untufted. Legs subequal, anterior
rather the stoutest, unarmed; middle and hind tibize with a pair of
minute spurs at tip. Primaries narrow, inner margin sinuate, the
anal angle produced ; outer margin very oblique, varying from regu-
larly crenulated (excecatus), to an almost even one (astylus 8 );
eleven veined, disposition of veins not essentially different from the
others of the subfamily. Secondaries almost subquadrate, the costal
margin sinuate, roundedly produced upward at apex ; the costal vein
sinuate to accommodate itself to the margin, else essentially as in its
allies. Genitalia of the male with side pieces narrowing to an ob-
tusely rounded tip, upper margin nearly straight ; a broad corneous
process various in shape from the middle of the inferior margin.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 220

Under this generic term I unite the species of Calasymbolus Grt.
The essential points wherein the three species here united differ from
the others of the family, are the shape of the secondaries, and the
structure of the male genitalia.

Calasymbolus was created by Mr. Grote (Bull. Buff. Soe. N. Sei. i.
23) for P. astylus, and myops was (loc. cit.) placed in Paonias. As-
tylus and myops, however, were so closely related that they were
united under the same term in later papers. Mr. Butler adopts the
genus Calasymbolus, but places in it also geminatus and cerysti. Mr.
Grote later created the term Husmerinthus for geminatus. In his
latest opus (The Hawk Moths of North America) the generic term
Calasymbolus is retained ; Eusmerinthus is made a subgenus of it with
geminatus as sole type, while for cerysii the subgeneric term Copisme-
rinthus is proposed. It will thus be seen that there was no very
definite idea conveyed or understood by Mr. Grote under the term
Calasymbolus. Paonias has been very generally used for excecatus.

The three species which I place in the present genus agree also in
general pattern of maculation. In all, there is on the primaries an
oblique darker line or dark shade from the basal third of costa to or
near the anal angle, and a series of similar undulated transverse
lines beyond the middle. The secondaries have similar ocellate spots
and the costal half of wing is darker.

Excecatus differs from the others in more distinctly ciliated male
antennz, in the rather evenly scalloped margin of primaries, and in
the red color of secondaries. The abdomen is also stouter, and the
species thus forms a distinct group in the genus. A greater number
of entirely similar species might authorize the restriction of Paonias
to forms of that kind.

Myops is deep brown, more purplish than the preceding, the macu-
lation distinct. The primaries are truncate at the apex, slightly ex-
cavate to vein three, where the margin is somewhat produced ; thence
slightly excavated ayain to the produced anal angle.

Astylus Q agrees in wing form. My single % differs in having
the outer margin nearly entire, the angles being scarcely indicated.
The species is much paler, more yellowish brown, and the transverse
maculation is much more indistinct.

The agreement in genital structure as well as in the shape of sec-
ondaries unite these three forms. The differences in the outer mar-
gin of the wing are hardly of generic value. It may be added that
the supra-anal plate of the male is modified into a flattened, obtusely
terminated hook, and the inferior projection is small and slight.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (29) SEPTEMBER, 1888

226 JOHN B. SMITH.

P. exezeeatus A. &S., Ins. Ga. i. 49, pl. 25, Sphinw : Hitb., Verz. 142, Paonias :
St. Farg. and Serv. Ene. Meth. x. 441, Smerinthus ; Harris, Sill. Journ. 36,
290, Smerinthus ; Wik., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 246, Smerinthus ; Clem., Journ.
Ac. N. Sci. Phil. iv. 1859, 182, Smerinthus; Morris, Syn. 208, Smerinthus ;
Harris, Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 327, fig. 155, Smerinthus; Lint., Pr. E. S. Phil. iti.
666, larva; G. & R.. Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 160, Smerinthus ; Lint., Ent. Cont. ii.
127: Pack. Guide, 275, Smerinthus ; Sanb. Can. Ent. i. 48 (50); Grt. Buff. Bull.
i. 23, Paonias ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. 1, 38, Smerinthus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het.
54, pl. vii, figs. 1 &, 2 2, Smerinthus ; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 590, Pa-
onias ; Saund., Fruit Ins. 85, figs. 83 and 84, Smerinthus ; Fernald, Sphing.
73, pl. vi, fig. land 2, Paonias; Beutenmuller, Ent. Am. i. 196 (list of food
plants) ; Saund., Can. Ent. xvi. 10, figs. 1 and 2, Smerinthus ; Fischer, Can.
Ent. xvi. 17; Grt., Hawk Moths 30, Paonias.

pavonina Gey. Zutr. 5, p. 12, figs. 885 and 836, Paonias; G. & R., Pr. E.S.
Phil. v. 160, 185, Smerinthus; Grt., Buff. Bull. i. 23, Paonias ; id. ii. 226, pr.
syn.; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i. 37, an sp. dist. ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 54, pr. syn.

Head and thorax light fawn color; top of frontal crest and a broad dorsal band
of thorax chestnut brown; vestiture white-tipped at base. Abdomen usually
somewhat darker, often concolorous with thorax, with dusky dorsal and lateral
lines, the latter sometimes wanting; often a series of obscure paler spots on each
side of the middle. Beneath. as a whole, paler, more reddish. Primaries light
fawn at base, darker beyond the oblique shade. Basal space crossed by one or
two darker wavy lines, which are sometimes wanting. A broad shade band ex-
tends obliquely from costa at basal fourth to the internal margin near the hind
angle, where it is marked by three black spots. This shade is widest on the disc.
At outer fourth there is a sinuate broad pale shade, in which are three narrow
darker lines; a distinct brown discal spot; a pale subterminal transverse shade
dentated opposite the apex. The excised part of the scallops of external margin
is white; usually the specimens are very distinctly marked; rarely the macula-
tion is suffused. Secondaries with rosy red, the costal region darker; a large
black ocellus near anal angle with a round blue pupil; the fringes also white
tipped. Beneath, primaries rosy red on disc, outwardly darker, with the macu-
lation of primaries reproduced. Secondaries pale fawn, tinged with rosy red at
base, with a broad paler median band, in which are three somewhat irregular
dusky lines. Expands 2.5—3.75 inches; 63—93 mm.

Decidedly variable in size and ground color; sometimes the males
are much darker with an olivaceous shade, more or less tinged with
purple. The corneous process of the male side piece is broad, rounded
at tip, emarginate superiorly before tip, the upper edge of the emar-
gination serrate. Sometimes vein 9 of the primaries forks near the
apex and then the full number of 12 veins is present. This, how-
ever, seems rather rare.

The species is distributed throughout the Eastern United States
and Canada, and is perhaps the most common of the Eastern Smer-
inthine ; there are two annual broods.

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 22

P. myops A &S.,* Ins. Ga. i. 51, pl. 26, Sphinz ; Hib., Verz. 142, Paonias; St.
Farg. & Serv. Enc. Meth. x. 441, Smerinthus; Harris,* Sill. Journ. 36, 291,
Smerinthus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 245, Smerinthus ; Clem.“ J. A. N.
Se., Phil. iv. 1859, 181, Smerinthus ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 207, Smerinthus ; Harr.,*
Inj. Ins. (Flint ed.) 328. Smerinthus ; G. & R., Pr. E. S. Ph. v. 160, Smerinthus ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. i. 23, Paonias ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 55, pl. vii, fig. 9 4,
Smerinthus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 223, Calasymbolus ; Bd. Sp.* Gen. Het. i. 41,
Smerinthus ; Peck.,* Can. Ent. viii. 239, Smerinthus ; Hulst,* BkIn. Bull. iii.
99, Smerinthus; Butl., Trans. Zool. Soe. Lond. ix. 594, Paonias; Saund.,*
Fruit Ins. 208, fig. 14, Smerinthus ; Fernald,* Sphing. 75, pl. vi, fig. 3, Smer-
inthus ; Saund.,.* Can. Ent. xvi. 11, fig. 3 Smerinthus; Bunker,* C. E. xviii.
207, Smerinthus ; Grt., Hawk Moths 35, Calasymbolus.

rosacearum Bd. Sp. Gen. pl. xv. fig. 4, Smerinthus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep. Het.
Vili. 245, pr. syn.; Bd. Sp. Gen Het. i. 41, Smerinthus et sp. dist.

jamaicensis { Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 591, Paonias.

Head and thorax rich chocolate brown; palpi paler; a dorsal stripe on thorax
paler. Abdomen sometimes darker, usually paler, with a dusky dorsal line,
sometimes with irregular tawny spots; segments sometimes indistinctly paler
ringed. Primaries chocolate brown; basal space paler, with a dusting of lilac
scales, crossed by two darker rather indistinct wavy lines. A very oblique, dis-
tinct brown shade line from basal third of costa to hind margin somewhat beyond
the middle, where it joins an elongate purplish blotch resting on the hind mar-
gin and extending nearly to the anal angle. A series of undulated dark and
lilac transverse lines at outer fourth of wing; a yellowish ante-apical costal
patch, and another of the same color before anal angle. Through the terminal
space extends a lilac shade line angulated or dentate opposite the apex. <A series
of darker interspaceal longitudinal shades in the outer portion of wing most
marked opposite the cell and elsewhere often obsolete. A small, brown discal
spot. Secondaries: dise dull yellow, costal region and outer margin to middle
chocolate brown; a yellow patch at apex. Ocellus black, with a large blue pupil,
Beneath, primaries rusty reddish brown basally, outwardly darker, with the
maculation of primaries distinctly reproduced. Secondaries reddish yellow
brown crossed by a series of pale blue undulated lines, outer margin broadly
brown to the middle. Thorax and abdomen beneath powdered with pale blue.
Expands 2—2.5 inches ; 50—62 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia; westward to the Mississippi.

The corneous.process of the % genitalia is rather large and broad,
the tip produced at the upper angle into a short beak.

The species is rare usually, though not difficult to raise if one seeks
the larva. There is little variation in the species so far as it has
come under my notice, except in depth of ground color and distinet-
ness of maculation. From its nearest ally, astylus, it is easily sepa-
rated by the darker color and more complete maculation. The larva
has been often figured and described, but we have no complete life
history, and the descriptions vary so greatly as to indicate extreme
inconstancy in color.

228 JOHN B. SMITH.

P. astylus Dru., Ill. ii. 45, pl. 26, fig. 2, Sphina ; Westw., ed. ii. 48, pl. 26, fig.
2, Smerinthus; Harr., Sill. Journ. 36, 290, Smerinthus ; Wlk., C. B. M. Lep.
Het. viii. 245, Smerinthus ; Clem., Journ. Ac. N. Sei. Phil. iv. 1859, 184, Smer-
inthus ; Morris, Syn. 1862, 211, Smerinthus; G. & R, Pr. E.S. Phil. v. 161,
Smerinthus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i. 23, Calasymbolus ; Bd., Sp. Gen. Het. i. 40,
Smerinthus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 56, pl. vii, fig. 10 4, Smerinthus ; Peck,
Can. Ent. viii. 239; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 591, Calasymbolus ; Fernald,
Sphing. 77, Smerinthus ; Grt., Hawk Moths 35, Calasymbolus.

integerrima Harr., Cat. Ius. Mass. 1835, Smerinthus ; Sill. Journ. 36, 290, pr.
syn.

io Bd. in Guer. Ic. Reg. An. Ins. pl. 84, fig. 2, Sphinx; Griffiths, Cuvier An.
Kingd. Ins. ii. pl. 83, fig. 2, Smerinthus ; Wilson, Brit. Eneyel. Ent. 246, pl.
236, fig. 5, Smerinthus ; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 245, pr. syn.

Upper surface reddish brown of varying shades, deeper in the Q. Thorax
with a dorsal ferruginous stripe, tegulee sometimes tinged with rosy. Abdomen
with a distinct dorsal and lateral dark line in the 9, laterally also marked with
bluish gray; in the % the dorsal line only is distinct. Primaries paler, some-
times whitish towards base, in well marked specimens crossed by two undulating
darker lines, which are, however, usually wanting. A very distinet brown,
transverse line from costa at basal third, to the hind margin near the hind angle ;
terminating on a somewhat purplish dark patch, which runs for a variable dis-
tance along the inuer margin. Beyond this line the wing is often powdered with
lilac or pale blue, most distinct outwardly ; a series of three or four dusky lines
with paler, powdery interspaces from costa at outer fourth, gradully losing them-
selves in the ground color before or at the middle of the wing; a large yellow
spot before the apex and a smaller, yellow, or whitish spot before the anal angle ;
a pale, bluish shade through the terminal space. The terminal space is often
darker and the interspaces opposite the cell often show dusky longitudinal shades.
From the ante-apical pale spot a rusty shade sometimes runs to the disc, nar-
nowing and losing itself in the ground color. Discal spot small, brown, often
wanting. Secondaries with dise yellow, ocellate spot black, the pupil blue; the
costal region is darker, brownish, with two paler lines crossing it before the apex.
Beneath, primaries paler at base than upper side, outwardly darker, the mark-
ings of upper side reproduced and much stronger. Secondaries dusky toward
base; three dark, somewhat irregular discal transverse lines with pale inter-
spaces. Outer margin irregularly rather dark brown, the space between the dark
margin and the discal lines is brighter, more ochre yellow, and is the lightest
part of the wing. Expands 2.25—2.50 inches ; 56—63 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Massachusetts, N. Y., N. J., Pa.

The corneous projection of the side piece of the % genitalia is
short, very broad, spatulate and obtusely rounded.

This is one of the rarest of the group, and does not seem widely
distributed. It is very close to myops in pattern of maculation, but
is much paler, the markings very much less distinct. It seems more
variable than the specimens seen by me would indicate, the variation
being in the shade of the lighter parts of the wing. Mr. Strecker’s

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 2929

figure of this species is not up to his usual work in this line. The
difference in shape of the outer margin is marked and rather unusual.
A 9 in my collection agrees with myops in every particular; a %
from the same brood also in my collection has the margin entire and
not at all angulate. My specimens are both perfect. Other speci-
mens which I have seen are more or less intermediate. It is in all
an easily recognized species.

The life history is very imperfectly known. Mr. Strecker de-
scribed the larva in general terms from a figure “in which it is rep-
resented as being 17 to 2 inches in length; of a pale green color,
beautifully variegated with dorsal and lateral yellow and red stripes
and spots, somewhat in the manner of S. myops.” Mr. Peck, in
“Can. Ent.” viii. 239, says: “ A characteristic of astylus is its caudal
horn, which is armed with two spines at its tip, appearing bifurcate
at first glance. These spines are constant from its hatching. Color
of horn, dark brown at tip and base; pale green at tip and centre,
pointing forward.” At the last molt this dark brown fades to an
extremely light shade. It feeds from six to seven weeks, and the
consequent exposure to parasitic attack may in some measure account
for its rarity. The food plants are Vacciniwm corymbosum, Rosacew
and low Huckleberry (Fernald).

CRESSONTA G. & R.
Brbas eh ve 16l= 1d. 186:

Head small, sunken, larger, somewhat more prominent in the male,
in which also the eyes are globose. The vestiture is hairy, forming
a frontal ridge between the antenne. Palpi rather slender, the ves-
titure rather rough, directed forward, divaricate at tip, terminal joint
minute. In the male they are unusually long, often considerably
exceeding the vertex, while in the female they scarce reach the mid-
dle of the front and are not so stout; all intermediate forms are
found. The tongue is rudimentary. Antennze rather short, fusi-
form, in the male doubly bipectinated, the branches ciliate, becoming
shorter to the tip. As in the Saturniide there are two branches to
each side of each joint, and the branches join in pairs at their tips.
Unlike Saturnia (used in its broadest sense), however, the two
branches of the same joint approach at tip instead of the anterior
of one joint to the posterior of the next. In the females the an-
tennze are simple. Thorax short and stout, subquadrate ; vestiture

230 JOHN B. SMITH.

hairy, forming a slight, usually discolored crest, which divides near
the base in the form of a 4; in the female this is much less distinct
and often concolorous. The abdomen is long, slender and conic in
the % ; stouter, more nearly cylindric in the 9. The male also has
minute anal tufts. The legs are moderately stout, subequal in length,
the median pair rather the longest. The tibize are all densely cov-
ered with fine short spinules, the anterior clothed outwardly with
rather long, dense hair; median tibia with a pair of medium sized
spurs at tip, posterior with two pairs. Primaries with apex acute,
outer margin rounded, sinuate, sometimes a little dentate, hind angle
prominent, inner margin sinuate ; eleven veined ; not differing to any
extent from its allies. Secondaries rather evenly rounded, the mar-
gin entire, or only slightly dentate.

The supra-anal plate of the male narrows rather rapidly and forms
a rather long flattened hook slightly bent and obtusely rounded at
tip. The inferior spur is short, not more than half the length of the
superior hook. The side pieces are broad, the superior margin
straight, the inferior rounded and gradually approaching the supe-
rior at the tip, where it forms a somewhat acutely rounded angle.
From the middle of the superior margin arises a stout, somewhat
curved corneous process with an obtuse tip and serrated inferior
margin.

This is certainly one of the most remarkable and strongly charac-
terized of the Smerinthid genera. The antennal structure is unique
among the American forms, as is also the shape of the palpi. The
frenelum is wanting altogether in the female, and reduced to a mere
rudiment in the male. Its affinities with the Saturniidze are there-
fore marked, and consequently I place this genus at the extreme end
of the series.

There is but a single species thus far described in our fauna. It
forms Clemens’ Group IL of Smerinthus, and Clemens also noted the
peculiar antennal structure without giving it the value it merited.
I pointed out its bearing in Soc. Ent. ii. No. 1, and in Ent. Am. iii.
p- 2.

C. juglandis S. & A.,* Ins. Ga. i. 57, pl. 29, Sphing ; Htb., Saml. i. 171, Amor-
pha; Verz. 141, Polyptychus ; St. Farg. & Serv. Enc. Meth. x. 441, Smerinthus ;
Harr.,* Sill. Journ. 36, 291, Smerinthus ; Wlk.,* C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 247,
Smerinthus ; Emmons,* Nat. Hist. N. Y. Ins. pl. 45, fig. 9, ? Bombyx ; Harr.,*
Inj. Ins. Flint ed. 328, Smerinthus ; Clem.,* Jour. Ac. N. Sei. Phil. iv. 1859,

185, Smerinthus ; Morris,* Syn. 1862, 213, Smerinthus ; Lint.,* Pr. E. 8. Phil.
iii. 668, Smerinthus: G. & R., Pr. E. S. Phil. v. 161 and 186, Cressonia ; Sanb.,

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Zod

Can. Ent. i. 48 (50) Cressonia; Grt., Buff. Bull. i. 24, Cressonia; Bd.,* Sp.
Gen. Het. i. 27, Smerinthus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 53, pl. vii, fig 12 %,
13 2. Smerinthus; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 590, Cressonia; Pack.*
Guide 274, Cressonia ; Edw.,* Pap. iii. 127, Cressonia ; Fernald,* Sphing. 80.
Cressonia; Grt., Hawk Moths 36, Cressonia.

robinsonii Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 590, Smerinthus ; Strk., Lep. Rhop.
et Het. 140; Grt., Buff. Bull. iii. 223, pr. var.; Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit.
1880, v. 41, p. 62, pr. syn.

© pallens Strk., Lep. Rhop. et Het. 54, pl. vii, fig. 14; id. 141, Smerinthus ;
Grt., Buff. Bull. ii. 150, pr. syn.; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 590, an sp.
dist. ? Maassen, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1880, v. 41, p. 62, pr. syn.

Ground color of upper side varying from pale gray to deep fawn color; prima-
ries often with a lilac purple suffusion. Palpi darker than other parts of head.
Thorax usually with a darker brown line, marking the thoracic crest. Abdomen
with the edges of the segments often narrowly paler or darker. Beneath, the
forelegs and prothorax are darker than the rest of the under side, which is else-
where of the same general color as the upper side. Primaries with a rigid, up-
right, transverse line at basal third ; within this, and rather close to it, is another
more indistinct line, more nearly perpendicular to the costa, and therefore not
quite parallel to the other line. From the costa at outer third a transverse line,
much bent at its inception, runs obliquely inward to the middle of the internal
margin. Just beyond is another similar line the inclosed space usually somewhat
paler than the rest of the wing; within the first mentioned line is usually a
parallel, deeper, suffused shade, which is sometimes wanting and sometimes con-
nected with the line, forming a single broad dark band. Outer portion of wing
usually more or less shaded with brown; in well marked specimens the sp:ce is
brown, except a pale costal patch from which a diffuse pale shade runs to the
hind angle. The discal spot is brown. The inferior portion of median space is
darker brown, shading off into the ground color; rarely this darker shade is
wanting. Secondaries with two parallel, median, transverse lines, which inclose
a usually paler space, the lines preceded and followed by a more or less distinet
dusky shade, the inner one sometimes forming a third parallel line. Beneath
brown, irrorate, paler at base of primaries, the two parallel outer lines of prima-
ries reproduced, preceded on both wings by dusky brown shades. Beyond these
lines the secondaries are brown to the outer margin, the fringes marked with
gray lunules; on the primaries the gray subterminal shade of the primaries is
reproduced. Expands 2.5—-3.5 inches; 63—88 mm.

Hab.—Canada to Georgia ; westward to Mississippi, Texas.

This species is perhaps the most variable of the Smerinthid forms.
It varies remarkably in size, largely in color, and greatly in the dis-
tinctness of maculation. Mr. Strecker’s pallens is based on a very
pale specimen in which the upper surface is uniformly ochraceous
and the transverse lines very narrow. A specimen in my own col-
lection has the ground color so dark that all save the basal lines are
lost on the primaries. The robinsonii of Mr. Butler is based on an
unusually large specimen.

232 JOHN B. SMITH.

Though widely distributed the insect seems nowhere common,
probably less because of its absolute rarity, than because the imago
does not feed, and is therefore seldom seen on the wing like the more
typical forms of the family. The larva has been described by nearly
every author since Abbot, and yet the early stages are not fully
known. Abbot figures it as ferruginous, but says that it is sometimes
green. Harris, Clemens and Morris all seem to have drawn their
information from the same source.

ARCTONOTUS Ba.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. ser. 2, x, 319.

Plump, robust, vestiture very dense, rather loose and woolley.
Tongue obsolete. Palpi thick, short, pilose. Antennz fusiform,
stout, serrate, with bunches of rather lengthy bristles on each side
in the $; in the ? simply ciliate. Abdomen short, thick, obconie.
Thorax stout, without distinct tuftings, but the patagiz and collar
marked. Legs short, stout, anterior heavily armed at outer side and
tip with long curved corneous claws; median and posterior tibize
spurred as usual. Primaries slightly acuminate at tip, rather oblique
and slightly convex along the outer margin. Secondaries rounded ;
the venation seems to present nothing peculiar.

I regret that lack of material has prevented my making a closer
study of this remarkable genus, but there is nothing like it, and it
cannot be mistaken. Walker considers it a link between the Bom-
bycide and Smerinthine. Butler doubted its belonging to this family
at all, while Grote places it near the head of the series. It is less
Bombycid than Cressonia, or even Ellema, and I believe furnishes
rather an intermediate form between Smerinthus and Pogocolon with
most structures of the former.

A. lucidus Bd., Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 2d ser. x, 319; Lep. Cal. 1852, 47, Arcto-
notus ; W1k., C. B. M. Lep. Het. viii. 265, Arctonotus; Clem., J. A. N. Se. Ph.
1859, iv. 188, Arctonotus ; Morr., Syn. 1862, 217, Arctonotus ; G. & R., Pr. E.
S. Ph. v. 169, Arctonotus ; Grt., Buff. Bull. i. 17; id. ii. 225, Arctonotus ; Bd.,
Sp. Gen. Lep. Het. i. 293; Edw., Pr. Cal. Ac. Sci. vi. 87; Strk., Lep. Rhop. et
Het. 113, pl. xili, fig. 7, Arctonotus; Butl., Tr. Zool. Soc. Lond. ix. 627,
Arctonotus.

Head, palpi, antenne, thorax and abdomen, yellowish olive. Thorax, with
the tegule a little darker and edged narrowly with white. Abdomen with a
small anal tuft; anterior wings yellowish olive, with a darker median band, not
reaching the inner margin, and surrounded by an oblique, rich purple border
along the interior margin, and obsolete before reaching the costa. This border

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 253

has a rather brilliant metallic reflection. Beyond the middle is a notched shade
band of olive resting on the costa, a small linear patch near the apex and a lunate
streak near the internal angle of the same color. Fringe of the exterior margin
yellowish, with the edges brown; that of the internal margin purplish, concol-
orous with the oblique band. Posterior wings reddish fawn color at base, with a
rich, claret-red submarginal band, narrowing inwardly and lost in the brown
hairs of the anal angle. Margin broadly reddish fawn color, the same shade as
the base of the wings. Underside grayish olive, with a ferruginous patch on
dise of anterior wings. Fringes deep fawn color. Expands 2 inches; 50 mm.

Hab.— California, Oregon.

This description is after Mr. Hy. Edwards, and is copied because
I could not improve on it. I regret that I can find nothing of its
early stages which might add something to our knowledge of the
location of this peculiar form. It is extremely rare.

POSTSCRIPT.

The manuscript of the foregoing monograph was practically com-
pleted nearly two years ago. <A variety of reasons prevented its
immediate presentation for publication, and after acceptance it was
compelled to take its turn. For over six months it has been run-
ning through the press, and before it finally reaches its readers the
work will be fully two years old.

In an order like the Lepidoptera, and an attractive family like the
Sphingide, two years often suffices to greatly increase or improve
our knowledge, and a monograph long delayed may become anti-
quated even before being published. In the present case no such
fatality has taken place; but there have been several publications
referring to the family, since its completion, and I have been able in
some cases to see a much greater material than was accessible to me
at the time of writing. Mr. Edwards has published also one new
species since the MSS. went to the printer. The bibliographical ref-
erences are therefore not quite up to date in all cases, but are, I think,
complete to the beginning of 1888.

The greater material seen has, until quite recently, but confirmed
my conclusions. In August, 1888, I had an opportunity of studying
the collections of Mr. David Bruce, of Brockport, N. Y., containing
many rare species, and large series of others taken by Mr. Bruce in
Colorado. On two points this collection modified and corrected con-
clusions arrived at from lack of larger material. I find that I had,

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (30) SEPTEMBER, 18838.

234 JOHN B. SMITH.

following Dr. Holland, mistaken the type of Mr. Edwards’ S. van-
couverensis for a small drupiferarum, or more correctly had mistaken
a small drupiferarum ‘for vancouverensis; an error not difficult to
make by-the-bye. A specimen named by Mr. Edwards in Mr.
Hulst’s collection first attracted my attention to a possible error, and
an examination of Mr. Bruce’s series showed Mr. Grote to have been
correct in referring it to vashti Strk. The series showed more, how-
ever ; it proved that albescens Tepper, belongs to the same series, and
that the only character found by me to separate the two—the dusky

thorax of albescens—was not a specific one, but was seasonal. Mr.
Bruce states that there are two annual broods, of which one is always
albescens and the other vashti (vancouverensis). The synonymy must
be, therefore, corrected to agree with this.

The other point upon which Mr. Bruce’s collection shed a quite
unexpected light was in regard to Smerinthus astarte Strk. From
Mr. Strecker’s very good description I had concluded it must be
S. ophthalmicus; afterward a single specimen in Mr. Graef’s collec-
tion could not be separated from cerysii, and I so referred it in the
list of species in “ Ent. Amer.” vol. iv. p. 89. Mr. Bruce showed
me quite a series of astarte and ophthalmicus, and an undoubted
cerysti, and I have been compelled, unwillingly enough, to conclude
all three as forms of one species, the variations being geographical.
The difference in outline of primaries between cerysii and ophthal-
micus is marked, as is also the appearance of the t. p. lines, and I
certainly never expected to find any specific connection between the
two, though the genital structure is practically identical. The series
of astarte, largely bred, shown me by Mr. Bruce, was convincing.
A full series of intergrades so far as wing form is concerned was
readily found, while no specimen had the t. p. lines so strongly lu-
nulated as in cerysii. This, however, is the only difference that I can
find and the difference is not greater than is found in specimens of
T. modesta. According to Mr. Bruce there are two broods of astarte
—the one pale corresponding to Mr. Edwards’ variety pallidulus of
ophthalmicus; the other, dark, corresponding to the type form.
Whether or not cerysit is double brooded we do not know. It is
difficult to class these forms as varieties, but we cannot call them
species. The synoymy of the species must be amended as shown in
the following list of species.

These are all the points in which I have found reason to change
my conclusions. Mr. Bruce's collection of Hemaris indicates a new

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Doo

species, but I prefer to leave these species for the present as they now
stand,

A minor and yet serious point is in the very title of the paper.
At the time it was written I felt very strongly that certain of the
species in our lists did not belong to our fauna, though undoubtedly
captured within the territorial limits of the United States. My ideas
on the subject were not definite and I followed in my title the time-
honored usage of referring to America, North of Mexico. Since
that time Mr. EK. A. Schwarz has visited semi-tropical Florida and
has given us very definite ideas of the character and extent of its
fauna and flora. The discussion of this matter in the Ent. Society
of Washington, during which Dr. Horn drew a sketch of a limit of
our fauna from that of Mexico, scarcely less sharp than that sepa-
rating semi-tropical Florida, added still more to fix my opinions on
the subject. The title, therefore, does not accurately express the
scope of the present paper; it should be Monograph of the Sphin-
gide of Temperate North America.

The new species described, is:

Euproserpinus Euterpe Edw., Ent. Amer. iv. 1888, p. 25.—
“ Allied to, and very probably confounded in collections with E.
Phaeton G. & R., but certainly distinct. Many examples of Phieton
have at different times passed through my hands, though strangely
enough, they have nearly all been 9 9. Boisduval described Maer.
Erato = Pheton from a Q, and Grote and Robinson’s type also
belonged to that sex. I have one specimen of the [ 2 ] in which the
antennze are without serrations, and distinctly thickened towards the
extremity exactly as in Hemaris and Macroglossa, thus showing in
this respect a close relation to those genera. In the 9 [8 ] of this spe-
cies (Pheton) the antennz are deeply and rather coarsely biserrate,
and at the same time are gradually thickened towards the extremity.
Another peculiarity of the species is the remarkably oblique exterior
border of the lower wings, which carries a black marginal band of
nearly equal width, not, however, reaching to the anal angle. In my
collection is a form, which, though in its system of coloration exactly
resembling Pheton, must from other characters be a distinct species,
if not representing another genus. It is this which I propose to call
E. Euterpe. In it the antenn are of equal size throughout, the tip
being furnished with a sharply curved hook. The serrations are
very deep and long, and when viewed through a lens each joint ap-

236 JOHN B. SMITH.

pears to be furnished with a series of bristles, as in some genera of
Ageride. The thorax and abdomen are densely clothed with long
hair, the latter being very robust and much shorter than in Pheton,
extending very little beyond the wings. The wings are broader than
in the more familiar species, the primaries being entirely more
rounded and not produced at the apex, while the secondaries instead
of being oblique upon the margin, are very distinctly rounded, the
apex being the opposite of acute. In color, there is great resem-
blance between the two forms, though in Euterpe the shading of the
upper wing is brownish, while in Pheton it is black. In Pheton the
basal line is geminate and slightly oblique, the outer of the double
lines turning slightly toward the base on the costa. In Euterpe it is
single, thick, slightly dentate on its outward edge, while behind it is
a deep blackish brown shade reaching as far as the cell and there
touching an ovate discal spot. In Phaeton the space behind the basal
line is grayish, mottled with black to a space about 2 mm. from the
margin and the discal mark is linear and not ovate. Before reach-
ing the rather broad black posterior margin there are 3 faint black
lines from the internal margin which are obsolete before reaching the
costa. The inner edge of the posterior margin is sinuate and very
slightly irregular in its outline. In Euterpe the space behind the
broad blackish basal shade is very distinctly gray, mottled with fawn
color, and with a few scattered white scales. The inner edge of this
gray space overreaches upon the broad black border in 3 very deep
and distinet teeth, one on the internal angle, one in the middle and
one reaching almost to the apex, thus differing in a remarkable man-
ner from the form of the posterior border of Phaeton. The fringes
are also distinctly longer and bear more white in Euterpe than in
the other species. The secondaries are, as I have said, more
rounded on their margins, the black marginal band is broader than
in Pheton, and is swollen in the middle of its inner edge, while in
Pheton this edge is quite straight. The base of the lower wing in
both species is black. In Pheton the disc is pale primrose yellow,
this shade being nearly of the same width throughout. In Euterpe
the disc is clear white, very broad on the costa, but abruptly narrow-
ing, so that at the anal margin it is only one-fourth of the width on
the costa. In Pheton the thorax is clothed with long gray hairs,
while the abdomen, which is black in both sexes, bears on the sides
of the 4th and 5th segments bunches of pale yellow hairs, which are
also visible beneath. In Euterpe the clothing of thorax and abdo-

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. Zon

men is blackish gray throughout, and there is no trace whatever of
the yellow lateral patches. On the lower side the markings are re-
peated in both species, but in Pheton they are sharply and clearly
defined, while in Huterpe they are confused and somewhat indistinct.
The difference in shape of the discal mark of the primaries is very
decidedly displayed on the lower side, and in Euterpe there is a dis-
tinct linear discal mark on the secondaries absent in Pheton. In
Euterpe the hairy covering of the legs and lower side of the abdo-
men is blackish gray throughout, while in Pheton the clothing of
the legs is yellowish white mixed with gray, and the abdomen is
blue-black, with two faint white bands and a sparse covering of gray
hairs. In Pheton the antennze in both sexes are black throughout,
but in Euterpe the shaft is clear white, with the serrations blackish
brown.

“T have no doubt, whatever, of the distinctness of this lovely
species, of which I have only seen the 9 example from which the
present description is taken. I have been careful to give a com-
parison between the two forms, though there can be no possibility,
except at the first glance, of confounding them. In shape of wings,
robust form of abdomen, and the structure of the antenns, Huterpe
approaches very closely to the little known Arctonotus lucidus.

“The unique example was captured near San Diego, Cal., by the
late H. K. Morrison.”

In response to my request Mr. Edwards kindly examined the tibial
armature of his species for me, and writes: “ I have carefully exam-
ined the tibial claws of my Euproserpinus euterpe, and though the
general characters are the same, there is a little difference in detail.
In the first place in pheton the posterior claws, 1. e., those nearest the
posterior base of the tibize are the longest, though all are of nearly
equal length. In euterpe the largest are those near the junction of
the tarsi. And in euterpe there are two claws to the tarsi, quite long,
which I cannot discover in either of my specimens of phaton. The
legs of euterpe appear to be altogether longer and more slender than
those of phieton.”’ The species seems altogether to be a distinct one,
though quite possibly mixed with pheton in collections.

238 JOHN B. SMITH.

List of the SPHINGIDX of Temperate North America.

5300

18.

19.

20.

. rubens Edw.

Family SPHINGID-.
Subfamily MACROGLOSSIN .

HEMARIS Dalm. var. ruficaudis Kirby.
palpalis Grt. uniformis G. & R.
thetis Bd. pyramus Bd.

metathetis Butl. floridensis G. & R.
var. buffaloensis G. & R.

sent Strk.

cynoglossum Edw. LEPISESIA Grt.
tenuis Grt. 10. flavofasciata Barnst.
fumosa Strk. 11. ulalume Strk.

. diffinis Bd. 12. euterpe Edw.
fucifofmis tS. & A. 13. pheton G. & R.
ethra Strk. errato Bd.

. axillaris G. & R. 14. clarkiz Bd.
marginalis Grt. victorize Grt.
grotei Butl. 15. circe Edw.

gracilis G. & R. 16. gaure S. & A.
thysbe Fabr. var, juanita Strk.

pelasgus Cram.
cimbiciformis Steph.
etolus Bd.
fuscicaudis Wik.

Subfamily CHOSROCAMPIN ©.

JELLOPOS Hub. THYREUS Swains.
. fadus Cram. 21. abbotii Swains.
titan Cram.
annulosum Swains. DEIDAMIA Clem.
balteata Kirtl. 22. inseriptum Harr.
tantalus Linn.
tripunctata Goeze. DEILEPHILA Ochs.

zonata Dru. if
23. gallii Rott.

ixion Linn. x
var. chameenerii Harr.
ZNYO Hiib. epilobit Harr.
intermedia Kirby.
canadensis Gn.
24. lineata Fabr.
daucus Cram.

lugubris Linn.
fegeus Cram.
camertus Cram.

tase tatniatie ke oxybaphi Clem.

AMPHITION Hib. CHEROCAMPA Dup.

nessus Cram. 25. tersa Linn.

wo
~)

36.
37.

39.
40.
41.

45.

44.

NORTH AMERICAN

ARGEUS Hib.

. labrusez Linn.

clotho Fabr.

PACHYLIA WIkK.

. ficus Linn.

crameri Ménét.
lyncea Clem.
venezuelensis Schauf.

PHILAMPELUS Harr.

. linnei G. & R.

vitis {| Cram.
fasciatus { Grt.

. vitis Linn.

jussieune Hub.
fasciatus Sulz.

Subfamily

AMPHONYX Poey.

. anteeus Dru.

jatrophe Fabr.
hydaspes Cram.
medor Cram.

DILOPHONOTA Burm.

ello Linn.

obscura Fabr.
stheno Hib.
rhebus Bd.

. mMerianz Grt.

omphalex Bd.
edwardsii Butl.
melancholica Grt.
festa Edw.

CAUTETHIA Grt.

. grotei Edw.

noctuiformis { HS.

PROTOPARCE Burm.

celeus Burm.
quinquemaculata Haw.
carolina { Don.
carolina Linn.

LEPIDOPTERA.

30. pandorus Hub.
satellitia { Harr.
ampelophaga Ba.

31. achemon Dru.
crantor Cram.

AMPELOPHAGA Brem. & Gray.

32. cherilus Cram.
clorinda Martyn.
azalee 8. & A.

30. Myron Cram.

vo.
pampinatriz 8. & A.
var. cnotus Hub.

34. versicolor Harr.

SPHINGIN &.

45. rustica Fabr.
chionanthi S. & A.
affinis Goetze.
convolvuli { Dru.
pungens Eschsch.
drurxi Don.

var. decolorata Edw.

SPHINX Linn.

7. kalmiz S. & A.
48. drupiferarum 8. & A.
var. utahensis Edw.
perelegans Edw.
gordius Cram.
pecila Steph.

49.
50.
51.
52.

luscitiosa Clem.
vancouverensis Edw.
vashti Strk.
var. albescens Tepper.
libocedrus Edw.
chersis Hub.
cinerea Harr.
oreodaphne Edw.
. insolita Lint.
. pinastri Linn.
saniptri Strk.
sequoie Bd.
% coniferarum { W1k.

53.
54,

240

66.

CHL ENOGRAMMA Smith.

67

76.

58.
59.
60.
61.

dollii Neum.
coloradus Smith.
elsa Strk.
canadensis Bd.
plota Strk.

2. lugens WIk.

eremitoides Strk.

merops Bd.

andromedea Bd.

sordida { Clem.

separatus Neum.
. eremitus Hub.

sordida Harr.

. plebeius Fabr.

5. cupressi Bd.

DOLBA WIE.

hyleus Dru.
prints. & A.

. Jasminearum Bd,

JOHN

B.

68.

=I

Ol

SMITH.

CERATOMITA Harr.

amyntor Hub.
quadricornis Harr.

. undulosa Wlk.

brontes { Bd.

repentinus Clem.

. hageni Grt.
. catalpz Bd.

ELLEMA Clem.
harrisii Clem.
coniferarum { Harr.
ab. bombycoides WI1k.

. pineum Lint.
. coniferarum S. & A.

cana Martyn.

EXEDRIUM Grt.

. halicarniz Strk.

Subfamily SMERINTHIN ©.

TRIPTOGON Brem.
modesta Harr.
princeps W1k.
populicola Bd.
cablei vou Reiz.
var. occidentalis Edw.
imperator Strk.

SMERINTHUS Latr.

. geminatus Say.

var. jJamaicensis Dru.
ocellatus Fabr.
cerysil Kirby.
form astarte Strk.
form ophthalmicus Bd.
var. pallidulus Edw.
var. vancouverensis Butl.

79.

PAONTIAS Hib.

excecatus S. & A.
pavonina Geyer.

30. myops S. & A. -

rosacearum Bd.
jamaicensis { Butl.

. astylus Dru.

integerrima Harr.
io Bd.

CRESSONIA G. & R.

. juglandis 8. & A.

robinsonii But.
pallens Strk.

ARCTONOTUS Ba.

3. lucidus Bd.

wo

~] D> Or Co

SOO VS TH 99 1

0

WOAXMNP wwe

Go

ond AnFwwe

NOT — Wor

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 241

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
O
PLATE IV.

. Hemaris thysbe—a, supra-anal plate; b, side piece; ¢, clasper (buffaloensis

shows an identical structure).

. Hemaris rubens—a, supra-anal plate from side; 6, same from below (tenuis

does not differ).

. Pterogon clarkei—supra-anal plate from side.

. Pterogon clarkei—fore tibia, showing armature.

. 48llopos tantalus—supra-anal plate from above.

. 4llopos tantalus—supra-anal plate from below, showing the division of the

plate which is invisible from above.

. 48llopos tantalus-—-side piece, clasper and spinose penis sheath.

PLATE V.
Enyo lugubris—side piece.
Enyo lugubris—supra-anal plate from side.
Amphion nessus —supra-anal plate from side and above.
Amphion nessus—sheath of penis and the hooked tip of penis.
Thyreus abbotii—side piece and clasper.
Thyreus abbotii—supra-anal plate.

. Deilephila gallii—supra anal plate.
. Deilephila gallii—side piece and clasper.
. Deilephila lineata—clasper (side piece as in gallit).

PLATE VI.

. Pachylia ficus—supra-anal plate from above.
. Pachylia ficus—-side piece and clasper.
. Philampelus pandorus— supra anal plate (this structure is similar in all

species).
Philampelus pandorus—side piece and clasper (linnei is similar in this
respect).

. Philampelus achemon—-side piece and clasper,
. Philampelus vitis — clasper.
. Cherrocampa tersa--side piece and clasper (supra-anal plate as in Ampe-

lophaga).

. Ampelophaga cherilus--supra-anal plate (the other species are similar).

Ampelophaga myron—clasper.

PLATE VII.

. Ampelophaga choerilus—side piece and clasper.

. Ampelophaga versicolor—side piece and clasper.
. Deidamia inscriptum --side piece and clasper.

. Amphonyx antzeus—palpus.

. Cautethia grotei—supra-anal plate from side.

. Cautethia grotei—side piece and clasper.

Dilophonota obscura—supra-anal plate from above; the inferior plate is of
the same shape, but the forks are smooth, slender and cylindrical.

. Dilophonota obscura—side piece and clasper; a, clasper still more enlarged.

PLATE VIII.

. Dilophonota edwardsii—upper supra-anal plate.

Dilophonota edwardsii—lower supra-anal plate.
Dilophonota edwardsii—side piece and clasper.

. Dilophonota merianeze—upper supra-anal plate.

Dilophonota merianz—lower supra-anal plate (the clasper is asin D. ello).

. Dilophonota ello —side piece and clasper; the supra-anal plates are very

similar toe those of D. obscwra.

. Protoparce celeus—supra-anal plate (very similar in the other species).
. Protoparce celeus—side piece and clasper.
. Protoparce.cingulata—side piece and clasper.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (31) SEPTEMBER, 1888.

242 JOHN B. SMITH.

PLATE IX.

. Protoparce carolina—side piece and clasper.

Protoparce rustica—-side piece and clasper.

Sphinx drupiferarum—supra anal plate (all the species are very similar in
this respect).

Sphinx drupiferarum—side piece and clasper.

Sphinx luscitiosa—side piece and clasper.

Sphinx chersis—side piece and clasper.

SOUT TOPOS

PLATE X.

Sphinx gordius-—-side piece and clasper.
Chlzenogramma jasminearum—side piece and clasper.
. Dolba hyleeus—supra anal plate.

Dolba hyleeus-—-side piece and clasper.

Ceratomia amyntor—supra anal plate.

Ceratomia amyntor—side piece and clasper.
Ceratomia undulosa—supra anal plate.

Ceratomia undulosa—side piece and clasper.
Ceratomia catalpze--supra anal plate.

Ceratomia catalpze—side piece and clasper.

SO DAD IP wr

an

PLATE XI.

. Ceratomia amyntor—fore leg, showing armature of fore tarsi.
. Ellema harrisii—side piece and clasper.

Triptogon modesta—supra anal plate.

Triptogon modesta—side piece and clasper.
Triptogon modesta—antennal joints.
Smerinthus ophthalmicus—side piece and clasper.
Smerinthus cerysii—side piece and clasper.
Smerinthus geminatus—side piece and clasper.
Paonias astylus—-side piece and clasper.

Paonias exceecatus—side piece and clasper.
Smerinthus ophthalmicus—antennal joints.

FSO DVD TR O10

He

PLATE XII.

. Cressonia juglandis—supra anal plate.
Cressonia juglandis—antennal joints.
Cressonia juglandis—side piece and clasper.
Paonias myops—siide piece and clasper.

. Venation of Thyreus.

Paonias.

Smerinthus.

ee Hemaris.

; Antennal joints of Smerinthus cerysii.

- Triptogon modesta.

SONOS Ss Oe ee el

e

PLATE XIII.

me) enation of Cressonia.
Pachylia—Philampelus is similar.
= Protoparce.

A#llopos.

4 Triptogon.

Enyo.

> OVI 09 20

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 243

DIPTERA BRASILIANA,

Ab H. H. SmirH Collecta.

Part I-STRATIOMYIDZ, SYRPHIDZ.
BY 8. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

More than a year ago Mr. Herbert H. Smith, who is well known
to zoologists for his writings on Brazil, placed in my hand for study
a collection of Diptera made by him during the past few years in
Southern Brazil. The collection is one of great importance, both
on account of its size and excellent preservation. It is, I believe,
the largest local collection that has ever been made, or at least
studied, of South American Diptera. The labor in its determination
is necessarily very great, and often tedious; a very large part of the
species have never been recognized since Wiedemann’s and Mac-
quart’s descriptions a half century ago, and with the exception of
Philippi’s, Schiner’s and Lynch’s publications, but little has been
done since that time. I have endeavored faithfully to identify such
of the species as have been previously described, but I trust that if
I have occasionally made a synonym that I will be pardoned. In-
deed, my chief desire has been to study and describe the species so
that they will again be recognizable, and I do not by any means
deem it necessary to give a new name to every species that appears
new. In many genera good descriptions cannot be made without
comparison with all, or nearly all the existing species of the fauna.

Not a few of the species appear to be of wide distribution, a fact
that renders their recognition often more doubtful, and it is only by
the study and comparisons of abundant material from local faunze
that the real facts in such cases will be determined. It may be of
interest to note that most of the species described by Schiner, with
the locality given simply as South American, seem to be at home in
Southern Brazil.

Chapada is a small village in the vicinity of Cuyabda.

244 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

STRATIOMYIDA.

HyJorus Philippi, Verh. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. xv. 728, 1868.

I have no specimen of this genus from South America, but one
from New South Wales, of an undetermined species, agrees so fully
with the description and figure given by Philippi that I have no
hesitation in referring it to the same genus. Metoponia is certainly
closely allied, indeed, to all appearances, quite the same. Xenomor-
pha australis Macq., if the figure is correct, belongs also in the same
genus. The genus is closely allied to Chiromyza, yet sufficiently dis-
tinct in the furcation of the third vein. Bigot (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr.
1879, 185) is wrong in uniting them, and it is probable that his C.
vicina, if it is really from Australia, is a member of this genus, which
I think should be known as Metoponia.

1. Chiromyza spp.

I have, of this genus, two males from Chapada, (Nov.) and four
males and two females from Rio de Janeiro (April). There are cer-
tainly two, and perhaps three, species among them, but the existing
deseriptions do not enable me to decide which they are. The two
specimens from Chapada differ from the other males in having a
smaller head and more slender antennze, which are distinctly con-
stricted beyond the basal segment of the third joint. In all the
other specimens the third joint tapers from base to tip, which is more
acute. In one (a) of the two, however, the head is almost cordate
in front view, the eyes are more closely contiguous, and the ocellar
tubercle is more prominent; the mesonotum is more strongly gib-
bose in front, the hind tibize less slender and darker colored, and the
second basal cell is not petiolate as in the other (6), though this last
probably means little. Both measure about 6-7 mm. The legs in |
both are yellow, a little brownish in specimen a, especially on the
tarsi. The males (c) from Rio de Janeiro, of about the same size,
agree better among themselves, differing only in the depth of color
on thorax and abdomen; the legs are yellow, in some the tarsi
brownish, the antennee are red, with the tip brownish; they may be
C. ochracea Wied.

The two females are distinctly different from each other. In the
one (d) the color is much darker than in the other (e), with the an-
tenn nearly black, the legs brown, the head is smaller, the front a
little narrower, the ocellar tubercle much less prominent, the hind

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 245

tibie straighter and less dilated, ete. The species are evidently all
closely allied, and confusion in their discrimination will prevail till
some better characters are applied than have been hitherto.

2. Beris bellula n. sp.

% .—Length 7 mm. Mesonotum bronze black, scutellum green; antenne
short; wings blackish. Antenne black, third joint red at the base, a little
longer than the first two joints together. Face and frontal triangle silvery prui-
nose, the latter just above base of antennez blackish. Proboscis yellow, tip of
palpi black. Eyes thinly pilose. Mesonotum dark bronze, with dark fulvous,
anteriorly blackish, pile. Scutellum bright shining metallic green, with six
strong, nearly equal black spines. Pleurz shining black, with white pile. Ab-
domen brownish black, along the middle broadly luteous (perhaps variable) ;
venter mostly yellow. Legs yellow; a ring near the tip of the four front femora
and the distal four tarsal joints of the same pairs, brownish ; tip of hind femora
broadly and the distal four joints of hind tarsi blackish. Wings blackish, the
stigma but little darker.

One specimen, Rio de Janeiro, August. Resembles B. mexicana
Bell., but differs in color of face, thorax, wings, legs, etc., and in the
non-dilated hind metatarsi.

3. Beris pulchella n. sp.

% .—Length 6 mm. Mesonotum and seutellum bright shining green ; antenne
elongate; wings blackish. Antenne as long as the head, yellow or brownish
yellow, the third joint blackish toward the tip. Face and front silvery pruinose,
a blackish spot above the base of the antennze. Tip of palpi black. Eyes thinly
pilose. Mesonotum and scutellum bright metallic green, the former often with
blue or violet reflections, pile fulvous, blackish in front. Pleurz shining, greenish
black, with white pile. Scutellum with six moderately strong black spines. Ab-
domen yellowish red in front and along the sides, the terminal segments black,
on the middle of the disc brownish. Coxe and femora reddish yellow; tibize
wholly, front tarsi, tip of four posterior metatarsi, and the remaining joints
black, the four posterior mnetatarsi otherwise nearly white. Wings blackish or
brownish ; the stigma only a little darker.

© Front steel-blue. Abdomen brown or blackish throughout. Legs yellow,
a small brownish ring on distal part of hind femora, and the distal half of hind
tibiz and all the tarsi except the metatarsi, black or brown.

Four males and one female, Chapada, November. The female
specimen is not in good preservation.

4, Hermetia illucems Linné, Wiedemann, etc. [For the synonymy see
Osten Sacken or Lynch, Catalogues].

Six specimens from Rio de Janeiro agree well in color and size
with North American ones. As in those, only the hind tibiz are
yellow at the base. I would call attention to a sexual difference in
the antennee, which seems to occur frequently in this genus, namely,

”

246 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

the greater dilatation of the third antennal joint in the female. The
same feature occurs in H. Comstockit and H. apicalis at least. In
illucens it is also more reddish in color, or even wholly red. In all
my female specimens of this species, both North and South American,
the yellow spots of the second abdominal segment are much smaller
in extent, not reaching the hind margin as in the male. Three speci-
mens from Chapada, both male and female, have the posterior part
of the abdomen deep red, but I can discover no other differences.

5 Hermetia albitarsis Fabricius, Syst. Ant]. 63; Wiedemann, Auss. Ins.
ii, 25; Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. i, 49; Schiner, Novara Exped. 70.—
S. America [Wied.], Columbia [Schiner, Macquart].

? H. bimaculata Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt. 1.

? H. sermaculata Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt. i.

H., planifrons Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. i, 50.—Yucatan.

Two specimens, Chapada. Length 11 mm. The flat, bright sil-
very front with a slender, median, black strip, is characteristic of this
species. In one of my specimens the silvery tomentum reaches nearly
to the ocelli, in the other, not two-thirds of the distance. In the latter
specimen the base of the third antennal joint is reddish, the base of
the tibize is not at all yellow, and the last two joints of all the tarsi are
darker, on the hind pair blackish. In both, the ground color of the
front has four small yellow spots near the orbit, two below the ocelli
and two above the base of the antenne. The eyes are pilose, and

are marked, as in the two following

g, with an irregular four-sided

purple stripe on a green ground.

6. Hermetia apicalis Wiedemann, Auss. Ins. ii, 25; Schiner, Novara
Exped. 70.—S. America.

Two specimens, from Rio de Janeiro. Wiedemann’s description
applies well. The species resembles the foregoing, but the front is
not plane and the wings and abdominal spots are different. The
front has four small yellow spots, as in the foregoing, and the eyes
are likewise pilose and similarly marked. The abdominal spots are
of the same size in both sexes; in my male specimen yellow; in the
other red. The third antennal joint is dilated in the female. H.
varipennis Bigot must be a closely allied species.

7. Hermetia ceriogaster n. sp.

5 9 .—Length 14—16 mm. Black, abdomen coarctate at base, antenne long,
tarsi white, wings brown, eyes pilose. Antenne black, slender, the lamella
nearly twice as long as the preceding together, the third joint not dilated.
Front black, shining, the median protuberance strong; pile black, not silvery

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 247

pubescent. Face strongly projecting downwards: black, with a dirty white
stripe in the middle, and a semi-oval, light yellow spot on each side below the
antenne; pile chiefly black. Eyes pilose. Mesonotum black, moderately shin-
ing, not distinctly vittate, on the posterior part broadly, but not conspicuously,
yellow pubescent or tomentose. Abdomen strongly coarctate at base; black,
with a purplish or bluish reflection, black pubescent; second segment more
brownish, on its anterior, most coarctate, portion, two moderately large, oval,
white translucent spots, on the venter the segment wholly so. Legs deep black :
all the tarsi white, with the last two joints infuscated or blackish. Wings dark ;
along the anterior part with a reddish cast, broadly blackish at the end and
behind, except that the anal cell chiefly, and a large part of the anal angle, are
hyaline.

My two specimens seem to be male and female; in the one the
base is less long petiolate than, but the apex rounded and with an
appendage as, in H. coarctata Macq., as figured in his Dipt. Exot.
Suppl. i, pl. v, fig. 4; in the other the tip is broader and the genitalia
are concealed. From H. coarctata there are abundant differences.
The eyes have the same pattern of markings as in the two preceding
species and consisting of a purple stripe of quadrilateral figure, par-
allel to the inner, and outer upper, margins, with the other two sides
deeply concave inwardly. This represents a fourth type of colora-
tion in the genus, the other three of which have been described by
Osten Sacken. As a warning against the attempt to base any divi-
sional generic characters on the eye pilosity in Hermetia, I will men-
tion that H. lativentris Bell. (or at least a closely allied species, see
Can. Entom. xvii, 125) has the eye markings quite as Osten Sacken
describes them in his closely allied H. relicta, though the eyes are not
bare, but distinctly pilose.

8. Chrysochlora spp.

The South American species of Chrysochlora, or rather the species
so named by authors, for the type, C. amethystina, from the Isle of
France is hardly congeneric, are very difficult to discriminate and
describe. They resemble each other very much and the coloration
is variable; the descriptions hitherto published, based almost exclu-
sively upon coloring, are, almost without exception, worthless. I
have twelve specimens from Chapada and Rio de Janeiro, and scarcely
any two are alike. The differences that I discover I endeavor to
show in the following table:

248 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

a.—Front and face narrow, of equal width, front nearly uniformly convex in
profile.
b.—Front and face wholly yellow.
c._-Antenne short, but little longer than the face; face and front with
long, blackish pile; wings not conspicuously spotted. Two speci-
mens, Rio.
cce.—Antenne elongate, about half the length of the front; front and face
not markedly pilose.
d.—Pleure and pectus wholly yellow; outer end of hind femora brown.
One specimen, Rio.
dd.—Pleur with a black spot, pectus yellow ; hind femora wholly reddish
yellow. One specimen, Rio.
ddd.—Pleure with large black spot, pectus broadly black. Three speci-
mens, Rio.
bb.—F ront with a brown stripe, otherwise like ddd. One specimen, Rio.
aa.—-Face rather broad above, the sides gently divergent to oral margin; front
distinctly concave on lower two-thirds, and with a broad black
stripe not reaching the antennz ; median dorsal stripe deep black
to prothorax ; wings broader, the stigmatic and distal infuscations
more pronounced, and all the veins on the posterior border
clouded. Four specimens, Chapada.

Accepting Macquart’s determination, we may call the short an-
tenneed specimen C. vespertilio, and the specimens from Chapada,
with the frontal stripe, and the frontal gibbosity above, C. castaneu
Macquart, but these are only guesses. I have seen specimens very
closely allied, from Tehuantepec, and Bigot has described also a spe-
cies that cannot be distinguished, from the West Indies. It is prob-
able that the species have a wide distribution. To name new species
in such genera, without the study of considerable material, or at least
without pointing out differences from the previously described ones,
is highly reprehensible.

9. Cacosis migra Wiedemann, Auss. Ins. ii, 28 (Sargus); Walker, Dipt.
Saund. pl. iii, fig. 1; Schiner, Novara Exped. 67.—Brazil.

One specimen, Rio de Janeiro, November. Wiedemann’s descrip-

tion applies excellently well, except as corrected by Schiner.

10. Ptecticus affimis Schiner, Novara Exped. 65.—S. America.

Five specimens, Chapada, November, December. The fifth seg-
ment has a narrow, black, or blackish transverse spot, and I see no
transverse “ Bindchen” on the front; otherwise the specimens agree
with the description.

11. Sargus thoracicus Macquart, Hist. Nat. Dipt. i, 260.—S. America.
One specimen, Chapada. This specimen I should have referred to
S. concinnus O. S., described from a male specimen from Mexico and

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 249

a female from Brazil, except for the statement appended to his de-
scription that the eyes of his male specimen are not contiguous ; in
my specimen they are broadly and closely contiguous. There are,
however, some other differences from the description. There is not
the slightest trace of any yellow hind margin to the 3-6 abdominal
segments ; the second segment is wholly pale yellow, except a narrow,
equal lateral margin, and a slender median brown stripe, and the
first segment is only a little yellow in the middle. Nevertheless, the
species must be very closely allied, and, if S. concinnus occurs in
Brazil, there may be a question as to which of the two is the real
thoracicus of Macquart.

12. Sargus coarctatus Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, 1, 263, pl. xxv, fig. 2.—
Brazil, Chili.

Two specimens from Corumba (May), and Rio Parana, near Bella
Vista (Dee.), both females, agree fairly well with the description.
The wings are only lightly grayish, not brownish. Only the hind
legs are black, with the metatarsi (except the narrow tip) white; a
small yellow ring and the narrow base of the tibiz yellow. I can
find no other description that will apply well; S. Sad/ei Bell., seems
the nearest, though the tarsi are different, and, if I understand the
description rightly, the species is not a Sargus. However, as regards
the related species, compare Osten Sacken, Biol. Centr-Americana,
Diptera, p. 23.

13. Merosargus gracilis n. sp.

9 —Length6mm. Front broad, with a small median tubercle, and two white
spots below ; mesonotum and scutellum metallic blue; abdomen blackish brown.
Front broad, metallic blue, in the middle with a small tubercle; below, the usual
gibbosity well pronounced, the middle of which is brownish, separating two large
white spots. Antenne brownish or luteous yellow, the third joint lighter;
arista black, considerably thickened and hairy at base. Mesonotum and scutel-
lum bright metallic blue, with purplish reflections; a slender white line from the
humeri to base of wings. Pleure black, with a yellowish spot below the wings.
Abdomen blackish or reddish brown, with purplish reflections. Front coxe and
legs yellow; middle legs yellow with brownish on the outer part of femora and
inner part of tibie; hind legs blackish brown, the immediate base of femora,
the base of the tibie, and the three basal joints of the tarsi light yellow. Wings
only lightly tinged with gray ; second vein as in the following.

One specimen, Chapada. The species is closely allied, evidently,
with M. bitubereulatus Schiner, but the difference in the coloration
of the thorax and the size (13 mm.), will readily separate them.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (32) OCTOBER, 1888.

250 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

14. Merosargus festiva n. sp.

% 9.—Length 7mm. Front with two white spots below; mesonotum black,
red on the sides; pleuree yellow; hind tibie brown. Front black, shining, of
equal width in both sexes; above base of antenne lightly swollen, with a small
white spot on each side near the orbit. Antenne reddish yellow, inserted on
yellow ground; third joint subquadrate; arista black, moderately swollen and
pubescent at base. Face on lower part blackish. Mesonotum black, but little
shining, thinly golden pubescent, the sides and front red. Pleurz yellow, more
reddish above; metanotum shining black; scutellum black. Abdomen black,
with a slight purplish or bluish lustre ; first segment and the small contiguous
angles of all the segments yellow ; in the male specimen the hind margin of the
second and third segments are rather broadly red in the middle; in the other
the third only is narrowly red behind. Legs yellow; the last three joints of all
the tarsi are brownish or brown, and the hind tibie brown, except the immediate
tip; in the male the hind tibie strongly bent near the middle. Wings tinged
with brownish, the stigma brown; the second vein arises from near the cross-
vein.

Two specimens, Rio de Janeiro, December. The abdomen in-
creases gradually in width to near the tip.

15. Dicranophora astuta n. sp.

4% .—Length 8 mm. Yellow [or light green ?]; a black spot on the front,
and thorax with black spots and stripes; legs reddish and brownish, base of hind
tarsi white; scutellar spines small; legs simple. Head wholly yellow, except a
black spot in the middle of the front, and the middle part of the occiput. Meso-
notum black, not shining; two slender yellow stripes, reaching from a dilatation
contiguous with the yellow humeri nearly to scutellum, a triangular spot in front
of the suture at the side, and another, larger. triangular spot on the post-alar
callosities, likewise yellow. Pleurs yellow; two spots below the wings, an ver-
tical spot on the mesopleure and a smaller one in front, black. Pectus with two
black spots or stripes between the front and middle coxe, separated by a yellow
space; metanotum black, the yellow sides with a tubercular projection. Scutel-
lum yellow; the process nearly vertical (about as long as the body of the scutel-
lum itself), reddish brown; spines small. Abdomen red, with a yellow margin,
the first segment yellow and a small triangular, posterior, median, yellow spot
on the second and third segments. Legs without projections in the female; in
the male the middle femora with a four or five toothed process below at the basal
third, the middle tibie straight and simple. Femora reddish yellow; tarsi red
or brownish red; front tarsi black or dark brown, metatarsi and base of second
joint of four posterior tarsi yellowish white, the remaining joints brown. Wings
nearly hyaline.

I have endeavored to identify this species with D. picta Macq.
(Hist. Nat. Dipt. i, 255; Dipt. Exot. i, 1, 196, pl. xxiv, fig. 1), but
the very unsatisfactory and incomplete description shows such posi-
tive differences that the identity seems wholly improbable. I would
call attention to the large spot in front of the suture, yellow scutel-
lum, red abdomen, middle tibiz, white metatarsi, etc., as either dif-

ferent from, or wholly unnoticed in his descriptions.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 251

16. Dieranophora affinis n. sp.

9 .—Length 8 mm. Chiefly black; scutellar process not longer than the
body of scutellum, the spines long, femoral projections confined to the outer end
of the middle pair. Antenne yellow; face nearly white; front black, shining,
aslender yellow margin on each side, interrupted near the middle; below the
middle a transverse depression. Mesonotum black, not at all shining; two
slender stripes, abbreviated behind, reaching from a spot on the humeri and a
small spot on the post-alar callosities green. Scutellum green, its process and
spines red; the spines about as long as the entire scutellum. Pleure black, a
slender vertical strip behind the prothorax, another, broader, near the mesopleu-
ral suture running into a large spot on the sternopleure ; a spot on the side of
metanotum, in which there is a tubercular projection, and one below it on the
metasternum, green. Abdomen black; first segment with a subquadrate spot,
which has a sharp anterior lateral projection, second segment with a small semi-
oval spot behind, the third and fourth with the lateral margin, and the fifth at
the tip with an oval spot, green. Coxe pale yellow, femora yellowish red, yel-
lowish at base; front tibiee and tarsi black, hind tibize brownish red, four hind
tarsi white, with the last two joints black ; middle femora on the outer half below
beveled, and near the middle of the straight beveling with about three small
tubercles or teeth. Wings nearly hyaline, veins in front yellowish, stigma small,
brownish.

One specimen, Rio de Janeiro. This species is related to D. fur-
cifera Auss. Zw. Ins. ii, 38 (Sargus), pl. vii, fig. 5, but differs in the
length of the scutellar process, the markings of front and abdomen,
and, according to Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, 1, 196, the position of
the tubercles of the middle femora.

17. Histiodroma inermis Wiedemann, Auss. Zw. Ins. ii, 31 (Sargus), pl.
vii, fig. 7; Schiner, Nov. Exped. 70.

One specimen, Rio de Janeiro. The description applies well.
18. Rhaphiocera armata Wiedemann, Auss. Zw. Ins. i, 1; ii, 29 (Sargus) ;
Macquart, Dipt. Exot. i, 1, pl. xxiv, fig. 2; Schiner, Novara Exped. 70.
Ten specimens from Chapada. Schiner’s remarks apply to these
specimens, except of the posterior orbits, which have a spot above
as Wiedemann described them; the spots, however, are variable in
size.
19. Hoplistes hortulanus Wiedemann, Auss. Zw. Ins. ii (Sargus) ; Schiner,
Novara Exped. 70.

Five specimens, Rio de Janeiro. The genus is very doubtfully
distinct from Rhaphiocera.

20. Chrysonotus analis n. sp.

*%.—Length 11mm. Reddish yellow; front, tip of abdomen, hind tibiz and
tarsi, deep black. In habitus, Ptecticus-like, but the second antennal joint not
prolonged and neuration different. Vertical triangle shining black ; eyes nearly

252 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

contiguous above the large light yellow supra-antennal gibbosity. Antenne
brownish red, the third joint transversely suboval; arista scarcely at all thick-
ened at base. Mesonotum more reddish than elsewhere, shining; the remainder
of the body nearly uniform reddish yellow, except the larger part of the fourth
abdominal segment, and the fifth and sixth wholly deep shining black, the distal
end of hind femora, the hind tibiz, and hind tarsi wholly deep opaque black.
Hind femora rather stout. Wings hyaline; from beyond the discal cell very
distinctly tinged with blackish; stigma elongate, brown; origin of second vein
remote from small cross-vein.

One specimen, Chapada. Notwithstanding the stoutness of the
femora, I do not place this species under Merosargus. The arista
shows scarcely any thickening, and the second vein of the wing is
much more remote from the cross-vein than is found either in Mero-
sargus or Ptecticus.

21. Euryneura nasica n. sp.

%.—Length 4 mm. Black; face conically produced downward; antenne
slender; wings brown, with a whitish cross-band bent outwards in the middle.
Face and frontal triangle black, white pubescent. Antenne not stout, brownish
yellow, the style slender, white. Face conically produced downward, longer than
the frontal triangle. Mesonotum and scutellum black, covered with fine golden
tomentum; margin of scutellum yellowish red, the spines long, yellow, with
black tip. Pleurz with silvery white pubescence or pile. Abdomen elongate
oval, flattened, wholly black. Wings brown, the immediate base hyaline ; a con-
spicuous white cross-band runs from the front margin just beyond the second
vein to the posterior margin at the tip of the fourth posterior cell, in its middle
portion strongly bent outward, V-shaped. The wings are more slender, the
second vein and the anterior branch of the third vein more oblique than in the
following species. Legs yellow, with the markings similar in pattern to those
of the following species, the middle legs being but slightly infuscated, the front
tibice and tarsi brown.

One specimen, Chapada.

22. Euryneura elegans n. sp.

9? .—Length 4mm. Black; front, thorax and margin of abdomen light golden
tomentose; scutellar spines small; wings variegated. Black; front opaque,
sparsely, nearly uniformly golden tomentose, on the lower orbital margin with
a narrow silvery border. Face very short, not produced, silvery pubescent. An-
tennee black, the third joint with a reddish cast, in length only a little more
than twice its width. Thorax covered with fine golden tomentum, which on the
sides is arranged to form indefinite slender stripes; mesonotum with two slender
bare stripes, nearly contiguous in front, thence gradually diverging to end near
the spines of the scutellum. Abdomen broad, flat, its margin rather broadly,
nearly silvery whitish, tomentose. Front femora, at the base below, broadly red ;
middle and hind femora reddish yellow, black at the tip above; front tibiz and
tarsi wholly black; middle and hind tibie black, with a median yellow ring ;
middle and hind tarsi yellow, with the last two or three joints black. The
whitish cross-band of the wings begins at the front border, behind the second

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 253

vein and goes nearly straight to the tip of the fourth posterior cell; beyond the
band the wing is clouded with brown, with a small, darker cloud on the anterior
branch of the third vein; with the exception of a cloud on the sixth vein and
the posterior part of the anal angle, the basal portion of the wing is hyaline;
between this basal hyaline portion and the cross-band the wing is broadly
clouded, especially in front; in the stigma there isa large yellow spot; in the
fifth posterior a white spot, and another, elongate one in the outer part of the
first basal and in the discal cells.

This species is closely allied to E. fascipennis Wied., but the de-
scription, as completed by Schiner, shows such differences that the
species is surely not the same.

23. Promerisana nasuta Macquart, Dipt. Exot. Suppl. iv, 47, pl. iii, fig.
4 (Odontomyia).

One male and two female specimens agree so well with Macquart’s
description and figures that I have no hesitation in referring them to
his species, though described from Chili. The third joint of the an-
tennze is longer and more slender, the first joint less dilated than he
figures them ; the dorsum of the female abdomen, also, has not three,
but four green stripes, separated by three brown ones.

The structural characters, as given by Walker, of his genus
Promerisona agree so well with those of these specimens that there
can be scarcely a doubt of their correct location here, though neither
of the species that I know can be identified with the type. The
genus differs from Odontomyia, more especially, only in the structure
of the head and the antennz, but this I believe is sufficient, Ger-
staecker to the contrary, notwithstanding. In P. nasuta the abdo-
men is longer and flatter than is usual in species of Odontomyia. The
peculiar structure of the head is sufficiently well shown in Macquart’s
figures. P. vittata Walker, seems, from the description, to have a
more dilated first antennal joint, but this dilatation is not of generic
value, as is evidenced by the following new species.

The tendency to facial or frontal projections seems to be great in
the South American Stratiomyinz ; besides Rhingiopsis, Stratiomys
conica Wied., Odontomyia fasciata Macq., O. heteroneura Macq., O.
pachycephala Schiner, and O. pachyceps Bigot,—all apparently have
a facial or frontal projection of one kind or another.

24. Promerisana cylindricornis n. sp.

% —Length 12 mm. Black; abdomen with four yellow spots; face convex
below antenne ; first joint of antenne cylindrical. Facial projection strongly
convex below insertion of antenne, less conical than in P. nasuta, the lower bor-
der more nearly parallel with the upper, the whole projection shining black, the

254 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

oral margin, the cheeks, and the posterior orbits green. First joint of antenne
three or four times as long as the short second joint, cylindrical, red, with black
hair; third joint black, long, slender, suleate, the terminal [fifth ?] not differen-
tiated. Mesonotum black, with yellow pile, the post-alar callosities and broad
margin of scutellum yellow [or green]. Pleure with a large, arcuated, yellow
spot in front, and several confluent ones behind below. Spines of scutellum
small, approximate. Abdomen flattened, opaque black; the second and third
segments each with a yellow spot on each side behind, not reaching the third of
the way across; narrow margin of the shining fifth segment yellow. Legs
brownish black. Wings uniformly and lightly tinged with brownish; veins
approximate anteriorly, the minuti anterior branch of third vein present.

One specimen, Chapada. Another male specimen with this, pos-
sibly of the same species, has the facial convexity a little less strong,
red or green on the under part; two slender vittulee on the mesono-
tum and the lateral margin of the same, yellow or green. The pleurze
are almost wholly light green, the pectus black. The abdomen has
the first pair of spots much larger and convex anteriorly, the second
pair obscure, the abdomen more reddish behind. The legs are

brownish red, not brownish black.

25. Melanochroa dubia Roeder, Entom. Nachr. xii, 140.—Brazil.

A single specimen from Rio de Janeiro agrees well with Roeder’s
description, except that the distal half or two-fifths of the middle
tibiz are yellow. The legs are marked precisely as they are in
Myxosargus fasciatus Brauer (or a species that I identify as such from
North Carolina), that is, deep black, except the distal half of the
middle tibize and the first two joints of all the tarsi. The non-con-
tiguity of the male eyes and the aristiform termination of the an-
tennze are the only generic differences between these two species,
which otherwise resemble each other very much. The prolongation
of the face downwards in Myxosargus is hardly of generic value, as
precisely the same difference occurs between the two related species
of Euryneura described above.

26. Myxosargus Braueri n. sp.

9.—Length 6mm. Quite like M. fasciatus Brauer, except that the front has
a single, median, rather strong tubercle, the distal margin of the seutellum is
yellowish white and the legs are much more yellow, as follows: femora, except
the tip, black ; tibisze, except a median brown or brownish ring, yellow; tarsi
yellow, with the distal two or three joints brownish.

This species is a very interesting addition. The structure through-
out, except, perhaps, the posterior orbits, as well as the coloration of
head, thorax, abdomen and wings, agrees fully with a male of I.

fasciatus Brauer, from North Carolina. Brauer describes the poste-

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 255

rior orbits as somewhat swollen. In my male specimen they are but
very little so. In this female the posterior orbits are peculiarly en-
larged and thinned, so as to fit over the front margin of the thorax.

Altogether, this species, a true Myxosargus, and though closely
allied to the type species, is, I believe, entitled to a name, which I
choose in honor of the talented author of the genus. The wings
have the same pattern of coloration as in fasciatus, but the markings
are darker than in my specimen of that species. Three specimens,

Chapada.

27. Chordonota nigra n. sp.

% —Length 53mm. Black; antenne red, tarsi luteous yellow; wings sub-
hyaline, stigma pale yellow. Eyes pilose, broadly contiguous, on upper half the
facets enlarged, the area sharply distinguished from that of the lower facets.
Frontal triangle very small, white pubescent, as is also the upper part of the
face. Antenne deep red, the extreme tip only brownish. Mesonotum shining,
with two remote, in the middle obsolete or wanting, white pubescent stripes,
appearing (in my specimen at least) as four spots, two of which are situated on
the front margin, the others in front of the scutellum. Secutellum with longer
black pile. Abdomen flat, nearly circular in outline, but little shining; third
and fourth segments on the anterior angles with a silvery pubescent spot ; on the
fifth wholly so pubescent, except in the middle. Legs black, tarsi luteous yellow.

One specimen, Chapada. The eyes occupy nearly all the head ;
there is no orbital margin behind visible from the side.

28. Rhingiopsis tau Roeder, Ent. Nachr. xii, 138.

A female specimen from Rio de Janeiro (October) agrees excel-
lently well with the author's description of this species. The genus
is a good one, and quite distinct from Promerisana Walker.

29. Rhingiopsis rostrata Wiedemann, Auss. Ins. ii, 68 (Stratiomys) ; Mac-
quart, Dipt. i, 249; Dipt. Exot. i, 1, 186, pl. xxii, figs. 4a 4b ( Odontomyia).—
Brazil.

A male specimen from Chapada I refer to this species, as it agrees
well with Wiedemann’s description of the female, the only differences
being sexual. Macquart’s figure, though somewhat of a caricature,
will serve to show the general structure of the head. The species
agree closely, and, had I not recognized the species in R. rostrata
Wied., I should have, hesitatingly, referred my male specimen to the
female of R. tau. As, however, Wiedemann’s female agrees quite in
the abdominal markings with my male specimen (and Macquart’s
also), I think there can be no question of the distinctness of the
species, the more so, as aside from the very distinct abdominal mark-
ings, the scutellum of A. tau is wholly black, with stouter black

256 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

spines, which have a distinctly more upward curvature. The an-
tenn are not as Macquart figures them, but quite as Roeder de-
scribes them, and quite alike in both species. Gerstaecker’s speci-
mens seem to be of a different species.

30. Stratiomyia mutabilis Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, 266; Syst. Antl. 81;
Wiedemann, Auss. Ins. ii, 63, pl. iv, fig. 6; Perty, Delectus, ete., 184, pl.
xxxvi, fig. 14; Walker, List etc., v, 42, 61; Gerstaecker, Linn. Ent xi,
321; Bellardi, Saggio, ete., i, 30; Schiner, Novara Exped. 61; Osten Sacken,
Biol. Centr.-Amer. 37.—Mexico, Central America, Brazil.

Stratiomys fasciata Fabricius, Ent. Syst. iv, 266; Syst. Antl. 81 (male).

Acrochxeta Aleus Walker, List, etc., iii, 526; v, 41 (Stratiomys).

Strationys subalba Walker, List, ete., v, 41, 43.

? Stratiomys subalba (Walker) Bellardi, Saggio, ete., i, 31; Osten Sacken, Biol.
Centr.-Amer. 37.

Three female and one male specimen from Corumba, collected in
May, and as many of each sex from Chapada. The females from
Corumba all agree in having a narrow stripe on the hind margin of
the third segment and an equal band, somewhat differing in width
on the fourth. In those from Chapada that on the third is wanting,
or feebly indicated near the sides, and the one on the fourth is broader.
In the male from Corumba the wings are marked as in all the females
and the scutellum is margined with yellow. The male from Chapada,
however, has the general color deeper black, the scutellum is wholly
black, and the wings are almost uniformly dark brown in front, dis-
tinctly darker than in the others. This male I certainly believe is
of the same species, and I feel equally confident that it is Walker’s
subalba. If I understand Osten Sacken’s remarks aright, the male
specimen that he refers to mutabilis has the abdomen marked as in
the females; in my males the two yellow bands of the abdomen are
extremely slender, and narrowly interrupted in the middle.

31. Odontomyia sp.

There are two specimens of a species of Odontomyia (% and ¢@ )
which I have not succeeded in identifying with any described species.
They are yellow, with the abdomen marked with a slender black
stripe, the female mesonotum with three black stripes, the middle
one suddenly narrowed behind the suture; in the male the whole
dorsum is black, with the lateral margins yellow. This is another
genus where he who describes isolated specimens without comparisons
with allied species, and the study of considerable local material, is
doing a positive injury.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 257

32. Blastocera speciosa Gerstaecker, Linn. Ent. xi. 342.—Brazil:
Two specimens from Chapada. The dorsal stripes do not agree

quite with the description, nevertheless the identification is not
doubtful.

33. Panacris lucida Gerstaecker, Linn. Ent. xi. 347.--Cayenne.

One specimen, Chapada.

34. Cyphomyia auriflamma Wiedemann, Zool. Mag. iii, 54; Anal. Ent.
13; Auss. Ins. ii, 54; Gerstaecker, Linn, Ent. xi, 276.——Brazil.

Numerous specimens, Chapada.

35. Cyphomyia spp.
Two other species with the last, with abdominal spots, I cannot
identify with any known species.

SYRPHID.

1. Mixogaster conopsoides Macq.

Twelve specimens from Corumba, and one from Rio de Janeiro
Macquart’s description does not apply very well, but the species I
believe to be his. The male front is broad as in the female. In the
female specimen from Rio de Janeiro the second segment of the ab-
domen is more slender, and the last section of the fourth vein is
sinuous, not broken, and without stumps.

2. Microdon splendens Wied.

Two female specimens from Chapada agree pretty well with the
description ; the color of the abdomen shows scarcely any steel-blue.
The first antennal joint is largely red at the base; the spines of the
scutellum are remote, and there is no yellow at the tip of the abdo-
men.

3. Mierodon mirabilis n. sp.

@.—Length 15 mm. Black, but little shining ; third joint of antenne large;
scutellum without points; wings yellow and black. Head black; face and cheeks
with white pile; front with black pile; third joint of antenne broad, longer
than the slender first joint; second joint very short. Mesonotum but very little
shining, nearly bare; humeri, post-alar callosities and the pleure deep reddish
black. Seutellum small, oval, wholly without spines or emargination, bare. Ab-
domen bluish black, a little shining, bare, broader than the thorax on the second
segment, thence tapering regularly to the apex. Legs pitchy black, the four
front femora and tarsi largely deep red ; hind metatarsi cylindrical. Wings yel-

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (33) NOVEMBER, 1888.

258 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

low and black; the margin of the yellow runs obliquely inwards from the tip of
the auxiliary vein to the base of the anal angle, connected through the subcostal
cell with a broad band reaching as far as the end of the first vein and terminating
on the posterior side of the fourth vein in the second posterior cell; the black is
of a deeper color in front, between the yellow.

%,.—-Third joint of antennz narrower; front only a little constricted. Ab-
domen, except the base and hypopygium, red. Wings black, with a narrow yel-
low band from the tip of the first vein nearly through the first posterior cell.

Two specimen, Chapada.

4. Microdon imermis n. sp.

%.—Length 8mm. Black, with green and violet reflections; scutellum with-
out spines; fourth abdominal segment golden tomentose: hypopygium yellow,
Face shining green, white pilose; in profile not gibbose below; rather narrow.
First two joints of antenne reddish brown, the third wanting. Front black,
with slight purplish reflections and black pile ; constricted in the middle so that
its least width is less than half the distance from the foremost ocellus to the base
of the antenne. Mesonotum deep black, opaque, with inconspicuous purplish
or coppery reflections, bare. Scutellum more distinctly coppery purple, rounded,
without spines, and with a scarcely noticeable emargination. Abdomen bare,
deep black, with faint green and purple reflections; fourth segment as long as
the two preceding together, on the posterior two-thirds or more shining yellowish
green, thickly covered with light orange yellow pile or tomentum ; hypopygium
yellow. Legs black, the tibize in part, and all the tarsi deep brownish red ; hind
metatarsi not wider than the succeeding joints. Wings nearly uniformly tinged
with blackish.

One specimen, Entre Rios, September. The species is evidently
closest allied to M. violaceus Macq., but is at once distinguished by
the fourth abdominal segment.

5. Microdon ? cyaneiventris Macq.

© —-Length 11 mm. Deep steel-blue with purple and coppery reflections; scu-
tellum with spines; face with yellowish white pile. Face shining green, in
profile parallel with the margin of the eyes. Front deep blue-black, with coppery
reflections and some black pile above. Antenne black ; third joint a little longer
than the first, cylindrical. Mesonotum resplendent coppery purple blue black,
nearly bare. Scutellum strongly purple, with two remote spiniferous tubercles,
bare. Abdomen deep steel blue, with purple reflections; the anterior angles of
the third, fourth and fifth segments with fine white pubescence. Legs black
Wings nearly uniformly brownish.

Two specimens, Chapada. It is possible, though not very probable,
that this is WM. cyaneiventris, but the difficulty of distinguishing these
allied species when the differences are not poiuted out, renders their
naming always a more or less doubtful procedure.

6. Microdon sp.
Not unlike the species described by me as MW. aurifex Wied. (but
doubtfully the same—Synopsis of the N. A. Syrphidee, p. 9), except

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 259

that the tibize and tarsi are yellow. The description, with that ex-
ception, applies (I do not possess the described specimen ).

The genus Microdon I have found the most difficult one in the
family, so far as identifications go. There seems to be considerable
variation in not a few species, and, in the descriptions hitherto, almost
none of the numerous structural characters have been made use of.

7. Nausigaster punctulata Williston, Synopsis N. A. Syrphide, p. 21.—
United States, Mexico.

Three specimens from Chapada agree with the one mentioned by

oD J
me from Tehuantepec. Whether they belong to a distinct species or
not I cannot say.

TRICHOPSOMYTIA gen. noy.

Small, wholly black, shining or opaque, moderately pilose species.
Antenne elongate, slender; first two joints of nearly equal length,
third longer than the first two together; arista basal, small, bare.
Face broad, pilose, with an obtuse tubercle, the epistoma receding.
Frontal triangle of male large, broad, flattened, swollen on upper
part; eyes in male narrowly, but closely contiguous, the ocellar tu-
bercle prominent. Front in female broad, moderately narrowed
above; the upper margin of head tumid and projecting. Scutellum
triangular. Abdomen elongate oval. Legs of moderate strength ;
tarsi short, especially the front pair; metatarsi of front and hind
pairs thickened, the remaining joints flattened; hind femora elon-
gate and more or less thickened, the hind tibize arcuate and dilated ;
all the femora and tibiz ciliate, of the hind legs conspicuously so.
Wings as in Pipiza (Pipizella): posterior cross-vein rectangular,
straight, last section of fourth vein bent or angulated. Eyes irregu-
larly pilose.

This genus is allied to Pipizella, but will be at once distinguished
by the vertex in the female and the frontal triangle in the male.
The irregularly pilose eyes, with bare patches, will also serve to dis-
tinguish them. The neuration in all the species described below
agrees closely, and is very like that of P. pulchella Will.—Synopsis
N. A. Syrphide, pl. ii, fig. 1. The species resemble each other much
in color markings ; the following description will apply to the known
species :

Face and front shining black, clothed with sparse long white pubescence or
pile. which has a flattened or curled appearance; on the uppermost swollen part

260 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

of the frontal triangle the color is opaque, and is clothed with straight, black
pile ; in both sexes the ocelli and vertex have black pile; post-orbital cilia white.
Across the front part of the thorax, descending on the pleure, there is a band of
yellowish or white pile, like that of the face. Legs black, the knees reddish;
the first two or three joints of all the tarsi, except the hind metatarsi, light
yellow. Antenne red at base, the third joint brownish or brown.

8. Trichopsomyia polita n. sp.

% Length 7mm. Mesonotum opaque black; on the side, behind, and the
scutellum metallic bronze black ; pile black. Abdomen narrow, elongate, deep
opaque black; the first segment, the narrow lateral margin of the second and
the third, except a large basal triangle, and hypopygium, shining metallic bronze
black. Hind femora considerably swollen, but not clubbed ; hind tibizee moder-
ately dilated ; middle femora of the male with a stout tooth below in the mid-
dle. Wings lightly infuscated ; stigma brown.

© — Front wholly smooth and shining metallic greenish black, a small white
spot near the orbit above; ocellar tubercle but little projecting. Mesonotum and
seutellum wholly shining bronze black, the sides and posterior part white pubes-
cent. Abdomen oval, wholly moderately shining greenish black, the sides and
posterior part white pubescent. Middle tibize without tooth-like projection.
Wings cinereous hyaline, the stigma pale yellow.

Two specimens, Chapada. Will be distinguished in the male by
the tooth-like projection of the middle femora; in the female by the
smooth front.

9. Trichopsomyia puella n. sp.

*%,.—Length 6mm. Ocellar tubercle strongly projecting. Mesonotum shining
black, on the dise in front broadly opaque; pile long, mostly black. Hind femora
moderately thickened at tip, slender on the basal three-fourths; hind tibie ex-
traordinarily thickened and dilated, densely black pilose behind. Abdomen
opaque black, the first segment slender, hind margin of second, a large triangle
on each side of third, the fourth, except a large basal triangle, and the small
hypopygium, coppery or metallic black. Wings brown; on the posterior part,
and a cross band before the tip, subhyaline.

? Front above only a little irregular, without distinct swellings. Abdomen
wholly shining.

Four females and one male. Another male differs in having the
abdomen narrower, the second and third segments largely yellow
pubescent, and with yellow pile mingled with the black of the thorax.
The female agrees with the last-mentioned male in the pubescence

and pile, and the more elongate abdomen.

10. Trichopsomyia tuberculata n. sp.

9 .—Length 6mm. Differs from the females of both the preceding species in
having on the upper part of the front, below the ocelli, two prominent rounded
tubercles forming- with the prominent ocellar tubercle, an equilateral triangle;
in having a black opaque cross band on the middle of the inesonotum, and in

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 261

the wings being brown on the anterior two-thirds, the distal part nearly hyaline,
without the apical spot of JT. puella. The hind femora are a little stouter than
in the last-named species, the tibize less thickened.

One specimen, Chapada.

11. Trichopsomyia longicornis n. sp.

© —Length 8mm. Antenne slender, distinctly longer than the face. Facial
tubercle large, rounded, deeply concave above and below it. Ocellar tubercle
prominent, the front above uneven, but without distinct tubercles or ridges.
Across the middle of the mesonotum a less shining, or subopaque band. Abdo-
men moderately shining metallic, clothed with fine yellow pubescence; the hind
margin of the second and third segments subopaque black. Hind femora mod-
erately thickened, the thickening greatest on distal half. Hind tibize strongly
dilated and thickened, less so than in tuberculata and puella, more so than in
polita. Wings cinereous hyaline, yellow at base, near the middle in front with
a large yellowish brown spot.

From polita, it will be distinguished by the smooth front and the
strongly dilated hind tibiz ; from tuberculata, by the front ; from all,
by the longer antennze, wings, size, etc.

One specimen, Chapada.

12. Lepidostola pulechra pn. sp.

% 9 —Length4.5mm. Mesonotum with three bright yellow tomentose bands;
fourth abdominal segment wholly shining.

%. Antenne reddish yellow, the third joint brownish or brown; longer than
the face, slender, first two joints of nearly equal length, third a half longer than
the first two together. Face in profile nearly perpendicular, with a gentle
convexity near the middle; densely yellow dusted ; two spots on the tubercle
and a stripe on the cheeks black. Frontal triangle small, not swollen, with a
shining black spot; vertical triangle yellowish dusted in front; eyes briefly
contiguous. Mesonotum deep black, with a whitish pruinosity ; not shining, bare,
except three bands of bright yellow tomentum ; the first band lies on the ante-
rior part, behind the humeri, and descends more slenderly obliquely backward
on the mesopleure, nearly to the middle cox ; the middle band, the narrowest,
extends across just behind the suture; the third, the broadest, forms an are of a
circle on the posterior part, reaching nearly to the ends of the middle band.
Pleurz nearly black, lightly dusted ; behind the previously mentioned yellow
stripe there is another elongate spot, as though a continuation of the middle
dorsal band, interrupted by the root of the wings. Scutellum triangular, black,
lightly pubescent. Abdomen black; the second and third segment on each side
with a large trapezoidal yellow spot, leaving an inverted T-shaped space on the
second, a more triangular space on the third, opaque black ; first segment, the
narrow edges of the two following, the narrow hind margin of the third, and
the remainder of the abdomen, wholly shining, somewhat metallic, black; in
shape, the abdomen is very narrowly oval. Four front femora and tibize reddish
yellow; hind femora, except the base, and the hind tibie more brownish yellow
or brown; first two or three joints of all the tarsi yellow, distal joints brown.
Wings grayish hyaline; the elongate stigma, extending as a narrow cloud along

262 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

the costa to near tip of the second vein, where there is a narrow transverse spot,
reaching into the first posterior cell; third vein straight, outer anterior angle of
first posterior cell acute, the cell short petiolate; false vein wholly wanting.

©. Front narrowed above, plane, black, not shining; below the middle a
narrow, complete, yellow, pilose band. Third abdominal segment wholly with-
out yellow; spots on the second more broadly separated, less nearly square than
in the male.

One male and three females, Chapada (December). This species,
with the following ones, is a most interesting addition to our know-
ledge of the fauna. It is a true Lepidostola (Lepromyia Loew. ;
Lepidomyia Will), though the dense scale-like tomentum is confined
to the thoracie bands. The femora are all thickened, with a double
row of short, strong spines below. The three species are all allied
with the long-antenneed Chrysogastre. The veins of the wings are
strong, the neuration approaching nearly to that of C. nigripes Loew.,
except that the last section of the fourth vein is strongly bent near
the middle, forming an acute angle at its insertion. The eyes, as
restored over wet sand, show four or five brown (or purple?) hori-
zontal, zigzag stripes.

13. Lepidostola similis n. sp.

9 .—Length 5mm. Mesonotum with three bright yellow tomentose bands;
fourth abdominal segment with two large, elongate, opaque spots.

A single specimen with the others, though closely resembling them,
is evidently of a different species. The front is broader above, the
face has a broad, shining black stripe, and both are rather thickly
clothed with yellow tomentum like that of the thorax. The elongate
yellow tomentose spot back of the stripe on the pleurz is wanting, and
in its stead there is a diffuse patch of fine white tomentum. The ab-
domen differs in having smaller yellow spots on the second segment.
Large opaque spots on the third, and two large elongate ones, not
reaching the hind margin, on the fourth. The last section of the
fourth vein is strongly angulated, with a long stump of a vein pro-
jecting into the first posterior cell; the posterior cross-vein has also
astump. The stigma is blackish, the posterior cross-vein and ante-
rior cross-vein with small, but distinct brown clouds. Lastly, the
eyes differ in not having zigzag, but straight, horizontal markings.

14. Lepidostola abdominalis n. sp.

©.—Length 6mm. Black; third and fourth segments of abdomen densely
vellow tomentose. Face shining black, in profile nearly vertical, descending
much below the eyes. Antenne slender, longer than the face, the third joint

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 263

longer than the two nearly equal preceding joints together; in color nearly
black, the first joint red at base. Front black, not shining; ocelli situated on a
prominent tubercle. Occiput densely light pollinose. Thorax black, not shin-
ing, the pleure sparsely clothed with fine white tomentum. Abdomen black,
the third and fourth segments wholly and densely clothed with bright yellow
pubescence or tomentum. Legs pitchy black, the four hind tarsi, except the two
terminal joints, yellow. Wings cinereous hyaline, the stigma yellow; first pos-
terior cell closed near the costa, the last section of the fourth vein nearly straight.

One specimen, Chapada. I suspect that the mesonotum has been
deprived of its tomentum, to some extent, at least; there remains a
small spot of yellow tomentum near each post-alar callus; in front of
the scutellum there may have been a distinct band. The antennze
are about as long as the middle femora. The eyes do not show any
markings after restoration over wet sand; they are probably uni-
colorous in life.

15. Melanostoma longicornis n. sp.

% 9.—Length 8 mm. Antenne elongate, face pollinose on the sides with
punctate spots ; third segment of the abdomen with two yellow spots.

%. Mesonotum bronze green.

@. Front with two oval, opaque spots; mesonotum blue, with three black
stripes; front tarsi dilated.

© .—Face in profile nearly straight below the antennz to within a short dis-
tance of the oral margin; shining black, sometimes bluish; in the middle and a
stripe on the cheeks bare; on the sides rather thickly pollinose, leaving numer-
ous small, round, bare spots. Antenne brownish yellow, the third joint more
brown ; slender, nearly as long as the front ; first and third joints of nearly equal
length, the second short. Front below and at the vertex shining, bluish black;
below the rather prominent ocellar tubercle an oval opaque spot on each side on
a grayish pollinose ground. Thorax metallic blue, but little shining ; mesonotum
thinly pollinose, with three black stripes, the median one slender and dilated
triangularly in front of the scutellum; the lateral ones beginning broadly at the
suture and attenuated posteriorly. Pleura light pollinose. Scutellum shining
metallic blue. Abdomen black, moderately shining, the first segment and the
anterior angles of the three following segments shining blue ; third segment with
two reddish yellow spots in front. Wings hyaline, subcostal cell yellowish
brown; the extreme tip of the wings brownish or blackish. Legs yellow, or
reddish yellow; hind femora, except the base and hind tibiz, deep brown; four
front femora more or less brownish at the base; distal joints of four hind tarsi,
and all of the front pair, brownish; front tarsi moderately dilated.

*%, .—Mesonotum and scutellum shining metallic bronze green, with only feeble
indications of stripes; pile longer, more abundant and yellow. Abdomen less
shining, the first and fourth segments shining green. Wings tinged with yellow.

Five females and one male, Chapada. This species has the general
habitus of a Melanostoma, notwithstanding the differences in the
structure of antennze and abdomen. In both sexes the abdomen is

264 8. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

narrowed basally ; in the female only on the second segment, which
is gently concave on its sides; in the male it does not attain its full
width till the tip of the third segment.

16. Melanostoma secitulum n. sp.

% .—Length 7mm, Allied to MW. longicornis. Antenne less elongate, the three
joints of nearly equal length, the third not twice as long as wide. Face on the
sides with a slender stripe and spot of pollen, not punctulate. Abdomen narrow,
of nearly equal width throughout; fourth segment also with two yellow strigule.
Four front tarsi wholly yellow. Wings hyaline, an elongate stigmatic spot and
narrow clouds on the cross-veins, brown.

Two specimes, Chapada.

17. Melanostoma bucephalus Wiedemann (Syrphus).

Numerous specimens, Chapada. Wiedemann’s description applies
well to the males. The females are usually larger, reaching 15 mm.
in length, and the mesonotum is not bronze colored, but deep shining
blue; there is also a pair of yellow spots on the second segment.
The shape of the abdomen is more oval than usual among Melano-
stomata.

18. Syrphus gastrostactus Wied.

A dozen male specimens from Chapada may be this, but the wings

5
are only narrowly blackish in front, and only the hind tarsi may be
called white with their tip brown; the other tarsi are more yellow or
brownish. The spots on the abdomen are small and oval. On each
outer end of the transverse suture, and on the post-alar callosities,
there is a small yellow spot.

19. Syrphus erraticus n. sp.

% 9.—Length 10—11 mm. Face, frontal triangle and cheeks, deep shining
blue; on the sides of the face yellow, with whitish pollen; frontal triangle with
black pile and a small opaque spot; front narrowed above, across the middle with
a narrow pollinose band, above which the color is more opaque, brown, or cop-
pery black. Antenne brown; third joint pointed, more than twice as long as
wide. Eyes bare. Thorax bluish black, or blackish blue; mesonotum with three
opaque black stripes, the median one linear, the outer ones acute behind. Seu-
tellum opalescent yellow; a slender crescentic brown band before the narrow
yellow base. Abdomen oval, black, moderately shining; second segment with
two yellow bands, not attaining the lateral margin; the first band is a little
broader exteriorly and interrupted in the middle; the second is crescentic,
emarginate in the middle behind, and acute on the outer ends. Halteres with a
yellow head. Wings hyaline, with the anterior part dark brown; the brown
fills out the first basal cell, and the submarginal, except an elongate space in the
middle behind. Legs pitehy brown; the hind legs more black; the middle
tibize at the base yellow.

Ten specimens, Chapada,

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 265

20. Mesograpta anchorata Macq.

Chapada, several specimens.

21. Mesograpta musieus Wied.

One specimen, Corumba.

22. Mesograpta sp.

Not unlike MW. insignis Schiner, but the anterior black dilatation
of the third and fourth abdominal segments projects each side more
acutely, and does not have the small, oval, lateral spot; the face is

more or less blackish in the middle, the antennze brownish or black-

ish above, the scutellum black with a yellow margin, and the hind

tibize and tarsi brownish or blackish.

Numerous specimens, Chapada.

23. Mesograpta sp.

There are three or four other species from Rio de Janeiro and

Chapada that I am unable to determine.

24. Ocyptamus dimidiatus Fabr.

Numerous specimens, Chapada, Rio de Janeiro.

25. Oeyptamus trigonus Wied.

Baccha torva Williston, Synopsis N. A. Syrphide, 124.—Texas.

Forty specimens, Chapada. The description of B. torva applies

better than does Wiedemann’s, nevertheless, there is no doubt of the
determination.

26. Ocyptamus tunebris Macq.

Ten specimens, Chapada, Rio de Janeiro.

BACCHA.
TABLE OF SPECIES.

. Alulee rudimentary ; mesonotum shining black with slender pollinose stripes,
MellowAOURUDEISIGeS eee etes ces se -ceecaeasenns sa ccaeceealss esa rodes ee eee ee 2

we

AN lee erro baru iim Ena yreses seckss Ascieseoor ssc Sulectsa sald ssae accu eecostss coke Ce eee 5

5:
2. Very slender species ; abdomen as long, or longer than the wings...............3.
Less slender; abdomen shorter than the wings; face yellow ........... -.1ec..08 4.

SL TOMG De LOWws tin eliy UP OSA .--c-u-lcs-ssesveesntessee cose, sesisese stenogaster n. sp.
HON bento heniteOSEsDeEl Owes. seactias dear5--5-caeesslnrseseons Roose settee sane variegata,.

. Wings hyaline, with the subcostal cell and a spot in the end of submarginal
TOM ese eats Sar aan iio. seaman ne ee teceton see ale visuta cs feast Sect nee exigua n. sp.

Wings uniformly tinged with yellowish brown. ............... .essse sescecees oeeeee sp.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (34) NOVEMBER, 1888.

Us

266 S. W.. WILLISTON, M. D.

5. Red or yellowish species; front with a more or less pronounced obtuse an-
tenniferous projection marked with a round black spot; front of female
narrow above, the ocelli rather remote from the vertex; mesonotum
(except the sides) in ground color black, concealed beneath dense ochra-
ceous pollen, leaving more or less apparent black stripes; legs yellow,

the hind femora or tibize more or less brownish or blackish................. 6.
Not such’ species: black or blackishiccsc:..<< ce-ceset=eresoecesssr act onas so teeeeees pees 9.
6. Three antennal joints of nearly equal length ; front tarsi of female notice-
ably widened......... eee Ba ec da adeenn one Sica anea eres ee ae sacs eioene See eonjuncta.
Hirsh two antennal JOM ShOrb=-.2.525 cee. ocala sneer oe sec oneeaavestecesmeaceeeeeeres ie
7. Third and fourth abdominal segments with slender yellow stripes....... .... 8.
Third and fourth abdominal segments with slender spots in the shape of a
TECHATSULATT Vic nctacecarsatcecsseceeeise eee eeeimea eee eee weoce ee $rssce% placiva n. sp.

8. Black stripes of mesonotum conspicuous ; wings broad, brownish yellow.
phzeoptera.

Black stripes inconspicuous, mostly concealed beneath light pollen ; smaller

{ livida.

| flavipennis.

9. Wings hyaline, except the immediate base; hind femora and tibiz black
ciliate; penultimate joints of hind tarsi white; front tarsi of female

species....-.. Borask oes crincb dadaa cues Ce teeeteareoee se wana deseo rneas cess

GUTATE cess. dose nsae, scene vs stasesemeteeceatvaaccnserentccl te cco eece a aoe eee pilipes.

Not such species..........-..-.- Say coaniewclsiewis¥swacelscresic« doe\sonssuses|eoee ances acess steer eeeeeee 10.

10. Face projecting, yellow with a black stripe ; wings hyaline with the subcostal
(and costal % ) cells clouded.......... Serene ea aca ok eee clavata.

Face not projecting, wings more or less extensively brown .............06 sess lait

11. Hind tarsi, except base of metatarsi, white..........--2.<. <c-osss+:srcsces aeneieees 12:
Hind tarsi Not white... .as.cssesssaoe coos s pe oescesvecesee = deeecenaesi cee Moe eee ils},

12. Abdomen broadly spatulate distally ......... 02... .e0+0. cseeneces cswecasas clarapex.
Abdomen not broadly spatulate distally ; the whole apex of the wings in both
sexes lnyaline: Smaller Species! ...-c-.--.c2-scseectsceoemees teeen eer eee eeteeee sp. 40.

13. Thorax deep blue........ sjawie ce dae: eopeerneesseMancncesees cgesehacmels-taaseeaaneeetees aes sp.

Thorax black; third and fourth abdominal segments each with four oval
yellow dots, in two pairs, the anterior pair remote, the posterior pair ap-
PLO IMAC nos. scoearaweesenestac ashe seecwuscosucon bash ne tecon at adeae-Ppeeeee es adspersa.

27. Baceha stenogaster u. sp.

% .—Length 78 mm. Frontal triangle metallic, blackish blue, finely rugose.
Face of the same color, thinly dusted, on the sides and below yellowish. An-
tenn vellowish red, third joint short, yellowish red. Mesonotum metallic
bronze black, in front with two pollinose stripes. Pleurze largely obscurely yel-
lowish. Abdomen very slender ; shining black ; first segment on the sides, the
second and third with a basal band and one just beyond the middle, fourth seg-
meut at the base, yellow. Wings short and small ; hyaline, the costal cell, beyond
the tip of auxiliary, brownish yellow; third vein nearly straight, terminating
at the tip of the wing; last section of fourth vein f shaped, terminating rectan-
gularly. Legs yellow, the hind metatarsi a little thickened.

Two specimens, Chapada. The species is allied to brevipennis and
rugosifrons Schiner, but differs in the color of the legs and markings

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 267

of the abdomen. In one of the specimens, the hind tibize and tarsi
are a little darker colored, and the fourth abdominal segment does
not show a yellow band at its base.

28. Baccha variegata Macq.

A male specimen from Rio de Janeiro. Macquart’s description
leaves no doubt of the determination. The third vein is less convex
and the fourth less oblique than he figures them.

29. Baccha exigua n. sp.

% 9-—Length 55mm. Face and front yellow (or reddish yellow), narrow; a
small round black spot near the base of the antenne above; from just in front
of the ocelli, which are rather remote from the vertex, the front is shining
black. Antenne reddish yellow, small. Mesonotum, except a yellow lateral
stripe, shining black, with three densely pollinose, approximate, light yellow
stripes, the median one reaching nearly to the scutellum, the lateral ones abbre-
viated behind. Scutellum yellow, a large semi-oval spot on the dorsum, and a
small one on each lateral margin at the base, deep shining black. Pleurz yellow,
with two or three metallic blue spots; pectus metallic blue. Abdomen elongate
spatulate in the female, narrower and more cylindrical in the male: shorter than
the wings; shining black, in the female with three longitudinal yellow stripes
on each of the segments and an oblique lateral spot (effected by drying?). Legs
yellow; hind femora before the end with a blackish, hind tibiz with two narrow
brown rings. Wings hyaline; subcostal cell brown; a triangular brown spot
filling out the end of the submarginal cell from beyond the end of the fourth
vein; third vein nearly straight, terminating at the tip of the wing; last section
of the fourth vein nearly straight and rectangular; alule rudimentary.

Two specimens, Chapada.

30. Baceha conjuncta Wiedemann (Syrphus).

Wiedemann’s description applies excellently to a single female
specimen, except in the color of the terminal segments of the abdo-
men ; the third and fourth segments are black with a yellow anterior
band, the fourth and fifth with two yellow longitudinal spots. The
elongate antennze and the unusual shape of the abdomen, which ac-
quires its greatest width in the third segment, make the insect rather
peculiar for a Baccha; nevertheless, its relationship with B. phop-
tera is very evident. The anterior tarsi are dilated in the female,
and the ocelli are placed considerably forward.

31. Baeccha pheoptera Schiner.

Numerous specimens, Chapada. In the second line of Schiner’s
description divergirend should be read for “ convergirend.” In all
the specimens, there is a median linear yellow stripe. One of the
specimens with the rest I am in doubt whether to locate with this or

268 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

the next. The color of the wings is as in pheoptera, but the thorax
is like that of livida, and the wings in breadth seem intermediate
between the two.

32. Baccha livida Schiner.

Numerous specimens, Chapada. Both males and females among
themselves differ very materially in size, but I cannot distinguish them
specifically. The abdomen among the females differs very materially
in the shape of the second segment, and all those in which it is broad
sseem to have the front somewhat broader above. Baccha lineata
Macq. seems to be an allied species.

33. Baecha n. sp.

Several closely allied specimens differ from phoptera and livida in
the wings being nearly hyaline, with the costal and subcostal cells
yellow; in the pile of the thorax and abdomen being longer and
more abundant; in the hind femora and tibize being darker, and
briefly black ciliate, and in the structure of the abdomen. The ab-
domen is not as long, and not as slender basally ; in the male the
second segment (first of Schiner) is scarcely more than twice as
long as wide ; in the female scarcely twice as long as its distal width ;
in both sexes there is an oblique yellow spot on each side distally.
In both sexes the remaining segments are less dilated and the black
stripes of the mesonotum are narrower.

34. Baecha flavipennis Wiedemann (Syrphus).

Numerous specimens from Chapada. The identification is not very
doubtful if an error is assumed in Wiedemann’s description of the
abdomen. He speaks of six segments in the male abdomen, whereas
there are but five, and the second segment should read “ rein braun,
an jeder Seite der Spitze mit rétlich gelbem Querflecke, dritte bis
fiinfte mit zwei,” ete., “der dritte Abschnitt allmahlig erweitert.”
The species is allied to the preceding ones, especially the last , the
head and legs being as in the last specimen, the markings of the
abdomen like those of livida; the hind tibize are noticeably black
ciliate. The female wings differ markedly in being brown on the
basal portion, hyaline distally. The abdomen is much less con-
stricted basally than in any of the preceding, the second segment
being nearly as broad distally as it is long. Syrphus rubricosus Wied.
seems to be a nearly allied species, but there are also some discrep-
ancies here in the markings of the abdomen. Our specimens vary
in length from six to nine millimeters.

——

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 269

35. Baeccha placiva n. sp.

% 9.—Length 11mm. Structure and coloration of head, thorax and legs as
in B. pheoptera. Abdomen, male: first segment yellow with a blackish brown
cross-band ; second segment elongate, cylindrical, but little widened distally ; in
color reddish yellow with the distal end blackish ; third segment nearly as broad
as the thorax distally, brownish black with two oblique reddish stripes, in the
form of a V, separated by a linear space in front and running into the posterior
margin behind; fourth segment a little broader than long, with the same color
and markings as the third, and (apparently) a yellow longitudinal stripe on each
side. In the female the second segment is nearly as slender as in the male, the
three following segments with a V-shaped marking as in the male and a lateral _
longitudinal stripe or margin. Wings yellowish brown in front, the costal cell
yellow; behind broadly grayish hyaline; third longitudinal vein with a deep
sinuosity into the first posterior cell, almost as in species of Didea.

Two specimens, Chapada.

36. Baececha sp.

A single injured female specimen, belonging in the group with the
foregoing, has the costal and marginal cells yellow, and the subcostal
brown, the rest of the wing hyaline; the abdomen is not broad, and
not cylindrical basally, the second segment but little longer than the
third and not twice as long as its greatest width ; the second segment
with two yellow and two brown bands, the third, fourth and _ fifth
each with the anterior border and anterior lateral yellow and two
oval oblique yellow spots, connected or not with the yellow margin
in front. Length 11 mm.

37. Baccha pilipes Schiner.

Three specimens, male and female, Chapada. The identification
is not at all doubtful, though Schiner leaves it to be inferred that the
abdomen is shining black, whereas it is deep opaque black ; the parts
he describes as reddish yellow in these specimens are more metallic
blue. The last two joints of the hind tarsi are brown.

38. Baccha adspersa Wied.

Numerous specimens, Chapada.

39. Baccha clarapex Wied. (Syrphus).

Wiedemann’s description leaves no: doubt of the correctness of the
determination of numerous specimens from Chapada and Uarearizal,
though to no one will it fully apply. In almost every case the frontal
triangle and the median portion of the face is shining steel-blue, not
black; in only one or two specimens the yellow spots of the abdo-
men are as he describes them; in most cases there is an additional

270 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

pair in front, and generally they are only represented by shining
spots on the opaque. Only the hind tarsi are white. The female
has the whole distal end of the wing hyaline.

40. Baceha sp.

Allied to clarapex, but smaller, the abdomen less spatulate, ap-
parently without the strigulee, the wings wholly hyaline at the tip
(for a greater distance in the female) and the axillary angle not
hyaline. The tibize of the four anterior legs in the female are yel-
lowish at the base. Six specimens, Chapada.

41. Baccha clavata Fabr.
Baccha Babista Walker, List, etc., iii. 549 (male); Williston, Synopsis N.
A. Syrphide, 117, pl. iv, fig. 9.—N. Amer.
Baccha facialis Thomson, Eug. Resa, 504 (female).—-Galapagos.
Spazigaster bacchoides Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1883, 326.

Numerous specimens. It is not impossible that B. fusciventris
Wied., is the female of this species.

42. Salpingogaster nigra Schiner.

Numerous specimens from Chapada and Rio de Janeiro. The
description leaves no doubt of the identity. I observe but little dif-
ferences between the front tarsi in the two sexes; in the male there
is a small, but distinct angulation of the hind tibie.

43. Salpingogaster pygophora Schiner.

Two specimens, female (Rio de Janeiro) and male (Chapada). I
refer the two doubtfully to each other, and more doubtfully to this
species, but, as Schiner was in doubt himself as regards the union of
the two sexes he described, it is possible that they all may belong to
one variable species. The pleurze of the male are broadly yellow
and brownish yellow, the mesonotum less dark, the vertical triangle
shining black, and the hind femora without any dark ring. In the
female the thorax is as described for the male, the scutellum for the
female, the abdomen more of a deep brown than black, the legs yel-
low with the hind femora, except the tip, black, the distal part of
hind tibize and the tarsi reddish yellow. In his specific descriptions
the second segment of the abdomen is called the first, ete. By com-
paring the portion bearing the mammiform processes at the base with
the corresponding part in Ceria, Baccha, Melanostoma, ete., it will
readily be seen to be the first segment. There is a very marked dif-
ference in the male hypopygium between this and the preceding
species, but similarity of structure, otherwise, is too great to distin-
guish them generically.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 271

VOLUCELLA.
TABLE OF SPECIES.

. Seutellum with six stout spiniferous tubercles.........2.-..2.-..0055 scutelliata.
Scutellum without tubercles; with or without bristles................ cceceeeee sees 2:

. Deep metallic species, the abdomen without light markings...................05 3.
More or less reddish, yellowish, or brownish, the abdomen not uniformly
Gamksn SbaliliG: sce cseseveccccec ccs cossen vecescocceccces sass ceseeseoneeenereeen teen ead meearane 6.

. Face and front metallic like the thorax.......................0+: Recoetegteews ceacieconss 4.

Face and front reddish yellow; wings with a large quadrate brown spot.
meretricias n. sp.

. Second longitudinal vein sinuous before its tip, marginal cell petiolate; third

re

J OUINDPOMAIICENIM GS SHOT sare ces sees ss cctte dees «cet on nae en eees ae ee cae Meee ore 5.
Second vein regular, ending in the costa or tip of first vein...viridis n. sp.

. Bright metallic, usually green, species; wings nearly hyaline at base.

obesa.
Deep blue; wings deep brown at base...............020 cescesecs cocees zemula n. sp.
6. A transverse row of bristles on the mesonotum in front of the scutellum...7.
NoRsUcGhEbrisbtlesipresent:.c.-csscascecoeceecces coeds, cate cececccee beac scence cote ees aeons 9.
7. General color metallic reddish ; a well defined quadrate spot on the wings.
macula.
Mesonotum deep blue, with violet reflections; wings clouded distally ; more
GION FALE SPOOLS racenccsvincwraaawatec ceca cseass scl seteoncarerercarsieesessenccesresereceereste 8.
8. Front black ; marginal cell petiolate.................... prescutellaris n. sp.
Front reddish yellow; marginal cell closed in the costa, or open.
persimilis n. sp.
9. Second longitudinal vein strongly sinuous near the tip; wings variegated.
picta.
Second vein regular, not bent into submarginal Cell .................-.ccecbes soeees 10.
10. Face acuminate, projecting strongly forward; front shining black; dark
species: wines without dark SpOb-s----.-.--.-s- se-sccorecnweccsee fuscipennis.
Face not remarkably acuminate, not projecting strongly forward; largely
MEdAISHOLNVellO WIS: SPOCIES! scence. ecncs<ciosee ar ez unis saulece deseeenevese resco scoce lil
11. Disk of mesonotum black or metallic brown; marginal cell open or briefly
petiolate...... Br OCR ECOU TS Core DOR OO TET ene ECE eC eee ar eae eer rere 12
Mesononmmered dish or yellOwiShte.s<ccs-cecess'eseces ce -tasasceess/cotercasvizcescoeeeiecevare iS:
12. Legs black, femora, except distal fourth, light yellow; mesonotum shining
black, with the lateral margins yellow...............-.00..csscsse musta n. sp.
Legs reddish brown; mesonotum metallic brown, the sides and posterior
EXP AMSLOMIPVCll Oise assjesance-sklo-1es -pissocecaoce(csscesessiesaces\scleeeeu) seecess mUS n. sp.
Taw SSipuneehyaline estonia mune rcsscessoeesessee seer ceceessseieseeseacnces pallens.
Wings clouded distally ; stigma small...... .... Newteerecasaceteace ? punctifera.
44. Volucella seutellata Macq.

Two female specimens I doubtfully refer to this species. They

have the six singular spiniferous tubercles on the scutellum. The
face is in no wise black below, the red pile of the front is only black-
ish in certain reflection, the pile of the mesonotum is wholly light
fulvous and not at all black, and the wings are hyaline with a quad-

DTZ S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

rate dark brown spot. The third joint of the antennze is gently
concave. In front of the scutellum there are six short approximated
black spines in a row. Macquart says: “extremite de la face noire.
Thorax et abdomen a poils noirs,” and, of the wing nervures: “ trans-
versales bordées de brun, ainsi que le stigmate.”

45. Volucella meretricias n. sp.

*, __Length 10—12 mm. Eyes fulvous pilose. Frontal triangle small, a little
protuberant, with a little black pile in the middle; of the same color as the face.
Face translucent reddish yellow, projecting downwards and forwards, the under
margin of the cheeks concave, the facial concavity long, the tubercle large and
obtuse. Antennee a little more reddish than the face, slender, the third jeint
gently excised above and narrowed on the distal part; the arista with moderate
pilosity. Thorax deep blue with violet reflections, with erect black pile and
some white pubescence. Scutellum like the mesonotum. Bristles on the sides
of the mesonotum and margin of the scutellum, and a transverse row in front
of the scutellum. Abdomen deep blue, with violet reflections, with short, black
pile. Legs black. Wings grayish or brownish subhyaline; a large quadrate
brown spot reaching from the costa to the fourth vein and thence to the proximal
part of the posterior basal cross-vein; costal, subcostal and first basal cells
clouded ; marginal cell regular, closed.

° .—Front a little darker than the face, clothed with black pile; a short, cres-
centic groove on each side. Abdomen nearly bare, except distally. Third an-
tennal joint broader.

Six specimens, Chapada and Rio de Janeiro. The species is allied
to Temnocera Frauenfeldi Schiner, but will be distinguished by the
blue color and wing spot.

46. Volucella obesa Fabr.
Thirty-eight specimens from Chapada and Rio deJaneiro.
d >

47. Volucella zemula n. sp.

© .—Length 15—18 mm. Closely allied to V. obesa, but differs in the deeper
blue color, showing only moderate green reflections on the mesonotum, and at
the tip of the abdomen. In the larger size (V. obesa rarely exceeds 12 mm.) and
in the wings being deep brown at the base. The wings are more infuscated in
front, the quadrate spot from the stigma to the cross-vein is larger, as is also the
spot at the tip of the marginal cell. In the structure of the antenne, wings and
face they scarcely differ.

Two specimens, Piedra.

48. Volucella macula Wied.

Four specimens from Chapada I identify as this. There is a dif
ference in the amount of red color on the thorax and abdomen, and
in the depth of violet reflections. The arista is long and finely
plumose, there is no emargination on the upper part of the third an-

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. Dike

tennal joint, and there are bristles on the lateral margin of the
mesonotum, on the border of the scutellum, and an even row of
about ten in front of the scutellum. The veins of the wings in two
are distinctly clouded, in the other two scarcely at all. The front
of the female is narrow and red. The middle legs have bristles and
spurs as in V. prescutellaris.

49. Volucella prescutellaris n. sp.

% .—Length 11—12 mm. Frontal triangle black, but largely obscured by the
reddish yellowish pollen ; in the middle with an acute tubercle, the profile show-
ing two straight lines meeting at an angle of about one hundred degrees. An-
tenn reddish yellow, the distal part of the third joint narrowed, though but
little excised ; arista long and thickly plumose. Face translucent yellow, only
shallowly concave below the antenne, the tubercle large and obtuse; lower mar-
gin of the cheeks nearly straight, meeting the plane of the occiput at an angle
of about one hundred and ten degrees. Mesonotum blue, with strong violet re-
flections ; pile moderately abundant, golden yellow. Scutellum translucent yel-
low, with black pile on the disk. Pleure blackish brown, somewhat dusted
above; pile yellow. The sides of the mesonotum, mesopleure, post alar callosi-
ties, a transverse row in front of the scutellum, and the margin of the scutellum
with strong black bristles. Abdomen Musca-like in shape, with erect black and
yellow pile; first segment black, except the lateral angles; second segment yel-
low, with a median stripe extending along the anterior suture outward, black or
brownish black; third segment yellow, with a posterior band, dilated in the
middle into a stripe that reaches the front margin, black ; fourth segment black
with blue reflections, and with the anterior angles reddish or yellowish. Legs
black, with black pile ; tibiz and metatarsi more or less reddish ; middle femora
on the posterior side near the tip with two or three bristles, and the middle tibize
with three or four well-defined spurs at the tip. Wings nearly hyaline, the outer
part brown or brownish, behind tinged with blackish ; marginal cell closed some
little distance before the costa.

© .—Front shining black, with black pile; the narrow orbit below the ocelli,
and the sides below, thickly grayish yellowish pollinose; corresponding to the
tubercle in the male, there is an obtuse convexity. Third antennal joint broader.

Eleven specimens, Chapada. The color of the abdomen varies
posteriorly, so that it sometimes appears black, with the sides of the
third segment in front reddish or yellowish.

50. Volucella persimilis n. sp.

Remarkably like the preceding, though certainly distinct. The
frontal triangle of the male is yellow, not black, and is only gently
convex, not angular in profile; the third joint of the antennze is less
narrowed distally, and the cheeks have a black or brown stripe. In
the female, the front is translucent reddish yellow, without the con-
vexity and depression of V. prescutellaris. In both sexes the lateral

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (35) NOVEMBER, 1888.

274 8S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

margin of the mesonotum and the pleure are yellowish red, the legs
are brownish red throughout, and the marginal cell is either closed
in the margin or narrowly open.

Eleven specimens, Destares, Chapada and Rio de Janeiro. The
wings in both species vary in the depth of brown color on the outer
part.

51. Volucella musta n. sp.

% .—Length 9—10 mm. Frontal triangle and face light yellow, with simi-
larly colored pile; cheeks shining black, except behind. Antenne reddish yel-
low, third joint rather short, not at all incised ; arista not densely, moderately
long, plumose. Facial concavity strong, tubercle hemispherical; lower part
moderately acute, produced only a little forwards. Thorax light yellow, with
moderately abundant, light yellow pile; mesonotum, except the broad lateral
margins, and a spot on the meso- and sterno-pleure, shining black. Secutellum
light yellow, the distal margin narrowly brown. Sides of the thorax and mar-
gin of scutellum with weak yellow bristles. Abdomen: first and second seg-
ments light yellow, the second with a linear median reddish stripe, and a poste-
rior narrow blackish brown band; the following segments each with a similar
posterior band, with the other parts yellowish, reddish, brownish, or blackish;
pile very short, chiefly blackish. Legs black, with short, yellow and black pile.
All the femora, except their distal fourth or fifth, light yellow. Wings lightly
tinged with yellowish ; the small stigmatic spot brown, the cell beyond it yellow;
marginal cell closed in the border or narrowly open.

Nine specimens, Chapada, November, January. The black of the
cheeks has an indication of a yellow bisection, and the black of the
mesonotum has, in one specimen, a distinct violet reflection.

52. Volucella mus pn. sp.

% —Length 9-10 mm. Frontal triangle small, light yellow. Antenne red-
dish yellow, of moderate width, not excised, longer than in V. musta; arista
rather strongly plumose. Face yellow; a median stripe, and one on the cheeks,
brown ; tubercle obtuse, below slenderly conical, produced forwards, the lower
border of the cheeks concave. Mesonotum coppery red, with strong violet reflec-
tions ; the lateral margins, and angular expansion behind, yellow. Pleurz yel-
low and brownish red. Scutellum yellow; red, with violet reflections across the
disk; impressed before the tip. A black bristle on the upper part of the meso-
pleuree, a row on the lateral margin of the scutellum. Abdomen yellow; second
segment with a blackish brown posterior band ; third with a similar band, send-
ing three slender prolongations to the front margin ; fourth with a median stripe
and an oblique lateral spot. Legs luteous, the tibize and tarsi brownish. Wings
hyaline, with a yellowish tinge distally ; the subcostal cell beyond the small
brownish stigma yellow ; marginal cell closed and petiolate.

° .—Front luteous yellow, with a brownish interrupted median stripe; third
joint of the antenne a little broader.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. DO

Eleven specimens, Chapada. The marginal cell varies much, as
does also the color of the distal abdominal segments. The disk of
the mesonotum is sometimes coppery red, with only a weak purple
or violet reflection, at other times deeper.

53. Volucella punctifera? Bigot (? V. testacea Rondani).

Two specimens (@ 9?) agree with Bigot’s description fairly well,
but its brevity will not permit any certainty in the determination.
The marginal cell is closed in the costa, and the tibiz and tarsi are
blackish, rather than brownish.

54. Volucella pallens Wiedemann (V. sexpunctata Loew.).
Two specimens, Rio de Janeiro. The specimens offer no note-
worthy differences from North American ones.

55. Volucella tympanitis Fabr.
One male specimen, Chapada.

56. Volucella picta Wied.

Fourteen specimens from Chapada. The species is closely allied
to pusilla Macq., but is distinct. There is so much variation among
the specimens that identification might be doubtful with certain iso-
lated ones. While in some of the females the median facial stripe is
but little darkened, in the greater number there is a distinct black
stripe. In all the males there is a quadrate lateral spot in front of
the suture ; in the females there is an additional, slender, acuminate
spot from the suture to the post-alar callus. The thorax in the males
is chiefly black pilose above ; in both the males and female there is
black pile on the borders of the scutellum ; the small, yellow, pres-
cutellar spots are sometimes wanting, ete.

57. Volucella viridis n. sp.

%.—Length 7-8 mm. Eyes with erect white hairs, giving a peppered ap-
pearance on front view. Frontal triangle small, yellow, third joint not at all
incised ; arista chiefly yellow, thinly but moderately long, black plumose. Face
shining green, with blue reflections, sparsely clothed with yellowish hair; pro-
jecting downward, but not acutely so, the concavity above deep, the tubercle
rather obtuse. Thorax brilliant shining green, the mesonotum with violet re-
flections ; pile erect, not very abundant, golden yellow. Scutellum violet, the
tip more or less luteous; before the tip with a transverse depression. Lateral
margins of the mesonotum and scutellum with hairy bristles. Abdomen wholly
bright shining green, with erect, short, yellow pile. Legs luteous, the hind
femora with some green reflections; all the femora and tibiz with pile, chiefly
black, giving a ciliated appearance, especially on the hind tibie; hind metatarsi
a little thickened. Wings nearly hyaline on the basal half or more, abruptly
brownish on the outer part; marginal cell narrowly open.

276 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

© .— Front of equal width, shining green with yellowish pile; below the some-
what swollen vertical portion, the front is excavated, leaving a large, obtuse,
median tubercle.

Five specimens, Chapada. There is a more or less:il] defined yel-
low spot or stripe on the anterior part of the cheeks.

58. Volucella fuscipennis Macq., Dipt. Exot. ii, 2, 24.

Two male specimens, Chapada. The species, as Macquart observes,
is nearly related to V. vesiculosa. The wings have a minute stigmatic
spot, and in both specimens the marginal cell is narrowly open.

APOPHYSOPHORA ven. nov.

Allied to Volucella. First two joints of the antenne short, third
elongate ; arista plumose. Face descending downward as in Volu-
cella, with a well-marked tubercle ; sparsely pilose. Front in female
narrowed above, on each side with a crescent-shaped groove ; tuber-
culate, one tubercle at the vertex, bearing the ocelli, the other about
midway between it and the base of the antennze ; eyes of male con-
tiguous. Sides of thorax and margin of scutellum with bristles.
Scutellum strongly gibbose and tuberculate above. Abdomen short,
broad, flattened. All the femora and tibiz are ciliate. Eyes pilose,
leaving numerous separated or subcontiguous round lighter colored
spots bare. Marginal cell closed or open.

59. Apophysophora hirtipes Macquart (Volucellw).

% 2 .—Length 8--9 mm.; width of abdomen 5mm. Black, abdomen partly
luteous ; feet pitchy reddish black ; wings grayish hyaline with a large brownish
vellow spot; hind tibiee crescentic. Face shining black, the prominent rounded
tubercle somewhat pitchy; pile moderately abundant, white; cheeks behind
with a yellowish spot or stripe. Third joint of antenne reddish brown, cine-
reous, not excised on either border; arista with dense short pile on its whole
length and less abundant, longer plumosity of the ordinary Volucella. Median
frontal tubercle of the female less projecting than the vertical one: vertex with
black pile. Mesonotum shining black, with bronze or metallic reflections; not
. thickly pilose, in front and behind light colored, cross the middle, black. Seu-
tellum pitchy red. black and yellow pilose ; strongly gibbose above, forming two
stout, obtuse, tubercles, separated by a shallow, broad notch, the superior poste-
rior part shallowly concave; viewed from in front the tubercles appear to be on
the margin of the scutellum, but from the side there is seen a flattened declivity
to the rounded margin upon which the bristles are implanted. Abdomen shin-
ing, black, or pitchy black, the base luteous on the sides. Legs reddish, or
pitchy brown or black, the pile black; all the tarsi, except the hind metatarsi,
reddish yellow; hind tibiz# very much dilated, crescentic; hind metatarsi
swollen. Wings nearly hyaline at base, lightly infuscated without and behind ;
near the middle in front with a large diffuse brownish spot; veins mostly yellow ;
marginal cell closed or narrowly open.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. PAU

Two specimens, Chapada. This species does not agree wholly
with Macquart’s description, but I think it is the same. All the
tibize are “ herissées de poils,” and the figure of the legs is not at all
correct. Bigot placed this species in the genus Phalacromyia, for
what reason I do not know, as he seems to have been unacquainted
with it. Phal. vicina Bigot he believes to be nearly allied, from the
puosity of the hind tibize, though it has the scutellum normal. Pha.
melanorrhina Bigot seems to have a similar frontal tubercle. Espe-
cially characteristic of the genus is the peculiar style of ocular
pilosity.

60. Apophysophora scutellata n. sp.

9 .—Length 5—6 mm. Antenne reddish brown, or reddish black ; the arista
yellow, long and loosely plumose. Face pitchy black, sparsely light yellow pilose,
with whitish pollen below the antenne ; tubercle obscurely yellowish ; the cheeks
in front with a yellow or luteous stripe to the oral margin. Front shining black,
vertical tubercle very prominent, sharply conical; median tubercle small, but
very distinct, rounded. Mesonotum metallic bronze black, with light yellow
pile, and, across the middle, black pile. Scutellum wholly translucent, light
amber yellow; large, swollen, as long as wide, obtusely triangular in side view,
at the base projecting directly upwards to a level with the top of the dorsum,
forming three rounded tubercles, shallowly separated, the middle one the most
prominent. Abdomen pitchy black, shining, the first segment and the base of
the second yellow. Legs black pitchy, the tarsi yellow; al! the femora and
tibize short ciliate with black pile; hind tibiz moderately arcuated and dilated.
Wings nearly hyaline on the basal posterior part, in front yellow or yellowish ;
from beyond the anterior cross-vein infuscated, brown in front; marginal cell
wide open.

% —-Ocellar tubercle and frontal triangle moderately swollen, shining green.
Abdomen more reddish, the second segment with two opaque black spots.

Twelve female and two male specimens, Chapada.

ERISTALIS.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

Arista bare; eyes pilose; hind femora thickened.
1. Dorsum of thorax with one or more ashy or shining transverse bands........2.

Dorsum uniform in color, or with longitudinal stripes.................... watscsees 13.
2. A complete transverse band in front of the scutellum........ 0... eee ceeeee 6.
Dorsum opaque black in front of the scutellum. ..............:.66. cee. aves cae 3.
3. Presutural ashy band distinctly interrupted ................00.c0c000 seceee eeoeeeeeeSPs
Resume loan Ghemtdine) wasn sesccrciesscscnssnsssqcqseserorees\-soscente/sseectsst|o sea sestiectaseact 4

4. Marginal cell distinctly widened before its tip (i. e. the second vein has a
slight, but distinct curvature backward before its end) ; no gray clouds in
the marginal and submarginal Cells. ...-.... 2.0... ..--..000sseseee albifrons.

Marginal cell regular, second vein not curved before its end.................... 5.

278 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

5. Antenne light reddish yellow; pile of the female front light yellow, except
at the vertex; no gray clouds in the marginal and submarginal cells.

teenia.

Antenne reddish brown; pile of the female front black; gray clouds in the
marginal and submarginal CellS.......0. --200..esccoeeseceesens sosesenes podagra.

6. Prescutellar thoracic band shining ; abdomen more elongate................0++ 1G
PrescutellaribandvoOpaguereerc-c.css+-+<serisereecess seropensceitenans costs teassnienecereaeeaeer rae

~

. Marginal cell widened before its end, a distinct curvature of the second
vein into the submarginal cell; frontal triangle with whitish pile; mar-

ginal and submarginal cells without gray ClOUdS.............seceeeeeeeeees cece 8.
Manginalyce line pula tesserae: accttecnsnenes[scsenescsteseoss tates cae eeeaen huessesos Peters a

8. Third abdominal segment opaque.. eaase eee eect ctneieacasts nigfipes.
Third segment with a narrow hina cross- ana Pe rufiventris.

9. Front and frontal triangle with black pile............... -scswcoes sancceveecveres coven 10.

Frontal triangle and front (except on the upper part) light yellow pilose;
shining band on the third segment entire; gray clouds in the marginal

and Submarpimal Cell Sa... s.cadececcossjece sac raccnescttossenesaateasteee vinetorum.

10. The post-sutural black thoracic band crescentic in shape; scutellum without
DIAckwonUNelSiMesss-sesteescescecececorsisesestescesensionecel cesta cee ? agrorum.

The post-sutural band not crescentic; sides of scutellum black; no gray
clouds in the marginal and submarginal cells......... schistaceus n. sp.

11. Second abdominalsegment without a posterior black band..volatiecus n. sp.
Second segment with a posterior opaque black band............csecsceeceeeee cesees 12:

1D: Wie DIAGK Soe acncas advonveese toe ttte Sydans saisr saat eae caer ee eee eestor ect

conicus.

Legs almost wholly reddish yellow. ...........00+ cesses seeceeees przecipuus nv. sp.

13. Dorsum of thorax with opaque black markings on an ashy ground.......... 14,
Dorsum' uniform ior nearly SOp1n) COLOTA OMG cescecr crs neceneeer cnet scence raeet aaa 1S:

14° Avsingle median DlACK SUripC..-..cc-0-c--5| iean--neal-w-<enesniersecners parvulus n. sp.

A geminate median black stripe, in the shape of a tuning fork... fureatus.

15. Thorax black ; wings with a definite large brown spot.......pygolampus.
Thorax dark reddish brown, with fulvous pile; wings infuscate.

obsoletus.

Thorax light ochraceous yellow ; wings hyaline............ ochraceus n. sp.

61. Eristalis pygolampus Wied.

One male and two female specimens from Rio de Janeiro and
Chapada. The third joint of the antenne is reddish brown or
brownish red, larger in the female; the yellow of the front is a very
small semi-circular spot above the immediate base of the antenne.
The suture shows no trace of white pollen, and the scutellum is deep
reddish brown. The third abdominal segments has a very narrow,
the fourth a broader, yellow hind margin. The tarsi are light yel-
lowish red throughout. The front of the female is rather narrow
above, with black pile; the abdomen is nearly as in the male, the
shining spots on the second segment being partly confluent.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 279

62. Eristalis obsoletus Wied.
Two specimens, Rio de Janeiro and Chapada. I would only add
to Schiner’s remarks that the pile of the femora is variable.

63. Eristalis ochraceus n. sp.

%. Length 12mm. Face yellow, thickly covered with light ochraceous yel-
low pollen; cheeks shining red. Front tinged a little darker than the face,
with yellow pile. Antenne and bare arista light reddish yellow. Eyes briefly
pilose, the facets on upper half distinctly enlarged. Mesonotum densely
opaque ochraceous yellow, with similar colored pile; four or six slender stripes,
feebly indicated. Pleurz lighter colored than the mesonotum. Scutellum
opaque reddish yellow. First abdominal segment whitish yellow; second seg-
ment of the color of the scutellum, with a slender blackish brown anterior mar-
gin, a linear brown stripe, and a narrow posterior blackish brown band in front
of the yellow hind margin; third segment blackish, with a red lateral spot and
hind margin, and a narrow entire shining median band; fourth segment opaque
blackish, with a shining metallic band; hypopygitm shining. Legs red; base of
the tibie and the tarsi, except their tips, yellow; distal portion of hind femora,
and a ring on the hind tibiz, blackish, the distal part of front femora and
tibiz brownish red. Wings pure hyaline; veins reddish.

One specimen, Chapada.

64. Eristalis fureatus Wied.

Two specimens, Rio de Janeiro and Chapada. The scutellum is
as Wiedemann describes it. The synonymy of furcatus Macq. admits
of no doubt.

65. Eristalis scutellaris Fabr.

Numerous specimens from Chapada and Rio de Janeiro. In one
female specimen only, are there yellow spots on the second segment
of the abdomen. Doliosyrphus Rileyi Will. is the same, as I sus-
pected.

66. Eristalis conicus Fabr.

Twelve specimens, Rio de Janeiro and Chapada. Is closely allied
to scutellaris, but will be distinguished in the female by the front
being broad above, by the tibize, especially the hind pair, being
lighter colored, by the median opaque stripe of the second abdominal
segment not reaching the posterior band, by the smaller size, ete.
The males differ, besides in the facial profile, in the antennz being
longer than in scutellaris. The margins of the scutellum are beset
with short, dense, velvety black pile; the yellow spots of the ab-
domen are smaller, the hind femora larger, ete.

280 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

67. Eristalis precipuus n. sp.

*%.—Length 12—13 mm. Allied to £. scutellaris and conicus, but easily distin-
guished by the red legs. Face thickly covered with white pile and pollen, leay-
ing a shining median stripe and the cheeks narrowly shining black. Antenne
reddish brown, the basal joints and the arista more reddish. Frontal triangle
shining black, with black pile. Eyes briefly pilose above. Mesonotum, in front,
ochraceous gray, separated by a crescentic opaque black band from the presutural
opaque gray band; behind the suture an opaque black band, in front of a
broader, shining steel-blue band. Pleurse largely silvery gray pollinose;
some yellowish pile in front of the root of the wings. Scutellum opaque light
yellow, with the base narrowly opaque black. Abdomen opaque black, second
segment with two large quadrate yellow spots, leaving a rather broad median stripe
and a posterior band; third segment with a large yellow spot on each side, nar-
rowly connected on the front margin; fourth segment with an entire steel-blue
shining cross-hband ; hypopygium shining steel-blue; second, third and fourth
segments each with a narrow posterior yellow margin. Legs yellowish, some-
times brownish, red, the tarsi brown; hind femora considerably thickened.
Wings grayish hyaline, often lightly tinged with brownish exteriorly.

© —Front shining black, at the vertex steel-blue, with black pile; an opaque
band below the ocelli and the orbits below narrowly whitish pollinose. Spots of
the second abdominal segment sometimes largely shining blue; third and fourth
segments shining metallic blue with a posterior opaque band.

Fourteen specimens, Chapada. The antennze are sometimes red-
dish or blackish, but never light colored.

68. Eristalis vinetorum Fabr.
Five specimens, Rio de Janeiro and Corumba.

69. Eristalis nigripes Wied.
Six specimens, Rio de Janeiro, Corumba and Uarcarizal. Is
easily recognizable from Wiedemann’s description.

70. Evistalis agrorum Wied.

Fifteen specimens (Chapada), as large and more elongate than
vinetorum, I cannot identify with certainty. The antenn are not
‘“ ocherbraunlichschwarz,’ but red, or brownish red. The fourth
and fifth abdominal segments have no yellow spots whatever. Wiede-
mann’s description, moreover, applies to the male only, though both
sexes are given in his diagnosis. In the male, the spots of the second
and third segments are very large, quadrate, with a very slender
posterior brownish band on the second segment, and a narrow one
on the third. Otherwise the description applies pretty well to our
specimens.

71. Eristalis volaticus n. sp.

*%,.—Length 16—11 mm. Face densely, nearly white pollinose ; median stripe
and cheeks shining black. Antenne brownish yellow, the first two joints black-

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 281

ish. Frontal triangle shining black, with black pile. Mesonotum with opaque
black bands, the anterior margin and presutural band ashy, the posterior band
moderately shining bluish; the post-alar callosities, the hind margin of the
mesonotum, and the scutellum, except a small yellow spot at the tip, densely
covered with short, deep black, velvety pile, wholly concealing the ground upon
which it is inserted. Abdomen: first segment black; second segment light yel-
low with a median black stripe not quite reaching the hind margin; third seg-
ment yellow with a median stripe, as though a interrupted continuation of that
on the second, connected with the narrow, sometimes partly obsolete band before
the yellow hind margin, brown or blackish; fourth segment shining, somewhat
metallic, black, with a median spot in front and a narrow band before the yel-
low hind margin, opaque black; in shape the segment is nearly square and flat-
tened, cylindrical; hypopygium shining metallescent black. Venter, except the
fourth segment almost wholly light yellow. Legs black; the base of the tibize
and tarsi reddish, the hind femora chiefly dark red; hind tarsi with fulvous pu-
bescence below; hind femora much thickened. Wings largely tinged with
brownish, especially along the stouter veins.

ive specimens, Chapada, Corumbaé and Rio de Janeiro.
F , Cl la, Corumbaé and Rio de Janei

72. Eristalis podagra Macquart, 9.
E. surinamensis Macquart, % .
E. bifasciatus Macquart, %.

Eighteen specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Chapada. The eyes
are pilose. Macquart describes them as bare in E. podagra and
surinamensis, but as that mistake was not an infrequent one with him
the discrepancy is of no importance. All three of these descriptions
apply well otherwise ; E. swrinamensis is, however, placed under the
group with the ‘“cuisses posteriores greles,’ which may make the
synonymy somewhat doubtful. The femora in both sexes are dis-
tinctly, though not greatly, thickened.

73. Eristalis teenia Wied. ? £. annulipes Macq.

Numerous specimens from Rio de Janeiro, Corumba and Uaricazal.
With Schiner’s description of the thorax the determination seems
pretty certain, but there is a considerable variation in the color of
the legs, the four anterior ones often having considerable black. The
hind femora are only a little thickened. I believe Macquart’s species
to be the same.

74. Eristalis sp.

.Four male specimens from Rio de Janeiro and Chapada resemble
tenia closely, but seem distinct in the black pile of the frontal tri-
angle, and in the broadly interrupted presutural band.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (36) NOVEMBER, 1888.

282 8. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

75. Eristalis rufiventris Macq.

A number of specimens from Chapada agree very well with Mac-
quart’s description, but positive determination is hazardous in the
absence of Columbian specimens. Some of the males have a quad-
rate black spot on the third abdominal segment. The female has
two spots of the second segment not attaining the hind margin, and
the two following segments each with an opaque posterior band and
metallic in front, the third with an anterior opaque spot; in some
there is red on the third segment. - The facial stripe is rarely black.

76. Ervistalis schistaceus n. sp.

?.—Length 9 mm. Face densely yellowish white pollinose, leaving the
median stripe and the cheeks shining black. Front on the sides yellowish pol-
linose, immediately above the antenne with a shining black spot, connected by
a linear stripe with an opaque band above; immediately below the antenne a
narrow yellow pollinose band. Antennz reddish brown. Mesonotum opaque
ashy gray, slightly yellowish, with a narrow band a little before the suture, and
another of equal width throughout behind, both interrupted by a line, opaque
black; the second band is straight in the middle, making on each side an angle
to curve forward and outward to the root of the wing. Scutellum light waxy
yellow, its narrow base and the lateral margin opaque black. Pleure thickly
whitish pollinose, with white and yellowish pile. Abdomen: second segment
opaque black, with a large pruinose metallescent spot on each side, leaving a
posterior and a median stripe, and contiguous with the front border outwardly
only: third segment with an opaque black posterior band and a median anterior
spot, a shining band across the middle, and on the front, laterally, pruinose like
the spots of the second segment; fourth segment opaque black, with a shining
cross-band ; second, third and fourth segments each with a narrow yellow hind
margin. Legs black; tibie at the base narrowly yellowish. Wings nearly pure
hyaline. Hind femora thickened.

One specimen, Chapada.

77. Eristalis parvulus n. sp.

©. Length 7mm. Face black, thickly ashy pollinose, leaving a rather broad
stripe and the cheeks shining black. Antenne reddish brown. Vertex opaque
black, a narrow ochraceous band in front of the ocelli and behind a broader
opaque black band or spot, that is continued in a slender stripe to the shining
black above the base of the antennz; the sides of the front below the opaque
spot yellowish pollinose. Mesonotum opaque yellowish ashy gray, leaving a me-
dian stripe gradually attenuated to a point anteriorly. a small spot in front of the
inner end of the suture, and a large triangular spot behind the suture, extending
to the scutellum posteriorly and outwardly along the suture to the margin, all
opaque black. Scutellum at the sides metallic black, on its base above opaque
black, leaving a rounded yellow spot above on the apical part. Pleure black,
moderately shining. Abdomen opaque black; second segment with a triangle
on each side, and the three following segments each with an entire band, metallic

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 283

black. Legs black, their pile short, white; the knees and more or less of the
base of the tibie reddish ; hind femora much thickened. Wings hyaline, a small
stigmatic spot.

One specimen, Chapada.

78. Eristalis albifrons Wiedemann; Roeder, Stett. Ent. Zeit. 1865, 340.—
Brazil, Porto Rico.
Eristalis albiceps Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii. 2, 56, 41; Williston, Synopsis N.
A. Syrphide, 172.
Eristalis seniculus Loew, Centur. vi. 63.

One specimen, % , Rio de Janeiro.

79. Pteroptila milesoides Bigot.

Three specimens, Chapada. The description leaves no doubt of
the identity.

80. Pteroptila simplex Schiner, Noy. Exped. 365,

Six specimens from Chapada agree essentially with the description.
The third joint of the antennze is sometimes red, and the hind femora
below are more or less red. The species is closely allied in appear-
ance and structure with the following, but will be at once distin-
guished by the slender median dorsal stripe being gray, not com-
posed of yellow tomentum like the other markings of the dorsum ;
by the much less thickened, almost wholly black hind femora, ete.

81. Pteroptila zemula n. sp.

%.—Length 15 mm. Eyes bare, narrowly contiguous; frontal and vertical
triangles black, the former white pubescent on the orbital margin. Face thickly
whitish pollinose, a broad median stripe and the cheeks, shining black. Antenne
brownish black, the arista luteous; third joint oval, not transverse. Posterior
orbits densely light vellow pollinose. Thorax black, but very little shining; the
mesonotum with a slender median stripe and the narrow posterior margin, a
slender strigula on each side on the suture (not quite reaching the median stripe)
and a slender oblique spot on each side behind the humeri, all opaque yellow to-
mentose. Pleurz with a slender whitish pollinose vertical stripe. Abdomen
opaque black; third and fourth segments opaque reddish yellow, due to short,
dense, recumbent pile; third segment with a broad, bare, black, median band;
third with the narrow front margin, and a slender transverse band of the same
black ; hypopygium densely yellowish pollinose. Legs black, the distal half of
hind femora, and the hind tibie, except their tip, reddish yellow; all the tarsi
brownish red; all the femora swollen, the hind pair extraordinarily so on the
proximal two-thirds. Wings nearly hyaline behind, brown or brownish along
the front margin; sixth vein strongly sinuous.

Two specimens, Chapada.

284 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

HABROMYIA gen. nov.

Allied to Mallota, but the body elongate and bare. Front of the
male narrow above, the eyes separated by the ocelli. Eyes bare.
Front of female narrowed above. Antenne situated on a prominent
convexity, near the middle of the eyes in profile; short, the third
joint oval, not transverse ; arista bare. Face convex in profile below
the antennal protuberance. Head much broader than the thorax.
Abdomen elongate, scarcely as broad as the thorax, the sides of the
first three segments nearly parallel, thence tapering in both sexes to
a point. Legs rather slender, the hind femora elongate and a little
thickened, and with short bristles below distally. Wings as in Mal-
lota, the curvature of the third vein short and deep.

The genus is intermediate between Mallota and Xylota, and ap-
parently will include Mallota xyloteformis Schiner. In shape, the
abdomen cannot be very different from that of Madlota eristaloides,
but the antenne and bareness throughout seem sufficient to separate
the genus.

82. Habromyia cceruleithorax n. sp.

% 9 .—Length 12—14 mm. Head black ; face on the sides narrowly and thinly
white dusted, the front in both sexes with a narrow pollinose orbital margin and
across the middle; tip of the frontal process above reddish yellow. Antenne
brownish red, the arista brownish yellow. Dorsum of thorax deep shining me-
talliec blue; finely punctulate, very nearly bare; in front in the middle with the
beginning of two deep opaque stripes, separated bya line, and a spot of similar
color over each humerus. Abdomen opaque bluish black, the first segment some-
what shining reddish ; the following segments when seen obliquely, with a dense
sericeous yellowish pubescence. Legs blackish brown, the base of the four ante-
rior femora reddish yellow, the middle tarsi brownish red. Wings hyaline on
the posterior part, deep brown in front; the brown borders the fifth vein behind
to the base of the last posterior cell, and extends thence to the posterior angle of
the first posterior cell, filling out this cell, except an oval sinus in front of the
last section of the fourth vein.

Two specimens, Chapada. The male abdomen is shaped nearly as
in the female, the hypopygial segment forming an apparently addi-
tional one, the sexual organs showing as an oval intercalated body
below, some distance before the tip. The convexity of the third
vein has a stump of a vein projecting into the first posterior cell in
the female, not in the male. Whether it is a sexual or individual
character it is impossible to say.

83. Xylota genuina n. sp.

© —Length 12mm. Black, without yellow markings. Third antennal joint
elongate oval, reddish brown, the intermediate ground upon which the an-

Yr

Cae rb: MEK RSS

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 285

tenn are inserted is luteous yellow. Face in profile vertical, and straight from
the root of the antenne to the oral margin, obtusely keeled, on either side with
a patch of silvery gray dust. Front opaque on the upper part, yellowish dusted
across the middle. Mesonotum opaque, an intra-humeral, and a slender, inter-
rupted sutural band, yellow pollinose. Scutellum thinned at the tip, and with
eight or ten small, but distinct, spinous bristles on its margin. Abdomen opaque ;
first segment, lateral margins of the second, anterior angles of the third, and the
fourth wholly, moderately shining greenish metallic. Hind femora moderately
thickened, with numerous spines below, and a patch of short silvery pile in front
toward the base; hind cox with a small, acute, spinous tubercle. Wings tinged
with brownish, nore strongly distally in front, the stigma elongate brown ; third
vein gently curved back ward.

One specimen, Rio de Janeiro.

84. Syritta americana Schiner.

Three male and one female specimens from Rio de Janeiro and
Chapada are probably this, but the males differ from the description
in having a broad, narrowly interrupted, yellow abdominal band;
the first three joints of the four anterior, not the hind, tarsi are very
light yellow, and the marginal cell of the wings from beyond the
auxiliary vein is filled out with deep brown. The known variations
in S. pipiens are such that I would not consider these differences
(Schiner may have overlooked the brown marginal cell) specific,
without further proof. The female differs in having no yellow on
the abdomen, the opaque second and third segments showing shining
metallic places to correspond to them; my single female also has a
shining black spot above the oral margin. The third antennal joint
is fully twice as long as the first two together.

85. Sterphus coerulius Rondani (Xylota).
S. antennalis Philippi.

I will notice here a specimen of this species kindly sent me by
Mr. Roeder, who called my attention to the above synonymy, which
I can corroborate. The male hind cox have a long slender spur
beneath. The specimen is from Chili.

CERIOGASTER ven. nov.

Allied to Xylota, the face carinate and the abdomen much con-
tracted on the basal segments. Head flattened ; face short, in pro-
file gently convex. First two joints of the antenne short, third
elongate oval. Eyes bare, subcontiguous in the male, in the female
the front narrowed above. Antenne inserted near the middle of the

286 8. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

eyes in profile. Scutellum small, somewhat thinned. Abdomen con-
tracted on the basal segments, the greatest width attained on the
fourth ; convex transversely. Hind femora much thickened in both
sexes, with bristly spines below; front tarsi elongate and flattened
in both sexes. Wings folded in repose; neuration as in Xylota ;
anterior cross-vein oblique, joining the fourth vein a little before the
middle of the discal cell.

In addition to the species described below, the genus will probably
include Xylota coarctata Wied.

86. Ceriogaster foscithorax n. sp.

*% 9.—Length 7--8 mm. Face, frontal triangle, and vertical triangle (except
the ocelligerous tubercle) with a golden sheen; a median stripe and a stripe on
the cheeks shining black; in the female the pollen of face and front is of a
lighter color, with a narrow opaque band on the upper part of the front. An-
tenn yellowish brown. Thorax opaque black; mesonotum with two narrow,
golden opaque bands, one toward the front margin, the other on the suture, and
both interrupted in the middle; a small narrow spot of the same color on the
posterior margin of the mesonotum. Scutellum opaque black, the margin more
or less metallic. Abdomen moderately shining black ; the fourth segment bright
brassy metallic, thickly clothed with short golden pile; in the female the first
segment on the sides, and the third, except a large triangular spot behind, me-
tallic green, the black opaque, and the second segment in front with two reddish
spots. Legs: femora mostly black, the four hind tibiz and tarsi deep red or
pitchy; the front tibize distally and front tarsi deep opaque black. Wings
clouded with blackish distally, the stigma deep brown.

Two specimens, Corumba and Rio de Janeiro.

CERIA.

TABLE OF SPECIES.

1. Antennal process as long as first joint of antenne (red species with yellow

MATKINGS) |. vecoesccooessestuowecesscticccteteeress weleesessoieee seccnseeent Lynchii n. sp.

Antennal process one-half or one-third as long as the first joint.... .. hee: 2.

2. Second segment of abdomen long and slender, only a little dilated behind
(black with) yellow markings) \\...crrcs\sncameec-wstennsancstencoseeaclarencclsascuserslonees 3:
Second segment narrow in front, of nearly the full width of abdomen behind ;

NO“OlOW SATS sceccncarians sees eeieeene ancien oceaestsecepee: [eee sesasasteress=stti estes sin neater re

3. Second joint of antenne longer than the first, third short..SaeKenii n. sp.
Second joint shorter than the first ; yellow stripes of face slender.

Mikii n. sp.

4. Abdomen red throughout; thorax black............cccseeeceeeeees Brauerii un. sp.

Abdomen black, with orjwithout) bamds)......:00.ssssesseocsescoceeecresesseaseeecieseeee 5.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 287

5. Dorsum of thorax with conspicuous light yellow pollinose stripes ; abdomen
banded ; middle tibie of male with a distal brush of hair.
Roederii n. sp.

Dorsum of thorax and the abdomen uniformly black.............0.seeec00ee seneeeees 6.

6. Middle male tibize with brush of hair on inner distal part; abdomen elongate
ovate ; face with two inconspicuous luteous stripes....... barbipes Loew.
Middle faa ilore oyna 0) ees encpecen Eero err Pre er er can coccLio Sehiece ce oat beac aoe e ae ae

7. Face with four slender yellowish or whitish stripes; sides of metanotum with
slender yellow stripe ; wings in front deep brown, towards the end yellow.
Wulpii n. sp.

Face with two stripes, no metathoracic stripes, wings more uniform along the
front border; second segment of abdomen more cylindrical, not so much
Galette dl sdistballl:ysiceccm ence scncesw|soeesvs cose cecewe aveaineseoescucwstecwetenss Bigotii n. sp.

87. Ceria Lynchii n. sp.

% .—Length15 mm. Face yellow, a median stripe, a vittula on each side, and
a stripe from the lowest part of the eye to oral margin, ferruginous red; vertex
reddish yellow, the lateral orbits golden pollinose ; occiput in the middle broadly
black. Frontal process long and slender, longer than the first joint of the an-
tenne, red. First joint of the antenne black, a little longer than the second;
second joint black, or brownish black, a little longer than the third; third
wholly red; style elongate, slender, white. Mesonotum red; on the posterior
half a very large triangle, its apex in front and with a slender brown streak in
its middle, a stripe on each side from the suture to post-alar callosity, a triangular
spot on each side in front of the suture, contiguous with a spot on the humeri,
yellow; just above the supra-alar yellow stripe, an equal black one; on each side
of the middle a golden pollinose stripe, reaching about as far as the apex of the
posterior triangle. Pleurz chiefly yellow, with four or five slender, vertical
blackish or brown stripes. Scutellum light yellow, the base very narrowly black ;
metanotum light yellowish gray pollinose. Abdomen not broad, deep ferrugin-
ous in color, the first segment with a posterior black band, the second more yel-
lowish on the sides in front; the second segment is longer than the third, and
about as long as the fourth, it is much contracted near the anterior end, but not
cylindrical, its posterior side broad, nearly the full width of the abdomen. Legs
yellowish red, the basal two-thirds of the femora black, but with reddish streaks.
Wings brownish yellow along the front margin; the basal posterior part also
tinged with the same color.

One specimen, Chapada, June. Dedicated to Dr. Enrique Lynch
Arribalzaga, of Argentina.

88. Ceria Sackenii n. sp.

*%,.--Length 14—15 mm. Face black, lightly dusted; a broad, somewhat
triangular, stripe on each side, nearly confluent above with a large orbital spot
and a spot on each side of the antennal process, confluent with the frontal orbital
margin, yellow; cheeks black, shining behind, the posterior oral margin with a
yellow spot. Vertex swollen, yellow ; the posterior orbits golden yellow pollinose.
Frontal process reddish yellow, or yellowish red, about half the length of the
first antennal joint. Antenne blackish brown; the first joint at base, the distal

288 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

part of second, and the third, deep red ; second joint very distinctly longer (about
a fifth) than the first, third joint not half the length of the second; arista
slender, silvery white. Mesonotum brownish black, in the middle with a broad
yellowish dusted stripe; the humeri, a spot at outer end of suture, continued as
a narrow, interrupted, sutural, golden pollinose cross-band ; a supra-alar vittula,
and the scutellum, except a large transverse spot, all yellow. Pleure black,
grayish pollinose; a vertical stripe on the mesopleure, nearly confluent with a
sterno-pleural spot, yellow. Abdomen black, the sides and venter of the cylin-
drical portion of the second segment, its posterior margin and the posterior
margin of the two following segments, yellow; fourth segment with a biarcuate
yellowish pollinose cross-band ; the second segment is nearly as long as the two
following together, slender and cylindrical on the anterior two-thirds or more;
the following segments form a broadly ovate mass. Legs yellow; the middle
femora with a spot below, the hind femora with a broad ring, sometimes incom-
plete above, black ; front and hind tarsi more reddish or brownish; hind tibiz
with an incomplete brown ring opposite the femoral ring. Wings hyaline, with
an equal brown margin in front.

Four specimens, Chapada, November. With these males there
are five female specimens that seem to be of the same species, though
differing somewhat in coloration. The yellow of the face is less in
extent, the spots smaller; the antennz are darker colored ; the ocelli
are situated on a more or less extended blackish spot ; the mesonotum
is black, wholly without the yellowish dusted stripe, the spots are
smaller, the supra-alar vittula, when present, very slender; the legs
have more black, ete.

Dedicated to Baron C. R. von Osten Sacken, of Heidelberg, the
able dipterologist.

89. Ceria Mikii n. sp.

% 9.—Length 10—12 mm. Allied to Sackenii. The frontal process is shorter,
the first antennal joint longer, distinctly longer than the second, the third is a
half or more of the length of the third. The yellow markings of the face con-
sist of a slender, arcuate stripe on each side, not reaching the frontal process,
and two small orbital spots, the upper one opposite the base of the frontal pro-
cess, confluent, in the male, with a narrow frontal orbital margin. In the female
the front is black, with distinct rugosities on each side. A yellow spot on each
side of the ocelli on the occipital margin. Mesonotum deep black, with a small
yellow humeral spot, and another at outer end of suture; no vestige of a yellow
pollinose sutural band. Scutellum narrowly yellow at base and margin. Pleuree
with a slender stripe, and a very small spot below, yellow. The abdomen is, in
structure and markings, similar to that of Sackenii; the dilated portion rather
shorter and broader. The legs are blackish brown, with the narrow base of
femora, the knees and middle tarsi yellow. Wings as in C. Sackenii.

Two specimens, Chapada, April, November.
Dedicated to the well-known dipterologist, Prof. Josef Mik, of
Vienna.

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 289

90. Ceria Brauerii n. sp.

© .—Length 18—19 mm. Face black, shining, a lightly dusted stripe on each
side of the middle; a yellow stripe runs from near the middle of the facial orbit
to the oral margin; oral emargination broad ; an interrupted band below the
ocelli, and a spot on the upper part of the facial orbit, opaque black. Ocellar
callosity black, posterior orbits yellow pollinose. Frontal process slender, nearly
black, the underside red; in length rather more than half of the first antennal
joint. Antenne slender, the second joint only very gradually widened ; black,
the style silvery ; first joint a trifle longer than the second, the second longer
than the third, style not elongate. Thorax black, the dorsum with a distinet
yellowish pruinosity, less apparent in the middle behind and near the outer end
of the suture; a small spot on the humeri, a smaller one eat outer end of suture,
the post-alar callosities and the narrow base and margin of the scutellum, red or
yellowish. Pleurz yellowish pruinose; a rather broad yellow stripe across the
sides of metanotum; an indistinct slender reddish stripe on the mesopleure.
Abdomen ferruginous red; second segment yellow at base, the fourth segment
with an indistinct, yellowish pollinose, biarcuate, cross-band ; in shape the abdo-
men is elongate, the third segment about square; the second segment is narrow
at the immediate base, of nearly the full width of the abdomen behind, of nearly
equal length with the third, shorter than the fourth. Legs brownish black, the
base of all the femora red or yellow. Wings hyaline, brownish along the ante-
rior part.

Three specimens, Chapada (March) and Santarem. The first seg-
ment of the abdomen may be blackish on the sides, and in life it is
possible that the following segments may have a noticeable yellow
hind margin.

Dedicated to the able entomologist, Prof. Friedrich Brauer, of

Vienna.

91. Ceria Roederii n. sp.

%.—Length 16 mm. Face and front black, shining, the narrow margin of
frontal orbit, and a slender stripe from in front of the lower border of the eye,
running to the oral margin, nearly white pollinose; on either side of the face,
below the antenne thinly grayish pollinose. Frontal process about one-third of
the length of the first antennal joint. Antenne slender, black; second joint
only very gradually widened, about three-fourths the length of the first, and a
fourth longer than the third; style very long and slender, cinereous. Vertex
not strongly prominent; posterior orbits light yellow pollinose. Thorax black,
the mesonotum but little shining, with two conspicuous, opaque, light yellow,
pollinose stripes, blending with the base of a slender median triangle at the
scutellar margin ; a slender stripe on each side, nearly touching a narrow trans-
verse spot from the previously mentioned stripes, and running to the post-alar
callosity, of the same opaque yellow color. Pleurz gray pollinose. Scutellum
yellow, shining; metanotum light golden. Abdomen elongate, narrow, black,
moderately shining ; second segment yellow in front; second, third and fourth
with a posterior yellow margin, and a median, narrow (very narrow on the second),

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (37) DECEMBER, 1888.

290 S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

light yellow, opaque, pollinose cross band, interrupted in the middle by a slender
line, that of the fourth segment is gently oblique on each side; second segment
about as long as the third, very narrow in front, of nearly full width behind.
Legs black; a small ring or spot at the base of the femora; middle tibiz on
distal inner third or half with a tuft of yellowish brown hair, continued more
yellow and shorter on the metatarsi. Wings nearly hyaline, yellowish and
brownish clouded in front; the stigma and a narrow cloud on the distal section
of the third vein brown.

One specimen, Chapada. ‘This is the handsomest species of the
genus that I have yet seen.

Dedicated to the well-known dipterologist, Mr. Victor von Roeder,
of Hoym, Germany.

92. Ceria barbipes Loew.

% 9.—-Length 14 mm. In structure like C. Roederii, the style less elongate.
Black, the thorax and abdomen without markings, except that the base of the
second segment is reddish. Face with two inconspicuous yellowish or reddish
stripes converging to the oral margin. Wings dark brown in front, lighter
toward the tip. Abdomen with fine whitish, close-lying pubescence. Middle
tibize of the male with a brush of long yellowish brown hair on the distal half,
continued somewhat on the metatarsi.

One male and two female specimens from Chapada (November)
agree well with Loew's description. The female middle tibiz have
no brush of hair at the end.

93. Ceria Wulpii n, sp.

% 9.—Length 12—l4mm. Black, scarcely shining. Face and front shining,
the former lightly dusted below the antennze, and with four slender or luteous
stripes, the one each side from near the middle, gently converging to the oral
margin, the other, from the lower border of the eye to the oral margin. Frontal
process black, or reddish black, less than half the length of the first antennal
joint. Antenne black, the third joint dark brownish red; second joint dis-
tinctly shorter than the first, and a little (perhaps a fourth) longer than the third ;
style moderately elongate. Thorax deep black, not shining; a slender, trans-
verse, yellow stripe on the sides of the metanotum, and the narrow base and
margin of the scutellum. Abdomen deep black, not shining; second segment
yellow at the narrow base, the following segments with fine yellow pubescence ;
second segment nearly the full width of abdomen behind, distinctly longer than
the third. Legs black, the tibie and tarsi sometimes perceptibly reddish. Wings
nearly hyaline on the posterior part, along anterior part on basal half deep brown,
on distal part yellow, on basal posterior portion strongly tinged with brownish.

One male and six female specimens, Chapada (January, Novem-
ber) and Rio de Janeiro (November). The female of this species
will be distinguished from the female of barbipes by the additional
stripe of the face, the yellow of the distal anterior portion of the

vt

SOUTH AMERICAN DIPTERA. 291

wings, by the shorter, more broadly oval, distal portion of the ab-

domen, which in all the specimens forms a strong angle with the
second segment, directed downwards, ete.

Dedicated to the dipterologist, Mr. F. R, v. d. Wulp, of Hague,
Holland.

94. Ceria Bigotii n. sp.

% 9.—Length 10—-11 mm. Closely allied to C. barbipes, but is smaller, the
style of antenne is shorter, the abdomen is much more contracted on the second
segment, and less expanded distally, the distal portion is more shining and not
noticeably with pubescent, and the male wholly lacks the brush of hairs on the
middle tibiz.

Two specimens, Chapada. The simple middle tibize will at once
distinguish the male of this species from that of C. barbipes. In the
female of C. barbipes the second segment of the abdomen has three
sides straight and of nearly equal width, with a short cylindrical
stem; in C. Bigotii the cylindrical portion forms nearly half the
length of the segment, and its posterior side is distinctly less in width
than that of the next segment. The antennal styles in the female
do not differ much. The legs in my specimens are deeply tinged
with red.

Dedicated to Mr. J. F. M. Bigot, of Paris.

Additions to the Catalogue of South American Syrphide,
Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xiii, 308-324.

Microdon cyaneus Perty, Delectus, ete.—Brazil.
fulgens Wiedemann, Auss. Zw. Ins. ii. 82; Williston, Synopsis N. A. Syr-
phide, 11; Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ler Suppl. 122.—N. and S. America.
Syrphus albitarsi, excavatus, albiventris Rondani, Dipt. Osculati
—S. America.
octoguttatus Jaennicke, Neue Exot. Dipt. 90.—Chill.
similis Blanchard, Gay’s Hist. fis. y pol. de Chile, vii. 410; Philippi, Verh.
Zool. Bot. Gesellsch. xy. 745.—-S. America.
albomaculatus Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1877, 84.—Galapagos.
agonis Walker, List, etc., iii. 538.--Galapagos.
splendens Thomson, Eugenies Resa, 501.—-Galapagos.
Temnocera metallorum, fulvolucus, Walker, Dipt. Saunders, 252.—
Brazil.

292 8S. W. WILLISTON, M. D.

Eristalis decorus Perty, Delectus, ete.—Brazil.
imversus Wiedemann, Auss. Zwei. Ins. ii. 161.—Surinam.
fuscipennis Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ler Suppl. 128, pl. xi. fig. 5.—Surinam.
PyYgmeeus Macquart, Dipt. Exot. ii. 2, 54.—Surinam.
fumescens Rondani, Dipt. Osculati, 4.—Rio Negro.
Helophilus chilensis Guerin, [conogr. 545, pl. xcix. fig. 2—Chili.
Dolichogyna fasciata Macq.
Helophilus Hahni Bigot, Mis. Sc. Cap. Horn, Dipt. vi. Dv. 24, pl. iii,
fig. 6,°

NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 293

Description of a larva of PAPILIO GUNDLACHIANUS two
days previous to its transformation into a chrysalis.

BY ALBERT BONZON, of Santiago de Cuba.

The head is black. The general color of the body ashy violet,
with three straight, longitudinal, black, fine lines, parallel to each
other, one dorsal and the other two lateral, interrupted only in the
first four segments; between the shield on the first segment (which
shield is black), and the head, there is a yellowish white band, from
which protrude fleshy protractile horns of an orange color, and at
its extremity a white appendage of one millimeter in length. Each
of the second and third segments have also four appendages curved
backwards and shaped like a thorn, of white color with a black
stripe in front and behind, the two central ones in each segment
being five millimeters in length, and the other two a little shorter.
The fourth segment has also two central appendages of five milli-
meters in length, and one very short one on either side. The third
and fourth segments are thicker than the rest. The fifth, sixth,
seventh, eighth and ninth segments have no appendages, and are ex-
actly similar to each other, and, commencing from the black dorsal
line, each half of these segments is as follows: the black dorsal line
is bordered with grayish white, which is followed by a small, oblique,
violet band; then another black oblique line with grayish white
borders, and another violet band broader than the first ; then comes
the straight, black, lateral line, bordered with whitish gray, being a
continuation of the same line, on which are placed the lateral appen-
dages of the second, third and fourth segments already described,
and of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth to be described later ; a trian-
gular violet space follows, then another little black oblique stripe
with gray borders, another violet band followed by a line like the
others, but horizontal; and then another dark band divided by a
little black stripe with light borders, in the lower part of which band
are situated the stigmata, which are black and of oval form, with an
ash colored centre; lastly, a white band with a slight pink hue and
little black stripes, which band extends from the head to the anal
cover, along the side, above the feet. In the tenth, eleventh and

294 CLARENCE M. WEED.

thirteenth segments there is more of the white color and less of the
violet than in the others; the tenth has two long appendages, one
on either side of the lateral black lines, and two very small ones,
one on each of the white bands; the eleventh has also two appen-
dages on the lateral lines, but not so long as the others, and two on
the white bands longer than the rest; the twelfth segment has only
two on the lateral lines ahd shorter than the others. On the anal
cover there is a black triangle. The horny feet are black, and the
fleshy ones of an ashy dark violet with their extremities black, and
on their upper part a small protuberance of an ash color inclining
to yellow. Length of the larva is 30 millimeters.

The larva feeds on one of the Aristolochiz. It remains about
thirteen days in the pupa state.

Santiago de Cuba June 16, 1888.

————————

Descriptions of some new or little known
MICROGASTERINE.

BY CLARENCE M. WEED.

Soon after the publication of my “ Notes on Some Illinois Micro-
gasters,’* Mr. E. T. Cresson kindly offered to send me the Micro-
gasterinz in the collection of the American Entomological Society
for arrangement and study, and the present paper is the result of a
preliminary examination of the material therein contained.

~

Microplitis maturus n. sp.—Lengih 3.5 mm. % 2. Black; antenne,
clypeus and mandibles ferruginous; palpi light yellow; tegule and legs (except
tarsi and posterior coxee, which are fuscous) testaceous; anterior half of abdo-
men, except tergum of first segment, also testaceous. Mesonotum slightly shin-
ing, punctate. Scutellum punctate. Metanotum reticulate, with median and
lateral carine. Tergum of first abdominal segment rugulose; remaining terga
smooth and shining. Wings hyaline; veins yellowish brown; stigma, except
spot on inside, darker; areolet subrhomboidal, large; ovipositor concealed.

Described from four specimens from New York and Connecticut
in the collection of the American Entomological Society. The depth
of coloring of the abdomen varies considerably. One of the speci-
mens was labeled MW. maturus, Cresson MS., and I have adopted the
name thus proposed.

* Bull. Ill. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. Vol. ILI, Art. I, p. 1.

>

NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA. 295

Microplitis terminatus n. sp—Length 5 mm. 4% &._ Black; scape,
labrum, mandibles, palpi, tegule, legs (except posterior cox), ventrum and pos-
terior half with more or less of margins of anterior half of dorsum of abdomen
testaceous. Antenne brownish, fuscous at tip, reaching slightly beyond thorax.
Mesonotum opaque, punctate, with lobes well developed. Scutellum opaque,
punctate. Metanotum coarsely reticulate, with prominent median and lateral
carine. Tergum of first abdominal segment reticulate, with longitudinal me-
dian excavation. Tergum of second segment smooth and shining on anterior
angles; otherwise with rather thick punctures. Remaining terga smooth.
Wings subhyaline; veins yellowish brown, darker apically ; stigma dark brown,
with lighter spot on inside. Ovipositor concealed.

Described from five Illinois specimens in the collection of the
American Entomological Society. One of these was labeled Micro-
gaster terminatus, Cresson MS., and I have adopted the specific name
thus proposed.

Apanteles hallii (Pack.)--Microguster hallii Packard, Am. Nat. vol. xi, p.
52, 1877.—Length 3mm. Black; antenne piceous; mandibles and palpi dark
reddish brown. Legs brownish black, posterior tibie slightly paler. Mesonotum
slightly shining, finely punctate. Scutellum shining, nearly smooth. Terga of
first and second abdominal segments shining, scabrous; remaining terga smooth
and shining. Tegule piceous. Wings hyaline, veins brownish black, lighter
apically ; stigma dark yellowish brown.

Described from one of the original type specimens in the collection
of the American Entomological Society. The specimen had three
labels upon it: the first being “ Polaris Bay, June, 1872, Bessels ;”
the second, “ Microgaster Hallii Pack.;” and the third, “ From Dr.
Packard.” The first and second I judge to be in Dr. Packard’s
handwriting, and the third in that of Mr. Cresson. The specimen
at hand is somewhat imperfect, and the legs and wings are so com-

pressed that I am not certain of the sex.

Dr. Packard describes the cocoon as of “the usual cylindrical
shape; white.”

Apanteles lunatus (Pack.)— Microgaster lunatus, Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. vol. xxi, p. 28. Apanteles lunatus Riley, Am. Nat. vol. xvi, p. 680.—
Length 3—3.5 mm. 4 2. Black, palpi whitish or light brown. Antenne pice-
ous, almost as long as body. Legs red, coxe black, posterior femora and tibie
with dusky tips, tarsi also more or less dusky. Mesonotum, with scutellum,
densely confluently punctured. Metanotum indistinetly reticulate, without
carinee. First and second abdominal terga rugosely punctate, and extreme base
of third also slightly sculptured ; remaining terga smooth and shining. Wings
hyaline, iridescent; veins and stigma brown.

Described from one of the original type specimens bred from Pa-
pilio asterias by Dr. Riley; five others bred in Illinois from the
same species by Prof. G. H. French; and two Massachusetts speci-
mens also bred from this species.

296 CLARENCE M. WEED.

This insect is at times quite common in southern Illinois, and as I
am informed by Prof. French, has noticeably decreased the members
of the handsome butterfly upon which it preys. The cocoons are
yellow, 5 mm. long by 2.2 mm. in diameter. They are spun singly
upon grass blades or similar materials, and have little loose silk.

Apanteles carduicola (Pack.)—Microgaster carduicola Packard, Proc.
Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vol. xxi, p. 27-—-Length 3mm. % Q. Black; palpi white;
antenne, tegule, labrum and mandibles piceous ; tibiz and apical half of femora
of first and second legs and nearly whole of posterior tibiz, testaceous; tarsi
dusky. Wings hyaline ; veins, except at base, and stigma, yellowish brown. Meso-
notum somewhat shining, finely, thickly punctured. Scutellum shining, nearly
smooth. Metanotum rugose, with no median carina. Tergum of first abdominal
segment coarsely punctured ; of second more finely punctured ; remaining terga
smooth and shining; ovipostor concealed.

Described from two of the original type specimens in the collection
of the American Entomological Society, received from Dr. Packard.

Microgaster facetosus n. sp.——Length 3.5mm. % 9. Black; antenne
(especially beneath), labrum and mandibles ferruginous; palpi whitish; four
anterior legs light honey yellow; posterior legs honey yellow, with basal half of
coxee, tips of femora, apical third of tibize and tarsi entirely, fuscous; basal half
of ventrum of abdomen, with margins of three anterior terga and narrow trans-
verse band just behind posterior border of third tergum light yellow. Antenne
as long as body. Mesonotum slightly shining, scabrous. Scutellum punctate.
Metanotum reticulate, with median carina. First, second and base of third ab-
dominal terga rugulose; margins soft and light colored ; remaining terga smooth
and shining. Wings hyaline; tegule and wing veins yellowish brown; stigma
darker; radius indistinct; areolet triangular. Posterior cox two-thirds as
long as abdomen.

Described from two Illinois specimens in the collection of the
American Entomological Society.

A specimen from New Jersey resembles this species very much,
but differs so in its darker color, reticulate scutellum, ete., that I
prefer to leave it for the present without referring it to this species
or describing it as distinct.

Microgaster zonaria Say.—Length 2.5 mm. % 9.—Black; scape be-
neath, clypeus, labrum and mandibles, legs, except claws and posterior tarsi
(which are fuscous) ventrum of abdomen and band on its dorsum (terga two and
three in male, and same with more or less of four in female) honey yellow; palpi
whitish; tegule and insertion of wings straw yellow. Antenne brownish; as
long as body. Mesonotum shining with minute, regular punctures. Seutellum
shining, sparsely punctured. Metanotum shining, punctured, with indistinct
caring enclosing a broadly triangular place on middle. Tergum of first abdom-
inal segment deeply punctured; remaining terga smooth and shining; sheath
of oyipositor black, slightly more than half as long as abdomen; ovipositor

NORTH AMERICAN HYMENOPTERA. 297

honey yellow. Wing veins (except at base) and stigma yellowish brown ; radius
indistinct; areolet very minute, triangular. Posterior coxe subcylindrical,
nearly as long as abdomen.

Described from seven specimens (two %, five 2 ) from Massachu-
setts in the collection of the American Entomological Society.

At first sight this species has much the appearance of an Apanteles,
as the areolet is so minute as to be indistinguishable without con-
siderable magnification.

A table of the species of VESPA found in the United States.
with descriptions of two new species.

BY JOSEPH MCFARLAND.

I.—Eyes not extending to base of mandibles.
Clypeus longer than broad.
Species colored black and white.
Seape white anteriorly............<.2:0-+-- asssecees ea —_
(arenaria Fabr.
Species colored black and yellow.

Scape yellow anteriorly......... Pasa vasseeearees diabolica eee
(infernalis Sauss.
I].—Eyes extending to base of mandibles.

Clypeus as broad or broader than long.
Species colored black and white.
FATEOTINGS al DI ACR oct cecwe ues coeuee cpcssiisececs seaiieesees scelesta n. sp.
Species colored black and yellow.
( germanica Fabr.
AMIbeMN ee All DIACKS. cssex: enesceesecSes oocereosece- vulgaris Linn.
( communis Sauss.
{ vida Sauss.
| pennsylvaniea Sauss.
rufa Linn.
| occidentalis Cresson.
{ Cuneata Fabr.

. . . . | i
Mesothorax with two longitudinal stripes / carolina: Dury,

; Sulphurea Sauss.
| bistriata n. sp.

Scape yellow anteriorly .............

Species tawny and ferruginous ; size large.
Antennee tawny beneath..............00.000-seceseees oa ecrabro Linn.

On account of insufficient description, V. borealis Kirby (Fauna
Bor. Amer. 4, p. 264) is not incorporated in the table.

TRANS. AMER. ENT. SOC. XV. (38) DECEMBER, 1888.

298 JOSEPH MCFARLAND.

V. bistriata n. sp.

© .—Black marked with yellow, very finely punctured, and clothed with a
sparse black pubescence. Head black, subtriangular, with a somewhat triangular
spot--the apex below-——between the antenne; a tiny spot between the above
and the ocelli; a spot in the sinus of the eye confluent with a narrow orbital
margin; cheeks connecting above the orbit with its narrow internal margin ;
clypeus, excepting a small, irregular black spot; and the mandibles, excepting a
narrow margin, yellow. Antenne black, the scape marked anteriorly by a yel-
low line. Flagellum black. Thorax: collar yellow, giving off an anterior,
pointed, descending process. Scutum with two yellow longitudinal lines. Scu-
tellum marked with two large lateral yellow spots. Post-scutellum yellow, nar-
rowly interrupted with black. Metathorax black, each side having a superior,
small, circular, yellow spot, and an inferior, large, subquadrate yellow spot.
Sides of thorax beneath the wings marked by an oblique yellow stripe and two
yellow spots. Tegule yellow, with a ferruginous spot. Wings hyaline, nervures
brown. Legs yellow, the coxe and femora marked above with black ; tarsi fer-
ruginous. Abdomen: first segment black, with a narrow, interrupted, yellow
basal border, confluent with two lateral, basal spots, and at the sides with a nar-
row, nearly interrupted apical yellow margin. Second segment black, marked
about the middle with a broad, broken yellow band. This segment is more or
less broadly bordered with yellow, having two rounded indentations, and con-
fluent laterally with the broad interrupted band marking the middle of the
segment. Third segment yellow, notched basally with black, and having two
Jateral black spots. Fourth segment yellow, less deeply notched with black and
having two black spots. Fifth segment yellow, scarcely indentated with black
anteriorly, and having the two lateral spots: anus yellow, with a longitudinal
black stripe. Venter yellow, with a black spot on each side of the second seg-
ment. Length 9 lines. Expanse of wings 15 lines.

Hab.--North America. Locality unknown.
One @ specimen in the collection of the American Entomological

Society. :
This species is distinguished from V. cuneata Fabr. by its larger

size and by the different ornamentation of the abdomen.

V. scelesta n. sp.

2 Black, finely punctured and covered with long black hairs. Head black,
subtriangular, slightly longer than broad. A bilobed spot between the antenne,
a narrow line in the sinus of the eye, a linear spot behind each eye superiorly,
clypeus except a central bilobed, trefoil or lozenge-shaped black spot, and mandi-
bles, except the edges, which are black, white. Antenne entirely black. Thorax
black; collar, a spot beneath the wing and two lateral spots on the scutellum
white. Post-scutellum and metathorax black. Tegule white, daubed with fer-
ruginous. Wings hyaline, nervures brown. Legs: cox, trochanters and femora,
except tips, black; tips of femora, tibiz and tarsi honey yellow. First segment
of abdomen entirely black. Second segment with a very narrow interrupted
white border, becoming wider laterally. Third segment black, broadly bordered
apically with white, having three indentations. Fourth and fifth segments
black, very broadly bordered with white, with two rounded lateral indentations :

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 299

anus black, with a small white spot on each side. Venter black, the second,
third, fourth and fifth segments bordered with white, widely interrupted me-
dially, each side, having a prominent rounded indentation.

*, .—Head broader than long, abdomen narrow and elongate. All the abdom-
inal segments bordered with white, the border of the first segment being narrow
and interrupted.

Var.—One specimen has a narrow white line on the scape of the antenne and
a black spot on the mandibles.

% .Resembles female, but the first abdominal segment has a narrow, inter-
rupted border of white, the other segments being more narrowly bordered than
in the 2, and the indentations not so prominent.

Var.—One specimen has a small white spot on the scape of the antenne.
Length 84 lines.

Hab.—Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Hampshire, Colorado, Mon-
tana, Maine, Washington Territory, Massachusetts.

Ten specimens, 9, 8, ¥. Collections of American Entomologi-
cal Society, Agassiz Museum and J. McFarland.

This species is readily distinguished from V. arenaria Fabr. and
V. maculata Linn. by the approximation of the eyes and mandibles,
and the entirely black antennze (see table).

Notes on some types of North American CERAMBYCID ©
in the British Museum.

BY ©. J. GAHAN, London, England.

Through a false impression, by which Dr. Horn regarded the
Liopus biguttatus of LeConte as specifically identical with the
Graphisurus pusillus of Kirby, confusion still exists in the nomen-
clature of the North American Acanthocini.

rraphisurus pusillus Kirby is, as I believe Dr. Horn was the first
to discover, a true Acanthocinus, and is synonymous with A. obsoletus
Oliv. Kirby’s type in the British Museum collection proves this,
and consequently his genus as such cannot stand. The name Graph-
isurus must, however, still be retained for the genus, the characters
of which, as LeConte and Lacordaire gave them, apply to the two
species—triangulifer Hald. and fasciatus De Geer, and the name
Urographis, employed by Dr. Horn for these species must properly

300 CG. J. GAHAN.

be placed as a synonym of Graphisurus Lec. It becomes necessary
to give a new name to the genus which was fully defined by Dr.
Horn under the name Graphisurus (Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe. vol.
viii, p. 129), and of which the type is biguttatus (Liopus) Lee. This
genus I propose to call Ceratographis, and in order to show the change
of nomenclature more clearly I tabulate the genera and species with
their new synonyms as follows:

GRAPHISURUS Lee. Lacord. ACANTHOCINUS Steph.
Urographis Horn. Graphisurus Kirby.
G. triangulifer Hald. A. obsoletus Oliv.
G. fasciatus De Geer. pusillus (Graphisurus) Kirby.
CERATOGRAPHIS n. g. A. obliquus Lec.
Graphisurus Horn. A. spectabilis Lec.
C. biguttata (Liopus) Lec. A. nodosus Fabr.

Along with Dr. Horn, who has very kindly given me valuable
assistance in naming North American Longicorns, I have been look-
ing into the species of the genus Mecas in our Museum collection.
We find that the Saperda cana of Newman is synonymous, not with
Mecas pergrata Say, as Dr. Horn’s list has it, but with Mecas satur-
nina Lee. Newman’s name is the older.

As synonymous with Mecas inornata Say we place Mecas (Saperda)
cinerea Newm., and Mecas senescens Bates. The synonymy of these
two species, which were shown by Blanchard (Ent. Amer. vol. ii,
p. 86) to be distinct, is then as follows :

Mecas inornata Say. Mecas cana Newm.
cinerea Newm. saturnina Lee.
senescens Bates.

Additional Notes.
BY GEORGE H. HORN, M. D.

At the time of my first visit to London the type of Graphisurus
pusillus could be but imperfectly studied. The type proves to be a
very small Acanthocinus obsoletus, and Kirby’s description applies
with great accuracy to Liopus biguttatus. Not desiring to perpetuate
an error, Mr. Gahan, at my request, after his own study, has pre-
pared the note which precedes.

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 301

The specimens which served as the types of Mecas inornata Say
and M. saturnina Lec. and which formed the basis of my study of
that genus are identical. On going over the material which had
accumulated in the meantime Mr. Blanchard found that two species
were present in both sexes. It was thought better that one form
should bear the Say name and the LeConte name retained for that
bearing the autograph label of LeConte as follows :

M. saturnina Leec.—Claws moderately deeply cleft, the inner divi-
sion acute.

M. inornata Say.
broad and lobe like.

In the light of these studies the species described by Newman
were found to be as indicated by Mr. Gahan.

The opportunity kindly permitted by the curators of the British
Museum have enabled me to study several species of Leptura with
results different from those hitherto published.

Claws more deeply cleft, the inner division

L. nana Newm.—Antenne always piceous. Anterior femora and base of
middle yellowish. Terminal ventral segment of female simple.

This species varies in color. The upper surface is often entirely
piceous. By far the larger number I have seen have a reddish thorax,
constituting the variety hwmatites Newm. One specimen before me
is piceous with the head reddish yellow.

L. exigua Newm.—Antenne piceous, the basal joint yellow. Anterior
femora entirely, the middle and posterior yellow at base. Terminal ventral
segment of female with a slight tuberosity near the apical margin.

This species may have the thorax entirely piceous, usually it has
the entire margin yellow. The disc is also more densely punctured
than in nana, while the form of the thorax is shorter and broader.
L. saucio. Lee. is synonymous.

My attention was called to the structure of the last ventral of the
female by Dr. John Hamilton, to whom I have often acknowledged
my indebtedness for useful observations.

302 MARTIN JACOBY

Notes on some North American species of HALTICIN
(Group Monoplati).

BY MARTIN JACOBY, London, England.

At the suggestion of Dr. Horn, during his recent visit in London,
I have examined several genera of Halticinee of the group with
globular claw-joints, described by Clark in his monograph and in-
habiting North America, of which the types are contained in the
British Museum. I give here the results of my examination.

HAMULETIA Crotch.

Pachyonychis Clark.

The type of this insect, of which a single specimen (unfortunately
not in good condition) is contained in the Museum collection, al-
though belonging to the section of Halticinee with globular claw-
joints, cannot find its place at all amongst the Monoplati, since its
elytra are not punctate-striate, but irregularly punctured, and its
anterior coxal cavities are not closed, but open; the antenne and
the posterior claws are entirely or partly wanting, but have been
described by Clark. It is evident that a Pachyonychis paradoxus and
a Pachyonychus paradoxus cannot both be retained, and that, there-
fore, Crotch’s name of Hamletia should be restored for this species ;
the latter is, however, not of a dark olive green, but of dark blue
color, and should find its place near Physodactyla Chap. and Fu-
tornus Clark.

PACH YONYCHUS Chevy.

Pachyonychus paradoxus Melsh.

This species is a true representative of the group, and was evi-
dently unknown to Clark. Crotch has given a renewed description
of the insect, which has nothing at all in common with Clark’s pre-
ceding species; neither does it belong to Phadromus, as mentioned

by LeConte (Classific. N. Am. Coleopt. p. 350).

NORTH AMERICAN COLEOPTERA. 303

PH EDROMUS Clark.
Phzedromus Waterhousei Cl. Cat. Haltic. p. 68.

The type now in the British Museum has no locality attached to
it, and, as the insect is of comparatively large size and unknown to
Dr. Horn, as it was likewise to Crotch, considerable doubt is attached
as to the locality (Carolina) given by Clark being correct. The
species has a flavous thorax, not impressed with a basal transverse
groove, differing in this respect from Pachyonychus and the elytra
are black, shining, and very finely punctate-striate.

I need only add here, that, although the structure of the anterior
coxal cavities in regard to their open or closed state, have been em-
ployed by Chapuis as the preliminary division of the Galerucide,
this character must be used with caution, since instances occur in
which the same species possesses closed cavities in one specimen and
open ones in others. Yet these cases are exceptions, and it seems
that the closed cavities in the group of Monoplati go hand-in-hand
with punctate-striate elytra (as already pointed out by the late von
Harold), and, as already remarked, Hamletia must be removed from
this group of Halticine.

Supplementary Notes.
BY GEO. H. HORN, M. D.

As correctly shown by Mr. Jacoby, Hamletia (Puchyonychis } Clk.)
cannot be referred to the Monoplati, but to the Gdionychi as de-
fined by Chapuis and adopted in the Class. Coll. N. A. pp. 549 and
301. The posterior tibize have a sinuation on the posterior edge
above the insertion of the tarsi as in the genera Physodactyla and
CEdionychis. The penultimate joint of the maxillary palpus is, at
apex, about as broad as long as in Physoma from C“dionychis and
Physodactyla it differs in having absolutely simple claws and the
head not deeply inserted in the thorax.

At the time of the preparation of the Classification the species
was unknown to us. Since then a good specimen has come to me
and the antennze are seen to be parti-colored, the four basal joints
yellowish testaceous, the next four black and the three terminal yel-
lowish white.

As the name Pachyonychus paradoxus had been already used by
Melsheimer, the practically identical name given by Clark for the

304 MARTIN JACOBY

insect at present under consideration was dropped by Crotch and
Hamletia proposed.

Hamletia dimidiaticornis Crotch, Proc. Acad. 1874, p. 59.
Pachyonychis paradoxus || Clark, Catal. Haltic. B. M. p. 61, pl. 2, fig. 7.

The first use of the name in description of Pachyonychus para-
doxus was by Melsheimer, Proc. Acad. iii, p. 163, and as remarked
by Crotch, the name must remain. The species was certainly not
known to Clark, and Mr. Jacoby is the first authority who has seen
the insect.

Pachyonychus Mels. is a true representative of the Monoplati.
The maxillary palpi are short and stout, thicker externally, the ter-
minal joint obtusely conical. ‘The posterior tibize have two well-
defined ridges along the posterior edge which are straight and not
denticulate. The tarsal claws are appendiculate at base. The tho-
rax is transverse, the anterior angles dentiform, the side not angu-
late, the dise deeply transversely impressed in front of the base.

From these characters, supplementary to those given by Crotch,
the genus will be seen to be related to Cerichrestus. As the latter
has a double spur to the posterior tibize and the surface of body pu-
bescent, while there is but one short spur in Pachyonychus and the
surface glabrous, the two genera are abundantly distinct.

The species on which Phzedromus has been founded has never
been seen by me in any American collection. It is of oblong, par-
allel form, thorax yellowish, elytra nearly black. It differs structu-
rally from the other two genera, Pachyonychus and Hypolampsis,
in having slender maxillary palpi.

Removing Hamletia (Pachyonychis { Clark), as suggested, to the
(&dionychi, the genera of Monoplati, on p. 350 of the Classification
of the Coleoptera of N. A. may be modified as follows:

Maxillary palpi slender; posterior tibize with a double terminal spur.
Phzedromus.

Maxillary palpi stouter to tip; posterior tibiz with a single terminal spur.
Posterior tibie longitudinally bicarinate, thorax transversely impressed in

front of base's: body; glabrouS,.....:+.=.s-sesese<-ecen veceese=e Pachyonychus.
Posterior tibize feebly unicarinate ; thorax not impressed ; body hairy.
Hypolampsis.

The species at present included in Cfdionychis must be separated
into several genera already described, and will remain for a future
study. The notes already given will enable Hamletia to be separated
from Usdionychis as at present constituted.

ROCHE DINGS

OF THE

INVES IN Eda, IVE eres

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION

OF THE
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES,

EVADE Ee HMICAY

JANUARY 26, 1888.
Director Dr. Horn in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Entomologia Americana, vol. ili, Nos. 9 and 10. From the Editor.

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, No. 1. From the Editor.

Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Sciences, vol. x, 1885-86.
From the Academy.

Bulletin of the Essex Institute, vol. xix, Nos. 1-3. From the
Institute.

Bulletin of the Washburn College Laboratory of Natural History,
vol. ii, Nos. 7 and 8. From the Laboratory.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, Dee. 1887 and Jan. 1888.
From the Conductors.

Le Naturaliste Canadien, vol. xvii, Nos. 4 and 5. From the
Editor.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e sér. tome vi,
1886. From the Society.

Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscow, 1887,
No. 3. From the Society.

(39)

il MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS.

Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-koniglichen zoologisch-botanischen
Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. xxxvii, Nos. 1 and 2. From the Society.

Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft,
vol. vii, No. 7. From the Society.

The Sphingidee of New England, by C. H. Fernald. From the
Author.

The Butterflies of Maine, by C. H. Fernald. From the Author.

The Butterflies of North America, by Wm. H. Edwards, 3d ser.
Parts 1-3. From the Author.

The Entomological Writings of Dr. Alphonso Spring Packard,
by Samuel Henshaw. From Prof. C. V. Riley.

The North American Callimorphas, by H. H. Lyman. From
the Author.

A new genus and species of Arctiidze—-A new Sphinx—Notes on
Diludia, G. & R.—New genera and species of North American
Noctuidee, by J. B. Smith. From the Author.

Studies on the North American Proctotrupidze, with descriptions
of new species from Florida, by Wm. H. Ashmead. From the
Author.

Notes on the mode of pollination of Asclepias, by Charles Robert-
son. From the Author.

Annual Report of the Curator of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard College for 1886-87. From the Museum.

The Study of History in American Colleges and Universities, by
H. B. Adams. From the Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C.

Recherches Expérimentales sur la vision chez les Arthropodes.
Parts 1-2, par Félix Plateau. From the Author.

Catalogue d’Acridiens, par A. Pictet and H. de Saussure, I.
From the Authors.

Spicilegia Entomologica Genavensis scripsit H. de Saussure, II.
Tribu des Pamphagiens, 1887. From the Author.

Die Hymenopteren-Gattung Gasteruption Latr. (Fenus Aut.) und
Evania Fabr.—Zwei neue Arten des Hymenopteren-Gattung Evania,
von August Schletterer. From George B. Cresson.

Die Metamorphose zweier Arten der Gattung Anacharis Dalm.
von Anton Handlirsch. From George B. Cresson.

Synopsis of the Famihes and Genera of the Hymenoptera of
America North of Mexico, by E. T. Cresson, From the Author.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. ili

Mr. J. F. Knight reported from Finance Committee that they had
examined the accounts of Treasurer of Section and found them cor-
rect.

Report of Curator was read and accepted.

A communication from the Smithsonian Institution announcing
the selection of Prof. S. P. Langley as secretary.

A paper was read from Dr. E. Brendel entitled: ‘Some correc-
tions in the family Pselaphidee,” and the Publication Committee was
authorized to print without delay.

Paper 206 was read by title and referred to Publication Com-
mittee.

Mr. Knight was called to the chair and Dr. Horn gave fuller
details of the characters of Lachnosterna from his paper which had
been printed.

Five species of Pleocoma were exhibited, and an explanation of
their systematic position in the family Scarabeeidee given. Dr. Horn
denied the assertion of Dr. Gerstaecker that they were Pleurostict,
and demonstrated by dissections that Dr. LeConte had correctly
placed them in the Laparostict series.

Dr. Horn exhibited a drawing of the larva of Glyptus found in
the nests of the great white ant in Sierra Leone.

After a discussion on the availability and utility of Alaska as a
collecting field, the Section, at 9.55, adjourned.

FEBRUARY 28, 1888.

Director Dr. Horn in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Transactions of the American Entomological Society vol. xiv,
No. 2. From the Publication Committee.

Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, Parts
1-4. From the Society.

Psyche, vol. v, Nos. 141-142, Jan.—Feb. 1888. From the Cam-
bridge Entomological Club.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, February, 1888. From the
Conductors.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South
Wales, vol. xx, 1886. From the Society.

lV MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS.

Butterflies of North America, Third Series, Part 4, by Wm. H.
Edwards. From the Author.

Le Naturaliste Canadien, vol. xvii, No. 8. From the Editor.

Deutsche Entomologische, Zeitschrift, vol. xxxi, Part 2. From
the Society.

Bulletino della Société Entomologica Italiana, 1887, Nos. 3-4.
From the Society.

The Publication Committee reported that since their last report
the paper of Dr. Horn entitled: ‘“ Revision of the species of Lach-
nosterna of America north of Mexico” had been entirely completed
Action approved.

Papers 207, 208 and 209 were read by title and referred to Pub-
lication Committee.

Mr. Wells presented three specimens of Pamphila dera for the
vabinet.

Dr. Horn exhibited a phototype plate on which twelve specimens
of Pleocoma were figured, three of them females, representing seven
species. It was further stated that a full description of Pleocoma
would be given with the view of answering Dr. Gerstaecker’s criti-
cism of LeConte’s work. A number of drawings were exhibited,
which it was proposed to publish shortly.

Dr. Horn also exhibited specimens of what he had no doubt were
the larvee of Platypsylla received recently from a friend in Texas.
In this larva the mandibles are very distinct, but in the imago are
entirely absent. The well developed maxillze enable it to obtain
food. Sketches of details were shown which, for better illustration,
were enlarged on the blackboard. Adjourned 9.20.

Marcu 22, 1888.
Director Dr. Horn in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-

logical Society were announced :

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1887, Part 3.
From the Academy.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, March, 1888. From the
Conductors.

Kntomologica Americana, March, 1888. From the Editor.

Psyche, vol. v, No. 148, March, 1888. From the Cambridge

Entomological Club.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. Wi

Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturaliste de Moscow, 1887,
No. 4. From the Society.

Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-kéniglichen zoologisch-botanischen
Gesellschaft in Wien, vol. xxxvii, Nos. 3-4. From the Society.

Biologia Centrali-Americana: Coleoptera, vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 137-
168, pl. 4; pt. 2, pp. 177-200; vol. vi, pt. 1, pp. 601-625, pl. 33.
Hymenoptera, pp. 449-456, pl. 19. Rhopalocera, pl. 58. By pur-
chase.

The Publication Committee reported in favor of publishing paper
207 entitled: ‘‘ The species of Pleocoma with a discussion of its po-
sition” by Geo. H. Horn, M. D.; also paper 208 entitled: ‘Some
coleopterous larvee,’” by Geo. H. Horn, M.D. Publication accord-
ingly ordered.

Dr. Horn announced that, by permission of the Academy, the
rooms of the Section may be opened during four Mondays of each
month until 10 p. m.

Mr. Ridings moved that thirty dollars be appropriated for the
services of the Academy’s janitor.

Dr. Horn exhibited a dissection of the abdomen of Pleocoma
spread between glass showing the position of the spiracles.

Dr. Horn spoke of the difficulty in properly defining Adlecula
and Hymenorus.

Dr. Skinner spoke of the previous opinions which had been ex-
pressed regarding the manner of emergence of a moth from the
cocoon. In the case of the “ Luna” the insect cuts its way through
the base by serrated projections arising from the base of the fore-
wings by means of which a circular opening was made. Adjourned
9.25.

APRIL 26, 1888.
Director Dr. Horn in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, Nos. 2-3. From the Editor.

Entomologica Americana, vol. iv, No. 1, From the Editor.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, vol. i,
No. 2. From the Society.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 2d ser.
vol. ii, Part 8. From the Society.

v1 MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS,

Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 1887. From
the Society.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. Zweites Heft, 1887. From
the Society.

Synopsis of the Aphidze of Minnesota, by O. W. Oestlund. From
the Author.

Synopsis of the North American Syrphidee, by 8S. W. Williston.
From the Author.

Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria, by Frederick McCoy, De-
cade i-xiv. From the Government of Victoria.

Recherches Expérimentales sur la vision chez les Arthropodes,
Part 3, par F. Plateau. From the Author.

Expériences sur le role des palpes chez les Arthropodes maxillés—
Troisiéme et derniére parte-—Organes palpiformes des Crustacés, par
Felix Plateau. From the Author.

Publication Committee reported in favor of publishing paper 209,
entitled: “ Monograph of the Sphingidz of North America’ by
John B. Smith; also paper 210, entitled: ‘ Miscellaneous Coleop-
terous Studies” by Geo. H. Horn, M.D. Publication ordered.

Mr. Liebeck, on behalf of Mr. Wenzel, announced the recent
capture, near the city, of Elater discoideus and E. collaris.

Dr. Horn gave some details of a recent study of Eustrophus,
noting the fact that in bicolor the hind tibize had well marked trans-
verse ridges, while in repandus n. sp. they were entirely absent.
Two species formerly placed in Hustrophus were removed to Holo-
strophus n. g. Other points in the general arrangement of Melan-
dryidze were also dwelt upon.

Dr. Skinner, in referring to his remarks at the preceding meeting,
said that the armature at the base of the forewing of ‘“ Luna” had
been called “ sector cocouis” by Dr. Packard.

Mr. Westcott was admitted as an associate member. Adjourned
9.45.

May 24, 1888.
No quorum being present the meeting adjourned.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, Nos.
5-6. From the Society.

Entomologica Americana, vol. iv, No. 2. From the Editor.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. vil

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, Nos. 4-5. From the Editor.

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard
College, in Cambridge, vols. xiv-xv. From the Museum.

Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, 2d ser.
No.3. From C. M. Weed.

Psyche, vol. v, Nos. 144-145. From the Editor.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1887, Part 4.
From the Society.

Transactions and Proceedings and Report of the Royal Society
of South Australia, vol. xiv. From the Society.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, April-May, 1888. From the
Conductors.

Entomologische Zeitung, herausgegeben von dem Entomologischen
Vereine zu Stettin, 1887. From the Society.

The Orthoptera of New England, by C. H. Fernald. From the
Author.

Rhopalocera Nihonica—a description of the Butterflies of Japan,
by H. Pryer, Part 1. By purchase.

A contribution to the study of the Morphology of the Chalcididee,
by L. O. Howard. From the Author.

On some new or little known British Parasitic Cynipide, by P.
Cameron. From the Author.

Species des Hyménoptéres d’ Europe and ’ Algérie, par Ed. Andre,
Fase 27-29, April, 1888. From the Author.

Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de la Province du Bra-
bant—Coléopteéres, quatri¢éme Centurie, par A. P. de Borre. From
the Author.

JUNE 11, 1888.
FE. T. Cresson in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
1888, Part 1. From the Academy.

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, No. 6. From the Editor.

Bulletin of the Essex Institute, vol. xix, Nos. 4-12. From the
Institute.

Entomologica Americana, vol. iv, No. 5. From the Editor.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, June, 1888. From the Con-
ductors.

vlil MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS.

Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 1888, Heft 1. From the
Society.

Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines, vol. v, No. 4.
From the Society.

Butterflies of North America, by Wm. H. Edwards, 3d ser. Part
5. From the Author.

Biologia Centrali-Americana: Coleoptera, vol. ii, pt. 1, pp. 169-
176, pl. 16; pt. 2, pp. 201-216, pl. 10-11; vol. vii, pp. 49-72, pl.
3. Hymenoptera, pp. 457-466. Diptera, vol. ii, 1-40, pl. 1-2. By
purchase.

Publication Committee announced that since January there had
been 128 pages of the Transactions printed.

Mr. Seeber announced the recent capture of Saperda punceticollis on
Rhus toxicodendron.

After some general remarks on collecting the Section, on motion
of Mr. Blake, adjourned until September. Adjourned 9.10.

SEPTEMBER 27, 1888.
E. T. Cresson in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xviii,

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, vol. xviii, Nos.
9-10. From the Museum.

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, Nos. 6-9. From the Editor.

Entomologica Americana, vol, iv, Nos. 4—6. From the Editor.

Psyche, vol. v, Nos. 146-148. From the Cambridge Entomologi-
sal Club.

Journal of the Trenton Natural History Society, No. 5, January,
1888. From the Society.

Kighteenth Annual Report of the Entomological Society of On-
tario, 1887. From the Society.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1888, Part 1.
From the Society.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, Nos. 290-292. From the Con-

sig. 29-35 ; vol. xix, sig. 1-2. From the Society.

ductors.
Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Nos. 118, 130, 151,
136-139, 1887-1888. From the Society.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. 1X

Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales, vol. xxi, 1887.
From the Society.

Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution, 1885, Part 2.
From the Institution.

Periodical Bulletin of the Division of Entomology, U. 8. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, vol. i. Nos. 1-2. From the Department.

Bulletin No. 15 of the Division of Entomology, U. 8. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. From the Department.

Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, No. 1, July, 1888. From Prof. C. H. Fer-
nald.

Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, No. 4, 2d
ser. July, 1888. From C. M. Weed.

Bulletin of the Experiment Station of the Kansas Agricultural
College, No. 3, June, 1888. From E. A. Popenoe.

Le Naturaliste Canadien, vol. xvii, Nos. 11-12; vol. xviii, Nos.
1-38. From the Editor.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 1887, Nos. 1-4.
From the Society.

Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift, Band xxxii, No. 1. From
the Society.

Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-k6niglichen zoologisch-botanischen
Gesellschaft in Wien, Band xxxviii, Nr. 1-2. From the Society.

Mittheilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft,
Band vii, Nr. 10; viii, Nr. 1. From the Society.

Memoirs de la Sociedad Cientifica Antonia Alzate, Tome i, Nr.
1-12. From the Society.

Archives do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, vol. vii. From
the Museum.

Annulario del Museo Zoologico della r. Universita di Napoli.
Anno. ii. From the University.

Descriptions of twenty-three new species of Hymenoptera, by P.
Cameron. From the Author.

Nesting Habits of the American Purseweb Spider, by Rev. H. C.
McCook. From the Author,

New Genera and Species of Epipaschize and Phycitide, by Geo.
D. Hulst. From the Author.

Address by C. V. Riley before the Section of Biology, American
Association for Advancement of Science, August, 1888. From the
Author.

(40)

x MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS.

Remarks on the Insect Defoliators of our Shade Trees—Poisonous
Insects—The Song Notes of the Periodical Cicada—The Hessian
Fly an imported insect—The Problem of the Hop-plant Louse (Pho-
rodon humuli) in Europe and America—On the Luminous Larvi-
form Females in the Phengodini, by C. V. Riley. From the Author.

The following were by purchase :

Lepidoptera Exotica, or descriptions and illustrations of Exotic
Lepidoptera, by A. G. Butler, 1869-1874 ; 1 vol.

Catalogue of Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Family Satyride in the
Collection af the British Museum, by A. G. Butler, 1868; 1 vol.

Etudes d’Entomologie. Faune des Lepidoptéres d’ Algérie, par
Charles Oberthiir, 1876.

Enumeratio Corporum Animalium Musei Imperialis Academie
Scientiarum Petropolitane. Pars 1-2, Lepidoptera Diurna and
Heterocera, 1855-57.

Biologia Centrali-Americana : Coleoptera, vol. 11, Part 1, pp. 177-
208; Part 2, pp. 217-296, plates 12-15; vol. iv, Part 1, pp. 385-
408, pl. 17; vol. vi, Part 1, Suppl. pp. 1-40, pl. 84-35; vol. vii,
pp. 73-88, pl. 4.

Papers 211 and 212 were read by title and referred to Publication
Committee.

Mr. Liebeck announced that he had recently collected Mecyno-
tarsus candidus running about on plowed ground near Westville,
N. J. The insect had not been previously collected north of Fortress
Monroe.

Mr. Ashmead exhibited drawings of the larve and imago of a
Hymenopterous insect recently studied, which he proposes to de-
scribe as Kormus maidis. Drawings of Aleurodes citri were also
shown.

After conversation the Section adjourned at 9.45.

OcTOBER 25, 1888.
Director Dr. Horn in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Transactions of the American Entomological Society, vol. xv,
Nos. 2-8, 1888. From the Publication Committee.

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, No. 10, October, 1888. From
the Editor.

e avd

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. Xl

Bulletin of the [linois State Laboratory of Natural History, vol.
ii, Art. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7; vol. iii, Art. 2-4. From the Laboratory.

Bulletins 10 and 11 of the Division of Entomology, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture. From the Department.

Bulletin of the Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College, No. 2. From Prof. C. H. Fernald.

Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, 1887. From
the Society.

On the Chinch-Bug—Arsenical Poisons for the is Moth, by
S. A. Forbes. From the Author.

The Publication Committee reported in favor of publishing paper
211, entitled: “ Diptera Brasiliana ab H. H. Smith collecta” by
S. W. Williston ; also 212, entitled: ‘ Description of the larva of
Papilio Gundlachiana two days before its transformation into a
chrysalis” by Alfred Benzon. Publication ordered accordingly.

The donation of a number of Hymenoptera to the cabinet of the
American Entomological Society by L. O. Howard, on behalf of the
U.S. National Museum, was announced.

Dr. Horn announced the addition to the Wilt collection of a
number of species not formerly reported.

Papers 215, 214, 215 and 216 were read by title and referred to
Publication Committee.

Dr. McCook spoke of the difficulty in observing spiders owing to
the continuous wet weather. He desired from members information
as to those insects “ feigning death” when disturbed.

Dr. Horn spoke of the examination of types of North American
insects in European museums. The differences between so called
types and their descriptions were sometimes so great as to be very
puzzling. Among the Chrysomelide Mr. Jacoby had investigated
several types and the results would be presented to our Section for
publication ; also Mr. C. J. Gahan had reviewed several Cerambycidee
with useful results.

After a discussion of “types” and their value the Section, at 9.30,
adjourned.

NOVEMBER 22, 1888.
Director Dr. Horn in the chair.

The following additions to the Library of the American Entomo-
logical Society were announced :

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 1888, Part 2.
From the Academy.

xil MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS.

Entomologica Americana, vol. iv, No. 7-8. From the Editor.

Canadian Entomologist, vol. xx, No. 11. From the Editor.

Bulletin No. 19 of Division of Entomology, U. 8. Department of
Agriculture, 1888. From the Department.

Periodical Bulletin of Division of Entomology, U. 8. Department
of Agriculture, vol i, Nos. 3-4. From the Department.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine, October and November, 1888.
From the Conductors.

Psyche, vol. v, Nos. 149-150. From the Cambridge Entomologi-
cal Club.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1888, Part 3.
From the Society.

Le Naturaliste Canadien, vol. xviii, No. 4. From the Editor.

Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique, vol. xxxi, 1888.
From the Society.

Bulletin de la Société Imperiale des Naturalistes de Moscou, 1888,
Nos. 1-2. From the Society.

Horiz Societatis Entomologice Rossicx, vol. xxi, 1887. From
the Society.

Verhandlungen des naturhistorischen Vereines der preussichen
Rheinlande, ete., ser. 5, vol. v, Nr. 1. From the Society.

Report of the Entomologist, C. V. Riley, for 1887. From the
Author.

Matériaux pour la Faune Entomologique de la province de Liége,
4e centurie, et Luxembourg belge, 3e centurie; par A. P. de Borre.
From the Author.

The following were by purchase :

Naturgeschichte du Insecten Deutschlands begonnen yon Dr. W.
F. Erichson. Coleoptera, vol. vi, Nr. 5.

First Supplement to the List of Coleoptera of America North of
Mexico, by Samuel Henshaw.

Check List of the North American Macrolepidoptera, 1882.

Check List of the Hemiptera Heteroptera of North America, by
P. BR. Uhler.

Biologia Centrali-Americana: Coleoptera, vol. 11, pt. 1, pp. 209-
o2, pl. ee ; Part 2, pp. 297-312, pl. 16; vol. iv, so if ne 409-
24, pl. 18; vol. vi, pt. 1, pp. 41-56. Hymenoptera, vol. ii, pp.

—24, pl. 1-2

Curator reported work done during past month.

2
t
]

ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION. Xill

The Publication Committee reported in favor of paper 213, enti-
tled: “ Descriptions of some new or little known Microgasterin”’
by Clarence M. Weed; also paper 214, entitled: “ Notes on some
North American Halticinze (Group Monoplati) by Martin Jacoby,
London, Eng. (with supplementary notes by Geo. H. Horn, M. D.) ;
also paper 215, entitled: ‘“‘ Notes on some types of Cerambycidee in
the British Museum” by C. J. Gahan, with explanatory notes by
Geo. H. Horn, M. D.; also paper 216, entitled: “ Revision of the
North American species of Cardiophorus” by Frederick Blanchard.
Report accepted and publication ordered.

Papers 217, 218 and 219 were read by title and referred to Pub-
lication Committee.

Dr. Horn stated that his attention had been lately directed to the
Halticine, and stated that it was his intention to review them in
order that some uniform nomenclature might prevail. At present
no two collections are similarly named, and in none of them is there
even a reasonable approach to correctness.

It was important to note the food plants of these insects as they
were all more or less injurious. The great extent of color variation
was stated. The secondary sexual characters afford, in many cases,
the means of separating closely allied species. ‘These were repre-
sented on the board.

Mr. Aaron asked for information regarding the stations established
under the “ Hatch Bill,” and it was stated that these were, for the
most part, connected with the Agricultural Colleges, which had been
established in many States.

Mr. Aaron spoke of the color variation in the wings of some Hes-
peridze, and the question was discussed as to how far these had a
specific value.

Mr. Aaron moved that a committee of three be appointed to pre-
pare nominations for the election in December, and Messrs. Aaron,
Blake and Skinner were appointed.

The next meeting, it was announced, would be held December
10th, after that of the American Entomological Society. Adjourned
9.50.

DECEMBER 10, 1888.
Mr. J Frank Kyicur in the chair.

Mr. E. T. Cresson presented his report as Treasurer and was re-
ferred to Finance Committee for audit.

XIV MONTHLY PROCEEDINGS.

The Recorder made a brief report of the doings of past year.

The committee appointed to prepare a list to be voted upon pre-
sented their report, which was accepted and postponed until election
should be reached.

Mr. Cresson presented a bill for the steam radiators recently placed
in the room greatly to our comfort. The bill of $47.29 was ordered
paid.

Mr. Aaron moved the appropriation of $10 for the Academy’s
janitor for services for the coming year.

Election being in order Mr. Smith moved that the Recorder cast
the ballot in accordance with the report of the committee.

The Director pro. tem. announced the following election :

Director,—G. H. Horn, M. D.

Vice- Director, —H. C. McCook, D. D.

Recorder,—James H. Ridings.

Treasurer, —E. T. Cresson.

Conservator,—G. B. Cresson.

Publication Committee,—Philip Laurent, H. Skinner, M. D.

——_——_-~er—___—

el

INDEX.

The names of new genera and of new species are followed by the name of the

! Author.
PAGE PACE
Acanthocinus (species)..............4- 300 | Baccha conjuncta....................266, 267
PC HER OFELIA ete oo fa se2s6te .eoeaxede as come 65, 70 | exigua Williston..........265, 267
PDIP OMB re ccseses)s ccs case sc acs vavasey escesst 66 MAVENS) -eseese on cases 266, 268
PMID IMTGOSfoscoa:ewaiste vcore eSucgeaisagets sees 27 | WW ies. sccssclesssceetenesees 266, 268
MNO BOS sosc0. e+ one 80, 117, 118, 238 | pheeoptera........0. cess 266, 267
fads eerosc.onss, aescsees Seeneeee 119 PUL PESs35-c6v a aesesse ane 266, 269
ATUDAITS saseteenctaces poesscece 120 placiva Williston.......... 266, 269
MARIN UNV EXs secncsccalse the ices vesseceewace avs 69 stenogaster Williston.....265, 266
Ampelophaga.................. 118, 146, 239 VATICPAGR se. sscecccheh nesses 265, 267
@HoerilUsh.------cscaces AZ PBaSlaN arr. scaessacsc sosssteesetes seeces teres 70
CNGOUUS!. 2 -.ecces. eevee 14S" i Basiglilniai/ssdsc atacie esate eee 69
LEONARDI Sake, cddocacos 147,148 | Beris bellula Williston.................. 245
versicolor .......- 147, 149 pulchella Williston.............. 245
PACA TS HT ONeeeeon ces aacene 80, 81, 117, 125, 238 | Blastocera speciosa..... ......0..0.0 257
MESSUSieceesees Meneeceees SoD RQAGOSIS Moraes. e.<oscaseee eso eer ee OLS
PANTING TEX ce tueeslonscrotoceceees,-esere 1525239) |) (Calliommay-ccsesce.-- 2s oadavs qusevaneroess 69
AUINGEB US Reanatee Acecineee cess 153i pe Calvan rilaesnas teense. ea easncececce eae 69
IAN CON: VESs see es= sf assocs cs Pe eee OMe @anite bhialceenoieces cea 80, 152, 162, 239
PAM SIC DUIS) <2..cccse-sc.ccsceses vases 27 STOLE cst kool semeseeeeees 163
ID ohinemineeeeese sek tec cecseccs Dem Oeramby.cid ssseteseeeee eee eee ee 299
explanatus Horn....... ..... 26 | Ceratographis Gahan.......... Suess 300
ROMUISer anes ertcccsedensceseoccet il Ceratomia......... 70, 80, 81, 152, 200, 240
Apanteles carduicola................... 296 AMY NGO wscan seccses-sesees 201
ral lii pete ae ece oes teases sects 295 Cabalipemc.-coesesscetee 201, 205
UA S Ree cscs dcsccealessues 295 BALCND i scceerscesccese 201, 204
Apophysophora Williston........ ..... 276 WMG OSAedsceestccne= eae 201, 203
INUVETPeSeeeces ees esses 27Ge | Cera bat Dipesesa.sstaseiesossecs 287, 290
scutellata Will...... 7 Bigotii Williston............. 287, 291
IATCTOMObUS!.-c2ccsesesacsccceease: 80, 232, 240 Brauerii Williston.......... 286, 289
MM CIGNUIS Sonn ssceeesceosm eee 232 Lynchii Williston.. ........ 286, 287
PAIS CUS earch se ceecior seer nevecaee Lip sb cs Maki Wallistoiion.come sce: 286, 288
labruscrepcatessite vtec tette ss 137 Roederi Williston........... 287, 289
Arthromacra...... SOOERB SSI Ct Pe 28 Sackenii Williston.......... 286, 287
PONECB sn Fosns/cessosses'sosess 28 Wulpii Williston............ 289, 290
MSaccha) adspersa..-.--.-<-- -----.-- 266, 269 | Ceriogaster Williston.................. coe)
ClATAPOKecscepvesassaceres 266, 269 foscithorax Williston... 286
Claataleecsee sere caer area GOW ef Oma CHUNOMLY- ZA S Pacers secliesceareresesoseseee 244

xvi
PAGE
Chlegogramma.............66 152, 197, 240
jasminearum........ 199
Choequosa......... d geleweesinnauaeteeest here i
Cherocampive...................81. 85, 115 |
Cheerocampa.....70, 80, 82, 117, 134, 238
ROEM Crsrece eects reese 136
GOLSHsedasrsce a aersetecrscs 135
Chordonota nigra Williston. ........ 255
Chrysochilonanspieceecse-csspnenscteer 247
Chrysonotus analis Williston.....-... 251
OIZAT Aes eas aciacs caceaheneveusuecescen scene 70
@resSonlacscs . csses-cssse 80, 82, 229, 240
juglandis......... iNidews 114, 230
Cyphomyia auriflamma............... 207
MP ap hnis wissen sce cacs ooceacecee ners sacese 70
Daphnusa....... fc vebees Suueoesess 7
ID) AA PSaees wos cescerss-s ee snor ce cere cece 70, 80
DATEMM AK. sec. casescsieescwhouesste tees ee 70, 81
Deidamiad.<s-c..cceaes 80, 81, 117, 128, 238
PASCLUP GUM eee saa eeaes 129
Deilephila...65, 70, 80, 81, 117, 130, 238
oa liliieensece esccrtecsscrtcece 131
NG aiidieewenceesnssancssseeesae 133
Dendroides bicolorins...4---2<--0-1ee 46, 47
CONCOLOTacoseecest een 47, 48
ephemeroides.......... 47, 48
MICIMCS cde. seen ces 46, 47
Dicranophora affinis Williston ...... 251
astuta Williston....... 250
1d osid@Seececssserecsesees ctesstieecsnes 70
Dilophonota...............80, 152, 154, 239
edwardsii........... 156, 159
CULO scossece ss peeeseeee 156
festameurcsns etccee 156, 161
melancholica...... 156, 160
meriane............156, 158
ODSCUTAs ces emsireces: 156, 157
Diptera Brasiliana....... csaeeitecteniesiie 243
Wollbaitesecsscca-rece ewe 70, 81, 152, 195, 240
VvSe USI scossc ocunaceesoucteneo esses 196
Vi bidier.esaseves cant ees seocaeseneey set sh 7A
illemvalseeee sees cesses 80, 82, 152, 206, 240
OMDPYCOIdES! -cc.s.trsrm oseveees 208
Goniiferanomieecssssct restos 210
WATTISIs-sce.nesiosnessosciscasceees 207
PINSUM ee eccs-ceeseeesecen seees 209
BN Ose eee. Sette een 69, 80, 117, 122, 238
CAMVENOUSS aeeseeclcemote em emset sods: 124

MN UTS escesce eee sesee eee sas 123, 124

INDEX.

PAGE

Mristalisiaeronuin. scene cess 278, 280

al bifrOnSsasmeeessseesenes 277, 283

COMICGUSEC te eee 278, 279

MUPLQOE AUIS cogeeete cendtcos 278, 279

DIP ULIPES cee nee ee 278, 280

obsoletvs!<--- esse 278, 279

OCHTACeIS!):.-5-s-ee eee 278, 279

parvulus Williston.....278, 282

POdAeTrakws. aeeomeracesss 278, 281

precipuus Williston...278, 280
pyecolampusis eee eens 27

TOALVENELIS .2.eksen noes 278, 282

schistaceus Williston...278, 282

scutellaris...... .........- 278, 279

TERM As seco scarce eee 278, 281

VANTEC TOMUMA ets eceet esas 278, 280

violaticus Williston....278, 280

Euproserpinus euterpe........ Seceanee OO

Euryneura elegans Williston......... 252

nasica Williston.......... 252

Hiustrophusy.csse..-e- oege teen nents 82

arizonensis Horn...... 33, 34

bicolor. -s.ce-e--ee- eee 33, 34

GONPMIS) =e see Pa ake ace 33, 34

repandus Horn........... 33
TOMENTOSUS .-s-.202- 2256 33, 34

SVGTYEX weceeee centers recente nereetoaeeee 82

FXG Omi ceeeeseceeeceerere: 152, 211, 240
ailieawni ees sereessen eee 211

Gilyptus sculptilis (larva) ...... ..... 19

Graphisurus (species)........ ......+«« 300

Habromyia Williston. ..............2605 284

ceruleithorax Willis.. 284

18 Eh iKorbat: weccmaremiccocactiecsooead cobs ssce 302

Hamlet: «.s2ci5- sccsesecetocecenset ac demeeses 302

dimidiaticornis........... . 304

iemiaris: .-5.525c ace oseeves eee 81, 86, 238

eellliraicers can ceseracenesceenese 93

@xGapiss ccs. eosmecesss 95, 108

butfaloensis......... 88, 104, 109

cynoglossum ............. 91, 108

CIfHMISS: seers eee taeees 89, 96, 108
floridensis.............88, 99, 101

fuscicaudis.............00+ 88, 106
PTACIISs.ccekees saceeen 88, 97, 109

MAT UMA IS seas sesame seers 89, 95
Mmetathetis acs.s--s-ee-ee cere 91

(pall Pal S ve. ce- eee en 89, 108

103

DY LAMMUS aeceeseseeceesecmmedss

INDEX. Xvll

PAGE

Hemaris rubens..........---2--.------92, LO8
ruficaudis........-. 103, 108, 109 |

SOM CMestec ase se sosaseeh cecenases 93
HEMMIS) cece soteeces teens 89, 94, 108 |

(Mein tsloooacceessoone. ceeocencotAlh alts}

bhySbe:.- -2----- 88, 98, 107, 109
MILO LM Snecsseeresscs ene 88, 99 |

Hermetia albitarsis..........2..sseeee+ 246
apicalis........ Neleeasnaenease 246 |

ceriogaster Williston...... 246

UNM CENS|--<<--020--ee+-7--n-rs CAO |

Histiodroma inermis............-..-++- 251
Holostrophus Horn.....---.-. ieesteod 32, 36
bifasciatus.............. 36

discolor Horn.......-. 37
impressicollis.........- 36

Hoplistes hortulanus..............-..-. 261
PL yIOICUS.......0+ 2-26. .cneeees seserees = 81
Eby ONUSteeee ese cscs sear ketewem ese rnncm as 244
Hiypolampsis .......0222.-.-eccons soseeoene 304
Delay UU Sere. -cronesccosiccoseeess)-co nek ene. 39
bicinctus Horn............39, 40

CONCH OLE rtsecesese eens 39, 41

UHURU sae eso esee inna oe 39, 40

PTOMUS ...eeeeee veceeeeee ceeees 39
UVeETSIMnescen.peaeerise seer ees 39, 40

WAI OUST cccenessiecseeces 39, 41
Miaeriidees.c.0c-2-5--s<- SAMS eas toarses 28
MSAPATA-..--c.-.0. .---s2-20.0-eecceonseesesons 70
Lepidostola abdominalis Williston.. 262
pulehra Williston....... 261

similis Williston......... 262

The piS€Sia, .....022--2.en0e screenees 81, 109, 238
GINGER eee revlecasceces 110, 114

(Olatiksige eecscescneeneces ss TOT AE?
flavofasciata............ 110, 111
GPAUY....2..ceeeceee eee: 110, 114

NATL eee pose ease) <ve=c~ 114
pheetOn:.<..-.-.. ------- 110, 112

TL) SIG seeseeeeieee sees 110, 111

Leptura @xXigua...... -...eseeees sesenneee 301
TAT eeeeee ee cee ee ete saci ests 301
Mlacroglossine.........--..020-s2e+ 81, 85, 86
Macroglossa.......--+++++++ Paeeee eee cOOn eo
(iON Disinoonsen aes cuss Sooebe 102
IWiterosllamersscwescssc-s-o-seceeenienisenem ss 70
Mallodryini...........:: 220: seseeeece eee 43, 44
Mallodrya Horn......:...secceseee sere 42
subeenea Hori.... -...-+- 42

PAGE

IMGCAS! (SPECIES) /so--e-ne0s--neeyhnene=-e- 300
Mieka davy idea. -eresascsee estas nalssee 2 == 32
Mitel andisyanteres sc sasee es seeecerisee ens 43, 44
Melanochroa dubia..... ......... .-... 254
Melanostoma bucephalus.............. 264

longicornis Williston 263
scitulum Williston... 264

Merosargus festiva Williston......... 250
gracilis Williston..... .. 249
Mesograpta anchorata........ ....-..-. 265
MMUSLEUS ese seeeeseeaccaas 265

MACTOMONUS Des ssecteteccncc-s anes eaten ne 258
Microgasterinz:.....0..-5...cccosnsee--ms 294
Microgaster facetosus Weed.......... 296
ZOD Ales ssccnsseceseseeseer 296

Microplitis maturus Weed..... ened!
terminatus Weed......... 295

Mixogaster conopsoides......... ..---- 257
cyaneiventris............. 258

inermis Williston......... 258

mirabilis Williston ...... 257
Splendensr-s-e-sreree-o =: 257
Mycterimi...-........ .-0s.-2-. ------ wos 43, 44
Myxosargus Braueril...........-. So oe: 254
Nausigaster punctulata............... 259
INO HHMI Hessece se ciccse cater es setteser et cose 43, 44
QOcyptamus dimnichatae eb eescsecgnseee 265
TUMEDVISic--ossece == eee 265
ELUZONISseeseacosicc.cs == 265
Odontonvyigsp--s--e-<ceseseeee seer =r 256
(ODT CEH OG bir Geancadcscenceocou- bt osecotossnabe 7
Orchesiinicescs.ceteras- saree ssete sees 43, 44
Orch esialecsscesoee see eroreesciess eres 37
Casbaneaeascenesssees-en nee 37, 38

Paren(6r I Siggcoonecceaqsoore, ceconh 7, 38

OVA ba HON jereeeceee tae 37, 38

(Oyiaya0} eodeodnacceicopeeoLeneooG ecmb00 jeochct 7
(Dy nalobiy (iene see nedeescrn lochconcacan zcrecenon 27
Pachylia.............. 70, 80, 118, 138, 239
fLCUSiaescese set ease tee eee 138
PachyOnyChuUs..:-- .2.-.cs00----0- ---- GOL
paradoxus..........-. 302

ate soete aces seese ee sea- olen ac ene 7
Panacrishtiucl daie-ce-e-eeseerr see teen 2a
Paonias . ... .-.----..80, 82, 214, 224, 240
PIS AVES) casennsan seca. aboose 214, 228

ORC CaM ccereterease = 214, 226
myops...... = wep ceeeaness 214, 227
Penitlaiiaiaesepeeset setae saan aceecee 43, 44

(41)

XViil INDEX.
PAGE PAGE
REPO CSAar es cncseccaecteeeee Et eee ests cater a DeOSldsis see eee 69
ROTI SOMA ees cecsscasasee canoe ee G2 o)eSmeringhidesrres-esssces seco oeee Weace “7S
PO ROMMUS sss ese tases scscenapestaserveeye B04.) |) Smerinthimessssesss sees BI So nele
Waterhousei.............. 303 | Smerinthus..65, 70, 80, 82, 214, 218, 240
Philampelus.....70, 80, 81, 118, 140, 239 astartec cae eee 223
achemon...... -.... 141, 145 COUY SI ee otsesesnees 214, 223
LinWe sen eee 141 geminatus........... 214, 219
Pan Gonwsis-) cess: 141, 144 | ophthalmicus ...... 214, 221
VAUGIS sisssacneyiodenoaes 14D 143" | Sphingidger.... <-ceeasccamecceeeneee 49, 73, 85
Phiegethontiws)..1-1.sssdescedesse pacer Si | Splaingidestesncseasee ene Ssteeneeee ase 79
Platypsylla castoris (larva) .......... co) | splimgingescs.... ceeaqeeees: ...-81, 85, 150
IGOCOMRE- ohare neeoseoneate ees te elds oe Sphinx eos 65, 70, 80,.81, 152, 171, 239
IBGDTENSie case. sa veces 4,6' | allbeseens:.--ccc s.r eneeens 176, 182
conjungens Horn.......... 5,7 CANA ENSISecheeseee cere 176, 190
AMT baeeseenseee aes eeese LO) Ghersisis sce eee 176, 184
hinticollisyccescese-s. SONS COlOTaACUS ese ae e ---176, 189
Rickseckeri Horn......... 4,5 CUPTESSI:-2:-.ueeg eee oe 176, 195
Stath: 2.ee eeee 5,9 Colliisc ch ecee eee eee 176, 189
Wilkei Horn..<c-c.-s. 5,9 drupiferarum.............. M7Gea 7
POP OCOLOD peas. teesp at aeeceeh saves lores eee 79 BISA). cece hecs Ae eee 176, 189
Polyphylla decemlineata (larva)... 21 @QGMMIDUS; se--sc2eteesscereree 176, 193
Promerisana cylindricornis Will... 253 POT Seccescs cece sienrenes 176, 180
MASUbAs ssoheee sass e cae OS halicarnie,....--.0.5 ---- Rein en
Proserpinius) s2.<.c-0-< fn setasie cearescencac 69 ANSGIIGAl sees. soe oer 176, 186
TerOULOPALCO s.-contnseeeseesae 152, 164, 239 Keajlimiieet ssc ssescesesacee UG pelitea
CHIRON NPE eobacmnconareoneacae 167 Itboced riss---+---w- eee eee 176, 183
Celeuste.csasse chess 165 WP ONS \..c2..0< press seeeseenes 176, 191
CingGUlatAs ict. coke ssesees 170 | MUSCUGIOSHass-5ceeee-e rere 176, 181
GQSCOTrataans-cesess sees TO perelegans ...........-.---.176, 179
US HCA at ote aces eeocs ke = 168 DNASE eecs) oesoeses eee 176, 186
PfeCbL CUS GiOUSh sss. h.. secessosceeanee sce 248 plebeins':.2 < copc.-e- wl Gy ela:
Pteroptila emula Wialliston............ 283 SCQUOTO =. 2 ecco. ett 176, 188
milesoides ... . 283 Utahensis’..-.<:5.. .eesesse ence 178
SIMPL ONE: eacocty teehee COS WASH Gi ences esbeeeeerere 176, 183
YeTOCHTOIM SS ccccscweececessees) eases ees 46 ' Statira ........ bower Sves snip enoRee ep anaemia 28
Pyrochroa fuscicollis: ....:..2.22.-..<0 48 basalis i Gntiec.s:os oe. meceees 29, dl
Py biel wxanacacavsac accra nra putes cess eects 44 croceicollis............. ne O30)
PAViLILOnanweeMae emcee esse sects Peon 45 opacicollis Horn...... ..... 29, 30
AUMIEMICAM US ea: sch yest ecieess 45, 46 pluripuncta Horn............. 29
MUGS asec soe eee ee 45, 46 Tesp]Endens (.-scseasersceccs 29, 30
SELICCUS-.d-2c:seteasascsetseeesees 45 SUDMIGIGS 2222 c cccerestueeeeeete 29
Nebaphiocera armata,....---....- ----5 2ol PAPAIN poe eases nemseneeemererys 31
Rbin'siOpsis NOStrala.ae.+--s-c-seee sees 255 | Stenotrachelimi\....-..-c-sssersos-e ewes 43
WAU secessees ece=- recesses OO) || SLOLP DUS COBCUNUTS..;arnenasteece eset: 285
Salpinogaster nigra .... .............. 27 Stratiomyia mutabilis. ................ 256
PYLOPHOMA scena--ce 270) | USMC OU secre: ees sere eeee eee 43, 44
SAeUS COALCLALUS......-6-- 2-4-5005 2 249) | Syria AMON Canaan -eteeeee ene eas 285
thoracicus......... “th seceoecee C40 | SYyrphides, Catal’ S) VAM scs-ccl--neon

SGvaipbUlMills- os-een¢ os se saesde-ceseves aceeas 43, 44

| Syrphus erraticus Williston. ....... 264

INDEX. XIX

PAGE E PAGE

Syrphus gastrostactus.................. 264 WeSpamimacnll aideceeescscssce=atiee se nos 297
WMCMMOLA + ccc secu scecscurauiceececctaieeees 69 oceidentaliswecs-s-s2-s-ceee-ee 297
GRO TTALOMIIG -ecnsesecs-s22ese- cs esecaes--- 43 pennsyl vanica ........ ....-...- 297
Thyreus.. ........69, 80, 81, 117, 126, 238 BULA ees tete esceeiia ess cseeo-cetne 297
ADDOU ess eavesweneenc tesco 27 scelesta MeFarland....... 297, 298
Trichopsomyia Williston .............. 259 | Sulphunrea ease cere -ccwes oe aoa 297
longicornis Willis .. 261 | VAC eereceeeeee sa ereee teat 207

polita Williston...... 260 VID PAIS hee seesoaeecen Soca 297
puella Williston..... 260 Volucella emula Williston....... 271, 272
tuberculata Willis.. 260 fuscipennis........ ..... 271, 276
STM GOMES EON .0-2:21.6205=05 108 44 MACMMalteces cose esseoseee Slate
Riversii Horn........ 45 meretricias Williston..271, 272
ETI pLOPONes........- aeedetes 80, 82, 215, 240 mus Williston.. ...... .271, 274
imperator..... Paesne csc SONa, musta Williston. ....... 271, 274

MOC estas assesses 214, 216 | ODES Sees Zilehe
TrochwWwMls.c2: 3. <.<.ctss. Wee ta as 66 | pallensSre-ssecertes oot neo
MU Zelamrss 2 vectcnsncscestseesn este en cecuss 70 | persimilis Williston ...271, 278
Wespa (table of species) .............. 297 | DiChaccusessctstesctrscee 271, 275
ARSMANIA cso: pe ecdeateewe.: npncooce 297 prescutellaris Will....271, 273
bistriata MeFarland ..... 297, 298 | PUNCHITETAs cas .-cnse=se 271, 275
CATON AL seakae sede cones: cossteces 297 SCutelllaitiaics-cses0sssese=-ses 271
COMMMUMM IS fesceseiceceese sos es sued) | AAV A WULG IS enreasia estar taee 275

CIAO Rc cece este sooetec neat se des 2979! viridis Williston........ 271, 275
Gumeatage sce. se-sesce. edsebuans 297 | Kylota genuina Williston............. 284

GE A OMCa eas yf oak. BOT | lowlife, 2H sete cc aes 7

SOUM ANIC Mec easees eset sess acco 297

ERRATA.

13, line 13 from bottom, for diappeared read disappeared.
16, line 19 from top, read there is not in that

29, add to end of table:

Thorax alutaceous; legs concolorous........... -+--+2+ 06. eee gagatina.
50, lines 7 and 14, for Sphingide read Sphinginex.
56, line 16, for bungen read bringen.

56, line 16, for eriste read erste.

72, line 29, for Allopus read A8llopos.

77, line 28, for Pherocampa read Cherocampa.

81, line 35, for four read fore.

85, line 36, for SPHINGID® read SPHINGIN 2.
153, line 21, for P. read A.
164, line 34, dele ; after oblique.
172, line 20, for rule read law.
175, line 23, for gemminate read geminate.

175, line 40, for primaries read secondaries.

192, line 17, for gemminate read geminate.

196, line 33, after white insert spots.

219, line 27, after ophthalmicus insert five.

220, line 9, for corneous read carneous.

Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. Vol. XV. Plate I.
PLEOCOMA.

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3-P. Behrensii 4-P. Behrensii 2 11-P. Ulkei

5-P. Rickseckeri 6-P. Rickseckeri Q 12-P. Staff

7-P. hirticollis 8-P. hirticollis 2 9-P. hirticollis 2

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