LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB. Established 1873. TRANSACTIONS. VOL. XXVI. 1908. MEMBER’S COPY. GEORGE ANDERSON (Burnley) Ltd. ST. JAMES’ STREET. MDCCCCIX. Mr. JAMES KAY, J.P President - 1901-02. BURNLEY LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC CLUB. Established 1873. TRANSACTIONS. VOL. XXVi. 1908. MEMBER’S COPY. GEORGE ANDERSON (Burnley) Ltd. ST. JAMES’ STREET. MDCCCCIX, Burnkp £iterarp ana Scientific Club Established 1873. OFFICERS OF THE CLUB. Year 1907-8. President : WM. LANCASTER. Vice-Presidents : Fred J. Grant, J.P. Jas. Lancaster, J.P. James Kay, J.P. H. L. Joseland, M.A. W. Lewis Grant. Wm. Thompson. Hon. Treasurer : FRANK E. THORNTON. Hon. Secretary: FRANK HUDSON, LL.B., 12, St. James’s Row, Burnley. Committee : T. G. Crump, B.A., M.B. George Gill, J.P. T. Crossland, B.Sc. A. R. Pickles, M.A. John S. Mackie. A. A. Bellingham. Hon. Lanternist : A. A. Bellingham. Hon. Auditor : Thomas Proctor. CLUB. Rule Rule Rule Rule Rule Rule Rule Rule Rule Rule 4 RULES OF THE 1. That the Society be named the “ Burnley Literary and Scientific Club ” 2. That the objects of the Club shall be the instruction and mental recreation of its members by means of original papers, discussions, and conversation of a Literary and Scientific character. Party Politics and Religious controversies to be excluded. That arrangements be made during the Summer for Excursions to places of Historic and Natural interest. 3. That the Club consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members and Lady Associates. That the Committee shall have power to accept the services of others than members. 4. That Associateship be open to ladies who shall be elected by ballot of the members and shall have the privilege of attending all meetings of the Club. They shall not take part in the management of the Club, nor shall they be en- titled to introduce a friend. 5. That the Club meet on Tuesday evenings at 7-45, the meetings being weekly from September to April. Any meetings held in the Summer months to be preparatory to the Excursions. 6. That the Secretary shall commence the proceedings at each meeting be reading the minutes of the last meeting. 7. Candidates for Membership or Associateship to be proposed and seconded at one meeting, and balloted for at the next ; a majority of three-fourths of the members present being required to secure an election. Candidates for Honorary Membership shall be proposed only after a recommendation from the Committee. 8. That the officers consist of a President, six Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, Secretary, and a Committee of six members, who shall manage the affairs of the Club ; four to form a quorum. Such officers to be chosen by ballot at the Annual Meeting, which shall be held on the first convenient Tuesday in April. Nominations to be received only at the three meetings next preceding the Annual Meeting. 9. That the reading of any paper shall not occupy more than one hour, the remaining portion of the time, up to ten o’clock, to be spent in conversation and discussion. No speaker to occupy more than five minutes, or to speak more than once, except by permission of the chairman. 10. That a Sessional Programme shall be prepared by the Sec- retary, and printed, in which the business of each evening shall be stated. All subjects proposed to be brought before the Club to be approved by the Committee of Management. 5 Rule 11. Each member shall have the privilege of introducing a friend* but no friend so introduced shall be allowed to take part in the proceedings unless invited by the Chairman, to whom the said person’s name shall be communicated on his entrance into the room. The Committee shall have power to declare any meeting “ Special,” and to make such arrangements as to admission of friends at such meetings as they shall think proper. Rule 12. That an annual subscription of 10s. be paid by ordinary Members, and of 5s. by Associates, and any person whose subscription is in arrear for three months shall cease to be a member of the Club. Rule 13. The Accounts of the Club shall be made up by the Treasurer to the end of December in each year ; and a Balance Sheet shall, after having been audited, and passed by the Com- mittee, be printed and sent to the members before the Annual Meeting. Rule 14. That the Rules be altered only at the Annual Meeting in April, or at a special Meeting ; in both cases a fortnight’s notice shall be given to the members, stating the nature of the proposed alteration. The Secterary shall be empowered to call a Special Meeting on receiving a requisition signed by six members. * No Gentleman residing within the Parliamentary Borough, not being a member, will be eligible for admission. A friend is considered to be “ introduced ” (Rule 11) to the Meetings of the Club when he or she attends with the sanction (by card or otherwise) of a member. 6 REPORT. Presented to the Members on April 14 th, 1908. The Committee have pleasure in presenting to the Members the Thirty-Fourth Annual Report of the Club. During the Club year now ended, 22 meetings have been held, in which much useful work has been done. They consider that the papers which have been read have been both interesting and of educational value, and not less so than in previous years. Of the 22 papers read, 8 have been given by members, and 14 by friends. The various branches of work in which the Club desires to promote an interest have been dealt with as follows : — Literary, 13 papers; Travel, 3 papers ; Scientific, 6 papers. That the papers have been as interesting as in past years is shown by the attendance, which has averaged 36 Members and 30 Associates and friends, as compared with 34 Members and 30 Associates and friends during last year. The aggregate attendance has been 784 Members and 660 friends, or a total individual attendance of 1440, as compared with 1340 last year. During the year 12 new Members and 8 Associates have been elected and the membership is now composed of 16 Honorary Members, 188 Ordinary Members, and 28 Associates, being a total of 232, as compared with 223 last year. The Committee regret to record the loss the Club has sustained during the year in the death of one of its Vice- Presidents, the Rev. W. S. Matthews, B.A., which took place on February 29th, 1908. Mr. Matthews has had a long and useful connection with the Club, having served as a Member of the Committee for 14 years and as a Vice-President for 9 years. In addition, he was a frequent and valuable con- tributor to the Syllabuses of the Club, his numerous papers on literary subjects being always of a high standard ; and he also gave great assistance in rendering successful the debates of the Club. During the year there has also passed away one of the Founders of the Club, Thomas Dean, M.D. In the early history of the Club Dr. Dean rendered much valuable help. 7 On April 23rd a visit was arranged to Duke Place, Deansgate, Manchester, to inspect the results of the excavations on the site of the Roman Camp, Mancunium. Mr. J. J. Phelps, member of the Excavation Committee, kindly conducted the party and the visit proved both interesting and instructive to those who took part in it. On June 12th, 1907, an Excursion of Members and Associates took place, a visit being made to Stonyhurst College. The party were shown over the buildings and grounds by a member of the College Staff. The weather was fine, and a very pleasant and interesting afternoon was spent by those Members and Associates who had availed themselves of the arrangements which had been made. The Committee place on record their cordial thanks to Mr. A. A. Bellingham for his valuable services as Honorary Lanternist of the Club. Of 22 papers given, 11 have been illustrated by slides and on each occasion his efficient mani- pulation of the Lantern has added greatly to the success of the evening. The Committee confidently hope that the next year’s work of the Club will receive the continued support of the Members and Associates and that the result will not be less gratifying than that which has attended their efforts in the past. F. HUDSON Hon. Sec. 8 Jan. it Feb. i » » » » » Mar. ti 1 1 SYLLABUS. JANUARY TO APRIL, 1908. 14 — “Rousseau” J. H. Hudson, M.A., H.M.I. 21 — No Meeting. 28 — “ The Evolution of the Calder River System ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) A. Wilmore, B.Sc., F.G.S., F.C.S. 4 — “ Recent Legislation affecting the Physical Wellbeing of School Children” .. .. Thos. Crossland, B.Sc. 1 1 — “ San Marino — The Pigmy Republic ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) Rev. T. T. Norgate, F.R.G.S. 18 — “ Natural History Records with a Camera ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) G. A. Booth. 25 — “ The Cinque Ports ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) Rev. Jocelyn Perkins, M.A., F.R.HS. 3 — “ Seneca : Pedagogue, Politician, Playwriter, and Philosopher” .. .. J. Langfield Ward, M.A. 10 — "Pompeii” Henry Crowther, F.R.M.S. (Illustrated by the Lantern.) 17 — “ The Wit and Wisdom of Proverbs ” Rev. R. W. Berry, B.D. 24 — “ The Poetical Associations of the Lake District ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) C. W. Midgley. 31 — “Longfellow” Rev. A. Chadwick. (With Choral Illustrations.) Apr. 14— ANNUAL MEETING. 9 Oct. ) * Nov. Dec. J f SYLLABUS. OCTOBER TO DECEMBER, 1908. 6 — “ Revealed by a Shadow : the Glories of a Total Solar Eclipse ” Rev. Robert Killip, F.R.A.S. (Illustrated by the Lantern.) 13 — “ Some Historical Associations of the River Calder ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) John Allen. 20 — The Winchester National Pageant ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) W. Lewis Grant. 27 — Debate : “ Are we as a nation doing our best for the next generation?” .. .. Affirmative, W m. Thompson. Negative, John W. Chorlton. 3 — No Meeting. Vocal Union Concert. 10 — “ A Holiday in the Tyrol ” . . Jas. Lancaster, J.P. (Illustrated by the Lantern.) 17 — “ Dalmatia and Montenegro ” (Illustrated by the Lantern.) Samuel Wells, F.R.G.S. 24 — Recital : “ Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ” . . John Duxbury. 1 — “ The picturesque Coast of Yorkshire ”. . T. H. Hartley. (Illustrated by the Lantern.; 8 — “ Milton ” (In Commemoration of Tercentenary) The Bishop of Burnley. 15 — " q'he Differences between Plants and Animals ” (Illustrated by numerous Coloured Drawings.) J. E. Lord, M.P.S., F.R.M.S. 18— ANNUAL DINNER. 2H\ Treasurer’s Account for the Year ending 31st December, 1907. <» 00 Crt O d 10 co a ^ » pq 1 1 co CC ^ 05 O CD o u o CD c n CD X W d 4-> c n d tuo o .2 £ .2 ^ o s ■s. O m • — OJ 05 bjo o3 on £ O £ o * <3 G G W 2 rO o CO CD o £ 15 PQ o O u 05 o o oj 05 u CD J-. CO o3 w' (Illustrated by the Lantern). By Rev. JOCELYN PERKINS, M.A., F.R. Hist. S. February 25th, 1908. The Lecturer, in a racy, interesting and humorous manner, entertained and instructed a large audience by a compre- hensive history of the origin and the part played by the Cinque Ports, which originally embraced Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, Winchester and Rye. He traced their origin back to the Roman occupation. It was on these five ports that King Alfred relied for ships in his struggle against the Danes, and from the time of King Alfred onward they came to be of increasing value. The incorporation of the ports had its origin in the necessity for some means of defence along the Southern seaboards of England and in the lack of any regular navy. After the Norman Conquest the ports were made the object of attack by the Danes, and in return for services rendered then the men were given certain privileges. The first charter to the ports was granted in the time of Edward the Confessor. Directly after his great victory, William the Conqueror made a rapid dash for Dover Castle ; he knew that Dover was then as now, the key of England. The old charter of Edward the Confessor, was confirmed over and over again and in 1278 their Magna Charta, the palladium of their liberties, was granted by Edward I., the greatest of the Plantagenets. But the ships of the period were nothing more than sailing vessels which could be transformed into some sort of men-of-war, and that fleet came to be the terror of the Channel, and was the forerunner of Trafalgar. These ports were strongly democratic and quite in advance of their age. They were the first towns to receive charters — freedom of speech and local self-govern- ment— and so they found them year by year meeting together in their churches. He firmly believed if churches were now used as polling booths for their elections, it would add greatly to consecrate the national and municipal life of the country. Of those elections and privileges many relics 32 still remained. The ports had also certain courts which existed for the purpose of deciding matters connected with the confederation as a whole, and Romney Marsh was a place where the port representatives used to meet. As time went on these open-air assemblies came to an end, and the ancient Church of St. James came to be the meeting place. Besides having these courts, these ports, in consideration for providing and manning ships, were free from all national taxation. The most interesting and picturesque of their rights was that the barons of the court had the right of carrying a canopy over the kings and queens of England as they walked in state procession from Westminster Hall to the Abbey. At the double coronation of William and Mary as joint sovereigns, they had to walk side by side to the Abbey instead of one behind the other, so that the canopy had to be a very large one. At the time of the coronation of George IV., before the procession was formed, the barons had a practice with the canopy, but their rnancei res were so awkward and dangerous that the king absolutely refused to walk underneath the canopy, but walked in front of it — an absurd spectacle. Perhaps it would have been an advantage if that canopy had come down on the head of the “ first gentleman of Europe.” (Laughter). At the time of William IV., these nice things were done away on the ground of economy. The same precedent was followed at the coronation of Queen Victoria ; but for the coronation of the present king, Edward VII., the barons sent in their claim. If there had been a canopy, they would have been refused, but, without a canopy the}? were placed just outside the choir screen and they were entrusted with the standard of England and the Union Jack, which were duly dipped as King Edward passed, and were acknowledged by the sovereign in a suitable fashion. Another privilege the ports had was to seize flotsam and jetsam or whatever of value was cast ashore on the sea from wrecks, and the right of assembling in portmote or Parlia- ment. The Parliament was empowered to make bye-laws for the Cinque Ports. There were two courts, the Court of Brotherhood, and Gustling, and the highest office in con- nection with the Cinque Ports was that of Lord Warden, who also acted as governour of Dover Castle and had a mari- time jurisdiction as admiral of the ports. His power was formerly of great extent, and he held a Court of Chancery at Dover in the old Parish Church of St. James. It was mainly due to the ships that came from the Kentish ports that Hubert de Burgh was able to scatter the French fleet in the battle off South Foreland (1217). During the reign 33 of Edward I., the French burnt Dover and the Cinque Port men burnt Boulogne. In 1300 Gervais Alard first took the title of Admiral of the Fleet of the Cinque Ports. He hoped he (the Lecturer) was an Englishman as well as a parson and he liked to call a spade a spade. He had the greatest respect for our neighbours long before the entente cordiale was established. At the same time he liked to think of the English nation having given blows as good as it had received. Simon de Montfort he liked to call ‘ Simon the Righteous.’ The battle of Sluys was commemorated by the striking of a medal, and about 1350 the Cinque Ports were at their zenith. The fortifications and methods of defence at the various forts and the churches were amply illustrated with the political and natural physical causes which led to the decline of the Cinque Ports. The famous Church of St. Mary, which adjoins the Pharos at Dover, was the oldest building in our 'sland in which the worship of God was carried on. Dover Castle had never been properly taken. It fell during the Civil War, but into English hands. It was still the Key of England and maintained some of the old privileges. The Admiralty had spent an immense amount of money in improving the harbour whence an excellent cross channel service was now carried on. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Lecturer on the motion of Mr. J. Lancaster, J.P., seconded by Mr. W. L. Grant, and in his reply, the Lecturer called Rye the queen of all the ports and recommended them to visit it. The Rev. W. S. MATTHEWS. The Club suffered a great loss when, on the morning of the 29th of February, the fell sergeant laid his icy hand on its Vice-President, the Vicar of Briercliffe. During his thirteen years’ membership, he had given of his best to the service of the Club. As a classical scholar he had few equals in the district. To him the writings of the great Greek and Latin authors were as household words. So long as his sight re- mained to him these were his constant study. His acquain- tance with the history and literature of his own land was remarkable. He had a very retentive memory, and had the schoolmaster’s gift of clearness and method. Mr. Matthews delighted to bring out of his extensive stock of knowledge the lore of ancient days, and the choice words of the great dead kings of melody. He was equally at home in Shakes- peare or in Homer, in Dante or in Tennyson. He would lecture for an hour and a half without a note, presenting his subject in attractive manner, with a never-failing touch of humour. He had a powerful voice which he knew well how to use, and without any straining for effect, he would play upon the feelings of his audience, thrilling them by the recital of great deeds, interesting them by his accounts of ancient days or his analysis of poetical works, and anon those present would break into laughter at his merry jest or at some of his quaintly told stories. In one paper he dealt in masterly manner with the beginnings of English colonisation — a won- derful summary given from memory of historical facts relating to every continent. Like Milton and Tennyson he was greatly interested in the legends which gathered round King Arthur and his Knights. The last appearance of Mr. Matthews at the Club was at the lecture given by another vice-president on another country parson, R. S. Hawker. His place can never be filled. He had been a schoolmaster, but there was little of the don about him except the learning. He had much of the charm of the idyllic village clergyman. He was a devoted student of the works of the best writers of many Rev. W. S. MATTHEWS, B A. Vice-President 1899— 1908. DIED FEBRUARY 29th, 1908. ages and many lands. In debate he was at once instructive and entertaining. His advice was always at the service of any one desiring direction in the study of literature. On an excursion or at any other gathering he was a most delightful companion. He was humorously spoken of as the Chaplain of the Club, and during the year when Mr. Strange was presi- dent the members as a body joined in the service one summer afternoon at Briercliffe Church, when the hymns sung were those of Wm. Cowper, and the Vicar preached on the life and writings of that great Christian poet. Of all the officers of the Club who have been taken away scarce one leaves behind him a brighter, happier memory than William Stabb Matthews. 36 SENECA. By J. LANGFIELD WARD, M.A. March 3rd, 1908. Seneca was born at Cordova under the rule of the second of the Caesars, Caesar Augustus, he was a pleader under Tiberius, envied by Caligula, banished by Claudius and put to death by Nero. To show the state of Rome it is almost enough to note that four of these five died violent deaths. It was during his eight years’ banishment to the inhospitable island of Corsica that Seneca wrote some of his most charming letters, such as the letter of consolation to his mother Helvia, and began his tragedies. These tragedies had their influence on our early dramas ; for instance, Gorboduc is distinctly modelled on their style. They carry on the old Greek rules and employ a chorus to connect the different scenes by lyric compositions. A short sketch of the Medea and a specimen passage from this work were given by the lecturer. One passage in particular in this play has been taken as prophetic of the discovery of America. “ Every boundary is now removed and cities have established new walls throughout the world. The world travelled over has left nothing in the position in which it was. The Indian drinks from the cold Araxes of Armenia, the Persians drink from the Elbe and Rhine. The time will come as ages pass, when the ocean will relax its boundaries, and the vast earth lie revealed, the pilot will disclose new realms and distant Thule will no longer be the end of the world.” Some extracts were read showing Seneca’s views on educa- tion. On his return from banishment he took part in the teaching of Nero. The failure indicated by the result, should hardly be put down to Seneca, as from Nero’s parentage and surroundings no better success could be expected. Nero’s father himself, when congratulated on the birth of his son, 37 replied that with him as father and Agrippina as mother, only a monster could come. And it may be put down to Seneca’s credit that the first five years of Nero’s rule, when he was still fresh from his studies and was helped in his govern- ment by Seneca, have been pronounced among the happiest years of an unhappy cetury. It was during the years of his political influence that Seneca wrote the best of his essays: “Clemency,” “Happy Life,” “ A Wise Man’s Constancy,” and “ Benefits.” Of the last, perhaps the most important of all, some account was given, illustrated by extracts throwing interesting light on the philosopher’s views. “ You may address the author of our world by as many different titles as you please, he may have as many titles as he has attributes. There can be no God without nature, nor any nature without God. Whether you speak of Nature, Fate, or Future, these are all names of the same God using his power in different ways. God bestows upon us very many and great benefits without hope of re- ceiving any return.” From the essay on a Happy Life : “A wise man is tem- perate in prosperity and resolute in adversity ” ; “A good conscience is the testimony of a good life and the reward of it ” ; “ Whatsoever is necessary we must bear patiently ” ; “We are born subjects and to obey God is perfect liberty.” It is not fair to say that one who could give forth such coura- geous sentiments and could practise what he preached, was not far from the Kingdom of God ? The last act of Seneca’s public life, however, was, so rumour said, the composition of the shameful letter sent by Nero to the Senate after his mother’s murder, containing a list of her crimes, real and imaginary, the narrative of her accidental shipwreck, and his opinion that he death was a public blessing. It is difficult to reconcile these and other anomalies such, as for instance, his theoretical contempt for riches and his avaritious accumulation of great wealth. The lecturer dealt briefly with the question of the possibility of a meeting having taken place between Seneca and St. Paul, who was for two years detained in his own house at Rome. There were similarities of expression to be found in the writings of the two men, and the Gallio before whom St. Paul appeared at Corinth, was Seneca’s brother. An attempt to poison Seneca was frustrated by his simplicity of life, but in A.D. 65 was formed Piso’s great conspiracy against Nero which resulted in the death of Seneca and many other noble Romans. 38 We must not look on Seneca’s as a wasted life ; his stoicism may have had its influence in forming the character of the holiest of the Emperors a hundred years after him, and though his writings are neglected now, in the middle ages his reputa- tion stood high, and quotations from his works were regarded with little less respect than holy writ. We may wish he had been more influential as a politician, but to steer a course through such a sea of intrigue arid wickedness at a time when “ virtue meant a sentence of death,” and come out from it unspotted, was an impossible task. We may honestly regard him as a man who by his humanity and by his temperance in living, by many acts in his public life, and because of the affection of wife and friends, can claim our respect. Though unable to walk in a dissolute age as one of the perfect children of the light, he was a better man than those with whom he came into contact, a true seeker after righteousness, eager for illumination, arid one who came not far from being a fellow citizen with the saints and of the household of God. 39 POMPEII (Illustrated by the Lantern). Mr. HENRY CROWTHER, F.R.M.S. March 10/A, 1908. Mr. W. Lancaster, Vice-President, in the chair. The Lecturer, after some remarks on the fascinating effect of Vesuvius, and on Naples, with its crooked streets as “ gestureland,” piloted the audience over the excavated ruins of the buried city where he was fortunate in having as his guide a scientific man. In the museum at Pompeii they were in touch with real humanity. The rooms were weird, but one of the most weird was at Palermo where they saw persons in the coffins. At some of the figures in Pompeii they were looking back 2,000 years. The eruption took place in 79 A.D., not in August but November. The roofs of the houses were soon covered with lava. Most of the people escaped, but a large number were buried and in many cases their corpses had left perfect moulds in the ashes which enveloped them. They saw the body of one woman trying to filter the gas from the air by the use of her night-dress ; the body of a man who had evidently turned back to the house for his money carried in a belt around him ; others had their hands over their mouths trying to filter air through the sulphurous gases — the manner in which many miners overtaken in a pit accident to-day were found to have died. A chained dog, whose owner had forgotten to release it, was suffocated in the contortions of torture. A series of lamps were also found, the designs of which revealed the character of the owner. In that case they could tell a man, not by his books, but by his lamps. Only about one third of the city has yet been explored and what would yet still be found they did not know ; but what had been explored seemed nothing to the whole. They have unearthed the Forum — “ the talking shop,” the buildings which surround it, the temple of Jupiter, the Basilica or Town Hall, the Temple of Apollo, the Marcellum or provision market, the shrine of the city lares, the Temple of Vespasian, the Temple of Fortuna Augusta, 40 the theatre, the wrestling place, or palaestra, the Temple of Iris and of Zeus, bathing establishments, and the amphi- theatre. Many private houses have been unearthed, and these enabled them to see the complete arrangements which existed for bathing, the warm and hot chambers heated by hot air ; the walls were painted usually in frescos with orna- mentation ; the elegant mosaic floors added to the beauty of the rooms and there was a complete set of kitchen utensils almost identical, in some instances, with those in use at the present day, including a four-pronged fork. There were about 30,000 gods in Pompeii. If a man had something the matter with his finger there was one god, and if it was his toe, there was another. The graffiti, or inscriptions on the walls, were on all sorts of subjects and threw light on the occupations and interests of the people. The shops were open to the street and in Sicily to-day they could, as they walked along the streets, see the people in bed. The street of Mercury gave them some idea of how the Forum was approached. There was at Pompeii a public weighing place so that if there was any suspicion about the weight of an article the purchaser could take it to the public weighing place and have it weighed. Some things they did a great deal better in those days than they do now. The streets led to and ended at the Forum where the passage was blocked by large stones. There were a great many and a great variety of fountains in the city. At one of the fountains they saw that the very basalt of the trough had been greatly worn by the hands of the person placed in it while drinking. The water fountains and the wine shops were always near to each other. In a doctor’s shop were always a variety of glass vessels and instruments used in his profession, including a needle, balances, scales, etc. There were many bakehouses, and the most profitable trade in Pompeii was that of the miller or baker. Some of the household goods were most beautiful objects. The city was a suburb of Rome and the people lived a free and easy life. It was a wicked city and deserved to be destroyed. On the motion of Mr. J. S. Sutcliffe, seconded by Mr. T. Bell, and supported by Mr. J. Lancaster, J.P., a h-.arty vote of thanks was accorded to the Lecturer. 41 WIT AND WISDOM OF PROVERBS. Rev. R. W. BERRY, B.D. March \lth, 1908. In the beginning of his paper Mr. Berry explained that he intended to limit himself to the consideration of such proverbs as were to be found in printed sources. Various attempts to answer the question, “ What is a Proverb ? ” were given, some from ancient writers such as Aristotle, and others by those of more modern times. The lecturer himself suggested “ experience made vocal.” The common features in the definitions given were Antiquity, Popularity and Brevity. The difference between a proverb and a maxim, aphorism and epigram, is similar to that between the folk-song and the ballad. The one is spontaneous, the other composed ; the one is shaped and rounded by the attrition of many lips, the other given its finish and polished form by its own begetter and author. An aphorism tends to paint the ideal of action, the proverb to summarise a general experience. The proverb is for speech, the maxim for the book, the former making talk witty, the latter makes it pompous. In the chief ancient languages proverbial expressions abound. The sacred books of the East are full of them. The proverb of the past in its popular form was an instance of the linguistic survival of the fittest. It was the weapon of men who had to make their point in a moment. In modern times there is undoubtedly a decay in the use of proverbial speech whit r seems to follow the wider circulation of literary works. Sermons of the Reformation are full of them ; but it was in their character as advocates to the multitude that the preachers used them. Shakespeare with unerring insight, makes the haughty Coriolanus express his hatred of the mob in scorn of their proverbs, and at a later time Lord Chesterfield said that no gentleman ever used them. 42 Proverbs may be divided into three classes : Proverbs of Observation, Proverbs of Reflection, and Proverbs of Action. Of these the first states consequences, the second goes deeper and gives principles, the third states duties. Proverbs of reflection are native to the east, where the aphoristic sayings of the ancients have still a wide circulation. In general they are marked by the quiet contemplativeness of the pundit rather than the practical qualities of the man of action, but the terse and biting wit of the following Arabic sayings has helped them to filter through into most European languages : “ He who lives in glass houses should not throw stones,” “ What you put into the pot you will take out in the ladle,” and the saying, “ A man is hidden behind his tongue,” seems to have anticipated the Frenchman’s famous mot by many centuries. The best known examples of the didactic proverb are found in the Book of Proverbs and Ecclesiastes. In both books we have the reasoned teachings of the moralist rather than the common maxims of the crowd. But all Jewish proverbs are not severely didactic, sayings to be listened to with respect rather than remembered with spontaneity. Such sayings as “ While the shoe is on thy foot tread on thorns,” “ Many old camels carry the skins of young ones to market,” “ The axe goeth to the wood whence it borrowed its shaft,” show that their authors, with all their sapience, had a characteristic wit all their own. The proverbs of our Isles have a different sound from the weightier musings of the East. They come out with the smack of a rude wit and unhesitating spontaneity. There is in them, as a rule, the rollicking humour of the man who hits you on the shoulder or digs you in the ribs. They call a spade a spade in vigorous and realistic language, though it must not be supposed that sayings of striking beauty and effectiveness do not abound. But generally, in the proverbial sayings that have come tripping from the lips of our people for countless generations, forcefulness is more apparent than politeness. It has been said that the proverbs of a nation are a true index to the character of its people, for before they could become part and parcel of the common speech they had to pass the ordeal of universal suffrage. Dean Trench says that every tenth proverb in the rich Italian store savours of political knavery or worldly selfishness. But sayings of shrewd insight abound such as “ It is more easy to praise poverty 43 than to bear it,” “As you salute so you will be saluted,” and all the proverbs of calculated self-interest seem to be disarmed by the Italian saying, “For an honest man half his wits is enough, the whole is too little for a knave ” ; and from that land comes the beautiful word, “ The comforter’s head never aches.” The Spanish language is said to teem with proverbial expressions characterised by “ grave thoughtfulness, a stately humour, and a spirit of chivalry and freedom.” But subtle irony arid wit lurk in such sayings as these : “ The ass knows in whose face he brays,” “ The travelled man hath leave to lie,” “ Would’st thou know the value of money ? Go, borrow some.” A lovely ideal of friendship, however, gleams through this : “ When a friend asketh thee, there is no to-morrow.” Common sense and homely humour are the monopolies of no people and the following Spanish proverb, “ He who would catch fish must not mind getting wet,” “ Tet him not sow brambles who walks barefoot,” “ Never speak of a rope in the house of a man who was hanged,” and the famous saying, “ The succours of Spain are ever too late,” have a humour and point apparent under all skies. A great source of interest in proverbial lore is the diversity of figures under which kindred thoughts are clothed by different nations. “ Firs to Norway ” say the Dutch ; “ Water to the sea ” the German ; “ Blades to Damascus” the Asiatic ; “ Coals to Newcastle ” the Englishman. We say “ The pot calls the kettle black ” ; the Italian adds the disdainful touch, “ Keep off or you’ll smutch me.” The German, with more vigour and directness says “ One ass calls another ‘ Long- ears.’ ” Barbed satire against religious ingratitude finds a place in all languages. “ The river past the saint forgotten,” was a favourite word in early England. “ The lost cow for God,” says the Spaniard still, but the masterpiece is the couplet of Rabelais : “ The devil was sick, the devil a monk would be. The devil grew well, the devil a monk was he.” That proverbs should be transmitted, it was essential that they should be easily remembered. So, many wordy maxims have been shaken down by the popular tongue into rhymed sentences that stick like burrs. In such sentences as “ Store is no sore,” “ No pains no gains,” “ Safe bind safe find,” we hear the accents of immemorial village wisdom. But the great bulk of proverbs survive not so much by the tinkle of their sound as the vigour of their sense. The proverbs Shakes- peare uses are an instance in point. They are summaries of sterling wisdom, terse, axiomatic expressions verified by men’s experience. 44 It has been remarked that the Celtic races are singularly lacking in proverbial saws, whereas the less intellectually agile Teuton is particularly rich in them. I his may be because the quick imagination of the Celt needs not the crutches of other men s wisdom. To him invention is easier than re- membrance. But Ireland has its characteristic sayings which come behind none in picturesqueness and effectiveness. A spur m the head is worth two in the heel,” 11 The day of the storm is not the time for thatching,” “ The losing horse blames the saddle,” are instances which show that in the use of these “ edgetools of speech ” Ireland is not to seek. Will the proverbs of the past continue to live in the speech of the people ? Probably not. The future will devise new ways in which experiences will be compressed. But the proverb of the morrow and the proverb of the past will no doubt agree in their pragmatic teaching, so sane and sound on the whole that the best life for men is the life of simplicity frankness, and brave effort. 45 THE POETICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF THE LAKE DISTRICT. (Illustrated by the Lantern). By Mr. C. W. MIDGLEY. March 2ith, 1908. “ When ye see God’s signet set on English ground, Why go galivanting all the nations round ? ” [■; So wrote Charles Kingsley and so say I. Higher mere stupendous mountains capped with snow we may view in Switzerland or Norway. Larger and possibly more varied lakes are there also ; but where on earth’s surface will you find more to delight the eye, to charm and captivate than in the few square miles designated the English Lake District. Not only great in mountains and lakes is this district of our choice, but it is great in its literary associations. One has only to mention Wordsworth, Southey, Coleridge, Christopher Worth, Matthew Arnold, Mrs. Hemans, John Ruskin, with a host of lesser lights, to prove this statement. Wordsworth is pre-eminently the poetic interpreter of nature. Nature has her moods as we have, good and evil, grave and gay, desolate and happy, gentle and terrible, while we respond to her varying humour according to our own. Hence it is that the poet interprets her differently according to their own character. The grand and gloomy, the Titanic and the diabolic, find their expression in Byron, but the tranquil and tender chiefly in Wordsworth. The heart of Wordsworth beat in sympathy with the sea when he sings “ Listen, the mighty being is awake And doth with his eternal motion make A sound like thunder everlastingly.” 46 Such poets as Wordsworth and Shelley cannot be under- stood by the unprepared, by the worldly minded, or self- absorbed, though to the elect they are very clear. “To reap the harvest of a quiet eye ” certain sensibilities are implied, and the reader must be able to recognise, feel, and recreate for himself, the pictures which the poet presents him. Our great representative poets are not all to be read in the study or the privacy of our homes ; some should be our companions in the woods or the fields, some on the sea shore and others in the social circle. Take Wordsworth with you to the margin of some rippling stream or lake with blue mountains on the horizon and carolling birds overhead, the scenes of his own inspirations. Matthew Arnold’s verdict on Words- worth’s poems was “ I doubt whether anyone admires Words- worth more than I do. I admire him for the simple and solid reason that he is an exceedingly great poet. One puts him after Shakespeare and Milton. Shakespeare is out of com- parison. Milton was, of course, a far greater artist than Wordsworth, probably also a greater force. But the spirited passion of Wordsworth, his spiritual passion when, as in the magnificent sonnet of Farwell to the River Duddon, for instance, he is at his highest, and sees into the life of things, cannot be matched from Milton. I will not say it is beyond Milton, but he has never shown it. To match it one must go to the ocean of Shakespeare.” In piloting the audience over the classic spots in Lakeland, the Lecturer, in a racy and interesting manner, made special references to their literary associations. It was at Barrow (1825) that Sir Walter Scott and Lockhart met Christopher North, the great yellow-haired professor, and listened in the old parish church to what Lockhart called “ a bad sermon.” There is a house, “ The Briery,” on the hill leading from Low Wood to Troutbeck, which in 1850 was tenanted by Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth. In that house Mrs. Gaskell first met Currer Bell (Charlotte Bronte) whose biography she would one day write. At a house in the direction of Grasmere from Ambleside lived Harriet Martineau for the last thirty years of her life. In the garden, on a stone pillar, stands a sundial dated 1847 with the prayer “ Come Light, visit me.” In 1848 Emerson spent two days there as the guest of Miss Martineau. Among other dis- tinguished guests was John Bright, who was once in Miss Martineau’s absence, caught upon his knees measuring the study and sitting room for carpets which he was specially having made as a pleasant surprise gift to the political econo- 47 mist and gracious lady who ruled at the Knoll. Across the valley towards Loughrigg, we see the holiday haunt, Fox Howe, that Dr. Arnold planned and whose chimneys were Wordsworth’s design and special care. The district in the neighbourhood of Fox Howe and Rydal is reminiscent of great literati, Matthew Arnold, Dean Stanley, Lady Augusta Stanley, W. G. Forster, Edward Quillinan, and others. Rydal Mount was the last of the four homes of the poet in these dales. Hither he came driven by domestic sorrow from Grasmere Rectory in 1813. Here he lived till his favourite cuckoo clock struck the hour of noon upon an April day in 1850 — day famous as both the birthday and deathday of Shakespeare — April 23rd. Here too, a hope- less invalid for the last twenty years of her life, Dorothy Wordsworth, in her garden chair, murmured snatches of her brother’s songs till death gave her back, as we trust, full companionship with the beloved on January, 1855; and here “With an age serene and bright And lovely as a Lapland night ” did Mary Wordsworth, the poet’s wife, linger on in peaceful resignation and content, even though blind for the last three years of her life, until January, 1859, when her life of calm devotion and unselfish love quietly came to an end. It was in Dorothy Wordsworth’s journal that was recorded the circumstance which led to the writing of the “ Daffodils ” poem. A hundred years ago at the head of Lake Ullswater in April, in the woods at Lowbarrow Park, were a few daffodils close to the water side. “We fancied,” she writes, “ that the waves of the lake had floated the seed ashore and that the little colony of daffodils had so sprung up. But as we went along there were more and yet more and at last, under the boughs of the trees, we saw that there was a long belt of them along the shore about the breadth of a country turn- pike road. I never saw daffodils so beautiful. They grew among the mossy stone about and above them ; some rested their heads on these stones as on a pillow for weariness ; and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the lake ; they looked so gay, ever glancing, ever changing, The sight of the belt of daffodils on that day enriched our literature. The eyes of the poet and poetress, and the heart of a poet’s wife joined in the making of the daffodil song that we shall never let die : 48 “ I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o’er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host of golden daffodils. Beside the lake, beneath the trees. Fluttering and dancing with the breeze . . . For oft when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood They flash upon that inward eye, Which is the bliss of solitude, And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils.” The poet wrote, in his head-line note, the “ two best lines in it are by Mary — They flash. . .” Beautiful are the words Matthew Arnold wrote in memory of Wordsworth : ( ( Keep fresh the grass upon his 0 Rotha with thy living wave Sing him thy best ! for few or Hears th^ voice right, now he o°; grave, y none is gone.’ 49 LONGFELLOW. (With Choral Illustrations). By Rev. A. CHADWICK. March 31 st, 1908. Besides giving a biographical sketch of the poet and his life’s association, the Lecturer, in a racy and interesting manner, analysed and cited many of the poems. It was clear, he said, that Longfellow’s most popular poems were his best. He had always been a popular poet and appealed to the masses of readers from the first. His popular- ity was by no means waning but waxing and to-day he was more widely read and revered than ever. No fewer than twenty-four publishing houses in England had issued all or part of his works. Evangeline had been translated three times into German. Hiawatha could now be read in Latin. The poet always cherished a beautiful ideal of life, and the gist of his teaching may be summed up in the importance of a right purpose in life. Purpose is the science of living, and character is the purpose crystallised. That is the message that every age needs as illustrated in St. Augustine’s ladder. We are not obliged to separate the poet’s life from his work nor use flabby apologies for what are often called indiscretions and irregularities of life. There is no necessity to draw a veil over his life. His nature was essentially poetic and his life was incomparably grander than any poem he ever wrote. Whittier said of him on his death “ It seemed as if I could never write again ; a feeling of intolerable sorrow and loneliness oppresses me. He was beloved by us all,” and Gorrell’s testimony was “ never have I known a more beautiful character and I was familiar with it daily. His nature was consecrated ground into which no unclean spirit could enter.” One writer said “ life is thatched with illusions ” and there was a good deal of truth in the aphorism, but the power of a good life is no illusion. 50 His visits to Europe and his domestic bereavements were all reflected in his poems. If they could not claim him as the greatest of poets, his songs were of indescribable sweetness. There was not the imperial stateliness of Milton about him, nor the brilliant felicity of Shelley, nor the penetration and lucidity of Byron, nor yet the lyrical fire of Burns ; but the music of his poetry is like the melody of some crystal stream from the mountains making the valley smile with delight. He has spoken in musical speech of “ primeval forests,” the domestic affections, the charm of children, the loneliness of nature and of simple lowly faith. He may fairly be called the people’s poet. Among the poems cited as illustrations of his work and spirit were “ The Village Blacksmith ” (a chair from the “ spreading chestnut tree ” having been presented to him on his 72nd birthday by the school children of Cambridge), the “ Psalm of Life,” the “ Arrow in the Air,” “ My Lost Youth,” “ Voice of Lapland Song,” etc. Our poet was almost entirely destitute of humour, but in the “ Courtship of Miles Standish ” they had his nearest approach to the humorous. He worked up to the last, was never known to leave a letter unanswered, never too much occupied to see a visitor, and never, so long as he could write, to refuse an autograph. The Lecturer was assisted by the Brunswick Choir, who sang at intervals “ Oh, gladsome Light,” “ Good-night, Beloved.” “ The Reaper and the Flowers ” was given by Mrs. Herbert ; and “ The Village Blacksmith ” by Mr. Allison. The favourite “ Excelsior ” was given as a chorus by the choir, and Mr. Mosedale sang “ Onaway, awake, beloved.” Mr. Joseland presided and at the close a very hearty vote of thanks was accorded to the Lecturer and singers, the evening having been a most enjoyable one. 51 EXCURSION TO FARNLEY HALL. An excursion of the members and associates of the Club took place on Wednesday, May 27th, when they paid a visit to Farnley Hall, near Otley, the residence of Mr. F. H. Fawkes, J.P. The party left Bank Top Station shortly before twelve, and reached Ilkley by 2 o’clock. From there an exceedingly pleasant drive brought the party to Farnley Hall, the road being along the river Wharf, through Denton and Askwith. By the kind permission of Mr. Fawkes the party were shown through the Hall, which is noted for its unique collection of Turner pictures and which contains, in addition, a number of valuable paintings by eminent artists and a number of exceedingly valuable curios and relics connected with the names of Oliver Cromwell, Colonel Fairfax, and other generals who took part in the Civil War. The party then returned to Ilkley along the other side of the river, and tea was par- taken of at the Middleton Hotel. An hour and a half was then spent in Ilkley itself, after which the party returned to Burnley, arriving a little after ten o’clock. The weather was gloriously fine and sunny during the whole of the after- noon ; the scenery in the Wharf Valley, which would be picturesque on the dullest of days, appeared exceedingly beautiful in the sunshine which prevailed, and the excursion was one of the most enjoyable which the Club has yet taken. 52 REVEALED BY A SHADOW: or THE GLORIES OF A TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE. (Illustrated by the Lantern). By the Rev. R. KILLIP, F.R.A.S. October 6th, 1908. A Total Eclipse of the Sun is the most awe-inspiring of all the phenomena of nature. The fading light, the weird effects on the landscape, the swift approach of the Moon’s shadow, the exquisite beauty of the corona, and the sight of crimson flames from the Sun’s edge all strike the imagination and fill the soul with wonder. The apparent diameters of Sun and Moon are about equal, but, owing to the varying distances of these bodies, it some- times happens that when the moon gets between the Sun and the Earth it more than hides the solar disc, and causes a total occultation or eclipse. If, when the Moon is new it is at one of its nodes, an eclipse must of necessity occur ; though it may happen that its angular diameter is less than that of the Sun, in which case the eclipse is annular and not total. The Lecturer then gave a full explanation as to why Solar eclipses are so seldom seen in any one position of the earth and made clear by a number of diagrams the effects of Lunar parallax. The interest in a total eclipse centres in the fact that the physics of the Sun best enables us to study astrophysics in general. Certain solar phenomena can only be studied at present by the aid of the moon’s intervention when new, such as the shape, extent and constitution of the corona. The connection between the spot cycles and the coronal form was illustrated by photographs and sketches, and a full account given of the green ray, provisionally named coronium, which could only be studied at such times. After recounting some experiences en route, Mr. Killip proceeded to describe the instrumental equipment with which he and his companion, Mr. D. E. Benson, of Southport, did their work at. Burgos. 53 He said “ Our instrumental equipment needs a few words of explanation. We wished to secure photographs of the corona, and of the flash spectrum. We had no very costly apparatus, but in order to secure something of the former that should be of value, we needed some kind of reliable driving arrangement ; and, as we had resolved on arriving at Burgos on the morning of the eclipse, it became a serious question as to whether any effective instrument could be taken that could be fitted together and adjusted within the space of a few hours. My companion, however, an expert engineer as well as a capable photographer, was equal to the occasion. Two equatorial stands were made, fixed on rigid tripods, with fixed polar axes, adapted to the latitude of Burgos. Each of these was supplemented by a wedge- shaped block cut to the angle of the Sun’s declination for noon on the day of eclipse. One of these mounts carried a two-inch telescope kindly lent by Mr. T. Taylor, a third member of our party. The telescope was used as a guide rather than for observational purposes. On the top of this was an ordinary quarter-plate camera, with a Sanger Shepherd green screen in front of the lens, to be exposed during the entire length of totality, so as to obtain a picture of the corona in green light only. The second mount was connected with the first by means of a Hooke’s joint rod, and when properly aligned, moved pari passu with the first mount, being driven from a mill-headed screw. Two cameras were attached to this, one for varying exposures through coloured screens, the other with a telephoto lens, working at f. 11 X 8 = f. 88. Besides these a camera was mounted specially to obtain photographs of the flash spectrum at second and third contacts. Mr. Benson and I were each provided with binoculars for visual observation of the flash. Of our experiences in getting to the observing ground it is not necessary to speak ; but our thanks are due to Mr. Thwaites, the leader of the B.A. expedition, for kind per- mission to occupy a post close by his party, on the station selected by Senor Iniguez. We had, therefore, the privilege of being protected by a cordon of cavalry. The morning of August 30th opened with a cloudless sky and gave promise of an ideal day. But by the time we reached our encampment, two miles outside the city, huge masses of cumulus clouds caused occasional interruptions of the brilliant sunshine. Our heavy baggage was soon unpacked, however, and although it was 10-20 when we commenced to put together our instruments, by 12-30 we 54 were in readiness for the total eclipse, our equatorials being in good adjustment and working beautifully. Alas ! by this time the sky was almost entirely overcast, and at 12-45 rain began to fall freely. At one o’clock it rained heavily and we had to protect the lenses with our mackintoshes. In less than seven minutes totality was due ! At five minutes past one the sun began to struggle through and up went our binoculars on the off chance of a glimpse of the flash. To our surprise the absorption spectrum was at once seen and became increasingly distinct. Covers were thrown off the lenses, and all at once the curved Fraunhofer lines gave place to the beautifully bright and coloured radiation spectrum of the chromosphere and the exposure of the “ flash ” was made. The visual observation of this phenomenon alone was worth the money and the trouble. It was, however, impossible for me to watch until the flash disappeared, as I had to get the Sun into the telescope. Turning round sharply I saw the shadow approach with appalling velocity, darkening sky and land in its onward sweep. Then a long drawn out “ Oh ! ” was heard from the surrounding crowds, and the thing that five minutes before seemed impossible, was actually upon us. The Sun was set in a clear space and corona and flames were obvious at a glance. The instant I got the Sun’s limb against the cross wires of the positive eyepiece, giving a power of 25 on the little two-inch refractor, I counted six crimson flames on the east limb, quite distinct and separate. My personal attention was too fully concentrated on the task of exact driving to pay much heed to the shape of the corona ; but I was struck with its silvery beauty and extreme tenuity. No sketch I have ever seen could suggest its softness and delicacy. One thing at once occurred to me, and that was to wonder how it could ever have been questioned whether the flames were solar or lunar ; their gradual shorten- ing on the east as the moon moved over them was obvious, as well as the appearance and lengthening of others on the west. The return of sunlight was startling in its swiftness, and the departure of the shadow as marked as its approach. The fall of temperature was very noticeable, our estimate being that it had dropped some 12 degrees. Records taken by the Rev. T. G. R. Phillips, M.A., F.R.A.S., show it to have been a fall of 14 degrees. The shadow bands were distinctly visible for several seconds, although we had made no preparations for observing them. We had no sheets spread, nor was any wall at hand ; but sharp bickerings in the air all round were such as to cause me to call out in surprise to my companions “ See the shadow 55 bands ! ” An English pressman assured me that during totality “ every other Spaniard crossed himself and said his prayers,” and certainly the sense of relief expressed by many found voice in loud hurrahs, cheers and clapping of hands as sunlight returned. Of the effects of Nature I cannot speak. The gathering clouds made it impossible to say how much of the dullness was due to the partial phase as totality approached, but the darkness was not that of ordinary twilight. There was a weird unearthly gloom over the entire landscape. During totality the light was estimated to be rather more than that of full moon. Mr. Benson, who was engaged with the cameras, and made all the exposures, had no difficulty in seeing the small seconds hand of an ordinary watch. A horse close by us neighed loudly when the actual darkness fell, and Mr. Taylor, who was not engaged with instruments, assured me that its rider had difficulty in restraining it. Our photographs of the corona speak for themselves. The small one (shown by the Lecturer on the screen) was obtained by exposure for minutes with an aperture of f.8, and is reproduced for any value it may have as recording the distribution of green coronal light. Although exposed for nearly the whole of totality, its equivalent exposure was really only half a second, the green screen in normal sunlight increasing the duration of exposure some 400 times. Not the last important of our results is that we have shown what can be accomplished by apparently inadequate means. It might have been conjectured that it would have been impossible to carry out our programme without a driving clock. But the photographs we obtained show that it is possible to make a mount that shall be not only portable, but easily and quickly adjusted, and that a steady and con- stant pressure can be given to the tangent screw throughout the whole drive by so arranging the proportions of the screw that one grip of the hand, in the case of comparatively short exposures, covers the whole time. They also suggest that hand driving may be absolutely relied upon, at least for small instruments ; whereas a clock has been known to fail at the critical moment. There is no shift in the image, though the instrument was driven for 210 seconds. The larger photograph was obtained with the afore-named telephoto lens, working at f.88, and had an exposure of 15 seconds. The camera was attached to the second mount, 56 and the picture shows no trace of shift. The six flames are well seen on the east limb of the Sun ; a small hand lens brings them out perfectly, 4 he coronal extensions are well marked, and can be traced on the negative still further. It will be seen how narrowly we escaped disappointment. We required some 3 minutes and 40 seconds for our long- looked-for total eclipse. The sun was clear for a little over 4 minutes, and this actually included the precious moments we needed. I may add that both before and after totality I watched, at such odd moments as were possible, for any trace of the Moon projected against the corona. There was a distinct tendency of the eye to complete the circle of the Moon outside the Sun, but the effect was proved to be purely subjective. When the Sun was put out of the field the illusion completely vanished.” 4 he Lecturer closed by giving some details of future eclipses we may hope to see. A Restoration of Whalley Abbey, Founded 1296. By W. Angelo Waddington, President of the Burnley Literary and Scientific Club. 1892 and 1893. 57 SOME HISTORICAL ASSOCIATIONS OF THE RIVER CALDER. (Illustrated by the Lantern). By Mr. JOHN ALLEN, of Burnley. October 13//;, 1908. Mr. Allen said the subject of the paper might be thought insignificant by some as the River Calder is not 20 miles long, and nothing that is especially rare is to be seen on its banks. Yet it is not without interest to the historian, who looks upon a stream not to view its beauty, or its usefulness for sewage purposes or its capacity for providing power, but to consider the part it has played in the lives and destiny of the people through whose neighbourhood it flows. Most great cities are on the banks of rivers large or small. This is not an accident, but the consequence of the law of human development. Formerly rivers provided a natural- method of getting rid of sewage and provided towns with a water supply at their doors. The earliest reference to the Calder which is made in ancient documents is its mention in a rent roll of the end of the 13th century. Camden and Saville, of the time of Oueen Elizabeth, also mention the river and describe its course. There is not a single castle on its banks. Of the 17 castles built in Lancashire during the castle building era commencing about 1066, there was none nearer than that at Clitheroe. Yet this is not altogether unpleasing, as however picturesque the ruins may be, the presence of a castle near a manufacturing town is always a reminder of very evil days in that district. Although the Calder valley boasts no castles, yet it is not without memorials of bye-gone days ; its basin contains a large number of old halls, several ancient ecclesiastical foundations (such as those of Holme, Padiham, Altham and Whalley) and one abbey. The want of adequate consideration leads many completely to overlook the features of interest attached to these places 58 From a map of the Calder shown on the screen, it appears that the head of the river is just beyond Holme. Close by is the source of the East Calder which flows away into York- shire. It is the West Calder with which Mr. Allen had to deal. From Holme it flows to Burnley, Padiham and Whalley and joins the Kibble after covering a little under 20 miles. The Lecturer then threw on the screen several slides typical of the moorland hills and valleys through which the Calder winds, showing that in certain sections, at any rate, the Calder has claims to scenic beauty. Holme is the first interesting place on its banks and here is the ancient residence of the Whitaker family. This house was partly rebuilt in 1617. The earliest known ancestor of the family, Richard de Whitaker, settled in the district in the 14th century. The house has produced a famous line of scholars. One of them, William Whitaker, who died in 1595, is supposed to be a Burnley Grammar School boy, and is referred to by Thomas Fuller in his “ Lives of English Worthies.” William Whitaker was sent to Cambridge and later took a leading part in the Politi- cal and Theological controversies succeeding the Reformation. Bitter though controversies then were, he never lost the respect of his adversaries in the wordy warfare in which he was engaged. At the early age of 31 he was elected Master of St. John’s College, Cambridge. Fuller says Whitaker was elected because he had golden a head and the electors preferred this to silver hairs. He is said by one writer to have died from cold caught during a visit to his ancestral home during the winter months. The old chapel at Holme was built in 1534 or 1535. It was originally 30 feet by 15 feet wide. In 1788 it was taken down by Dr. Whitaker, the author of the history of Whalley. A new chapel was consecrated in 1794. The churchyard there is the burial place of some celebrated local men, including the late General Sir James Yorke Scarlett, G.C.B., who led the charge of the Heavy Brigade at Balaclava on Oct. 25th, 1854. Down the river a little, is Barcroft Hall, re-built in the 16th and 17th centuries, and which was sold in 1795 to Chas. Towneley, the great collector of marbles. There are no members of the Barcroft family now in the district, but there are several branches in Ireland. In 1796 one member of the family, a Capt. Barcroft, came to Burnley, and in Colne and district he raised 300 men for His Majesty’s service in the low countries. The expedition was ill-fated ; the ship carrying the men was wrecked and all were drowned. But a short distance away from Barcroft is Towneley Hall, the largest and by far the most interesting Hall in this district. Entrance Gateway Towneley Park. Burnley. Fulledge House. Burnley. Erected 1576 Demolished 1907. 59 The date when the family settled in the neighbourhood is unknown. The original home of the Towneley family was Whalley ; and in the reign of King John is found a grant of the land relating to that family and place. The family is said to be an old Saxon family and able to trace its lineage back for at least two centuries before the Conquest. The left wing of the Hall goes back to 1350 or earlier. The Hall has undergone considerable alteration since it was first built. In 1700 another part existed, joining the two wings in front and containing a gateway, chapel and library. This portion was removed in 1700 and re-erected in another position. The Hall is notable as being the birth place of some of the most eminent and worthy of Lancashire’s sons, who have distinguished themselves in the realms of religion, literature and war. Charles Towneley died fighting for his king on Marston Moor in July, 1644. At the trial of the Lancashire Gentry in Manchester in 1694, it was stated that the Towneley family were deeply implicated in the design to seize the castle at Liverpool, the Tower of London, and to assassinate the king, and that they were among the plotters who had brought soldiers from Ireland and had brought arms into the district for the arming of the local families. Later, in 1746, Francis Towneley was executed for his share in the Stuart rising of 1745. Towneley has, in troubled times, been the centre of much of the intellectual life of Lancashire. Even while engaged in the plots already mentioned, the two brothers, Richard and Charles Towneley, were in correspondence with the leading astronomers of the time and with the scientist Boyle. The family has included several who suffered for their religion, the most eminent being John Towneley, who died in 1608, aged 79. His portrait is included in the family portrait gallery. Before 1601 he paid £5,000 in fines, owing to his continuing a Roman Catholic, and had been in many prisons. His grandson, Christopher Towneley, the great transcriber, was born in 1604, and was the brother of the Charles Towneley who fell at Marston Moor. Christopher died in 1674 and was buried in St. Peter’s Church, Burnley. Quite near to the Lodge (until recently) stood Fullege House, built in 1576, formerly the residence of a family named Ingham, and of whom there are many entries in the Parish Registers (1562 to 1652). Royle, one of the residences of the Towneleys, dates back to the time of Elizabeth. Like a large number of other houses, the roof is said to have been made three-pointed so as to resemble the letter E, in compliment to Queen Elizabeth. Sir Henry Hoghton once occupied the house. 60 Crossing the Calder at the Stepping Stones, which mark a very ancient ford of the river, is the site of Pendle Hall, originally built in 1519. and now demolished. It was the oldest Hall in Pendle Forest and was at one time a residence of a branch of the Towneley family. Near at hand is Gawthorpe Hall, which dates back to 1600. It probably succeeded a tower, one of the old Peels of which there was but a small number in this district. The builder was the Rev. Laurence Shuttleworth. In 1849 the Hall was restored by Sir Charles Barry, the architect of the Houses of Parliament. Barry touched it very little ; he very rightly considered it a perfect example of Elizabethan architecture. Not far from the Hall is Habergham Church of which the foundation stone was laid in 1846. It is said that Sir James Kaye-Shuttleworth offered the living of the church to the Rev. A. B. Nichol, the husband of Charlotte Bronte and that this gentleman refused the offer. The Parish Church is a prominent landmark at Padiham. It was founded in 1451 by John Marshall, L.L.B. The present building only dates back to 1866-69. Altham Church lies quite near the river and has many most interesting links with the past. It is said that there are Saxon remains in some parts of the walls but of this there is no reliable evidence. Thomas Jollie, the Vicar of Altham during the Cromwellian period, was one of the ejected in 1662. Brief mention was made of Huntroyde, which was formerly one of the hunting lodges of John of Gaunt, and Simonstone Hall at which the family of the “ De Simonstones ” lived for several centuries. Read Hall, as it now stands, only dates back to the early 19th century when it was rebuilt by John Fort. This Hall was the birth place of Alexander Nowell, D.D., whose life was a remarkable one. He took a foremost part in the English Reformation, and after going abroad, was recalled with other refugees, when Elizabeth came to the throne. He secured many preferments and ultimately became Dean of St. Paul’s. As the holder of this office he preached the sermon at the service of thanksgiving, at which the Royal family attended, on the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The last of the Nowells, Alexander, died at Read Hall in 1772. It was this Alexander who transformed the ancient chapel into a drawing room and in this very room he died. After his death the estate was sold for £28,000 and some years later for £40,000 to Taylor, Fort and Hargreaves, of Accrington. North-west Gateway. Whalley Abbey. ERECTED ABOUT 1350. 61 Nearer Whalley is Moreton Hall, built in 1490 and rebuilt in the year 1871. There were De Moretons in the district early in the 14th century. The estate and Hall were formerly held by the Halsteads of Worsthorne and were devised to the Moreton family in the reign of Elizabeth. Whalley may be said to be the cradle of Christianity in Lancashire. The Parish was formerly a very extensive one, comprising over 400 square miles. It included Burnley, Bury, Blackburn, Rochdale, Colne and many other places. The church may be called the Mother Church of all Lancashire churches. It is said to have been re-built before 1295 by the first and last Rector of Whalley, Peter de Cestria. The Celtic Crosses in the churchyard are known to all antiquaries as very early examples of their kind. The Cistercian Abbey of Whalley is of later origin than the church by several centuries, being founded there in 1296. The foundation stone of the abbey is said to have been laid by the great Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, in 1308. The Asshetons got the buildings at the division of the estates between themselves and the Braddyll family. In 1537 the then Abbot of Whalley, John Paslew, was executed for his alleged share in the Pil- grimage of Grace. There is, however, no evidence of his having taken part in that uprising. King Henry VI. was a visitor at the Abbey during the Wars of the Roses and it was within a few miles of it he was captured. Interesting attempts have been made to depict the Abbey Church of Whalley as it was before being destroyed in 1669. It was larger than many of the English cathedrals. Mr. William Angelo Waddington, a past president of this Club, made a valuable restoration of the conventual church after a careful study of the ground plan and of various authorities. Further down the river is Hacking Hall, built by Judge Walmsley in 1607, and from near may be seen the picturesque buildings of Stonyhurst College, the Jesuits having extended the buildings there very considerably and made of them a noble and imposing pile. In closing his lecture, Mr. Allen referred to the debt he owed to Dr. Whitaker and Mr. Alderman Thomas Turner Wilkinson, who had contributed so largely to Lancashire historical research, and whose fame was greater outside Burnley than within ; and to Mr. James Mackay, the author of “ Pendle Hill in History and Literature ” ; and to Mr. Henry Houlding, who has glorified our district by giving it some of the glamour which only a poet can give. 62 THE WINCHESTER NATIONAL PAGEANT. (Illustrated by the Lantern). By Mr. W. LEWIS GRANT. October 20th, 1908. Mr. Grant first answered the question — What is a Pageant ? It is a lofty and dignified representation of the story of a town or village in dramatic form. It is a great act of thanks- giving for the mercies of the past. It awakens a deeper interest in one’s home and country, and has its patriotic, educational and devotional side. The Winchester Pageant was held in June last, the object being to benefit the Cathedral Preservation Fund. The balance handed over to the Dean and Chapter was £2,500. Mr. Grant spoke of the enormous labour which had been going on for about three years, to preserve from ruins this splendid heritage. The cause of the subsidence which threatened the safety of the fabric and the measures taken to effect the necessary repairs were des- cribed and Mr. Grant stated that the total cost is estimated to approach £100,000, towards which a sum of nearly £60,000 has been subscribed. Winchester was pre-eminently suitable as the place for a National Pageant, for it was the city of Alfred and the Saxon kings ; it was in its glory long before London became famous, and its massive Minster was the burial place of king centuries before Westminster Abbey became the royal mauso- leum. The grounds of Wolvesey Castle formed the site, and few plots in England are more full of romance and history. Some 2,000 performers took part, and the episodes covered our history from the coming of the Romans to the reign of Charles II. The work of preparation of costumes, arms, etc., was touched upon, and high praise was bestowed on Mr. Frank R. Benson, the Master, for his artistic power and infinite resource. 63 The scenes of the pageant were briefly set forth, special prominence being given to the proclaiming of Egbert as over- lord of all Britain ; the episode in which appear the powerful chieftain Canute and his Queen Emma ; the trial of Waltheof, the last of English earls ; the storming of Wolvesey Castle by the Empress Matilda ; the founding of Winchester School by the great Bishop William of Wykeham ; the meeting of King Henry VIII. and the Emperor Charles V. of Germany, with the sports and stately dances ; the defence of Sir Walter Raleigh ; and the final episode in which appears Charles II., the Mayor of Winchester, the saintly Bishop Hen, and Isaac Walton, the prince of fishermen. The closing scene was most impressive. All the performers gathered in a glowing, glittering mass and the verse “ Praise God from Whom all blessings flow ” was sung. The Winchester Pageant has taught us our debt to the past, our task to-day, and our duty to the future. Lantern slides, lent by the Dean of Manchester, exhibited views of the cathedral and especially of the fissures in the walls ; the foundations, etc. A second series depicted some of the city’s principal buildings. 64 DEBATE : “ ARE WE AS A NATION DOING OUR BEST FOR THE NEXT GENERATION ? ” Affirmative, Mr. Wm. Thompson. Negative, Mr. John W. Chorlton. October 21th, 1908. Mr. William Thompson opened the debate in the affirmative. Instead of taking the broad standard of what is called “ the next generation,” which term was somewhat difficult to define, let us ask “ Are we doing our best for the future ?” Education, one of the great factors of the future and no doubt the chief one, is undoubtedly of a greatly more advanced kind than ever it was. Looking back, we find it was in 1871 when education was first made a great national question. It has been widened, broadened and extended until at the present day we have a splendidly equipped system for the education of our boys and girls. Great improvements are continually being effected with regard to our teaching staff. Pupil teachers’ centres, scholarships to bring teaching up to the highest pitch of excellence, and other improvements have been made and are still being made, which must augur well for the proper and higher education of our future men and women. This one factor alone has reached a state of efficiency which has never been before approached. Another department in which there are great hopes for the future is the develop- ment of inventions which is taking place. Take electricity for instance, which is at present practically only in its infancy. It is impossible to know what may in the future be achieved by electricity. Then again, new discoveries were being made daily in medical science for the lessening of suffering, saving of life, abolition of plague, and the removal of pestilence. Our railroads and highways are in a well organised and perfect condition, and our travelling facilities are most comfortable 65 and safe. When we look around and observe our water- works, docks, harbours, bridges, the laying out and improve- ments in our towns, the widening of streets, vastly improved sanitary arrangements, our cheap postal and telegraph facilities ocean cables, telephones, wireless telegraphy, all these things must strike us as holding out a great future. Then consider the constant additions to our vast storehouse of books and music. Libraries, museums, parks, open spaces, allotments, and numberless other advantages could be named, all tending to make the life of the future generation better than the past. We are blessed with an abundance of philanthropic institu- tions, our Sunday schools with their vast army of voluntary workers are doing a great and noble work, our hospitals with their up-to-date medical equipments, how can these be looked upon other than blessings for the future race. Large charitable bequests are continually being recorded which will further add to the charities available for those who needed them in days to come. Almost universal testimony could be brought that the parents of the children were doing their best for their offspring. Parliament, our local Councils, agricul- turalists, and even the much despised capitalists are all striving to improve upon our present standard of work and living. Our vast empire is at peace with the world, and one of the latest blessings is the Court of Arbitration which will no doubt do much to settle international disputes of the future. Perfection in everything is of course a long way off, and we still see many heights above us which we desire to scale. New conditions will create new wants. Our pre- decessors no doubt looked forward and could foresee many things we have to-day ; they built upon what went before them, and we are building upon what has gone behind us, so the future will have to be built upon to-day’s conditions. More people than ever before are uttering the sentiment, “ What can we do to leave the world better than we found it,” and the future holds out wonderful methods and a wonderful state of living for the future generation, based upon the magnificent efforts which are being put forth to-day. Mr. John W. Chorlton, taking the negative, stated that from his point of view, he took it that the subject referred to the children solely. We could leave such questions as electricity, hospitals, Workmen’s Compensation, and medical science alone, because no doubt at the time when the next generation arrives at maturity these things will be out of date and an entirely fresh set of ideas will be required. There always will be the very important question of education. Men in the forefront at the present day were not altogether 66 satisfied with the present position of this great question. We are not doing our best so long as we allow this to be a local matter. The cost of education should be placed on the consolidated fund altogether, and it is against the interests of the children that it should be left in local hands, because we find considerable local feeling in the matter of education and people are jealous about their educational position. In some towns we find parsimonious managers with an utter absence of public spirit. In the matter of equipment, hygiene, buildings, and that sort of thing our children are taught under such conditions as make it impossible for them to get the advantage of our present educational system. So long as we make the education question a matter of local control, and until we get that removed and the whole burden placed upon the consolidated funds, we shall not have a satisfactory settle- ment of this question. I venture to say with regard to this question, that the sooner we get into the habit of regarding the child in our day schools as a potential citizen and leave off viewing him as a theological problem, the better it will be for the coming generation. The subject of Sunday schools having been mentioned, in my opinion, the present day system is very unsatisfactory. I do not think the coming generation has as good a chance as the present one in this respect. I amongst others, owe a lot to the influence of the Sunday school. The Sunday schools7of to-day were failing to rear so robust a generation as the Sunday schools of a generation ago. My next generation obviously refers to the children. We cannot consider this question educationally without referring to the physical condition of the child at the beginning of its career. I should like to throw out the suggestion that this problem begins before the child is born. Then there is the question of infantile mortality, which to my surprise, has not been mentioned, being one of the most painful and difficult problems of modern times, especially in large in- dustrial centres such as that in which we live. 200 per 1 ,000 is the death rate here. I am sorry to be compelled to think that when these children come into the world they have not even half a chance of surviving to the end of the first year. Indeed, without attempting in any way whatever to slander or libel my fellow countrymen, 1 am bound to say that there are scores and hundreds of cases where, to say the very least, they do not study to keep the children alive and that because they would rather they were out of the way. The ordinary operative does not become interested in the child until it is approaching the time of life when it will be a wage-earner ; 67 then it becomes a very important member of the community, especially in the limits of its own interests. I take it, and I may say it is a matter of conviction, that the most valuable asset that any nation can have is a large army of healthy children, who shall take the places of those who have gone. It does not pay to have them die from a national point of view. The more people we can have in any civilised community it is better for the community and the world at large. With regard to the training of children, a good many of our methods are altogether wrong. A race of people has been spoken of who are privileged and in com- fortable circumstances, but to deal with a question of this kind, we have to come to where the bulk of the population is. We are bound to remember that the greater part of the children of this land belong to the working classes and it is amongst these we have the problems furnished for our con- sideration. We are all thankful for what has already been done for the protection of children by the legislature, but it only goes to show that we can go a great deal further. No one, I am sure, will pretend that we have reached finality in matters of this description. The law can step in between a father and his child and protect the child and no doubt we are feeling our way towards a higher state of things. Coming to the question of cleanliness, I regard it as more important than hunger. We can easily give a child what is called “ a good feed ” if we can get at it, but how are we going to keep that child clean. I want the Children’s Charter carried so much further that before very long there shall be power placed in the hands of the community that shall compel parents to keep their dwelling houses clean and along with them, their children. This question is never brought to the front unless those children are alive with vermin and the parents are summoned before the magistrates for cruelty. Unless we can get a law to compel parents to keep their children clean I think we may “ shut up ” as a nation. Mr. James Lancaster, J.P., Mr. W. Witham, J.P., Mr. George Nuttall, Mr. J. H. Rothwell, Mr. John Allen, Mr. John Bradshaw and Mr. A. R. Pickles, M.A., joined in the debate ; the majority of the speakers took the negative view. Mr. Chorlton then replied, and the debate was closed by Mr. Wm. Thompson. 68 A HOLIDAY IN THE TYROL. By Mr. JAMES LANCASTER. November 10 th, 1908. The lecturer said his subject would include such interesting towns as Innsbruck, Botzen, Trent, Pieve di Cadore, the birthplace of Titian, the famous Brenner Pass, and some of the most strikingly grand mountains in the world, and thought it ought to be worthy the attention of the Club. The Tyrol, too, had a wonderful history. Livy, the great Roman citizen, Strabo, the geographer, and Pliny, the natural- ist, had all written about it, and it offered a playground in many respects equal to Switzerland. There are two principal approaches to the Tyrol, one from Venice, and entering it from the south, and the other jvhich is shorter from England, via Basle, Zurich, the Arlberg and Innsbruck. This journey takes thirty-two hours from London to Innsbruck, giving a pleasant two hours’ break at Zurich ; and the route from Zurich to Innsbruck is through most romantic scenery. Innsbruck is one of the most pictures- que cities in Europe. It lies on a wide plain surrounded on all sides by sheltering peaks with the silvery Inn winding along its valley and through its streets. Walking down the main street of Innsbruck, the mountains, snow-capped, seem to rise nearly perpendicularly from the end of the street, tier upon tier of precipices where on the lower slopes grow the gentian, clematis, and alpine roses. In this street, the Neustadt, is the famous golden house built by Duke Frederick and afterwards occupied by the Emperor Maximilian. Inns- bruck is a most charming city to wander in, with its old-world buildings, old curiosity shops, narrow streets, sunlit squares, and quaint fountains. The surroundings of the city are in keeping with the city, and charming excursions were made by electric railways to picturesque villages situated on the hills surrounding the city. A six-hours’ railway ride to Toblach brings us to the Northern entrance of the famed Dolomite district. The journey is through the famous Brenner Pass, the oldest pass over the Alps to Italy. The railway is a marvel of engineering skill, and reveals lovely glimpses of verdant valleys, foaming cascades, pretty villages, snow clad mountains, and calls forth the admiration of the 69 beholder. At Toblach the railway is left and the drive from Toblach to Schluderbach (8 miles) is a very striking one. It is a worthy entrance to the glorious scenery of the Dolomite Country. The sun was setting and the summits of the mountains seemed to drink in the rosy sunbeams, and glowed as if transfused with fire. Arriving at Schluder- bach we found it situated in magnificent scenery. An amphitheatre of giant peaks and sky-piercing aiguilles surrounds it. Truly an artist’s paradise, the light and shade and the vivid colouring constantly changing ! The world- famed Monte Cristallo is only a couple of miles away and when lit up by the setting sun is indescribably grand and awe-inspiring. Our next centre can be reached by a choice of routes, by the Misurina Lake, or by the ordinary Government Post Route. We chose the former which rises to an elevation of 7,000 feet and reveals distant views of the Dolomite giants. Cortina is situated 4,000 feet above sea level and is perhaps the best centre and the one most largely patronised by visitors to the Austrian Tyrol. Although surrounded by magnificent peaks, it is not so closely hemmed in by the mountains as many of the other centres and is beautifully situated. The meadows and woods are filled with the most lovely flowers, and the river Boite flows through the centre of the valley, and on either hand are well cultivated fields, green slopes, and pine-clad hills, and behind, the great Dolomite Mountains. We found the peasants here most interesting, kind, courteous, thrifty, and picturesquely clad — no wealth and no poverty, and the land cultivated to the fullest extent. There is much in the modes of life and relationship to one another in vogue amongst this people that might, with advantage, be copied by other European peoples. Leaving Cortina we passed three-and-a-half miles down the valley the Austrian frontier and entered Italy, and after two hours’ driving, arrived at Pieve di Cadore, the birthplace of Titian, where his house is shown. A bronze statue of the great painter is in the Piazza ; in fact, the place is full of Titian. A drive of twenty-eight miles through beautiful scenery along the valley of the Pieve, brings us to Belluno. It is 'interesting to know that the forests along the banks of the Pieve through which we have just come, are those from which 1,000 years ago the timber was brought to support many a beautiful palace and splendid church in Venice. Belluno, a characteristically Italian town, is our most southerly point, and we take train in a westerly direction intending to arrive at Trent in the evening. A twenty miles 70 railway journey brought us to Feltre, the terminus of the railway, and a carriage drive of fifteen miles connects us again with the railway at Tezze, where a forty miles railway journey through historical and romantic country brings us to Trent. We had no conception of the beauty of Trent previous to our visit. It is situated in a fruitful valley, sheltered by snow-clad mountains, with luxuriant public gardens, numerous palaces, wide streets and boulevards well planted with trees and shrubs. It is quite Italian in appearance and the people speak principally Italian. To us the principal point of interest was, of course, the church where the famous Council of Trent sat. This is not the Cathedral but the Church of St. Marie Maggiore, a simple fifteenth century church, and it possesses a large picture containing portraits of the members of the famous Council. At Trent we are on the main line from Italy to the north and very quickly make the journey, about thirty-five miles, to Botzen, the capital of the Southern Tyrol. We found Botzen a delightful medieval town, full of colour, life, and old art. From Botzen the best view can be obtained of the famous Rosengarten group and on several evenings we had this marvellous sight to perfection. The surroundings of Botzen are as charming as the city, and an excursion by a mountain railway to the Summit of the Mendel Pass, com- manding fine views of the Ortler Group, will linger long in our memory. From Botzen the railway passes through one of the finest gorges in the Tyrol, the gorge of Kuntersweg, to Innsbruck. We left the Tyrol feeling we had only had glimpses of some of its beauties, that there were districts we had not touched, quite as worthy of visiting as those we had seen, such as the beautiful valley around the Rarer Sea, the Fal- zerego Pass, Meran, San Martino, Primiero, the famous Marmarola range of mountains, all having a fascination of their own. Whilst it is possible to travel through the Tyrol from north to south in a long summer day, yet to enjoy the beauties of its scenery, to see something of the people, and to learn something of their character and history, it will repay sufficient time to take it in easy stages, and there are good hotels at all the chief places of interest, which greatly adds to the enjoyment of the tourist. Our return journey from Innsbruck was made by Munich, Nuremberg, the Rhine and Brussels, which gave interesting variety from our outward journey. 71 DALMATIA AND MONTENEGRO. (Illustrated by the Lantern). By Mr. SAMUEL WELLS, F.R.G.S. November Ylth, 1908. The Countries of Dalmatia and Montenegro, situated on the east coast of the Adriatic Sea have hitherto been little travelled by tourists. They are, however, well worth a visit. Their northern towns and inhabitants have had a considerable influence over the history of the other countries of Europe as they kept the Moslem back for centuries. Their churches are especially interesting ; they have been inti- mately connected with the history of the Christian religion and contain large numbers of valuable relics. Dalmatia, it may be said, is the only place in the world where the Romish Mass is not said in Latin. The journey to Dalmatia affords an opportunity of passing glances at Venice, Trieste and other most interesting old cities. The pleasure of a sea journey down the coast depends to a great extent on the prevailing winds. They have three all with peculiarities, the bora blows everything into the sea, the sirocco blows it back and the contraste blows both ways together. When in full force these winds are very destructive, will carry away whole buildings and have been known to blow over trains. The people in Montenegro are particularly warlike but to visitors peaceful and hospitable, and accommodation for travellers is improving The folk-lore of the country is full of interest. It resembles astonishingly that of our country, particularly in Yorkshire. Among many similar, it is a belief that to pass a child through a hole in a tree is sufficient to cure it of many diseases ; that to give a child a ride on a bear would cure it of whooping cough, and that, failing a bear, a donkey would do ; the child must ride facing the tail. These and many other superstitions are common to both our country and theirs. The Dalmatians still believe in the connection of evil spirits with diseases and 72 trepanning or making a hole in a man’s head for the purpose of curing a disease by “ letting out the evil spirit,” is not unknown. They have the Yule custom of burning a log as we have, but they practise it on a much larger scale, using a whole tree, which is devastating many of the forests. We begin our tour through Dalmatia at Zara, one of the principal towns of the country. Its walls, strong and at one time impregnable, are most interesting. At the time of the Crusades the Venetians were particularly anxious to possess this town, and this desire led to their making a bargain with the English and French Crusaders who were applying to the Venetians for ships to take them to the Holy Land. The Crusaders had not sufficient money to pay their passage and the Venetians therefore suggested that the Crusaders should, as the price for their passage, capture for the Venetians the city of Zara. In spite of their vows to use their arms only against the infidels, the Crusaders had no other alter- native but to stay and attack the town, which they took and handed over. We now pass on to Spalato, an ancient city the nucleus of which is the palace of Diocletian, built by him for when he retired after having resigned his position as Roman Em- peror in the year 304 A.D. Parts of his Palace are still to be seen, including its gates of gold, brass, iron and silver. It was of enormous size and in some of the rooms many houses have since been built. He built himself a tomb which is now used at a Cathedral, and one is reminded of the- vanity of human wishes when one sees that here, in the tomb of Diocletian, who was going to stamp Christianity off the face of the earth, the priest now says Mass every day to a congregation of Christians. It is here one remembers that the ‘ Dalmatic ’ worn by every clergyman of the Church of England, first came from Dalmatia where it was the ordinary costume of the people. Near Spalato is Saloma, very important in early Roman days. So much so, that when a Roman Emperor conquered it he named his son after it. There were 88 towers at the corners of the walls, but they are now rased to the ground by process of time. We still see there the remains of a very early Christian Church. A woman of Saloma, faithful to the Church, used to beg the bodies of the early Christian Martyrs, whom the Romans put to death but never buried, and bringing the bodies to Saloma interred them behind her house. The Christians afterwards built a church on the site. It is one of the earliest and most interesting churches in existence, the pillars and tombs being seen on every side. 73 We travel further down the coast and travelling eastward visit Mostar. It is a charming city and has a remarkable bridge with a wonderful span. It is said that the body of a living child was put in the foundations, an early custom in those parts. Many of the inhabitants of Herzegovina are Moslems. Some were originally Christians ; the} are now more rabid Mohammedans than the Turks themselves. In the country the peasants live an exceedingly simple form of life. Their summer residence for a whole family consists of just so much building as will afford shade from the sun. Their medical system is equally simple ; they treat diseases with no half measures. Hot stones are applied for stomach-ache, hot irons for lumbago, and rheumatism is treated by a very vigorous rubbing. If a man has never been “ ironed,” “ stoned,” or ‘ rubbed,” he is considered very healthy. There are large numbers of lime stone caverns in the neighbourhood of Mostar, some of which extend many miles underground. When lit with the magnesium torch the stalactites and stalagmites, which fill the caverns like pillars of white marble, look grand to a degree. Several rivers disappear mysteriously into the earth ; they fall into caverns, the outlets of which are in many cases unknown. It is said that a wealthy farmer whose land lay near the place where one of these rivers disappears from view, was constantly losing sheep, and no trace of them could be found ; but on watching the man who tended the sheep he was seen to push the sheep into the water where they, of course, dis- appeared ; but they reappeared at the other side of the cavern, having been carried some 21 miles underground, and were then taken out by the shepherd’s son and sold. Ragusa is one of the strongest towns of Dalmatia, and until the time of Napoleon, was unconquered. Great efforts have at various times been made to capture this town. Noted leaders with thousands of men have been repulsed time after time. It is built on a small tongue of land, and was a republic for many centuries. It is of the greatest interest to students of history for it was one of the first cities to open its gates to all comers. The first foundling hospital in Europe was founded there. It was the first city to pass a law against slavery. Its government was peculiar. A man could only be king for three months. Changes were therefore continually being made and municipal wirepulling did not exist. The names of the people who ruled were written in a golden book. No girl whose name was written in this book was allowed to marry any one whose name was not also in it. “ Courting ” as we know it, was not allowed. Marriages were arranged 74 by the parents and any love-making had to be done after marriage. There are no theatres or music halls in the town and stranger still, no carriages or carts. The churches contain an immense number of valuable articles and relics, because when the Turks were troubling other cities of Europe, the latter sent such of their valuables as they wished to be pre- served to Ragusa, which was so strong as to be able to resist attack. Close by is the Isle of Lacroma with which the name of our monarch, Richard the Lion Hearted, is closely connected. Richard was wrecked on the island after one of his crusades. He promised the monks of the monastery there that he would build a church for them when he got back to England, and on his return here, he actually remembered this promise and raised money which he sent out to the monks who built a church with it. The cloisters of the church were very fine. The island is very well wooded. It may be mentioned, too, that it is claimed on behalf of the neighbouring island of Mehta, that St. Paul landed there and not at Malta. The Germans and Austrians are continually disputing this point. The last port in Dalmatia is Cattaro where the steamer is left for the land journey to Cettinje, the smallest capital in Europe. The journey is by a high road from Dalmatia into Montenegro, a glorious drive up the mountain side. The region is a limestone one and the cultivation is of the sparest description. Any piece of grass, even if only 3 feet square, is regarded as valuable and is a “ field.” We cannot appreciate how poor are the agricultural population of the district. Arriving at the ancient capital of the country, Cettinje, we find it different from any capital in Europe. The site is on the bed of an old lake and consists of a jumble of small houses, a theatre and a palace. The fortress is large, for in the population of about a quarter of a million, no less than 30,000 are able-bodied soldiers, with gun and sword. Each man has also a revolver or two, and the country would put up a very fierce resistance to any invaders. The men have always been great fighters and in past times their wives and womenkind have helped their military exploits by follow- ing the men with food and at times taken a hand with the guns. The Turks have often attacked the country but have never yet conquered it. On one occasion they brought an army of 200,000 but had to retire defeated leaving 30,000 dead behind them. The museums in the capital are full of relics captured from the Turks, including a number of the 75 medals presented by our Queen Victoria to the Turks for gallantry during the Crimean War. Turkey has always had her eyes on this country. To establish amicable relations the present Sultan presented the King of Montenegro with a complete set of trappings for a regiment of cavalry (there not being a horse-soldier in the country). The Czar of Russia also desirous of bidding for the good will of Montenegro, made the King an equally useless present in the shape of 30,000 old rifles. The capital possesses a theatre built by an American, though the theatrical connections of the country go back 800 years. This would seem to show that the Montenegrians are not as uncivilized as they are sometimes alleged to be. It may be mentioned too, that the country had a printing press only seven years after the first press appeared in our own country. There is, however, a good deal that is primitive in the country. A visitor must not expect any elaborate or comfortable hotels. Things are getting a little better in this respect, but the Lecturer well remembers the landlord of one of the principal “ hotels ” ordering a pig to be killed in front of his bedroom window for the special delectation of his visitors. The prison is also primitive. The prisoners are locked up at night but may be seen playing outside the prison walls unguarded all day long. They are chiefly murder- ers and are looked upon as more or less harmless. The general morality of the country is good. Thieving is practi- cally unknown. The King is the judge and dispenses justice under an old tree in the square in front of his palace. This latter is a very modest building with a barracks behind in which the “ standing army ” of 50 men are kept. The King has only to whistle for his troops and they are ready to hand in a moment. They are a fine set of men, making up in physique what they lack in numerical strength. The country is still primitive enough still to retain the principle of marriage by capture. Marriage is thus made easy, but divorce is just as easy. Montenegro is a country well worth visiting. Its remark- able history has given it a set of traditions exceeding in glory all the war traditions of the world. The Lecturer would however, recommend any intending visitor to read something of the land and its past before actually making a journey there, otherwise nine-tenth of the inteiesting features will be overlooked. 76 RECITAL : “DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE.” By Mr. JOHN DUX BURY. November 24 th, 1908. A Recital of “Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde” was given by Mr. John Duxbury, of Manchester. Mr. R. L. Stevenson’s masterly story was presented in a most vivid manner to the meeting, and the dual personality of its centrepiece was rendered most striking by Mr. Duxbury’s sympathetic changes of voice and countenance. Mr. Duxbury closed the evening by a little humorous relief in the way of two smaller pieces, “ Little Jack Horner,” and “The Sign of the Cleft Heart.” A cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Duxbury was moved by Mr. A. A. Bellingham, seconded by Mr. J. Chorlton, and passed heartily by the meeting. 77 THE PICTURESQUE COAST OF YORKSHIRE. By Mr. T. H. HARTLEY. December IsC 1908. The district explored by us is from York to Bridlington, on to Filey, Scarborough and Redcar in the North. The variety of geological forms in the district is a great feature. At Flamborough we have the magnificent chalk cliffs ; at Filey the oolite formation. These different geological forma- tions help to make the coast more picturesque than would otherwise be the case. The beautiful scenery of the coast of Yorkshire reminds us of those lines : “To those who know thee not no words can paint, And those who know thee know all words are faint.” On our way to the coast from Lancashire we pass through the City of York, and we take an opportunity of viewing this very fine and ancient old city, containing points of interest which are legion. The first celebration of Christmas Day in this country, is said to have taken place at York. By passing along the walls of the city, a distance of about two miles, the chief points of interest may be seen. The walls were built for the protection of the city. In the siege of 164T the city and walls suffered much damage, but they have now been repaired and thoroughly restored by the Corporation. York Minster is one of the finest in this country. Edwin the Great was baptized there. Paulinus was its first Bishop and the present Archbishop is the eightieth in descent. The old cathedral has a wonderful history. Micklegate Bar is the great gate entry into York. The coat of arms of the city consists of the five magistrates who defended the city so bravely at the time of the siege. Fisher- gate is an important thoroughfare of the city. It is the way through which the fishermen took their fish, the word “ gate ” implying “ a way or road.” At Bridlington we enjoy a fine stretch of the sands for which the Yorkshire coast is famous. 78 At Flamborough the egg industry is a very important one. There are vast quantities of birds and a great variety of eggs. Beneath Flamborough Head there are a considerable number of caves. Leaving Flamborough along the sands a distance of live or six miles, we come to Filey. Here the sands have a splendid width and stiffness and are so fine that motor races are periodically held on them. From Filey we can enjoy a fine walk to Spaton and other interesting places in the district. Filey has a very aristocratic patronage and the place is not a tripper’s resort. We then travel along to the beautiful town of Scarborough. Here we find a mixed patronage, all classes teeming in their hundreds and enjoying the pleasures of this beautiful town. It has a fishing season and the Scottish fishing lasses come down when this season is on. There is a fine old castle here which was built by Stephen. The Hinterland of the coast is very picturesque and beautiful and most enjoyable trips can be taken across the celebrated Yorkshire moors, which, covered with gorse and heather, present a splendid sight. We can avail ourselves of a long drive along the valley of the Derwent and some pretty and varied scenery is around us on all hands. The next place we visit is Ravenscar and on our journey there by rail a magnificent view of the coast line is obtained. Passing the well-known Robin Hood’s Bay we arrive at Whitby, a. town which is remarkable for the preservation of its quaintness. The River Esk runs through the town. Beautiful drives inland can be enjoyed to various places. All along this district live a race of bold and hardy fishermen with whom it is delightful to converse. Proceeding, we come to Staithes and still further on to Saltburn. The visitors here come chiefly from Middles- borough and the surrounding mining districts. Proceeding northwards we reach Redcar on the extreme northern Yorkshire coast. 79 MILTON. By THE BISHOP OF BURNLEY. December 8 th, 1908. The tercentenary of John Milton was marked at the Club by the delivery of a scholarly paper by the Bishop of Burnley. Dr. Pearson said that a singular thing about the develop- ment of the poetical mind of Milton was that he seemed to supply an example diametrically opposite to that which was suggested in the lines of Young : “Thoughts shut up, lack air, and spoil like babes.” It was not so with Milton. For twenty years he ruminated over “ Paradise Lost,” a period during which he was largely mixed up with political agitation and pamphleteering. His literary career divided itself into three parts. We had his youthful productions, including that magnificent hymn on “ The morning of the Nativity” which he wrote when he was twenty-one. If this fine poem betrayed youth in the ornateness of its diction, in the over- lading of its imagery, or in its constant reference to the classical mythology, there was good excuse for this. Milton was so precocious in his reading, so absolutely omnivorous, that he was said to have got through the whole of the classical Greek and Latin authors before he reached seventeen. After touching on earlier poems, the Bishop dealt with Milton’s prose writings. At forty-three he lost the sight of one eye, and some have asked whether it was to his blindness that we were indebted for the “ Paradise Lost.” It was impossible for us to imagine that if the poet had retained his sight he could have produced a grander poem than that great epic. Difficulties were often the very tonic of effort. That which some people might be inclined to regard as a stumbling block might really become a stepping stone to higher things, and they believed it was so in the case of Milton. He was a disappointed man when he wrote “ Paradise Lost.” His political paradise had been absolutely lost, but just in the 80 same way as Isaiah, when he wrote his great second part, seemed to have taken such special delight, intellectual as well as spiritual, in sketching the heavenly and spiritual kingdom, because the earthly kingdom on which his patriotic hopes had been set so long had been broken up, so it seemed to have been with Milton. Disappointed of some of his patriotic hopes, he directed his mind to those higher hopes on which his pious soul was able to rest itself, and in the contemplation of which he could find calm and peace. Long before this he had said to his intimates that he hoped to produce something which posterity would not willingly let die. His mind was so full of the best literature, ancient and modern, that he brought out of his treasury things new and old, probably with utter unconsciousness of the source from which he got them. He had been accused of plagiarism, but whatever he derived from other sources he transfigured by the wonderful power of his own mind, so that as Shakes- peare, drawing from other sources, made those stories his own by his marvellous genius, so it was with Milton. Dr. Pearson described how the poet, in the watches of the night, thought out the subject and in the morning dictated to an amanuensis the precious words that had suggested themselves to him. Sometimes he would compose forty lines before he fell asleep, and then in the morning he would reduce them to twenty, so as to condense as much as ever he could, and get the very essence of the thoughts he was dwelling on compressed into the most sharp-cut jewel form. What about the wonderful structure and fabric of the poem ? The language, though so wonderfully perfect and apt, every word fitting the thought it was intended to express, was not so full and rich as we might expect. Words repeated them- selves. Whilst Shakespeare used 15,000 English words, Milton in all his poems used only 8,000. But the subject matter of Shakespeare was infinitely more varied than that of Milton. If to Shakespeare had fallen but one theme, it is questionable if he would have used so rich a vocabulary as we find in Milton. Many of the words were almost the creation of the poet, and whilst Shakespeare was a marvellous creator of imaginative scenes and characters, he was not such a consumate word-painter as Milton. One of the main characters in “ Paradise Lost ” was Satan, but while Milton’s hero was the personification of all that was bad, the speech of Satan compared very favourably with the Satan of Byron, in “ Cain.” They could not read the speeches of the Satan of Byron without resenting the horror 81 and the blasphemy of their words. Milton never shocked the Christian through the speeches of his fiend ; the person of the ineffable God was not held up to the hideous ridicule in the manner in which Byron’s poem is disfigured. The Bishop dealt with the music and the metre, and went on to speak of “ Paradise Regained.” It was untrue that this poem, barren as it was of imagery, was so because Milton was growing old ; the subject demanded different treatment and different diction from the earlier and greater work. After illustrating his paper by well-chosen extracts, Dr. Pearson said that Milton could not but project his own personality into everything he wrote — poem or prose. The egotism of a little soul was a contemptible thing, but the egoism of a great soul like his was delightful. All that Milton gave to us was the outcome of that grand personality of his which he always recognised as the gift of the great Taskmaster under Whose eye he ever worked. IF it /iDemonam. To those who were privileged to hear the two charming papers read before the Club by the late Dr. Pearson, this short notice of the second, which is unfortunately all the Editor has been able to obtain, will revive the regret felt at his lamented death. This is not the place to enlarge upon his work as Bishop ; or on those qualities of earnestness, sincerity, and transparent goodness of heart, which will long keep his memory green in the town where he worked and died. But we cannot omit to pay our tribute to the kindly and courteous scholar, who, in spite of the many and heavy demands upon him, yet found time to visit the Club and to give us, with singular charm of manner and felicity of expres- sion, the fruits of his mature, extensive, and sympathetic study of a great poet. 82 RECITAL . “AN EVENING WITH TENNYSON.” December 15 th, 1908. The Lecturer whose name appeared on the Syllabus, Mr. J. E. Lord, M.P.S., F.R.M.S., was unfortunately prevented by illness from giving his paper on “ The differences between Plants and Animals.” In his place Mrs. T. Freeman Smith, of Burnley, kindly consented to give a Lecture-Recital entitled “ An Evening with Tennyson.” Mrs. Smith read a very able paper on Tennyson in which she dealt shortly with the main features of his life, his character and his poetical works. In the course of and by way of illustration to her paper, Mrs. Smith recited, to the great pleasure of her audience, the following poems : “ The Lady of Shalot,” “ The Revenge,” “ The Northern Farmer,” “ Rizpah,” “ Spinster’s Sweet- hearts,” and “ The Children’s Hospital.” A cordial vote of thanks to Mrs. Smith for her services was moved by Mr. J. W. Thompson, seconded by Mr. G. Nuttall, and passed by the meeting. o 83 ANNUAL DINNER. The Annual Dinner of the Club was held on Friday, Dec. 18th, at Cronkshaw’s Hotel at 7 p.m. The President, Mr. Wm. Lancaster, took the chair. After dinner the Royal Toast was given. This was followed by the toast of the President, proposed by Mr. Wm. Thompson. Mr. Wm. Lancaster suitably responded. To the toast of “ The Club,” proposed by the President, Mr. J. W. Thompson replied. “ Town and Trade ” was given by Mr. W. L. Grant and supported by Mr. John Chorlton. During the evening the President and Mr. W. Witham sang. Mr. John Chorlton read some short verses and the Secretary recited. Mr. Gaul accompanied very pleasingly. 1874 1875 1877 1877 1877 1877 1878 1880 1886 1894 1895 1895 1899 1904 1906 84 LIST OF MEMBERS ON December 31st, 1908. HONORARY MEMBERS. Col. Fishwick, F.S.A., Rochdale. Rev. J. S. Doxey, B.A., Bacup. W. B. Bryan, C.E., Chislehurst. F. J. Faraday, F.S.S., F.L.S., 17, Brazennose Street, Manchester. J. H. Nodal, The Grange, Heaton Moor, Stockport. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., M.A., D.Sc., D.C.L., F.L.S., Colonial Office, London, S.W. Alfred H. Mason, F.R.A.S., Liverpool, Chas. Rowley, F.R.S.L., Manchester. Tattersall Wilkinson, Roggerham, near Burnley. J. C. Brumwell, M.D., J.P., Barden, Shanklin, I.W. Rt. Hon. Lady O’Hagan, Pyrgo Park, Essex. L. de Beaumont Klein, D.Sc., F.L.S., London. J. Langfield Ward, M.A., Weston Lawn, Bath. Hill, Fred H., Thorn Hill, St. Anne’s-on-the-Sea. Hudson, John H., M.A., H.M.I., Pendlemoor, Goldthorn Road, Wolverhampton. 85 LIST OF MEMBERS ON December 31st, 1908. ORDINARY MEMBERS. Ainsworth, John R., 29, Manchester Road. Allen, John, 44, Thursby Road. Altham, J. L., B.Sc., Greenfield, Reedley. Ashworth, Edwin, J.P., Thornhill. Ashworth, Richard, Ivy Cottage. Ashworth, James, 33, Bridge Street. Aspinall, Robert, 116, Todmorden Road. Aspinall, T. J., 118, Todmorden Road. Bardsley, Arthur, 127, Woodgrove Road. Bardsley, R. S., 237, Manchester Road. Barnes, John, 14, Rose Hill Road. Beetham, George E., 234, Manchester Road. Bell, Arthur, 57, Ormerod Road. Bell, Thomas, 57, Ormerod Road. Bellingham, A. A., Rose Hill Road. Birtwistle, G. R., M.A., Edenholme, Park Avenue. Bolton, E. O., J.P., 76, Bank Parade. Booth, Thomas, 42, Thursfield Road. Bowker, James, 101, Manchester Road. Bradshaw, J., 42, Yorkshire Street. Bulcock, Henry, Edge End, Brierfield. Burrows, J. T., Highcliffe, Queen’s Park Road. Burrows, W. H., Bur Royd, Colne Road. Butterfield, John, Inglewood, Rose Hill Road. Butterfield, Thomas, 2, Appletree Carr. Butterworth, Tom, Fern Royd, Padiham Road. Button, F. S., A.M.I.C.E., Inglewood, Scott Park. 86 Carrington, Alderman A., 79, Ormerod Road. Chadwick, Councillor Wm., 78, Belvedere Road. Chorlton, John, 3, Carlton Road. Clarkson, Alexander, 45, Thursby Road. Colbran, Arthur, 78, Bank Parade. Colbran, W. H., 78, Bank Parade. Collinge, Edgar S., Brentwood House, Brooklands Road. Collinge, John S., J.P., Park House. Collinge, Thomas A., Greenfield, Reedley. Cooke, Thomas A., 3, Palatine Square. Crook, Campbell, 236, Manchester Road. Crook, Thomas, J.P., 1, Yorke Street. Crossland, Thos., B.Sc,, Ashburton, Ightenhill Park Lane. Crossley, Arthur, 9, Carlton Road. Crump, T. G., B.A., M.B., Brown Hill. Dent, Harry, 11, Albion Terrace. Dickinson, G. S., 4, Brooklands Avenue. Drew, Alexander, Holme Lodge. Drew, Daniel, J.P., Lowerhouse. Drew, Edward, Holme Lodge. Drew, J. M., Ighten Grange, Padiham Road. Duckworth, Joshua, 6, Manchester Road. Elsden, Charles, B.A., 169, Healey Grove. Emmott, Alderman Hartley, J.P., 9, Knightsbridge Grove. Fleming, Jas. Gordon, 830, Carlisle Terrace, Habergham. Flynn, Jas., Arkwright Street, Ightenhill. Foden, Councillor C. M., J.P., The Sycamores. Fullalove, W. T., Woodlands, Scott Park. Gardner, James, M.B., C.M., 1, Piccadilly Road. Gill, George, J.P., Woodleigh. Grant, A. E., 6, Scott Park Road. Grant, F. J., J.P., Oak Bank. Grant, J. Selwyn, Oak Bank. Grant, John Murray, Lansdowne Street. Grant, Walter M., 67, Halifax Road, Brierfield. Grant, W. Lewis, 14, Palatine Square. Gray, N.P., J.P., Brookside. Greenwood, J.P., Rowan Cottage, Harriett Street. Grey, H. D., 104, Albion Street. Hacking, John, 71, Rectory Road. Halstead, Edmund, Healey Grove. 87 Hargreaves, Luther, 57, Scott Park Road. Hargreaves, F. A., 7, Park Avenue. Harling, Richard T., 181, Coal Clough Lane. Hartley, T. H., 21, Hawthorne Road. Hartley, W. H., Hoarstones, nr. Burnley. Harrison, Rev. T., St. Mary Magdalen’s. Haworth, Dr. J., Wilfield House. Haworth, Thos., 13, Lee Green Street, Duke Bar. Haythorntilwaite, Robert, Reedley Road, Brierfield. Heap, John F., Hood House Grove. Heap, Wilkinson, 175, Todmorden Road. Hitchin, Robert, 15, Ormerod Road. Holden, John, Rose Bank, Manchester Road. Horn, J. S., J.P., Glenmere, Scott Park. Hough, Alderman Wm., Simonstone. Howarth, J. H., F.A.I., 259, Manchester Road. Howorth, John, J.P., Park View. Huck, William, Rose Hill Road. Hudson, Frank, LL.B., Manchester Road. Hudson, James, Junr., Holme Hill, Coal Clough Lane. Hudson, Samuel, 14b, Piccadilly Road. Hurtley, John, 181, Manchester Road. Hynd, James Francis, Reedley Terrace, Reedley. Jobling, Col. Albert, Springwood. Jones, E., Broomieknowe, Padiham Road. Joseland, H. L., M.A., 6, Piccadilly Road. Kay, Graham B., Towneley Villa. Kay, James, J.P., Towneley Villa. Kershaw, William H., 87, Woodgrove Road. Kettleborough, Rev. G. W., Ightenhill Manse. Kneeshaw, J. W., Todmorden Road. Lancaster, Arthur K., Morningside, Carlton Road. Lancaster, James, J.P., Westholme, Carlton Road. Lancaster, Norman R., Morningside, Carlton Road. Lancaster, Thomas Edgar, 25, Palatine Square. Lancaster, William, Morningside, Carlton Road. Landless, Stephen, 271, Manchester Road. Leedam, James, 41, Ormerod Road. Lord, William, 30, Park Lane. Lupton, Albert, 7, Scott Park Road. Lupton, Arthur, 12, St. Matthew Street. Lupton, J. T., 7, Carlton Road. 88 Mackenzie, James, M.D., 68, Bank Parade. Mackie, John Stevenson, 33, St. Matthew Street. Mackness, C. A., 1, Hawthorne Road. Mather, W.. Brentwood, Brierfield. Mawson, Fred, 22, St. Matthew Street. Mercer, Robinson, 478, Padiham Road. Midgley, C. W., 19, Scott Park Road. Norman, Edwin, 15, Knightsbridge Grove. Nowell, T. B., Willow Bank, Brooklands Road. Nuttall, George, 73, Thursby Road. Nuttall, H. R., 18, Glen View Road. Ogden, G. C., 71, Ormerod Road. Ogden, Harry, 71, Ormerod Road. Overton, G. E., 50, Colne Road. Parker, Wilkinson, Yorke Street. Parkinson, Herbert, Lark Hill, Manchester Road. Parkinson, Isaiah, 75, Ormerod Road. Parkinson, T. G., 3, Park Avenue. Pearse, Frank, 4, Nicholas Street. Pemberton, J. C., L.R.C.P., &c., 102, Accrington Road. Pemberton, Thomas Herbert, Sunny Bank. Pemberton, Wm„ Junr., Sunny Bank. Pickles, A. R., M.A., 128, Todmorden Road. Pickles, Thomas, Tonderghie, Padiham Road. Pollard, John T., 36, Westgate. Preston, Thomas, Ravens Holme, St. Anne’s. Proctor, Wm. Henry, 19, Colne Road. Proctor, Thomas, Hazel Mount, Manchester Road, Nelson. Redman, Thomas, 14, Hawthorne Road. Ritchie, G. S., Palace House’ Roberts, Arthur, 59, Colne Road. Roberts, Thos., 70, Bank Parade. Robinson, H. J., B.A., M.R.C.S., Springfield House. Rothwell, James H., 158, Coal Clough Lane. Ryder, William, Newlands Villa. Sargisson, Rev. C. S., Fulledge Manse, Burnley. Scowby, Francis, Ormerod Road. Shuttleworth, The Rt. Hon. Lord, Gawthorpe Hall. Simpson, H. W., 170, Todmorden Road. Simpson, Robt., Rose Cottage, Todmorden Road. Simpson, W. F., Hapton. 89 Slater, Joseph, The Summit. Smirthwaite-Black, J. L., M.B., Coal Clough House. Smith, James, 122, Manchester Road. Smith, John, 6, Nelson Square. Smith, John, 21, Curzon Street. Smith, T. Freeman, Pendle View, Coal Clough Lane. Smith, T. P., J.P., Mountsorrel, Manchester Road. Snowball, Dr., Bank Parade. Southern, Guy, Palace House. Southern, Walter, Palace House. Stuttard, Thos., Duke of York Hotel. Sutcliffe, J. S., Causeway End. Tate, William, 16, Piccadilly Road. Taylor, Samuel, 50, Rosehill Road. Thomas, Peregrine, Woodleigh. Thompson, James, 328, Padiham Road. Thompson, J. W., J.P., Oak Bank. Thompson, W., Park Side. Tpiornber, Alderman T., J.P., Healey Hall. Thornton, F. E., Syle Croft, Padiham Road. Thorp, Thos., 11, Manchester Road. Thursby, Sir J. O. S., Bart., J.P., Ormerod. Towers, Adam, 112, Brougham Street. Waddington, J. H., 22, Palatine Square. Walmsley, G., J.P., Tarleton House. Walmsley, J. F,, Brooklands Avenue, Walton, Donald, Lynnwood, Manchester Road. Walton, Levi, 177, Todmorden Road. Walton, Robert, Willow Bank. Warburton, Alderman W, J.P., Park Side, Scott Park. Watson, Tom, 87, Albion Street. Whittingham, Richard, Sunny Mount, St. Matthew Street. With am, Wm., J.P., Rockwood. Witham, W. F., Fir Grove. Wood, G. A., B.A., 58, Glebe Street. Wood, J. W., Brooklands Road. 90 LIST OF LADY ASSOCIATES ON December 31st, 1908. Allen, Miss Mary L., B.Sc., Hazel Mount. Allen, Mrs. Joseph, Hazel Mount, Padiham Road. Ashworth, Miss Sarah, 6, Sackville Street. Bates, Miss M. A., 11, Carlton Road. Bowker, Miss Mabel A., 101, Manchester Road. Button, Miss Catherine, Inglewood, Scott Park. Capstick, Miss Emma, 15, Scott Street. Coward, Miss E. F., 6, Hufling Lane. Cowpe, Miss Maggie, B.A., Park Avenue. Dickinson, Miss M., 8, Harriet Street. Dodgeon, Miss J., 13, Spenser Street, Padiham. Farrer, Miss E., 39, St. Matthew Street. Ferguson, Mrs., 72, Colne Road. Fletcher, Miss Elizabeth, 124, Hollingreave Road. Gill, Miss Elsie, L.R.A.M., Woodleigh. Hardwick, Mrs., 10, Hawthorne Road. Hargreaves, Miss, 24, St. Matthew Street. Hargreaves, Miss F., 24, St. Matthew Street. Heaton, Mrs., 99, Rectory Road. Holt, Mrs. Mary, 1a, Scott Park Road. Lee, Miss Marion, 6, Hufling Lane. Nugent, Miss B., The Infirmary. Pickles, Miss Jessie, Tonderghie, Padiham Road. 91 Riley, Mrs. Ada, 14, Thursby Road. Rii.ey, Miss Susannah, 124, Hollingreave Road. Roberts, Miss M. A., Stoneyholme Cottage, Holme Road. Robinson, Miss E. A., 134, Manchester Road. Rothwell, Miss Annie, 158, Coal Clough Lane. Smith, Mrs. T. Freeman, Penclle View, Coal Clough Lane. Strange, Mrs. Mary L., Greenfield House. Watson, Miss Ethel M., Ighten Grove. Wilkinson, Miss M. E., 44, Herbert Street. Wright, Miss E., 21, Montague Road. 92 INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS. Allen, John Bellingham, A. A Berry, Rev. R. W Booth, G. A Chadwick, Rev. A Chorlton, John W Crossland, T., B.Sc Crowther, Henry, F.R.M.S. Uuxbury, J Grant, W. Lewis Hartley, T. H Hudson, J. H., M.A., H.M.I. Killip, Rev. R., F.R.A.S. . . Lancaster, James, J.P Midgley, C. W Pearson, Rev. A., D.D Perkins, Rev. Jocelyn, M.A., F. R. Hist. S Smith, Mrs. T. Freeman Thompson, W Ward, J. Langfield, M.A. . . Wells, Samuel, F.R.G.S. Wilmore, A., B.Sc., F.G.S. “ Some Historical Associations of the River Calder ” 57 “ Some Suggestions on Pictorial Photography ” 27 “ Wit and Wisdom of Proverbs ” 41 “ Natural History Records with a Camera ” 29 “ Longfellow ” 49 Debate 04 “ Recent Legislation affecting the Physical Well-being of School Children 22 “ Pompeii ” 39 Recital — “ Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ” 76 “ The Winchester National Pageant ” 62 “ The Picturesque Coast of Yorkshire ” 77 “ Rousseau ” 13 “ Revealed by a Shadow ” 52 “ A Holiday in the Tyrol ” . . . . 68 “ The Poetical Associations of the I.ake District ” 45 “Milton” 79 “ The Cinque Ports ” . . . . Recital — “ An Evening with Tennyson ” 82 Debate 64 " Seneca ” 36 “Dalmatia and Montenegro”.. 71 “ The Evolution of the Calder River System ” 19 93 INDEX TO SUBJECTS. Calder River System, The Evolution of (A. Wilmore) 19 Calder, Some Historical Associations of the River (J. Allen) . . 57 Cinque Ports, The (Rev. Jocelyn Perkins) 31 Dalmatia and Montenegro (S. Wells) 71 Debate 04 Farnley Hall, Excursion to 51 Lake District, The Poetical Associations of the (C. W. Midglev) . . 45 Longfellow (Rev. A. Chadwick) 49 Matthews, Rev. W. S., Memorial Notice 34 Natural History Records with a Camera (G, A. Booth) 29 Pearson, Rev. A., In Memonam 81 Pictorial Photography, Some Suggestions on (A. A. Bellingham) 27 Pompeii (H. Crowtlier) 39 Proverbs, Wit and Wisdom of (Rev. A. Berry) 41 Recital : Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (J. Duxbury) 76 Recital : Evening with Tennyson (Mrs. T. Freeman Smith) .... 82 Rousseau (J. H. Hudson) 13 School Children, Recent Legislation affecting the Physical Well-being of (T. Crossland) 22 Seneca (J. Langfield Ward) 36 Shadow, Revealed by a (Rev. R. Killip) 52 Tyrol, A Holiday in the (James Lancaster) 68 Winchester National Pageant, The (W. Lewis Grant) 62 Yorkshire, The Picturesque Coast of (T. Id. Hartley) 77 TABLE OF CONTENTS. List of Officers 3 Rules 4, 5 Annual Report 6, 7 Syllabus 8, 9 Balance Sheet 10 Transactions ... 13—82 Annual Dinner 83 List of Members and Associates ... 84—91 Index to Contributors 92 Index of Subjects 93 Illustrations : — Portrait of Mr. James Kay, J.P. The Bronte Gap Portrait of the late Rev. W. S. Matthews A Restoration of Whalley Abbey Entrance Gateway, Towneley Park Fulledge House, Burnley North-West Gateway, Whalley Abbey Frontispiece. 19 34 57 58 59 (>1 ‘ 9 MAR 1936 THIS VOLUME OF TRANSACTIONS, WAS PREPARED FOR THE PRESS BY Mr. H. L. Joseland. 1 9 MAR 1936