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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND

AVITH

AX ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS, THE PREMIUMS OFFERED
BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877, AND LIST OF MEMBERS.

PUBLISHED ANNUALLY.

, SEMPER ARMIS ^^^

FOURTH SERIES.
A' 0 L. I X.

HBKARY

"^f-W YORK
»^TANJCAL

EDITBD U.NDEC TUJi SUPRRINTENDEyCE OF FLRTCUEU XORTON MKNZIES;

8ECKETARY TO THE SOCIETY.

EDINBURGH :

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD .t SONS, 45 GEORGE STREET,

AKD 37 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDOX.

187 7.

WORKS ON AGRICULTURE, &c.

JOUEXAL OF AGRICULTUEE, Aj^D TEA:N'SACTI0XS OF
THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.
Second Series, 1828 to 1843, 21 vols., bound in cloth, £3, 3s.
Third Series, 1843 to 1865, 22 vols., bound in cloth, £4, 4s.

INDEX TO THE FIEST, SECO]ND, AND THIED SEEIES OF
THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND FROM 1799 to 1865. Cloth, 5s.

TEANSACTIOXS OF THE HIGHLAND AND AGEICUL-
TURAL SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND. Fourth Series, 1866-71, 6 numbers,
sewed, 4s. each ; 1872-77, 6 volumes, cloth, 5s. each, published annually, g

DICTIONAEIUM SCOTO-CELTICUM: A Dictionary of the Gaelic
Language, in two volumes. Compiled and published under the direction of
the Highland Society of Scotland, 1828. Bound in cloth, L.7, 7s,; 6 copies
on extra paper, L.IO, 19s.

MANUAL OF AGEICULTUEE, including the application thereto
of Chemistry, Geology, Botany, Animal Physiology, and Meteorology. By
Richard Hendeeson. Prize Report, published under the auspices of the
Society. Cloth, Is. 6d.

PEACTICAL EEMAEKS ON AGEICULTUEAL DEAINAGE.

By AYiLLiAM AV. Hozier of Tannochside. Prize Report, published under
the auspices of the Society, 1870. Cloth, Is.

HUMANITY TO ANIMALS, being Extracts from Prize Essays on
the most effectual method of inculcating that duty in Elementary Schools.
Published under the auspices of the Society. Sewed, 3d.

Tlio above, Works can he had on apjjliccctwn to William Blackwood & Sons,
45 George Street, Edinhurgli ; and 37 Paternoster Rou; London.

CONTENTS.

LIBI^ART

PAGE

1. On the Agriculture of the Counties of Edinburgh and

Linlithgow. By Thomas Farrall, .... 1

2. On the Agriculture of the Counties of Ross and Cromarty.

By James Macdonald, . . . . .67

3. On the Taxodium Sempervirens (or Eed Wood) for Timber

Purposes. By Robert Hutchison, . , , , 209

4. Manual of Agriculture. By Richard Henderson, • . 223

5. On the Tree Mallow (Lavatera Arborea). By William

Gorrie, ....... 286

6. On the Polled Angus or Aberdeen Breed of Cattle. By

Thomas Farrall, ...... 299

7. On Imple3ients selected for Trial —

1. Fisken Steam Cultivating jNIachinery, . . . 324

2. Robey & Co.'s Thrashing Machine, . . . 333

3. Koldmoos' Weed Eradicator, .... 334

4. Barclay's Cultivator, ..... 336

5. Potato Planters, ...... 337

. 6. Potato Lifters, ...... 339

7. Water-Testing Apparatus, ..... 34(>

8. Murray's Thrashing Machine, .... 340

9. Turnip Raisers, . . . . . .341

8. Agricultural Statistics of Scotland, 1876 —

1. Population, Total Area, and Abstract of Acerage under

Crops and Grass, ..... 343

2. Total and Proportionate Number of Live Stock, . . 344

L£2

CD

APPENDIX (A).

Proceedings of the Highland and Agricultural Society —

Proceedings at Board Meetings, February 1876 to January 1877,
Proceedings at General Meeting, 14th June 1876,
Proceedings at General Meeting, 17th January 1877, .

1

10
16

IV

CONTEXTS.

Premiums awarded by the Society in 1876-77 —

I. Reports, 1877, ....••
II. Glasgow ShoM', 1875, - -. , ,

IIL Aberdeen Show, 1876, .<...,
IV. District Competitions, . ...

V. Cottages and Gardens, .....
VI. Veterinary Department, Medals to Students, .
VII. Agricultural Chair, Edinburgh University, Prizes to

State of the Funds of the Society at 30th November 1876,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Society for 1875-76, .
Abstract of the Accounts of the Aberdeen Show, 1876,
Abstract of the Accounts of the Argyll Naval Fund for 1875-76,

PAGE

23
23

42

53
54

55
56
58
60
62

APPENDIX (B).

Premiums offered by the Highland and Agricultural Society
IN 1877—

General Notice, . . .

Constitntion and Manacrement,

Establishment for 1877,

Committees for 1877, .

Agricultural Education,

V^eterinary Department,

Forestry Department, .

Chemical Department, .

General Regulations for Competitors, ,

Class I., Reports,

1. The Science and Practice of Agriculture,

2. Estate Improvements, .

3. Machinery,

4. Forestry,
Class II., District Competitions,
Class III., Cottages and Gardens,
General Show at Edinburgh in 1877, .
General Show at Dumfries in 1878,

3

4
5

h-

4

10
15

IS
20
21
22
22
2G
28
28
31
43
47
65

APPENDIX (C).
List of Members, , . . ,

I^umber of Members at 6th April 18";

)/ 1.

4595

TKANSACTIONS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTUEAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND.

OX THE AGRICULTURE OF THE COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH
AND LINLITHGOW, AND THE INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS
AND DEVELOPMENT OF THESE COUNTIES DURING
RECENT YEARS.

By Thomas Farrall, Aspatria, Carlisle.

[Premium — Fifteen Sovereigns.1

Introductory Remarks.

The agriculture of the Lothians already possesses a considerable
literature, especially the county of Haddington, which has often
formed the subject of essays, reports, and reviews. In the present
paper it is our intention to describe the agriculture of Mid and
West Lothian, which are embraced in the counties of Edinburgh
and Linlithgow. The two Lothians under consideration lie side
by side, and on the north are washed by the waters of the estuary
ot the river Forth. They are therefore situated in the eastern
part of the southern division of Scotland. The figure of Edin-
burgh proximates closely to that of a half moon, resembling, on a
coloured map, the outstretched wings of a butterfly. Its extreme
length from east to west is about 36 miles, and its breadth
from north to south about 24 miles. The superficial area
was computed by the authors of " Caledonia," and of the
"Agricultural Survey of Mid-Lothian," at 229,120 and 227,8:i2
imperial acres respectively; but more recently it has been
ascertained on reliable authority, that the area is 367 square
miles, or 234,926 statute acres. Mid-Lothian lies between
.05' 39' 30" and 53° 59' 20" north latitude, and between 2' 52' and
3° 45' 10" lon^^itudc west from Greenwich. The shire contains

2 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

forty-eight quoad civilia parishes and part of two others. The
county throughout presents a striking scene of industry, not only
in an agricultural point of view, but also with respect to mining
and other profitable resources. Though it cannot lay claim to
high mountains, like the lofty Ben Nevis or the majestic Ben
Lomond, yet it is not entirely destitute of mountain chains of an
inferior order. Most prominent are the Pentland Hills, which
appear in continuous and parallel ranges from Peeblesshire, on
the south, and sweep along the centre of the county, rising in
Cairnhill to upwards of 1800 feet above sea-level. In the east
are the Muirfoot Hills, which are a continuation of the Lammer-
muir Hills. About one-third of the entire extent may be
estimated as the proportion inaccessible to the plough. This lies
chiefly in the south and south-east parts of the county, and pro-
duces sweet and healthy herbage, which supports large flocks of
sheep. In the north and west, the land, although diversified by
rising grounds and gently undulating eminences, is mostly
capable of cultivation, and produces a variety of crops which
tend to bring credit to the farmer, to enrich the agricultural
district, and beautify the far-extending prospect.

Owing to its peculiar configuration, Edinburgh possesses no
stream deserving to be dignified with the title of river ; it is,
nevertheless, well watered by numerous burns or waters. .The
Almond, after intersecting a wing of the parish of Mid-Calder,
forms the north-west boundary line to the sea. Leith water rises
in the parish of Mid-Calder, and after pursuing a course of over
20 miles in a deep bed between well- wooded declivities, enters
the sea at Leith, The largest stream in the county is the Esk,
which, with its tributaries, drains the whole extent of country
lying between the Pentland and Muirfoot ranges of mountains,
and empties itself into the sea at Musselburgh. The remaining
notable streams are the Tyne and the Gala. The former holds a
sinuous course of 7 miles, and then flows into East Lothian ;
while the latter, after running a distance of 10 miles, leaves the
county at its south-west angle.

Linlithgow, or West Lothian, lies between 55° 49' and 56° 1'
north latitude, and 3° 18' and 3° 51' west longitude. Its greatest
length is about 20 miles, and its extreme breadth about 15
miles. According to Armstrong's map of the Lothians, the area
is only 112 square miles, or 71,680 statute acres, but the area
given by the Ordnance Survey is 127 square miles, or 81,114
acres. The surface of Linlithcrow, thousjh not so interesting as
that of Edinburgh, is, notwithstanding, exceedingly diversified and
beautiful. The centre of the country may be described as an
elevated plateau surrounded by an amphitheatre of hills, the
culminating point being Cairnmaple, which rises to a height of
1498 feet. Other elevations are Kipps-hills, Knock-hills, and

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 3

Drumcross-liills ; and in the west, Cuckold-le-Eoi, with an
elevation of about 500 feet. Generally, the eminences are in-
considerable hills or elevated grounds, covered with fields of
waving corn, ornamental plantations, or pasture lands dotted over
with sheep. About three-fourths of the land is arable, and the
soils are generally fertile and well-drained.

Liidithgow is very well watered. Logie-water, a tributary of
the Avon, and its affluents Barbauchlaw-burn and Ballencrieff-
water, drain much of the western division; while Broxburn and
several inferior streamlets drain the eastern, and find their way
into the Almond. Flowing into the Forth are Xethermill-buru,
Dolphinston-burn, and some tiny brooks. These several streams,
though totally insufficient for navigation, are useful in supplying
power for driving machinery, and furnishing never-failing supplies
of water for other purposes. The principal lakes are Loch-coat
in Torphichen, and Linlithgow-loch in the parish whose name it
bears, with two or three smaller ones on the boundary.

Interesting associations crop up in the mind of any one wdio
" loves to dwell on bygone scenes," as he visits the various towns
in Mid and West Lothian. Edinburgh, the capital of the former,
and the metropolis of Scotland, is delightfully situated upon a
group of hills overlooking the Firth of Forth. On the highest
of these the old town is built. From the castle, which stands
upon an elevation 380 feet high, a commanding and magnificent
prospect may be had. This gorgeous view has been well de-
scribed by Sir Walter Scott, in his "Marmion." The Gaelic
form of the name of the city was Dunedin, from dun, a Celtic word
meaning hill or fort, and Edin or Edwin, king of Xorthumbria,
617 A.D. Hence Dunedin and Edinburgh have the same meaning.
When the fine palace of Holyrood Abbey was erected in 1128, the
city was a royal burgh, and a royal residence was supposed to
have been built a short time afterwards. Until the 15th century
Edinburgh remained defenceless, when King Jame^ II. granted
a licence for fortifying it. Great improvements and enlarge-
ments in buildings have been made within the past seventy
years, but the union of the two kingdoms doubtless checked
very much the advancement of the city. The new town, for
beauty of design and excellence of architectui'e, is not rivalled
by any town in Great Britain. Julinburgh is supplied with
water from the Pentlands, and the sanitary condition has much
improved of late years. The population in 1871 was 196,500.
Two members are returned to the House of Commons. Dalkeith
is distant from Edinburgh al)Out 6 miles in a south-east direction.
The town is well built, and has a large weekly market for grain.
It has also manufactures of brushes, woollen stuffs, and felt,
beaver, and straw hats. In the ni'ighbourhood are some larg(3
collieries. The population in 1871 was 7114. Standing upon

4 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

*tlie site of an ancient castle is the splendid mansion of tlie Duke

•of Buccleuch, with its beautiful and %Yell-wooded grounds.
Musselburgh, a royal burgh, is situated upon the eastern bank of

^the Esk, where it enters the Firth of Forth, 5 J miles east of
Edinburf^h. The manufactures are haircloth and sailcloth. It
has also a small amount of trade in tanning and leather-dressing.

■ The neighbourhood is rich in historical lore. A little to the east
is the battle-ground of Pinkie, where the English defeated the
Scotch in 1547. In the immediate neighbourhood was also
fought the battle of Prestonpans, in 1745, when the royal army
sustained a signal defeat by the forces of Charles Edward. The
port of Musselburgh has no vessels of its own, but is resorted to
by coasters, which bring in timber, oil-cake, bark, seeds, and
hides; the export trade being chiefly in coal. The links are much
resorted to for racing, golfing, and other sources of amusement.
The population of the town in 1861, was 7423. Many of the
inhabitants are engaged in the "harvest of the sea." Situated
about 2 miles north-east of Edinburgh is Leith, whose commercial
importance lies in its colonial and foreign trade and imports of
grain, for which it is the great emporium in Scotland. It has also
considerable manufactures of glass, ropes, sails, and artificial
manures. Fish-curing may be ranked among its industries like-
wise. So far back as the 11th century it was a port ; in 1541
the town was burnt by an English fleet ; in 1549 it was taken
possession of by French troops; in 1567 it was sold to Edin-
burgh, and in 1838 it was made independent of that city.
There are also several \dllages in Mid-Lothian, each of which
has interesting associations, but scarcely such as come within the
scope of an agricultural j)aper.

The county town of West Lothian is Linlithgow, a place of
great antiquity and an early seat of the Scottish kings. It has
a weekly market, and fairs are held at certain times of the year.
Other places of note are Bathgate, a market town with a larger
population than Linlithgow, and Borrowstounness or Bo'ness, a
burgh of barony, situated on a tongue of land stretching into
the Firth of Forth. At one time the town was in a flourishing
condition, but it declined after the opening of the Forth and
Clyde Canal, on account of the trade being turned into another
channel.

Both counties are intersected by good roads, which are kspt
in excellent repair.

The population has gradually increased during the pre-
sent century, as will be seen on reference to the following
table : —

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. a

Year.

Edinburgh. "

Linlithgow.

1801,

122,597

17,844

1811,

148,607

19,451

1821,

191,514

22,685-

1831,

219,345

23,291

1841,

225,454

26,872

1851,

259,435

30,135

1861,

273,997

38,645

1871,

328,335

41,191

The advance in the county of Edinburgh has, therefore, ir/
less than three-quarters of a century, been 205,738, or about 168
per cent. ; that of Linlithgow, 23,347, or 131 per cent. The present
population of Mid-Lothian is at the rate of 1 '3 persons to each
acre, and of West Lothian close upon 2. The employments of
the people are variously distributed between trade, commerce,
manufactures, and agriculture.

History of Agriculture.

In common with many districts south of the Forth, agriculture
was pursued in the counties at a comparatively early period. It
is indeed averred by some writers that this part of the country
produced a considerable amount of grain in the times of the
Romans ; as to this, however, we cannot, in the absence of reli-
able information, speak with any degree of certainty. A large
proportion of the land was then undoubtedly covered with forests,
and the culture of corn would generally be confined to fertile
patches near the sea-shore, or along the haughs where the soil
was deep.

So early as the 13th century, the monks cultivated large tracts
of land on the south of the Forth, and were said to be skilful in
the management of extensive orchards. We also have it that
they understood something of resting, if not of fallowing their
lands, and the rotation of cropping. For a long period after the
13th or 14th century, history is silent upon matters relating to
agriculture. It may, consequently, be reasonably assumed that
small progress was made until about the time of the union of
Scotland vvith England, when the farmers of East Lothian had
opportunities of seeing for themselves the superior practices in
agriculture observed in England, some of which they were not
slow in copying. Neighbouring shires soon afterwards followed
their example, but for a period extending to three-quarters of a
century, farming did not make so much headway as could have
been wished, owing not so much to the apathy of agriculturist?,
as to the adverse circumstances by which they were too often
surrounded.

At the close of the 11th century, agriculture liad made little

6 OX THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

advancement in Mid and West Lothian. Even then, large tracts
of the country were covered with forests, and the pastoral pursuit
was almost exclusivelv in the hands of the wealthv, who owned
large flocks of sheep, which roamed upon the uplands and de-
pastured in the woods. What little arable land was in cultiva-
tion was in the hands of the poor, who had neither capital to
expend nor energy to carry on their pursuits. The small patches
they cultivated were chiefly composed of the best soils in
sheltered situations, or the partially alluvial deposits by the
sides of the streams. These soils were scourged by succes-
sive cropping, rendered filthy by the growth of weeds, and re-
duced to extreme poverty, owing to the small amount of manure
given.

The reio'n of David I., which commenced in 1124, was a new
era in agricultural improvement. This monarch gave a large
share of attention to the cultivation of the land, in which he
evinced considerable ability. He founded several agricultural
establishments, both in Mid and West Lothian. His grange farm
at Linlitho'ow is mentioned as beino; much abreast of the times.
Eoused by the noble example of their monarch, the barons also
cultivated farms in various parts of the country, so that
the agriculture of the counties under notice received an im-
petus which was at once salutary and lasting in its effects.
David I. also devoted much attention to horticulture, and men-
tion is made in his charter of Holyrood of his garden under the
castle.

For many years after the termination of this monarch's reign agri-
culture may be said to have retrograded rather than progressed.
The prevalence of forests was a great barrier to the extension of
husbandry, for, they not only occupied much of the land, but they
also afforded shelter to the warriors and freebooters who scoured
the country at all seasons, and trampled down the crops of the
more peaceful inhabitants. In the early part of the 14th century
Edward III. lessened the extent of forest in Mid-Lothian very
materially; and mills, kilns, and breweries began to be established
throughout the county, thus showing that agriculture was gradu-
ally gaining ground and subduing the asperities of the soil. But
even then farming was far from being on a satisfactory footing.
The tillers of the ground still belonged to the poorer classes of the
community, who lacked sufficient capital to carry on their avoca-
tions successfully: they, therefoie, performed the duties devolving
upon them reluctantly for others rather than willingly for them-
selves. This was chiefly owing to the unsatisfactory tenure upon
which they held their "farms. They not only rented the land
from the proprietor but everything upon it ; who, in turn, at the
expiration of the tenancy, claimed everything the farmer possessed.
This tenure was called " stcelbovj,'" which, in a modified form, still

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LIXLITHGOW. 7

lingers in many of the remote districts of Scotland. In Linlith-
gow matters were even worse, for, after the peaceful reign of
Alexander III., the country was plunged into ruin by foreign
invasions and domestic strifes during a period of about seventy
years, when the strong oppressed the weak, and the hardly- won
earnings of the industrious too often fell to the lot of cruel and
oppressive invaders.

The year 1723 maybe regarded as a fresh starting-point in the
history of agriculture, when a society was formed in Edinburgh
for the purpose of issuing instructions, illustrated by example, on
the most practical and profitable methods of land culture. This
was called the Society of Improvers, and from the date of its
establishment cultivation in both Edinburgh and Linlithgow be-
gan to advance with rajjid strides. Two years later, a sale of
manure at Cuffabouts, near Bo'ness, by one Higgins, realised Is.
per bushel — thus affording an indication that the teachings of
the society were doing good service. Enterprising farmers now
began to spring up on all sides. Sir James Macgill, and, seventy
years later, Sir John Dick of Prestonfield, carted much manure
from Edinbursjh, and soon converted the worn-out and barren
soils under their management into fertile fields.

In the year 1728, John, Earl of Stair, introduced much that
was new on his farm in the parish of Kirkliston, in West Lothian.
He began to practise the horse-hoeing system of husbandry, and
commenced to crop the land in rotation. A few years previous,
Lord Haddington had brought clover and sown grasses into the
adjoining county : these the Earl of Stair took advantage of,
and began to grow upon his own farm. He also brought into
field culture turnips, carrots, and cabbages, which had previously
been confined to gardens. How far his turnip-culture extended
we have no means of ascertaining, but since his time, there have
been many claimants for the honour of being the first to cultivate
field-turnips on a large scale. Tliis enterprising earl had a noble
imitator in Charles, the first Earl of Hopetoun, who even excelled
the illustrious earl in farm management, but they both died in
the year 1740, before they had seen their plans fully matured or
their efforts appreciated.

The institution of a Farmer's Club in Ormiston, East Lothian, by
Mr Cockburn, the celebrated agriculturist, about this time also
gave a marked impetus to husbandry, as members began to
exchange and extend their ideas, so that not only themselves but
the whole community in the immediate district were benefited.
In Mid-Lotliiau the good work once begun was not allowed to
slumber, and soon after the middle of the 18th century land was
limed, fences built, grasses and succulents introduced, and im-
proved implements brought to bear upon the working of the soil.
Sir John Dairy niple of Cousland, the Duke of Ijuccleuch, and

8 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

other gentlemen of note, spared no pains in bringing their systen^
of agriculture to as high a pitch as possible.

Bearing the date of 1770, a minister of Dunse, Adam Dickson
by name, issued a work, entitled ''The Husbandry of the Ancients,'*
which threw considerable light upon the agriculture of bygone
days. This appeared at a time when men's minds were ready to
grasp at new ideas upon a subject which was receiving a largo
share of attention. A few sentences showing the practice of the
ancients may not be here deemed out of place. We cull from Mr
Dickson's admirable little work : — " Varro says that land should
rest every other year, or, after a severe crop, carry one that in a
lesser degree exhausts the land.

" Columella says that wheat requires rich land, and that which
carries a crop, and rests, and is well ploughed alternately.

'' Virgil requires that the fallowed lands, after they have
carried a crop, shall be again fallowed.

'' And Pliny says that this direction, given by Virgil, is most
proper when the extent of the farm allows it ; but that if the
situation of the farm does not allow this, then wheat may be
sown after such crops as meliorate the soil. This kind of laud
that was so frequently fallowed was seldom dunged."

Mr Dickson continues in much the same strain. His book
could not but form a useful companion to rising farmers at the
time we speak of, and no doubt it was to a certain extent appre-
ciated by such of the community as were readers.

In an interesting work published in 1795, by George Eobert-
son, farmer, Granton, it is stated that the competition for farms
lying around Edinburgh was so great as to reduce the profits
of the husbandman to little more than legal interest on his
capital. The writer thought that it was unfair of the laird ol'
factor to exact rigorously the rent at the precise term of payment,
and maintained that in order to make it, the tenant was often
obliged to sell his produce at a great disadvantage. He declared
that he frequently had occasion to observe the circumstances
attending failure among the farmers, and could trace them to the
injudicious conduct of the landlords.

The capital then employed in agriculture was L.5 the Scotch
acre in the low country, L.2 in the moorlands, and 5s. on the
hills. From two causes chiefly, this amount was soon afterwards
thought to be inadequate : first, because all articles of stocking
became dearer ; and secondly, from having everything of a
superior quality to what farmers were formerly satisfied with.
One fourth part was therefore added, and the result found to
correspond very nearly Avith the capital employed upon a farm
near to Edinburgh, which was L.6, 5s. 3d. the Scotch acre. On
the above data, the whole capital employed in Mid-Lothian
farming was calculated at —

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 9

In the low country, 60,000 Scotch acres, @ £6 5 0 = £375,C00
„ moorlands, 60,000 „ @ 2 10 0 = 150,000

„ hills, 60,000 „ @ 0 6 3 = 18,750

Total No. of acres, 180,000 „ @ 3 0 3 = ^'543,750

The same author throws some light upon the sheep and horses
kept at that time. A small number of black-facecl sheep was
bought in from year to year, generally from Tweeddale, the wool
of which was coarse, and the fleece seldom worth a shilling,
while the carcass rarely weighed over 12 lbs. per quarter. On the
lower grounds a better class was kept, chiefly of the Cheviot breed;
in some cases they were crossed with Herefords, in others with
Bakewell species. These gave a fleece worth four times the
amount of the blackfaces, and the weight rose from 12 lbs. to 25
lbs. per quarter. About 5000 horses were used for husbandry ;
of these one-half were home reared, the remainder coming
from Linlithgow and Lanark. The amount annually paid for
imported horses amounted to something like L.6000. After the
year 1784, value in horses ran up considerably. Best sizes, 16
hands and upwards, which were previously sold at L.18 to L.20',
made L.30 to L.35, and the price of smaller animals rose from
L.12 or L.14 to L.18 or L20.

Mr Itobertson asserts that the condition of the labourinc^ classes
was at that time somewhat ameliorated. Their cottaiires were more
comfortable than formerly, being larger, better lighted, and warmer.
The kailyard, or plantation of cabbages, in the front was also
common, and not a few kept poultry, the produce of which
brought a good price in the Edinburgh market. The furniture
consisted of two beds, a few chairs or stools, table, chest of
drawers, press, &c., and a cuckoo-clock. Oatmeal with kail-brose
formed the principal part of their food.

Another practical writer of that day added much to the litera-
ture of agriculture. We allude to Lord Kames, who wrote in an
easy and interesting style, and published a work known as the
" Gentleman Farmer." In it he discusses at 2;reat length the
question of oxen versus horses for beasts of draught and burden,
agriculturally considered, and finally winds up in favour of the
former, making out that in the course of twelve years the
difference of expense between the keep of a horse and an ox is
L.74, 4s., or an average of over L.G per year.

We now come to what may be called the era of improvements
and inventions in farm implements and machinery, when gniiu
winnowers superseded the use of through draughts in thatched
barns, or the " gentle breezes on fairy knowes ; " when the flail
gave place to the thrashing machine ; and the old-fashioned
" rippler of the ground" made way for the swing-])lough; but we
must forbear, lest our lengthening notes be thought tedious.

10 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE.

Suffice it to say, that within the present century, agriculture in
both Mid and West Lothian has advanced rapidly, in draining;
in the deep culture of the soil; in the extended use of machinery;
in the introduction and appliance of steam power to many of the
most laborious offices of the farm ; in the use of extraneous
feeding stuffs and artificial manures ; in the scientific knowledge
possessed by the leading farmers ; in a word, in almost every-
thing pertaining to the satisfaction of the proprietor, the
prosperity of the farmer, the happiness of the labourer, and the
welfare of the community at large, as meat and bread consumers.
'Not that during the past seventy odd years there have been no
depressions ; great lessons are seldom taught without a certain
amount of sacrifice on some one's part, and the agricultural
panics of the present century have doubtless driven many a help-
less, honest, and struggling farmer to the wall

Climate.

The climate of the two counties is materially modified by their
geographical position. Continually bathed on their northern
boundary by the waters of the estuary of the Forth, extremes of
heat and cold are for the most part prevented. The mean tem-
perature of winter is rarely very low : that of summer never very
high. This will be better understood by comparing the climate
of Edinburgh with those of Copenhagen and Moscow — places
nearly under the same parallel :—

Mean Annual
Temperature.

Mean Temperature
of Summer.

Mean Temperature
of Winter.

Edinburgh,

Copenhagen,

Moscow,

47-13

46-56
40-

5717

62-7

63-9

38-45

31-3

15-2

In winter, therefore, snow seldom continues long upon the ground,
except in the vicinity of the mountains, and frosts rarely lock up
the soil so as to retard its cultivation. Sometimes a few nights
characterised by more than ordinary severity damage the turnips
in the fields ; at other times the shaws retain their greenness
until the returning spring again awakens the plants into active
life. Cold east winds prevail in March and April, and impede
vegetation to a certain extent ; and night frosts, even so late as
the end of May or the early part of June, have been known to
blacken the potato-tops and leave their impress upon the young
clovers. As a rule, however, the fields and gardens exhibit a green
aspect early in the season, which shows that vegetation is not
much retarded by the unfavourable influences just mentioned.
Garden produce is brought into Edinburgh market earlier than
it can be procured in many parts of England 200 or 300 miles
further to the south, and the early strawberries grown in the
immediate neighbourhood are justly held in great repute for their

COUNTIES OF EDINBUKGH AND LINLITHGOW. 11

delicious flavour. Late in the year the agricultural landscape
often presents the varied and beauteous aspect of lingering sum-
mer, when many districts have been robbed of their charms and
swept bare by the surly blasts of chill [N'ovember. Within one
hundred years the climate has been much improved by the
drainage of wet moors and morasses ; and the "winds, which at
times sweep over the country, modified by judicious clumps of
trees or thriving belts of plantation. The summer heat is always
sufficient to impart a golden hue to the wheat crops, and enable
the farmer to ingather his cereals without, delay or difficulty, but
now and then a disastrous harvest occurs and does much injury
to the outstanding stooks. In 1872 the harvesting of grain was a
slow, troublesome, and expensive process, and considerable losses
were experienced by most arable farmers. The season alluded
to was, however, exceptional. As a further proof of the mildness
of a Lothian winter, we may note that early in January 1874,
Mr M'jSTab laid before the Botanical Society of Edinburgh no
less than 138 species of flowers in full bloom, culled from the
Eoyal Botanic Garden on Xew Year's Day. Of these 35 might,
he said, be considered as winter and spring flowers, while the re-
maining 103 might be looked upon as summer or autumn plants
still flowering. The rainfall is inconsiderable throuohout the
Lothians, but the annual average is much greater in Mid than
East Lothian. The average for nineteen years as shown at
Inveresk is 19*68. As we advance westward the rainfall is
greater, especially in the locality of the hills, where, oftentimes, a
shower is experienced when the weather is beautifully fine in
the low country. The annual mean rainfall in Edinburgh is
26 inches, but in the south and south-west districts it may be
computed at 30 to 40 inches.

Geological Formation and Soils.

The geological features are well varied, and thus form an
interesting]^ field of research for those who deliiiht in rock-
exploring pastimes. To describe these fully would take a much
larger space than we have at our disposal; nevertheless, as
the rocks are closely associated with the surface soils, and,
therefore, have a direct bearing upon the agriculture, a brief notice
of the leading characteristics may not be deemed ina])propriate.
An extensive coalfield, of which Dalkeith forms the centre, per-
vades a considerable portion of the Lothians, and has for ages
produced a large annual amount of this useful commodity for
fuel Extending through the whole of the south-east part of
Mid-Lothian are the Lammermuir Hills, which belong to the
Silurian formation, and consist almost entirely of f/neissic rocks.
The volcanic or igneous rocks are largely developed in this
county, much of the fertility of the soil being due to the exten-

12 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

sive lecls of these rocks which occur in the geological strata. The
hill called Arthur's Seat, near Edinburph, is thought to have
been the site of an old volcano, and the supposition is quite
borne out by the immediate surroundings. This is now, we be-
lieve, the theory generally accepted by experienced geologists.
Trom Edinburgh westvjard, the carboniferous strata prevail ex-
tensively, forming the beautifully undulating country as far as
Linlithgow on the western confines of West Lothian. Near this
ancient town there occurs a vast series of sandstone and shales
in frequent alternations. West Lothian is also rich in igneous
rocks, which geologists have divided into three kinds, viz., volcanic
ash or tufa, interspersed among the sandstone or shales ; beds
of greenstone ; and trap dykes. The latest geological formation
is known as drift, consisting of clay, sand, and gravel mixed with
boulders and scattered over the surface. The drift theory is
borne out by the grooves or markings which are found on the
surface of the underlying rocks. These run from north-west to
south-east, and were doubtless caused by the grating of boulders
and sand frozen in icebergs, which were drifted from the north-
west during the glacial periods. The fertile soils of the Lothians
may, therefore, have been brought, in part at least, from the
cold and barren shores of the Arctic Ocean, where the Green-
lander now yokes his faithful dog to the sledge, or the Esquimaux
passes the dreary winter in his rudely-built snow-hut. It will
thus be seen that the geological map requires to be used with
great care, for the character of a farm cannot be inferred from
the rocks upon which it lies. Notwithstanding this, it may be
said generally that the fertile soils of Mid and West Lothian
rest upon a rich geological basis, containing abundant supplies of
coal, limestone, and building-stone. The surface soil along the
coast varies much : sometimes in a limited area all classes, from
bad to best, may be fouud. Some of the hills are moorish and
mossy, others are covered with a thin clay, which, when well
managed, produces crops abundantly. In the valleys principally,
the most fertile subjects are to be found, while in the various river
basins are some deep patches of loam. The north and mid sections
of Edinburgh bear the palm in the quality of the soil, and have
for ages reared a race of farmers and labourers which will bear
favourable comparison with those of most districts in Great
Britain. In the south and south-east the land is to a large
extent pastoral, but for a long period, and especially in the past
twenty-five vears, the agriculturist has been encroaching on the
" woolly peoples' wide domain." As already stated, about one-
third of the entire county is now deemed as inaccessible to the
plough; and, indeed, persevering capitalists and enterprising
farmers may possibly yet reduce the proportion of unreclaimed
or mountain land considerably, by driving this implement over

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 1

o

laro-e beds of heath and barren pasture, which at one time were
thought irreclaimable.

The county of West Lothian, though fairly rich in its agricultural
capabilities, has nearly all varieties of soil. According to proxi-
mate calculations, about^ 20,000 acres are clay, either of carse kind
or otherwise of fine quality; 22,700 are clay, on a cold bottom
9500 are loam; 9500 are light gravel and sand; 14,000 are moor-
land and high rocky ground; 1500 are moss; and the remainder
is occupied by a few patches of peculiar soils, lakes, and rivers.
In Carriden parish the land is light and early, and is capable of
producing good crops. It is scarcely possible to give a general
character to the soils of Abercorn, so rapid and manifold are the
changes which it undergoes. Sandstone, whinstone, limestone,
and coal are extensively wrought, and add in no small degree to
the wealth of the district. A better and more uniform subject
prevails in Dalmeny, upon which thrive good crops of wheat,
potatoes, and turnips, as also the luxuriant and picturesque plan-
tations of the Earl of Eosebery. In the parish of Cramond there
is some good land, in a high state of cultivation. Heavy-cropping
soils are general throughout almost the entire parish of Dudcling-
ston. At the opening of last century it consisted of nothing but
an unreclaimed moor, growing little but scrubby heath and the
stunted juniper ; now there are few, if any, foul spots to stain the
agricultural picture. Eastward from the town of Linlithgow, a
broad band of strong clayey land overlies the carboniferous sys-
tem, and stretches to a considerable distance. It is fairly pro-
ductive when well farmed, but somewhat difficult to work, and
in ungenial seasons the crops are rather late. That portion of
West Lothian lying to the south-west of the town of Bathgate
has some good soil, but in the hilly districts it is much intermixed
with patches of heath and moor. In the parish of Torphichen is
also some wet moor tow^ards the west, but the land under the
plough is fertile and well cultivated. In this district the farming
is necessarily of a mixed character, being partly pastoral, partly
arable. In the Penicuik district, lying a few miles to the south
of the city of Edinburgh, the surface is chiefiy moorland, with
moss and mountain pasture, but much has been reclaimed in
twenty-live years. There is a considerable extent of w-ood in the
locality. Coal and other minerals are found, but are not worked
(3xtensively. The population is somewhat sparse and scattered.
Towards the south-east extremity of ]\ril-Lothian the land is hilly
and not very favourable f(jr tillage. The upper soil is only mode-
rately fertile. It rests upon gray wacke and clay slate. A con-
siderable breadth of land in the CJala water district is entirely
inaccessible to the plough, but the hills are covered with a short
succulent herbage, well adapted for sheep. Of late years the moors
have been much dried by the formation of sheep drains or open

14 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

cuts, particularly those portions where moss occurred. Large
beds of limestone are found in the parish of Borthwick, and the
land in general is of a hilly character. Some of the soil is thin
and moorish, but a great part is well cultivated. Coming back
more into the heart of the country, the surface around Dalkeith
is beautifully undulating, and the soil, though somewhat light
and patchy, rests upon a deep clay, and is highly adapted for the
growth of fruit and forest trees. Around Corstorphine village a
black loamy soil generally prevails, with traces of clay and sand.
This district is literally, and has not inaptly, been termed " the
garden of Edinburgh." The meadow ground in the vicinity is
largely composed of decayed vegetables, and yields abundantly.
Crichton parish possesses a fine, rich, deep soil, most of which is
accessible to the plough, and brings forth good crops annually.
The high lands are sheltered by belts of thriving plantation.
The Fala and Soutra districts, in the eastern division of Mid-
Lothian, contain some heath-clad hills covered with a thin gravelly
soil, as also some marshy grounds. Fala-Flow is a large moss,
extending to several hundreds of acres, from which a very large
quantity of peats is annually dug. Among the Pentland
and Lammermuir Hills are much moorland and moss, the farms
in the neighbourhood being either wholly pastoral, or more com-
monly partly pastoral and partly arable. In these notes upon
the soils of Edinburgh and Linlithgow, we might have given a
much more elaborate and detailed account of what the farmers
in each particular district have to work upon, but having fixed
upon certain localities, embracing as nearly as possible every
class of soil in the counties under consideration in order to illus-
trate our remarks, we think it is quite unnecessary to devote more
space to the subject. In a future part of the paper, where the
system of crop rotation pursued by several farmers is de-
scribed, more details of the soils and their capabilities are
brought under notice. We may, however, remark that, in general,
there are few impediments to the plough, except where the land
rises abruptly into mountain peaks of considerable altitude. Here
and there boulders are found in the soil within reach of modern
cultivation, but in the old reclaimed lands most of these have
been removed, and are doing good service either upon the roads
or in the drains. Very few of the soils are so thin as not to
admit of a good furrow being taken, while they generally, are of
great depth, particularly where thorough culture has been prac-
tised during several rotations. In many instances subsoiling
has been effectually carried out, thus affording a safeguard to the
crops in wet weather, by allowing the rain to pass off more readily
to the drains ; and also being beneficial in dry weather, as a well-
wrought subsoil is a retainer of moisture in the time of drought.'

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 15

notation of Cropping.

The rotation of cropping varies miicli in both counties, depend-
ing upon the quality of the land, climate, and so on. Since the
production of meat has become of paramount importance, there
is even greater variation in the methods pursued than in former
times, when corn and potato growing on a large scale were con-
sidered necessary in order to produce a satisfactory rent-roll.
In some of the best farmed districts, the ordinary six-course shift
still prevails, namely —

1. Oats.

2. Potatoes, with part Beans.

3. Wheat.

4. Turnips.

5. Barley.

6. Hay or Pasture.

This rapid succession of grain crops is naturally very trying to
the land, and in order to keep it in good order, the potato crop is
invariably manured heavily. Many farmers are now strong in
the belief that two years in pasture in the j)lace of one would be
preferable, as there would then be more grass in summer for stock.
As it is, there is very little land devoted to pasturage ; hence
both the cattle and sheep stocking of many holdings in summer
is reduced to a minimum quantity, while in winter it has to be
considerably increased on account of consuming straw and the
turnip crop. This importation of stock entails much risk from
the introduction of disease, particularly when pleuro and foot-
and-mouth are prevalent. As meat-making, rather than corn-
growing, is now, or at least ought to be, the chief object of the
farmer, it seems only reasonable to suppose that a larger extent
in grass and a less breadth in corn would bring in the most profit.
In some parts the rotation stands thus —

1. Oats. 4. Hay.

2. Potatoes and Turnips. 5. Pasture.

3. Barley or Wheat.

This five-course shift is very common in some parts of Linlith-
gow, and is found to answer well where a part of the stock is
reared upon the farm. Of course the breadth of potatoes grown
on such holdings is not large, so that the green crop break is
chiefly devoted to turnips for wintering cattle and sheep.
Another six-course shift is —

1. Oats.

4. Turnips.

2. Beans.

5. Barley.

3. Wheat.

G. Grass.

This is generally observed where the land is a strong clay, but
on those portions wliere the soil is fairly free, grass is taken two
years, making thus a seven-shift course. On a few holdings we
find the four-course adopted, but this is not general. Indeed,
glancing at the notes we took when making a tour through the
counties, we find no less than six or seven courees which are

16 ox THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

observed on different farms, so that a fall account of the various
rotations, and the reasons for their adoption given hy the farmers
Vv^ho practise them, would swell out this Eeport to an undesirable
length. We now proceed to notice each kind of crop in detail,
with the mode of preparation, cj^uantity of seed given, method of
harvesting, and other matters connected therewith.

Grain Crops.

The total area under cereals of all kinds in 1875 amounted to
38,816 acres in Edinburgh, and 18,154 in Linlithgow. Good
crops and line samples are usually produced, and the aim of the
farmer is generally directed to have the seed put down soon in
the season, for he knows that an early sowing season is often the
precursor of an early harvest, and this sometimes makes a differ-
ence between securing the grain well and only moderately well.
Great discussion has lately taken place as to the desirability of
the British farmer growing a much smaller area of grain than he
now does, and increasing the production of meat as much as pos-
sible ; and while this has been done to a certain extent as re^xards
wheat, we do not know that the Lothian farmer could, with ad-
vantage, reduce his oat or barley crop very materially, as straw
is needed for the winterage of cattle, bedding, &c. But this by
the way. Harvest usually commences in the early districts from
the be!_^innin£^ to the middle of Auojust, beinsj often a fortnig:ht
more backward in the hill country, where the climate is not so
favourable, and the soil, as a rule, is thinner and less fertile. If
anything, corn is cut before it is quite so ripe as it used to be
when operated upon by the sickle. Wheat, particularly, is said
to be finer in the sample when taken somewhat early, but, of
course, moderation ought to be exercised in this as in other mat-
ters, for if cut much too soon, the grain becomes shrivelled when
dry. Cutting is now mostly done by the reaping machine, although
on very small farms, and in exceptional cases upon larger, the
scythe is still used, and when the crops are laid or twisted, even
the antiquated sickle is yet occasionally resorted to. Now and
then we see small farmers work upon the reciprocity system,
several joining in the purchase of a reaping-machine, the labourers
moving from farm to farm as required. In most places, a few
extra harvest hands can be obtained from other branches of local
industry, and these, with the regular farm labourers, generally
succeed in taking off the crop in two or three weeks. From eight
to ten persons are recj^uired for each machine in addition to the
driver and the man who puts off the sheaves. The harvest
labourers work about ten hours per day, but sheafing is much
easier work than hand-reaping used to be. A machine will cut
about 6 to 8 acres in a day ; some a little more, others a little
less, according to weight of crop, whether it is favourable for

COUNTIES OF EDIXBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 17

cutting, and the dexterity of the people employed. Although
harvesters in general bewailed the introduction of reaping-
machines, which they declared took the bread from their mouths,
yet it cannot be denied, even by those sons of industry, that they
have been of great benefit to the farmer. In former times, when
the corn crops ripened in rapid sequence, or rather perhaps simul-
taneously, the utmost difficulty was experienced in getting them
cut before they were so ripe as to lose much grain by shedding.
More corn by far was also injured by exposure to weather, as
before the last parcels were cut and carried, the season was quite
advanced, stormy weather frequently set in, and the wind-up of
the harvest was rendered slow, tedious, and expensive. By the
use of machines two to three weeks of averagje weather should see
the grain all cut; in ten days more it ought to be carried. It is
a noticeable fact that, contemporary with the introduction of the
reaping-machine, the weather during harvest has become much
more fickle and less to be depended upon. Were harvest now,
as in days of yore, to continue eight or nine weeks, the chances
of securing the grain in anything like fair condition would be
considerably lessened. Kemp, Murray, and Xicholson's (Stirling),
with Jack & Sons' (Maybole) machines are most extensively used
in the Lothians. In Edinburgh, harvest hands are somewhat
high, owing to a gradual and growing scarcity of labourers, best
men being paid Ss. 9d. to 4s. 3d. per day, with food for a month
or sometimes longer. Women are paid 33. to Ss. 6d. per day, and
the ordinary farm hands have a month's meat in addition to their
regular wages. In tlie hill districts, rates are a little lower, as
the season is more advanced before harvest commences, and the
demand for extra hands is consequently not so great. The
cereal crop is carted with all despatch when it is once dry, as
the Lothian farmer never believes that his grain is safe until it
is under '' thack and rape." Round stacks are usually built and
dressed with as much care as if they had to stay for several years
rather than so many months. The wheat stacks that have to
stand over-year are mostly built upon pillars, to secure them from
vermin. Fires are not very common in the Lothians, but it is a
safe plan to insure the crop, as a spark from a cottage oi
passing train is sufficient to deprive the farmer of his whole
year's crop.

Wheat. — The counties were more noted for the production of
wheat a few years ago than they now are. Still, with less than
one-lialf of the land cultivated than in Ayr, Kdinl)urgh has a
similar area of this cereal ; but Haddington, with 20,000 acres
less land under cultivation, lias twice the acreafje. In Linlitlitrow
com])aratively little ground is sown with wheat — scarcely one-
thirtieth of the land under the plough. The annexed table sho.vs
the acreage in

B

18

ox THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

Year.

Edinburgh. Linlithgow.

1856,

11,628

4,643

1870,

5,935

2,495

1857,

10,037

3,737

1871,

6,582

2,569

1866,

6,241

2,582

1872,

6,217

2,622

1867,

5,951

2,059

1873,

5,265

1,641

1868,

6,814

2,816

J 874,

5,916

1,914

1869,

7,285

2,755

1875,

5,240

1,864

Year.

Edinburgh. Linlithgow.

A glance at the above shows that less than one-half of the area
of land is devoted to wheat than was twenty years ago. This
may partly be accounted for by the comparatively low market
price of this commodity with other productions of the farm, the
value of wheat being much affected by the importation from
foreign parts. For example, within the time named, butchers'
meat has been doubled, while value in wheat has remained
almost stationary. A very small proportion of the crop is
taken after naked or bare fallow, the area of which is year by
year becoming " small and beautifully less." Wheat is rarely
taken after grass, being almost invariably sown after roots or
beans. Farmers generally contrive to get as much seed in
as possible from the middle of October to the end of December,
but sometimes a little is left over till the spring. Both broad-
cast and drill sowing are practised. Where the land is clean the
former method is perhaps preferable, as the roots of the plants,
not being so confined as they are in the drills, tiller better. On
stiff clays, too, the broadcast system is to be recommended, but
on fine free-working soils drilling is preferable, as the crop is
more certain, there being less liability of the plants dying out in
winter, owing to want of firmness in the soil. Another point
crops up which is of manifest importance had we time to dwell
upon it — the best width between the drills. What this should
be is by no means decided, nor is it likely to be, because of the
varying circumstances of soil, locality, and climate ; yet we have
it on good authority that wide drilling almost compels clean
farming, as the hand and horse hoe have to be kept pretty regu-
larly at work in order to keep down the weeds. But close-
drilling also has its advocates, and when doctors differ, who can
decide ? For drilling at intervals of 8 inches, from 2 to 2-^-
bushels in autumn to 3 in spring are about the quantities used,
from 1^ to 2 pecks additional being allowed for broadcasting.
Before sowing, the wheat is steeped in a solution of blue vitriol,
at the rate of about 1^ lb. to each quarter of grain, as a remedy
against ball and smut. Many varieties of wheat are grown. Of
these we may mention Fenton, Hunter, and Shirreff's King
Richard, the latter of which is an excellent cropper. Chedham
and Trump are also cultivated to some extent. In the red
varieties, Square Head has attained to some celebrity, while
Spalding and Browick have their admirers. The estimated

COUNTIES OF EDINBUKGH AND LINLITHGOW.

19

average produce of wheat in Edinburgh is 31 bushels per acre
in the best districts, and 24 to 25 in the higher, although many-
crops exceed these figures by 12 or 15 bushels, and some by a
great deal more. In Linlithgow, 80 bushels is stated as the
average, but from 4|- to 51- quarters is often reached.

The usual weight of wheat may be set down approximately at
60 to 63 lbs. per bushel ; on good soils a little more, on poor thin
subjects something less. Weeding of cereals is not so much
attended to in the Lothians as it might be. It is, therefore, not
uncommon at certain times to see the fields yellow with the
flowers of the wild mustard; at others, red with those of the
poppy. Wild oats, too, are a serious source of annoyance in some
districts, while thistles spring up luxuriantly in soils favourable
to their growth. Top-dressing of wheat is practised here and
there. When fertilisers thus applied are mixed with potash
and common salt, the straw becomes much stiffer, and thus root-
falling and stem-rotting are, to a certain extent, prevented. In
adverse seasons the larvse of the crane-fly or daddy-long-legs
(Tipula oleracea) occasion much mischief to the roots of the
plants ; small insects sometimes attack the stem, while the ear
is now and then injured by the wheat midge.

BarlcT/. — In both Mid and West Lothian a comparatively large
area of barley is grown, being in each county almost one-eleventh
of the breadth under cropping. The acreage under barley
was in —

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow.

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow.

1856,

10,123

3,789

1870,

12,467

5,001

1857,

11,810

4,653

1871,

12,483

4,955

1866,

10,362

4,205

1872,

12,982

4,767

1867,

10,619

4,239

1873,

12,377

5,293

1868,

10,404

3,884

1874,

11,686

4,899

1869,

11,530

4,334

1875,

12,212

5,158

Of late years a slight increase is noticeable in the extent
under cultivation, but not nearly so much as in some counties.
The fluctuations in the statistics eifected by the growth of this
cereal in the past twenty years have been very trifling, although
prices have varied considerably. Compared with wheat, the
value of barley now stands relatively high; this is, without
doubt, one reason why the area under the latter is so well
maintained. On farms near the sea fine crops are annually
grown, as also on the lighter soils in the interior of the county.
Barley is generally taken after turnips. As the crop draws its
constituents from the soil very quickly, unlike wheat, which
takes them gradually, it is necessary to have the land manurially
rich, fur the plant sends out numerous roots which spread laterally
through the soil. Where the whole of the turnip crop has been
drawn, farm-yard, or artiflcial manures are substituted, but the

20

ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

barley crop is rarely as good as it is after the consumption of the
turnips upon the land. The condition of the " bed" in the time
of seeding is of primary importance. The best state of the soil
is a friable one, so much so that when sowing the seed, in the
language of the old adage, " the dust should rise above the har-
rows." Still there should be,, at the same time, a sufficiency of
moisture in order to germinate the grain and give the plants a
start. With these conditions of soil, early sowing answers best,
for it is usually productive of the largest bulk of straw and the
heaviest grain yield. Both broadcast and drill sowing are prac-
tised. While there are undoubtedly great advantages to be
derived from the former, which in some respects suits the habits
of the plants very well, the great difficulty is to secure that
uniformity of depth which alone gives, or at all events gives
best, the uniformity in the sample so desirable in the barley crop.
If sown broadcast, about 12 pecks per acre are allowed; if by
drill, 8 to 9 are considered sufficient. On account of its produc-
tiveness and the preference shown to it by maltsters. Chevalier
still seems to be the favourite variety, but on high-lying farms
much common barley is also grown, i^nnat and Golden Drop
also have their patrons, but these descriptions do not yield so
well as Chevalier. Moreover, where the soil is manurially rich,
the latter is least liable to lodge, and when it does fall it is not
at all subject to send out lateral germs or shoots. Full crops
yield bQ to 60 bushels per acre, but this quantity is not often
reached. A fair return for Edinburgh may be stated at 42 to
48 bushels per acre, and 40 to 46 in Linlithgow. The weight of
best samples reaches 56 or even 57 lbs. per bushel, but a good
average may be estimated at 54 or 55 lbs.

Oats. — The oat crop in Edinburgh covers a similar area to
that occupied by the same crop in Argyll and Moray, Linlithgow
having about half the extent. The acreage was in —

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow.

Year.

Edinhiu-gh.

Linlithgow.

1856,

23,181

12,520

1870,

22,157

10,542

1857,

22,029

11,990

.1871,

22,013

10,374

1866,

22,866

11,224

1872,

21,158

10,576

1867,

21,804

11,249

1873,

21,720

10,302

1868,

22,010

11,255

1874,

21,514

9,728

1869,

21,979

10,503

1875,

20,809

10,101

It appears from these statistics that the land devoted to the
oat crop in both counties has decreased somewhat in twenty
years, but has varied very little in the past ten years. It is
almost the invariable practice to take oats after lea, the excep-
tion being here and there a patch of potatoes which are taken
from the lea furrow, or on the high farms a crop of oats taken
after roots. Some farmers plough their land early ; others leave
ituntil after the stubble has been turned over. Early ploughing,

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. • 21

to the depth of 6 or 8 inches, generally gives the best results, as
the turf is deep enough, and has sufficient time to decay, and act
as a fertiliser to the young plants. The surface, too, becomes
mellowed by the winter frosts and rains, and a good seed-bed is
ensured. The condition of the soil for the oat plant is a deep
and well-stirred one, the subsoil being free from stagnant moisture.
In habits of growth, oats resemble wheat more than barley, inas-
much as the roots, or rootlets, push themselves vertically into
the soil rather than laterally near the surface. In the matter of
sowing, a part is done with the drill, but it is not always either
convenient or expedient to do so. A saving of seed is effected,
and where hand-hoeing is practised, it is undoubtedly the best
plan. Sown broadcast, about 2^ to 3 bushels of seed per acre
are used ; often a great deal more. Indeed, it is a fault that
the Scotch farmers have of scattering far too much oats upon
the ground. When the seed-time is favourable, and the seed
good, the mistake of thick sowing is manifest. Many fields
are one-fourth too thickly planted. Four bushels sown by hand,
and 2 or 3 by the machine, must be considered as ample. On
the early holdings, seeding commences with the advent of ]\Iarch,
but towards the hills it is well on to the end of the month, and
now and then into April before the crop is entirely got in. Two
double turns with the harrows generally suffice to cover the seed,
but of late farmers have shown a preference in finishing with the
chain harrow. Several varieties of oats are fjrown in both
counties. The popular sorts seem to be the Potato, Sandy,
Hopetoun, Longfellow, Tartarian, Gray, and Early Angus. On
deep soils, manurially rich, the Potato yields well, while upon
moderately-conditioned lands the Sandy is a very suitable variety.
The Black Tartarian is a prolific cropper when sown upon a deep
rich soil, often yielding as much as 7 to 9 quarters j^er acre,
weighing 35 to 38 or even 40 lbs. per bushel. A fairly good crop
of Potato oats in Edinburgh may be stated at 45 to 50 bushels ;
in Linlithgow, 40 to 45 bushels. Certainly these figures are often
exceeded, while in many cases they are not reached, so that
stating an average yield is at best only a hazardous conjecture.
The weight per bushel varies from 40 to 43 lbs., or about 41 lbs.
on the average. No cereals benefit more from top-dressing than
oats, but since the more extensive use of extraneous feeding stutls
lor stock, less top-dressing has been required and given. When
found necessary, a mixture, consisting of l^cwt. of guano with 1
cwt. of nitrate of soda and 1 cwt. of common salt, has a most salu-
tary effect on the crop, particularly if a])]»lied in showery weather.
Moreover, the salt acts, to a certain extent, as a specilic against
gnib and other insect jjests, so that its virtues fur agricultural
purposes can hardly be over-estimated.

Beans. — A very small breadth is annually devoted to beans.

22 • ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

In 1866 it was 802 acres in Mid-Lotliian, but bv 1875 the
area had been reduced to 467 acres. In Linlithgow, for the
same years, the acreage was 1029 and 1026 — a very small
difference in ten years. In the latter county the crop is some-
times a very good one, the returns being ample and satisfactory.
A firm consolidated soil is best for the bean crop, the tilth being
such that the plants can send their rootlets a long way down into
it. If lime is not present, it is generally added, as it is an
essential element in the constitution of the bean crop. Both the
drill and broadcast systems of sowing are common, but the former
mostly prevails, and is undoubtedly the best. A width of from
16 to 24 inches between the drills allows of the plants being
thoroughly cleaned, and is therefore considered the most conve-
nient. The bean crop reaches from 32 to 36 bushels per acre on
the average : when these figures are exceeded, the return is
thought good.

Rije and Peas. — ^Very little land is occupied by these crops
in either county, being confined to a few acres in small patches.
As the produce affects the agriculture in a trifling degree, it would
be a waste of time to enter into details of quantities and methods
of cultivation. We may note, however, that in 1875 there were
in both counties 52 acres of rye and 41 of peas in the aggregate.

Hay and Grass.

Within the past ten years a much larger breadth has been
annually devoted to sown grasses. The acreage was in —

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow.

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow

1866,

26,907

11,519

1871,

29,369

13,163

1867,

27,967

11,975

1872,

29,464

13,555

1868,

28,295

12,114

1873,

30,670

14,095

1869,

25,241

10,463

1874,

32,045

16,325

1870,

30,982

14,471

1875,

33,139

17,477

The grass seeds are generally sown along with the barley
crop, which is the last in the rotation ; now and then this plan
is deviated from, but seldom. When barley has been put
down early, the grass seeds are sown after it has brairded, be-
cause, if they are put in at the same time, they get too
profuse by harvest time, and cause great difficulty in securing
the drying of the sheaves for the stack. In a favourable season,
sowing commences by the middle of April. The seed is now
almost universally deposited by a drill, 16 to 18 feet wide, and
covered in either by a very light stroke of the harrows or by a
turn with the roller. The latter plan is mainly adopted, and is
to be recommended, because the nearer small seeds are to the
surface the better. Throughout both counties farmers hold
various opinions as to the quantity of seeds requisite tD produce
a full and close sole of grass. Mr Anderson, of Norton Mains,

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 23

SOWS 10 lbs. of mixed clovers with IJ bushel of ryegrass — one-
half home grown, that is British, and one-half foreign. This
quantity is found to answer well upon his farm. Mr AYilson,
Lochend House, Linlithgow, sows 8 to 10 lbs. of mixed clovers
with 5 or 6 j)ecks of perennial ryegrass. Both quantities are
often exceeded on other farms. A good mixture for pasture land is
8 lbs. white clover, 5 or 6 lbs. of red, 2 lbs. of alsyke, with 6 pecks
of mixed ryegrass. A little cowgrass and trefoil added will be
an improvement. For hay, 10 lbs. of red clover, 4 lbs. of white,
2 lbs. of alsyke, 3 pecks of perennial ryegrass, and 3 pecks of
Italian is a mixture which is found to answer well. Farmers
have discovered that in the matter of seedim^ with grasses it is a
wise maxim to err on the safe side, and so secure a thickly-set
sole or sward. We made several inquiries as to clover sickness;
it is experienced in some cases, and is undoubtedly owing to
want of potash.* A good dressing would be highly beneficial to
many of the soils. In Edinburgh, about two-thirds of the grasses
under rotation are made into hay or cut green for cattle ; the
remainder is grazed by stock. In the neighbourhood of the city,
a considerable quantity is annually cut and consumed in the city
byres and stables. A large area is let every year for the purpose
at high rates. This year (1876), clovers and artificial grasses for
cutting made L.19 to L.20 per acre, but in times of scarcity we
have heard of L.30 beinf;^ reached. In Linlithcjow about three-
fifths of the entire crop is made into hay. There is a very small
acreage of permanent meadow-land reserved for this purpose,
amounting only to 1300 acres in Edinburgh and 718 in Linlithgow.
Towards the end of June, or as soon as most of the flowers are in
bloom, cutting of the grasses for the hay crop commences. This
is now almost entirely done by the mowing machine, although
the scythe is still employed' on small holdings or where the crops
are much weather beaten. When seed is not intended to be
taken, early cutting is deemed most desirable, as the farmers are
fully alive to the fact that the hay is more valuable, and the after-
crop heavier. The best time to harvest clover is a little before
the period of full blossom ; if allowed to stand longer the stalks
partake too much of the woody fibre ; if taken before, the juices
are not properly formed. But the time of cutting seems to be
much better understood than the making of the hay after it is
•cut, for although the Lothian farmers are abreast of those in
many other parts of Scotland in the matter of hay-making,
nevertheless, almost all of them allow the grass to lie too long iu
the swathe. A day or two is sufficient, with careful manage-
ment, to get it ready for large cock, after which it is better to

"* We may here remark that a friind of ours applies kainit or potash salts
where the land was formerly clover-siek ; now ho raises splendid crops of clovers
which are never thrown out iu the winter mouths, as they were before pota.sh was
used.

24 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

cart it to the stacks at once than to cole it in the fields, because
this system entails great waste. In hay-making the Scotch
farmers might advantageously take a lesson from their English
brethren, who delight in having their hay green, crisp, and aro-
matic. To make a good article, it should be done quickly, so
that the juices may all be retained. In order to secure a full
aftermath, some leading farmers are now in the habit of top-
dressing with a light application of nitrate of soda and dissolved
bones ; others use 2 cwt. of Peruvian guano. A mixture of
Peruvian guano, nitrate, and common salt in equal proportions,
and applied at the rate of 3 to 4 cwt. per acre, has been tried with
good results. In the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, the foggage,
so forced, is sometimes cut for stall feeding, and in a dripping
season the yield is large. The permanent land devoted to the
production of hay has been vastly imj^roved in recent years by
draining and surface dressing with compost, but there are many
portions susceptible of still further improvement. Unless full
compensation be made, the scythe is the greatest robber that
comes upon a farm. As a rule, the land which is grazed the
second year carries a fair head of stock, but grazing on a large
scale has not yet drifted in to be one of the branches of farm
management observed by the Lothian occupier.

Any report on grasses produced in the county of Mid-Lothian
would be incomplete without a brief notice of the sewage farm-
ing carried on at Edinburgh, by which as much as L.4o per acre
has been realised from what was originally the poorest of soil.
The extent of these forced meadows is at present about 400 acres,
and it is gradually increasing. The whole is irrigated with the
sewage of Edinburgh, and as it is free of charge, and there is little
expense connected with it, through the elevation whence the
fluid manurial ingredient comes beihg some 300 feet above, the
farming is very profitable.

At Craigentinny, between Edinburgh and the sea, are the most
extensive meadows in Scotland, being about 200 acres, all of which
have been under regular irrigation with sewage for upwards of
thirty years. A large variety of seeds was put in at the outset, the
principal being Italian rye-grass. Most of the sown grasses have
disappeared long ago, but in their jAucq has gradually sprung up
abundance of natural grasses, which now form a close thick sole.
The produce is sold each year, chiefly to cow-keepers, at L.16 to
L.28 per acre, and one year the price reached L.44. The crop is
cut five times in the season, from the beginning of April to the end
of October. The annual proceeds of the farm, which is in the
hands of Mr Christie, the owner, amount to between L.3000 and
L.4000, the expenditure being merely the wages paid to two men
for keeping the ditches in proper order. The gross produce per
acre is estimated at 50 to 70 tons.

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW.

25

A little nearer the city are the Lochend meadows, tenanted
by Mr Scott, Duddingston. They have been laid out on the
ditch system, which involves a little more expense, but still they
pay well. In all, they extend to about 80 acres, most of which
is in grass, but on an arable plot of 12 acres, potatoes are some-
times grown, the land being sown with Italian rye-grass after
their removal, which comes in for cutting before winter. The
second crop brings about L.5 per acre. The permanent grass has
averaged during nine spring sales L.27, 12s. per acre ; prices
ranging from L.20 to L.45, according to crop and demand.

At Dairy, on the west, Mr Thomson has about 70 acres under
sewage irrigation. These meadows have been in grass for
at least half a century, and possess a thick well-set swaid. The
sewage has ample natural fall, and involves little expense. The
produce is disposed of in a similar manner to that on the farms
already described.

At Grange, on the south, a plot consisting of 16 acres gets the
drainage of a small section of the city. Altogether, the sewage
irrigation of Edinburgh has been a great success, the produce
being worth at least L.6000 per annum. This is, as already
stated, principally grass, which is mostly consumed by the 2000
dairy cattle estimated to be in the district. Much has been said
uud written anent the suitability of sew^age grass for dairy cattle,
and while we do not intend here to enter into the pros and cons
which have from time to time been advanced, we may remark
that the cow-feeders of Edinburgh acknowledge it to be a valu-
able milk-producing commodity, and that they can get no other
feeding stuff to compare w^ith it for the same amount of cash,
notwithstanding the high prices they have to pay per acre.

Green Crops.

Turnips. — About one-tenth of the cultivated area of Edin-
burgh and one-fifteenth of Linlithgow are annually under tur-
nips. This is a much higher percentage than the turnip area
occupies in many counties, but vastly inferior to Aberdeen and
some other im^^ortant cattle-feeding districts. The extent was in —

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow.

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow

1856,

14,517

5,142

1870,

13,853

4,645

1857,

15,274

5,24f)

1871, ■

13,513

4,763

1866,

13,62:j

5,226

1872,

13,759

4,510

1867,

13,660

5,262

1873,

13,943

4,486

1868,

13,859

5,141

1874,

13,287

4,408

1869,

13,983

4,782

1875,

13,022

4,417

In both Mid and West Lothian there has been a gradual reduc-
tion in the area during the i)ast twenty years, though not to any
appreciable extent. On all tlie soils where turnip culture is
suitable, it is still considered the mainstay of arable and mixed

26 ON THE AGKICULTUllE OF THE

farming, providing, as it does, such a large amount of winter food
for stock, and its consumption being so valuable a manurial
agency for corn. Where autumn cultivation is observed, the
land is ploughed with a deep furrow of eight to ten inches as
soon as possible in the fall. It is then allowed to lie till the fol-
lowing spring, when it is well grubbed, spring ploughing being
rarely practised. A few years ago, as many as two furrows were
given in spring, but this mode of culture has been almost aban-
doned, inasmuch as it not only entails more labour, but is posi-
tively mischievous in its eifects, for the rainfall being moderate,
the soil becomes dry and hard, so that a fine tilth is difficult to
obtain, and there is a lack of moisture to promote the germina-
tion of the seed. Two or three good grubbings generally suffice,
the last being generally made in the direction of the drills.
Mr Davidson, Walton, approves of autumn cultivation, and he
rarely ploughs in the spring. Mr Anderson, Norton Mains,
also thinks that autumn ploughing and spring grubbing answer
best. Mr Melvin, Bennington, ploughs in autumn, taking a deep
furrow, and grubs in spring, obtaining a fine tilth. Mr Inch,
Liberton West Mains, has grubbed regularly in spring for thirty
years, going over the land once, twice, or thrice, as may be found
necessary. The practice never fails with him, as he gets his land
into good order and retains all the moisture in the soil. Another
successful agriculturist, Mr Dickson, Saughton Mains, also pre-
fers spring grubbing, as he gets a finer mould and a better braird
of plants. We have brought forward these examples in order
to show the general esteem in which spring grubbing is held
by many of the successful farmers in the Lothians. Mr Mylne,
Niddrie Mains, on the other hand, advocates spring ploughing
for turnips, but he works well up to the plough with the harrow
and crusher, so as to retain the moisture. Drills are generally
made 27 inches in width with a double-mould plough. Where
farm-yard manure is used, it is forked into the stitches, if not
previously applied to the stubble in autumn, and the drills split
to cover it in. From 2 to 3 cwt. of portable manures is also
allowed to give the plants a start at the outset. Where artificial
manures are used alone, about 8 cwts. of mixed guano and phos-
phates are generally given in the proportion of 6 of the former
to 2 of the latter. Of late years, farmers have seen the neces-
sity of sowing a larger proportion of swedes than formerly, as
they keep so much better than the softer varieties during a
severe winter. The sowincj of swedes commences in the second
week of May, weather permitting, and is finished before the end
of the month, the white and hybrid descriptions being sown im-
mediately after, and the whole crop being got in, if possible,
before midsummer. Occasionally, the turnip beetle — Haltica
nemorum — proves very destructive when the plants are in the

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 27

cotyledonous stage, and, as a safeguard, a liea\^ seeding is given,
from 3 to Sh, or even 4 lbs. per acre being the usual quantity-
sown. Many farmers, however, consider that 2 J lbs. of fresh
home-grown seed is quite sufficient. And here we may note that
selection of seed is, or ought to be, a very important matter with
the grower. Having faith in the adage that " like begets like,"
he should satisfy himself, not only that his seed is descended
from a healthy and trustworthy stock, but also that the bulbs
from which it was produced had been carefully selected and trans-
planted. Seed grown from a miscellaneous crop of bulbs can
never be so good as that produced from those which have been
selected for their shape, size, and general qualities, because roots
of all kinds are liable to deteriorate, unless much care be exer-
cised in their propagation. The varieties of swedes grown are
Skirviug's, East Lothian, and purple-top ; of common turnips, the
white globe, greystone, yellow bullock, and Fosterton hybrid.
In singling, the roots are left 10 to 12 inches apart, as a rule,
although we have seen many fields where the plants were much
nearer, scarcely exceeding 6 or 7 inches. Singlers, unless well
looked after, are apt to leave the plants too close together, as few
of them can realise the size of a well-develojDed turnip when they
see it onlv in its infant stashes. Still, creat care is often exer-
cised in the singling, in order that no two plants may be left in
close contact, as the growth of both is then abnormal. Hand-
hoeing and weeding, with stitch-harrowing and grubbing, are
vigorously prosecuted, with the view of keeping down weeds and
stirring the soil, so as to allow the air to permeate it until the
plants close in the drills and entirely preclude further operations.
We may mention that a few farmers have latterly tried the top-
dressing of turnips with a mixture of superphosphate and nitrate
of soda applied broadcast immediately after singling. This is
found to have a beneficial effect upon the plants, and the prac-
tice is worthy of being more generally adopted. About 16 to 18
tons of swedes, and 22 to 23 tons of common turnips per acre, may
be put down as a good average return from first-class land, but the
average of both counties on all classes of soil will probably not
over-reach IG to 17 tons. The proper storing of turnips is not so
well attended to as it might be, neither in the Lothians nor in
many other districts of Scotland. Too often they are carted
from the fields during the winter as they are required, and in
the event of a snow storm occurring or a hard frost setting in,
there is a great waste experienced in this " hand to mouth " sys-
tem. l>y the latter part of October, or, say up to the middle of
November, the roots should be topped and tailed, and carted to
the homestetul, or in some way protected from the winter storms.
When carted, the roots should be free from frost or rime, or their
keeping qualities will be impaired. There are several methods

28 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

of storing turnips observed. The old-fashioned plan of putting
in longitudinal heaps and thatching with straw has in many in-
stances been superseded by what we think is a better method —
that of storing in square heaps, having a uniform depth of three
feet These heaps are finally covered with straw, and the bulbs
keep admirably, the rain running through without doing any
harm. Another plan is to cart the roots to a piece of clean lea,
and set them closely together upon the turf, the tops serving for
a protection. Where it is intended to consume the crop by sheep
upon the land during spring-time, turnips are sometimes put in
heaps as most convenient, and covered with straw and earth ; or
four rows are thrown into a drill, and a deep furrow drawn up
each side, the soil being laid close to the roots. In consuming
the turnip crop, the farmer has to consider two points — ^the
making of the straw at home into manure, and the enriching of
the land for the future wheat or barley crop. In order to pro-
vide for both these important matters, four drills are usually
drawn off to consume with the straw in the cattle folds, the re-
maining four being eaten upon the land by sheep. This practice
leaves the soil in high manurial condition, especially if a little
cake has been allowed with the turnips. Some farmers let theu'
roots for consumption, the rate per week for aged sheep being
6d. less or more, according to supply and demand. One penny
per day is reckoned a very good price : if the crop is hea^y, it
ensures a remunerative return. When let for cattle, the general
rate is 4s. or 5s. per week, or about L.8 to L.9 per acre. Should
the purchaser desire to consume cake along with the turnips, of
course the farmer gets the benefit in the improved manure ; for this
cake he gives an equivalent in money at the rate of L.2 to L. 3 per
ton. The city dairymen buy a considerable quantity of turnips
from the farmers near Edinburgh, for which they pay heavy prices.
Potatoes. — In each of the counties under consideration the
potato crop covers about half the extent that is allotted to tur-
nips, so that the apportionment of the green crop, with trifiing
exceptions, is one-third potatoes, two-thirds turnips. Edinburgh
stands in the eleventh position as regards other counties, while
Linlithgow, owing to its limited area, holds an inferior position.
The breadth was in —

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlitligow.

Year.

Eflinburgh.

Linlithgo-w

1856,

6,668

2,044

1870,

7,427

2,523

1857,

5,801

1,666

1871,

7,939

2,626

1866,

6.358

2,076

1872,

7,473

2,661

1867,

6,475

2,216

1873,

6,072

2,088

1868,

6,988

2,307

1874,

6,638

2,290

1869,

7,580

2,461

1875,

6,476

2,311

The extent of land under potatoes remains much the same
as it was twenty years ago. The soil and climate are generally
favourable to the growth of this esculent, and a good yield

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 29

is the rule. But the crop hardly pays so well as formerly,
owing to the demand for Scotch potatoes not being so keen
in the London markets. Sales are, therefore, scarcely so easy
to make, while prices are less than they were twenty years
ago. Potatoes form the second crop in the rotation, occupying
a portion of the oat stubble, which is almost always manured
in the autumn. A few farmers, however, adhere to the drill-
manuring system, inasmuch as they maintain that the crop is
larger. Though we are ready to admit this, yet it cannot be
denied that autumn manurinf^ mves sounder tubers and better
quality, while the labour in spring is reduced to a minimum.
Where fall manuring is practised, as soon after harvest as is con-
venient, the land apportioned to this crop is divided by furrows
drawn at a distance of 18 feet apart, in order that the manure
may be regularly and evenly laid on. The quantity per acre
varies, but it is well known that it is poor economy to give less
than experience has proved necessary to the production of a full
crop. From 20 to 25 tons is reckoned a good dressing, but even
this quantity is, in some cases, much exceeded. For example, in
the present season (1876), we saw a fine thirty-acre field of
potatoes upon the farm of Mr Anderson, Norton Mains, which
had been dressed with 1250 tons of well-made farm-yard manure,
or between 42 and 43 tons per acre, allowance being made for
hedges and headlands. Besides this, the crop was dressed with
4 cwt. of guano, at a cost of 10s. per cwt., one-half being ajDplied
at the tmie of planting, the remainder as a top-dressing. The pota -
toes were taken after grass, but the practice is not general. After
the land has been manured in autumn, it is ploughed with a deep
furrow, and where free from weeds little more is needed in the
spring than a few stripes with the grubber and going over two or
three times with the harrow. Sometimes potatoes are grown
solely with portable manures, chiefly guano and dissolved bones ;
in such cases, 16 to 18 cwts. are given, at a cost of L.8 or L.9 per
acre. After the land has got into a nice surface tilth, it is throvrn
into drills about 27 inclies wide. The artificial manures are then
applied and the potatoes planted. Ten inches is a common
width between the setts, but a few growers prefer twelve ; others,
fourteen for the late descriptions. Dalmaho3\s and lied-bogs are
the chief croppers in the early varieties, Kegents and Kocks in
the late ones. Recently, Jiiiitoul Dons and Victorias have been
tried to some extent, while the old Orkney red, once so common,
has almost entirely been su})i)lanted, A wide opinion exists as
to the l)est kind of setts to use. Some advocate those cut from
large tubers ; others prefer medium-sized potatoes planted entire,
a small slice having previously been cut from the rose-end. Too
many eyes in the seed are guarded against as much as possible,
as they cause the haulms or shaws to be weak and the produce

30 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

small in size. Tlie seed tubers are not cut long before they are
wanted, inasmuch as the germinating powers are liable to be
either impaired or entirely destroyed, by this procedure. A few
weeks after planting, the drills are harrowed down to check the
first or spring braird of weeds. When the potatoes are sulfi-
ciently through, a good hoeing is given, and between the drills
the grubber and stitch-harrow are used as required. Previous to
the final earthing up, which should always, if possible, be done
when the soil is damp, many top-dress with 3 cwts. of artificial
manure sown broadcast, which acts very beneficially in the for-
mation of tubers. It will thus be seen that, independently of
rent of land, cost of seed, working, and other incidental expenses,
the potato crop is a very expensive one. In-purchased farm-
yard manure costs about 8s. 6d. per ton, and before it can be
laid on, generally entails Is. 6d. more for carriage, thus bring-
ing the price up to 10s. on application. A dressing of 20 tons
at 10s., costs L.IO ; 4 cwt. of artificial at 10s., L.2 ; and, say 2
cwt. for top-dressing, L.l ; making an aggregate manurial
expenditure of L.13. This is only a low estimate, yet a very
high figure. Still, as liberal manuring is essential to heavy
cropping, there is no economy in limiting the supplies. Con-
siderable losses are sometimes experienced from the crops being
attacked by the malady which thirty years ago first created
such wide-spread consternation throughout the British Islands.
A fine crop in bygone times usually realised L.30 per acre when
sold to dealers, but of late the prices have been much reduced.
Ordinary value now rarely exceeds L.20 to L.2 5 per acre, some-
times less, so that, taking the risk of the crop and the expenses
attending its culture into consideration, there is not a wide margin
left for profit. An extra crop, however, still occasionally realises
L.30 and upwards. A large proportion of the tubers grown in
both Edinburgh and Linlithgow are sold to dealers who reside in
Dunbar. The crop is lifted solely at the buyer's expense, the
farmer furnishing the horse work only. These dealers carry on
an extensive trade, some of them buying as far as L.20,000 worth
in a single season. Lifting commences with the Dalmahoys about
the beginning of July, or sometimes in the latter part of June.
These are sent off to Edinburgh and other towns in baskets,
w^here they command a good price. A few farmers pit all their
later varieties in preference to selling to dealers, consigning to
London or disposing of as best they can throughout the winter
and spring. In October the general crop is lifted and stored, the
whole being finished before Martinmas. The raising of the
tubers entails a heavy expenditure. One pmctice is to throw
them out with a plough specially constructed; another is
to raise by the digger, but this implement is not yet in general
use; while, perhaps, the most satisfactory method adopted is

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITIIGOAV. 31

hand-digging. The potatoes are stored in pits, thatched with
straw, and covered with nine inches to one foot of soil. From
7 to 8 tons per acre is thought a good crop, hut the prolific
varieties occasionally reach 9 tons. The tubers are sorted into
three divisions, the largest size being for the table, the second for
seed, and the smallest for stock or the starch manufactories.
Large quantities of seed are sent to England, the change from
the Lothians being a good one; while the seed required in turn is
purchased every year, or every alternate year at furthest, from
Perth, Lanark, and the adjoining counties, the aim being to
obtain them from a later to an earlier and better district.

Other Green Croids. — In Mid-Lothian, 657 acres of cabbage and
968 of vetches were grown in 1875. These form a valuable food
for dairy stock, as both crops come in at seasons when other
substances are scarce. Seventeen acres of mangolds and 53
of carrots were also raised. The latter are sometimes used for
horses, but a large portion of them goes to the Edinburgh green
market. In the same year, Linlithgow had 307 acres under
vetches, 72 under cabbages, 18 under mangold, and 1 under carrots.

Live Stock.

Cattle. — There are comparatively few cattle bred in Mid-
Lothian, but a larger proportion in Linlithgow, although breed-
ing is carried on not nearly so extensively as in many counties
of Scotland. In Aberdeen, Berwick, Caithness, Moray, and
Kincardine, for example, one-half of the entire number of cattle
collected by the Board of Trade are under two years of age,
while in Edinburgh only one-fourth, and in Linlithgow one-
third, are under two years; and were the statistics collected at
Christmas in place of midsummer, the proportion would still be
much smaller. Breeding is chiefly carried on upon farms remote
from the large towns, and on the uj^land lioldiugs, where nearly
all kinds of farming are now and then observed by one tenant.
(Jften the calves from the large dairies are purchased by hill far-
luers, reared, and sold off fat. Feeding cattle are generally good
crosses bought in at the autumn fairs, and disposed of during the
next summer. The farmers near Edinburgh have u^reat facilities for
the disposal of dairy produce, hence the dairying interest receives
a lartre amount of attention. The number of cattle was in —

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlitligow.

Year.

E»linl)urgh.

Linlithgow

1866,

13,013

8,02!>

1871,

17,633

11,563

1867,

15,3sl)

10,443

1872,

19,001

11.635

1868,

16,031

10,762

1873,

18,465

11,922

1869,

15,783

10,181

1874,

18,404

12,033

1870,

15,299

10,77(»

1875,

19,004

11,543

There has been a large increase in the num])er of cattle kept
within ten years, amounting to nearly 50 per cent, in Edinburgh,

32 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

and very little less in Linlithgow. This has heen brought about
principally by the low rate at which grain has been selling, and
the improved price of butchers' meat, combining to make the
farmer change his system of management. The reduction in the
area of wheat land has therefore seen a corresponding increase in
the head of cattle kept — a noticeable feature in almost every
part of the kingdom.

Breeding and Bearing of CoMle. — The total number of young
cattle in Edinburgh in 1875 was 5412 ; in Linlithgow, 3851.
These include all cattle under two years old, so that the number
of calves annually reared cannot be large. They are generally
born in spring, although in the vicinity of the dairies there is a
fair proportion dropped in the fall of the year, the cows being
destined to fill the ranks of the cattle which have become dry,
and are put up for feeding. Spring calves get the mother's
milk for a month at the commencement ; they are then put upon
skim milk, to which is added a little gruel, or, in some cases,
artificial food. Different systems prevail in the after-manage-
ment. Some prefer to turn the calves upon the pastures, giving
them skim milk twice a day ; others keep them under cover,
and allow them grass or tares. We noticed that where it
is the custom to drive milk to the towns, the calves were in
poor condition, the immediate money retui-n being most in
favour. However desirable, therefore, it is in some respects that
dairy farmers should rear their own cattle, this is one disadvan-
tage of the system, for if the calf-flesh is lost, the animals are
liable to be stunted in after-life. Winter calves get new milk
for a month or six weeks ; they are then put upon skim milk or
gruel. In addition to this, they have sliced turnips as soon as
they can eat them, with a little hay. Cooked food is seldom
given, the majority of farmers having a decided objection to it,
but several have great faith in pulped roots. The method of
rearing differs so little from that pursued in other counties that
we have little to add on this point, but, by way of illustration,
may give the practice of two or three farmers in the breeding
districts. Mr Meikle, Seafield, Bathgate, who owns one of the
best pure-bred Ayrshire stocks in Scotland, rears 20 to 30 calves
annually, giving them warm milk from the cow for a month,
after which they are run upon the pastures, and are fed with
skim milk and artificial food. Mr James Mackay, West Craigs,
raises 20 cross shorthorn and Ayrshire calves, giving new milk
for a month or five weeks, and afterwards skim milk. These
crosses he keeps two and a half years, selling off fat from
October to Christmas. Mr Archibald M'Vicar, Woodend, Tor-
phichen, brings up 15 to 20 calves to consume the milk from a
dairy of 12 to 15 cows. This is principally a hill farm, on
which blackfaced sheep are kept. In the city and adjacent

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 33

byres some of the calves are fed off for tlie butcher with all
despatch, and sold as veal ; others, as already stated, are sold to
the upland farmers, either to rear as dairy cattle or to fatten for
the shambles.

Cattle Feeding. — The majority of lowland farmers graze only a
iQ\Y cattle in summer, but in winter feed many more. The
Board of Trade returns afford no information as to numbers, as
the bulk of the feeding cattle are purchased in during autumn,
and sold off before the returns are collected in the following year.
The beasts for fattening consist largely of strong shorthorn crosses
from the southern counties of Scotland and the north of England,
with here and there a sprinkling of Irish. These crosses are tvv'o
to three years old when bought in, and are sold off as they be-
come ready during the winter and spring months, the whole
being cleared out by June. It is not uncommon for the in-
buying price to be doubled, while there is generally a sufficient
margin to fully remunerate the feeder. Sometimes good crosses are
kept over-year and finished off by the following Christmas, when
they make heavy weights. This system is, however, far from
common. The food given to fattening animals is turnips, straw,
cake, and corn, with or without a little hay. Eoots are not given «fZ
llh'itum as in some counties, only a sufficient quantity being allowed
to keep the animal in a healthy, thriving condition. Crushed oats
and rye are used in a few instances, so are refuse potatoes, when
the crop is lifted by the owner. Mr Ford, Hardeugreen, one
of the best feeders in Mid-Lothian, uses hay, cake, and crushed
grain. These substances he finds to answer well, and his cross-
breds thrive admirably upon such generous fare. He has tried
the experiment of running a few crosses upon rough pastures in
the winter, allowing- nothincc but what thev gather for them-
selves, and yet they make fair progress. Of course, they require
a little better diet at the finish, but it is well bestowed. Mr
Dickson, Saughton Mains, is also a noted feeder. In addition
to straw and turnips, his cattle are liberally supplied with ex-
traneous food, and are consequently sent off ripe before they
have been long in his hands. Mr George Davidson, Walton,
is one of the most noted feeders in AVest Lothian. He purchases
either the best Irish or Westmorland cattle in the fall of the
year, when the turnip crop is ready for use. A sufficient quan-
tity of roots is allowed, to prevent the animals from requiring
water, with a daily allowance of 3 lbs. of linseed cake. In addi-
tion to this, they get a feed of the following mixture once or
twice a day : — Crushed cotton cake, grains, light wheat, beans,
oats, light barley, and cut straw — or hay, when cheap — damped
a few hours before use. On this fare they make good headway,
and are quite healthy. Those which are ripe go ofl' to market
by the end of the year, when the stalls they occupy are filled

c

34 ox THE AGllICULTUEE OF THE

by a few clioice cattle drawn from the ordinary winter stock.
The remnants are sold in spring and early summer, the whole
being cleared out by June. The last consignments in the 'sum-
mer of 1876 realised L.35 each. Last year (1875), Mr Davidson
tried an experiment with some pasture land purposely left rough
in the autumn. He purchased a cheap lot of West Highland
stirks at the Falkirk October Tryst for L.6, 5s. per head. They
throve amazingly, and with a little help in the spring, made con-
siderably over Ij.20 each. The courts at Walton are all covered
in, Mr Davidson having little faith in open sheds for feeding
purposes. " Loss of heat is loss of meat," he rightly considers, to
say nothing of the superior quality of the manure which is made
under cover. Mr Davidson also grazes a few stirks upon the
pastures, winters them, and feeds off in the following sum-
mer. Mr Peter Wilson, Broomieknowes, who has a mixed
farm consisting of arable land and hill pasture, grazes cattle
upon the hill in summer, and finishes them in the courts upon
turnips, straw, and corn or cake in winter. So long as straw
commands 4d. to 6d. per stone, Mr Wm. W. Anderson, Norton
Mains, Mid-Lothian, thinks it profitable to sell it, and purchase
an equivalent in town manure from Edinburgh or Glasgow.
AVhen the straw falls short of that price, he buys in cattle to
consume it along with the turnips. Mr John Fortune, Inglis-
ton feeds cattle in the open courts in summer with cut grass.
This system makes good manure, and brings in a return of about
L.10 per acre.

The dairymen in the district lying in and around Edinburgh
change their cattle as a rule every year, sometimes oftener. The
animals are purchased either on the eve of calving, or soon after
the calves are dropped, and are hard fed and milked for eight or
ten months, when, by a gradual change in the character of the food,
the cows become dry, and are soon good beef. Thus they briug
in sometimss as much, and occasionally more than first cost. In
other cases they lose a little, and this is more common since the
great advance in the price of newly-calved cattle, or those close
on profit. In the more remote dairy localities, cattle are milked
for one, two, or three seasons, so that there is not so much beef
produced as where there is more pressure brought to bear upon
the management. Milk being the primary object of the Edin-
burgh dairyman, he caters for it in every way, using substances
in the forcing which would soon ruin the constitution of the cow.
It is therefore to his interest to change his stock often, even if a
little loss be experienced. We may here note that of late
years large lots of foreign cows in calf are readily bought by city
dairymen, at prices ranging from L.7 to L.15 each. These, as a
rule, milk v/ell, and are less risk to the owner, owing to their
small cost ; while, when fat, they frequently make L.3 to L.5

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 35

a-piece over inlaid price. We have said that Ayrshires and short-
horns sometimes lose a little, so that the dairyman is now drift-
ing into the stocking which requires less capital, and is more
sure of maintaining or exceeding its original value. Some of the
foreign stock make very nice beef, and are readily picked up
by butchers if their age is not too great

Dairying. — Of the 19,004 cattle returned by the farmers of
Edinburgh, 9614 come under the head of cows and heifers in
milk. Besides these, there are about 1800 to 2000 milch cattle
in the town and suburbs of Edinburoh, making* a total of between
11,000 and 12,000 coming under the dairy interest. In Lin-
lithgow, 3541 of the 11,543 may be classed as dairy stock,
making a total for the two counties of about 15,000 head. In
Mid-Lothian dairying has increased much in recent years. In
the city of Edinburgh it has fallen off slightly, but has been
fully compensated for by the extra number of stock kept, spe-
cially in the country, to su^Dply the requirements of the town.
Previous to the rinderpest year, the number of dairy cattle in
Edinburgh was stated at 2100 or 2200; but the grievous plague
claimed many as its victims, and the original quantity was never
again fully made up. The Cattle Sheds Act, too, reduced the
numbers to some extent. This insured a regular inspection of
the byres, and a report as to whether they were properly con-
structed, had good sanitary regulations, and were well kept in
general. Many were condemned, and the country thus came in
for a larger share of the town's business. Had the town's cattle
increased with the requirements of the population in place
of falling off, they would now have, doubtless, numbered close
upon 4000. Most of the produce of these cattle is sold as sweet
milk. There are also dairies in the suburbs constructed on much
the same principle as those in the city. In summer the
cows are fed upon grass obtained from the irrigation meadows,
together with brewers' grains, bran, and meal ; in winter, they have
hay, cut turnips, grains, beanmeal, and straw. Both feeding and
milking take place three times a-day, except when the cows are
being put dry. Besides the foreign cattle already mentioned, the
breed consists of Ayrshires and crosses. It is computed that
about one-half of the milk retpiired in Edinburgh is obtained
from the city dairies ; the remainder is driven from the country,
or, in some instances, where far distant, sent by rail. Amongst
those whu keep shorthorn crosses for dairying purposes, may be
menti(jned Mr Stenhouse, South Gyle, Corstorphine, who bus
about GO cows ; Mr Thomas Myliie, Niddrie Plains, who hus 50
cows; Mr James Hope, Duddingston, whose byres contain over
70 dairy cattle; and Mrs Mure, Mid-Kinleith, who has 40,
more or less. The 50 cows at the large dairy of ^loruingside,
Egypt, owned by Mr Bcgbie, also belong, with a few exceptions,

36 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

to the cross breeds. On many of the large dairy farms pure Ayr-
shires are kept. Mr James Fleming, Coates, Penicuik, has, off
and on, 50 of this favourite breed ; the Duke of Buccleuch has
20 at Dalkeith Park; Mr Ainslie, Hillend, has 40 to 50; Mr
Walter Kidd, about 50 at Balleny ; and Mr Eobertson, Harlaw,
Currie, has between 30 and 40 of his own rearing. Mr Meikle,
Seafield, keeps pure Ayrshires, his herd, for dairy purposes, num-
bering about 40 ; Mr Mackay, West Craigs, has 20 of the same
breed, and Mr M' Vicar, Woodend, 15 to 20. The three last
named stocks being in Linlithgow, the owners do not send
their milk into Edinburgh, but find an ofigate in another way.
Mr Meikle has sent his churned milk to Newcastle for seven-
teen or eig^hteen vears. The Penicuik and Currie districts in Mid-
Lothian are both well adapted for dairy stock ; and when sweet
milk began to be scarce in Edinburgh, during the time of rinder-
pest, several farmers commenced driving their milk to the town, '
and have done so ever since. The method of feeding varies mucli
according to the kind of cows kept, the district to which the
dairy belongs, and other circumstances. On a dairy-farm in the
Penicuik district, the cows are kept upon the pastures in summer,
and get a feed of draff twice a-day ; in winter they have boiled
turnips mixed with feeding meals and draff twice a-day, raw
turnips twice, with hay and straw each once in the day. The
cost of the food is calculated at 12s. per week. Upon another
farm, the cattle get cut vetches and meal in summer, besides
liberty upon a good pasture ; and in winter have turnips three
times a-day, and hay or straw twice. Cost of maintenance,
exclusive of attendance, 12s. to 13s. in winter ; in summer, 7s. to
7s. 6d. In the parish of Torphichen, Linlithgow, a farmer who
drives milk, feeds on turnips, meal, draff, and hay in winter, at a
cost of 10s. to lis., and estimates the summer-keep at L.7 for
twenty weeks. Another farmer in the parish of Linlithgow, who
feeds in much the same way, calculates lis. to 12s. as a fair aver-
age all the year round. His cows for this, return three tofourgallons
of milk daily throughout the season. On a farm in the Cuirie
district, the cows are grazed in summer, and have a feed of cut
grass at night ; in the winter they get turnips, draff, meal, cake,
and straw. Estimated cost, 14s. per week. The instances quoted
.scarcely give a fair criterion of the cost of keeping a cow, as the
owners, having most of the food in their own hands, do not esti-
mate everything at full price. The city dairies show a much larger
expenditure. At Morningside the cows average about 18s. per
head. Mr Honey man. Dairy, gives 19s. to 21s. as the probable
cost. Mr Mylne, Niddrie Mains, gives 17s. 6d., and some others
estimate L.I. This may be a little over the mark, but where
cows are kept in the stalls all the year, the expense is undoubt-
edly heavy.

OT

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 37

We received various estimates as to the quantity of milk an
average cow would produce. Some of the best, in the height of the
season, give six gallons daily for a long time, while five is common.
A srood averasje for a dairv, throuohout the season, is about four
gallons ; this is seldom exceeded, and not often reached ; three
and a-half gallons will be about the most correct figure to put
down approximately. We have heard it stated at three gallons,
but this, we are convinced, after making numerous inquiries, is
too little. The selling price is lid. per gallon, so that a cow
which holds out at three and a-half gallons per day will biing
in 24s. IJd. per week. There are, however, many incidental
expenses, not calculated in the returns, which bring up the cost
of keep so near that of amount realised by produce, that there is
a very small balance kept for profit. There is sometimes an off-
set in the difference between the buying-in and selling-out price
of cattle, especially where the milk is much forced.

Shorthorns. — There is comparatively little fancy breeding
carried on in either county. The shorthorn mania has probably
not reached this district ; if so, it has at least gained very little
ground. Still there are two very nice herds of shorthorns, one at
Dalkeith House, the property of the Duke of Buccleuch, and the
other at Halkerston, the owner being Mr Currie. They are both
well descended, and are carefully managed, fresh strains of blood
being introduced from time to time from herds of repute. The
commercial stocks of the counties, generally, may be classed
under the head of Avrshirs and shorthorn crosses, with a fair
proportion of Dutch in the city dairies.

Sheep Farming.

As a sheep-producing county, J\Iid-Lothian is the fourteenth
in Scotland ; while West Lotliian stands very low, two coun-
ties only, namely, Clackmannan and Xairn, returning a smaller
number. Lut as we remarked of cattle, so we may say of
sheep, that if the returns were made earlier in the season, the
present figures would be much exceeded. Many of the tur-
nip sheep upon the lowlands have been disposed of, and the new
stocks are not laid in v/hen the returns are made. The majority
of the sheep accredited to the counties are therefore breeding
Hocks. On account of the rise in the price of meat during recent
years and the stagnation in the grain trade, more attention has
lieen paid to sheep-breeding, rearing and feeding. The number
of sheep was in —

Year. PMinbur^h. Linlitlif^'ow.

18G6, 113,479 23,070

18(>7, 153,704 28,720

18G8, IT) 7,330 23,050

18G0, 157,1(14 1G,882

1870, 15G,282 15,GG4

Year fMinbnrgli, Linlithgow.

1871, 103,387 16,848

1872, 1G2,4I)2 lf),534

1873, 17U,:jo1 22.0M

1874, 171,008 22,(;:)2

1875, 172,5)82 20,501

38 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

Tlie numbers have increased very mucli in Mid-Lothian in ten
years, 59,503 more being returned in 1875 than in 1866. West
Lothian has receded in ten years, but has gained ground since
1870, when only 15,664 were returned. The greatest increase in
Edinburgh w^as in the year 1867, but the figures have since
been steadily becoming larger. The formation of the Lothian
Eam Society, a few years ago, gave an impetus to breeding, which
has had a salutary effect, not only in tlie numbers reared, but in
the quality of the stock as well Several breeds are to be found
in the counties. Of course the blackfaces chiefly occupy the
hills ; there are likewise large flocks of Cheviots ; while half and
three-parts bred sheep occupy the low grounds. In Mid-Lothian
a few Cotswolds and Shropshires are reared, as well as several
notable flocks of Border Leicesters. Foremost among the owners
of blackfaced in this county are Mr Archibald, Overshiels ; Mr
Aitken, Listonshiels ; Mr Murray, Eastside ; Mr Meh'ose, West-
loch, and Mr Gray, Harper-rigg. The Cheviot breeders are Mrs
Moffat, Kinleith ; Mr Stevenson, Mount-Lothian ; Mr Penman,
Bonally, and Mr Plenderleith, Moorfoot The Border Leicester
breeders are the Duke of Buccleuch ; Earl of Morton ; Mr Mel-
vin, Bennington ; Mr Eord, Hardengreen ; and Mr Ainslie,
Hillend.

Blackfaces. — Although the Cheviot breed is preferred in some
parts, there is still a lingering attachment to the old blackfaced
type in others. This hardy breed has for ages occupied the hills
of Scotland, and great improvement in its appearance has in late
years been effected. The race is extremely hardy, and consequently
of great value upon exposed hills and mountain sheep walks.
With slight variations, the lambing season occurs from the
middle of April to the 20th of May. Twin lambs are exceptional,
and as the ewes are excellent milkers, the progeny soon become
strong and vigorous. A certain proportion of the gimmers
fill up the place of the ewes which are drafted off at five
or six years old and sold to English farmers, who take a
crop of half-bred lambs from them, and then sell off fat. The
wether lambs are mainly sold in the Lanark and Sanquhar
markets, at prices ranging all the way from 12s. to 24s. per
head, to non-breeders, who keep them till three years of age,
and then dispose of them to the southern markets to fatten on
turnips. Mr Archibald has one of the finest flocks of blackfaces
to be seen in the country. The lambs are dropped on the hill
farms of Overshiels and ATidcrosswood, where they are weaned
early in August. The tups are then put upon a good pasture
until the autumn, when they are fed on turnips and hay until
March. Those intended for sale are forced forward with cake
and beans until the time for disposal. The ewes and gimmers
are fed on grass and turnips. Clipping takes place about the

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AXD LINLITHGOW. 39

10th of July, and regular dipping constitutes a part of the suc-
cessful management. The cast ewes are sold into England at
six years of age. Tups from this flock realise as far as L.55;
generally making as far as L.13 to L.lo per head on the
average when disposed of at the Lothian Eam Sales. Mr
Aitken, Listonshiels, has had a fine flock of blackfaces for
over twenty years. The sheep are summered on the high
parts of the farm and wintered on the lower pastures. No
food is given except a little hay in case of a snowstorm oc-
curring. Last year (1875) 40 rams from the flock averaged
L.9, 6s. 4Jd., the highest price being L.3G. Mr Gray, Harper-
rigg has had blackfaced sheep ov^er twenty years. No hand-
feeding is practised. The fiock numbers 500, the ewes being
kept until five crops of ]ambs are taken, and are then re-
placed by gimmers. Mr Currie has established a nice flock of
blackfaced sheep at Yorkston, in the Gorebridge district. Ha)'
is the only extra food given, and that only in a snowstorm. Mr
Archibald M' Vicar, Woodend, Linlithgow, keeps 500 to 600
blackfaced ewes, and breeds cross lambs chiefly by Leicestei-
tups. lu most respects the management is similar to that of
many of the Mid-Lothian breeders. Of AVest Lothian, generally,
we may say, that few blackfaced flocks are kept from which rams
are bred for the Lothian Ram Sales ; indeed, a great many farmers
breed crosses only for feeding purposes, except perhaps a few
pure-breds to fiU the places of the draft ewes.

Cheviots. — In many parts of Scotland the Cheviot race has
supplanted the blackfaces. This type occupies in part the high-
land and in part the lowland country; Cheviots may, therefore
be described as an intermediate race between the small, fell, or
hill descriptions and the larger animals of the plains. They
pasture on the hill in smnmer, and are brought down into the
fields in winter and kept on foggage or old pasture. This breed
is" the most hardy of all the whitefaced varieties. The original
race, which cropped the herbage of the Cheviot Hills (whence
they derive their name), are described as having been small in
size, light in bone, and poor in wool, but having a hardy consti-
tution. Their heads and legs exhibited, for the most part, a slight
tinge of brown. Altogether, the breed bore little resemblance to
the finely proportioned animaly which represent the type of the
present day. About 100 years ago the race of improvement
began, and for at least three-quarters of a century the Cheviot
has been gradually encroaching on the domain of the blackface,
from its origimd home on the Cheviot Hills as fur north as John
o'Groats, within a stone's cast of which we have seen a s])lendid
flock of this type feeding. Jn the counties under notice this has
also been going on to a certuiu extent; what the proportions of
each breed now are is a question dillicult to answer. The man-

40 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

agement of Cheviots, with trifling exceptions, is everywhere much
the same. In some cases the ho^jo-ets are never weaned ; in others,
they are separated from their mothers for a few days only, and then
put back to them. Ewes seldom have lambs until they are two years
old, and are sold off, as in the case of blackfaces, at five or six to bear
a crop of half-breds in England. Shearing of the Cheviot flocks
takes place in July, the weight and quality of the fleece depend-
ing much upon the pasture, thus verifying the old adage v\diich
states that "the wool goes in at the mouth." Mr Stevenson,
Blount Lothian, has a liock of 400 Cheviot ewes. In the sum-
mer they feed upon the hill pastures, and in winter have a few
turnips. Several rams are annually bred and disposed of at the
Lothian Eam Sales, where they always realise good prices. Mr
Penman, Bonally, owns a very old established Hock of Cheviots,
dating back upwards of forty years. On the 1st of April the
lambing gimmers are taken from the hill to the grass parks.
After lambing the ewes and their progeny are sent back to the
hills for the summer. Clipping takes place early in July, and
dipping in September and again in January. Eitchie's dip is
now generally preferred. Eams are sold at the annual sales
and bring good prices. Mr Pienderleith has bred Cheviots at
Moorfoot for a quarter of a century. The stock is mostly kept
to the hill pastures, a little hay being given when required.
Eams from this fold bring as far as L.20 at they early sales.
Perhaps the best and largest flock of Cheviots in Mid-Lothian
belongs to Mrs Moffat, Easter Kinleith, Currie. About the
1st of March the gimmers in lamb and the weaker end of
the ewes are put on hay and turnips until the lambing season.
This gives them strength, and the dams have a good supply
of milk, while the lambs are healthy and sprightly. "Wean-
ing takes place in July, about 40 or 50 of the best male
lambs being kept for rams. The highest price ever reached was
L.78, but L.30, L.40, and L.oO are common figures.

Border Ldcesters. — This celebrated breed of sheep, w^hich is
said to have been introduced into the Border counties by Messrs
Cully upwards of a century ago, has several admirers in the
Lothians. Much discussion — and even dissension — has been
provoked of late anent the qualities of the Border Leicester, but
it is not within the pale of this report to enter into the merits
and demerits of the breed; we therefore pass these points over with
the remark, that whatever faults may be adduced, some of the
flocks we have seen not only seem to thrive and do well, but
also leave a handsome profit in the hands of the breeder and
rearer. The Border Leicester has the reputation of producing-
a larger quantity of mutton and wool than almost any other
breed. The flesh they produce is, however, somewhat coarse in
grain and tallowy in the fat. In the most noted flocks the male

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 4L

lambs are kept for tups, and disposed of at the annual sales at
Edinburgh. Some of the rams thus dispersed go to improve exist-
ing flocks of the same breed in various parts of the country, while
others are used for crossing Cheviots or blackfaced ewes. The
crosses from blackfaces attain a considerable size by the time
they are two years old, and are much esteemed for their line
([uality of flesh. The Cheviot crosses, too, although a little slower,
have fine quality, and arrive at a large size with longer keep.
Where half-bred ewes are kept and crossed with pure-bred tups,
the j^rogeny arrive rapidly at maturity, and produce a large
amount of wool and meat. By way of illustrating the manage-
ment of the Border Leicester breed, we may briefly notice the
system adopted by the Duke of Buccleuch at JJalkeith Park.
The flock of breeding numbers 140 to loO, and has been in
existence twenty years. The ewes occupy the lighter land in
summer and in winter have a few turnips. The lambing time
begins in March. In winter the ram lambs get a little cake and
liay, while the ewe hoggs get the best of the parks. The flock
has achieved many honours in show-yards, and is held in great
repute. Mr Ainslie, Hillend, has a nice fold of Border Lei-
cesters, and one of half-breds as w^ell. The former numbers
about 120. The diet is moderate, as the ewes get too fat when
it is liberal. Mr Pord, Hardengreen, has a standing flock of
irom five to eight score. Nothing but grass is given to the ewes
in summer, but after the new year they get a few turnips. The
tups get cake and corn, those intended for sale or the show-yard
receiving a more liberal allowance. The rams realise high prices
at the Edinburgh sales ; last year (1875), the average for 45 was
over L.9. There are several other folds of note in the district,
the management of which we have not space to detail.

Cross Breeds. — As already stated, crosses are numerous. By
these the bulk of the turnip crop not required for cattle is con-
sumed. The practice is to draw every four alternate stitches,
leaving the other four to be eaten off* by sheep. In this way the
soil is enriched for the succeeding white crop, a greater breadth
of land getting the benefit of the sheeps' droppings. IMany far-
mers cart the turnips to a lea field, and there cut them for the
sheep, but a large breadth is still, however, consumed where they
grow. A great many sheep are in this way annually fed off,
being purchased in during the autumn sales and going o(f as they
are ready for the market. Some of the lots leave as much as
Is. per week for their keej), but when 7d. to 8d. per week is-
reached the grower is commonly satisfied. ]\rany farmers now
allow a little cake or corn along with the roots, which forces the
.sheep forward, and more money is commanded in the makut.
Others feed on turnips, ^^i^r ct simple, with i)crhaps a little hay or
straw in case oC a hard frost. The numbers of sheep in both

42 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

counties will be swelled out in the winter season at least 40 to
50 per cent, by these commercial or flying stocks ; in spring they
again sink to their ordinary level.

Horses.

The number of agricultur?d horses in Mid-Lothian is small
compared with the aggregate in some counties of similar size.
Linlithgow has about one-half the number. The large county of
Aberdeen contains six times as many as the former; twelve
times as many as the latter. The numbers were in —

Year.

Edinburgli.

Linlithgow,

Year.

Edinburgh.

Linlithgow

1869,

4679

2174

1872,

4433

1984

1870,

3989

1961

1874,

4000

2039

1871,

4126

1977

1875.

4079

2077

There has been a decrease in" both counties within the past
seven years, but not to any large extent. A few farmers, we
have already noticed, are introducing two years' grass in place
of one ; this makes some difference in the number required, and
others are going into steam cultivation, which also to some ex-
tent tends to decrease the quantity required. Of the 4079 returned
in Edinburgh, only 705 are unbroken, so that very few are reared
in the county. Linlithgow, with a total of 2077, contains 559
unbroken animals, as breeding is carried on a little more exten-
sively. The work horses as a rule are of a good stamp. Most
of them are either pure Clydesdales, or have been largely mixed
with Clydesdale blood. A few farmers in the west of Linlithgow
breed excellent types, the best of the produce bringing as far as
L.80 to L.90, and now and then one over L.100. We may here
mention the name of Mr James Mackay, who is well known in
local show-yards as being a successful prize-taker. The horses
he rears always bring high prices. Mr Orr, The Hill, also
breeds some splendid Clydesdales, for which he has taken honours
in Linlithorow and Batho-ate. Great care is bestowed in both
feeding and grooming, the diet varying at different periods of the
year, according to the work they have to do. When' the spring
pressure is on, the farm horses are fed upon hay, oats, and beans,
with now and then a w^arm mash. Occasionally, a few potatoes
are given, as well as carrots or swedes. The horsemen, in
general, seem to take great pleasure in having the animals under
their care in good condition, while the harness is clean and well
kept. In the towns, particularly in Edinburgh, there are many
horses in addition to those accounted for in the Board of Trade
Eeturns. These consist of various breeds for drawing drays, cabs,
'buses, and tram-cars, with a few used for riding and driving by
business men and private families. The number of horses required
by the Edinburgh Street Tramway's Company varies from 470

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 43

to 490, according to the traffic. The present rate of feeding

wliich keeps tliem in capital condition, is on an average per

diem —

Cut hay, 10 lbs.

/ Bruised oats, 3 lbs.

beans, 2 lbs.

maize, 12 lbs.

5)

Pigs.

In neither county is pig-breeding or pig-feeding carried on to
any considerable extent. In Edinburgh the number in 1866 was
9609 ; in 1875, it was 5191, thus showing a decrease of 4418 in
nine years. In 1866, Linlithgow contained 3166 ; in 1875, the
number had fallen to 1978, being a decrease of 1188 in nine
years. While the porcine tribe have gone back much of late in
point of numbers, great improvement is noticeable in the quality.
This has been effected by the introduction of boars from other
parts, and by the superior attention paid to the housing and
general management. A few pigs are commonly kept upon every
farm to consume the offal from the kitchen and the wash from
the dairy A little meal is given to finish them, but they
are at other times kept at very little expense. Many cot-
tagers still have the privilege of keeping a pig, and when once
fattened, forms no inconsiderable item in the year's stock of
provisions.

Dogs and Poultry.

AMiere sheep exist in large numbers, especially upon the hills,
a well-trained dog is invaluable, so that in the south and south-
west parts of the counties several well-bred collies are kept.
The instinct and sagacity of the shepherd's dog have often been
commented on. The old habit of calling the dogs after the name
of a river is still in full force, but whether the shepherds yet
believe that this will prevent the animals fi'om going mad, we
cannot say. However, " Tweed," " Yarrow," and other kindred
names seem to be as common as they were before the whistle of
the locomotive was heard in the Scottish valleys.

Poultry are kept on almost every farm to peck up the " odds
and ends." Close to Edinburgh, they are on some farms kept
on a large scale, as there is always good demand for the eggs.
Some of the housewives are therefore able to show a favourable
balance sheet, but the i)oultry undoubtedly consume much food
which never tinds its way to the exi)enditure side of the cash-
book. The varieties are numerous, including Dorkiuijrs, Jhahmas.
and the old-fiushi(jned game breed. Crosses between the two
former are reckoned the best table birds. A few geese and
(lucks are also reared, and here and there fancy birds, iis peacocks
and guinea fowls, are to be seen.

44 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

Improvement in Tvxnfjj-five Years.

Altliougli for more than half a century the farming practised
in the Lothians has been of a superior kind, it must not be in-
ferred that no improvements have recently been made. The
area of land reclaimed within the past twenty-five years has
not, as already stated, been so large as in some counties, simply
because there was less for the proprietor or the farmer to accom-
plish. Still, in the hill districts, whole tracts have been brought
under the plough and made to yield abundantly, which previously
produced only a scanty subsistence for sheep. In the Gala
^Yater district, in Mid-Lothian, almost the whole face of the
country has been changed within the limit of this Report — since
the railway passed through the locality. Half and three-parts
bred sheep have superseded the native breeds fn a great measure,
and are thus adding much to the wealth of this part of the
country. A large breadth of land in and around the parish of
Currie, has also been improved, particularly the sheep pastures
which have been drained and top-dressed. The plough has like-
wise been encroaching on the mountain heath. By draining
liming, and breaking up, Mr Walter Kidd has recently raised
the farm of Balleny to a high state of productiveness, a report
of which has already appeared in the Society's Transactions. Mr
Eobertson, Harlaw, has drained and limed a vast extent, ihQ
latter costing as much in some cases as L.6 per acre. Mr Gray,
Harper-rigg, has limed a large area of sheep pasture, and also
drained where required. In the Penicuik locality much land
now under cropjoing was waste fifty years ago, a considerable
breadth having been gone over within twenty-five years.
For the most part, the owners provided the outlay-capital ; the
tenants performing, and paying interest for money invested. Mr
lleming, Coates, has brought 150 acres of bog into good arable
land within twenty years. On many farms the area of ploughing
land has been increased: on some extensively, as Coates, Mount
Lothian, Walston, and Mirefield, with several others. A few
miles south of Edinburgh, a large proportion of the soil was in
its natural and barren state less than thirty years ago, and was
almost wholly depastured by blackfaced sheep. It has since
been improved by draining, fencing, liming, and breaking up. A
superior class of stocking is kept, the land producing oats, tur-
nips, and grass abundantly. Lime is plentiful and is liberally
applied. In West Lothian, too, the race of improvement has
for some time been going on, especially in the hill districts. In
the parish of Linlithgow, Mr Wilson has added to his extent of
cropping at Lochend by taking out rough fences and reclaiming
waste patches, while the land has been drained and otherwise
improved. Mr George Davidson, Walton, has drained much.

COUNTIES OF EDIXBUEGH AXD LIXLITHGOW. 45

and enriched all his soil by the consumption of cake and the
liberal use of manures. Mr Wilson has effected great improve-
ment at Eiccarton, by draining and top-dressing; and a similar
statement may be made anent the farms of AVest Craigs, "Wood-
end, and Hilderstone in the south-west of the county. Mr
Meikle, Seatield, has drained almost all his farm within the
currency of the present lease, the landlord finding the tiles and
the tenant paying for the cutting. In short, on nearly every
farm in both counties, improvements, more or less, have been
effected within the past quarter of a century. The reclamation
of land has necessarily been attended with great expense in
fencing. In some instances, dry stone walls have been built ;
in others, wire fencing has been substituted. Clumps of trees
have also been planted with good effect, thus affording shelter for
stock and enhancing the beauty of the out-stretching landscape.

Another noticeable improvement is in the deeper cultivation
of the land already under the plough. The farmers, as a rule,
manure with no sparing hand, and of late years, in addition to the
large amount of artificial manures used, an enormous quantity of
extraneous food for stock has also been purchased. The Con-
sumption of feeding cakes and other substances upon pasture is
one of the best methods of enriching the soil, especially cotton
cake, which has a higher manurial value than any other commo-
dity in the market.

The Highland Society, with many Local Agricultural Societies,
have been of "reat usefulness in the advancement of ai^riculture.
The annual shows connected with these serve as a healthy im-
petus to farmers in the improvement of their stock, and perhaps
in no other branch of husbandry has so much progress been made
as in the breeding and quality of sheep. Much credit is due to
the promoters of the Lothian Eam Sales in this matter, as the
annual dispersion of so large a quantity of well-bred rams must
have a wholesome influence upon the breed in the districts where
their several lots are cast. Farmers' Clubs have also done some
.service, inasmuch as members are enabled to discuss questions
and interchange ideas, by which tlie intelligent mind will rarely
fail to profit in some degree.

In both counties, the farm implemen s in use are of tlie first
order. Nearly the whole of the grain is threslied out by steam
machines, tlie chimney-stalk forming a conspicuous landmark
on almost every large holding. There are still on the smaller
farms a few machines driven by horses or water-power, and oc-
casionally the monotonous tap-tap of the barnman's Hail may yet
be heard. ^Mowers, reapers, tedders, hay-rakes, in fact, all kind>'
of labour-saving machines, are now in almost every farmer's pos-
session ; while single and drill-])loughs, iron harrows, seed-drills,
and various other improved implements, render the working of

46 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

the soil comparatively easy to what it was twenty-five years ago.
Even the hay and manure forks are better constructed and lighter
than those formerly used, and the old ones have been laid aside
with the scythe and sickle of bygone days.

The Farm Labourer,

The position of the farm labourer will bear favourable com-
parison with most other parts. On the principal farms there
is a sufficiency of cottage accommodation, which has a beneficial
influence on the character of the labourer both in a social and
moral aspect. Wages generally are high, having advanced very
much in twenty-five, and even in ten years. Notwithstanding
these advantages, there has of late been a growing scarcity of
labourers, as inducements to go to other sorts of work have
been strong in this part of the country. When the rate of wages
at the collieries rose so rapidly two or three years ago, many of
the most able hands bade farewell to the plough and shouldered
the pick. Good pay and short hours — the thought of having
more time to themselves — proved to be irresistible temptations,
and they succeeded in attracting the best men from the farms to
the great centres of other local industries. We often heard, when
paying the farmers a visit, the complaint that " good men are now^
exceedingly scarce." Wages have gone up fully 50 per cent,
in twenty-hve years: 40 per cent, in ten years, and L.10 per
annum in five years.

In the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, regular farm-servants get
L.85 or L.36 in money, 6 J bolls of oatmeal, 4 bolls of potatoes,
coals driven, one month's meat in harvest, and a cottage and
garden. Total, about L.52 or L.l per week. Ordinary labourers
receive 16s. to 20s. per week; women workers 9s., and harvest
hands are regulated by the law of supply and demand.

In the district of Gala Water ploughmen obtain L.20 in money ;
6 J bolls of oatmeal; 1200 yards of potato ground; dwelling-
house ; month's meat in harvest, or L.l, 5s. as equivalent ; fuel at
pit price ; 24 qrs. barley ; cow kept, and sometimes purchased ;
and litter for a pig. Estimate in money, L.52, or just about the
same as near Edinburgh, only more is paid in kind. Ordinary
labourers are often scarce, even at 4s. per day.

A few miles to the west of Edinburgh, ploughmen have L.37 in
money ; free house and garden ; 4 bolls of potatoes ; 6i bolls of
oatmeal; coals led; equal in all to L.l per week. In fact, wages
throughout Mid-Lothian for ploughmen range from L.51 to L.53
per annum, the rate differing little between the low country and
the hill districts.

In West Lothian payments are much the same. For example,
Mr John Wilson, Eiccarton, gives his ploughmen L.36 to L.38;
6 J bolls meal; 4 bolls potatoes; house and garden, rent free;

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 47

coals driven, or at pit price; and a month's meat in harvest.
Total, L.o2 to L.54. Servant women have L.7 to L.9 per half
year with food. Happily, there is no bothy system, the young
men being hired by the half year, and boarded in the farm
house.

In the Carriden district, ploughmen get L.35 to L.36 in cash ;
6J bolls oatmeal, worth say L.7, 10s. ; lUOO yards of potatoes in
the drill, value, L.4 ; free house and garden, L.4 ; coals driven, L.l ;
and a month's meat in harvest, L.l. Total. L.o2 to L.o3. In many
cases, a pig is kept in addition to the above perquisites, and milk
allowed at a low rate.

With the exception of a little uneasiness now and then, caused
by a desire to leave farm work and obtain employment in other
spheres of industry, the labourers of this district are a contented
and happy race of people. With most of the necessaries of life
already provided for them, they have comparatively little care and
anxiety, and not a few families lay by part of their earnings for the
proverbial "rainy day." The majority take great delight in their
homes. The little patch of garden affords them occupation for their
leisure moments, and here and there are beds of flowers neatly
and tastefully arranged. Literature seems to be in the ascendant, for
almost every family has its weekly newspaper. The children
are fairly — some of them well — educated, and many, in vi'pev
years, do good service in the commercial walks of life. Often the
labourer stays upon one farm during the whole of his days, be-
coming as it were rooted to the soil, and when old age and infir-
mity creep on, has the satisfaction of seeing his place filled by
one of his offspring. All in all, we rarely, if ever, saw a more
thriving or contented race of peasantry, and this causes us to
regret that year by year the ranks of the labouring classes are
becomim:^ thinner.

Before leaving this subject, we believe it will be interesting to
state the amount of remuneration given three-quarters of a cen-
tury ago. In Cranston, the wages of a ploughman were L.2, 15s.
to L.3, Gs. for the half-year ; for a hind, L.5 to L.5, lUs. for the
year, with grass for a cow, and two pecks of meal per week.
Extra labourers (men) received lOd. to Is. per day in winter, and
Is. 2d. in summer. In Kirknewton, labouring men i^ot Is.
to Is. 2d. per day in summer, and lOd. in winter, and females
()d : wages of maid servants, L.3 per year. In the parish of
Stow, in 1759, hired men received L.3, 4s. per annum ; women,
L.2 ; and extra labourers, 4d. per day, with food, in winter, and
6d. in summer. In 1795, wages for hir(?d men had risen to LG,
10s. for the year, and women Iv.3, lOs.; day labourers receiving
6d. in winter and 8d. in summer, with victuals, and higher rates
in harvest, but even then Is. to Is. 3d. was seldom exceeded.
The wages of the present day present a womlerful contnust to

48 ON THE AGFJCULTURE OF THE

tliose of the times alluded to ; the total cost of manual labour
upon an arable farm, especially where many potatoes are
grown, being high. On large farms close to Edinburgh, having
only one year's grass in the rotation, the amount per acre is
estimated at SSs. to 45s., in some cases as far as 48s. Twenty-
five years ago the outlay in the same localities ranged from 24s.
to 28s., or 30s. at most. Thus it will be seen that workins: ex-
penses have gone up at least 50 per cent, on regular crop farms,
while in the more remote districts the uprise may be put down at
'lo to 30 per cent.

Miscdlanco us Ohserva tions.

Size of Farms. — The subjoined table shows the number of
holdings of various sizes in Mid-Lothian : —

50 acres 50 to 100 100 to 300 300 to .500

Over 500

Total

and under. acres. acres. acres.

acres.

number

477 116 2.94 75

50

1012

The number of holdings in West Lothian

is —

50 acres 50 to 100 100 to.300 300 to 500

Over 500

Total

aud imder. acres. acres. acres.

acres.

number.

212 105 190 28

7

542

The average extent of farms in Edinburgh is 131 acres ; that
in Linlithgow, 108 acres. In the former, the number of occu-
piers having less than 20 acres is 357 ; in the latter, 145. Ordi-
nary farms in Mid-Lothian range from 100 to 400 acres, some
occupations in the liill districts being still larger. Six separate
holdings range over 1000 acres each, and it is not at all unusual
for one farmer to hold several occupancies. In West Lothian
the ordinary size of farms is 80 to 200 acres ; a few farmers,
liowever, rent 300 to 500, or even 600 acres where more than one
farm is held. There are only seven farms with an extent ex-
ceeding: 500 acres, one of which contains over 1000 acres. For
the sake of comparison, we may state that East Lothian has 200
ncres to each occupier; Berwick, 197; Ecxburgh, 146; and
Wigtown stands in a similar position to Linlithgow, having 110
acres. On the whole, the landed property is well divided, suit-
ing the advanced state of husbandry practised in the district, but
we heard a few complaints of farmers having an excess in
hand. Much might be said upon the subject of large versus
small farms, there toeing arguments in favour of both sides, but it
is not within the province of this paper to attempt to discuss the
question. Within twenty-five years there has been little change
in the extent of the occupations, nor indeed in the names of the
occupiers, for farms not unfrequently go from father to son for
several generations. Many whom we visited were in their
second or even third nineteen years' lease, and this speaks

COUNTIES OF EDIXBUilGH A2sl) LINLITHGOW. 49

volumes for the good understanding wliicli generally exists be-
tween landlord and tenant, A glance at the picturesque land-
scape from some point of vantage ground may suggest the idea
that there are too many hedges, but this idea is dispelled upon
closer examination. Xot that there are no irregular fences and
small fields, where in bygone times zealous farmers had enclosed
the most fertile patches without any further aim; but, as a rule,
the fields are large and well laid off. The size varies from 10 to 20
acres, while parks of 30 or 40 acres are by no means uncommon.
JRoit of Zand. — The valued rent of Mid-Lothian in 1674
was L.191,055 Scots, or L.15,921 sterling; the new valuation
for 1876-77 is L.oo8,194 (exclusive of railways) ; valuation of
railways (less the portion situated within burghs) L.112,G94.
The valued rent of West Lothian in 1674 was L.60,880 Scots,
or L.5073 sterling ; the new valuation for 1876-77 (exclusive
of railways and canals) is L. 18 9,1 9 8 ; of railways and canals,
L.47,039. Eents of farms vary much according to quality and
capabilities of the land, and its proximity or otherwise to the
city of Edinburgh. Fields of pasture, let solely as accommoda-
tion land, realise as much as L.6 to L.IO per acre; soil suitable
for gardens, L.8 to L.12 ; while for ordinary farming purposes in
some localities it reaches L.4 or L.5. These high-rented tracts
are, however, not only of first quality, and so situated that the
produce is sold at the highest cost, but they are also within easy
reach of manure. Approximately, the whole of the arable land
in Mid-Lothian may be calculated at 40s. to 55s. per acre, while
the hill pastures may average 10s to 15s. throughout. The rent
of the parish of Xewton may be put down at L.3 to L.5, and
of the parish of Gogar at L.2 to L.3 per imperial acre. Three-
fourths of a century ago, good pasture or meadow land in the
parish of Dalkeith let at L.3 to L.5 ; whole farms at L.l to L.l,
15s. and L.2 ; and gardens at L.3 to L.5, 10s. The rents in the
parish of Cranston at the same period ranged from 5s. to 30s. per
acre, and some as far as L.2. Since then, the figures have been
quite doubled. Taking the whole range of enclosed land
seventy-five years back, it will be quite safe to say that the rents
have advanced cent, per cent — 60 per cent, in fifty years, and 25
to 30 per cent, in the past twenty-live years. After the Crimean
War, rents rose rapidly, but the change since then has not been
so marked, although there has still been an upward tendency.
In recent years, the most advance has been in the hill districts,
where improvements in draining, liming, manuring, and other
descriptions of land reclamation have been zealously prosecuted.
In Linlithgow the farms are not rented so heavily as in Edinburgh,
To begin with, the soil is nut naturally so fruitful, the district is
further from a good maiket, and the land has not been so higldy
farmed and so liberally manured in previous yenrs. Jt is an old

D

50 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

and a true proverb, that " land never forgets having been
thoroughly managed." N"o fancy or accommodation prices are
given, so that the rents paid may be taken as a commercial basis
of what the land is really worth. Very little over-reaches L.3,
per acre, and an average of L.2 to L.2, 10s. for the best districts,
30s. to 35s. for medium soils, and L.l to 25s. for the worst land„
will not be wide of the mark. Some hill pastures, considered
separately, are even far below the figures quoted, only beiug*^
valued at a few shillings per acre. The rent of the parish of Up-
hall is quite L.2, if not L.2, 2s., throughout ; in Carriden, rents
are 30s. to 40s., and, in extreme cases, 50s., but none above ; in
the parish of Linlithgow, 32s. for the worst, to 42s. or perhaps-
45s. for the best, and in the high-lying parts not more than
25s. to 35s. The increase in the past twenty-five years may
be calculated at little less than 10s. per acre, being in some
cases as low as 10 per cent, uprise, in others as high as 30. An
average of this may be stated at 20 per cent. " With fairly pros-
perous years, we do not hear that farmers are overburdened with
the price they pay for their land, but a failure in the turnip crop,.
disease in potatoes, or a disastrous corn harvest, like that ex-
perienced in 1872, sometimes gives them enough to do to make
ends meet, without any offset as profit.

Fences. — On the high-lying farms stone walls prevail to a
certain extent. These are generally 4 or 5 feet high, being fur-
nished at the top with a coping. Where blackfaced sheep are
kept, high walls are indispensable, as the woolly mountaineer is
gifted with leaping powers of no common order. The boundary
fences adjoining the main roads are often built with stone
and mortar, and, though exjDensive at the outset, are efficient and
lasting. Upon the hills, of late years, many sheep fences have
been constructed of wire, and answer very well. Where these
are varnished or painted every two or three years they last a loug
time. They are especially convenient on upland pasture, where
the erection of stone walls is attended with much expense and
difficulty. Quickset fences, or hedges composed of hawthorn,
however, mostly prevail, and when neatly trimmed lend a
charm to the rural prospect. In grazing fields, if allowed to grow
high, they are valuable for shelter, but are detrimental to crops
unless kept within proper bounds. Here and there, we imagine,
there is too much hedgerow timber, for however much these
isolated trees serve to enhance the beauty of the landscape in an
artistic point of view, it cannot be deoied that they impoverish
the soil for a considerable distance by their roots drawing the
nourishment from it, shade the crops from sun and air, destroy to
a certain extent field ventilatiou, and harbour wood-pigeons,
rooks, and other winged pests. Gates are well made, neatly
hung, and on many estates carefully painted year by year.

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 51

In a word, there is little to be found fault with in the character
of the fences ; generally they are in keeping with the well-farmed
fields they enclose.

Drainage. — At a very early period in the history of agriculture
drainage was in part attended to. Not that it was attempted
upon any large scale, but the wet portions of the arable land had
a few cuts made in them to take off the water. These were
filled with stones, and did a certain amount of good in clearing
off the surface water. Later, wet fields were entirely stone-
drained, but the cuts were not deep enough to be effective. In
the majority of cases, the covers were barely out of the reach of
the plough, while the best of the drains were only 2 to 2|- feet
in depth. Their outlet was into a ditch or open course,
which, if not regularly scoured, had an injurious effect in prevent-
ing the water from getting away. By the middle of the present
century, quite three-fourths of the land requiring draining had
been gone over in this way. Even earlier than this, many farms
had been efficiently drained with tiles, but it is mainly within
the range of the past twenty or twenty-five years that thorough
drainage has been carried out. In stiff, retentive clay soils
drains had to be laid down pretty closely, and the expense
was something considerable. The cost of cutting alone was from
Is. to Is. .3d. or Is. 6d. per rood of 7 yards. Government money
was taken in some cases, in others the tenants did the cuttinjir
and the landlord found the tiles, while occasionally the work was
exclusively performed by the landlord or tenant alone. During
recent years, the drains have been cut to a depth of 3 or 4 feet,
and the water run off into a main drain provided with tiles of
larger dimensions. A part of the cutting was done by means
of a drain plough drawn by horses, but by far the greater portion
was executed by extra labourers, engaged at so much per
rood. In one way or another the whole of the two counties
has been drained, and a large breadth of land twice over.
Gravelly or sandy subsoils rarely required any expenditure in
this way, but improvement m the soils overlying clay could only
result after perfect drainage, which is rightly considered as the
foundation of successful farming. Since the land has been
thorougldy dried, there is a marked amelioration in the climate,
whicli is now far more healthy and bracing.

liuaih. — An elaborate road system renders access to every part
of the counties comparatively easy. From the city of Edinburgh
nine excellent roads radiate, leading to dill'erent towns in the ad-
joining counties. In Linlithgow are three principal roads extend-
ing throughout the whole length of the county. All the roads
are kept in creditable repair. Broken whinstone is used for
covering, and is found, from its hard nature, to be very durable.
About 2s. 6d. per yard is paid for breakage, and it requires an

52 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

expert hand to break H yard per day. Cross roads are also
numerous and well kept. Tolls still exist in this part of the
country, and notwithstanding the extensive railway system and
the various canals,' which, combined, take most of the heavy
traffic, a large yearly revenue is collected by the gate-keepers.

Bidldings. — Within the past forty years, and especially in the
last twenty-five years, the position of the Lothian farmer has been
considerably elevated in the social scale. Old-fashioned farm-
houses have, in consequence, given way to neat modern dwellings,
combining convenience and comfort with architectural beauty of
design. As regards the old farm-steadings, we may remark that
they are not quite so central as could be desired, but this
mainly arises from land having been added after the building
site had been fixed. Modern farm-steads are better situated, and
contain, for the most part, a commodious barn, with steam power
thrashing machine and grinding mill, a good granary, well venti-
lated and roomy stables, and convenient byres, loose-boxes, and
piggeries. These often enclose a square, in the centre of which
is a good paved yard. Uncovered courts for cattle are still com-
mon. On almost every farm comfortable cottages have been
erected for the labourers, so that they are conveniently near their
work, and are within easy reach whenever their services are
required. The cottage is invariably furnished with a good living
room, a place to cook, wash, and bake in, with two at least,
and often three, bedrooms. A plot of garden ground is also
attached, and the thrift of the cottager is seenA'^ the fine
crops of vegetables which adorn his kitchen allotm/^t. In fact,
an air of quiet comfort everywhere seems to pervade t'^e working
classes, and in no section of Lothian amculture has^n:iei.e been
more melioration during the past Cjuarter of a c it^i^^ry than
in the condition of these honest tillers of the soil. P ^^'^^ leaving
the subject of buildings, we may notice one point w'^^y -^^^rops up
in our memory. There are few, if any, covered (^ pasture, ihe
importance of having the manure heap protectf-^-^ e.Ytpenyfvom
the scorching rays of the sun as from the driposed of z?-^-^ ' ^ 4ls,
must be our excuse for noticing this great omisl^P^^^^ ^^ ):?>\\s>
experiments have been conducted from time to time, which pro^e
pretty conclusively the superiority of dung made or kept under
cover over that which is allowed to bleach in the sun or be
washed by frequent rains, and this should be sufficient to set the
agricultural mind a-thinking. Every large home-stead ought, in
our opinion, to be furnished with a covered shed for manure — an
important but not a very costly requisite !

Cidtixation hy Steam.

Steam cultivation is not nearly so much practised as might
naturally be expected where agriculture is so well understood as

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 53

it is in Mid and West Lothian. The soil of most of the level
tracts not only admits of, but requires deep cultivation, and the
working of it is a serious strain upon the horses. Indeed, for
many of the stiff soils, light horses are of little use for ploughing;
this is doubtless one reason that the class of animals found on
most farms is heavy, and altogether of a superior order. The
fields in general are not badly laid off for cultivation by steam
])ower, and little impediment is found in the way of boulders,
rock, &c. One great drawback to the general usefulness of steam
tackle is the large amount of capital required, as few farmers, after
the necessary amount has been expended in stocking, have any-
thing to spare to invest in steam appliances. Costly, and to a
certain extent cumbersome, cultivation by steam appeals to men
with large hearts and well-filled purses, and not to those who
have already enough to do. Companies are, however, do-
ing what individuals cannot accomplish, but, as we have
already stated, farmers are a little slow in taking the important
matter up. Still, we met with several who have employed the
tackle furnished by enterprising companies, and they all speak
highly of the efficiency of the work done by steam power. Mr
Watson, Norton Mains, has often had his land cultivated by
this agency. He finds the greatest benefit from deeply
cultivating moderately light soils having a stiff clay subsoil.
After steam culture has once been adopted, the land is much
more easily wrought for many years. Mr John Wilson, liic-
carton, also engages a Steam Company's tackle both in winter and
spring, and grows splendid turnips after it. The benefit to the
succeeding wheat crop is marvellous. This is to be accounted
for by the loosening of the soil to a great depth, for the roots of
wheat, taking a vertical direction, have more room for their
healthy development. Several others employ steam at certain
seasons, and we did not hear of one that does not acknowledfje its
superiority to horse power. By its aid the hardened " pan "' is
broken up, and the surface water is allowed to pass off to the
drains gradually, in place of remaining stagnant at the roots of
the plants.

JVuods, Nursery Grounds, Market Gardens, and Orchards.

The county of Mid-Lothian is very nicely and regularly wooded.
The extent under plantation has increased much in twenty-live
years, owing to the general improvement in laud ; numerous
clumps of trees and belts of plantation having been laid olf for
shelter. The total area is 1(),.S20 acres ; and in West Lotliiaii,
471*J acres. In both counties there are sonu» well-wooded policies,
which lendacharm tf)tli(;l;indscap(',and motlifythe monotonousap-
pearanceof thclevel portions. pAlinburgh has more land under nur-
sery grounds than any other county in Scotland. Indeed, it couLuius

54 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

one- third of tlie whole extent, the remaining two-thirds being
very unequally divided between twenty-four other counties,
Aberdeen, Ayr, Dumfries, and Forfar having by far the largest
share. Linlithgow has a very small proportion, the area only
amounting to 10 acres.

As a matter of course, Edinburgh exceeds all the other coun-
ties in market gardens, there being 775 acres under cultivation.
Most of the produce is consumed in the city of Edinburgh.
It consists chiefly of early potatoes, cabbages, turnips, strawberries,
&c., for which there is always a ready offgate. Much manure is
used for forcing, but the crops sometimes realise astonishing
prices. Labour is, however, dear; and a great deal being
required, there is not so much profit, after all incidental expenses
are deducted, as a casual observer might imagine. Linlithgow has
14 acres under market gardens.

In the extent of land occupied by orchards, Edinburgh stands
third, being exceeded by Perth and Lanark. The entire area
devoted to fruit-trees is returned at 72 acres ; but these figures by
no means afford a fair criterion of the fruit actually grown. There
is much produced in the market gardens as wall-fruit, and also
upon standard trees and espaliers. A large quantity of the fruit
j-aised is of fine quality, especially when the season is favour-
able for ripening.

We may notice that Haddington also contributes largely in
the matter of fruit and vegetables to the Edinburgh markets.
This has gone on for many years ; and now that railways have
facilitated the means of transit, a lucrative trade is pursued.
The East Lothian market gardens occupy 306 acres.

Farming, Fast and F resent.

It is a pleasant feature in the farming of the two counties to
notice the contrast between the excellent system observed at the
present day and that carried on at the beginning of the nine-
teenth century, as handed down to us by history, or through oral
tradition ; not that very large tracts of land have been reclaimed
in the low-lying districts within the limits of this report, because,
as already stated, most of the land was previously in cultivation;
but great advances have been made in the general system of crop-
ping and land management. In the hill districts, many large stretches
have been added to the area, and are now growing turnips and corn
abundantly, where, of yore waslittle save the heather and the heather-
bell. In order to see as much as possible of the methods of culture
now adopted, we made what may be termed two agricultural tours
through the counties, guiding our footsteps into the best and
worst districts, also keeping in view the following features —
cattle-feeding, dairyiQg, hill-farming, and lowland mixed agricul-
ture. It was the haying season when we paid our visit, and

COUNTIES OF EDINBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 55

splendid weather; cereals were just assuming that beautiful
golden hue which brings comfort to the farmer's heart, turnips
were covering the drills, and bands of men and women were busy-
in the fields. We found the country delightful for a rustic
ramble — here a clump of wood, there a purling rill — here a herd
of pretty Ayrshire cattle, there a flock of mountain blackfaced
sheep ; while ever and anon the prospect changed from hill to
dale — from cornfield to potatoes, turnips, or grass, and back to
the cornfield again. Our starting-point was from Edinburgh,
and the clock of the old Tron Church slowly struck eight on a
lovely morning as we took our departure from " Auld Eeekie."
Keeping the main road in a westerly direction, we duly arrived
at the village of Corstorphine. The land in this locality is
moderately level, the soil consisting mostly of a rich black loam,
interspersed with patches of sand and clay. Much of the ground
is laid out in well-cultivated gardens, which supply fruit and
vegetables for the Edinburgh market. The country is nicely
wooded, and contains many fine residences. The fields are care-
fully managed, and bear fine crops in rotation. Diverging a little
to the south, we saw the generous farming practised by Mr
Itussell, Saughton Hall Mains, and that of his neighbour, Mr Dick-
son, who has long been a successful grower of turnips. Like
many others in the locality, Mr Dickson ploughs in the fall, and
grubs in the spring, as he finds this yjrocedure to answer well for
turnip culture. At Corstorphine Bank, Mr Sanderson farms
about 400 acres well. He keeps six pairs of horses, and works
his land with sliirht variations, on the ordinarv shift. ^Ir Jack,
North Gyle, has 300 to 400 acres, which appear to be in fine
order ; but as he was from home at the time of our visit, we
did not succeed in obtaining any particulars of management.
Proceeding onward in the direction of Linlithgow, our hap was to
light upon Mv William W. Anderson, Norton Mains, who farms
400 acres. Tlie soils upon this farm are various, some being heavy,
and others friable, uj)on a stiff clay. He approves of subsoiling,
whether heavy or light ; and is a staunch supporter of deep cul-
ture. He keeps four pairs of horses ; and in addition, adopts
steam cultivation to a certain extent, which he finds of great
benefit, especially the grubbing. His rotation is — 1st, grass ;
2d, oats; :-5d, potatoes ; 4th, wheat; otli, turnips, sown with
artificial manure, and eaten off with sheep where the land is
strong ; and bth, barley. Most of the produce is sold off the
land, and an (.'([uivalem in farm-yard manun^ ])urchased from the
dairies of Edinburgh and (Jlasgow. Occasionally, a fitdd is kcju in
grass threeorf()uryear.s. This season, 187(),]Nrr Anderson has thirty
acres of ])otatoes growing in a field broken from tlie Ica-turrow,
which had ])ruviously been grazed four years, when the enormous
c|uantity of 145 tons of cake, principally cotton, had been cou-

56 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

sumed upon it ! The fertilisers applied for the potato crop h-^.ve
been elsewhere alluded to in this report. A large dressing of
farm-yard manure is allowed, in order that the land may be
able to bear the two white crops which occur in the rotation.
The rent of this farm is now about L.2, 15s. per acre, the advance
being 10s. within a few years. Mr John Fortune has 345 acres
at Ingliston. His straw is all made into manure. With this
exception, he farms much in the same way as Mr Anderson.
The wheat grown at Ingliston is the Square-head, a prolific
variety ; and the crops, at the time of our visit, looked promising.
Within the past five years, labourers' wages have gone up fully
L.10 i^er year in this locality. Ploughmen now receive an equi-
valent to L.l per week. The whole parish of Kirkliston, a little
further westward, is slij^htlv elevated, and the soil varies
from a rich black mould to a strong clay. There are also
some small sandy tracts and parcels of light earth. The land
was all limed one hundred years ago, and is still generously
farmed, and produces good crops. It was in this parish that Lord
Stair first introduced cabbage culture in the open fields. Rents
are from SOs. to 453. per acre, and some fertile patches bring a
little more. Passincr on to Ecclesmachan, the land is somewhat
level and the soil good, being capable of growing in abundance all
sorts of grain. At Three-Mile Town, Mr James Pleming farms
about 200 acres in good style. He combines a commercial pur-
suit with agriculture, having a business in Glasgow. At Water-
stone, in this parish, Mr John Cochrane occupies 230 acres under
the Earl of Hopetoun. He is just entering upon a second 19 years'
lease. The land is principally a stiff" clay, and three pairs of horses
are necessary to work it properly. He adopts the five or six course
shift as circumstances admit, the rotation being — 1st, oat? ; 2d,
turnips and potatoes ; od, wheat and barley ; and the remainder
in grass. Keeping a little further to the south, we enter the
parish of Uphall. The soil in many parts consists of a rich
workable clay upon till ; in the low grounds it changes into a fine
dark loam of first quality. With the exception of 210 acres oc-
cupied by natural pasture, and 180 by plantations, the whole of
the parish is under the plough. Most of the land belongs to the
Earl of Luchan. So recently as 1768 a large area was under, or
divided bv runriiz. The acfricultural state was then low, for the
miscellaneous stampede of live stock in the autumn made sad
havoc in the outstanding crops. There was then little fallow and
a very small amount of artificial grass. The rent of the best en-
closed land was at that time 30s. per acre; good enclosed, 25s.,
and the worst, exclusive of moorland, 8s. or 9?. In 1860, the
average rent of the parish was L.l, 16s. ; now it is about
two guineas. The soil is mostlv well cultivated. Mrs Flint oc-
cupies nearly 200 acres at Crossgreen, under the Earl of Buchan.

COUXTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 57

The Flints have been farmers in the parish for 300 years, and the
present holding has been in their hands for thirty-one years. The
soil being stiff, the following rotation is adopted : — 1st, oats ; 2d,
beans, potatoes, and turnips ; 3d, wheat or barley ; 4th, hay ; and
5th, ^rass. The extra manure is bouf^ht from a neif^hbourino-
dairy, and cattle are kept in winter to consume the straw. Pota-
toes are always liberally manured, about 40 tons of dung being
applied with a little artificial to give the plants a start= Ee-
gents and Dalmahoys are the varieties usually grown. The
land has been mostly drained within the current lease, at the com-
mencement of which 10s per acre was added to the rent. Eetrac-
ing our steps to Three-Mile Town, and keeping to the north, we
enter the parish of Abercorn. Here the scenery is strikingly pic-
turesque, the seaboard being richly wooded, the fields highly culti-
vated, and in a fine state of fertility. The castellated mansion of
the Earl of Hopetoun enjoys a commanding prospect, having on
one side the blue sea, and on the other green fields, with the
Pentland Hills in the background. The soil in this quarter is
variable, but fertile. The substratum is still more changeable,
consisting of patches of till, gravel, sand, limestone, and sandstone.
So early as the 17th century, wheat was grown, rents being paid
in considerable part by this commodity. What draining was re-
quired was mainly accomplished before the close of the 18th
century, and a large extent of land planted and ornamented with
clumps and belts of trees. The fields were also enclosed by stone
walls and hedges. The Abercorn estate has long been famous in
the annals of Linlithgow. It formerly belonged to the Grahams.
Sir John Graham, who owned it in the 13th century, fell near
Falkirk, in the war ac^^ainst Edward I. of EuLrland, on the 22d of
July, 1298. But we must leave the memory of such scenes of
strife and discord, and pass on to notice the high-class farming
carried out in these more peaceful days. Entering the parish of
Carriden, we find the surface of the county more unequal, the
high lands culminating in the Irongarth or Glour-o'er-em Hills,
which attain an altitude of 519 feet, yet are all enclosed and
arable. Part of the soil is light and dry and part stitf and tilly,
but the whole produces good crops of different kinds. At Walton,
^Ir George iJavidson, who acts as factor for Admiral Sir James
Hope, Carriden House, has GOO acres in his own hand. Different
rotations are adopted to suit the character of the soil, but the most
approved on the stiff clay is — 1st, oats ; 2d, beans; 3d, wheat;
4th, turni})S ; 5th, barley; and Gtli, grass. Where the land is
lighter, the following shift is observed: — 1st, oats ; 2d, turnips ;
3d, barley ; 4th, grass (hay, pasture, or both) ; and 5th, pasture.
Beans and turnips are invariably grown on the heavy soils; pota-
toes and turnips on the liuhter. Sometimes a verv stiff field is
bare fallowed, but this rarely occui-s. He commonly gives his

58 ox THE AGrJCULTUllE OF THE

potato land a deep furrow in the autumn, manuring partially on
the stubble and partially in the drills in spring. It is grubbed
next season, and works admirably. Mr Davidson finds that spriug-
manuring invariably gives the heaviest crops, but the autumn-
dressed land produces the best quality of tubers, and the writer's
experience is that they are not so liable to disease. Walker's iie-
gents form the bulk of the crop, but a few Victorias are grown.
The selling price is L.20 upon the ground. The land was tho-
roughly drained by the present tenant twenty years ago, the drains
being laid down 2 J to 4 feet deep, according to requirements. In
cutting, a heavy drain plough by Alexander was used, twenty
horses being em2:)loyed to draw it. Afterwards, the cuts were
cleared and the tiles laid. He, however, gave up this system in
wet weather, as the trampling of so many horses poached the land
so much that it was difficult to work and get into ticl for a long time
lifter. Throughout the whole of this parish, the crops yield toler-
ably well and produce a nice sample. Wheat reaches 32 to 36
bushels ; barley, 40 to 42 ; oats, 40 ; and beans, 32 to 36 bushels
per imperial acre. Potatoes weigh 6 to 8 tons per acre ; swede
turnips, 24, and common varieties, 18 to 20 tons. Nineteen years'
leases prevail, almost without exception. After the Crimean War,
a few 2:)rosperous seasons and a general uprise in produce caused
land to be in great demand, so that rents ran up considerably, in
many cases as far as 10s. to 12s. per acre. Eeceiitly, there has
been little change, but the tendency is still to an advancement.
Current rents are 34s. to 40s. per acre — in exceptional cases 50s. ;
but we do not hear that the latter fic^ure is ever exceeded.

Taking the road again, we soon arrive at the old-fashioned
town of Linlithgow. The land in the parish is somewhat hilly,
but on the level tracts the soil is deep, fertile, and well-culti-
vated. Mr Wilson holds 200 acres of lio-ht soil at Lochend. He
is just completing his second nineteen years' lease, and as his
dairying interest is increasing, he is grazing more than for-
merly, some of the fields being three, four, or five years in grass.
The farm has been much improved during the currency of the
past lease, double fences having been uprooted, trees hewn
down, drains cut and laid, and fields enlarged. A portion is
cropped thus: — 1st, potatoes from lea; 2d, wheat; 3d, oats; 4th,
turnips; and 5th, barley, with grass seeds. The laud is then
left in pasture three to five years, according to cpiality and other
circumstances. Twenty cross-bred cattle are kept for the dairy,
the milk being all churned. The soil is rather free for wheat,
but the sample is fine, and the crop sometimes reaches 5 qrs.
per acre. The common rotation in the neighbourhood is — 1st,
oats ; 2d, potatoes ; 3d, wheat ; 4th, turnips ; and 5th barley,
sown with grass seeds, which are mown or grazed the year fol-
lowing. Ee-passing the town of Linlithgow, and holding on to a

COUNTIES OF EDINBUKGH AND LINLITHGOW. 59

south -easterly course, we arrive at the farms of Parkly and Pdc-
carton, measuring together o60 acres. They are in the occupa-
tion of Mr John Wilson, and consist partly of arable land and
partly of hill pasture. He has a nineteen years' lease, and has
held his occupation a quarter of a century. The Earl of Selkirk
is the proprietor. The rotation of cropping observed is — 1st,
oats; 2d, potatoes and turnips; 3d, barley or wheat; 4th, grass,
partially mown; and otli grass, wholly depastured. A good
sample of wheat is grown, either of the white or Hunter's variety.
The potato crop extends to 8 or 10 acres, and consists chiefly of
Walker's early, the turnip crop being about equally divided
between swedes and the common descriptions. The land is
rented at 25s. to 38s. per acre in the neighbourhood, and has
gone up 20 per cent, in as many years, but this is less than in
some adjoining localities. Steam has been tried by Mr
Wilson, and he approves of it vastly. The tackle employed is
in the hands of a company. At Broomieknowes, Mr Peter
Wilson holds 100 acres of arable land and 150 of pasture from
the same landlord. He buys in 5 or 6 score of Cheviot ewes
each autumn, and clears them out after taking one crop of lambs.
In the summer season he grazes a few cattle upon the upland
pasture, and feeds them off in the following winter. At Hill-
house, Mr Andrew West occupies 200 acres also belonging to the
Earl of Selkirk. This is chiefly an arable farm, with a small
extent of hill pasture, and liis method of management does not
differ materially from Mr Wilson's. Mr E. Y. Harper, Bridge-
end holds 400 acres from Captain Stewart, and farms on the four-
shift course, as per agreement, viz., 1st, oats ; 2d, green cro]) ;
3d, white crop of some description ; and 4th, grass. The soil is
good but variable. Very little permanent stock is kept, Mr
Harper buying in and selling out as he thinks desirable, so that
his herds and flocks are, in the strict acceptance of the term,
''flying" ones. The farm is nicely undulating, well watered,
but perhaps too well wooded, as the pUuitations are a harbour
for the wuod-pigeon, which is an intolerable nuisance in this
part, destroying turnips, clover, corn, and beans with im})unity.
Tiie strict preservation of game, and its usual concomitant, the
destruction of magpies, hawks, and the like, have been the means
of increasing the number of woud-pigeons considerably of late
years.

in this neighbourhood, a ridge of strong clay extends from
east to west fur a considerable distance. The farms situati'd
upon it are mostly owned by the Earl of Hopetoun, and the
occupiers, having lived long uj^on their several holdings, are not
lieavily rented. Erom 80s. for tlie worst, to 42s. ])er acre for the
best, are abuut tlie usual rates. At Gateside, ^Ir AVilliam Pobert-
son farms 282 acres, the soil being stiff and suitable for beans.

60 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

His rotation is — 1st, oats ; 2d, turnips, potatoes, and beans, with
a little in naked fallow ; 3d, wheat or barley, sown down with
grass-seeds, and one or two years in grass, as the case may be.
Sometimes wheat is taken after fallow, at others barley. The
fields are of large size — 18 to 20 acres — and well laid out. The
high land is occasionally kept in pasture for several years, and
sheep run upon it. Cross-bred cattle are fed in winter to con-
sume the straw and turnips ; these often leave a handsome
balance for their keep when sold off fat. Wood-pigeons and
rabbits are much complained of. When we visited the farm, a
stack of wheat was just being threshed, which was exceedingly
deficient in kernel, owing to the destructiveness of the former.
Mr John Eobertson keeps a dairy of 25 to 30 Ayrshire and
cross-bred cattle at Ochiltree Castle. The farm extends to 350
acres, and is the property of the Earl of Rosebery. He always
drives the milk churned into Edinburgh three times per week in
the summer, and once in the winter. At Wester Ochiltree, Mr
David Elint holds 250 acres from the same proprietor. He also
has a nice herd of dairy cattle, and drives his milk into Edin-
burgh.

Making now a zig-zag course in a south-westerly direction, we
enter the parish of Torphichen, the surface of which rises in Cairn
Maple to 1498 feet, being the highest point in West Lothian.
The land is generally fertile, if we excej)t a small tract of wet
moor towards the extreme west. In the south-west it is likewise
of a moorish nature, but of better quality. Some years ago,
belts of trees were planted with good effect, as they not only
beautify the scenery, but afford good shelter for stock. There is
a nice lake in the parish covering an area of 22 acres. Perhaps
one of the best farms is that occupied by Mr James Gardner,
Hilderstone. It extends to 228 acres, and is all under the
plough. The fourth oi- sixth shift is adopted, i.e., 1st, oats ; 2d^
potatoes or turnips ; 3d, barley ; and from one to three years in
grass. Ten or 12 cross cattle are kept for dairy purposes, and the
milk driven into Bathgate. About 30 cattle are also annually
fattened on cake, straw, and turnips, thus leaving a good heap of
manure for spring dressing. Clydesdale horses of the first stamp
are reared, and long prices have lately been obtained for the sur-
plus animals, reaching from L.70 to over L.IOO. >To sheep are
kept in summer, but two or three score of hoggets are wintered
and sold off in the spring. In twenty years, Mr Gardner's rent
has gone up L.60, — 28s. per acre being the present rate of
payment. Land in the vicinity varies from 20s. to 30s. !Much
has been drained and otherwise improved within the time named,
both upon this farm and many others in the locality. The
hedges, too, are far better kept than they were even a very few
years ago. In the extreme south-west of Linlithgow is the farm

COUNTIES OF EDIXBUEGH AXD LIXLITHGOW. 61

of Woodend, occupied by Mr Archibald M'Yicar. This holding
extends to about 800 acres, and is principally hill-land, one-hall"
of which is in permanent pasture. On the other section are
grown — 1st, oats ; 2d, turnips and potatoes ; 3d, white crop of
some kind ; 4th, hay ; and pasture two years. Woodend is
essentially a mixed farm. 500 to 600 blackfaced ewes are kept
for breeding purposes. These are crossed with Leicester rams,
and the progeny are always finished by the end of August.
From 40 to 50 north Highland cattle are kept two summers, one-
half being disposed of from October to Xovember in each year
to the butcher, and others bought in to fill their places. 13 pure
Ayrshire cows constitute the dairy stocking, a bull of the same
breed being used. 15 or 16 calves are reared upon the skim
milk, butter being made from the cream. Passing several small
farms on our way, we arrive at West Craigs, which is 300 acres
in extent. Some of the land is hilly, and the rotation observed
by the tenant (Mr James Mackay) is — 1st, oats ; 2d, turnips and
potatoes; 3d, oats or barley, sown down with grass seeds; and
three years in grass. Yoi the soil and climate, this seems to be
a suitable shift. About 42 bushels of oats and 50 bushels of
barley per acre are considered fair returns. Some of the land is
grazed as long as ten years. Cattle are fed in winter with straw
and turnips, and cake is plentifully used for fattening. About
200 Leicester-Cheviot crosses are purchased in the autumn,
clipped and sold off' fat when the turni])S have been consumed.
Twenty Ayrshire cattle are kept, and their offspring reared and
disposed of when ready for maiket.

Fancving we had seen enough of the mixed hill-farminfr iu
this district to enable us to give a faithful report of the
agriculture as practised at the present day, we made good our
way towards the east, passmg through a charmingly diversified
countiy, which is evidently cultivated with great care. Our
next halt was at Seafield, made famous of late years by the
honours won by the farmer, Mr John Meikle, in the pure Ayr-
shire cattle classes. He has a splendid array of silver medals,
which his stock have taken at the Highland Society's and other
shows. The farm consists of about 4U0 acres, and is lie Id under
a lease of nineteen years, from John Pender, Esq., M.P. The
rotation is — 1st, oats ; 2d, potatoes and turnips ; ikl, oats ; 4th,
hay ; 5th and 6th, pasture. The quality of the soil here varies
quickly. On one side of the main road leading east and west
the land lets at L.l to L.2 per acre ; on the other, it only realises
15s. On Mr Meikle's farm, good oats can be grown weighing u])
to 44 or 46 lbs. per bushel, while the yield sometimes reaches 50
bushels per acre. The turnips raised are large and of good
quality. The varieties are chiefly yellow Aberileens and
hybrids. The tenant has succeeded on two different occasions

62 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

in taking the medal offered for tlie best turnips in West Lothian,
A short walk from this point brought us to Livingston Station,
where we took train for Edinburgh, well pleased w^ith what we
had seen in a somewhat circuitous ramble. The line of railway
passes through a nicely farmed country from Livingston east-
wards, but the soil is extremely variable, and the rotations differ
on almost every holdiug. The land is well wooded, but wdiile
the belts of plantation afford good shelter for stock, they also in
some degree impede the progress of the plough, and prevent ven-
tilation in the fields.

Our second outing did not extend beyond the county of Mid-
Lothian, and, as in the former one, our attention w^as chiefly
directed to the quality of the soil and the j^revailing systems of
cropping, with the addition of a few stray notes on other sub-
jects thrown in ad libihim; so, in the second tour we mainly
confined our attention to sheep farming and dairy manage-
ment. As the particulars of several flocks and herds will be
found under their respective heads in the body of the report,
the notes are not so full here as they otherwise would have
been. Takin^r the train to Carrie, we aliojht in a delif^htful
country, where the lUile and the chdce are beautifully com-
bined. The soil of the lower grounds is rich and under high
culture, but the uplands are moorish. The rental of one or two
farms has increased 700 per cent, in 150 years. Mr Walter Kidd,
Ealleny, has 50 Ayrshire cattle for dairy j^irposes. He has
also been a w^onderful land reclaimer, and his oats and tur-
nips grown upon portions of the farm originally worth no more rent
than Is. per acre were simply excellent. At a little distance is
the farm of Mrs Moffat, Kinleith, where a standing flock of 600
splendid Cheviots is kept. Proceeding along a mountainous
route we arrive at Listonshiels, at the head of the w^ater of Cock-
burn. Here Mr Aitken has one of the best blackfaced flocks in
Scotland, and has long been a successful honour-taker. Mr Gray,
Harper-rigg has also a good flock of this breed. Crossing an
elevated tract of country — the high range of the Pentlands — we
come to Penicuik. The parish bearing this name is extensive, being
11 or 12 miles in length by 6 in breadth. There is a variety of
soils, consisting of clay, gravel, sand, and moss, with all their
combinations, and the agriculture is as varied as the soil Sheep
farming, dairying, and cropping are carried on in all their moods
and tenses, and to give a complete account of every branch would
be to describe the methods on the generality of the holdings.
There is not much wheat grow^n, but oats and turnips, with here
and there a field of barley, seem to thrive well. Of the whole
parish, about 8400 acres are in tillage, 1000 under w^ood, and the
remaining 11,600 in mountain pasture or waste. During recent
years a large area of once w\aste land has been reclaimed, and

COUNTIES OF EDINBURGH AND LINLITHGOW. 63

now produces good crops, but the climate is ouly of a second-
rate character in the higher reaches. At Mount-Lothian, a little
to the south-east of Penicuik, Mr Stevenson has 300 or 400
Cheviot ewes. His land is part in moor, part in permanent
orass, and the remainder arable. At Coates, a little to the north-
west of Penicuik village, Mr James Fleming has a dairy of Ayr-
shire cattle numbering 70. Other dairies in the locality are those of
Mr Macdonald, Spittal; ]\Ir ^Toble, Howgate; and Mr Pate, Cross-
house. Eents vary considerably. Some of the best land, capable
of growing turnips, grass, and oats well, realises as far as L.2 per
acre and upwards, while the worst is rented at only a few shil-
lings. On our return journey we passed through the parish of
Lasswade to Dalkeith. Lasswade contains some moorish, bleak,
and unsheltered land in the south, but consists mainly of a
fertile plain, well sheltered with timber. A large breadth of land
has been reclaimed in twenty-five years ; other extensive plots
have been limed and dried by the cutting of open drains. In the
locality are some nice gardens, producing strawberries and pot-
lierbs for the neighbouring markets. Three -fourths of a century
ago there were as many as fifty Small's ploughs in the parish,
and the march of improvement has never been suffered to lag.
Cattle feeding, sheep farming, crop raising, and market garden-
ing are all carried on in an industrious spirit. A few of the rents
are very high, being as far as L.3 to L.4: for choice fields, and
double for vegetable ground. At Hillend, Mr Ainslie has a fine
rlock of Leicesters, which have already been noticed. In the
parish of Dalkeith the surface is beautifully undulating. The
rentof the landishigh,particularlythatoccupiedby gardens. At the
close of the last century, farms let at L.l to L.l, 15s. and L.2 per
acre, meadow land at L.o to L.5, and gardens as far as L.5, 10s.
Since then rents have gone up in connnon with other districts,
the soil being fruitful, and there being a ready sale for the pro-
duce of both gardens and fields. Almost seven-eighths of the land
belongs to the Duke of liuccleuch. His Grace has a nice herd
of shorthorns at Dalkeith l^ark, which have recently risen into
repute. His Leicesters also have acquired fame in sale-rings and
show-yards.

A pleasant walk in the cool of the day brought us once more
to ICdinburgh. We were highly delighted with our rambles, as
we had had (jcular demonstration of what can be done in a country
possessed of a fairly productive soil and good agricultural capabi-
lities in general, when peopled with a persevering class of tenantry.
We visited several otlier farms in the neighbourhood of Edin-
burgh, as well as in the east and south-east of ]\Iid- Lothian, buL
we need not enter into the ])articulars of management, as they
differ little from those on many farms already described.

64 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

Other Sources of Industry.

Before drawing our report on the agriculture of Edinburgh
and Linlithgow to a close, we may just briefly refer to other
sources of industry which give employment to no inconsiderable
part of the population.

Mines and Quarries. — The counties are both rich in minerals.
Coal has been wrought in some localities for a long period. In
the parish of Lasswade, Mid-Lothian, collieries had been opened
about the beginning of the 17th century, and history in-
forms us that in the county of Linlithgow several mines were
worked as early as the reign of Alexander TIL About forty years
ago, the annual average amount of coal j)roduced in West Lothian
was 44,000 tons, but within twenty years after, it had vastly
increased, and now is far beyond that limit. It may here be
stated that the coal-fields of Scotland are divided into an
eastern and a western district. In 1866, the former, which
includes Edinburgh and Linlithofow, contained 254 collieries and
21,200 miners, being an average of about 83 workmen to each
colliery. The total amount of coal raised was 6,100,000 tons, or
an average of 287 tons to each miner. The quantity of coal an-
nually raised in the valley of the Esk a few years ago was said
to yield a royalty of L.12,000 to the proprietors of the mines.
In this locality are 15 collieries, the coal-bed being 15 miles by
8 in extent. A large portion of the produce is shipped coast-
wise at Musselburgh. Coal is extensively wrought at Vogrie, in
the parish of Borthwick, and yields a large annual revenue. The
aggregate quantity shipped from Leith and Granton during 1875
was in —

January,

24,470 tons.

July,

49,176 tons.

February,

18,265 „

August,

53,895 „

March,

24,046 „

September,

53,707 „

April.

34,322 ,.

October,

41,661 „

May,'

38,153 „

November,

37,031 „

June,

45,538 ,,

December,

43,502 „

These figures give a total of 463,766 tons, or a little more than
one-thirtieth part of the whole amount raised in both the eastern
and western districts of Scotland. Coal mines may be said to
have gone up in value 30 per cent, in ten years, and 40 to 50 in
twenty or twenty-five years. The mining poj)ulation are mostly
well-behaved and industrious, but like too many of the class to
which they belong, are somewhat improvident in their habits.
When wages were at theu^ height three years ago, and from 8s. to
10s. or even 12s. per day could be made, very few saved any
portion of their earnings; consequently, little, if any money is
laid by in ordinary times, and a period of depression is too often
marked by privation and suffering. In 1852, wages were about

COUNTIES OF EDIXBUEGH AND LINLITHGOW. 65

2s. 6d. per day ; in 1862, 5s. ; and in 1872, 10s., so that ten
years sav them doubled ; twenty years, quadrupled. Eates at
]5resent, however, are not much in advance of what they were in
1862; indeed, in many cases 5s. per day is not reached; and as we
write, the prospects are not of the brightest.

Limestone is pretty widely diffused throughout both counties.
It is particularly abundant in all the coal districts. From the
earliest days of agriculture, large quantities of lime have been
burned in Hemperston, Middleton, Yogrie, and Arniston. At
Crichton-Dean, Cranston kilns, 24,000 bolls were a few years
ago annually sold, the kilns at Cousland producing 16,000 bolls.
The most abundant strata are at Gilmerton, in the parish of
Liberton. In Abercorn parish, Linlithgow, the value of raw pro-
duce, including coal, whinstone, and limestone, was, in 1843,
estimated at L.22,700. Since the more general use of artificial
manure and extraneous feeding stuffs, lime as a land fertiliser
has not been so extensively used; but it is the opinion of many
agriculturists that much of the soil in both Edinburgh and Lin-
lithgow would be benefited by a good dose.

Sandstone is abundant, and the quarries add much to the
wealth of the country. One at Hailes yields a slaty stone which
is easily worked, and very suitable for pavements. Another at
Ifedhall, a few years ago, brought in a rental of L.11,000. From
a quarry at Craigleith most of the beautiful and durable stone
of which the New Town of Edinburgh is built was obtained.

At Olermiston, and other places, inexhaustible quarries of trap
or blue whinstone are worked. This is very valuable, not only
for building purposes but also for road-making, being exceedingly
hard and lasting.

Ironstone, too, is largely developed in some parts. The work-
ing of a band in AYhitl3urn, Linlithgow, some twenty-five to thirty
years ago, provided a large means of local industry, and resulted
in changing the aspect of a bleak, lonely, and barren moor into a
scene of activity. This band yields from 27 to 30 per cent, of
pig iron, and has proved a profitable working. Iron is still
wrouglit in several parts, and adds much to the proprietors'
revenue. Ironworks liave advanced quite 25 to 30 per cent, in
twenty years. In 1875, tlie quantity of pig iron exported from
Leith and (Iranton was 160,101 tons.

Firebricks are ratlier extensivelv made in some localities, and
besides supplying a large liome demand, quantities are occasion-
ally ship])e(l to other parts.

ManuJ'acturcs. — Neither Ediiiburgli nor Linlitligow occupies a
very important position witli regard to manufactures. Linen is
made at Edinburgh, Leitli, and IMusselburgh, but not to any great
extent. About 4000 liands are employed in the paper manu-
facture, which is chietly carried on at Colinton, IVnicuik, Curric,

]:

6Q ox THE AGEICULTURE OF EDIXBURGH AND LIXLITHGOW.

Lasswade, Balerno, Auchenclinny, and some otLer places on the
rivers Leitli and Esk. A silk mill was erected on the banks of
the Union Canal, a little to the west of Edinbnrgh, in the year
1835, but the speculation did not turn out so successfully as the
promoters expected. In the town of Bathgate, about 600 to 800
hands are employed in the parafhn works of Messrs Meldrum.
Printing and publishing are carried on in Edinburgh perhaps to
a laroer extent than in anv other town in the United Kino^dom,
London excepted.

Fishing. — A small portion of the population residing along the
banks of the Forth still obtain their livelihood, either wholly or
in part, from the sea, but the fisheries are by no means extensive
when compared with those of some districts along the eastern
seaboard of Scotland. Cured fish are exported to Germany,
Holland, Eussia, and other countries.

Shipping Interests. — These are well represented by the seaport
towns dotted along the estuary of the Forth, particularly by
Leith, which has a foreign and colonial trade with Eussia, Hoi-
land, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, East and West Indies, America,
China, and Australia, besides a considerable coasting trade. In
1692 the shipping comprised 29 vessels, of 1702 tons in the
aggregate; in 1855, 168 sailing vessels, of 19,067 tons, and 25
steam- vessels, of 6327 tons. In 1859 the customs revenue
amounted to L.572,872. The total value of exports in 1859 was
L.872,973. Since then both the export and import trade have
increased. The chief exports are coal, iron, firebrick, and paraffin ;
the imports, grain, tallow, timber, and live stock. In 1875 the
principal imports of grain were : — wheat, 2,248,589 cwt. ; barley,
652,930 cwt. ; oats, 363,117 cwt. ; rye, 69,465 cwt. ; beans,
167,669 cwt.; pease^ 116,467 cwt.; Indian corn, 351,345 cwt.;
and flour, 254,005 sacks.

The seaport of Borrowstounness, or Bo'ness, enjoys a little
trade. About the end of the 17th century it ranked next to the
port of Leith. The number of vessels which entered the port in
1870 was 390, representing a burthen of 41,851 tons, and the
clearances 1420, or 157,577 tons. Coal is the chief article of
export.

Shipbuilding is carried on at Leith pretty extensively, ^ and
the yards have turned out some very fine steamers and sailing
vessels.

ON THE AGRICULTURE OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 67

ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE COUNTIES OF EOSS AXD

CROMARTY.

By James Macdonald, Special Reporter for the Scotsman, Aberdeen.

[Premium — TJiirty SovereigTis.]

General and Introchcctory .

The counties of Eoss and Cromarty are so tliorougMy dove-
tailed into each other geographically, and so intimately connected
politically, that they are usually spoken of as one county, and in
this treatise we propose to abide as closely as practicable to this
convenient rule. Together the two form the third largest county
in Scotland, and extend in one grand whole from the German Ocean
to the Atlantic ; while separately both are cut up, unconnected,
and incomplete.

These combined counties are bounded by the German Ocean
on the east, by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, by Suther-
landshire on the north and north-east, and on the south by
Inverness-shire. The island of Lewis, which stands away out
about 30 miles from the mainland, forming a huge natural
breakwater to check the rolling waves of the Atlantic, and a
few smaller islands, also on the west coast, belong to Eoss-
shire. The most northern point of the mainland, at the
mouth of the rivulet Fin (meaning boundary), is in north latitude
58° 7' 20'' ; the most southerly, near Loch Luing, in 57° T 40'' ; the
most easterly point, Tarbetness, lies in west longitude 3° 45' ;
and the most westerly, in the north of Applecross Sound, in 5° 46.
Tlie greatest distance in a straight line from north to south is
close on 70 miles, and from east to west about 67 miles. From
north-east to south-west Eoss-shire extends 84 miles. According
to the census of 1871, the area of the two counties is about 3151
square miles, or 2,016,375 imperial acres. Cromarty claims
19,247 acres, and Lewis 417,416.

In 1871 the population of Eoss-shire was 77,503, and the num-
ber of inhabited liouses 15,028. In Cromarty the population was
3362, and inhabited houses 685 ; together, population 80,955, in-
habited houses 15,713. The Parliamentary Eeturn of owners of
lands and heritages in Scotland, drawn up in 1872-3, shows that
in Eo.ss-shire there are 324 proprietors of lands of one acre and
u})\vards in extent, whose total acreage is 1,971,309, and total an-
nual value L.247,833, 17s. ; and that there are 1719 owners of
land of less than one acre in extent, their total extent beiiv^' 373
acres, and total annual value, L.2 1,508, 3s. The total number
of landowners is thus 2043 ; their total acreage 1,!>71,<')82 acres,
and their total annual value, L.269,342. In Cromarty, accord-
ing to the same authority, there are in all 231 landowners;
217 haviuLT each less than one acre. The total annual value of

68 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

tlie lands of these small owners amounts to L.1966, 7s. The 14
owners of one acre and upwards hold among them 718,184 acres,
the total annual value of which is L.10,268, Is. The Valua-
tion Eoll for 1876-77 shows that the gross annual value of the
county of Eoss, exclusive of railways and royal burghs, is
L.252,908, 10s. 9d. ; that the annual value of burghs is, L.14,886,
Os. 6d. (Dingwall, L.6,922, 15s. 3d. ; Tain, L.4744, 5s. ; and
Fortrose, L.3219, Os. 3d.) ; and that the annual value of railways
is L.21,268 ; grand total, L.289,060. lis. 3d. The valuation of the
county of Cromarty, exclusive of the burgh, for the year ending
1876-77 is, L.9909, 12s. 6d. ; burgh of Cromarty, about L.1900;
total, L.11,809, 12s. 6d. The valuation and area of Cromarty,
quoted above, do not include the detached portions of the county
(about 20 in number), which are scattered throughout Eoss-shire.
These portions are estimated to extend to about 182,000 acres,
of which the Duchess of Sutherland owns 149,800 acres, and for
valuation and all practical purposes they are considered as part of
the county of Eoss.

According to the Board of Trade Eeturns for the present year
(1876), the number of acres under all kinds of crops, bare fallow,
and grass, was 124,826 acres ; wheat, 6019 ; barley or here,
10,461; oats, 29,509; rye, 1192; beans, 86; peas, 146; total,
under cereals, 47,413. The acreage under green crops w^as — tur-
nips, 17,126 ; potatoes, 9256 ; mangold, carrots, cabbage, &c., 63 ;
tares, &c., 814 ; total, 27,259. Grasses under rotation extend to
29,987, and permanent pasture (exclusive of heath and mountain
land), to 19,395 ; and bare fallow, or uncropped land, to 772
acres. Of the 1,891,549 acres in both counties, exclusive of the
area under "all kinds of crops,bare fallow, and grass," about 600,000
are under red deer, and 1,291.549 under sheep, w^ood, or water, &c.
Eoss-shire is divided into 32 parishes, several of which are small,
several very large. The two counties are united into one sheriff-
dom, the sheriff principal having three substitutes. One substi-
tute sits at Dingwall and Fortrose, one at Tain, and another at
Stornoway, in Lewis. They are also politically united, and the
present representative is Mr Alexander Matheson of Ardross.
For civil purposes they are divided into five districts, viz,, The
Black Isle, Easter Eoss, Mid-Eoss, Wester Eoss, and Lewis. The
burghs of Dingwall, Tain, and Cromarty are joined with Dornoch,
Wick, and Kirkwall in Farliamentary representation, the present
representative being Mr John Pender. Fortrose is united with the
Inverness District of Burghs, which are represented by Mr Fraser
Mackintosh.

There are four royal and parliamentary burghs in the two
counties — Dingwall, Tain, Cromarty, and Fortrose ; two seaport
towns — Invergorden and Stornoway; and close on a score of villages,
v-the more important of which are Alness, Portmahomack, and L^l-

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMAETY. 6 9

lapool. Dingwall is the county town. It was created a royal
burgh by Alexander II. in 1227, and has now a population of
2125. The beautifully wooded plain upon which it stands was
once a swampy marsh, but thorough drainage and spirited agricul-
ture has made it one of the most lovely valleys in the north of
Scotland. The burgh lies snugly among rich clumps of handsome
trees at the entrance of the Strathpeffer Valley, famous all over
the kingdom, and even beyond it, for the healing powers of its sul-
phurous springs. The scenery around the " strath " is very fine,
the air pure and dry, and for several years past it has been one of
the most fashionable summer resorts in Scotland. The junction
of the Hijihland and Dingwall and Skve Eailwav is at Dincjwall,
and a short canal from the Cromarty Firth enables small vessels to
reach the town. The town mainly consists of one street, about a mile
in length, and while the majority of the houses are irregularly situ-
ated and unpretentious in an architectural point of view, still there
are a good many very handsome residences, most of which have
sprung up within the past twenty-five or thirty years. Traces of
what was once the principal seat of the Earls of Eoss are seen
close by, while in the neif^hbourhood there is a vitrified fort on a
conical hill. The Caithness, Sutherland, and Eoss Eifle Militia
have their head-quarters at Dingwall.

!N'ext in importance comes Tain, situated on the south shore of
the Dornoch Firth, and containing a population of 2287. It was
created a royal burgh by ]\Ialcolm Canmore, and about the be-
ginning of the thirteenth century St Duthus, its patron saint,
and Bishop of Eoss, constituted it the ecclesiastical capital of
Eoss-shire. The tower in the Town House is very ancient, and
tlie bell which hangs in the freestone spire that surmounts it is
about 200 years old. This interesting structure is now encircled
by a very handsome Town's House. On a beautiful level be-
tween the town and the firth stand the remains of a very ancient
chapel, said to have been erected to the memory of St Duthus
about the close of the thirteenth century. It is recorded that in
tliis chapel the wife and daughter of Ih-uce took refuge, but the
Karls of Eoss are credited with liavin<^ " draizj^ed them forth and
given them up to the English," It is also said that James Y.
made a barefoot pilgrimage to this ruin in 1527. Close by the
town's liouse are the well-preserved ruins of a collegiate church,
founded in 1471, and remarkable for its beautiful Gothic archi-
tecture. Tlie streets are very irregular, but still the town has a
cleanly lik(\il)le appearance.

Cromarty hus a population of 2180. It is situated at the
north-east corner of tlu; ])lack Jsle, and lias very ])rftty sur-
roundings. Sir .lohn Sinclair and other sages predicted that
Cromarty long ere now would liavc become one of tlie ])rincipal
centres of commerce in the north of Scotland, and though, unfor—

70 ON THE AGKICULTUEE OF THE

tunately, those good predictions have not been realised, Cromarty
is still a little burgh of considerable note. It is well known to
have one of the safest harbours in Europe. Two immense head-
lands, called the "Soutars," form natural breakwaters against the
tide in the Moray Firth, and between these headlands, which are
distant from each other only about a mile, the Cromarty Firth
steals away round to the back of the Black Isle almost unob-
servedly and quietly even during the roughest seas. Ships once
into this firth are safe from all seas, and often during a storm the
firth is crowded with vessels of various sizes. A fine quay was
formed at Cromarty in 1785. Cromarty is famous in another
way. It was the birthplace of Hugh Miller, and it may well be
pardoned for the pride it feels in ranking this eminent geologist
as one of its illustrious sons. A monument to the memory of
Huo'h Miller stands in the neifjhbourhood.

Fortrose is formed of two towns — Eosemarkie and Chanonry —
and has a population of 911. Eosemarkie was created a royal
burgh by Alexander II. A cathedral and bishop's palace once
adorned Fortrose, but Cromwell destroyed both, and sent the
stones to Inverness to be used in the construction of a fort there.
Fortrose has still a very fair trade, and in the sixteenth century
it gets the credit of having been the seat of arts, science, and
divinity in the north of Scotland. The beach here is sandy and
very beautiful.

Invergordon is a thriving seaport town, with a population of
about 1157. It is situated on the north-west side of the
Cromarty Firth, and has loug been the chief seaport for the
eastern districts of the county. Mr Macleod of Cadboll erected
two wooden piers at a cost of about L.5000. For many years
Invergordon v/as the only town in the county that could boast of
a newspaper, the "Invergordon Times," but about a year ago the
"Eoss-shire Journal" w^as started in Dingwall.

Stornoway, the only town in Lewis, has a jDopulation of about
2498, and is of considerable importance in the shipping trade. It
has been immensely improved of late by Sir James Matheson,
Bart, of Lewis. A lighthouse stands at the harbour mouth.

Eoss-shire embraces all the varieties of Highland scenery ; and
more than that, it can boast of not a few of the most charming
characteristics of the finest ao^ricultural districts both in Scot-
land and England. In the Highlands, or western division of the
county, wood, water, heath, and mountains mingle together in
perfect grandeur; while in the eastern or lower lying districts,
green fields, thriving hedges, rich plantations, and handsome
houses tint the lam] scape into delightful harmony. The scenery
in Easter Eoss, and around Dingwall and Strathpeffer, is really
very fine. Almost all the arable land lies on the east coast; and
the main body of the county, lying to the west of the fine agri-

COUNTIES OF PwOSS AND CEOMAKTY. 71

cultural border on the east, is extremely mounter'nous and
wild. The hills and mountains are chiefly in clumps or chains,
and in in many cases they reach to a great height. Ben
Wyvis is probably the finest mountain in the county, though
other two or three exceed it in elevation. Ben Dearg, Ben
Alton, and Ben Sloich are each close on 4000 feet high, while
Ben Wyvis is only 3700. The west coast is exceedingly rugget^
and winding. In a straight line the west coast of Eoss-shire
measures only about 70 miles; while by following the inden-
tations, the length extends to something like 400 miles. The
number of lochs and small 'lakes in the two counties is extra-
ordinary. A la,rge number o.re small, but still a few are
of a considerable size. Chief among these may be mentioned the
beautiful Loch Maree, which extends to some 18 miles in length,
and which is surrounded with as delightful mountain scenery as
is to be met with anvwhere in Scotland. The mountains rise on
both sides almost perpendicularly, and are fringed at the base with
rich plantations of larch and fir. The tops of the mountains are
bare and water-worn ; but '' about half-way down [says a recent
writer], the combined beauty and sublimity of the scenery are
such as to strongly affect the dullest imagination; and when
we come in sight of the little island towards the lower end of the
loch, the picture may be said to be complete — a picture which,
we venture to say, puts fairly into the shade the much-vaunted
beauties of the Trossachs and of Lochlomond." The majority of
these lochs are well stocked with fish of various kinds ; and on
the whole, very few counties equal Eoss-shire in the facilities it
affords the lovers of the " gentle art." The rivers are numerous,
while the small streamlets and mountain torrents can be counted
in scores. The principal rivers on the east coast are the Carron,
the Conan, and the Alness ; the latter two drain a great portion
of the southern division of the county, and fall into the Cromarty
Firth ; while Carron drains a considerable extent of the northern
end, and empties itself into the Dornoch Firth at Bonar Bridge.
On the west coast the largest rivers are the Ewe, another Carron,
and the Broom. The river Ewe flows out of Loch ^laree, falls
into the sea at Loch Ewe, and is considered one of the best
angling streams in Britain. Salmon and sea-trout are abundant ;
and it is recorded that the former average about IG pounils
in weight. On the uther rivers generally the sui»i>ly of salmon
and trout is very good, and the ([uality of the lish is excelluul.
The large majority of the lochs and rivers are reserved by their
owners, or let to angling tenants; but still there is abundance
of tishing at the coniniand of the tourist.

Boss and Cromarty stand supreme with respect to grouse-
mooi-s, and deer forests. I'he latter are numerous, and some of
them very large ; the total breadth under deer, as already stated,

72 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

being about 600,000 acres. Several of these forests carry excel-
lent covers of deer, and afford grand sport to their owners or
tenants. Complaints, however, are occasionally heard that the
animals are not coming up to the former standard of weight, but
are small in size, and always lean. An authority on the subject
says, " this might be cured by the infusion of fresh blood, which
is known to be the backbone^of all good breeding." The grouse
moors are not only numerous, but also large, and very produc-
tive, though, of course, the destructive disease which raged with
such virulence in 1874, thinned the stock of birds dreadfully.

A premium is presently offered by the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society for a report on the woods and forests in Eoss-
shire, and therefore many notes on the subject here would be out
of place. It may be remarked, however, that the breadth under
wood in the county is very great, and that many thousands of
acres have been added to it during the past ten or twenty years.
Wood seems to thrive exceedingly well in the county, and is
found to be a most remunerative speculation. One instance of
this may be given. A plantation on the estate of TuUoch was
recently disposed of, and the sum realised was equal to a rent of
L.2 per acre for each of the forty years the wood occupied the
ground. The benefits conferred on a cold late district by plan-
tations are well known to be very considerable ; and in these
days of dear labour and high prices for wood, the landed proprie-
tors in some of the other counties in the north of Scotland would
do well, both to themselves and to the community generally,
were they to copy the good example shown in the way of planting
by the proprietors of Eoss-shire. There is one little point, how-
ever, that the proprietors of Eoss-shire would do well to look at,
in the interests of their valuable plantations. That little lively
creature, the squirrel, is well known to be a destructive enemy to
young trees. It gnaws away at the "leaders ;" and in this way
a single squirrel has been known to kill or greatly damage no fewer
than a dozen young trees in one day. Several of the young
plantations of Eoss-shire are swarming with these creatures ; and
in their own interests we would advise the landed proprietors
to combine together and exterminate them. Singly, very little
could be done, but were the owners of all the plantations in the
county to unite in their destruction, their little foes would
speedily disappear.

The island of Lewis has been aptly described as an immense
peat, with notches of the moss cut away here and there, to
afford a sure foundation for the inhabitants, and also produce
food for their bodily wants. It lies from 58° 11' to 58° 31'
north latitude, and from 6° 9' to 7° 8' west longitude. The
Flannel Islands, belonging to Lewis, lie in 7° 39' west longitude.
The -highest hill is 1850 feet above sea-level; a few hill tops are

COUNTIES OF EOSS AXD CROMARTY. 73

nearly this height, and there are a few more from 1000 to 1600
feet ; but the largest extent of surface of the island is under 600
feet. The arable land, and tlie best pasture round the sea-shore,
seldom rises beyond 200 feet above the sea. Lewis is divided into
four parishes — Stornoway, Barvas, Lochs, and Uig. Stornoway is
the smallest in extent, containing only 67,650 acres, but it is by far
the most important of the four, embracing, as it does, not far
short of the half of the whole population of the island, and
standing equally near the same position in respect of rental.
Naturally, the land is divided into three sections. At the
north-eastern end there is a large extent of mostly flat land (the
highest hill here being 800 feet), with a considerable depth of
gravel under the moss and between it and the solid rock. This
section forms a triangle, the base of which is a line drawn from
Bayhead, Stornoway, across by the east end of the Barvas hills
to the mouth of the Arnal river on the west coast, the perpen-
dicular being a line from Arnal to the Butt of Lewes. The
town of Stornoway stands on the south corner of this triangle,
and the Butt of Lewis on the north corner. Lewis Castle and
grounds, so greatly admired by all, stand just outside the base
line where it started at Bayhead. The finest grazing and arable
land in the island is in this section ; and more than half of the
l)opulation live on it. The middle section of the island runs
from sea to sea, and lies between the two jDarallel lines from
Stornowav to Arnal on the one side, and from the northern
corner of Loch Erisort to the east corner of Loch Boag on the
other side. Much of this tract of land is also flat, but still it con-
tains a good deal of land with an undulating surface, and two
ranges of low hills, the highest peak of which is about lUUO feet*
The rock comes very close to the surface in some parts of this
section ; in others it is bare altogether, while in the hollows it is
covered with moss to a great depth. On the south edge of this
division stands the only inland crofter township in the island ;
and along the north side there is a large population from Cal-
larnich to Arnal. The west and south-western portion is very
rocky and hilly ; and here are the highest hills and wildest
scenery in the Lewis. There are also some large fresh water
lochs, as well as the extensive salt-water lochs ot Boag, Erisort,
Shell, and Seaforlh. On the west side of this section are a
number of rocky islands, large portions of the surface of which
are covered with the richest, natural -n-asses. Cattle and
sheep thrive better on these islands in winter than on any
other part of the Lewis. ()}>p()site this division, and between
Lewis and Skye, are the Shiant islands, on which are first-class
natural grasses, which winter several hundreds of Cheviot sheep
as well as any of the runs in the lower })arts of the county.
With the exception of these islands, and sonic other pieces of

74 ON THE AGIIICULTUEE OF THE

good grass and mixed pasture, round low liills, knolls, and loch
sides, the greater part of this section is covered with black heath
and boggy pasture, and a good deal is simply bare rock. There
is very little land here on which the plough could work ; but
owing to the suitableness of the sides of the sea lochs for the
home of the fisherman-crofter, about one-fourth of the crofters in
the island live along the sea-shore on this section. In a word, it
may he said that the distinguishing features of Lewis are its
large extent of moss and moor, its immense number of lochs, and
the thousands of crofters that live on it.

While Eoss and Cromarty rank very high among other Scotch
counties in regard to their sporting importance, they also occupy
a most creditable position in an agricultural point of view. The
county of Eoss surpasses almost all other counties in Scotland in
one feature — it has within its bounds one of the best purely arable
districts in the kingdom, and also as large and as fine a purely pas-
toral range as is to be found anywhere in the northern counties
of Scotland. In the eastern division " nature has done much to
enrich the soil and adorn the landscape ; " and the long-sustained
and united exertions of an intelligent, enterprising, liberal class
of landlords, and of a painstaking energetic race of tenants, have
made that part of the county a formidable rival to the Lothians
and to the plains of Morayshire. Easter Eoss proper has long
been well known as a perfect garden of richness and fertility.
The climate is good, the soil excellent, and the prevailing system
of farming of the most advanced description. Away in the
western districts again we find purely pastoral farming flourish-
ing at an equally prominent stage of advancement. The range
under sheep is immense, the pasture in many parts very good,
and the system of management pursued quite abreast with the
times — if not indeed in advance in some points. That the past
quarter of a century (the period over which this report extends)
has contributed very largely to the attainment of this prominent
position these counties now occupy there can not be a doubt ; and
of this more anon.

Probably nothing has been more instrumental in bringing the
counties of Eoss and Cromarty to what they now are, than the
improved means of conveyance both by sea and land. Without
proper outlet no county, however rich its natural resources, can
do much in the way of developing its industry, or at least could
benefit to any great extent by attempts at improvement ; and like
most of the other northern counties, Eoss and Cromarty were for a
very long time greatly handicapped in this respect. The districts
immediately round Cromarty and Invergorden have for many
years been benefited by an outlet by sea, but the further iiiland
parts lay neglected for many years. Even to Inverness-shire, its
nearest neighbour, the county of Eoss seems to have remained

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMAETY. 75

almost a stranger for many hundreds of years. Little more than
a century and a half ago the magistrates of Inverness, anxious to
know something of their hitherto unknown neighbours at Ding-
wall, despatched a deputation of their number to " exj^lore the
town, interview the inhabitants, and report." In the course of
" a few days " the deputation returned with the news of their
expedition ; and we believe their formal report is engrossed in
the Council Eecords of Inverness. Dino-wall is now about an
hour's ride from Inverness. Verily we live in changed times !

Eegular communication between Eoss-shire and the south by
sea was established in 1839, when the steamship " Duke of
Sutherland " began to trade in the Moray Eirth, sailing between
Leith, Inverness, and Invergordon, and calling at all the inter-
mediate ports, going and coming, which occupied about a week.
Some time after that two steamers began to sail from Invergordon
once a week, but since the extension of the Highland Eailway
into the county there has been scarcely any regular communica-
tion by sea. A steamer sails from Leith to Cromarty, Invergor-
don, and Inverness, through the Caledonian Canal to Liverpool
once a fortnight. In 1 862 the Highland Eailway was opened
into Invergordon, and two years later or thereby it was extended to
Tain and Bonar Bridge ; and now it runs right through to Wick
and Thurso, allowing the blood of commerce to circulate freely
from Land's End to John O'Groats. The benefits conferred on
the whole north by the efficient railway communication it now
enjoys have been ahnost incalculable.

Pojpulation, &c.

The following table shows the population at various periods
.since the beginning of the present century : —

180], 53,525

1811, 60,853

l.h21, 68,828

1841, 78,685

Increase since 1801, . . 27,430
Decrease since 1851, . . 1,752

It will be seen from these figures that, while the population has
increased largely during the present century, the past twenty-
tive years liave diminished that increase very considerably. The
attractions for emigration, the extension of sheep-farming and
deer forests, the absolution of crofts by large farms, and the high
rate of wages in the southern counties of ^Scotland, have all been
mentioned as active agencies in bringing about this decrease ;
and doubtlessly they have all hud something to do in the matter.
The number of inhabited houses in 1851 was 15,941 ; in lS(il,
10,728 ; and in 1871, 15,7 13— decrease, 228. The parliamentary
constituency in 1855-50 was 879, and in 1875-7(3, 1580. The
present population is ecj^uul to only about one person for every 25

1851, 82,707

1861, 81,406

1871, 80,955

76 ON TUE AGEICULTURE OF THE

acres ; and the average nuraber of persons to each house is from
5 to 6. The most ancient inhabitants of Eoss-shire, as of Scot-
land generally, were known by the name of Caledonians, but
whether they were Celts of the Cymric (or Kymric) or Erse
branch is still an undecided fact. History tells us that the
Scots, that hardy race of Celts that peopled the " Emerald Isle,"
when it was known, not as Ireland, but as Scotland, emigrated
to this country, and after the third century occupied the western
coast of Scotland, from the Firth of Clyde to the northern boun-
dary line of Eoss-shire. Like those of almost every other county
in Scotland, the early inhabitants of Eoss and Cromarty were
frequently disturbed by ambitious and warlike invaders. The
Eomans, in their wild depredations in Caledonia, seem to have
stopped short before reaching the northern straths of Eoss-shire ;
for, with the exception of the discovery in a mound near Tarbet-
ness of a few Eoman coins, a rusty sword, and a few other
articles of Eoman fashion, no traces have been found of their
having been in the county at all. Erom the few Scandinavian
names thut occur in Easter Eoss, such as Tain and Dingwall, it
is evident that the Norsemen, who had taken possession of the
county of Caithness, had penetrated into Eoss-shire and planted
their abodes in the richest parts of the county. The Danes
also invaded the county, but neither they nor the fierce men of
the north were able to retain their hold for any length of time.
The natives rose in rebellion as one man and drove the invaders
from the county. Eor his heroism in these conflicts Munro
of Eerindonald had all the lands lying between Dingwall and
Alness water bestowed upon him by Malcolm 11. On Cromarty
Hill Wallace is said to have fought and won an important battle
against the English, while the conquering hand of Cromwell left
its print at Eortrose, where, as already stated, he destroyed a fine
cathedral. Probably the most important of all the battles known
to have been fought in the county was that between the armies
of the gallant Montrose and the Commonwealth, which was
fought in 1650 at Craigcaomeadharn, in the parish of Kincardine.
Here Montrose sustained a dreadful defeat, and having been
captured, he was conveyed to Edinburgh and executed. Much
as the county suffered from the battles which were necessitated
by the ambitious interference of foreigners, probably quite as
much bloodshed was caused, and as much damage done to pro-
perty, by unfortunate feuds which were every now and again
breaking out among the native rival clans. Eor several hundreds
of years, however, the social atmosphere of Eoss-shire has been
clear and tranquil; and since the beginning of the sixteenth
century the county has been gradually moving onwards in the
van of progress. Just about the time the Danes and Norsemen
were perpetrating their wild outrages against the untutored
natives of the East, a band of monks from lona, and headed by

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMARTY. 77

St Malrube, with more peaceful purpose landed on the west
coast among the Applecross Hills; and at Boat Cove, in that
district, they founded a monastery, which, says a recent writer,
" shed the first genial rays of Christianity over the heathenism
of the "West." The centre of the Christian colony then formed
is still distinguished by a stone cross ; while it is said by some
that the remains of an old burying ground, which are seen in one
of the small islands of Loch Maree, mark the spot where the
good St Malrube lived and died. From this they argue that
Loch Maree took its name from St Malrube. It is more pro-
bable, however, that the name of this magnificent sheet of water
was derived from a St Maree, who came direct from lona and
took up his residence in one of the small islets at the north end
of the loch.

Since the advent of the present century the social condition of
the people throughout the counties generally has improved very
much indeed. The working class are better fed, better housed,
better educated, and better remunerated for their labour ; and, on
the whole, it must be said that the working population of Eoss
and Cromarty is in a very satisfactory and comfortable condition.
The educational machinery in several of the districts on the west
coast and in Lewis was for long very inferior and incomplete — a
Gaelic teacher, with a salary of L.15 or L.20 a year, being the only
educational luminary some of the parishes could boast of. The
Education (Scotland) Act, however, has supplied all these wants,
and, with such liberal encouragement as is now given by Parlia-
ment, education in the Highlands should soon reach a very
different degree of quality from that at which it has for so long
been stationary. A large number of very fine new schools have
been built throughout the counties during the past two or three
years, and a whole host of highly certificated teachers have been
introduced. The landlords of Eoss and Cromarty are thoroughly
intelligent, liberal minded, practical men, many of them enthusi-
astic agriculturists ; while the farmers, generally speaking, are
shrewd, independent, industrious, and painstaking. A good deal
of southern blood has been infused into the eastern districts during
the past fifty or sixty years, by far the majority of the larger arable
farms in the counties, as well as a good many extensive sheep
runs, being held by gentlemen hailing from the south or south-
eastern counties of Scotland. The natives are (piiet, easy-goiug,
kind-hearted, contented people, of liigli moral character, and very
fair ijitelligence. Gaelic, broad Scotch, and the purest of Knglisli
are all heard in curious confusion in every disti-ict of the county.
In Easter Eoss tlie labouring classes only speak Gaelic, but on the
west coast the Celtic language still stands supreme. Many hun-
dreds of the natives in fact cauiiot speak a single woul of

78 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

Englisli, tliougli the young people have for a few years been
rei^ardino; it as an essential branch of their education to
become acquainted with the English language. The Gaelic
schools, of course, have been undermined by the Education Act,
but still, so fondly do some of the more clannish of the inhabi-
tants lean towards the language of their own early youth and of
their forefathers, that a good many of the old Gaelic teachers have
been- reinstated in small temporary schools, old grain barns and
the like. Eoss -shire has a large battalion of Rifle Volunteers,
while Stornoway and Cromarty have each an Artillery battery.
The two counties also contribute largely to the Caithness, Suther-
land, and Eoss Eifle Militia.

Climate,

"\t\^en the higli northern latitude is taken into account, the
climate of Eoss and Cromarty must be regarded as most wonder-
fully mild. It varies a good deal in the different districts, being
dry and mild on the east coast and very moist on the west. The
mean annual temperature over ths whole of both counties which
has been put down at 46", varies very little, but the duration of
summer heat on the east coast is greater than on the west coast ;
where, on the other hand, the winters are slightly warmer, but, in
the northern parts at least, marked by heavier falls of snow than
on the east. The mean temperature in the Lewis of the four
months — November, December, January, and Februar}^ — is about
39°, and that of the other eight months about 49°. The rainfall
in the west usually ranges from 35 to 70 inches, in the Lewis
from 30 to 50 inches ; and in the east from 20 to 30 inches. This
remarkable difference in the rainfall between the east and west
coasts is easily accounted for. During eight months of the whole
year the winds blow from between the points south-west and
north-west, and consequently have to travel over the Atlantic
Ocean. In their course over such an immense tract of water they
become charged with moisture, which, on striking against the
rugged hills of the west, they discharge in the shape of rain. The
higher floating clouds that are carried on the westerly winds are
attracted by Ben "Wyvis and the other more elevated summits in
the county, and are led away along the mountainous range into
the wilds of Sutherland ; and thus the moisture that comes with
the westerly winds is spent among the hills on the west before
reaching the lower levels of the east. Again, the winds that play
right into the east coast have only a limited stretch of water to
pass over, and thus they bring very little moisture with them.
These easterly winds, however, blow over the coldest regions of
Europe, and though they are much drier they are considerably
colder than the westerly winds, which are raised in temperature
by their passage across the Atlantic. The easterly winds are

COUNTIES OF PtOSS AND CEOMAETY. 79

invariably bitterly cold, and when they prevail in s^jring the
young crops frequently sustain heavy damage by their blasting
■ influence. It is the proverbial mildness of these westerly winds
that accounts for the temperature on the west coast being higher
during winter than on the east. In the districts of Balmacarra,
Strome Ferry, and other parts on the south-western borders of the
county, snow seldom if ever falls, and when it does it never lies
for any length of time. Here it rains almost always, as may be
seen from the fact that the rainfall at Loch Alsh in 1875 reached
the enormous depth of 6 feet 9 inches.

In Easter Boss the climate is probably as favourable for agri-
cultural purposes as in any of the more southern parts of the
kingdom. The exposure in the main is southern, the soil chiefly
a rich kindly loam with good subsoil, while its j^TOximity to the
genial waters of the ocean renders the atmosphere around it
humid, mild, and equable. The climatic characteristics of
Easter Eoss and of the better parts of Morayshire are very
similar, and seed-time and harvest usually begin and end
about the same days in both districts. The soils, too, have
many similarities, though there is probably not so much stiff
unmanageable clay in Easter Eoss as there is in the " Laich o'
Moray." Harvest in Easter Eoss usually begins about the second
or third week of August, though of course exceptionally wet or
dry seasons cause considerable variation in the exact date of com-
mencement. On some of the earlier farms it began in 1876 about
the 17th or 18th of August, and was completed about the 16th of
September. Complaints were made towards the end of the
eighteenth century that the climate of Eoss and Cromarty was
gradually becoming worse. About the advent of the present cen-
tury it was argued that garden, fruit, and grain crops were well-
nigh a fortnight later of ripening than some twenty or thirty
years previous to that. In his admirable survey of the counties
drawn up in 1808, Sir George Mackenzie records a statement he
had heard that during the first half of the eighteenth century it
was no uncommon thing for new meal to be exposed for sale at
Contin Fair, which was held on the 1st of September, and adds —
"If our corn looks ready for the sickle then we reckon ourselves
very fortunate." He also says that about 179G he had ripe
peaches sent to his shooting quarters from the open wall in the
month of August ; while he adds — " I have not had them well
ripened since till the middle of September, sometimes later, and
often not at all." Whatever may have been the cause of that
decline, or what its duration, we do not know ; but there is not the
least doubt that since the advent of the present century the
climate at least of the east coast has improved very considerably.
Originally the eastern districts of Eoss and Cromarty were inter-
sected with numerous small lochs and swampy bogs, but since Sir

80 ON THE AGPJCULTUEE OF THE

George Mackenzie wrote liis survey almost all these have been
drained and brought under cultivation. The old land has also been
drained over and over again, and this, combined with extensive plant-
ing, has made the climate of the east coast warmer, more equable,
and drier than it had ever been before. It would be no uncommon
thing now to have new meal ready for the market by the begin-
ning of September, or even a little earlier than that ; while in a
moderately warm year open-air peaches might be had for the
table about the end of August. Snow seldom lies to any great
depth or for any length of time on the east coast ; and it is only
on rare occasions that the crops suffer any damage during the
harvest operations. The whole of the harvest work is often
finished about the third week of September, and thus a long, open
autumn is available for the " ora" work of the farm. Plouo-hino-

o o

is often commenced about the middle of September, and before
the winter is fairly set in the whole of the stubble land, or at least
the greater part of it, is invariably in the black furrow. Winter
is an easy time with the Easter Koss farmers, and in an ordinary
year there is less stir and bustle in spring than in most of the
other counties in the north of Scotland. The land is usually in
working order very early in spring, and with such a long autumn
and such an open winter ic is only what might be expected that
the work of the farm is usually well advanced by the time the
snowy months have passed away. The greater proportion of the
wheat break is sown in autumn, and this of course also tends to
lessen the work in spring. On the Cromarty lands, in the Black
Isle, in the Contin district, and in Mid-Eoss, which lie northwards,
the climate is not quite so warm as in Easter Eoss proper, and
harvest is usually from a week to ten days later of being begun.
The breadth of arable land on the west coast is very small, but on
what does exist the harvest is generally about a fortnight later.
The crops -grow well in bulk, but the mean heat during summer
being less than on the east coast they do not flower so satisfac-
torily as they do there, and are much slower in arriving at
maturity. The heavy rains of the west also interfere very much
with the drying of the grain after it has been reaped. The
climate of the west coast does not suit wheat or barley, and con-
sequently little bat oats are grown in these parts, the earliest
varieties of course being preferred. The soil on some parts of the
west coast is found to be admirably adapted for barley, but the
amount of sunshine usually enjoyed in these parts is much too
little for this variety of grain. Snow falls heavily among the
higher hills on the west coast, and when the wind happens to be
high during a fall of snow the drifting is indeed terrific. Im-
mense wreaths collect in the sheltered places, and occasionally
considerable loss is sustained by flock owners by numbers of their
sheep being smothered in tliese snowy accumulations.

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. 81

The following table sliows tlie rainfall at various points
throiK'hout the two counties in 1875 : —

West Ross.

Eainfall in No. of Days on

Inche.s. which -01 or more R'il.

LochAlsh, 71-18 162

Strome Ferry, 55-01 117

Duncraig, 31-60

Applecross Gardens, . . . . 47*89 216

Strathconan, 46*44 228

Gairloch, 38-59 194

Loch Vraon, 51*95

Loch Broom, 56*70

Braemore, 53*70

Stornoway, 26-10

Lewis Castle, 45*19 238

Bernera, in Lewib, . . . . 48 90

Butt of Lewis, 33-77 2U6

East Ross.

Dingwall, 30-23 173

Cromarty, . . . . . 16*89

Invergordon, ..... 24*41 130

Feam, 22-84 166

Ardross Castle, .... 35*24 203

Springfield, near Tain, . . . 24*80 167

Tarbatness, ..... 16*84

Gcolofjy — Su'd.

A complete technical account of the geology of a county is
not absolutely necessary in connection with a survey of its
agriculture. So largely, however, is soil intiuenced and regulated
by the rocks which underlie it that we shall offer a few sentences
regarding these, avoiding technicalities as much as possible.
Speaking generally, it may be said that all over the east coast,
including the Black Isle, Mid Eoss, and Easter Ross pro])er, the
prevailing formation is wdiat we may call Hugh ^Miller's Old lied
Sandstone. That illustrious geologist w\as not only born amidst
the Old lied in its most perfect form, but also learned in after
years to make practical use of its blocks. It was around the
little northern burgh which gave him birth that he made his lirst
geological oljservations ; and in the racy, fascinating sketches
which he has given to the world of his painstaking researches, he
has provided an account of the geology of the northern counties
generally, and ot lioss and Cromarty in ])articular, that will
sutlice for all time coming. While the Old lied i.s imdoubtedly
the prevailing formation on the cast coast, it is gi*eatly bruki-n up
and intersected in several districts by irregular blocks of granite-
gneiss, ([uartz, hornblende, and other rocks of the primitive layer.-*
Large unshapely masses of conglomerate occur here and ihcreall
over the east, diversifying the soil and lending an irreguhir rugged

V

82 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

appearance to the surface. The Old Red is probably found in
the most perfect form in the Black Isle, which in fact consists
mainly of a series of sandstone ridges intervened by extensive
valleys covered with rich fertile soil. The ridges are composed
of hard red sandstone, intermixed here and there with impure
granite conglomerate. The two higher ridges were for many
years (by some even yet) regarded as belonging to the ISTew Red
Sandstone formation, but important discoveries of fossils which
Hugh Miller maxle at Cromarty have assigned for them an ever-
lasting place among the ridges of the Old Red. At the eastern
termination of these ridges, and to the north-east of the village of
Avoch, a large granite ridge has been upheaved from below the
sandstone formation, making the configuration of the neighbour-
hood extremely irregular. The sandstone formations stretch
away into the lower parts of the parishes of Contiu, Fodderty,
and Dingwall, and is covered in some parts with a strong reddish
clay. In the higher lying parts of these, and, in fact, in all the
parishes running back into the hills, the prevailing formation is
2jneiss mixed with its subordinate rocks. In the neisshbourhood
of Strathpeffer there is a good deal of dark calcareo-bituminous
schist, soft and foliated, and mixed with beds of shale and sub-
stance resembhng coal, but which has been found to be a "slaggy
mineral pitch." The parishes of Alness, Logic, and Kilmuir
Easter rest almost entirely on sandstone, with here and there
unshapely heights of granite conglomerate, gueiss, and coarse
quartz rock. Ironstone also exists in considerable quantities
among the gneiss rocks, and a sample dug from the Alness dis-
trict was analysed and found to contain 75 per cent, of iron. In
Urquhart and Logie Wester the Old Red abounds very largely;
and here, as in several other parts of the counties, freestone is
quarried extensively for building purposes, both at home and in
neighbouring counties. On the higher lands of N"igg a good deal
of granite, gneiss, and schistose limestone is mixed with the sand-
stone ; and to Rosskeen, Tain, and Edderton similar remarks may
be applied. In Fearn and Tarbat the sandstone strata are more
complete, and the surface and soil more uniform than in most of
the other parishes. Unfortunately very little limestone is found
to exist among the rocks on the east coast, though it is very
abundant on the west. One small vein only has been found.
Starting at the Soutars of Cromarty, it runs through the district
in the direction of Tarbat Point, and is visible among the preci-
pitous sandstone rocks which bind in the Moray Firth at Geanies.
This vein is very small, in some places not more than 10 or
12 inches thick, but, nevertheless (to appropriate a remark of
the late lamented Mr Kenneth Murray of Geanies), it may be
regarded as " the mother of the beautiful white clover that grows
so richly in Easter Ross."

COUXTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 83

In Kincardine granite and whinstone abound, while with few
exceptions the formation among the hills on the west is gneiss,
mixed or alternating with mica schist, quartz rock, ironstone, and
mountain limestone ; tlie latter exists in great abundance, and is
extensively used for agricultural purposes. The Old Eed, how-
ever, is not altogether wanting even on the west, for at Apple-
cross, Lochcarron, Gairloch, and Lochbroom considerable quan-
tities of it are seen. Iron was at one time quarried in the
Gairloch district ; but the only fuel at hand was the natural wood,
and when it became exhausted the work was abandoned.

True to the general characteristics of Old Eed Sandstone dis-
tricts, the surface of Koss and Cromarty is diversified and irregular.
Around Tarbatness, for instance, where the strata are pretty
complete and unbroken by trap upheavals, the surface is flat and
bare, and the soil light and fertile ; while in the Black Isle, in
the parish of Nigg, and in other parts where there are marks of
trap eruptions and heights of hard conglomerate, the surface is
very irregular and uneven — in the words of Dr Page, '' here
rising in rounded heights, there sinking in easy undulations;
now swelling in sunny slopes, and anon retiring in winding glens
or rounded valley-basins of great bea^uty and fertility." The soil
which usually overlies the Old Eed Sandstone is light loam,
almost approaching clay, and invariably the subsoil is composed
of sand, gravel, and friable clay, these in fact being the debris of
the formation. Speaking generally, the soil of Eoss and Cromarty
corresponds closely to what might be looked for above their
geological formation ; but as it is not the underlying formation
alone that regulates the soil, it is only natural to expect several
deviations from the general rule. On the Black Isle the soil
varies a good deal. On the centre ridge, on what was once
Mulbine Common, the soil is very light and gravelly, and on
many j)arts the underlying rocks come very close to the surface.
Dry seasons do much damage here ; in fact, in a very dry year,
such as 1868, almost every well aloog the top of the isle becomes
dry. In the basins between the ridges, and along the coast the
whole way round, the prevailing soil is rich black loam and fine
clay, lying on sand or gravel on the lower flats, and on firm clay
on the slopes. A hard irony pan divides the soil from the sub-
soil in some parts, but where it could possibly be done this has
been cured by substantial trench ploughing. A good deal of the
laud facing the Cromarty Firth lies on a bed of stiff reddish clay,
reaching in some places as much as lOU feet in dt'pth. On the
land sloping south-west towards Dingwall and Conan, the soil is
principally a light sandy loam on an open bottom, very fertile
and easily cultivated. On the land around Dingwall, and be-
tween the town and Conan, there is a deep deposit of loam with
a large admixture of clay, very suitable for the growth of wheat,

84: ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

but demanding great care in the cultivation. If well manured,
timely cultivated, and well seeded, it seldom fails to yield a good
crop. The soil on the lower parts of the rising land in this dis-
trict is clayey also, but the admixture of it being smaller, the
land is more easily cultivated than on the level below, and is
suitable for the growth of all kinds of crops. The higher culti-
vated land is mountain clay or moorish soil. The formed be-
comes good soil with long continued good treatment, but the
latter is very difl&cult to improve. In the Contin district the soil
varies from strong clayed loam to light friable mould. In the
valley of Strathpeffer, also, the soil varies a good deal. On the
higher land on the north side of the valley the soil is excellent
reddish loam, with a very little clay amongst it. On the low
land on the same side the soil is mossy mould on a blue clay
subsoil. On the high land on the south side the soil is a soft
fibrous red clay, while on the low land on the same side the soil
is composed chiefly of moss and gravel. The land on the farm
of Fodderty in this valley affords a very striking illustration of
what we hold to be a curious fact, viz., that, speaking generally
for the northern counties of Scotland, the soil as a rule is heavier
and richer on land with a northern and north-eastern exposure
than on land lying to the south or south-west. Mr Arras, the
enterprising tenant of Fodderty, finds that w^hile turnips grow a
much heavier crop on the north side than on the south, grain
varies still more. On the north side barley yields 5|- quarters
per acre, and weighs about 56 lbs. per bushel; while on the south
side the yield is seldom much over 4 quarters, and the weight
usually about 54 lbs. Wheat and oats show almost a like differ-
ence, oats even a little more in weight. Between Dingwall and
Alness the soil varies a good deal. Close to the Firth some of it
is very rich loam, while on the heights a short distance inland
light shingly loam prevails. On the Ardross property around
Alness, the soil varies from light black loam to heavy brown
loam nearly 2 feet deep, lying on arenaceous clay. Between
Alness and Invergordon, and throughout the parishes of Kilmuir,
Easter and Logic Easter, the soil is mainly light, sharp loam,
lying on clay or gravel, and here and there very close on the
sandstone rock. While some patches are very light and shingly,
on the other there are a good many fields of heavy rich black
loam. The west end of the parish of Nigg is covered to the
depth of nearly 2 feet wdth light drifting sand, which on being
removed, is found to overlie a deposit of the very richest of black
loam. Tradition tells us that previous to the 1 7th century, the
west end of Nigg was one of the most fertile and best cultivated
parts of Eoss-shire, and that like Culbin, near Forres, and
Morichmore, near Tain, the whole was buried by drifting sand in
one single night. Loam predominates through the remainder of

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. 85

the parish, but here and there strong clay takes its place. The
soil on the bank land in some parts varies from 3 to 4 feet of the
finest of alluvial loam lying on the red sandstone, and unless in
exceptionally bad years, it never fails to yield excellent crops.
The soil in the adjoining parish of Fearn is also of very fine
quality and much of the same texture as in the better parts of
Nigg. On the estate of Allan, and about the farm of Cullis, the
soil is mainly strong adhesive clay, with a slight admixture on
the rising parts of vegetable loam. In the parish of Tarbat the
prevailing soil is light fertile loam, lying chiefly on the Old Eed
Sandstone, but some of it also on gravel and boulder clay. A
good deal of inferior land lies in the parish of Tain, the soil being
light and scarce, and resting on a firm impenetrable irony pan.
What of the soil is good consists chiefly of mixed loam lying on
clay. Throughout this parish, and in fact here and there over the
whole of the arable land in both counties, numerous large water-
worn granitic boulders are found embedded in the soil. These
boulders belong to the primitive formations, and, like the many
huge pieces of granite of similar shape that are occasionally found
in the Lothians of Scotland, must have been carried thither from
the hills by icebergs during the glacial period. Along the coast
from Tain to Edderton the soil is very light, and lies mostly on
a sandy bottom. About Invercarron and Bonar Bridge there are
a few" fields of very fine alluvial land, yielding rich returns of all
kinds of crops. On the small pieces of arable land that do exist
on the west coast, the soil is not heavy but wonderfully fertile.
As already stated, the whole of the island of Lewis was originally
covered with moss, and the greater portion of the flatter parts is
still in the same condition, except on the sea coast and borders
of sea lochs, where the crofts and farms are situated. In the
course of centuries the moss close to the inhabited parts of Lewis
has been cut away for fuel, and now there are considerable tracts
on both sides of the island cleared of it. It is on the gravelly,
strong subsoil thus laid bare that agriculture is chiefly carried on,
the exceptions being where pieces of moss or sand near the sea-
shore are wrought for crops.

The Farming and Social Customs of Olden Times,

All things are judged by comparison, and therefore before pro-
ceeding to detail the farming of Ross and Cromarty, as now
carried on, it might not be out of placi; to devote a few pages to
the systems of agriculture that ])revailed from fifty to a hundred
years ago. The ancient agriculture of iloss and Cromarty is
fully descri])ed in Sir .John Sinclair's "Statistical Account of
Scotland," and in " A Survey of Ross-shire," drawn up for the
Board of Agriculture by Sir George Stewart Mackenzie, Bart.,

86 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

about the year 1808, and published in 1810. Much, however, as
is given in these admirable volumes, we are able to supplement
them with a few^ original notes on the " golden past. '* We have
been favoured with an old interesting manuscript, \\Titten at
various times during his life, by the late Mr John Wallace, who
died two years ago at the advanced age of ninety-three years,
and who was for a very long time an extensive farmer in the
parish of Eosskeen. We subjoin the following extracts from this
manuscript : —

Farming Customs.

"My father, John Wallace, had the farms of Culrane and
Gushack for thirteen years, from 1779 to 1792, at a rent of 140
bolls, part barley and part meal ; and duties of money, peats,
and hens. At that time he had no ' coup ' (box) carts, and neither
mattock nor spade. For driving the manure to the land he had
a kind of cart and a basket of wicker-work. The wheels of the
cart were constructed of three sticks, six inches in diameter,
which were crossed and fixed in the centre by an axle that turned
with the wheels on ' tum'lers,' as they were called. Stones as
well as manure were conveyed in these carts, and they would
carry a heavy load. The wicker-basket cost one shilling, and
would last for two years. For carrying home peats, and leading
corn, he made a very simple cart of two long shafts, with cross
sticks in the bottom, and standing rungs with top rails. As soon
as the crop was put in, these carts were taken off the ' tumlers'
and put into some shed until the peats should be ready for carry-
ing home, when they were used again. All the carriage of corn,
meal, and potatoes was done in bags on horseback. Going to the
mill, seven or eight horse would be tied in a row, the one to the
other's tail, with halters made of horse-hair. A bov led the first
horse, while two men were employed in keeping the bags from
falling. My father had three ploughs, and six oxen to each
plough. The ploughs were made by himself almost entirely of
wood, all the iron used being: a strong culter, a sock, and a lar^-e
hook fixed at the point of the beam, with a 'stepple' and a few
nails, which were required to fix the clading (or mould-board) of
deals. When the oxen were strong, the ploughs would work as
well as any made for many years after, and would turn over a
deeper furrow. The harrows were made of birch, with five
rungs across through the 'bills.' He had no grapes, only two
large forks ; and in place of a mattock, he had a croman or half-
mattock, like a pluck for turnips, but much larger. For a spade,
he had a large wooden shovel, mounted with iron at the point
and up both sides. The dung was allowed to lie in the byres
for a week, and then it was carried to the ' midden' on a wheel-
barrow, or sometimes on a two-handed barrow, such as used by

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CKO^LVETY. 87

masons. Women took part in all the farm work, except plough-
ing, thrashing, and carrying bags. ISTeither clover nor turnips
were grown, but there would be about sixteen bolls of potatoes.
The work in summer, after sowins^ the barlev, about the 20th
of May, was first to cut peats, and then to make 'middens' for
next year's barley. These ' middens ' were made of soil cut from
the outlyino- land, mixed with the manure of horses and cattle.
Horses or cattle got very little corn ; but when any of the cattle
were weak about end of spring or beginning of summer, they got
-sheaves of oats in the morning. At that time there were very
few large farms. On the farm of Millcraig [Mr Wallace himself
occupied Millcraig and ISTonekiln for many years up till 1851]
about 1760 there were eight tenants and ten ploughs, ^vdth
sixty animals ; now three ploughs are sufficient. On the farm
of Xonekiln I saw" seven tenants and nine ploughs ; three
ploughs are now sufficient. On Eosebank I saw three tenants
and four ploughs ; two ploughs are now sufficient. In my
young days the large farm of j^ewmore was occupied by Mr
Alexander Eoss or MTindlay and his two sons, the rent being
L.80 and 80 bolls of grain. He and his sons were altogether
of the old school. He had eight horses carrying home his peats,
the carts used beini^ the ' vwu^ carts ' with the ' tum'lers.' There
was not so much as a pin of iron about the harness of the eight
horses. Eor shoulder-chains and * hems, ' birch wands were used
instead of iron. I remember well to have seen a pair of horses
■passing ISTonekiln with furniture from Strathcarron to Inverness,
and to have observed that there was not a single link or pin of
iron about the horses or the cart. The traces (the draught chains)
were made of deerskin, and were very tough and strong. The
<jollars used on horses at that time were made of ropes of straw
twined threefold. These would last about a year ; but when
made of loch rushes, four feet in length, they would last two
years. Tlie farmers made the harness themselves. In short,
they made everything. There was no need for saddlers, but
, weavers were numerous, and they got plenty of work to do.
There was only one merchant in the parish of Rosskeen, and it
was from liim my father bought his first spade. I wondered
mucli at it, as it was tlie first spade I had ever seen."

Servants Wages.

** Married men for the twelve montlis "ot L.4, six bulls of
meal, two days to cut peats, straw for a stirk, land for potatoes
fur their own manure, land lor sowing two pints of linseed, and a
small garden. Women in the half-year got ten shillings, a pair
of shoes, and land for linseed. Shearers got eighteen pecks of
oatmeal by measure."

88 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

Diets of Servants.

"At breakfast, 'broclian' and peasemeal bread ; at dinner in
summer, whey and bread; and in winter, potatoes and bread; at
supper, sowens or ' brochan/ There was cabbage for dinner once
a- week; and next day porridge, made of what remained of the
cabbage, was taken with butter at breakfast. My father always
fed a cow, to be killed in winter ; and as long as it lasted, the
servants got broth, and sometimes beef. During winter and
spring there was always plenty of home-made ale ; and the ser-
vants occasionally got ale, butter, and curds ; but porridge was
seldom seen. The servants got three feasts in the year, the one
on Old [N'ew Year's-day, another when the barley was sown, and
another when the shearinsj was finished."

Clothing ami Social Customs.

" The clothing was very simple and plain. The men wore
black knee-breeehes and bright blue coats, made by their wives.
The young men generally wore similar attire, but some had
kilts. Even the larger farmers wore broad blue bonnets, and no
hats were to be seen. About 1792 some favourite sons bee^an to
get trousers, and by 1850 breeches had almost disappeared. In
my father's time no farmers' wives had prints or cotton gowns.
Their gowns were of their own making, chiefly wincey. The
wives wore a small tartan shoulder-plaid, and it was considered
to be decent and matron-like for a farmer's wife to have a clean
white towel tied on her head above the 'mutch' or cap. Xo
young ladies covered their head until married. Their hair was
their pride. It was all combed down their shoulders, and when
at work was tied at their back with tape. At the marriage
ceremony the bride was always covered with a scarlet plaid ; and
if she had not one of her own, she got the loan of one. The
gatherings at marriages were usually very large, and there was
music and dancing on four nights ; on Thursday night, at the feet
washing ; on Friday night, after the marriage ; on Saturday e\'en-
ing and part of the day; and again on Tuesday, at what was
called the ' home weddinc^.' "

Memorable Year's.

Under this heading Mr AVallace has a number of very inter-
esting notes on great events of national as well as local import-
ance. Eeferring to the remarkably wet year of 1782, which was
called the " Black Year," he says, " there was scarcely a dry day
dming the whole spriug, while summer and autumn were also
very wet. The crop was late and miserably jDoor, in fact the
greater portion of it never ripened at all. Mr Calder, the minis-
ter of Eosskeen, was paid in grain, and all he got that year was

COUNTIES OF PvOSS AND CROMAETY, 89

16 bolls of barley from my father, and those 16 bolls scarcely
made 8 bolls of meal. Many cattle died in the spring, but none
of the inhabitants succumbed to the hardships of the famine. I
was told, however, that many deaths would have occurred had
it not been that cargoes of white pease (which had been intended
for the troops engaged in the American war, but which on the
announcement of peace were sent northwards) came to Eoss-
shire, and the pease distributed among the more needful. My
father was present at the distribution. The following year was
as singularly dry as 1782 was exceptionally wet. The crop was
very early, some of it having been stored by the end of August ;
but, owing to the inferior quality of much of the seed of the crop
of 1782, the general yield was very poor. Many farm^ers fell in
arrears, and some of them never got over it." The year 1792
was quite as remarkable in Eoss-shire, though from a different
cause. A few years before this sheep-farming was begun in the
county of Eoss, and the natives believing that this innovation
would compromise their comforts and privileges, began about this
year to display formidable opposition to the movement. Mr
Wallace says : — '' The native farmers, tradesmen, and labourers,
resolved to gacher the whole stock of sheep in Sutherland and
lioss and drive them over the southern borders into Inverness-
shire. Accordingly, the arrangements for the outrage against
sheep farmers were made known by proclamation at the church
doors. A mob of people met, and having collected above 10,000
sheep, they were proceeding with their flock along the heights
of the parish of Alness, when they learned that Colonel Sir
Hector Munro of Novar was on his way from Fort George with
a company of the 42 d Highlanders to suppress their depreda-
tions. The sheep gatherers dispersed immediately, but a good
many were apprehended and tried in the Circuit Court at Inver-
ness. Two were transported, but the others got off with im-
prisonment. The commencement of this affair was as follows : —
Captain Allan Cameron and his brother Alexander Cameron took
the farms of Tyrish and Culcraigie, along with the extensive
grazing of Gildermorry on the heights of Alness. The cattle of
the Ardross tenants had previously been grazed all summer on
Gildermorry, and having wandered back to their old pastures,
the Camerons poinded them, and enclosed them in a large fank
which tliey had built for the purpose. That day the Ardross
tenants were hearty at a wedding at Strathriesdale, but on hear-
ing what had happened to their cattle they proceeded in a body
to Gildermorry, where an ugly iiglit took place between them
and the Camerons. And thus the feelin^' ai^ainst the introduc-
tion of sheep-farming waxed into wrath and displayed itself as
already noticed." The year 1800 seems to have been a very dry
year, scarcely a single drop of rain having fallen during the

90 ox THE AGKICULTUEE OF THE

"whole summer. Mr ^Yallace says : — "The crop was not half an
averag;e one in bulk, but so far as it went it was "ood. Barlev
brought 50s., oatmeal 48s., and potatoes 40s. per boll." The
year 1811 was very wet, and the greater portion of the crop
dreadfully damaged. Mr Wallace got o4s. per boll for his
barley that year. The crops of 1816 and 1817 were also bad,
oatmeal being about 40s. per boll, while in 1836 Mr Wallace's
whole crop would scarcely pay his rent.

Mr Wallace's notes give a pretty good idea of how farming was
carried on, and how people lived throughout the counties gene-
rally, about a hundred years ago, and now we shall add a few
sentences regarding the state of matters during the first filty
years of the present century. Previous to the advent of the
present century no regular system of rotation seems to have been
observed, while not a single turnip, and only a very little wheat,
were grown. Barley, oats, and potatoes were almost the only
crops cultivated. The acreage under grain was small, and even
on the larger farms there were only three stacks, — one for the
iaird, one for seed and sale, and one for family use ; the barn
being filled first of all. In these days there were no direct roads
through the counties, and no convenient means of getting grain
or anything else exported to distant markets. The implements
in common use on the farms and crofts were very little, if any,
improved till well into the present century, w^hile the ancient
and unprofitable system of over-stocking farms with cattle and
horses was totally abolished only some forty or fifty years ago.
Sir George S. Mackenzie states that he has frequently seen on a
Highland farm two w^orking animals for each acre, and gives the
following interesting particulars regarding one notable case : —
*' Thirty acres were occupied by two men, w^ho had large families.
They possessed the land not in run-rig, but in common. Both
exerted themselves in cultivating the fields, and they agreed
respecting a particular but very irregular rotation of crops, and
divided the produce equally between them. They paid about
fifteen shillings per acre. On this farm were kept ten horses
and six head of cattle, besides young beasts. The land was
remarkably full of weeds of all sorts. After the cattle had done
ploughing they were turned upon the field on which they had
been working, in order that they might feed upon the weeds
which had been turned up. I never observed that they got any
sort of food during the day, except a small quantity of oats just
before they went to work. At night the horses and cattle were
turned to some patches of waste ground to pick up a miserable
pittance of grass. During the summer months the animals were
sent to OTaze on some bare hills : the horses beinsf brou^dit down
when the peats were ready for storing, and sent back as soon as
the fuel was s^ot home. When the corn was readv to be taken

COUNTIES OF liOSS AND CKOMAKTY. 91

from tlie fields the whole stock was brought home and allowed
to range on the stubbles. Xo grass seeds were ever sown ; the
whole farm was under wretched crops of oats and barley. Three
or four, and not unfrequently five crops of oats followed each
other in succession; and when barley was sown with manure
three or four crops of oats followed. Xo greater quantity of
potatoes was planted but what was barely sufficient to answer
the home demand. Durincr the winter the horses and cattle
were fed on straw, but sparingly. The straw was always very
short, and from the system of management just described it will
readily be believed that the quantity was not very great, and
hardly enough to keep six black cattle and ten horses alive dur-
ing seven months of the year." The cattle reared in those days
were West Highlanders of an inferior class, and the niggardly
way in which (over the whole north) they were usually fed dur-
ing winter was simply shameful. About a hundred years ago, in
fact, the provender available for cattle during winter was so very
limited in quantity and inferior in quality that it was regarded
as no mean achievement for fai^mers to be able to feed their
cattle during the snowy months, so that when spring came they
might have sufficient physical firmness left to enable them to
walk to the hill grazings without first undergoing special treat-
ment for the journey ! As mentioned by Mr Wallace, those ani-
mals that were so weak as to be unable to walk to the hills were
fed for a week or two on sheaves of oats. Feeding, as the term
is nov/ understood, was unknown then. We were told an anec-
dote the other day of an English lady having come to take up
her residence in Easter Eoss about the beginning of the present
century, and having got so awfully horrified at discovering that
the only kind of beef to be had in the county was that of old
cows, that she inmiediately repacked her " goods and chattels,"
and betook herself to the more genial south, where she might
feast on the "roast beef of Old Endand."

The ancient farm horses of Eoss and Cromarty were the broad
low-set " garrons," while the native sheep was of the Kerry breed,
little, and very slow in growth. About the year 1764, Sir
John Lockhart Eoss of Ealnaffown becjan to turn his atten-
tion to sheep-farming, took one of his sheep-farms on his estate
into liis own hands and stocked it with Blackfaced sheep, which
he ])urchased at Linton market. Strong opposition was shown
to Sir John in this scheme, but though he suflered heavy losses
at the outset he persevered, and by the lessons he taught and tlio
encouragement he lield out to others, that extensive system of
sheep farming which has made Eoss-shire so famous was fairly
inaugurated. Tlie rise and progress of the movement deserves
more than a mere passing notice, but that had better be done
while treating of slieep-farming as a special subject.

92 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

During the first fifty years of the present century it is not too
much to say that the agricultural and social customs of Ross and
Cromarty were completely revolutionised. Large tracts of land
were reclaimed, draining and fencing were executed extensively,
new dwelling-houses and farm-steadings were built, roads were
made, improved farm implements were introduced, threshing-
mills brought into the country, a regular and systematic course
of cropping was adopted, artificial manures introduced ; the
barley, oats, and potatoes of the olden times supplemented by
wheat, turnips, and clover ; better horses, better cattle, and better
sheep were bred ; and, in short, almost every trace of the primi-
tive simplicity and rude barbarities of the feudalistic times were
abolished for ever. We cannot, of course, go into detail on these
gigantic changes, but we may transcribe from the report on the
parish of Tarbat in Sir John Sinclair's "Statistical Account
of Scotland" the following remarks regarding the introduction of
modern husbandry into Ross-shire : — " In the year 1798 the farm
of Meikle Tarrel in the parish was taken on a nineteen years' lease
by a farmer [Mr George Mackenzie] who had studied the most
approved mode of agriculture in East Lothian. The farm, which
then consisted of about 250 acres of arable land, was occupied by
several small tenants, whose lands were in a state of wretched-
ness, and their house afforded accommodation for neither man
nor beast. This farmer brought with him horses and implements
of husbandry of the very best description from the south, as also
farm servants of his own training. This was the first introduc-
tion of modern husbandry into this part of the country, from
which the introducer obtained the name of Farmer George. In
bringing his system into practice he had at first to contend with
many deep-rooted prejudices. Even the proprietor could not
then understand how his interests were to be forwarded by
encouraging his tenants. In the first place, a dwelling-house
was to be built, as also a set of suitable offices, houses, and a
thrashing-mill and garden, &c., enclosed. All this was done at
the farmer's own expense, without any assistance from the pro-
prietor, and at an outlay of L.150G. The soil being good, and
the new system bringing it into favourable operation, the farmer
soon began to reap the reward of his expense and labours, and in
the seventh year after his entry he had the satisfaction of obtaining
for his wheat and oats the highest price in Mark Lane — circum-
stances which dissipated the opposition of prejudice, and raised
up a spirit of imitation." Almost simultaneously with Mr Mac-
kenzie, Mr George Middleton came north from England, and
began farming in the parish of Cromarty. Mr Middleton, whose
grandsons now farm so extensively in Ross-shire, erected the
first thrashing-mill used in this part of the country, and exported
the first wheat. Among the others who took part in the early

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMAETY. 93

improvement of the agriculture of Eoss and Cromarty may "be
mentioned Mr Mackenzie of Allan Grange, Captain Munro of
Teanich, Mr Eose of Glastulich, Mr Cockburn Eoss of Shand-
wick, Mr Mackenzie of Hilton, Sir Hector Munro of iSTovar, Mr
Macleod of Geanies, Lord Seaforth, Major F. Mackenzie of Fod-
derty, Mr Mackay of Eockfield, Mr Eeid of Kinnairdy, the Eev.
Mr Mackenzie of Fodderty, Mr Archibald Dudgeon (a native of
East Lothian), and Captain Eose of Bindhill.

Progress of the Past Twenty-five Years,

Probably the second twenty-five years of the present century
saw quite as much improvement effected in the counties of Eoss
and Cromarty as the past twenty years have seen — much, indeed,
as that has been. As already hinted, the spirit of improvement
began to dawn about the advent of the nineteenth century, and
by the end of the first quarter a wonderful amount had been
accomplished; in fact, by 1825, the better favoured parts of the
counties could boast of agriculture of the highest description. A
faint idea will be had of what condition some of the better farms
were in about that time, when it is mentioned that at a sale
which the late Mr Dudgeon had at his farm of Arboll in 1824,
he obtained L.84 for an entire horse, L.52, 10s. for a son of that
horse, L.o2, 10s. for a saddle mare, L.25 for a Highland fat cow,
L,50 for one Highland bull, and L.40 for another; while he
refused L.lOU for a riding pony, and L.75 for a six-year-old ox
that had been feeding for three years. Wheat was unknown at
the beginning of the century, and by 1825, or thereby, it had
become the staple product of several districts. Advanced, how-
ever, as the as'riculture was in these times on a few of the finer
farms, there was still much room for improvement throughout the
counties generally, and it was during the next twenty-five or
thirty years that the rouglier and probably the larger part of that
much-needed improvement was effected. While in its idrgin
state the land, or at least the main portion of it, was wet and
swampy, and before it could be cultivated with profit it had to
be thoroughly drained, and many hundreds of acres of it trenched
at a cost per acre of from L.10 to L.20, and in some cases even
L.25 ; and, in addition to all this, a complete new set of houses
had to be built, roads had to be made, fences erected, and other
odds and ends carried out, so that the cost of early improvements
in Eoss and Cromarty was indeed veiy high. The landlords and
tenants, liowever, were fully aware of the natural richness of their
country, and undaunted by the immense outlay, they laboured
on industriously until they had accomplislied their end — the rais-
ing of Eoss and Cromarty to a prominent position among the best
cultivated counties in the kin<'dom. Some of them mav have
lost money by their laudable exertions; but if such was the case,

94 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

they at least Lad tlie satisfaction of leaving their beautiful
country better than they found it. Those who conimenced
farmiDg, or obtained the possession of land about 1850, found
the counties in a very difierent state from that in which they
were discovered by Mr George Mackenzie and Mr George Mid-
dleton when they settled at Tarbat and Cromarty respectively,
exactly fifty years prior to that. But even at 1850 all that was
desired had not been effected. There was still a corner of the
web to weave, and how thoroughly that work has been accom-
plished we hope, further on, to be able to show.

Details of the reclamations and other improvements of recent
years will be given afterwards ; and here a general resume only
shall be offered. The agricultural returns when first taken up
in 1854 were rather incomplete, and in Eoss and Cromarty, as in
several other Highland counties, all holdings rented under L.20
were excluded from the returns. Correct comparison with twenty-
five or thirty years ago is therefore not very easily obtained. It
has been calculated that about twenty years ago there were close
on 6000 tenants in Eoss and Cromarty paying under L.20 of rent,
and that their arable areas averaii^ed about 3 acres, which would
<j:ive an area of 18,000 acres of arable land not included in the Am-
cultural Eeturns, This may be accepted as pretty nearly correct,
and accordingly the arable area in Eoss and Cromarty in 1854,
on holdings paying L.20 and upwards of annual rent, was 69,919
acres, and on small holdings 18,000 — total, 87,919 acres. Com-
pared with the present day the figures stand thus —

Arable area in 1854, . . 87,919

„ '„ 1876, . . 124,826

Increase in 22 years, . 36,807

Taking it for granted that the three years immediately preceding
1854 were as industrious in the march of improvement as an
average of those years that have since elapsed, we may safely put
down the number of acres reclaimed since 1850 at 41,830. This
w^e believe to be a much greater breadth of land than that brought
under cultivation in any other county in Scotland in a quarter
of a century ; and in addition to the reclamation of these many
thousands of acres, and all the other improvements necessary for
the proper cultivation of the new land, a very great deal has been
done since 1850 in the draining, squaring up, and fencing of old
land. In fact, it may safely be said that during the past twenty-
five years every acre of arable land that did not happen to be
naturally dry enough for cultivation has been thoroughly re-
drained, some of it even twice over. Tor some years back great
attention has been paid to fencing, and almost every arable farm
is now tolerably well provided with fences. Wire fences pre-
dominate, but stone dykes and hedging also exist extensively.

COUNTIES OF llOSS AND CROMAKTY. 95

lu the long run hedges probably form the best fence, and also
afford the most shelter, but they are slow in growth and trouble-
some to keep. Dykes are substantial, but expensive ; and on the
whole it is easy to suppose that wire would gain the most favour.
It is cheap, easily moved about, and can be erected in a marvel-
lously short space of time. Of course, the large addition that has
been made to the arable land during the past twenty-five years
has necessitated the erection of a good many complete new sets
of farm-houses ; and, in addition to these, great improvement has
of late been effected on the build inj^s on the old land.

The systems of cultivation have also improved very much,
while better crops of all kinds are now grown. The supply of
farm -yard manure has increased, taking value and bulk together,
nearly thirty fold during the past twenty-five or thirty years,
while probably ten times as much artificial manure is used now
as there was even fifteen or twenty years ago. When these valu-
able stimulants were first brouLi;ht into this countrv a ci'reat deal
of talk and discussion was occasioned bv the hicrh-soundino:

I/O o

reports which were circulated as to their wonderful fertilising
powers. Guano was used extensively in several counties north
of the Tay before it reached Eoss and Cromarty ; and it was no
uncommon thing to hear those farmers who invested in it talked
of as extravagant, venturesome men. About the year 1844 the
late Mr George ^liddleton, Fearn (one of the ablest and most
enterprising tenants Ross-shire could ever boast of), and Mr Sim,
Scotsburn, better known in later times as of Drummond, agreed
([uietly together to invest in a ton of guano, keeping their specu-
lation in the dark lest they should be made sport of for their
adventurous conduct. The guano did its work most admirably,
and greatly astonished all who witnessed its wonderful effects.
Small quantities of bones had been used previous to 1844, but it
was the grand success of tliis quiet unostentatious experiment
that gave artificial manure the first decided hold in Ross-shire.
The quantity of these fertilisers that is now used in Ross and
Cromarty every year is almost incredible. The percentage of the
arable land under turnips and potatoes is a little over sixteen,
and while very few give less than 4 cwt. to every acre under
green crop a good many exceed 7 cwt. The average all over
would probably be about 5^ cwt. And beyond all this, a good
many farmers speculate heavily in top-dressing, some of them
going even the length of an outlay of from L.l to L.l, 5s. for
every acre on the farm, apart from green crop land, for top-dressing
alone.

During the first fifty years of the present century the ancient
primitive-looking implements of the farm gave way gradually to
a new and more ini2)roved set ; and now we find in Ross and
Cromarty the most modern agricultural implements of all kinds.

96 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

The introduction of these improved implements has not only
economised labour, but has secured better cultivation ; while the
native labourers themselves — an industrious, quiet, contented lot
of people — have in return for their greatly ameliorated condition
learned to execute their work with better taste and more care
than when driving the " rung " carts or " tum'lers/' and fed on
*' sowens" or "brochan." Steam power also came to the aid of
the labourers some four or five years ago ; and now it is employed
extensively in farm work. Through roads have been of a high
class for many years, but since 1850 a great deal has been done
in the way of constructing and improving local or service
roads.

Probably the last twenty-five years have done more in the im-
provement of the live stock of the farm than of any other branch
of agriculture. By the introduction of superior sires the general
standard of farm horses has been raised very considerably, while
among cattle the improvement has been still greater. In a word,
it may be said that Eoss and Cromarty are not breeding but
feeding counties. Eighty or a hundred years ago a great many
black cattle of a very inferior stamp were reared in both counties,
and sent away into more southern parts to be fed. Even yet on
the smaller farms and lighter land a few cattle are bred ; but
throughout the counties generally, feeding is the order of the
day. The extension of the Highland Eailway into the counties
gave a great impetus to cattle-feeding, and since then this im-
portant branch of farming has been one of the leading features of
their agriculture. It is certainly wdthin the mark to say that for
'every bullock fed some forty or fifty years ago, ten are now prepared
for the beef market. Oh two of the largest farms in Easter Eoss
in 1837 only from 5 to 10 acres of swedes were sown, and even
those small plots were considered symptoms of extravagance.
ISlow about three-fourths of the turnip break on the better farms
of both counties are sown with swedes, wdiile a few go even the
length of four-fifths. And while the number of cattle fed every
year has increased tenfold within the past forty or fifty years, that
of sheep has increased an hundredfold. These are high-sounding
statements, but nevertheless they are correct. A great many
pigs are also kept on most farms, and on some upwards of 100
are fed off every year.

The extent and character of the agricultural improvements of
recent years having been briefly indicated, it will now be interest-
ing to turn to the Valuation Eoll, from which we are able to give
a few interesting and thoroughly reliable statistics. The following
table shows the total valuation of both counties (exclusive of
railways and royal burghs) at various periods since 1674 : —

COUNTIES OF KOSS AND CE0M.\JITY.

97

1674,

1815,

1850,

1855-6,

1857-8,

1862-3,

1866-7,

1870-1,

1875-6,

1876-7,

Boss and Cromarty.
L.7683
121,557
160,565
170,395
179,745
194,475
210,991
237,003
260,166
262,817

Eoss alone.
L.6,609

153,165
162.565

171,800
186,321
202,320
227,699
250,305
252,908

Increase over both counties since 1674,
Do since 1850,

Increase in Eoss alone since 1674,
Do. since 1850,

L.255,134

102,252

246,299

99,743

Such an immense increase as L.102,252 during the short period
of twenty-five years must be regarded as very satisfactory indeed,
and as reflecting the highest credit on the landed proprietors
and tenant-farmers of both counties. In fact, as vre shall
endeavour to show presently, the counties of Eoss and Cromarty
have put almost all the other counties in Scotland into the shade
with respect to increase of valuation. The following table
shows the position Eoss and Cromarty occupy, in comparison
with the fifteen Scotch counties (excluding Lanark and Edin-
burgh, the agricultural value of which is greatly intermixed with
other interests) that exceeded their total valuation inl815 : —

Acreage.

Rental in
1815.

Rental in
1875-76.

Increase.

Inverness, .

. 2,723,501

L.185,565

L.293,250

L. 11 7,685

Argj'U,

. 2,083,126

227,493

458,984

231,491

Eoss and Cromarty,

. 2,016,375

121,557

260,164

138,607

Perth,

. 1,664,690

555,532

855,928

300.396

Aberdeen, .

. 1,160,625

325,218

778,612

453,394

Dumfries, .

705,946

295,621

460,221

164,600

Ayr, .

735,260

409,683

910,235

500,252

Kirkcudbri<rht, .

610,343

213,308

346,503

133.191

Forfar,

569,840

361,241

554,762

193,521

Eoxburgh, ,

428,494

254,180

420,161

165,980

Fife, .

328,427

405,770

686,338

280,568

Wifrtown, .

326,736

143,425

222,866

79,441

Berwick,

309,375

245,379

380,093

134,714

Stirlinf,',

295,875

218,761

370,023

151,262

Haddington,

185,937

251,126

300,939

49.813

Ecnfrew,

150,000

265,534

523,861

258,327

It will tluis be seen, that wliile in 1815 Eoss and Cromartv
were behind all these fifteen counties in valuation, they liave
now surpassed AVigtown by more tlian L.37,000. And what is a
mucli greater feat, they liave outstripped the whole of tlie iifteen
excepting Aberdeen and Ayr, in the ratio at w^hicli the valuation
lias increased during the past sixty years. During that period

G

98 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

four (counting Eoss and Cromarty as one) of the sixteen counties
included in the above statement, have more than doubled their
annual valuation — Aberdeen coming first, Ayr second, Ross
and Cromarty third, and Argyll fourth.

As a rule, as will be seen from the table already given, the
increase in the valuation of Ross and Cromarty has been gradual ;
and the subjects contributing most to this increase in their order
are arable farms, grazing farms, shootings and deer forests, houses,
crofts, fishings, harbours, &c. Prior to 1855 (the first year of
the Valuation Act) no correct rental of these counties existed ;
and any statistics for earlier years are taken from the income-
tax abstracts, made up by the surveyors of taxes, which, though
correct as regards land, shootings, fishings, &c., are scarcely
reliable as to house property. The following table, however,
Vvdll show the gross increase in both counties from the various
sources since 1850, as correctly as can possibly be ascertained,
burghs included : —

1850-51. 1874-75. Increase.

Ross. Cromarty. Ross. Cromarty. Ross. Cromarty.

Land, . . L.125,600 L.6,310 L.181,838 L.9,132 L.56,283 L.2,822
Houses not ")

occupied \ 10,824? 1,000? 37,095 2,272 2,671 1272

with lands, )
Fishings, ; ' 1,570 167 6,011 380 4,441 213

"^e^rier^^K 1,612 6 2,029 44 417 38

Shootings ^

and Deer I 6,640 ... 34,059 50 27,419 50

Forests, . J

L.146,246 L.7,483 L.261,032 L.11,878 L.114,786 L.4,395

From this table it will be seen that, of the estimated increase of
L.114,786 of rental in the county of Ross, the contributions from
the various subjects are as follows : —

Land, . . 48 per cent.

Shootings, . 24 „

Houses, . . 23 per cent.
Fishings, . . 3 „

Other subjects, 2 per cent.

The percentage of increase on each of the individual subjects in
the county of Ross would be —

Shootings, . 413 per cent.
Fishings, . 282 „

Land, ... 44 per cent.
Harbours, . . 25 „

In order to give some idea of the increase since 1855 (the first
year of really reliable statistics) in the valuation of arable farms
grazing farms, and crofts respectively, we shall select the follow-
ing specimen parishes : —

COUNTIES OF KOSS AND CROMAETY 99

TO-- 1QT7 increase

^S^^- ^^"- percent.

Feam (wholly arable) rental, L.5853 17 0 L.9122 15 0 51-22
Tarbat, . . ., . 3915 3 0 6842 2 0 7476

Nigg (some grazings), „ . 4933 0 0 6368 0 0 29-08

Average increase per cent, for three arable parishes, 51 '22.

The greatest percentage of increase in these parishes is on the
Balnagown estate, in the parish of Fearn, on which the increase
since 1855 is no less than 109*40 per cent. The least is on the
estate of Shandwick, in iSTigg, on which the increase is only 9
per cent. As regards large grazing farms, we shall take the
parish of —

1855. 1876. Increase per cent.

Glenshiel, . L.3040 L.4080 34-00

Regarding crofts, we shall select the parish of —

1855. 1876. Increase per cent.

Barras in Lewis, . L.2185 L.2788 27-00

These figures speak so plainly that comment is unnecessary.

The gross and acreage rentals of a county are two very different
things. An increase in the former, during a certain period, can
be ascertained to within a fraction ; but of an advance on the
latter only an approximate idea can be given. The immense
increase that has taken place during the past twenty-five years
in the gross rental of the counties of Ross and Cromarty is due
chiefly to the increased arable acreage, and the growing demand
for shootings and fishings ; but still the advance has been
swelled considerably by an increase on the acreage rental. That
increase varies in different parts of the counties. On the arable
land in some parts of the counties, the increase has been as much
as 50 per cent. — in a few cases even more ; in others, not more
than 20 per cent. ; but taking the counties as a whole, it may be
stated with safety at from 25 to 35 per cent. The increase in
the rental of grazing farms varies greatly. In a few cases it has
been doubled since 1850 ; Ijut of the majority of farms, tlie
parish of Glenshiel, already quoted, may be taken as a fair speci-
men. A very pertinent question here would be, Have the
altered circumstances of the agriculture of Ross and Cromarty,
since 1850, warranted this large increase in the acreage rental ?
Speaking broadly, we are inclined to answer in the alUrmative.
A great deal more capital is re(|uired to farm a holding of, say
150 acres, now than in 1850 ; that is to say, the amount of grain,
beef, &c., which that 150-acre farm is capable of producing, <>r
rearing, for the market in a year, costs the tenant more now that
twenty-iive years ago. But, on the other hand, the advance in
the revenue from a year's yield of grain, beef, &c., is even more
than commensurate to the increased cost of produce. Jn other

"100 ox THE AGRICULIirilir OF THE

words, on a loO-acre farm, the balance between what' ft costs the
tenant to produce a full crop of grain, beef, mutton,. &c., and
what he receives for that crop, is larger in proportion now .
than in 1850. This is due, partly to the increased price that a
quarter of grain and a pound of beef command in the market
now, as comj)ared with twenty-five years ago ; and partly also to^
the fact that the improved system of husbandry pursued at the pre-
sent day enables a farmer to bring more grain, beef, &c., out of
an acre of land than it was possible for him to have done, by the
appliances at his command, previous to 1850. And it is by the
swelling or lessening of this balance that rent must really be regu-
lated. The popular mode of book-keeping among farmers (of
which, even as it is, there is too little), by which rent is placed
in the costs' column, is against all principles of true political
economy. The first duty of an intending offerer for a farm, is
to calculate what it would cost him to produce on that farm a
full crop of grain, beef, &c, including his own living, and what
that crop would bring back in the shape of money ; and then
regulate the rent he could afford to the landlord for the use of
the land, according to the balance between these two sums. In
a few cases, this balance between the cost price and the
selling price of the product of the farm is too small to warrant
the rent now exacted. Speaking for the country generally, the
extraordinary increase in the labour bill during the past few
years has completely upset the whole calculations of many a
shrewd, thoroughly practical farmer, who may have happened to
enter on a farm, or a new lease, ten or fifteen years ago ; and
indeed it need be no matter for surprise that in the counties of
Eoss and Cromarty, as in every other county in Scotland, there
are a few farmers who pay a higher rent for their land than it is
really worth. But on the w^hole, we are decidedly of oj)inion
that more money is being made off farming in Eoss and Cro-
marty now than some twenty or thirty years ago; and that,
taking the counties as a whole, the farming community is living
more comfortably, and more respectably, than during any former
period of our history.

It has been remarked that more capital is required to farm an
. acre of land now than some twenty-five years ago. The percent-
age of this increase is not very easily ascertained, but there can
be no doubt that it is above 200. Thirty or forty years ago, it
was quite common to hear of a farm being stocked and carried
on with about L.3 per acre ; in fact, about twenty-five years ago,
a farm of 150 acres, in Easter Eoss, was taken on lease by a
tenant with a purse of L.200, and all along he has been doing
very well The sum required to the acre now, of course, depends
very much upon the nature of the soil, and the class of stock
intended to be kept ; but, generally speaking, about L.12 per

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 101

acre is quite sufficient capital for any ordinary farm in this part
of the country. The farm of Fearn, extending to 510 acres, is
at present to let, and it is the general opinion of the farmers in
the neighbourhood, that the purse of the incoming tenant would
require, at the very least, to be equal to about L.8000. To stock
and carry on a farm, however, of, say from 100 to 150 acres of
ordinary land, from L.8 to L.9 per acre would be quite sufficient.

Details of Bcclamations and of different Systems of

Farming.

The many and extensive agricultural improvements that
have been effected in Koss and Cromarty during the past twenty-
five years, deserve more than a mere general notice, and there-
fore we shall add a few notes, which we collected on a recent
tour through both counties. And while going into detail, we
shall also indicate, as briefly as possible, the various systems of
farming pursued in the difi'erent districts. For convenience, the
immense tract of land to "O over had better be divided into the
following districts : first, the Black Isle ; second. Mid Eoss ;
third, Easter Ross ; fourth, Wester Eoss ; and fifth, the Lewis.

Tlie Black Isle.

This extensive tract of land is embosomed in two curiously
bent arms of the sea, the Moray Firth and Beauly Firth on the one
side, and Cromarty Firth on the other. The soil throughout the
peninsula, as already stated, varies a good deal, but still it con-
tains a large breadth of very fine land. Crossing from Inver-
ness at Kessock ferry, we enter the parish of Knockbain, in which
there are several very fine farms. The largest proprietors in the
district are — ]\Ir J. F. Mackenzie of Allangrange ; Mr C. i\Iac-
kenzie of Kilcoy ; the Eight Hon. Henry J. Baillie of Eedcastle ;
and Mr E. Maclean of Drvnie.

The Allan<jjran£ce estates extend to 3074^- acres, of which 2102
are arable; 547 J are pasture and waste land, and 425 under wood.
The present rent is L.1801, 18s., and in 1850 it was L.1317,
10s. 8d. ; increase during the past twenty-five years, L.574, 7s. 4d.
The soil varies a good deal, and consists of peat, clay, sand, loam,
and gravel, with here and there a pretty strong pan. The farms
on the estate vary from 40 to 230 arable acres, while there are
a large number of crofts ranging from 2 to 30 acres in extent.
Since 185U eight farm steadings have been built, and seventeen
new slated dwelling houses and cottages. All new houses are
slated, and ;ire substantial and commodious. Old houses are
chiefly thatclied. Fencing is now nearly complete on the prin-
cipal farms, wire being tlie most extensively used. J)uring the
past twenty-live years about 712 acres have been reclaimed by
trenching, ploughing, and draining where necessary. The land

102 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

tlius brought under cultivation was previously, for the most part,
waste moorland, intersected here and there with small patches of
arable land. These reclamations, which will in course of time be
remunerative to the estate, were done chiefly by the proprietor,
but in some cases the tenants assisted handsomely. In addition
to these improvements the greater portion of the old land has
been redrained since 1850, and a considerable amount done in
the way of squaring up farms and fields. In many cases the
tenants on improving leases held waste land at Is. 6d. per acre,
and the holdings were profitable to them, — the proprietor's share
of the profits coming in only at the expiry of the leases. Ordi-
nary leases run from fifteen to nineteen years, but there are also
life -rent leases, and hfe-rent leases to original holders and fifteen
years to their successors. The incoming tenant gets possession of
the grass, manure, fallow, and houses and gardens at Whitsunday,
and of land under grain crop at the end of harvest, he having
the option of taking the grain crop at its valuation. The ancient
custom was for tenants to build on the system of meliorations;
but now building is chiefly executed by the proprietor, ihe tenant
paying either an increased rent or a percentage on the outlay.
^^Tien a tenant builds at his own expense some special agree-
ment is entered into. The rent per acre on farms held under
ordinary leases varies from 15s. to 28s. per acre. Under old
leases rents are collected at Candlemas, Martinmas, and Whit-
sunday, but under new leases at the latter terms only. The pre-
vailing system of rotation is the ordinary five shifts, — two years
grass, two grain crops, and one green crop. Most of the tenants
keep cross cows, and rear their own cattle from these and short-
horn bulls. The home-bred stock, which are supplemented when
the markets suit the buyer, are kept on for grazing, and are fed
off when two years' old. They are tied into the feeding stalls
at the beginning of the previous October, and get abundance of
swedes and a little cake. Probably more of this latter com-
modity might be used with considerable advantage to the feeder.
There are no sheep farms on the estate; and the heather pasture,
with the run of the arable land, is let to owners of Cheviot sheep
as wintering. About 110 acres have been planted since 1850.
Mr Mackenzie farms about 205 arable acres, and is a thoroughly
practical, intelligent agriculturist. Farm servants are mostly
single, or in the proportion of about three to one. The sons oi
the smaller tenants and crofters generally work as farm servants.
Mr George Maclean's estate of Drynie is small, but well managed
and carefully farmed. It lies chiefly in the parish of Knock-
bain, but a small arm stretches into the parish of Killearnan.
The arable land has been slightly increased of late, and -s-arious
permanent improvements have been executed, chiefly by the pro-
prietor. The rental during the past ten years has increased from

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 103

about L.1200 to 1^.1600. The majority of the farms are small,
the Mains of Drynie being the only large farm on the estate. It
is occupied by Mr James E. Mitchell> and is rented at L.714.

The estates of Kilcoy have been improved considerably during
the past quarter of a century, chielly by the draining of old land
and buildings.

One of the largest farms in this neighbourhood is Kilcoy
Mains, occupied by Mr AYilliam Murray. It extends to about
610 acres, all arable, and is rented at L.732. The rotation pur-
sued in this neighbourhood varies — the fourth, fifth, and sixth
shift being all worked upon. The five-shift rotation prevails,
and is, on the whole, the most suitable for the district. The soil
on Mr Murray's farm is mostly black loam on a rocky subsoil.
A good many cattle are fed in the district, but on highly-rented
land farmers complain that they cannot afford to breed cattle for
themselves. Mr Murray generally buys in Cheviot lambs in the
autumn, and, after wintering them, disposes of them to sheep
farmers in spring. A few farmers in this neighbourhood keep a
stock of cross or Cheviot ewes, and breed lambs from Leicester
tups, selling them off in August. On the larger farms on this
estate from 70 to 80 acres of arable land is alloted to a pair of
horses, and on the smaller farms from 50 to 60 acres.

Another large farm on the Kilcoy estate is Belmaduthy,
tenanted by Mr W. G. C. Asher, and rented at L.712. Mr Asher
is an intelligent practical agriculturist, and works his farm on
the most advanced principles.

The farm of Munlochy and Braevil, also on the Kilcoy pro-
perty, extends to 210 acres all arable, is occupied by Mr A. P.
Smith, and is rented at L.364. The soil varies. In the valley
of Munlochy and Allangrange there is a good deal of stiff clay,
a few fields of <^ood black loam, and some moss. On the risino-
ground on either side the land is generally of a lighter quality;
but sharp, and when in good condition is very suitable for all
kinds of crops, wheat excepted. The five-course shift is pursued
here. The heavier land suits wheat very well, and good crops are
always certain if the season is favourable. AMieat, on an
average, yields from 3 to 4 quarters i)er acre ; chevalier barley
from 3 to 5, and common barley from 3 to 5h, and oats from 3
to 6. Wheat seldom exceeds the standard weight — 02 lbs. per
bushel ; barley weighs from 53 to 56 lbs., and oats from 40 to
43 lbs. The land intended for turnips gets a good strong autumn
fuiTow of 8 to 10 inches in (k'])th, and is in many cases sub-
soiled besides to a further de])th of 6 or 8 inches. In s]>ring
again it receives, according as it may hap])on to be clean or dirty,
two, or perha])s three, cross ])k)ughings, with corres]ir)nding har-
rowing, grubbing, and rolling, and has all the weeds collected
and carted oil. Ilie land is then treated in the usual way, from

104 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

20 to 30 loads of farm-yard manure, and from 4 to 8 cwt. of
artificial manure, chiefly dissolved bones and guano, being
given to each acre. Swedes are generally sown between the
15th and the 30th of May, and yellow^s and whites between the
26th of May and the end of June. Of swedes about 3 lb. of
seed are allowed to the acre, and of yellows and whites about 2 J-
lbs. Potatoes are not grown at any great breadth in this district.
The land for potatoes is prepared in much the same way as for
turnips, but they receive the best of the farm-yard manure,
generally that which is made in summer, and also a little more
liberal supply of artificial manure than turnips. Mr Smith
keeps a breeding stock of cattle, and sells off his yearlings at
from L.12 to L.lS a-head. About the end of autumn he also ties
up twenty head of two and three year olds, which he buys in.
The three-year olds are fed off at Christmas, and usually weigh
about 6 cwt., and the two-year olds are sold off nearly fat about
the month of April. The three-years olds, during the last six
wrecks of their feeding^, o^et from li to 3 lbs. of cake and a little
crushed corn per day, and, after weaning his calves, Mr Smith
gives each of them a pound of cake per day until they are sold.
The farm servants in this district are mostly married, and cottage
accommodation is now much better than some twenty or twenty-
five years ago.

Proceeding along the Portrose road, we pass through the
parishes of Avoch and Eosemarkie. The principal proprietors
in these parishes are Mr James Pletcher of Eosehaugh, Mr E. G.
Mackenzie of Plowerburn, Mr H. M. Fowler of Eaddery, and Mr
C. M. M. Millar of Kincurdy. Though it is only about twelve
years since j\lr Fletcher made his first purchase of land in Eoss-
fihire, he is now one of the largest proprietors in the county, his
gross annual rental amounting to upwards of L.9000. About
Martinmas 1864 he purchased the estate of Eosehaugh from Sir
James Mackenzie for about L. 145,000. This estate extends to about
6400 acres, and with the exception of some 200 acres has a plea-
sant southern exposure. Two years later Mr Fletcher acquired
the estates of Bennetsfield and Ethie, both adjoining Eosehaugh,
and extending respectively to about 500 and 1600 acres. Since
then he has acquired the estate of Avoch (including the estate of
Woodhead, in the parish of Eesolis), from General Kirkland. It
extends to about 1450 acres, to which are added about 650 acres
of the Milbuie Common, called the Plowerburn Moor. Mr
Fletcher's total acreage in the Black Isle is now no less than
about 10,600 acrces.

When Mr Fletcher obtained possession of Eosehaugh there
were about 4013 acres under cultivation, about 900 under wood,
nearly 200 under houses, roads, dikes and water, wdiile the re-
mainder, 887 was chiefiv black moor and hills covered with heath

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. 105

and broom. The soil on the greater portion of this waste land
was found to consist chiefly of rich loam and strong reddish clay,
and believing that it was likely to turn out well under cultiva-
tion, Mr Fletcher determined to give it a trial. Keclaiming
operations were begun about six months after Mr Fletcher got
possession, and in the course of about four years upwards of 600
of the 887 acres of waste land were brought under cultivation.
The land was thoroughly drained in its natural state, the
drains in general being about 30 feet apart and 3 feet 6 inches in
depth. Stones were laid in the main drains, and tiles, chiefly
from the Morayshire Tileworks, were used in the branch drains.
The rougher patches of the land were trenched, but by far the
greater portion was ploughed with strong subsoil ploughs, each
drawn l:)y three powerful horses. The land being naturally
level and comparatively free from stones, a furrow was taken each
way to the depth of about 12 inches. In the tract of land thus
reclaimed there were a few acres of moss which had to be
drained to a depth of 10 feet. But heavy as this undertaking
was there was still heavier to accomplish in the way of draining.
Loch Scadden covered between 5 and 6 acres at the east side
of the property, and this sheet of water Mr Fletcher resolved to
do away with. A large canal about 15 feet deep was formed
through the centre of the loch, from which numerous branch
drains stretched out on both sides. In this way the loch was
thoroughly dried, and where water lay the richest crops are
now m^own. In addition to reclaiminc^ these 600 acres, ]\Ir
Fletcher has thoroughly redrained almost the whole of the old
land. Such a large addition as this to the arable area of the
estate, of course, necessitated a considerable outlay for building.
Four or five complete new steadings were built, while the majority
of the old steadings were extended and improved. Several
liandsome dwelling-houses have also been erected. During the
first four years he possessed Iiosehaugh, Mr Fletcher erected
close on 15 mih^s of substantial stone dikes, and about an
ef|ual stretch of wire fencing. For outlay for fencing as well as
on building the tenants pay 5 per cent, interest. Mr Fletcher
also constructed several miles of accommodation roads, and sju^nt
a considerable sum in repairing the old roads of the district. In
addition to the buiklings which he erected for his tenants, Mr
Fletcher spent uj)wards of L.VUO in erecting a school and school-
master's house on the Killin part of the pro{)t'rty, a district that had
hitherto been greatly in want of educational machinery. Avery
hantlsonn! and commodious mansion-house has also been built
on Jiosehaugli, while a considerable sum of money has been ex-
pended in beautifying the grounds, which now make ^fr Fletcher's
l)hu'k Isle residence one of the most cliarmin<r countrv seats in
tlie northof Scotland. Kveryacre,aye even every inch, that was not

106 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

considered worth reclaiming lias been surface drained and planted ;
and when it is mentioned that, between 1864 and 1868, Mr
Fletcher expended no less than about L. 20,000 on improvements
of various kinds at Eosehaugh, some idea will be had of the ac-
tivity and stir that characterised the north-eastern point of the
Black Isle during those four years. The cost of the reclamation
of these 600 acres has been roughly estimated at from L.12 to
L.15 ]3er acre, according to the nature of the soil.

About one-half of the estate of Ethie was arable when Mr
Fletcher obtained possession of it, and the other half was partly
wood and partly waste moorland. The soil on this estate generally
is very good, and altogether the property is a very desirable one.
A very large breadth of land has also been reclaimed on this estate,
while, as on Rosehaugh, every acre unsuitable for cultivation has
been surface drained and planted. On his recently acquired estates
Mr Fletcher has also been busy at work. In a word, every inch
of a gross total of about 3300 acres of waste and improvable land
which Mr Fletcher obtained along with his different estates has
been either reclaimed or enclosed, drained, and planted, according
to the natural qualities of the soil. Besides planting waste land
he has, in re-arranging the farms, formed several beltings of
wood through the estates, which in a few years will both beautify
and shelter the land. Mr Fletcher advances money on interest
to his tenants for suitable and permanent improvements — a privi-
lege that has been largely taken advantage of. The leases of a
considerable number of the farms w^ere renewed recently, and in
the new arrangement a large amount of building has been stipu-
lated for. The total cost of new, farm buildings at present in
course of erection or in contemplation will be upwards of
L.15,000; and altogether, since 1868, the bill for building, exclu-
sive of the mansion-house, cannot be less than L.20,000.

The soil on Mr Fletcher's estates, generally speaking, consists
of a heavy clayey loam, and in most seasons it grows excellent
crops of all kinds. Wheat, however, is not very extensively
grown. The course of cropping is the ordinary five-shift rota-
tion. Part of the first year's grass is retained as hay, and the
remainder is used as pasture. Farms range in size from 50 to 500
acres in extent, the average size being from 100 to 150 acres. The
usual duration of leases is nineteen years, and rents are generally
paid at Lammas and Candlemas. On those farms that were re-
cently re-let, an increase of from 15 to 20 per cent, on the old
rent was obtained. The rental per acre over the estates generall}^
varies a good deal. In some parts it is upwards of L.2. The
majority of both the farmers and the farm servants are natives of
the district, and are generally quiet, industrious people. Married
servants are now most in favour, but hitherto the number of this
class of servants has been limited in consequence of a want of

COUXTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMAETY. 107

cottage accommodation, which Mr Fletcher has abeady done a
gi^eat deal to supply. A very good class of both horses and
cattle is kept in the district, and altogether the farming of ]\Ir
Fletcher's estates is quite abreast with the times. Yery large
quantities of lime, chiefly taken from Banffshire, have been used
on the estates within the past few years.

Mr Fletcher holds two of the largest farms on the estate in his
own hands, the home farm of Piosehaugh, extending to 550 acres,
and Muirhead of Ethie, the annual valued rent of which is L.500.
The home farm of PtOsehaui:,di is under the management of Mr
Lawson, and is a model of neatness and regularity. The stock
of cattle is one of the finest of the kind in the county. The cows
hitherto bred from have been crosses of the best description,
while the sires used have been selected, almost regardless of
expense, from the finest shorthorn herds of the day. The Piose-
hauo'h cross bullocks have been famed all over the north for
several years, and at Inverness and elsewhere they have carried
away many well-contested honours. A few shorthorn cows have
recently been introduced, for the purpose of rearing pure bred
bulls for the use of the tenantry. The improvements now going
on on these estates are under the able superintendence of Mr
Ptobert Black, factor to Mr Fletcher.

The estate of Flowerburn, a very desirable little possession,
with a rental of about L.960, is divided chiefly into small farms,
the rentals of which average from L.20 to L.195. Several little
improvements have been effected on this estate since 1850. Mr
Fowler's small estate of Eaddery has also been considerably
improved of late ; and during the past eight or ten years, the
rental has increased from about L.900 to L.1048.

Leaving the parishes of Avocli and Hosemarkie, we enter
Cromarty ; and here Lieut.-Colonel G. W. H. Ross is. almost sole
proprietor. The Cromarty estate extends to about 7946 acres —
4:112 arable, 2625 in pasture, and 1209 under wood. The soil is
principally loam, but clay abounds iu some parts, and moorish
soil in others. The average rent per acre is about 33s., and the
extremes range from 10s. to 60s. per acre. Since 1850 the
rental of the estate, by reclamations and other improvements,
has been raised from L5144: to L.6128. Tlie land reclaimed was
previously under wood, and is of a moorish character. The pre-
sent value of the new land is about lOs. per acre, and before
reclaimed it was worth only about half-a crown per acre. The
reclamations cost abuut L.20 ])er acre, and will be fairly remune-
rative. The lanns on the estate are mostly large — from lUO to
600 acres. The houses are good and substantial, and have
almost all bi'iii built since 1<S50. Most of the fencing was done
before i85U, while the gieater part of the other imi)rovt' nients were
etlucted shortly after tliat date. The svsteni of rotation pursued

108 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

on the estate is either the five or six course shift, and the estate
generally is farmed on the most advanced principles. Almost
all the cattle kept are crosses, and are bought in when young,
and fed off as two or three year olds. The estate is well pro-
vided with labourers' cottac^es. A few have been built since
1850, but the majority of them was erected previous to that.
The farm servants are mostly married. There are a few crofters,
wdio eke out the produce of their small holdings by working on
the neighbouring farms. Since 1850 the whole of the avail-
able land has been planted. Leases on the estate are almost all
of nineteen years' duration.

Three grandsons of the late Mr George Middleton, who came to-
Cromarty from Yorkshire about the beginning of the present cen-
tury, occupy three large farms on the Cromarty estate. Davidston,.
now occupied by his son, of the same name, was leased for
many years by the late Mr Jonathan Middleton, son of Mr
George Middleton. The farm has a northern exposure, but still
the soil is good, and naturally dr}" and fertile. Its arable area
was greatly increased by Mr George Middleton, while the late
Mr Jonathan also added a considerable breadth. The farm is
now worked on a six-shift rotation, to suit the cultivation of
potatoes, which have been found to be most remunerative for
several years back. Mr Middleton "soils" a good many cattle
(i.e., feeds them in the house during summer on cut grass and
cake), and has thus the command of a very large quantity ot
farm-yard manure of the very finest quality. In addition to a large
dose of this dung, potatoes and turnij)s get from 7 cwt. to 9 cwt.
per acre of artificial manure ; while about one-half of the turnips
are eaten ofi the land by sheep. Only as many cows as
supply the farm with milk are kept, but a great many cattle
(chiefly Caithness stirks) are bought in, as the markets are found
to suit, and fed off both in summer and winter. Several iiun-
dreds of Cheviot lambs are bought in every autumn, and fed off'
on grass, turnips, and cake. Eosefarm, another desirable farm
on the Cromarty estate, and almost adjoining Davidston, is
leased bv Mr Alexander Middleton. The soil on this farm is
mostly good black loam; but some patches here and there want
" body." The five-course rotation is generally followed, though
a small portion of the farm is worked in six shifts, to admit of a
few potatoes being grown. ISTo cattle are bred here either, but a
good many are grazed and fed off' at Christmas and about Feb-
ruary, the byres being again filled during the spring with lean
animals, as feeders for the following winter. About 1000 Cheviot
lambs are bought in every autumn, and part are disposed of the
following spring, and part retained and fed off" on turnips and
grass and cake as withers. Very nearly one-half of the whole
turnip crop is eaten off the land by sheep. The general custom

COUNTIES OF liOSS AND CROMARTY. 109

of the district is to feed half or three-part bred sheep, but Mr
Z\Iiddleton found that the turnips and grass which grow on his
farm are not rich enough in feeding equalities for sheep of these
varieties, and consequently he has taken to Cheviots. The late
Mr Jonathan also had this farm for several years, and reclaimed
nearly one-half of it from moor and wood ; while his son, Mr
Alexander Middleton, who has been tenant of the farm for about
twenty years, has also reclaimed about 100 acres. Mr Middle-
ton also leases the farm of Poyntzfield, on the estate of that name,
and in the parish of Eesolis. The exposure here, as at Rosefarm,
is northern, but the soil is very fair. The system of rotation
pursued here, and the working of the farm generally, is exactly
the same as at Eosefarm. When Mr Middleton became tenan":
here, about ten years ago, the land was in very bad order; but
since then he has redrained the whole of it, erected some six
or seven miles of wire fences, limed the whole farm, and reclaimed
about 30 acres from waste moor land, all at his own expense.
The 30 acres reclaimed were previously covered with small whin
bushes, and Mr Middleton's first step was to tear out the wiiius
with a gTubber. The land was then ploughed and drained, and
well limed ; and now that it has passed through one rotation, it
has the appearance of being good useful land. It was under
oats last season, and yielded about 5 quarters per acre, though
the bulk the crop had in the stook would have led one to expect
even a higher return. The compact, neatly laid off farm of Far-
ness, which adjoins Davidston, and to which is attached the
small farm of Peddieston, is lield by Mr Thomas Middleton,
anotlier of ]\Ir George Middleton's grandsons. Tarness is worked
by four pairs of horses, on five shifts — two years grass, oats, tur-
nips, and ^yheat sown out with grass seeds. Mr Thomas ]\Iid-
dleton entered this farm fourteen years ago, and since then he
has built a very handsome dwelling-house, and encircled it by a
magnificent garden ; removed the farm-steading from an incon-
venient site to the centre of the farm, making it considerably
larger than before; has erected about 1000 yards of stone dykes,
and between GOOO and 7000 yards of wire fences; made nearly a
mile and a half of service roads ; drained a considerable part of
the farm ; trenched-ploughed the whole of it, and S(|uared u])
several of the fields. For the erection of the dwelling-house, a
forehand rent (about L.SiO) was returned to him ; and for the
stone dykes erected he receives meliorations at the end of the
lease, to the extent of about L.200. The soil on Farness is
good black loam, and yields excellent crops of wheat, oats, and
turnips. Wheat usually yields about 4 quarters per acre, and
oats from 5 to G quarters. The turnips are manured with
about 25 loads of farm-yard manure and 8 cwt. of siqierficiiil
manure, including about 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda. Mr Middle-

110 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

ton keeps just as many cows as supply the farm with milk, and
buys in cattle (chiefly Caithness stirks or two-year olds) all the year
round. The cattle courts are covered, and very conveniently
arranged for feeding ; and for two years back he has been " soiling"
a good many cattle. In all, he feeds about 70 cattle, in two lots,
sending the one away about Christmas, and the other about June.
About 400 Cheviot lambs are bought in about the month of
August, grazed till December, fed on turnips from then till
April, grazed during the following summer, and fed on turnips
and a little cake from October till January, when they are sold
fat at about L.3 a head. ISTone of the grass is pastured by cattle, the
whole being either eaten by sheep, cut for hay, or cut and carried
to the cattle courts for "soiling" purposes.

The compact, little, but valuable estate of Udale, belonging to
Mr George Mackenzie of Poyntzfield, and leased as one farm by
Mr James Gordon, lies in this parish. It is beautifully situated
on a pleasant slope running down close to the Cromarty Firth,
and has for several years been one of the best farmed holdings
in the counties. It extends to about 450 acres, of which 270 are
arable, the remainder being partly under wood and partly moor-
land. The farm faces the north, and rises from sea-level to a
height of about 400 feet. The soil varies a good deal. On the
fields that lie under a level of about 100 feet, it is principally
shingly, with a gravelly bottom overlying the Old Eed Sandstone,
which is here covered to a considerable depth. The middle
fields, lying between 100 and 200 feet above the sea, consist of a
rich deep black loam close to the sandstone. On some parts of
these fields the Old Eed Sandstone comes within 3 or 4 feet of the
surface, and here the soil is a strong reddish clay, suitable for
all kinds of crops, though probably not quite so safe for potatoes
as the more gravelly land. On the higher fields the soil is of an
inferior class, and consists chiefly of a moorish boulder clay,
with here and there an irony pan underlying it. Mr Gordon is
an extensive stock farmer, and to suit his cattle and sheep en-
deavours to have as much grass in summer and as many turnips
in winter as possible. The system of rotation pursued is there-
fore rather an exceptional one. He generally allows the land to
lie three or four years under grass, and breaks it up for a crop of
turni23S, the farm-yard manure being spread on the lea before
being ploughed down in winter. After turnips comes either wheat
or oats, or oats and tares mixed, the mixture being used for feed-
ing stock. Then turnips follow again, and after that wheat or oats
sown out with gTass seeds. The system is confined to the hea^der
soils. The lighter soils are broken up with either potatoes or
oats, followed by turnips, and then oats with grass seeds. A
portion of the lighter land on the heights was found unsuitable
for turnips, and consequently it was sown down with whin seed

COUNTIES OF KOSS AND CROMAETY. Ill

along with oats, about 30 lbs. being given to each acre. The
whins came away beautifully, and for seven years running from
10 to 12 tons x^er acre were reaped every season. The sub-
soil in these higher parts is very fair clay, and the roots of the
whins must have abstracted nourishment from it. The whins
were used for horses, cattle, and sheep, and it was curious to observe
that the pure bred shorthorns and Leicesters took more readily
to the whins than the other kinds of cattle and sheep. The
whins were reaped with one of Samuelson's mowers, the same
implement having reaped a field of 22 acres for five years in suc-
cession. Before being given as food, the whins are put thrice
through a whin-mill, made by Messrs Mackenzie & Co., Cork.
The first of the crop is used about the beginning of November,
and unless caught on the root by a severe frost, which Qiake the
whins woody and tough, they are quite soft and easily eaten.
Cattle and horses get them under roof, but to sheep they are
supplied in troughs on lea fields. The cultivation of these
whins enabled Mr Gordon to carry a heavier stock of both cattle
and sheep than he could otherwise have done ; and by their
roots having pierced through and loosened the firm pan which
underlies the soil on these higher fields, the parts on which they
were cultivated have been permanently improved. Of the 22
acres sown down with whins 12 w^ere ploughed to the depth of
about 8 inches last spring, and sown with oats. The crop was a
very fair one, and yielded about 4 quarters an acre — the highest
yield ever reaped from the field.

Mr Gordon grows no barley, but produces both wheat and
oats of the finest quality. As much as 8 quarters of wheat per
acre have been grown on the farm, while the general yield runs
from 3 to 5 quarters per acre. The weight per bushel varies
from 60 to 62 lbs. Chiddam and Fenton are the varieties used,
about 4 bushels of seed being given to the acre. The Fenton
variety generally affords the largest yield. The wheat is sown in
autumn as soon as the turnips are eaten off the land by sheep.
Finefollow is the variety of oats most largely sown. The yield
of oats varies from 3 to 7 quarters per acre, and the weight from
42 lbs. to 43 lbs. per bushel. About 4 bushels are given as seed
to the acre. A broadcast-sowing machine and manual-delivery
reapers are emjdoyed. As already stated, two turnip crops are
taken in each rotation, one after lea and another after stubl)le.
Mr (iordon never cross-])lough3 any, but grubs thoroughly.
WIk'U he obtained possession of Udale about eleven years ago,
the land was very dirty, and at the first rotation a considerable
amount of labour had to be s])ent in clearing away large ([uanti-
ties of weeds. The .soil, however, is now thoroughly clean, and
in a very high manurial condition. Mr Gordon begins to sow
turnips about the lUth of May, and gives about 3 lbs. of seed to

112 ON THE AGEICULTUKE OF THE

eacL acre. About two-thirds of tlie turnip break is usually put
under swedes. Besides from lo to 25 loads of farm-yard manure per
acre (spread on the surface before ploughing), a very heav}^
dose of artificial manure is applied. The dose ranges from 6 cwt.
to 12 cwt. per acre, and is composed of bone meal, crushed bones,
coprolite superphosphate, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda (not
more than 1 cwt.), and common salt. Considerable quantities of
seaweed are also used for manuring both turnips and potatoes.
As might have been expected from the very short interval be-
tween the two root crops in the rotation, a good deal of loss was
at first experienced by '' finger and toe," but by the application
of the above-mentioned mixture the ravages of this destructive
plague have been completely checked. Mr Gordon gave special
attention to the cultivation of turnips for some years, and has
been very successful in hi^' experiments. He attributes the pre-
valence of " finger and toe " throughout the country chiefly to
the fact that in the mixture of artificial manure usually applied
to turnips, all those ingredients necessary for nourishment to the
plant are not present in the requisite proportions. He has
grown three crops of turnips in four years, with but very little
appearance of " finger and toe;" but this he thinks could be done
only Avhen then turnips are eaten off by sheep, by which system
a good deal of what the turnips absorbed from the land during
growth is returned to it in the sheep-dro23pings. Mr Gordon
generally grows from 12 to 15 acres of potatoes, chiefly Victorias.
The potatoes are usually planted on the lighter and more gravelly
land, and get about the same quantity of manure as the swedes,
except that the potash is slightly increased. Mr Gordon has
cultivated a few new varieties from the plums of Victorias, which
now afford a larg-er return than the original varietv. The farm
is worked by four pairs of good substantial horses. For some
years Mr Gordon kept a stock of cross cattle, breeding from
polled cov\'S and shorthorn bulls, but since 1871 he has been de-
voting a frood deal of attention to shorthorn breedin^^. Of the

o o o

^shorthorns, however, more anon. Mr Gordon has for many
years been one of the most extensive sheep farmers in the coun-
ties, and in addition to a large mixed stock of sheep, he has been
rearing a few pure bred Leicesters. Of these, also, more anon.

Towards the end of last year Mr Gordon purchased the estate
jof Arabella from Mr Fraser. It extends to about 600 acres, is
almost all arable, and lies in one of the prettiest spots in Easter
PlOss. The land is very level, and the soil is rich alluvial clayey
loam, close but not stiff, and if properly cultivated should grow
heavy crops of all kinds. The alluvial soil lies on 6 or 8
inches of sand, and beneath that is a layer of strong blue clay.
The land has been imperfectly cultivated for some years, and is
full of weeds and rather rough. The course of cropping follov/ed

COUNTIES OF KOSS AND CROMARTY. 113

«

by the late tenant was either one or two years grass, wheat, oats,
turnips, and either wheat or oats sown with grass seeds.

The next parish we enter in the Black Isle is Kesolis, part of which
lies in Eoss-shire and part (the larger part) in Cromarty. The prin-
cipal proprietors in this parish are Mr J. A. Shaw Mackenzie of
Newhall, Mr George Mackenzie of Poyntzfield, ]\Ir C. Lyon Mac-
kenzie of St Martins, Mr H. K. Fraser of Braelangwell, Captain J.
D. Mackenzie of Findon, and Mr J. Urquhart of Kinheachie. The
Kewhall property contains two large farms, Kirkton and Mains
of Eesolis ; but a very large portion of the estate is taken up by
crofts, which number close on 100. A few of these crofters pay
half-a-crown of rent, while others pay L.8, L.IO, orL.12. The
crofts are chiefly situated on the Bog and Muir of CuUicudden;
and by many years of patient toil the tenants of these small hold-
ings have added considerably to the arable area of the estate.
They have almost all leases of nineteen years, and, generally
speaking, they live comfortably and contentedly. The extensivs
farm of Mains of Braelangwell, for some time occupied by Mr
John Gordon, now in Balmuchy, lies in this parish, as also the
desirable farm of Mains of St Martins.

Proceeding along Cromarty Fkth, in the direction of Ding-
wall, we pass into the parish of Urquhart, in which the larger
proprietors are Mr Aithur Forbes of Culloden, Sir Kenneth S.
Mackenzie of Gaiiloch, Bart., and Captain J. D. Mackenzie of
Findon.

The estate or barony of Ferrintosh, extending to close on 6000
acres, though situated in the parish of Urquhart, really belongs
to the county of ISTairn. It is owned by Mr Arthur Forbes of
Culloden, and within the past thirty years has been improved to
a very great extent. In 1853 Mr Duncan Forbes, brotlier of the
proprietor, reported to tlie Highland and Agricultural Society
(see "Transactions" for 1853, series iii. vol vi.) on extensive
improvements that had been carried out on the Ferrintosh estate
under his own management. Between 1<S47 and 1853, 072 acres
were reclaimed from rough, stony moorland and brought into
profitable cultivation. The greater portion had to be trenched,
at a cost of from L.7 to L.8 per acre, and before it was thoroughly
drained, cleared, and fenced, and prepared for cropping, the total
cost per acre ranged from L.2() to L.23. The diains were cut to
a depth of 3 feet, and laid with horse-shoe tiles, upon the top of
which was placed a layer of about 14 inches in depth of small
stones. Fur leaders 4 and 5 inch tiles were used, and those
])laced in the brancli drains were about 2 inches. AVhere stones
could be had dykes were made, wire being used where stones was
scarce. And since these imi)r()vemcnts, re])orted upon so fuUy
by Mr Duncan Forbes, were completed, extensive improvements,
in the way of reclainiin</. (b-aining, fencing, building, &c,, have

H

114 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

•

been effected. In 1874 the leases of about 120 crofts expired,
and, on a measurement of these holdings, it was found that dur-
ing their leases, which ranged from fifteen to nineteen years,
these small tenants had reclaimed upwards of 400 acres, all of
which had been thoroughly drained and partly fenced. These
crofters had also drained and fenced the greater portion of their
old land during their leases recently concluded, and by aid from
the proprietor they had also done a good deal in the way of
building. The gross rental has been doubled within the past
twenty-five years; and in many cases, where the land was good,
a considerable increase has taken place in the acreage rentaL
The tenantry, generally, are in a thriving, prosperous condition;
and we should mention that, with one or two exceptions, the
wdiole of the 120 crofters, whose leases expired in 1874, retained
their possessions and accepted agreements, under which they are
bound to reclaim at least one-tenth part of the moorland on their
holdings. The waste land, though thin and moorish in some
parts, is so well suited for potato culture, and otherwise so suit-
able for improvement, that the conditions of the new leases are
certain to be carried out very soon. While the improvements on
the crofts have been important, those on the larger farms have
been still more extensive. Offices and dwelling-houses of a
superior description have been erected at Cornton, Torgorm,
Leanaig, Easter and Wester Alcaig, Kinkeli, Drumoureach, Dun-
vornie, Teanalmich and Teanagairn, &c. There are two steam-
mills on the estate, one at Balnabeen and another at Wester
Alcaig, but as a rule the tenants use w^ater power for their
thrashing mills. Almost every tenant who has any waste land
attached to his holding sits under an impronng lease, and there
is every prospect of a good deal of reclaiming and other improve-
ments being accomplished before the end of the current leases.
Plans have been made and levels taken for clearino-.the hioh
lands of large lakes of stagnant water, which, when carried away,
will render a great deal of land improvable ; and arrangements
have also been completed to enclose for planting a large portion
of the waste land on the top of Milbuie, belonging to the property.
One of the principal farms on the Ferrintosh estate is Rye-
field, occupied by Captain A. S. C. Warrand. It extends to
about 320 arable acres, and about 50 acres of pasture. The soil
is a medium loam on freestone rock, and the rent about 30s. per
acre. A five-course rotation is pursued, — 1st, Oats ; 2d, turnips,
} being swedes ; 3d, wheat and barley ; 4th, hay Q) and pasture ;
oth, pasture. Oats usually yield about 5h quarters per
acre, and weigh 42 lbs. per bushel ; wheat yields 3|- quarters,
and weighs 62 lbs. ; barley yields about 5 quarters, and weighs
55 lbs. ; turnips average about '30 tons per acre, and the hay crop
is usually good, and pasture fair. The land intended for turnips

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. 115

is ploughed parallel to old furrows in autumn, from 10 to 12
inches deep. In spring it is ploughed across, or, if dirty, is first
grubbed and then ploughed across, and thoroughly harrowed and
cleaned of weeds. The land is manured with 20 loads of farm-
yard manure, with a cwt. of crushed bones, 2 cwt. of bone meal,
1 J cwt. of dissolved bones, and ^ cwt. of nitrate of soda to each
acre. Swedes are sown from loth to 2oth May, and yellows
from 2oth May to 12th June, Potatoes are grown only for home
consumption. Captain Warrand has fenced the whole of his farm,
and partly drained and reclaimed about 10 acres, all at his own
expense. About fifteen cross cows are usually kept, and from
these and a shorthorn bull excellent cross calves are reared.
Five or six calves are bought in for fostering at a week old, while
four yearlings are also bought in, and thus twenty-four two-year
olds are sold off every year. About half this number is fed to
an average weight of about 6 cwt. by February, when they are
despatched to the beef market. The other twelve are sold off
when about half fat. Those intended to be fed out are tied up
about the 1st of October, having had turnips previously given to
them on the open field. The diet till Christmas consists of
yellow turnips and a mixture of wheat, barley, oat, and Indian
corn meal ; and after that swedes are substituted for the yellows,
and a little linseed cake added to the meal. The cattle bred at
home are found to be the best paying animals. About 200
Cheviot and half-bred ewes are now kept on the farm, and Cap-
tain Warrand expects to sell 280 lambs every season. He allots
80 acres to each pair of horses. Cottages are scarce, and there-
fore unmarried servants are in the majority. Captain AVarrand
kept a very fine stock of pure bred Leicesters for several years,
but in September last the whole hirsel was dispersed at very
high prices.

The largest farm on the estate is Cornton, occupied by Mr
George Middleton. It extends to about 400 acres, all arable, and
is rented at about 28s. per acre. The soil is light sandy loam,
and the climate is good. The ordinary five-course rotation is
pursued. The various crops yield well, except in dry seasons.
VMieat usually yields about 4 quarters per acre, and weighs from
Gl to 62 lbs. per bushel ; barley yields 5 quarters, and weighs 55
lbs. ; and oats yield 5^ quarters, and weigh from 41 to '42 lbs.
The grain is usually of the finest quality. The land intended for
turnips, if not dirty, gets one deep furrow in autumn and a cross-
ploughing in spring ; but, if dirty, it is gi-ubbed once or twice
before being ploughed in spring. About 15 tons of farm-yard
manure, and from 5 to 7 cwt. of artificial manures, priiici])ally bone
compounds, are usually applied to the acre. j\Ir Middleton has
recently been trying the system of spreading the farm-yard
manure on the stubble land in autumn, to be turned over with

116 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

the first furrow, and as yet the results have been favourable.
As already stated, the farm has been considerably improved
since 1850 by reclamations, draining, fencing, and building. A
"flying" stock of cattle is kept. They are bought in once a
year, and sold off fat from January to April, weighing generally
about 6 1 cwt. 'No cattle are bred on the farm. A little cake is
used, but for feeding turnips are supplemented chiefly by a
mixture of meal made from the different varieties of grain. A
small flock of half-bred and three-parts bred lambs are bought
in in August. As they are newly weaned when bought, they are
treated as kindly as possible for some time on good grass, and
soon after the 1st of January cut turnips are given them, and
after the 1st of May a little cake is added. They are clipt about
the 26th of May, and sold off in June. The farm horses in this
district are Clydesdale crosses, very much improved of late, but
still short in supply. About 80 acres are usually allotted to
each pair. Married servants are in the majority as yet, but
manied men are becominsr scarce. Rents in this district have
risen from 30 to 40 per cent, at the expiry of each lease; but now,
when labour and taxes a,re so high, there is not much room for a
further increase. We might be asked. Is this rise of rent due to
improved tillage of the original acreage ? or to an increase of the
arable land by reclamation ? or to a diminution of the farmer's
profits ? We think that the rise is due partly to all these three
causes, but mainly to the former two. The rents of several farms,
on which there have been no reclamations for many years, have
advanced upwards of 20 per cent, since 1850, and in these cases
the rise is mainly due to improved systems of farming.

Sir Kenneth Mackenzie's beautifully situated estate of Conan
comprehends the western end of the parish, and has been immensely
improved by reclamation, draining, fencing, and building, both by
the present proprietor, and by the late Sir Francis A. Mac-
kensie of Gairloch, who is spoken of in " The New Statistical
Account of Scotland," as being " distinguished for zeal in agri-
cultural improvements, as respects both the reclaiming of waste
ground and introducing the modern system of husbandry among
his servants." Sir Kenneth is convener of the county of Eoss;
and is a painstaking practical agriculturist, and a considerate
landlord. He holds the home farm of Conan in his own hands ;
and under the careful management of Mr Mackenzie, the over-
seer, it is kept in a high state of cultivation. It extends to
about 400 acres, of which 340 are arable, and 60 under perma-
nent pasture. The soil is partly black loam, and partly sandy
loam, with a subsoil of sand. The ordinary five- shift course is
pursued, wheat being taken after turnips and potatoes. From
twelve to fourteen thoroughly good cross cows are kept ; and
from th^se and a shorthorn bull excellent cross calves are

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEO^MAETY. 117

reared. The bull in use at tlie farm just now was purcliased
from Mr E. Bruce, late of i^ewton of Strutliers, Forres. Two or
three good pure bred shorthorn cows are also kept at the farm.
A good many cattle are fed during winter ; and a large lot of
pure Berkshire pigs are reared and fed in the courts at the stead-
ing. From 400 to 500 cross ewes are pastured on the farm;
and from these and Leicester tups a crop of lambs is raised
every year that commands the top prices at the Inverness Wool
Fair. The steadin^^ on the home farm was built in 1822 ; and it is
worthy of remark, that Hugh Miller worked at it as an apprentice
mason. The entrance into the steading is surmounted by a tall
handsome tower. Sir'Kenneth has also an extensive estate in the
parish of Gairloch, his rental there alone amounting to L.7300.
There are a few small-sized arable farms on the Gairloch pro-
perty, and between 400 and 500 crofts, averaging about five
acres in extent. A good many of these crofters have reclaimed
the whole of their possessions, while others have improved little
more than one-half. The system of cultivation on these and
other crofts throughout the counties will be noticed more fully
afterwards.

The Findon estate has been very considerably improved, by
reclaiming, draining, fencing, and building of late; and during the
past eight or nine years the rental has increased from L.3774 to
L.4624. There are a great many crofts and small farms on this
estate, and some large and very fine farms, The largest farm on
the estate is Woodlands, situatedin the parish of Kiltearn, and oc-
cupied by Mr Jonathan Middleton, Davidston, at a rent of L.555.

Continuing round towards Beauly Firth, we pass through
the parish of Kiltearn, which joins Knockbain, near our start-
ing point on the Black Isle. The large proprietors in this
parish are — Mr Mackenzie of Kilcoy (whose estates have akeady
been noticed), and the Right Hon. Henry J. Baillie of Redcastle.
The improvements on the liedcastle property since 1850 have been
extensive, important, and costly. A considerable extent of land
has been reclaimed, while buildiufj, draining" and fenciuLT have
been going on apace. The rental since 18G8 has increased from
about L.5800 or LG500.

We have now made a complete circuit of the Black Isle ; but
before taking leave of the peninsula, we must refer shortly to tlie
old " Mulbuie Common." This inmiense tract of land, extending
to 7044 acres, stretched along the whole top of the Black Isle,
and for hundreds of years was used as a common outrun for the
Black Isle generally. It was originally covered witii little else
than black heath, and its pasture was of no great value. It was
asserted that the soil, over at least the greater portion of the com-
m(»n, was (juite suitable for improvement, and likely to make
very fair arable land; b\it while it remained the property of no

lis ON THE AGKICULTURE OF THE

man, because the property of all, nothing could be done by way
of either reclaiming or planting. Several attempts were made
among the proprietors of the Black Isle, nearly a hundred years
ago, to have Mulbuie divided, but new difficulties were continu-
ally cropping up, and proposal after proposal fell to the ground.
By agreement among themselves, a few of the proprietors, towards
the west end, made a sort of an interim division of what lay
opposite their possessions ; and part of the land thus apportioned
off was planted. Before the present century had advanced many
years, the agitation for division again manifested itself, and this
time with more success. The subject came up in the Court of
Session, and on the 10th July 1827, the then Lord Ordinary
(Mackenzie) issued an interlocutor, dividing the whole commonty
(including what had been already extra-judicially apportioned)
among the various proprietors in the peninsula. The royal burgh of
Fortrose claimed a right of commonage, and on the division got
the largest portion of any, namely, 687 Scots acres. To the Cro-
marty estates 577 Scots acres w^ere apportioned, 550 to Kilcoy,
523 to Flowerburn, 446 to Sir James Mackenzie of Scatwell,
411 to Newhall, 370 to Ferrintosh, 358 to Eedcastle, 245 to
Allangrange, 196 to Conanside, 158 to Drynie, 127 to Avoch,
the remainder going in smaller portions to the other proprietors
in the district.

That the division of this commonty had beneficial results there
can be no doubt. A great extent of the 7000 acres has been
brought to produce very fair oats, turnips, aud potatoes ; while,
with a few exceptions, almost all that was found unsuitable for
reclamation has been planted, and is now carrying thriving
wood. There is still a considerable extent of moor and waste
land throughout the Black Isle; but compared to the im-
mense tract that existed before the division of Mulbuie, it
seems little more than a mere handbreadth. The improvement
these reclamations and plantations have effected on the scenery of
the Black Isle is very marked. Before the division a dark
dreary shade was cast over the whole peninsula by the bleak
heathy moor, which then ran along the ridge ; now, the many
green fields and thriving plantations that occupy the greater
part of old Mulbuie, lend a pleasant, smiling aspect to the
Avhole district. The greater portion of the better land, after the
division, was let to crofters, in holdings varying from 10 to 30
acres. In most cases leases of nineteen years' duration were granted
to these crofters, and other substantial encouragement held out to
them to bring their holdings under cultivation. By patient toil
and untiring energy, these small tenants have reclaimed many
hundreds of acres, and converted into a pleasant agricultural dis-
trict what w^as before a wilderness of stunted heath and bent.
The soil generally is light, and very susceptive of drought, but

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CKOMARTY. 119

still very fair crops are usually grown, and the majority of the
crofters live comfortably and contentedly.

The 196 Scots acres allotted to the Conanside estate formed
part of what had been previously divided and planted ; and the
wood was not removed for about ten years after the division in
1827. In 1841 this land, extending to about 245 imperial acres,
was let, along with 20 acres of adjoining land, at a rent of Is. 6d.
per acre, on leases of nineteen years, to hfteen crofters who under-
took to reclaim the whole, receiving therefor L.5 for each acre of
improved land at the close of their leases. Some of these crofters,
notwithstanding this encouragement, did nothing ; others im-
proved only part of their land; while some improved the whole
during the'first lease. By 1860 about half the improvable landhad
been reclaimed; and at that time new nineteen years' leases were
Wintered into at an average rent of 14s. per arable acre, and Is. 6d.
per acre of waste land, with the L.5 premium on its improve-
ment. But practically most of the crofters sit at about Os. per
■arable acre, having sunk this melioration for a reduction of rent
equivalent to 8 per cent, on the L.5 per acre to which they were
■<3ntitled. By 1878, when the leases again expire, most of the
land will be under rotation. This piece of land is probably one
■of the worst on the whole commonty. The soil is light and
gravelly, the rock underlies it at no great distance from the sur-
face ; and the crops are always light, and suffer much from
drought. In fact, very few of the wells retain water all through a
dry summer ; and at the present rate of wages it can be profitable
neither to the landlord nor the tenant to reclaim and cultivate
J and of such inferior quality. Sir Kenneth lately trenched and
brought into cultivation about 40 acres of waste land adjoining
these crofts, from which he now receives a rent of L.l per acre.
The land was worth about 8s. per acre before being reclaimed,
and when under heath as wintering for hill sheep. The increase of
rent is thus only 12s. The cost of the improvement, including
cleaning and draining and building, came to about L.24 per
acre, so that the interest received on the outlay is only 2J per
-cent. From the improvement of a similar subject Sir Kenneth
would not now realise even this profit; and really it is very doubtful
whether or not such an unremunerative speculation is worth the
toil and trouble of the croiter. There was a tjood deal, however,
<jf richer land on other parts of ]\Iul])uie, and on most of these
parts l)ot]i tlie landlords and tenants have l)cen very fairly remu-
nerati^d for their outlay and lab(nir. The 306 imperial acres
iittached to the Allangrange estates liave almost all been made
araljle, and are n(jw pruducing very fair crops of oats, potatoes,
and turni})s. The greater ])urtion of this ])iece of the old (.om-
monty was given oil in crofts and improved by these small ten-
ants, as was the case with the land apportioned to Sir Kenneth.

120 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

The whole of the 577 Scots acres attached to the Cromarty
estates have been planted, and are now carrying valuable wood ;
and of the 370 apportioned to the Ferrintosh property, part has
already been planted, and part reclaimed by crofters, while ar-
rangements have now been completed for having the remainder
enclosed with a view to its being planted.

Mid Boss.

Mid Eoss proper includes all of the Black Isle that lies in the
county of Koss, as well as the parishes of Urray, Contin, Ding-
wall, Fodderty, Kiltearn, and Alness. But for convenience, the
Black Isle was taken separately. By train the traveller enters Eoss-
shire near the Muir of Ord, in the parish of Urray. Part of this
parish lies in Inverness-shire, but by far the greater portion is in
the county of Eoss. The principal proprietors in the Eoss-shire
portion of the parish are Mr J. A. F. H. S. Mackenzie of Sea-
forth, Mr John Stirling of Fairburn, Mr James F. Gillanders of
Highfield, the Eight Hon. H. J. BaiUie of Eedcastle, Mr Thomas
Mackenzie of Ord, Mr A. J. Balfour of Strathconan, and Mr J. S.
Chisholmof Chisholm, who owns theestateof Eheindown. The Ord
estate, though not very extensive, has, nevertheless, been the scene
of great activity and enterprise for many years, and is now one
of the best farmed little properties in the county. The Eev. James-
Macdonald, writing on the parish of Urray for the I^ew
Statistical Account of Scotland in 1841, says, "The principal
agriculturist within the parish is Mr Mackenzie of Ord, who
has improved his lands very much of late." And since then the
value of the estate has been very much increased both by re-
claiming new land, and draining, and otherwise improving the
old. The rental in the parish of Urray in 1840 was L.342, now
itisL.1494.

The estates belonging to the Seaforth family have been consi-
derably reduced by selling off' detached portions during the past
twenty-five years ; but on what still attaches to Brahan Castle (the
beautifully situated residence of the family), a good many improve-
ments have been effected of late, while the general system of
husbandry pursued on the estate is of the most advanced de-
scription. The e.^tate of Highfield has also been very largely im-
proved within the past twenty-five or thirty years. In 1840 the
rental was L.402 ; in 1868, L.1895 ; now it is L.2315. The Ehein-
down estate has advanced in rental during the past eight or ten
years from L.540 to L.Glo

Last year Mr John Stirling purchased the estate of Fairburn
from the Seaforth family, the estate of Anchonachie from Mr
Douglas Mackenzie, and the estate of Muirton from Mr Eobert
Ainslie. These estates adjoin each other, and lie in the valleys
of the Conan and the Orrin. Their united rental is L.35G.

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMARTY. 121

These estates had all been very much improved by their respec-
tive owners before coming into the possession of Mr Stirling.
The arable land, particularly on the Fairburn estate, had been in-
creased by hundreds of acres ; many new steadings had been
built, the farms all squared up, and an immense stretch of
wire and other fences erected, while almost every acre of land
unsuitable for reclamation was planted. On the Fairburn estate
there are upwards of 1200 acres of excellent planting, the main
portion of which was planted by the present laird of Brahan and
his mother. The system of rotation oq Mr Stirling's estates is
chiefly the five shifts. A good many cattle are reared and
grazed in the district, and in this respect it forms one of the few
exceptions to the general rule of Eoss-shire, which is the buying
in and feeding of cattle, not rearing and grazing. A vsry large
portion of the turnip crop is eaten off the land by sheep, chiefly
Cheviot hill hoggs. The largest and most expensive of all the
improvements effected within recent years by the Seaforth
family was the draining of the bog of Arcan, on the Fairburn
estate. Mr John Mitchell, provost of Dingwall, whose experience
in land improvements is very extensive, had the planning and
superintendence of this gigantic undertaking ; and, on its com-
pletion some twenty years ago, he reported upon it to the High-
land and Agricultural Society. This report — a complete and
very interesting one — will be found in seventh volume of the third
series of the Transactions of the Society, at the 108th page; and
therefore lengthy reference to the subject here would be super-
fluous. A great extent of land, in what was called the Bog of
Arcan, lies at such a low level, that originally it was continually
in a wet marshy state, and frequently completely submerged by
the overflowing of the Conon; and notwithstanding the care and
skill employed in the undertaking by Mr Mitchell, and the money
expended, large portions of the lower lying j^arts of the bog
again began to be almost useless in consequence of flooding and
back-lying water ; and some ten years ago an attempt was made
to redrain the land. First of all, a large culvert, about 3 feet in dia-
meter and about a mile long, was constructed from a convenient
point in the bog away seawards, and discharging itself into the
Conon. The construction of the culvert was a matter of very great
dilUculty, and the expenditure for this part of the work alone
amounted to between L.700U and L.8000. Branch drains were
cut from the culvert throughout the whole of the marsh, and in
this way close on 500 acres, that formerly were almost useless,
are now bearing the richest grain and root crojis of all kinds.

Lying alongside Urray is the j)arish of Contin, a very exten-
sive parisli containing some veiy fine arable land, and a large
extent of hill grazings. The principal proprietors in these
pariahes are Sir A. G. K. Mackenzie of Coul, Bart., ^Ir A. J.

122 ox THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

Balfour of Stratliconon, and Mr Mathiesoii of Arclross. The
most of the arable land ou the estate of Coul lies in the Contin
valley, one of the prettiest of straths. A gentleman who- has
been a resident in this valley for many years writes — " From my
windows I can see at a glance about 140U acres of land, reclaimed
within the last thirty years, now bearing rich crops of all kinds.
One old farmer in my neighbourhood actually took in 400 acres
himself. All the modern improvements, such as using reapers
and artificial manures, are greatly in vogue, by which reaping is
much accelerated, and crops greatly improved." In 1868 the
rental of the Coul estates in Contin was L.3766, now it is L.4180.
One of the prettiest situated farms on this estate is Achilty, oc-
cupied by Mr P. Eobertson, and lying along the banks of the
Black Water, around the base of Tore-Achilty, a rugged perpen-
dicular elevation looking down the valley of Contin, and beau-
tifully covered with richly foliated weeping birch. The farm
extends to about 300 acres arable and 100 acres pastoral, and is
rented at L.300. Mr Piobertson also holds several sheep farms,
but these shall be referred to afterwards. The soil on Achilty
is chiefly sharp light brown loam, slightly mixed with sand.
The five-course shift is generally followed, though occasionally
it is varied into a six shift-rotation. Turnips are sometimes
grown after lea, and they are found to do very well. In Novem-
ber of 1874 a six-year old field of grass was ploughed, and in
the spring sown with yellow turnips, manured liberally with
bone meal and dissolved bones. The plants came away very
satisfactorily, but mildew interfered with them towards the end
of summer, and the crop turned out only a moderate one. The
turnips were all eaten off by sheep, and the land ploughed again
in April across the old drills. In the end of May it was
thoroughly harrowed, and the sods reduced to a fine tilth. It was
then drilled up, manured with about 7 cwt. per acre of crushed
and dissolved bones, and sown with turnips. The crop was still
in the field when we visited Achilty, and the appearance was
most promising. Barley is generally grown after turnips, and oats
after grass. The average yield of jjarley is from 4 to 6 quarters
per acre, and the weight from 53 to 54 lbs. per bushel. The yield
of oats ranges from 5 to 6 J quarters, the weight from 42 to43Jbs.
The favourite variety of barley is chevalier, while sandy oats are
grown almost entirely. These remarks apply pretty generally to
the whole of Contin valley. Mr Eobertson keeps four or five cows
to supply the farm with milk, and rears six calves. He buys in
from forty to fifty Highland heifers in October. They are
wintered at Achilty, sent to the hills to graze during summer,
and sold when the markets are favourable.

The Stratliconon estate extends to about 72,000 acres, chiefly
hill gTound taken up by a deer forest, sheep farms, a few crofts.

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 123

and a home farm. It extends in three parallel glens, from Glen
Orrin to the Dingwall and Skye Eailway, only the south side of
Strathbran belonging to Mr Balfour. The river Meig, a tribu-
tary of the Conon, runs through the centre glen of Strathconon.
It is only 16 miles from the Muir of Ord, and 20 miles from
Dingwall and Beauly, but still the estate is very much isolated;
nevertheless, it has been greatly improved within the past thirty
years. The glens are so very narrow, and the rivers so tortuous
in their courses, that there is really little room for reclamations
of any extent. On the home farm there are about 60 acres under
rotation, and here and there along the river sides there are small
patches of arable ]and. In fact, almost the whole of the limited
extent suited for growing crops has been reclaimed by trenching
and draining. It is not a profitable speculation, however, to
trench such small spots as these. The soil on the arable land,
and all low ground, is gravelly, light, but moderately fertile.
Since 1870, three new farm-houses and steadings, and nine cot-
tages for shepherds aud labourers, have been erected ; while,
since 1850, several old buildings have been enlarged and reno-
vated. About 35 miles of stroma wire fences and three miles of
stone dykes have been erected during the last six or seven years,
while a good deal of the arable land has been redrained, and the
permanent pastures on the river sides well limed. The ordinary
five-course shift is followed, and very fair crops of all kinds are
grown. The cows generally are strong substantial crosses, while
Mr Balfour keeps a good pure shorthorn bull. The extent of arable
land is so limited that there is often scarcely sufficient wintering
for the cows, and consequently the calves are sold off early in
autumn. The calves of last season were sold at the jMuir of
Ord in September, and were as fine a lot of cross calves as we
have ever seen brought into a market in the north of Scotland.
There are about a dozen crofters on the estate, and these eke out
the produce of their small holdings by employment received
from Mr Balfour, and by cartage. There are in all about a dozen
sheep-farms, ranging in size from 1000 to 7000 acres. On several
of these there are small patches of arable land ; but unless the
tenant happens to reside on the farm, these plots are not culti-
vated. Three or four of the sheep farmers, who hold the gi-eeu
hills or richer pastoral lands, keep Cheviot ewes, while the others
have blackfaced ewe and wether stocks. A considerable extent
of the hill pasture was impnjvcd several years ago by sur-
face draining, but a good deal of it is almost as bad as ever. A
commencement was made at redraining those wet swampy parts
last summer, Init the rainfall was too heavy and continuous to
admit of much being donc^ There are about 500 acres of excel-
lent wood — Scotch lir and lurch, from 28 to 30 years old. About
400 acres were planted within the last two vears, and it has been

124 ON THE AGKICULTUEE OF THE

arranged that a sirailar breadth is to be planted during the coming
two years. The rental in 1868 was L.2£22, now it is L.2834.
The greater part of the parish of Dingwall is taken up by the
valuable estate of Tulloch, belonging to Mr Duncan Davidson.
The extent is about 2000 acres arable, and 30,000 acres pas-
toral. During the present proprietor's possession, a great deal
has been added to the arable area, while the system of hus-
bandry pursued generally on the estate has been improved
immensely. About sixty years ago, the valley of Strathpeffer,
formerly a wet swampy marsh, was thoroughly drained and
reclaimed, and now it is one of the richest agricultural spots in
the county. It has almost all been redrained, and is now quite
dry. A considerable portion of the farm of Pitglassie, close to
Dingwall, was reclaimed from the sea. The waters of the
firth were dyked off by large embankments, and the soil then
thoroughly drained. The buildings have been very much im-
proved within the past twenty-five or thirty years. Formerly
they were almost all thatched, and anything but commodious ;
now they are all slated, and have ample accommodation. Very
recently a good many additions have been made to farm stead-
ings built some ten or fifteen years ago, chiefly in the way of
covered courts. The implements in general use on the estate
are of the most modern kind, and every improvement is quickly
taken advantage of. Within the past ten or fifteen years a large
addition has been made to the cottage accommodation, and now
the larger farms are well supplied. The majority of servants are
married, and live in these cottages ; and there are now very few
bothies on the estate. A great deal has lately been done in the
way of fencing, and the arable farms are now nearly all enclosed.
The policies around Tulloch Castle have been much improved
by Mr Davidson, by planting. The scenery in the neighbour-
hood is picturesque, and close to the castle there is a number
of fine old trees. The soil on the higher lying land on
the estate is light gravelly loam, while a little lower down it is
dark loam, slightly heavier ; and on the low land it is chiefly a
stiff adhesive clay. The rotation pursued on the best land is the
four-course shift — one year's grass, then oats or wheat, then
turnips or potatoes, and then w^heat or barley sown out with
grass seeds. On the very heaviest of the land a few acres of
beans are introduced into the turnip break, and invariably they
turn out very fairly. The ordinary five-course shift is followed
on the lighter land. The yield of wheat averages about 3 J quar-
ters per acre, and w^eighs about 62 lbs. ; .barley yields 4 quarters,
and weighs 55 lbs. ; oats yield 4 J to 5 J quarters, and weigh 42
to 43 lbs. Potato oats often reach 45 lbs. per bushel. The land
is specially adapted for turnips, and very heavy crops are usually
grown. The turnips are exceptionally rich in feeding properties.

COUXTIES OF ROSS AND CEOMARTY. 125

but are deficient in phosphate ingredients, and therefore not
calculated to rear big-framed animals. So rich, in fact, are they
in fattening compounds, that indiscriminate, or even irregular
use to young stock, has frequently been known to cause quarter-
ill and kindred diseases. Among the larger farmers, scarcely
any cattle are bred. Stirks and two-year olds, chiefly from
Caithness, are bought in during the summer months, and fed off
from Christmas till April on abundance of turnips and a fair
allowance of cake. During the past two years the " soiling"
system of feeding has been practised pretty extensively, and is
likely to become very popular. Probably more than double the
number of cattle fed on the estate twenty years ago is now fat-
tened. The selling prices range from L.25 to L.35. On the
crofts a number of very fair cross calves is reared every season.
Some of the larger farmers rear three-fourth and half-part bred
sheep, and feed off the lambs when yearlings. The general cus-
tom, however, on the estate, is to buy in cross lambs for feeding
in winter. The arable farms vary in extent from 100 to 500
acres, though a few do not exceed 50 acres. There are also
many crofts, varying from 4 to 10 acres ; and several labourers'
cottao'es have attached to them about half an acre. These cottages
are let at a nominal rent of half-a~crown, with the view to retain
in the district an abundant supply of labourers. The town of Ding-
wall lies into the property, and of course the land immediately
adjoining the burgh is turned to good account by dairy farming
and the like. The rent of this land varies from L.3 to L.4 per
acre. The average for better land throughout the estate is about
L.2 per acre, while for crofters' land it is little more than 10s.
The rental of the arable land generally has advanced about 20
per cent, since 1850, and that of the pasture land has been
nearly doubled.

Part of the Brahan estate lies in the parish of Dingwall, and
on this section is situated the fine farm of Humberston, occupied
by Mr ^Eneas Adam. It extends to about 560 acres, all arable,
and is rented partly at L.l and partly at L.2 per acre. Since
1850 Mr Adam has reclaimed about 120 acres, one-half with the
pick and S])ade, and the other with a plough drawn by oxen.
The fir.st half reclaimed was pretty good soil, and was not so diffi-
cult to get into crop growing-condition. On the other half the
soil was very poor, and a great deal more money was required
both to reclaim it by ploughing, draining, and fencing, and to eu-
rich it so as to make it yield cro])S. The proprietor allowed L.5
per acre for the laml thus reclaimed, to be paid at the end of the
lease. The new land proved very suitable for growing srn^ss,
and is yearly improving in condition. The five-course rotation
is followed, and very tine crops of all kinds are grown. Mr
Adam now gives nothing to turnips but artiiicial manures; and

126 . ON THE AGPJCULTUEE OF THE

spreads the whole year's dung on lea for wheat, and finds that
turnips thrive well in this way. The ground in preparation for
turnips receives a good winter furrow, and is afterwards wrought
with grubber and harrows. Mr Adam has for a few years sown
the artificial manures outside the marker when drilling, and thus
the land receives only one drilling. The plants come away
quite as well in this way as when twice drilled. From 100
to 200 head of cattle are usually kept on the farm, and nearly
all the grass is pastured. Mr Adam rears a good many, and
havino- discovered that the soil is more suitable for the Q;rowth
of young stock than for feeding, he does not feed on a large
scale. A good deal of feeding stuffs is used, however, during
winter along with turnips. All the turnips that can be spared
along with the outrun are eaten off by sheep taken in for the
winter. The horses on this farm, and in the district generally,
have been considerably improved of late by the introduction
of really good sires from the south, but further improvement is
still desirable. The majority of the servants in the district are
married, and cottage accommodation is more complete than inmost
other j)arts of the north. Eents generally, in the neighbourhood,
have risen about 25 per cent, during the past twenty-five years.

In the parish of Todderty, adjoining Dingwall on the west, lies
the beautiful valley of Strathpeffer, the scenery and climate of
Avhich are equalled by few spots in the kingdom. The estate of
Strathpeffer belonging to the Duchess of Sutherland, Countess of
Cromarty, takes up the most of this parish, and stretches down
from the foot of Ben Wyvis in the direction of Dingwall. The
Duchess also owns the properties of N'ew Tarbat, in the parishes
of Kilmuir Easter and Logic Easter, and Coigach, in the parish
Loch Broom, and also small patches of land in the parishes of
Tain, Kincardine, and Dingwall. For convenience, these estates
shall be noticed here. Since 1867 the Duchess' Restates have
been under the efficient management of Mr William Gunn, and
during the j)ast eight or ten years a large amount of money has
been expended on improvements of various kinds, such as build-
ings, fencing, draining, road-making, and planting. Nearly all
the farms having been gone over, attention is now being directed
to the improving of the dwellings of the many crofters that live
on the estates. The system adopted in this work, and which
is found to suit very well, is to give an allowance of timber, lime,
and glass gratis, and slates at interest, the tenants themselves
doing the labour.

The Strathpeffer estate has an arable area of over 2000 acres,
700 acres of wood and young plantations, and 2000 acres of hill
pasture, which embraces the south-west side of Ben Wyvis, and
which grows pasture of fair quality. The stock of sheep on this
pasture is chiefly Cheviots, with a few of the Black-faced breed

COUNTIES OF EOSS AXD CROMARTY. 127

on tlie higher parts of Ben Wyvis. In 1850 the rental was
L.2300, now it is L.4960. The valley of Strathpeffer is very
fertile, and is well and judiciously farmed by an intelligent and
thriving tentantry. There are several farms on this estate
varying in their extent from 120 to over 600 acres, while the
higher slopes are occupied by a well-to-do class of crofters. The
leases of all the farms, both here and at Tarbat, have been re-
newed within the last ten years, at rents varying from 24s. to
33s. per acre, and in almost every case the proprietrix has been
at the expense of enlarging and improving the farm-houses and
steadings, all of which are now in excellent order, and fitted up
with all the modern requirements. Many miles of wire fencing
have also been erected, the tenants executing the carriages for
these and the buildings. A well-observed rule on the estate is
to hand over every arable farm well and substantially fenced,
and with a stroncj iron c^ate for each enclosure. The rotation
usually observed is the live-course shift, but the tenant, as long-
as he does justice to the farm, is allowed ample freedom in this re-
spect, providing he leaves the farm in the five-shift rotation at
the expiry of his lease. Within the past ten years every farm
has been supplied with good slated houses for the farm labourers,
each provided with two rooms and a pantry on the groand-floor,
and two commodious attics. Within the period stated no fewer
than thirty -two of these cottages have been erected. The fine
farms of Fodderty and Keppoch have been drained since 1867,
the tenants paying interest on the outlay, and performing the
carriages. Much attention has been paid to planting on all the
Duchess' estates within the past few years, and from 100 to 200
acres are planted annually, chiefly with a mixture of larch and
Scotch fir, with a sprinkling of hard- wood trees where the soil
and exposure are suitable. About twenty-five years ago a consider-
able extent of land was reclaimed on the Strathpeffer property,
and now it is in eighteen holdings, varying from 7 to 10 acres in
extent. The land is of very fair quality, is rented at 22s. per
acre, and the occupiers are industrious and thriving. Several
miles of hedges (thorn and beech mixed) have been planted
within the past ten years, all of which are growing admirably,
and contribute much to the well-cared-for appearance that this
valley presents.

New Tarbat contains about 2000 acres of arable land, 150 of
rough ]iasture and about 1000 of woods and young ])lantations. In
185U the rental was L.1800, now it is L.2750. The soil on one
or twoof the farms is exceedingly rich, ecpial to any in IJoss-
shire, but, generally, speaking the land is light loam overlying
gravel. Farms vary in size from 120 acres to 520 acres, and
crofts, which are numerous, range from 5 to 40 acres. The liome
farm is under the careful mana'^^oment of ]\[r Flliot,and is chieily

128 ox THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

adapted to dairying purposes. Mr Elliot rears his own stock, and
always keeps a superior sliortliorn bull. The "woods are exten-
sive and ^vell managed, and the young plantations are thriving
very well. Very little land has been reclaimed on the Tarbat
estates for several years, but a good deal has been done in the
way of squaring up fields and removing old and useless hedges.
The majority of the Tarbat farms have also been recently re-
drained on the same terms as the farms of Fodderty and Kep-
poch.

Coigach is chiefly pastoral, and lies in the parish of Loch Broom,
and has a coast line of nearly 40 miles with an area of about
150,000 acres. In 1850 the rental was L.2720, now it is L.4900.
Along the coast there is a large population of crofters, who, in
addition to allotments of arable land varying from 3 to 20 acres,
have in connection with each township a considerable extent of
hill pasture, upon which they graze their cattle and sheep.
There are several large sheep grazings on this estate, ranging
from 5000 to 50,000 acres, butthese shall be referred to afterwards.
Until within the last few years this extensive Highland property,
with its splendid mountain and loch scenery, was almost inacces-
sible except by sea. But now it is thoroughly opened up, nearly
30 miles of new roads having been constructed by the proprie-
trix since 1871, at a cost ranging from 2s. to 3s. per yard, or
L.176 to L.276 per mile.

To aid the small tenants on her estates in improving the quality
of their stock (chiefly Highlanders), the proprietrix gives assist-
ance in the procuring of good bulls. Many of the crofters
engage in fishing pursuits, both at home and on the east
coast, in the counties of Caithness, Aberdeen, and Banff. It
should be mentioned, that a considerable portion of the rise of
' the rental, both of Coigach and Strathpeffer, is accounted for by
the large increase in the rental of shootings.

The large arable farm of Fodderty, and sheep farm of Glen
Skeach, both on the Strathpeffer property, are occupied by Messrs
Adam and Walter Arras. Fodderty extends to about 500 acres
of arable land, and is rented at L.844. The rotation followed is
the ordinary five-course shift, and good crops of wheat, barley,
oats, and turnips are grown. The turnip land gets a heavy
dose of farm-yard manure, and a liberal allowance of artificial
stuffs, chiefly dissolved bones and superphosphates, and from
1 to IJ cwt. of nitrate of soda. About 2 cwt. of this
latter stimulant was tried one year, but found not to have a ver}^
beneficial effect. On the mossy land on the level part of the
farm grain crops are very apt to lodge ; and to prevent loss in
this way, beans are sometimes sown along with oats, No
cattle are bred on the farm, but a good many are bought in and
fed off for the spring markets, when they realise from L.22 to

couxTiES OF Eoss AND ceo:nliety. 129

L.31. A stock of about 700 Clieviot ewes is kept on Glen
SJdach ; and the wether lambs are brought down to Fodderty
about the 12th of August, and sold fat when about twenty-two
months old. Fodderty is worked sometimes with five and some-
times with six pairs of horses, and is, probably, one of the best
managed farms in the district.

On the estate of Foulis, in the neighbouring parish of Kiltearn,
belonging to Mr Charles Munro, various improvements have
recently been effected, and the rental during the past eight or
ten years has increased from L.3200 to L.4083. The valuable
little estate of Swordale, the property of Mr W. Munro, has also
been very largely improved.

The estate of Culcairn, belonging to Mr H. A. M. Butler John-
ston, M.P., and the iSTovar property, both in the parish of Alness,
have been improved in various ways by reclaiming, draining, build-
ing, fencing, and the like, since 1850, the rental of the latter having
increased since 1868 from L.2413 to L3124. Mr S. C. Munro's
well-farmed little estate of Teaninich has also been slightly im-
proved of late, and the rental has increased from L.1200 to
L.1590 during the past eight or ten years. On the Xovar and
other properties in the parish of Alness a great breadth of land
has been planted, chiefly with larch and Scotch fir, within the
past thirty or forty years, and now the extent of wood in the
district is very considerable.

Easter Ross.

This division is the most important in the county, and is
indeed one of the finest ac,^'icultural districts in Scotland. Leav-
ing Mid Eoss, we enter Easter Eoss, in the parish of Eosskeen,
and at once reach the scene of, perhaps, as extensive improve-
ments as have ever been attempted in this country by a
single proprietor. The honour of these undertakings belongs to
Mr Alexander Matheson, the respected Member of Parlieiment
for the county. This gentleman retired from the bustle of the
commercial world several years ago, and returning to his native
county, devoted himself to the promotion of the higher interests
of agriculture. With this view he, between 1840 and 1861,
acquired possession of several large estates in the county ; aod
some idea of the extent of his property can be got from the fact
tliat his gross annual rental is close on L.22,000. His more
valuable possessions lie on the east coast, and were purchased
from the Duke of Sutherland, ^Ir Eoss of Eitcalnie, Mr Munro
of liCalty, CJulonel Eoss of Cromarty, Mr Macleod of Cadboll,
and Mr Ogilvie of Corrimony. His possessions on the west
coast were purchased from Mr ^lackinnon of Ardintoul, Mr
Mackenzie of Inveriuate, Mrs Lillingstoneof Lochalsh, Colonel
M'Barnet of Attadale, Sir James Mathieson of the Lewis, and

I

130 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

Mr Tennant of Auchnasliellacli. The entire combined property-
is generally known as the Ardross estates, though it may be
mentioned that the original Ardross is on the east coast, in the
parish of Eosskeen. The original Ardross was bought in 1846
from the Duke of Sutherland, and along with the other smaller
properties acquired in the neighbourhood, has been the centre of
the principal improvements by Mr Matheson.

In 1 858 Mr William Mackenzie, factor on the estates, under
whose able management the improvements have been carried out,
reported to the Highland and Agricultural Society what had been
done at Ardross up till that time ; but, notwithstanding, it would
perhaps be as well to give a general resume of the improvements
from their very commencement. We shall first, however, contrast
the Ardross of 1846 with the Ardross of 1876, and then attempt
to describe the elaborate improvements that led up to the present
result. When Mr Matheson obtained possession of these estates
the land w^as held principally by small tenants, whose arable
areas varied from 6 to 20 acres. The houses were small and
uncomfortable, the stock kept w^as of inferior quality, and the
general system of cultivation was of a very primitive order. The
configuration of the land was rough, stony, and uneven, and not
at all inviting for cultivation. Now Ardross is a picturesque,
rich-looking, fertile agricultural district, laid out in moderately
sized farms and crofts, w^ell fenced, well arranged, wdth handsome
commodious houses, and bearing profitable crops of all kinds.
In all, about 4000 acres have been reclaimed from waste land,
by draining, trenching, liming, &c. This land is situated along
the north side of Alness river, and stretches back from Cromarty
rn-th, a distance of ten miles, to the top of Strathrusdale, and
embraces the off-shooting valleys of Auchnacloich and Strathy.
The elevation varies from 50 feet to 900 feet above the level of
the sea. The first step in the improvements was a thorough
survey of the whole land, and the drafting of a plan to
guide the operations. New farms for the old tenants were
laid out, the boundaries of plantations were traced out and
lined off, the positions of farm offices were indicated, the
sizes and forms of fields were decided upon, and the courses of
all the principal leading drains were staked off on the ground
{vide Mr Mackenzie's Eeport in " Highland and Agricultural
Transactions " for 1858). These preliminaries over, the real work
of reclamation was begun. The supply of native labour being
wholly inadequate for the work, men were procured from
other districts, and housed in a large and commodious barracks
built for the purpose. About 200 men lived in these barracks
during the whole period of the improvements, and this system
was found to work very satisfactorily. In addition to these 200
labourers, about 100 of the residenters were usually employed at

COUNTIES OF KOSS AND CEOMARTY. 131

the works. First of all, a broad service road, 10 miles in length,
was run right back through the centre of the land to facilitate
operations ; and as the work proceeded, about other 40 miles of
accommodation roads were constructed. The roughness of the
land made ploughing impossible, and therefore the first turning-
over had to be done by the pick and spade. The land having
been thus trenched, drains were then cut, and the stones up-
turned in the trenching were utilised in the drains. The leading
drains were all made in the natural hollows of the ground, how-
ever winding these might be, and in this way a cutting of 3 feet
in most of the hollows was equal to 5 or 6 feet of depth on
either side. Immediately behind the trenchers companies cleared
off the surplus stones, and this necessitated blasting on an
extensive scale. The stones were carried to the edges of the
fields, and used in the building of dykes, an operation that went
on simultaneously with the other improvements. Building was
also begun very early, and thus trenching, draining, stone-clear-
ing, dyking, road-making, and house-buildings were all proceed-
ing apace. In his report Mr Mackenzie says — " To a casual
observer, when the works were in progress, the expenditure might
appear profuse, and perhaps reckless. Instead, however, of this
being the case, the works were executed upon the principles of
strictest economy. In the apparent confusion of trenchers, drainers,
dykers, blasters, masons, carpenters, &c., there was the most per-
fect order ; and the carrying out of a design, although each opera-
tion was separate in itself, still all of them were yoked in heartiest
co-operation ; and to this feature of the works must be largely
attributed their success as a whole." The works were almost all
executed under small contracts, the labourers having been divided
into small contracting companies, ranging from two to twelve in
number. But Mr Mackenzie has described the modus operandi
so fully in his excellent report, that anything more than a general
sketch of what has been done would be out of place here. True,
the Ardross improvements were little more than half completed
in 1858, but the lines laid down at the very commencement, and
detailed so clearly by Mr Mackenzie, have been strictly adhered
to all along.

The draining of a large flat of swampy boggy land on the estate
of Delny, one of the little properties attached to Ardross, was so
difficult and so interesting an undertaking that a short notice of
the method adopted might be acceptable. The greater part of
the flat was at one time a common among five surrounding pro-
prietors, the tenants of whom cut their peats from this common
up, in fact, till it was acquired by Mr Matheson. The Burn of
Delny, which has its source in the valley of Strathy, near Strath-
rory, and passes through the loch of Aclinacloicli, at one time
winded in a circuitous course through this boggy flat, frequently

132 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

overflowing and covering the whole of it with water. In its dry
state the pasture caused black cattle to turn grey in the course
of one season, so poisonous was the stunted herbage the land
produced. The soil consisted of the lower stratum of peaty bog
and marsh and spirity sand, charged with noxious ochrey-
coloured water impregnated with sulphur and saltpetre, i^ormer
occupants frequently attempted to drain the flat, but all their
efforts were fruitless, in consequence of want of proper outfalL
In 1868, shortly after he acquired the property, Mr Matheson
besran the drainin^^ of this flat in thorouoli earnest. The first
step was the securing of propgr outfall for the waters, and for
this purpose a large stone-built 2-feet square drain was run
from the sea west of Ballintraid farm-house ridit back into the
flat, while a main leading drain laid with '' spigot and faucet ^'
vitrified pipes 10 to 15 inches in diameter, and jointed with
cement, was continued for about 800 yards through the flat, the
depth in some places reaching 8 feet. To relieve this main
drain, part of the drainage was directed to the old mill-dam of
Delny and part also towards Polo. The land drained by these
three outfalls extends to about 800 acres. The subsoil of the
whole flat is running sand, and was so much charged with run-
ning water that in cutting the drains for the main leading pipes,
the sides had to be supported with a framing of wood, and at the
bottom of the drain no more than the length of one pipe could
be excavated at a time. Each successive pipe was carefully laid
in and jointed with cement as its bed was cut out; and to pre-
vent the sand getting in, a board was placed at the outer end.
At the time the main drains were cut, the 2-feet square stone
drain and the lo-inch pipes were fully required to carry off the
water led into them, and the water was so charged with noxious
elements, such as iron, sulphur, saltpetre, &c., as^to form incrus-
tations on the bars of the iron gratings on the air-shaft so hard
that considerable force was required to break them off. The silt
in the bottom of the pipes had also to be cleaned out at intervals
during the first two years. From these main drains a complete
network of minor drains, ranging from 3|- to 4 feet deep, laid with
tiles from 2 to 4 inch bore, stretches out in all directions. Here
and there alonf^ the leadino; drains ventilating shafts with iron
gratings were built to admit circulation of air, while at two or
three points, where the larger collections of drainage enter the
principal drains, large stone cisterns were built for the purpose of
receiving the silt. These cisterns are from 8 to 10 feet deep, or
from 2 to 3 feet deeper than the drains, and thus there is a space
for a considerable deposit of the sedimentary matter brought in
by the incoming drain. The mouth of the outrunning drain is
covered with an iron grating, and by attending carefully to the
cleaninsc out of the cisterns, verv little silt can r^^et into the main

COUiVriES OF KOoS AXD CKOMARTV. 133

<ih'ains, This l>og is now so thoroughly drained, and tlie land so
consolidated, that a 6-incli pipe is sufficient to cany the \Yater ;
and the noxious substances with which the water used to be im-
pregnated have entirely disappeared. The land, too, yields excel-
lent crops both of cereals and of turnips. Indeed, the tenant of
Ballintraid informed us that he had this year upwards of 4
quarters of oats per acre from what used to be the most swampy
part of the bog. Mr Mackenzie was also sole engineer of this
important draining undertaking, and the complete success that
has followed his efforts must be very gratifying both to himself
and his employer.

Mr Mackenzie gives details of the cost of reclaiming one of
the first improved sections of the property, and also indicates the
system adopted in bringing the new land into proper crop-grow-
ing condition. On this section, which extended to about 160
acres, and which was divided into fields, the average cost per
ncre of trenching was L.8, 13s. Ofd. ; draining, L.6, 10s. lOd.;
Wasting, L.5, 2s. 0-J-d. ; clearing off the stones, L.2, 8s. 3fd. — total
average per acre, L.22, 14s. 3d. The cost of all these works of
course increased considerably before the improvements were
wholly finished, owing to the general increase of labourers' wages
throughout the country, but these figures give a ]3retty correct
idea of the real cost of the Ardross improvements. The more
recently reclaimed lands cost about L.24 per acre. On the sec-
tion referred to, the whole of the fields, with one exception, were
limed accordiof^ to the texture of the soil with from 14 to 20
bolls per acre ; manured with composts of barrack sewage and
moss and vegetable matter taken out of drained ponds, and
Peruvian guano; and sown, some with wheat, others with oats,
and one with turnips. The yield was very good indeed in every
ease excepting one field, which was not limed for two years after
being reclaimed, and on which the yield of oats was nearly 2
•quarters per acre behind the average of the other fields. Wheat
averaged about 5 quarters per acre, and weighed G4 lbs.; oats
about G quarters, and weighed 44 lbs. The turnip crop was an
average one, and having been eaten off by sheep, was followed by
an excellent crop of oats sown out with grasses for permanent
pasture. Two of the fields, one sown with wheat and another
with oats, were at once sown out into permanent pasture, \\liile
<.)n two or three of the others turnips, manured with farm-yard
inanuie and guano, and then oats or wheat with seeds for per-
]iuinent i)asture followed the first grain crop. The permanent
^rass came away very well every season, and for several years
the parks were let at an average of about L.3, 10s. per acre. The
system of " breaking in" tlius brielly indicated has been followed
very generally all along, though in late years two or three slight
variations were introduced.

13 J: ON THE AGEICULTUKE OF THE

How, it may now be asked, have these 4000 acres of reclaimed
land been apportioned ? To begin with, upwards of 1200 acres
are held in the proprietor's own hands. Of these 800 acres are
worked under a five-course rotation in the farms of Mains of
Ardross and Easter Ardross. The remainino 400 acres are laid
down under permanent pasture, and of these 300 acres form part
of the pleasure grounds around Ardross Castle, which grounds
extend altogether to about 700 acres under wood and permanent
pasture. The castle, which was erected by Mr Matheson, is
situated upon the north bank of the river Alness, at an elevation
of 500 feet above the level of the sea, and about five miles dis-
tant therefrom. The castle itself is a very handsome edifice;
and the situation, now that the grounds are in thorough trim, is
indeed charming. The river Alness runs close by, and is in full
view from the castle windows. The laying down of the per-
manent pasture was considered very carefully by Mr Mackenzie,
and the course pursued is worthy of more than a mere general
notice. Where the soil was thin and moorish, the seeds were
sown broadcast with rape seed (without a grain crop), at the rate
of 12 lbs. to the acre, the trenched land having been well
harrowed and broken, and top-dressed with 1 cwt. of superphos-
phate and 2 cwt. of bone meal to the acre. In the months of
August and September sheep were put on to crop the rape and
grass, and early in winter the land was ploughed so as to get the
soil exposed to the action of the weather and thoroughly pul-
verised. Next year a crop of oats was grown, and immediately
after harvest the land was again ploughed. In the following
spring it was thoroughly grubbed with rank teethed harrows and
sown with the foUowincj mixture : —

'o

1^ lbs. Meadow Foxtail,
-J „ Sweet Vernal,

2 „ Common Rough Cocksfoot,

3 „ Hard Fescue,
1 „ Sheep Fescue,
3 „ Meadow Fescue,
6 „ Italian Rye-Grass,

14 „ Ayrshire Evergreen Rye- j 4 „ Cow Grass, and
Grass, 8 „ Rape,

Timothy,

5?

1

>j

2

J J

2

J5

A

^

55

8

j;

55 lbs.

lbs. Hudson's Bay Meadow Hay
Grass,
„ Rough - Stalked Meadow
Grass,
Major Trefoil.
Alsyke,
White Clover,

The land was top-dressed with 1 cwt. nitrate of soda, 1 cwt. of
dissolved bones, and 3 cwt. of bone meal to the acre. All the
covering the seed got was a careful rolling with the Cambridge
roller, and thus all the seed came up regularly. About the be-
ginning of August the ground was ready for sheei^, but care was
taken lest the sheep should make it too bare. They were al-
lowed to crop only so as to secure a good sole. In September
following the land was again heavily rolled with the view of

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAKTY. 135

preventing the plants from being thrown out by the action of
the frost. It is now twenty-three years since the piece of land
these remarks refer to was laid down as permanent pasture, and
since then it has not been broken up. But thirteen, ten, and
nine years ago it was re-sown with the same mixture of seeds as
at first, with the exception of rape, cowgrass, timothy, and
trefoil, and top-dressed with 1 cwt. nitrate of soda, 1 cwt. super-
phosphate, and 3 cwt. bone meal, and afterwards rolled about
the end of April. Before being re-sown the land was gone
over with heavy iron harrows to loosen and tear up the fog with
"which the ground had become overrun, especially the poorer soils.
The fact of the land having been under sheep made it run much
more quickly to fog than if it had been grazed by cattle and
horses. By the above method, however, the pasture was renewed
at less expense and more satisfactorily than if had been broken
up and put through another complete rotation, which would have
necessitated a lapse of six years before the pasture would have
reached its previous richness. And besides this, the breaking up
of the land would have created an eyesore in the pleasure
grounds. The other portions of the ground which were of a
better quality were first cropped with turnips, laid down with a
compost of pulverised earth and lime in proportion of a cubic
yard of peat earth to 6 cwt. of English lime, mixed together
several months before being used. Of this mixture 28 loads
were given to the acre, along with 1 cwt. Peruvian guano, 2 cwt.
bone meal, and 2 cwt. of the best dissolved bones. The turnips
were eaten off by sheep, and in spring oats were sown which
yielded at the rate of 6 quarters to the acre with a heavy crop of
straw. After harvest the land was ploughed, and in spring
grubbed and harrowed, and in May sown with grass seeds of the
same variety and quantity as already mentioned, mixed with a
bushel of barley to the acre, for the purpose of sheltering the plants
while young. At the sowing of the seed the land was top-dressed
with 3 cwt. bone meal, 1 cwt. Peruvian guano, and 2 cwt. best
superphosphate of lime. The grasses came away so rapidly that
sheep were pastured on the land about the end of July. Since
first sown out, the better land was treated in the same way as
the lighter soils. Por several years back cattle have grazed
upon these permanent pasture lands from the beginning of July
till the middle of September, which has greatly improved the
gi-asses as wintering for sheep, and has destroyed the fog and
strong tul'ts of natural grasses which sheep do not eat. Old as
the pasture now is, it still continues good, but the poorer parts
and the portions most overrun with fog will be re-sown and top-
dressed as formerly.

The portion of the reclaimed land not included in what Mr
Matheson holds in his own hands was laid out in carefully

136 ON THE AGEICULTUHE OF THE

graded crofts and farms, the latter rauging from 30 to 300 acres,
and the former from 5 to 20 acres. The advantages of gradation
were fully recognised by Mr Matheson, and in this respect his
property is a perfect model. The new farms and crofts were all
laid out according to a pre-arranged plan, and before being
handed ov^er to the tenants were fully supplied with roads, fences,
and houses. As already stated, about 50 miles of private roads
were made ; and in enclosing and subdividing farms and crofts,
92f miles of stone dykes and 62h miles of wire fences were
erected. The stone dykes are 5i feet high, exclusive of the cope,
above the surface of the ground. There are three courses of
through bands in the height of the dyke, 6 feet apart, and
bedded in lime. The cope is also bedded in and pointed with
lime, while all the dykes along the roads, and the most of those
forming: divisions between farms, are harled on both sides with
lime. The wire fences are from 3 feet 10 inches high with 6
wires to 4 feet high with 7 wires. According to the position and
the required strength of the fences the wires , are from jSTo. 2 to
Xo. 6 of bright wire, galvanised wire, and galvanised strand wire.
The wire fences along roads have iron standards Ih inch by f
of an inch 6 feet apart, and the subdividing fences have posts of
larch from 6 to 7 feet apart, with the bark taken off. The ex-
treme straining pillars are Ih inch square with double stays,
and at every 80 yards there are intermediate straining pillars of
the same size. The wdiole of the ware fences are painted with
Carson's anti-corrosive paint, which, on account of its durability
and cheapness, is also used extensively in painting outside wood-
w^ork of buildiugs and farm implements.

In addition to the 4000 acres reclaimed, a considerable extent
of old land was redrained and remodelled and fenced, and now
there are upwards of 5000 acres under cultivation on the Ardross
east coast estates. There are in all 27 farms, paying from L.50 to
L.800 of rent, and on the majority of these complete new stead-
ings and dwelling-houses have been erected by Mr Matheson,
while most of the others have been repaired and extended. The
farm steadings are all furnished with thrashing-mills, some
being driven by steam, some by horses, and others by water.
The dwelling houses as a rule are handsome and commodious.
The crofters' dwellings and office houses are neat and convenient.
A large number of labourers' cottages have been erected of late,
and now the supply of these cottages on the Ardross estates is
complete. The number of resident labourers is quite sufficient
for all the w^orks on the estates, and care is being taken that this
shall continue so. The farms were all subdivided to suit the five-
shift rotation, and almost without exception this course of crop-
ping is adhered to. The soil, generally speaking, consists of
heav}^ brown loam lying on a clayey subsoil, and is found to pro-

COUXTIES OF E0S3 AXD CllOMAETY. 137

duce very good crops of both cereals and green crops. Almost
the whole of the arable land has a pleasant southern exposure.
The average rent of the new land is 21s. per acre, and of the old
land which has been remodelled, from 28s. to 40s. per acre. The
first nineteen years' lease on most of the new farms will expire
within a year or two, and the farms have all been re-let to the old
tenants at a slight increase of rent. The estate regulations under
which these farms are let are carefully drawn out printed docu-
ments— much superior to the ancient written lawyer leases.
The clause bearing on improvement is as follows : — "The tenants
will be allowed on interest lime, at the ship's side, in such
quantity as may be considered necessary for their lands, and a
sum per acre as may be agreed upon for trenching, draining, and
otherwise improving their lands. They will also be allowed on
interest, iron wire, and cost of erection of fences for closing and
subdividing their farms where stones cannot be obtained. All
the above interest to be at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum,
payable along with the rent. The tenants will be allowed, free of
charge, tiles for draining wdiere stones cannot conveniently be got,
wood for intermediate standards for wire fencing, and timber, and
lime for such additions as may be considered necessary for the
accommodation of their farms erected to a plan approved of by
the proprietor, such fences and buildings to be left in a tenantable
state of repair at the end of the lease."

Before leaving Mr Matheson's east coast estates, we may briefly
refer to the extensive and important improvements he has carried
out on his w^est coast properties at Strathcarron in the parish of
Lochcarron, at Strathbran in the parish of Contin, at Ardintoul
in the parish of Glenshiel, at Inverinate in the parish of Kiutail,
at Balmacara, and Duncraig. At Duncraig a very handsome
new mansion has been erected since 1866, and furnished and
fitted up with all the modern appliances. New gardens have
also been made here, the site chosen being a narrow gully between
two high ridges of rock. The rock was cut away on both sides,
and a level upwards of two acres in extent having been formed,
soil composed of virgin soil and turfy loam, from a loch near by,
was spread at considerable depth on the level, and thus a very
rich fertile garden was formed, where before there was nothing
]jut bare rock. The scenery around Duncraig is really magni-
ficent, and the landscape immediately in front of the mansion
very picturesque. Tlie grounds are formed of wooded knolls
and grassy valleys, which have been improved and tastefully
laid out under permanent pasture, and the blending of rock,
wood, and waving grass is i)leasant in the extreme. About 12
miles of private drives and walks were furmed around Uuncraig,
and in some cases these had to be cut out of the solid rock. At
one or two points, in fact, the road had to be formed in the face

138 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

of a rocky precipice, rising more than 100 feet sheer up from the
sea. It is intended to form a home farm at Achindarroch, abou
a mile south of Duncraig, and there some 200 acres of land have
been reclaimed. Operations were begun here about eight years
ago, and have proceeded quietly and steadily since then. Eoads
had first to be formed, and then draining, trenching, &c., and
stone clearing followed. The land in its natural state w^as dread-
fully rough and quite full of stones, and before it was ready for
the first crop it necessitated an outlay of from L.25 to L.30
per acre. Eape, top-dressed with from 4 to 8 cwt. of bone
meal, was grown as a first crop, and this having been eaten off
by sheep, the land was ploughed and sown with oats. Turnips
and potatoes followed next year, and then the land was sown
out with oats and grass seeds, and allowed to lie under grass for
a few years. The crop in every case was excellent, and there
is every prospect of the new land becoming very rich and pro-
ductive. The orioinal value of the land reclaimed from moor
and moss was very little over Is. or Is. 6d. per acre, and now it
is worth from 30s. to L.2 i)er acre. A few small patches of these
200 acres have been in cultivation for many years, but when it
is mentioned that the whole, along with a very large outrun, was
leased, previous to 1868, by two tenants at a gross rent of L.40,
it will be imagined that it was not in a very fertile condition.
A barn, about 30 long by 10 feet wide, afforded ample storage
room for the whole year's crop ! Ten dairy cows, twelve High-
land cows, and the carriage and riding horses, are kept at Achin-
darroch, while Mr Matheson's Cheviot hoggs are wintered here.
His stock of sheep numbers about 1700 Cheviot ewes. A great
many crofters are situated along the coast in this neighbourhood,
and, by encouragement from Mr Matheson, almost all of them
have considerably improved their holdings.

At Balmacara 50 acres have been reclaimed, within the past
five years, from hill, moor, and moss. The land here has a
southern exposure, looking right into the Isle of Skye, and the
soil is sharp and fertile. The subject here was not nearly so
rough as at Achindarroch, and the cost of reclamation was consi-
derably less. The land was first drained, then ploughed with a
heavy plough draw^n by three horses, and cleared of stones and
prepared for cropping in the usual way. Oats generally yield
from 3 1 to 5 quarters per acre, and weigh about 42 lbs., while
turnips and potatoes grow well. Barley has been tried, but for
this variety of grain there is too much rain and too little sun-
shine all along the west coast. A great many new houses have
been built on the west coast properties within the past twenty-
one years ; and for some years back the whole rental of these
estates, and sometimes a good deal more, has been expended upon
them in improvements of various kinds.

At Inverinate, on the shores of Loch Duich, Mr Matheson

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 139

really began his west coast improvements about 1847. A" fine
mansion-house was built, and surrounded by tastefully laid out
gardens and grounds, the greater part of which was reclaimed
from the sea; and, in addition to all this, close on 300 acres of
land were either reclaimed or remodelled and improved. Inver-
inate Lodge is let to a sporting tenant, and a new lodge, recently
built at Dorrisduan, is also occupied by a sportsman.

At Strathcarron about 200 acres of land have been reclaimed
and a o'ood many crofters' cottages built, concrete havincr been
used in consequence of stones being difficult to procure. Arrange-
ments have been made for the building of other eight concrete
cottages ; and here, as well as at Strome ¥erry and Balmacara,
a commodious hotel has been built. The arable land at Strath-
carron is taken up principally by " Club Farms," of which there
are no fewer than seventeen on Mr Matheson's estates. This
" club" system is an excellent one. A tract of say 50 or 60
acres of arable land is occupied by four or five tenants, each
having his own separate croft, and attached to these 50 or 60
acres is a large outrun, upon which a " common" flock of sheep is
kept. The flock is not composed of so many belonging to one
tenant, and so many to another, as in the case of the ancient
commonty system, but is the joint property of these four or five
tenants. Two of the tenants are appointed annually to buy in
the sheep, manage them on the pasture, and sell them off at the
appointed time. A balance is struck every year, and the pro-
ceeds are divided equally among the tenants. Each club farm
has its own mark for its flock, which, in fact, is managed in every
way as if it belonged to one man. Of the seventeen club farms
on Mr Matheson's estates three are on the east coast and fourteen
on the west coast. The total number of tenants on these farms
is 101, the number in a club ranging from two to ten. The total
sheep stock is about 8000, and the arable area about 900 acres.
Blackfaced sheep principally are kept on these farms.

In addition to all these gigantic agricultural improvements,
Mr Matheson has done a great deal in the way of planting. On
the east coast estates he has planted 5000 acres, divided into
56 plantations and 43 clumps ; on the west coast properties he
he has x>lanted 1500 acres, divided into 21 plantations and 12
clumps ; and thus he lias planted in all 6500 acres, every acre
of which is substantially enclosed.

It is worthy of remark that among the first steps taken towards
improvement at Ardross was the establishing of a school in the
district. The school stands at the roadside, not far from the
castle, and is now attended by about 140 i)upils. The whole
population of the district, in 1847, was only 109. Great as the
land improvements have been they are not yet finished. At
Ardross there are at present two farms — Baldoon and Crannich —
in course of improvement, and it is in contemi)lation to form a

5D

1 iO OX THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

new farm at Stittenham. On the west coast the improvement of
the estate of Attadale is contemplated. This estate is at present
in the hands of one tenant, but it is intended to divide the estate
into four farms with new steadings and dwellings, and also make
a considerable addition to the arable land. The improvements
of the farms of Fernaig, Achmore, and Braeintrah is also con-
templated. Y\e have devoted a good deal of space to Mr
2>Iatheson's many and various improvements, but when it is
mentioned that, in round numbers, they entailed an outlay of
something like L. 150,000, it will be admitted they fully merit
the notice they have got.

One of the principal holdings on the Ardross estates is the
farm of Dalmore, occupied by Mr Andrew Mackenzie, son of the
respected factor on the property. The extent is about 370 acres
arable and 50 in pasture. The soil is light, but kindly, and has
curious veins of gravel running through it all over the farm.
The usual five-course rotation is followed, the best land being
sown with wheat, the medium soils with barley, and the lighter
gravelly parts with rye. With the view of obtaining a good
supply of straw, as much wheat as possible is grown, and the
favourite varieties are Chedham and Hunter or Essex white
wheat. The seed is changed every three years, generally from
the south of England, and from 3 to 4 bushels are given to the
acre. The yield varies from 3J to 4 quarters j)er acre, and the
weight from 60 to 62 lbs. per bushel. The favourite variety of
barley is Hallet's Pedigree Barley. Tlie barley seed is also
changed every three years, and about 3 bushels of seed are
allowed to each acre. The Pedigree variety grows more straw
than the ordinary chevalier variety, and for this reason is used
the most extensively. The yield averages about 5 quarters per
acre, and the weight ranges from 54 to 56 lbs. per bushel. The
Sandy variety of oats stands supreme in Pioss-shire. It usually
affords a heavy yield of straw, and where so much attention is
paid to feeding, the crop of straw is a very important considera-
tion. Mr Mackenzie grows no oats but the Sandy variety, and
usually reaps from 4 to 5 quarters from each acre, the weight
ranging from 40 to 42 lbs. per bushel. About 4 bushels of oats
are allowed to an acre as seed. Eye grows very well on the thin
gravelly land, and is on the whole a remunerative crop, consider-
ing that it will grow well where no other variety of grain would
come away at all. It affords a fair crop of straw, which is
valuable for thatching purposes, and usually yields from 3 to 3|-
quarters per acre, and weighs from 56 to 60 lbs. per bushel. The
land intended for turnips is subsoiled early in autunm by a
steam tackle, the " knifer " or subsoiling plough being always
used. The object of this is to stir up and loosen the land to a
greater depth than it had hitherto been. The knives of the
plough penetrate to a depth of about 18 inches, and give the

COUXTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 141

soil a most thorough stirring. The plough takes a breadtli of 3
feet at a time, and from 4 to 5 acres can be gone over in a day.
The total cost is about SOs. per acre, but high as this may seem,
the system has been found to be a most profitable one. A great
many stones never before touched by the plough have been taken
to the surface by the knifer, the smaller ones being used in.
"boxing" service roads. Immediately after this stirring the land
is cross ploughed by a pair of horses to a depth of from 10 to 12
inches. In this condition the land lies till early in spring, when
it is grubbed and harrowed and cleaned in the ordinary way.
The weeds are carted into a heap and soaked with liquid manure,
and after being allowed to lie in this state for several years, the
compost is used as top-dressing. The farm manure is carted out
into the field on which it is to be used during the leisure houi^
of winter, and in this way time is economised in spring. Turnip-
sowing commences about the 18th of May, and about a week
previous to that the manure heaps are saturated with liquid
manure, which is poured into trenches dug across the midden to
the depth of about 2 feet and about 2 feet apart. About three-
fourths of the turnip break is put under swedes, the other fourth
being sown with yellows and white varieties for early use. For
swedes the land is manured with from 30 to 35 loads of farm-
yard manure and 2 cwt. of bone dust, 2 cwt. bone meal, 1 cwt. of
guano, and 1 cwt. of superphosphate per acre ; and for other
varieties the dose is lessened a little. Mr Mackenzie is this year
experimenting upon the action of nitrate of soda. On one plot
he added 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda to the mixture of artificial
manure, on another h cwt., and on another J cwt., and on the
remainder of the field no nitrate of soda has been sown. The
effect of these special applications has not as yet been ascertained,
as the crop at the date of this report was still on the field, but the
result of the experiment will be of considerable interest* The
drills are about 28 inches wide, and from 10 to 12 inches deep.
Turnips of all kinds usually grow very well, and aff'ord a yield of
from 24 to 30 tons per acre. It will be seen that a very large per-
centage of the mixture of artificial manure consists of bones in
various forms, and the object of this is to favour the growth of grass
in after years. Potatoes are grown only for home consumption.
^Vlmost all the first year's grass is retained and cut as hay, not a
lioof being allowed to enter the field from the time the grain is
removed till the gathering of the liay. At one time the stubble

* Tho tuniij).s (Swedes), grown on eacli i)lot were weigliod in tlie last week ot'
Xovemb( r, ami, though the dillerence did not exceed a Rw pounds, thf greatest
Aveight was reached by the roots groA\Ti without any nitrate of soda. The con-
clusion come to, is that nitrate of soda is thrown away when apph'ed to a turnip
croj) on light land, such as tliat on which this experiment was conducted. The
turnips olf ea'li plot were stored separately, with the view of testing their keeping
quaMties ; and having been examified the other 'lay al^out t!ic mid;l!e of Februaiy,
were louTid to !•<• all ei[ually sound.

142 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

land was overrun by sheep in autumn, but Mr Mackenzie
observed that in this way a great many of the roots of the young
grasses were torn out and destroyed from all further vegetation,
and now the land sown out with grasses in spring is kept clear
of all kinds of stock till after the cutting of the hay. About the
first week of April the young grass is top-dressed with 1 cwt. of
nitrate of soda and 1 cwt. of dissolved bones per acre, and about
the beginning of July the hay is cut with a mower, first put
into " coles," and then stacked. The crop of hay generally
averages about 180 stones to the acre, and is invariably of the
finest quality. The aftermath is utilised in feeding sheep. Mr
Mackenzie keeps from eight to ten cows, and breeds from these
and a shorthorn bull, the present stock bull being Neagle, bred
by Mr W. S. Marr, Uppermill, Aberdeenshire, and after Eoyal
Prince, Mr Marr's well-known K.C.B. bull. The extent to
which feeding is carried on at Dalmore is really wonderful, but
this shall be noticed at greater length further on. About the
end of September or beginning of October Mr Mackenzie buys
in from 250 to 300 Cheviot wethers and about 200 cast Cheviot
ewes. The ewes are fed on cut turnips and about 1 lb. per day
of the feeding mixture ; and the wethers get turnips on the root,
along with hay draff and 1 lb. per day of the mixture. They
are sold off generally in January or February. A very large
number of swine are also fed off every year, the variety kept
being Duckering's imj)roved breed.

Eeference has also been made to the farm of Balintraid, on
the property of Delny, which Mr Matheson acquired. This
large and highly-cultivated farm is tenanted by Mr Andrew
Monro, banker, Invergorden, and is rented at L.766. Mr
Monro is an enthusiastic liberal farmer, and besides cultivating
his farm on the most approved principles, feeds a large number
of bought-in cattle during winter. He owns extensive manure-
works at Invergordon, and from these and the well-known
establishment of a similar kind at Bunchrew, owned by Messrs
John Cran & Co., more than two-thirds of the whole of the artificial
manure used in the counties of Eoss and Cromarty are obtained.

On Mr Ptoderick Mackenzie's desirable little estate of Kin-
craig, in the parish of Eosskeen, is situated the fine farm of
Tomich, occupied, along with the adjoining small farm of Broom-
hill, by Mr John Hall. Mr Hall has for many years been well
known as an experienced valuator of land, and thoroughly prac-
tical, intelligent agriculturalist ; and both with respect to culti-
vation and general arrangements, his farm is indeed a perfect
modeL Tomich extends to about 400 acres, all arable, is worked
in seven shifts ; and Broomhill, measuring 150 arable acres, in
five shifts. The land intended for turnips is subsoiled in autumn,
cross ploughed in spring, and well cleaned, and dunged with
from 20 to 25 loads of farm-yard manure, and 7 cwt. of bone

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 143

meal, dissolved bones, and bone ash, and 1 cwt. of Peruvian
guano per acre. Of swedes about 3 lbs. of seed are given to the
acre, and of yellows about 2 lbs. Swedes usually yield 25 to
27 tons per acre. About one-half of the yellows and one-third
of the swedes are eaten off by sheep, the greater portion of the
turnips being cut and given to the sheep in boxes, instead of
being left to be eaten on the root. Mr Hall usually plants
about 30 acres with potatoes, and for this crop he prepares the
land much in the same way as for turnips. About the same
quantity of farm-yard manure is given for potatoes as for turnips,
and for the former the following mixture of artificial manure is
allowed to each acre, viz., 1 cwt. Peruvian guano, 1 cwt. potash,
1 cwt. dissolved bones, and 4 cwt. bone meal. The favourite
varieties are Eocks and Eegents, and the yield usually varies
from 5 to 7 tons per acre. Potatoes are planted as early as pos-
sible in March. Wheat on an average yields about 4 quarters
per acre, and weighs from 60 to 62 lbs. per bushel; barley from
4 to 4 J quarters, and weighs about 54 lbs. ; and oats from 4 to 5
quarters, and weigh from 40 to 43 lbs. The varieties most
used are White Hunter and Fenton wheat. Chevalier barley, and
Sandy oats. Mr Hall keeps six cows tO' supply the farm with
milk, and in the months of April and May he buys in about 120
two-year olds, which he feeds for the Christmas and January
markets. In addition to an abundant supply of turnips and hay, a
liberal feed of cake and corn — a mixture of oats and rye — is given
all along, beginning with 3 lbs. a day, and increasing gradually
till from 8 to 10 lbs. x^er day are reached during the last month.
These 120 animals generally average about L.30 in the beef
markets; and in addition to these Mr Hall winters about 30
six-quarter olds and about 20 calves. He also buys in 200 half-
bred ewes, and by these about 300 lambs are usually reared.
Both the young stock and the old are fed off on turnips, hay,
and cake during winter, and sold partly at Christmas and partly
in spring. Besides these, about 300 Cheviot wethers are invari-
ably bought in, and fed chiefly on turnips taken on other farms.
These also get a little cake and hay along with the turnips,
and are sold off in January and February. Mr Hall has been
twenty- five years at Tomich, and during that time he has drained
the whole of it, some of twice over, in fact, at his own expense ;
and in the way of fencing he has done a good deal. He has
also improved the farm steading, and built a very handsome
dwelling-house, all at his own expense ; and in many other ways
he has greatly improved the farm. There are eiglit or nine cot-
tages on the farm, and the servants employed are mostly
married.

Invergordon Castle and four or five very fine farms in the
neighbourhood belong to Mr li. B. iK. Macleod of Cadboll,
whose very valuable and carefully managed estates lie in the

144 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

parishes of Eosskeen, Fearn, Tarbat, and Tain. The Cadboll pro-
perty extends to 12,000 acres, all arable, with the exception oi"
1500 acres chiefly in the lands of Fendorn, in the parish of Tain.
The total rental of the property, which contains several of the
finest farms in Eoss-shire, is L.11,568, the increase during the
past twenty-five years in the acreage rental being about 25
per cent. Since about 1850, 1000 acres of w^oodland and
rough pasture have been reclaimed and converted into arable
land of fair quality, worth from 15s. to 25s. per acre. A large
portion of the reclaimed land was trenched to a depth of 14 inches,
at a cost of about L.12 per acre; and the remaider was ploughed
with a substantial implement. The soil generally in the pro-
perty is light, sharp land, either on boulder clay, gravel, or the
Old Eed Sandstone. The quality varies a good deal throughout
the property, and in some parts the rent per acre is only 15s.,
while in others it reaches L.2. The rotation generally followed
is the five-course shift, with two years' grass. Few cattle are
bred, but a large number of crosses are bought in and fed for the
winter and spring markets. The farms vary in extent from
small holdings of 10 acres to large farms of 600 acres, all arable.
The number of small holdings is very large, the proprietor being
anxious to hold out inducement to careful ploughmen, labourers,
and others to take crofts or small farms equal to their means,
and thus to retain the working population in the country.
Many important changes have been introduced in the general
system of farming on the property since 1850. Artificial manures
are now very largely applied, the turnip break has been doubled
in extent, and on many farms double the num^ber of cattle and
sheep are kept now, as compared with twenty-five years ago. In
addition to the reclamation of these 1000 acres, Mr Macleod has
• erected a number of excellent farm steadings, repaired and ex-
tended others, drained 5000 acres with tiles, and erected two
wooden piers at Invergorden Harbour, at a cost of L.5000. The
most correct idea of the extent of these many improvements will
be had from the fact that since 1850 Mr Macleod has expended no
less than L. 40,0 00 upon his property ; and in addition to this, the
tenants themselves have expended a very large amount which
it would be difficult to calculate.

The larger farms on the Cadboll property lie near to Tarbat
Point, but for convenience one or two of them may be noticed
here. Mr James Young, the able and enterprising factor on the
property, holds the farms of Cadboll, Cadboll Mount, and Loch-
slin, which together extend to 1000 acres, and are rented at
L.1080. The course of cropping generally pursued on these
farms is the five and seven shift, with two years' grass. Turnips
are never repeated without an interval of at least five years, but
the lighter land is allowed to remain in pasture as long as it re-
tains the grass, and then it is broken up and sown with turnips,

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. 145

and laid down again with grass. Mr Young's consignments of
live beeves to the London Christmas market have been a credit
to Eoss-shire for several years. He feeds 160 cattle, usually
three-year olds, for the southern markets, and winters 60
younger beasts. He breeds none, but buys in the very best
crosses to be had throughout the country, and in recent years he
has competed creditably with the well-known Aberdeenshire
feeders in the Smithfield market. His cattle are fed on turnips
and straw, with a liberal allowance of cake and corn during the
last two months of their feeding. He also keeps a superior
stock of about 400 half-bred ewes, and from these and Leicester-
tups he rears from 500 to 600 three-part bred lambs, which he
feeds for sale in May or June of the following year. Sheep are
fed on turnips and hay, with a moderate quantity of cake and
corn during the last two months.

Almost adjoining Mr Young's farms is the extensive farm of
Balmuchy, occupied by Mr John Gordon. It extends to 450
acres, all arable, and is rented at L.630. The soil is mostly light
fertile loam lying upon the Old Eed Sandstone, and has been
under cultivation for a very long time. The farm is worked on a
six-shift rotation — 1st, turnips; 2d, barley; 3d, 4th, and 5th, grass;
and 6th, wheat and oats. The land intended for turnips is
ploughed immediately after it is cleared of grain, and allowed to
lie in the furrow till sufficiently dry in spring, when it is grubbed
and harrowed, and thoroughly cleaned. With the exception
of a few acres of yellows for early use, the whole break is put
under swedes. In addition to 28 loads of farm-yard manure,
each acre gets from 6 to 8 cwt. of artificial manure, chiefly dis-
solved bones and bone ash, with J cwt. of nitrate of soda, as a
stimulant. The crop of turnips is generally a very heavy one, and
v^ry rich in quality. The farm steading w^as thoroughly repaired
by the proprietor at the beginning of the present lease, and is in
every way suitable for the advaQced system of farming pursued
by Mr Gordon. The courts are all under cover, and are very ex-
tensive and convenient for feedino:, wdiich is here carried on on a
most extensive scale. One large court, measuring 87 feet long
by 50 feet wide, is covered by one immense roof, and is divided
in the interior into stalls, boxes, and folds, which afford ample
accommodation for no fewer than 58 feeding cattle. The ar-
rangements for distributing the food are very convenient, and
with respect to light and ventilation the erection is all that
could be desired. These additions to IMr Gordon's farm must
have entailed a considerable outlay on the proprietor, but consi-
dering the facilities they afford for the production of beef, the
money must be regarded as economically applied. Mr CJordon
keeps four cows for a supply of milk, and rears the calves of
these cows. lie buys in a great many of the best two-year olds

K

146 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

to be had in the country, and usually feeds about 130 cattle in
the course of a year. But of cattle feeding more anon. Mr
Gordon also leases the large sheep farm of Cashachans, lying
on the Achinalt hills, and on the property of Mr Balfour of
Strathconon; and here he keeps a stock of Cheviot ewes. The
weak ewes and their lambs are drafted down to Balmuchy in
December, and fed on grass till the end of January; and in ad-
dition to this he buys in about 600 three-part bred hogs in the
month of August, and sends them to the Edinburgh market in
j)rime condition for the butcher in the end of April or beginning
of May. For the first w^hile they are fed on grass alone, and
afterwards they get turnips and a little artificial feeding stuff.
They are clipped before being sold, and wdien killed they usually
weigh from 60 to 84 lbs. a head.

In noticing these farms here we have been cutting before the
point, and therefore we must retrace our steps a little. In the
parish of Kilmuir Easter, the fine old castle of Balnagowan, the
seat of Sir Charles W. A. Boss, Bart., lies snugly ensconced in one
of the most richly wooded policies in the north of Scotland.
The Balnagowan estate is spread over a wide district, and mea-
sures about 300,000 acres, of which about 8000 acres are arable,
400 acres under wood, and 288,000 acres under pasture. In
1850 the rental was about L.7000 ; now it is L.14,343. In 1850
no revenue was derived from fishings, and very little from shoot-
ings, while now from these two sources'" Sir Charles derives
an income of L.4035. The actual rental for farms and pasture
is thus about L. 10,308, which indicates a rise during the past
twenty-five years of a little over L.3000. The soil is generally
light, except on about 1500 acres, where heavy clayey land
abounds. The light land lies on an irony pan or gravelly
bottom. The holdings range from crofts of 1 acre up to farms
of 400 acres of arable land; and with one or tAvo exceptions,
they have all less or more pasture land attached. On farms of
above 100 acres in extent, the houses have been very much
improved of late, and now form a most creditable feature on the
estate. On the other hand, on the small farms they are of an
inferior class, built chiefly with stone and clay, and thatched
with " divots," overlaid with straw and clay. The proprietor is
turning his attention to the improving of these houses, and the
work is progressing rapidly. Since 1850 a good deal has been
•done in the way of fencing. At that time only a few farms were
fenced with dry stone dykes, but now, all the large farms and
many of the smaller ones are thoroughly fenced. About 10
miles of fencing has been erected during the last two years. The
roads throughout the estate are very inferior, and a moderate
sum of moDcy might be spent on their improvement with great
advantage. About 200 acres of woodland and waste pasture

COUNTIES OF ROSS AXD CROMARTY. 147

have been reclaimed, by trenching to a depth of from 15 to
18 inches, within the past thirty years. A large portion of
this land, before being reclaimed, was worth only Is. per acre per
annum, while now each acre yields a rent of from 20s. to 30s.
The cost of complete reclamation, inclusive of draining to a depth
of 4J feet with tiles, was from L.lo to L.20, and the prospects of
remuneration are good. For a few years new land is let at a
nominal rent, which rises in regular gradation every five years
until it reaches its real value, when it proves profitable to both
owner and cultivator. A considerable extent of old land has
been drained, and great care is taken in the cleaning out of out-
falls and open ditches. All tenants paying upwards of L.20 of
rent have leases 5f nineteen years' duration ; but the majority of
the crofters are simply tenants at will. Generally speaking, the
proprietor executes all improvements himself ; and unless other
arrangements are made in the lease, the tenant pays interest on
the outlay. The average rent of arable land is about 25s. per
acre, the extremes being 5s. and 42s. The rise in the acreage
rental of arable land since 1850 varies from 5s. to 10s. The
supply of labourers' cottages is almost complete, though some of
them are of limited dimensions. Servants are mostly all mar-
ried. The system of rotation generally pursued on the estate is
the five-course shift. Few cattle are reared, but a large number
of crosses is bought in and fed. The proprietor himself holds
the Forest farm, an extensive stretch of valuable pasture land,
away up in the parish of Kincardine, on which he has a large
and very excellent stock of Cheviot sheep. A considerable
breadth has been planted since 1850, and every year so many
acres are cut down and so many planted.

The home farm of Balnagown is occupied by j\lr John For-
syth, factor on the estate, and it is worked on the five-course
sliift. A few cross cows are kept, and the home-bred cattle are
supplemented by stirks bought in at convenient times. A
few are tied up for feeding about the 1st of September, and sent
off about Christmas ; while the others are stalled in October, and
Bold off in spring. A large quantity of cake is used in feeding.

One of the finest holdings on the Balnagown estate is the farm
of Balnagore, occupied by Mr William Kelman. It extends to
a little over 300 acres, all arable, is rented at L.G25, and is pro-
bably one of the l)est lying, most compact, and neatest laid-oiV
farms in the county. In 1848 the proprietor took it into his
own hands for the purpose of improving it, and on the 13tli of
June of that year o})erations were commenced in earnest. Tlic
greater portion of the land has been under a sort of cultivation
for hundreds of years. At the time the imi)rovements com-
menced there were, in the words of a talkative inhal»itant of the
parish, no fewer than " thirteen reeks on the farm," mostly tlie

148 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

" reeks" of crofters'houses. Part of tlie low-lying land was in a
wet, marshy, useless condition, while a portion of the high land
was under stunted heath and green pasture. Squaring off the
fields Avas the first operation ; and this, a most important point
in connection with land improvement, was done neatly and
tastefully. The whole of the farm was then thoroughly drained
with tiles, brought into Invergordon by sea. The draining done,
the land was then ploughed with a heavy implement drawn by
three powerful oxen. Hedging was planted around the farm
and between the fields, and double wooden fences erected to pro-
tect the plants in their tender years. These wooden fences were
continually breaking down, and in 1853 substantial wire fences
were erected in their stead ; so that, in additibn to the hedges,
which are now full grown, and which greatly beautify and enliven
the landscape, the whole farm is enclosed and subdivided by
double wire fences. The Fearn public road passes through the
farm ; and for local convenience, an excellent turnpike road was
constructed right down the centre, striking off at right angles
from the district thoroughfare. A large and very convenient
farm-steading, with a steam thrashing-mill, was erected at the
same time. The improvements lasted well-nigh four years, and
cost close on L.9000 — rather a large sum to be expended on
one farm in those days. About twelve or fourteen years ago,
a handsome dwelling-house was erected by the proprietor,
and recently a large addition was made to it by the then
tenant, Mr James Middleton. On the completion of the im-
provements, Balnagore was leased by Mr Williamson, who was
factor on the Balnagown estate for many years, and in the hands
of Mr Williamson and his son it remained till about five or six
years ago, when it was let to Mr James Middleton, who held it
for only two or three years. Mr Kelman, who was formerly
the tenant of an extensive farm in the parish of Mortlach, in the
county of Banff, entered the farm at Whitsunday 1873, and is
working it on the most approved principles. The ordinary five-
course rotation is being pursued, and in the live stock department
he intends giving the breeding system a thorough trial. He has
introduced from Banffshire several very fine black polled cows,
and from these and a shorthorn bull he is rearing^ calves of a
very superior kind. He intends breeding about fifteen, calves
every year ; and these, along with a lot of bought-in stirks, will
be fed off on turnips and cake when two and three years old.

In close proximity to Balnagown grounds, but in the parish of
Logic, lies the valuable little estate of Calrossie, belonging to
Mr Ajidrew Hall. The j\lains of Calrossie is one of the finest
farms in Eosshire, and is rented by Mr John Douglas for L.676.
When Mr Douglas entered this farm about ten years ago, the
land was in very bad order, but having been twice thoroughly

COUNTIES OF EOSSAND CKOMARTY. 149

cleaned and well cultivated, it is now in excellent condition, and
produces very fine crops of all kinds. Almost the whole of the
land is old, and lies on sandy subsoil, the soil generally being
heavy alluvial loam, ranging from 3 to 4 feet in depth. There
are a few patches of stiff clay throughout the farm, which is
worked on a five-course rotation. The heaviest of the alluvial
land is allowed to lie one year only under grass, a second crop
of oats being taken instead of a second year's grass. Wheat
follows one of the oat crops, and the land is dunged on the
stubble with from 20 to 25 loads of farm-yard manure per acre.
Wheat usually yields about 4 quarters and 6 bushels per acre,
and seldom exceeds 60 lbs. in weight — which is accounted for
partly by insufficient drying in the stook, caused by the numer-
ous clumps of trees throughout the farm. Mr Douglas used to
top-dress his wheat with about 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda and
1 cwt. of bone dust per acre, but believing that this tended to
lessen the weight of the grain, he has abandoned the practice.
He grew no barley for some years previous to 1874, but last-
year a splendid crop of about 7 quarters per acre, weighing
oo lbs. per bushel, was raised on one field; while this year he
reaped an equally rich harvest of barley from a small field after
turnips which had been eaten off by sheep. Oats weigh from
43 to 44 lbs. per bushel, and yield very w^ell. The average
yield of wheat on Calrossie when Mr Douglas became its tenant
was only about 2 J quarters per acre, and that of other varieties
of grain was correspondingly low. Mr Douglas pays special
attention to the cultivation of the land intended for turnips.
Early in autumn he ploughs it, in spring he grubs it and rolls it,
and grubs it and rolls it again, if necessary, and harrows it
thoroughly with rank iron harrows. Thorough cultivation is
found to be a great advantage, not only to the turnips, but also
to the grain crop which follows, especially when that crop is
barley. From 7 to 8 cwt. of artificial manure — bone manure
chiefly — and about 25 loads of farm -yard manure are allowed to
each acre, and very fine crops both of swedes and yellows are
grown.. A good deal of the turnips is eaten off by sheep, the
*' stripping " system {i.e., pulling the one drill and leaving the
other) being adoj)ted occasionally. Mr Douglas buys in from
400 to 500 three-part bred lambs in August, and gives them
foggage and grass till the middle of October, when they are put
on white and yellow turnips till the New- Year. Thsy are then
fed on cut swedes, hay, and a I lb. of linseed-cake per day, which
is by and by increased to 1 lb., and at the 1st of April this is
supplemented by an equal weight of grain. As soon as they
are clipped — about the middle of i\Iay — they are sent to the
market, and usually average about 70 lbs. in weight. A large
uumber of cattle is also fed at Calrossie, but of this more anon.

150 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

The farm horses are strong and heavy, with a dash of the Clydes-
dale. The farm-steading is good and the dwelling-house excel-
lent, having been recently enlarged by the proprietor. Two
new and commodious labourers' cottages have also been recently
erected by the proprietor.

Another valuable little property in this neighbourhood is the
estate of Allan, belonging to Mr David Monro, an enthusiastie
agriculturist, and a gentleman of ability. He cultivates the
home farm of Balinroich himself, and has taken a lively interest
in the agriculture of Ross-shire for many years. The soil on the
greater part of Balinroich is very rich fertile loam, and the finest
crops of every kind are raised on the farm. A part of it has
been under grass for many years, and still affords most valuable
pasture for cattle, and in these days of expensive labour, it is
more remunerative to retain it under grass. Mr Monro buys in
cross stirks, and feeds them off when two and three years old.
Allan House, VA^th its beautiful garden, spacious lawn, and
magnificent trees, lies in the centre of Balinroich, and is one of
the most charming residences in the county. Mr Monro at one
time farmed the whole of his estate himself, and about thirty
years ago he reclaimed about 100 acres of rough, marshy land, on
the farm of Clay of Allan, which forms the other part of the
estate.

About eight years ago Mr Jonathan Middleton took the
" Clay " on a lease of twenty-one years, at a rent of L.1039. The
Clay extends to about 570 acres, and lies almost as level as a
billiard- table. The soil is mostlv stroncr adhesive alluvial loam,
with here and there subsoil beds of sand. Mr Middleton takes
two grain crops in succession, after one year's grass — first oats,,
and then wheat on his best land, and wheat and barley after
turnips on the second-rate land. His course of cropping, there-
fore, is as follows : — Best land — 1st, turnips ; 2d, wheat ; 3dy
hay ; 4th, oats ; 5th, wheat. Second-rate land — 1st, turnips ; 2d,,
wheat ; 3d, barley ; 4th, grass ; 5th, oats. This rotation may
seem rather strange, but it has been found to suit the peculiari-
ties of the soil better than any other yet tried. Every corn crop
grown on the farm is top-dressed, and the cross-cropped wheat is-
heavily dunged in autumn. The hay crop ia also well top-
dressed, and for his outlay for top-dressing Mr Middletom
usually finds himself handsomely remunerated. Besides feeding
about 300 cattle (to which we shall afterwards refer), he feeds
about 500 sheep every year. The sheep are bought in as lambs
from local sheep-farmers in the beginning of August, and ar&
kept on grass till the first of November, when they are put on
turnips and hay, ad libitum. About the first of February a small
allowance of cake is given them, and in the end of April or
beginning of May, they are clipped and sent off to the market-

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 151

Mr Middleton has been cultivating x^art of his land by steam
power during the past two seasons, and as far as can yet be
ascertained the effect is likely to be beneficial. The land in-
tended for turnips is very carefully cultivated and heavily
manured, and the crop of turnips usually ranges from 25 to 30
tons per acre.

Leaving the Clay and proceeding eastward, we pass the ex-
tensive farm of Fearn,* so long occupied by the late Mr George
Middleton, the neat, well-managed little farm of Mulderg, leased
by Mrs McGregor and family, and the compact little estate of
Rhynie, which has been considerably improved of late by its
owner, Mr John Eobertson, and reach the property of Geanies,
belonging to the heirs of the late ^Ir Kenneth Murray. AVe
were invited by the late Mr Kenneth Murray to visit his pictur-
esque residence and valuable little estate, on Saturday the 8th
of July last, and fearing that he w^ould be unable to return from
a business trip to Stirling to meet us at Geanies, he favoured
us with a letter of introduction to his eldest son, asking him to
show us " the house and grounds, and be hospitable •" He was
there himself to welcome us, and exercise that hospitality which
was so characteristic of him ; but alas ! poor man, he is now no
more. While on a visit to the Duke of Sutherland at Dunrobin
Castle, along wdth Sir Salar Jung, he w\^s taken suddenly ill,
and on Monday, the 24th of July, he died, his death being sorely
lamented by a very wide circle of friends. The late Mr Kenneth
Murray w^as a gentleman of no ordinary stamp. His business
capacities were indeed wonderful; and besides acting as the Duke
of Sutherland's chief adviser in the carrying out of the extensive
reclamation works now going on at Lairg, and managing his own
property and superintending improvements and changes on
several other estates throughout the country, he acted as agent
for the Commercial Bank of Scotland in Tain, Tvas Provost of
that burgh, and paid close attention to all matters connected
with the county. His experience as an agriculturist was ex-
tensive, and by farmers and others his advice w^'is often asked,
and always heartily given. Verily, we shall not soon look upon
his like again !

In 184U, when Mr Kenneth Murray obtained charge of the
estate of Geanies from his late brother, Mr AVilliam Murray
(who died about ten years ago, leaving j\Ir Kenneth as pro-
prietor) the arable area was only 201G acres. But Mr Kenneth
immediately began improving and reclaiming, and in a wonder-
fully short time he extended the arable land to about 4000
acres. The new land was reclaimed partly from moor, partly

* Since the above was written the farm of Foam lias been let, along with Mul-
derg, on lease of nineteen years, to ]Mr James M'Cregor anJ brothers, at a cousidei •
able rise on the former rent.

152 ox THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

from bog and moss, and partly also from lochs. Lochs were at
one time very numerous in this district, and in consequence the
inhabitants were frequently troubled with ague and kindred
diseases. Mildew used to prevail greatly, but the thorough
draininsf of several of the smaller lochs and the land around
them has done away with it entirely. In 1843, the rental of
the estate was L.2160 ; now it is L.4397. The mansion-house
of Geanies is beautifully situated on the top of a mound, ter-
minating abruptly in the !Moray Firth. The garden and grounds
are maonificent, and from the lawn in front of the house a most
delightful view is obtained across the Moray Firth, and all
around on the right and left. An eminent Scotch professor, who
happened to \isit Geanies shortly before the death of Mr Mur-
ray last summer, remarked to the writer, that, " without doubt
it is the finest view of the kind in Britain, if not indeed iu
Europe I "

The land reclaimed by Mr Murray turned out exceedingly
well, and of this one notable instance may be given. About
thirty years ago a field of 20 acres, near the public road from
Fearn to Tarbat, was reclaimed and cultivated according to the
advice of the late Mr George Middleton, and manured well with
farm-yard manure and fish garbage, and sown with wheat in the
month of November. The crop came away very well, and no
less than 5 quarters of very fine grain were reaped off each acre,
the variety of wheat being Eed Lammas, supplied by Mr Monro
of Allan. For this very fine sample of grain, weighing 64 lbs.
per bushel, Mr Murray obtained only 86s. per quarter !

The home farm of Geanies is leased, along with the large
farm of Ardboll ]Mains, by Mr William Douglas. Both are
worked on the usual five-shift rotation, and by liberal and
systematic farming the richest crops of all kinds are usually pro-
duced. The farm of ArboU has already been referred to as the
scene of early agricultural improvements, and within the past
thirty or forty years it has been greatly improved by draining
and fencing and the like, chiefly by the late Mr Douglas, father
of the present enterprising tenant. On the compact little estate
of Piockfield, the proprietor, 'Mv Munro, has executed considerable
improvements of late.

Eetracing our steps from Tarbat, through Fearn, and turning
away northwards into Tain, we pass from a rich agricultural
district to an immense stretch of thin, barren, mossy land, inter-
sected here and there with small patches of arable land. The
small estate of Bogbain, containing one moderately-sized farm
and four crofts, lies only about a mile northwards from Fearn
Station, around which the land is rented at about L.2 per acre ;
and yet the soil on Bogbain is so very thin and unproductive as
to be worth very little more than 10s. per acre. The subsoil is

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 153

almost as close and retentive as a block of hardwood ; and
when water collects on the hollows of the fields, which it often
does in consequence of the low level at which the estate lies, a
considerable time usually elapses before it wholly disappears. It
is no uncommon thing in a wet harvest to see the sheaves of
grain submerged in a flood of water.

The majority of farms in the parish of Tain are small, and
in Edderton there are very few large farms. The larger portion
of the latter parish is on the estate of Balnagown, which has
already been noticed pretty fully. The largest farm in the
parish is Ardmore, occupied by Mr George Cruickshank, and
situated on the Balnagown property. It extends to about 400
acres of arable land, and 400 pasture, and is rented at L.662.
The soil generally is light, and the climate very dry. The five-shift
rotation is pursued, and very fair crops are raised. Mr Cruickshank
has reclaimed close on 150 acres during the past nineteen years,
mostly at his own expense, and has otherwise improved the
farm. No cattle are bred on the farm, but a good many are
bought in and fed off during the winter with turnips and from
2 to 6 lbs. of cake per day. Mr Cruickshank also holds the
large sheep farm of Strathbran, in the parish of Contin, and here
he keeps a stock of Cheviot sheep.

The parish of Kincardine contains an immense stretch of
pasture land and only a few large arable farms. On the little
estate of Invercharron, around Bonar Bridge, there is a small tract
of very fine arable land, worth about L. 2 per acre. The farm of
Mains of Invercharron is occupied by Mr James Davie, a native
of Aberdeenshire, and is rented at L.400. The soil on the most
of the farm is rich alluvial land, and under Mr Davie's liberal
treatment it yields excellent crops, both of grain and turnips.
Wheat often yields as much as 5 quarters, and the average is
about 4 quarters. Oats average about 5 quarters, while as many
as 30 tons of turnips are grown on an acre. Mr Davie breeds
very few cattle, but he feeds a good many, selling them off as
two and three-year olds. A small portion of the Ardross estate
lies in this parish ; here also improvements have been executed
by Mr Matheson. In 1847, when the potato-disease left so
many Highland homes destitute of food, Mr Matheson organised
a scheme whereby the starving natives were tided over their
difficulties, and his own estate and the country generally very
considerably benefited. Plans were drawn out and arrangements
made for the reclamation of large stretches of waste land, and at
these works the natives were employed and remunerated for
their labour l)y meal and money for the maintenance of them-
selves and their families. In this way the greater ])ortion of the
farm of Up])er Uledfield was brought under cnltivation. It
extends to 1 80 acres, and is leased by Mr George Anderson at a

154 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

rent of L.162. The soil generally is thin, but fairly productive.
The fields are nearly square, and well fenced with dry stone
dykes. The five-shift rotation is pursued, oats being the pre-
dominating variety of grain. From 10 to 12 acres are usually
put under barley, and the yield averages close on 4 quarters per
acre. Oats range from 4 to 5 quarters, and weigh about 43 lbs.
per bushel. The exposure is northern, and harvest is seldom
commenced before the first week of September, The land was
limed with about 20 bolls per acre when reclaimed, and the
effect of the lime is still appreciable on the grass, though the
most of the farm would be better of another dose of this valuable
fertiliser. Only a few cattle are fed, and consequently Mr An-
derson seldom manages to spread his farm-yard manure over
more than about half of the turnip land, the other half being
laid down with from 2 to 3 cwt. of bones and superphosphate.
The turnips grown by artificial manure are eaten off by sheep^
and thus the land is partly compensated for the want of the
more substantial manure from the court-yard. Ten cross cows
are kept, and the progeny of these are usually fed off as two-
year olds. A small outrun is attached to the farm, and on it
about 200 blackfaced sheep are grazed.

Wester Boss.

This division contains by far the greatest number of acres, but
consisting, as it does, almost entirely of high hills and sheep graz-
ings, it is of little importance in a purely agricultural point of
view. The arable area in the whole division is very small, and
indeed there is no great encouragement, either to landlords or
tenants, to add much to it. For sheep farming, however, Wester
Koss is quite as favourably known as Easter Ross is for arable
farming ; and it is the conbination of these two branches of
rural industry in such perfection that places the counties of Eoss
and Cromarty so well into the front among the other counties in
Scotland.

Mr Matheson's extensive improvements on the west coast
have already been noticed, and now we shall refer briefly to the
operations of another enterprising proprietor of hill lands in
Ross-shire, Mr John Fowler of Braemore. The estate of Brae-
more was purchased by Mr Fowler, who is well known in engi-
neering circles in London, in 1865, and the adjoining property of
Inverbroom in 1867. The total acreage of both is about 40,353,
and the annual valuation about L.2500. They lie in the parish
of Lochbroom, and are very romantic and mountainous. Imme-
diately on obtaining possession, Mr Fowler began improvements
in real earnest, planting having been commenced in the autumn of
1865. By the end of the season of 1867 about 1000 acres had
been planted and fenced; and since then other 200 acres have

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 155

been put under wood, mostly Scotch fir and larch, with a few
spruce and hardwood trees, where the ground was thought suit-
able for these varieties. In the autumn of 1866, the erection of
a mansion-house commenced, and in two years it was completed
and ready for occupation. It is a very handsome structure, and
stands on the side of a hill, looking^ ri^'ht down Lochbroom, and
commands views, in front, to the right, and to the left, which for
grandeur and extent it would be difficult to surpass. A large
garden and vineries w^ere also constructed, while at the same
time a commodious rauGfe of stablinc^ and other houses was
erected. On Inverbroom there is a considerable extent of arable
land along the river sides, and of this several acres have been
reclaimed and improved by Mr Fowler. A good deal of the old
land has been drained, and the fields squared up and fenced. In
addition to all this, several miles of roads and hill paths have
been made, and three very handsome iron bridges have been
erected. One of these bridges carries a roadway over the river,,
and has a span of 100 feet; and another is a light foot suspen-
sion bridge, thrown over the picturesque gorge of Corrie-Halloch.
This gully is described as a high longitudinal fissure in the moun-
tain side, over a mile in length, and from 200 to 300 feet in depth.
The bridge is 84 feet in span, and crosses at a point where
the river takes a sheer leap downwards of about 100 feet ; and
the view obtained while standing on the bridge is not surpassed
by anything of the kind we have ever seen in the Scottish High-
lands. Mr Fowler has also expended a good deal of money in
improving the accommodation for salmon and trout in the river
and lochs, and even yet minor improvements are being carried
out every season. Sir Ivor B. Guest, the enterprising proprietor
of Achuashelloch, has also effected great improvements on his
mountainous property, by planting, fencing, building, road-
making, and reclaiming small pieces of land; while on the estate
of Lochcarron not a little has been done.

Tlic Lewis.

In 1844 this immense tract of land, extending to 417,416 acres^
was purchased from the Seaforth family by Sir (then Mr) James
Matheson. Immediately on obtaining possession Sir James,
began improvements on a very large scale, and ever since they
have been carried on with surprising vigour and enterprise. In
1844 the condition of the Lewis was primitive in the extreme,
and even after thirty years of great activity and lieavy expendi-
ture of money, tlie island is hundreds of years behind the social
standard of the nineteenth century ; so gigantic and so stubborn
is the subject with which Sir James has had to deal. We can-
not acquiese with those modern tourists and other writers, who
so unniercifullv df.Miounc? tlie landed pronrietors of the Iligli-

156 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

lands of Scotland for what tliey are pleased to call their " utter
neglect of the many hundreds of starving subjects that live among
their hills and glens." No doubt, more activity and considera-
tion might be displayed in one or two individual cases, but we
maintain, that over the country generally a great deal more is
being done at the present day for the amelioration of the popu-
lation of the Highlands than at any previous period of our
nation's history. Many influences combine to make improve-
ment in the Highlands a very slow process ; but, nevertheless,
a great stride has been taken in the march of civilisation during
even the last quarter of a century. And we make bold to say,
that no living man has done more in this good work than the
respected proprietor of the island of Lewis.

Since 1845 Sir James has trenched, drained, enclosed, and
divided into farms and crofts about 900 acres, and drained,
remodelled, and fenced another 1000 acres, most of which had
previously been under rude cultivation. In addition, the exten-
sive grounds which surround the castle have been thoroughly
trenched, drained, and levelled ; and within the policies large
tracts have been laid out in pasture grass, part of which is kept
for meadow hay. All the farm-houses and steadings on the
estate have either been built anew or added to and repaired by
Sir James ; and substantial assistance has been, and is still
given, to the crofters, to enable them to improve their houses,
crofts, and gardens. When it is remembered that there are about
3500 crofters' houses on the island, and that wood, lime, and
slate have all to be imported, it can well be imagined what a
huge and expensive task the thorough improving of these hold-
ings really is. Eailways are as yet unknown in the Lewis,
though an approach has been made in a line of tramway about
four miles in length, laid for the conveyance of the estate peats
from the peat banks to the cart roads. Since 1844, about 170
miles of thoroughly substantial roads have either been made
anew or completely overhauled and repaired, supplied with firm
stone and lime or wooden bridges. Soon after Sir James got
possession, the work of building a castle was commenced ; and in
1870 a handsome and imposing pile was completed, at a cost of
L.40,000. The ground around the castle was at one time very
rough and uneven ; and in bringing this into harmony with the
castle, Sir James has expended close on L.49,000. Within these
policies large gardens have been laid out, and numerous walks
and carriage drives constructed with true artistic taste. The
result of all this outlay of money and labour is, that Sir James
possesses a castle and policies, which for beauty and extent com-
pare favourably with any in the kingdom. In various other
ways, in educating and feeding the population, in improving the
town of Stornoway and its harbour, in planting woods, &c., Sir

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 157

James has also expended much labom- and money. Instead of
dilating further on all these undertakings, we simply subjoin a
table of his principal expenditure, as the best way of affording a
correct idea of the magnitude of his works : —

Improving land and building tenants' houses, . L. 134,000

Laying out castle, policies, and gardens, . . 48,838

Building castle, .....

Eelief to the population in 1846 and 1847,

Constructing bridges, ....

Constructing roads, ....

Building and maintaining schools,

Planting and fencing woods,

Erecting a slip at Stornoway harbour, .

Erecting quays and breastwalls (chiefly at

noway), ....

Fishing stations and store houses,
Emigrating natives,

40,000

37,356

4,000

22,500

10,000

9,150

6,000

Stor-

;-l

r
2,300

1,196
10,069

Brick and tile works, 4,000

Total, .... L. 329,409

In addition to this immense sum. Sir James expended many
smaller sums for the benefit of his estate and its inhabitants ;
and, with the exception of L. 30,000 obtained from the Govern-
ment Drainage Loan Commissioners, the whole outlay has been
direct from his own purse. In the years 1846 and 1847 the
potatoes in the Lewis, as in the north generally, were destroyed
by the potato blight, and the inhabitants left almost desti-
tute of food. At this juncture Sir James came forward with
true and characteristic liberality, and imported large quanti-
ties of meal, potatoes, &c., for distribution among his starving
tenants, who afterwards repaid him by labour to the extent of
L.23,531.

The agriculture of the Lewis is so peculiar to itself, that instead
of treating of it along with the mainland of the county, we shall
here discuss it as concisely as possible. According to a return
taken up in 1875, there were in all 14,362 acres under cultivation
and permanent pasture, exclusive of hill, moor, and mixed grass
and heather pasture. These acres were disposed as follows : —

Bere or barley.

2,842| acres

Outs,

2,639 .V „

Potatoes,

3,652^ „

Turnips,

210l „

Carrots, .

6| »

Fallow, .

esk „

ilye grass and clover.

265| „

Permanent pasture

and

natimil hay.

4,676 „

Total,

m

•

•

14,362

158 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

Fishing and cultivating crops are the chief industries in the
Lewis ; but to the crofting system we will afterwards refer. There
are only thirty-six farms on the island, and most of these
are small, their total rental being L.482 7, 16s. lOd. On twelve of
these farms cultivation is carried on to a pretty large extent ;
on fourteen a few acres ars cultivated to assist in keeping the
cattle over winter ; on the other ten there is scarcely any culti-
vation at all. In the parish of Stornoway there are twelve
farms, upon ten of which cultivation is practised largely. These, in
fact, are the only farms on which systematic agriculture is pur-
sued in the Lewis. The rotation pursued on these farms is either
the four, five, or six- course shift, and the crops are oats, here,
turnips, hay, and the usual pasture for one, two, or more years.
Oats usually yield from 3 to 4i quarters per acre ; here or barley
from 3 to 3i ; potatoes, about 4 tons ; swedes from 18 to 24
tons; yellow turnips, 19 to 26 tons; and hay from 80 to 120
stones per acre. Of the twelve farms in the parish of Stornoway,
the total rental is L.1501, the smallest rent being L.35, and the
largest L.320. Around Stornoway there are twenty-seven parks,
let to townspeople at rents from L.l to L.3, 10s. per acre, the total
rental of these fields being L.272. There are also fifty-seven lots
of potato land of J of an acre and upwards in the neighbourhood
of the town, and these are let to townspeople at a total rental of
L.40, 9s. The other twenty-four farms are mostly devoted to
the rearing of sheep and cattle, and are apportioned among the
other three parishes as follows : — Barvas, eight farms, with a
rental of L.510 ; Lochs, six farms, with a rental of L.1093 ; and
TJi^T, ten farms, with a rental of L.1410.

According to the Board of Trade Eeturns, the number of cattle
in Lewis in 1875 was a little under 12,000. On the farms in
the Stornoway district and on a few others, the cattle were
mostly Ayrshires, or crosses between the Ayrshire and other
breeds ; but on the grazing farms on the other parts of the island,
as on the crofts, the cattle are of the Highland breed, and gener-
ally of an inferior class. The Lewis farmers, like many of their
brethren in other parts of Scotland, breed too few cattle for them-
selves, and have too often to fill their byres with the inferior
animals reared on the crofts around them ; and thus they deprive
themselves of the full returns their farms are capable of affording
them in the shape of beef produce. On some of the better grazing
farms, a few Highland cattle of really good quality are bred, and
for these there is always a ready market. Some of the farmers
in the parish of Uig send off a fair number of good Highlanders
every year, and usually obtain good prices. Mr James Mac-
kenzie, who leases the largest farm in this parish, Lynshader,
owns the finest herd of Highland cattle in the island ; he sells
about one hundred head every year, and this season he obtained

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CEOMAETY. 159

L.15 a-liead for a fine lot of thirty -Ihree three-year old Highland
bullocks at the farm. The Lewis cattle are sold off, partly at the
Stornoway market, which is now held three times a year (instead
of twice, as formerly), and partly to dealers who traverse the
island, buying up the cattle for the Stornoway butchers. A
large number both of cattle and sheep are purchased annually by
Mr Samuel Xewell, Skipton, Yorkshire, who leases two farms
in the parish of Stornoway, and these are sent either to Skipton,
Glasgow, or Falkirk Tryst. About 1500 cattle leave the island
annually, and in addition, between 200 and 300 are slaughtered
in Stornoway. It will thus be seen that about one out of every
seven or eight of the Lewis cattle is converted into money every
year.

The Board of Trade Eeturns for 1875 state the number of
sheep in the Lewis as follows: —

One year-old and upwards, . 43,414

Lambs, ..... 18,063

Total, . . . 61,477

Considerable difficulty is usually experienced in obtaining correct
returns from the crofters, and therefore these figures can hardly
be guaranteed. The princijjal sheep farms are Park, in the
parish of Lochs ; Lynshader, in Uig ; Galson, in Barvas ; and
Gress, Tolsta, Coll, and Aignish, in Stornoway. Besides these
there are eleven farms uj)on which sheep stocks of from 350 to
700 head are kept along with cattle, and a few others upon which
there are from a few scores to one or two hundred sheep. The
breeds kept are Cheviots, Blackfaced, and crosses ; and for a few
years past half-bred and grey-faced lambs have been tried on two
farms. Tha farm of Park, extending to ujDwards of 70,000 acres,
is rented by Mr P. P. Sellar, at a rent of L.778, 2s. On the
best of the land he keeps a hirsel of ewes, and on the more
moderate parts a stock of wethers are grazed. Mr Sellar leases
a large extent of sheep grazings in the mainland of the county,
and from these he brinc^s the wether ho^s to Park in the nionth
of April, retaining them there till they are two years and five
months old, when they are removed in the month of September
for feeding. Mr Sellar also rents land from year to year in the
neighbourhood of Stornoway, and here he winters hoggs and Din-
monts, and lambs, and the weaker portion of the Park ewes. ^Fr
Mackenzie, Lynshader, leases some of the finest grazings in
the island, and pays a rent of L.425. He is more a breeder of
Highland cattle than a sheep farmer, but still he keeps a very
fine flock of Cheviot sheep, and sends away from three to four
hundred'well-condilioned sheep every year. Clalson is the next
largest sheep farm. Mr Smith, from Caithness, entered this

160 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

farm at Martinmas 1869, but after trying several experiments
with his stock, and getting a good deal of money laid out on the
farm, he handed over his lease at Whitsunday last to Mr Helm, tenant
of the Holm farm, in the parish of Stornoway. Mr Helm now
holds, in addition to Galson, the Barvas Glebe grazings, on the
north-west side of Lewis ; the farm of Holm and the Sandwich
Hill parks, &c., on the south-east side of the island, and a large
sheep farm in Morven, in Argyllshire. He keeps a mixed stock
of Cheviot, Blackfaced, and cross ewes on Galson ; and this
season he had four different breeds of lambs for sale off the one
farm — rather too many kinds for a farm that is barely able to
maintain a stock of 2000 sheep. Mr Helm took over this mixed
stock from Mr Smith, and it is more than likely he will take
an early opportunity of reducing the number of breeds. The
next largest sheep farmer in the Lewis is Mr Samuel Newell,
already referred to. He leases Aignish and Tolsta for L.220,
and has perhaps the best managed ewe stock in the Lewis.
Between twenty and thirty years ago the sheep stock on these
farms were little better than those reared by the crofters ; but
since that time they have been carefully bred and fed, and are
now as fine a flock of Cheviot sheep as any in the island. In
1875 Mr iSTewell got the old arable farm of Aignish to be managed
as a grass farm (Yorkshhe graziers know how to manage farms
of this kind). . Both proprietor and tenant have done much to
improve the farm within the last eighteen months ; and by this
extension of territory, Mr ISTewell and his nephew, Mr Thomas
Newell (who is acting manager in Lewis), have been able to
improve their sheep stock still further, and also extend their
cattle-dealing operations in the island. On the farm.s of Gress,
Coll, and Tong, Cheviot sheep (mostly ewes) are kept along with
cattle. Upon other six sheep and cattle farms in Uig, and four
in Lochs, the sheep stocks are Cheviot, Blackfaced, and crosses,
partly ewes and partly wethers, the ewes being sold off when
five or six years old, and the wethers when three years old. On
the regularly managed sheep farms, where the sheep stock is
mostly or wholly ewes, the annual sales are the wether lambs,
the shott ewe lambs, and the cast ewes. Generally speaking,
the Lewis farmers pay more attention to their shee23 than their
cattle, and do not overstock their land with the former as with the
latter. Tn all, the Lewis farmers sell annually from 3000 to
3400 old sheep, and 1600 lambs; the greater portion of the stock
being sent out of the I<ewis every year.

The number of horses of all kinds in the Lewis in 1875 was
900, the majority being small ponies kept by the crofters. On
the smaller farms middle-sized ponies are kept for light carting
and for cultivating their land. On the larger farms the horses
are rather under-sized, but lively and durable workers. Sir

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAPcTY. 161

James has imported thoroughly good stallions at various times
to improve the native breed of horses, and at his manor farm, so
skilfully and carefully managed by Mr Gavin Fowlie, two or
more stallions are always kept for the benefit of the different
classes of tenantry in the island. Lewis horses, however, stand
in need of improvement in feeding, usage, and grooming as in
breeding. Small one-year old ponies sell at from L.5 to L.7,
older and larger from L.15 to L.30, and the better class of farm
horses from L.40 to over L.50.

In 1875 pigs of all ages numbered 600. These are confined
chiefly to the north-west side of the island, whence they are
mostly shipped in store condition to Glasgow in winter and
spring. Very few pigs are kept by the crofters, and what they
do rear are of an inferior sort.

Cotter Farming.

As already hinted, the number of small holdings in the
counties of Eoss and Cromarty is very large ; in fact, the number
of holdings under 20 acres in extent is not far short of 6000, and
this we regard as a very important and in some respects a highly
satisfactory feature in the rural economy of these counties.
There is no doubt much to be said a^rainst the crowdino- to^^ether
of too many of these small holdings, but much more could be
hurled against the policy that would completely abolish these
little homesteads. A few crofts in an agricultural district are as
essential to the welfare and prosperity of that district as farms
of five or six hundred acres : the one without the other is incom-
plete ; both combined make a perfect whole. Without crofts and
small farms the native supply of labour would very soon become
exhausted ; and again the frugal, industrious tenants of these
small plots of land add largely to the arable area of a county by
whole lifetimes of incessant toil with pick and spade. What has
been done in this way in the counties of Eoss and Cromarty is
really marvellous, in fact many hundreds of acres have been
brought under cultivation by the crofters' pick and spade
during even the past twenty-five years, and still they are as
lively at work as ever. It is invariably the case all over the
country that crofters and cotters are planted upon the thinner
soils and higher lying tracts of land — tracts that are usually
easily reclaimed, but seldom of a kind that would remunerate
cultivation on a large scale. Generally speaking, the counties
of Eoss and Cromarty form no exception to this rule, though in
several districts tliere are a few patches of veiy fine land taken
up by crofts. Those who occupy these better soils grow very
rich crops both of grain and roots, and by care and frugality
they live very comfortably. Some sow small patches of tares
and pay their rents by disposing of the seed, while others work

L

102 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

in a similar way with beans. Many hundreds of these crofters
are located in the Black Isle, chiefly on the more elevated parts,
and of how these " live and move and have their being " some
idea will be had from our remarks upon the ancient commonty
of Mulbuie. Both in Mid and Easter Eoss crofts and small
farms lie in scores, chiefly in straths and river sides along the
eastern base of the irregular range of hills that occupy such
an immense extent of the western division of Eoss-shire. These
holdings vary from 5 to 20 acres in extent, and only in a
few cases have the whole been brought under cultivation. The
bringing of these crofts to what they are has been the
work of hundreds of years, and even yet there is much to
be done. In too many cases the little fields are unshapely and
unequally divided, while small unseemly patches of waste land
frequently lie into the arable land in dovetail fashion :
occasionally, in fact, these ugly patches are to be seen right in
the centre of an arable field. Time, however, is gradually dis-
pelling these uupleasant features of the crofting system, and
where they have already disappeared, and where taste and care
have been bestowed on the cultivating of the land, the homestead
of the crofter has a quiet comfortable serenity about it that is
very pleasing to observe. The produce of these small holdings
of course is not sufficient to maintain a large family, and the
home-revenue is eked out by employment which is always to be
had on the neiohbourinc^ farms. Alonoj the west coast there are
many hundreds of crofters, but these work on a rather different
system from the majority of those on the east coast. Their
holdiuQ-s rans^e from 5 to 10 acres in extent, little more than one-
half of which is under cultivation, and instead of eking out the
produce of their land by agricultural labour they ply the oar and
net, and in a good fishing season they make a very comfortable
living. Generally speaking, however, the crofters on the west
coast, chiefly because of the want of agricultural employment in
the neighbourhood, are not so well to do as their brethren in the
eastern districts of Eoss and Cromarty. Their houses are
generally bad ; and in some cases they are mere hovels, combin-
ing under one roof the crofter's abode and cow byre. These
little houses are usually divided into three apartments by low
loose w^ooden partitions — one for the cows, one for the crofter
and his family to sit and eat in, and one for beds for sometimes
six or seven grown-up men and women. On Sir Kenneth S.
Mackenzie's estate of Gairloch there are some 400 or 500 crofters,
whose holdings average only about 5 acres, of which there is
frequently little more than one-half under cultivation. They
have all a share in a common outrun for sheep and cattle, but
their living is in the main derived from the sea and from wages
earned in the south in summer, The co^arsc of cropping

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMAETY. 163

followed by these crofters is rather curious. Of the crofters on
Sir Kenneth's estate only about 100 pursue a regular rotation,
and that rotation is a four-course shift — one year's grass, one
green crop, principally potatoes, and two grain crops, cliiefiy
oats. The majority of the crofters follow what they call a four-
course shift, but then they have three-fourths of their land under
oats, all manured with about 30 loads per acre of sea-ware and
cows' manure, and one-fourth under potatoes ; the three crops of
oats coming in succession. A few follow a three-course rotation —
two successive crops of oats and barley manured as above, and
one of potatoes ; and others, where crofts are small, and who
have only one cow and one stirk or two cows alone, pursue a
two-course rotation — one crop of oats and barley and one of
potatoes. Only a very few turnips are grown. In some
exceptional cases, where part of the croft is wet and insufficiently
drained, oats are sown year after year for more than a dozen of
years, the land being heavily manured every year with sea-ware.
Again, the dry portion of the croft is cropped with potatoes for
ten or fifteen successive years, and manured every year with
cows' manure and guano. About one-fourth of the crofters use
from 1 cwt. to 1^ cwt. of guano for their potato shift, which is
generally about 1 acre in extent. The guano and cow dung are
found to suit very well together, the potatoes grown by their
manuring being generally drier and of finer quality than those
grown by sea- ware or even dung alone. During the past eight or
ten years better crops of oats are grown on account of seed
haviuc: been introduced from Caithness throus^h vSir Kenneth's
west coast manager, Mr Donald Mackenzie ; while the potatoes
have also been improved both in quantity and quality by the
crofters having been supplied with fresh seed at intervals during
the past dozen years by their liberal and indulgent landlord. Sir
Kenneth. Before the Caithness seed was introduced a quarter
of oats grown on these crofts would scarcely return a boll of
meal, and the weight per bushel seldom exceeded 35 lbs. Now
the average weight' per bushel is close on 40 lbs., and the yield
per acre varies from 2 to 3 (]uarters. One cow is kept for every
acre of arable land, and when this ratio is exceeded oats have to
be given to the cattle in spring without being thrashed, in order
to keep the animals alive. In an open winter the cattle are
kept out on the liills with very little straw till the beginning of
February, and from that time till the 1st of May they get straw
and hay regularly. Almost all thesis crofters sit under leases of
twelve years' duration, and pay rents varying from L.4 to L.S, the
average being abuut L.5.

Numerous as these crofters are on the west coast of tlu' main-
land of Koss-shire, the island of Lewis is uniloubtedly the
stronghold of the fisherman-crofter. In the Lewis there are no

164 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

fewer tlian 110 crofter townships, containing 2750 crofters, and
on many of these crofts more than one family reside. These
townships are in four groups. In the parish of Stornoway,
chiefly around Broad Bay, there are 942 crofters, paying a gross
rental of L.2393 ; in the parish of Barvas and part of the parishes
of Lochs and Uig, from Callenish to the Butt of Lewis, there are
1059 crofters, paying a gross rental of L.3247; in the south-
western corner of the island, in the parish of Lochs, there are
491 crofters, paying a total rental of L.1390 ; and in the western
corner of the island, in the parish of Uig, there are 226 crofters,
paying a gross rental of L.941. The total rental derived from
these 2750 crofters is L.7972, 7s. 4d., or an average of L.2, 18s.
from each. In addition to his croft each crofter has a right to
common pasture on the moors along the whole length of the
csntre of the island, which enables him on an average to keep
four cattle and ten sheep. The average yearly produce of 2000
of these crofts is about 8 bolls of meal and 4 tons of potatoes,
the soil on the remainder being so thin and unproductive that
the yield of both grain and potatoes is considerably less. Only
a very few pigs are kept, but a large number of eggs are produced,
and exported to southern markets.

The system of cultivation and general management followed by
the Lewis crofters are even more strange than those purused by
their brethren in the mainland of the county. N'o regular course
of rotation is followed, and the system of manuring the potatoes
is, perhaps, the most primitive pursued in any part of Scotland
at the present day. The grain is not cut in the ordinary way,
but pulled out of the ground by the hand, and after being bound
up in sheaves the root ends are cut off. The dwelling-houses
are built purposely without chimneys, roofed with a close "sark-
ing " of sticks, and thatched with these pieces of stubble, which
are spread thickly, and held down either with straw or heather
ropes. To make the system imderstood, we shall suppose that a
house has been erected about the beginning of summer, and
roofed and thatched in the above manner. By the time winter
sets in another supply of stubble ends has been procured, and a
second layer of these is put on to keep out the cold and in the
heat ! When spring arrives the uppermost layer of thatch is
taken off and laid carefully aside, and then the lowermost layer,
which has by this time become richly mixed up with soot, is also
taken off and spread upon the potato drills. The layer of thatch
which had been laid aside is then replaced on the house, is
overlaid with another layer of stubble ends in autumn, and
utilised as potato manure in spring ; and from year to year this
strange old system has gone on for several generations. Soot is
well known as a powerful fertiliser, and the Lewis crofters find
it a most suitable manure for potatoes. Of course a good many

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CRO.MARTY. 165

have abandoned this ancient practice, but still a large number
adhere to it. The whole of the older houses on these crofts, as
already stated, are minus chimneys, and otherwise they are of a
most primitive description. They are long', low, and round in
the roof, and in general outward appearance they closely resemble
a magnified potato pit. The walls are mostly constructed of
turf, and are in some cases 3 or 4 feet thick. The roof generally
starts from the inner edge, of the wall instead of projecting
beyond it ; and " in this way (says a writer in the Scottish
Farmer) I have seen something like a series of terraces extend-
ing over half a town or township. One use of them was that
when the children became troublesome, or the mother was more
than usually busy, the children were disposed of on these
terraces or high places ; and it was quite amusing to see the
little lohitterets looking down over the wall at what was going
on below." The interior of the house is quite as primitive as
the exterior. In most cases the people and cattle are all stowed
away under one roof, the end at which the only door in the
building opens being partitioned off by a box-bed and a press,
or a few loose boards for the cattle. The cattle end is about a
foot lower than the other end, and in this way they are enabled
to leave the whole winter's dung beneath the feet of the cattle,
until it is required on the land in spring. Does not this exhibit
an instinctive knowledge of chemistry which it would be well
for many of our larger farmers to study ? In many parts of the
country the farm-yard manure is thrown out from the byres from
day to day and allowed to collect in a consolidated heap, by
which the very richest properties of the dung are almost entirely
lost. Contrast this with the care bestowed by the Lewis fisher-
man-crofter on the preservation of his cows' manure ! The fur-
niture is usually very ancient and of rustic appearance, while the
sleeping accommodation is limited in the extreme. In
consequence of the want of a chimney a dense moving cloud of
smoke is continually hanging over the people's heads, and when
a stranger enters he is invariably invited to " sit doon oot o' the
reek ;" if the visitor happens to be a native the gentle command
of course is given in the native tongue, Gaelic, which is spoken
exclusively among the inhabitants themselves. <hily a very few
of the crofters keep horses, and their arable land is cultivated
almost entirely by the spade, or in some cases by a " Cas-
Chrom," a crooked stick shod with iron, which it may be
mentioned was the only plough in use at one time, over almost
the whole north of Scothmd. AVith a few excci)tions the cattle
kept by the Lewis crofters are of the Highland breed, while the
sheep are a nondescript class. ]>oth are of inferior (|uality,
though a considerable improvement has taken place within the
past ten or fifteen years. The shieling system is still extant in

166 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

the island, and the crofters' wives and daughters go to the
shielings every day in summer to milk the cows and carry food
to the herds ; and to make the cows stand to be milked they
take with them baskets full of fish-bones and sea-weed, which
the animals chew away at till they are relieved of their milk.
The great extent of pasture in the island enables the crofters to
keep more cattle during summer than they can carry on through
the winter, and generally by the time the stormy months are
past the cattle are very lean in condition, so lean in fact that
they often require well-nigh the half of the whole summer to
make up for what they lost during winter. The crofters also err
in keeping their cows to too long an age. They frequently keep
their cows till they are twelve or fifteen years old, and through-
out the whole of their lives these animals are fed vrell during
summer and reduced to mere skeletons in winter. This system
is undoubtedly a very bad one, but as a class the crofters are slow
to adopt new plans, however good they really may be. Of the
principles of breeding cattle they have no idea whatever, and
though Sir James is laying out large sums of money to improve
the breed of cattle, the native crofters are very unwilling to take
advantage of these opportunities. Badly as they manage their
cattle, the crofters are still less careful in the management of
their sheej). Xo care is taken to select good tups, and from
generation to generation they have gone on continually breeding
from the same stock. Like the cattle, sheep are fed sparingly in
winter, and before pasture can be had outside large numbers of
them frequently die solely for want of food. The only outlet for
the crofters' cattle and sheep when fed is the Stornoway market,
and when killed their sheep usually average about 34 lbs in
weight. Poor though many of the sheep be, the average price
obtained is now about 6d. per lb. First of all the crofters
should be induced to lessen the number of their sheep, and then
by the securing of really good tups a great im.provement would
be effected very speedily. The Lewis crofters eke out the limited
revenues of their small holdings from the sea, and when fish are
plentiful they earn a considerable amount in a comparatively
small space of time. From all sources their incomes are very
small, but they are frugal, moderate-living people, and on the
whole they live a quiet, contented, comfortable life.

Rotation, Rent, Leases, and Size of Farms.
Rotation. — By far the majority of farmers in both counties
pursue a five-shift rotation — 1st, turnips and potatoes ; 2d,
wheat and barley ; 3d, hay and grass ; 4th, grass ; 5th, oats.
And there can be no doubt that as a rule this system of cropping
is the most suitable for both counties. It is neither too heavv
nor too light on the land, and yet it affords facilities for bringing

COUNTIES OF K03S AND CRO^IAETY. 167

out of the land the utmost it is capable of producing. On the
richer soils, and where abundance of manure is to be had, a four-
course shift with only one year's grass is followed, but the area
of land suitable for such a trying rotation as this is rather
limited. On the lighter land a six-shift rotation is followed —
1st, turnips; 2d, barley; 3d, grass ; 4th, grass ; 5th, grass ; 6th,
oats and wheat. The extent of land adapted for the growth of
beans is very small, but where it is sufficiently strong for this
crop a four-course shift is usually pursued, and part of the turnip
break set apart for beans. On a few farms a seven-course
rotation is adopted chiefly to suit the cultivation of potatoes.
In this rotation there are two root crops in the seven years, but
potatoes and turnips are so alternated in the break that turnips
are never repeated on the same ground without an interval of
at least five years. The lighter land is allowed to remain under
pasture as long as it retains sufficient grass, and then it is
broken up with turnips and laid down again into grass. Of all
these systems there are numerous modifications, but these have
already been noticed in detailing the farming customs, and need
not therefore be repeated here.

Itcjit—Holf a century ago the large majority of rents were
paid in kind, chiefly grain ; but in very few cases is this
antiquated system still adhered to. On the estate of Ealnagown
there are still two tenants who pay rents in kind, but when their
present leases expire the arrangement will be done away with.
With very few exceptions rents are payable at Martinmas and
Whitsunday, though under old leases a few tenants pay their
rents in three instalments — at Candlemas, Martinmas, and Whit-
sunday. This ancient arrangement, like the grain rents, will die
with the leases uoder which it now exists. The rental per acre
of the arable land varies very considerably ; in some parts it
does not exceed 10s. per acre, while in the finer districts, such as
iSTigg, Fearn, Dingwall, &c., it reaches as much as 40s. per acre ;
on a few farms even four or five shillings more than that. With
such an immense stretch of waste land and mountain ranges, an
average rental per acre over the whole county of lioss gives no
idea whatever of the real value of its arable land. Last year the
average value per acre for the whole county, including shootings,
but exclusive of fishings, houses, <fcc., was 2s. IJd., the highest
rented land being in the parish of Fearn, of which parish the
average was los. per acre, and the lowest in the parish of Lochs
in Lewis, where the average per acre was only 7hd. In the
Black Isle the arable land varies from 10s. to 35s. per acre, the
greater breadth ranging from 25s. to 3Us. per acre. In ]\lid-llos3
the larger farms vary from 20s. to 40s., the majority being from
28s, to 35s.; and in Easter lioss the average is a little higher, the
extremes being 10s. and 43s. In the parishes of Xigg and Fearn

168 ox THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

there are several farms about 40s. and upwards, and yet these
lioldings cannot be said to be higher rented than many other
farms where the average does not exceed 25s. The rental of
sheep grazings is not lixed by the acre, but according to the
number of sheep the farm is estimated as capable of maintaining.
The rate ranges from 3s. to 5s. a head, and the average may
safely be put dow^n at 4s.

Leases. — The system of granting leases seems to have been in
vogue in Eoss and Cromarty at an earlier period than in several
other counties in the north of Scotland, and there can be no doubt
that these forms of contract were the means of bringing about
great improvements in the early agriculture of both counties.
On some estates there are a few^ life-rent leases to original holders,
and fifteen or nineteen years to his successor, and leases of
twenty-one years' duration, while on others some farms are held
under fourteen or fifteen years' leases. A large number of the
crofters are simply tenants-at-will, but the great majority of
them enjoy leases of ten or twelve years' duration. A few have
even nineteen years' leases.

Size of Farms. — The apportionment of the land of a county,
or, in other words, the size of its farms and crofts, is a matter of
the utmost importance ; and in this respect the counties of Eoss
and Cromarty will stand favourable comparison with most other
counties in the north of Scotland. The following table shows
the number of holdings of various sizes from 5 acres and under
to above 100 acres in extent in both counties : —

Total.
6515

The percentage of holdings under 20 acres is 87, of farms
above 20 and under 100 acres 9, and of farms above 100 acres
4. Eoss and Cromarty have double the number of crofts under
5 acres of any other county in Scotland ; stand sixth on the list
of holdings above 5 and under 20 acres, eleventh of holdings of
from 20 to 50 acres, seventeenth of holdings above 50 and under
100 acres, eighteenth of holdings above 100 acres, and second
w^itli respect to the total number of holdings, Aberdeen coming
first with a total of 11,656.

Steam Cultivation.
Steam cultivation is only in its infancy in these counties, and
considering: that such a larsje extent of their arable land is well
adapted for cultivation by steam power, and that in other respects
their agriculture is so thoroughly abreast of the times, this seems
not a little strange. The advantages of steam cultivation are fast
becoming known and appreciated all over the country, and the
substitution to a lartre extent of steam emrines for horses in the

o o

Not exceeding

From 5 to 20 From 20 to 50

From 50 to 100

Above 100

5 acres.

acres. acres.

acres.

acres.

4510

1189 355

175

286

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMARTY. 169

execution of the work of the farm we regard as the most import-
ant improvement in the counties of Ross and Cromarty during
the next quarter of a century. Steam j)Ower is far as yet from
being reduced to its proper simplicity as a cultivator of the soil,
but every coming year will bring it nearer and nearer to the point
so ardently desired, and by and by we hope to see the steam
tackle as indispensable and as popular an agricultural implement
(if it may be called such) as the reaper is at the present day.
With the view of introducing steam cultivation into Easter Eoss>
a few proprietors and farmers formed themselves into a sort of
an association in 1874 for acquiring a steam tackle ; and to raise
the necessary capital they assessed themselves at the rate of 10
per cent, on their agricultural rents. A set of Fowler's double
engine tackle was purchased, and let by contract to Mr Alexander
Bain, an enterprising young man in the district, who already
owned two or three portable thrashing mills and engines. The
main points in the agreement were that Mr Bain should annually
pay 5 per cent, interest, on the capital invested, and a further
sum of not less than 5 per cent, in the reduction of the capital ;
and that when he repaid the whole capital invested, with 5 per
cent, interest, the whole plant should be handed over to him
without any further charge, the subscribers reserving right, till
their cajDital is repaid, to a preferential use of the tackle on the
same conditions as those offered to the general public. Mr Bain
began his work under this arrangement in the autumn of 1874,
and as yet the system has been found most satisfactory. A few
years previous to the formation of this association the Duchess
of Sutherland brought a set of Fowler's tackle to the home farm
at Tarbat, but not till last year, when she also acquired a set of
Fowler's baby double engine tackle, was it used off the home
farm. It is now offered for hire when not required at Tarbat
House, and finds abundance of employers. About three years
ago Captain Grove of Invercharron introduced a set of Fisken's
tackle and worked it on his own farm till last year, when he dis-
posed of it to a company formed for the purpose of hiring it out
in the Bonar Bridge district. There is thus at the present time
two sets of Fowler's double engine tackle and one set of Fisken's
steam-plough tackle in regular employment in Easter Koss, in
addition to four or five thrasliing mills and traction engines ; and
there is every probability of the force being considerably increased
Ijefore many more years have passed. Almost the whole of
Easter Boss is very well adai)ted for cultivation by steam, and
the only drawback is that the high price of coals (usually above
I'Os. per ton) makes the cost rather high. The district roads and
liridges are not very suitable for the shifting about of the tackles,
but these small dilUculties are fast being overcome. As yet
steam power lias been employed most largely in }>reparing the

170 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

turnip land, and the plough is used only to a very limited extent.
The stubble land is steered by the " digger, " or (where there is a
hard pan) by the " knifer " in autumn, and allowed to lie ex-
posed to the frosts during winter. In spring it is easily and very
efficiently broken up by the cultivator and a double overgoing
by steam harrows ; and thus little if any horse power is required
in preparing the turnip land for drilling. Digging or ploughing
by steam to a depth of from 9 to 12 inches costs about L.l per
acre, exclusive of coals and water and attendance, which are
equal to an additional 10s. per acre ; cultivating with double
harrowing costs from 15s. to 17s. per acre, exclusive of coals,
water, &c. ; and harrowing single tine from 3s. 6d. to 4s. 6d., and
double tine from os. to 7s. 6d.

Buildinfjs, Roads, Fences, and. Drains.

Buildings. — What has been done in the way of building on
the various estates during the past twenty-five or thirty years
has already been noticed pretty fully, and therefore little
remains to be said here. A few general remarks, however, may
be added. Probably in no feature of the agriculture of the
counties of Eoss and Cromarty has there been greater improve-
ment during the past thirty or forty years than in the houses of
farmers and crofters. Previous to 1840 houses generally, both
on farms and crofts, were of a very primitive description ; and
during the period that has since elapsed almost every farm-
steading and dwelling-house has been either built anew, or
greatly improved and enlarged. The improvement in the crofters'
houses has not been so marked all over both counties, but in the
majority of districts, especially on the east coast, these small
abodes have been most thoroughly renovated. On several
estates a good deal still remains to be done, and in almost all
these cases the work is proceeding speedily. We have already
referred to the great number of beautiful little properties
throughout the county of Eoss ; and on these, as a rule, the
mansion-houses are comparatively new and extremely pleasing
in architectural appearance. The grounds and gardens around
them have been laid out at great expense, and these picturesque
little spots tend greatly to enliven and beautify the landscape.
Throughout both counties there are a number of very fine old
family seats, surrounded with magnificent ancestral trees and
tastefully laid out gardens. During the past twenty-five or
thirty years a great many handsome shooting lodges have been
erected, chiefly on the west coast and in the glens of the hills of
Eoss-shire. Most of these are let to sporting tenants, while
others are retained as summer residences for their proprietors
and their families. The dwelling-houses on the larger farms are
of a very superior class, many of them large, handsome, imposing

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 171

structures surrounded with beautiful gardens and rich clumps of
trees. The smaller farmers, of course, have less pretentious
residences, but still they are both comfortable ancl lively in
outward appearance. The supply of labourers' cottages is
probably as complete in these counties as in any other county in
the kingdom. Many of these cottages are of humble pretensions,
but on the other hand a large number are new, commodious,
and comfortable. Generally speaking, the farm-steadings are
quite suited to the requirements of the advanced system of
agriculture now pursued. A large percentage of the farm-
steadings is entirely new within the past twenty-five years,
while with few exceptions the whole of the others have
been enlarged and repaired. The main feature in the improve-
ments on farm buildings within recent years is the increased
accommodation provided for the feeding of cattle. Covered
courts are quite the order of the day in old as well as
new steadings, and on the most of the larger farms court
accommodation is indeed very large. Probably over the
counties generally the greater number of thrashing mills are
driven by water ; but still a large number is driven by horses,
and in Easter Eoss especially the propelling power on many of
the larger farms is steam. From a little knoll on Oadboll
Mount no fewer than eighteen steam stalks can be counted. Of
these several have stood for upwards of twenty-five years, while
a few have been erected recently. At the farm of Balmuchy a
fine new steam-mill was fitted up by Mr E. G. Morton, Errol,
Perthshire, in 1873, and so satisfactorily was it found to work
that since then Mr Morton has erected other four on the same
principle in the neighbourhood. The mill is fitted up with all
the modern appliances for thrashing, dressing, and bruising grain.
A special feature is an arrangement for working either of two
drums — a comb drum, an easy perfect working piece of
machinery, or a common English crush-drum used for preparing
thatch. The apparatus for bruising oats or barley and crushing
Indian corn is very simple in construction, and can be worked
along with the mill without necessitating much additional
propelling power. It is not to be supposed, however, that there
is no room for improvement in the buildings of the counties.
The steadings on a good many of the small farms are rather old
and dilapidated, but with the present rate of progress these relics
of the past will very soon be numbered among " the things that
were."

Roads. — Generally speaking, both Eoss and Cromarty are well
supplied with roads. In these counties, as in most others in the
north of Scotland, a very, large sum of money was expended in
improving the ])arliameutary roads and bridges by the commis-
sioners appointed under an enactment of George III. for the re-

172 ox THE AGKICULTUEE OF THE

pair of High] and roads and bridges. In this way the principal
thoroughfares were overhauled and thoroughly repaired, and by
local efforts the district roads were also greatly improved. In
1866 an Act was obtained for the maintenance and repair of the
roads in both counties — the Eoss and Cromarty Eoads Act,
1866 — the local roads especially having been put into much
better order than they had ever been before. An assessment is
annually imposed under this Act for the maintenance and repair
of the roads and bridges, and that assessment this year is a
little over 5d. per pound upon proprietors, feuars, and tenants.
Much as has been done in this way of providing local or district
and farm accommodation roads during the past twenty-five
years, there is still room for improvement in this respect. The
value of thoroughly good service roads throughout a farm is
imdoubtedly of very considerable importance, and over the
county generally too little attention has hitherto been bestowed
on the subject.

Fences. — Twenty-five or thirty years ago little more than 5 per
cent, of the farms of Eoss and Cromarty could boast of anything
like complete fencing, and probably as many as 70 per cent, were
entirely devoid of these modern conveniences. Now there is not
a single farm in either county entirely without fencing, and
more than three-fourths of the whole are completely enclosed.
It is not very easy to calculate the real value of thoroughly
efficient fencing to a farm, but where the grazing of cattle or
sheep is pursued to any great extent we would not be inclined
to put it down at less than 3s. 6d. per acre. The advantages of
fencing seem to have been early recognised by the Eoss and
Cromarty proprietors and tenants, and neither labour nor expense
has been spared to make the supply complete. A good many
farms, especially in Easter Eoss, are enclosed and subdivided with
hedges, while others are fenced with dry stone dykes, but wire
fences predominate to a very great extent.

Drains. — \sq believe it is no exaggeration to say that four-fifths
of the whole arable area of Eoss and Cromarty have been drained,
a great extent twice over, within the past thirty or forty years. A
good deal of the land was naturally very wet, and consequently
it was only after most thorough draining that it was got into
anything like a remunerative crop-growing condition. The ex-
penditure on draining alone on some of the larger estates within
the past twenty-five years has been enormous, but still there can
be no doubt the money was economically expended. For some
years back tiles have been extensively used in drains, but in early
days stones alone were applied. Even yet where they can be
had conveniently stones are used, and in most cases they are
found to suit exceedingly well, quite as well as the best tiles that
•can be had. Like every other variety of labour, draining has

COUNTIES OF EOSS AXD CROMARTY. 173

become very much more expensive than even ten or fifteen years
ago. The increase since 1850 is about 60 per cent.

Grain Croi^s.

The following table shows the number of acres under all kinds
of grain crops in both counties at various periods since 1854 : —

1854,

. 32,71 7-|^ acres.

1871, .

. 47,382

acres.

1857,

33, / 05 J ,,

1873, .

. 47,741

?>

1869,

. 46,746 „

1876, .

. 47,413

35

Increase since 1854,

• •

14,695|^ acres.

It will be seen from this table that during the past three years
the area under grain crops has decreased by 328 acres, which
will be accounted for in our figures relating to permauent pasture.
The percentage of grain crops to the total acreage under all kinds
of crops, bare fallow and grass, in 1869 was 38'2, and in 1873 it
was 38*7, which places these counties seventh in Scotland with
regard to the percentage of grain croj^s, Haddington and Clack-
mannan coming first with a percentage of about 40 each. With
such variety of soil and climate in these counties it is only what
might be expected that the grain crop is much more valuable in
some districts than in others. Easter Eoss is undoubtedly the
best grain district ; in fact, that division of Koss-shire is well
known to be one of the finest grain-producing districts in
Scotland. The climate and soil suit the cultivation of grain
extremely well, and those natural provisions are fully taken
advantage of by the enterprising tenants. Barley is not gro'^Ti
so extensively in Easter Eoss as in some other districts, but the
acreage under wheat is large, and the yield of this fine variety of
gTain is usually very good ; while for quality and colour tlie
sample has been famed in the southern grain markets for more
than fifty years. Speaking generally for both counties, the
quality and quantity of the grain crops will bear favourable
comparison with any other county in the north of Scotland, and
there can be no doubt that within the past twenty-five years very
considerable improvement has taken place both in the yield and
quality. The work of the harvest is now accomplished in a
short period compared to what was re(|uired some thirty or forty
years ago, when nothing but the antiquated " hook " was used in
cutting the grain. On the larger farms in those days from sixty
to eighty women and ten or twelve men were employed in the
harvest work, and not only was this system a slow one, but it
w\as also more expensiv^e tlian the mode of harvesting now in
vogue. ]'^ach of those sixty or eighty women got SUs., and each
of tlie ten or twelve men L.2 for the work of live weeks, and in
a(klition to this sleeping accommodation liad to be provided,
whicli in itself entailed a small outlay. All the people now re-
quired on these farms are nine or ten women at about L.2, 5s.

174: ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

and six or seven men at from L.4 to L.5 ; and instead of lasting
five or six weeks, as formerly, harvesting operations seldom
extend over more than a month, while on several of the farms
in the earlier districts three weeks often suffice. In the later
parts, of course, harvest generally lasts longer than in the better
favoured parts, and in a wet unsteady season, such as 1876, as
many as seven weeks occasionally elapse between the cutting of
the first sheaves on some farms and the ingathering of the last
fragments of the crop. On all the larger farms, and on many of
the smaller holdings, reapers are used, while in some cases three
or four crofters club together, and purchase a reaper for the
cutting of their united crops. Eecently a few self-delivery
machines have been tried, but the manual deliveries are- greatly
in the majority. The first reaper was brought to Eoss-shire some
fourteen or fifteen years ago, and during the past three or four
years the importations might be counted by scores. Sowing
machines, both drill and broadcast, are employed on the large
majority of farms, and when carefully used there can be no
doubt that these implements are of great benefit to the farmer.
More attention is now being bestowed on the preparing of grain
land than some twenty or thirty years ago, and farmers are
becoming more and more alive to the influence thorough
harrowing has in the success of a grain crop, especially if that
cro^D happens to be barley. During the past few years the top-
dressing of all kinds of grain crops has come greatly into vogue,
especially in Easter Eoss. A few farmers in the Easter Eoss
district top-dress every acre of grain crop on their holdings, the
dose applied generally ranging from 2 to 3 cwts. of bone manure,
and nitrate of soda in about equal proportions. Where the
climate is good, and the land heavy and rich in silica, top-dressing
invariably pays well ; but where the climate is bad, and the land
light and scarce of silica, it does very little good. When a very
heavy crop of straw is hurriedly forced out of light soft land by
such a stimulant as nitrate of soda it is almost certain to lodge.
The larger farmers build their grain into stacks varying from 10
to 20 quarters, and smaller tenants into stacks ranging from 5 to
10 quarters. In a wet season in some of the later districts,
especially on the west coast, the grain is occasionally built into
what are called " Caithness screws," or small loosely built stacks
on the fields until more thoroughly dried, and then stacked in
the ordinary w^ay. Another prevention from the weather in
some of these later parts is the ancient " hooding " system — the
placing of two sheaves over the top of the stock in riggin-stone
fashion, the heads of the sheaves hanging down over both sides
of the stock, and the stubble ends standing right up. This
system is a very antiquated one. It was at one time general all
over the north of Scotland, but while it keeps out the rain it also

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 175

holds out wind, and on the whole it has very little to recommend
it. As already stated, there are a good many travelling steam
thrashing mills in these counties, and when the markets are
inviting large c^uantities of grain are thrashed early in the
season.

Wlieat. — The following table shows the acreage in both
counties under wheat at various periods since 1854:-^

1854,

. 7527^ acres.

1871,

. 8686 acres

1857,

. 9715J „

1873,

. 9006 „

1869,

7356 ,,

1876,

. 6019 „

Decrease since 1854, .

•

. 1508^ acres.

The price of wheat has been rather low for a few years back,
and as a natural consequence the cultivation of it all over Scotland
is gradually decreasing. Koss and Cromarty form no exception
to this rule ; and unless prices brighten up again very soon, the
rent of wheat-growing land must necessarily decline. With
regard to their acreage under wheat Eoss and Cromarty stand
fifth in Scotland, and in point of yield and quality they usually
rank even a little higher. Over these counties generally wheat
yields on an average from 3i to 4 J quarters, and weighs from 61
to 63 lbs., the standard selling weight being 62 lbs. In Easter
Eoss and on the better soils in the Black Isle and Mid Eoss the
yield usually averages from 4 to 5 quarters, and the weight
varies from 62 to 64 lbs. Even as many as 6 and 7 quarters,
weighing 64 and 65 lbs., are occasionally grown on some of the
richer soils and better managed farms, but these are rare excep-
tions. It is a curious fact that previous to the advent of the
13resent century the Crown feu-duties in Eoss and Cromarty,
which were payable chiefly in kind, convertible at the fiars
prices of corn, were fixed at two -thirds of the fiars of Fifeshire,
and not according to the fiars then struck of the Eoss and
Cromarty grain. In 1868 the fiars prices in Eoss and Cromarty,
for wheat, were for first quality, L.2, 8s. 9|d. ; for second, L.2, 4s.
10|d. ; in 1874 for the whole crop, L.2, Is. lid. ; and for the
seven years from 1868 to 1874, both inclusive, the average was
L.2, 8s. 3^d. The highest prices were in 1873 and 1871, when
the fiars were respectively L.2, 18s. 3jd. and L.2, 17s. 8Jd. The
above average for these seven years was exceeded by six Scotch
counties, viz.: — Kirkcudbright, L.2, 9s. llf d ; Haddington,
L.2, 9s. 11 Jd.; Eoxburgh, L.2, 9s. 6d.; Berwick, L.2, 9s.; Elgin,
L.2, 8s. 9d. ; and Nairn, L.2, 8s. 6d. By far the greater portion
of the wheat crop is sown in autumn, as soon as the land can be
cleared of turnips, or grass when wheat follows pasture, but this
system is not i)ursued so extensively as some fifteen or twenty
years ago. AVhen it is sown after grass the laud is manured
with from 15 to 25 loads of farm-yard manure per acre, and well

176 ON THE AGPJCULTUEE OF THE

broken down by heavy barrows. From 3 to 4 bushels of seed
are usually allowed to the acre. The varieties most largely
grown are Chedham, white Essex, or white Hunter's, and red
wheat.

Barley or Bere. — The following table shows the acreage under
barlev or bere at various times since 1854 : —

1854,

. 7550| acres.

1871,

. 9,125 acres

1857,

. 6724 „

1873,

8,741 „

1869,

. 9370 „

1876,

. 10,461 „

Increase since 1854,

•

. 2910J acres.

"While wheat has been falling in value during the past few
years, barley has been increasing at quite a corresponding rate,
and therefore it is only natural to expect that the cultivation of
barley should be receiving increased attention. The increase in
the acreage of barley during the past twenty-two years, it will be
seen, is considerably more than equal to the decrease in that of
wheat, and at present there is every appearance of barley grow-
ing still farther in favour. There is little doubt that for a few
years back barley has been the most remunerative of all the grain
crops usually grown in this country, and were it not that a good
deal of the Eoss-shire land is considered unsuited for barley, this
variety of grain would be cultivated to a much greater extent
than it is. Barley is usually grown after turnips, and when the
land is in good heart and well cultivated — a matter of the
greatest importance for the success of barley cultivation — the
crop is invariably a very good one, not always hea\y, but generally
rich in grain of the finest quality. Barley will grow to perfection
in much lighter soil than is required for wheat, but if the soil is
not in a rich manurial state, and thoroughly harrowed and
broken down, the crop is seldom a remunerative one. The
system, so extensively pursued in Boss and Cromarty of allowing
sheep to eat the turnips off the land, is very beneficial to the
growth of barley. The manure left on the land by sheep is well
known as a sharp valuable fertiliser, and as land after turnips is
seldom ploughed to such a depth as stubble land, the barley roots,
which, unlike the piercing roots of wheat, spread laterally, can
easily command the nourishing ingredients imported to the soil
by this manure. A friable medium loam is better suited for
the growth of barley than the very heaviest of mould. Boss and
Cromarty stand eleventh in Scotland with regard to the acreage
under barley. The yield on an average in both counties varies
from 4 to 5 quarters per acre, and the weight from 53 to 55 lbs.
per bushel. On the better soils the yield ranges from 5 J to 6
quarters i)er acre, and the weight at times reaches bS lbs. In
one or two cases in Easter Boss as many as 8 quarters per acre
have been reaped, but a return of more than 6 quarters per acre

COUNTIES OF KOSS AND CROMARTY. 177

is the exception rather than the rule, even in the very finest
farms in either county. The fiars prices for barley and here,
in Eoss and Cromarty in 1868 and 1874 respectively, were
L.2, Os. Shd., and L.l, 16s. 9Jd. ; the average for these and the five
intervening years being L.l, 13s. 8 Jd. This average was exceeded
by fifteen other counties in Scotland. Barley sowing usually
begins about the middle of April, and from 3 to 3 J bushels are
given to each acre. The Chevalier is most largely cultivated,
but there is also a good deal of common barley sown. The
standard weight of barley is 54 lbs. per bushel

Oats. — This variety of grain is very extensively grown in Eoss
and Cromarty. The acreage under oats was in : —

1854, .

. 16,645^ acres.

1871,

. 27,540 acres.

1857, .

. 16,256i ,,

1873,

. • . . 28,473 „

1869, .

. 28,806" „

1876,

. 29,509 „

Increase since 1854, .

• •

12,863| acres.

These figures show that the change in the acreage of oats is
greater than in that of any of the other varieties of grain, which
may be accounted for by the fact that by far the greater portion
of the land reclaimed within the past twenty or twenty-five
years is what might be called oat land, or land better suited for
the growth of oats than of the finer varieties, wheat and barley.
Oats will grow fairly with less manuring than any other variety
of grain, and therefore by nine-tenths of the crofters they are
cultivated almost exclusively. Eoss and Cromarty stand seven-
teenth in Scotland in the acreage under oats, but with regard to
the yield they stand much higher up, generally from fifth to
tenth, the counties which usually exceed them being Haddington,
Ayr, Berwick, Kincardine, Clackmannan, Fife, Forfar, Lanark,
and Eoxburgh. Oats are grown chiefly after lea, and the best
crops are generally reaped when the land is ploughed early in
winter, and thus exposed to the ameliorating influence of the
winter's frost. The demand for sheep pasture in winter is so
great in Eoss and Cromarty that farmers are often tempted to
allow their lea land to lie unploughed till well into spring, but
still winter ploughing is pursued to a very large extent. As is
the case with wheat and barley the oat seed is changed from
distant counties every four or five years, care being taken not to
sow the same grain twice in succession on the same land. The
yield of oats ranges from 4 to 6 quarters per acre, and the
weight from 41 to 44 lbs. per bushel. On a few of the better
farms the yield is sometimes over G (juarters, but on the other
hand ver>' little of what is grown on the crofters' land yields
more than 3 to 3 J quarters. The sandy variety prevails, but of
recent years several new varieties, such as long fellow, fine
fellow, and other similar kinds have been introduced, and are
found to suit very well. From 4 to 4 J bushels of oat seed is

M

178 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

generally allowed to each acre. The fiars prices for grain in
1868 and 1874 respectively were L.l, 8s. Od. and L.l, 6s. 9Jd. ;
the average for these two and the five intervening years being
L.l, 5s. 7hd. This average was exceeded by other seven counties
in Scotland. Oat sowing begins about the last week of March
or first week of April, according to the weather.

Bi/c, Beans, and Peas. — For many years rye has been grown at
considerable breadth in Eoss , and Cromarty, and of late its
cultivation has been extending largely. The area under rye in
1854 was 161f acres, in 1869 it was 935 acres, and in 1876, 1192
acres. This variety of grain is sown generally on the drier and
lighter land, usually yields from 3 to 4 quarters per acre, and
weighs from 56 to 60 lbs. per bushel. The rye straw is mostly
used for thatch, and large quantities of the grain are given to
feeding cattle in mixture with other stuffs. Sowing commences
about the end of March, and cutting about the first week of
September. About 4 bushels of seed are given to each acre.
Beans require very rich heavy land, and only a comparatively
small area in these counties is suited for their cultivation. The
area under beans in 1854 was 271J acres, in 1869, 67 acres, and
in 1876, 86 acres. Peas are now grown more extensively than
beans, but of late they have also been declining in favour. The
xirea under peas in 1854 was 561 acres, in 1869, 212 acres, and
in 1876, 160 acres.

Hay, Grass, and Permanent Pasture.

Hay and Grass. — The following table shows the area under
hay and grass worked in regular rotation at various periods
since 1854 : —

1854, .

. 19,641| acres.

1871,

. 29,698 acres.

1857, .

. 20,808f „

1873,

. 30,360 „

1869, .

. 28,547 „

1876,

. 29,987 „

Increase since 1854, .

•

10,346| acres.

It will be observed that the area under hay and grass has all
along been almost equal in extent to that under oats, both these
crops being afiected about equally by the reclamation of land.
A great deal more attention is now being bestowed on the
cultivation of hay and grass than even some ten or fifteen years
ago, and considering the greatly increased value now attaching
to grass fields, this need not be wondered at. A good supply of
grass need not be looked for unless the land is really in high
condition, for probably no crop in the rotation affords a more
trying test of the manurial state of land than two or three years'
grass — and in such counties as Koss and Cromarty a bad crop of
grass is indeed a very serious matter. Farmers, therefore (at
least the majority of them), pay special attention to the laying
down of land into grass, and besides sowing it in a rich manurial

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 179

condition, a great many farmers top dress tlieir grass every spring,
mostly with 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda and 1 cwt. or IJ cwt. of dis-
solved bones per acre. If judiciously applied, top dressing grass
might be a little more remunerative than top dressing grain, but
still we do not approve of a very heavy dose being given to the
young grass the first year, especially if that grass is intended for
hay, as by the forcing the plants to too great an extent the first
year, the quality and quantity of the grass in after years are
considerably degenerated. A very heavy crop of hay is not
always the most remunerative to the farmer — at least on
moderate land — for if the land is too much exhausted the first
year the supply of grass the second year must necessarily be
limited. In aMvord, we approve of top dressing grass -land, but
instead of giving a heavy dose the first year, we would give a
moderate allowance the first, and a small the second. This
system is pursued on several farms, and found to work admirably.
About one-third of the grass land is usually retained for hay, and
the average yield ranges from 150 to 200 stones per acre. A
large quantity of hay is now used in feeding cattle and sheep as
well as horses, but on medium-sized farms a considerable portion
of this crop is sold off. The equality of the hay and grass in
Itoss-sliire is of the very finest, and in a favourable year cattle
thrive exceedingly well on the fields. The large majority of
farmers now sow the grass seeds by machines, but a few still
commit them to the soil by the hand. It would be impossible
to give anything like a correct idea of the mixtures of grass
and clover seeds supplied generally in these counties, as almost
every farmer sows a mixture of his own. In most cases about a
bushel and a half of perennial rye grass, and from 10 to 14 lbs.
of various kinds of clover seeds, such as red, white and yellow,
alsyke, cow grass, cocksfoot, &c. Mr Mackenzie, Dalmore, sows
the following mixture, and finds it to suit very well : —

lbs. per
acre.

Pacey's Perennial rye-grass

(1 bushel) . . . .28

Italian rye-grass, . . .6

English red clover, . . 2

English white clover, . . 2

English yellow clover, . . 2

lbs. per
acre.

Cow grass, . . . .3

Alsyke, 2

Timothy, .... 2
Cocksfoot, . . . . 2

49

Pcrniaiunt Pasture. — With such a great demand for sheep
grazing, and with the high price of labour, it is only natural to
expect that very much more attention should be bestowed on
the laying out of permanent pasture now than fifteen or twenty
years ago. Indeed, we are not a little surprised that over the
north of Scotland generally the area of land laid out in ])ermanent
pasture should be so limited as it is. AVith an increase in the
cost of labour, during the past thirty years, equal to an increased

180 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

rental at the rate of about 7s. 6d. per acre, it is difficult to
iraagine how land worth only 15s. or 17s. of rent per acre can
possibly repay regular cultivation. Of land of this description
there are many thousands of acres in the northern counties of
Scotland that are at present worked in regular rotation, but we
should not be in the least surprised though a large portion of this
should be laid out in permanent pasture in the course of the
next eight or ten years. Under pasture very thin land may pay
fairly, but under regular rotation, and so long as the present
circumstances continue, we cannot conceive how any man can
make a living u^Don it for any length of time. The area under
permanent pasture in Eoss and Cromarty has increased by about
2000 acres during the past eight or [ten years, and there is every
probability of the increase going on still further. The area under
permanent pasture at the present time is 19,395 acres.

Boot Crops.

Turnips. — The following table shows the number of acres
under turnips at various periods since 1854 : —

1854, . . , 10,467 acres. 1871, . . . 16,770 acres.

1857, . . . 12,228 ., 1873, . . . 16,902 „

1869, . . . 16,735 ,, , 1876, . . . 17,126 „

Increase since 1854, .... 6,659 acres.

•

In 1854 Eoss and Cromarty stood seventeenth among the
Scotch counties with regard to the acreage under turnips, and
now they stand as high up as tenth. Turnips are indispensable
where cattle feeding is carried on to any great extent, and it is
the extraordinary development of this branch of agriculture in
Eoss and Cromarty that has swelled the acreage of turnips so
greatly. For some time back at least, stock farms have been
paying better than grain farms, and so long as this continues to
be the case turnips will continue to grow in favour. Over the
north of Scotland generally the turnip crop is now one of the most
valuable in the rotation, and therefore a great deal of attention is
bestowed on its cultivation. Turnips entail a great amount of
labour, but still this is neither grudged nor bestowed carelessly.
Twenty-five or thirty years ago swedes were little more than in
their probationary trial in Eoss and Cromarty, and even on the
larger farms in Easter Eoss it was considered extravagant to sow
more than 10 or 12 acres of swedes. In the year 1848 the late
Mr Douglas sowed 75 acres of turnips on his farm of Arboll, in
the parish of Tarbat, and with the exception of 5 acres of swedes
for the farm horses, the whole were soft varieties. Part of the
crop was eaten off by sheep at a charge of 2d. a head per week.
Now nearly three-fourths of the whole turnip area on the heavier
soils in Easter Eoss are put under swedes, and on the lighter soils
the proportion of swedes to other varieties is about half and half.

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 181

There can be no doubt that swedes are the most valuable variety
of turnips grown at the present day, but to begin cattle in the
autumn a few acres of yellows and globes are quite essential.
On the very thinnest of land, yellows suit equally as well as
sv^edes, as the latter variety requires more substantial nourish-
ment than the former to secure a really good crop. Turnips
usually follow oats, and in some cases wheat, and as soon as the
land can be cleaned of the grain the plough is started. The land
is turned over (sometimes by steam as already indicated) to a
depth of from 10 to 12 inches, and allowed to lie exposed to the
frosts till spring, when it is cross ploughed once or twice, or
grubbed two or three times and thoroughly harrowed, and the
weeds, if there are any, cleared away. In the earlier parts of the
county sowing sw^edes commences about the first of the second
week of May, and from then till the end of June the sole work
of the farm is sowing turnips. The land is drilled at a width of
from 26 to 29 inches ; manured with from 20 to 30 loads of
farm-yard manure, and from 4 to 8 cwts. of artificial manure per
acre, chiefly bone manure with a little phosphates, and in some
cases 1 cwt. or 1| cwt. nitrate of soda; and sown, if swedes, with
about 3 lbs., and if yellows, or whites, 2 J lbs. of seed per acre.
The earlier sown portions are generally ready for thinning before
the end of June, and for well-nigh a whole month this work goes
on incessantly. When very rank the plants are sometimes
thinned bv the hand, but the hoe is used as a rule. Swedes are
left at from 9 to 12 inches apart, and yellows at from 8 to 10
inches. The thinning of turnips is now a very expensive process,
and is almost the only brand i of farm work that modern genius
has done nothing to economise by the adoption of machinery.
Several attempts have been made during the past few years to
devise turnip-thinning machines, but not one of these has yet
reached that state of perfection which is necessary to insure its
being extensively employed. During the hoeing process the
drills are cleaned two or three times by the driU harrow or
" skim plough ; " and with this the work of the turnip crop falls
out of the farmers' calendar till the arrival of the storiuGf season,
which usually commences about the middle of November. The
advantages of preserving turnips from the winter's frosts are now
fully recognised, and almost the whole crop, except what is to be
eaten oil the land by sheep, is stored either in pits on the fields, or
in heaps around the farm steadings. AVhen wheat follows turnips,
which is very often the case, the roots are always driven to the
steadings immediately on being pulled, in order to relieve the
land for winter sowing. A very large breadth of the turnip
break is now eaten oil" by sheup, — partly off the turnip fields
and partly out of boxes on the land. On a good many farms one-
half of the yeUows and one-third of the swedes are eaten off by

182 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

sheep, and when from L.7 to L.9 per acre can be had for this
purpose, the system must be regarded as a profitable one. The
turnip crop generally over these counties is invariably heavy and
of excellent quality. Swedes on an average range from 20 to 28
tons per acre, and on the better farms a yield of 30 tons is con-
sidered nothing very unusual. The average of yellows is a little
higher than of swedes, and occasionally this variety yields as
many as 35 tons per acre. As in the general management of the
crops, more care is now bestowed on the selection of turnip seed
than formerly, and a good many farmers grow the greater part
of their seed on their own farms.

Potatoes. — Potato farming is pursued more extensively all over
the north of Scotland now than some fifteen or twenty years ago.
The following table shows the area under potatoes in Eoss and
Cromarty at various periods since 1854 : —

1854,

. 5393| acres.

1871, .

. 10,095 acres.

1857,

. 447 U ,,

1873, .

, 10,362 .,

1869,

. 9524 „

1876, .

. 9,256 „

Increase since 1854, .

• •

. 3862^ acres.

Potato farming has more of the speculative element than the
cultivation of any of the other ordinary crops, and therefore ifc
has strong attractions to some. Occasionally it pays exceedingly
well, better than any other ordinary crop, but on the other
hand it often proves very unremunerative. Disease often
destroys more than half the crop, and the prices now and then
are very low ; and on an average of say eight or ten years few
farmers can boast of a very large return of potatoes. In Easter
Ptoss, in the Black Isle, and in Mid Pioss there are a few farmers
who plant small fields of potatoes, some going the length of 70
acres, and others only 10 or 12. On some farms they are grown
after grass and on others after oats. IMedium land suits potatoes
better than rich heavy land, and in fact the best crops are often
grown on the lightest land. The land is prepared for potatoes
much in the same way as for turnips, and while the latter
require a very large amount of labour, the former entail a great
deal. The lifting of potatoes is a very slow and expensive
operation, and when the weather is wet and imsteady the crop
is often slightly damaged in the process. About the same
quantity of farmyard manure is given to the acre for potatoes a??
for swedes, but the dose of artificial manure is generally
increased a little. The yield of potatoes varies very much,
ranging from 4 to 8 tons per acre, according to the condition of
the land and the season. The crop in 1876 proved exceptionally*
good, and as much as L.28 was offered for the acre. In 1875 a.
large farmer in the Black Isle pocketed about L.1800 for the
potatoes grown on a field of 70 acres.

Other Green Cto]^s. — About 20 acres are put under mangold-

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 183

wurzel every year, and in a favourable season the crop is
generally good. Only from 6 to 8 acres is sown with carrots and
from 30 to 40 with cabbage, kohl-rabi, and rape, but tares are
grown pretty extensively. A great many crofters grow small
patches of tares, and on almost every farm there is a little corner
of tares for early use among cattle. The acreage under tares in
both counties in 1876 was 814 acres, and in 1854 it was 878
acres.

Cattle.

It has already been stated incidentally that Eoss and
Cromarty are not cattle-breeding, but extensive cattle-feeding
counties. In fact there are few counties in Scotland in which so
small a number of cattle is bred ; and on the other hand in
which so much beef is prepared. According to the Board of Trade
returns the number of cattle in Eoss and Cromarty was in : —

Two Years old
and upwards.

7,578
8,552
8,025
7,645
8,468
10,080
2,502

The increase in the number of all kinds of cattle, especially
cows and young stock, during the past twenty-two years, as will
be seen above, is very great, but when it is mentioned that there
are barely three cows to every farm and croft in the two counties,
some idea will be had of the small extent at which cattle-breed-
ing is carried on. Probably several hundreds of the smaller
crofters keep no cattle, but with this in view it has been calcu-
lated that the 4G1 farms above 50 acres in extent do not average
more than ten cows each. The little breeding that is carried on
is confined chiefly to holdings under 100 acres and to farms on
light land. In fact, it may safely be stated that on eight out of
every ten of the farms on the latter class of land only as many
cows are kept as are sufticient to supply the farm with milk ; and
in a few of these cases the calves are sold off as soon as they are
able to stand the fatigue of removaL With very few exceptions
the cows kept by the crofters are of the Highland breeel, and
tliougli ])erfecti()n is yet a long way off, a very decided improve-
ment lias taken place in the crofters' cattle within the past (piar-
ter of a century. More care is now exercised in the selection of
cows, but it is mainly by the use of a better class of bulls that
the improvement lias been brought about. Several proprietors
have very wisely been assisting the crofters on their estates to
procure really good bulls, and recognising the benefits that follow

Tears,

Cows or Heifers in

3Iilk or in Calf.

1854,

4,640

1857,

5,110

1869,

10,630

1871,

15,899

1873,

16,599

1876,

16,796

Increase,

12,156

Under two

Total.

Years.

3,632

15,850

3,948

17,61,)

12,016

36,671

12,110

35,654

15,500

40,567

14,733

41,609

11,101

25,759

184 ON THE AGPJCULTUKE OF THE

these efforts, the crofters themselves are now manifesting
considerable care in the selection of sires. On the smaller of
these crofts, where only one cow can be kept, the calf is usually
sold off when two or three weeks old or when fostered ; and
on the larger crofts the young animals are generally kept till
they are stirks, and sold in winter or spring according to the
supply of food. No feeding takes place on crofts, but the cows
are much more liberally treated with food than some fifteen or
twenty years ago. Overstocking has disappeared to a very large
extent, but in many cases the cows are still kept to too great an
age. It would be greatly for their own benefit if crofters would
change their cows much oftener than they do. Though the
majority of the crofters rear from Highland bulls, a large number
are now availing themselves of the Shorthorn bulls imported by
the larger farmers ; and from Highland cows and Shorthorn bulls
they are rearing much better cattle than have ever before been
seen on their small holdings. Only a very small breadth of tur-
nips is grown among the crofters, and in an open winter the cows
and stirks are turned out on the hills and pasture grounds every
day. Where breeding is pursued on the farms a very fair class
of cows are kept, mostly crosses from Shorthorn bulls and either
West Highland, Polled, or Ayrshire cows. Crosses between West
Highland and Shorthorn bulls generally turn out well, but we
have a decided favour for a cross from a Polled cow. Animals of
this latter stamp are growing more and more in favour every day,
as might be inferred from the demand that is presently display-
ing itself for females of the polled breed. Among farmers gener-
ally shorthorn bulls are now used almost exclusively, and have
been so by a few for more than thirty years. Long prices are
frequently paid for sires of this fashionable breed, and there can
be no doubt that the money expended in this way is wisely spent.
Hitherto the Eoss and Cromarty farmers have had to appeal to
more southern counties for bulls for their farms, but now they
can boast of a fruitful vineyard of their own, of which, however,
more anon. On farms where cows are kept solely for the supply
of milk, Ayrshires or crosses between Shorthorn bulls and
Ayrshire cows, are in the majority, and for the purpose for which
they are kept these classes of cows are probably the best to be had.
The question as to whether or not farmers should breed more
of their own cattle than they do forms a very important and
dif&cult problem. To discuss it fully would necessitate more
space than we have at our command here, and therefore we shall
content ourselves with recording our opinion that the farmers of
Eoss and Cromarty should breed a good many more cattle than
they do at present. Undoubtedly there are several farms in
these counties unsuited for cattle breeding, partly because the
land grows inferior grass, and partly owing to the high rent

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CEOMAETY. 185

which the tenants have to pay ; but we are decidedly of opinion
that it would be beneficial both for themselves and the country
at large, were nine-tenths of the Eoss and Cromarty farmers to
rear, at least, one-third, probably one-haK, of their cattle on their
own farms. As already stated, a few do breed about this propor-
tion, some even more, but the general system pursued is to breed
as few cattle as possible, and to buy in stirks and two-year-olds
from Caithness, Inverness-shire, and elsewhere in the north, and
from Irish drovers and feed them off. Cattle feeding is now so
important a branch of agriculture in these counties as to merit
more than a mere passing notice. But before speaking at length
upon it, we must refer briefly to another important system of
live-stock farming recently introduced into these counties,
viz : —

Shorthorn Breeding. — For many years the most northern herd
of shorthorns in Scotland was at the farm of Hillhead in the
county of Nairn, but now there are two in Inverness-shire, one in
the Black Isle, and two in the county of Caithness. The
Inverness-shire herds are at Dochfour and Kirkton, and both are
well known for their superior blood and careful management.
The Black Isle herd is at the fine farm of Udale, and judging from
the foundation that has been laid, it promises to be one of the
most valuable herds of shorthorns in the north of Scotland. Mr
James Gordon, the enterprising tenant of Udale, reared a very
fine class of cross cattle up till 1871, when he began to turn his
attention to^" shorthorn breeding. At a public sale at Huntly,
Aberdeen.shire, in March 1871, he purchased a handsome dark
roan yearling heifer, " Mayflower " after " Prince of Worcester,"
and descended from the stock of Mr Bruce, Broadland, Huntly.
" Mayflower's " first calf was " Maid of lioss " by '' Grand Duke,"
bred at Broadland. Both the mother and daughter are still in
the herd and breeding regularly. The daughter, though only
four years old, has had no fewer than five calves, having had
three at a birth last spring. AU the three died, but the other
two are still on the farm — " Maid of Ross 2d," and '' Maid of
Ross 3d." Both are by " BaUiemore," bred by Mr Bruce,
Newton of Struthers, and now at Rosehaugh. Besides " Maid
of Ross 1st," " Mayflower " has had four calves — two buUs and
two heifers, the latter being " Helena " by '' BaUiemore," and
" Queen of Ross " by " Royal Eden," bred by Mr Dent, Katerfold
Brough, \\'estmoreland, and out of a cow bred by Mr Linton,
Sheriff Huttoa, York«hire, and after a bull of mostlv Booth
blood, named " Eden." " Royal Eden," who has been a freijuent
prize taker in England, was buiight by Mr Gordon at Birmingham
in March 1875. In 1872 ^Ir Gordon purchased " Clara," a nice
yearling heifer, bred by .Mr Cantlie, Keithmoi-e, l)ulltown,
Bauflshire, and after " Argus," a Dalkeith bull ; and her progeny

186 ON THE AGKICULTUKE OF THE

at Udale is " Ehua Eden," a fine red heifer calf after " Royal
Eden." In 1874 he purchased " Beauty/' a handsome two year
old heifer, bred by Mr Macdonald, Wester Moy, Morayshire, and
after " Knight of the Gale/' bred at JSTewton of Struthers and
descended from the Hillhead stock. This heifer has bred two
bull calves. In the spring of 1875 Mr Gordon purchased
" Elsie/' a full sister to " Beauty/' and she too has bred a bull
calf. In March of the same year he bought ten females and a
bull (" Royal Eden ") at a public sale at Birmingham, and these
are all in the herd still. The more noted of these were
"Luxury/' a thick square cow with good low. line, bred by Mr
AVilliam Howe, Tottington, and after " Heir of Windsor " of pare
Booth blood, and closely related to the famous " Royal
Windsor /' " Chloris," a richly fleshed red and white cow, bred
by Mr John Lynn, Church Farm, Stroxton, and after " Cambridge
Duke " (25,706) : " Beeswing " (three years old), bred by Mr
Bradburn, Wennesfield, Staffordshire, and after " Surley " (32,635),
and tracing back to very famous stock ; and " Lady of the
Lake " (three years old), bred by Mr Lamb, Abourn Hall,
Lincoln, after "Lord of the Manor" (29,178), and tracing back
to " Great M'Gull," who w^on tw^ice at the Royal English
Society's Show. " Chloris " produced a fine heifer calf,
" Highland Cherry," in September 1875, after " Duke of Cerisia
2d" (33,595), a bull of excellent Bates blood, while the cow
herself is of splendid Booth descent. At the dispersion of the
herd so long and carefully reared at Orbliston, Morayshire, by
the late Mr Geddes, in October 1875, Mr Gordon purchased
seven females — four of the well-known " Magnet " family, one
of the " Flowery " tribe, one of the " Cherry " tribe, and one of
the " Undines." At the dispersion of Mr John Outhwaite's
famous herd at Bainessie, Yorkshire, in March 1876, he
purchased a very fine roan five year old cow, " Rosebud " by
" Royal Windsor," from " Moss Rose " by " Baron Kellerby."
She cost 200 guineas, is in calf to " Lord Godolphin," and is a
lengthy massive roan with fine style and good shapes and
excellent quality. "Miss Danby 2d," a nice yearling by
" Royal Windsor," w^as purchased at the same sale for 80 guineas.
At the dispersion of the well-known herd of Mr Robert Bruce,
]N'ewton of Struthers, Forres, Morayshire, in October last, Mr
Gordon secured no fewer than twelve very good cows and heifers
at an average of about 30 guineas. But the most important
purchase of all has yet to be recorded. At the Highland and
Agricultural Society's Show^ at Glasgow, in 1875, Mr Gordon
paid 400 guineas for " Rosario/' undoubtedly one of the finest
bulls that ever entered a show-yard. He was bred by Mr
Browne, Doxford, Northumberland, after the famous " Duke of
Aosto/' and has been three times first at the Highland Show —

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. 187

at Inverness, Glasgow (where his sire and younger brother were
also first in their respective classes), and at Aberdeen last
summer. He has [also been a " Koyal " winner in England, and
at the Royal Irish Show in 1875 he topped his ovrn class, and
beat his illustrious father for the Challenge Cup. The securing
of a thoroughly good stock-bull is one of the main points of
shorthorn breeding, and the purchasing of " Eosario," to begin
with, speaks well for Mr Gordon's judgment and determination
in this respect. Twenty-two cows are in calf at Udale to
'' Rosario " this season (1876). Mr Gordon's herd now numbers in
all thirty-four cows and heifers and two bulls (" Rosario " and
" Royal Eden "); and forms an interesting and important feature
in the agriculture of the counties of Ross and Cromarty.

Cattle Feediiuj. — It has been calculated that the annual produce
of beef and mutton on five farms in Easter Ross is about equal
to the amount of beef and mutton consumed in Edinburgh in a
month — rather a contrast to those days in which that worthy
English lady, previously referred to, had to abandon her residence
in Ross-shire because the only description of beef she could find
for her table was that of old cows. The Board of Trade returns
do not place Ross and Cromarty very high up among other
Scotch counties with regard to the number of cattle above two
years old, exclusive of cows, or in other words of cattle that have
reached the feeding age. But it must be explained that the
buying-in system of cattle management so extensively pursued
in these counties excludes from these returns many hundreds of
animals that are annually fed within their bounds — at least
excludes them from the returns referring to Ross and Cromarty.
A very common practice among a great many of the Ross and
Cromarty farmers is to buy in stirks or two-year-olds about the
end of summer or autumn, and feed them off for the Eebruary,
March, and April markets, and as the Board of Trade returns are
not collected till the various crops have been sown, no cognizance
can be had of the sojourn in Ross and Cromarty of these buccolic
birds of passage. The 10,000 cattle of two years and upwards
that are allotted to these counties by the Board of Trade returns
do not therefore represent anything like the total numlier fed off
every year. AVhat that total might be no correct idea can be
given, but it may very safely be aflirnied that Ross-shire is now
one of the most extensive cattle-feedin<^ counties in the kin<j:d()ni.
On many small farms of from ](»() to loO acres in extent, from
twenty to thirty cattle, and in some cases even forty, are fed otl'
every year; while several farms of from 150 to 200 acres often
send in a season very close on 100 animals into the beef markets
in the primest condition. To ch^tailtlie various systems pursued
by all these dill'erent feeders would be useless, but we shall
append a verv few iiDtos on the modes adopted by thive or hnir

188 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

of tlie larger farmers, who may be described as the more exten-
sive beef producers. In a word, it may be stated bere that tbe
system of feeding most generally followed among tbe large body
of farmers is to tie up tbe cattle about tbe end of September,
feed them on soft turnips for tbree weeks or a month, or perhaps
a little more, then with swedes, along with straw or hay, and for
two months or so before selling off, from 4 to 8 lbs. per day of
cake, or cake and a mixture of grain.

Some idea may be had of the expensive system of feeding
pursued by a few of the larger farmers, when it is mentioned that
they do not consider themselves fairly remunerated for their
outlay and trouble in the preparing of their cattle for the market,
unless the balance between the buying and selling prices is equal
to L.2 a head for every month the animals have been on the
farm. Under the ordinary system of cattle-feeding prevailing
throughout the north of Scotland generally, about L.l or L.l, 5s.
a month is considered fair remuneration.

Mr Mackenzie, Dalmore, is One of the most extensive feeders
of cattle in the north of Scotland. He feeds off every year from
200 to 300 cattle according to his supply of fodder, and usually
commands the top prices in the markets. He commences to buy
in for the Christmas markets in the spring months, and selects
the best two-year-olds (generally crosses) that can be had in the
country in the north exclusively. They are fed on grass fields
from the first week of May till the middle of August, when about
fifty (or about one-half of the lot) of the better animals are
housed for preparation for the London Christmas market. For
about six weeks they are fed on an equal mixture of cut hay and
tares, along with 4 lbs. per day of a feeding mixture with draff
and dray from the Dalmore distillery, which adjoins the farm
steading. About the end of Sej)tember the diet is changed by
the introduction of a small quantity of white globe turnips and
the increasing of the dose of the feeding mixture (to which we
shall afterwards refer) from 4 to 6 lbs. per day. The globes are
continued for a week or ten days, and then displaced by yellows,
for which in about three weeks or a month, or about the end of
October, swedes are substituted. From this onwards each
animal gets 100 lbs. of swedes per day, along with 6 lbs. of the
feeding mixture (which, if necessary, is increased to 9 lbs.) ;
about 12 lbs. of hay, and about a pailful and a half of draff.
The first diet is given between five and six o'clock in the morn-
ing, and consists of 2 lbs. of the feeding mixture and half a pail
of draff to each beast. Shortly after, about 50 lbs. of swedes are
allowed, and again at eleven o'clock other 2 lbs. of the feeding
mixture, and a half pailful of draff and 12 lbs. of hay are given
to each animal, and followed at three o'clock by about 50 lbs. of
swedes, and in the evening by another allowance of the feeding

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CEOMAETY. 189

mixture and draff. In this way from forty to fifty fine bullocks
are prepared every season for the Smithfield Chi'istmas market,
where they usually command prices ranging from L.32 to L.-iO a
liead. The byres emptied by these bullocks are filled up by
bought-in two-year-old heifers, and these are fed exactly in the
above manner, and sold off as they become ready for the butcher ;
the stalls thus emptied being filled up by others so long as the
supply of turnips and litter lasts. About the end of May
" soiling " is commenced with a few heifers, grass being cut and
supplied to them in the byres along with 6 lbs. per day of the
feeding mixture. By this system, as already stated, Mr
Mackenzie feeds off from 200 to 300 cattle every year, according
to the supply of the straw — rather extensive feeding for a farm
of 370 acres of light land. From 10,000 to 12,000 stones of hay
are consumed by feeding cattle every year, and in addition to
this, and exclusive of turnips, Mr Mackenzie's annual feeding
bill usually amounts to about L.IOOO, from which it may be calcu-
lated that every season he puts double his rent under his turnip
crop in the shape of farmyard manure and exclusive of artificial
manure. As yet he has found that, by this high scale of feeding,
he has done more good to the land than to his own pocket ; but he
looks forward with confidence to a full return by and by.
And certainly such enterprise richly deserves a handsome return.
It may be mentioned that the cattle courts at Dalmore are
covered, and that some of the cattle are fed in stalls and others
in loose boxes. The feeding mixture used by Mr Mackenzie is
a very excellent one, and being new, a few particulars regarding
it may be read with interest. It consists of the following
ingredients, viz., 1 ton of pure linseed, 1 ton of oil-cake (linseed), 1
ton of beans or tares, 1 ton of oats, 1 ton of rye, 1 ton of Indian
corn, 1 ton of locust beans, 3 lbs. of common salt. All these
stuffs are gi'ound separately, and then thoroughly mLxed into one
" big batch." The average cost of the mixture for the past four
years was from L.9 to L.10 per ton, or about Id. per pound. Tor
about eighteen months the mixture was used without any linseed,
but it was found to heat the cattle too much, and to have a bind-
ing effect on their bowels, but since the introduction of the ton of
linseed the mixture has done its work admirably. From the
fallowing analysis it will be seen that fiesh-forming and blood-
forming ingredients and bone and muscle producers are combined
in tlie mixture in about their i)roper proportions. The linseed
was added since the mixture was analyzed, and therefore we are
unable to give an analysis of it, but it is well known that Unseed
is very rich in oily ingredients : —

190

ON THE AGKICULTUEE OF THE

Linseed Cake.

Beans.

Oats.

Indian Corn.

Locust Beans.

Tares, used
sometimes in-
stead of Oats.

1.* Aluminous compounds

31-00

24-00

12-75

7-/5

8-50

16-75

28-25

(Oil, . . .
( Starch, su.ear, &c.,

12-00

3-00

7-90

2-60

4-95

2-35

1-65

32-08

49-79

55-01

70-61

70-33

59-90

50-00

3. Woody fibre,

7-66

7-76

10-42

3-60

2-22

7-16

4-26

4.t Ash, ....

5-96

3-20

272

1-84

1-60

3-04

2-64

Mixture, .

11-20

12-24

11-20

13-60

12-40

10-80

13-20

100-00

100-00

100-00

100-00

100-00

100-00

100-00

* Containing Nitrogen, .

4-96

3-84

2-04

1-24

1-36

2-68

4-52

f ,, Sand, .

0-64

0-24

0-88

0-20

0-28

0-24

0-24

1 . Flesh formers.

3. Indigestible.

2. Fat producers.

4.

Bone formers

•

At the home farm of Ardross a number of very fine cattle,
chiefly crosses from Highland cows and Shorthorn bulls, are both
bred and fed, and in fat stock shows they have become quite
famous. A very fine red and white bullock, bred and fed at
Ardross, won the L.lOO prize at Birmingham in 1875 as the best
Scot in the hall, and of all the grand animals that left Scotland
for the English fat shows last year he was undoubtedly the most
meritorious. When at Ardross this fine animal was fed on
the mixture used at Dalmore. At Ballintraid Mr Munro feeds
close on 100 very fine cattle, mostly crosses picked up in Caith-
ness or elsewhere in the north. He uses a very large quantity
of cake and other feeding stuffs. At harness, Davidston, and
Kosefarm, in the Black Isle, occupied by three brothers, — Messrs
Thomas, Jonathan, and A. A. Middleton, — a large number of ex-
cellent crosses are bought in and fed. At Farness and Davidston,
together, upwards of 100 cattle are fed in the house in summer
upon hay, cake, and grain.

At the fine farm of Calrossie, in the parish of Nigg, and
occupied by Mr John Douglas, feeding is also carried on
extensively. In the spring and summer months ^Mr Douglas
generally buys in from 90 to 100 two-year-old cross
stots, mostly Caithness cattle, and nearly one-half of these he
feeds on cut grass, hay, and cake in covered courts, while the
remainder are grazed on the fields till about the end of September,
when they are housed for the winter, and fed on turnips, straw
and hay, linseed cake, and grain. At first only 2 lbs. of cake are
given per day to each animal, but as the market approaches it is
gradually increased to 5 lbs., while in addition about the
same weight of a mixture of rye, barley, and wheat is allowed
during the last six weeks. From thirty to forty are usually in

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CEO^IAETY. 191

prime condition for the Christmas markets, and the others are
sent o& as they become thoroughly fat, their stalls being filled
up as opportunity occurs with cattle for the following winter,

Mr Jonathan Middleton, the enterprising tenant of the Clay
of Allan, generally feeds every year close on 300 cattle of the
best sorts to be had in the north. From one-fourth to one-third
of these are " soiled " in covered courts in summer, and sent
away at various times during the summer and autumn. Their
food in summer consists of a liberal supply of cut grass, hay,
tares, cotton and linseed cake, and a mixture of wdieat, oats, rye,
and Indian corn. The winter-fed cattle are begun on yellows,
and after three weeks or a month get abundance of swedes along
with cake and meal ; and as many as possible are sent away
about Christmas.

Mr John Gordon, Balmuchy, is one of the most extensive and
most systematic feeders of cattle in Eoss-shire. He feeds in all
about 130 cattle every year, and his lot for the Smithfield market
have for two or three years been among the heaviest and finest
lots exposed in that immense mart. He buys in the greater
number in February and March — a few being bought in July and
August — and selects the best home-bred two-year-olds to be had,
taking an Irish beast only when a home-bred animal cannot be
had. When bought in the cattle are stalled and fed liberally on
swedes, cake, Indian corn, and hay. From thirty to forty of the
heavier animals are fed in the house all summer on cut grass,
cake, and Indian corn, and the others are sent to the grass about
the 3d or 4tli of May. From the 12th of August to the 1st of
September, according to the supply of grass, they are housed
again, and for three weeks they are fed on artificial food and
foggage. By about the middle of September yellow turnips are
ready for use, and after a short seasoning with these the regular
feeding system for the winter begins. About 0 a.m. each animal
gets 4 lbs. of a mixture of cake and Indian corn or oats (1 part
of cake and 2 of corn), and immediately after a moderate quantity
of swedes is given. The byres are cleaned out during this time,
and from nine till one o'clock the cattle are allowed to rest. At
the latter hour other 4 lbs. of the mixture are given and followed
by turnips as in the morning. About six in the evening a little
hay is allowed, and at eight Hugh Munro, the experienced and
careful cattleman, takes a round among his valuable herd to see
that every thing is quiet, but takes care not to disturb the
peaceful slumbers of those already "retired to rest." Shortly
before the market the mixture of cake and corn is increased by
1 or 2 lbs., according to how the animals are feeding, and how
their constitutions are standing out. ^Ir Gordon's lot of forty
bullocks, sent to the Smithlield market last year, ranged in weight
from 8 to 12 cwt., the average beiug about 10 cwt. The

192 ON THE AGEICULTUEE OF THE

remainder of the cattle fed at Balmiicliy range from 6 to 9 cwt.
in weight.

At the farms of CadboU and Cadboll Mount, Mr James Young
feeds annually about 160 very fine cattle, all for the southern
markets, and pursues a system of buying and feeding similar in
the main to that followed by Mr Gordon. Mr Young selects his
cattle with great care and taste, and his consignments to the
Smithfield market are equalled by very few from north of the
Tweed.

SJieep Farming.

Prominent as is the position that Easter Eoss has won for
the county in an arable-farming point of view, Wester Eoss
has gained it quite as good a name by the advanced system
of sheep-farming pursued among its hills and glens. Not
only is sheep-farming carried on very extensively in Eoss and
Cromarty, but the system of management pursued by the flock-
owners will bear favourable comparison with that obtaining in
any part of the kingdom. The class of sheep, too, is very excel-
lent ; and though bigger-boned animals may be reared on the
green-mantled hills in the south of Scotland, more kindly feeding
sheep are not to be found anywhere. They are well bred, care-
fully tended in their youth, and fed with no niggard hand, neither
in summer nor winter. These seemingly high-sounding words
will probably be appreciated all the more, when it is mentioned
that about a hundred years ago sheep-farming, in the'trae sense
of the term, was as little known in Eoss-shire as coffee-planting
at the present day. It has already been mentioned that Sir John
Lockhart Eoss of Balnagown was the first to introduce sheep-
farming into Eoss-shire, and that amidst strong opposition among
the natives, amounting even to open revolt, he succeeded in laying
a most substantial foundation for a most extensive and highly
remunerative branch of rural industry — a branch hitherto entirely
unknown in the north of Scotland. For seven years he was the
only sheep-farmer in the county of Eoss, if not indeed in the
whole range of country north of Aberdeen. In 1781 he gave up
his farm to a Mr Geddes from Perthshire, who in the face of
great opposition from the natives laboured diligently in the good
work for many years. At last he succeeded very well, and after
his death his son renewed his lease and rented some adjoining
lands. Between 1781 and 1790 other three gentlemen began
operations as sheep-farmers in Eoss and Cromarty on an exten-
sive scale, viz., a Mr Cameron from Port William, who took a
hill farm on Mr Munro's estate of Culcairn ; a Mr Mitchell from
Ayrshire, who rented a large tract of pasture land on the Tulloch
property, and Mr Macleod of Geanies, who leased a large extent
of pasture land among the hills on the west coast. Mr Cameron

COUNTIES OF llOSS AND CROMARTY. 193

and Mr Mitchell were thoroughly versed in the business of sheep-
farming themselves, and Mr Macleod obtained an experienced
shepherd from Perthshire to manage his flock. Despite the ex-
traordinary opposition of the natives already referred to, sheep-
farming, by the laudable efforts of these gentlemen, was fairly
established in Eoss and Cromarty by the advent of the present
century. By the introduction of this new industry the popula-
tion of several glens was considerably reduced, but that sheep-
farming has proved an immense benefit to the north of Scotland
is too plain a fact to require any discussion here. During the
first half of the present century several experienced sheep-farmers
from the south of Scotland planted themselves away north
among the Eoss-shire hills ; and in the hands of these and native
farmers who became enthusiastic in the movement, sheep-farming
developed into huge proportions. For some time black-faced
sheep only were bred, but about sixty years ago a good many
Cheviots were introduced, and found to suit very well. Among
the first to breed Cheviots to anv great extent in Eoss-shire was
the late Mr Walter Mundell, who went north from Dumfriesshire
some fifty years ago, and leased the extensive grazing farm of
Inverlaul, now held by his son of the same name. Even before
Che^/iots, Leicester tups were imported, and from these and
Cheviot ewes a very superior class of cross lambs, commonly
called half-breds, was reared. This system of breeding was
found very profitable, and during recent years it has become very
general. Sheep-farming extended very rapidly during the first
forty or fifty years of the present century, and by about 1860 it
had almost reached its height.

The following table shows the number of sheep in Eoss and
Cromarty at various periods since 1854 : —

Years.

One year old and
upwards.

Under one year
old.

Total.

1854,

• • •

• • •

251,619

1857,

...

• • •

304,444

1869,

280,721

110,067

390,788

1871,

266,171

93,783

359,954

1873,

255,263

104,925

360,188

1876,

260,434

102,546

362,980

Increase since 1854,

• • •

111,361

Decrease since 1869,

• • «

27,808

The decrease during the past seven or eight years is due chiefly
to the increased area of hill grazings now under red-deer, but
partly also to the fact (to which we may afterwards refer) that
several of the farms will not carry so many sheep at the present
day as they did some years ago. According to a return in 1857,
considerably more than one-third of the total number of sheep in
both counties were breeding animals, and since then we are
inclined to think the proportion has increased rather than

N

194 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

decreased. Fifteen or twenty years ago Cheviots and half-breds
were largely in the majority, and are so still, but during the past
eight or ten years the Black-faced breed has been gradually
making up upon them. But before summing up the general
system of management, we shall offer some details regarding the
operations of a few of the larger sheep -farmers, and a very brief
sketch of the hills and pasture-lands of both counties.

Sheep-grazing s and different Systems of Management.

To make a complete tour throughout the hills of Eoss and
Cromarty would be no easy matter, for they are very extensive
and wild. But imagination is a speedy pedestrian, and our
wanderings shall not last long. Starting from the Muir of Ord,
on the borders of Inverness-shire, we proceed westward along
the course of the Orrin, passing through the highly cultivated
and beautifully wooded estates of Highfield, Fairburn, and
Muirton ; and the first traces of sheep-farming are found in the
lower end of Glen Orrin, where there are one or two small stocks
of Black-faced sheep. Along the upper reaches of the glen for
about twenty miles the land is flattish, black, and heathy, and
occuj)ied by red-deer. Passing through the forest we come upon
better land, moderately even surface with green pasture and very
steep hills, rising on the borders of Inverness-shire to a height of
about 3000 feet. On the northern part of this glen the land is
blacker and more scant of pasture, and is occupied by Black-
faced sheep, while the land on the other side carries deer
principally. Continuing our rapid flight, we enter the extensive
property of Mr Balfour of Strathconan, which is taken uj) by a
deer forest, several very fine sheep-farms, and a few crofts. It
extends from Glen Orrin to the Dingwall and Skye Eailway at
Strathbran, and runs in three parallel glens, bound in by steep,
irregular, rocky hills, partly green and partly black and heath-
clad. Adjoining Mr Balfour's estate on the south is Mr Holm's
portion of Monar, partly occupied by deer and partly by Black-
faced breeding ewes, lambs being reared from these and Leicester
tups. The western portion of Monar, called Strathanmore, is
one of the finest grazing glensj in the county, and contains
hundreds of the finest red deer to be seen anywhere. The
Cheviot wethers, formerly reared on Strathanmore, invariably
topped the market. Continuing about five miles up this glen
we come to the water-shed of Loch Alsh, w^hile on the north we
have the sources of the Carron and the Meag, this height being
also the water-shed between these two rivers. Turning down the
Meag we enter Glennaig, where the hills are steep and wild,
green on the tops with month (mountain grass), which affords
very fine pasture for three months of the year. Near to the base
of the hills the surface is very rough, and mostly covered with

CQUXTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 195

heather mixed with green grass ; while on the flat there is a good
deal of wet marshy land, with here and there a heautiful green
plain, seemingly formed by soil w^ashed from the mountain sides
by the rocky torrents that stream into the Meag in such large
numbers. Glennaig is on the property of Sir Ivor B. Guest,
Bart., of Auchnashellach, and is leased by Mr James Gordon,
Udale, who also holds the extensive farms of Corrywick,
Camashie, and Glenmeanie, on the estate of Strathconan, and
situated further down the course of the Meag. Glenmeanie
extends to between 4000 and 5000 acres, and consists of a long
narrow glen, with steep rocky hills on either side and level in
the bottom ; and on the farm generally the pasture is fair, a large
extent being green and partially mixed with heather. The wind
blows very fiercely through this narrow trough-shaped glen in
winter, and to save the sheep from being blown up by the
drifting snow, and to afford them shelter, circular walls about 6
feet high, called " rounds," or " sheep stells/' are erected.
Glennaisc extends to about 10,000 acres and Camashie to about
7000, and Corrywick to upwards of 5000 acres. The latter two
together are rented atL.400, Glennaig at L.375, and Glenmeanie
at L.300. The best of the pasture land on Glenmeanie is under
Cheviot ewes, and the more inferior parts under Black-faced
ewes, but Mr Gordon intends increasing his Black-faced
stock considerably. Cheviot tups are put to the Cheviot ewes,
and Leicester tups to the Black-faced ewes about the 24th of
!N"ovember, and left among them till the end of December, when
they are brought back to Udale, the weakest of the Cheviot
ewes being drafted out and brought along with the tups, or sent
to the arable patches (extending to about 100 acres) on the lower
parts of the glen. Lambing commences about the 20th of April,
and the lambs are allowed to suckle till about the end of August.
The Cheviot wether lambs are sent to a higher farm to be kept
for two years, being taken down every year for wintering in the
low country about the 1st of October, and sent back to Glennaig
about the 1st of April. Camashie is wild and heathy, and here
Black-faced ew^es only are kept. Corrywick, thougli surrounded
with huge rocky hills, in recesses of which snow lies almost
throughout the whole year, has pasture richer and better
mixed with green grass, and on the lower and north side of this
farm Black-faced ewes are kept, and from these and Leicester
tups a superior class of grey-faced lambs are reared ; while on
the otlier parts of Corrywick grey-faced lambs, one-year-okls of
the same cknss, and two year old Cheviot wethers are grazed. The
grey-faced two-year-olds are either taken down to the low parts
of the county to be fed off by the end of February or beginning
of March, or sold off in store condition about the middle of
September. The Cheviot wethers here, as generally over the

196 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

north, are sold by reputation at the Inverness wool fair for
delivery in September. Mr Gordon begins to clip about the
20th of June, and immediately afterwards he dips the wethers in
a mixture of his own manufacture, the ewes and lambs being
dipped at weaning time. Again, about the middle of November,
the whole stock is dipped for the winter.

Between Camashie and the Meag on the south are the farms
of Carnock and Scardroy, occupied by Messrs Maclennan, and
carrying a fine stock of Cheviot ewes and wethers. Passing
down the glen from these farms we reach Mr Balfour's shooting
lodge of Dalbreck, the home farm of Strathconnon, and a number
of tidy little crofts with neat comfortable-looking cottages. The
braes on both sides are covered with thriving plantations of fir
and larch, the former predominating. Between this and Scatwell,
about six miles further east, there are several small farms
covered with Black-faced stocks, the land being black and rocky.
On the south side of the Meag, where it joins the Conon,.
Scatwell House, the residence of Mr Mackenzie of Scatwell, nestles
beautifully in a picturesque romantic corner.

Another sheep farm on the Strathconon estate is Cashachan^
occupied by Mr John Gordon, Balmuchy, and rented at L.215.
This farm lies on the Auchinalt Hill, and in lower parts the pas-
ture is good, while higher up the surface is very steep and rocky.
A Cheviot ewe stock is kept here, and the weak ewes and lamlos
are drafted down to Balmuchy in December and January, and
fed on grass for two or three months, and then returned to-
Cashachan. In addition to this breeding stock Mr Gordon buys
in about 600 three-part bred hogs on the 12tli of August, and
feeds them on Balmuchy on grass, turnips, and cake, sending
them, after being clipped, about the 1st of May, to the Edinburgh
market. When fat, they usually weigh from 60 to 70 lbs. a
head. The Cheviot wether lambs from Cashachan are sold off in
August, and the ewe lambs are wintered at Balmuchy and on
pasture taken in the neighbourhood. Turning back towards Mr
Balfour's home farm we proceed down the Conon, till the fine
arable valley of Contin is reached ; and just as we enter this
valley another extensive sheep farmer comes across our path — Mr
Peter Eobertson, the enterprising tenant of Achilty.

Mr Eobertson has a sheep run of about 1000 acres attached to
Achilty ; and in addition to this he holds the grazing farms of
Garbat, on the Duchess of Sutherland's Strathpeff'er property, and
of Langwell and Glasstullich on Her Grace's Coigach estate.
These farms are far ahead of us yet, but for convenience we shall
notice them here. Garbat lies on Ben VVyvis, and on the higher
grounds there is good green pasture, but the greater portion of
the farm is covered with snow for five or six months of the year.
Mr Eobertson entered the farm in 1872, and took over at valua-

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CROMARTY. 197

tion a very fine stock of Cheviot sheep, belonging to the outgoing
tenant, Mr Mackenzie of Ord. Mr Eobertson considered the
elevation of Garbat too high for Cheviot sheep, and accordingly
he displaced Mr Mackenzie's stock by a very fine stock of Black-
faced ewes. He finds that Black-faced sheep thrive exceedingly
well in Garbat, and intends breeding them extensively. He
bestows great care on the selection of tups, and as a natural
result he is rearing some of the finest tup-lambs to be seen any-
where in the north. His first crop of Black-faced tup lambs was
disposed of at a public sale at the Muir of Ord, held by the
Northern Counties Pastoral Club, in September last, and the
prices ranged from L.3 to L.27. The lambs are dropped on this
farm from the 20th to 22d of April, and the ewe lambs are
allowed to suckle their mothers up till the 12th or loth of
August, while the tup lambs are left with their dams till the 1st
of October. The whether lambs and cast ewe lambs are sold at
Inverness Wool Fair, and delivered immediately after being
weaned. The better class of ewe lambs is retained for breeding,
•and are sent to winter in Aberdeenshire in the first week of
•October. The tup lambs are allowed to remain on the hills till
•October, and then brought down to Achilty, where they are kept
till sold off in the following September. If brought down sooner,
their horns would spring so fast on the rich grass, that the flies
■would interfere with them, and spoil them dreadfully as well as
impair the growth of the lambs themselves. The ewes are kept
on the lower park of Garbat throughout the whole autumn.
Mr Eobertson has been well-known as a successful breeder
of Black-faced sheep for well nigh a quarter of a century,
and on leaving the .sjrazings of Xovar at Whitsunday, 1875, he
handed over to the Messrs Chutton of London a breeding stock
of 3000 Black-faced sheep at the large average (by valuation) of
L.2, 03. a head. Langwell and Glasstullich lie in the parish of
Lochbroom, and form a very extensive range of fair pasture,
rather mossy and wet, with a vein of limestone — which is said to
be traceable all the way north from Ballachulish — running right
through it. Mr Kobertson got possession of these farms in 1863,
and in the first few years he surface-drained a large portion of
it, and straightened the water-courses of streamlets by experienced
workmen from Wigtownsliire. He also got the proprietrix to
shift and embank the course of a river for about a mile and a
iialf, at a cost of about L.500, for which he pays interest. Ho
also erected at his own expense from four to five miles of wire
fencing, and pays interest on several miles more of march-fences.
The stock on these farms consists of Cheviot ewes and wctliers,
and tlie system of management is pretty much the same as at
Garbat, except that he rears no tups here, and sells no wether
lambs. The wether lambs here are sent to wintering in the first

198 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

week of October, and a few " Dinmonts " are brought down to
Achilty for turnips in the month of December, and in a very
severe winter a second draaoht is sometimes taken down in
February, the whole being returned about the middle of March.
The tups from the various farms are brought in from the ewes
about the 1st of January, and kept on turnips at Achilty until
the 12th of April, when they are sent back to the hills. Mr
Eobertson does not approve of giving turnips to tups during
close time, as he thinks it has a tendency to make them soft and
lazy. Mr Eobertson smears all his old sheep, commencing
about the 12th of October, and dips the younger lots. The
yeld sheep are dipt from the 15th to the 22 d of June, and the
ewes shortly after.

Our next route through the hills will be along the Dingwall
and Skye Eailway. Passing Ben Wyvis on the right and black
bare pasture land on the left, we very soon enter the Kinloch-
Luichart district ; and here on the north side of the Bran some
very good grazings are under red deer. To the west of Loch
Luichart the Bran is joined b}^ a river which drains the valuable
grazing lands of Fannich forest, while on the south of the Bran
there is a considerable extent of mixed heath and grass land
occupied by sheep. Around Auchinault station there is a
beautiful green plain, very inviting for cultivation, but under
Cheviot sheep. On the south side of the line lies the extensive
sheep-farm of Strath Bran, occupied by Mr George Cruickshank,
Ardmere. It extends to about 14,000 acres, is on the estate of
Mr Matheson of Ardross, and is rented at L.670. Mr
Cruickshank keeps a breeding stock of Cheviots here, and takes
down the lambs to be wintered at Ardmore. About the upper
reaches of the Bran the land becomes blacker, and is occupied
chiefly by Black-faced sheep. Passing Auchnasheen, around
which there is some very good pasture-land, chiefly under Black-
faced sheep, we reach the farm of Ledgowan, tenanted by Mr
William Mackenzie, Auchandunie, factor for Mr Matheson of
Ardross. Ledgowan is also on the Ardross property, is very
good pasture land, and carries an excellent stock of Cheviot
sheep. At the west side of this farm we again reach the
watershed, and proceeding on we enter Strathcarron, the property
of Sir Ivor B. Guest, Bart., in which strath there is a large
extent of fine green pasture. Between Strathcarron and the west
coast the hill pasture becomes blacker and the surface more
uneven and rocky. Before arriving close upon Strome Ferry the
hills are very steep and rocky, and along the side of Loch Carron
there are a few irregular patches of arable land, with hill
grazings attached, on which a mixture of Black-faced and
Cheviot sheep is kept. Passing Strome Ferry we land upon the
Lochalsh Hills, which are mostly low and covered with rich

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 199

green pasture, with a very little heath intermixed. Crossing at
the top of Loch Luig, into which falls the river Luig, we enter a
very fine grazing strath, in which are situated the fine farms of
Killilan and Blackwater occupied by Mr Brown. We are now
in the parish of Kintail, and proceeding up the shore of Loch
Duich, on either side of which there are some very fine grazing
lands, principally green, but steep and rocky and very grand, we
come into full view of Inverniate House, the property of Mr
Matheson of Ardross, and beautifully situated on the east side
of the loch.

A few miles right inland from this point lies the fine graz-
ing farm of Lienassie, occupied by Mr Alexander Maclennan.
It extends to about 14,000 acres, is on the estate of Mr Matheson
of Ardross, and is rented at L.815. The farm is steep and
mountainous, but the pasture is mostly green and of very fine
quality. It is stocked wdth very fine Cheviot ew^es and w^ethers.
Mr Maclennan winters both his ewe and wether hogs in the low
lands of Eoss-shire, Inverness-shire, and sometimes Aberdeen-
shire, and also sends away for nearly three months in the winter
a considerable number of his " Dinmonts." The remainder of
the flock is kept all the year round on Lienassie. In this
neighbourhood generally the land is well adapted for Cheviots,
but there are now several "hhsels" of Black-faced sheep
throughout the district. The large farm of Invershiel, tenanted
by Mr Macrae, and stocked principally by Cheviots, lies at the
top of Loch Duich, while a little further south is situated Mr
Andrew Mitchell's fine farm of Eatagan on the estate of
Glenshiel, belonging to Mr Baillie of Dochfour, extending to
about 15,000 acres, and rented at L.71o. The pasture is a
mixture of heath and grass, affording abundance of food in
summer, but rather backward in spring, there being no " moss-
ing " or fresli growth till rather late for giving sheep a good
start. The hills are very high and rocky, and intersected with
rapid running burns, which in wet weather come down very large
and are apt to sweep away sheep. The stock is Cheviot sheep,
partly ewes and partly wethers, and a few Highland cattle not
bred on the farm. Mr iMitchell smears the whole of his sheep,
with the exception of a few hogs sent away to lowland winter-
ings, and the process of smearing usually continues for about
tliree weeks from the 6th or Sth of October. The wethers are
dipt about the 18tli of June, and the ewes about ten days later.
The older sheep, with the exception of part of the " Dinmonts,"
are wintered at Eatagan, and all the wether hoggs and about
three-fourths of the ewe Iiolt'^s "o to the lowlands for wintering.
In very stormy weather the wethers on the high ground have to
be taken down to the low ground, which is usually preserved for
the ewes, and they are kept there till the snow storm subsides.

200 ON THE AGRICULTUEE OF THE

The hoggs leave for the wintering about the 20th September, and
return about the 1st April.

Eetracing our steps towards Stronie Ferry, and crossing Loch-
carron, we enter the far-stretching hills of Applecross, mostly
under red deer and crofters. The principal proprietors in this
district are Lord Middleton of Applecross, Sir John Stuart of
Lochcarron, and Mr David Darroch of Gourock. The
extensive estate of Torridon belongs to Mr Darroch, and as in
Applecross, it is chiefly occupied by crofters and red deer.
Leaving Torridon and proceeding towards Loch Maree, we pass
through a considerable stretch of very fair grazing land, and
before reaching the loch we find on our right the large grazing
farm of Kinlochewe, tenanted by Messrs Elliot & Scott, and
stocked with excellent mixed Black-faced, cross, and Cheviot
sheep. The land is mostly black and heathy, with here and
there a few green patches. On the west side of Loch Maree lies
the extensive deer forest of Gairloch, and on the north-east the
extensive grazings of Letterewe. Taking a rapid flight over the
romantic hills of Lochbroom, we rest for a little at Inverlaul. On
the south-west side of Lochbroom lie the extensive conjoined
farms of Auchluanachan and Auchindrean, for several years
occupied by Major Davidson, yr. of Tulloch. These farms are
on the estate of Braemore, and in addition to 500 arable acres
they contain 30,000 acres of moderate pasture land. Major
Davidson paid a rent of L.1250. Little more than twenty years
ago these farms were rented at L.500. On the north-east side of
Lochbroom lies the fine farm of Inverlaul, extending to close on
30,000 acres, situated on the Coul property, and rented by Mr
Walter Mundell at L.742. The late Mr Walter Mundell, who,
as already stated, was one of the first to breed Cheviots extensively
in Eoss-shire, leased this farm close on fifty years ago, and since
then it has been in the possession of the family. Part of the
land is good, with abundance of green pasture, but a considerable
extent is of little value. In the days of the late Mr Mundell,
the Inverlaul Cheviots were famed all over the country, and of
recent years there has been no falling off. The stock on the farm
consists of Cheviot ewes and wethers, and is managed very much
in the manner already described on one or two other farms. Mr
Mundell 's wethers, when sold at the Inverness Wool Fair for
delivery in September, generally bring from L.2, 3s. to L.2, 8s. a
head, and the cast ewes from LI, 10s. to L.l, 15s. The large
grazing farm of Inverpolly, on the Coigach property, and also in
this parish, is leased by Messrs Marshall & Scott, and stocked
with very fine breeding Cheviots. They rear a large number
of excellent wethers, and buy in a good many more.

Proceeding in a north-easterly direction from Lochbroom, we
enter the parish of Kincardine, in which Sir Charles Eoss of

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 201

Balnagowii owns an immense stretcli of pasture land. He
himself occupies the forest farm, which is valued at L.IOOO, and
on which he keeps a large and very fine breeding stock of
Cheviot sheep. The hogs are wintered in Easter Eoss, but the
others remain all the year round on the forest farm. The
pasture is generally pretty good, with several very beautiful
green straths, in which limestone exists extensively. Leaving
Kincardine and proceeding towards the south-east, we pass
through the large and valuable forests of Strath Vaich and Strath
Piannoch, with Glen Diebidale and several other fine grazings on
our left ; we at last join a welcome friend — the " Iron Horse "
— at Garve ; and here our hurried notes must end.

General System of Management.
"From these necessarily hasty notes it may be gathered that
wherever green pasture is plentiful Cheviot sheep are to be
found ; where the pasture is mixed a few half-breds or three-
part bred sheep are reared ; and where it becomes more moderate
the Black-faced breed prevails. A few farmers have ewe stocks
only, aud a few wether stocks only, but by far the majority have
a mixture of ewes and wethers. As a rule the wethers are kept
separate from the ewes and marked off into different " hirsels,"
each shepherd having his own distinct mark. Almost all breed-
ing stocks, whether Cheviot, cross, or Black-faced, are managed
pretty much on the same broad principles, though in the minutiae
of the systems of several of the farmers there may be a little
variety. The tups are let loose from the 2()th to the 27th of
j^ovember, and taken in again about the end of December or 1st
of January, and from forty to sixty ewes are apportioned to each
tup, according to the lie of the land. The lambs thus drop dur-
ing the last two weeks of April and first week of May, and are
aliow-ed to suck their mothers till about the 12th or 15th of
August, when they are shifted on to good pasture for a
short time. The " shotts " or small ewe lambs, and " cast " or
old ewes (about five years), are sold either hy reputation at the
Inverness Wool Fair, or at the autumn markets at the Muir of
Ord. Cast Cheviot ewes usually bring from 25s. to 35s., while
shott lambs vary from 8s. to IGs. Black-faced cast ewes sell at
ironi 18s. to 24s., and " shott " lambs from 8s. to 15s ; three-year-
old wethers are generally sold at the Inverness Wool Fair for
delivery about tlie month of September ; and for those of the
Cheviot breed the ])rices range from 35s. to 48s. ; while Black -
faced wethers usually bring from 28s. to 37s. ; Cheviot wether
Iambs sell at from 15s. to L.l. Those who keep ewe stocks only,
sell off their wether lambs, the cast ewe lambs, aud the cast ewes
every autumn, and retain the better ewe lambs to recruit their
stock of ewes. A good many sheep-farmers hold also arable

202 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

farms in the lowlands of the counties, and two or three of these
feed their wether lambs for the spring markets, while
others utilise their low ground pasture as wintering for their hill
stocks ; bringiQg down the hoggs all winter, and sometimes the
weakest of the old sheep for a month or two. Those who hold
the bleacker and more elevated farms have to remove the greater
number both of their old and young sheep during winter, but,
generally speaking, the system is to send the hoggs away dow^n to
wintering to the low lands of Eoss and Cromarty, Inverness,
Moray, and Aberdeenshire, and to retain the older sheep at home
on the lower and better sheltered grounds. Many thousands of
the Eoss-shire hoggs go to Aberdeenshire every winter, and in an
ordinary year they come back in good condition. These
hoggs generally leave home about the 1st of October, and return
about the 1st of April. In some cases the ewe hoggs only are
sent off to wintering, in others the wether hoggs alone leave home,
while in a few instances part of both. Generally the weaker
beasts are shifted to escape the hardships of the stormy months
among the higher hills. When the wether hogs return in spring
they are generally sent on to the higher lands for the summer
months, the lower valleys and straths being retained as ewe
ground. Older sheep are generally smeared about the beginning
of October, and in some cases also dipped, immediately after
being clipped, if wethers, and at the weaning of the lambs, if
ewes. The lambs in some cases are dipped at weaning and about
the middle of November, and in others, dipped or smeared,
generally dipped, about the end of September before leaving for
their winter quarters. A few farmers dip the hoggs again in
February, but this is done only occasionally.

Clip2^ing. — This important part of the sheep-farmer's work
commences about the third week of June, and is seldom all
accomplished before the end of the month. The collecting of
the sheep from the wide mountainous ranges on which they are
grazed sometimes occupies several days, and the mustering of
labourers for clipping is occasionally a matter of considerable
difficulty. All these preliminaries over, however, the work
proceeds rapidly. The weight of the fleeces varies very much
according to the season and the quality of the pasture on which
the sheep are grazed. The following may be taken as pretty
near the averaeje : —

Cheviots {smeared) — Wethers, 6 to 7 lbs. of wool ; Ewes, 4 to 5
lbs. ; Hoggs, 5 to 6 lbs.

Cheviots {dijjped.) — Wethers, 4 to 6 lbs. of wool ; Ewes, 3 to
3 J lbs. ; Hoggs, 3 J to 4 lbs.

Black-faced (smeared.) — Wethers, 5 to 6 lbs. of wool ; Ewes, 3^
to 4 J lbs.; Hoggs, 4 to 5 lbs.

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMAETY. , 203

Black-faced {clipped.) — Wethers, 3 J to 5 lbs. of wool ; Ewes,
21 to 31 lbs.; Hoggs, 3 to 4.

Grey- faced Hoggs (clijrped.), 4z to 5 lbs. of wool.

Bents. — The rent of the Eoss and. Cromarty grazing farms
varies considerably. For the better class of ewe land, or land
with abundance of green pasture, as much as 5s. a head is paid
for the stock the land is computed as capable of carrying ; while
for black heathy and highly elevated land 3s. a head is a very
general figure. Over both counties the average is probably a
little over (certainly not under) 4s. a head ; and compared to
twenty-five or thirty years ago this shows an increase of fully
Is. a head. A good many ewe farms, i.e., farms adapted for
breeding, have been very nearly doubled in rent since 1840,
while almost every ewe farm in both counties has been increased
at least one-third. Eents of grazing farms are paid in one sum
at Martinmas for the year from the Whitsunday preceding to the
Whitsunday following the term of payment.

Shepherds. — The large majority of shepherds are married, and
live in cottages in the midst of the glens in which they tend
their flocks. Some of them have small patches of arable land,
and on these they grow potatoes and occasionally a little meal
for themselves and their families. The general rate of wages is
from L.18 to L.20 a year, with free house, keep for two cows, and
from ten to twenty sheep, 7 bolls of meal, and potato land free,
or an allowance of potatoes. The unmarried shepherds usually
reside with those that are married, and in these cases the married
men are allowed to keep three cows, and sometimes have addi-
tional allowances otherwise. When away from home with sheep
at wintering, their food and lodgings are provided either by
their employers, or by those from whom the pasture is taken.
Some have no allowance to keep sheep, while others have even
larger flocks than w^iat we have mentioned. Shepherds' wages,
like those of ploughmen, have nearly doubled since 1850, and
during the past few years they have been increasing rapidly. It
cannot be said, however, that they are overpaid as yet ; they
were considerably underpaid a quarter of a century ago. The
size of the '' hirsel " allotted to a shepherd varies according to the
class of sheep and the description of the land. Of breeding
stock they range from 400 to 600, and of wethers they are
generally a little larger. A few additional shepherds have to be
employed to assist in winter.

Profits Tww and Tiocnty-fivc Years ago.

We are inclined to think that sheep-farmers at the present day
do not make (|uite so much profit off their flocks as they did
some twenty-five or thirty years ago, though it is pretty generally

204 ON THE AGKICULTURE OF THE

recognised as a fact that, of all the varieties of British fanning,
sheep-farming is still the most remunerative. The agencies at
work in the reduction of the sheep-farmer's profits have been
many and various, and that reduction, in the case of wether
stocks especially, has been very considerable. The farmer who
keeps a wether stock only has just the balance between the
buying and selling prices, after deducting keep and other
expenses and losses, to live on and to pay his rent from.
Twenty-five or thirty years ago he paid about 12s. a head for
lambs (Cheviots) and LI. for hoggs, and sold them as three-year-
old wethers at about 36s. a head. Now he pays about LI. for
lambs and 30s. for hoggs, and obtains 45s. or 46s. a head for three-
year-old wethers. It will thus be seen that the buying and
selling prices have stood in almost the same relation to each
other during the past quarter of a century. But not so with the
expenditure between the day of purchase and the day of sale.
Wintering has been doubled, shepherds' wages nearly so, smear-
ing and dipping expenses increased, and losses also very largely
increased. Even during the past ten years wintering has in-
creased nearly 100 per cent. During the six years from 1863 to
1868 one of the largest sheep-farmers in Eoss-shire informed us
that his average for wintering his black-faced hoggs in Aber-
deenshire was 3s. 6d. a head, and that now he pays exactly
double. When the wintering is very good, or a little turnips
added, the average cost is never under 7s. 6d. a head. And
again, by some unknown cause, the losses from death are heavier
now than formerly, while a greater number have invariably to be
noted in the shepherd's da3-book as " unaccountable." As a
rule, of every twenty wether lambs bought in August, or sent
away to wintering, only fourteen or fifteen remain for sale as
three year wethers ; and by the increased price that is paid for
it and the expenses laid out upon it, every hogg or wether that
dies or goes amissing now is nearly equal to the loss of two some
thirty years ago. To make up for all this increased expenditure
and losses, farmers have to depend mainly on the crop and sale
of wool, which in fact may be said to regulate almost entirely
the profits of a wether farmer. Though the ''clip" is usually
heavier now than thirty years ago, and the prices for wool
occasionally higher, the latter are frequently even lower ; and
taking everything into account, we are of opinion that no more
rent can be afforded for wether land now, with mutton at 9d. per
pound, than when it was selling at about 4d. Breeding stocks
pay considerably better now than previous to 1850, and chiefly on
this account we anticipate a large and speedy increase in the
number of Black-faced sheep in these counties as compared with
that of Cheviots, for it is well known that where only wethers
of the Cheviot breed can be kept, a breeding stock of Black-faced

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CEOMAllTY. 205

sheep would /thrive admirably. But still we do not think that
the increase in the profits from breeding stocks have quite kept
pace with the advance in the rent of ewe land, and consequently
the owners of breeding as well as of wether stocks, have to be
contented with a balance of slightly smaller proportions now
than some twenty-five or thirty years ago.

It is not alone of increased rent, w^intering, and other expendi-
ture that Ross and Cromarty sheep-farmers complain ; some of
them are beginning to find that their farms will not carry so
many sheep, or keep them in so high condition, as fifteen or
twenty years ago. Considerable portions of the grazings
are becoming foggy and rough and of little value as sheep pasture.
We could point to one or two hirsels which carried stocks of
from 1000 to 1100 over winter some twenty years ago, and which
will now winter scarcely 800. The cause of this, we believe, is
the covering of the land for so long a period exclusively
by sheep, without any Highland cattle being allowed upon it, as
was the case before sheep-farming reached its height. An ex-
perienced sheep-farmer says, " The land is gettiug tired of sheep,
and is needing to be cropped, and thereby sweetened, by Highlaud
cattle ; " and we have not the least doubt but the pasture would
be considerably improved by being overrun by Highland cattle
for a few years. The present holders probably could not afford
to try this experiment without the co-operation and assistance of
their landlords ; but w^e think that on several farms a few cattle
might be kept without lessening the stock of sheep to any appre-
ciable extent. Two or three farmers, in fact, have recently been
adopting this plan, and are finding that it is likely to have bene-
ficial results. Some farmers think that if those parts of grazings
that have become foggy were inclosed for two or three years, and
the grass allowed to rot on the ground, the fog would thereby be
destroyed, and the grass-producing qualities of the soil revived.
We certainly think some scheme ought to be tried.

Pure Bred Leicester s.

The Eoss and Cromarty sheep-farmers are very careful
in the selection of tups, and every year large numbers are
introduced at heavy outlay from the finest stocks throughout
the country. The large majority rear a certain proportion
of their own Cheviot and J5lack-faced tups, but the breed-
ing of Leicester tups is confined to a very few. Mr Hosack,
Docharty, Dingwall, has reared a few very good tups of this
breed for upwards of twenty years, and finds a ready sale for his
annual crop among the farmers of the county. ^Ir Hosack
began with J>lainslie ewes and a Polwarth tu]i, and has all along
been rearing from the original stock of ewes and strong well-bred
Border Leicester tups purchased at high prices. He has now

206 ON THE AGEICULTURE OF THE

about seventy ewes on his farm. Mr Gordon, Udale, has been
rearing a few very fine Leicester tups^f or five or six years, mostly
for his own use, though of late a small number have been offered
for sale. The nucleus of his stock came off the stock of the Eev.
Mr Bosanquet, Eock, while about four years ago he introduced
about forty ewes and gimmers from Marvingston. The tups used
at first were purchased from Mr Lees, and latterly from the
Messrs Clark, the top prices being always paid for these tups.
There are now about 100 ewes at Udale. Mr Munro, Ord, alst)
breeds a few ; while Captain Warrand, Eyefield, reared a good
many for several years, but dispersed his stock in September last.

Horses,

The following table shows the number of horses in both
counties at various periods since 1854 : —

1854,

3975

1871,

• •

6594

1857,

4759

1873,

• •

6743

1870,

6681

1876,

• •

7099

Increase since 1854,

• • •

3124.

Of the number of horses returned this year about 5300 are
employed in agriculture exclusively, while about 1700 are either
mares kept solely for breeding purposes, or young animals not
yet trained to work. The increase of this latter class during the
past five or six years is close on 70 per cent., and this no doubt
is due to the enormously high prices which have been current
for farm-horses for a few years back. These exorbitant prices
have turned almost every farmer to the breeding of horses for
himself, and we believe there is a larger number of foals and
young horses throughout the county at the present day than
there has ever been at any former period in the history of
agriculture. This must inevitably bring farm horses nearer to
theh proper value than they have been for some time, and indeed
in most counties they are beginning to decline already. The
farm horses generally throughout Eoss and Cromarty have been
improved very much during the past quarter of a century,
chiefly by the action of Farmers' Clubs and landed proprietors
in bringing in improved stallions ; but still they are far from
what might be desired. They are rather light and leggy, with
too little of the real Clydesdale stamp about them ; and it is by
the introduction of the best Clydesdale stallions to be had that
the desired improvement is most likely to be effected. Some
farmers seem to cling to light leggy horses because they go at a
smart pace in the reaper ; but this advantage, if it is such, is
surely more than counterbalanced by the shortcoming of these
animals at the heavier work of the farm. Farm-horses are
usually worked pretty steadily, but they are also well fed and
well cared for otherwise. From 60 to 80 acres of land — in a few

COUNTIES OF ROSS AND CEOMARTY. 207

cases where the land is light and level, even as much as 100
acres — are allotted to each pair of horses. Ponies are very
numerous among the crofters ; and among the farmers generally
there is a very excellent class of gig and saddle ponies from
twelve to sixteen hands high.

Swine, Poultry, and Markets.

Swine. — Swine do not get that care and attention v/hich they
really deserve. They ought to be kept in much greater numbers,
and fed and housed better than they are in most cases. These
remarks apply very generally to the whole north of Scotland.
The number of pigs in Eoss and Cromarty was, in

1854, . . 4583
1857, . . 4568
1869, . . 4664

1871, . . 6980
1873, . . 5898
1876, . . 6535

Increase since 1854, . i . 1952.

Considering that there are so many crofters in these counties,
it seems rather strange that so few swine should be kept.
Eecently several farmers have been feeding a good many, and
taking this into account we do not think that many more than
one-half of the crofters keep swine at all. Those that are reared
among the crofters are of a mixed and rather inferior breed.

Poultry. — Poultry-farming is not practised to any gi'eat
extent, except by some of the landed proprietors and on a few
large farms.

Markets. — Eoss and Cromarty are well supplied with cattle,
sheep, and horse markets. The most important of the lot is the
Muir of Ord market, the stance of which is close upon the
borders of Inverness-shire. This market, in fact, has been the
most important sheep fair in the north of Scotland for many
years, while it is also attended by large droves of Highland
cattle, Caithness crosses, and Irish cattle. It is held every
month all the year round, excepting April, for cattle ; in all the
months excepting January, February, and December for sheep,
and excepting January, February, April, and December for
horses. Cattle-markets are also held monthly at Kildary and
Fortrose, and occasionally at Alness Bridge, Dingwall,
Invergorden, &c., while sheep markets are held at Coigach and
elsewhere. Weekly grain markets take place at Dingwall, Tain,
Cromarty, and Fortrose.

Lahour.

It has already been stated that Eoss and Cromai-ty are
particularly well supplied with labourers' cottages, better, in
fact, than most other counties in the kingdom. And we cannot
help regarding this as one of the most satisfactory and pleasing
features in the agriculture of these counties. The scarcity of

208 ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE

farm labourers throughout the country is gradually becoming
more and more serious, and while so little is done in so many
counties to provide for these labourers — what is put within the
reach of every other class of the community — a home of his own
and the prospects of a comfortable married life, can it be
wondered at that men of spirit and enterprise would refuse to
remain plodding at the horse's head, while there are other (and
to him seemingly better) fields open ? Give the farm-labourers
cottages, and the prospects of some day having what they might
call a home of their own, and less will be heard of emigration
and the limited supply in the labour market. Eoss and
Cromarty provide these most reasonable comforts for their farm-
labourers, and as a natural consequence those '' anxieties, doubts,
and fears," manifested among agriculturists in other parts of the
country have never yet disturbed the social atmosphere of these
counties. There are very few "bothies," only one here and
there, and the unmarried servants (little more than a third of the
whole) either live with married men or in the farmer's kitchen.
There are no feeing markets, and engagements are usually made
from year to year through register offices, or quietly in a private
way between the farmers and the servants themselves. Men's
wages have advanced from 60 to 80 per cent, since 1850, and
women's about 120 per cent. Ploughmen generally receive for
the twelvemonths from L.15 to L.18, with from 8 to 11 bolls of
oatmeal, 6 bolls potatoes, and in some cases a few hundred yards
of " harvest " potatoes ; 1 pint of milk in summer and J pint in
winter, free cottage and garden, with allowance to keep a pig and
a few hens, and about 2\ tons of coals. Labourers get from 12s.
to 18s. a week, with free house and garden, and women about
Is. a day, with potato land and some coals ; and in harvest Is.
8d. a day. Harvest hands, when not resident on the farm, are
usually employed for a month at wages slightly higher than the
above rates.

Suborclmate Industries.

So much space has already been taken up with the subject
proper of this report that only a sentence or two can be added
regarding the subordinate industries. Excepting the fishing they
are not of very great importance. There are three fishing dis-
tricts, Stornoway, Lochbroom, and Cromarty, and along with Skye,
Lochcarron forms another. In 1874 the number of boats at
Stornoway was 1045 ; the number of fishermen and boys employed,
3959 ; the number of fish-curers, 40 ; of coopers, 70 ; the value of
boats, L.20,337; the value of nets, L.23,814 ; the value of lines,
L.11,314, and the total estimated value, L.55,465. At Lochbroom
in the same year the number of boats was 656 ; of fishermen and
boys employed, 2815 ; of fish curers, 10 ; of coopers, 4 ; the value

COUNTIES OF EOSS AND CROMARTY. 209

of boats, L.8451 ; of nets, L.18,360 ; of lines, L.2o48 ; and tlie
total value, L.29,3o9. At Cromarty the number of boats was
292 ; of fishermen and boys, 955 ; of curers, 8 ; of coopers, 28 ;
the value of boats, L.6998 ; of nets, L.12,512 ; of lines, L.2027,
and the total value, L.21,537. At Lochcarron and Skye (in
Inverness-shire) the number of boats was 695 ; of fishermen and
boys, 2067 ; of curers, 37 ; of coopers, 13 ; the value of boats,
L.6996 ; of nets, L.16,932 ; of lines, L.2235, and the total value,
L.26,163. The number of barrels of herring cured or salted at
these districts in the same year was : — Stornoway, 75,471|- ;
Lochbroom, 3070 ; Cromarty, 2388 ; and Lochcarron and Skye,
17,932. The number of cod, or ling, or skate, taken was : —
Stornoway, 325,141 ; Lochbroom, 43,880 : Cromarty, 14,471, and
Lochcarron and Skye, 15,180.

There are five distilleries — Dalmore, Teaninich, Ord, Glen-
moragie, and Balblair. Between 10,000 and 12,000 quarters of
barley are distilled at these five establishments every year, the
consumpt of Dalmore itself varying from 5000 to 6000 quarters.

OX THE TAXODIUM SEMPERVIRENS (OR EED WOOD) FOR

TDIBER PURPOSES.
By Robert Hutchison, of Carlowrie, Kirkliston.
[Premium — The Medium Gold Medal.']
Taxodium sempervirens (Lambert), the Redwood or Bastard Cedar.

Synonyms, — Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.
,, Taxodium nutkaense, Lambert.

■J ■ ,, Schuberiia semperinrens, S]yoic\i.

' ,, Condylocariyus sempervirens, Salisbury.

Leaves. — Mostly in twos, but sometimes in threes, on the lateral
branches and branchlets, linear, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse at the
ends, very slightly convex, and of a pale green colour on the
under side, but considerably darker and shining on the upper.
I'rom half an inch to an inch long, but smaller when young ; those
on the young shoots of the terminal point, distant and very acute.

Branches. — Spreading and horizontal, irregularly placed after-
nately along the stem, rather distant, and sprouting out nume-
rous lateral ones in two rows, those nearest the trunk generally
drooping, while, towards the shoots of young wood, at the
extremity of lateral branches, they are not uncommonly elevated
in graceful swee])ing curves.

Jjranchlets. — Numerous, in two rows, and bent downwards.

Floii'crs. — Moncecious, or nude and female separate ; but on
the same plant solitary and terminal ; male llowers globular, on
slender footstalks, and densely covered with very minute scale-
like leaves.

Cones. — Small, sub-globular, or obtuse-oval and ligneous, soli-
tary, terminal, and about an inch in length.

0

210 ON THE TAXODIUM SEMPERVIREXS

Scales. — Numerous, wedge-shaped, irregular in sliape,rugged and
wrinkled on upper edge, hollow in the middle, and furnished at the
point with a sharp horn-shaped blunt apex pointed outwards.

Seeds. — Irregularly shaped, woody, and three to five at the base
of each scale, and winged.

Habitats. — California and North- West America.

There can be no doubt of the close generic relationship be-
tween this magnificent pine, Taxodmm or Sequoia sempervirens,
and the well-known Wcllingtonia, or Sequoia gigantea, as it is
frequently called on the other side of the Atlantic, although
there has been considerable controversy between botanists as to
whether both pines are not members of the same genus, and as to
the distinctness of each. Dr Lindley's arguments against the
proposition of community of genus subsisting between them,
have been resolutely opposed by those of Professor Asa Gray,
Decaisne, and' others; and indeed at first, when the Taxodium sem-
2Mrvivens had been only recently introduced to general notice in
this country, it was matter of much speculation as to the real
botanical differences existing between the Wellingtonia gigantea
and Taxodium semioervirens, for as yet botanists had only the
foliage and the cones sent from abroad to guide them, no male
liowers having been produced in this country. These, however,
were first observed in England in 1866, and appeared identical in
structure and form in both conifers; a slight difference only existed
in the size. The principal distinction, therefore, seems to be
in the foliage ; the spines or leaves of Taxodium semiMrvirens
being distichously spread out like those of our common silver fir
(Picea ijectinata), or like those of the true Taxus genus ; whereas
the leaves of Wellingtonia gigaMtea have an imbricated, scale-like
appearance, resembling rather the foliage of the juniper family
than that of the Sequoia ; and even after they have attained full
development they retain a distinct sessile habit, without any
tendency to present aflat laminate surface-form. It should, how-
ever, be stated that, although from the distinctness in the structure
of the foliage mainly can any difference in genus be traced
between these closely allied coniferous giants, there is a spe-
cimen in the British Museum of a small branch of Taxodium
sempervirens which presents distinctly imbricated leaves, all along
its growth, except at the very points of the young branchlets ; and
these imbricated leaves are of the same shape, size, and general
appearance as those of Wellingtonia gigantea. No instances
have been recorded, or have come under our observation, where
the converse has occurred, or where the leaves or spines of
Wellingtonia have assumed the distichous, laminate habit of
the Taxodium. Dr Cooper,"^ however, reports that, at San Diego
in 1864, he found some trees of peculiar appearance, the foliage
being, he believed, intermediate between Wellingtonia gigantea
* Travaux de la Commission Geologique de California.

TOT. TIMBER PUKPOSES. 211

and Taxodium sempervii^ejis. But as in no other instance Lave
we any record of this peculiarity having been observed by other
travellers, it was probably due to some special cause, whether of
locality, soil, or other physical conformation of site, and must
not be taken as proving the identity of the two conifers conclu-
sively, but as a very significant fact, which, if supported by more
evidence of a similar nature fiom other localities beyond the
immediate radius of the original habitat of the Wellingtonia,
may prove of much value in solving the disputed point of iden-
tity in the botanical sense of the term.

The cones differ somewhat in size and compactness, those of
the Wellingtonia being rather larger, and more compact in tex-
ture. In the bark and timber again, the difference is very slight.
In the Wellingtonia, the former is thicker than in the case of the
Taxodium, while the timber is said to be lighter ; but the
general character of both, in point of texture, grain, and colour, is
the same. Both woods also abound in another essential element
of comparison when identity or community of genus is being con-
sidered. We refer to the red colouring matter (soluble in water),
with which the timber of both these pines has been found to be
largely diffused ; and from this peculiar characteristic, the name
of " red wood" has been given to the Taxodmm sempervirens.
The geographical area occupied by the Taxodium is much wider
than that of the Wellingtonia ; hence, though at first probably
the same plant identically, by wider diffusion of habitat, change
of soil, climate, altitude, &c., the Taxodium sempervirens may
have, by such successive and continuous alternations, acquired a
slightly altered character of foliage or otherwise, not sufficient,
however, to justify us in supporting Dr Lindley's theory of its
being entitled to be regarded as a distinct genus. The giant
survivors of the Mariposa Grove, and other special locali-
ties in California, where individual groups of the Wellingtonia
(jifjantea are still found, probably present to us the old " abo-
rigines" of the Sequoia type, while the wider distribution of
Taxodium semp)ervirens present to us the same individual (or
at most, a variety thereof), modified by geological changes or
climatic influences. The two are clearly, then, congeners, or
allies, as intimately related as are the Finus sylvestris and Pimcs
IHnaster, or the now generally accepted single family of Ccdrus
Lihani, Deodara, and Atlantica ; and probably a fair compro-
mise to this controversy regarding the nomenclature, would be
to accept both as of genus Sequoia, the one being ditferenced as
Sequoia Wellingtonia, and the other as Sequoia scmj^ervircns.
Tliis view lias been favourably entertained by Dr Seeniann and
other distinciuished botanists.

The Taxodium (or Sequoia) sempervirens, is found to occupy as
its native habitats, the nortli-western coast of America, where it
was first observed l)y Menzies in 1 700, and it has since been

212 ON THE TAXODIUM SEMPERYIREXS

found over a vv'ider area, growing in abundance on the moun-
tains of Santa Cruz, and indeed all over Upper California.
One of tlie iirst discoverers who introduced the Taxodium
semjMi^virens to this country was the lamented Douglas, who in
1836 forwarded seeds of it to Britain; but it must be admitted
that the late Dr Fischer was the first who sent the tree in a
living state to Europe, having in 1843 transmitted to St Peters-
burg young plants of Taxodium, as well as a substantial certifi-
cate of his opinion of the prospective value of the plants as
timber-yielding trees, in the shape of a transverse section of an
old trunk, which measured above fifteen feet in diameter, and
indicated as its a2;e, 1008 annular rinus. This section was not
sent from Californian habitats, but from the provinces further to
the north-west, where this conifer abounds in quantity, and
where it is frequently seen upwards of 200 feet in height, with
a trunk in many instances measuring over fifty feet in circum-
ference, and with a clear bole of fully seventy feet. Although
so well-suited to the north-western seaboard of America, the
mildest winters of the ]\Iiddle States almost invariably prove too
severe for its existence in those quarters ; but in its native con-
tinent, where the Taxodium scmjjervirens does thrive, it makes
amazingly rapid annual growths, and is an unusually handsome
and striking acquisition to the landscape. Douglas, writing of
this conifer in 1836, when all the freshness of novelty and dis-
covery were foremost in his thoughts, says in a letter, which is
]3ublished in " Hooker's Companion to Botanical Magazine," vol.
ii. p. 150 : — " The great beauty of Californian vegetation is a
species of Taxodium, which gives the mountains a most peculiar,
I was almost going to say, awful appearance, something which
plainly tells us we are not in Europe ; " — may w^e hope that by
the successful and extensive introduction of this pine into our
own country, such picturesque grandeur and sublimity of the
Western landscape may in future ages be reproduced on this side
of the Atlantic !

Since its introduction into Britain, the Taxodium sem^:)ervircns
has been very generally planted in all situations, soils, and alti-
tudes ; but has neither been so extensively ado^^ted, nor so
favourably received into public favour, as the Wdlingtonia
gigantea. One great prejudice against it, is its very frequent
liability to become injured by the early spring frosty winds,
which are so peculiar to our climate, and which — although, in the
whole course of our extended investigations regarding this pine,
we have been unable to find any instance of their having inflicted
fatal injuries — do undoubtedly so severely affect the foliage, as to
render the tree for the earlier months of summer a most unpro-
mising specimen in many localities and situations. In common
with the Wellingtonia, it acquires a singed and burnt appearance,
but its leaves become more brown, and are shed to an extent

FOR TIMBER PURPOSES. 21

Q

Avliicli the Wellingtonia rarely experiences in our climate; and the
effects of the weather in severe seasons are in this country
apparent upon the Taxodium, long after they have been thrown
off' and have disappeared from the Wellington ia, planted in the
same situations. iSTotwithstanding, however, this inaptitude for
throwing off quickly the effects of the frosty winds of March
and April in our latitude, the Taxodium, if left to itself, ulti-
mately recovers, and time may, by and bye, further inure the
constitution of the tree to these vicissitudes of spring. jMean-
time there can be no doubt that this susceptibility of injury has
greatly deterred the extensive introduction of the Taxodium into
Britain, and has materially prevented planters from using it in
quantity, either as a nurse, or as a forest tree for future profit.
This is, however, to be considered as matter of regret ; for not-
withstanding the liability to suft^er from spring winds in this
country, the Taxodium semj^rvirems is so tenacious of life, that
in several instances, where it has been recorded, during the
severity of such winters as 1860-61, or 1867, as having been
killed back to the very stem, it has always recovered ; and its
peculiar facility of sending out young branchlets from the main
stem, and from the back of the larger branches, enables the tree
to recover its lost ground in a short time. The thick, spongy
nature of its bark is of much use to the plant in such a case, by
protecting the alburnum and young wood from the intensity of
the cold, and so fostering the habit of forming and pushing forth
young branch-sprouts, when the exigencies of nature require
them, from the trunk or necks of the branches, for which this
conifer is so remarkable. Instances of the hardihood of the
Taxodium scmjycrvirens in this country, and of its capability to
withstand extreme temperatures and severe seasons, are numer-
ous. Thus, for example, in the memorable winter's frost of
1860-61, at Belstane, 900 feet above sea-level, and with the
thermometer indicating 28° of frost, some of the specimens were
slightly injured, while others growing there, but in a more
northerly exposure, were unscathed ; and in this locality all the
Wellingtonias were more or less severely affected. On the other
hand, at Twizell, where exposed to the sun and wind during tlie
same season, with the thermometer registering 8°, the plants were
a good deal injured, while the AVellingtonia escaped ; and in the
Bangholm Nurseries, near Edinburgh, wliere the most intense
frost of thnt winter v/as 0°, the Taxodium f^cmpcrvircns were
very slightly injured, and the plants of Wellingtonia entirely
escaped. The soil is well drained, and the ])lants in both in-
stances were fully exposed, and planted within half a mile of
the sea. The probable cause of the greater innuunity enjoyed
by the AVi'llingtonia, may have been the greater quantity of
snow retained as a covering on their young shoots, arising from
their denser foliage presenting a better surface to catch and hold

214 ox THE TAXODIUM SEMPERYIRENS

the friendly mantle, and also from their having been less ex-
posed to the wind than the plants of Taxodiimi scin^nrvirens had
been during the storm. In the farther north, as for instance in
Aberdeenshire, Morayshire, and Inverness, it has proved itself
quite hardy ; but it appears to thrive best on the west coast of
Scotland, owing to the greater moisture in the atmosphere, and
freedom from easterly winds.

In regard to soil in Great Britain, the Taxodium will be found
succeeding best in good loam of a deep nature, and with a damp
and cool subsoil. Indeed, in such soils as the Wellingtonia
thrives and delights in, this pine, which is so similar in habit
of growth, will be seen to produce most satisfactory results.
It is not, however, averse to any particular kind of soil, as there
is none, so far as has been ascertained, in which, in this country,
it will not live, provided other material requisites, such as expo-
sure to the north, so as to avoid the sun's rays in winter and
spring, cool substratum, &c., be present. At Gordon Castle, in
Morayshire, in the same winter, those plants wliich occupied low
lying situations in a light soil were killed, while it survived when
placed on a dry, airy site, in light soil, resting on old red sand-
stone rock ; but upon the whole, even there, in favourable sites,
considering the confirmation of the locality, the Taxodium can-
not be said to be a very rapid growing or luxuriant tree. At
Dupplin Gastle, in Perthshire, it thrives admirably in a good
loam, 2|- feet deep, resting on a sandstone rock bottom of great
depth, and in this situation it appears to enjoy the coolness of
the substratum, and its roots are clinging firmly to, and running
healthily along the rocky subsoil, which suits them well. The
best specimen there is now 48 feet in height, and 4 feet 10
inches in girth, at 1 foot from the ground. At Durris, Aberdeen-
shire, the Taxodium semijervircns thrives admirably. In a good
dry soil resting upon granite rock and gravel, it cones freely
every year. The best specimens are now about 35 feet in height,
and in girth, at 3 feet from the ground, are above 2 feet. They are
situated in somewhat sheltered positions, and have his season
(1876) made growths of over 2 feet in length. There have been no
complaints of the spring winds having injured the foliage in this
locality ; probably owing to the shelter afforded by the dense
foliage of the surrounding conifers in the magnificent collection
which adorns and clothes the landscape in the picturesque
grounds of Durris, and where there is probably one of the most
extensive and varied assortments of the newer coniferge to be
found in the north of Scotland. At Fordell, near luverkeithing,
and in a lower altitude, in good soil of a deep nature but friable
loam, on clay and gravel, they have been very successfully culti-
vated by the veteran and enterprising grower, Mr Foulis. He has
reared the Taxodium there in quantity from seed, and the plants
have in twenty-two years attained a height of 38 feet ; but in

FOR TIMBER PURPOSES. 215

this situation Mr Foulis complains of even these naturalised
specimens being liable to suffer rather severely in their foliage
from the spring frosts of March and April ; but he invariably
finds them '• throw it off," and does not record a single instance
of this tendency haviug proved fatal to the Taxodium. Again
at Hopetoun, Linlithgowshire, it has proved quite hardy in
ordinary loamy soil, with clay and gravel subsoil, and grows
fully as rapidly as the Wellingtonia gigantca. The largest
specimen there is now about t\venty years old, is 30 feet in
height, and girths, at 6 feet from the ground, 3 feet 3 inches this
season. At Castle-Kennedy, Wigtownshire, this conifer does not
appear to be in so much favour with the intelligent and enthu-
siastic and deservedly successful grower, Mr Fowler, as many
other of the splendid specimens which abound in this locality,
not inaptly styled tiie ''Devonshire of Scotland!' He reports
his tallest plant about 25 feet high, 4 feet 8 inches in girth at 1
foot from the ground, and 4 feet 6 inches at 3 feet up ; but the
species, he adds, although it lives, does not thrive freely, owing
to the subsoil being open and porous, and consequently too dry
for the vigorous development of the young wood. In this situa-
tion, also, the foliage acquires a rusty brown hue, which it
retains for a long time, greatly marring its evergreen character-
istics. At Dropmore, Maidenhead, Berks, the oldest Taxodium
sempervirens, and which was planted in 1845, has now (in 1876)
attained a height of 53 feet, with a girth at 1 foot from the
ground, of 6 feet 9 inches, and at 3 feet up, of 6 feet 7 inches.
Had this plant not been so unfortunate as to have twice lost its
leading shoot, it would now have been much taller. On both
occasions it sustained a check of fully three feet. The soil is
naturally sterile and gravelly ; but the plant is placed in a
mound made up with soil from the roadsides over the natural soil,
which is not more than 1 foot deep, and rests upon red gravel.

Other instances miQ,ht be adduced to show that the Taxodium
sempervirens is practically hardy in the climate of the British
Isles, and will succeed well in almost all soils ; but enough has
been already said on these points ; and it is perhaps only neces-
sary to add, under this .section of the report, that in introducing
the Taxodium to any new locality, care should be taken not to
plant the young trees in rich loam, as they are thereby induced
to make large and rapid growth, and in this climate such shoots,
before their wood is poperly ri])ened, are very liable to be
damaged by frost. Until acclimatised and accustomed to the
site, young plants of this, as of many other of the rapiilly grow-
ing conifers, are always most successfully reared for a few years
after their introduction, by simply growing them, without any
adventitious or stimulating aid, in the natural soil of the ])osition
in which they are ]danted. Another precaution to be observed
in the planting uf fast growing pines, such as the 2\ixodium scm-

216 ON THE TAXODIUM SEMPERYIIiENS

permrens, is to plant always in pits amongst well-loosened earth,
for their rapidly formed rootlets are very tender, and are apt to
be damaged by the ordinary " notch" system of planting, which
moreover, seriously interferes with the rapid shooting out of the
young branchlets, and development of the quickly formed ter-
minal leader, — thus materiallv checkinc^ and retardim? the natu-
ral habit of the species in the formation of young wood.

Where the soil into w^hich it is intended to plant the Taxodium
sempcrvirens is naturally deep and rich, it should be the planter's
endeavour, if at all possible, to give it a northern exposure, so as
to shelter it from sun's rays during the trying months of spring
and autumn : but after beins^ fairlv established in such soils,
this conifer will be found to succeed very well, for it must be
remembered that in the native habitats of the Sequoias, the soil
is of such a character. In regard to altitude, if we a^-ain refer
to the native haunts of the Taxodium, and draw our own lessons
of observation for guidance in planting in this country, we shall
i^nd that while the Wcllinytonia gigantea is found tallest and
most abundantly luxuriant at higher altitudes and in more in-
land situations than the Taxodium semijcrmrens, the latter, in
its native haunts in the same latitudes, grows most freely and
abundantly in situations with a lower altitude, and is found even
down at the w^ater's edge. It may therefore be assumed that it
will succeed best in this country in localities of low or moderate
elevation, provided shelter from frosty winds in early spring —
after it has begun to push out its buds — be secured. Thus we
hnd it thriving most luxuriantly along the banks of the Clyde
near Dunoon, and in such localities. At Ardhallow, for example,
within a few feet of the Clyde, and close to the influence of the
sea-breeze, there is a most magnificent specimen growing in a
light loam upon the rocky subsoil, and measuring 36 feet in
height, and 4 feet 9 inches in circumference at 1 foot from the
ground. This plant is in no way browned or injured by wind or
sea-breeze. In other similar low altitudes the best specimens-
are found in Scotland, and indeed there is no doubt that it is far
better adapted for, and much more likely to prove a useful and
profitable timber tree in suitable positions in low altitudes than
in the higher ones. At Dolphington, Lanarkshire, with 800
feet elevation, the Taxodium scmiJervircns will not grow, the alti-
tude in that district bein^ the chief reason of its failure.

The Taxodium sem]pcTvircns is admirably adapted for extensive
planting in Ireland. The humidity of the atmosphere, fertility of
soil, and general freedom from effects of easterly wind in that coun-
try, are eminently suitable for its rapid development into timber-
producing dimensions. Many beautiful specimens abound in the
various collections of newer coniferce,but it is to be regretted it has
not been planted in quantity. One of the best specimens is grow-
ing at Claremont, and is situated in good deep soil, near the lake.

FOR TIMBER PURPOSES. 217

The principal hindrance to the extensive planting in quantity
of any of the newer conifers, after the suitability of the species
has been fairly tested, is the price of young plants, consequent,
no doubt, upon their scarcity in the first instance, but also to
some extent on account of the demand for them. This will, in
the course of time, work its own cure, and when such a species
as the Taxodium has fairly established itself in public opinion,
so as to be planted in masses, as we do Scots hr and spruce, we
may then find it thriving better in this country ; for, as in the
case of the Ceclrus Dcodara, a grave error has been committed in
this country since its introduction, in planting it as a specimen tree,
and not in close order in spaces about 4 feet square apart on hill
sides, — so in regard to the Taxodium, the isolation of specimens
does not give a fair chance of success, in a new climate, to a pine
accustomed to luxuriate in groves in its native habitats. Xor
should the fear of having to sacrifice, by thinning while yet young,
many of the plants if thus closely planted, operate against this
suggestion. For the straightness of habit of the young trees, and
the suppleness of their wood, should, independently of other pro-
perties of the Taxodium, which will shortly be referred to, render
it a most valuable substitute for larch in any of the many pur-
poses to which, as a young tree, that conifer is applied.

One striking feature in the Tao:odium sempervirens is its bark.
It is very thick, in old trees in California reaching sometimes
to upwards of 2 feet, and of a dark rich brownish red colour, and
is composed of a dense reticulated mass of corrugated layers run-
ning longitudinally roimd the stem or bole, while the intervening
interstices are closely and firmly packed with fibres of a soft, elastic,
light, spongy nature, which form a sort of padding, and probably
from the protection aflbrded thereby to the young inner cells and
wood of the stem, the tree derives that tenacity of life during
severe winters for which it is remarkable, and which adds sa
materially to its recuperative energy, as to enable it when young
to throw out young branchlets and foliage, even when the frost
has been so intense as to kill most of its shoots of recent growth.
This i)eculiar structure of the bark is also well adapted to enable
the tree to resist with impunity the action of the severest gales,
aiul prevents the wood, which is remarkably light and somewhat
brittle when of large size, from being so readily liable to be
sna])ped across by wind.

1'he peculiar red substance already referred to, which exudes
from the wood and bark of i\w. 'Taxodium /icmpcrrirens, hardens
into the consistency of gum, and li-om analysis lias been found
to contain a kind of tannin, or "kino," which might be ])erliaps
employed as a substitute for oak or larcli bark in tanning i)ro-
cesses. 'I'here is tlius a new use suggested to which young trees
of Ta.xodium might be proiital)ly ap])lied in this country; and
were it thickly planted liki; lurch in masses, and reguharly

LM8 ON TIIK TAXODIUM SEMPKllVIKKNS.

tliiuiuul, Llioso thiii]iiu<4X niiohl, ho jxuilcjd lur bark, while tlicir
strjii«i,]it stoins won hi connnjind a I'oady sale for liop-polos, li<^lit
s])ai\s, Htobs, or siioli lik(^ j)iir])ost3S.

\l may ha iiitorcsliiiM- to note llic dirfcrenco and mark the
details of mcasnroHUiiil of the Taxodinm sc/mpcrvircns, under the
favourable coui])ariMou of two ti'oes, receiviiin^' similar treatment
as to manai^enuMit, being in one ])lace. At l>elvoir, for exam])le,
this ])ine has been nourishing amongst the many other line
varieties of eonifera^ which abound thisi-e; and one tree, raised
from a. cutting twinity yeai's ago, and planted in its present site
from th(^ ('utting-bed, is now a beaulirully feathered specimen,
densely clothed with droo])ing braiichiis, the extremities of the
longest of which, turn u})wards in the most graceful manner, and
the])lant has attained to 1)2 feet in height, with a girth of 3 feet 8
inches at 1 foot from the ground. Another cutting-raised tree,
more recently planted, when 5 feet 2 inches in height in 18G6,
in a snudl ])lantation u])()u a thin surface soil on a rocky sub-
stratum, and growing very freely in a situation sheltered by
Piiivs larwio and other trees, is now 27 feet in height, with a
girth at 1 foot from the ground of -> feet. The diameter and spread
of branches, in the iirst instance, is 19 feet, whih; in the second
it is 21 feet. In this situation, the Taxodinm has, as in some
other localities, ])roved itself somewhat fastidious ; wherever it
is sheltered, and has a fair depth of soil, it grows freely and vigor-
ously, but, on the contrary, where tliere is a want of shelter, espe-
cially from the prevailing Avinds and s])ring frosts, it becomes
irreguhirly hranclied,and assumes a meagre unhealthy appearance.

Tliis characteristic is also to be found holding true of the
species in other districts comprised in our incpiiries, but with
close planting in mass, and amongst other plantation nurses, the
peculiarity will disappear; and it is also a noticeable fact that
in some instances where young jdants have failed from the usual
common com])laint of spring-frost effects, if l)y any chance in
these localiti(\s, one or two of tlie jdants survive and attain a
height of 5 or 6 feet, they then beconui nu)re hardy, being above the
dew-line; and Ave have little doubt, if many plants apparently dvnd,
after severe winds in March and A})ril, were allowed to remain,
and were not thrown out, they would be found to possess sullicient
vitality to recruit, and yet develope good and hardy constitutions.

1^'rom these considerations, aiul others which we may now
refer to in a few brief remarks, it may be suggested that, for the
successful rearing of Taj'odiuiii sempervire7iSy and such other
descri])tions of the coniferous family as are liable to be injured
by the late spring frosts in this country, and es])ecially for such
as are prone to throw out their young wood growths early in the
season, Jioine nursery seedlings, reared in the soil, and about the
altitude of the climate in which they are ultimately to grow, are
far more certain of success, and appear to be hardier in constitu-

FOR TIMBER PURPOSES. 219

tion for the site than transplanted seedlings bought and sent
from a distance, and probably from a very different position. It
is to treatment of this description that the marvellous achieve-
ments of the kite Mr Humphrey Graham of Belstane, in success-
fully rearing to timber size almost every species of the newer coni-
ferse in the poor bleak soil of the top of the Pentland Hills, in Mid-
Lothian, are to be attributed ; and were more care shown to this
branch of arboriculture, namely, to the growing plants from good
seed, in a small nursery on the estate which they are intended to
adorn, there would be fewer records of failure in early years of
several of the varieties. It is the same law, which is so well
known in the agricultural world, that operates in the aboricul-
tural field in this particular branch of Nature's economy. In
high districts where the climate is cold, and the summers are
short, we find the crops shorter and later, and field operations of
all kinds carried on long after similar work is completed in the
lower and earlier districts ; and so it is with the tree seedlings
of such sites. The operations of third growths are retarded, and
Nature is, as it were, by slow degrees in the early years of the
plant, made to alter her period of shooting into animal activity
to a later date, so as to accommodate the life and functions of the
seedling to the new conditions in its adopted sphere; and as
" hahit becomes a second nature," the seedling conifer sprouted and
grown from its infancy under circumstances of climate somewhat
uncongenial to its nature in its own habitats, becomes an altered
variety in constitution, and acquires the ability to withstand
the vicissitudes of temperature and exposure, which it would
not acquire in its own country, or even at lower and more shel-
tered positions in Britain.

It will, of course, be apparent,, from the foregoing remarks,
that the results of the progress of the Taxodiiun sempervircns,
since its introduction into this country, are yet too premature and
recent to enable us to express anything like a definite opinion as
to its future value, if more widely planted, as a profitable timber-
producing tree, or of the rank which its wood might take in
general estimation, and in comparison with our already well-
known home woods. In those cases to which, in this paper,
reference has been made, and which have come more im-
mediately under personal observation, it appears that where
the Taxodium has required to be cut (town from some
cause or otlier, the reports of the appearance and quality of
its wood are, upon the whole, promising and favourable. That
it is a rapid grower in good deep soil in chalks there is no doubt ;
and that the wood is well-coloured and grained — light, soft, and
easily worked, and of a toughish, libry nature, like common saugh.
From cutting largish branches ]\Ir Frost, of Dropmore, considers
the wood likely to prove good for timber; and the opinion of Mr
M'Laren,the intelligent forester at Ilopetoun, is, that while it grows

220

ox THE TAXODIUM SEMPERVIKEXS

fully as rapidly as the Wellingtonia, the wood seems more durable,
judging from branches he has cut, and he considers it will prove
good timber. The veteran grov/er, Mr Foulis, at Fordell, near
Inverkeithing, has grown the Taxodium from seed, and while
with him they have attained nearly 40 feet in height, he finds
the wood supple and close-grained, and of good quality ; and at
that size the l3ark remains soft, spongy, and of very considerably
greater thickness than larch of the same age or height.

In its native habitats, the timber of the Taxodium is found to
be close-grained, light, rather brittle when of large size, of a
handsome red colour, and it is never attacked by insects.

Annexed are the dimensions of some of the largest and best

o

specimens we have been able to find in this country, with details
of the descriptions of soil in which they are groAving, and their
ages, so far as could be ascertained : —

British Statistics 0/ Taxodium semper vi reus {Calif ornian Bed Wood.)

Locality.

BalnagowD, Ross, . .
Garnstone, Hereford,
Fiilraodiston, Leicester,
Holkliam, , ,

Loeton KnoAvls, Salop, "'

Heigh

Circumference.

1 ft.

Ft. In. Ft. In.
30 03 4

58 0

51 0

35 0

44 0

Banks of Ness, near In- ) oq q
verness, j "

Altyre, ,

Dropmore, Maidenhead, )
Berks, j

Castle Kennedy, Wigtown,

Hopetoun, Linlithgow, .

Ardhallow, Dunoon, )
Aigyllshire, . . , . j"
Carlowrie, Linlithgow, .

Dupplin, Perthshire,

Fordell, Fifeshire, . .

Dalvey, Forres, . . .

Diirris, Aherdeen, . .

Do., . -

Glenapp, Ayi'shire,
Do.,

Hampton Court, Leo- \
minster, Hereford, ,S

20 0
5- 0

25 0

30 0
36 0

23 9

48 0

38 0

30 0

35 0

32 0

27 0

20 0

31 0

4 0

3 4

5 10

3 2

2 6

6 9

4 8

5 6

3 1
2 6

6 6

3 ft

Ft. In

Soil, &c.

4 6

4 10

4 9i 4 5

2 4 1 10

4 10

5 6

3 9
2 10
5> r.

2 1

2 10

2 8
2 2

5 8

Eemarks.

■1

Good loam.
( Bed clay loam on )
{ hard marl. ]

Peaty and hard pan.

Good loam.

Loam on sand.

/Light loam on)
"( gravely subsoil, j"

Loam on gravely,

r About 1 ft. good'i

< soil ; subsoil ste- \
( rile and gravelly, j

{Light Loam on
open and porous
subsoil,
j Loam on clayey )
( subsoil. 3

Light loam, rocky.

Good loam on clay.
( Good loam 2J ft. l

< deep, on red >
( sandstone. J
\ Medium loam, 18 \
\ in. deep, gravelly )

Light loam, gravelly,

( Light soil, dry, 1 : j
\ gravel and rock. ] j (

Do.

( Light loam or

< gravel, and rotten
( whinstone.
i Loam, or gravelly )
1 subsoil . )

Planted in 1843.
Branches 98 ft. circumf.

Planted in 1851.
( Do. , within 1 h miles of
\ high water mark.

Planted 29 years ago.
( It forks a few feet up,
< and the limbs quite 18
( in., planted in 18t)4.
j Very healthy ; altitude
) 180 feet.

Planted in 1845.

i Does not do so well as
^ other conifers here.

f Grows as fast as Wel-
^ lingtonea.

Very handsome.

Quite hardy.

Very luxuriant.

j Thriving well, planted
t in 1854.

j In sheltered site, but is
( not very luxuriant.
Planted in 1S51. Very
hardy,
j Planted in 1846. Quite
[ luxuriant.
Planted 26 years ago. 30O
ft. above sea-level.
350 ft. above sea.
Climate mild and humid.
Verv healthv.

FOE TIMBER PURPOSES.

221

British Statistics of Taxodium sempervirens. — Continued.

Locality.

Circumference-

Heisht.l-

1 ft.

Bucklesham, Ipswich, .

Do.,
Do.,

Stoneleigli Abbej', War- \
wickshire, . . . . j
Beal, Prestonkirk, . .

Ft. In. Ft. In.
25 0 I 1 11

30
35

60

50

0
0

0

0

Camperdown, Forfarsliire, ! 45 0

Do.,

Westou Park, Salop, •

Belvoir Castle, Grantliara,

Do.,

MuncastevCastle,Piaven- )
glass, Cumberland, . j'

Do.,
Do..

Moncrieffe, Perth, . .

Longleat, Wilts, . . .

Strathfieldsaye, Wiucli- \
tield, Hants, . . . j

Dysart House, Fife, . .

Castle Menzies, Perthshire,

Wliittinghame, East
Lothian, ....

Beal, Northumberland,

Possingworth , Hawk-
hurst, ^Kent, . . .

Do., . .

38 0
42 0

32 0

27

40 0

35
34

36

63

64 0

32 0

40

36

25

28 0

29 6

Wykeham Abbey, York- ) 02 0
shire, .,....(*"

Do.,
Do.,

26 0

17 0

2 6

3 0

4 10

3 ft.

Soils, &c.

Remarks,

Ft. In.
1 9

5

6

3

0

3 7

o
o

9 6
8 6

o
o

3

1

5 6

4 8

2

3

4
5

0

4

4
0

j Peat 3 ft. deep, on")
( gravel. /

Do., on gravel.

Do., on gravel.

! ( Made up loamy )
\ soil, 18 in. deep, j

Sandy loam on clay.

Sandy loam on old )

red sandstone. ]

( 60 ft. above sea-level, very
t healthyan d growiugiast .

Do.

Do.
f Thriving in great per-
( fection,

/Growing on site of old
) Mansion - house, on
I subsoil of stone, brick,
V lime, &G.
Altitude 325 feet.

3 si 3 4

4
2

2 10
1 11

2 6

3 2

2 4
1 10

5 0
8 0

6 2

4 11
2 11

2 6

4 9

4 3

{ loaur on blue clay j

( Thin surface soil \
I on a rocky subsoil j

4
2
1

Do.

Do.

TDamp tilly loam^j

< subsoil, red till V
(^ on freestone. j

Oxford clay.

( Red clay and thin ^
( gravelly soil. j

( Light black soil )
( on sandsone. j

( Sandy loam on )
( stones anddebris. /

^Strong stoney red^

< clay, and natur- V
I ally dry. j

Light sandy loam )
cnjgravel. j

1 4

Very vigorous.

/Shewing a great taper of

(Deep red friable) j) stem. Very vigorous.

■ " " ] Altitude 370 ft. A

V seedling 20 years old.

/ Raised from cutting.

< Growing admirablv.
I Altitude 400 feet.

, T ■ n- 1 1 ^ r 190 ft. altitude. Thriv-

"of"; s.r'''* i 'lit -i'- p'-'«i 21

^ -^ ^ \ years ago.

These two plants, al-
though same age as
the foregoing specimen
- given from Muncaster,
were crowded and over-
shadowed by old trees
till recently.

j Altitude 80 to 100 ft.
) Planted in 1854 or 1855.

( In pleasure ground, and
( is very handsome.
(Likely to prove a good

< timber tree. Planted
{ in 1848.
I Growing at 60 ft. alti-

< tude. Diameter of
( branches 24 ft.
I 270 ft. above sea-level.

■I Growing on site of old
( quarry.

j Altitude 340 feet. Very
( healthy.

f 150 ft. altitude. Healthy

"I and strong.
Planted here by machine
in 1868, and very thriv-
ing when not exposed
to wind.

j Altitude 400 ft. Grows

( very fast wlu-n young.

) Altitude 150 ft. " Soutl--

) em exposure. Vigorous.

( 170 ft. altitude. Very

[ robust.

( Altitude 180 ft. Scil!:-
\ cm exposure.

{

( Light sandy loam \

■I on sandstojie ^

( rock. j

Do.

( Alluvial soil, rest- )
( ing on i)eat. )

Alluvial soil on sand.

I" Debris of free- \

< stone, on fret- >

( stone. j

222

ON THE TAXODIUM SEMPEEYIRENS FOR TIMBER PURPOSES.

British Statistics of Taxodiiim sempervirens. — Continued.

Locality.

Height.

Stratford Court, Stroud,

Riccarton, Midlothian,

Altyre, near Forres, . .

HawkestonePark, North )
Shropshire, . . . . j

Walls Park, Frorae, )
Somerset, ... . j

Abercairney, Perthshire,
Rossie Priorv, Perthshii'e,

Pitfour Castle, Perthshire,

Balgowan, Perthshire, .

Raith, Fifeshire, .

Bicton, Budleigh, Sal-t
terton, ^

Exton, Oakham, Co. )
Rutland, . . . . j

Cramond House, Mid- 1

lothian, j

Craigiehall, Midlothian,

Southwick, Kirkcudbright,

Barcaple, Kirkcudbright,

Terraughtie, Kirkcud-)

bright, >

Dalscairth, Kirkcudbright,

Ft. In.
35 0

38 0
21 0

Circumference

1 ft. 3 ft.

Ft. In.
6 0

3 6
2 10

50

0

4 0

56

6

6 10

35

0

5 2

50

3

9 6

40

3

4 0

41

6

3 9

45

0

6 10

56

0

11 10

50

0

7 6

18

6

4 4

21

0

2 10

33

0

S 6

30

0

5 1

24

0

4 1

35

0

7 4

Soils, <fcc.

Ft. In

5 10

3 0

2 6

3 6

6 1

5 0

7 10
3 8

3 4

6 2
9 9

6 1

3 10

2 6
7 6

4 3

3 2

4 2

Medium loam on I
gravel. j

' Average yellow \
loam of moderate I
depth. Gravel j
and clay. J

f Clay soil, on clay )
\ and gravel. j

Mountain limestone.

(■ Heavy loam on )
( strong clay. j

( Light black loam )
1 on hard till.

Loam on clay and )
sand. j

Remarks.

{'\

ed loam, on old
red sandstone

old)

Rich loam on mud )
and gravel. )

(Lij

I 01

Light hazel loam )
on red sandstone. |

I Rubbly soil on )
( hard sand. j"

Sandy loam on'sand.

Do.
( Garden soil on ^
I sandy subsoil. /

Loam on rock,
f Wet loam on till )
\ subsoil. j

( Loam on rock )
I subsoil. I

f Altitude about 190 ft.
[ Quite healthy.

(Has lost its leader several

> times, or would have
( been much taller,

I" Has been about 18 years

> jjlanted, and is very
( healthv.

? Altitude about 1000 ft.

. above sea-level. 17

( years planted.

f Lost its leader for some

[ . years. Quite vigorous.

I Quite hardy. Altitude

[ 150 ft.

['A beautiful plant,
feathered to the ground,

[ Altitude about 80 ft.

^Altitude about 60 ft.
Has had its leader fre-
quently broken by
Jackdaws, or would
have been 50 ft. high

^ now.

[' Seems to get hardier as it
gets older and taller.

1^ Very vigorous.

'100 ft. above sea-level.
Top has been frequently
destroyed by birds and
frosts. IMeasured in

^ 1867. 31 ft. high.

'Lost its top repeatedly,
but thriving. About

, 120 ft. altitude.

Circumference of bran
ches is 110ft. Photo
graph of this tree sen
to Arboricultural S o
ciety. 350 ft. above sea
level.

Very healthy. A hand
some tree.

Very symmetrical.

Planted in 1844. Ver y
handsome.

Quite hardy.

Planted in 1855.
Planted in 1855.

Note. — There are doubtless many other, and probably as fine, specimens of this interesting
conifer in localities in Britain from which it has not been possible to collect information ; but
these sixty-three trees, accurately measured as they have been, will illustrate with sufficient cor-
rectness for the present, the geographical distribution of the best specin)ens Ave have been able to
find in Britain, after careful mquiry and much trouble ; and we would tender our best thanks to
those correspondents who have so kindly complied with the request for the accurate data we hare
thus tabulated and given in this Appendix.

MANUAL OF AGFJCULTUEE. 223

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE, INCLUDING THE APPLICATION
THERETO OF CHEMISTRY, GEOLOGY, BOTANY, ANIMAL
PHYSIOLOGY, AND METEOROLOGY.

By Richard Hexdersox, Coldstream, Berwickshire.
[^Premium — Twen ty-Five Sovereigns. 1

Chapter L — rutrodiidion.

Ageiculture, literally, tillage of the ground, is both a science and
an art: a science, in so far as its principles are co-extensive with
those of chemistry and the cognate physical sciences; an art, in the
intelligent direction of these principles to the practical end of
best developing the food-producing properties of the soil. The
importance of founding the practice of this art in this country
upon a more thorough and widely diffused knowdedge of its
scientific principles will be granted, when it is stated on the best
authority, that by a generally thorough cultivation of the soil the
annual agricultural products of Great Britain might be doubled
in quantity. And it is a fact, that we annually import food
from other countries to the value of L.80,000,000 sterlincc, which
fact may, undoubtedly, increase commerce and beget the comity of
nations; but at the same time it might leave us in a hazardous
position in the event of a sudden political emergency. Agricul-
ture is the oldest of the arts ; for we mav rest assured that Adam
delved, however problematical may be the question whether
" Eve span." Amongst the ancient Egyptians, and later, under
the Eoman Empire, its practice attained a high measure of suc-
cess, but it rested on a merely empirical basis. Not before the
present century has any general scientific knowledge of the laws
of nature, which regulate the art, characterised its numerous
professors.

Whatever may be the varieties of soil and climate — and these, to-
gether with the subsidiary circumstances of available hum an labour
and of markets, may be said to determine the particular mode
of agriculture suitable for any locality, — the great fundamental
laws, in conformity with which alone is truly successful [iractice
possible, are comprised in the physical sciences following : — vdz.,
Chemistry, Botany, Geology, Animal Physiology, and Meteorology.
The last, to reverse the order, under the simple name of " weather,"
is a subject of interest, scientific or otherwise, to every farmer.
It teaches a system of forecast of weather changes. Eorewarning
is forearming; and by adjusting farm operations accordingly,
great loss is avoided. Animal Physiology treats of the
bodily structure and the functions of the bodily organs of
our domesticated animals ; and in that department of it we
earn the general treatment best fitted to ensure their healthy
procreation and profitable development. Geology has to do with

224 MANUAL OF AGEICULTUPtE.

the formatiou and nature of the Earth s crust, the forces which
have been at work in preparing it for its present condition, and
those at j)i'esent affecting its modification. In its relation to
agriculture, it reveals to the farmer the various compositions of
soils, and their derivation, and it gives him practical hints upon
drainage operations. Botany, in its bearing npon agriculture,
teaches the systematic classification of the various plants scat-
tered over the face of the globe, their native localities, the variety
of soil and climate best suited to the cultivation and growth of
individual plants, and their internal structure, and modes of re-
production and growth. Chemistry — the grammar, so to speak,
of all the physical sciences — acquaints us with the primary ori-
ginal materials of earth, air, and water, and consequently of all
animal and vegetable life. As being the most fundamental of all
the physical sciences bearing upon agriculture, its consideration
in that relation comes naturally first.

Chapter II. — Of Clicmistry.

Our earth, with its sea and atmosphere, and all whatsover
therein contained, is composed of about sixty-three original and
simple elements, whose substance cannot be further reduced. Of
these only four occur in the atmosphere ; upwards of thirty have
been found in sea water ; whilst in the solid structure of the
globe, the whole are to be found in varying proportions. They
can exist in three states, viz., solid, liquid, or gaseous ;* and that
either alone or in combination. And such changes of state take
place at fixed degrees of heat or temperature for each. The seve-
ral elements consist of an aggregation of atoms, those of each
particular elements being always alike in material weight and
volume. In the gaseous state, and whilst free from combination,
the atoms of all the elements are of equal volume; but they vary
in weight, and also, of course, in point of material. Although not
in au apparent manner, the elements can, under certain condi-
tions, be artificially reduced to their atomic state — i.e., isolation of
individual atoms — by the aid of heat or electricity. When
thus reduced to the' free, or as it is called, the nascent state, the
atoms of any element have a tendency to unite with those of one
or more different elements, when brouGjht into contact with the
latter. This is being continually effected through the agency
of natural means ; and, as will be seen, it is the cause of all phy-
sical change on our planet. The atoms of one element unite
with those of another in certain fixed invariable proportions,
and they have a greater tendency to unite with, or affinity for,
those of some elements than of others. What is known as chemi-
cal combination is this union of the atoms of different elements,

^Liquids are tecliuically known as incompressible fluids, and gasses as compres-
sible fluids.

MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE. 225

and the result is a compound body or substance. The least
number of atoms in such an union, or rather, the least quantity
of such a compound body, that can be formed, or exist in a free state,
is called a molecule; wherefore, chemical compounds are com-
posed of an aggregation of molecules. Still more complicated
chemical compounds are formed by the union of the molecules
of different compound bodies. The propiortion of molecules re-
quisite with a given quantity of different molecules, to form a
new compound, is called the equivalent of the latter. In all
chemical action, heat is given off or taken up; in the process of
combination, it is evolved, in that of separation, its absorption
is requisite thereto. A certain amount of heat is absorbed by all
substances Av^hile they pass from the solid to the liquid, and from
the liquid to the gaseous forms, which heat remains in abeyance
— latent, until such substances are again transformed into their
original forms, and then it is evolved. When the majority of
chemical bodie3 assume the solid, instead of the liquid or gaseous
form, they appear as small particles of a definite geometrical
shape, called crystals, each compound invariably preserving its
own peculiarly distinctive crystaline form. Moreover, whatever
be the size of any united accumulation of specific crystals, the
aggregate mass shapes itself into the geometrical type of its
minutest constituent crystal. Chemical bodies not observinji^this
law, in the process of their solidification, assume a structureless
texture, and are called amoiylious, literally, without form.
Again, numerous compounds arising through the agency of animal
and plant life, show neither a crystaline nor an amorphous, but
a cellular or orf^anised texture. A chemical combination of ele-
ments is something quite distinct from mixture pure and simple
— that is to say, mere mechanical union. In the latter case, there
is no interchange of the several atoms, — no chemical action takes
p)lace. There is merely mechanical juxtaposition of particles.
By w^ay of illustration, take the preparation of common mortar.
There, before the addition of water to the lime shells, the latter
are in the state called caustic lime, or oxide of calcium — a com-
bination of the simple metallic element calcium, and the simple
gaseous element oxygen — one atom of the one in chemical com-
bination with one atom of the other ; whence its technical symbol
in chemistry Ca. 0. Upon the addition of water, a violent dis-
turbance in the mass occurs, together with the evolution of much
heat. And this action continues until tlie certain amount of
water rer[uisite to enter into combination with all the caustic lime
present has been added. Any amount of water superadded
thereto, and the sand, are simply mixed with it mechanically.
No further immediate chemical action ensues.

Another illustration of chemical combination is the common
class-room experiment, showing the composition of water.

226 MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE.

wherein the two gases oxygen and hydrogen are mixed in the
proper proportions in a vessel. St'ill there is but mechanical
union till a flame is applied, when the two gases instantaneously
explode with violence, and the chemical combination will be
found to have produced an entirely new body, a liquid- water.

The elements are, according to their possession of certain phy-
sical properties, arbitrarily divided into two classes — the metals
and the non-metals. And those, again, which are met with in
the combination present in animal and vegetable life, are further
classified into two groups, viz., organic and inorganic.

The organic, in all substances, are capable of being separated
from the inorganic, and driven off in the shape of gases, by simple
combustion. The inorganic always remain, as the ashes of the
substance consumed. In the organic elements life, animal or
veojetable, mav be said to have had its seat.

The terms, however, have another application, — " organic"
being used in the case of those complicated comjDounds whereof
the element carbon is an invariable constituent ; " inorganic," in
that of the simpler compounds, with fewer atoms composing their
molecules. Chemical compounds, according to their marked
characteristics, are all classified under three divisions, viz., acids,
bases, and salts. The first two exhibit cj^uite different properties;
but when, under certain conditions, they are brought into contact,
they lose their distinguishing properties and unite to form the
neutral compounds of the third division.

Particular acids are stronger than others, and can, so to speak,
expel the weaker — those acids which have a less degree of affinity
for the base — from the salts, and occupy the place in their stead.
From a limited point of view, the most characteristic acids may
be said to possess a sour taste, and the property of turning a
solution of blue litmus to a red colour; whilst, on the other
hand, the most marked bases, such as potash, soda, ammonia, and
lime — alkalies so called — can restore the solution of blue litmus
thus reddened to its original colour, and they have a peculiar
soapy taste. To the chemist, however, the terms " acids " and
"base" imply the possession of properties of a much wider and
less limited description.

Out of all the chemical elements, about 18 only are discover-
able in the blood and tissues of man and the lower animals, and
in the juices and fibres of plants. Hence, these should exist in
greater or less quantity in our cultivated soils, seeing that animal
life depends primarily upon vegetable life, and that the latter
again derives its main sustenance directly from the soil.

Of these 18, none exist in the free state, but as various com-
pounds, in bodies animal and vegetable. They are : —

1st. Organic, comprising Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and
Carbon; and

MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE. 227

2d. InorganiC; comprising Silicon, Aluminium, Potassium,
Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Iron, Man-
ganese, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, and Fluorine.

Oxygen. — Of all the elements, oxygen occurs the most abun-
dantly throughout nature. It exists free in the atmosphere, of its
total bulk contributing l-5th part. In combination with other
elements, it constitutes one-half the weight of the solid globe,
and 8-9ths of that of water. It is an invisible gas, tasteless, and
without smell. Excepting fluorine, it enters into combination
with all the elements. In this process, called oxidation, heat is
always, light sometimes, evolved. Flame consists of gas in. a high
state of ignition, caused by the oxidation of the substance con-
sumed. During combustion, new chemical compounds, chiefly
gaseous, are being formed, but no element is annihilated.
Animals inhale oxygen into their lungs, where it oxidises certain
elements in the blood and tissues, and thus keeps up the degree
of warmth necessary for life. Oxidation is much more rapid in
undiluted oxygen than in the atmosphere.

Hydrogen is another invisible gas, devoid of taste and
smell. Its principal combination is with oxygen, in the form
of w^ater — two atoms of hydrogen to one of oxygen, — whence its
chemical symbol H^O. Hydrogen is the lightest of all the
elements, and it is taken as the unit with which to compare the
others. The symbolical letters, it may be remarked, representing
the different elements, represent also their combining weights, or
the weight of their respective atoms compared with hydrogen's.
An atom, or any volume of oxygen, is IG times the weight of an
atom or equal volume of hydrogen ; and as water is composed of
two parts of hydrogen to one of oxygen, the latter constitutes
8-9ths of the w^eight and a third part of the volume of water.
Hydrogen has been found free in sundry volcanic gases, and it
can be obtained from the decomposition of water, through the
agency of certain metals.. Water enters into combination with
many substances, and in so doing, in almost every instance, one
of the atoms of hydrogen, in the molecule of water, is replaced
by some equivalent in the compound into which it enters, and
free hydrogen is given off.

Nitrogen is also an invisible, inodorous, tasteless gas.
It exists free in the atmosphere, mixed with oxygen, forming
about 4-5ths of the bulk of atmospheric air. It is a most.
inert element, incapable of entering into direct combination witli
any other except oxygen, and even then with dithculty, and only
by means of the electric spark. Piy very indirect processes, bow-
ever, it enters into important combinations with hydrogen as well
as with oxygen. It forms five several oxides, the principal one
of which is a combination of 5 atoms of oxygen with 2 of nitrogen
— ^2^5 ' which, combined with a molecule of water, coustinites

228 MANUAL OF AGRICULTUEE.

nitric acid, H^O + NgO^ = 2 (HNO3). "With hydrogen, it forms
ammonia — 1 atom of nitrogen to 3 of hydrogen — NHg .

Carbon we meet with free and as a solid in three dis-
tinct forms, physically different, but possessing in common
the same chemical properties. These are : — («.) The precious
diamond ; (h.) graphite or plumbago, popularly known as black
lead ; and (c.) charcoal. It is found neither as a fluid nor a gas
in the free state. It is present in all organised structures. It
forms about 50 per cent, of the residue of plant life when the
latter is charred, and access of atmospheric air or oxygen pre-
vented, for oxidised carbon escapes as a gas. It enters into
exceedingly complicated compounds, the consideration of which
forms a special branch of chemical science, called organic che-
mistry. Combined with oxygen, it forms carbonic acid CO^ — an
invisible, ponderous gas.

Plant life is unable to assimilate these organic elements in
their free state, but only when they exist in combination with
certain other elements. Such compounds are water, nitric
acid, ammonia, and carbonic acid. In the organised structures
of plants these compounds are broken up or resolved, and their
constituent parts economised in the building up of new organisa-
tions, which in their turn are metamorphosed for the structure of
animal life. The atmosphere and soil, but chiefly the latter, are
the media through which these elements are rendered available for
the necessities of plant life.

Silicon. — I^ext directino- the attention to the inorganic ele-

O O

ments, it is to be remarked that silicon, next to oxygen, is the
most abundant element in nature. It does not occur free, but
as an oxide, SiOg , known as silicic or silica acid. In that state
it is nearly pure, under the forms of quartz, flint, and sand.
Silica, though in a variable quantity, is always present in the
ashes of plants. Chiefly is it plentiful in cereals and grasses.
It forms the hard glistening surface of straw and bamboo. In
most plants, however, it rarely exceeds 5 or 6 per cent, of the
residual ash.

Aluminiui'ii is a bright lustrous metal of excessive lightness.
It does not occur free, but as an oxide — Al.^Og . There is but a
slight trace of it in the ashes of plants, although in combination
with silica, under the name of silicate of alumina, it forms the
basis of the clay of our soil. From an agricultural point of view,
it is therefore of importance.

Potassmm, when with difficulty prepared free, is a light metal
of silvery appearance, and so soft as easily to be cut with a knife.
Thrown into water, it decomposes it. One atom of potassium
replaces one atom of hydrogen, and heat is evolved in sufficient
quantity toi gnite the liberated hydrogen. It rapidly absorbs
oxygen from the atmosphere, forming the oxide K2O — Kalium

MANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE. 229

being the technical name given to potassium in chemistry. This
oxide has a powerful affinity for water. The combination is
potash KHO . The change can be represented by a chemical
equation as follows : — KgO + H20=:2(KHO} . One molecule of
oxide of potassium and one of water form two molcules of potash.
It is one of the mort important compounds in the ash of plants,
forming from 20 to 50 per cent, of its weight. It is mainly
present in roots and tubers, seeds and grasses, and in the leaves
and branches of trees.

Sodium. — Sodium is a metal closely resembling potassium in
all its features. These two, together with four other less import-
ant elements, which do not enter into living structures, are called
the metals of the alkalies. They decompose water at all tempe-
ratures, and combining violently with oxygen, they form jDOwer-
ful caustic and alkaline basic oxides, which possess a strong
affinity for water, which last cannot be expelled from them by
heat agency alone. The principal oxide of sodium is XagO —
Nairium = ^o^mn\. This combined with water is HXaO, or
soda. The compounds of sodium are widely distributed, and
along with those of potassium abound in the primary rocks, as
well as in sea-water. Soda is a less important constituent, and
forms a less proportion of the ash of plants than potash. It is
more largely present in the ash of marine than of land plants.

Calciuni. — Calcium, when free, is a light yellow metal.
Eeadily combining \Yi\h the oxygen of the atmosphere, it be-
comes the oxide CaO, — lime. Lime has a strong affinity for
water, and decomposes it at any temperature. It forms with
water CaOH20, or slaked lime. Calcium compounds largely
from the rock-forming materials of the globe, in such varieties as,
e.fj., chalk and limestone. From the last, lime for ordinary use is
prepared, by driving off, by means of heat, tlie carbonic acid, —
limestone being a salt called carbonate of lime, composed of
carbonic acid and lime as a base. Lime discharges most import-
ant functions in tlie soil, in the way of breaking up compounds,
liberating their constituents in such a manner, as to render them
readily available for the purposes of plant life. Its percentage
in plant ash, varies as much as from 1 to 40.

Mar/nesium is a silvery white metal. If strongly heated,
it takes lire in the air, burning with a dtizzling white
light, and forming the oxide ^IgO, known as magnesia. In dry
air it does not oxidise. It is slowly acted upon by cold water,
more rapidly by hot. As the carbonate of magnesia, it occurs,
together with carbonate of lime, in enormous quantity in the
species of limestone called dolomite. It most abounds in the
ash of grains, contributing 12 or 13 per cent, of the same. In
the ash of the remaining parts of cereals and of other plants, it
varies from 2 to 4 per cent.

230 MAXUAL OF AGEICULTUEE.

PJwsphorus does not occur free in nature, but is gene-
rally to be found combined with oxygen and calcium. ^Vhen
prepared free, it is a yellowish semi-transparent, and waxy
solid. It is exceedingly inflammable and oxidizable. It ignites
on the slightest friction, whence chemists only keep it with
safety under water. In the air it readily oxidizes, giving off
white fumes, and in the dark emitting a pale lambent light. If
slowly oxidized, its white fumes are the oxide Pg^s- ^T°^ ^^^
ignition the resulting oxide is ^2^0' — phosphoric acid. Phos-
phoric acid may be considered as the most important inorganic
constituent of plant life. Seeds have it in larger C[uantity, as it
constitutes about 30 per cent, of the residual ash of grains. It
is equally important in animal life, being a most essential con-
stituent of the brain, nerves, blood, and bones.

Sulijliur is found free in nature as yellow crystals. It
is found combined too, with many metals, forming sulphides,
— which are the ores from which the several metals are usually
obtained. Again, combined with oxygen in addition to the
metals, it forms the salts called sulphates. Sulphur, during the
process of ignition, produces the oxide SO2, a colourless gas, soon
intimating its presence, however, by inducing the sense of suffo-
cation. SO3 is its principal oxide ; which, combined with a
molecule of water, is HoSO^, the important sulphuric acid. The
amount of sulphur found in the ash of plants is inconsiderable,
— over 1 or 2 per cent.

Iron. — Of the invaluable element iron, the appearance and
main properties are presumably known to all. It is rarely met
with naturally pure, save in the form of meteoric stones ; but in
the well-known form of wrought iron it is nearly c^uite pure.
Although for minga very small percentage of j)lant ash, it is
still most essential, and to animal life, as well as plant, several
parts of animal bodies demanding it in abundance for their con-
stitution. It forms three classes of oxides, the presence of two
of which in the soil is of moment. These are (ct) the ferrous, or
proto-oxide, FcgOg, and (b) the ferric, or per-oxide PcgOg. As
the symbol shows, the ferrous has less oxygen in combination ;
but when exposed to the atmosphere, it greedily absorbs the
additional amount of oxygen, which will constitute it the ferric
oxide, inasmuch as the latter, again, is easily divorced from the
oxygen, in contact with other combinations in the soil, iron, it
will be seen, discharges valuable functions there, as an oxygen
contributor. It is iron also which imparts the variety of colour
to the different classes of soil.

Manganese, prepared free, is a reddish- white, brittle, exces-
sively hard metal, which the slightest exposure to the air oxidises.
The oxide produced is MnO. MnO^, another of its oxides, is

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 23 i

liiucli used in tlie labortory for producing oxygen. The quantity
of this element in plant life is very minute.

Chlorine is not found naturally free ; but when produced free,
it is a greenish yellow gas, pungently odorous, and most irritably
injurious to the mucuous membrane. For hydrogen it has a
strong affinity, the combination forming hydrochloric acid. Com-
bining with the metals, salts are produced by it, called chlorides,
of which the principal is chloride of sodium, or common table salt.

Bromine, Iodine, and Fluorine all resemble chlorine in their
respective qualities, the four forming a detached group in
chemical science. Bromine and iodine are almost entirely con-
fined to sea-water and marine plants. Traces of Huorine are
found in the blood, teeth, and bones.

Copper. — ]\Iinute traces of copper have been found in the ashes
of animal and vecjetable ori^janisations, but it is not considered a
necessary element in the economy of animal and plant life.

The absorption, accordingly, of these inorganic or " mineral "
constituents by plants, is entirely effected from the soil, by means
of their roots. Such constituents are present in the soil in many
various combinations, some of them beine^ almost insoluble in
water. Eain-water, however, dissolves carbonic acid from the
atmospheric air, and water containing it in solution, can dis-
solve compounds insoluble in it whilst pure and simple. Car-
bonate and phosj)hate of lime are thus rendered available for
plant nutrition. It is believed that some indirect power is exer-
cised by plant roots themselves, in breaking up the insoluble
compounds in the soil.

The different combinations in the soil affording the necessary
inorganic elements to plant life, and the various functions of the
latter to whose operation such combinations are subjected, fall to
be discussed in a subsequent chapter.

Chapter III. — Of Geology.

The student, in having his attention turned to the science of
geology, cannot fail to be struck with the vastness of the field
which is there opened out to research ; and when he encounters
undeniable proofs of our globe having endured through countless
ages ere it became fitted to receive its present species of inhabi-
tants, he more distinctly can realise the hopeless incomprehensi-
bility of the word eternity.

WhateJ^er the source of the sixtv-three oriirinal elements, the
greatest physicists are of opinion that when these became united,
in tlie mass, resulting in an independent planet, ruled by the
sun's attraction, such a degree of heat must have prevailed
therein, as to cause such elements to exist in the gaseous state.
As the heat would depart by radiation into proximate space, the
denser compounds would tend to unite as a congeries, so that

232 MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE.

when the earth had commenced its career of revohition around
the sun, its consistence would be that of a pasty mass, enveloped
with dense vapours and gases. Its present spheroidal shape
would ensue upon its rapid revolution upon its own axis. With
the process of cooling down would keep pace that of the conden-
sation of its surrounding fogs and gases into air and water^
whilst its more solid mass would concentrate in bulk, pressing-
inwards towards the centre of gravity with the attendant effect of
irregularity of surface, caused by the absence of a uniform degree
of internal resistance to such external pressure. With tlie
increased intensity of this pressure, more marked would become-
mountain and valley. Moreover, the resisting force of the inter-
nally confined fluid substance would gradually prevail over th&
weaker portions of the crust, and its upheaval, ^vitli all the
violence of earthquake and volcanic convulsion, would vastly
exaggerate the superficial irregularity of Moses' "dry land.'*
Thus did it appear above the face of the waters, but naked as
yet, — sterile, vdthout soil, entirely devoid of living organisation.
Then gradually atmospheric action would crumble down those
bare rocks exposed to its action. The detritus washed into the sur-
rounding depth of waters, there subjected to the superincumbent
23ressure for epochs of time, became solid strata or layers, thence
to be upheaved and exposed to the atmospheric process, as a rock-
forming- material different in nature and texture from its ov'vA-
nators. And so on, the alternate depression and upheaval con-
tinues even to the present time,butf'in an infinitesimally less degree,
for the cover of vegetation over the larger portion of the earth's
surface protects from the erosive action of the atmosphere, and
earthquakes are less frequent, and the more considerable volca-
noes for the most part inert. By the earth's crust is meant the
thickness of it which has come under the cognisance of cjeolo-
gists, and it bears an inappreciable proportion, of course, to the
earth's diameter. Heat increases in the ratio of our depth of
penetration through the crust, proving the immensity of heat still
present within our globe, which is conjectured internally to be
in a molten state, or at least in a honev-combed condition, with
molten matter filling the cells. This is evidenced by the pheno-
mena of lava and hot springs, even more strikiugly than by the
large increase of temperature in deep artificial mines. The rocks^
— and this term includes clay, gravel, and sand deposits, — which
compose this crust, are divided into — 1st, The igneous, being those
formed by the agency of fire, or from fused melted matter, and
preserving their original condition ; 2d, The aqueous or sedi-
mentary, comprising such as have been formed by the deposit of
detritus of rocks exposed to the air, and laid down under the
water in regular strata ; 3d, The aerial, or such deposits as have
been accumulated by atmospheric agencies. Sand dunes, calca-

MANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE. 233

reoiis sands compacted by rain, the debris at the bottom of cliffs,
and soil are examples ; 4th, The metamorphic, those which have
undergone change of texture since the eruption or deposit of their
constituents. Traces of orrranised remains be^in to be met with
in the earliest aqueous rocks, and thus attain a higher develop-
ment in proportion to our ascent to the latest aqueous deposits, —
stratifications, — till it becomes perfect as that of the living forms,
both animal and vegetable, now existing. The branch of geology
dealing with such traces, or fossils, as they are called, testifying
to the forms of life co-existent with the deposition of the specific
materials of the strata where they are found, is named Paleon-
tology— an abstruse study, its prosecution demanding the pre-
liminary of a highly scientific training.

The igneous rocks principally exist as granite and trap. They
are chemical productions, -i.e., have been consolidated from fusion
by chemical means. Besides forming the solid framework of the
earth, and the foundation of the other rocks, they are upheaved,
and constitute the principal mountain chains, and they are
exposed in masses of enormous area. They are also poured out
in profusion as lava and scoriae during volcanic action, and they
permeate the rents and crevices of the sedimentary rocks. All
Igneous rocks are composed of minerals, silicates, to wit, i.e., salts
formed by the union of silicic acid with a base. These silicates are
divided into two classes — silicates of ma^'nesia and silicates of
alumina ; and the various subdivisions in each are constituted by
so many mixtures with silicates of potash, soda, lime, iron,
manganese, &c. The uncovered masses of igneous rock <<^ene-
rally being situated at high altitudes, the soils they form are at
such an elevation as to be incapable of cultivation, and they are
accordingly left in the natural condition. But when such soils
exist in practicable situations for the agriculturist, or the ddritvs
of them is conveyed thither, great fertility obtains, and the soil
is easily worked. This is specially predicable of soils derived
from trap rocks.

jMetamorphic rocks are produced by the alterations eftected by
heat in the texture and structure, and by its rearrangement of
the atoms of the constituents of their originators. AlthouLih re-
suiting from the changes in strata of all epochs, still they, for the
most part, lie over or against the huge igneous masses, being com-
prehended in the so-called Laurentian, Cambrian, and Silurian
eras of formation. Together willi the igneous, they constitute the
principal i)art of wilder Wales and the Scotch Highlands ; and
whilst such tracts admit of little cultivation, they are admirably
suited for slice}) runs.

The stratified rocks have Ix'cn jiroduced mechanically, as we
have seen, by the agency of the atmosphere and water ; chemi-
cally by the precipitation uf their constituents from solution in

234 MANUAL OF AGPJCULTUEE.

water, e.g., rock salt ; and organically by tlie agency of organised
living structures, e.g., coal and peat, both of wliicb are the
remains of plant life, and limestone, the remains of minute
animalcuh^. Stratified rocks have a threefold classification,
denoting the epochs of their respective formations, viz, the
Primary or Paleozoic — ancient ; Secondary or Mesozoic — middle;
and Tertiary or Cainozoic — modern. The expression primary;
signifies no fixed era or standpoint of time, — merely that indefi-
nite portion of the past when the first sedimentary rocks began
to be deposited beneath the water. By " era," too, the geologist
understands any period comprehending groups of living organisms
bearing jDoints of close resemblance to each other. The names
oiven to the different formations have c^enerallv been taken from

CI? O «y

that of the most characteristic or useful rock in the group, which
may sometimes include a stratum, of quite an opposite texture
and composition. Thus the old red sandstone formation includes
some of the densest clay rocks, and it may appear contradictory
to apply the term sandstone, clearly suitable in one district to
the clay slate of another. But as these two contain the identical
class of fossils, their similarity of age is demonstrated, and hence
the justice of their sharing the same family appellation.

The stratified rocks are arranged in the followiug leading
groups, in order of tim e : —

I. Those of the Primary or Palceozoic period, including

(«.) The Laurentian or Pre-Cambrian era rocks, which are
principally composed of gneiss, a metamorphosed granite,
Vv'hose original granite particles have been disintegrated
and redeposited, and compacted with a different structure
and texture.

(l.) Cambrian era rocks, composed of grits, slates, and con-
glomerates.

(c.) Silurian era, divided into (1) lower, comprising the Lin-
gula Llandeilo, and Caradoc beds, and (2) the upper divi-
sion, comprising the Llandovery, "VYenlock, and Ludlow
beds.

{d.) Devonian and Old Pied Sandstone era, comprising the
lower, middle, and upper Devonian beds of England, and
the like three Old Bed Sandstone beds of Scotland.

(c.) Carboniferous. — Carboniferous or mountain limestone,
millstone grit, and the coal measures.

(/.) Permian — the lower, containing red marl, sandstone, and
conglomerate, and upper containing lower and upper mag-
nesian limestone.

II. Secondary or Mesozoic yeriod, conta.ining

{a.) Triassic, or Kew Bed Sandstone, of lower, middle, and

upper formations.
(l.) Jurassic era, embracing Lias (lower, middle, and upper) ;

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 235

Oolite, lower — inferior oolite, fullers' eartli, great or Bath
oolite, forest marble; middle — Oxford clay, coralline
oolite; and tlie upper — Kimmeridge clay, Portland and
Purbeck beds.

(c.) Cretaceous era — Hastings sand, Weald clay, lower green-
sand, gault, upper greensand, cbalk marls, and chalk.
III. Tertiary or Cainozoic loeriocl, including

{a.) Eocene era — lower, middle, and upper, — the lower in-
cluding plastic and London clays, and the middle and
upper the deposits formed in estuaries.

(&.) Miocene era — Lignites and leaf-beds.

(c.) Pliocene era — Crag formations.

(d) Pleistocene or post-tertiary era, comprising boulder clay
or glacial drift, raised sea beaches, fens, peat bogs, river
deltas, alluvium, sand dunes, and so on.

These main groups, and, with a few exceptions, the various
strata they respectively comprise are all represented in the
British Islands, — an evidence of the extensive convulsions they
have undero'one.

Although in few countries do they observe such an unbroken
series, still they invariably observe the cardinal order of deposi-
tion, whatever hiatus may occur in it. Periodic convulsion
throughout immense areas is evidenced by the existence of fossils
of land plants, which flourished on the soil of certain strata,
being discovered beneath immense stratification of a different
class. To the variety of the British rock formations are due the
multiplicity of its types of natural scenery, its many difterent
modes of agricultural practice — all included, too, within so small
a superficies. • This variation in practice is a consequence of the
variety of soil, which, as a rule, has a direct relation to its underlying
rock formation. By the term ''soil" is understood so much of the
surface as in cultivated ground comes under the operation of the
plough, and which in land still in a state of nature would come
under such infiuence were it to be cultivated: '' subsoil " is what
comes immediately under it. "Where identity of chemical con-
stituents does not exist between the soil and its subjacent rock
formation, the constituents of the former have been imported from
anotlier source. But in all cases, rock and su])soil alike have an
im])i)rtant bearing upon the questions of facility of drainage, the
physical features of exposure, flatness, or declivity of the soil.

As already mentioned, the soils of the Laurentian, Cambrian,
and Silurian eras are mostly found at a high elevation ; and, in
addition, being for most part of a poor description, are seldom cul-
tivated with any degree of success. On the other hand, those of
the Devonian and its com]ianion series possess all degrees of
value.

236 MANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE,

In the Carboniferous era, the soils of the coal measures groups
are inferior, and generally much neglected ; those of the mill-
stone grit are also poor and thin. In the mountain limestone
group, they are classed as of medium quality ; and, as in Derby-
shire, they afford good pasture ground. In the Permian, the
soils are of a light, dry description, and easily cultivable. As the
name implies, most of its limestone holds too much magnesia for
agricultural purposes. Of the Triassic era, the soils are variable.
They are kept under pasturage, over the marls, and are then good
for dairy purposes. Above the sandstones they are deep and
dry, although not of high quality. In the Jurassic, they range from
the densest quality, such as, e.g., Lias, Oxford, and Bradford stiff
clays, to that of a thin light sandy type. Excepting those above the
chalk marls, the gaults and wealden clays, the Cretaceous affords
soils of a light dry nature, which produce, under pasturage, an
excellent herbage, sweet and nutritious, and w^ell adapted for
sheep stock. Coming to the Eocene era, we find such dense soils
as the London clay, v/ith others of a lighter description in imme-
diate contact with them. In the Pliocene, we encounter the soils
typified by the rich alluvium of river-side deposits — the " carse",
lands of Scotland, deltas ; and also meet fens, peat-mosses, and
land reclaimed Dutch- wise, from the sea.

In districts where the subsoil is deep, and a considerable space
intervenes between the upper soil and its underlying rocks, there
is generally a scarcity of stones for building or road-making pur-
poses ; and this is especially the case in clayey formations, and
those of the Pleistocene era. The clay, however, can be burnt
into bricks, and material in substitution of road "metal " — which
latter, however, is a poor make-shift for stone. The nature of the
subjacent rocky formations too has considerable influence upon the
question of water supply. Thus the numerous fissures in the
chalk and oolite formations act as natural main drains through-
out large areas, intensifying the droughts of hot summers. The
opposite extreme is reached when rocks or subsoils are of a close
or retentive description, unfavourable to the percolation of water.
Hence it is that a knowledge of the position and nature of the
subsoil and underlying rocks is essential in the conduct of exten-
sive drainage works. The term *'dip''" means the inclination of
strata to the earth's centre, and is measured by the angle formed
by the intersection of the pkme of the horizon with the plane of
the beds themselves. " Strike " means a line at right angles to
the dip. "Outcrop" is where the beds appear at the surface. By
rock " structure" is meant the peculiar arrangement of its com-
ponent x^arts in the mass, e.g., stratified or columnar structure
(^like that of the igneous rocks of Staffa and the Giant's Cause
w-ay.) "Texture" implies the minute arrangement of the com-
posing particles; and "compositions" applies to their chemical

MANUAL OF AGPJCULTUEE. 237

features. ''Joints" are the lines of fracture seen dividing rock
masses into separate lumps or blocks, and wliich facilitate the
quarrying of [them. "Faults" are such fractures oF the strata
series as raise or depress the level of the strata on one side of
such faults above or below that of the strata on their other side,
and thus break the continuity of stratification.

Chapter IV. — Of Botany.

Of the science of Botany, physiological botany is that one of
its departments which most concerns the practical agriculturist,
treating, as it does, of the different organs of plants, and theii-
respective functions. The classitication of plant life is a field of
study too extensive for his time and opportunities. But as all
the British cultivated plants are included in a very few " orders,"
the comparative slightness of their physiological variations ren-
ders his acquisition of this branch so much the easier by its
approximation to a uniform applicability.

A normally developed plant consists of four different organs,
viz., root, stem, leaves, and fiowers, — the first three being nutritive
organs, and the fourth that of reproduction. They are alike
modifications of one structure, for the fundamental structure of
all plant forms is the simple cell. Cells are minute, round,
bladder-like vessels, which cohere and form cellular tissue,
named imrcncliyma. They have their origin in a thin mucilagin-
ous compound called 'protoplasm, which is considered the seat of
life. A small germ, termed a nucleus, appears in the protoplasm,
which presently, with some of the protoplasm, gets enclosed by a
species of sac or covering, and this constitutes a cell. Increasing,
the nucleus seems to be divided, and the cell-wall closing round
either portion, forms two distinct cells. And so on indefinitely.
This cell-wall or envelope is formed of a substance termed cellu-
lose, the composition of which will be subsequently given.
Active cells, besides containing protoplasm and nuclei, for the
purposes of increase, and also their several characteristic contents,
have, when situated at the exterior portions of plants, cliloropliyll
as well, which is their green colouring matter, and has the pro-
perty, when it is acted upon by sunlight, of assimilating certain
elements from the atmosphere. The shells of nuts and other
seeds are composed of hard solidified cells ; the roots of turnips,
potatoes, &c., almost entirely of juicy cells. The cell-walls or
coverings of dilierent |jlant groups have characteristic marks,
whether dotted, barred, reticulated, or with spirals or other
quaint devices. Cells cohere by means of connective tissue,
supposed to be secreted from their walls. " Intercellular" canals
are the spaces formed where cells do not adhere on all sides ; and
they serve for circulating air through the plant structure. Fibres

238 MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE.

and vessels are formed by the modification of simple cells. The
former appear to be formed of elongated cells, which have been
filled up with woody substances. These firmly cohering, form
woody fibre. The cells of vessels are not thickened or filled up.
They are formed by strings of cells, so to speak, having their
contiguous partitions destroyed, so as to form a continuous tube
or channel. They possess the distinctive markings of the cells,
whence they are derivative. Their office would appear to be
that of promoting not sap but air circulation in plants. Cells
constitute the entire formation of some plants, such as fungi,
mosses, and sea plants; and these are termed cellular. They
have no flowers, and propagate by means of cellular germs. The
remaining plants are called vascular, as they contain vessels,
fibres, and cells. Excepting the fern tribes, they have flowers
more or less conspicuous, and they are reproduced by the instru-
mentaliiy of true seeds.

A cellular skin or covering, called the epidejnnis, extends over
every part of the plant. It is divided into the cuticle or outer
portion, and the derma or inner portion. The cells composing it
are colourless, but through them shines the chlorophyll contained
in the cells underneath. When examined by aid of the micro-
scope, on its surface are seen oval-shaped organs with small
openings in their centres leading through the epidermis into air
chambers. These openings are called stomcita, and serve for the
purposes of perspiration and exhalation of liquids and gases.
They are found on all parts of the plant above ground, excepting
the petals or coloured portions of the flower, and they seem to
possess the power of opening and closing according to the moist
or dry condition of the atmosphere. The epidermal cells get
modified to assume the form of hairs and scales, as seen on leaves
and other parts of certain plants.

Selecting the root as the first organ for consideration, the
student must make its acquaintance as the " descending axis " of
botanists. It is the seed's primary development, and always has
a downward direction. This delicate process branches into
numerous fibrils, whose number and dimensions rapidly increase.
"Eadicle hairs" are scattered over them, and through these and
the cells of the more delicate parts of the fibrils' epidermis is
absorbed the plant's nourishment from the soil. The elongation
of roots proceeding from their extremities, they are fitted to
penetrate in every direction in quest of suitable food. This
organ's development assumes a great diversity of form. Of
species, we have terrestrial roots, such as have been already-
described, — though it may be remarked that the roots of fungi,
as in the case of sea- weeds, merely serve for anchors, the fungus
obtaining its food from^ the atmosphere ; acj^uatic roots, belonging
to floating plants, which are unattached, floating freely in the

MANUAL OF AGPJCULTUEE. 239

water, and absorbing nutrition from that medium, e.g., duck
weed; aerial, as in the family of orchids, which in the tropics are
attached to foliage, and their roots hang in the air, whose mois-
ture they absorb, and against the branches, whence they derive
food from the tree's decay ; and 'parasitic, those fastened to the
substance of other plants whose sap they absorb, and they have
no direct connection with the soil. Such are moulds, the dodder,
injurious to clover, and the festive mistletoe.

The root functions accordingly are, with exceptions to fix the
plant, to absorb nourishment from the soil, and occasionally, as
in the turnip, to serve as a magazine of nourishment for the
plant's use in promoting its growth at a future season. The
absorbent cells of roots would appear to possess a power of selec-
tion and rejection over suitable and injurious food constituents.
The absorbtive process is considered to be that of endoniosis,
which signifies the property of gases and fluids, enabling them to
pass through certain membranes in order to mingle with other
fluids and gases possessing different densities and compositions.
" Exosmosis " expresses the converse process.

The stem is the organ which bears the leaves and flowers; and,
like the root, it^assumes all possible phases of modification. Some
stems are long, others short, so as to be scarcely seen above
ground ; some burrow to a varied extent under ground ; whilst
others again, for support, have to cling to stronger neighbours ;
familiar specimens, whereof respectively are ordinary trees and
grain plants, the turnip, the quicken grass and potato, and ivy.
The tuber of the potato is in fact a stem, its eyes the buds, pro-
ducinc'" branches and leaves. Stems are divided into three g'reat
classes, viz., exogenous, endogenous, and acrogenous. A stem
of the first of these divisions increases in diameter by the addi-
tion of matter to its outer circumference. A cross section shows
in its centre the pith, with lines radiating from it to the circum-
ference or bark, which are called medullary rays, and concentric
rings round the pith, each marking a year's growth. Outermost
is the bark, easily separable from the wood proper. The annual
increase to wood and bark takes place immediately under the
latter in a layer of slimy substance termed the cambium. The
outer and newer wood is called the laburnum, the inner or heart-
wood, which is denser, generally of a darker colour, and through
which there is less sap circulation, is named the duramen. The
bark has three layers, — the innermost tough and fibrous, forming
in some i)lants, c.(j., llax, " the bast."

An endogenous stem increases in diameter by the collection iu
its cellular centre of bundles of fibres and vessels, which swell
out and extend the outer circumference. In a-cross section we see
no pith, no concentric rings, no true separable bark, but on the
contrary, a hardened cellular mass of bundles of vessels and

240 MANUAL OF AGRICULTUI

aa internally liard inseparable bark. These fascicles of fibres
run from the bark inwards and downwards towards the stem's
centre, effecting a firmly interlaced structure.

The increase of an acrogenons stem takes place at its summit,
as exemplified in the case of ferns and tree-ferns. The whole
length is of nearly the same diameter, it is marked on the out-
side by the scars of leaves, whose bases, indeed, compose it. In
cross section there appears a cellular mass, often hollow in the
centre, with bundles of vessels interspersed throughout. Stems pro-
duce buds, or branches bearing them ; in some cases only at their
extremities, " terminal " buds, in whose destruction is involved
th3 death of the plant ; in other cases, both terminal and lateral.
Some buds, instead of developing into branches, become modi-
fied into thorns. Both branches and thorns have a continuity of
the central stern-substance, and are thus distinguished from such
prickles as, e.g., the briars, which are merely developments of the
epidermis, having no direct connection with the stem. The
functions of the stem are chiefly to support the leaves and flowers,
and to afford them a due exposure to the influence of sun and
air. The modifications of leaf form are endless. Microscopi-
cally examined, the leaf epidermis shows numerous hairs and
stomata. Immediately beneath it are discovered elongated or
''palisaded" cells, having a close vertical arrangement; and
spaces are numerously interspersed, corresponding with the sto-
mata above. Inferiorly occur other cells more freely and openly
arranged, with the fibres and vessels constituting the veins of
the leaf running through them. The arrangement of leaf-veins —
the venation of leaves — affords another means of plant classifi-
cation. Along with exogenous stems, plants have a reticulated
venation : — with endogenous, a herring-bone, venation, or the veins
running parallel from the central vein to the leaf's margin. The
petiole or leaf-stalk attaches it to the stem. On any ordinary
tree it is more or less round and fibrous ; in the rhulDarb plant
again, it is thick and juicy, and constitutes the edible part. Some-
times it has almost the identical functions of the leaf itself ; in
sundry pines there is no distinction. The functions of the leaf
are occasionally assumed b}' the stipules — small leaflet-like bodies
at the base of the petiole, and very apparent in rose, pansy, and
clover plants. Frequently they form tendrils and sheaths of the
petiole. The midrib or central main vein of the leaf is a continu-
ation of the petiole.

Leaves are either simple or compound, — the former when the
petiole carries but one blade, and has no joint above the point of •
union with the stem. Such are the leaves of the oak or beech
trees. Compound leaves have their blades subdivided into
separate distinct lengths, each of them being articulated to the
petiole, as in the case of the horse-chestnut. Leaf margins may

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 241

be entire, serrated, crenate, and so on ; the blades, according to
tlie apex, acute, obtuse, &c. When divided laterally from mar-
gin to midrib they cleft pinnately ; longitudinally, they are pal-
mately cleft, and so forth.

Vernation is the varied mode of the folding up of young leaves
in the bud. The attachment of leaves to stem is spirally arranged
in a strict mathematical order. There is the like analogy be-
tween branches and stems, rootlets and root. Certain plants
lose their leaves annually, others retain them, permanently. Of
the first division, the leaves of some wither and fall away on the
completion of bud formation. Sucli plants are called deciduous,
as oak and ash trees. Of others, the leaves wither and decay,
but still adhere, as do those of lilies. Plants of the second divi-
sion retain their leaves of one season's growth till the full
development of their successors in the next ; the majority of our
evergreens for example. When their functions have been nearly
discharged, leaves chanc^^e their colour, and from the secretion of
inorganic matter in their cells, they shrivel up. Simultaneously,
a constriction of the base of the petiole becomes gradually com-
plete, whereupon all the cells of stalk and leaf die, and the latter
falls to the ground.

Leaf functions are analogous to those of the lungs. Leaves
seem to expose plant sap to the action of air and light, which
frees their juices from excessive moisture, and induces such
chemical chancres of their substance as elaborate them into suit-
able compounds for assimilation by the plant, to the end that in
all its parts cell-building may multiply.

In certain plants the leaves are possessed of strange supple-
mentary powers. For instance, the leaf of Venus's fly-trap has
the property of curling inwards and enfolding the luckless
insect which may have alighted thereon. And stranger still,
this duress is effected from a carnivorous propensity ; for physio-
logists declare that the plant thereupon absorbs the juices of the
insect for its own nourishment. In the pitcher plant some of the
leaves act as watertight reservoirs, by assuming the form and
direction best suited for receiving the supply of moisture ; and
frequently they contain a considerable supply of water. The
large quantity of fluid containing solid and gaseous bodies in
solution, and absorbed by the delicate cells of roots, lias an
upward current through the central portion of the stem, and
reaching the leaves, where it undergoes the changes adverted to,
it next takes a downward current through the interior parts of
the stem, delivering growth materials through its course.

The belief at one time was general of the excretory power of
roots over plant waste and matter injurious to its health ; but it
has been surrendered by contemporary physiologists. The absorb-
ent and exhalcnt power of plants over moisture has, it will be seen,

Q

242 ' IMANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE.

an important influence upon the passage of water from soil to
atmosphere, when the immense extent of forest area throughout
the world is considered. Much of it, however, is retransferred
to the ground, having been condensed on the colder leaf surface
by warmer air currents. The wholesale hewing down of forests
has been observed to produce a scp.rcity of rain in regions where
no such privation existed while the forests flourished. Plants
by their gTeen colouring matter act as purifiers of the air by
aljsorbing carbonic acid, so hurtful in excess to animal life.
This process is accomplished by such colouring matter when
subjected to solar action, decomposing the acid, and whilst free-
ing the oxygen, assimilating the carbon.

A flower when normally develo^^ed consists of four parts — twa
called the enveloping organs, viz., the calyx or outer circle, and
the corolla or coloured portion, and the remaining two called the
essential organs, as being necessary for the production of seed,
and named respectively the stamens, and in the centre the pistil.
All parts alike are modifications of the leaf. The leaves forming
the calyx are named sepals ; those of the corolla, petals ; and in
each they occur, either united or separate, and assume infinity of
shape. The stamen consists of a stalk or filament, frequently so
short as to make it appear absent, which supports two bags
called anther lobes, these containing a dust powder — the pollen
of the flower, necessary for the fertilising of the ovules or germs
of the embryo, and these are held by the pistil or ovary. Above
this last is the style or stalk, having at its extremity the
stigma, upon which the pollen must be deposited ere it can
come into contact with the ovules. The changes in the bean
flower may be taken to illustrate the stages of the repro-
ductive process. The grains of pollen on the stigma extend
minute processes down the style into the ovary, where,
coming into contact with the ovules, fertilisation ensues. ISText
the calyx, corolla, and stamens, having performed their functions,
wither and die. The pistil or ovary is now disclosed, as having
assumed the shape of a pod, and within it the fertilised ovules
have developed into a row of beans or seeds. The plants of some
varieties have staminate or male flowers on some of them ; pis-
tillate or feminine flowers on others Others bear both sexes on
one and the same plant ; whilst the generality bear flowers con-
taining both, stamen and pistil together, and these are called per-
fect flowers. The various modes of fertilisation in plants is an
interesting study ; and the unlikely agencies through which the
access of pollen to the ovules is effected bear evidence of the
highest design. Insects have a great share in this ofiice,
through the adherent pollen on their legs and bodies getting
deposited on the stigmata of the successive flowers upon which
they alight. Indeed, it is maintained by the most eminent

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 2^3

savants that the primary office of the many bright hues, varied
scents, and tasted secretions of flowers, is to allure the visitation
of the insect tribe for the purpose of pollen transportation. The
wind also carries many kinds of pollen dust to its due desti-
nation.

To enter upon the consideration of the countless different con-
formation of parts, relation as to numbers and modes of arrange-
ment of the flower, would be to transij^ress the limits of this
manual.

The seed, then, is the fertilised matured ovule. It contains,
along with a new plant in embryo, a sujjply of nutriment for its
sustenance when it begins to germinate, and before it can derive
that from the soil direct. The embryo consists of the radicle, or
root rudiment, the seed leaves or lobes called cotyledons, and the
plumule or young stem. The number of cotyledons affords yet
another standard of plant classification. Exogenous stemmed plants
have two cotyledons in their seeds, and hence are called dico-
tyledonous; endogenous, only one, and are therefore styled mono-
cotyledonous; whilst flowerless plants which have no true seeds,
and consequently no cotyledons, are named acotyledons. In the pea
andbeanthe supply of nutrition is incorporated with the cotyledons;
in grains it is quite distinct and separate from them. In the
former the cotvledons remain beneath the surface, and are
absorbed by the radicle and plumule. From the turnip seed the
two cotyledons spring above ground, appearing as two smooth
leaves, and only decaying when the rough leaves proper sprout:
and develop. It is with these tender cotyledons that the turnip
beetle or "fly" works such havoc, consuming them and thereby
arrestin^^j the seed functions. All Gfrasses and £!Tains are monocotv-
ledonous. The principal food ingredients stored up with the em
bryo in the seeds are starch and nitrogenous and phosphatic
compounds. The absence of direct light and the presence of aii
and moisture are necessary for the germination of the seed. The
air and moisture are requisite for effecting chemical changes
essential to germination ; the latter softens the seed constituents,
and with the oxygen in contact the atoms change places, and
soluble compounds are formed. Those are absorbed by the cells
of the embryo, its several processes are developed, and the rudi-
ments of root and stem produced.

The complicated bodies, — called the proximate constituents, —
elaborated and organised by plant life from the simple inorganic
compounds derived from soil and atmosphere, arc classified into
three divisions, according to the different kinds of nutrition these
subserve in the animal body. The three divisions are as follows :
the Amylaceous or Saccharine, OU'aginous, and the Albuminous.
The first group is entirely composed of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, the two last entering in the exact proportions requisite

244 MANUAL OF AGEICULTUEE.

to form water, whence tliey are often termed carbo-liyclrates. In
Eoscoe's Chemistry they are arranged under the heads of Sue-
roses, CjoHgoOj;^, represented by sucrose or cane sugar; Glucoses,
CgH^gC^c represented by dextrose or grape sugar ; and Amyloses,
CgHj.Og, represented by dextrin, starch, cellulose, and gum. The
amyloses are insoluble in water, but the action of certain acids
converts them into dextrose, which is soluble in water; although
not to the same extent as is sucrose. Gum and cellulose are with
difficulty converted into dextrose ; starch, less so. Starch, how-
ever, soon assumes a soluble form under the action of the saliva
and other juices of the body. The action of the organic com-
pound diastase, which is always found present in seeds beginning to
germinate, renders starch stored up in the seed soluble for the use
of the embryo at that stage. The starch first assumes the properties
of dextrin, and then it is readily changed to dextrose. It will be
noticed that the addition of one molecule of water to those of the
third division will make them assume the same formula as those
of the second.

The composition of the oleaginous compounds is the same, but
with the amount of hydrogen much in excess of the proportion
necessary, with the contained oxygen to form water. Conse-
quently, they are styled hydro-carbons. Glycerin, CgHgOg, is the
base of all fatty compounds, which vary with the different pro-
portions of acids in combination with it. Most fats and oils con-
tain a mixture of all these. The three principal acids are —
palmitic, C^gHg^Og ; oleic, C-^gHg^Og; and stearic, C^gllggOg.

The albuminous compounds contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, phosj^horus, and sulphur; they are also called the nitro-
genous compounds. The composition of them all varies but little;
and they are convertible by a slight rearrangement of atoms.
These compounds are derivable by animals only from vegetable
sources. They are assimilated without undergoing much alteration ;
and in the animal constitution have almost the identical com-
position as the relative compounds in plant life. The following
table shows the composition of the principal members of this
group which are met with in the animal body : —

Albumin.

Filnin.

Casein

Carbon,

53-5

52-7

53-8

Hydrogen,

7-0

6-9

7-2

Nitrogen,

15-5

15-4

15-6

Oxygen,

22-0

23-5

22-5

Sulphur,

1-6

1-2

0-9

Phospliornt^, .

0-4

0-3

0-0

lUO'O 100-0 100-0

Albumin and fibrin abound in blood and muscle. The glutin
of wheat corresponds to fibrin; and albumin is found in the
juices and seeds of plants. Casein is the albuminous compound

ma:n'ual or ageicultuke. 245

present in milk. The legumin of the leguminous plants, e.g.,
peas, beans, clovers, and the avenin of oats correspond with it.

There are two great systems of plant classification — the arti-
ficial and the natural. The artificial, or Linn^ean, as it is called,
after its inventor, the Swedish savant Linnaeus, takes as the
standard of its class division the relative number and position of
stamens and pistils. The latter system, however, has ousted
the Linnsean from modern use. And, more scientifically, the
natural system bases its principle of division upon similarity of
internal structure, and composition, and modification of organs in
plant groups.

All plants are primarily divided into flowering and flowerless.
Excepting a few of the more highly-developed individuals of the
latter class (ferns for example, as representing acrogenoua
stemmed plants), they are all cellular plants, reproducing through
the agency of minute germs or spores. Flowering plants are
further divided into " classes " — those, firstly, with exogenous, and
secondly, those with endogenous stems. As previously stated, the
possession of an exogenous stem is accompanied ^\i.th that of reticu-
lated leaf vernation, and the presence of two cotyledons in the seed.

Classes are subdivided into "sub-classes," which are dis-
tinguished by the presence or absence and varying arrangement
of the enveloping organs, and the relative position of the essential
organs of the flower. Next come " orders," or " families," em-
bracing forms of a generally uniform structure, especially as
regards flower and fruit ; and then in the order of particularity
follow " genera," " sub-genera," " species," and " varieties."

The limitation of what is strictly implied by the term '' species,"
in the animal and vei^etable kingdoms alike, is still a vexed
question with naturalists. Generally speaking, however, the
term implies the resultant group, constituted by the issue of a
single parent stock, and which has the power of reproducing their
like and no other. The individuals of a species may vary in
some essential points of structure; but still the offspring has the
tendency of assuming a closer and closer resemblance to the
original stock, if not prevented by external agency. In the
plants of certain orders there occurs a remarkable tendency
towards abnormal development of structural parts. Tlants are
then said " to sport." The turnip, cabbage and kohl-rabi — the
sea colewort as well, which is found wild on certain parts of our
coast — are all varieties of, and descended from, closely allied
species; but their tendency towards " sporting" has been taken ad-
vantage of by man ; and by the artificial means of agriculture,
their abnormalities have been fostered to an extent rendering
them valuable to the farmer. In the turnip the extra develop-
ment, or hypertrophy, is seated in the root ; in the cabbage, in
the leaves; in the kohl-rabi, in the stem. Cultivation has so

24G MANUAL OF AGRICULTUEE.

altered the functional action of these plants that in their first
season's growth they do not develop flowers and seed, but stoi'e
up a sufficient supply of nourishment in the hypertrophied parts
for the basis of flower and seed growth during the following
season. The rape and cauliflower plants are likewise descendants
of nearly related stock ; the abnormnl development being seated
in the leaf-stalks and leaves of the former, and in the flower-stalks
of the latter. Varieties are producible by means of the artificial
fertilisation of the seed of one plant through the application of
pollen taken from the flower of some other particularly developed
plant of the same species. In this way has been porduced the
countless' varieties of wheat, barley, oats, and other cultivated
plants. Hybrids can also be produced by fertilising the ovules
of one species with pollen from the flower of another species.
But, in common with the hybrids of the animal kingdom^ these
are incapable of reproduction.

All the grains and grasses of our aimual crops belong to the
order Grcrniinece, wdiich is one of the class Endogense ; wherefore,
they are all endogenous stemmed, and their seed embryo is mono-
cotyledonous. Wheat forms the genus Triticum ; barley, Hor-
deum ; oats, Avena ; rye-grass, Lolium ; and so on.

These genera are respectively subdivided into several species ;
these again into innumerable varieties. The bean, pea, and
clover plants belong to the order Lcgiiminoscc, of the class Exo-
gena3 ; and have therefore exogenous stems, and are dicotyledon-
ous. The bean plant constitutes the genus Faba; the pea, Pisum ;
and the clover, Trifolium. To the class Exogenpe also belong the
turnip, rape, cabbage, kohl-rabi, and wild mustard plants, which
with others constitute the order Crucifcrce, with its genera, species,
and varieties respectively.

Chaptek V. — Of Animal Pliysiology.

There are many striking points of analogy between animal and
vegetable physiology. In point of fact, when we look at the
elementary organisations in each great natural division, the
boundary line betw^een them is difficult to be drawn ; and the
forms are numerous, regarding which it is matter of debate as to
which great division they properly belong. As we ascend to
more highly-developed forms in either, the line of demarcation
becomes more readily definable. The highest forms of plant life
possess no nervous system, no cavity for the reception and diges-
tion of solid Ibod, in other words, no stomach ; and they have
no independent power of locomotion ; all of which qualities, on
the other hadd, belong to the higher forms of animal life. An-
other cardinal distinction is that whilst jDlants can assimilate the
elements necessary for building up and maintaining their struc-
true from such simple or inorganic compounds as carbonic acid.

MA^'UAI. OF AGEICULTUIiE. 247

ammonia, and nitric acid, animal bodies, on the other hand can
derive them from such complex organised compounds only as
are formed by plants out of the simpler elements. This prepares
us for the imjjortant fact, that all the actions of animal life con-
sist in the liberation of heat or force attendant upon the dis-
or<Tanisation of the organic compounds forming the tissues. Con-
sequently, ever}^ movement of the animal implies a consump-
tion or using up of materials in its frame. Muscular action is
the contraction and expansion of the delicate fibres compjosing
muscle structure in obedience to nervous stimulus ; and such
contraction is caused by a liberation of atoms or molecules, and
the resulting disorganisation or breaking np into simple com-
pounds of the proximate substances composing the muscle fibres.
Plants prepare their proximate constituents from the simple in-
organic compounds by sun heat and light agency ; whilst animals
derive their possible existence from the liberation of latent force
when these organised compounds are broken up. Plants also
absorb carbonic acid and give off oxygen ; animals inhale oxygen
and exhale carbonic acid.

Nevertheless there are to be met with in the lowest scale of
development forms of animal life devoid of stomach, nervous
system, and independent locomotion ; and also vegeta,ble forms
endowed with some degre(3 of locomotion, and organs function-
ally resembling the stomach, and which do not obey the plant
laws of exhaling pure oxygen and subsistence upon inorganic
compounds.

As in the vegetable, so in tlie animal kingdom is it with
regard to the fundamentally structural nature of the simple cell,
created froui a nucleus and the organic compound protoplasm by
that mysterious agency hitherto only known and defined as
" vital force."

The functions treated of in animal physiology come under the
three heads of Nutrition, lieproduction, and Con-elation, which
last includes the consideration of the functions of sense and
motion, or those by which the total organism is brought into
relation with external nature.

Leginning in order, we find in all the more highly-developed
classes an alimentary canal, into which is received food material,
undergoing those ])rocesses which render it tit for assimilation.
Then it is passed along the tortuous channel, where its nutritive
elements are absorbed and thence conveyed to the blood, and at
whose extremity the residuum of indigestible matter is excreted.
The solid food when receiveil into the mouth is broken up by the
teeth, and mingled with saliva during mastication ; and thus
rendered into a pulpy mass ea.sy to be swallowed, and prepared
for stomachic action. Pesides softening the food the .saliva exerts
certain chemical intluences upon it ; notably converting insoluble

248 MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE.

amylaceous bodies into soluble saccharine bodies. The mass
passes through the gullet, entering the stomach at the cardiac
orifice. There it is acted upon by several secretions, the princi-
pal of these being the gastric juice, whose properties closely re-
semble those of hydrochloric acid. When the various com-
pounds are nearly dissolved, they are passed on through the
pyloric orifice of the stomach to the intestines in the condition
called chyme. Chyme is a pasty substance, containing dissolved
saccharine matter and undissolved starch, albuminous bodies
broken up and wholly or partially dissolved, oleaginous bodies
broken up but undissolved, such solid indigestible portions as
have been enacted upon by the gastric fluids, and some of the
liquids swallowed along with' the solid food. The intestines, ac-
cording to their diameter, are divided into the large and small.
Continuing from the stomach, the small intestine is nominally
distinguished as the duodenum, jejunum and ileum ; and the
large intestine as the CcCcum, colon, and rectum. The latter dis-
tinction is less merely nominal, the rectum being less puckered
or convoluted than the other two. At the union of large and
small intestines occurs the ileo-cffical valve, allovving a passage
but one way from the small to the large.

Ere the chyme has entered far into the duodenum it is sub-
jected to the action of the intestinal juices organised in various
glands. Chief are the bile and pancreatic juices, secreted by the
liver and pancreas respectively. These serve further to dissolve
the albuminous compounds, of emulsifying or saponifying the
oily constituents of the chyme, and of recommencing the conver-
sion process of starch into sugar, which had been arrested by the
gastric fluids. And thereby all are alike rendered capable of
direct absorption. The chyme continuing its course through the
intestines, has its available compounds absorbed and carried to
the blood, and the insoluble, indigestible residue voided from the
rectum.

At this stage it may be as well, before adverting to the jjro-
cesses of absorjotion and nutrition, to consider the constitution
and cii^culation of the blood.

Like the sap of j)lants in its grand work of supplying all the
animal tissues with the necessary food for health and mainten-
ance, it has to discharge the additional functions of keeping up
the animal temperature in every part, and of removing waste
tissue substance and matter deleterious to life. Actually it
consists of a colourless fluid containing innumerable minute
globules, — " corpuscles," — the greater part of which are red in
colour, and give the blood its characteristic hue. Its fluid
portion, the liquor sangitinis, is composed of the " serum," hold-
ing fibrin and other compounds in solution. The fibrin exposed
to the atmosphere has a tendency to coagulate, whence blood

MAXUAL OF AGEICULTUEE. 249

clot. In the first stage of coagulation its total constituents
appear as one jelly-looking mass, but in a little the serum oozes
thence as a yellowish slimy fluid. The corpuscles, however,
remain contained in the fibrin. The serum contains about 8 per
cent, of albumen, and with the exception of the fibrin and the
corpuscles, the whole constituents of the blood. Eoscoe gives the
following graphic formula as the average composition of the
blood : —

Coagulum or Clot, ( ^^^^^^ • ' ' ' ^''^^ J 13-0

° ' (.Corpuscles . . . 12-/0 )

( Water . . . 79 •0(

Serum, . . U^l?^'^. ' ' ' n n^ ^ ^''0

' j r atty matters . . 0"06 '

' Salts (inorganic) . , 0"9^

100-0

The analysis of the inorganic or mineral matter remaining in
the ash, by Enderline, is as follows: —

Phosphate of soda, . . , , 16*77

Chloride of sodium, .... 59'34

Chloride of potassium, . . . 6"12

Sulphate of soda, .... 3-85

Phosphate of magnesia, . . . 4'19

Oxide, with a little phosphate of iron, . 8.28

Sulphate of lime, and loss, . , . 1*45

The heart, by its continual alternate muscular contraction and
expansion, keeps up an uninterrupted circulation of the blood
through the whole animal frame. There are four cavities in the
heart, two auricles and two ventricles. At either side of the
heart respectively are an auricle and a ventricle. The auricle of
the left side opens directly into the ventricle of the same side.
And so is it at the heart's right side. But the whole course of
the circulation intervenes between right and left auricles and
ventricles respectively. The contraction then of the left auricle
filled with blood forces it into the corresponding ventricle, which,
at the same time, expands in order to receive it. Next, the con-
traction of the left ventricle throws its contents into the main
arteries, forcing it along them into all their branches throughout
tlie body, and into their capillaries as well — the minute vessels
closely interlaced, wliich permeate all the corporeal tissues. From
these delicate tubes the blood enters the veins, and through them
is forced back to enter the heart's right auricle ; whereupon is
completed the systemic circulation, or tliat whereby every part
of tlie body receives an unfailing constant supply of nutritive
blood.

As in the former instance, the right auricle pumps the blood into
the right ventricle, whence it enters the pulmonary artery, and
through it the lungs. In the lungs it is exposed to the action

250 MANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE.

of the atmospheric air which they inhale, and having undergone
the consequent important change of constitution it passes next
into veins communicating directly with the left auricle, having
thus completed the puhuonary circulation. The vessels leading
from the ventricles are arteries ; into the auricles, veins. Both
orders of vessels are connected by means of the delicate capil-
laries so as to form a continuous channel. The blood is kept
circulating in one direction by means of the valvular arrange-
ment, which prevents the backward impulse when the auricles
and ventricles contract. Blood suitable for the demands of tissue
supply is the arterial blood only; when that function has been
discharged it becomes venous blood. Thus the blood in the
veins leading from the pulmonary circulation to the heart, and
thence to the systemic capillaries, is arterial ; the blood flowing
into the ri^jht auricle, and thence through the ri^ht ventricle to
the lungs, is venous. Arterial blood is of a bright scarlet hue ;
venous, dark purple. For which difference the reason would
appear to be that, whereas the colouring matter, which contains
a large proportion of iron, is fully ox'idised in the case of arterial
blood, in venous blood, on the other hand, it has parted with
much of its oxygen during its passage through the capillaries
into the veins.

Blood absorption consists in the taking up and conveyance of
new material to supply the continual wants of tissue waste, and,
in addition, the removal of this waste, which otherwise would
effect the destruction of the parts throwing it off. The other
absorbents besides the blood-vessels are the lacteals and lym-
phatics. The lacteals are confined to the intestinal canal ; the
lymphatics are distributed through all parts of the body where
the presence of blood-vessels occurs. Both alike are connected
with and pass through the lymphatic glands, which are supposed
to have the power of further organising the compounds absorbed
by the vessels. The absorption of substances received into the
alimentary canal is effected by the blood-vessels and lacteals.
Blood-vessels absorb all soluble matter, whether albuminous or
saccharine, &c., directlv throuoii the enclosing!- membranes of the
vessels. Hence, fluids and matter in solution can be absorbed
by the blood-vessels before the passage of food from the stomach.
The other two sets appear to have an affinity for particular sub-
stances. The lacteals chiefly absorb oleaginous substances, and
their contents are then called chyle. In the intestines are
numerous processes called villi, consisting of a network of
minute blood vessels surrounding one or more lacteals, and all
covered with mucous membrane like the other portions of the
intestinal canal ; and here it is that absorption principally takes
place, although it does so more or less at all parts, even to the
canal's extremity. It is still matter of doubt and conjectm^e as

MANUAL OF AGKICULTUPtE. 251

to the exact source whence the lymphatics directly absorb their
contents. They are supjDOsed to absorb the excess of liquor
sanguinis effused for nutritive purposes by the delicate capil-
laries into the tissues, and also such compounds resulting from
tissue changes as are not totally excrementitious, but capable of
further utilisation and absorption, after they may have been
more highly organised and again carried into nutritive circulation,
The nutritive substances being almost entirely absorbed by A'es-
sels leading into the veins, they are conveyed through several
organs, which elaborate them into various compounds capable of
being assimilated by the tissues before reaching the systemic
circulation. The excrementitious compounds formed by tissue
waste are absorbed by the blood-vessels, and these vessels lead-
ing into other organs capable of extracting all deleterious matter
from the blood, the circulating fluid leaves them freed from
waste and noxious compounds before it again permeates the
different parts of the system. In further organising the absorbed
nutritious compounds, the liver takes an important part, as also
do the glands of the lacteals and lymphatics and the lungs as
well. The principal agents in removing superfluous matter from
the blood are the kidneys, lungs, liver, and skin. The kidneys
secrete from the blood the excess of moisture, the waste albumin-
ous substances, and nearly all the mineral salts in solution, all
of which are conveyed from them to the bladder, and thence
voided as urine. In the lungs the venous blood gets exposed to
the oxvt^en there inhaled in the common air, and such blood
greedily absorbs the oxygen. Carbon and hydrogen combine
with it, and are exhaled with the expired breath as carbonic
acid and watery vapour. The oxygen combines with the blood's
colouring matter as well, and is readily yielded up by the latter
to the tissues, in order that there may be effected the oxidisation
and chemical change of their component substances. Besides
its functions in the process of digestion and of organising com-
pounds absorbed by the blood, the liver has to discharge the
supplementary one as well of purifying the blood from the
2)resence of certain bodies, which are for the most part com-
pounds of carbon and hydrogen. The skin excretes gases and
moisture — carbonic acid and watery vapour for the most part ;
but also minute quantities of compounds similar to those in
urine, and tliis in the acts of sensible and insensible perspiration
alike. Such compounds as those last njentioned are also to some
extent exhaled from the Jungs.

Tile i)riiicii)al bodily excretions are urine and the fivces, whicli,
committed to the soil, are still of value for the purposes of plant
life. Urine, as we liave seen, chiefly contains disorganised alhu-
miiious compounds and inorganic salts. Sunnnarily, the different
compounds of fieces may be stated to be those winch have been

252 MANUAL OF AGPJCULTUEE.

taken into the body with the food and carried through it, without
having been assimilated. Unless there is consumption of food
rich in albuminous matter, or the latter is present in the former
in an indigestible state, the faeces contain but a small proportion
of nitrogen. The principal constituents are unassimilated inor-
ganic salts.

To epitomise, alimentary substances are introduced into the
stomach, there to be broken up and dissolved, and passed thence
into the intestines, where tbey are still more completely fitted for
assimilation by the action of the absorbents. The saliva changes
insoluble starchy matters into soluble saccharine compounds,
until this process is arrested by the gastric fluid ; but the fluids
from the liver and pancreas renew the arrested operation when
such matters have been passed into the intestines. The albu-
minous compounds are in considerable part dissolved by the
gastric fluids ; those passing from the stomach undissolved are
further acted upon by the intestinal fluids. The oleaginous com-
pounds are broken up, but are otherwise unacted upon by the
gastric fluids. When subjected to the action of the bile and
pancreatic fluid, they are broken up into minute globules covered
by albuminous matter. The more solid and fibrous parts of the
food but little altered by these agencies are passed on to the
rectum, and thence defecated together with the remaining unab-
sorbed materials. The blood-vessels ramifying through the inner
coats of the stomach at once be^in to absorb all soluble com-
pounds — saccharine, albuminous, and inorganic — which can
penetrate the enclosing membranes of the vessels. These
absorbed compounds are passed together with the venous blood
through the several elaborating and secreting organs, there to be
prepared for assimilation in the tissues. The compounds result-
ing from muscular action and the breaking up of tissue substance
are in part absorbed by the lymphatics, but j^rincipally by the
blood-vessels. The compounds absorbed by the lymphatics are
supposed to be such as are not entirely excrementitious, but
still further capable of organisation and assimilation. The blood
is purified from all used up or unnecessary compounds during
their passage through the various excretory organs.

Albuminous compounds pass by the several names of flesh
formers, or of proteine, plastic, and azotised, ix., compounds con-
taining nitro gen. Before absorption they are converted into a
compound named albuminose, which in the blood soon assumes the
forms of albumen and fibrin; the blood then circulating in the caj^il-
laries effuses through their enclosing cellular membranes into the
tissues its fluid and gaseous contents ; whereupon the albumin-
ous compounds go to build up and replace such bodies as the
fibrin and albumen contained in the muscular fibre of flesh, the
casein in milk, the gelatin in the bones, ligaments, horns, hoofs.

MANUAL OF AGKICULTURE. 253

hair, wool, &c., and cliondrin in cartilage or gristle. The olea-
ginous compounds, or fat formers, supply material for storing up
fat in the system. The adipose or fat cells are congregated in
nearly every part of the system. In the case of animals fattened
beyond natural requirements these cells are deposited in increased
quantity in all the soft tissues, thus increasing the size and
plumpness of the different parts of the frame ; but at the same
time their presence greatly interferes with the continuance of mus-
cular vigour. They are also termed heat producers, as by the
oxidation of their carbon and hydrogen in the lungs and tissues
they serve to maintain the requisite temperature of the blood.
The amylaceous and saccharine bodies are termed the respiratory
or heat-producing compounds. Their carbon and hydrogen are
oxidised in the lungs and other parts, and carbonic acid and
water produced thereby, as in the case of the last-mentioned
compounds. It is supposed that their excess in the blood is
capable of conversion through exchange of atoms into fatty
material. As before mentioned, the production of heat ensues
upon all movements whatever of animal bodies. The oleaginous
and amylaceous compounds alike are incapable of supplying
flesh-formiug materials, the reason being that they do not con-
tain nitrogen.

There is a peculiar modification of stomach represented amoDgst
the ruminant animals of the farm, those, namely, which are com-
monly said to " chew the cud." The stomach in their case is
divided into four different compartments, viz., 1st (in order
form the gullet), the rumen, or " paunch ;" 2d, the reticulum, or
honeycombed bag; 3d the omasum, or " manyplies; " and 4th, the
abomasum, or stomach proper. The gullet or oesophagus is con-
tinued to the third stomach ; but in passing over the openings
into the rumen and reticulum, it is slit in such a manner that a
small amount of pressure opens its folds, and affords a passage
into those two divisions. In the act of feeding, ruminant animals,
it will be seen, swallow their natural food before it is thoroughly
masticated. This, in being swallowed, deposits its bulkier and
more imperfectly chewed portions into the rumen and reticulum,
through the pressure of such portions upon the two folded open-
ings into the same respectively, the larger pieces naturally
entering the rumen. And there it remains, and is acted upon by
the saliva swallowed along with it, until the animal ceases
browsing. Meanwhile the reticulum has been receiving the
sup])ly of the rumen. When the animal, in the next place, com-
mences to ruminate, the contents of the reticulum are ejected
through the folds of its communicating aperture into the gullet
in the form of small pellets, and by an inverted muscular action
of the gullet these are conveyed to the mouth, where they
undergo a thorough leisurely mastication. Eeduced by this

254 MANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE.

process to a soft pulpy mass, its second passage down the gullet
is unaccompanied with the requisite amount of pressure to open
the passage into its former receptacles, and it passes easily and
smoothly to the omasum. In like manner almost all fluid, sottish
or gruelly food, passes directly to it in the first instance. It may
almost be said that the c^ullet is continued throu^di the omasum
into the fourth stomach. The inner coats of the omasum are
arranged as a great number of closely-placed folds, and any sub-
stance imperfectly reduced, or triturated, so to speak, passing
along the continuation of the gullet, becomes perfectly reduced,
having to pass between these folds or " manyplies " before entering
the abomasum. Here finally, where is secreted the gastric juice,
does digestion proper commence. The abomasum leads directly
into the duodenum.

Here, inasmuch as poultry form in many instances an im-
portant branch of the live-stock of the farm, it may be as well
briefly to advert to the characteristic modification of the digestive
portion of their alimentary canal. Midway between mouth and
stomach is situated the ingluvies or crop, a pouch formed by
folds or a species of dilatation of the gullet; and here the
grains and similar hard food swallowed entire are stored up in
the first instance. The food is gradually passed to the gizzard,
where it is crushed and ground up between the muscular sides
of this organ, which are lined with horny membrane. Its peculiar
action is greatly aided by the presence of the sand and minute
stones which the fowl instinctively swallows. The " j)^o'^6ntri-
culis," or stomach proper, has to be passed through, however,
before the food enters the gizzard. In the former is secreted the
gastric juice, whence it is that the food is subjected to its
influence before being triturated by the gizzard's action. The
gizzard opens into the duodenum.

With regard to the reproductive process in animals, the prin-
cipal organs for producing and developing the embryo in the
female are the ovaries, in which are developed germ cells or
ova, and the uterus or womb, where the ova are impregnated
by the male animal, and where the ova are afterwards developed
and sustained by the blood of the mother until they are ripe for
parturition. There are two ovaries, one on either side, and the^^
are situated in the region of the loins. They communicate with
the uterus by the Fallopian tubes, which are certain very narrow
channels. The ova, produced at periodical intervals, pass through
these tubes to the uterus, and their presence in that organ is
made evident by the phenomenon of "heat" or "rut" in the
female. If sexual intercourse, and the impregnation of one or
more ova, do not supervene, the ova are soon discharged from the
body. In the opposite event the ovum is retained in the womb,
and there sustained by union v;ith the maternal blood circulation.

MANUAL OF AGKICL'LTURE. 255;

through the successive stages of embryonic growth, up to the
stage when it can maintain its separate existence as a fully-
developed animal of the species ; whereupon the union is broken
and the young animal expelled from the mother's body by a won-
derful muscular action of the uterus. Until able to provide for
itself, the young animal is fed with the mother's milk, elaborated
from the blood by her mammary glands. The testes in the male
animal are the corresponding organs to the ovaries; they secrete
the seminal fluid, containing sperm cells, — spermatozoids, — wdiich
being discharged during the sexual act, and coming into contact
with the ova, serves to fertilise the latter. By castration, or the
removal of the testes, the male animal is rendered inca-
pable of performing his share of the reproductive process, butat
the same time he becomes more docile in disposition, and he is
more easily and economically fattened than he could have been
before the deprivation. The female when deprived of the
ovaries assumes the like characteristics. In the case of fowls
the ova, whether fertilised or not, are expelled from the body in
a complete state in the form of eggs. They contain within the
shell a thick layer of nutritious albuminous matter, — the " white,"
— which affords nourishment, when impregnation has been
effected, to the growing embryo during the period of incubation.
The physiological functions of correlation hardly fall within
the scope of such a work as the present.

Oh AFTER VI. — Of Meteorology.

The atmosphere, or aerial rind enclosing our globe, is composed
of a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen, and a small proportion
therein of one or two other gases. Purified air consists of 4
volumes or 77 parts by w-eight of nitrogen, and 1 volume or 23
parts by weight of oxygen. But common air also contains a
considerable quantity of watery vapour, and carbonic acid as
well, the latter in the proportion of about 4 volumes to 10,000
volumes of air ; and 1 part of anmionia to 1 million parts of air.
Nitric acid is also present, but in minuter quantity than am-
monia. The height to which it continues above sea -level is
uncertain, and variously estimated at from 45 miles upwards.
At the sea-level its average pressure upon all objects is at the
rate of 15 lbs. on every square inch, and it can support a column
of mercury 30 inches high in a tube in vacuo, whose only open end
enters tlie mercury contained in an open vessel. Such an arrange-
ment constitutes the invalual)h; instrument, the barometer, the
measurer of atmospheric pressure, and as sucli, an indeiinite
multiplier of science. Aerial density gradually diminishes as we
ascend above the sea-level, and with it aerial pressure as well.
Heat expands air, which decreasing in density, ascends ; its

256

MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE.

vacant place being occupied by a fresli supply possessed of the
normal coldness and density. Hence the origin of the winds,
and the constant atmospheric movements round the earth. The
constant ascent in this manner of the body of air superincumbent
upon the tracts of ocean, having a breadth of belt extending to
one or two degrees on either side the equator, and the supply
of colder air to fill up the vacuum, combine to effect the bene-
ficial phenomenon of the steady trade winds. And their pre-
vailing direction is consequent upon a supplementary fact, viz.,
the greater speed of terrestrial revolution at the equator, arising
from the earth's increased diameter at that j)art ; for this swifter
easterly motion than at other parts of the earth's surface makes
the trade winds fall behind, so to speak, and to seem blowing
from the north-east and south-east. To the irregular occurrence
of partial aerial rarefaction is due the phenomena of monsoons,
and all winds great and small. From water, moisture evaporates
at all temperatures, even when it is in the form of ice or snow ;
and the air has the property of being able to hold a large quan-
tity of such aqueous vapour in suspension. The higher the
temperature of the atmosphere, the larger the proportion of
aqueous vapour it can absorb ; therefore it possesses various
degrees of saturation, ix., points beyond which it can hold no
more in suspense. As air becomes cooler, so does its power of
saturation also become lowered ; whereupon all the watery
vapour in excess is condensed, and falls as rain, or is deposited
as dew. Dew is produced by the rapid radiation of heat from
the warm surface-ground and herbage after sunset, These
becoming cooler than the immediately surrounding air, the latter
in turn parts with its heat to them by radiation, whereby it has
its saturation point lowered, and the excess of vapour becomes
deposited as dew. And so with fogs and mists ; they result
from the radiation of heat from land and water, taking with it
aqueous vapour, which becomes visible upon encountering cooler
air. Similarly, rain is produced when heated volumes of air
are deprived of their heat, through the fall of condensed vapour,
which assumes, according to the temperature it encounters, the
form of rain, hail, or snow. The following table gives the weight
in grains of a cubic foot of vapour at successive ascents of 10°,
from 0° to 90° Fahrenheit, clearly demonstrating the increase of
the saturation point with the rise of temperature : —

Temperature in ^

Weight in

Temperature in

Weight in

degrees.

grains.

degrees.

grains.

0

•' •

. 0-856

50 .

. 4-535

10

•

1-208

60 .

. 6.222

20

• • *

1-688

70 .

. 8-392

30

• • •

2-361

80 .

. 11-333

40

• • '

3-239

90 .

. 15-005

M^VXUAL OF AGrJCULTUliE. 257

" When by any cause the temperature of the air is reduced, it&
particles (molecules), approach nearer each other, and so do those
of the vapours held suspended in the air ; and as steam becomes
visible when mixed with atmospheric air, so vapour becomes
visible when it suffers condensation by a reduction of tempera-
ture, and then becomes clouds. These differ much in altitude
and size." In this way we can visibly perceive the contained
watery vapour in our lung exhalations during frosty weather, as
also at such times as the atmosphere is already saturated with
moisture.

On this natural provision of the aerial absorption of moisture
depends the entire system of circulation of w^ater from earth to
sea, and vice versa. From the immense tracts of the tropical
seas, and those of less heated zones, enormous volumes of water
are being continually uplifted into the thirsty air. And this
saturated air, becoming impelled in every direction by all the
winds that blow, meets with cold elevations and land surfaces,
or colder currents ; whereby, losing its excess of temperature
by means of radiation, its corresponding excess of moisture is
condensed, and descends as rain to promote vegetable life, to fill
our springs, rivers, and lakes, and take a leading part in effecting
the physical and chemical changes which are constantly occurring,
and altering the general contour of the world.

The frequency rather than the amount of rainfall, indicates
the atmospheric humidity of any district. Generally speaking,
the number of days in a year on which there falls rain, increases
as we recede from the equator to the temperate zones ; and the
amount of rainfall decreases with distance from the equator with
increased elevation above sea-level, and with distance from the
sea : —

From N. lat. 12° to 43'' there are 78 rainy days.
43 to 46 „ 103 „
46 to 50 „ 134 „
50 to 60 „ 161 ,,

The rainfall of the tropics is estimated at 95, and of the tem-
perate zones at 34 inches annually. In some parts of the "West
Indies, as much as 600 inches have fallen in one year.

In the comijaratively small area of Great Britain there is yet
large diversity of the amount of rainfall, humidity, and tempera-
ture of the atmosphere. This, besides being due to local physi-
cal causes, arises from others prevailing over a large portion of the
earth.

In some districts sheltered by higher ground from unfavour-
able winds, the temperature is much hioher than it is in less
favoui-ed districts, and from the condensing action of the hills,
the liumidity is also greater. The prevailing westerly winds
come moisture-laden from the Atlantic into contact with the

?)

J)

5)

5J

5?

J)

:?

j>

J>

258 MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE.

colder surface of the western parts of our islands; they be-
come lowered in temperature, and consequently part with
much of their moisture at the place of contact, in the form of
mists and rain ; and thus they keep these parts at once warmer
and more humid than the eastern districts of the kingdom.
Such influences have, hy necessity, a considerable bearing
upon the question as to the preferable system of agriculture for
adoption in these districts respectively. Tor whilst the posses-
sion of an atmosphere humid to excess, with its attendant
want of frequent sunshine, renders certain districts incapable of
properly maturing our more valuable cereal crops, they are at
the same time better fitted for the cultivation of the important
green crops, and thereby better calculated for the successful
practice of the several systems of stock-farming than other, in
some respects, more highly favoured counties.

The following remarks of the English Eegistrar-General are
of interest in this connection. He says : — " Eain fell in London
to the amount of 43 inches, which is equivalent to 4300 tons
of rain per acre. The rainfall during last week" (February
1865) " varied from 30 tons per acre in Edinburgh, to 215 tons
per acre in Glasgow. An English acre consists of 6,272,640
square inches, and an inch deep of rain on an acre yields
6,272,640 cubic inches of water, which at 277,274 cubic inches
to the gallon makes 22,622'5 gallons ; and as a gallon of dis-
tilled water weighs 10 lbs., the rainfall on an acre is 226,225 lbs.
avoirdupois ; but 2240 lbs. are a ton, and consequently an inch
deep of rain weighs 100*993 tons, or nearly 101 tons per acre.
For every 100th of an inch, a ton of water falls per acre. If any
agriculturist were to try the experiment of distributing artifici-
ally that which nature so bountifully supplies, he would soon
feel inclined to rest and be thankful."

Numerous experiments have satisfactorily demonstrated that
the amount of water exhaled by the plants on an acre of ground
is in excess of its amount of rainfall. As therefore nearly 2-5ths
of the total rainfall are carried away by the drainage, it will be
better judged to what an extent takes place an almost insensible
circulation of water from earth to atmosphere and reversely.

The atmospheric temperature decreases as we approach the
higher latitudes from the equator, and also with increased eleva-
tion above the sea-level. For every 300 feet of ascent above the
sea-level the mean or average temperature decreases 1°. But
with increasing distance from the equator there is no uniform
gradient of decrease, owing to the unequal distribution of sea
and land and other causes producing a variation of temperature
in parts of the world included in the same degrees of latitude.
The lines which cover tracks of the world having the same mean
temperature are caUed "isothermal lines." The atmospheric

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 259

temperature is measured and indicated by the thermometer,
which contains mercury or fluid in a closed glass tube, from which
the atmospheric air has been extracted. Its contents expand and
contract under the influence of heat and cold ; and the amount of
these respectively is indicated by the standard scale of degrees
according to which the instrument is graduated. They are also
constructed with an arrangement for registering the maximum
amount of cold w^hich has been reached during any fixed period.
The hygrometer indicates the amount of moisture contained in
the atmosphere immediately surrounding it ; whilst the hygro-
scope again merely indicates its presence. Anemometers are
instruments used for measuring the amount of the wind's force
and velocity. As exhibiting the influence of temperature upon
the distribution of plant life in the earth, we find the face of the
globe in physical atlases, from the equator to the pole, roughly
divided into eight isothermal zones, with characteristic plants^, as
follows : —

1st, The region of palms and bananas— Equatorial zone— equator to lat, 15° from max. temp, to 78*

2d, „

"5

„ tree ferns and fi

gs — Tropical zone — la

t.l5't

ola

t. 25 — mean

temi

). f roi

nTS^

to7r

3d, „

11

„ myrtles and laurels — Sub-tropical „ —

25'^

11

34°-

II

73°

1,62'

4th, „

11

,, evergreens

— Warm temp. ,, • —

34°

11

45°—

,,

62°

,i53°

5th, „

11

„ European trees

— Cold temp. ,, —

45°

11

58^-

11

53°

,i42°

6th, „

11 .

„ pmes

—Sub-Arctic „ —

58°

11

67°-

11

4r

1, 3S*

7th, „

,, rhododendrons

— Arctic ,, —

67°

11

72'—

11

32°

„28"

8th, „

11

„ Alpine plants

—Polar] „ —

72°

!1

90'—

11

16°

,1 1"

The same applies to the vertical isothermal lines, i.e., those
indicative of similarity of temperature in distance above sea-leveL
We can see the effects of temperature on the choice of cultivated
plants exemplified within the limited area of our own country,
in the presence and absence of certain field crops, as we travel
from the southern to the northern extremity of our island. The
important bearing which the science of meteorology brings more
immediately upon agricultural practice has until recently been
almost entirely overlooked ; but now its principles, and their
connection with the flourishing of farm crops and the welfare of
live-stock, are more entirely appreciated. And there is all the
more reason for this, from the peculiar situation of our kingdom
subjecting it to numerous, extreme, and sudden changes of
weather. The farmer can now, at the same time, more success-
fully combat with these, through the agency of the widely-dis-
seminated weather-charts and forecasts, the fruits of the system
so admirably organised by the Government department of the
Board of Trade.

Cn AFTER VTI.

Of the Lcadinfj Scientific lYiiiciplcs of the Art of Agriculture.

The perusal of the foregoing chapters will have prepared the
student for tracing the relation of the various physical sciences

260 MANUAL OF AGKICULTUEE.

therein successively treated of, to the leading principles of agri-
culture, as they will next be practically adverted to in the re-
maining portion of this manual.

The classification and the cliemical and physical characteristics
-of soils will fall to be considered by way of preliminary matter,
seeing that the soil is the primary essential requisite for afford-
ing the plant a foundation on which .to begin the formation of
its structure, and, at the same time, in connection with the atmo-
sphere, supplies all the elements necessary for the plant's growth.
And before doing so a brief recapitulation is expedient of the
plant's mode of absorbing its organic and inorganic constituents.

The plant is but little dependent on the soil as a source of
carbonic acid supply, asiit is the carbon of the atmosphere which
it is constantly absorbing and assimilating. Still, a considerable
quantity of the atmospheric carbon is being carried into the soil
when the form.er is dissolved by rain water. And when it is
there freed by chemical action a proportion of it is directly
absorbed by roots. Water necessary to the plant, yielding oxy-
gen and hydrogen, the roots can absorb ; and likewise, in some
measure, the leaves, when the air is damp. Nitrogen, although
existing free to so large an extent in the atmosphere, is not
available for plant life in equal measure with these other three
inorganic elements. It is only to a limited extent that j)lants
can absorb the nitrogen of the atmosphere ; and then it is the
ammonia and nitric acid it contains and only from the ground as
a source, into which, both being soluble in water, they are
carried by the rain. On this point Liebig says : — " As regards
the quantity of ammonia thus brought down by the rain, ... as
1132 cubic feet of air, saturated with aqueous vapour, at 59°
Fahrenheit, should yield 1 lb. of rain water, if the pound contain
only l-4th of a grain of ammonia, a piece of ground of 26,910
square feet — 43,560 square feet being an acre — must receive
annually upwards of 80 lbs. of ammonia, or 65 lbs. of nitrogen ;
which is much more nitrogen than is contained in the form of
vegetable albumen and gluten in 2650 lbs. of wood, 2500 lbs. of
hay, or 200 cwt. of beetroot, which are the yearly produce of
such a piece of ground ; but it is less than the straw, roots, and
grain of corn which might grow on the same surface would con-
tain," Other cheaiists, however, calculate the amount of nitro-
gen carried by rain to the soil at a much lower figure than the
Baron does. Humus, or the organic matter of soils, absorbs
ammonia from the atmosphere, and when existing free in the
soil ; in like manner does clay. Nitric acid and ammonia are
also produced in the soil by the decay of animal and vegetable
substances containino- nitroG;en. The former combines with
bases, such as potash, soda, or lime, to form nitrates ; and these
and the ammonia become absorbed by the clay or humus. It is

MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE. 261

tinderstood that plants absorb the liberated ammonia in a direct
manner, and nitric acid in the same way ; although in regard to
the latter the question is more undecided. These, accordingh-,
are the natural sources whence plant life obtains the necessary
organic elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
The inorganic compounds, whence are derived the inorganic ele-
ments necessary for the uj^building of plant structure, exist in the
soil in, as we have seen, an almost insoluble condition. But rain
water holding carbonic acid in solution has, we know, its soluble
power over such compounds in the soil vastly increased. But
even with this, and the additional fact of so large a quantity of it
permeating the soil and plant structure (experiment has shown
that for every grain of inorganic matter assimilated by a plant,
2000 grains of water have passed through the latter), still plant life
could not derive inorganic substance in sufficient quantity, with-
out the additional agency of the power stated to be inherent in
roots, of contributing by chemical or other means to the solubility
of the compounds of this class with which they come into con-
tact in the soil. By heat and light these several absorbed com-
pounds, when exposed in the leaf or elsewhere, are broken up,
and their atoms and molecules rearranged, to form the proximate
and other compounds found in plants.

The several constituents of plant life " all form," says John-
ston, " more or less constantly and abundantly a portion of the
fixed and solid matter of the plant taken as a whole. They may
not be found in any one part of the plant when separated care-
fully from the rest ; but in the solid parts of the plant, taken as
a whole, they are all and always to be met with. When thus
deposited they become, for the most part, dormant, as it were ;
and for t;he time cease to perform an active chemical function in
the general growth ; though, as vessels or cells, they may still
perform a mechanical function. They undergo various chemical
changes in the interior, chiefly while circulating or contained in
the sap, by which changes they are prepared and fitted for enter-
ing, when and where it is necessary, into the composition of the
solid or fixed })arts of the plants. Thus the starch of the seed is
changed into the soluble dextrin and sugar of the young plant,
and then again into the insoluble cellular fibre of the stem or
wood as the plant grows ; and finally, into the insoluble starch of
the grain as its seed lills and ripens. They each exercise a
chemical action more or less distinct, decided, and intelligible
upon tlie other elementary bodies, and the compounds of them,
which they meet with in the sap of the plant. In regard to some
substances, such as potash and soda, the sulphuric and jdiosphoric
acids, this last function a])pears to be especially imporLunt.
These substances inlluence all the chemical changes which go on
in the interior of the plant, and which modify or cause it? growth.

262 MANUAL OF AGRICULTUKE.

The same is true of the nitrogen which the plant contains. This
elementary body, in the form of albumen, or some other of the
numerous protein compounds which occur in the sap, presides
over, or takes part in, almost every important transformation
which the organic matter of the living vegetable undergoes. Thus
it is always abundantly present when the starch of the seed or of
the tuber is dissolved and sent up to feed the young shoot ; and
again, when the soluble substances of the sap are converted into
the starch of the grain of the tuber, or of the body or pith of the
tree, one or other of the protein combinations is always found to
be present on the spot where the chemical change or transforma-
tion is going on. Besides these general functions, the several
substances found in plants exercise also special functions in
reference to vegetable life and growth. Thus, oiitrogen is most
abundant in the sap of young plants, takes part in most of the
changes of organic compounds which go on in the sap, and fixes
itself, as the plant approaches maturity, in greatest abundance in
the seeds and in the green leaves. Nitrogenous manure alone
produces negative results. Potash and soda circulate in the sap,
influence chemical changes very much, and reside or fix them-
selves most abundantly in green and fleshy leaves, and in bulb-
ous roots. Sul2Jhuric acid is very influential in all chemical
changes, is found in most cases in those parts of the plant in
which soda and potash abound, and deposits a portion of its
sulphur wherever the compounds of nitrogen form a notable part
of the substance of the plant. Pliospwric acid exercises also
much influence over the chemical changes of the sap, and finally
fixes itself in greatest abundance in the seeds and other repro-
ductive parts of the plant. Soluble phosphates, from whatever
source derived, produce no difference, whether as dissolved guano,
coprolites, or bone ash. Lime is very important to healthy vege-
table growth, as practical experience has long testified. Among
other duties, it appears to accompany the phosphoric acid in the
sap of plants, and to deposit itself in combination with organic
acids in the leaves and bark, and with phosphoric acid in some
seeds and roots. Magnesia appears also to attach itself very
much to phosphoric acid in the sap, and fixes itself in combina-
tion with the acid principally in the seed. Chlorine — the chemi-
cal function of this substance in the sap is less understood even
than that of the other substances above-mentioned. It exists
chiefly in combination v/ith soda, and is much more abundantly
present in some plants, and in some parts of plants, than in
others. Though, as I have said, its immediate chemical function
in the plant is not understood, it forms a most important con-
stituent of the plant, in so far as the after uses of vegetables
in the feeding of animals are concerned. Silica exists in the sap
in a soluble form, and deposits itself chiefly in the exterior

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE.

26a

portions of the stems and leaves of plants. It is supposed there
to serve as a defence to the plant against external injury, and to
give strength to the stem in the case of the grasses and corii-
yielding plants ; but what chemical functions it performs, if any,
in directly promoting vegetable growth, we can scarcely as yet
even venture to guess."

The following analysis of a good arable light sandy loam by
Anderson will give an idea of the manner in which the several
elements are combined in the soil, although the several salts are
broken up into their component acids and bases : —

^ Organic matter, .

5-53

Peroxide of iron, .

0-37

Lime, . . . .

0-36

Magnesia,

0-49

Potash,

]-25

Chloride of sodium,

2-91

Phosphoric acid, .

072

Sulphuric acid,

4-43

Silicic acid, .

8-02

Peroxide of iron, .

. 427-02

Alumina,

. 260-15

LLime, .

. 33-77

Carry forward,

. 745-02

Brought forward.

. 745-02

Magnesia,

. 27-71

Potash, .

. 221-05.

Soda,

3-48

Chloride of sodium,

. 20-66

Phosphoric acid,

. 37-77

Sulphuric acid,

5-94

Silicic acid, .

. 52-68

Organic matter,

. 576-61

Insoluble silicata, .

. 7988-62

Moisture,

. 320-46

10,000-00

Soils.

From the difficulties which attend the obtaining of complete
analyses of soils, no large amount of attention has hitherto
been devoted to this branch of agricultural chemistry, except in
instances where the object has been to determine the quality of
some of the more important and indispensable constituents, such
as lime. It will easily be granted, what a variety the analyses
of different soils must present. The width of variation musti
he obvious, which exists between the composition of the soil
of a chalky district and of soil taken from a reclaimed peat-
moss. And again, whilst the analyses of two soils may show
an almost identical composition, their measure of fertility may
still be very unequal, owing probably to the soluble nature of
the components of the one, and the different conditions of com-
bination, and lessened degree of solubility 2)revailing with the
constituents of the other.

In connection with the analysis last above given, the following
table, extracted from Stephens's " I'ook of the Farm," give the
amount of ash or inorganic material taken from the soil by some
of our cultivated plants — the (piantity being for every 100 Iba. of
each plant : —

264

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE.

100 lbs. of

A. — Bt/ Grain Crops.

Grain.

Hus]

L*

Straw.

Wheat,

. 1-2 to 2-0

• • •

3-5 to 18-5

Barley,

3-8

• • •

5-2 „ 8-5

Oats, .

. 2-6 „

3-9

5 to

8

4-1 „ 9-2

Bye, .

1-0 „

2-4

5 „

8

2-4 ,, 5-6

Eice, .

0-.9 „

0-7

14 „

25

Indian corn,

1-3

2-3 „ 6-5

Buckwheat,

2-13

• • •

• • •

Field beans,

2-1 „

4-0 (?)

• • •

Pod.

3-1 „ 7-0

„ pease, .

2-5 „

3-0

7-1

4-3 „ 6-2

Vetches,

2-4

• • •

• • •

Linseed,

3-S „

4-63

• • •

• • •

Flax-seed, .

4-5

• • •

. 1-28

Hemp-seed, .

5-6

• • •

1-78

Mustard-seed,

4-2 ,,

4-3

• '• •

• • •

B

.■ — By Root and

Leaf Crops.

Roots or Tuber.

Leaves.

Undried,

Dried.

Undried

Dried.

Potato, .

0-8 to 1-1

3-2 to 4-6

1-8 to

2-

5 18 to 25

Turnip,

0-

6 „ 0-8

6-0 „

8-0

1-5 „

2

9 14 ,, 20

Beet,

■ ■ •

6-3

, ,

,

• • •

Carrot, .

0-

7

5-1

, ,

16 „ 42

Parsnip,

0-

8

4-3

*

• •

,

15 „ 76

Mangold-wurzel,l •

1

7-0

0-5

3

7 „ 55

Cabbage,

• • •

C-

-By Gr
(

asses.
Green.

• •

18 „ 26
Drj'.

Lucerne,

• •

2-6

9-5

Pied clover,

^ ,

1-6

7-5

White „

• •

1-7

9-1.

Rye grass, .

•

1-7

6-0

Knot grass,

, .

• • •

2-3

Holcus lanatus.

• •

• • •

5-6 to 6-8

Poa pratensis.

a •

• • •

6.2

Scirpus,

• •

2-3

From the.se tables we perceive what a small percentage of the
weight of plants is contributed by the inorganic materials of the
soil.

Clay and sand are the two substances which determine the
texture of the soil; and to the variety of their admixture, in
regard to their respective proportions, are due the different classes
of soils. The following classification of soils, as proposed by
Johnston, may be selected as being the simplest, and that one,
at the same time, by whose standard the classification of any par-
ticular soil may most easily be determined.

The purest clay, such as pipe-clay, found naturally, consists
of silica, alumina, and a small quantity of oxide of iron, in chemi-
cal combination. No sand can be extracted from it. Tile clay.

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 265

the strongest of soils, consists of pure clay, mixed with from 5 to
15 per cent, of siliceous sand; this can be separated from the
clay by boiling, or otherwise thoroughly incorporating the clay
with water, and then allowing the mixture to settle. The sand
settles first, and the liquid can be poured off just as the finely
divided clay begins to be precipitated at the bottom of the
vessel.

A clay loam permits of from 15 to 30 per cent, of fine sand to
be separated from it in this manner.

A loam, from 30 to 60 per cent.

A sandy loam, from 60 to 90 per cent.

A sandy soil contains no more than 10 per cent, of clay.

A marly soil is one on which the proportion of lime contained
ranges from 5 to 20 per cent.

A calcareous soil is one where the lime exceeds 20 per cent.

Vegetahle moidcls have their range from the garden mould, con-
taining from 5 to 10 to the peaty soil in which the organic
matter may amount to 60 or 70 per cent.

The last three classes of soils are also clayey, loamy, or sandy,
according to the description of the predominant element of the
admixture. This organic matter or hnmns springs, as we have
seen, from vegetable decay, When abundant, as in the case of
peaty soils, it is inactive, and inorganic matter is deficient in
quantity. But after drainage, and in regular cultivation, humus
rapidly decays, and gets used up till the subsoil is reached and
incorporated with the remaining humus, when there is found a
more normal soil.

The amount of humus persistent in our cultivated soils is
rarely less than 5 per cent. Chemically, it is a mixture of
several acids, varied accordinof to its stages of decav, all com-
posed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is not considered to
be a direct source of food to the plant, but it is of great im-
portance as a chemical agent for effecting changes in the soil.
As previously mentioned, it absorbs ammonia from the atmo-
sphere, and when free in the soil, and also soluble alkaline com-
pounds, thereby preventing their being washed out of the soil ;
and at the same time so retaining them, that they can easily be
liberated and absorbed by the plant roots. It likewise absorbs
oxygen irom the atmos])liere, and freeing it in the soil, maintains
a constant chemical action amongst the several constituents.
Clay i)0ssesses similar absorbent properties, and its presence is
therelbre of considerable vahie, when not so intrusive as to
im])e(le the exercise of pro])er cultivation.

\Vith regard to the matters carried away in solution by tluit
portion of the rainfall which is drained out of the soil, Prof.
Anderson, in commenting on the analvses of dillerent drainage
water from various soils — the rainfall estimated at 2") mclies —

266 MANUAL OF AGRICULTUEE.

by Way and Krocker, says : — " It appears that about f of all the
rain which falls escapes through the drains, and the rest is got rid
of by evai)oration. An inch of rain falling on an imperial acre,
weighs rather more than a hundred tons ; hence, in the course of
a year, there must pass off' by the drains about 1000 tons of drain-
age water, carrying with it, out of the reach of the plants, such
substances as it has dissolved, and 1500 tons must remain to give
to the plant all that it holds in solution." (It has been already
stated, however, that the amount of moisture inhaled by the plants
covering an acre of ground alone exceeds the rainfall on such an
area.) These 1500 tons of water must, if they have the same
composition as that which escapes, contain only 2| lbs. of potash
and less than 1 lb. of ammonia. It may be alleged that the
water wliich remains, lying longer in contact with the soil,
may contain a large quantity of matter in solution, but even
admitting this to be the case, it cannot for a moment be
supposed that they can ever amount to more than a very
small fraction of what is required for a single crop. It may,
therefore, be stated with certainty that solubility in water
is not essential to the absorption of substances by the plant,
which must possess the power of itself directly attacking, acting
chemicallv on, and dissolving them. The mode in which it does
this is entirely unknown, but it, in all probability, depends upon
very feeble chemical action, and hence the importance of having
the soil constituents, not in solution, but in such a state that they
may be readily made soluble by the plants," viz., with the par-
ticles in a finely divided state. The nitrates being the most
soluble salts are washed out most abundantly,

"We speak of soils as being stiff, tenacious and heavy, when
they are difficult to cultivate by means of the ordinary farm
power ; sharp and free when they are of a gritty texture, and
easily pulverised ; deaf, when of a spongy, inactive texture, as
w^hen the soil adheres to the iron of the plough and other imple-
ments ; deep, when they can be deeply furrowed and stirred
without the subsoil being reached ; thin, in the opposite case ;
retcjitive, when they retain the surface water, and admit only
of its slow percolation downwards ; and porous when the reverse
takes place. Such other terms are applied, as rich, poor, hungry,
grateful, kindly, and so on, according to the degree of natural
fertility in soils, the readiness with which they absorb and
retain manuriul matter added to them ; or, on the other hand,
with which they part with it unused, or their possession, or want
of other such like obvious properties.

Black soils are to be seen in peaty, white soils in chalky dis-
tricts. Eed soils are frequent, and for the most part they are
very fertile. But the prevalent tint is a brownish one. Black,
dark-coloured soils reflect the solar rays less, and consequently

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE. 267

absorb more of their heat than do the whitish, light-coloured sorts ;
but frora their property of radiation, they part with heat more
quickly than do the latter. Soils, exposed to the sun's hottest
rays at right angles, absorb more heat than if otherwise situated.
Clay soils, and such as have an excess of humus, absorb more
moisture and keep it longer than do sandy soils, and such as con-
tain a less proportion of organic matter.

Drainage. — To the end that cultivated plants may flourish, it
is absolutely necessary that the soil be relieved from the pre-
sence of stagnant water ; for the presence of such wftter, be-
sides continually lowering the temperature of the soil, by the
constant demands it makes upon the soil's heat in the act of
evaporation, also precludes the possibility of air circulation
through the soil's component particles. The first step, accord-
ingly, in good husbandry, when the soil is not naturally dryish,
is its artificial drainage ; which process having been effected, and
the rain water now percolating through the soil into the drains,
and only so much of it as is retained in the soil by capillary
attraction becoming evaporable, the soil being thereby deprived
of less heat, has its temperature raised considerably, promotes the
earlier germination of seeds, and brings all the crops grown upon
it to a speedier maturity. Land is also thus rendered capable of
being worked at times and seasons in which it was formerly
unworkable, and always with a less expenditure of labour. The
common wavs of constructinfj the underground ducts of drainage
works in agriculture are sufficiently familiar. Clay pipes of
varying shape and bore, and laid continuously in parallel rows,
are usually employed, though in certain districts recourse is had
to flat stones, so arranged as to form a channel with triangular-
shaped bore. The surplus water then percolates the soil, and
meeting the drains, leaks or soaks through the joints imper-
fectly fitting of the clay or stone conduits, and by gravitation it
is carried through these to some clear outlet.

Tlic Rotation of Crox>s.

In like manner, as the strength of any mechanical chain is
regulated by its weakest link, so may the fertility of any given
soil be said to depend (other conditions being favourable) on that
one essential element or compound which is present in it in
the least quantity of all. To the recognition of this, and the
additional ascertained fact, that some plants require a greater
amount of i)articular elements or compounds than others do,
is (lu(j the custom, in agricultural practice, of observing a "rota-
tion" or varied succession of crops, whereby it is possible to
obtain permanently a maintenance of the i>roper balance of the
soil's constituents. The annexed table, composed by liarou
Liebig, in which the wliolc inorganic materials assimilated by

268

MANUAL OF AGRICULTURE.

plants are included under the three heads of salts of potash and
soda, of lime and magnesia, and of silica, bears out the fact : —

Salts of Potash

Salts of Lime

C;i; _ _

and Soda.

and Magnesia.

bilica.

w

" Oat straw, with seeds,

34-OU

4-00

62-00

c3

Wheat straw.

22-50

7-20

61-50

p.-<

Barley straAv, with seeds, .

19-00

25-70

55-30

o3

Rye straw, ....

18-65

16-52

63-89

in

^ Good hay, ....

6-00

3400

60-00

:2 1^ Tobacco, . . . .

24-34

67-44

8-30

5 , Pea straw, ....
« 1 Potato plant,

27-82

63-74

7-81

4-20

59-40

36-40

•;5 L Meadow clover, .

39-20

56-00

4-90

«

' Maize straw, . .

72-45

6-50

18-00

^

Turnips, ....

81-60

18-40

• • •

J-<

Beetroots, ....

88-00

12-00

• • •

Potatoes, ....

85-81

14-19

• • •

O

^Jerusalem artichokes, .

84-30

15-70

• • •

Until quite recently, the general opinion was entertained that
by the continuous growing of one particular species of cro]^ on
the same piece of ground, and that even when the appropriate
manures were supplied to it, both quantity and quality of the
returns gradually diminished and deteriorated, until at length its
cultivation proved fruitless. As accounting for this, the theory
was advanced of plants excreting matter from their roots, and
that any accumulation of this was hurtful to plants of the same
species as the excreting one. But this opinion must now be
surrendered; and where failures occurred in cultivation after
such a sort, they were due, doubtless, to mistaken ideas as to the
requisite manures, and the neglect of adopting means for the
check of fungoid and insect ravages. Ample proof is now aftbrded
by results in the case of grain crops, that the same species of
crop may be continuously raised on the same plot of ground
with profit, provided suitable manures are applied, freedom from
weeds secured, and the ravages of insects and fungi averted.
But hitherto this admission has had but little effect in altering
the customary and fixed rotations of cropping peculiar to differ-
ent districts and estates. 'No doubt, so long as the great majority
of soils are subjected to the present mixed method of husbandry,
which must of necessity accompany the rearing and feeding of
live-stock, rotation of cropping must continue as an institution,
jjioviding as it does for the requisite proportions of litter and dry
and green food for the various species of animals. Its different
systenis are determined by the nature of climate and soil, the
situation and demand of the more convenient markets, and the

MANUAL OF AGEICULTURE.

269

like considerations. But previously to observing in detail some
of the ordinary rotations, it will here be expedient to notice
succinctly the leading characteristics of our principal cultivated
plants, the soils to which they are naturally best adapted, and the
elements which they demand in greatest quantity from the soil.
Wheat is the most important of our cereal crops, as it possesses
the proximate constituents in the proportion best suited for man's
nutrition in temperate climates ; it is therefore the staple bread-
corn of the northern temperate zone. Its range of cultivation
is wide, extending between the tropics and the isothermal line
denoting the descent of the mean annual temperature to 56°.
Also, it is cultivated in a great variety of soils ; clayey loams
suit it best ; and its returns are more profitable from the stronger
than a light class of soils. The average composition of the grain
is indicated by the figures following : —

Water, 15-00

Nitrogenous compounds,
Oleaginous and respiratory do.,
Woody fibre, . . . .
^sn, . • . • •

12-00
68-50

2-75
1-75

And the average of several analyses of the ash or mineral

matter gives the following results

Grain.

27-72

8-05

2-81

10-03

•67

"49-81

-24

1-17

Straw.

12-44
•16
6-7
3-82
1-3
3-07
5-82

65-38
109

Chaff.
9-14
1-79
1-88
1-27
•37
4-31

81-22

Potash,

Soda, .....
Lime, . . * . .
Magnesia, ....

Iron, .....
Phosphoric acid,
Sulphuric acid,

Silica, .....
Chloride of sodium,

Barley has even a wider range of cultivation than wheat,
maturing in almost every climate in the world. Unlike the
wheat plant, whose roots penetrate deeply in the soil and sub-
soil, those of barley ramify in the looser material nearer the sur-
face, sending few down into the subsoil, but developing increased
numbers of fibrils and hairs, so that its absorbent powers are
very great.

It matures much quicker than the other grain plants; a period

of from seven to eight weeks between seed time and harvest often

sulliccs. It is best suited with light free soils. The analysis of

the grain is as follows : —

Water, . . . . ,

Nitrogenous compounds, .

OK-aginous and respiratory compounds, ,

Woody libro, . . . ' ,

iv.sii, . • • • •

100-0

16-0

10-5

670

3-5

3 0

270

MANUAL QF AGRICULTURE.

Of the ash

Potash,

Soda,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Oxide of iron,

Phosphoric acid.

Sulphuric acid,

Silica,

Chloride of sodium,

Of its grain.

01 its straw.

15-61

9-2

5-03

•3

3-06

8-5

8-04

5-0

1-24

1-0

35-68

3-1

1-22

1-0

28-97

67-6

•45

Oats are also cultivated throughout a wide range, but they are
better suited for countries possessing a lower annual temperature,
less sunshine, and a moister climate than those in which the cul-
tivation of wheat and barley is extensively followed. In Scotland,
the breadth under oats considerably exceeds that under wheat or
barley. Like wheat, the oat sends its root deep into the soil and
subsoil. It is cultivated in all, but more successfully on the
stronger class of soils. The analysis of this grain gives : —

AVater, , . ,

•

14-0

Albuminous compounds, .

•

. 11-5

Oleaginous and respiratory compounds,

. 64-5

"Woody fibre,

•

7-0

Ash, . ,

•

3-0

ash : —

«

, Of its grain.

Of its straw

Potash, ")
Soda, J

31-56

28-02

Lime,

5.32

6-77

Magnesia,

8-69

2-61

Oxide of iron,

0-88

•77

Phosphoric acid.

49-19

• ■ •

Sulphuric acid, .

• • •

16-02

Silica,

1-87

35-37

Chloride of sodium,

•35

7-14

The Bean plant is grown with most profit on strong soils ; but
it is not cultivated to anything approaching the same extent as
the cereals last mentioned, as it enters but little into the compo-
sition of our bread stuffs. It is chiefly used for stock-feeding
purposes, and from the large proportion of albuminous compounds
which it contains, it is especially valuable in the maintenance of
muscle in hard working animals. This also applies to the other
cultivated leguminous plants — peas, tares, and clover. The fol-
lowing is the analysis of beans : —

Water, ....
Albuminous compounds, .

Eespiratory and oleaginous compounds,
Woody fibre,
xxsn, • • • •

14-8
23-3

48-5

10-0

3-4

MA2\UAL OF AGRICULTURE. 271

And of the ash : —

Of seed.

Of straw,

Potash, .

42-13

2r26

Soda,

•90

4-56

Lime,

8-65

21-29

Magnesia,

6*55

4-88

Oxide of iron,

•36

-90

Phosphoric acid, .

31^87

7-35

Sulphuric acid, .

4-50

3-21

Silica,

•8

3-86

Chloride of sodium.

1-90

4-56

„ „ potassium,

•34

•90

The Turnip is a plant essentially suited to deep, loamy, light,
and free soils, for these easily admit of thorough pulverisation, a
condition of soil necessary for the development of the bulb, and
the descent of its tap root, \Yith its numerous diverging fibrils.
As can easily be understood, from the numerous cultivated
varieties, and the variety of soils in which turnips are sown,
great diversity appears on analysis, but the followiug may be
taken as averacres : —

o

;. Wliite globe.

Norfolk Bell.

Swede.

Water, . . , 90-430

92-280

89-460

Albuminous compounds, ri43

1-737

1-443

Oleaginous and respiratory do., 4-697

2-137

4^637

AYoody fibre, . . 3102

2-825

3^837

Ash, . . . -628

1-021

•623

The analysis of the ash gives : —

In bulb. In top. In whole p*

Potash, . . . .34-1 15-21 28-65

Soda, .... 7-96 2-84 5-41

Lime, .... 9-.93 28-49 2327

Magnesia, . . . 2-61 281 3-09

Oxide of iron, ... -46 1-68 '86

Phosphoric acid, . . . 9-85 6-17 9-29

Sulphuric acid, . . . 13-12 8-43 12-52

Silica. .... 1-81 3-99 -86

Carbonic acid,* . . . 11-96 9*98

Chloride of sodium, . . 8^13 153 1605

„ „ potassium, . . ... 5-04 s..

The Maiujold-varzi'l^ unlike thi; turnip, succeeds well in the
strongest clay soils, though it is best suited for the medium class
of these. On the European continent it is extensively cultivated
for tlu! manufacture from its saccharine compounds of the com-
mon sugar of connnerce. It i.-. largely substituted fjr turnips in
the English midl.'inds and eastern and southern counties, and in
Ireland also. 'I'he organic analysis of the mangold is very simihir
to that of the turnip, but showing a larger percentage of uon-

• Formed by tlic oxidation of tbc carbon.

272

MANUAL OF AGPaCULTUEE.

nitrogenous bodies ; its inorganic analysis is similar as well,
excepting that it shows nearly double the amount of chloride of
sodium.

Potatoes are cultivated on almost every kind of soil, though
they thrive best on soils of the lighter class. They form a most
important item of human dietary, and are also much used in the
feeding of farm stock. The figures following represent their
average analysis : —

AVater, . . . . ., .75*00

Albuminous compounds, . . . 2*00

Oleaginous and respiratory compounds (starch 15-) 17'00
Woody fibre, ..... 5-00

Ash, ...... 1-00

While its inorganic analysis appears as : —

In tuber.

In ^' shaw " or
"haulm.''

Potash, 5575

28-02

Soda, ....

1-86

16-26

Lime, ....

2 07

16-90

Magnesia, .

5-28

7-09

Oxide of Iron, .

•52

1-05

Phosphoric acid,

»

. ' 12-57

7-62

Sulphuric acid, .

•

13-65

6-88

Silica,

4-23

3-85

Chlornie, ,

4-27

12-33

Clovers and artificial or cultivated grasses, as distinguished
from those growing naturally in pastures, are grown on all soils
subject to rotation, excepting, perhaps, the strongest clays. The
organic analysis of some of them is —

Red White Crirason Yellow Alsike

clover.

clover, clover.

clover.

clover.

Water,

80-65

83-65 82-56

77-38

76-67

Nitrogenous compounds,

3-60

4-52 3-25

3-44

482

Oleaginous and respiratory compounds

3, 13-85

10-26 12-31

1716

16-45

ASllj ......

1-90

1-57 1-88

2-02

2-06

Til analysis of the ash of the w

lole plant gives —

Eed.

White.

Yellow.

Potash, ....

23-49

14-33

23-26

Soda, ....

• • •

3-72

• • •

Lime, ....

34-28

26-41

18-61

Magnesia, ....

12-60

8-15

8-34

Peroxide of iron.

1-20

1-96

•86

Phosphoric acid.

8-49

11-53

715

Sulphuric acid,

3-65

7-21

4-42

Chloride of sodium, .

2-77

4-94

5-98

Chloride of potassium.

12-09

12-0

11-98

Silica, ....

1-43

3.68

1-01

Carbonic acid, . .

• • •

7-0

15-51

MANUAL OF AGlilCULTUrvE. 273

Of common perennial and Italian Bycgrass tlie analyses are —

Lolium percnne. Lolium Italicum.

Water, 71-43 75 -(Jl

Nitrogenous compounds, . ' 3'37 2'45

Oleaginous and respirators, . 12 "99 14-91

Fibre, . . . " . . 10-0(i 4 82

Ash, 2-15 221

And of the ash of

Lolium perenne.

In flower. lu seed. As hay.

Potash 12-45 10-77 8-03

Soda, .... 3-98 "13 2-17

Lime, .... 9'95 12-29 6-50

Magnesia, .... 2-23 2 64 4*01

Peroxide of iron, . . '78 "30 "36

Phosphoric acid, . . 6-04 6-32 12-51

Sulphuric acid, . . . 2'82 1-31

Silica, .... 59-18 60-62 64-57

Chloride of sodium, . . 2-27 5-58

By conversion into hay, grasses and clovers lose about three-
fourths of their weisjht of water.

AVhatever may be considered the necessity of rotations as a
preserver of the due balance of the soil's constituents, they at all
events afford facilities for the periodical cleansing of the ground
from the weeds, which at a subsequent period of any rotation
might flourish in a particular crop, the nature of wdiich might
precUide any such purification ; as in the case of grain crops, for
instance, sown broadcast or too closely drilled to admit of the
intervening soil being hoed. The crops in a rotation which
•allow of a thorouGjh cleansinj? from weeds being eii'ected are
turnips and the like, mangolds, potatoes, and so on. As these
several crops are drilled at a sufficient distance apart to permit
the passage of horse hoes between the rows, the soil can be
thoroughly kept free from weeds till the possibility of their
flourishing is taken away by the growth of the crops to such a
point as to effectually protect and shade the intermediate spaces
from free air and light. The crops last-mentioned, together with
grasses and other forage plants cultivated for the sake of their
roots or leaves, pass by the name of green crops. The grain
-crops, on tlie other hand, or those cultivated for their seeds, are
called white crops, corn crops, or cereals.

Formerly it was a prevalent custom at stated intervals to leave
portions of ground uncropped for a whole season, repeated
pluugliing and oilier workings being granted to it during the
summer, in order to destroy the weeds as far as possible. This
was called giving the land a bare or nakud fallow. This practice-
is still had on strong soils, but it is gradually yielding to that of
taking out of the soil some green fallowing crops, ejj., cabbage,
which is well suited to strong soils. AVheat and beans in suc-
cession, vritli an occasional bare fallow is an example of a two •

Si

274

MANUAL OF AGPJCULTUKE.

shift rotation on tlie strong clay soils. Wheat, beans, and
fallow (either a hare fallow or a green crop) is an example of a
three-shift rotation. A fonr-shift rotation practised in Norfolk
is wheat, roots, barley, and clover. Of a five-shift, we have as
an example, wheat, roots, barley or oats, and grass ("seeds")
for two years. The Lothians' six-course is roots, wheat or barley,
seeds one year, oats, beans or potatoes, and wheat ; when the land
is stiff, the wheat succeeds the roots, and beans the oats ; barley
and potatoes respectively being substituted where the ground is
of a liohter nature. The following^ six-course shift is observed
on some of the heavy alluvial soils of Scotland — fallow, wheat,
barley, seeds, oats, and wheat. Of course there are numerous dif-
ferent courses of rotation, in addition to the above, according to the
difference of peculiarity and requirement, in the various localities

adonting them.

Mcmurcs.

Calculating upon the basis of the figures of the analyses, quoted
in the j)receding chapter, an average crop of wheat extracts, per
acre, from the soil, inorganic compounds to the following amount: —

Potash,

Soda,

Lime,

Magnesia,

A fair crop of beans : —

Potash,

Soda,

Lime,

Magnesia,

Phosphoric acid,

lbs.
23

n

8
6

lbs.
66-1
9"
44i
13
33

Phosphoric acid,
Sulphuric acid,
Silica, .
Oxide of iron.

Sulphuric acid, .

Silica,

Oxide of iron, .

Chloride of sodinm, .

Chloride of potassium,

lbs.

20

4

84

1

lbs.

/

18

^4

A crop of turnips weighing twenty tons to the acre approxi-
mately : —

Potash,
Soda,
Lime,
Magnesia .

lbs.
145

28
116

16

Phosphoric acid,
Sulphuric acid,
Chlorine, .

lbs,
50
65

80

And a crop of potatoes weighing eight tons of tubers would
extract approximately :

Potash, .

Soda,
Lime,
Macrnesia,

lbs.

90
8
5
8

Phosphoric acid.
Sulphuric acid,
Chlorine, .

lbs.
20
34
10

When clovers and grasses are depastured, only a trifling quan-
tity of the inorganic constituents of the soil are removed from
it, seeing that they are nearly all returned to the ground in
the excreta of the grazing animals. But it is different when
they are cut for hay; then the inorganic constituents are

MAXIJAL OF AGRICULTUEE. 2 . 3

carried away from the soil in quantity proportionate to the
analysis of the plant. Cows remove more inorganic matter
from the soil than fattening animals, from the fact of their milk
containing a considerable amount of such materials, not again
to be delivered to the soil. In like manner, young cattle, from
their requiring frame-building constituents, remove more than
does fattening stock.

Phosphoric acid, then, and potash, especially the former, are
the most valuable of the soil's inorganic compounds, by reason
of their beinLi" the scarcest amono- them, but at the same time
requisite in considerable quantity for the health of cultivated
plants. The quantity of the remaining constituents is suffi-
ciently contained by most soils for ordinary requirements.
Potash is scarcest in light soils ; in the strong clay soils and
sundry closely related to several of the igneous rocks, it is con-
stantly present in the form of one of the silicates ; phosphoric
acid is also more abundant in the same class of soils. We saw,
that of the organic elements, that one least available to plant
life was nitrogen ; for all which reasons it is, that ammonia or
nitric acid, and phosphoric acid form the bases of all manufac-
tured manures ; ^vhich are called nitrogenous or phosphatic,
according to the nature of the basis prevailiDg. Before it was
commenced to manufacture mixtures of the necessary con-
stituents, they were principally derived for return to the soil
from the natural sources of farm-yard manure and town sweep-
ings and refuse. The farm-yard manure was applied to so much
of the ground as it could be spread over, the remaining arable or
cultivated land was bare fallovred for a season ; and, indeed, a
bare fallow, in certain respects, resembles a manuring, for besides
affording the opportunity of thoroughly cleansing the land from
weeds, the frequent ploughings and dressings it undergoes expose
its whole substance to the atmospheric action, which renders
such important chemical changes, and breaks up insoluble com-
pounds, iitting them for plant consumption in the next season.

When the situation afforded facilities for the purpose, town
manure and other waste were turned to account. Put a demand
for other manures tlian these sprang up with the introduction of
turnip cultivation and generally im])roved farming. Guano was
imported, recourse was had to the use of bones ; and at length
the way was opened up to the production of artificial manures
suitable for all kinds of crops. And now the market is full of
manures compounded for the specific requirements of all our
cultivated varieties, and all manner of waste and all refuse, in
any respects ([ualilied to return plant-food to the soil, are well
economised, with the exception of town sewage, perhaps ; for
the many ditliculties preventing its profitable application to the
soil yet remain to be overcome. When we consider tlie fact of
our country not producing of itself sufficient food for the popu-

276 ■ MANUAL OF AGRICULTUKE.

lation, the importation of the extra quantity needed from abroad,
and the immense amount of manure stuffs now applied, and
when, in addition we brino; to mind the truths of all chemical
elements being indestructible, and all such as compose the food
of man and the lower animals being voided, some as gases, indeed,
but the vast proportion in the form of fluids and solids, it must
be allowed, that if its soil were the reoipient of all these which are
now lost, the fertility of Great Britain would naturally increase at
an indefinite ratio. But, on the contrary, we see a gigantic illus-
tration of wastefulness — the excreta of the inhabitants, and the
other valuable manurial substances of our great cities and towns,
poured into rivers, which are converted by the process into
gigantic open sewers fatal to life, rollinc^ everything to the sea.
Where a regular course of rotation is observed, the general rule
is, to apply to the green crops all the farm-yard manure with
others, in quantity sufficient for all the requirements of every
subsequent crop of the rotation. But the practice of supple-
menting this application by another of specific manures for the
successive crops, is now rapidly extending, under the influence
of scientific farminc^.

Farm-yard manure, consisting as it does of the excreta of the
various animals of the farm, and the straw of the cereals and
other waste matter, contains all the elements requisite for plant
life. The litter of fully grown animals, fed upon rich food, with a
large proportion of nitrogenous and phosphatic substances, evi-
dently affords a more valuable manure than does that of stock fed
upon a poorer dietary, or that of young growing animals. Such
manure, too, made under cover, or sheltered from exposure to
rainfall, must also of necessity present a better quality than
when it has been exposed to the open atmosphere and the wash-
ing action of rain. The following table from Stephens shows the
proportions of the ingredients of one ton of farm-yard manure : —

Water,

•

1455-104 lbs.

Silica,

•

62-585

Organic matter (con-

Carbonic acid (with

ear

ths), 11-393

taining 16

•584 lbs.

Sulphuric acid,

j>

7-571

of ammonia),

553-504

•)i

Phosphoric acid.

?j

17-468

Potash,

7-481

«5

Chlorine, .

7-280

Soda, .

6-317

5)

Sand,

,

71-702

Lime, .

21-427

5?

Carbon, .

•

1-926

Magnesia,

4-337

;5

AlkaH and loss,

•

7-282

Alumina,
Manganese,

trace
trace

2240-000

Peroxide of

iron, .

4-623

7>

?>
>»

Guano is composed of the excreta of marine fowls and the re-
mains of their bodies, and it is chieflv found accumulated in thick
deposits on several islands off the Peruvian coast, which are never
visited by rain. Their situation in a rainless zone has prevented
the w^ashing away of the valuable constituents of these strata,
which are found consolidated into a dry unfermented mass. The
following is the analysis of a first-class Peruvian guano : —

MANUAL OF AGItlCULTUKE. 277

"Water, ......... 10'37

Orc^anic matter and ammoniacal salts, . . . 55'73

Phosphates, 25-20

Alkaline salts, 7-50

Sand, 1-20

Ammonia contained equal to 18"95.

This shows a most valuaLle manure, especially rich both in
nitrogenous and phosphatic compounds. Phosphatic bodies
predominate in many guanos, which are thence called phosphatic
guanos. Prom the excessive demand, the supply of Peruvian
guano is rapidly becoming exhausted. Xew sources have been
made available, but their geographical position being less
favourable, the sample of guano yielded is much inferior to the
Peruvian.

Of the artificial manures, various are manufactured with a
fixed percentage of nitrogenous and phosphatic compounds.
These compounds, however, are for the most part respectively
applied in separate com])ositions. As nitrogen food, the princi-
pal compounds bestowed upon the soil are the tw^o salts, nitrate
of soda and sulphate of ammonia. Besides these there are many
available sources of nitrogen supply, including all waste organic
substances. The phosphoric acid entering into the composition
of artificinl manures is entirely combined with lime, in the form
of a salt called phosphate of lime, and its chief sources are
animals' bones, coprolites, and apatite. Of these, coprolites are
found as concretions in certain rock strata, and are supposed to
1)6 the fossilised fieces of gigantic animals, reptiles for the most
part existing at the time of the formation of the strata in ques-
tion. Apatite is a mineral phosphate of lime, and is found in
large quantity in various parts of the world. The 2)hosphate of
lime as combined in these cpiarters consists of two molecules of
phosphoric acid in chemical union with three atoms of calcium,
Ci\.,2V(), — an almost insoluble salt. To overcome the insolu-
bility sulphuric acid is added, and it alters the nature of the
phosphate, rendering it soluble, by taking from it two atoms of
calc'ium — forming with them sulphate of lime or gypsum, and
replacing the calcium atoms by their equivalent of hydrogen.
Thus, Cag'iPO, -f- 211,80, = 2CaS0, + Cal r,2P0,. This soluble
salt is termed super])hoshiite of lime. AVlien bones are treated
in this way with sulphuric acid they are known as "dissolved
bones;" and in addition to tlu^ ]>hosphate and sulphate of lime,
they also possess a considerable (luantity of ammonia, resulting
from the organic matter of the bone. When the gradual absorp-
tion of i)hos]»lioric acid is desired in the soil, crushed bones and
bone "meal" are a])plied, witliout their having received any such
dressing. The minute mechanical division of their ]iarticles
permits of a ])rolongetl action upon them by the chemical
changes occurring in the soil, and an ccpially delayed complete

27<S

MANUAL OF AGEICULTUEE.

yielding wp of iheir organic matter and phosphates ; the length
of such delay being proportioned to the size of the triturated
particles. Bone ashes, i.e., hones deprived of their organic sub-
stance, contain fewer impurities than the natural phosphates of
lime, and yield the most valuable superphosphates. " A variety
of substances/' says Anderson, " are sold under the name of
nitrophosphate, potato manure, cereal manure, &c., which are all
superphosphates, differing only in the proportion of their
ingredients, and in the addition of small quantities of alkaline
salts, sulphate of magnesia, and other substances, but they pre-
sent little difference from ordinary superphosphates in their
effects/' The following, according to the same authority, are
analyses of various superphosphates : —

Water,

Organic matters and )

ammoniacal salts, j
Biphosphate of lime,
Equivalent to soluble }

phosphates, . ^
Insoluble phosphates,
Sulphate of lime, .
Alkaline salts,
iSand, .

Ammonia contained i
eonal to, . . ^

Bones, alone.

Bone ash.

Chiefly Coprolites.

Mixtures contain-
ing salts of
ammonia.

7-74 7-79

17-83 21-69

13-18 9-87

(20-57) (15-39)

10-31 21-17

46-00 35-30

1-46 0-94

3-48 3-00

5-33 10-40

6-94 4-92

21-35 23-09

(33-33) (36-02)

5-92 6-08
56-16 47-78
trace
4-23 4-30

5-90 10-17

5-10 4-13

12-24 13-75

(19-10)(21-43)

16-90 0-17

52-39 62-62

2-47 0-96

6-00 8-20

7-07 15-82

9-87 13-96

17-63 12-67

(27-50) (19-77)

12-60 8-40

49-77 45-14

0-06 1-07

3-00 2-94

2-11 3-01

0-23 0-31

0-11 0-57

1-28 1-55

The cheapest source of potash is the mineral called kainit,
containing sulphate of potash, which has now begun to be ex-
tensively supplied to turnips, potatoes, mangolds, &c. Gypsum,
or sulphate of lime, is also applied occasionally to leguminous
crops.

Another method for increasing the soil's fertility employed by
advanced farmers, is the feeding of sheep upon rich artificial
substances, whereby, whilst the primary object of fattening the
animals is speedily attained, the soil is benefited by receiving
their valuable excreta, becoming enriched with manurial bodies.

Other bodies, besides, are supplied to the soil, in order to pro-
mote certain physical as well as chemical results. Thus, clay is
added to light sandy and peaty soils, that thereby they may
receive body or staple ; and, reversely, sand and peat are added
to clay soils, the former — in order to render them more friable,
the latter to increase their stock of organic matter. In some
districts the clay of strong soils is burnt, for the consequent
effect of its friableness being increased, and many of its insoluble
compounds being broken up. Lime, however, is the principal
of all the substances which are added for combined physical and

MANUAL OF AGRICULTUEE. ' 279

chemical effects. Besides disintegrating the strong clay, it also
breaks up the insoluble silicates and liberates the combined
alkalies. Moreover, it promotes changes amongst the organic
compounds, in peaty soils especially. Xor has it less importance
as being a direct source of food to plants, for all of them contain
more or less lime. By its application, the quality of grain is im-
proved, and its maturity hastened; whilst again, in pasture
ground, it serves to extirpate moss and plants of low organisation.
All those effects of lime are more marked and more effica-
cious if it has been applied in the caustic state. Frequently,
however, it is applied as the carbonate, in the form of chalk,
marl, and sliell sand ; for these are often to be had cheaply and
conveniently, where lime " shells " are difficult to obtain.

In connection with the above general laws, there are numerous
considerations to be attended to, in regard to the application of
manures, which are too complicated, and too closely associated
with actual practice, to be touched upon here. They bear princi-
pally upon the proper times, quantities, and mutual proportions
which are essential to their profitable use.

Rearing and Management of Stock. — Although, in our home
market, the foreign agriculturists can favourably compete with
us in grain production, it is otherwise with regard to the pro-
duction of beef and mutton. It is true, indeed, that, in spite of
the obstacles ensured to them in a ruder system of agricultural
practice, and a greater dependence of necessity on mere natural
agencies for the maturing of their stock, they still can rear
cheaper meat. But before our markets are reached, there are
the risks, difficulties, and expenses of transit to be encountered.
Doubtless, the appliances of science will tend to the gradual
diminution of these difficulties, as witness the importation of
cooked beef and mutton of fair quality from Australia, and
the sale in some of our markets at paying figures of fresh beef
from America. But before the American and European countries
exporting to us can produce live stock so speedily attaining a
high quality as ours do, and affording such a high-class descrip-
tion of meat as our markets demand, there must prevail amongs
them a higher practice of agriculture, involving the introduction
of improved breeds of animals. i\nd there is no reason why
J>ritish farmers should not maintain their precedence in this re-
spect. Almost the entire number they export reach us in a lean
condition, and reipiire to be fattened here, under our more ad-
vanced system. Fur since, within recent times, beef and mutton
Lave become a more important branch of our agricultural i)ro-
duce tlijin grain, scientific attention has been turned to the in-
vestigation of animal dictarv, with the result of manv natural
bodies formerly overlooked, together with new artificially }ire-
pared compounds, liaving conn; into general use in the feeding
of the live stock of the farm. I'hvsiulo^v has taught us whicli

Sugar of milk, . . 4'67

Asii, . . . 0-60

280 MANUAL OF AGEICULTUEE.

of the proximate feeding compomicls should be the principal in-
ofredient in the food of each class of animals. Substances, ac-
cordingly, rich in albuminous matter, should constitute the food
of hard-working animals, that fibrin and albumin may be applied
to their muscular wants. To such as it is desired that thej
should be quickly fattened, and which undergo only sufficient
exercise to maintain good health, are freely giyen compounds
known to contain much fat-forming material. To young grow-
ing animals a fair proportion of both kinds of food is offered,
and such substances in addition as hold saline bodies, like phos-
phate of lime, which avail for the building up of the bones.
Milk affords a safe criterion of the food constituents appropriate
to young animals. It is the food nature provides for them, and
none other can be so perfect. According to Way, the average
composition of cow's milk is —

Water, . . . 87-02

Butter,. . . 3-23

Casein, . . 4-48

And of its ash (from two analyses by Haidlen, of 1000 lb. of
milk, each of separate cows) —

lbs. lbs.

Phosphate of lime, . . . .2-31 3*44

f, magnesia, .... 0*42 064

,, peroxide of iron, . . . 0-07 0"07

Chloride of potassium, .... 1*44 1"83

„ sodium, .... 0*24 0*34

Free Boda, . . . . . .0-42 0-45

The oleaginous bodies contained in the fluid are broken up into
minute globules or cells ; and when new milk is allowed to
settle in any suitable vessel, these rise to the surface, and form
the cream. When the cream is removed, it leaves the skimmed
milk almost entirely devoid of oily matter. The albuminous
matter, or casein, is held in solution by the fluid, by means of
some one of the alkaline bodies ; the latter becomes neutralised
by the addition of certain acids, whereupon the casein coagulates,
and this curd, by pressure and suitable treatment, becomes con-
verted into cheese. The remaining fluid, or whey, contains the
sugar and the inorganic salts. The natural curdling of milk
takes place when lactic acid, CgH^Og, its peculiar acid, is
formed ; and its presence is evidenced by the fluid becoming
sour in taste. Johnson says : — " The change which takes place
when milk becomes sour is easily understood. Under the influ-
ence of the casein, the elements of a portion of the milk-sugar
are made to assume a new arrangement, and the sour lactic acid
is the results. There is no loss of matter ; no new elements are
called into play ; nothing is absorbed from the air, or given off
into it ; but a simple transposition of the elements of the sugar
takes place, and the new acid compound is produced. These

MANUAL OF AGPJCULTURE. 281

changes appear very simple, and yet, how difficult is it to con-
ceive by what mysterious influence the mere contact of this
decaying membrane, or of the casein of the milk, can cause the
elements of tlie sugar to break up their old connection, and tf>
arrange themselves anew in another prescribed order, so as to
form a compound endowed with properties so very different as
those of lactic acid."

Lactic acid is also produced during the churning of cream, and
is supposed to aid the violent mechanical agitation, in breaking
the walls of the oily cells or globules, after which the butter
separates in mass from the sour butter milk. In the ordinary
domestic manufacture of cheese, " rennet," an acid decoction
prepared from the dried stomach of a calf, is what is ordinarily
added to the milk, for the purpose of coagulating or curdling the
casein.

As cow milk is such an invaluable article of the human
dietary, calves are often early deprived of this, their natural food,
or, at all events, only partake of it after its cream has been ab-
stracted. But suitable artificial food is substituted, rich in the
various proximate constituents. But even in those cases where
a fair amount of milk is afforded to them, it is sometimes usual
to mix with it linseed, or some similar meal, whenever the calf
can eat artificial stuffs, and nutritious green food is provided as
well. Lambs and young pigs are not prematurely deprived of
mother's milk ; but she is fed with food calculated to enrich the
<|ualities of her milk.

Before the introduction of turnips, owing to the want of green
or juicy food for the live stock during winter, the animals had
attained, as a rule, their full growth nnd maturity, ere they were
fattened enouc(h for slaughtering-. Throucrhout summer and the
milder months they had the range of the pasturage ; and in
winter they were turned into the fold-yards, more indeed for the
purpose of trampling down and converting the litter into manure,
than of iK'ing carefully tended, and provided with nourishing-
food, their dietary being almost entirely composed of hay and
straw. Sheep also had to subsist entirely upon the natural
j)asturage ; few, if any, were kept on the arable farms. The
state of matters is now entirely different. A variety of green
crops is cultivated ; there is the choice of an immense assort-
ment of artificial feeding stuffs, and every breed (if stock has
been improved to the develoi»ment of the most extraordinary
quiilities of speedy and economical fattening. Conse(piently,
stock is kept in every district in amazingly increased numbers,
and sent to the meat market in ])rinie condition, at a compara-
tively early age. Even in sikIi counties, where, from i)hysical
and climatic obstacles, a large projiortion (tf the land neces-
sarily remains in its natural condition, the cultivation of the
residue is whollv directed towards stock-breeding and rearing,

282 MANUAL OF AGRICULTUKE.

the produce of the large number of breeding animals kept being
sold off as ''store" cattle and sheep for fattening in more
favoured districts. In point of fact, since the increased demand
for prime '' butcher meat," down through all ranks of the com-
munity, has so particularly raised the price of the article, the
great end of all British agriculture is becoming more and more
exclusively the rearing and feeding of live stock.

The peculiarities of the digestive economy in ruminants, ren-
dering juicy and bulky food, like our different grasses, most
appropriate to their use, they cannot be reared and fattened on
dry concentrated food alone, without incurring the risk of dis-
ease. Durino- winter and the non-veoetative months our various

o o

■green and root crops form admirable substitutes for grasses.
Concentrated feeding stuffs added to the natural bulky food,
wdiilst they do not impair the digestive functions, supply the
absorbents with materials rich in the ses^eral proximate com-
pounds for maintaining and multiplying the animal tissues.
As we have seen by the foregoing analysis, grasses and clovers
are much more nutritious than equal weights of turnips ; wdiere-
fore, stock which is being fattened on grass does not, as a rule,
receive concentrated feeding stuff in addition, though under the
high pressure system, the contrary practice is beginning to
obtain. Animals being winter fed, however, receive, as a matter
of course, artificial food in addition to the straw and tur-
nips ; and their quickly increasing weight is the justification.
Stuffs, rich in albuminous proximate compounds, are the most
valuable, by reason of their affording the necessary flesh-forming
material, and at the same time increasing the manurial value of
the excreta ; and their value reaches a maximum by the daily
proportionate admixture of oleaginous and respiratory bodies.
Of grains most used are ground barley, beans, and Indian corn ;
wheat and oats are not often given to pasturing stock, though the
last is often put before store cattle. Bran, malt dust, and the
refuse malt and liquids of breweries and distilleries, are also
made use of. Of the many waste substances of the manufactory,
which chemical knowledge has made available for stock feeding,
the most important are the solid cakes or tablets, the residuum
of the oil-extracting process by pressure from linseed, rape
seed, cotton seed, &c. As these contain some of the oil, and
all the other proximate constituents in the composition of the
seed, they constitute a most invaluable concentrated feeding stuff.
It ought not to be lost sight of, that however high their value, as
containing such constituents may be, it must needs be regulated
by their properties of easy digestion, otherwise such constituents
will pass through the alimentary canal but little acted upon.
Digestibility accordingly, especially in the case of fibrous sub-
stances, is greatly promoted by subjecting feeding stuffs to steam-
ing, or such like concoction, or to fermentation.

MANUAL OF AGHICULTUEE.

283

The following table from Anderson, gives the nutritive com-
position of numerous feeding materials : —

Note. — Where a blank occurs in the oil column, the quantity of that substance
is so smiU as to be unimportant. When the respiratory elements and fibre have
not b^ea separated, the sum of the two is given.

1

Nitro-

Respira-

■ „[

genous
Com-

Oil.

torj'
Com-

Fibre.

Ash.

Water.

Decorticated Earth Nu

pounds.

pounds.

t Cake, i 4400

8-86

19-34

513

14-05

8-62

„ Cotton C;

ike, . 41-25

16 05

16-45

892

8-05

9-28

Poppy Cake,

. 3403

11-04

23-25

11-33

13-79

6-56

Teel, or Sesamum Cak(

31 -93

12-86

2i-92

9-06

13-85

10-38

Eape Cake,

29-75

8-63

38-72

7-30

8-65

6-95

Dotter Cake,

. 1 29-00

7-99

27-04

16-12

12-59

7-26

Tares (home grown), .

. 28-57

1-30

58-64

2-50

8-99

Lin.seed Cake,

. 28-53

12-47

35-78 1 6-32

6-11

10-79

Riibsen Cake,

. 26-87

11-00

31-47 i lG-95

8-00

5-71

Tares (foreign), ,

. 26-73

1-59

53 04

2-84

15-80

Earth Nut Cake (entin

J seeds), 26-71

12-75

45'69

3-29

ll"56

Niger Cake,

. 1 25-74

6-58

42 18 1 11-15

8-12

6-23

Beans (65 lbs. per bush

lel), . 1 24-70

1-59

54"51

3-36

15-84

Lentils,

. 24-57

1-51

58*82

2-79

1231

Linseed,

. 24-44

34-0 >

3073

3-33

7-50

Grey Peas, .

. 24-25

3-30

57-99

2-52

11-94

Foreign Beans, .

23-49

1-51

59*67

3-14

12-21

Cotton Cake (with bus]

£), . 22-94

607

36-52 16-99

6-02

11-46

Pea-nut Cake,

. 22-25

7-62

30-25

26-97

3-71

9-20

Sunflower Cake, .

. 21-68

8-94

19-05

33-00

9-33

8-00

Hempseed Cake, .

21-47

7-90

22-48

2516

15-79

7-21

Kidney Beans, .

20-06

1-22

6216

3-56

13-00

Maple Peas,

19-43

1-72

63-18

2-04

13-63

Madia sativa (seed), .

18-41

36*55

34-59

4-13

6-32

Clover Hay (mean of c

^iff^^-j 15-81

3-18

34-42

22-47

7-50

16-53

ent species of clover,

|Rye, . . . .

14-20

...

81-51 1 2-47

1-82

14-66

Bran,

13-80

5-56

61-67

6-U

1285

Oars, . . . .

. 11-85

5-89

57-45 1 9 00

2-72

13-09

Fine Barley Dust,

. 11-49

2-92

71-41

2-67

11-51

Wheat,

1 1 -48

» • •

73-52

1 0-68

0-82

13-50

Bere, . . . ,

10-25

• • ■

62-85

10-08

2-60

14-22

Hay (mean of diflerent j

[grasses), 9-40

2-56

38-54 29-14

5-84

14-30

Barky,

8-69

• • •

64-52 9-67

2-82

14-30

Coarse Barley Dust, ,

8-46

3-47

69-73

7-31

1103

Rice Dust, .

8-08

2-95

69-22

8-12

11-63

Oat Dust, .

6-92

3 21

72-S6

7-70

9-31

Winter Bean Straw, .

5-71

■ • •

67-50

6-39

20-40

Carol) Bean,

311

0-41

G2-51 , 18-60

2-80

12-57

Potato,

2-81

• • •

17 30 107

1-13

77-69

Carrot,

1-87

• • •

7-91 1 307

111

86-04

VVlu'at Straw,

1-79

« • •

31-06! 45-45

1 4/

14-23

Barlry Straw,

1-68

• • •

39 98' 39 HO

4-24' 14-30

Oat Straw, .

163

• • •

37-86 i 43-60

4-95

12-06

Mangold- Wurzul,

1-54

• ■ •

8-60 11 2

0-96

87-78

Cabbage,

131

• • •

4 53

105

9311

Turnips,

. 1 1-27

0-20

4-07 108

1-71

91-47

284 MANUAL OF AGFJCULTURE.

It is obvious that a barely sufficient supply of food for the
daily wear and tear of an animal's existence will not contribute
to any increase of the animal's weight. To produce this last effect
an excess of nutriment over what is requisite for daily wants,
and even above the limits of the power of absorption and assimi-
lation, must be afforded. Albuminous bodies, as we have seen, re-
place and increase muscular tissue, whilst the oleaginous bodies do
the same for the fatty tissues. As the latter multiply, they become
deposited in all parts of the otherwise dense muscular tissues
of the body, increasing their bulk and juiciness, and rendering
them more tender and palatable and easy of digestion as human
food. The saccharine and amylaceous bodies are primarily appro-
priated for the respiratory processes ; but their excess, present in
the blood, is also capable of conversion into fat-forming material,
though in a less deGjree than the oleacrinous constituents. For
whilst 1 lb. weight of the latter can supply 1 lb. of fat to the
animal body, it takes 2i- lbs. of respiratory compounds to pro-
duce an equivalent result. To many it is probably an unsuspected
fact, that even in lean animals, the fat contained in the whole
body exceeds the quantity of albuminous substance. The follow-
ing: table, also derived from the last-named authoritv, and based
upon calculations resting upon the elaborate experiments of
Messrs Gilbert and Lawes, shows approximately the general
composition of the entire carcass of a lean and a fat animal
respectively : —

Lean, Fat.
Mineral matters, . . .5 3

Nitrogenous compounds, . . 15 12*5

Fat, 24 33

Water, ..... 56 48*5

And the following, from the like authority, gives the percentage
composition of the increase in fattening oxen, sheep, and pigs : —

Miueral Nitrogenous

matter, compounds. Fat. Water.

Oxen, . . 1-47 7-69 66-2 24-6

Sheep, . . 2-34 7-13 70*4 20-1

Pigs, . . 0-06 6-44 71-5 22-0

Whence it appears that for every 1 lb. of albuminous matter
assimilated by the system, there are likewise assimilated, in
round numbers, 10 lbs. of fat and 3 lbs. of water. Theoretically,
it might be assumed that a similar proportion should prevail in
the food material given to fattening animals. P)ut this is not
sustained in practice. For the substances demonstrated by
experience as being the most efficient for fattening our stock —
for example, the various oil- cakes, grasses, leguminous plants,
turnips, &:c., all contain these proximate constituents in a much

MANUAL OF AGEICULTUilE. 285

more equal proportion than that of 1 to 10. Any apparent ano-
nially disappears when we call to mind that with the progress of
— from a physical point of view — degeneration in the animal body,
owing to the want of a natural amount of muscular exertion the
albuminous bodies becomes less and less requisite to the tissues,
and their absorption into the blood slower. This may either be
owing to the already highly nourished and consequently denser
condition of the blood retarding their absorption hj the process
of endosmoses, or to some obscure natural provision. At all
events, the balance of the blood constituents is preserved and
disease averted by reason thereof. The increased difficulty of
their absorption, however, necessitates a larger quantity of the
albuminous bodies being present in the food, in order that the
absorbents may be enabled to the utmost to take up a sufficient
modicum. All the while the fattening substances, from the ease
with which they are assimilated, have their excess laid up in all
parts of the system. The following table, still from the same
authority, shows the amount of each class of constituents stored
in the increase, for every 100 consumed in the food, by —

Mineral
matters.

Nitrogenous
compountls.

Fat.

Total dry
substance,

Sheep, .
Pigs, .

3-27
0-58

4-41
7-34

9-4

21-2

8-06
17-3

The last shows the greater power of assimilation of food pos-
sessed by the pig over the sheep, and its consequent property of
cheaper and speedier fattening. A main object in breed im-
provement is the development of such a quality in stock.

Parm horses, those admirable serfs of the husbandman, arc
appropriately fed with dry concentrated food, rich in albuminous
substances. Experience has selected oats and hay from this
class, with the addition of beans in the spring and early summer
mouths, when calls for draught power are scarce. In summer
the animals enjoy a short respite, when grass is given, as being-
better suited to diminished muscular expenditure, and economical
at the same time.

As regards the actual details of ordinary agricultural practice
and routine, these, indeed, can best be learned by experience in
the tield. In every county, nay, almost in every parish, they
vary a])preciably. j>ut the scientitic principles uf agriculture art*
equally aj)plicable in every country and clime, and the student
may investigate them to their utmost extent in the works of
Stephen's; Wilson's Farm Cro^'S ; Liebig's, Anderson's, ami
Johnston's writings on Chemistry applied to Agriculture ; lioscoe
on Chemistry; (Icikie on Geology; and IJulluur ami l^ruwn on
P)0tany, with many othfT volumes too numerous to mention.

286 ON THE TREE MALLOW.

ON THE TREE MALLOW (LAV ATE RA ARBOREA) AS AN
AGRICULTURAL PLANT FOR CATTLE-FEEDING, PAPER-
MAKING, AND OTHER PURPOSES.

By William Gorrie, Eait Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh.

[Premium — Ten Sovereigns.']

Having, on the 4tli May 1870, exhibited a specimen of the
highly promising, but hitherto neglected, bunch grass of British
Columbia in the Edinburgh Corn Exchange, the young spring
growths of which measured at that early period from 3 to 3| feet
in height, I was* invited to show it the same day at a conference —
between the Directors of the Scottish Chamber of Agriculture
and a number of paper-makers from the surrounding districts —
" on the practicability of growing a useful material at home for
the supply of the paper manufacturers, as a substitute for esparto
grass." In reply to inquiries that were there made, I stated that
if the straw of ordinary corn crops, and that of our stronger
growing native grasses, such as the common reed {Phragmites
communis), the reed canary-grass {Phalaris arunclinacea), and
others, possessed sufficient tenacity for paper-making, I believed
that the bunch grass {Elymus condensatus) would prove equally
suitable ; and that a greater w^eight per acre of material could be
got from it than from any of the forementioned. In this opinion
I am now more fully confirmed, from my original plant, which
was reared from seed in 1866, having since annually yielded very
dense close crops of both barren or leafy, and fertile or seed-bear-
ing stalks, which in each of the past six years measured from 9 to
9| feet in height. Having thus been led to look out for " paper-
fibre plants," I have now several highly promising exotic kinds
under trial, besides that indigenous one which forms the subject
of the following^ communication.

In July 1870 I spent some days near Kildonan, in the south
of Arran, when I was much struck with the gigantic size and
showy appearance of the many fine tree mallows which were there
grown for cottage-garden ornamentation, and had become
naturalized in some waste places. Two of the former were found
to measure fully 12 feet in height, while few were under 9 feet.
In a long, hedge-like belt of the latter I came upon a continuous
mass of fibre, stretched among a thick growth of grassy herbage,
which turned out to be the only remains of a large mallow plant
that had fallen or been broken down the previous season, and all
else of which had rotted away. This fibre I took with me, along
with a sample of fresh bark ; and having subsequently secured
specimens of the matured plants, as well as a supply of the ripe
seeds, I handed a portion of each to David Curror, Esquire,
secretary to the Chamber of Agriculture, who had the bark tested

ox THE TEEE M.MJLOAV. 287

for its fibre properties by Messrs A. Cowan & Sons, of the
Valleyfield Paper Mills, Penicuik ; and the seeds analysed by Dr
Stevenson Macadam, In a note which Mr Curror sent me,
dated 21st Xovember 1871, he stated, " the results are that the
stalks are worth L.o per ton for paper-making; and the seeds as
valuable for feeding as linseed cakes."

Messrs William Blackwood & Sons, of Edinburgh and London,
having kindly transmitted a plant, and sample of the green tree
mallow bark to Messrs J. Dickinson & Co., of the Xash Paper
Mills, Hemsl-Hempstead, for their opinion as to its properties,
they stated, in a letter, dated January 1873, " that the bark of
the plant contains a large proportion of fibre well adapted for
paper-making purposes, and possibly also for the manufacture of
common cordage." They estimated the market value of the bark
at about L.8 per ton, and, by way of encouraging an experiment,
offered to take two or more tons at that price. They also kindly
inclosed a specimen of " half stuff " prepared from the bark, and
" showing the fibre to be of fair strength even when highly
bleached." Messrs William Tod & Sons, of the St Leonard's
Paper Mills, Lasswade, having made some experiments on a
limited scale vrith the dried bark, were so well pleased with the
results that they offered, "at least, L.IO per ton for it," that
being the price they were then paying for esparto grass, or about
the same as the forementioned, L.5 per ton offered by Messrs
Cowan for the stalks, the bark and woody matter in these being
each nearly equal in weight. ^Ir Henry Bruce, of Kinleith Paper
Mills, Currie, having expressed a desire to experiment on a
largish scale with the mallow bark, his manager applied for
from 1 to 5 cwts. of it — wliich quantity I was unable to
supply. This application, and the preceding offers, induced me
to undertake the aftermentioned culture of the tree mallow in
the Island of Bute, in which I vras obligingly assisted by
Charles Duncan, Esquire of Woodend, Piothesay.

On the 7th of last August I addressed a letter to Fletcher
Xorton Menzies, Esquire, secretary to the Highland and Agricul-
tural Society of Scotland, of which the following is an extract: —

" Afjricibltural Plant for Cattle- Feeding and Paper-Making. —
A selected variety of the tree mallow {Laratcra arhorca), the
natural habitats for the normal form of which in Scotland are
the Bass Kock, witli other islets in the Firth of Forth, and Ailsa
Craig. Its ordinary lii'ights vary from G to 10 feet, but it can
be grown to more than 12 feet. It is a biennial, but the first
year it may bo planted, after the removal of any early crops, and
matured in that following. From the limited experiments which
I have been enabled to make, its products in seed, bark, and
heart- wood are estimated at about 4 tons of each per acre.
Chemical analysis by Dr Stevenson Macadnm, and by Mr

288 ox THE TREE MALLOW.

Palconer King of its seeds, sliow these to be about equal in
feeding properties to oil-cake, the present value of which is
about L.IO per ton, and paper-makers offer the same price, at
least, for the bark that they now pay for esparto grass, which is
also about L.IO per ton, thus showing a return of about L.80 per
acre for the seed and bark ; and it is expected that the excess of
fibre in the latter will allow of the heart-wood being mixed up
with it, which will add very considerably to the above-stated
value of crop. The paper-makers who have had the tree mallow
bark under limited trial for me are Messrs Dickinson, Xash
Mills, Hemel Hemj)stead ; Mr Henry Bruce, Kinleith Mills,
Currie ; Messrs A. Cowan & Sons, Yalleyfield Mills, Penicuik ;
Messrs William Tod & Sons, St Leonard's Mills, Lasswade ; and
Messrs William Tod, jun., & Co., Springfield Mills, Lasswade —
all of whom think very hicrhly of it, and are most anxious to trv
it on a large scale. With the view of having this done, I had
plants reared in the Island of Bute in 1875, and about two
acres planted with them after the removal of a crop of earh'
potatoes. These plants throve well till a fall of snow took place
early in the winter, when the whole were destroyed by rabbits.
Bute was chosen for this trial in consequence of the winters on
the east coast being sometmies too cold for the mallow plants,
many of which suffer when the thermometer falls to about 15"
Pahr., and most of them are entirely killed when it falls much
below 10"" ; which excesses of cold, although occasional on the
^ast coast, are never experienced en the western coasts nor in
the Orkney Islands, in various parts throughout which, where
the mallow has been tried, it has invariably been found to thrive
well ; and I feel confident that it might there be made to yield
higher pecuniary returns, from hitherto comparatively worthless
ground, than ordinary agricultural crops do in the best cultivated
districts of Britain. Having already been at considerable trouble
and expense in thus experimenting with the tree mallow, and
not caring to incur further outlay, I have handed over my stock
of seeds to Messrs P. S. Eobertson & Co., of the Trinitv JSTurseries
here, who have now plants ready for supplying any who may be
desirous of carrying out its cultivation, charging only 23. 6d. per
100 to cover expenses."

The preceding communication was read at the first meeting
.for the season of the Directors of the Highland and Agricultural
Society, and on the 2d Xovember I was favoured with the
following : —

'' Dear Sir, — At the Directors' meeting held yesterday I was
instructed to thank you for your communication on the tree
m.allow. I sent your letter to the newspapers to give the matter
all the publicity we could. — Yours faithfully, P. S". Menzies."

In course of the past autumn I sent circulars of like purport

ON THE TREE MALLOW. 289

with the preceding to a considerable number of landed proprie-
tors and others, chiefly connected with the western and northern
coasts of Scotland, many of whom have now fairly embarked in
the experimental culture of the tree mallow. — See list appended.
The following are the analytical results above referred to : —

" Analysis of sample of ' Tree Mallow Seed,' received from
D. Curror, Esquire, secretary of the Chamber of Agricul-
ture, Edinburgh. Grown at Kildonan, Island of Arran.

Moisture, . . . . . . . . . 15*56

Oil, 11-78

Albuminous compounds, 18.45

Starch, gum, and sugar, . .^ 43 "83

Woody fibre, . . . .' 4*96

Ash, 5-42

100-00

Nitrogen, 2-96

Phosphoric acid in ash equal to ordinary bone phosphates, 1-68

"The tree mallow seeds possess the nutritive constituents of a
good feeding stuff, and well deserve a trial by the feeders of stock.
It is not so rich in albuminous or flesh-producing ingredients as
linseed, or other well-known cakes, but considering the loss of
nutrient value in the manure when the richer cakes are given to
cattle, it is possible that the tree mallow seed would not be
much behind ordinary cake in feeding qualities.

" Stevenson Macadam, Ph.D., F.E.S.E.,

" Lecturer on Chemistry.
"Analytical Laboratory,
"Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh, ^th November 1871."

" Laboratory of City Analyist,
"Edinburgh, 19i/t December 1874.

" Analysis of Tree Mallow Seed, received from, and grown
by, Mr W. Gorrie, at Eait Lodge, Trinity.

^Albuminous compounds.

Oil,

Starch, sugar, &c.,

Woody fibre,
tAsh,

Moisture,

17-00
13-22
27-91
20-59
7-20
14-08

100 00
♦Containing nitrogen, ..... 2-72

t Containing sand, ...... O'oG

" Eroni the foregoing results it is evident that this seed will
form a valuable feeding stuO". It contains quite as nuicli oil as
the generality of linseed cakes ; and although the amount of
albuminous substance is lower than in ordinary good linseed cake,
it is not far out of i)roportion to the heat-giving ingredients.

"J. E.vLcoNER King.

T

290 Oja THE TREE MALLOW.

*' Laboratory of City Analyst,
" Edinburgh, 6^/i i^e6ruan/ 1875.

"Analysis of green and dried Bark of Tree Mallow, received
from Mr William Gorrie, Eait Lodge, Trinity.

Green Bark.

Dried at
212° F.

Moisture,

. 75-20

• • •

Mucilage,

1-90

7-68

Fibre, ......

8-28

33-38

Ash,

. 3-46

13-95

Nitrogenous matter, oil, starch, &c.,

11-16

44-99

100-00

100-00

Containing sand, . . ■ .

. 0-64

2-58

„ alkaline salt.

. 1-50

6-04

" J. Falcon

ER lilXG.''

The following results have been reported by parties to whom
I previously gave seeds for trial : —

Mr Archibald Gorrie, then wood manager for the Earl of
Leicester, Holkham Hall, ISTorfolk, wrote on the 17th August and
3d September 1874: — "A plant of the tree mallow No. 1, grown,
by itself, yielded 10 lbs. of green bark, which was reduced to 4
lbs. by drying, and its dried seeds weighed 2 lbs. 13 oz. Plants
2, 3, and 4, grown in a row about 2 feet apart, yielded 16 lbs. of
careen bark, which when dried was reduced to 8 lbs., and their
dried seeds weighed 7 lbs."

Mr Eobert Henderson, manager for Colonel F. Burroughs,
Island of Eousay, Orkney, writing on the 30th of October last,
stated that — " The plants reared from your tree mallow seeds,
which were sown here in May 1875, have all flowered except
three, and we only want a little dry weather to ripen and secure
the seeds well. The average height of the plants is from 6 to 7
feet, and I send you by steamer a sample." These plants
came safe to hand, two of them were well furnished with good,
ripe seed, and the tallest one measured 9 feet 3 inches in height.
One of the other two, neither of w^hich had flowered, was oh feet
high, with seven branches ; and the other was a 2 feet high young
unbranched plant. These last two plants having lain with their
i'oots fully exposed to the weather till the 14th December — in
all about 6 J weeks — were then found so retentive of vitality that
I had them replanted, with seemingly every prospect of success.
This unusual vitality in unmatured plants seems dependent on
the larger proportion of mucilage which is contained in their
bark.

Mr J. Smith, gardener, Lewis Castle, Stornoway, writing on
the 6th of last November, states : — " The tree mallows raised from
the seeds you gave me in June 1875 were much cut up by
hares, which appear to be very fond of them. Of those left the
tallest one is now about 7 feet in height, although it has not

ON THE TEEE MALLOAV. 291

flowered. I may state that last winter, or rather spring, was one
of the severest on record about Stornoway, and more than the
usual amount of snow fell, with which the ground was covered
for nearly six weeks. The 2000 plants received this autumn
from Messrs P. S. Eoberston & Co. have been temporarily
planted in the kitchen garden, where they will be safe through-
out the winter from the hares, and will be retransplanted in
spring. They are now growing nicely, not one of them having
been lost." The Eev. James Ingram, U.P. Manse, Island of Eday,
Orkney, in a Istter dated the 4th December 1876, reports : — " My
experience of the tree mallow cultivation has been confined to
the garden here, where, with a south exposure and near a 7 feet
wall, it attained a height of 9 J feet, with 2 inches in diameter of
stem, and there were numerous branches on all sides wonderfully
prolific in beautiful red blossoms. It continued flowering threes
months, and almost the latest flowers produced ripe seed. The
l^lants in the east and west borders were not so large, being only
6 feet high and proportionately small in other respects, but they
produced a large quantity of ripe seeds. I have not had a single
plant uprooted by the storms, though cabbages frequently suffer
in that way." David Curror, Esquire of Craigduckie, writes from
Eosythe Cottage on the 26th December : — " In 1875 about a dozen
of the mallow plants, reared from the seeds you gave me, had
attained in their second year to a height of 14 feet, with 9 to
10 inches in girth of stem above the ground. These plants
blossomed freely, and a large quantity of seeds matured on each.
An unflowered plant, raised from seed last spring, which I
measured yesterday, was 83 inches in height by 8 inches
in greatest girth of stem, so that the growth of the tree mallow
has been a perfect success here, close to Eosythe Old Castle, on
the north side of the Firth of Forth."

William Hay, Esquire, Eabbit Hall, Portobello, planted
a number of tree mallows in 1871, where they were fully exposed
to the north-east sea blasts, and where the hardiest of sea-side,
trees and shrubs did little more than merely retain a stunted
existence. Here some of the mallows grew to fully 10 feet in
lieight ; and one, bearing a full crop of seeds, having been broken
down in autunni 1872, these wer(j greedily devoured by turkeys,
and other domestic fowls that, having thus accjuired a taste for
them, proceeded to attack those on the standing plants, where it
was amusing to see them Hying up and holding on by the slender
top branches, devouring every seed they could possibly get at.
Writing subseiiucaitly to Mr John M' Xulvie, schoolmaster,
Kildonan, and Mr Jiobert ^I'Niell, Dreadalbane Cottage in that
vicinity, — to both of whom I am indebted for specimens and in-
fonnation, — they replied confirmatory of the liking for the mallow
seeds displayed by domestic poidtry. And this farther points to

292 0^ THE TilEE MALLOW.

tlaeir applicability for feeding winged game and many other kinds
of wild birds. In addition to the cattle-feeding and imper-onaking
properties of the tree mallow, it may be beneficially and
economically employed for other purposes ; such as —

Sheltering sea-exposed gardens, and other grounds. At a meet-
ing with the Largo Naturalists' Field Club, some years since, the
late Mr Dickson, one of the original proprietors and editors of
the " Cbina Mail," who then resided at Elie, in Fife, told me
that his garden was so directly exposed to the sea winds and
spray that he had to grow a hedge-like belt of the tree, or, as it
is there called, the Bass Rock mallow, on the sea-ward side of
his crops, for their protection, and that it answered that purpose
admirably. At a meeting of the Scottish Arboricultural Society,
held on the 1st of November last, I recommended the tree, or as
it is sometimes called the sea mallow, as a nurse for sea-exposed
young plantations, it being peculiarly adapted for affording
protection to the young trees before these attain sufficient sizes
to shelter one another. When thus employed it is advisable to
sow the mallow seeds in nursery drills or beds towards the end
of June, so that they may not flower next year, and transplant
them as soon as they are 4 to 6 inches high, where the forest
trees are to be planted next spring. For succession, another
planting of like sized mallows should be made in July or August
following, to remain green and so maintain the shelter after those
first planted have seeded and been harvested. Afterwards the
seeds that will get scattered annually, even with careful harvest-
ing, will suffice to keep up a sufficient succession as long as the
sheltering aid of the mallows may be needed.

That " nutritive mucilage^' which is peculiar to the Malvacem,
or mallow family, and for the esculent, emollient, and other
properties of which the okra (Hihiscus esculentus), the marsh
mallow {Althea officinalis), and others are much reputed, is also
abundantly present in the tree mallow, from which it may be
obtained in sufficient quantities to allow of its being used as a
condiment in the less nutritious animal foods, such as cut straw,
chaff, &c., in addition to its more extended employment in culinary
dishes, comfits, and the manufacture of toilet soaps. The okra
above mentioned is extensively cultivated in tropical and sub-
tropical countries for its pods and seeds, the former in their
young state being pickled like those of kidney beans ; the latter
impart a mucilaginous thickening to soups, and are used in the
manner of green peas ; when ripe they are boiled like barley, and
roasted as a substitute for coffee. The okra has also been long
recognized as a textile plant, and a patent has recently been
taken out in France for making paper from its fibre, for which it
is being extensively cultivated in Algeria. Its fibre is prepared
solely by mechanical means, in a current of water, without any

ox THE TEEE MALLOW. 293

bleaching agent,* a mode that is also likely to be applicable to
that of the tree mallow.

For green mamtrc, to be dug or ploughed into the ground, the
rapid and luxuriant growth of the tree mallow renders it parti-
cularly suitable. Some have assumed that, in consequence of its
immense growth, it must be a very scourging or soil-exhausting
crop. In reality, however, this does not appear to be the case,
for the plants have comparatively few, and by no means far-
spreading roots, and throughout the whole period of their growth,
but more especially in that of the first year, they shed an
abundant, continuous succession of their large succulent leaves,
which overspread the ground surface with a thick leaf-manure
covering. Thus the plants are not only large producers of their
own nutriment, but seemingly derive much of their sustenance
from the atmosphere, as is evinced by the forementioned tenacity
of life in the unmatured plants.

For distillation, the seeds of the tree mallow are likely to be
useful. A friend to whom I showed them, and who in America
had much experience in distilling from buckwheat, as well as
from Indian corn, and the ordinary cereals, stated he had no doubt
but they would yield over a gallon of proof spirit per 50 lbs.

For the textile and cordage uses of the tree mallow, see after
remarks, page 295.

Cultivation. — The tree mallow accommodates itself to a wide
range of soils and situations, not excluding from the former bog-
peat, if sufficiently drained to free it from stagnant moisture ; and
although it thrives inland provided the temperature does not fall
too low, it is most at home on the cliffs, and among the earth -
mixed debris of sea-side rocks, or among sea sand-hills on their
partly consolidated slopes and lioUows. Under cultivation it
will grow on most soils that are suitable for ordinary farm crops,
and in many places where the exposure is too much for these.
Ordinary farm-yard manure may seldom be available for tree
mallow culture, but a convenient substitute will often be found
in those immense quantities of sea-weed or wrack that are often
thrown ashore near places that are highly suitable for its growth.
Tho droppings of sea birds on its native cliffs suggests the
application of guano ; and in inland localities common snlt
could not fail in being highly etlicacious. The period at which
plants naturally sow or disj)erse their seeds is generally deemed
the best, or at least a good time for sowing them in their native
countries. To this rule, however, the tree mallow may be
deemed an cxce]itic)n ; as a good many of its earliest fallen seeds
vegetate in mikl jtiMiods of the succeeding autumn and winter
mouths ; and although in very shelUired places tliese may escape
yet in many cases most of them will succumb to the succeedin

♦ See " British and Fon-igu rnp.T.'\r.iIvOrs' Hf-vLnv " fnv An -nM 187^' - ! 10.

< r
O

294 ox THE TREE MALLOW.

winter and spring frosts. Hence it will generally be found pre-
ferable to sow the seeds between the middle of ]\Iarch and the
end of April, as if much longer delayed many of the plants will
not flower the next year, but assume a triennial in place of a
biennial duration. The seeds being sown either in drills or
broad-cast, the young plants, when about 6 to 10 inches high,
should be transplanted to where they are to remain, or in case of
the ground being then filled with an early crop, such as early
potatoes or pease, they may be temporarily transplanted at 4 to
6 inches apart till such crop is removed and the ground prepared
for them ; when they should be planted out either by the
dibber or plough at from 18 inches to 4 feet apart; till more
experience shows the distances that are most suitable for
them in different soils and situations. "When to be o^rown on the
most exposed sea-coasts, either as an exclusive crop or for
sheltering young plantations, they should be planted out when
about 4 inches high, or the seeds sown in the places where they
are to grow. ISTo plants — those of kale and cabbage not even
excepted — stand transplanting better than those of the tree
mallow ; but when its seeds become sufficientlv abundant, it
may in some cases be found best to sow them by machines, and
afterwards thin out the young plants as is done with turnips.
Intending cultivators should guard against getting their seeds off
inferior varieties, such as that of the Bass Eock, which is dwarfer,
as well as more horizontally spreading and more branching than
the one here recommended. They should also avoid getting
seeds from Southern Europe or other warmer climates than those
of its British habitats. This last precaution may be deemed as
of only temporary application, seeing that from the number of
experimental growers, and the quantity of plants they have
already planted out, or that will be so sufficiently early next
summer, an abundance of home seed for sowing, as well as for
practically testing its cattle-feeding qualities, will be produced in
the autumn of 1878. And as with other cultivated plants the
tree mallow can doubtlessly be improved by selection, careful
cultivators will do well to select their " stock seeds " always from
the best plants.

The thrashing or separating of the seeds from the stalks or
haum, may either be done by rippling combs, as with the flax ;
by flails, or by machinery. It is probable that it may be found
advisable to cut off or separate the seed-bearing twigs from the
thicker branches and stems, as doing so would likely facilitate
the after operations of stacking or storing, thrashing, and peeling.

Peeling or stinj^fjnng of the hark is easily done at all times
during the growth of the plants, and only a little less so when
the seeds are sufficiently matured for pulling or cutting the crop ;
^\•hile even after the stalks are dried by stacking, or standing

ON THE TEEE MALLOW, 295

them out on end through the winter, the bark comes off quite
freely if they are saturated for a short time in water, or even
thoroughly wetted by rain.

The principal advantages to be derived from the cultivation of
the tree mallow are its production of two crops or returns — seeds
tindjlhre — either of which would alone remunerate its growers;
its suitability for extensive districts which are now almost
worthless, or only capable of bringing low pasture rents ; tlie
prevention or abatement of river pollutions, as little if any
t;austic soda or other deleterious chemicals will be required in the
preparation of its fibre ; its resistance of injury from wet weather
at, and after harvesting. And for the encouragement of such as
wish to try it where the winters are occasionally too cold, it may be
stated that plants of only one season's growth will yield a profit-
able return of good fibre, should they happen to be killed by frost.

In addition to the forenamed Scottish habitats of the tree
mallow, it is also indigenous on some parts of the south-west of
England and Welsh coasts ; while in the " Cyble Hibernica," by
Dr. David Moore and Alexander G. More of the Glasnivea
liotauic Gardens, it is stated to be found wild ia five of the
twelve divisions that therein comprise the map of Ireland, only
one of which is on its eastern, and the other four on its southern
-cind western coasts. So that in the western and northern coasts
of Scotland, its Western Isles, the Orkneys, and probably the
Shetland Isles, added to the other sufficiently mild tempera-
tured districts of Great Britain and Ireland, it may be safely
inferred that a much greater extent is available for tree-mallow
culture than would suffice for all the wants of our home paper
manufacturers, — and that without lessening materially the land
surface pjresently devoted to ordinary agricultural crops. Con-
tinental Europe, it may be remarked, is too cold in winter for
the Lavatera arhorca, except tliose districts which border on the
Atlantic and Mediterranean ; and the same may be said of the
Northern United States. In short, as beforementioned, no place
IS suitable for its regular cultivation where the temperatu
frequently falls below 15^ Fahr. in winter.

In Lawsons' "Agriculturists' Manual," published in I80G, the
fjavatcra arhorca is included in the section " Plants Yielding
Fibre," from its having been shortly before recommended by M.
iJavaniller^ for "])roduciiig a very strong fibre which may bo
t'mployed for making ropes," &c. In August 1 S70 Lady Grde
kindly favoured me with the perusal of a letter from ^Ir
Freer of llayden, Norfolk, in which he stated that ^Ir William
JJillingtoii, who was deputy-surveyor for the woods and forests
at Chopwell, Diiihiiiii, and afterwards " resideil at liay Towers
on the west coast of county Afayo, where, ex])osed to all the
ritornis of the Atlantic, Lavatera arhorca nourished in native-

296 ON THE TREE MALLOW.

wildness, recommended its fibre for paper making. He also used
it in his garden for tying instead of bast ; but the use of its seeds
as cattle food does not seem to have occurred to him." In a
syllabus of lectures on substitutes for paper material, delivered
by Dr W. Lauder Lindsay at Perth in 1858, the " tree mallow "
is named in conjunction with the common mallow, in a list of 75
paper-yielding plants. In September 1875 Dr W. L. Lindsay
directed my attention to an article " On the ]\ianufacture of Hemp
and Paper from the Lavatera arhorea^' which was read before the
Eoyal Dublin Society on the 25th of March 1859 by Mr Eobert
Plunkett, and published in the " Natural History Eeview " for
that year. Having failed to obtain a copy of that publication in
Edinl3urgh, I applied to Dr D. Moore of the Glasniven Botanic
Gardens, who being equally unsuccessful in Dublin, kindly had
the article copi.ed verbatim, and sent to me on the 16th
of December last, — from which it appears that at the said meet-
ing were exhibited " products of the sea tree mallow, patented by
William George Plunkett, July 29, 1857. No. 2069." These
products were taken from plants over 6 feet in height, that were
sown in spring and cut in October ; as w^ell as from a. year and
half old plants of 10 feet in height. They consisted of three
specimens of hemp, made from the bark of the stems and
branches ; card boards made from the fibre and wood of the
plant, of which those from the wood were lightest in colour ;
together with five kinds of rope and cordage ; but no paper seems
to have been shown. Mr Plunkett having, however, sent a series
of specimens to Mr Cooke of the Trinity House Museum,
Lambeth, that gentleman, in a contribution to " The Art
Journal" for the 14th of January 1859, stated that "another
patent, or rather series of patented paper pulps, are those of Mr
Plunkett of Dublin, whose papers are made from four different
kinds of plants. These are the tree mallow, red clover, hop
bine or straw, and the yellow water iris ; to the first of these we
may look perhaps for the most satisfactory result." Mr Cooke
farther added, that " specimens of the plant, wood, hemp, cordage,
fine thread, and lace made from the bark, together with paper
made from the wood, I shall be happy to show any one interested
in the experiment." This employment of the heart-wood
for paper-making is confirmatory of the anticipated use of it as
stated in my previously recorded letter to the Highland and
Agricultural Society, page 287. In a recent conversation with Dr
D. More, he told me that, when at the Brussels Great Centennial
Horticultural Exhibition last spring, the cultivation of the
Lavatera a7^horea for papermaking in Belgium was then talked of
by several gentlemen he met. But it is feared that Belgian
winters are generally too severe to admit of this being done suc-
cessfully. The " Gardeners' Chronicle " of 11th November last

ON THE TREE MALLOW. 297

contained an abridged copy of my letter, quoted at page 287,
which was concluded by the editorial remark, that " years ago the
utilization of this plant was suggested by the late Mr Hogg and
by the editors of this journaL"

The above series of quotations show that I have no claim to
the original discovery of the tree mallow being a fibre-producing
plant, although my attention was drawn to it in entire ignorance
of these prior claims. Hence my investigations and experiments
with it are likely to be th3 more useful, from having been con-
ducted independently of previously ascertained facts and failures
re^'ardincj; it. The use of the seeds for feedin<^, and some of the
other purposes for which I have recommended the plants and
their products, have, however, claims to novelty ; and I trust
that the means I have taken to bring its merits fully before both
cultivators and manufacturers may result in the complete
realization of the advantacres herein held out to both, A usual
question that has been put to me is : If the tree mallow is really
so useful as you represent it, how does it happen that its use-
fulness has not been previously known ? The preceding paragraph
shows that its properties have not been altogether, although
partially, overlooked ; but even such as were ascertained do not
seem to have been brouiijht under the notice of those most
deeply interested in any practical form. A patent taken out for
the manufacturing of mallow fibre is just one of that class most
likely to be shelved or laid aside and no more thought of. For
in the first place a manufacturer requires a large and constant
supply to justify him in making the requisite machinery altera-
tions to allow of the new material being successfully wrought
out; and he would have to set about providing for his new
supplies of material about two years prior to the first crop being
produced. And in the second, place few tenant farmers, even if
permitted by their leases, would care to embark in experimental
cultivation of any kind that would take about two years before
pecuniary returns could be realized, and that more especially in
the face of patent restrictions. Hence it is only by the com-
bined eftbrts of landlords and manufacturers that tree mallow
cultivation and its products can be fairly introduced. But when
this is once successfully done tenant farmers, if allowed, will
soon take to this new branch of agriculture.

In order to facilitate the exchange of opinions regarding
results among the growers ; and that other interested parties
may know where to see, and judge for themselves, the following
list is given of the names of those who up to the date of publica-
tion have embarked in the cullivatiou of Tuee Mallow : —

Ilis Grace tlui Duke of Argyle, Inveraray Castle.
His Grace the Duke of Ijuccleuch, Dalkuith Tiuk, &c.

298 ON THE TEEE MALLOW.

His Grace the Duke of Eiclimond and Gordon, Gordon Castle.

His Grace the Duke of Sutherland, Dunrobin Castle.

The Most Noble Marquis of Ailsa, Culzean Castle.

The Eight Hon. the Earl of Derby, Knowsley.

The Eight Hon. the Earl of Stair, Lochinch House.

The Eight Hon. Lord Kinnaird, Eossie Priory.

The Eight Hon. Lord Henry Scott, Beaulieu, Southampton.

Sir E. C. Dering, Bart., Surrendew-Dering, Kent.

Sir J. D. H. Elphinstone, Bart., M.P., Logic Elphinstone.

Sir James Matheson, Bart., Lewis Castle, Stornoway.

Sir J. P. Orde, Bart., Kilmory, Lochgilphead.

James Alexander, Esquire of Eed Braes, Bennington.

John Anderson, Esquire of Denham Green, Trinity.

Alexander Baird, Esquire of Urie, Stonehaven.

C Bates, Esquire, America Farm, Doyenham.

John Binning, Esquire, Brae, Dingwall.

Colonel F. Borroughs, Island of Eousay, Orkney.

James Brown, Esquire, Goodrington House, Devon.

Henry Bruce, Esquire of Ederline, Ford, Ardrishaig.

John Bruce, Esquire of Sumburgh, Shetland, and Fair Isle.

Higford Burr, Esquire, Aldennaston, Eeading.

Callingford, Esquire, 7 Phillimore Gardens, Kensington.

J. J. Caiman, Esquire, Carrow House, Norwich.
Donald Cameron, Esquire of Lochiel, M.P., Auchnacarry.
Blanchard Clapham, Esquire, Algoa Bay, South Africa.
■Charles Davidson, Esquire, Kirkwall, Orkney.
William Delf, Esquire, Great Bentley, Colchester.
Jerome Dennison, Buegar House, Evi, Orkney.

• Drattry, Esquire, Oakdale, Holmwood, Dorking.

Charles Duncan, Esquire, Woodend, Island of Bute.

James Duncan, Esquire of Benmore, Kilmun.

H. Newby Eraser, Esquire, Home Farm, Eoseneath, Kilcreggan.

E. W. Ganssen, Esquire, of Brookman's Park, Hatfield, Herts,

A. Gibson, Esquire, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.

John Gordon, Esquire of Cluny.

A. M. Sutherland Grseme, Esquire, of Grimes' Hall, Orkney.

David Milne Home, Esquire, of Wedderburn, Paxton House,

Berwick.
Edward Humphries, Esquire, Mount Pleasant Hall, Worcester.
James Hunter, Esquire, 1 Doune Terrace, for the Neilgherry

Hills, East India.
Tvcv. James Ingram, U.P. Manse, Island of Eday, Orkney.
Charles Jenner, Esquire, Easter Duddingstone, Portobello.
Professor G. Lawson, Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Charles M. M'Donald, Esquire, Largie Castle, Island of Islay,
Kenneth Mackenzie, Esquire, Dundonnel House, UllapooL
Angus Mackintosh, Esquire of Holme, Inverness.
George Marwick, Esquire, Bu Fnrm, Hoy, Stromness, Orkney.

ox THE TREE MALLOW. 299

il. K. Morran, Esquire, Inveryne, Tighnabruaich.

Walter Ovens, Esquire of Torr, Torr House, Castle Douglas.

H, iST. Palmer, Esquire, Down Place, Harting, Petersfield.

Dr Piobert Paterson, St Catherine's, Inveraray.

Donald Robertson, Esquire of Pennyghael, Island of Mull.

J. M. Robertson, Esquire, Acuttipone Tea Co., Cacbar, East India.

John Shaw, Esquire, Bowden, Manchester ; and Southport

Gardens, Liverpool.
William Sim, Esquire, Eosefield Xurseries, Eorres.
John Tod, Esquire, St. Leonard's Paper Mills, Lass wade.
Colonel Tomlin, Orwell Park, Ipswich.
Charles Turner, Esquire, Ptoyal Xurseries, Slough.
J. W. Webb, Esquire, Cradley, Malvern, Herefordshire.
A. P. Welch, Esquire, Hart Hill House, Luton, Bedfordshire.
Monsieur A. W. Welch, La Tour, Ajaccio, La Corse, Eiance.
James Young, Esquire of Kelly and Durris.
Messrs J. Ballantvne & Son, Xurseries, Dalkeith.
Messrs A. Cowan & Sons, Vallevfield Mills, Penicuick.
Messrs Robert Craig k Sons, Xcwbattle Paper Mills.
Messrs Dickson & Co., nursery and seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Messrs Little & Ballantyne, nursery and seedsmen, Carlisle.
Messrs P. S. Robertson & Co., nursery and seedsmen, Edinburgh.
Messrs E. Sang and Sons, nursery and seedsmen, Kirkcaldy.

ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN BREED OF CATTLE,
AND THE MEANS THAT HAVE BEEN OR MIGHT BE USED
FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT.

By Thomas Farrall, Aspatria, Carlisle.
\Frtmiuni — Tai Sovereiijns.]

Introduction.

The past quarter of a century has seen important changes in the
•agriculture of Great Britain. Twenty-five years ago, the object
of the British farmer was to cultivate as much grain as possible,
for this was th3 staple of the people's food, and the uKinia thub'
<jf the grower's ambition. Since then, the population of both
England and Scotland has increased ; commerce and manufac-
tures have extended ; and the position of the working classes
lias been considerably ameliorated. Once the ciy was for bread ;
now the constant call is for bread and meat, or rather, we shouhl
say, for meat and bread. Thf bulk of our bread stuffs is now
imported from the fine grain-]>r()ducing countries, where, during
the gnjwing season, fierce and uninterrupted sunshine almost ex-
clusively ])ri:vails. Against such favomed lands the farmers of
Britain, willi their low summer temperatuie and variable
climate, liave little chance of competing, and heavily-freighted
vessels are hitherward bound at all seasons of the year, in order

300 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

to supply our markets with those important commodities we can
no longer grow entirely for ourselves. Butchers' meat, once re-
garded as a luxury among the working classes, is at the present
time looked upon as a necessriry, and forms a part of their every-
day diet. With respect to the import of animal food, all attempts
have hitherto resulted in partial or entire failure,* so that the
community of meat-consumers must look to the farmer at home
to supply their requirements. This is the cause why beef and
mutton have been enhanced so much in value— rates being
almost double what they were twsnty-five, or even twenty years
ago. In order to keep pace with the times in which they live,
agriculturists of almost every degree have drifted in either to
mixed farming, or exclusive stocking. Flocks of sheep have
multiplied ; cattle-breeding, rearing, and feeding have been more
industriously prosecuted, and many sorts of extraneous feeding
substances introduced, with the view of furthering^ the desired
object, namely, the early maturity and rapid development
of stock. With this brief notice of the marked aoricultural
changes which have occurred within the experience of the present
generation of farmers, we pass on to the subject of our report —
the polled Angus or Aberdeen breed of cattle. The rapid rise in
the price of butchers' meat could not fail to arouse the breeders
of the black skins to greater exertion, for they are alike noted for
hardihood, early maturing qualities, firmness of flesh, and being
capable of converting a minimum amount of farm produce into
a maximum quantity of animal food for the support of the great
human population. The breed has, therefore, of late years, got
into the good graces of graziers and cattle-feeders, who generally
have an eye to the financial aspect of the question, and is not
only supplanting other less-favoured cattle upon the soil which
gave it birth, but is also gradually gaining preponderance over
the native cattle in the districts adjoining.

The Home of the Race.

We have already intimated that the polled Angus or Aberdeen
tribe is rapidly extending the breadth of its territory. It is now
no longer confined to the shires of Forfar and Abeideen, where it
had its origin — if confined be a proper term to use in speaking of
such an extensive tract of country — but the breed exists largely
in Kincardine, Banff, Moray, and perhaps iSTairn. A few solitary
herds are also to be found dotted over various parts of Scotland,
but not to the extent we should like to see them, for we feel con-
fident they would answer better in many high-lying districts than
the bovine race which presently inhabit them. The six counties
lying in the north-east of Scotland, which we have already

* Since the aboA' e was written, the American beef trade has sprang up, but whethe
it will have a lasting effect remains to be proved.

BKEED OF CATTLE. 301

named, form the district in which the polls are chiefly reared.
A line drawn from Fort George on the Moray Firth to Dundee
on the Firth of Tay, constitutes the south-western geographical
limit ; on the north and east, the ocean is the boundary line.
The district :thus defined forms a large isosceles triangle having
for its base the north coast, and Dundee for its apex ; the entire
area embraced by the triangle being 2,857,968 acres. Of this
1,226,558 acres are regularly under cultivation ; two-fifths being
under corn crops, principally oats, with a moderate amount of
barley and very little wheat ; one-fifth under green crops, chiefly
turnips ; and the remaining two-fifths being occupied by grasses
under rotation. The uncultivated portion consists of high
mountain chains, large stretches of moor and morass, and ex-
tensive plantations. Some of the mountain peaks rise to a con-
siderable altitude. Thus it will be seen that the land to which
the breed is indigenous, or that to which it has in recent years
extended, is exceedingly diversified, varying in character from
well-sheltered valleys to bleak and barren moors, or from com-
paratively low grounds to high mountain peaks, rising almost to
the height of perpetual snow.

The following shows the number of cattle within the district
in each year since th^ publication of the agricultural returns
issued by the Board of Trade : —

1866,

240,573

1871,

289,666

1867,

269,272

1872,

302,476

1868,

302,038

1873,

303,592

1869,

289,982

1874,

317,662

1870,

291,643

1875,

319,687

The increase in the number of cattle during the past ten years
has been remarkably steady, being 79,114 in the aggregate, or
an uprise of )^.3 per cent. These figures are sufficient testimony
that there has been no apathy on the part of the farmers in this
part of Scotland, and it may safely be said that the improvement
in the individual character of the stock has been quite as
marked as that in the numbers. How many of the 319,000
cattle owe their parentage on both sides to the polled race
would, in the absence of statistics bearing directly on the point,
be difficult to say, but it is beyond dispute that a considerable
proportion belongs to the type under notice and its crosses. In
addition, there is still a somewhat large nuuiber of the native
homed breed in the liiiih-lvinLT lands; here and there a herd of
shorthorns and their affinities; a few AVi'st lliLrhlanders ; a
sprinkling of Ayrshires ; and a wonderful disi)lay of mongrels.
Saving shorthorns, where a pure henl is kept as at Sittyton, and
a few sires for crossing pur})oses, the black skin is gradually
encroaching on the domain of every other race, and bids fair in

302 ox THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

time to become the principal, if not the sole breed in this part of
the

" Land of brown heath and shaggy wood."

Being an intermediate race between the mountain types and
those of the richer plains, Doddies thriv3 well, for a healthy
constitution and a disposition to fatten early seem to be as much
the special characteristics of the polled Angus or Aberdeen, as
is a heavy-milking propensity of the neat little Aryshire ;
hardihood and aptitude to withstand extreme privation of the
majestic West Highlander ; or, the capability to adapt itself to
any country or cliinate of the valuable shorthorn.

Bistingii isliing Features.

Polled Angus or Aberdeen cattle, both masculine and feminine,
are pleasing objects to the eye, inasmuch as they are finely and
symmetrically made, are graceful in movement, have good con-
stitutions, and are yielding to the touch. The modern poll is
much improved in appearance over its ancestors of the beginning
of the present century. This has l)een attained by the care exer-
cised by breeders in the selection of useful sires, and catering for
those points which breeders call '' good," and which now stamp
the genuine type. Altogether there are few if any breeds which
for general usefulness could compete successfully w^ith the black
skins in their native districts, being well adapted to the climatic
and physical character of the country and the mixed system of
farming practised therein. Belonging partially to the high-lands
and partially to the level plains, the race is eminently calculated
to thrive in a country diversified by mountain-chains and w^ell-
cultivated fields. Possessed of hardihood sufficient to enable it
to withstand the asperities of a varied climate, the poll is the
animal ^«r excellence for northerly and exposed situations, as it
has a disposition to thrive and fatten upon the produce of the
fields with little or no artificial food, and when ripe for the
butcher is a splendid w^eigher, bringing down the scales against
apparently much larger animals of other breeds. This proves
that it is not height that constitutes size, but length, width, depth
and solidity of flesh. The chief points or characteristics of a
well-bred polled Angus or Aberdeen bull are : — A nicely formed
head well put on ; eyes bright and prominent, and a good
breadth between them ; a clean throat and sweet muzzle, with
not too great a distance from eye to nose ; a liigh poll, and ears
moderately sized. The neck should be long, clean, and some-
what full on the top ; shoulders broad, but joining without
abruptness to both neck and chin ; the chest deep and expansive ;
the legs somewhat short, clean-boned, and supporting the body
firmly. The back level and straight ; ribs nicely sprung ; barrel
deep and full behind the shoulders, ensuring a large girth: well

BKEED OF CATTLE. 303

ribbed home towards the hooks, which should be level and
moderately wide apart, but not too broad for the other propor-
tions ; and evenly fleshed to the tail. The twist full and long ;
well-fleshed but not protruding behind ; the tail of medium
thickness and hanging stiaight down.

The head of the cow ought to have a more elongated shape and
feminine aspect than that of the bull ; the ears of good size : the
neck clean, straight, and well put on, with neither abrupt hollow
where it joins the shoulders, nor prominence on the top ; and
the shoulder thinner and sharper on the summit than in the male.

In short, the head is fine, as becomes both sexes ; the carcase
round and low ; the legs short, and the shoulder in keeping with
the other parts.

The skin should be soft and pliant to the touch, and covered
with a luxuriant crop of silky hair. When in motion, truly-bred
animals have an easy, springy, and stylish action. The colour is.
mostly black, though occasionally animals of great purity are
met with of a brindled cast ; a few brown along the spine and
around the muzzle ; others again, of equally pure descent, ha\'o
patches of white upon them, lilack is the colour most breeders
cultivate, althoui^^h we have often found that the brindled and
those with brown spines are capital milkers. It is therefore ta
be inferred that large indications of milk have their correspond-
ing colours ; notwithstanding this, milking families may be cul-
tivated with care, and the jet black of fashion strictly adhered to.

The chief points in the breed have been summed up in the
following rhyme : —

Annexed will be found in rhvinincj detail
The points to be seen in u polled Aniens male.
The head should be stylish, and neatly set on,
And the distance from eye to the nose not too long ;
Clean throat and sweet muzzle, bright prominent eyes,
AVith the poll pretty high, and ears of fair size.
The neck long and clean, somewhat full on the top ;
The chest quite expansive, and deep in the drop;
The legs should be short, though not to an extreme,
Nor the shoulders too full to the eye ever seen ;
The top free from sharpness, yet not over wide.
The back should be straight and level beside ;
The ribs nicely sprung ; a deep barrel as well
liibbed close to the hooks, if he must excel.
The twist full and long, not protruding behind,
The tiiil of nice thickness, and clearly dotined.
The hair soft and silky, below and above ;
Skin mellow and yielding as a lady's kid glove ;
Hach j)art well developed, yet proportionate withnl ;
The guit ligiit and graceful when leaving the stall.
The cow .sliould not have the Ijroadly-sct head,
iJut one strictly feminine adorn her instead ;
The neck well put on, straight, even, and clean,
AVith no abrujjt hollow, neck and shoulder between,

304 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

The latter much thinner than that of the male,

A sign that she's sure to excel at the pail ;

Jet black is the colour, that with breeders goes down,

Though a few polls are spotted and others are brown.

Such are the pomts of the improved breed at the present day,
and such breeders are endeavouring to cultivate and fix upon
their favourite type.

History of tlic Breed.

In order to trace the origin of the polled Angus or i\.berdeen
cattle, it. will be necessary, first of all to ascertain what descrip-
tions of stock prevailed in the countries whose name they bear,
previous to the era of improvement. Mr George TiUmsden,
Auquhorties, who is described by Mr M'Combie as " the greatest
living authority on the subject, whose recollection goes back
much farther than 1808, who was one of the few who first
brought feeding to perfection in Aberdeenshire, and one of the
best judges in Scotland," says — " Since my earliest recollection
three-fourths of the cattle in Aberdeenshire were black and
polled, and this was the original breed of the county. The
celebrated breeders and feeders in the beginning of the present
and end of the last century, viz : — Messrs Robert Walker, Wester
Fintray ; the Harveys, Bedlaston and Daneston ; Mitchell of
.Fiddesbeg ; Lumsden of Eggie ; the Williamsons of St John's
Wells, Bethelnie and Crichie, and Ardmurdo, and Captain
Stoddart, bred and fed pure Aberdeens."

Three-fourths of a century ago Mr Lumsden himself bought
stots two and a half years old for L.30 a head in spring, and sold
them at Christmas at from L,40 to L.45, These statements at
once cpuarantee that the Aberdeen stock was even then of no
inferior order, for at that time figures as high as those we have
quoted were rarely heard of in connection with the best bovine
tribes. Mr Lumsden continues : — " The polled Aberdeenshire
are the best of all the best yet produced, and had they got the
same feeding which is now given to the shorthorns, would have
surpassed anything I have seen in that class, and, moreover, I
think the county would have sustained no loss although the
shorthorn had never crossed the Dee."

Mr Lumsden may be speaking somewhat with the partiality of
affection ; nevertheless, this living testimony falling, as it does,
from the lips of a thoroughly practical man, is of the utmost
value in determining the position of the black skins as a com-
mercial stock in Aberdeen at the beginning of the present
century. His views are also in part confirmed by an account
of the breed given in the history of the county published in
1811, which states that Aberdeen is a breeding county, and
raises a larger number and value of black cattle than perhaps

BREED OF CATTLE. 305

any other in Scotland. AVe also have it on undoubted authority
that the polled breed were the almost exclusive inhabitants of
the lower grounds, the horned types being chiefly confined to the
liigh or hill districts. At Aikey Fair, early in the century,
thousands of polled cattle were shown — not a horned beast to be
seen ; and so with many other important fairs. The merits of
the best cattle will be understood by referring to the following
weights extracted from the history of Aberdeen. W. Garden
Campbell, Esquire of Troup, reared an ox that weighed 115
English stones, and sold eight stots at L.40 per head to Deacon
Williamson, Aberdeen. Two Freemartins were killed in Aber-
deen, which weighed respectively 1218 and 1030 Dutch lbs.
and 7 stones 5 lbs., and 10 stones 17 lbs. of tallow, — the stone
of tallow being 26 lbs. Dutch. Two oxen killed in Aberdeen,
fed by a Mr Walker, brought down, avoirdupois weight, 1978
and 1976 lbs. These were fed solely on the produce of the farm,
cake being then unknown.

The cattle of the county, even at this date, are described as
having been much improved of late by crossing the most beauti-
ful and best formed females with the purest males of the breed
to \\ hich they belong. Moreover, we are informed from the
same source, that the breeders of cattle endeavour to improve the
size of the native stock by good keeping. These points are very
important, and will serve to check an erroneous impression
which at present prevails, namely, that the improved Aberdeen
cattle were formerly horned. We have already alluded to the
fact that there was a horned breed in Aberdeenshire at the time
named, and we are also quite aware that the injudicious mixing
of these with the polled breeds gave rise to every conceivable
shape and colour of crosses. Therefore, horned cattle, possessing
in other respects all the characteristics of polls, were quite
common, and have doubtless led many into the error of supposing
that the whole of the Aberdeen polled cattle were formerly
liorned. The original polls were generally fair milkers, and the
dairy produce towards the end of last century was something
considerable.

The liistory of Angus, published iu 1813, gives some interest-
ing particulars relative to the native cattle of that county. The
]>errn;ineut stock, we learn, constituted various breeds, which
<lifrerL'd very much from each other, both in shape and quality.
The report g«>es on to say, " that little attention is ])aid to the
selection either of the luak'S or females by whom the breed is
propatiatetl ; and no pains have been taken to elicit a breed dis-
tinguished by any peculiar ])ro])t'rties, either as a good milking
or as a good fattening breed." The calves were not always care-
fully reared. Some farmers, with the view of economy, reared
them on hay-tea, skim-milk, and the juice of boiled turnips,

V

30S ON THE POLLED AXGUS OE ABERDEEN

wliicli rendered them feeble and paralytic. But the report vcmst
"1)3 taken generally and not exclusively. Many herds of black
cattle were carefully reared even during the last quarter of the
eighteenth century, and cases were not unfrequent of oxen
v/hose four quarters exceeded 100 stones.

Thus much for the polled types of cattle which wei^ to be
found in Angus and Aberdeen early in the present century. Aad
I)efore proceeding to notice the race of improvement which for
the past seventy years has been gradually going on. let us
examine another point which crops up. It is asserted by some
breeders of the present day, that the Aberdeen cattle and those
of Forfar originally constituted two separate and distinct tribes.
In proof of this, they draw attention to the difference in the
external appearances of the cattle. Though admitting a geaeral '
resemblance, they point out what they term distinctive features,
in the quality of the hair, thickness of the skin, length of ear, size
of the animal, and other exterior variations, which, say the^j
stamp them as separate types. But it is well known what effect
climatic influences, quality of soil, breeding, feeding, and general
management have upon stock of the same blood when brought
to bear upon it for successive generations, and therefore, what
the claimants for two stamps of cattle call distinctive features^
may have been entirely caused by a combination of influences such
as we have particularized. For ourselves, we have never noticed
any points in the unimproved cattle of the two districts which are
irreconcileable, or v\diich would be likely to lead an impartial
observer to believe that they constitute two separate races.

To proceed a point further. It is now acknowledged on. aU
hands that what we may call for convenience sake the two tribes
have at lenjijth mero-ed into one. The bleudino: has certainly
been happy in its effects ; just what we might expect if the
members of a large stock were separated and removed to different
(Uiarters, and after a considerable lapse of time again brought
together and the blood intermingled.

The repeated crossing of distinctive tribes almost invariably-
re suits in deterioration : after the first cross the progeny become
ill-proportioned and weedy.

We have introduced the last subject inter edict in order to show
that if the polled cattle formerly represented two distinct or
separate types, then the blending of the tribes — the co-mingling
of the blood — has produced results at once satisfactory aud
exceptional.

AYith respect to improvement in the polled stock, the late Mr
Hugh Watson, Keillor, has the well-merited honour accorded to-
hinT of being the first improver of polled Angus cattle. The
nucleus of his herd consisted of six cows and a bull of the Angus;
type received from his father. Not satisfied with their merits,;

BREED OF CATTLE. 307

he bought ten of the nicest heifers and the best bull he could
procure at the Trinity Muir, Brechin. This was in the year
1808, when the improvement may be said to have commenced.
Afterwards the Keillor motto seems to have been — " Put the best
to the best, regardless of affinity or blood." The herd is still
well represented by that of Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry, who has
some very superior animals.

Improvers of the breed were, however, at work almost, if not
quite, as early as Mr Watson, and therefore to them belongs no
inconsiderable share of merit in bringing the doddies to perfec-
tion. The principal of them were : — Messrs Mustard of Leuch-
land and Fithie ; late Lord Panmure ; late Mr Thomas Collier,
Hatton ; Sir James Carnegie ; Earl of Southesk ; Mr Fullarton,
Ardestie ; Mr Scott, Balwyllo ; Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry ;
Mr Kuxton, Farnell ; Mr Lyall, Arrat ; Mr Whyte, Spott ; Mr
Goodlet, Bolshan ; and last, but not least, the late Mr Bowie,
father of the present Mr Bowie, Mains of Kelly.

For many years there has been a mutual interchange of cattle
between the north and south districts, but Mr Bowie maintains
that, before the time of rinderpest, the migration of animals
northwards far exceeded those coming south. Mr Bowie himself
has sent about a score of bulls, independent of cows and heifers,
north within the past twenty-five years, four of them having
been Highland Society's first prize takers, while in turn he has
onlv had two bulls from the north fit for service.

However, as already stated, a mutual interchange of stock
between Aberdeen and Angus has been going on for many years,
and the finest strains of the two counties having thus been
judiciously blended, birth has been given to a race of stock which
is difficult — for meat-producing and early -maturing principles —
to excel, and to which the appropriate title of polled Angus or
Aberdeen cattle has been given.

JYotci on Foiled Herds.

Before describing a few of the leading herds of polled cattle,
we may notice briefly that in Angus and jNIearns there are fewer
breeding stocks than there were a dozen years ago. Rinderpest
made serious liavoc in many a noble fold — as one owner
reniarke<l : " Tliey (the cattle) were smitten as if with a passing
breath." Still there are vet some fine lierds between the Pee
and the Spey, indeed, we believe that the black skins were never
more numerously or better re])resented in that qujn-ter than
tliey now are. In many other districts tlicy are gaining ground,
and su])]^lanting the native races. Within a very few yeai-s, how-
ever, death has removed sonu' most ardent lovers of the breel.'
Amongst these we may mention the names of Colonel Fraser of
Castle Fraser, Mr lioberl Walker, Portlethen ; ]\Ir George Brown,

308 ox THE POLLED ANGUS OK ABERDEEN"

Westertown ; Mr James Skinner, Drumin ; and Mr Alexander
Paterson,Mulben, all of whom were connoisseurs in the art of breed-
ing, pioneers in the general improvement, and great admirers of the
polled type of cattle. We have also to lament the loss of Mr
Dingwall Fordyce, M.P. ; Mr Morison of Bognie ; Mr Arthur
Glennie, Fernyflab ; Mr John Collie, Ardgay ; Mr Piobert Hector,
Montrose, and several others, who, although perhaps not so well
known to fame as the names of Walker, Brown, and Paterson,
which had become household words with pedigree breeders, were
nevertheless cultivating the race with great care, and extending its
usefulness and popularity over a large area of country. Some
of the herds alluded to are still kept up to a high standard of
perfection, while a few others have since been dispersed. Quite
recently — in October last — the Mulben fold, which has, since the
death of Mr Paterson, been under the management of Mr Sutor,
Elgin, w^as disposed of, when 21 cows averaged L.40, 6s. ; 15
heifers, L.30, 4s. ; 9 heifer calves, L.23, 4s. ; and 6 bull calves, L.20,
6s. Amongst the purchasers v/ere the Earls of Aberdeen and
Strathmore, Sir G. Macpherson Grant, Mr M'Combie of Tillyfour,
and other well-known breeders of polls.

But while within the past six or eight years there have been a
few herds dispersed, there has, on the other hand, been a great
accession of noblemen, landed proprietors, and farmers to the list
of breeders. Included are the names of the Marquis of Huntly ;
the Duke of Pichmond and Gordon ; the Earl of Aberdeen ; the
Earl of Seafield ; Lord Lovat ; Lord Clinton ; Sir William G.
Gordon Cummino:, Bart, of Altyre; Mr Brodie, Lethen ; Mr
Walker, Geddes ; Mr Forbes of CuUoden ; Mr T. L. M. Cartwright,
Melville House, Ladybank ; Mr Hamilton, Skene House; Mr.
D. A. Pearson, Johnstone Lodge ; Mr Grant, Methlic ; Mr Hannay,
Gavenwood ; Mr Brooks, Cardney, Dunkeld ; Mr Gwyer, Biallid ;
Mr M'Gregor, Kincraig ; Mr Wilken, Waterside of Forbes ; Mr
Gordon, Tullochallum ; Mr Farquharson of Banchor ; Mr Keir of
Kindrogan ; Mr Small of Dirnenean, with several others. We
likewise understand that the Earl of Strathmore is presently
establishing a herd at Glamis ; and that another is being formed
by the Hon. BailHe Hamilton, Langton, Dunse, for whom
purchases were made at Shevado. A herd is also being com-
menced by Mr J. H. Bridges, younger of Fedderate. Mr Bridges
bought a bull calf at Shevado, and he has just purchased, at a
long price, two in-calf heifers from Mr Walker, Montbletton.
These are of Mr Walker's Mayflower family, and were first as a
pair at the Turriff show in 1876.

Most of the folds which have been in existence a few years
comprise not only fine individual animals, but also magnificent
families. We have been kindly favoured by some of the owners
with particulars as to the origin, descent, &c., of their herds ; these

BKEED OF CATTLE. 309

we give below in order to show the general management of this
valuable breed.

1. The Tilly four Herd. — As this now famous herd has often
been described in newspaper articles and reports, and also by the
owner himself at full length in a book entitled " Cattle and
Cattle Breeders," we merely give a list of the principal bulls
and cows used in the herd, from Mr M'Combie's own pen. " The
following Aberdeen and Angus bulls have since 1832 been used
extensively here, viz : — Monarch (44), Victor (46), Eob Eoy
Macgrej^or (207), Tarn 0' Shanter (491), Angus (45), Black Prince
(366), Hanton (228), Derby (377), Jim Crow the 3d (769), Major
of Tillvfour (509), President 4th (368), Bright (454), Gladstone
of Tiliyfour (458), Champion (459), The Chancellor (460),
Eemarkable (482), the Shah (680), &c.

" So much for the bulls ; now as to the females. The first
female of note was an Aberdeen cow, from the late Mr Wilson,
Xetherton of Clatt. (The cow^ that the late Mr Robert Scott,
Balwyllo gained the first prize with at the Highland Society's
show in 1847, and the first prize at Windsor in 1851, was bred at
Tiliyfour — her dam was Mr Wilson's cow\) The next was a
celebrated first prize winner of the Highland Society, from Mr
"Walker, Montbletton — an Aberdeen cow. The third was another
iirst prize winner, from the late Mr Watt, Pannieston — an
Aberdeen cow. Then followed Duchess, from Castle Praser,
second prize, Royal Northern Agricultural Society's cow ; Jenny
Lind. from Mr Pirrie, Collethie, first prize Highland Society's
heifer ; Jane Ann and Princess, from ^Fr Ruxton, Farnell —
Princess was a second prize cow at the Angus show ; Anabella,
from Mr Walker, Wester Fintray, first prize winner at Royal
Korthern Agricultural Society's show. Then came a first prize
Highland Society cow and heifer from the late Colonel Dalgairns,
of tlie Angus breed ; the celebrated cow the Queen ]Mother (348),
at the Ardestie sale, from Mr Pullcrton, then a vearlincj heifer of
the Angus breed ; four heifers from the late Mr Scott, Balwyllo,
of the Angus breed ; three cows and heifers from Mr Bowie,
Plains of Kellv — Anj::us cattle ; four cows and heifers from
Keillor ; seven cows, the best of the herd, from the late .Mr Collie,
Ardgay — all pure Aberdeeus ; two from Easter Skene —
Aberdeens ; four cows and heifers from "Mr Tavler of Cllenbarrv's
sales — Aberdeens ; two from the, late ^Ir Brown of AVestertown's
sale ; two from Mr Walker of Portlethen'.-^ sales ; one from ]^Ii
Skinner of Druniin's sale ; one from the J>allindalloch sale ; two
from the sale of ^Ir liarclay, .M.P. ; one from Mr Brown of Pink-
wood's sale at Moravston — all Aberdt^ens. V>y private bargain
from ]\fr ivcid, P>aa(ls, 1 bought tlu' iii-st and second Highland
Society's yearling Aberdeen heifers at Inverness, and several cows
and heifers from Mr Scott of KastTulloch. These liave all been

310 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABEKDEEN

bouglit without reservation as to price. The above enumeration
brings up the principal purchases since 1832 to the present time.
It will thus be seen that the Aberdeen and Angus polled breeds
are here blended together ; and that not a single horned animal
has been introduced into the herd."

The fold at Tillyfour we may say has few rivals, and its worthy
owner has raised the black skins to a standard of excellence
which redounds greatly to his credit.

2. The Mains of Kelly Herd. — Very few, if any, breeders of
polled cattle have been more successful than Mr A. Bowie, Mains
•of Kelly. He avers that the breeding of black skins has been a
labour of love with him for more than forty years : moreover, he
was trained to the business, for his worthy father was one of the
first improvers of the race, and was thus contemporary with the
elder school of breeders.

The late Mr Bowie bought his first cow at Boysack, on the
property of Mr H. A. F. Carnegie, of Spyiaie and Boysack, in
1810 or 1811. She was named Boysack ; in colour was black
with a little white on flank, and had a white udder. She was
of large size, a fine milker, and thoroughly doddied. An offshoot
from this cow produced Jenny [pQ) who produced Eosa of Kelly
(828), and, by the help of Colonel of Ardestie (329), produced
Cupbearer (59), than whom scarcely a better bull could be bred.
When the property of Lord Southesk, who kept this favourite
animal till he was ripe in age and honours, being eight or nine
years old, his blood flowed freely into all the counties where
Angus male blood was desired.

Such was the origin of the famous Mains of Kelly herd. Mr
Bowie's method has been to breed in line from Panmure and Old
Jock on the male side, and while he has always kept in sight the
maxim " put the best to the best," he has done it judiciously,
avoiding violent crossing. Although Mr Bowie has had the
honour of owninsf such celebrated cows as Old Favourite, the
dam of Angus (45), Queen Mother (348), Lola Montez (202), and
Black Meg (11), yet their progeny have not come to the front in
the showyard in past years equal to those from the old Mains of
Kelly and West Scryne cows.

But rinderpest made sad havoc in the herd, only 21 being
saved out of 93 head ! And yet Mr Bowie's lot was not so hard
as that of some of his neighbour breeders, whose herds were
completely stamped out.

Of late years, by perseverance and that consummate skill and
judgment in selection and crossing which alone tend to satis-
factory results, Mr Bowie has again raised his fold to the desired
standard of excellence. We might say much more on the merits
of this splendid herd, but we reserve further remarks until we

BREED OF CATTLE. 3.11

come to speak of the rearing and general management of polled
cattle.

3. TJie Bcdlindalloch Herd. — This fine 'old herd, the property
of Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., presently numbers about
80 ammals, and is one of the best managed in the district. In
his book on '* Cattle and Cattle Breeding," Mr M'Combie of
Tillyfour wrote about ten years ago : " Perhaps the Ballindalloch
herd of polled cattle are the oldest in tbe north. They have been
the talk of the country since my earliest recollections, and were
then siiperior to all other stock. The herd has been kept up to
its wonted standard, and even raised higher by the present
proprietor, by selection from the best herds in the kingdom."
Early in the current century the herd at Balliudalloch had
attained considerable repute ; and Mr James Mackay, who was
overseer upon the estate for forty-one years, well remembers
how superior the stock was when he undertook charge of it in
1835. There was then no herd-book of black polls, the first
being issued in 1862, but many breeders had nevertheless
become fully alive to the superior character of the black skins.
Sir John Macpherson Grant, father of the present baronet, paid
much attention to his herd. An old catalorvue shows that iu
1850 lie purchased, at somewhat high figures, two cows at the
public Sides at Tillyfour, which did much good service in tlie
herd ; but not till 1861, when the present owner of the property
came to Ballindalloch, did the herd take a leading position in the
countiy. At that time the aurseries of the best cattle were found
at Keillor, Mains of Kelly, Southesk, ]\Iains of Ardovie, Balwyllo,
Poillethen, Tillyfour, Easter Skene, Montbletton, Mulben,
Westertown, and at Ardgay. More improvement had been made
at these places than at Ballindalloch. Sir George, however,
found a fine foundation to work upon, and turned it to good
account. In 1861 he purchased, for 50 guineas, Erica, one of the
gems from Lord Southesk's fold. Herself a successful prize-
winner, she became the founder of tlie Ballindalloch strain, which
in later years took many leading honours at local and national
shows. At the Highland Society's show at Aberdeen, last July,
where the competition in polled cattle was keener than ever it
had been before, no fewer than live of her descendants were in
the prize list, some of them very high. Young Viscount, from
\)ni\ Konse, the first prize wiimcr in aged bulls, is one of her
family ; so is Saint Clair, the v»inner of the two-year-olds at
Al)erd«'en, and the one-year-olds at Glasgow. Eva, the pretty
cow fn)Ui Ballindallucli, which was second at the simu' show, is a
granddaughter of Ju'ica. Of this race there are still some noble
animals in the herd. Eisa, Erica's calf of 1867, and the Highland
Society's })rize cow of 1871, is still as handsome as eVer, sliowing
a deep broad boily on short legs with sweetness of shoulder, neck.

312 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

and head very seldom equalled. Some competent judges award
her the palm as being the best cow ever the Ballindalloch herd
contained. Enchantress, a seven-year-old cow, and a noted
prize-winner, is also still in the herd, as well as Eva, one of the
loveliest representatives of the race that can be imagined.

Jilt, obtained from the stalls of Tilly four in 1867, w^as the
founder of another favourite tribe. Though several summers
have somewhat dashed her bloom, she is still a cow of great size
and many good points. She is dam of the bulls Juryman and
Judge, which have often been crowned with victory. Two well-
made cows, Jewel and Jewess, are also of her progeny, so that
she has brought forth a race or family of J's difficult to compete
with.

The Nosegays are the most ancient family in the herd. The
oldest representative was, we believe, sold last autumn, when
lifteen vears of age.

The next strain which claims attention was founded by Sibyl
(974), whose portrait adorns the " Herd-Book" — and a capital
portrait it is. She was bred at Bogfern, and, after gaining prizes
at Aberdeen and Edinburgh, she came to the top as the first prize
cow at the Highland Society's show held at Dumfries in 1870.
It was at this show that the Ballindalloch herd acquired the high
position in which it now stands. At Perth in the year following,,
the cattle from this fold were equally successful, and they still
maintain the pre-eminent place they then acquired.

The Burgess tribe or family was descended from a cow bred
bv the tenant of Phonas, when he was at the Slack of Ballin-
dalloch. Several of the descendants have taken hic^h honours at
the Highland Society's and other shows. Pour of this family of
B's were sold last autumn — Brunette, Bouquet, Blacklegs and
Bridesmaid.

There are some smaller tribes in the herd, but the crcme de la-
cremc are undoubtedly included in the E's, the J's, and the B's.

The following bulls have been used : — Craigo, out of a Keillor
cow ; King Charles, bred at Southesk ; and Trojan from
Tillyfour, which did more good in the herd than any other bull.
To him lies the credit of imparting to tlie females the special
characteristics which made them so popular with the public.

A-^ictor, a Montbletton bull, had a short reign ; then came
Juryman, a first prize winner everywhere, as he had fine style^
was straight and level, and good in the shoulder and hindquarters.
Scotsman, a Tillyfour bull, succeeded ; and the bulls in present
service are Ballimore, bred at Westerton ; Elchies ; and Judge^
the latter a yearling out of Jilt and got by Scotsman.

The herd, although well cared for, are free from pampering and
over-feeding ; thus they combine hardihood with good breeding,
and always turn out well when dispersed to other folds.

BREED OF CATTLE. 313

At the sale of surplus stock last autumn (1876), 21 cows,
heifers, and calves drafted from this herd realized close upon
L.48 each upon the average ; the highest figure being 80 guineas,
which was paid for Emma, of the Erica tribe.

4. The Easter Tulloch Herd. — Mr James Scott has here a very
nice and promising herd of black cattle, of about thirteen years
standing, during which time he has purchased from Mr Ferguson,
Kinnochtry, several cows and queys, mostly descended from the
Keillor doddies, containing among others, Princess (1026), Levity
(1034), Mary (1035), Agnes (1966), Kate (1036), and Duchess
(1028).

He has also purchased pure bred cows and queys from the
Earl of Southesk; Mr M'Combie of Tillyfour ; the late Mr
Walker, Mains of Portlethen ; Mr Strachan, Wester Fowlis, and
others.

From the purchases eftected from Mr Ferguson are presently
in the herd 19 oood cows and heifers, and 13 descended frouu
those purchased at Southesk. Mr Scott also bought several cows
from Mr Scott, Upper Tulloch, who had bred pulled cattle for
many years before he began his herd. He had several cows of
the Portlethen and other breeds, as also Southesk bulls, but he
kept no pedigree of his cattle.

From one of the Upper TuUoch cows, by a Southesk bull, ]\Ir
James Scott had Bluebell, and this favourite dam has bred some
superior stock ; among others, Tamerlane (392), which took first
).)rizes at Laurencekirk, Aberdeen, and Dundee, and the Highland
Society's second prize at Edinburgh ; Prince of Wales 2d (934),
which besides several local prizes took the first honours at the
Highland Society's show at Edinburgh ; Bluebeard (648), which
as a two-vear-old took in 1874 the first prize at the Hidiland
Society's show at Inverness, and the first prize at the Itoyal
Xorthern Society's show at Aberdeen.

The herd also includes seven cows and heifers descended from
Bluebell, and she has this year (1876), a very superior bull calf,
but unfortunately too late calved for showing next year.

Besides the bulls already mentioned, Mr Scott has used in his
herd King Henry (39U), Cavalier (411), and Theodore (393), all
from Southesk, as well as Colonel (391), from Mr Leslie. The
Thorn. Colonel gained the second i)rize at the Highland
Society's show at Stirling in 1(S()4. Ctlu r bulls were Kinnochtry
(685), bred by Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry ; Eni])rror (.">96)^
])urcliased from Sir George Mai-plierson (Irant of J)nllindalloch
out of his famous cow Eisa (977), and W'l'stertown by Baron
Setterington (356), from the late Mr Brown, Westertown.

From the above sires and tlams ^Ir Scott's ])resent herd of 42
cows, 14 tw()-year-(»ld queys, 22 one-year-old (lueys, and 17
heifer calves has been chiully descended. The animals are all

814 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

well-bred, healthy, and free from patchiness, and when fed are
alike noted for'- making heavy weights and maturing early.
Animals from what is called the improved breed have been tried
at Easter Tulloch, but although they look promising as indivi-
duals, their progeny have not done well for Mr Scott.

5. The Drumin Herd. — This herd, the property of Mr William
M. Skinner, has of late years risen into considerable repute.
Long before the introduction of pedigreed stock, a useful herd of
polled cattle was kept at Drumin. The first purchase of the
improved race was a pair of black heifers from the Mains of
Kelly. These turned out well, founded the present herd, and
gave birth to the Lucy and Beauty tribes. The former is the
most strongly represented at Drumin. It traces back to a good
old stock, in which the blood of the Keillor and Portlethen tribes
is largely mingled.

The Beauty tribe has also many points of excellence. Beauty
of Di^umin was the first of the family which showed great
merit, and after winning many prizes and doing much service as
a breeder in the herd, she was eventually sold to the Marquis of
Huntly for 60 guineas. Mr Skinner next purchased three
heifers from ^Morayshire. These heifers founded three races,
known as the Eliza. Heatherbell, and Catherine tribes. The first
of these, says the " Herd-Book," sprang from " a pure Aberdeen-
shire cow, bred at Dandaleith." Eliza of Drumin, now eight
years old, is a fine cow, and has often taken the first card of
honour. Her dauohter Foroet-me-not has won firsts at the
Speyside shows from her early calf hood, and is a well-framed,
fashionable animal. Members of the race of Heatherbell have
also often stood first in the contest for ribbons, and are possessed
of many distinguishing points of merit. The third of the
Morayshire heifers founded the tribe now represented by
Catherine, a fine seven-vear-old cow.

Xew strains have recently been added from Portlethen and
Eothiemay, and the herd, altogether numbering about 55, is one
of the most select, thriving, and profitable to be found in the
country.

The first bull that brought much merit to the herd was
Defiance, out of Charlotte (203), Mr M'Combie's excellent cow,
which took the first prize at Inverness in 1846, and the first prize
and gold medal at Paris in 1856. Xext came Marshal (399), a
Tillyfour bull, which gave the herd size and constitution ; after-
wards Disraeli from Tillyfour ; then Clansman and Talisman
both from Ptothiemay. The former gained many prizes, and was
most serviceable at Drumin. The stock bulls now are Adrian
2d, a broad, deep, shortlegged bull ; and Byron, a Drumin
descendant from the Catherine tribe.
. The characteristics of the herd are size, fleshiness, and superior

BREED OF CATTLE. 315

dairying qualities, fine iemi)ev and freedom from patchiness.
Milking capacities have always been catered for, obtained, and
permanently fixed. Most of the cattle are of large size and
evenly fleshed. At the last sale but one, cows averaged L.43,
13s.; two year-old heifers, L.44, 10s.; yearling heifers, L.34,
13s. ; heifer calves, L.26, 17s. ; bull calves L.27 ; and as an
evidence how good blood tells in feeding, we may say that Mr
Skinner generally realizes in the London markets from L.42 to
L.48 for his three-year-olds. At the draft sale last autumn
(1876), 21 animals brought an average of L.40, 8s. all round, the
highest price being paid for Forget-me-not, which made GQ
guineas.

6. The Bothiemay Herd. — This herd, the property of Mr J.
W. Tayler of Glenbarry, has been raised to a high standard of
perfection by the owner, as the formidable array of prize cards
sufficiently testifies. Kate 2d (1482), from this stock, was the
first prize cow at Inverness in 1874, the first prize two-year-old
heifer at Stirling the year before, and the second prize yearling
at Kelso in 1872. Thus, as she grew up, she became more
difficult to vanquish, and many breeders averred that she was
the 'best heifer which had then appeared in the Scotch show-
yards within the previous ten years. Many of the bulls used at
Eothiemav have also taken a fair share of honours. In 1872 Mr
Tayler had a sale of draft cattle which made good prices, and
again in 1875, but unfortunately foot-and-mouth disease had
been prevalent in the herd some time before, which would no
doubt prevent some buyers from taking part in the sale, and to
some extent flatten the competition. Xevertheless, high prices
were realized for all classes of stock. The twelve cows sold
brought an average of L.51, Ss. ; a pair of two-year-old heifers,
L.39, 7s. ; four heifer calves, L.IG ; and three bull calves, L.29, 8s.
The highest price was 70 guineas, which was paid for the cow
" Fashion," bought by Mr Symon TuUoch, Diitftown ; and also
for a two-year-old heifer, " Orange lilossom," which fell to the
lot of Mr Collie, Priestwells. The liothiemay herd has many
points of recommendation — robustness, good milking qualities,
evenness of flesh, size, and fashion.

7. -The Aiichlossan Herd. — This herd, the property of Mr
Barclay, M.P., Auchlussan, Abi.Tdeenshire, has been in existence
ten or twelve yeai*s. Though Mr liarclay has not })aid so much
attention to the stock as some breeders have, yet the animals com-
prising tlu; herd have nmch iiierit, being of good size, wcll-
fornuul, and evenly-lleshed. The foundation at Auchlossau was
laid by the })urchase of females from Tillyfour, ^^lulhcn, and
Bofjfern, and bulls were used of the Tillvfour and Westertown
breeds which gave much clianicter to the fold. Five or
six years ago a bull, that had diiven competition before him,

316 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

was boufj"ht from the late Mr Georj^e Brown, WestertowD.
This purchase proved very valuable ; and later, the Czar by the
same breeder did good service. As prolific cattle and splendid
milk-producers, the Auchlossan breed stand second to none in
the district. Moreover, the herd has been reared to its present
large dimensions at wonderfully little cost. The pastures at
Auchlossan are naturally rich and healthy, but over-condition is
strictlv ^marded against. This is one reason that the cows have
all along bred so regularly, and brought forth a sound healthy
progeny. As the opinion of the public is generally a safe one,
particularly when it is expressed in L. S. D., we give the prices
of the draft cattle sold from this fold in October 1875. Thirty
odd animals realized in the aggregate upwards of L.2000 ; cows
averaging L.35, 16s. ; two-year-old heifers, L.o3, 5s. ; year-old
heifers, L.28, lis. 8d. ; heifer calves, L.14, 8s. 9d ; and bull calves,
L.18, 12s. 9d. A few oxen also brought good figures.

8. The Cortachy Herd. — This herd, the property of the Earl of
Airlie, dates from 1869, and numbers from 80 to 100 animals.
Amongst the first females purchased were Victoria of Kelly (345),
from Mr Bowde; New Year's Day (1124), Jessica 2d, and several
heifers from Mr Whyte, Spott. In 1870 it w\as augmented by
additions from Mulben, Aldbar, and Burn herds, and in 1871 by
several animals from Spott, Thorn, and Mains of Kelly. Recently,
Tillyfour, Easter Tulloch, and Johnstone Lodge blood has been
introduced, so that the herd is full of fashion, and many of the
cows are excellent milkers.

The first bull -was obtained from Mr Goodlet, Bolshan, from
which place he took his name. Westertown, bred by the late
Mr Brown ; Easter Skene, by Mr M'Combie ; Jim Crow, from
Mains of Kelly ; and Ballot, from Mr Tayler of Glenbarry,
followed in succession. Then came Juryman from the Ballin-
dalloch herd, which did good service. Belus (749), is now the
ptock bull, and is a fine animal ; but whether he will prove as
good as his sire remains to be seen. The stock are thus all well
descended, and not being pampered are healthy and good
breeders.

At a draft sale held last October, 7 cows averaged over 41
guineas each ; 6 two-year-old heifers, 32 J guineas ; 4 yearling
heifers, 43 J guineas ; and the grand old bull. Juryman, 57 guineas.
Altogether the sale was a good one.

Many other useful herds might be noted if time and space
permitted, but we must forbear.

Rearing and General Management.

With slight variations in matters of detail, the feeding and
management of calves and young stock are much the same in
all the best herds. In order 1') illustrate these features, we

BREED OF CATTLE. 31?

believe that we cannot do batter than adduce the example of
Mr A. Bowie, Mains of Kelly, who, as we have already intimated,
was bred to the business, and has had, so to speak, forty years'
apprenticeship. His remarks do not refer simply to the food
bestowed, the shelter provided, and so on, but taking a mucli
wider range, they bristle with information on many important
points connected with the management of the black skins.

We have previously stated that the breeding of polled cattle
has been regarded as a labour of love by Mr Bowie. He has
adhered to them in the firm conviction that for beef-producing,
properties of the finest quality, hardiness, and early maturity
they are the most suitable breed for Scotland and other countries.
Some of Mr Bowie's stock reached JSTew Zealand many years ago,
and he has had the pleasure of hearing from the owner that his
bovine antipodes are succeeding well in that fine climate.

Mr Bowie has been very successful in the breeding of bulls
both for home and outside service. He might also have had fair
success as a competitor at the national shows with animals of
the female class, but never save once — at Perth in 1871 —
exhibited a female at them, simply because he declined to
destroy their breeding properties by turning them into hard fat,
only fit for ^butchers' meat, and probably over fed even for that.
He adds : " Perhaps to this circumstance I owe my success, such
as it has been, in breeding males, because, right or wrong, I have
been accustomed to think how can a calf be properly developed
in a womb already filled with hard fat ? " Hearing of the extra-
ordinary fat females at the Highland show at Aberdeen this
year, he cannot but lament that this over-feeding is seriously on
the increase, in fact, the shows are merging into fat competitions
rather than for giving encouragement to cattle breeders.

As a frequent judge at the Highland Society's and other
shows, ^Ir Bowie admits that a certain amount of Hesh is
uecessary for proper judgment, and to set the animal ofi* to
advantage, but he is of opinion that this can be attained by
feeding on ordinary farm produce — turnips, straw, and grass.
In his own management he often limits the first of these
supplied to one and two year old heifers, and always to in-calf
cows not giving milk, just to prevent the laying on of fat, an
excess of which in his opinion also destroys the milking pro-
perties. From the results of this experience he believes the
Highland Society should have a ruh' to the following effect : —
*'That no breeder or exhibitor — on oatli — shall be permitted to
show a female of any age, calves excepted, that has been fed
\ij)on other ])roduce than the ordinary turnips, straw, and gras^l
of the farm." Indeed he has found that these articles given in
moderation do not prevent his iiner types of females from
getting too fat.

318 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

If breeders will feed to excess, ]\Ir Bowie is of opinion that
they should confine this treatment to the males, as in his
experience he has found that the service of a fat bull is surer
than that of a lean animal, and giving extraneous food as oilcake,
&c., may pay when the animal reaches the butcher. Forcing a
female for a paltry prize of L.IO or L.15 is ruinous ; nay, absolute
cruelty. Mr Bowie then states that he has dwelt long upon this
subject, because he believes that many polled breeders are
getting into the rut of the shorthorn fanciers, and that their over-
kindness, if this be a proper term, is being manifested in lumps
and patches, which in his eyes are odious.

Mr Bowie further states, that although his breeding stock have
paid him well, his butchers' beasts have paid him better — ergo,
the calves brought up by pail leave larger returns than those
which breeders have suckled, as such get a cow to themselves.
On the wdiole this is true, although in exceptional cases, where
L.100 can be got for a single animal, there is more profit in the
latter system, as the sum named will pay a cow's keep for eight
years.

The remnant of Mr Bowie's excellent account we give in his
own words, lest it should lose any of its force by our paraphrase.
He continues : — " Einderpest having nearty extinguished the
polled herds in Forfarshire, I have now great difficulty in getting
black calves to buy for feeding purposes. Although my bulls
do good service in the district, such is the mongrel character of
the cows that it is rare to get a black calf worth buying. The
Ayrshire cow prevails hereabouts, and what are the crosses
between Ayrshire cows and polled bulls ? Why, generally
wretched things !

" The calves reared by hand-pail seldom get more than from
3 to 4 Scotch pints (about 6 to 8 imperial. quarts) of milk per
day, but it is given sweet and warm from the cow. We com-
mence with very small quantities, added to daily until 3 pints is
reached at ten days old. At a month or six weeks, they are
offered sliced Swedes, cut in pulping fashion, also oilcake, both
of which they take readily to if milk is scarce. I distinctly dis-
approve of cooked food for calves, but certainly think they have
been the better of a supplement of the " Albion food." Every
calf thus reared has a loose box, 6 feet by 5 feet, fitted up with
hay-rack and box for turnips or cake, and the earlier the calf, the
better for the butcher, at, say from 2|- to 2 years old.

" Here let me remark on this point, that if the early calf,
whether for breeding or feeding, be the best, why should the
Highland Society shut out of their yard those calved before the
1st of January ? In my opinion the calves should be born after
the first or middle of November. If it were possible to have my
whole complement of calves — say 25 to 27 — thoroughly educated

BREED OF CATTLE. 319

to eat turnips, cake, and hay, and weaned from milk "before being
turned out to grass, all the better, but this means an excess of
eows which might not pay."

Before closing this subject we may briefly allude to the
systems adopted by the Earl of Airlie and Mr M'Combie.

The calves on the farm of Cortachy, occupied by Lord Airlie,
are mostly hand-fed, only a few being allowed to run with
their dams. The best plan seems to be to keep the calves in
thriving order, as liberal feeding during calf-hood does not impair
breeding stock in after years. A good sappy condition should,
if possible, be maintained, and there is nothing more conducive
to this than allowing the dams to suckle their young for five or
six months. After weanino-, the females intended for breeding^
purposes are substantially fed, but by no means pampered, all
forcing being judiciously avoided.

The breeding cows at Tillyfour — numbering 80 more or less —
are kept as low as possible in the winter. Calves are usually
dropped during the spring, and have access to their dams until
the end of October, getting, in addition to the milk, from 1 to 2
lbs. of oilcake. Y/hen the weaning has been accomplished they
have straw and sliced turnips with Ih to 2 lbs. of oilcake daily.
The after-treatment of the females is somewhat difficult, avoiding
an excess of fat on the one hand, and ensuring progressive
development on the other. The heifers are rarely put to breeding
until two years old, as they are apt to become stunted if used
before.

Milkviuj Properties of tJie Breed.

During the march of improvement which has been going on
steadily for many years, and particularly in the last decade, we
believe that we are right in stating that milking properties have
not, as a rule, been catered for in the breed of polled cattle.
Early maturing and heavy beef-making characteristics have
mainly been sought after by the improvers, inasmuch as these
seem to be the points in which the type excels, and can therefore
be brought up to the highest standard of perfection. A few
breeders, liowever, while not losing sight of the main properties
possessed by the polls, have paid a little attention to the milking
capacities as well ; we therefore find some herds which are very
protitabh; dairy cattle. The race, viewed as a whole, may be set
down as fair milkers ; of course not nearly equal to the Ayrshire,
or cattle of the Channel Islands, ])ut far superior to many otlier
breeds. The quantity given is larger than that of tlie AVest
Highlander, but the (luality falls siiort, although it is vastly
superior to that of the shorthorn, which is sometimes given in
large quantitii'S and very thin. As iu other Imbeds, there are
good, bad, and inditl'erent milking families, according to the pains,

320 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

or otherwise; which have been bestowed upon the cultivation of
this important faculty. Those who are anxious to secure females
of this kind for the dairy should be careful not to be led away by
the too-heavily fleshed animals. Where milk alone is a desider-
atum, we could not recommend the polled breed as being the most
suitable, but, as we have said, if judicious selection be made, a
race of cattle may be founded which will milk fairly well and
make good carcases of beef at the finish, — an important considera-
tion, for, as Mr M'Combie truly says, " All cattle come to the
pole-axe at last," so that this is one end which should be kept in
view from the commencement. The quantity of milk, as might
be expected, given by different herds varies very materially, per-
haps more than in any other breed. Nice milkers will, however,
give 16 to 20 quarts per day during the best of the summer
season; others, a great deal more; some much less.

Gi'owing Demand for Foils.

It is a notable fact, that since the establishment of a Herd-Book,
there has been an increasing demand for nice polled stock. This
has been particularly the case during the past three years, when
every sale has been relatively better than its predecessor. The
enhanced competition speaks well for the popularity of a breed
which has long been somewhat extensively reared in the north-
eastern counties of Scotland, but considering its hardihood and
meat-producing capabilities, deserves to be scattered over a much
wider tract of country. It is claimed for the polls that no other
distinctive breed will bring such a large retui'n for the quantity
of food consumed, for, as l\Ir ]\rCombie truly says, pound for
pound the meat is worth more than that of any other breed. As
for hardiness, the cattle are second to none but the picturesque
West Highlander, and in the matter of healthiness they stand in
the foremost rank. The sales of last year (1875) eclipsed any in
former years, both as regards prices realized and numbers sold.
[No less a sum than L.5922 was paid for animals sold in the
season. The year previous, twenty-seven young polled bulls
were recorded as having been sold ; in 1875, the number ran up
to fifty. These brought, in the aggregate, L.1398, Is. 6d., or an
average of L.27, 19s. 2d. for each bull. Owing to the dispersion
of the Westertown and Indego herds, and the disposal of large
drafts from Tillyfour and Easter Skene, a considerable number
•of polled females was offered for sale, being sixty against twenty-
rsix in the year previous. The total amount brought in was
1^.2401, 9s. 6d., or an average for each cow of L.40, Os. 5d. In
1874, thirty-nine heifers were disposed of ; in 1875, seventy-four,
of which twenty two-year-olds realized the high average of L.40,
16s. each, or a sum total of L.816, 15s. 6d. Forty-two one-year-
old heifers made L.1096, lis. lOd., or an average of L.26, Is. 3d.

BREED OF CATTLE. 321

A dozen heifer calves brought L.210, or L.17, 10s. on the
avera<Te. The highest averages in all classes were made by the
cattle belonging to Mr M'Conibie of Tillyfour, and were as
follows : — bulls, L.47, 5s. ; cows, L.45, 15s. ; two-year-old heifers,
L.57, 17s. 6d. ; yearling heifers, L.34, 19s. 3d; and heifer calves
L.23, 2s. He also secured the highest prices for individual
heifers and heifer calves, being for a two-year-old, L. 79, 16s. ;
for a yearling, L.55, 13s. ; and for a heifer calf, L.82, lis. The
bull and cow which sold for most money belouged to Mrs
Brown of Westerton, for which L.99, 15s. and L.69, 6s. were made
respectively. In the present season (1876) there have been
several draft sales and one or two dispersions. The Ballindalloch
and Drumin joint draft sale was the best of the kind ever held
in the north, the spirited bidding and high prices paid affording
strong testimony of how rapidly the polled breed is growing in
popularity. In another part of the report we refer to the high
averages obtained. At the Mulben dispersion, an example of the
way in which the Tilly four Prides are rising in value was
furnished. Five years before, the late Mr Paterson paid 29
guineas for a calf of this noble family at Mr M'Combie's sale.
Notwithstanding two or three mishaps relative to the death of
calves descended from her, the 29-guiuea purchase with three
of her progeny, realized L.283, 10s., or an average of L.70, 17s.
6d. per head.' Examples like this afford ample proof not only
that the black skins are profitable, but also that they are gain
ing esteem.

Feeding and Preparing for Marlcct.

In order to show the great importance of cattle -feeding in the
district where the polled breed forms no inconsiderable propor-
tion of the live stock, we may state that it is computed that
about 42,000 cattle are annually fed in the country- lying round
Aberdeen. These represent a total annual value of a little
over one million pounds sterling. About 34,500 head are ex-
ported, either alive or as dead meat, to London and other large
towns. Successful feeding may therefore be looked upon as a
sine qiia non in the farming of the part alluded to. As a strik-
ing example of this, we may adduce the practice of Mr M'Combic
of Tilly four, than wIkjui ikj better feeiler can be found. The
forward bullocks are tied up early and finished ofi' in October
with turnips, cake, and straw. The larger and better sorts are
usually destined for the* Islington, Liverpool, and Edinburgh
Cln-istnias markets, where they almost always come ofl' con-
querors in the peaceful showyard battles. Very little cake is
given, and then only an allowaniM* of 3 to 4 lbs. daily, for a short
time towards the lini-^h. Indeed, the thriving qualities are so
marked that the Christmas cattle are not inifrcquently thought

X

322 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN

too ripe by buyers. As the fat cattle go off, the stalls are filled
by beasts bought in the neighbourhood, and either finished in
spring, or kept over-year upon the pastures. The method of
feeding stock upon Mr M'Combie's farms is very simple. The
cattle eat the best of the straw and the refuse goes for litter. The
racks are carefully cleaned out twice a day, and the forestalls
once. Turnips are given thrice a day ; at six in the morning,
then at twelve, and again at four, a barrowful being allowed
between two cattle. Xow and then the cattle are inspected, and
the sluggish ones allowed 3 or 4 lbs. of cake with a like quantity
of ground corn, so as to keep them up to a level with the tops.
The beds are well shaken up two or three times a day in order
to ensure comfort when the animals lie down.

Mr Reid, Greystone, is also an extensive feeder. He breeds
a few, but buys in and fattens many more. He does not confine
himself entirely to polled stock, but selects good crosses as well.
His Christmas cattle have turnips at 6 a.m., 12, and 4 p.m., each
animal consuming 9 to 11 stones daily. Good oat straw is
supplied between the root meals, the refuse going for litter.
Until the turnips are ready, tares and 3 lbs. of cake are given,
afterwards the cake is discontinued until about six weeks from
the time that the cattle are to be sold. Cake, bean-meal, ami
pease are all used as required ; in some cases, a little hay is added.
Mr Eeid's great principle seems to be to keep the animals in a
progressive state from the time they come into his possession.

Mr Adamson, Balquharn. also feeds a large number of cattle.
His system differs very little from those just described. He
allows turnips thrice a day, with straw between the meals thrown
into the forestalls. About six weeks before market, 3 lbs. of
cake are ^iven in the mornino; and 4 lbs. of bruised corn at eis^ht
o'clock in the evenius^. The animals intended for the Christmas
markets are housed in August, and fed with cut grass and ripened
tares until the soft turnips are ready.

Most farmers who prepare polled cattle for the butcher, feed,
with trifling modifications, as described above. The very fact
that little extraneous food is required, speaks volumes for the
improved breed. Many feeders prepare 50 to 100 animals for
the market in the course of the year ; others, 100 to 200 ; while
Mr M'Combie annually fattens 300 to 400, about 50 of which
he breeds, the remainder, as already stated, being purchased in
the neighbourhood during the spring months."

Foiled Crosses.

Crossing the breed with other races has been extensively tried
with various results. The small native homed breeds are often
served with polled males, and the calves are naturally weedy
mongrels. Mr Bowie jocularly alludes to the strange variety of

BREED OF CATTLE. 323

bo vines by which he is surroimded, and says that they are of
every colour and shape — " Greeks, Yankee Doodles, and
Hindoos " — indeed he would not be surprised if a green bull
were introduced before long. The Ayrshire and Angus crosses
are fair milkers, but are useless for producing beef The short-
horn crosses are, however, worthy exceptions. With good strong
j)olled females and a useful bull, the progeny are large in size and
splendid feeders. Crossing in this way ensures early maturity
and weight of carcase from the shorthorn side, while the poll
iXuarantees constitution to withstand vicissitudes of climate and
the property of making a comparatively small amount of food
into a considerable weight of finelv-marbled flesh. The blendincr
of two such noble races as the shorthorn and the poll is generally
successful if the female be on the polled side ; the reverse is not
attended with sucli happy effects. Since the wonderful improve-
ment in the polled race, some feeders question whether crossing
with the shorthorn brings either weight or early-maturing prin-
ciples, while they say the quality of the meat is somewhat
impaired ; others look at the matter in another light, and prefer
feeding; cattle with a dash of shorthorn blood in their veins.

Tmjjrovcmcnt of the Breed.

In the body of this report we have furnished examples of the
improvement which has gradually been taking place in the polled
type of cattle for more than half a century. This has been par-
ticularly noticeable in the x^^st twenty or twent}'-five years,
during which time some of the folds have been brought up to a
high standard of perfection, and others are in a fair \\^\ for
shortly achieving a creditable position.

Few points now remain to be noticed. However, we may
mention two or three which naturally crop up as we muse upon
this favourite type. In the matter of breeding, we are of opinion
that niany farmers, who are still content to raise cattle from
ordinary stock, might very materially improve their herds by
following in the footsteps of the great pioneers who have long ago
])aved the way and made the path smooth and even. By tlie
purchase of two or three good females, they would be able, at a
coni])aratively small cost, to lay the foundation of a su])erior stock,
which by crossing with good bulls, and the exercise of care in the
management, would yield a ])rogeny calculated to fatten on a
smaller amount of food, and Ix; of more value when linished.

"With respect to the rearing of calves, some breeders, we observe,
allow either too little milk or give it for too short a period —
sometimes both. This is jioor — nay, false economy, for
the calves become poor and stunted, and never afterwards attain
to a large size. " Keep the calf-llesli on," is a maxim which
should be deeply engraven on every breeder's heart. As to the
matter of allowing the calves to suck their dams, or that of hand-

324 ON THE POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN BREED OF CATTLE.

feeding, opinion is divided ; we, llo^Yeve^, decidedly lean to tlie
former system, as being tlie most natural and the best. There
is no fear of the calves becomino; so fat that their future useful-
ness will be impaired even by this liberal practice.

In after-life there is danoer of over-feedinc^ females, which
should be zealously guarded against. This leads to another point.
The pampering of show cattle as practised at the present time is
positively injurious, and destroys the breeding properties of many
a blooming heifer. On this subject, Mr Bowie, Mains of Kelly,
makes some pertinent observations, which are given elsewhere in
this report, and to which we can add but little, coming, as they
do, from an experienced breeder and a good show-yard judge.

In conclusion, we may remark that, considering all the points
of merit which the polled breed may justly lay claim to,
it deserves its boundary to be much extended, as we feel confident
that it would pay both the breeder and feeder far better than the
weedy crosses which are found not only in many counties of
Scotland, but also in various parts of England. May its merits
become more widely known, and the area of its dominion con-
siderably increased is the earnest hope of an enthusiastic admirer
of the breed.

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TRIAL.
I. TisKEN Steam Cultivating Machinery.

In 1871, the Fisken Steam Cultivating Machinery was tried
at the late Marquis of Tweeddale's home farm at Tester, and at
Offerton Hall, near Sunderland. Both of these trials were
attended by members of the Highland Society's Committee on
Machinery, and reports of the oloservations then made will be
found in the 4th volume of the Society's Transactions by
Professor Wilson, Mr Swinton, Holyn Bank, and the late
Professor Eankine, then consulting engineer to the Society.

On perusing these reports, it will be found that circumstances
prevented a full investigation being made, and that, while some
defects in the machinery for conveying the power from the
engine to the plough were noticed, there was nevertheless a
general expression of opinion that the apparatus was admirably
suited to perform the work required of it.

Since 1871 jMessrs Fisken have improved their apparatus so
much as to warrant them in applying to the Judicial Committee
of the Privy Council for an extension of their patent, which was
gi^anted in March, 1876, for a period of six years. On the same
grounds they exhibited a model of their apparatus, as now im-
proved at the Society's Show in July last, at Aberdeen, and the
Implement Committee, on consideration, recommended it for
rial.

In accordance with this recommendation, the Fisken apparatus

ox IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TKIAL. 325

was subjected to a series of trials, beginning on Tuesday the
14th, and terminating on the 18th Xoveniber, on the farm of
Liberton Tower Mains, the use of the ground and all facilities for
making the trials having been kindly afforded by Mr Bryden
Monteith, one of the directors of the Society. Thereafter, further
opportunities occurred for testing the " System" on the farms of
Mr Black at Liberton Mains, and Mr Gray at Southfield, both
of these gentlemen having kindly given the Society the means of
prosecuting their experimental inquiries.

Although the Fisken Tackle is pretty generally known, it may
be convenient for those who have not had an opportunity of
seeing it at work to describe, briefly, its action by reference to
the accompanying wood-cut (fig. 1). The engine supplying
the power is placed at A, which may be any convenient spot
at the edge of a field. An endless hempen driving rope,
measuring f inch diameter, shown by dotted lines, passes round
the grooved fly-wheel of the engine, and thence round the ten-
sion pulley B anchored at the point C, the use of which is to
adjust the tightness of the rope. On leaving the tension pulley
B, the rope is carried round the corner anchor, pulleys I), and
intermediate porter pulleys E, and finally, after encircling the
field to be ploughed, returns to the fly-wheel of the engine.
The outline of the field to be ploughed need not necessarily be
rectangular, as the rope can, by means of the corner pulleys
and porters, be carried round an angle considerably larger
or smaller than a ri"ht an^ile without notablv aft'ectincr its
Working. F and G are two windlasses, between which the
plough traverses, and H is the plough itself. The hempen
driving-rope passes round a horizontal wheel, keyed to the upper
end of the upright shafts of the windlasses F and G. On the
lower end of these shafts is fixed horizontal toothed crearinfr, so
arranged that it can be readily thrown out of gear, so that the
endless rope may be driven without communicating its motion
to the lower barrel of the windlass, round which is coiled the
strong wire ro])e I which drags the plough. The engine, on
being started, propels the endless hempen rope at a velocity
which, during the experiments, varied from 20 to 25 miles an
liour. Suppose the plough is required to commence its work at
the windlass G, the windlass F is thrown into gear and immedi-
ately coils up on its barrel the wire rope attached to the plough
(wliich is at the same time given off by the windlass G) at the
easy rate of about two miles \)vi' hour, dragging the plough across
the field from G to F. The windlass is thrown out of gear when-
ever the i)lougli reaches F. The ])lough is reset for another
furrow, — an operation which in ordinary working was found to
occupy about half a minute, — tlie two windlasses are moved for-
ward a few fi'ct by nuichinery worked by the endless rope

326

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOE TKIAL.

winding up a rope anchored at K, and tlie opposite windlass G-
Leing then thrown into gear, the plough is drawn slowly back to

Fig. ].

^'d"

-sw

D"M

<?£

■^-r/^mrJ -^- -P-fcui -''^h'Xid—r — -^ -

E ?

LK

K

Section line

M

m

it^^^

sil

i^^

E*

i

D

its starting point, so that it will be understood that the engine
never requires to reverse or stop its motion, the endless rope
continues to haul, and the action of the windlass in startino- and

ox IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOK TIUAL. 327

stopping the plough and its consequent reciprocatory action all
go on without involving the necessity of any signals between the
man working the plough and the man working the engine. The
mechanism of the windlasses for regulating the movement of the
plough, as well as that for moving them forward as the ploughing
proceeds, is ingenious; but it is not possible, without reference
to enlarged diagrams, to describe the various devices which the
patentees have introduced in their endeavours to perfect their
isystem.

The advantages claimed for the system by the patentees may
be shortly stated, as follows : —

1st. The transmission of power from the engine by means of
the fast travelling, light hempen endless rope.

2d. By the use of their windlasses, the fast motion of the end-
less rope can be applied to the slow motion required for th^
plough at any part of the field without stopping the engine.

3d. The use of one engine (and that may be any traction or
portable engine of the ordinary type).

4th. The circumstance that the engine does not require to
traverse the field to be ploughed, thus avoiding the risk of break-
ing drain tile pipes.

5th. The facility with which the power can be transmitted by
the travelling rope enables the engine to be placed in a situation
most convenient for the supply of water and fuel, the carts sup-
plying which do not require to enter the field, the position of the
engine being stationary.

6th. The small quantity of land left in headlands, the breadth
of which averages 14 feet.

In stating what have been represented as the points of superi-
ority claimed for Fisken's Tackle, the Committee must point out
that the trial now to be reported on was not of a competitive cliar-
acter, there being no competitive system of steam ploughing with
whicli to compare it, and therefore, in giving their report^ they
must confine themselves strictly to the result of the investigation
now made on Fisken's Tackle as represented in the model shown
at Aberdeen. At the same time, they have to notice that the re-
sults of the present trials, though not embracing other systems of
steam })l(nighing, and, therefore, nut competitive, will nevertheless
be useful should it be necessary hereiifter to compare them with
trials made on any other steam ploughing apj)aratus. Indeed, it
«eems doubtful whether two .syst(?ms of steam cultivation could
have been simulLaneuusly cun.sidered at one competition in a
tjatisfactory manner.

With these preliminary observations, the Committee proceed
to give the following riisults of the various observations made,
und the conclusions they have deduced from them.

328 ox IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOE TIUAL.

The field selected for the trials on Mr. Monteith's farm has a
surface which, according to the section fig. 2, has an average

■^^^'^'''''^^^'^^^^^-^^^

M

'£

Scale to Section
50 o 100 200 ^ooTeet

'I'M

gradient of about 1 in 10, which was considered not unfavour-
able to obtaining a fair working trial of the powers of the tackle.
(The position of the section L M is shown in Fig. 1.) The field
was in stubble, with a very liberal allowance of farm-yard manure
spread on it. The soil may be called light and free from stones.
The weather throucrhout the whole of the trial was wet and
very foggy, but not so wet as to interfere with the proper work-
ing of the apparatus.

Engine*

The engine used during the experiments was one of Eobey s
patent traction engines, 10 H.P. fnominal), ^Aeighing 10 tons
10 cwt.

During the trials the fly-wheel averaged 140 revolutior^ per
minute, giving an average speed to the driving rope of '22 miles
per hour.

Plough.

The plough was^ Fisken's patent three-furrow ^'* agh, weighing
25 cwt., and cutting three furrows 8 J inches cieep by 11 inches
■wide.

The dynamometer used in ' ''oo- ^ trials was that of

Messrs Easton & Amos. niaK^-^ .

Draught of Flougli and Taclck^^

Cwts. qrs. lbs.

The uphill average draught vras =1.9 1 11
The do-\vnhill average draught was =13 2 2

Actual Diflfer^, '> ^ . ^, 3 9 = 653 lbs.

. ox DIPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TRIAL. 329

The tlieoretical difference of draught between the up and down
trials, due to gravity, may be taken as follows : —

Weight of plough, = 25 cwt.
Weight of man, = 1"1 ;>

Weight of steel rope, = I'l „

27'2 cwt.

0-.9 cwts. qrs. lbs.

d^ = 272 x2 = 5 1 10^ 604 Ihs., the theoretical difference.
10

We may therefore safely assume the average draught on level
ground, with an 8 J inch furrow in light soil, at 16 cwt. ; and
the correctness of this result deduced from trials on the sloping
field was confirmed by trials made subsequently on a field that
was nearly level.

Horse Foiuer.

In order to determine the horse-power, the following observa-
tion were made simultaneously with those above given for the
draught : —

Uphill average velocity was 127?r ft. per minute, which ^ives 8*37 H.P.
Downhill average velocity was 175 ft. per minute, whicn gives 8-02 H.P.

So that the average horse-power may be stated at 8*2.

Drauglit of Tackle.

The dynamometer having been placed so as to occupy the
position of the plough, it was found that the strain produced by
the carrying rope, 1000 yards in length, and the two windlasses,
was 2 cwt, the dynamometer moving at the rate of lol feet per
minute, and hence loss of power due to the Fisken mode of

transmitting it = - '' ooT^no — = ^ ^^•■'^•

Removals.

From the descripjtion of the a])paratus given at page 2, it will
be seen that tlie proper arrangement of the corner anchors,
porters, &c., which is a feature peculiar to the Fisken tackle, is
not a work which can be done bv tlie ordiuarv run of larm-
servants without instruction. It is also an operation occupy-
ing some time, for which an allowance must be made in calcu-
lating; the cost of work done. The Committee bad onlv onfe
opportunity of ascertaining tlu' time taken to set up the tackld,
and it was found to be two liours, but this was under the direc-
tion of Mr Fi.sken's able assistants, and the Committee can hardly
arrive at any rcliahlc rcsvll from tlmt single trial. They have,
therefore, no alternative but to adopt Messrs Fi.'^kcn's estimate of
.the cost of " removals" at two shillings per day.

330 ox IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TRLVL.

Attendance and Wages.

Engine, 1 man, at 28s. per week, £l 8

Windlasses, 2 men, at 22s. „ 2 4

Plough steering, 1 man, at 24s. ,, 14

Driving coals ) , , . , ^„ .-. /^

and water j 1 ^o^se, cart, and man, 60s. „ .3 0

Total cost of attendance per week, £1 16
Cost of attendance per day of 8 hours, £\ 6s.

ConsumiJt of Coed, Water, &c.

On a trial extending over a period of 3 hours, it was found that
the consumpt of water was equal to 1099 gallons per day of 8
hours ; and the consumpt of coal for the same period was found
to be 14J cwt., which, at 9d. per cwt. = 10s. lOhd. per day of 8
hours.

Assuming a working day at 8 hours, we obtain from the above
data the following as the cost : —

"Wages, per day. ......

\j\JCil* «^» • • « • • •

V^l>i.Oa 99* * * * * * *

Removals, „ .

Adopting the calculation given in Messrs Fisken's catalogue, as
applied to tackle of the value of that under trial, we get the
following result: — Cost of apparatus, L.866, ''but as the
engine will be employed to do thrashing, grinding, and chaff-
cutting, &c., upon the farm, debit L.6U0 only to cultivator,
which, at 15 per cent, per annum to cover repairs, renewals,
interest of capital, and depreciation, will amount to £00,
and working 100 days in the year will be equal per day to 0 18 0

£1

6 0

0

10 10*

0

0 6

0

2 0

Total cost per day, ^2 17 4^

Cost of Work Performed,

It was found that on a trial of 3 hours, the work performed
was 2a. 96p., which amounts to 6 a. 149 p. per day of 8
hours. But as the amount of work during the trials could
not be kept up during a whole day, it cannot safely be used
as a fair criterion, and we are disposed to think that the actual
amount of ordinary work done would not exceed 6 acres in
a day of 8 hours, which, at L.2, 17s. 4-|-d. per day is 9s. 6|d. per
Acre.

The Committee are aware that doubts have been expressed as
to the durability of the working tackle, a subject on which they
have no personal experience to guide them. They have, however,
no hesitation in saying that the tackle is simple in its construc-
tion, and not, in their opinion, liable to failure. But as the
opinions of those who have used the apparatus may be reckoned
of some weight, they quote r- '-^^^w^opinions on this point from
Messrs Fisken's published notice ot their patent. Mr Ingletou,

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TRIAL. 331

of Minster, vSheerness, says, " The windlasses are practically as
good as when they left your shop four years since." ^Er Tinn
of Black Friars, Canterbury, writing in 1874, says, " We had our
set of Fisken's tackle in December 1871, and have ploughed 978
acres with it, and are still using the rope which came with it;"
and Mr Fenigan of Talacre, I^'orth Wales, in giving evidence
before the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, states that
'' he had cultivated 1200 acres without a shilling of expense
having been incurred in the repair of the windlass, and the
tackle was still in good order, working ever}^ tlay."

In addition to the trials, the results of which have been
described, the Fisken tackle was, as already stated, employed in
farms in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, and the gentlemen by
whom it was so employed having been asked to give their opinion
of the manner in which it performed its work, the following-
letters have been received: —

" LiBERTON Tower Mains,
" December 5th, 1876.

" Dear Sir, — Yours of 2rl instant to hand. My opinion of the work done
on my fiirni by the Fisken plough is very favourable ; the land was well
ploughed, square taken out and laid properly back. I don't think it better
than horse ploughing ; it had this on my land to recommend it, viz., the
bank being steep, it had more power than horses. I tried several at 12
inches ; it did it as well as at 9 and 10 inches, A 12 inch furrow on my land
would have required three horses. The plough could be so set as to plough
any kind of furrow. — I am, very truly yours,

David Stevenson, Esq., C.E. (Signed) " Buyden Monteith."

'•SouTHFiELD, Ediuhuryh, 2d December 1870*.

" Dear Sir, — I am duly favoured with your letter of this date, asking my
opinion regarding the working of the Fisken tackle.

"In reply, allow me to say that I am very much pleased with the work per-
formed, and I am of opinion that it is superior to horse ploughing, and leaves
the land in a better state for spring cultivation ; and I may also state that
all the practical farmers who had the opportunity of seeing here the work,
and the working of the tackle, were highly satisfied. I may mention that in
my field some boulders were met with, which will require to be all taktu
out, to save breakage and detention, and ensure successful working.

*' In conHrniation of my decided opinion in favour of the system, I have pur-
chased the engine jtnd tackle at present on my farm. — I am, yours very truly,

David Stevenson, Esq., C.E. (^Signed) " William (jRAT."

LiHERTox Mains, Edineiurgu,
22(1 Jtcctinber I87f>.
" Dear Sir, — 1 am sorry I have been so long in answering your noto about
Fisken's plough, but the reason is partly that I cannot say anything in praise
of the work it did for me, I am very sorry, for I think very highly of the
tackle, and have no doubt it will come into general use; but there is one
thing certain, it cannot plough ha. The n)ild gr()wing wcatluT wo have had
has made my i'n-hl ploughed by it look (juite grt-en, whereas the land ploughed
by my own ploughs looks (juite like winter. — I am, yours truly,

" David Stevenson, Ksq., C.E, ♦' Kohert Black,"

Two di>;tiiu.'t questions niiu* in tbo investigation of steam

332 ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOE TEIAL.

tillage — First, What is the best apparatus for transmitting
motion to the plough ? Second, Which is the best construction
of plough for doing the work required.

The Committee's attention has been confined to the first, and,
perhaps it may be added, the most important of these inquiries,
for if it can be determined which is the most convenient and
economical apparatus that can be used for steam tillage, the
form of plough best adapted for particular soils may be matter
for further investigation.

The perfect disintegration of the soil, so as to approach as
nearly as possible to the action of manual spade-work, is the aim
to be reached, and that must obviously depend on the kind of
soil to be ploughed, whether clay or loam, for example, and hence
the necessity of adapting the plough to the soil ; and probably
manufacturers may with advantage turn their attention to a still
more perfect and easy means of adjusting the coulters and shares
and mould-boards to the varying soils in which they have to
work. This may in some measure account for the difference of
opinion in the foregoing letters, though all of the writers, it will
be remarked, give testimony to the satisfactory working of the
tackle itself.

After duly considering all the information that has been
brought before them, the Committee have to report that the
Fisken steam cultivation tackle is based on the ingenious con-
ception of communicating power to great distances, by means of
a rapidly moving light rope ; that the mechanical arrangements
for carrying out the conception and applying the rapid motion of
the travelling rope to the slow motion of the plough, as recently
improved, are well designed, and that the " tackle " performs its
work in all respects satisfactorily.

The Committee recommend that the Society should award to
Messrs Fisken a premium of fifty guineas.

Having laid before the Society the result of their investigations,
the Committee cannot close this report without repeating that the
favourable opinions they have expressed of the Fisken tackle
must not be held as warrantino- a conclusion in favour of that
system as the best that has been devised for steam culture.
From what has already been stated, it will be seen that such a
conclusion would be altogether premature. Some members of
the Committee are well aware of the amount and excellence of
work performed by Fowler's improved steam tackle, and it is
well known that there are machines by other makers equally
^vorthy of attention. It is obvious, therefore, that until these
other " systems " (for so they have been called) have been sub-
jected to trials similar to those which the Committee have
conducted, no opinion as to the comparative merits of the
different systems of working can be arrived at.

ON IMPLEI^IENTS SELECTED FOIl TFJAL. 333

It cannot be questioned that those whose duty it is to encour-
age any branch of scientific or practical research cannot at the
present day afford to remain passive or inactive. iSTew views,
followed by new results, are yearly brought forward in every
department of study, and whether such views be sound or false,
they claim, and should receive full consideration. To this agri-
culture is no exception. The wide range of subjects embraced
in its now acknowledged proper study includes, in those who
seek the Society's diplomas and certificates, some popular know-
ledge of chemistry, natural history, veterinary surgery, botany,
and engineering, and thus the Society acknowledges the general
onward movement for inquiry, and while it may be a subject for
difference of opinion in what may and to what extent the Society
can best promote the dissemination of knowledge in some of
those branches of study, it appears to the Committee that, as
regards the construction and utility of new agricultural imple-
ments, no such difficulty exists. The appeal to a properly con-
ducted trial is available, and the Committee regard it as a highly
important function of the Highland Society to procure and supply
to its members the best possible information on the merits of the
different implements annually brought forward as new inventions,
many of which have undoubtedly no good qualities to commend
them.

The application of steam-power to the tillage of the soil is
pre-eminently one of those subjects which, from its importance,
the Committee think should be fully investigated, in order that
agriculturists may be provided with authoritative data for their
guidance in selecting the implemects they employ; and following
out this view, they are of opinion that every inventor who claims
superiority for his system of steam tillage should be encouraged
by the Society to submit it to a trial similar to that afibrded by
Messrs Fisken, who, the Committee think, deserve the special
thanks of the Society for the personal trouble they have taken
Id submitting their invention so fully and unreservedly for exa-
mination by the Society's Conmiittee.

The Board approved of the report.

II. — llOBEY & CO.'S TllKASIIING MACHINE.

This machine (fig. 3) was exhibited by Messrs Itobey & Co.,
Lincohi, and was trietl with barley on the 15lh, IGth, and
17th November at ^Ir ^luutuith's farm, Liberton Tower
Mains. It is said to be of new design, and to embrace many
improvements, chielly the reduction of the weights of the shoes
and riddle.s, and having enhirged bearings for the spindles. The
lower part of the framework is also left open, so a.s to show the
working parts, which is an advantage in regard to attention. The

OX BIPLEMEXTS SELECTED FOR TRIAL.

patent self-feeding apparatus consists of a covered hopper on the
top of the thrashing machine, containing a shaking-board, on
which the crop falls as it is filled in, and means of adjustment
are provided to regulate the quantity of feed. There is a lever
close to the attendant, so tliat the machine can be quickly stopped
if required. The price of the machine is L.160. The machine
was driven by one of Eobey & Co/s six horse-power traction
engines, and the quantity of grain finished for the market per
Iiour was six quarters. The Committee consider that the work
done was most satisfactorily performed ; that the various im-
jjrovements which have been introduced, espscially the new
feeding apparatus, are most ingenious and likely to be useful,
and think it worthy of the Society's gold medal.
The report was approved.

Fi

S-3.

III. — KoLDMOOs' Weed Eradicator.

The weeding machine invented by Mr Ingermann, of Kold-
moos, near Gravenstein, and for three years well known in
Germany, Denmark, and Sweden, called " The Koldmoos Weed
Eradicator," and exhibited by i\Iessrs Ord & Maddison, Dar-
lington, was selected for trial by the Implement Committee
at the Societv's show at Glasgov/ in 1875, and the trial took

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TRIAL.

060

place on Thursday 15th June, 1876, on the farm of Craigmillar,
near Edinburgh. The trial was made on a field of barley
which had attained the growth of from six to ten inches. The field
was covered with a strong growth of mustard in flower; the ground
on the day of trial was rather dry. The machine (fig. 4) takes
in a breadth of four feet six inches, and was very easily drawn at a
quick pace by one horse. It consists of a horizontal drum revolv-
ing between the carrying wheels. The periphery of this drum is
pierced throughout its whole length by thin slits, from which, by
a simple eccentric arrangement, moved by "the rotation of the
drum, three toothed comb cutters are alternately projected about
two and a half inches, and again withdrawn within the drum.
The maximum projection of the comb beyond the periphery of
the drum occurs during the uiidcir liQlf of its rotation, when the

Fig. 4.

combs are in contact with the corn and weeds. The weeds are
thus caught between the teeth of the comb, and are either pulled
up by the roots, or, if too firmly planted, their upper portions are
pulled off. As the drum revolves, the combs carrying with them
the weeds they have entangled, are gradually withdrawn into the
slits, leaving the weeds they liave taken up to be thrown off by
the revolution of the drum. The comb liavim^ reached the
highest part of the drum's revolution, and having thrown otVrdl
the cut weeds, is again gradually ])rotruded, and ])rt'paie(.l fur
making another cut in the lower half of its revolution. The
revolution is rapid, and the cutting action of the blades almost
contiiuinus. Tlni Committee are satisfied that tlie machine did
useful work in re.moving the nnistanl while in llower, so as to
prevent its seeding, and that many of the weeds were uprooted.
It is possible that in practice a more favourable state of the
ground and growth of the weeds could be selected for using

336

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOE TEIAL.

the implement, so that a greater number of the weeds might be
pulled up. We have to report an important fact — that the barley
received almost no injury by the working of the machine. The
Committee again inspected the field on the 22nd of June, when
they found that the weeds had been very thoroughly eradicated
from that portion of the field on which the machine had been
employed. The Committee have no hesitation in reporting that
the machine invented by Mr Ingermann did its work well, and
that it may be usefully employed in all cases where fields are
overrun with weeds'; and they recommend that the Society's
medium gold medal should be awarded to Mr Ingermann.
This report was approved.

IV. — Barclay's Cultivator.

This implement (fig. 5) was exhibited by George Sellar .&
Son, Huntly, and invented by James W. Barclay, M.P., and was
tried at Mr ]Monteith's farm, liberton Tower Mains, on the
loth and IGth Xovember.

The objects sought to be accomplished by the digger are in the
case of stubble land to open and pulverise the soil more effect-
ually to the depth required ; to cut the roots of thistles and other
deep-rooted weeds ; to turn over the upper two or three inches of
the soil so as to cover the stubble, expose the roots of weeds to
the winter's frost, and to bring up and mix a portion of the sub-
soil with the upper mould. The effects to be produced are thus
a combination of the work of the plough and the cultivator. In
the case of green crop land for a seed furrow the objects are to stir
and pulverise the earth, without exposing the dung or leaving

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TRIAL. 337

the soil so open as after the ordinary plough, and in the case of
both stubble and clean land, to avoid the packing of the subsoil
and consequent separation from the upper soil caused by the
horses' feet on the furrow and by the sole of the plough. The
tlif^ger was first tried in a stubble field, making two furrows nine
inches deep. The average draught was about 6 cwt. The Com-
mittee recommended the Directors to award the silver medal.
The Board approved of the award.

V. — Potato Planters.

The Potato Planters selected at the Glasgow Show 1875 were
tried at Liberton Mains, 4th April 1876. The trial had been
arranged to take place on a field at Powburn belonging to Mr
Bryden Monteith, but owing to Mr Monteith's unavoidable ab-
sence the arrangements had not been completed, and the Society,
after making a commencement there, was very much indebted to
Mr Black, Liberton Mains, who most kindlv offered to have the
trial on a field which he was planting, and to furnish seed, horses
and everything that was required. Six machines appeared on
the ground, exhibited by — 1. William Dewar, Kellas, Dundee ;
2. Alexander Guthrie, Craigo, Montrose ; 3. Charles Hay, Xorth
Merchiston, Edinburgh; 4. G. W. Murray & Co., Banff (Fer-
guson's patent) ; 5 and 6. J. W. Bobinson & Co., Liverpool
(Aspinwall's patent). The Committee are glad to report generally
that the machines were greatly improved since the trial in Octo-
ber last ; and, with the exception of Aspinwall's machine, which
appeared for the first time, they attribute that improvement very
much to the trial formerly held. They believe that all the
machines would have done their work well with whole seed
riddled to one size ; but on this occasion they were put to a
thorough test, being tried witli seeds of all sizes, both cut and
uncut. One of Aspinwall's patent machines being adapted
solely for planting potatoes on the fiat, not usually done in
Scotland, and being of the same principle in the delivery
of the seed .as his other maclane, it was not tried. After
a thorough trial your conmiittee selected three machines —
viz., Mr Guthrie's, price L.14; Messrs ^lurray k Co.'s, L.18, 18s. ;
Aspinwall's patent, L.12 — and again subjected them to a
further trial, eucli macliine being drawn by the same horse.
Messrs Guthrie and ^Murray & Co.'s machines are adapted to
plant two drills, and are on much the same principle, the seed
being raised from a hopper in cups, and dr()p})ed into the drill.
Both machines are simple in construction, and not likely to go
out of order, and appeared to be of much the same draught —
Messrs Murray's liaving this objection, that the horse and the
wheels of the machine travel on the tops of the drills, which

Y

o

38 ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TKIAL.

breaks down the drills, and makes the labour of the horse more
severe. Aspinwall's patent plants only one drill, but is very
light in draught ; by a very ingenious invention the potato-seed
is picked up by a series of steel needles fixed on a revolving disc,
which lift it from the hopper and drop it in the bottom of the
drill. It is simple in construction, and appears unlikely to be
easily put out of order. Your Committee do not consider that
any of these machines are thoroughly perfect, but at the same
time the improvement is so marked, and the work really so fairly
done, that they deem it right to recommend the Directors to award
two prizes of, say, L.IO each to one of the double-drill machines
constructed on the cup principle, and to the single-drill machine
constructed on the needle principle. Your Committee had con-
siderable difficulty in deciding which of the two machines on the
cup principle was the best, but came to the conclusion that,
taking the difference in price of the machine and everything else
into consideration, they were justified in giving the preference to
Mr Guthrie's machine. They would therefore recommend to the
Directors to aw^ard a L.IO prize to Mr Alexander Guthrie, Craigo,
Montrose, for double -drill potato-planter on the cup principle,
and a similar prize of L.IO to Messrs J. AV. Eobertson & Co.,
Liverpool, for Aspinwall's patent single-drill potato-planter on
the needle principle.

The following letter on the subject was then read: —

Banff Foundry, N.B., 10th April 1876.

Dear Sir, — I have read with much interest the account of the trial of
potato -planters held at Liberton, under the auspices of your Society, as given
in the Scotsman and North British Agriculturist, and as I observe the decision
has to be confirmed by your Directors, I take the liberty of oflBcially address-
ing you, not with a view of pronouncing dissatisfaction with the judgment,
but in order to direct the attention of your board of practical agriculturists to
some points of great importance, which I consider your judges will even agree
with me in saying are worth reconsideration. From the accounts given in
the papers named, I learn that the machine forwarded by my firm did as good
work as any, and was only thrown out because the horse had to walk and the
wheels to run on the top of the drills. The first thing I would respectfully
ask your board to consider is, should a potato-planter run in the bottom of
the furrow or on the drill-top ? Personally, I was so satisfied that it should
run on the toj) that I incurred an extra expense of L.3, 3s. in the price of the
machine to secure this ; and can at once supply the same machine to run in
the furrows at L.3, 3s. less money. But a furrow-running machine, when farm-
yard dung is used, which is the case in four instances out of five, has this dis-
advantage, that the dung is very much displaced by the horse's feet, and the
wheels clogging and collecting it in hillocks, leaving parts without and parts
with excess of dung, so that the plough following cannot properly cover the
same. This displacement of the dung also tends to displace the seed, even to
.such an extent as many remain exposed to the ravages of the crows. On the
other hand, when farmyard dung is used, and the horse made to walk and the
wheels to run on the tops of the drills, the dung is left even and undisturbed,
and from its open nature tends to prevent the seed from rolling when it falls.
Our machine was sj)ecially made for this class of work, and, through no dung

ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOE TKIAL. 339

being used at the trial, the seeds in our case had so much further to fall
which would tend to make them roll and lie over irregular. The only draw-
back to the horse and machine on the top of the drills is a little extra draught,
but this a mere tritle, as the drauo-ht is below 2 cwt., which is nothing; to touch
any horse. I am quite aware of the disadvantages that judges are placed at
in seeing a lot of new inventions tried for the first time and under one condi-
tion only — viz., without farmyard dung. This, I hope, will be considered
sufficient excuse for my addressing you on the subject, and pointing out my
reasons for constructing our machine in the way that it is — more so when I
find that what I consider to be one of the principal points of merit is the very
one that threw it out. I may add, that I have been offered £2 more for my
artificial manure-sowers if I would carry out the same improvement on them.
From the hiwh standing and undoubted inteo-rity of the gentlemen vou had
acting as judges, I feel sure they will never suppose that my remarks are
meant to throw any reflection on what is reported to be their opinion, as I feel
sure their purpose is the same as mine — trying to bring to the front the best
machine for the general public, which I hold to be the one most suitable for
the work under all ordinary circumstances. — Yours faithfully,

(Addressed) F. N. Menzies, Esq. (Signed) G. W. Murray.

After some discussion, it was moved that the report of the
Committee be approved, and that Mr Murray be informed that
the statements in his letter should have been made by his repre-
sentative at the trial ; which was unanimously agreed to.

VI. — Potato Lifters.

The trial of the Society's lifters selected at the Aberdeen
Show, 1876, took place on the 10th of October, in a field
on the farm of Liberton Mains, kindly granted for the pur-
pose by Mr liobert Black. The field was not in the most
favourable condition for the trial : the ground was wet, and the
potato sliaws were strong and rank; but potato-lifting was being
carried on in the field with the pronged plough, and it may
therefore be considered as perhaps a fair average field in ordi-
nary farm work, and the Committee give the results of the trial
as they found them: —

1. Messrs Bisset & So7is, Blairgovn-ic. — This implement was
exhibited at the Aberdeen Show. The mechanical contrivance
by which the potatoes are unearthed does not materially difl'er
from implements already in use. A deep-cutting broad cutter
raises the plant, and a rapidly revolving wheel, with projecting
arms, scatters tlie shaws and surrounding earth, and is supposed
to throw out the tubers so as to be ready for being lit'ti'd. This
operation the machine certainly ])erlurnied, but the Committee
did not fail to observtj that a considerable number of the potatoes
were fairly severed in two pieces; and wlien they consider how
many more, without having been cut or severed, must necessarily
have been bruised, they are led to the conclusion that the action

40 ON IMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOR TKIAL.

of tbis machine cannot be conducive to the preservation of
potatoes to be stored in pits. Seeing that the mechanical
arrangement is, in principle, the same as that ah-eady employed
in other machines, and tliat the improvement in detail still leaves
the machine open to the objection of injury to the tubers, to
which the Committee have alluded, they do not think it can
be reported to have earned a prize.

2. Asjnyiurcirs Patent, exhibited hi/ Messrs J. TV. Robinsoyi <b
Co., Liverpool. — These exhibitors had two implements on the
ground. The first was the implement exhibited at Aberdeen,
which alone, of course, is entitled to be put in competition.
But, on being tried, this implement was withdrawn, as it was
stated by the exhibitors that it was not applicable to damp soil
and luxuriant shaws. The second implement had been made
with an arrangement for a freer separation of the potatoes from
the earth and shaws; but this implement, though exhibited, can-
not compete, and the Committee have to report that they do not
find Mr Aspinwall entitled to a premium.

The Comraittee take this opportunity of reporting that the
raising of potatoes and separating them from the roots to which
they are attached, and from the earth in which they are em-
bedded, without injuring their skin, is an operation not without
great difficulty, and it seems to them that in the implements
exhibited to-day, and in all others they have seen which profess
to do the w^ork required, the speed of the revolving machinery
employed in separating the potatoes from the soil is far too rapid
and violent to be consistent with raising the potatoes in a state
to be advantageously stored in pits.

The report w^as adopted.

VII. — Water-Testing Apparatus.

This apparatus w^as exhibited at the Aberdeen Show by
Messrs Joseph Davis & Co., London, and was tried by the
Committee on the 28th of November. Tlie Committee, after
experimenting with several of the tests, consider that they are
wall known, but that they would be of comparatively little use
in the hands of a person not educated in chemistry. They are
of opinion that no prize should be awarded.

The Board approved of the report.

YIII. — Murray's Thrashing Machine.

This Machine w^as exhibited by Messrs George AV. Murray
& Co., Banff, and was tried in the show-vard on the 28th of
»July. It was seen at work with barley and oats, and did its

OS iMPLEME>;TS SELECTED FOK TillAL. 3ii

work in a very satisfactory manner. The Committee added that
tliey found that the price was moderate, and recommended
that it be awarded the gold medaL
The board approved of the report.

IX. — Turnip Eatsers.
(B)/ Local Committee at Aherdecn.)

The local committee appointed previous to the Aberdeen
Show, 1876, met at Balhaggardy, Inverurie, on Thursday
the 30th of Xoveraber. Present — Messrs Alex. Auld, Newton
of Piothmaise, Insch; James Pieith, South Auchinleck, Skene;
and George Wilken, "Waterside of Forbes, Alford. ]\Iessrs
Piobert Salmond, Xether Balibur, Durris, and Alexander Yeats,
Aberdeen, were unable to be present in consequence of
indisposition. The members present appointed ^Ir Wilken
to act in Mr Salmond's absence as convener, and also, in con-
sequence of so few of the local committee being able to be
present, agreed to ask Messrs Campbell, Kinellar, and Stephen,
Conglass, two of the local committee, to act as judges of the
turnip-raisers along with those present. After inspecting the
four machines set aside for trial, all were considered nearlv tlie-
same as those exhibited at Aberdeen, and all were allowed to
compete. The field was admirably adapted for the purpose, being
quite free from stones, and the whole of the machines were very
efficiently horsed by Mr Maitland, Balhaggardy. The turnips
were a superior crop, and at least a fourth of an acre was allowed
for each machine, both of Swedish and yellows. There was little
difference in the speed of either machine, all performing at the
rate of three-fourtlis of an acre per hour. The work done, taken
all over, was fair. The judges separated the machines into two
classes.

Pirst-class machines that topped and tailed, of wliich there
were three entries : —

1st. James Thorn, Leden Urquhart, Strathmiglo, Xo. 1G94.
Tliis machine requires two horses, takes one drill only, tlirows
the turnips to one side, the same as a potato-digger, and per-
forms the work far superior to any of the others. Pecommcnd it
be awarded a silver medal.

2(1. Adam T. Pringle, Edinburgh and Kelso, Xo. 052. 1'liis
machine also requires two horses, takes two drills, lifts the tur-
nips and leaves them on the surface, and performs the work
fairly. Pecommend it be awarded a medium silver medal.

'Ad. ])uncan Poss, agricultural factor, Inverness, X'o. liJlT.
This machine also re([uires two horses, takes two drills, and
simply tops and tails without removing them from their original
position. Pecommend it be awarded a minor silver medal.

o42 ON IxMPLEMENTS SELECTED FOE TEIAL.

Second-class machines that tailed only, of which there was
only one entry: —

John Grregory, Westoe, South Shields, No. 1195. This machine
requires only one horse, takes two drills, tails only, and leaves
the turnij)s in their original position. Eecommend it be awarded
a medium silver medal.

The Board approved of the report, and confirmed the awards
as suggested.

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF SCOTLAND, 1876,

343

AGRICULTTJEAL STATISTICS OF SCOTLAND, 1876.
Extracted from the Government Eeturns.

Table I.
Population, Total Area, and Abstract of Acreage under Crops and Grass.

Per-

Per-

centage

Population

Total

Total of
Acreage

Under

manent
Pasture,

of Corn
Crops to

Under

Under

Clover,

or Grass,

Total

on

Area in

under
all Kinds
of Crops,

Bare

Fallow,

and Grass.

Sanfoin,

not broken

Acreage

Counties.

Com

Green

and

up in

under

3d April

Statute

Grasses

Rotation

all kinds

Crops.

Crops.

under

(exclusive

of Crops,

1871.

Acres.

Rotation.

of Heath or
Mountain

Bare j
Fallow,

Land).

and

Grass.

Aberdeen,

244,603

1,260,625

596,863

214,333

105,400

252,264

24,243

I
35-9

Argyle, . .

75,679

2,083,126

115,125

23,569

12,239

18,896

59,030

20-5

Ayr, . . .

200,809

735,262

309,408

59,154

17,822

94,954

137,322

19-1

Banff, . . .

62,023

439,219

166,671

62,926

29,489

6.5,692

8,308

37-8

Berwick, . .

36,486

297,161

192,094

63,797

35,222

57,162

35,645

33-2

Bute, . . .

16,977

143,997

24,502

5,783

2,994

6,391

8,883

23-6

Caithness, .

39,992

455,708

105,884

35,608

16,759

29,390

23,800

33 '6

Clackmannan,

23,747

31,876

15,884

5,840

1,535

3,279

4,914

36-8

Dumbarton, .

58,857

172,677

46,060

9,862

4,443

12,764

18,929

21-4

Dumfries,

74,808

705,946

216,130

49,975

25,669

63,762

76,459

231

Edinburgh, .

328,379

234,926

133,465

38,189

21,743

31,869

41,517

28-6 ■

Elgin or )
Moray, , )

43,612

340,000

103,698

39,974

19,976

38,667

4,964

38-5 :

Fife, . . .

160,735

328,427

245,636

87,533

47,509

57,354

51,492

35-6

Forfar, . .

237,567

569,840

2.51,289

95,940

50,692

77,667

26,764

38-2

Haddington,.

37,771

179,142

113,615

43,891

26,338

26,451

16,122

38-6

Inverness,

87,531

2,723,501

122,963

40,221

19,553

26,895

35,228

32-7

Kincardine, .

34,630

248,284

120,050

4.5,255

22,433

46.142

6,126

37-7

Kinross, . .

7,198

49,812

31,407

7,630

4,021

11,208

8,518

24-3 . '

Kirkcudbriglit

41,859

610,343

172,835

32,618

17,610

47,444

75,062

18-9

Lanark, . .

765,339

568,868

243,442

52,1.51

18,441

72,016

100.217

21-4

Linlithgow, .

40,965

81,114

58,378

18,205

7,226

13,866

18,800

31-2

Nairn,. .

10,225

137,500

26,070

9,614

4,856

9,973

1,586

36-9

Orkiuy, and

31,274

} 598,726

( 96,270
\ 51,803

35,801

16,301

24,018

19,146

37-2

Shetland,. .

31,608

10,859

3,568

648

35,027

21 u ,

Peebles, . ,

12,330

227,869

41,772

10,979

6.599

13,675

10,480

26-3

Perth,. . .

127,768

1,664,690

336,924

106,006

50,393

99,100

79.34:1

31-5

Ken Ire w, . .

216,947

162,428

92,994

18,187

7,360

18,556

48,582

19-6

Ross and i
Crnrnarty, j

80,955

2,016,375

124,826

47,413

27.259

29,987

19,395

33 -O'

Roxburgh, .

53,974

428,494

174.525

51,077

29,445

56,139

437,5(»7

29-3

Selkirk, . .

14,(105

166,524

22,749

5,325

3,454

7,670

6.230

23-4

Stirling, . .

98,218

298,579

110,788

30,655

9,503

24,030

45.(K)9

27-7

Snthorland, .

24,317

1,207,188

28,316

10,383

5.058

6,091

0,018

36-6

Wigtown,
Total, .

38,830

327,900

145,427

38,762

19,064

48,379

38,697

26-7

8,360,018

10,496.132

4,037,893

1,407,515

689,974

1,393,011

1,129,369

30-3

U4:

AGIUCULTUKAL STATISTICS OF SCOTLAND, 187G,

Table II.

Total and Projoortionate Number of Live Stoclc, as Eeturned wpon tlie

25th of June 1876.

Horses.

Cattle

■'

Sheep.

Pigs.

Propor-

Propor-

Propor-

Propor-

Number

tionate

tionate

tionate

tionate

used solely

Number

Number

Number

Number

for Agri-

to every

Total

to every

Total

to every

Total

to every

Counties.

culture,

100 Acres

100 Acres

100 Acres

100 Acres

Ac., as

under

Number

under

Number

under

Number

under

Returned

Crojjs,

Crops,

Crops,

Crops,

by

Bare

Eeturned.

Bare

Returned.

Bare

Returned.

l?are

Occupiers

Fallow,

FalloTss

Fallow,

Fallow,

of Land.

and
Grass.

audi
Grass,

and
Grass.

and
Grass .

Aberdeen, .

25,192

4-2

167,904

28-1

155,773

26-1

9.500

1-6

Argyle, . .

7,142

6-2

60,725

52-7

1,015,470

882

1

4,934

4-3

Ayr. . . .

8,462

2-7

87,780

28-4

359,103

116

1

15,271

4-9

Bantf, . . .

7,661

4-6

45,659

27-4

52.474

31

5

3,931

2-4

Berwick, . .

5,257

2-7

15,039

7-8

266.873

138

9

4.038

2-1

Bute, . . .

1.047

4-3

7,805

31-9

41,738

170

3

751

3-1

Caithness,

5, 136

4-9

21,504

20-3

96,423

91

1

1,943

1-8

Clackmannan,

703

4-4

3,839

24-2

10,940

68

8

1,852

11-7

Dumbarton, .

1,717

3-7

13,153

28-6

71,202

154

6

911

2-0

Dumfries,

7,390

3-4

53,778

24-9

493.020

228

1

14,413

6-7

Edinburgh, .

4,205

3-2

18,661

14-0

168,565

126

3

5,158

3-9

Elgin or 1
Moray, . j

4,873

4-7

24,870

24-0

56,393

54

4

3,449

3-3

Fife, . . .

10,222

4-2

38,875

15-8

69,159

28

2

6,463

2-6

Forfar, . .

10,069

4-0

48,701

19-4

127,654

50

8

6,453

2-6

Haddington,.

3,727

3-3

7,072

6-2

108,447

95

5

2,790

2-5

Inverness, ,

9,008

7-2

53,242

43-3

724,518

589

0

4,127

3-4

Kincardine, .

4,748

4-0

28,504

23-7

32,176

26

8

2,523

2-1

Kinross, . .

1,011

3-2

6,133

19-5

23,155

73

7

597

1-9

Kirkcudbright

5,366

3-1

41,229

23 9

369,334

213

7

7,444

4-3

Lanark, . .

7,522

3-1

65,147

26-8

^xO^OoO

87

7

8,268

3-4

Linlithgow, .

2,140

3-7

10,902

18-7

19,906

34

0

1,858

3-2

Nairn, . . .

1,220

4-7

6,443

24-7

15,089

57

9

820

31

Orkney and

5,697

5-9

26,156

27-2

30,048

31

2

4,687

4-9

Shetland,

5,772

11-1

21,050

40-6

87,925

169

7

4.663

9-0

Peebles, . .

1,153

2-8

6,495

15-5

196,720

470

9

'974

2-3

Perth, . . .

13,764

4-1

80,024

23-8

659,210

195

7

9,597

2-8

Renfrew, . ►

3,128

3-4

25,090

27-0

32,909

35

4

1.917

2-1

Ross and )
Cromarty, j

7,099

5-7

41,609

33-3

362,980

290

8

6,535

5-2

Roxburgh, ^

4,588

2-6

16,763

9-6

489,357

280

4

3,960

2-3

Selkirk, . .

568

2-5

2,572

11-3

162,719

715

3

447

2-0

Stirling, . ,

4,801

4-3

30,225

27-3

115,610

104

4

2,297

2-1

• Sutherland,! .

2,573

9-1

13,057

46-0

228,503

806

1

1,239

4-4

Wigtown,
Total, .

5,707

3-9

41,081

28-2

132,791

91-3

10,289

71

188,668

4-1

1,131,087

24-4

6,989,719

150-9

154,099

3-3

APPENDIX (A)

PEOCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

MEETING OF DIRECTOES, 2d FEBRUARY 1876.

Present— The Hon. G. R. Vernon; Admiral Sir William J. Hope Johnstone,
K.C.B. ; Professor Balfour; Mr Ferguson, Kinnoclitry ; Mr Findlay of Springhill;
Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Hutchison of Carlowrie ; Colonel Innes of Learney ; Mr
Irvine of Drum : Mr John Ord Maclcenzie of Dolphinton ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ;
Mr Munro, Fairnington ; Mr Murray of Dollerie; Mr Monteith, Liberton Tower
Mains; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains; Mr Swinton, Holyn Bank; Captain Tod of
Howden ; ]Mr Pettigrew Wilson of Polquhairn ; Professor Wilson- Mr :Munro, Fairn-
ington, in the chair. Mr F. N. Mexzies reported apologies for the abscence of Sir
William Forbes of Craigievar, Bart. ; Sir George ]\racpherson Grant of Ballindalloch,
Bart. ; Mr Copland, ilill of Ardlethen ; Mr Howatson of Dornel; Mr Hunter of
Thiirston; Mr Johnstone of Bodesbeck : Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. ; Mr Martin,
yr. of Auchendennan ; and Mr Walker of Bowland.

Glasgow Show, 1875.— Letters were submitted from the Earl of Glasgow, the Lord
Provost of Glasgow, Sir Michael Shaw Stewart, Mr Graham Somervell (convener of
xVjTshire), and from Mr Bowden Fullartou (convener of Bute), acknowledging the votes
of thanks passed at last general meeting.

Aberdeen Show, 1876. — The Secretary stated that the competition for the premium
of L.50 offered by the Society for the best thoroughbred stallion to serve in the district
of the Aberdeen show during the ensuing season was fixed to take place at Aberdeen
on Friday the 4th current— all entries being made with Mr Alexander Yeats, Secretarj'
of the Royal Northern Society, 89 Union Street, Aberdeen, on or before the morning
of the competition.

FoOT-AND-MouTH DISEASE. — A letter was submitted from Mr C. Eardley WUmot,
of the Veterinarj' Department of the Privy Council, acknowledging receipt of the
memorial to the Lords of the Council adopted at the general meeting on the 19th of
Jauuarj-, and stating that it will be submitted to their Lordships.

Chemical Department.— The Board took into consideration the resolution of the
general meeting with reference to the appointment of a chemist, and the arrangements
for carrjing out the agricultural stations, when, after some discussion, the whole
matter was remitted to the Chemical Committee.

Philadelphia Exhibition, 1876. — The Secretary stated that the regulations for
the International Exhibition at Philadelphia could be seen on application at th
Society's chambers. No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh ; that the live stock disph\y
will be held as follows : — Horses, mules, and asses, from l.st to 15th September ;
cattle, from 20th September to 5th October ; sheep, swine, goats, and dogs, Ironi lOtn
to 25th October; and poultry, from 28th October to 10th November; and that forms
of entry yill be furnished on application to Mr B. T, Brandreth Gibbs, 5 Craig's
Court, Charing Cross^ S. W.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 1st MARCH 1876.

/'resent — Admiral Sir William J. Hojie Jolinstonc, K.C.B. ; Professor Balfour ; Mr
Gillon of Wallhouse; Mr Irvine of Drum; .Mr Mackenzie of Portmore; Mr Munro,
Fairnington : Mr Swinton, Holyn Bank; Mr I'eltigrew Wilson of PoI«]uliaim ; and
I'roft'.ssfir AV'ilson. Mr F. N. Men/iis ri])orted ajKildgies for the absence of Sir Alex-
ander .Jardine of Ai)i)U'pnrtli, Bart.; Mr Cojiljind, Mill of Ardlethen; Mr Hunter of
Thurston ; Mr Johiisione of Bodesbeck ; Mr Smith, Stevenson JKiins; and Mr Walker
of Bowland ; but in consequence of there not being a (|Uonini of Directors present,
the meeting was adjounied till Wednesday next, the 6th instant.

a

2 PROCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS.

^ADJOURNED MEETING OF DIRECTORS, Sth MARCH 1876.

Present — Mr Copland, ]\Iill of Ardlethen ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Hutchison
of Carlowrie ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; i\Ir Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr Smith, Stevenson
Mains ; Mr Stewart of Ingliston : Mr Swinton, Holjm Bank ; Mr Pettigrew Wilson ot
Polquhairn. — Mr Mackenzie of Portmore in the chair. Mr F. N. Menzies reported
apologies for the absence of Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ; Mr Hunter of Thurston ; Mi-
Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. ; Mr Martin, yr. of Auchendennan ; Mr Munro, Fairnington;
and Mr Walker of Bowland.

Chemical Departme>"t. — At the meeting of the Board on the 2d of February it was
reported that Sir Thomas Biichan Hepburn had resigned the chairmanship of the Com-
mittee in charge of the Chemical Department, when the Dii'ectors unanimously resolved
to request Sir Thomas to withdraw his resignation, and in the event of his declining to
do so, Mr ]\Iackenzie of Portmore was requested and agreed to act. At a meeting of
Committee held on 23d February, it was stated that Sir Thomas adhered to his resig-
nation. The minute of that meeting bore that the Committee could not commence
their report without expressing their regret at the loss of the valuable services of Sir
Thomas Hepbui-n, who took so lively an interest in the Chemical Depai-tment, and who
had for many years devoted so much time to the duties devolving upon him — first as a
member, and latterly as convener of the Committee. The minute also stated that,
after the reading of the remit to the Committee, a prolonged discussion ensued as to
the course of action which should now be taken with reference to the instructions of
the last general meeting of the Society, and it was ultimately unanimously resolved:
that the best manner of can-ying out those instructions is, in the first place, to adver-
tise that a chemist is required by the Society to organise and conduct the experimental
stations about to be established, and who shall devote his whole time to the service of
the Society ; and that if the Directors are able to secure the services of a competent
chemist on the terms proposed, they can then in concert with him arrange a plan of
action in accordance with the report of the Directors to the general meeting in Jime-
last, Avhich Avas then agi-eed to by the Society in all points regarding the establishment
of the stations. The Secretary was accordingly instructed to prepare an advertisement
to chemists in general terms, and also a statement to be printed and shown to intend-
ing candidates, containing the salary and duties, and in accordance with the above-
mentioned report of Ji;ne last as modified at the last general meeting. The Board
approved of the minute, andithe Secretary Avas instructed to send to Sir Thomas.
Hepburn an excerpt from it, with reference to the loss of his very valuable
services.

Aberdeen Show. — Thoroughbred Stallions. — The report of the competition for th&
L.50 prize offered by the Societj^for the best thoroughbred stallion to serve this season
in the district of the show was submitted, from which it appeared that the competition
took place at Aberdeen on 4th February : that seven animals had been entered ;
and that the judges — Captain Carnegie of Lour, and Colonel Innes of Learney — had
awarded the premium to Mr Thomas Bland, Greystone, Alford, Aberdeenshire, for his
bay stallion "Blucher."

Shoicyard. — Letters were submitted from Mr William Gordon, Town Clerk, Aber-
deen, intimating that the Town Council had granted permission to the Society to use a
portion of the links, extending to about twenty acres, for the show to be held from the
2oth to the 28th of July, both inclusive ; and that the Water Committee had resolved
to give a supply of water free of charge — both privileges being subject to the usual cou-
ditions.

Stock at Birmingham Shoic. — A letter was read from Mr H. M. Jenkins, Secretary
of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, stating that, at the meeting of the-
Council of that Society held on Wednesday the 1st inst., the following resolution had
been carried imanimously : — " That the exhibitors of stock at the Birmingham meet-
ing be allowed to remove such animals belonging to them as have been entered for the.
Highland Society's Show at Aberdeen at four o'clock on the afternoon of ^londay,
July 24, on furnishing to the stewards satisfactory proof of such entry for the Aber-
deen Show." Mr Menzies was instnicted to inform Mr Jenkin,s- that no alteration can
now be made in the Aberdeen arrangements, and to request that the stock referred to
may be allowed to leave the yard on Saturday evening.

Agricultural and Fore'strt Examinations. — It was intimated that the exam-
inations for the Society's agricultural certificates and diploma, and for the certificates
in forestry, had been fixed for Tuesday and Wednesday the 21st and 22d current,
candidates being required to lodge intimation, on or before the 10th, with the Secre-
tary, from whom further information may be obtained.

Philadelphia Exhibition. — A letter was read from ^Ir B. T. Brandreth Gibbs. 5
Craig's Court, Charing Cross, S.W., stating that the entries for the Philadelphia Exhi-
bition referred to at last board meeting should be made soon, as it was necessary to
let the authorities in America know before 1st May what to exj^ect from this.
count^5^

PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 3

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 5th APRIL 1S76.:

I'resent—PTofessov Balfour ; ']Mr Hutchison of 'Carlowrie ; Mr Munro, Faimington ;
Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ; Mr David Stevenson, C.E. ; Mr Swinton, Hol\-n Bank;
Captain Tod of Howden ; and Mr Walker of Bowland. Mr F. N. ^Menzies reported
apologies for the absence of Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, Bart. ; Sir George
Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart.; Mr Cochrane, Little Haddo ; Mr Copland,
Mill of Ardlethen ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Hunter of Thurston ; Colonel Innes of
Leamey ; Mr Irvine of Drum; Mr John=(tone of Bodesbeck ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ;
^Ir Martin, yr. of Auchendennan ; Mr Oswald of Dunuikier ; Professor Wilson ; and iMr
Pettigrew Wilson of Polquhairn. As there was not a quorum of Directors present, the
meeting was adjourned till Wednesday the 12th current.

-ADJOURNED MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 12th APRIL 1876.

Present — Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B. ; Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry ; Mr
Hutchison of Carlowrie ; Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr David Stevenson, C.E. ; Mr Stewart
of Ingliston ; Mr Swinton, Holyn Bank ; Mr Walker of Bowland ; Mr Pettigrew Wilson
of Polquhairn— Mr Swinton, Holyn Bank, in the chair, ]SIr F. N. Menzies reported
apologies for the absence of Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ; Mr Copland, Mill of Ardlethen;
Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A.; and Mr Munro, Faimington.

Agricultural Education. — The report of the annual examination of candidates
for the diploma and certificates in agriculture, which took place on the 21st and 22d
March, "was submitted, from which it appeared that sixteen gentlemen enrolled their
names, that fifteen presented themselves, and that the examinations resulted in the
following passing : —

For Diploma. — Mr R. Lang Anderson, Milliken Park, Renfrewshire ; Jlr Archibald
A. Ferguson, Gosfield, Essex ; Mr John Arthur Maconchy, Rathmore, AughnacliflFe,
County Longford ; Mr Alexander Sutherland, Ramyards, Watten, Golspie,

For First-Class Certificate. — Mr Cecil C, Baker, 2 Bloomsbury Place, London; ^Ir
Robert Carr, Felkington, Norham; Mr Percy H. Cathcart, 16 Oakley Square, London ;
Mr John M'Caig, Kilhilt, Stranraer ; Mr C. E. M. Russell, Ballielisk. Dollar.

For Second-Cla^s Certificate. — Mr Andrew Catton, Couston, Aberdour, Fife ; !Mr
John Fleming, Coate.s, Penicuik; Mr John J. Sharp, Leaston, Upper Keith,

Prizes in Af/ricidiural Class. — A letter was read from Professor Wilson intimating
that, at a special examination for the Society's prizes held on the 31st ultimo, for which
there were fourteen candidates, the prizes were awarded as follow : — Lst prize of L.6 in
books, to Mr Alexander Sutherland, Ramyards, Watten, Golspie; 2d prize of L, 4 iu
books, to Mr John Fleming, Coates, Penicuik.

Chemical Department. — The following letter from Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn,
Bart., was read :—

''Smeaton Hepburn, Prestonkirk, N.B,,
*•' lOth March 1876,

"My dear Menzies, — I have received your letter of the Sth, with excerpt from minute
of Committee in charge of the Chemical Department. Will you be so good as to express
my grateful thanks to the Committee for their much-esteemed expression of their
opinion of my services during my connection with the Committee, and to the Board of
Directors for their cordial approval of it. I feel the more gratified by it as it was quite
unexpected, I beg to assure them that it was with the greatest regret that I felt
myself compelled to resign, — Yours truly,

(Signed) " Thom^vs B. Hepburn.

"F.N. Menzie.s, Esq."

The applications for the office of chemist, together with various letters on the subject,
were remitted to the Conmiittee in charge of the Chemical Department, with instruc-
tions to report and recommen<l if they .see tit.

Veterinary Examination.s. — The Skcui;tary intimated that the annual public exa-
mination of candiilates for tlie Society's veterinary oertiticate, which is oih'U to tht;
students of any veterinary teaclier duly recognised by Goveniment, would be held in
the Society's Hall on Tuesday and Wnlncsdiy, the ISth and llHh current; and that
tlic practif.ll examination would Uike i)hue in Mr I'.uist's auction mart, Lauriston, en
Monday the 17th.

Adkrdken Snow, \hlQ. — Committee of Fitiperintcndence.—'LQiiQV^ to the conveners of
the counties connected with the show, and to the Lord Provost of Abonlccn iu regard
to the nomination of the local committee, were submitted and approved.

EoiNDURon Snow, 1877.— The Board approved of letters being a<ldn>sscd to the
conveners of the counties in tlic district of tlic lldinbui-gh Show in regard to the auxiliary
subscription.

4 PEOCEEDINGS AT BOAKD MEETINGS.

Presentation op Baeometer. — A letter was su"bmitted from Messrs Joseph, Davis,
& Co., 90 and 92 Crampton Street, Newington Butts, London, presenting to the Society
one of their royal polytechnic barometers, in which is incorporated Admiral Fitzroy's
barometer, for use at the Society's hall.

The Directors instructed the Secretary to return their best thanks to Messrs Joseph,
Davis, & Co. for their valuable gift, and to place the barometer in the library.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 3d MAY 1876.

Present — Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, Bart. ; Admiral Sir William J. Hope
Johnstone, K.C.B.; Mr Graham Binny, W.S.; Mr Copland, Mill of Ardlethen; Mr
Hunter of Thurston, Mr Hutchison of Carlowrie, Mr Johnstone of Bodesbeck ; Mr
Bryden Monteith, Liberton Tower Mains ; Mr Munro, Fairnington ; Captain Tod of
Howden ; Mr Walker of Bowland; Professor Wilson — Mr Munro, Fairnington, in the
chair. Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Mr Ferguson, Kinnoch-
try ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Howatson of Dornel ; ]\Ir Irvine of Drum ; Mr Kenneth
Mackenzie, C.A.; Mr Mm-ray of Dollerie ; Mr David Stevenson, C.E.; and Mr Swinton,
Holyn Bank.

General IMeeting. — The half-yearly general meeting of the Society, for the election
of members and for other business, was fixed to le held on the 14th of June, being the
first Wednesday after the closing of the entries for the Aberdeen Show.

Veterinary Department.— The report of the examinations for the Society's veteri-
nary certificate on the 17th, ISth, and 19th April was submitted, from which it appeared
that twenty students presented themselves for examination, and that fourteen passed.
The two medium gold medals given to the students who passed the best practical and
the best general examination were awarded as follow : — Best Practical Eo:amination. —
Robert Rain, Castle-Douglas. Best General Examination. — John M'Fadyean, Barra-
chan, Newton- Stewart.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 7th JUNE 1876.

Present — Mr Graham Binny, W.S.; Mr Dove, Eastfleld ; Mr Findlay of Springhill ;
Mr Findlay of Easterhill; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse; Mr Hunter of Thurston; Mr Hutchison
of Carlowrie ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr Munro, Fairnington ;
Mr Murray of Dollerie; Mr Smith, Stevenson Mains ; Mr David Stevenson, C.E. ; Mr
Swinton, Holjm Bank ; Captain Tod of Howden ; Mr Walker of Bowland ; Mr Petti-
grew Wilson of Polquhairn ; Professor Wilson — ]\Ir Munro, Fairnington, in the chair.
Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Sir Alexander Jardine of Apple-
garth, Bart.; Sir George Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart.; Admiral Sir Wm.
J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B..; Mr Copland, Mill of Ardlethen ; Mr Howatson of Dornel;
Colonel Innes of Learney ; Mr Johnstone of Bodesbeck; Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A.;
and Mr INIartin, yr. of Auchendennan.

General Meeting.— The programme of business for the half-yearly general
meeting on the 14th current was arranged as follows : — Election of members ; arrange-
ments for Aberdeen and Edinburgh Shows ; report of examinations for agricultural
certificates and diploma ; report by Directors on the Chemical Department ; petition by
Professor Blackie in regard to Celtic Chair ; report of examinations for veterinary cer-
tificate, and deputation to the Lord President of the Piivy Coimcil in regard to veteri-
nary charter to be reported ; Volume VIII. (new series) of the Society's Transactions.

New Members. — The list of candidates for election at the general meeting was sub-
mitted, and the Secretary mentioned that he could, in tenns of the bye-laws, receive
additional names iip to the morning of the 14th.

Veterinary Charter. — Captain Tod of Howden, Chairhian of the Veterinary Com-
mittee, reported that on the 24th of May a deputation from the Society waited on the
Lord President of the Privy Council, for the purpose of asking that a charter should be
granted to the Society, by which their powers of granting certificates might be extended
for that of diplomas. Captain Tod added that the Earl of Dalkeith introduced the
deputation, and after various remarks by several members the Duke of Richmond
ai d the memorial should receive his earnest consideration.

Chemical Department. — In consequence of a remit from the last general meeting
regarding the appointment of a chemist, the Directors, on the 2d of Febniary, referred
the matter to the Committee in charge of the Chemical Department. The Committee
reported that the best means of carrying out the insti-uctions of the general meeting was
to advertise for a chemist qualified to organise and conduct the agricultural experi-
mental stations about to be established, and who should devote his whole time to the
Society. This course was approved of by the Directors, who issued advertisements, in

PKOCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS. O

answer to which ten applications, iDesides various letters, were received. These were
carefully gone over by the Committee, who reported that they had considered all the
applications and relative documents, and had come to the conclusion that none of the
applicants combine all the quali^cations necessary for the post of chemist to the Society.
They considered, however, that some of the gentlemen Avho had applied ai'e possessed
in a considerable degree of those qualitications. Under these circumstances the Com-
mittee could not recommend the Directors to appoint any of the gentlemen who had
made application. The Committee also considered the letters received on the subject,
and which were included in the remit to them ; and they were of opinion, if the restric-
tion in regard to the entire services of the chemist being devoted to the Society were
removed, that much more eligible candidates would be induced to come forward. The
Committee also drew the attention of the Directors to the question of the absence of
laboratory accommodation, which is a serious complication in the matter.

The Directors approved of the minute, and resolved to report in terms of it to the
general meeting on the 14th.

Aberdeen Show. — The Secretary stated that he was to attend at the Imperial Hotel-
Aberdeen, on Friday the 9th current, to receive entries and close the list.

Hungarian Method of JIaking Hay.— Letters were submitted from Mr Dudgeon
of Cargen, sending sample of hay made on the Hungarian method. Mr Dudgeon states
that the grass was put into a pit six feet deep, quite wet, on the day it was cut,
covered up to a depth of 18 inches with earth. The pit was opened in the beginning of
May, after having been enclosed for eleven months. He adds that the process appeared
perfectly successful, and though involving a little more expense, it was worthy of con-
sideration, in a wet season, whether it would not be worth while securing at least a part
of the crop in this manner. The sample was shown to the Directors, and can be
seen at No. 3 George IV. Bridge by any member who wishes to do so. Mr Menzies
stated that he had taken some of the hay home, and found that horses and cattle ate it
readily.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 14th JUNE 1876.

~ Present- Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, Bart. ; Admiral Sir William J. Hope
Johnstone, K.C.B.; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Milne Home of Wedderburn ; Mr
Hunter of Thurston ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr Kenneth
Mackenzie, C.A.; Mr Munro, Fairnington ; Mr Oswald of Dunnikier ; Mr Stewai-t cf
Tngliston ; Mr Swinton, Holyn Bank ; Mr Pettigrew Wilson of Polquhairn ; Professor
Wilson ; Mr Wilson, Durn ; Mr Munro in the chair. Apologies were reported for
the absence of Mr Graham Binny, W.S., and Mr Walker of 13owland.

The business had reference principally to the subjects to be brought before the
general meting of this date.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 1st NOVEMBER 1876.

Present— ^\r Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, Bart. ; Admiral Sir William J. Hope
Johnstone, K.C.B, ; Mr Dundas of Arniston ; Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry ; Mr Gillon
of Wallhouse ; Mr Howatson of Dornell ; Mr Hunter of Thurston ; Mr Irvine of
Drum; Mr John Ord Machenzie of Dolphinton ; Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. ; Mr
David Stevenson, C.E.; Captain Tod of llowden ; Mr Pettigrew Wilson of Polquhairn ;
l*rofessor Wilson— Mr Pettigrew Wilson of Pokiuhairn, in the chair. Mr F. N.
Menzies reported a])ologies for the absence of the Hon. G. R. Vernon, Auchans House ;
Sir George Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart. ; Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ; Mr
Cochrane, Little lladdo ; Mr Dove, EastJleld ; Mr Hutcheson of Carlowrie ; Mr Mac-
kenzie of Portmore ; Mr Martin, yr. of Auchendenuen ; Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr
Swinton, Holyn Bank ; Mr Walker of 13owland.

Before proceeding to the business on the programme the following resolutions were
unanimously piuised : —

TuK Late Marquis of Tweeddale.— " That the Directors of the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society of Scotland desire to expre.ss tlie deep and sincere regret with which
they have received the information of the dt-ath of tlu'ir late President, the Most Noble
the Man|uis of Twteddaic, K.T., G.C.H. That the Society having in the minutes of
the general meeting hold on the 15tli of January 1873, recoided, uiKin his Lordship's
retiring from the ollice of President, tlieir sense of the great importance of the assistance
which lie had rendered to the Society by his presence anil services at many general
.shows of the Society, and at numerous public meetings, for reports on various subjects,
and for the Zealand ability with wliidi he had uniformly ])roii)ott'd the cflicit'ncy and
prosperity of the Society, it only remains for the Directors to deplore the loss they, the

6 PROCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS.

Society, and the nation have now suffered by the death of one who had been for sixty-
eight years connected with tlie Society, and who had rendered so many eminent services
to his country, both as a soldier apd an agriculturist."

The Late Sir James IIoen Burnett, Bart. — "■ That the death of Sir James Honi
Burnett of Leys, Bart. , having been communicated to the Directors of the Highland
and Agricultural Society of Scotland, they resolved to record their sincere regret for his
loss, and their sense of the obligations which the Society owed to him, both as an ordi-
nary and extraordinary director."

The Late Mr Baird op Auchmedden. — " That the intimation of the death of Mr
James Baird of Auchmedden, having been made to the Directors of the Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland, they resolved to express their sorrow for his loss, and
their sense of his services as a member and a director of the Society."

The Late Mr Gibson, Woolmet. — " That the Directors of the Highland and Agri-
cultural Society of Scotland have to record their sense of the severe loss occasioned
to the Society by the death of Mr John Gibson, Woolmet, one of their number.
That the Society having at the general meeting on the 17th of January 1872 ex-
pressed, on Mr Gibson's resignation of the office of Chairman of the Machinery Com-
mittee, the sense they entertained of the zealous discharge of his duties on the occasion
of the general shows since 1864, the Directors have only now to lament the loss they
have sustained by the removal of one who took the deepest interest in the Society, and
Avhose presence at their meetings was of great benefit to it,"

That these resolutions be engrossed in the minutes of the Society, and that the Secre-
tary be instructed to transmit a copy of them respectively to the Marquis of Tweed-
dale ; Lady Burnett of Leys ; Mrs Baird of Auchmedden ; and Mr Andrew Gibson.

Celtic Chair. — At the general meeting in June last a petition having been read from
Professor Blackie urging the claims of the Celtic Cliair, it was agreed that, in respect
the encouragement of Celtic literature was one of the original objects of the Society, the
Directors should be empowered, if they found that the Society could spare the funds, to
contribute 100 guineas towards the scheme in question, such subscription to be paid at
once, or in a series of instalments, as might be deemed most expedient. On the recom-
mendation of the Finance Committee, the Board agreed to pay the subscription in one
sum, and that it should be included in the current j^ear's account.

Chemical Department. — The resolution of the last general meeting approving of the
report of the Directors, and agreeing to rescind the restrictions imposed at the general
meeting in January in regard to the services of the chemist to be appointed being entirely
devoted to the Society, and various letters on the subject, were rejnitted to the Committee
in charge of the Chemical Department.

Veterinary Department. — The Secretary reported that the preliminary examination
of students for the Society's veterinary certificate took place on the 11th and 12th July,
when forty-one students entered their names for examination, and twenty-seven passed.

Agricultural Education. — The examination of candidates for the Society's bursaries
was held on the 27th October, when Mr Robert Lyall, Catchery Watten, Caithness ; and
Mr William Reekie, Walton, Fife, passed for a bursary of L.20 each; and Mr D. G.
Braidwood, Parduvine, Mid-Lothian, for one of L.IO. The bursaries are tenable for one
year. By the regulations Messrs Lyall and Reekie require to take the classes in the
Edinburgh University necessary to qualify for the Society's, certificate or diploma, and
Mr Braidwood's bursary is given on the understanding that he continues his studies and
qualifies for examination next year. The examinations were conducted by Professor
Wilson, Professor Balfour, and Dr William Stirling. The Board approved of the report.
Glasgow Show, 1875 — Shorthor^i Cows. — The third premium awarded to Mr
Hutchinson, Manor House, for " Dairy Girl," has been forfeited, the animal having
failed to produce a calf within the specified period. The premium has been transferred
to Mr Beattie, Newbie House, for " Cherry Queen."

Two-year-old Shorthorn Heifers. — The second and third premiums, awarded respec-
tively to Mr Tweedie, Deuchrie, for "Red Tulip," and to Mr Marr, Upper Mill, for
" Mary Anne 10th," have been forfeited, the animals not having calved within the pre-
scribed time. The second premium has been awarded to Mr Law, New Keig, for
"Dorothy."

T%oo-y ear-old Polled Heifers.— The second and third premiums, awarded respectively
to Sir George Macpherson Grant, Bart., for " Ethel " (1415), and to the Earl of Fife for
*'Pluscarden" (1937), have been forfeited, the animals having failed to conform to
the rules as to calving. The second premium has been transferred to the Earl of Fife for
*'Edith."

Mares in Foal. — The first and fourth premiums, awarded respectively to Mr Gardner,
Boghead, for " Jess," and to Mr Lang, Garneyland, for "Nancy," have been forfeited,
the animals not having proved in foal. The first premium has been transferred to Mr
Suter, Collie ; the second to Mr Clarke, Spindlehowe ; and the third to Mr Murdoch,
Hilton.
Aberdeen Show, 1876. — Jwarc^s.— The Directors approved of the awards at the late

PEOCEEDINGS AT BOAED MEETINGS. 7

show at Aberdeen, and the Chairman was authorised to sign orders for the money
premiums, which the Secretary was instructed to issue, along with the medals, as early as
convenient.

Supply of Forage. — The Secretary was instructed to compliment Mr Williamson,
Standingstones, Dyce, for the admirable manner in which he, as the contractor on the
occasion, carried out the supply of the forage, which was all of excellent quality.

Edinburgh Show, 1877. — It was remitted to the Committee on General Shows to
arrange the premiums and adjvLst the regulations for the show to be held at Edinburgh
next year.

Proposed Show at Dumfries in 1878. — Requisitions for a show to be held at Dum-
fries in 1878, signed by proprietors, farmers, and others connected with Dumfriessnire,
the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, Wigtownshire, and the town of Dumfries, were laid
upon the table. The Board resolved to recommend the next general meeting to comply
with tlie prayer of the requisition, • and it was remitted to the Committee on General
Shows to prepare the classes of stock for whicli premiums should be offered.

Dairy Exhibiton at Hamburg. —A letter was read from the Science and Art Depart-
ment, Loudon, transmitting a translation of a conmiunication which had been addressed
to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs by the German Charge d'Affaires respecting an exhi-
liition of dairy produce and utensils to be lield at Hamburg in February next, and
expressing their Lordships' hope that the Directors would be disposed to use their
iuiiuence in furthering the objects of the proposed exhibition in such a manner as may
be found practicable. The Secretary stated tliat the exhibition would embrace, among
•other things, fresh and salt butter, different kinds of cheese, all instruments w'liich are
required in dairy labour, as well as those which are required in keeping and \ising
milk cattle, milking utensils, the various utensils and vessels used in the keeping of
horned cattle, as well as in the production and consumption of milk, means of trans-
port of milk ; that more exact information with regard to the exhibition, the notice to
■exhibitors, and the time of the exhibition would soon be made public ; and that in the
meantime the papers sent could be seen on application at the Society's office, 3 George
IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

Agricultural Plant. — A description of an agi-icultural plant for cattle-feeding and
for paper-making, by Mr William Gorrie, Rait Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh, was read.

Raeburn Exhibition. — The Secretary reported that during the time the meetings
of the Board were adjourned the Committee in charge of the Raeburn Exhibition had
requesteil the loan of the picture by Sir Henry Raeburn of the late Mr Macdonald of
*St Martins (the original secretary of the Society) ; that he had communicated with the
members of the Board individually, who had all cordially agreed to lend the picture
for the purposes of the exhibition ; and that it had been insured for L.800, though no
money could replace so fine a work of art. The Board approved of wliat had been
<lone in the matter.

Miscellaneous Remits, — The following remits were made :— To the Committee on
Office-Bearers, to report on vacancies and suggest list for 1877 ; to the Committee on
Essays and Reports, to read and report on the papers lodged in 1876, and to revise the
list for 1877 ; to the Committees on District Competitions and on Cottages and Gar-
<lens, to revise the awards for 1870, and consider the applications for 1877.

District Shows. — The premiums awarded for brood mares in the district of
Buchan and in the county of Kinross at the competitions held in 1875 were reported to
Iiave been tinally adjudged as follows : — District of Buchan — 1, Mr Alexander Bruce,
Millhill ; 2, Mr George Greig, Middlethird ; 3, Mr William Anderson, Oldtown of
Aquharnie. County of Kinross — 1, Mr J. S. Stenhouse of North Fod ; 2, Mr Thomas
Beveridge, Balado ; 3, Mr 11. K. Anderson, Burleigli.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 6th DECEMBER 1876.

Present— ^vc Alexander Jardine of Applegartli, Bart. ; Mr Erskine of Cardross ;
Mr Findlay of Easterhill ; Mr Fimllay of Sjjringliill ; Mr tldlon of Wallliouse ; Mr
ilunter of Thurston; Mr Maxwell Inglis of Logan Bank; Mr >hickt'ii/,i{' of Port-
more; Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. ; Mr Munro, Fairnington ; Mr Murray of
Dolk-rie; Mr Smitli, Stevi-nson Mains; Mr David Stevenson, C.PL : Mr Stewart of
UiL,'lihton ; Mr Swinton, llolyubank ; .Mr Walker of Bcnvland, C.B. ; .^^r Pettigrew
Wilson of Pohiulmirn ; Professor Wilson— Mr Munro, Fairnington, in tlie chair. Mr
F. N. Mi:nzik.s reported apologies for llie absence of Sir George Macplierson Grant,
Bart.; A<lniiral Sir William J. Ho]>e Johnstone, K.C.B. ; Mr (irahani Binny, W.S. ;
Mr Howat.son of Doniel ; Mr llutchi.son of Carlowrie ; .Mr .Martin, yr. of Auchen-
ilennen ; .Mr Campbell Swinton of Kinunergliame, and Captain Toil of Howden.

Ik'fore i)roeeeding to tlic business of the meeting, the following resolutioiis were
imanimously passed : —

8 PROCEEDINGS AT EOAED MEETINGS.

The Late Mr JoHNSTO^^: of Bodesbeck. — "That intimation of the death of Mr
James Johnstone of Bodesbeck, one of their number, having been made to the Direc
tors of the Highland and Agricultural Societj^ of Scotland, they resolved to express
their sorrow for his loss, and their sense of his services as a member of the Board."

The Late Mr Hope of Bordlands. — " That the death of Mr George Hope of
Bordlands having been communicated to the Directors of the Highland and Agricul-
tural Society of Scotland, ihej resolved to record their deep regret for his los"^, and
their sense of the obligations which the Society owed to him as a director, a member of
council, and an examiner in agricultural education."

That these resolutions be engrossed in the minutes of the Society, and that the Secre-
tary be instructed to transmit a copy of them respectively to the families of Mr John-
stone and Mr Hope,

Board and General Meetings. — The next Board meeting was fixed to be held on
tlie 10th instead of the 3d, and the anniversary general meeting on the 17th of January
1877.

Finance. — The Secretary, in submitting a statement of the funds at the close of the
financial year on the 30th November reported that the books and vouchers had been
placed in the hands of Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., the Society's auditor.

Office-Bearers for 1877. — The report by the Committee on Office-bearers for 1877
was given in, and the Secretary was instructed to communicate with the noblemen and
gentlemen suggested to fill the vacancies which occur in January- next before pub-
lishing their names.

Chemical Derart:ment. — It was reported that at a meeting of the Committee in
charge of the Chemical Department on the 29th ultimo, it had been remitted to the Con-
vener and Secretary to look out for suitable ground for conducting experimental
stations, and the Secretary stated that he would be glad to receive offers of ground for
the purpose.

General Suov^s.—Udiniuryh Shoic, 1877. — At the last meeting of the Board it wa-s
remitted to the Committee on General Shows to consider and arrange the premiums to
be offered next year at Edinburgh. The Committee held its meeting on the 15th
November, and have suggested premiums to the amount of about L. 2700, being an
increase of L.llOO over what was offered at Edinburgh in 1869. The list was approved,
and will be submitted to a meeting of members to be held in the Society's hall, No. U
George IV. Bridge, on Wednesday the 27th current, at 1.30 P.M.

Dumfries I'Slimv. — The classes for the proposed show at Dumfries in 1878, as sug-
gested by the Committee on General Shows, were submitted to the Board previous to
being laid before a meeting of membars to be held at Dumfries on Wednesday the 20th
cuiTent, at one o'clock.

District Shows. — The reports by the Committees on District Shows and on Cottages
and Gardens, detailing the awards at the various competitions held during 1876, and
suggesting the districts in 1877, were submitted and approved.

Transference of Premiums. — The Secretary stated that in the poultry awards at
the Aberdeen show the first premium for grey dorking pullets was (in accordance
with the report signed by the Judges and attending members) stated to have been
awarded to Mr James Aimand, Keith, and the second to Mrs George Armitstead,
Inchmartine, but that the first prize ticket was placed on the pen belonging to Mrs
Armitstead, and the second on that belonging to Mr Annand ; and that, alter com-
municating with the Judges and these parties, it had been agreed that the prize tickets
had been correctly placed, Mrs Armitstead being declared the winner of the first prize.
The Board approved of the transference.

International Dairy Exhibition at Hamburg.*— Copies of the programme of
this exhiljition were submitted, from which it appeared that application for exhibit-
ing must be made at latest by the loth of December, addressed to " The ExhibMon
Committee for the International Dairy Exhibition, Hamburg ;" and that printed
forms will be sent post free by the office of the Executive Committee on application.
The exhibition Avill be opened on Wednesday the 28th of February 1877, and following
days.

MEETING OFDIPvECTORS, 10th JANUARY 1877.

Present— 8h James Dalrj^mple H. Elphinstone of Logie-Elphinstone, Bart., M.P. ;
Sir Thomns Gladstone of Fasque, Bart. : Admiral Sir William J. Hope Johnstone,
K.C.B. ; Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ; Mr Gillon of Wallhouse ; Mr Howatson of Dornel;
Mr Hunter of Thurston ; Mr Hutchison of Carlowrie ; Mr Mackenzie of Portmore ; Mr
Kenneth JMackenzie, C.A. ; Mr Martin, yr. of Auchendennan ; Mr Bryden ]\Ionteith,
Liberton Tower Mains ; Mr Munro, Fairnington ; Mr Murray of Dollerie ; Mr Oswald
of Dunnikier ; Mr David Stevenson, C.E. ; Mr Swinton, Hol}^ Bank ; Captain Tod of

PEOCEEDINGS AT BOARD MEETINGS. 9

Howden ; Mr Pettigrew Wilson of Polquhairn ; Professor Wilson. — Mr ISIunro, Faim-
inoton, in the chair. Mr F. N. Menzies reported apologies for the absence of Sir
Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, Bart. ; Professor Balfour ; Mr Ferguson, Kinnoch-
ry ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; and Mr Walker of Bowland.

Death of Mr Dickson, Hermiston. — Before proceeding to the business of the day,
the Directors resolved to record in the minutes the deep regret with which they regard
the death of Mr Alexander Dickson, Hermiston, and to express their sense of the valu-
able services which the Society had for so long a period received from him as a member
and Directo '.

Office-Bearers. — The Secretary reported that the names of the noblemen and
gentlemen to be proposed by the Directors at the general meeting on the 17th curt., to
till the vacancies in the list for 1876, had been published in terms of the Bye-
Daws,

General Meeting. — The programme of business to be brought before the anniver-
sarj' general meeting on Wednesday the 17th current was arranged.

New Members. —The list of candidates for admission as members at the general
meeting was submitted.

Finance.— The Secretary stated that the abstracts of the accounts for 1875-76 had
been signed, in terms of the bye-laws, by two members of the Finance Committee, and
by the auditor.

Chemical Department. — The report by the Chemical Committee was submitted
and approved. (See report at general meeting, 17th January 1877.)

Edinburgh and Dumfries Shows. — The Secretary stated that at a meeting cf
members connected with the three Lothians, held on the 27th December, the premium
list and regulations for the general show to be held at Edinburgh on 24th of July, and
three following days, had been submitted and approved ; and that at a meeting held
at Dumfries on the 20th of December, the classes of stock as arranged by the Directors
were approved, subject to the following suggestions : — 1. That in place of only one
section for Galloway cows of any age, tliere should be two— viz., cows calved before
and cows calved after 1st January 1875. 2. That in the Ayrshire breed there should
be a section for three-year-old cows in milk. 3. That in fat stock a section for two-
year-old Galloway heifers should be added. 4. That there should be four sections for
Liiicolns, same as Border Leicesters. 5. That in place of wether hoggs of any cross
not above one shear there should be two sections— viz., half-bred wether hoggs not
above one shear, and cross-bred wether hoggs not above one shear. 6. That imder
wool there should be an additional sectionfor best woolled tup of any other long-
wooUed breed. 7. That a class for dairy produce shoukl be added with eight sections,
as follow— Cured, powdered, and fresh butter ; Cheddar cheese ; Cheddar cheese, 14
11). and under ; Dunlop cheese ; cheese of any other variety ; cheese, flat make, any
variety, under 15 lb. The Directors agreed to add the above classes, and to extend the
four sections sanctioned for Lincolns to Leicesters, Cotswolds, Southdowns, and
Shropshires, it being understood that the amount of money granted to these classes shall
not be increased.

Works on the Agriculture of Italy and Great Britain.— Letters were sub-
mitted from the Director of the Italian Agricultural Office, sending copy of work in
two volumes on the agricultural conditions of that country from 1870 to 1874, together
with an atlas of the ])rincipal cultivated grounds in Italy ; and from Herr Theodor
Koerner, Thorn, West Prussia, presenting a copy of a publication by him on the agri-
culture of Great Britain.

MEETING OF DIRECTORS, 17tii JANUARY 1S77.

Present— The Duke of Buccleuch, K.G.; Sir William Forbes of Craigievar, Bart, :
Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, Bart. ; Admiral Sir William J. Hope John-
stone, K.C.B. ; Mr Graham Binny, W.S. ; Mr Cochrane, Little Haddo; Mr Copland,
Mill of Ardlethen ; Mr Erskiue of Cardross ; Mr Ferguson, Kinnochtry ; Mr Gillon of
Wallhouse ; .Mr .Milm- Home of Wedderburn ; xMr Hunter of Thurstoiie ; Mr Hutchi-
son of Carlowrie ; Colonel Innes of Learney ; Mr Irvine of Drum ; Mr Mackenzie of
Portmorc ; Mr Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A. : Sir Murray of Dollerie ; Mr Smith, Steven-
son .Mains ; Mr David Stevenson, C.E. ; Captain Tod" of Howdi-n ; Mr Pettign-w Wil-
son of Pol(|uliairn ; J 'roft'ssor Wilson.- Mr Mackenzie of I'ortniore in the chair. Mr
F. N. Mk.nzies reported apologies for the absence of tlie Hon. G. R. Vernon; Sir
George Macj.lier.snn (! rant, Bart. ; .Mr Howatson of Dornel ; Mr jMaxwell Inglis of
Loganbank ; Mr .Martin, yr. of Auchendennan ; and Mr Munro, Fairnington.^

The business liad reference principally to the subjects to bo brought before the
general meeting of this date.

PPtOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

GENERAL MEETING, 14th JUNE 1876.

]\Ir John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso, senior Ordinary Director, in the Chair.

New Members. — 137 gentlemen were balloted for and elected.

Address to the Prince of Wales.^ — The Chairman said — Before proceeding Avith
the business of the meeting, I have to state that the Directors have prepared an
address for presentation to the Prince of Wales on his return from India, and which
•will be laid before the Society for its approval.

Mr F. N. Menzies, Secretary, then read the address, as follows : —

''To His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales'.
" May it please your Royal Highness, ^ — We, the Highland and Agricultural Society
■of Scotland, incorporated by Royal Charter, in general meeting assembled, humbly
desire to offer to your Royal Highness our sincere congratulations on the occasion of
your return from your visit to India. When your Royal Highness graciously cou-
i;ented to become the President of our Society, we recognised in that act an earnest of
your solicitude to promote the prosperity of the country, as founded on the progress
of industry and the cultivation of the useful arts. We gratefully bear in remembrance
that it has been under the l)enehcent sway of your royal ancestors that the industry of
this country has been most favoured, and that agriculture, commerce, and all the arts
of life have been most successfully cultivated. In like manner, we trust that from
your visit to India, and your attention to the interests of that countrj', still greater
advances may be made towards that solid strength of the State which is founded on
the numbers, enterprise, and opulence of the people. It was extremely gratifying to
lis to hear of the cordial and loyal welcome accorded to your Royal Ilighness by all
classes of Her Majesty's Indian subjects, and we sincerely pray that the result may be
to secure during ages to come that permanent attachment to the Crown which has
lieen evinced on the present occasion. — Signed at the desire and in the jDresence of a
general meeting of the Society held at Edinburgh on the 14th day of June 1876.

"John Munro, Chairman."
The address was unanimously adopted.

Death of Sir Alexander Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart. — It was
j-esolved by the Society, before proceeding to the business on the programme, to record
in their minutes the deep regret with which they regard the death of Sir Alexander
Charles Ramsay Gibson-Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart., and to express their sense of
the valuable assistance which the Society has for many years received from him as a
Director and as a member of the Council on Agricultural Education. The meeting
directed that a copy of the resolution be transmitted to Lady Gibson-Maitland, with
their respectful condolence with her and her family under so painful a bereavement.

Arrangements for the Aberdeen Show. — Mr Gillon of Wallhouse said — I have
to report that the arrangements for the Aberdeen show are progressing satisfactorily.
There was at one time some difficulties as to the Society's getting the use of the links
for a showyard, but these have been overcome. The showyard will be erected by I\Ir
Richardson of Annan, who has been the contractor for the last four years. Mr Rich-
iirdson will thus complete the period for which the contract was let — nam.ely, five years.
The following is a comparative statement of the entries at Aberdeen in 1868 and on the
present occasion : —

1868 1876

Cattle, . . • . . .373 424

Horses, . . . . .139 227

Sheep, . . . . .632 448

Swine, ..... 57 84

Poultry, . . . .480 520

Implen;euts, .... 1158 1812

PEOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 11

The several sub-committees, as well as two attending members oneacliset of judges,
were appointed at a meeting of the Geueral Committee of Superinteudance, iield at
Aberdeen on Friday last. The following are the committees appointed : — Admission
of iSlock — Mr Thomson, Newseat of Duiiibreck (convener); Mr Salraond, Nether Bal-
I'our ; Mr G. J. Walker, Portlethen. Admission of the Public — Sir William Forbes
of Cragiever (convener) ; Provost Annand, Inverurie ; Sherift' Thomson ; Bailie
Donald ; Mr W. Paul, Advocate ; Mr Cronibie of Grandholm ; Mr' Paterson, Auld-
town of Camousie ; Mr Farquharson of Haughton. Banq^iet — Lord Provost Jamieson
(convener) ; Sir J. D. H. Elphinstone of Logie Elphinstone, Bart., M.P. ; Mr Irvine
of Drum : Colonel Ferguson of Pitfour ; Colonel Piamsay of Barra ; Dean of Guild
Walker ; Lord Kintore ; and Mr Grant of Drumminor. Ball — Sheriff Thomson (con-
vener) ; Sir William Forbes of Cragievar, Ba'.-t. ; Colonel Farquharson of Invercauld ;
the 3Iarquis of Huntly ; the Earl of Aberdeen ; ]\Ir Davidson of Desswood ; and Mr
W. Paul. Forage Yard—^lv Cochrane, Little Haddo (convener) ; Mr Campbell,
Kinellar ; and Mr Macdonald, factor, Cluny. Police — Lord Provost Jamieson (con-
vener). Bailie Donald, and the Dean of Guild. fAccoinmodation of Strangers —
Bailie Donald and the Dean of Guild. The following gentlemen have-been appointed
attending members on the judges of the various classes of stock:— Shorthorn — Mr
Lyall, Old Montrose ; and Mr Copland, I\Iill ef Ardlethen. Polled Angusor Aberdeen
— Colonel Piamsay of Barra, and 5lr Cochrane, Little Haddo. Gallmoai/ — Mr Farqu-
harson of Haughton, and Mr Leslie, Corskellie. Ayrshire — Colonel Innes of Learney,
and Mr Walker, Ardhunkart. Highland Cattle and Bloxkfaxed Sheep — Mr Grant of
Drumminor, and Mr Macdonald, factor, Cluny. Fat Stock — ^[r Stuart of Laithers,
iind Mr Lumsden, Braco. Clydesdale Horses — Colonel Ferguson of Pitfour, and [Mr
Mitchell, Auchnagathle. //z^t^^rs— Provost Wood, Banff; and Mr Adamson, Balqu-
Jiarn. Cheviot Sheep — Mr Leslie of Warthill, and Mr Campbell, Kinellar. Border
Leicesters — Mr Hannay of Gavenwood, and Mr Singer, Ptothmaise. Southdoivn and
other Short-vjoolled Sheep — Mr M'Combie of Easter Skene, and Mr Davidson, North
Leys, Sicine—^lx Nicol of Ballogie, and Mr Alexander, Bent of Haulkerton. Poul-
try— Mr Scott of Brotherton, and Mr Cowie, Cromblybank. Implements — Mr Gordon
of Newton ; Mr Innes of Ptaemoir ; Mr Auld, South Auchenclech ; Mr Douglas, Haddo
House ; Mr Wilken, Waterside of Forbes ; and Mr Smith, West Drums.

The report was a<lopted.

Edinburgh Show, 1877. — The arrangements for next year's show, so far as yet
made, are entirely satisfactory. The list of classes of stock, for which premiums will
afterwards be offered, has been some time before the public. The counties
embraced in the show have all agreed to a contribution in aid of the Auxiliary
Fund.

The report was adopted.

Agricultural Education. — Mr Irvixe of Drum, in the absence of Professor Bal-
four, reported the result of the examinations for the Society's agricultural certificate
and diploma, and for the prizes awarded in the agricultural class.

Chemical Department.— Mr C. J. AL^vckenzie of Portmoreread the following re-
port as to the Chemical Department : — "On behalf of the Committee in charge of the
Chemical Department, I regret to have to report that Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn
Las resigned the Chairmanship of that Committee, The Directors were unanimous in
requesting Sir Thonias to reconsider liis resignation ; but as he adhered to it, the Direc-
tors were reluctantly obliged to accept it, and appointed me to discharge the duties of
that ollice. The Committee at their first meeting thereafter passed the following re-
solution : — 'The Committee cannot commence their report without expressing their
regret at the loss of the valuable services of Sir Thomas Buchan Hepburn, who took so
lively an interest in the Chemical Department, and who has for many years devoted so
much time to the duties devolving upon him, first as a Member, and latterly as Con-
vener of the Committee.' This resolution was cordially approved Ijy the Board, and
will, I am sure, be as warndy passed by you. (Aj>i)lause.) I have now to report that,
in consecjuence of the remit from the last General Meeting regarding the appointment
of a chemist, the Directors, on tlie 'Jd of Fel)ruary, referred the matter to the Com-
mittee in charge of the Chemical Department. The Committee reported, on 2-"M
Feiiruary, tliat the best means of tarrying out the instructions of the General
Meeting was to advertise for a chemist <iualilied to organise and conduct the agricul-
tural exi)erimental stations about to be estal>lished, and who should ilevote his whole
time to the Society ; and they also i)rei)ared a note of the duties of the chemist in ac-
cordance with the directions of the (Jeneral .Meeting. This course was approved of by
the Directors, who issued advertisements, in answer to which ten ai>plications, besides
various letters, were received. These were carefully gone over by the Committee,
who reported on the 31st of May that they had considered all the ajiplications and
relative documents, and had come to the conclusion that none of the a{>plicants corn-
bin j all the qualifications necessary for the ]>ost of chemist to the Society. They
considered, however, that some of the geatlemeil who had applied were possessed in a

12 PEOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

considerable degree of those qualifications. Under these circumstances the Committee
could not recommend the Directors to appoint any of the gentlemen who had made
application. The Committee also considered the letters received on the subject, and
which were included in the remit to them ; and they were of opinion if the restriction
in regard to the entire services of the chemist being devoted to the Society were re-
moved, that much more eligible candidates would be induced to come forward. The
Committee also drew the attention of the Directors to the question of the absence of
laboratory accommodation, which was a serious complication in the matter. The Com-
mittee's report having been submitted to the Directors at their meeting on the 7th
instant, they approved of it, and resolved to report in terms of it to this meeting."
I have now to move — '• That the Society approve of the report of the Directors, and
agree to rescind the restrictions imposed at last General Meeting in regard to the services
of the chemist to be appointed being entirel}^ devoted to the Society."

Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegarth seconded the motion.

Mr D. Milne Home of Wedderburn said he was sorry to say that he could not agree
to the motion proposed by Mr Mackenzie— in the first place, because, looking at the
proposal, he considered it highly inexpedient, irrespective of anything that had been
done by the Society before, and also because it was entirely inconsistent with the reso-
lutions that had been come to at the last two General Meetings. The proposal was that
the Society should appoint a chemist with a salary of L.300, and be allowed to take
other employment from other parties, and at the same time to receive remuneration
from them. That was exactly the position of the late Dr Anderson. They were aware
that that appointment was universally condemned, because when a chemist had L.300
a year, and also got remuneration from those who chose to employ him, it was very
natural that a great deal of the Society's work should be neglected, and that as much as
possible of tlie work of the public should be received. Afterwards, Professor Dewar
was appointed, with a salary of L.150, to assist Dr Anderson. He would ask what was
ever done by Mr Dewar for the Society for the L.150 he received ! The proposal was
that he was to give lectures, engage in field exjDeriments, and make researches in agri-
culture. Now, did he ever carry out these things ? They knew that for years Dr
Anderson was unable to do anything for the Society. There was a sum of L.4o0 a year
paid to two chemists — these being allowed to work for the public ; and the result was
that the Society got no benefit at all from the employment of these parties. How could
they make such an injudicious appointment as was proposed? Every one complained
against a continuance of the system followed by Dr Anderson, and the last two General
Meetings adopted resolutions to the effect that the chemist should be paid with re-
ference to the work he should do. At the last January meeting, the Directors came
forward and asked that they should have leave to make an appointment of a permanent
character. On the motion of Colonel Innesof Learney leave was given only to appoint
a chemist in connection with the experimental stations of the Society, and who would
give his whole time to the work of the Society. That was unanimously carried. The
Directors concurred in it, and he was surprised that they, without any previous notice
that he was aware of, should have made the proposal they had now done, and that at
this meeting they should suddenly propose to rescind the resolution adopted at the last
General JMeeting and ask the Society to allow them to appoint a chemist without giving
them his whole time. The resolution adopted at the previous meeting said that it
was only in the event of experimental stations being established that a chemist was to
be appointed. What did the Directors do? They advertised for a chemist before
they knew that there were to be any experimental stations. He was surprised to hear
in the report reference to stations "about to be established.'' These were not the
words of the resolution. It declared that the whole time of the chemist was to be
devoted to the Society, and he was to be appointed if the experimental stations were
to be established

Mr C. J. Mackenzie read the resolution which had been adopted at the previous
meeting, which stated that the employment of the chemist Avould be limited to the
organisation and management of the stations.

Mr Milne Home said that there had been no stations established by the Society.

Mr Mackenzie said that they had not yet been organised.

Mr Milne Home said there was as yet no prospect of having stations established.
He had asked the Secretary if thei-e was any prospects of having them, but he under-
stood that there was no land offered

Mr F. N. Menzies (Secretary)— On the contrary, I mentioned that there had been
offers made.

Mr Milne Home— Then why has that not been mentioned? The' very first
thing that the Directors should have done was to say whether the stations were to
be established. He would ask, if they appointed a chemist to-day, what work was
he to do ? By the resolution the work he was to be allowed to do was in connection
with the experimental stations. He thought it was most inexpedient to get into the
old track, and especially as it was utterly inconsistent with the resolution come to

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 13

that'itwas''only after the stations were to be arranged that a chemist should be ap-
pointed. The Aberdeen farmers found that they could get five stations, and after
that, and not till then, they employed a chemist. He firmly believed that the Society
would not get stations. In the first place, there was no money for them. The Direc-
tors stated"' that there was to be a sum of L.700 for a chemist and the stations. They
proposed to give L.300 to a chemist, and where was the other L.400? They had
already struck off L. 200 of the L.700, and there was only L.200 left. Was that enough
to carry on the work? He did not think so. They ought first to get the stations,

and then make the appointment

The Chairman — Do you make any motion?

Mr MiLXE Home — No ; I only enter my protest. I warn the Directors that if they
agree to the proposal now made they will hear more of it at next meeting.

Mr C. J. Mackenzie said that a great deal of what Mr Milne Home had stated was
inconsistent with the facts. The Directors had all along been of opinion that they
should have the services of a chemist competent to carry on the stations, and one who
could give his whole time to the work ; but if they failed to get a competent person to
do so, they felt that the next best thing to do was to a]jpoint one who could give
them a portion of his time. As to what Mr ]Milne Home had said as to Dr Anderson
and Mr Dewar, he did not wish to enter into that question, as it was rather a personal
affair. If the Society had sufiieitnt confidence in their Directors to leave to them to
appoint the l>est man they could get to do the work, the Society could only ask them
to give their confidence to the extent proposed, and they might rest satisfied that it
would not be abused. As to what had been said regarding Mr Dewar, that gentleman
was very anxious and willing to do his work, but it was because no work was provided
for him' that he did not do it. Therefore the mere fact that Mr Dewar did not do the
work did not tell against him at all. Mr Milne Home complained that he got no notice
of the present proposal, but the only notice the Directors could give was the publica-
tion in the new.-,papers of the resolution of the last meeting of the Directors, from
which it would be seen that they intended to make the proposal. They had taken the
only means they had of making known their intention. As to the objection that
there Avas no need to appoint a cliemist at present, it struck him that they must liegin
somewhere. It was working in a circle, and they must break it at some point. If
they could not get a chemist to give his advice, what was the \ise of getting the land ?
It was very likely they would get the land gratuitously, and they had no intention to
appoint a chemist till they saw that they could get work for him. They had already
had oflers of land, and they must have powers to appoint a competent chemist before
they arranged as to the stations. They could then put into operation the plans of
Sir Thomas Hepljurn. There were none of the Chemical Committee who could
imdertake the organisation and direction of these matters without the professional
aid of a cliemist ; and if they were allowed to appoint such a man, the Directors
would put him into work at once.

Mr AL\.S0N, Corstorphine Hill, said he did not think that they would get a chemist
fov L.300 a year— L. 500 was more like the sum they should offer. There were many
men who did little or nothing, and little better than labourers, who got L.2 a week for
their work, and how could tliey expect that they could get a man well skilled in
chemistry to do what they wanted for L.300 a year? In connection with this
matter, if they could get one hundred men to give L.IO each, he would be his
share.

Mr Melvin, Bonnington, said he thought there was a good deal of truth in what
Mr Mason ha<l said, and he had always held that there shoidd not be less than L.500
olTered to a chemist. He very much agreed with what Mr Milne had said, but he
did not entirely agree with him. He did not see why the scheme of experimental
stations could be set agoing without a head. He did not supi)ose that they could
a.sk any of the Directors to take the charge. They wante«l an otlicial who could bo
tiken to ta>k if the work was neglected. A practical agiicultural chemist was the
first person they shouM apjtoint, but he did not see why they should take merely a
portion of hi.s time, which would likely be the fag part of it. They wanted an ener-
getic young man to carry out the organi.sation of the scheme. Profe.ssor Anderson was
a very al>le man in liis own dei>artment, but he did not study agricultural chemistry
in Huch a wav as to .satisfy the wants of the agriculturists of ScDtland. He did not
think that the Society was so very liard up as not to be able to give L.500 a year to
a chemist, lie hatl seen that within the last ten years they had ad<UMl nearly
L.20,0()() t(» th»- funds of the Society. In the year 1864-65 the funds amcnintcd to about
L. 49, 000, an<l in the last report they were stated at L.68.(KK). Here they had L. 19,000
added to the funds of the Society, and he thought that they should not go on
sUirving the ])rogre.ss of science in agricultural matters by hoanling up their money,
but that they might be a little more liberal and give L.500 for the chemist, an<l L.50O
for the exiieiiineiital stations. If they then found it necessary to do more they could
then apply to the liberality of Mr Mu^ou.

14 PEOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

Mr Milne Home said he quite agreed that there must be a chemical head to the
experimental stations. All he said was that they should not malce the appointment
till they had the xjrospect of carrying on the experimental stations, and the money for
carrying them on.

MrC. J. Mackenzie said that the Directors would take care that the chemist would
not be appointed till there was sufficient work for him to do.

Mr Milne Home asked if that limitation would be fixed upon in leaving the matter
in the hands of the Directors.

Mr C. J. Mackeznie said he did not think it was right to fix down the Directors
as was proposed by Mr ^lilne Home ; but he did not hesitate to say that it was their
intention to carry out what he had mentioned.

My 3I1LNE Home said he would agree to what had been proposed, taking into
account the statement by Mr Mackenzie.
Tlie motion by ]Mr Mackenzie was then unanimously agreed to.
The Celtic Chair. — The Secretary read the following petition from Professor
Blackie : —

" College, 2iih May.
"■ To the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland —
" The Petition of John Stuart Blackie, Professor of Greek in the University

of Edinbui-gh.
'^ The Directors of the Highland Society are doubtless aware from the public prints
that a scheme has been put forth for the erection of a Celtic Chair in the University
of Edinburgh, which has received the support of Her I\Iost Gracious Majesty the
Queen, of his Grace the Duke of Buccleuch, his Grace of Argyll, his Grace of Suther-
land, the IMost Noble the Marquis of Bute, and other distinguished members of the
aristocracy ; also of many of the most distinguished scholars in England, Scotland, and
Ireland ; not less of the whole Gaelic people both at home and in the Colonies, as the
papers herewith sent will sufficiently show. It seems therefore only natural, and
would certainly be both popular and politic, that the Highland Society of Scotland,
following up the example early set by the publication of the Scoto-Celtic Dictionary
under their auspices, should not be absent in the roll of those who have so nobly come
forward to aid this patriotic undertaking. The Directors will observe that the pro-
fessorship is not confined to the Celtic literature of the Scottish Highlands, but includes
Irish, Welsh, Manx, and Armenian, and is intended to secure that there shall always
be in the Metropolitan University of Scotland a scholar capable to expound scientifi-
cally the earliest records of British history, and to enable Scotland to take the place in.
the growing science of comparative philology, which her possession of a large Celtic
population seems to call upon her to resume. The Sanscrit Chair, some years ago
created by the liberal intelligence of Dr John Muir, only requires to be supplemented
by the chair of Celtic and a chair of Romanesque languages, to make Edinburgh the
most completely equipped philological school in Britain. Hoping that the High-
land Society will look favourably on the scheme of the University as one in which they
have a special interest, — I have the honour to be, your most obedient,

(Signed) '• John S. Blackie."

The Chairman said that a similar application had been twice before the Directors,
and they did not on either of these occasions see their way to acquiesce in making any
grant. Since a third application had been brought before them, the Directors thought
that the best course to adopt would be to submit the petition to this General Meeting
for its decision.

The Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie— Is the object of this petition embraced
within the charters of the Society ?

The Chairman— There is no mention in the charters of anything of the kind, but in
the original regulations of the Society there was an allusion to Celtic literature.

The Secretary said that in the regulations of 1784 it was set forth that the objects
of this Society shall be — (1) An enquiry into the present state of the Highlands and
Islands of Scotland and the condition of their inhabitants ; (2) an enquiry into the
means of their improvement by establishing towns and villages, by facilitating com-
raimication through different parts of the Highlands of Scotland by roads and bridges,
advancing agriculture, and extending fisheries, introducing useful trades and manufac-
tures, and by an exertion to unite the efforts of the proprietors, and call the attention
of Government towards the encouragement and prosecution of these beneficial pur-
poses ; (3) The Society shall also pay a jDroper attention to the preservation of the
language, poetry, and music of the Highlands." The operation of the Society was
at first limited to matters connected with the improvement of the Highlands of Scot-
land ; but the supervision of certain departments proper to that part of the country
having been subsequently committed to special Boards of Management, several of the
earlier objects contemplated by the Society were abandoned, while the progress of
agriculture led to the adoption of others of a more general character.
Mr Milne Home said he was present at a meeting of the Directors a few weeks ago,

PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS. 15

■when an opinion vras given by the Secretary to the effect that this was a matter within
their province. The "Highland Society of London bad given a sum for aiding the
endowment of this chair, and it was a pity if the Highband Society of Scotland was not
to do something in the matter. He had seen a paper lately showing that not less than
L.8000 had been subscribed for this chair. He iniderstood that L.1U,000 was required,
and after what Mr Melvin had stated regarding their lands, they could surely give
L.50 to aid in what many of the members of the Society had subscribed for out of their
own pockets. They had, as a Society, assisted in the publication of a Gaelic diction-
ary, and of various other Gaelic books, and he thought they coiUd afford to give L.oO
for this object.

Mr A. Campbell Swixtox of Kinimerghame said that the Directors best knevr
whether they could afford this, and if they could give a donation of L.50, it Avould l)e
a graceful thing for the Society to do. It was undoubtedly comprised witliin their
original objects, and their charter was obtained for the purpose of enlarging rather than
diminishing their operations. The Secretary had stated that several of the earlier

objects were abandoned because of the supervision of certain departments

The Secretary — Like the fisheries and manufactures.

Mr Campbell Swintox — I do not think there is any special board of management
which has for its object the promotion and maintenance of Celtic literature. This is
not a Celtic chair in the sense of its being a Gaelic chair, but a chair for a very import-
ant suliject connected with the prosecution'of comparative philology. He did not think
that L.bO would be a great drain on their resources, and the giving of such a contribu-
tion would be a very graceful tiling on the part of the Society.

Mr Mackenzie said that if the meeting was cordially in favour of this suggestion, it
would be an easy matter for the Directors to enquire into the state of their funds, and
say whether they conld see their Avay to give a grant of L.50. Thej' were assured by
one gentleman that Professor Blackie Avould be glad to see the name of the Highland
Society on the list of contributors, although they Avere to spread the subscription over
three or five years. If they were to do that, they might not feel it so much as by
giving the contribution in the lump.

Mr A. Campbell Swinton — I think we may safely leave the matter in the hands of
the Directors. Nobody has expressed any feeling of decided opposition, and the
Directors can again take the matter into their consideration.

Professor Wilson said he wished simply to mention that Avhen this matter was dis-
cussed by the Directors, some one of the members .suggested that L.50 Avould be a
very poor subscription on the part of a Society such as thi.s, and that if they gave
anything at all it should not be less than L.IOO. It was upon that sum being
mentioned that the suggestion was made that the money might be spread over diffepeut
periods.

Mr Mackenzie — I was merely following the lead on the sum that had been mentioned
l)y Mr Milne Home.

Mr Milne Home— Then let it be \inderstood that the Directors have power to give
to the extent of one hundred guineas.

The Hon. G. Waldeguavi: Leslie— It should be remitted to them to see whethei-
such a grant is within the original objects of the Society ; and if so, tliat should be
.stated in giving the grant.

The Secretary — The original objects Avere never rescinded, although the Society is
under a new charter.

Tlie Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie— A statement that it is Avithiu the objects
of the Society Avill shut out endless demands for money.
The i)etition Avas then remitted back to the Directors.

Veterinary Charter. -Captain Tod of Howden then said — I haA-e to report that

on the 2-lth of May a deputation from the Society Avaited on the Lord President at the

Privy Council Ollico, for the purpose of asking that a charter should be granted to tlie

Society, by Avhicli their poAvers of granting certificates might be extended to that of

diplomas. The deputation consisted of the Earl of Dalkeith, >LP.; the Earl of Dal-

housie; the E;irl of Strathmore; the Earl of .Mar and Kellie; the Earl of Southesk; Lord

Oranmore; the Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie; Sir E. Colebrooke, M.P.; Sir William

Ivlmon.stone, Iiart.,>LP.; Sir Thomas Gladstone; Sir Alexander Gordon, M.P.; Sir

William Stirling-Maxwell, M.P.; Sir Graham M«nitgonierv. >Ll'.; Mr Vans Agnow,

M.I'.; .Mr ('. Dahyniple, M.l'.; Mr Mackintosh, M.P.;\Mr M'Lagan. M.P. ; Mr

Uamsav, M.l'.; MrVeanian, >LI'.; .Mr Dundjis of Aruiston ; Caittain Tod : Mr Artluir

E. Paifd; Mr T. A. Dollar, V.S.; Mr Kinlay Dun ; and Mr Men/.ifs. The hiljirl of

Dalkeith introduce<l tlio dojuitation ; and after various remarks by several nu'mb«i"s,

the Duke of P^ichnioml said the memorial should receive his earnest consideration.

The report Avas adopted.

Veteuinarv DeI'ARTMKNT.- Captain Tod renortod tb.at the examinations for the
Society's veterinary certificate took ])la<e on the ITtli, IStli, and ll'th April, Avheii
twenty students presented themselves for examination, ami that the following fourtceu

16 PEOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

gentlemen passed :— Alexander Chivas, Peterhead ; Owen Coll, Bmree, Limerick ;
John Edward Grey, Edinburgh; William Hunter, Newcastle-on-Tyne ; A.J. Kelly,
Navan, County Meath ; William Stuart Low, Burntisland ; James M'Bryde, Mochrum;
John M'Fadyean, Newton-Stewart ; James Murray, Castlehill, Caithness ; Robert
Rain, Castle-Douglas ; Henry Snarry, Malton ; George Watson, Middlesborough ;
George W. Watson, Orkney ; Daniel Webster, Riccall, York. The two medium gold
medals given to the students who passed the best practical and the best general exami-
]iation were awarded as follow : —Best Practical Examination — Robert Rain, Castle-
Douglas. Best General Examination — John M'Fadyean, Barrachan, Newton-Stewart.

This report Avas also adopted.

Steam Cultivation. — The Hon. Geo. Waldegrave Leslie asked if there was any
arrangement for the exhibition at Aberdeen of agricultural implements worked by

.steam ?

The Secretary — I believe there is to be an exhibition of steam apparatus at Aber-
deen if land can be obtained for the purpose.

The Hon. Waldegrave Leslie said he was glad to hear that there was the prospect
of such an exhibition.

Transactions. — Mr Fori es Irvine having had to leave the meeting, Mr F. N.
Menzies laid on the table the 8th volume of the Transactions, and stated that it had
been sent to all members who had applied for it.

The Hon. George Waldegrave Leslie then moved a vote of thanks to the Chair-
man, and the meeting separated

GENERAL MEETING, 17th JANUARY 1877.

His Grace the Duke op Buccleuch and Queensberrt, K.G., in the Chair.

Election of Members.— Eighty-seven noblemen and gentlemen were balloted for
in the manner prescribed by the charter and bye-law, and admitted as members.

Vote of Thanks to the Prince of Wales. -The Noble Chairman moved the
adoption of the following resolution :— " That his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales,
having presided over the Society for the period of four years prescribed by the charter,
thereby sustaining the dignity and promoting the interests of the Society, the cordial
thanks of the meeting are eminently due to his Royal Highness on retiring from office."
His Grace went on to say that it was of very great importance to the country, and also
to the Societj^, that they should have had the advantage of the countenance of the
Prince of Wales as their president. His Royal Highness fully intended to have been
present at the meeting of the Society on one occasion particularly, and he had made
arrangements to attend, Avhen circumstances occurred to prevent him. They must all
deplore his absence, but they knew, from his having accepted the office of president, the
interest he had taken in the Society, and what his feelings were generally with regard
to Scotland.

The resolution was unanimously agreed to.

Election of President.— ]Mr Mackenzie of Portmore said he had much pleasure
in proposing for the office of president of the Society a nobleman worthy in every-
point of view to fill it — namely, the Most Noble the Marquis of Lothian.

Mr Erskine of Cardross seconded the motion. He said he believed it would be the
unanimous feeling of the meeting that a more worthy successor of the Prince of Wales
as president of the Society could not be got than Lord Lothian. They had had many
25roofs of the interest he had taken in the Society, and he believed that imder the noble
Lord's presidency the prosperity of the Society would be continued.

The motion was imanimously agreed to, and the Marquis of Lothian took the chair
id loud applause.

The Noble Chairman said that the first duty that fell to him to perform in his new
office was to thank the meeting in the most cordial manner for electing him president
of the Society. When he first'received the communication from the Directors asking
him if he would accept the office if ofi'ered to him, his first inclination, not as a matter
of feeling merely, but of heart, Avas that there were many others more capable than he
was oiuudertaking the office, but he felt, at the same time, that the matter lay with the
Directors and the meeting; and that if they elected him he could not do otherwise
than accept the office. He could not sufficiently express his gratification at haying
been unanimously elected. At the same time, he felt that the office of president of the
Society was not entirely an honorary one, but that there were responsibilities attached
to it also. He felt the weight of these responsibilities, in consequence of the illustrious
names of those who had held the office" before him, both in regard to position and
experience in agricultural operations. He could, however, say that in accepting the
ofiice to which thev had done him the honour to elect him, it would be his endeavour
as far as he could to advance the objects of the Society. It was impossible but that

PROCEEDINGS AT GENEEAL MEETINGS. 17

in the great work carried on by a Society like this there should be differences of opinion
as to minor details ; but he hoped that during his tenure of office there would be a
unanimous feeling, as far as possible, in the work of the Society, and that it might be
able to carry on that work in which it had hitherto been engaged with much success.

OFFICE-BEARERS. — The following noblemen and gentlemen were elected to fill the
other vacancies in the list of office- V)earers : — Vice-Presidenf.s— The Marquis of T^veed-
dale, the Earl of Haddington, the Earl of Wemyss and March, and the Earl of Rose-
berv. Ordinary Directors — Sir George Douglas Clerk of Penicuik, Bart. ; Sir James
Pt. Gibson- Maitland of Clifton Hall, Bart.; Thomas A. Hog of Newliston ; Anthony
Murray of Dollerie ; Thomas I\Iylne, Niddrie Mains ; William Ptitchie of Middleton ;
Charles Smith, Whittinghame ; and Captain W. J. Wauchope of Niddrie Marischal.
Extraordinary Directors — The Right Hon. Sir James Falshaw, Bart., Lord Provost of
Edinburgh; the Earl of Dalkeith, K.T., M.P.; Lord Elcho, M.P.; the Hon. Charles
Hope of Bridge Castle ; Sir Hew Dalrymple of North Berwick, Bart. ; Sir William
Baillie of Polkemmet, Bart.; Aithur James Balfour of Whittinghame, M.P. ; Robert
Bryson, Master of the Merchant Company, Edinburgh ; Robert Dundas of Amiston ;
and Peter ]\I'Lagan of Pumpherston, M.P. Members of Council on Education— Ftohert
Dundas of Arniston and John Muuro, Faimington.

Deceased Members. — The Duke of Bdcclecch said that in the absence of the
Honorary Secretary, "and in his name, he had been asked to make the following state-
ment : — Before proceeding further to the business on tlie programme, I think it right
that I should briefly refer to the loss sustained by the Society since the last anniversary
General Meeting by the death of several old and respected members in various walks of
life. Among these I have first to advert to the late Marquis of Tweeddale, in grateful
remembrance of whose long and distinguished services, both to the country and the
Society, the Directors embraced the earliest opportunity of testifying their sense and
of expressing their regret at his loss. No person, his Grace went on to say, connected
with the Society could hold a higher place than the Marquis did, or was more
univei"sally esteemed not only by the members of the Society, but by all who had
an opportunity of knowing him and becoming acquainted with his worth. I have
next to notice the names of Viscount Melville and Lord Herries, the Right Hon. Sir
John Stuart of Lochcarron, Lord Neaves and Lord Ardmillan, Sir James Horn Burnett,
Bart.; Sir James Hall, Bart.; Sir Alexander Gibson-Maitland, Bart.; and Sir James
Campbell of Stracathro. And then in alphabetical order I may mention — Mr Baird of
Auchmedden, Mr David Bryce, architect ; Mr Fletcher Campbell of Boquhan, Mr
Dickson, Hermiston ; Mr Gibson, Woolmet ; Mt Hope of Bordlands, Mr Hope John-
stone of Annandale, Mr Johnstone of Bodesbeck, Mr Murray of Geanies, Mr Napier of
Shandon, Mr John Swan, Edinburgh, and Mr David Tweedie, Castle Crawford. In
regard to all those who had been members, of the Board, the Directors have already
passed resolutions expressive of the sense they entertained of their loss. The Directors
having already done that, I think that we of the Society may give expression to our
own feeling of regret. Out of a body comprising upwards of 45U0 members, it will be
easily conceived that it would occupy too much of your time to name all the deaths
that annually occur, but I cannot overlook the Hon. Lady Menzies of Menzies, who has
for many years been an exhibitor at the general shows, and took great interest in the
Society.

The Accounts for 1875-76. — Mr Murray of Dollerie laid on the table the accounts
for 1S75-76, and stated that the abstract for the year showed on the charge side a total
of L.7946, lis., and the discharge L.7061, lis. 8d., leaving a Vtalance in the Royal Bank,
as at November 30, of L.884, 19s. 4d., which would enable the Society to cany on its
operations successfully. The Directors had voted a sum of L.105 to the Celtic Chair.
The accounts of the Aberdeen Show state that the expense to the Society was about L. 650.

The Argyll Naval Fund. —Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope-Johnstone read the ab-
stract of the accounts of the Argyll Naval Fund, which stated that there was a balance
in the bank at 30th November last of L.439 5s. lid,, and he also gave a statement as to
the origin and progre.ss of the .scheme.

AnERDKKN Show, 1876.— Mr Gillon of Wallhouse said— On behalf of the Directors
I have the gratifying duty of reporting that the Show at Aberdeen realised the highest
expectations entertained for its success. As compared with the gi'eat meetings of
former years, it was of equal intere.st. The entries of stock and imjilenunts were
highly satisfactory, both as regards n»ini))ers and (luality. In n-gaid to the iini>Ienients
selected for trial after the Show, 1 may mention that the ^Lachinery Committee have,
after minute ami careful trials, recommended, and that the Directors have confinued,
an award of fifty guineas, on account of the Fisken steam ploughing ta* kle, an ex-
haustive re]i()rt on which will ai)i)ear in the forthcoming volume of the Transactions.
It is well known that several of the oHlce-bearers and others had a great <leal of trouble,
and that they tlischargod their duties to the entire .s-atisfaction of all parties. I have
therefore to move — " 1. That the thanks of the Society be given to the Right Hon. the
Earl of Strathmore, Vice-President, for his attention to the matters of the Al)er<leen

h

18 PROCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

Show, and for having occupied tiie chair at the President's dinner in the absence of His
Eoyal Highness the Prince of AVales. 2. That the thanks of the Society be given tO'
the Right Hon. the Earl of Aberdeen, Vice-President, for acting as croupier on the
same occasion. 3. That the thanlcs of the Society be given to the Commissioners of
Supi^ly for the counties of Aberdeen, Banff, and Forfar for the liberality with which
the Auxiliary Fund was provided. 4. That the thanks of the Society be given to
George Jamieson, Esq., Lord Provost, and the other civic authorities of Aberdeen, for
the aid afforded by them, and particularly for the free use of the Links for the purposes-
of the Show. 5. That the thanks of the Society be given to Alexander Forbes Irvine,
Esq., of Drum, Convener of the Local Committee elected by the counties of Aberdeen,
Banff, Kincardine, and Forfar, for his unsparing exertions, and to the individual mem-
bers of that committee for their judicious arrangements, contributing so effectually to-
the success of the meeting."

The motion was unanimously agreed to.

Edinburgh Show, 1877. — Mr Gillon said — I have next to report that the arrange-
ments for the Show to be held at Edinburgh are proceeding satisfactorily, and the
Directors entertain the hope that the meeting will he the greatest that has yet been,
held in Scotland, and that it will prove in every respect worthy of the city and the
important districts more immediately interested. The period fixed for the Show is from
Tuesday the 24th to Friday the 27th of Julj' next, both days inclusive. On this occa-
sion it is proposed that the yard should be opened on the first day to the public at
eleven in place of one o'clock. The Directors have applied to the Town Council of
Edinburgh for permission to hold the Show on the West Meadow, The application,
has been remitted by the Coimcil to the Lord Provost's Committee, with powers. At
the last Edinburgh Show, in 1869, the sum offered in premiums was L.1660. This year
the list is the largest that has ever been given by the Society, amounting to L.2714,
comprising L. 935 for cattle, L.791 for horses, L.438 for sheep, L. 15 for best-woolled tup.s:
of the Cheviot blackfaced, and Leicester breed (the premium for the best-woolled tups
is a new feature at our Shows, and was introduced on the suggestion of the late
Marquis of Tweeddale), L.93 for swine, L.138 for poultry, and the usual medium gold
medals to former prize animals. The charge for stall rent is under the consideration of
the Board, and will be fixed when the rates of the contract for the erection of the show-
are kno^^•n. In regard to the Implement Department, I may state that money premiums-
and medals are restricted to new inventions or improvements on implements of agri-
culture, horticulture, and forestry. That collections of articles, not agricultural, will
be received for exhibition, but the Secretary is empowered to refuse entries from dealers
in articles not deemed worthy of exhibition. The regulations for stock bear that the
name of the breeder, if known, must be given ; and if the breeder is not kno-\\Ti, a
declaration to that effect, signed by the exhibitor, must be sent along with the schedule,
and no pedigree will be entered in the catalogue when the breeder is unknoAvn, Mr
Dundas of Arniston has been chosen Convener of Local Committee. The competition
for the premium of £50 offered for the best thoroughbred stallion to serve in the three
Lothians has been fixed to be held at Edinburgh on Wednesday the 14th of March.
Entries for this exhibition must be made with the Secretarj^, and will close on the 10th
of March,

Dumfries Show, 1878. — Mr Gillon said — I have finally to report that during the
autumn of last year the Directors received requisitions, influentially and numerously
signed by the proprietors, tenants, and others connected with Dumfriesshire, the
stewartry of Kirkcudbright, and Wigtownshire, to hold the Show for 1878 at Dumfries.
The Board approving of the same, the preparatory stej^s of arranging the classes of
stock, for which premiums will be afterwards be offered, and of submitting them to a
7neeting of members held at Dumfries on the 20th of December last, have been carried
out. From the cordial way in which the gentlemen connected with the district have
taken the matter up, I have no doubt that everything will be done to ensure the same
.success which attended the last meeting held at Dumfries. I have only further to
submit the classes of stock as adjusted by the Board, and to move that the meeting
approve of the Show being held at Dumfries in 1878, and that the Directors be em-
owered to make the usual arrangements.

The motion was agreed to.
' District Competitions. — Mr Campbell Swinton of Kimmerghame said— I have to
submit to the Meeting the report on the district competitions, which shows that the
Society's money premiums or medals have been in operation in 281 districts during the
past year — viz., stock, 32 ; special grants, 6 ; minor premiums and medals, 55 ; plough-
ing competitions, 188. The arrangements made for the current year embrace the
usual premiums to 36 districts for stock, 5 special grants, minor premiums and medals
to 53 districts, besides the plough medal, which is given under certain conditions with-
out previous application. As the details, both of the premiums awarded and of those
offered, will appear in the'forthcoming volume of the Society's "Transactions," I need
only occupy the time of the meeting by moving the approval of the report.

PEOCEEDIXGS AT GEXEEAL MEETINGS. 19

Ml' Mylne, Xifldrie Mains, called attention to the circumstance that the grant of
L.fiO to the Edinburgh Christmas Chib had been withdrawn. The Committee were
very grateful to the Society for the support they had got all along, without which they
would perhaps have not been in the position they now were, and although they had
noAv got a good place for the Show, they were not in such funds as that the grant
.should be withdrawn. Owing to their being imable to give good premiums, the best
animals went past the Edinburgh Show to Birmingham, Sheffield, and Leeds. He
hoped that the Directors would continue the grant.

Mr Campbf:ll Swinton said that this matter had received the very anxious consi-
deration of the Directors, and he would remind his friend Mr Mylue that when the
special grant was first given, it was plainly stated that it was only to be a temporary
grant. The Society had never pledged itself to continue it. A member of the Com-
mittee Avho was connected with the Club had stated that it was now so prosperous that
it might very well do without their aid. If they continued the grant now it might
become a permanent vote, which was never contemplated. The grant was given when
the Club was instituted in order to encourage it ; and it was now so fat and prosperous,
like the cattle it exhibited, that it did not now need the Society's aid.

Mr Paterson of Birthwood said that the grant had been given to those who insti-
tuted the Club in order to assist in carrying it on. They had gone on for ten years.
Two years ago the Club Avas insolvent, and although they had now entered on jM-osperity
to a very small extent, if the Society withdrew the grant he was afraid they had seen
the last of the Christmas Shows. He thought that the money was well spent in the
encouragement of the Show; and he moved that the grant of L.50 be continued.

The Earl of Dalkeith said he thought that his friend Mr Campbell Swinton had
brought forward no really strong argument why the L.50 should be withdrawn. He had
not showni that the Club was misusing the grant, or that tliev could do vrithout it. He
thought it was of very great importance that the Club should be kept going at present
at any rate. They had had great difficulties to contend with, and very bad buildings in
Avhich to show the stock. They had got this year for the first time a very good building
in which to hold the Show, but if the money was withdra\\Ti he believed it would be a
very serious affair for the Christmas Show. Not only Avas there a show of fat stock,
but a large show of poultry at the same time, and he thought that the Highland Society
Avas not in that position that they could not afford the grant. It Avould not embarrass
the Society, and the money Avould be given in a manner Avhich Avould fonvard the agricul-
tural interests in this part of the country. He hojied that unless the Directors had
any very strong reason to give for refusing the grant they Avould be Avilling to recop-^
sider it.

The Secretary stated that the District SIioav Committee had recommended that
the grant to the Club should be continued, but that it should not become permanent.
The grant had been AvithdraAvn because a ncAV member of the Club opposed it, as the
Club Avas now able to meet its OAvn claims.

Mr Bethuxe of Blebo said he hopeil that the Directors AA'ould reconsider their deci-
sion. The Club had noAvgota ShoAvyard Avhich Avas the best in Great Britain ; but
still they required the grant.

The Noble Chaiu.aian said that the balance of the arguments seemed to be in faA'our
of continuing the grant.

It Avas then agreed to restore the grant of L.50 for one year. The report Avas other-
wise approved of.

Cottage CoMPETiTroN.s, — In the absence of the Convener, Mr Mackenzie of Port-
more reported that the money premiums awarded in 1876 amounted to L.13, 10s.
besides eighteen medium and eighteen minor silver medals in fifteen districts ; and
that the premiums to be uti'ered in 1877 amount to L.21, twenty medium sih'er, and
tAventy-eight minor silver medals in sixteen districts. Besides the jn-emiums to cot-
tagers, it is proj)o.se<l to continue the ofler of two gold medals— first, to the proprietors
in Scotlijntl who shall report the i)iiprovement of the greatest num])er of cottages
during 1874, 187r», and 1876 ; and .second, to the proprietor in Scotland Avho sliall
1 ('j)ort tlie erection of the greatest number of approved cottages during the years 1873,
1874, 1875, and 1876.

"Transactions" for 1877. —Mr Irvine of Drum said— I have to report that the
" Transactions" for 1877 (vol. 1) of the new series) is partly in type, and tliat as many
of the i)rize essays and rei)orts whieh Avill be announced to-day will be included ;us,
Avith the j)roceedings, the premium list for 1877, and the list of memVcrs, Avill niake
the volume tlie usual size.

Chemical Dei-ahtmk.nt. — Mr Mackenzie of Portmore read the following
report by the Clieinieal Committee: — On the occasion of tlie general meeting in June
la.st, the rejiort then brought forward narrated the .steps taken by the Directors and
Committee Avitli the view of carrying out the resolution of the general meeting of Janu-
ary 1876. By that resolution it Avill be rciiieiiibered tlie aiipointmeiit of a chemist was
to l)e provisional and for a limited period, and Avas to embrace the entire service of thu

20 PHOCEEDINGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

person employed. As tlie best means of carrying out the resolution tlie Directors
issued advertisements, in answer to which certain applications were received. These
were carefully gone over by the Committee, Avho reported that none of the applicants
combined all the qualifications necessary for the post of chemist to the Society. The
Committee's report was adopted by the Directors, and accordingly a motion Avas made
at last general meeting that the Society should rescind the restriction imposed in regard
to the services of the chemist being entirely devoted to the Society. This motion was,
after some discussion, agreed to, the Chairman of the Chemical Committee undertaking
on the part of the Dii'ectors that no chemist should be appointed till there was suflficient
work for him to do. This resolution was by the Directors, at their meeting on the 1st of
November, referred to the Chemical Committee, who at their first meeting thereafter
remitted to the Chairman and the Secretary to look out for suitable ground for con-
ducting experimental stations. The Committee held a second meeting on the 27th
December, when it was reported as the result of the conference above referred to that a
letter had been addressed to a certain niimber of noblemen and gentlemen in the Lothians
asking if they would be disposed to afford the Society say ten acres of land and labour
for conducting experiments, and that favourable replies had been received from several
of them agreeing to do so, j^rovided they approved of the conditions on which the land
and labour are required. The Society having now got these offers of suitable land is
in a position to proceed at once to establish the experimental stations. The first
object being to discover whether such experimental stations can be worked so as to
produce adequate results, it is of very great importance that whatever is undertaken
should be done thoroughly and well. The present availjible funds are limited, but
there is little doubt that larger resources w^ould be forthcoming should it be satisfac-
torily shown from the working of these pioneer stations that real benefit to the agricul-
ture of the country can be obtained from the establishment on a permanent footing of
similar stations in various parts of Scotland. It should therefore be the object of the
Society to concentrate its efforts, and to undertake in the first instance no more than
can be worked with thorough efiiciency with the funds at its command. It will also
be to the advantage of the experiment that these pioneer stations should be very readily
accessible from the head-quarters of the Society. Until the Directors can ascertain
from practical experience the expense of forming and working these stations, they con-
sider it prudent that they should limit themselves in the first instance to two stations
— the one, say, in Mid- Lothian, and the other in East Lothian. Other stations could
be selected and added should the funds prove sufficient, and should it appear proper
to do so. As regards the size of the stations, they consider that they should be aboixt
10 acres each, which would enable the experiments to be carried out on a sufficiently
extensive scale to ensure fair average results, and they accordingly asked for plots cf
that size in the letters before referred to. Bearing in mind that these experimental
stations are being formed for the benefit of agriculture generally, and with no expecta-
tion on the part of the Society that they will prove remunerative in themselves, it has
been hoped that parties Avill be found willing to aid the Society in its endeavours, by
making arrangements with it in a liberal spirit ; and with such an idea in view th^
Directors think that the following stipulations may be found sufficient : — The Society
should undertake to fence their whole plot in each case with a substantial fence, and
to maintain it as a thoroughly sufficient fence so long as they retain the land ; to pro--
vide all artificial manures, seeds, &c. ; to pay for all labour afforded by the granters of
land at a sufficieut rate to be agreed on ; and to offer them all j)roduce which is over
and above that which may be required for seed, analysis, or experiment, at market
rates in cases where rent is required, and gratis when the land is given free. For its
own security the Society should make the fence round each plot proof against ground
game. The granters of land should undertake to supply labour and implements when-
ever called upon at a full fair rate to be agreed on ; to supply farm yard manure, also
at a fixed rate ; to allow their overseers to protect the plots under the Society's
chemist ; and to continue the occu]3ation of the plots to the Society so long as they
may be required for these experiments, and to relieve the Society of them at" a year's
notice, on condition of their being left in a state at least equal to that in which they
were received. ' The granters of land also to supply house accommodation, or to allow
the Society to put up temporary erections for storage, &c. As regards the appoint-
ment of a chemist to organise and superintend the stations, the Society being now in a
position to commence operations, the Directors propose to proceed at once to select
and appoint a suitable person, so that the coming season may not be lost.

Mr JMiLNE Home of Wedderburn said he was sorry that the Committee had not
afforded sufficient information in the report to enable the Society to form an opinion
on the propriety of the stations. He agreed with the report in regard to the principles
on which the stations should be conducted ; but as to engaging a chemist, they were
not told how he was to be paid imder the arrangement by which only a portion of his
time was to be given to the Society. They had had the experience of a chemist paid
by salary and giving them only a portion of his time when they had Dr Anderson and

PEOCEEDINGS AT GENEEAL MEETINGS. 21

Dr Dewar, and he asked Tvliether during the last two years they rendered any service
to the Society at all. Mr Lawes of Rothamstead, instead of employing a chemist to
manage his experimental farm, which was the best of the kind in the country, em-
ployed an intelligent practical agriculturist, and when chemical analysis was required
application was made to a chemist. At Cirencester the same plan was followed. As
he understood, however, the proposal that the Society should have a practical agricul-
turist had been dropped. It was proposed instead that the stations to be established
should be under the charge of a chemist ; and he wanted to know how that chemist was
to be paid and the other expenses of the stations met out of the £500 available for the
undertaking. He wished that the Directors should give the Society a fuller and more
distinct report.

Mr Charles Dctxcax, Rothesay, thought that as the whole scheme was an experi-
ment, they should give the Directors justice, and an opportunity of carrying out their
intentions for two or three years, after which they should see the result.

Mr Wilson, Edington Mains, said he should have no objection whatever to a tenta-
tive trial ; but the question was, whether they should again appoint a chemist, with a
fixed salary, as a permanent officer of the Society.

Mr Mackenzie said that the appointment of a chemist was to be merely for a
limited period, and as an experiment.

Mr Milne Hume — What salary ?

Mr Mackenzie said the Conimittee were not bound to give the £300, if they could
get the work done for less. Mr Milne Home was himself a member of the Committee,
and under his supervision they might rest assured they would not give more than was
necessary.

Mr Wilson said there was a want of information in the report. If the scheme was
merely tentative, and the Directors would in a year or two bring the matter again be-
fore the Society, he had not the smallest objection to offer to the proposal.

Mr Mackenzie said that there Avas not the slightest wish on the part of the Commit-
tee to withhold information ; but they could not tell what the chemist's salary would
be till they made arrangements with the man. The Society might rest assured they
would do notliing rash. Their whole object was to produce a result worthy of the
Society and of the funds entrusted to them.

Mr Milne Home said that there had been no arrangements made for securing land
for any station whatever, and therefore he did not think the time had yet come for ap-
pointing a chemi.st.

Mr Bethune of Blebo said he was not afraid that the Committee would do anything
rash ; he was afraid that they would do nothing at all.

The Noble Chairm.\n said he thought that after the discussion which had taken
place it might be safely left to the Committee and the Directors to carry out the pro-
posal.

The report was then adopted. ..-y~— .

Agricultural Education.— Professor Wilson reported that Mr Robert Lyall,
Catchery, Watten, Caithnes.s, and Mr William Reekie, Walton, Auchtertool, Fife, had
jjassed for a bursary of L.20 each, and that Mr D. G. Braidwood, Parduviue, Lasswade,
Mid- Lothian, for one of L.20.

The Education Board.— Mr Wilson, Edington Mains, said it was known to every
one present that there was prevailing all over Scotland a strong and growing convic-
tion that the Scotch Board of Education .should be put on a permanent footing, and its
powers enlarged; and he wished to ask whether it might not be well for the b)rectoi"s
of the Highland Society to consider the expediency of concurring with other public
bodies who were moving in this matter, in which they were all interested.

The Noble Chairman sai<l there was no doubt that the question was of the greatest
possiltle interest ; but he felt some difliculty as to the course which should be followe<l,
as he thought it was scjircely within the scope of the Society's functions to memorialise
Govenm)ent in reference to the sultject.

Mr Mn.NE Ho.me said that the Society had a charter enabling them to ]iromoto the
cause of echication, and they spent a great deal of money on instruction giviu in ele-
mentary schools. They voted L.'iSO a year to young men coining from elementary
schools to the Scottish Universities, and so far, he thought, that might give theiu
power to entertain the riutstion. He did not say the Directors shouM take up the
matter now liefore tliem in the way other Ixtdies were «loing, but it might be well that
they should l)t* allowud to consider it as one of great public importance, and Uikc what
8tej)s tliey thought neces.sary.

The Duke of Bucclkuch said tliere was no doubt that the Society was very much
intere.sted in tin- »'<lucation that was alford'd in the elementaiy -^ ' ' He cpute
agreed that the Education Board of Scotland should be niaile imi' , ut and jht-

nianent. A great deal of very u.sefid information might be ininarted to children in the
))aro(hial schools ; but he was afrai<l tlu-se schools were fast drifting into merely ele-
mentary educati.>n, or what was coiunionly calh-d the tliree H's. So long as the greatest

22 PEOCEEDI^sGS AT GENERAL MEETINGS.

number of chilclrc-n got the smattering of education wliicli accorded with a certain code,
the higlier branches were tlirown on one side. He saw no reason whatever wliy in tlie
parochial schools, as formerly, the higher branches of education should not be taught.
The first elements of botany, he might say, would be a very essential thing for children
to learn in an agricultural country, so that they might know the diiference between the
useful plant and the noxious weed. He believed that some of the unfortunate accidents
to children had occurred from ignorance of that subject. He thought there Avasa good
deal in what had been said. Whether they should as a Society move in the matter was
a question to be considered ; but it was a subject Avhich a Society consisting of between
4000 and 5000 members should not entirely ignore. Whatever they found it their duty
to do he hoped they would not hesitate to express the opinion of so large and influen-
tial a body of educated men npon a subject not only to interesting but of such vital
importance to the Avelfare of the country.

Professor Balfour said that the Society was at present doing good work in the way
of education by encouraging young men to come forward and get prizes. Perhaps they
might do more good that way than by petitioning.

The Noble Chairman said that from what had been slated he thought it might be
■within the power of the Directors to apjoroach the Government on the subject. He
would suggest, therefore, that the meeting approve of the question being referred to
the Directors with powers to take such steps as they might deem expedient.

Mr Charles Duncan, Rothesay, expressed his approval of what had been suggested-
by the Chairman.

The proposal was then agreed to.

Veterinary Department. — Captain Tod of Howden said — It will be in the recol-
lection of those "who attended the general meeting in June last, that on that occasion
I reported tliat a deputation from the Society had waited, on the 24th of May, on the
Lord President, at the Privy Council Office, for the purpose of supporting a petition
for a charter to the Society empowering it to grant veterinary diplomas. I regret
that I have now to intimate that the prayer of the Society's petition has been refused.
The letter from the Privy Council Office is in the following terms : —

'' Privy Council Office, 12th December 1876.

" jMy Lord, — I am directed by the Lord President of the Council to inform you that
the Lords of the Council have given their careful consideration to the petition of the
Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, praying for the grant of supplemental
charter ; and I am instructed to state that their Lordships have felt it their duty to
advise her Majesty -not to comply with the prayer of the petitioners. — I have the
honour to be, my Lord, yonr Lordship's obedient servant,

(Signed) " C. L. Peel.
•• " The Earl of Strathmore, Vice-President, '

Highland and Agricultm-al Society of Scotland. "

This communication was before the Directors on Wednesdaj- last, when it was re-
mitted for the consideration of the Society's Veterinary Committee. It is not for me
to say what further steps the Committee may recommend, or the Directors adopt ; but
I may venture to state that I consider the Society is in a manner bound, in the mean-
time, to continue the examinations.

The Duke of Buccleuch asked if there had been any reasons given for that decision?

Captain ToD — No.

The Duke of Buccleuch said it was perhaps nothing more than jealousy on the part
of the Veterinary College in London that anything better than itself should be tolerated.

Agricultural Reports. — Mr Irvine of Drum (in the absence of Mr Walker of
Bowland, Convener) reported the premiums awarded for agricultural reports, and
those oflered for competition in 1877, which were approved of.

Forestry Department. — Professor Balfour reported the awards in the Forestry
Department, as well as those offered for competition in 1877, which were approved of.

The proceedings concluded with a vote of thanks to the President, which was pro-
posed by Mr Hunter of Thurston.

PKEM1L\MS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 187G. 23

TEEMIUMS A^YAEDED EY THE SOCIETY IX 1876-77.

I.— EEPORTS, 1877.

AGRICULTURAL.

1. James Macdonald, " Scotsman " Reporter, Aberdeen, for a Report on the Agri-

ciiltare of the Counties of Ross and Cromarty, .... L.30 0 0

2. Tliomas Farrall, Aspatria, Carlisle, for a Report on the Agriculture of the Counties

of Edinburgh and Linlithgow, . . . . . L5 0 0

3. Tliomas Farrall, Aspatria, Carlisle, for a Report on the Polled Angus or Aberdeen

Breed of Cattle, . . . . . . . . 10 0 0

4. Alexander Leslie, Ashley Terrace, Aberdeen, for a Report un Agricultural Ex-

perimental Stations, . . . . . . . 10 0 0

4i. J. B. Smyth, Forester, Duff House, Banff, for a Report on the Comparative
Return from Capital Invested in Cropping, Grazing, or Planting Land upon
Hill and Moorland, . . . . . - . Hi 0 0

FORESTRY.

•C. "William Gorrie, Rait Lodge, Trinity, Edinburgh, for a Report on the Tree Mallow, 10 0 0

7, Robert Hutchison of Carlo^^•rie, KirkUston, for a Report on the Taxodium sem-

per virens (or red wood), . .... 5 0 0

8. Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, Kirkliston, for a Report on the Picea Nordman-

niana, , . . . . . . • .500

a. Thomas Wilkie, Forcstei-, Invergarry, N.B., for a Report on the Management of

Plantations, . . . . . . . .500

L.lOO 0 0

II.— GLASGOW SHOW, 1875.

Alexander Guthrie, Craigo, Montrose, for Double Drill Potato-Planter on the Cup

principle (at Trial at Libertou Mains, 4th April 1S7G), . . . L.IO 0 0

J. "W. liobinson <k Co., Livei-pool, for Aspinwall's Patent Single-Drill Potato-
Planter on the Needle principle (at Trial at Liberton Mains, 4th April ISTtl), 10 0 0

A. Ingermann, of Koldmoss, Gravenstein, for Patent Weed Eradicator, exhibited
by Ord Sc Maddison, Darlington (at Trial at Craigmillar, loth June 1876)

Medium Gold Medal, G '.' 0

L.:;o 2 0

III.— ABEEDEEX SHOW, 1S7G.
CLASS I.— CATTLE.

SHORTHORN'.
Section' 1. BULLS calved before 1st January 1874.

1. James A. Gordon, Udalc, Invcrpordon, " Rosario " (G.j.Sli), . . " ' . L.25 [ 0 0

2. William A. Mitchell, Auchnagathle, Whitehouse, Aberdeen, "Duke of Chamburgli "'

(36,05*2), . . . , . . . . . ' li 0 0

3. Thomas W. Cook, Castletown of Asloun, Alford, "Li-lc" (31,602), '. . 1') <» <»

Breeder of Best Bull— A. H. Browne, Do.xford, Chnthill, . . , 0 16 0

Very Highly Commended, William S. Marr, Upper Mill, Tarves "Royal Prince"
(:J5,.i'.»H). Highly Commended, James Cluistic. liankend, Stirling, "Stiuire
3!ar.shall." Commended, .\lexander Uuchanan, Whitehouse, Stirling, "Heather- . _j
brud l.ail" (:!1,346). Commended, ilujor Ranibay of Bunu, Struloch, Aberdeen,
"Ferdinand."

Section 2. BULLS calved after 1st January 1874.

J. James Bruce, ItumHidc, Focliubers, " Eurl of Jlarcli '' (33,807), . '-.'> 0 0

2. James Watt, (iarlilty, Fochal)ers, " Frederick Fitz Windsor -.'d," . . 1'* <» <>

3. George SliieU, Horsupcleucli, Dunsc, "Scotti.'»li Enant " (.J.'j.-l.S*;), . . 10 0 U

II. C, John Cran, Kirkton, Bunchrcw Station, Invcrncua, "Bridegroom"' (33,201).

Curry fonvurd, L. 100 16 0

24

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

Brought foi-ward, L.100 16 0
Section 3. BULLS calved after 1st January 1875.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbem-, K.G., Dalkeith, '' King Errant," . 15 0 0

2. Jas. La-RTence, Thomhill, Fon-es, "Lord of the Forth," . . . 10 0 0

3. Her Majesty the Queen, the Prince Consort's Shaw Farm, Windsor, " Duke of

Bedford," . . . . . . . . .500

V. H. C, The Duke of Eichmond and Gordon, K.G., Gordon Castle, Fochabers.
" Eoyal Fairfax." C, Alexander M. OgiMe, Tillj-naught, Portsoy, " William
Lawrie."

Sectiox 4. COWS of any Age.

1. WiUiam A. Mitchell, Auchnagathle, Whitehouse, Aberdeen, " Alma,"

2. WUliam S. Marr, Upper Mill, Tarves, " Clara 2Sth," ....

3. James Lawrence, Thornhill, Forres, "Lady Lima 3d.," . . . .
V. H. C, George Marr, Caimbrogie, Old Meldrum, "Daisy 6th." H. C, The Duke

of Eichmond and Gordon, E.G., Gordon Castle, Fochabers, " Interlude." C,
Charles Bmce, Broadland, Huntly, "Lady Eliza 2d."

20 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

Section 5. HEIFEES -nith o-vvn calves at foot calved after 1st January
1874.

1. James Cochrane, Little Haddo, Xewburgh, " Geraldine 6th.,"

2. Andrew Longmore, Eettie, Banff, "Isobel," ......

15 0 0
10 0 0

Section 6. HEIFEES calved after 1st January 1874.

1. James Tweedie, Deuchiie, Prestonkirk, " Grand Cherrj-," . . . 15 0 0

2. Her Majestv the Queen, the Prince Consort's Shaw Fann, Windsor, " Caro-

hna 5th,'' . . . . . . . . . 10 0 0

3. William S. MaiT, Upper MiU, Tai-ves, " Missie 4'Jth," . . .500
V. H. C, George Bnice, Keig, Whitehouse, Aberdeen, " Blossom." C, William S.

Marr, Upper Mill, Tai-ves, "Missie 48th."

Section 7. HEIFEES calved after 1st Januarj' 1875.

1. WiUiam S. Marr, Upper Mill, Tarves, "Emma 4th," . , . .

2. Major John Eamsay of BaiTa, Straloch, Aberdeen, " Young Eoan Lady,"

3. W. A. Eraser, Brackla, Nairn, " Gipsy Queen,'' ....
V.H. C, James Cochrane, Little Iladdo, Newburgh, "Jealousy 14th." C, James

Lawrence, Thornhill, Forres, " White Eose.''

10 0 0
8 0 0
5 0 0

POLLED AXGUS OE ABEEDEEX.
First Prize Bulls at fonner Shows.— Exhibited for Meditmi Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1874, when the propeiiy of Alexander Bowie, Mains of Kelly,

Arbroath— The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, " Gainsborough " (596),
Glasgow, 1875, when the property of the present Exhibitor— The Marquis

of HuuTly, Aboyne Castie, Aberdeen, " Duke of Perth '" (357),

Section 8. BULLS calved before 1st Januarj^ 1874.

1. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, "■ Young Yiscount " (736), .

2. William M. Skinner, Drumin, Ballindalloch, '-'Adrian 2d" (622),

3. George Eeid, Baads, Peterculter, " Prince Albert 2d " (745),

4. Alexander Bo-nie, Mains of Kelly, Arbroath, ''■ Gainsborough 3d" (598),
Breeder of Best Bull— William Duff, Hillockhead, Glass, Aberdeenshire,

V. H. C, E. B. Walker, Portlethen Mains, Aberdeen, "Bacchus" (607). H. C, The
Marquis of Huntly, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeen, "Pluto" (602). C, Eobert
Walker, Montblotton, Banff, " Gavenwood " (843).

Section 9. BULLS calved after 1st January 1874.

1. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, " St Clair,'' ....

2. James M'Kessack, Eamside, Forres, "Scotia" (789), ....

3. Lieut.-Col. George A. Ferguson of Pitfom-, :\Iintlaw, "Logic the Laird 3d" (862),

4. The Earl of AirUe, Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir, "Belus,"

Y. H C, Eepresentatives of the late Alexander Paterson, Mulben, Keith, " Hero,"
(861). H. C, CecU F. GMwer, Biallid, Kingussie, " Juniper " (742). C, Eobert
Walker, Montbletton, Banff, "Eoiy o' More" (844).

6 2 0
5 0 0

20

10

5

0
0
0

3 0
0 16

0
0
0
0
0

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

3

0

0

Carrj- fonvard, L.331 14 0

L.S31 14

0

, 10 0
■5 0
3 0
2 0

0
0
0
0

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

3

0

0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876. 25

Brought forward,
Section 10. BULLS calved after 1st January 1875.

1. John Hannay, Gavenwood, Banff, " Sir Wilfred/' . . ■ .

2. Sir George Macpherson Grant of BaUindalloch, Bart., "Judge/'

3. William Duff, Hillockhead, Glass, "Statesman of HUlockhead/'

4. William M^Combie of Easter Skene, Skene, " Aberdonian/' . ,
V. H. C, The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, "Gladiolus." H. C, James

Merson, Craigwillie, Huntly, "Earl of March" (932), C, Sir William G. G.
Gumming of Altyre, Bart., Forres, "Senator" (863).
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited, for iledium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1874, when the property of the present Exhibitor — William James

Tayler, Rothiemay House, Huntly, "Kate 2d" (14S2), . . .620

Glasgow, 1875, when tie property of the present Exhibitor — The Marquis of

Huntly, Aboyne Castle, Aberdeen, "Dora" (1282), . . . ,500

Section 11. COWS of any Age.

1. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, " Innes " (1934), . . ,

2 Sir George Macpherson Grant of BaUindalloch, Bart., "Eva" (984),

3. William M'Combie of Easter Skene, Skene, "Blackberry" (1813), ,

4. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, "Patience of Corskie" (1932),
V. H. C, The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, " Violet of Montbletton "

(1399). H. C, The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, "Blackbird of
Corskie " (1704). C, The Earl^of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, "Crocus " (1400).

Section 12. HEIFERS with own calves at foot, calved after 1st
January 1874.

1. The Earl of Aberdeen, Haddo House, Aberdeen, " Kate of Haddo House " (2261), 10 0 0

2. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, "Maria 2d'' (12-^) . .000

3. George Wilken, Waterside of Forbes, Alford, "Waterside Dandy 2d" (2071), , 4 0 0

4. John Hunter, Confunderland, Alford, "BeUa of Confunderland" (19S5), .200

Section- 13. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1874. •

1. John Hannay, Gavenwood, Banff, " Zingra " (2471), ... J

2. George Reid, Baads, Peterculter, "Isla" (196.5), ... . ,

3. William M'Combie of Easter Skene, Skene, " Lady Anne," . . .

4. William M'Combie of Tillyfour, Aberdeen, " Alice," ....
V. H. C, Sir Thomas Gladstone of Fasque, Bart., Laurencekirk, " Emilie." H. C,

George Reid, Baads, Peterculter, " Lady Ii-vine " (1903). C, William James
Tayler, Rothiemay House, Huntly, " Kate Duff " (1837).

Section 14. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1875.

1. William M. Skinner, Druniin, BaUindalloch, "Gaiety" (2219), ^.

2. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff Hou.se, Banff, " Katrine," . " .

3 Sir Thomas Gladstone of Fasque, Bart., Laurencekirk, "Eurydice,"
4. The Earl of Fife, K.T., Duff House, Banff, " Erica 6th,"

V. H. C, James Moir, Mains of Wardhouse, Insch, " Hawtliorn of Wardhouse "
(2467). H. C, Sir George Macpherson Grant of BaUindalloch, Bart., " FUrt "
C, WilUam M'Combie of Easter Skene, Skene, "Mermaid."

GALLOWAY.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Inverness, 1874, when the property of the present E.xhibitor — The Duke of
Buccleuch and Qucensberry, K.G., Druralanrig, " Black Prince of Dnimlanrig"
(546). . . . , . . . . .620

Glasgow, 1876, when the property of the present Exhibitor — James Cunningham,

Turbrcoch, Dalbeattie, " Cunningham " (824), . . . .500

Section 15. BULLS calved before Ist January 1874.

1. James Graham, Parcclstown, Longtown, " Sim of Whitrani " (562), . . 20 0 0

2. George Graham. Oukbank, Longtown, " Fon-st Khig" (553), . . . 10 0 0

3. Peter .Morton, Lawf»liiiU, Longtown, ", Mosstrooper," . . . .500

Breeder of be.tt Bull — James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, , . . . 0 16 0

H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Qucensberry, K.G., Drunilanrig Castle, TliornhUl,
" Baron Scott ' (656.)

10

0

0

6

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

8

0

0

5

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

Carry forward, L.508 14 0

26

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 187 G.

Brought fonvard, L.50S 14 0
Section 16. BULLS calved after 1st Januaiy 1S74.

1. James Jardine Paterson of Balgray, Lockerbie, " Bob," . . . 20 0 0

2. 3L A: T. TeasdalSj Bogg, Knaresdale, Alston, " Robin Hood,"' , . 10 0 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

. Section 17. BULLS calved after 1st Januarj' 1875.

1. James Cunningham, Tavbreocli, Dalbeattie, "The Mackintosh " (1009), . .10

2. Peter Morton, Lawshall, Longtown, "Border Reiver," . . . .5

3. George Graliam, Oakbank, Longtown, "Viscount Preston " (1008), . . 3

First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.

Inverness, 1S74, when the property of the present Exhibitor — The Duke of Buc-

cleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., Drumlanrig, " Juno of Drumlanrig" (1G41), . C 2 0

Glasgow, 1875, when the property of the present Exhibitor — James Cunningham,

Tarbfeoch, Dalbeattie, "Maid Marion 4th" (1668), - . , .500

Section 18. COWS of any Age.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, E.G., "Nightingale of Drumlanrig"

(1650), . .

2. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, "Bride of Brampton" (2188),

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., "Ilythia of Dnimlanrig" (1307),
H. C, James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, "Bridesmaid." C, The Duke of

Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Melantho of Drumlanrig " (1643.)

20

0 0

10

0 0

5

0 0

Section 19. HEIFERS calved after 1st Januaiy 1874.

1. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, " Lady Stanley 2d,"

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, E.G., "Beauty of Dnimlanrig'' (1755),

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, E.G., "Duchess of Dnimlanrig" (261S).
H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, E.G., " Britomartis of Drumlanrig ''

(1754). C, James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, "Bessy."

0

0

0

6

0

0

4

0

0

, Section 20. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1875.

1. James Cunningham, Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie, " Lady Stanley 3d,"

2. James Graham, Parcelstown. Longtown, " ilarj- of Parcelstown 2d " (2606),

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, E.G., "Countess of Drumlanrig"

(2621), ....'.. . . •

H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, E.G., " Fanny 2d of Drumlanrig
(2623). C, The Duke of Buccleuch and" QueensbeiTy, E.G., "Hannah 3d of
Drumlanrig " (2620).

AYRSHIRE.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Glasgow, 1875, when the property of the present Exhibitor — William Smith,
Chanlockfoot, Penpont, Dumfriesshire, " The Shah,"

Section 21. BULLS calved before 1st January 1874.

1. Robert Gillespie, Boyleston, Barrhead, " Cardigan," . . . .

2. John Anderson, Smithstown, Croy, Eilsyth, "Walter,"

S. James Wilson, Boghall, Bishopton, "Topsman," . , . .

Breeder of Best Bull — J. Eirkwood, Wolfcrooks, Douglas, . . .

8 0 0
5 0 0

3 0 0

5 0 0

20 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 0

0 16 0

Section 22. BULLS calved after 1st January 1874.

1. Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Eilbarchan, " Marquis," . . • . 15 0 0

2. Duncan Eeir, Bucklyvie, " Borland," . . . . • .800

3. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrj', E.G., "Sir Walter of Drumlanrig," . 5 0 0

Section 23. BULLS calved after 1st Januarj- 1875.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberrj-, E.G., Dnimlanrig, "Craigman," . 10 0 0

2. Duncan Eeir, Bucklyvie, " Jardine," . . . . . . 5 0 o

3. WiUiam Smith, Chanlockfoot, Penpont, " The Prince," . . .300
C, John Lindsay, Thornhill, Stewarton, " Jock."

CaiTy fonvard, L.725 12 0

PlIEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 187G.

27

Section 24. COWS in Milk, of any age.

Brought forward, L.725 12 0

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

1. A. R. Foulds, Clerldand, Stewarton, " Douglas,"

2. Piobert V/ilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan, " Maggie," ,

3. Kobert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan, '• Miller," . . . ,
C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., Drumlanrig, Thomhill, " Border

Queen."

First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold MedaL

Inverness, 1724, when in milk, and the property of the present Exhibitor — The

Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., Drumlanrig, '"Dewdrop," . 6 2 0

Inverness, 1S74, when in Calf, and the property of the present Exhibitor — The

Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., Drumlanrig, "Modesty," . 6 2 0

Glasgow, 1S7j, when in milk, and the property of the present Exhibitor — The

Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., Diiimlanrig, "Ruby," . .620

Sectiox 25. COWS in Calf of any Age, or HEIFERS in Calf, calved
before 1st Januarj- 1874.

1. John M. Martin, Auchendennan Fann, Balloch, "Frost," . ,

2. William Guthrie, Square Hotel, Cumnock, "Stately,"
". The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, E.G., "British Queen,"

V. H. C, Robert Wilson, Forehouse, Kilbarchan, " Princess." H. C, The Duke of
Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., " Flora of Drumlanrig." C, John Stewart,
Burnside Cottage, Strathaven, " Rosie."

Section 26. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1S74,

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., "Jessie of Drumlanrig,'' . 10

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., "Gem of Drumlanrig," . G

3. Mrs Douglas, Green, Kilmalcolm, " Beauty," . .... 4
H. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., "Baroness of Drumlanrig."

C, John Stewart, Burnside Cottage, Stratiiaven, " Flecky."

Section 27. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1875.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Beauty," . . . 8 0 o

2. The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, K.G., " Modesty 2d of Dnimlanrig," . 5 0 0

3. Mrs Douglas, Green, Kilmalcolm, " Brockie,'' . , . . .300
II. C, The Duke of Buccleuch and Queensbeny, K.G., " Lady 3d of Drumlanrig."

15

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

HIGHLAND.

First Prize Bulls at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1874, when tlie property of tlie present Exhibitor — The Duke of

Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, " Sgiatiuinnch." .....
Glasgow, 1875, when the property of James Camiibell, Ormaig, Kihnartin — The

Master of Blanlyre, Scibbers Cross, I!ogart, " Gille Riabhacli,'' . .

Section 28. BULLS calved before 1st January 1873.

1. John Grant, Inverlaidnan, CaiT Bridge, " Wallace," ....

2. John Stewart, Duntuhn, Portree, " Rob Roy,'' .....

3. Alexanders. Stevenson. Auchineilan, Ford, Lochawesidc, "Royal George,''

lirecder of Best Bull — The Earl of Seafield, Castle (irant, (irantown,
V. II. C, John Grant, Inverlaidnan, Can- Bridge, "Rob."' II. C, John Gumming,
Killichuntly, Kingussie, "Muracli."

1.

Section 29. BULLS calved after 1st January 1873.
A. <t J. M'N'aughton, Kcrrowmorc, Glcnlyon, Aberfcldy, "Gillc Dub'.i,"

2. The Earl of Seafield, Castle Grant, Graiitown, " Corryclironc,'

Section 30. BULLS calved after 1st January 1874.

1. John Stewart, Duntulni, Portree, " Eilancach," ....

2. John Stewait, iWicliii.Htle, CiilIaMder, , . . .

3. James Campbell, Onnulg, Lochgilidicad, " Gillc Dim," .

V. n. C, Tnj.stces of the late Rolu-rt IV-ter, Urlar, Aberfeldy. " Gillc niudhc." H. C.
Peter Snulair, Upprr I^rgic, Kihnartin, " Duntroon.'' C, Alexander Allken
head, Cowglen, Pullokshuwit, " Sandy.''

6

2

0

G

O

0

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

0

IG

0

20 0 0
10 0 U

10 0 0
5 0 0
3 9 0

Carr)- forward, L.910 18 o

28

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

Brought forward, L.940 18 0
First Prize Cows at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
Inverness, 1874, when the property of the present Exhibitor — The Duke of Athole,

K.T.,' Blair Castle, " Buidheag," , . . . . .620

Glasgow, 1875, when the property of the present Exhibitor — John Stewart,

Bochastle, Callander, . . . . . . .500

Section 31. COWS of any age.

1. The^Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole, " Te Ruadh Mhor,''

2. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, " Donnach Dearg," ...
?* 3. The Duke of Athole, K.T., "Donnag,'' .....
v. H. C, John Stewart, Bochastle, Callander. H. C, John Stewart, Duntulm

Portree, "Guanach Pdabhach.'' C, The Earl of Seafield, Castle Grant, Giantown,
" Countess."

Section 32. HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1873.
'1. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, "Targheal Bheag," I . . .

' 2. John Stewart, Bochastle, Callander, ......

3. John Stewart, Duntulm, Portree, " Dubh Mhollach," ....
V. H. C, the Earl of Seafield, Castle Grant, Granto^ra, " Jessie." H. C, The Earl

of Breadalbane, TajTuouth Castle, Aberfeldy, " Mally.'' C, The Earl of Sea-
field, Castle Grant, Grantown, " Mary."

Section 33. HEIFERS calved after 1st Januaiy 1874.

1. The Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole, ^'K Odhar Mhor,''
, 2. The Earl of Seafield, Castle Grant, Grantown, " Bynack,"
3. The Earl of Breadalbane, TajTnouth Castle, Aberfeldy, " Christina,"
V. H. C, The Earl of Seafield, Castle Grant, Grantown, " Dulnain." H. C, The
Tnistees of the late R. Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy, " Stale Ruadh." C, The Trus-
tees of the late R. Peter, Urlar, Aberfeldy, "lashbail Ruadh."

FAT STOCK.
Section 34. HIGHLAND OXEN calved after 1st January 1872.

1. Sir WUliam G. Gordon Gumming of Altyre, Bart., Forres,

2. John Jas. Dalgleish of Ardnamurchan, Brankston Grange, Culross,

Section 35. HIGHLAND OXEN calved after 1st January 1873

1. The Duke of Sutherland, K.G., Dunrobin Mains, Golspie,

2. Sir "WUliam G. Gordon Gumming, of AltvTe, Bart., Forres,

Section 36. POLLED OXEN calved after 1st January 1873.

1. J. &, W. Martin, New Market, Aberdeen, .....

2. James Stephen, Conglass, Invenirie, ......

Section 37. POLLED OXEN calved after 1st January 1874.

1. WUliam M'Combie of TiUyfour, Whitehouse, Aberdeen,

2. William M'Combie of TiUyfour, Whitehouse, Aberdeen,
Commended, Thomas Bland, Greystone, Alford.

Section 38. OXEN of any other Pure or Cross Breed calved after 1st
January 1873.

1. James Reid, Greystone, Alford (Cross),

2. Thomas Bland, Greystone, Alford (Cross),

3. James Bruce, Inverquhomery, Longside, Aberdeen (Cross),
V. H. C, Heniy D. Adamson, Balquhairn, Alford (Cross). H. C, J. & W. Martin,

New Market, Aberdeen (Cross). C, George WUken, Waterside of Forbes
Alford, " Waterside Jock " (Cross).

Section 39. OXEN of any other Pure or Cross Breed calved after 1st
January 1874.

1. Henry D. Adamson, Balquham, Alford (Cross), .

2. Walter Scott, Glendronach, Huntly (Cross),

3. WUliam A. Mitchell, Auchnagathle, Whitehouse, Aberdeen (Cross),
V. H. C, James Merson, Craig^-UUe, Huntly (Cross). H. C, George Strachan,

Mains of Inverebrie, EUon (Cross). C, George Shand, Ordens, Boyndie, Banff
''Malcolm" (Cross).

15 0 0
8 0 0
4 0 0

10 0

0

5 0

0

3 0

0

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

6 0 0
3 0 0

5 0 0
2 0 0

6 0 0
3 0 0

5 0 0
2 0 0

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

6 0 0
3 0 0
10 0

Cany forward, L.1067 0 (^

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

29

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

Brought forward, L.1067 0 0
Section 40. CROSS-BRED HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1873.

1. Henry. D. Adamson, Balquham, Alford, .....

2. Henry D. Adamson, Balquharn, Alford, .....

3. James Reid, Greystone, Alford, ......

H. C, James Bruce, Inverquhomeiy, Longside.

Sectiox 41. CROSS-BRED HEIFERS calved after 1st January 1874.

1. Alexander Munro, Ord, Invergordon, "Maggie," ....

2. James M'William, Stoneyton, Keith, ....••
.3. James Moir, Mains of Wardhouse, Insch, "Lovely Gem,"

H. C, Peter Bruce, Myreton, Insch, Aberdeen. C, Andrew Longmore, Rettie,
' Banff, "Annie."

EXTRA CATTLE.
Very Highly Commended.
PoUed Heifer, belonging to WiUiam M'Combie of TiUyfour, Whitehouse, Aber-

6
3
1

0 0
0 0
0 0

deen.

Minor Gold Medal L.3 15 0

Highly Commended.
Polled Ox, belonging to James Reid, Greystone, Alford, X.B. . Silver Medal 0 16 0
Cross-bred Ox, belonging to the Earl of Aberdeen, Haddo House, Aberdeen,

Silver Medal 0 16 0

L.1096 7 0

Class II.— HORSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
Section 1. STALLIONS foaled before 1st January 1873.

1. David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher, " Baron Keir,"

2. Andrew Gemmell, Caplaw, Neilston, " Gleniffer,"

3. David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher, " Roving Boy,"

4. Peter Ferguson, Queen Street, Renfrew, " Young Clansman," .
Breeder of Best St aUion— Colonel Williamson of Lawers, Crieff,

V. H. C, William Mather, Thorn, Fenwick, "Paisley Jock." H. C, John Duncan
^\j-do, MethUc, "Lord Derby.'' C, Robert Andrew, Allans, Paisley, "Defiance."

Section 2. ENTIRE COLTS foaled after 1st January 1873.

1. David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher, "Luck's All,"

2. John Hendrie, Kirkwood, Coatbridge, "Disraeli,"

3. John Thomson, Blaiket, Crocketford, Dumfries, "Enterprise,"

4. Alexander Ewen,Whitehills, Banff, "Scottish Times," .
V. H. C, Da%id Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher, "What Care I." H. C, Joseph Tait

Waulkmill, Elgin, "Johnny.'' C, John Whyte, Nether Craigends, Linwood,
Paisley, "Craigends Prince.''

Section 3. ENTIRE COLTS foaled after 1st Januaiy 1874.

1 David Riddell, Kilbowie, Duntocher, ....

2. John MaiT, Jlill of Kingoodie, Old Meldrum, "The General," .

3. Robert Andrew, Allans, Paisley, '' Boydston Boy," ....

4. Archibald C. Brown, Gledstone, Bishopton, .....
V. n. C, Peter Ferguson, Queen Street, Renfrew, "Sir Colin." H. C, Alexander

Burr, Tulloford, Old Meldiiira. C, John Hendrie, Kirkwood, Coatbridge,
" Derby."

Section 4. ENTIRE COLTS foaled after 1st Januar}' 1875.

1. David PiiddcU, Kilbowie, Duntocher, ....

2. Robert Andrew, Allan.s, Paisley, "Young Defiance,"

3. George Duncan, l'ort-Eli)hinstone, Invcmric, "Time o' Day,"

4. Andrew Rul.ston. GlamLs rtou.sc, Glamis, " Doulacli,"
■V.'j H, C, John Hendrie, Klrdwood, Coatbridge, " Dunmore " H. C, Andrew

Ralston, Glamis House, (Jlamls, "Hercules.'' C, Robert Walker, Montblctton,
Banff, " Black Lome."

30

20

10

5

0
0
0
0

0 16

0
0
0
0
0

. 20

0

0

. 15

0

0

. 10

0

0

5

0

0

15

0

0

8

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

10
G
4

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

Carrj- fonvard, L.1(J6 IG 0

30

PPtEMIUMS AAYARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

25 0 0

15 0 0

10 0 0

5 0 &

r.rouffht forward, L.166 16 0
Section 5. 3IARES (with Foal at foot), foaled before 1st Januarj- 1873.

1. Alex. Buchanan, Garscadden Mains, Xew Kilpatrick, "Maggie,"

2. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, "Tibbie,''

3. Hugh Young, Killoch, Xeilston, "Jean,'' .....

4. W. H. Hardie, Borrowstoun :\Iains, Linlithgow, " Ran^e,"
V. H. C, James Roberts, Lumgair, Stonehaven, " Bloom." H. C, Robert "Walker,

:Montbletton, Banff, " 3Iaily." C, Mrs Ann Sangster, Balnabreck, Brechin,
"Jean."

Section 6. MARES (in foal) foaled before 1st January 1S73.
■ 1. James M'Xab, Glenochil, Menstrie, "Princess," ....

2. James Roberts, Lumgair, Stonehaven, "Brown Bess," . . - .

3. James Laurence, Thornhill, Forres, " Maggie,'' . , . .

4. John Thompson, Bailheknowe, Kelso, ''Darling,'' ....
Y. H. C, John Calder, Muirton, Lossiemouth, " Fanny.'' H. C, Robert Hart

Anderson, Burleigh, ]^Iilnathort, ''Darling.'' C, Mrs Beattie, Dunnydeer,
Insch, Aberdeen, "Jepp.''

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

0

0

Section- 7. FILLIES foaled after 1st Januaiy 1873.
f 1. John Thompson, Baillieknowe, Kelso, " Kelso Maggie,"

2. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, " Flora,''

3. Heniy D. Adamson, Balquharn, Alford, " Blossom," ....

4. Mrs Jane Ha}% Soutli Ythsie, Tarves, "Meg," . . . . .
V. H. C, William Ironside, Clofrickford. Ellon, " Ranee.'' H. C, .James Lumsden,

Braco, Keith, "May.'' C, Henry D. Adamson, Balquliam, Alford, "Ailsie."

0

0

0

5

0

0

O

0

0

2

0

0

Section 8. FILLIES foaled after 1st January 1874.

1. John Anderson, Smithsto-\\-n, Croy, Kilsyth, " Maggie,"

2. James Scolt, St. Maiy's, Orton, Fochabers, " Polly, ....

3. Alexander Munro, Ord, Invergordon, "Rosy,'' . . . . .

4. James Sutor, Collie, Orton, Fochabers, " Rosebud," ....
V. H. C, .James "Watt, Garbity, Fochabers, "Kate." H. C, James Skinner,

Bethelnie, Old Meldrum, "Dally.'' C, James Sldnner," Bethelnie, Old
Meldrum, "Bet."

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

10 0

1,
2

o

O,

4

Section 9. FILLIES foaled after 1st Januaiy 1875.
John M. Mai-tin, Auchendennan Fann, Balloch, " Damsel," . - .COO

George "Wilson, "Whiteside, Alford, "Kate," . . . . .400

George Watson, Edindiack, Huntly, " Jess," . . . . .200

Alexander M. Ogilvie, Tillynaug-ht, Portsoy, "Bess," . . . 10 0

H. C, James Skinner, Hillhead, Hilton, Woodside, Aberdeen, "Jess.'' H. C,
James Merson, Craigwillie, Huntly, "Peg."

1.

3,

4,

Y.

Section 10. DRAUGHT GELDIXGS foaled before 1st Januarj- 1873

James Walker, St Ann Street, Glasgow, " Peacock,"
The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, " Jolly,"
The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar, "Bob." .
James Asher <fc Sons, Schoolhill, Aberdeen, "Jamie,"
H. C, WUliam Philip, Lofthillock, Inverurie, "Bob." H. C, Trusteesof Oldraill

RefoiTnatory Farm, Aberdeen, " Prince." C, William Walker, TiUj-maud, Udny,

"Prince."

8

0

0

4

0

0

0

• *<

0

0

1

0

0

Section 11. DRAUGHT GELDIXGS foaled after 1st January 1873.
Mrs Jane Hay, South Ythsie, Tarves, " Tim," , . . . .

GOO

HUXTERS AND ROADSTERS.

Section 12. MARES or GELDIXGS, suitable for Field, foaled
before 1st January 1872.

1. George Davidson, 18 Regent Quay, Aberdeen, mare, "Hottentot,''

2. Henry Welsh, 13 Minto Street, Edinburgh, gelding, " Hardengreen,"

3. Major Ramsay of Barra, Straloch, Aberdeen, mare, " Countess," .

20

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

Carrj' fonvard, L.S63 16 0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

31

8

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

10

0

0

5

0

0

3

0

0

0 IG

0

C IG

0

0 16

0

0 10

G

0 10

G

Brought forward, L.3G3 16 0

Section 13. MARES or GELDIXGS, suitable for Caniage, foaled
before 1st January 1872.

1. Alexander 0. Gill, Fairfield, Aberdeen, gelding, " Jack," . . . 20 0 q

2. Andrew F. 'Willianison, Standingstones, Dyce, Aberdeen, mare, " Casque," . 10 0 q

Section 14. MARES or GELDINGS, suitable as Hackneys or Road-
sters, between 14 and 1-5 bands high.

1. James P. S. '^'alker, Mountrich, Dingwall, mare, "Duchess,"

'2. John Meek, "Whitburn, mare, " ^laggie," .....

3. Dr Fiddes, 154 Union Street, Aberdeen, mare, " Agnes,"

Section 15. STALLIOXS, IMARES, or GELDIXGS, for Leai.ing.

1. James "Watt, Garbity, Fochabers, mare, "Black Bess," ....

2. George Davidson, 18 Regent Quay, Aberdeen, mare, " Hottentot,"

3. John Taylor, Redcastle, Arbroath, mare, "Baffle," ....

EXTRA HORSES.
Highly Commended.

Thoroughbred Stallion, " General Blucher," belonging to Thomas Bland, Grej--

stone, Alford, ...... Silver Medal,

Shetland Pony StaUion, "Blackbird," belonging to Heniy "Welsh, 13 Minto Street,

Edinburgh, ....... Silver Medal,

Arab Stallion, "Posta," belonging to Alexander Baird of Urie, Stonehaven,

Silver Medal,
Commended.
Carriage ilare, " Maria," belonging to R. 0. Farquharson of Haughton, Alford,

Aberdeen, ...... Medium Silver Medal,

Half-bred Gelding, "The Prince," belonging to Duncan Davidson of TuUoch,

Dingwall, . . , . . . Medium Silver Medal,

POXIES.

First Prize Stallions at former Shows — Exhibited for Medium Gold Medal.
InveiTiess, 1874, when the property of the present Exhibitor — Miss Augusta

Xorton, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochry, "Little Benjamin," . . . G 2 0

Section 16. HIGHLAXD STALLIOXS, 14^ hands high and under.

1. The Duke of Athole, K.T., Blair Castle, Blair Athole, " Glengarry,"

2. Duncan D. M'L. JI'Leod, Coulmore, Invei-ness. "Glen," . • . .

3. Alexander Baird of Urie, Stonehaven, " Crie," . . . . .

Section 17. HIGHLAXD MARES or GELDIXGS between 13 and
14^ hands high.
1. No award.
C, Thomas M'Bey, Auchronie, Kinellar, mare, " Polly."

Section 18. 3IARES or GELDINGS, betAveen 13 and 14 hands high.

1. Wm. Pyper, Hillhead, Pitfodels, Aberdeen, gelding, "Tom,"'

2. Major Ramsay of Bana, Stratlilooh, Aberdeen, gelding, "Prince Imperial,"

3. Gavin T. Todd, Kinellar Lodge, Aberdeen, marc, "Jeanie,"'

C, James Bnice, BuiTiside, Fochabens, mare, "Jeanie." C, T. Leslie ilelville Cart-
wright, Melville House, Ladybank, gelding, " Czar.''

Section 19. MARES or GELDIXGS between 12 and 13 hands high.

1. Alexander Baird of Uric, Stonehaven, mare, " .Skewball,

2. James A. Gordon, Udale, Invergordon, mare, "Fairy," ....

Section 20. MARES or GELDINGS, 12 hands and under.

1. James Bruce, Bumslde, Fochabers, marc, "Maggie,"' ....

2. Peter Bcveridge, Beatli Villa, Aberdeen, mare, " Kate," ....

3. Peter Bcveridge, Beuth Villa, Aberdeen, mare, " Flora,''
C, Johnlaylor, Redcastle, Arbroath, gelding, "Jamie."

Thorocoiibreu Stallion.
Thomas Bland, Grcystone, Alford, Aberdeenshire, " Blucher," . , ..'.000

c

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

c

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

c,

0

0

3

0

0

G

0

0

'.i

0

0

1

0

0

I..V.'4

32

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

Class III.-SHEEP.

CHEVIOT.
Section 1. TUPS above 1 Shear.

1. James Biydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat, ......

2. Thomas Welsh, Ericstane, Moffat, ......

3. John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat, ......

4. James Brj-don, Kinnelhead, Moffat, ......

V. H. C, Thomas Welsh, Ericstane, Moffat. H. C, Herbert Biydon, Thirlstane Hope,

Selkirk. C, James Biydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat.

Section 2. SHEARLIXG TUPS.

1. John A. Johnstone, Archbank, ISIoffat, ......

2. John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Sloffat, ......

3. John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat, ...;..

4. James Johnstone, Capplegill, Moffat ......

V. H. C, John A. Johnstone, Archbank, Moffat. H. C, James Johnstone, Himter-

heck, Moffat. C, Thomas Welsh, Ericstane, Moffat.

Section 3. Pens of 5 EWES above 1 Shear, with Lambs.

1. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat, ......

2. Thomas EUiot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, ......

3. James Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder, ......

LAMBS.

1. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, ......

2. James Brydon, Kinnelhead, Moffat, ......

V. H. C, James Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder.

Section 4. Pens of 5 SHEARLIXG EWT:S or GIMMEES.

1. James Archibald, Glengelt, Lauder, ......

2. Thomas Elliot, Hindhope, Jedburgh, ......

' 3. David Mundell, GoUanfield, Fort-George Station, ....

V. H. C, Da\-id Mundell, GoUanfield, Fort-George Station.

12 0 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

12 0 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

0

0

0

5

0

0

2

0

0

2

0

0

1

0

0

10 0 0
5 0 0
2 0 0

H. C, John Archibald,

BL.ACKFACED.
Section 5. TUPS above 1 shear.

1. John Arcliibald, Overshiels, Stow,

2. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow,

3. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow,-

4. James Greenshields, West Town, Lesmahagow, .
V. H. C, James Greenshields, West Town, Lesmahagow.

Overshiels, Stow.

Section 6. SHEARLIXG TUPS.

1. James Greenshields, West Town, Lesmahagow, .

2. Patrick Melrose, West Loch, Eddlestone,

3. James Greenshields, West Town, Lesmahagow, .

4. James Greenshields, West Town, Lesmahagow, .
V. H. C, John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow.

Section 7. Pens of 5 EWES above 1 Shear, with Lambs.

1. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow, ....

2. James il'Pherson, Clunas, Cawdor, Xaim,

3. Do., do., ....

la:\ibs.

1. James M'Pherson, Clunas, Cawdor, Xaim,
p2. Do., Do., . ...

V. H. C, John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow,

Section 8. Pens of 5 SHEARLIXG EWES or GIMMERS.

1. John Archibald, Overshiels, Stow, ....

2. James Johnstone Cunle, Yorkston, Gorebridge, .

3. Patrick Melrose, West Loch, Eddleston,

H. C, James M'Pherson, Clunas, Cawdor, Xaim.

12 0 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

12 0 0

8 0 0

4 0 0

2 0 0

10 0 0
5 0 0
2 0 0

2 0 0
1 0 0

10 0 0
5 0 0
2 0 0

Cany forward, L.178 0 0

PEEMIUMS AWARDED EY THE SOCIETY IX 187G.

Brought forward, L ITS 0 0

BORDER LEICESTER.

Section- 9. TUPS above 1 shear.

1. Thomas Forster. jiin., Ellingham, Chathill, Northumberland,

2. Richard Twecdie, The Forest, Catterick, . . . .

3. Do. do., ......

4. William Purres, Thurrtistoft, Thurso, . . ....

V. H. C, The Earl of Dalhousie, Panmure, Camoustie. C, John Taylor, Redcastle,

Arbroath.

12

0

0

8

0

<)

4

0

0

2

0

0

Section 10. SHEARLING TUPS.

1. Andrew Smith, Castlemains, Gifford,

2. James Clark, Oldhamstocks, Mains, Cockburnspath,

3. A. Peterkin Hope, yr. of Bordlands, Noblehouse,

4. James Clark, Oldhainstocks Mains, Cockburnspath,
V, H. C, Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, Coupar-Angus.

11. C, James Clark, Old-

. 12

0

1(

S

0

(•

4

0

i}

2

0

0

hamstocks Mains, Cockburnspath. C. Andrew Smith, Castlemains, Gifford.

Sectiox 11. Pens of 5 EWES above 1 shear.

1. Richard Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick, ....

2. The Earl of Dalhousie, Panmure, Carnoustie, ....

3. Garden Duff Dunbar of Ilempriggs, AckergUl Tower, Wick,

10 0 0
o 0 (»
2 0 0

Section 12. Pens of 5 SHEARLING EWES or GIMMERS.

1. James Clark, Oldhamstocks Mains, Cockburnspath, . . . •

2. Tlie Marquis of Tweeddale, K.T., Yester, .....

3. Richard Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick, .....
V. IT. C. Richard Tweedie, The Forest, Catterick. C, John Hill, Cadowric, Craniond

Bridge.

LEICESTER.

Section 13. TUPS of any age.

1. Eric Sutherland, Tannachie House, Fochabers, . ' - •

2. Do. do., ....

3. Do. do., .....

Section- 14. Pens of 5 EWES of any age, or GIMMERS.

1. Eric Sutherland, Tannachie House, Fochabers, .....

2. Do. do., .....

COTSWOLD.
Section 15. TUPS of any age.

!. John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, ......

2. Do. do., ......

;;. Do. do., ......

II. C, The Earl of Crawford and Balcarrcs, Dunccht, Aberdeenshire

10 0 0
5 0 0
2 0 0

8
4

0 0
0 U

2 0 0

6
3

0 0
0 0

8

0

1)

4

G

0

•>

0

(•

Section- IC. Pens of 5 EWES of any age, or GLMMERS.

1. John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeitli, ....

2. Do. do.,

3. The Earl of Crawford and Balcarrcs, Dunecht, Aberdeenshire,

r,

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

LINCOLN.
Section 17. TUPS of any age.

1. John Bell Irving of Whitehlll, Lockerbie,

2. Do. do.,

3. Do. do.,

V. 11. C, John Bill Ining of WhUehill, Lockerbie.

.Si:«tuw; is. Pens of 5 EWEScf any age, or GIMMERS,
1. John Bell Irving of Whltehlll, Lockerbie, . .

.«!

0

(1

4

0

0

3

0

(1

coo

Curry fonvard, L.331 0 0
C

u

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 18/6.

Brought f onv-ard,

SOUTHDOWN.
Section 19. TUPS of any age.

1. Henry Gordon of Manar, Invenirie, . . ■ .

2. Do. do., ....

3. John Leith Ross of Amage, Ellon, ....

Section 20. Pens of 5 EWES of any age, or GIMMERS.

1. Henry Gordon of Manar, Invenirie, . . . • .

2. John Leith Ross of Amage, Ellon, , . * .
3 I>o. do., ....

L 331 0 0

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

6 0 0
3 0 0
10 0

SHROPSHIRE.
Section 21. TUPS of any age.

1. Lord Chesham, Latimer, Chesham, . . . .

2. Do. do. do., ....

3. John Gihson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, ....
V. H. C, John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith.

Section 22. Pens of 5 EWES of any age, or GIMMERS.

1. John Gibson, Woolmet, Dalkeith, ....

2. Do. do. do., ....

3. Lord Polwarth, Humbie, Upper Keith, ....

8 0 0
4 0 0
2 0 0

6 0 0
3 0 0
10 0

EXTRA SECTIONS.

Section. 23. Pens of 5 CHEVIOT WETHERS, not above 3 Shear.

1. The Duke of Sutherland, K.G., Dunrobin, .....

2. David Welsh, TiUytoghills, Fettercaim, .....

Section 24. Pens of 5 BLACKFACED WETHERS, not above 4 Shear.

1. Thomas Roy, BaUendrick, Bridge of Earn, Perth, ....

2. J. <fe W. Martin, New Market, Aberdeen, .....
y. H. C, J. <Sj W. Martin, New Market, Aberdeen.

Section 25. Pens of 5 WETHER HOGGS of any Cross, not above
1 Shear.

1. Eric Sutherland, Tannachie House, Fochabers, .....

2. Do. do. do., ....
V. H. C, James Bruce, Inverquhomeiy, Longside. C, Lord Polwarth, Humbie,

Upper Keith.

4

0

0

2

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

0 0
0 0

L.397 0 0

Class IV.— SWINE.

LARGE BREED.
Section 1. BOARS.

1. R. E. Duckeiing, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, . „ . .

2. Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol^

3. John Moir <fc Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen,

Section 2. SOWS.
1 Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol,

2, R. E. Duckering, Northoi-pe, Kirton Lindsey, ....

3. John Moir & Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen, ....
^ H, C, William Macdonald, Woodlands, Perth. C, John Moir & Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen

Section 3. Pens of 3 PIGS, not above 8 months old.

1. R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, ....

2. Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol,

3. John Moir & Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen, .....

[Carry forward, L.31 0 0

L.8

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

6

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

4

0 0

2

0 0

1

0 0

PEEMIUMS AWAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

35

Brouglit forward,
BERKSHIRE.
Section 4. BOARS.

1. Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol,

2. John Blaikie, Carron Lodge, Stonehaven, .....

3. The Earl of Strathmore, Glamis Castle, Forfar . . .

Section 5. SOWS.

1. R. E. Duckering, Northoipe, Kirkton Lindsey, • .

2. Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol, ....

3. Benjamin St. John Ack -rs, Prinknasli Park, Painswick, Gloucestershire,
H. C, Benjamin St. John Ackers, Prinknash Park, Painswick. C, Lord Kinnaird,

K.T., Rossie Priorj-, Inchture.

Section 6. Pens of 3 PIGS, not above 8 months old.

1. -Tohn Moir & Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen, .....

2. Jacob Dove^ Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol, ' .

L.31

0

0

' 8

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

6

0

0

O

0

0

1

0

0

4 0 0
2 0 0

SMALL BREED.
Section 7. BOARS.

1. R. E. Duckeiing, Northorpe, Kirton Lindsey, ...

2. Do. do. do., .....

3. Jacob Dove, Hambrook House, Hambrook, Bristol, ....
C, John Moir & Son, Gaithdee, Aberdeen.

Section 8. SOWS.

1. The Duke of Buccleuch, E.G., Dalkeith Park, Dalkeith,

2. R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirkton Lindsey, ....

3. Do. do. do., ......

V. H. C, John Moir & Son, Garthdee, Aberdeen. H. C, Jacob Dove, Hambrook

House, Hambrook, Bristol.

• Section 9. Pens of 3 PIGS, not above 8 months old.
L R. E. Duckering, Northorpe, Kirkton Lindsey,

8

0

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

6

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

0

4 0 0

L.89 0 0

Class V.- POULTRY.

Section 1. DORKING, Silver Grey— Cock.
1 George Black, Mill of Craibstone, Newhills,
2. William Mitch«ll, Meikle Dens, Longside, Aberdeen,

Section 2. DORKING, Silver Grey— 2 Hens.

1. William MitcheU, Meikle Dens, Longside, Aberdeen,

2. James Mitchell, Caiesmill, Blackburn, Aberdeen,

Section 3. DORKING, Silver Grey— CockereL

1. Mrs Geo. Armitstead, Inchmartine, Inchture,

2. James Ritchie, Hill of Udny, Udny,

Section 4. DORKING, Silver Grey— 2 Pullets.

1. Mrs George Annitstead, Inchmartine, Inchture,

2. James Annand, Ironmonger, Keitii,

• Section 5. DORKING, Coloured— Cock.

1. Adam Allan, Udny Castle, Aberdeen,

2. William Anderson, Broadficld, Keith,

Section 6. DORKING, Coloured— 2 Ilcns.
1. Mrs Orant of Glengrant, Rothes,
8, Charles Duncan, FochuberM, ....

Section 7. DORKING, Coloured— Cockerel.

1. James M'Nab, Glenochll, Mcnstric,

2. Wllllum Snowic, Monyuiusk, Aberdeen,

L.1 0 0
0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

.

. '1 0

0

•

0 10

0

1 0

0

•

0 10

0

1 0

0

•

0 10

0

I 0

0

•

0 10

0

1 0

.0

.

0 10

0

Carry forward,

L.IO 10

0

36 PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

Brought foi-w-ard, L.IO 10 0
Section S. DORKING, Coloured— 2 PuUets.

1. Henry Gordon of Manar, Inveinirie, . . . . . .10 0

2. Mrs George Annitstead, Inchmartine, Inchturc, . . . . . 0 10 0

Section 9. COCHIN-CHINA— Cock.

1. Thomas Bruce, Busby, Glasgow, . , . , . ,10 0

2. Mrs Walter Steven, 4 Academy Square, Montrusc, . . . . 0 10 0

Section 10. COCHIN-CHINA— 2 Ileus.

1. Mrs Walter Steven, 4 Academy Square, Montrose, . . . .10 0

2. Thomas Bruce, Bushy, Glasgow, . . . . . . 0 10 0

Section 11. COCHIN-CHINA— Cockerel.

1. Alexander Thomson, Mains, Tillicoultiy, . ... . .100

2. William Fraser, 6 Jesamine Teri'ace, Aberdeen, . . . . 0 10 0

Section 12. COCHIN-CHINA— 2 TuUets.

1. Mrs James Davidson, Star Hotel, Montrose, . . . . .10 0

2. William Fi'aser, 6 Jesamine Terrace, Aberdeen, . . . . 0 10 0

Section 13. BRAHMAPOOTRA— Cock.

1. Robert Bruce, Busby, Glasgow . . . . • .10 0

2. WiUiam Anderson, Broadfield, Keith, . . . . , 0 10 0

Section 14, BRAHMAPOOTRA— 2 Hens.

1. John Sandeman, 15 Strathmartine Road, Dundee, . - . .10 0

2. John Young, Hailes Cottage, Slateford, . . . . . . , 0 10 0

Section 15. BRAHMAPOOTRA— Cockerel.

1. Tlie Rev. George Wilson, Fetternear, Invenirie, . . . ,10 0

2. Miss E. Russell, Woodside, Hamilton, . . . . . , 0 10 0

Section 16. BRAHMAPOOTRA— 2 Pullets.

1. John Sandeman, 15 Strathmartine Road, Dundee, . . . ,10 0

2, John Edmonston, Seafield, Aberdeen, . . . . . . 0 10 0

Section 17. SPANISH— Cock.

1. Mrs Gracie, Colinton, . . . . . " , .'.100

2. James Ogg, 109|- John Street, Aberdeen, . . . . . 0 10 0

Section 18. SPANISH— 2 Hens.

1. James M'Nab, Glenochil, Menstrie, . . . . .10 0

2. John Duncan, ScolsmiU, Blackburn, Aberdeen, . . , . , 0 10 0

Section 19. SPANISH— Cockerel

1. James Norval, HawkhiU Lodge, Alloa, . ... .;"... 1 0 0

2. John Duncan, Scotsmill, Blackburn, Aberdeen, . . , , , 0 10 0

Section 20. SPANISH— 2 Pullets.

1. James Norval, HawkhiU Lodge, AUoa, . . , , .10 0

2. John Duncan, Scotsmill, Blackburn, Aberdeen, . , . , 0 10 0

Section 21. SCOTCH GREY— Cock.
1 ^Uexander Hamilton, Braidwood Tile Works, Carlake, . . . ,10 0

° ?SCT10K 22. SCOTCH GREY— 2 Hens.
1. Alexander Hamilton, Braidwood Tile Works, Carluke, . . . .10 0

Section 23. SCOTCH GREY— Cockerel.

1. Alexander HMmilton, Braidwood Tils ^\"orks, Carluke, . , . ,10 0

2. John Young, Hailes Cottage, Slateford , , . . . . 0 10 0

Carryforward, L.33 10 0

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

a?

Brought forward,
Section 24. SCOTCH GREY— 2 Pullets.

1. Alexander Hamilton, Braid\s'ood Tile "Works, Carluke, .

2. Thomas Lawric, Linlithgow, ......

Section 25. HAMBURG, Pencilled— Cock.
L John Fleming, Meadov/ Bank, Strathaven, ....

2. Robert Ogg, 109^^ John Street, Aberdeen, ....

Section 26. HAMBURG, Pencilled— 2 Hens.
1. John Fleming, Jleadow Bank, Strathaven, ....

, 2. Robert Ogg, 109^ John Street, Aberdeen, ....

Section 27. HAMBURG, PenciUed— Cockerel.

1. James Brand, Bonnybridge, Denny, .....

2. Robert MeUis, Goodhope, Auchmill, Aberdeen, ....

Section 28. HA5IBURG, Pencilled— 2 Pullets.

1. Peter Campbell, Oldwhat, New Deer, .....

2. Robert MeUis, Goodhope, Auchmill, Aberdeen, ....

Section 29. HASIBURG, Spangled— Cock

1. David Galbraith, Busby, Glasgow,

2. J. M. Campbell, Bonnykelly, New Deer, .

Section 30. HA^IBURG, Spangled— 2 Hens.

1. George Low, South Kinloch Street, Carnoustie,

2. D. G. Forbes of Millbum, Inverness,

Section 3L HAMBURG, Spangled— Cockerel

1. John Morrison, Mill Street, Alloa,

2. George Beattie, 33 Ilutchcon Street, Aberdeen,

Section 32. HAMBURG, Spangled— 2 Pullets.

1. J. M. Campbell, Bonnykelly, New Deer, .

2 John Morrison, Mill Street, Alloa, ....

Section 30. POLISH— Cock.
1. Mrs Jane Henderson, 4 Cuparstone Place, Aberdeen,

Section 34. POLISH— 2 Hens.
I. John Taylor, 157 High Street, Montrose, .

Section 35. POLISH— CockercL.—No Entry.

Section 36. POLISH— 2 Pullets.— No Entry.

Section 37. GA.ME, Black or Brown Reds — Cock.

1. William Webster, Dcnbnrn, Kirkcaldy,

2. David llarley, Roscbank House, Bonnington, Edinburgh, .

Section 38. G.VME, Black or Brown Reds— 1 Hen,

J. II. W. Hutchison, Braehcad, Kirkcaldy, .
2. William Webster, Dunburn, Kirkcaldy,

Section 39. GAME, Black or Brown Reds— Cockerel

1. William Chambers, Leslie, Fife, ....

2. William Webster, Denburn, Kirkcaldy,

Section 40. GAME, Black or Brown Reds- 1 Pullet.

1. William Webster, Denburn, Kirkcaldy,

2. William Chambers, Leslie, Fife, ....

Section 41. (JAME, Duckwlngs, or any other Variety— Cock.

1. David Harlcy, Roscbank Ilou-tc, Bonnington, Edinburgh,

2. David Hurley, Roscbank IIouav, Donningtun, Edinburgh,

L.33 10

0

1 0

0

0 10

0

1 0

0

0 10

0

1 0

0

0 10

0

. 1 0

0

0 10

0

1 0

0

0 10

0

. 1 0

0

0 10

0

. 1 0

0

. 0 10

0

. 1 0

. 0 10

. 1 0

0

0 10

0

. 10 0

10 0

• •

.

1 0

0

• •

•

0 10

0

f •

•

1 0

0

< •

«

0 10

0

•

1 0

0

• •

•

U 10

0

• •

1 (1

0

•

-

0 10

0

y— Cock.

, ,

,

1 0

0

•

•

U 10

0

CuiT)- forA\

ar.l,

L.5G 10

0

38

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

1.

2.

1.

1.

2.

1.

2.

Brought forward,
Section 42. GAME, Duckwings, or any other Variety — 1 Hen.

David Harley, Rosebank House, Bonnington, Edinburgh, .
David Harley, Rosebank House, Bonnington, Edinburgli, .

^^ - Section 43. GAME, Duckwings, or any other Variety— Cockerel -
Not forward.

Section 44. GAME, Duckwings, or any other Variety — 1 Pullet.

David Harley, Rosebank House, Bonnington, Edinbm-gh, .

William A. Swan, Leslie, Fife, ......

Section 45. BANTAMS, Game— Cock.

Robert BroAvnlie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldy, .....
Robert Brownlie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldy, . . . .

Section 46. BANTAMS, Game— 1 Hen.

Robert Brownlie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldy, .....
Alexander Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

Section 47. BANTAMS, Game— Cockerel.

Robert Brownlie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldj% .....
Robert Brownlie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldy, ....

Section 48. BANTAMS, Game— 1 Pullet.

Robert Bro's^Tilie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldy, .....
Robert Brownlie, Bankslee, Kirkcaldy, .....

Section 49. BANTAMS, Sebright— Cock.

Miss Robina Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

Miss Bessie P. Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

Section '50. BANTAMS, Sebright— 2 Hens.

Miss Rachel C. Frew, Sinclairto'wn, Kirkcaldy, ....

Robert E. Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, .....

Section 51. BANTAMS, Sebright— Cockerel.
Miss Jane M. Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

Section 52. BANTAMS, Sebright— 2 Pullets.
Alexander Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, . :

Section 53. BANTAMS— Any other variety — Cock.

J. D. Donald, 93 Bridge Street, j\Iontrose, ....

John Taylor, 157 High Street, Montrose, .....

Section 54. BANTAMS — Any other variety — 2 Hens.

J. D. Donald, 93 Bridge Street, Montrose, ....

Miss Bessie P. Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

Section 55. BANTAMS — Any other variety — Cockerel.

Miss Jane M. Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

J. D. Donald, 93 Bridge Street, Montrose, .....

Section 56. BANTAMS— Any other variety— 2 Pullets.

Alexander Frew, Sinclairtown, Kirkcaldy, ....

J. D. Donald, 93 Bridge Street, ^Montrose, .....

Section 57. POULTRY— Any other .Pure Breed— Cock.

John B. Brown, The Cottage, Gilmerton, Liberton,' Edinburgh,

George Shewan, 79 Spittal, Aberdeen, .....

Section 58. POULTRY— Any other Pure Breed— 2 Hens.

John B. Brown, The Cottage, Gilmerton, Liberton, Edinburgh,
John B. Brown, The Cottage, GUmerton, Liberton, Edinburgh,

Section 59. POULTRY — Any other Pure Breed — Cockerel.

David Lonie, jun., 57 Queen Street, Aberdeen, ....
William Massie. Lower Middlefield, Woodside, Aberdeen, .

L.56 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

1

0

0

0

xO

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

0

iv

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

10 0

10 0

10 0
0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

10 0

0 10 0

10 0

0 10 (>

10 0
0 10 o

Cany forward, L.81 0 0

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

39

Brought forward,
Section 60. POULTRY— Any other Pure Breed— 2 PuUets.

1. William Massie, Lower Middlefield, Woodside, Aberdeen,

2. David Lonie, jun., 57 Queen Street, Aberdeen, ....

Section 61. DUCKS— White Aj-lesbmy— Drake.

1. James ,A[itchell, Caiesmill, Blackburn, Aberdeen, ....

2. William Anderson, Broadfield, Keith, .....

Section 62. DUCKS— White Aylesbury— 2 Ducks.

1. James Mitchell, Caiesmill, Blackburn, Aberdeen, ....

2. Thomas Aitken, Laigh Bum-o'-Xeed, Som, Ayrshire,

Section 63. DUCKS— White Aylesburj-— Drake (Young).
1. George Bruce, Keig, "Whitehouse, Aberdeen, ....

Section 64. DUCKS— White Aylesbury— 2 Ducklings.
1. George Bruce, Keig, Whitehouse, Aberdeen, ....

Section 65. DUCKS — Rouen— Drake.

1. Lady Gladstone of Fasque, Laurencekirk, ....

2. William Anderson, Broadfield, Keith, .....

Section 66. DUCKS— Rouen— 2 Ducks.

1. William :M'Cartney, Busby Print Works, Busby, ....

2. Alexander Vallentine, Blackburn, Aberdeen, . . . :

Section 67. DUCKS— Rouen, Drake (Young).

1. William M'Cartney, Busby Print Works, Busby, ....

2. William Hart, Kirkland, Auchterarder, .....

Section 68. DUCKS— Rouen— 2 Ducklings.

1. William Hart, Kirkland, Auchterarder,

2. Henry Gordon of Manar, Inverurie,

Section 69. DUCKS— Any other Pure Breed— Drake

1. Miss Augusta Norton, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochry,

2. Miss Augusta Norton, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochry,

Section 70. DUCKS— Any other Pure Breed— 2 Ducks.
1. Miss Augusta Norton, Rannoch Lodge, Pitlochry,

Section 71. DUCKS— Any other Pure Breed— Drake (Young).— No
Entry.

Section 72. DUCKS— Any other Pure Breed— 2 Ducklings.— No
Entry.

Section 73. TURKEYS— Black Norfolk— Cock.

1. Andrew Mitchell, East Kcrse Mains, Bo'nes.s, ....

2. William Anderson, Broadfield, Keith, .....

Section 74, TURKEYS— Black Norfolk— 2 Hens.
1 Andrew Mitchell, East Kcrse .Main.s, Bo'ness, ....

Section 75. TURKEY.S— Black Norfolk— Cock (Poult).— No Award.

Section 76. TURKEY.S— Black Norfolk— 2 Hens (Poults).— Not
forward.

Skction 77. TURKEYS— Any other Breed— Cock.

1. Miss Augusta Norton, Rannoch LodKC, Pitlochry,

2, Lady Gladstone of Fasque, Laurencekirk, . . . •

L.81 0 0

10 0
. 0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

. 1 0 0

0 10 0

10 0

10 0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

0

10

0

1

0

0

e

10

D

1

0

0

0

10

0

10 0

. 10 0
, 0 10 0

1 0

1 0 0
0 10 0

Carry forward, L.lOO 0 0

40

PREiMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

1.

Brought forward,

Section- 78. TURKEYS— Any other Breed— 2 Hens.

Miss Atigtista Xorton, Eannoch Lodge, Pitlochry,

Lady Gladstone of Fasque, Laurencekirk, ....

Section 79. TURKEYS— Any other Breed— Cock (Poult).

Lady Gladstone of Fasque, Laurencekirk,

William Hart, Kirkland, Auchterarder, ...

Section SO. TURKEYS— Any other Breed— 2 Hens (Poults)

Lady Gladstone of Fasque. Laurencekirk,

T. L. M. Cartwright, Melville House, Ladj-hank, .

Section 81. GEE.SE— Grey Tovdouse— Gander.
Henry Gordon of Manar, Inverurie. .....

Section 82. GEESE— Grey Toulouse— 2 Geese.
Henry Gordon of Manar, Inverurie, .....

Section 83. GEESE — Grey Toulouse— Gander (Young).

Henrj- Gordon of Manar, Invemrie, . . , .

George Brace, Keig, Whitehouse, Aberdeen, ....

Section 84:. GEESE — Grey Toulouse — 2 Goslings.

Henrj' Gordon of Manar, Inverurie, .....

George Brace, Keig, "Whitehouse, Aberdeen, ....

Section So. GEESE— Embden— Gander.— Xo Entrj'.

Section 86. GEESE— Embden— 2 Geese.— Xo Entn,-.

Section S7. GEESE — Embden, Gander (Young). — Xo Entry.

Section 88. GEESE— Embden, 2 Goslings.— Xo Entry.

Section 89. GEESE— Any other Pure Breed— Gander.

D. G. Forbes of Millburn, Inverness, .....

D. G Forbes of MUlburn, Inverness, .....

Section 90. GEESE — Any other Pure Breed — 2 Geese.

D. G. Forbes of Millburn, Inverness, , . . . .

D. G. Forbes of Millburn, Inverness, .....

Section 91. GEESE — Any other Pure Breed Gander O'oung).
D. G. Forbes of Millburn, Inverness, .....

Section 92. GEESE— Any other Pure Breed- 2 Goslings.

D. G. Forbes of Millburn, Inverness, .....

D. G. Forbes of Millburn, Inverness, .....

LlOO 0 a

. 10 0

0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

10 0

0 10 8

10 0

. 10 0

. 10 0
0 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

1 0 o
0 10 (^

1 0 o
0 10 a

♦ 10 0

10 0
0 10 0

L.11.5 0 0

Class VII. -IMPLEMENTS.

G. W. Mun-ay & Co., Banff Foundry, Banff, for Thrashing Machine, •

L.IO 0 0-

Silver Medals -were awarded to the following: —

1, Aveling & Porter, Rochester, for Agricultural Locomotive Engine, of Eight Horse Power,

(nominal), invented by Thomas Aveling.

2. Henry Pooley <t Son, 113 West Xile Street, Glasgow, for Patent Three Ton Self-Contained

Agricultural Cart Weighing Macliine.
0. Wurr & Lewis, 16 Walbrook, London, for New Patent Hand-Power Circular and Band Sawing.

Machine, ifcc.
4. Clayton & Shuttleworth, Lincoln, for Differential Gearing for Traction Engine.

4 Silver Medals, L.3, 4

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876. 41

^ledium Silver Medals to : —

1. Thomas Bradford & Co., Salford, ;Manchester, and London, for New Patent Potato "Washers.

2. E. K. Griffen, South Duflfield, Selby, Yorks, for Patent Potato Separator, exhibited by Penny

<k Co. (Limited), Lincoln.

3. John Richardson, London Road, Carlisle, for Winnowing Machine.

4. Can-uthers & Allan, Dumfries and Glasgow, for Improved Sheep Dipping Bath.

5. Shearer Brothers, Meybank AVorks, Turriff, for Foot-Power Thrashing Machine.

6. Walker, Fyfe, & Co., Aberdeen, for Patent Columnar Valve Hydraulic Ram.

7. James Keith, Gas and Water Engineer, Arbroath, for Hydraulic Rams for Raising Water.

7 Medium Silver Medals, L.S, 13s. Cd.

Minor Silver iledals to : —

1. Llewellins <fc James, 28 Bath Street, Glasgow, for General Collection.

2. Henry Pooley .5: Son, 113 West Nile Street, Glasgow, for General Collection.

3. John G. Rollins & Co., Old Swan Wharf, London Bridge, London, for General Collection.

4. Picksley, Sims, <fc Co. (Limited), Bedford Foundiy, Leigh, for Collection.

5. Ben. Reid & Co., Bon-Accord Works, Aberdeen, for Collection.

6. Richmond & Chandler, Salford, Manchester, for Collection.

7. J. Sellar A Sons, Elgin, for Collection.

8. Auchinachie <fc Simpson, Keith, for Collection.

9. Robert Boyle & Son, 100 Mitchell Street, Glasgow, for Collection.

10. John Doe, Errol, for Collection.

11. Thomas Gibson & Son, Bainfield Iron and Wire Works, Edinburgh, for Collection.

12. John Gray & Co., Uddingston Iron Works, Uddingston, Glasgow, for Collection.

13. Ilai-per <k Co., Aberdeen, for Collection.

14. Ilaughton «fc Thompson, Carlisle, for Collection. ^ .^^

15. Alexander Jack &. Sons, Maybole, for Collection. "'"'"

16. G. W. Murray .fc Co., Banff, for Collection.

17. T. Pirie <fe Co., Kinmundj-, Longside, Aberdeenshire, for Collection.

18. George Sellar & Son, Huntly, for Collection.

19. David Whitecros.s. Banff, for Common Swing and Drill Plough combined.

20. F. ilurrieson, Ittlaw, for One-way Plough, exhibited by David Whitecross, Banff.

20 Minor Silver Medals, L.C.

ABSTRACT OF PREMIUMS.

Cattle, .
Horse.', .
Sheep, .
Swine, .
Poultr}',
Implements,

L.1096

7

0

524

7

0

397

0

0

89

0

0

11.-^

0

0

22

17

6

L.2244

11

6

LIST OF JUDGES.

SnonriionK. — Richard Clialoncr, Kingsfort, Monnylty, Ireland; H. Chandos Polo Cell, Hopton
Ilall, Wirksworth; Andrew Mitchell, Alloa.

Poi.i.Ki) Angl's oit Aiu.i:i>KF.N. — George Gordon, Tullochallum, Dufftown; James Reid, Grey-
stone. Alford; William Wliyte, Spott, Kirriemuir.

Galloway.— Thomas Gibbons, 24 Cliiswick Street, Carlisle; James Gricrson, Kirkland. Il.iugh
of Urr.

Avi:.MiiinE.— George Crawford, High Knowc Glajw, East Kilbriile; William Fleming, Tilllc-
cliewan, Ale.xundriu; Gcoige Pender, 5 Winton Terrace, Crossbill, Glasgow.

HiGiiLA^r).— Clinrlcn Howutson of Donicl. Miuicliline; Duncan .M'Diarmid, Glengoulandlc,
Aberftldy; Peter Kobert.sr)n, Auhllty, Ding>\al].

Fat Stock (C.vttlk and Siikki-).— George Ci ulok.<thank, Conii.sfy, Huntly; Jolin Faniulinrson,
4 Bridge Street, Aberdeen; U. H. Han is, Enrnliill, Forres.

HoKSK.H Koit .\f;iM< ii.tikal Priu'osKM. — .laujf^ Caldcr, Colgrain, Cardross; John Dove, East-
flcld, Greenlaw, Dunse; Robert WiLson, Dum, Perth

42 > PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

Hunters, Roadsters, Ponies, and Extra Horses. — R. 0. Farquliarson of Haughton, Alford ;
Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Bathgate.

Cheviot. — William Henderson, Fowbeny Mains, Belford ; William Hunter, Craighead, Abing-
ton; George M'Call, Bunance, Lockerbie.

Blackfaced. — Charles Ilowatson of Domel, Mauchline; Duncan M'Diarmid, Glengoulandie,
Aberfeldy; Peter Robertson, Achilty, DingwalL

Border Leicester, Leicester, and Longwoolled. — William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith;
Adam Smith, Stevenson Mains, Haddington; George Torrance, Sisterpath, Dunse.

Southdown and Shropshire. — Thomas Hams, Stoneylane, Bromsgrove; James Skirving,
Luffness Mains, Drem.

Swine. — Peter Eden, Crosslane, Salford; Patrick Small Keir of Kindrogan, Pitlochry.

Poultry. — James MoUison, Dochgarroch Lodge, Inverness; Thomas Raines, Bridgehaugh,
Stirling. •

Implements. — Society's Inspecting Committee — James W. Hunter of Thurston, Chairman of the
Society's Machinery Committee; Da-^dd Stevenson, C.E., Edinburgh, Consulting Engineer to the
Society; James D. Park, Edinburgh, Practical Engineer to the Society; Robert Hutchison of
Carlo^Tie, Kirkliston; P. B. Swinton, Holj-n Bank, Gifford; Hugh Morton, Engineer, Leith.
Local Committee — Alex. Auld, Newton, Rothmaise, Insch, Aberdeen; Alex. Innes of Raemoir,
Banchoiy; Alex. Morrison Gordon of Newton, Insch, Aberdeen ; James Reith, South Auchinclech,
Skene, Aberdeen; Robert Salmond, Nether Balfour, Durris; Wilham Smith, West Drums,
Brechin; George Wilken, Waterside of Forbes, Alford.

LIST OF ATTENDING MEMBERS.

Shorthorn. — Robert Copland, MUl of Ardlethen, Ellon; Charles Lyall, Old Montrose, Montrose,

Polled Angus or Aberdeen. — Colonel Ramsay of Bara, Straloch, Aberdeen; James Cochrane,
Little Haddo, Newburgh, Aberdeen.

Galloway. — Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum, Aberdeen; Alex. F. Leslie, Corskellie, Huntly.

Ayrshire. — Colonel Innes of Leamey, Torphins; William Walker, Ardhunckart, Mossat.

Highland. — Robert Grant of Dniminnor, Rhynie ; Ranald ilacDonald, Cluny Castle, Aberdeen.

Fat Stock (Cattle and Sheep). — Sir George Macpherson Grant of BaUindalloch, Bart. ;
James Lumsden, Braco, Keith.

Horses for Agricultur.vl Purposes. — Colonel Ferguson of Pitfour, Mintlaw; WilUam A.
Mitchell, Auchnagathle, Keig.

Hunters, Roadsters, Ponies; and Extra Horses. — Provost Wood, Banff; Henry D. Adam-
son, Balquharn, Alford.

Cheviot. — Henry Gordon of Manar, Inverurie; Silvester Campbell, Klnellar, Blackburn;
Aberdeen.

Blackfaced. — Robert Grant of Druminnor, Rhynie ; Ranald MacDonald, Cluny Castle, Aber-
deen.

Border Leicester, Leicester, and Longwoolled. — James T. Oswald of Dunnikier, Kirk-
caldy; Adam Singer, Rothmaise, Insch, Aberdeen.

Southdown and Shropshire.— William M'Combie of Easter Skene, Skene, Aberdeen; John
Davidson, North Leys, Banchorj%

Swine.— W. E. Nicol of Ballogie, Banchoiy; William Alexander, Bent of Haulkerton, Laurence-
kirk.

Poultry. — Hercules Scott of Broth erton, Bervie; Alex. Cowie, Crombly Bank, EUon.

IV,— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

KA3IE OF DIST. PREMIUM AWARDED TO

County of Alex. Buchanan, Whitehouse
Stirling A. & J. Christie, Bankhead
J. T. S. Paterson, Plean
Hugh Thomson, Blackgi-ange
Robert Drysdale. Old MiUs
Archd. Bulloch, Milliken
Duncan Keir, Buckly\de
WiUiam Weir, Inches

CATTLE.

FOR AMOUNT.

Shorthorn Bull, Class I.tL.2 &Med.SiLMed.L.2 10

6*

do, do. . . . 1 10

0*

do. do. . . . 0 10

0*

do. Class II.+L.110s.&Med.Sil.Med. 2 0

6*

do. do 10

0*

Ayrshire Heifer L.3 & Med. SiL Med. 3 10

G

do. .... 2 0

0

do. .... 1 0

0

Carry fonvard, L.14 1

6

* Half Premiums awarded, the number of Lots being under four,
t Aged BuUs. J Two-year-old BuUs^

PREmUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

43

NAME OF DIST.

PREJirCM ATVAEDED TO

Lorn and I. & J. Macfarlan, Baraacarry
Nether Archd. M'Lachlan Caraiislaich
Lorn N. M. M 'Donald of Dunach

J. M'Kechnie, jun., Maolachy
K. M. M'LeUan, Melfort
Allan Hall, Degnish
Donald M 'Galium Baligo\vn
N. M. M'Donald of Dunach
N. M. M'Donald of Dunach
Dun. M'Callum, Glenamackrie

Argyll James M'Kechnie, Kirkton

A. Stevenson, Auchanellan
Peter Sinclair, Upper Largie
Peter Sinclair, Upper Largie
Peter Sinclair, Upper Largie
Alex. M'Donald, Xether Largie
Alex. M'Donald, Xether Largie
Alex. M'Donald, Xether Largie
Alex. M'Donald, Xether Largie

J. Drummond, of Blackruthven Shorthorn Bull

FOE

AMOUNT.

Brought fonvard, L.14 1

6

Highland Bull . Silver Medal

0 16

0

do. Class L L.4 & Med. SiL Med.

4 10

6

do. do. ....

3 0

0

do. do. ....

1 0

0

do. Class IL L.3 & Med. SU. Med.

3 10

6

do. do. ....

2 0

0

do. do. ....

1 0

0

Highland Heifer L.3 & Med. SiL Med.

3 10

6

do. ....

2 0

0

do. ....

1 0

0

Highland Bull, Class L L.4 <fe Med. SiL Med.

4 10

6

do. do. ....

3 0

0

do. do. ....

1 0

0

Highland Bull, Class IL L.3 & Med. Sil. Med.

3 10

6

do. do

2 0

0

do. do. .

1 0

0

Highland Heifer L.3 & Med. SiL Med.

3 10

6

do. ....

2 0

0

do. ....

1 0

0

Upper

Strathearn John Dickson, Cambushinnie
Wm. Lauder, Locherlour
Robert Young, Ballyclone
John Hart, Kirkland
John AUan, Crieffvechter
Wm. Lauder, Locherlour
Donald M'Laren, Ardveich
Thos. Crawford, Di-ummawhance

County of G. W. Leslie, Aldroughty
JSlffin James Bruce, Bumside

James La^vrence, Forres Mills

County of Sir M. R. Shaw Stewart, Bai-L
Renfrew Robert Gillespie, Boyleston

Sir M. R. Shaw Stewart, Bart.

Mrs Douglas, Green

SUver Medal 0 16 0

do. Class L L.2&Med.SiLMed. 2 10

do. do

1 10

0*

do. Class II. L.3 & Med. Sil. Med.

3 10

6

do. do. .

2 0

0

do. do

1 0

0

AjTshire Heifer L.3 & Med. SU. Med.

3 10

6

do. ....

2 0

0

do. ....

1 0

0

Shorthorn Bull, Class I. Med. SiL Med. 0 10 6

do. Class IL^Med. SiL Med. 0 10 6

Shorthorn Heifer 'Med. SiL Med. 0 10 6

£ast T. Ballantine, X'etherton

Kilbride R. Gillespie, Boyleston

Robert Wilson, Forehouse

Mrs Douglas, Green

United Andrew Longmore, Rettie

Banffshire James Murray, Faichfolds

Duncan, Murray <k Rust, Banff
John Hunnay, Gavenwood

Strathbogie James Merson, Craig\illie
James I5ruce, Bunisitlu
James Bruce, Burnside

Ayrshire Bull

do.

do
AjTshire Heifer

AjTshire Bull

do.

do.
Ayrshire Heifer

Shorthorn Bull

do.

do.
Polled Heifer

Silver Medal 0 16 0

Class I. Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

Class IL Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

Silver MeQal 0 16 0

Class L Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 «

Class II. Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

Med. SU, Med. 0 10 6

SUver Medal 0 16 0

Class L Med. SU Med. 0 10 6

Class II. .Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

Shorthorn Bull, Class I. Med. SU. Med. 0 10 6

do. Class II. -Med. SiL Med 0 10 6

Shorthorn Heifer Med. SU. Jled. 0 10 6

HOKSE.S FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.
Easter Rots George WUaon, Whiteside Stallion ....

Dist. of R. \
Northern > Gcorgo
Society j

Duncan, Port Elphlnstonc Stallion
Dalbeattie Hugh Andrew, AllAn.i Stallion

25 0 0_
35 0 0
25 0 0

Carry forward, L.lGl 3 6
Half Prcmlum8'awardcd,'thc number of Lots bein^ under four.

44

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

NAME OF DIST. PREMIUM AWARDED

of Wg' shire ] Thomson, Blail^et

A'termuchty Da\'id Riddell, Kilbowie
East of Fife John Galloway, Lochton

Selkirk and James Lawrie, Mitchelston

Galashiels Andrew T. Elliot, Xewhall

Andi-ew T. Elliot, Xewhall

Caithness Wm. Purves, Barrack Mains
Jas. Henderson, of Bilbster
"William Mackay, Quoys of Reiss

West. Dist. Charles Hardie, Primrose
of Fife Thos. Crawford, Pitbauchlie

Robert Crawford, Balbougie

Strathendric Alexander Galbraith,CroyCun- )
ningham . . , .J

Archd. Muirhead, Dnimquhassle
Peter Crawford, Drumgoyack

County of James Mackessack, Eamside
Inverness Robt. Mather, Diniid Temple
Alex. Shaw, Mains of Leys
John Hendrie, Castle Ileatliev
Charles -Mackessack, Ciil1)lair
Robt. Anderson of Lochdliu

FOR

StaUion

Stallion

Stallion

Brought fon\-ard,

AMOUXr,

L.lCl 3 6
25 0 0

2-5 0 a

25 0 0

Brood ]\rare
do.
do.

L.4 iz Med.

Sil. Med.

4
3

1

10
0
0

<5
0
0

Brood ]\Iare
do. .
do.

L.4 & Med.

•

Sil. Med,

* •

4
3
1

10
0
0

6
0
0

Brood Mare
do.
do. .

L.4 &, Med.

• •

SIL Med.

■ •
•

4
3
1

10
0
0

6
0

0

Brood Mare L.4 ct Med. Sil. Med. 4 10 G

do.
do.

Island of John MacLeod, Monkstadt
Skye John MacLeod, Monkstadt

Black Isle "W. G. C. Asher, Belmaduthy
Colin JIunro, Weston
Jonathan Middleton, Davidston
R. Trotter, Garguston
D. Cameron, Rhives
A. Jack, Bog of Achterflow
R. Trotter, Garguston
J. Middleton, Davidston
R. Trotter, Garguston

County of WLlliam Tod, Gospetry
Kinross Robert Arnot, Hatchbank

Robert Barclay, Craigend
James Walls, Lochran
Eobt. Arnot, Hatchbank
And. Greig of Holeton

Two-year old Filly L.3& Med. SiL Medal 3

do 2

do 1

One-year old Filly L.2 & iled. SiL Medal 2
do. . . . . .1

do. ..... 0

Two-year oldColtL.l,10s. k, Med. SiL Med. 2
do. . . . . . 1

One-year old Colt L.2 ct Med. Sil. Medal 2
do. ..... 1

do 0

Two-year old Filly L.3 k, .Aled. Sil. Medal 3
do. . " . . . . 2

do 1

One-year old FDly L.l & Med. SiL Medal 1
do. .... 0

do. ,; . . . . 0

0 0

0 0

10 6

0 0

0 0

10 6

0 0

10 0

0 6*

0 0*

10 6

0 0

10 0

10 6

0 0

0 0

10 6*

10 0*

5 0*

Two-year old Filly L.3 & Med. SiL Medal 3

do 2

do 1

One-year old Filly L.2 & Med, SU. Medal 2
do. . . . . .1

do. . . . . . 0

10
0

6
0

0 0

10 6

0 0

10 0

SHEEP.

West Lothian John M'Kinlay, Hardhill
and Eastern ^simts Fleming, Carmuirs
District of John Morrison, West Dalraeny
tStirlingshire John IlilL East Carlowrie

John MoiTison, West Dalmeny
John Hill, East Carloime
John M'Kinlay, Hardhill
James Fleming, Cannuirs
John Jlorrison, West Dalmeny
John Hill, East Carlowrie
John ilorrison. West Dalmeny
John Hill, East Carlo-vvrie

Leicester Tup L.3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3 10

do 10

do 0 10

Leicester Shear. Tup L.3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3 10

do.
do

1 0

0 10
3 10

1 0
0 10

Leicester Ewes L.3 <& Jled. Silver Medal
do. .....

do

Leicester Gimmers L.3 ifc Med. Sil. Medal 3 10
do. .....10

do. 0 10

6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0
6
0
0

Carry forward, L.327 G 6

* Half Premiums awarded, the number of Lots being under four.

PKEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1S76.

45

XAME OF Disr,

PREMIUM AWARDED

FOB

Cowal James Duncan of Benmore

Robert Scott, Craignafeacli
Robert Scott, Craignafeach
Duncan C. Whyte, Ballimore
Robert Scott, Craignafeach
Robert Scott, Craignafeach
Archd. Chirk, Invercliajile
Duncan C. Wiiyte, Ballimore
Robert Scott, Craignafeach
Robert Scott, Craignafeach
Robert Scott, Craignafeach
Archd. Clark, Inverchaple

County of Earl of Daihousle
Forfar Charles Mitchell, Kintrockat

John Taylor Redcastle
John Taylor, Redcastle
Charles Lyall, Old Montrose
James Swan, Invei-peffer

West Teiiot- William M. Oliver, ITov.-pasley

dal<: Jolin Scott,Deloraine

William Grieve, Skelfhill

John Scott, Deloraine

John Scott, Deloraine

John Mitchell, Singlee

James Brjdon, Satchells

John Scott, Deloraine

James Grieve, Branxholm Braes

BreadaH-ane \V. G. Steuart Menzies of Cul- )
dares . . . . j

A. ifc J. M'Xaughton, Kemimore
John Hamilton, Conenish
John Hamilton, Conenish
John Hamilton, Conenish
John Hamilton, Conenish
Alex. M'Naughton, Remony
John Willison, Glenlochay
Alex. M'Xaughton, Remony
Trustees of the lute A. M'Lean, )
Borlick ....]"
John Willison, Glenlochay
Alex. M'Naughton, Remony
Alex. M'Naughton, Remony

Brought foi-n-ard.

Silver Medal 0

L.3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3

1

am:ocnt.
L.327 6 6
16
10
0

Blackfaced Tup

do.

do.

do 0 10

Blackfaced Siir.Tup L. 1, 10s. & Med.Sil.Med 2 0

do 0 10

do. ..... 0 5

Blackfaced Ewes L.3 & Med. SiL Med.

do. .....

do. .....

Blackfaced Gims.L.l, 10s. & Med. Sil. Med

do. .....

3 10

1 0
0 10

2 0
0 10

Leicester Tup Silver Medal 0 16

do. L.3 & Med. SiL Medal 3 10

LeicesterShear.TupL.l,10s.&Med.Sil.Mcd. 2 0
do 0 10

Leicester Ewes L.3 «fc Med. Sil. Medal 3 10
do. ..... 1 0

Cheviot Tup ^^ L.3 & Med. Silver Medal 3 10

do 10

do 0 10

Cheviot Shear. Tup L3. & Med. SU. Med 3 10

do 10

do 0 10

Cheviot Gims. L.l.lOs. &, 3Ied. Sil. Med. 2 0
do 0 10

• . . . 0 i>

do.

SUver 3Icdal 0 IG 0
L.3 & Med

Blackfaced Tup

do. L.3 & Med. SiL Medal 3

do. 1

do 0

Blackfaced Shear. Tup L.3 & Med SiL Med. 3

dc 1

do. ... . 0

Blackfaced Ewes L.3 & Med. SiL Medal 3
do. ..... 1

0
10
10

do.

Blackfaced Gims.
do.
do.

L.3 & Med. Sa.

Medal 3
1
0

do 10

do 0 10

BlackfacedShear.TupL.3\kMed.SU.Mcd. 3 10.

da
do.

Blackfaced Ewes

do. . . . .

do. . . . ,

Blackfaced Gimmcra L.3 & Med

do. . . . .

do. . . . .

1 0

0 10
L.3 & Med. Sil. Med. 3 10

1 0

0 10
Sil. Med. 3 10

1 0
0 10

Blackfaced Tup Silver Modal 0 16

do. Medium Silver .Medal 0 10

m.ackfacca Shear. Tup Med. Silver .Medal 0 10
IV ■ ' 1 Kwi'H .Med. .Silver .Medal 0 10

l-' d Gimmers Med. Silver Medal 0 10

0

6

0

0

G»

0*

0*

6

0

0

6*-

0*

0

6

6*

C*

G

0

G

0

0

G

0

0

G*

0*

0*

10 6

0 0

10 0

10 C

0
0
6

0 0

0 10 0

10 6

0 0

10 0

Islaryl of James Allan, jun., Balnacoole Blackfaced Tup L.3 it .Med. Sil. iledal 3 10 6
Arran James .Mian, jun., Balnacoole

Robt. Crawford, GlenscoiTodale
William Tod, Glcnrec
Donald .M'Alister. .Sannox
•las. Allan, sen., Clauchland.s
Jas. Allan, jun., Balnacoole
Ja.s Allan, jun., Balnacoole
Robt. Crawford, (Jlcnscorrodalo
Jas. Allan, jun., Balnacoolu
Jas. Allan, sen., Clauchland!)
Jaa. Allan, jun., Balnacoolu

lindenoch C. V. Gwycr, Biallid
an'l Donald Stewart, Chapelpark

Ilothie- Donald Stewart, Chapelpark
murchu* . R. MacgrcRor, Kincralg

Donald Stewart, Chapelpark

0
0
6
0
0
6
U
0

s

0

u

0
G
G
G
C

Carn- forward, L.411 11 C
* Half Premiums awarded, the number of Lot:i being under four.

46

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

NAME or DIST.

PREMIUM AWAKDED

FOR

BrougM forward,

AMOUNT.
L.411 11 6

County of
Suther-
land

West Linton

M. Gunn, Ctdgower
J. B. Dudgeon, Crakaig
J. B. Dudgeon, Crakaig
J. B. Dudgeon, Crakaig
J B. Dudgeon, Crakaig

Wm. A. Woddrop, Gar^'ald
Patrick Melrose, West Loch
Jas. J. Currie, Yorkston
Jas. J. Currie, Yorkston
Jas. J. Currie, Yorkston

Upper Ward James Paterson, Carmacoup
of Lanark- Alex. Denholm, Baitlaws
shire Wm. Hunter, Craighead

Wm. Hunter, Craighead
Wm. Hunter, Craighead

Cheviot Tup Silver Medal 0 16 0

do. Medium Silver Medal 0 10 6

Che\iot Sheariing Tup Med. Sil. Med. 0 10 6

Cheviot Ewes Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Cheviot Gimmers Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Blackfaced Tup SUver Medal 0 16 0

do. Medium Silver Medal 0 10 6

Blackfaced Shear. Tup Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Blackfaced Ewes Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Blackfaced Gimmers Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Cheviot Tup Silver Medal 0 16 0

do. Med. Silver Medal 0 10 e

Cheviot ShearUng Tup Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Cheviot Ewes Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

Cheviot Gimmers Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

MvM, Coll,
and
Tyree

.Duncan Fletcher of Glenaros Blackfaced Tup Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

DonrJd M'Pherson, Lettermore Blackfaced Shear. Tup Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

John Thomson, Aros Mains Blackfaced Ewes Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

William Lang o; Glengorm Blackfaced Gimmers Med. Silver Medal 0 10 6

SPECIAL GRANTS.

Edinburgh\
^ Christmas >•
' Club 3

Glasgow
Aaricul-
taral
Society

Vote in aid of Premiums,

Vote in aid of Premium for Thoroughbred Stallion,

Ayrshire Vote to Dairy Produce Show at Kilmarnock,
Unst Society Vote in aid of Premiums, ....

Westray
Society .

> Vo^e in aid of .Premiums

L.422 7 6

L.50 0 0

50 0 0

20 0 0

10 0 0

3 0 0

L.133 0 0

MEDALS IN AID OF PREMIUMS GIVEN BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

NAME OF DISTRICT.

Auchindoir, Kil-
drummie, and
Towie

Cromar, Upper Dee
and 7>'9nside

Ehrieside

Fy^ie

Insch

Aberdeenshire.

medal awarded to

Peter Cran, Old Morlich

James Walker, Westside of Bnix

John Wattie, Milton

David Baillie, Mains of Rhynie

Duncan Reid, SmiddyhUl

Marqu^is of Huntly

James M'Combie, Daugh

John Begg, Lochnagar Distillery

John S. Yull, Little Ardo

Alex. Marshall, Overton

William Mackie, Petty

Theodore Henderson, Cammaloun

Mrs Moir, Mains of Wardhouse

Mrs Scott, Wrangham

Rev. G. Wilson, Fettemear

Mrs Paterson, Newtown

FOR

Polled BuU
Polled Cow
Shorthorn Bull
Shorthorn Cow
Polled Bull
Polled Cow
Shorthorn Bull
Shorthorn Heifer
Draught Mare
Shorthorn Bull ,
Shorthorn Bull
Draught Mare
Cured Butter
Poultiy

Brahmapootra Cock
Fresh Butter

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

47

NAME OF DISTRICT. MEDAL AWARDED TO

Kincardine-Oi' Neil Mrs Ross, Milltowii
and Upper Deeside^lrs Davie, Waukmill

Miss Anne Petrie, Craigmyle
William Stewart, Auchindellan
William A. Mitchell, Auchnagathle
James Moir, Mains of Wardliouse
David Bumess, Boghead
Silvester Campbell, Kinellar
WilUam M'Combie of Piaster Skene
Thomas Innes, Wogle
Samuel Stewart, Sandhole
James Beedie, Ardlaw Mains
John Fowlie, Mains of Fornitt
James CiTiickshank, Ladysford
Robert Chapman, Powkbum
Robert Chapman, Powkbum
North of Scotland\ ^^,^ Glenloggie

Boot Vegetable, \^,^^.^ Littlejohn, Shiels
andFruUAsso-jj^^^^ King, Blackslack

Kinnethmont

Mar

North-East
Aberdeenshire

ciation
Vale of Alford

Warthill

Kintyre

Lochbuy

George Wilken, Waterside of Forbes
James Strachan, Wester Fowlis
William Leslie of Warthill
Adam Johnston, Baldyquash

Akgtllshike.
William Mitchell, Tirfergus
Robert Clark, Skeroblin
William JIaxwell, Barasko ilill
Robert Dickie, KiUconan
Donald M'Phail, Laggan
Dugald M'Phail, Barachendrumen

Ayrshire.
James Nicol Fleming of Knockdon
Robert Baton, Trees
James Nicol Fleming of Knockdon
Thomas Crawfoid, Dnmibeg
John Sloan, BamhiU
John Ritchie, Broadwood
John Thom, Boymanston
William Allan, Hill of Bamweill
William Allan, Hill of Bamweill
James Picken, Laigh Langside
James Craig, Holms
John Brown, Lissens Moss
John Dick, Doonholm
Bryce Martin, Knockshinnoch
Matthew Miller, Bowhill
Wm. Noble, Ladeside
John Campbell, Knockbeen
W. & J. Bone, ShiUlochj)ark
William Brown, Cartleburn
Ptobert Hutchison, Craiysland
William Smith, Chanlockfoot
James Howie, Burnhoiiscs
James Picken, Laigli Lungsido
William Anderson, Bamicl
William Anderson, liarniel
Andrew (Jerrund, IJunibunk
David Hunter, Gultreeliill
Loudoun ik Lanfine John Howat, Burniiead

Captain Alex. Steel, Burnhead
Mairkirk John Ilowuf, Burniiead

William (Juthrie, Cumnock
John .Morton, Dykeneuk
Jumes Cnilg, Puhiulieys
Gavin Moffat, Humfoot
Alex. Clark, Buiikcnd

Carrick

Coylton and Stair
Craigie

Dairy

Dalrymple

Darvel

Oirvan

Irvine

Kilmarnock

Kirkmic/iael

FOR

Sweet Milk Cheese
Cuied Butter
Oatmeal Cakes
Shorthorn Bull
Shorthorn Heifer
Polled Heifer
Shorthom Bull
Shorthorn Heifer
Polled Heifer
Draught Filly
Shorthorn Bull
Polled Heifer
Brood Mare
Dairy Produce
Collection of Seeds
Collection of Roots

Collection of Turnips
Collection of Potatoes
Polled Bull

Swedish Turnips
Yellow Turnips
Swedish <fc Yellow Turnips
Yellow Turnips

AjTshire BuU
Brood Mare
Blackfaced Tup
Sweet Milk Cheese
Highland Cow
Blackfaced Tup

Ayrshire Cow
Ayrshire Bull
Draught Mare
Draught Gelding
Blackfaced Tup
Ayrshire Cow
Draught Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Draught Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Ayrshire Cow
Draught 3Iare
Cheese
Roots

Ayrshire Cow
Bood Mare
Ayr>hire Cow
Draught Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Draught .Mare
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Ayr^llire Heifer
Draught Filly
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Ayrshire Bull .'
Ayrshire Cow
Draught (icldln^
Blackfaced Tup
Collection of Roots
bwect Milk Cheese

18

PREMIUMS AWAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

NAME OF DISTKICT.

New Cumnock

Sorn

Symington

Central Banffshire

MEDAL A^VARDED TO

Ivie Campbell, Craijrtnan
And. M'Cartney, Gatehead
James Picken, Laigli Langside
John Mitchell, LochingeiTocli
James Baird, Bliudburn
W. (fc J. Weir, WesttOMTi
John Watson, Daldorch
Thos. Aitken, Laigh Bum O'Xeed
Alex. Paton, Stonecalsey
Alex. Paton, Stonecalsey

Baxffshiee.
William Cantlie, Keithmore
Sir Geo. Macphcrson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bt.
William Longmore, Keith
James il 'William, StoneytO'wn
Robert Turner, Brankanentham
Mrs Keir, Drum

FOR

Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Draught Mare
Blackfaced Tup
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow
Brood Mare
Scotch Grey Poultrj"
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow

Shorthorn Bull
Polled Cow
Draught Mare
Oats
Barley
Cured Butter

Berwickshire.

Lammermoor James Hai^per, Snawdon

James Harper, Snawdon

Cheviot Ewe Lambs
Cheviot Gimmers

Cumbernauld

Dumbartonshire

D UlIBARTOXSHIRE

William Scott, CondoiTat

John Anderson, Smithstown

Mathew Dunlop, Waterhead

David RidueU, Kilbowie

J. M. Martin, yr. of Auchendennan

James Calder, Colgrain

Peter Lennox, Kirkton

Ayrshire Cow
Ayrshire Bull
Brood Mare
Ayrshire Bull
AjTshire Heifer
Leicester Tup
Leicester Ewe

Annandale

Dumfriesshire.

John Johnstone of Halleaths
James Cunningliam, Tarbreoch
Robert Dnimmond, Millbank
Thos. X-. Grierson, Woodside Mills

Shorthorn Bull
Galloway Cow
AjTshire Cow
Half-bred Hogs

Dalkeith

Edixburghshire.
Duke of Buccleuch
Andrew Pate, iMiddleton
Andrew Pate, Middleton
Thomas Stevenson, Mount Lothian
Duke of Buccleuch
Duke of Buccleuch

Shorthorn Cow
Ayrshire Cow
Brood Mare
Draught Filly
Leicester Tup
Boar

Dunnikiei'

Fifeshise.
David Stark, Wester Bogie
Robert Birrell, Oveitown

Robert Balfour, MuttonhaU

Shorthorn Bull
Cross Cow
Brood Mare

Straihglass
Strathspey

IXTERXESS- shir E .

George M'Kenzie, Ealmore
Earl of Seafield

Charles Grant, Mains of Ad\'ie
John Smith. Inveiallan
Wm. Craickshank. Glenbeg
Charles Grant, Mains of Advie

Sandy Oats
Highland Bull
Polled Heifer
Collection of Roots
Farm Management
Green Crop

Strachan

KlXCARDIXESHIRE.

James Rust, Bowbutts
Mrs Alex. Laing, Bov.-butts

Collection of Roots
Poultry

Biggar

Lanarkshire.
Alex. Jronfries, Skirling
Robert G. MuiTay, Spittal
A. P. Hope, JT. of Bordlands

AjTshire Cow
Brood Mare
Leicester Tup .

PREMIUMS AWAEDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876.

49

NAME OF DISTRICT.

Calder Waterhead

Upper Wa7'd
Lanarkshire

Bathgate

of

MEDAL AWARDED TO

PLobert BroAs-nlie, Carluke
Alex. Brackenridge, V.S., Stevenston Mains
Charles E. Cranstoun of Corehoii.se
John Hamilton, North Cumberhead

LlXLITHGOWSHIKE.

T. L. Learmonth of Parkhall
James Williamson, Greenhead
John Waddell of Inch
T. L. LeaiTnonth of Parkhall

FOK

Ayrshire Bull
Entire Colt
Ayrshire Bull
Blaclcfaced Tup

Shorthorn Bull
Ayrshire Cow-
Draught Gelding
Leicester Tup

PERTHSHrRE.

Dunning Miss Jane V\'hyte, Baadhead

Moulin H. B. Stewart of Balnakeilly

Slratheam (C'entraT)}iohGrt Gardiner, Chapelbank
John Whyte, Muirhead
liobert Gardiner, Chapelbank

Lower Ward of
Renfreu:shire

Mearns
SeiUton

Rexfrewshike.
William ITowie, Finnockbog
Sir M. K. Shaw Stewart, of Blackliall, Bait.
John Scott, Hillside
John Laird, Faulds
James Mitchell, Blackhouse
John Caislaw, Humble
Robert Gillespie, Boyleston
John Holm, Japston

STIBLIXGSHmE.

Jiucklyvie and Gart- John More, Fordhead
more Robert M 'Arthur, Borland

Cured Butter
Turnips

Clydesdale Mare
Leicester Shearling Tup
Common Barley

Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cows
Blackfaced Tup
Blackfaced Ewes
Ayrshire Cow
Draught Gelding
Ayrshire Bull
Ayrshire Cow

Ayrshire Cow
Draught Mare

WiGTOWXSHIEB.

Kirkmaiden Samuel M'Culloch, Balgown

153 Medium SUver Medals, L.80, 6s. 6d.

Turnips

PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

In 1875-76 the Society's Minor Silver Medal was awarded at ISS Ploughing

Competitions as follows : —

ABERDEENSHIRE,

NO.

name OF SOCIETY.

PLACE OP COMPtTlT

I.

Aboyne.

Mains of Aboyne.

2.

Belhelvic.

Middle Ardo.

3.

Buchan.

Netherton.

4.

Coldstone and Mig\-ic.

CaiiTimore.

5.

Corgarff.

Cockbridge.

C.

Countcsswclls.

South La.st3. '»

7.

Crathic

Abergeldic.

8.

Druniblade.

Dukcwell.

9.

Ebrlesidc.

Skilmafllly.

10.

Edit, Skene, Ac.

Ganaik.

11.

Glenmuick.

Crofts of Glenmuick.

12.

Klnncthmont, &c.

Morston.

l.'J.

Leoclifl Cushine.

Wester Fowlis.

14.

LuniplKinnn.

Kiiicruigic.

15.

Mar.

Gla.sgofort>st

i<;.

North -L.ist Aberdeenshire.

New Seat.

17.

.*>fratlib<>gie.

Wcstcrton.

18.

Strichcn.

Mlddletliird.

10.

Vulc of Alford-

Guizc, Tough.

ARGYLLSHIRE

20.

Ardnamurchan.

Kilchoan.

•1\.

Glcnorchy.

Craig.

SILVER MEDAL .V WARDED TO

James Reid, Bridgend,
Robert Burnett, Darahead.
Alex. Fraser, Dens.
Wm. M'Combie, Daugh,
William Philip, Garchory.
James Dunbar, Colthill.
Wm. Coutts, Lochnagar.
James Simpson, Slioch.
William Smith, Lintriggs,
Arthur Forbes, Nether Mains.
Robert Fcrrcs, Easttield.;
Alex. Thomson, Sunnyside.
Wm. Emslie, Mount scat.
.\lex. Gilbert, Boglocli.
David Donald, Grecnbum.
William .Mlcliic, Anllaw.
Iran. Jlonison, Aucliaber.
And. Qulric, AuchtygiUa,
Wm. Law, Culfward.

James Watt, -\chnfony.

v. Camiichacl, .Macsc, Glcnorcbr.

d

50

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

XO. NAirE OF SOCIETY

PLACE OF COMPETITIOH

22. Islay, Jura, and Colonsay,

Islay House Farm.

23. KUfinan.

Kildavaig.

24. Killean and Kilcalmonell.

Gortinanane.

25. Kintyre,

Dalrioch.

26. Lochbuy.

Lochbuy.

27. Lorn.

Achnaba.

28. Nether Lorn,

Kilbride.

29. Salen.

Killichronan.

AYESHIRE.

30. Ayr and Alloway.

Holmston.

31. Coylton.

Byres.

32. Dairy. '

Glencart.

33. Fenwick.

South Craig.

34. Galston.

Cowgore.

35. Kilmarnock.

South Dean.

36. Kirkmichael.

Goosehill.

37. Kirkoswald.

Glenhead.

38. Loudoun and Lanfine.

Newton.

39. Monkton and Prestwick,

Newlands.

40. New Cumnock.

Rigghead.

41. Ochiltree.

HilL

42. Som and Dalgain.

Daldoroch.

43. Stewaiton.

Castleton.

44. Straiton.

Longcroft.

45. Tarholton,

Outmainy,

BANFFSHIRE.

46. Aberlour.

Kinermony .

47. Keith.

Keith.

48. Marnoch.

QuarryhiU.

BERWICKSHIRE.

49. Coldstream.

Lennel Hill.

50. Eccles.

Grizelrig.

51. Lammemioor.

Eedpath.

52. Lauderdale.

Carfrae Mill.

53. Westruther.

Hindside Hill.

BUTE AND ARRA]

54. Bute.

Langalehorad.J

55. Arran.

Shedog.

CAITHNESS-SHIRE

56. Caithness

Gerston.

CLACKMANNANSHII

57. Hillfoots,

Woodside.

SILVER MEDAL AWARDED TO

Hector M'KeMe, DailL
John Duncan, Stealig.
Chas. Mackinven, Auchinarane.
thos. Gemmell, Dalrioch.
Donald MacAlpin, Lochbuy.
John Brown, Delnacabaig.
Alex. Jackson, Ardincaple.
Ebenezer Marshall, Ledmore.

William Murdoch, Corton.

Jas. Murdoch, Knocksoul.
Wm. Brown, Lyleston.
Jas. Stevenson, North Craig.
Jas. Craig, Overland.
Hugh White, Wraes.
Quintin Young, Barweys.
Wm. Sloss, Park.
Robt. Fleming, Knevocklaw
Alex. Wilson, Muirhouse.
John Young, Lowes.
Quintin Young, Barwheys.
Chas. Baird, North Blairkip.
Jas. Kirkland, Law.
Wm. Scott, Dallome.
Robert NeUl, West Doura.

Alex. M'Kerron, Lyntian.

W. Sandieson, Mains of Auchynanie.

Wm. Simpson, Mains of Ardmeallie.

John Gibb, Milne Graden.
Thos. Slater, Ecclestofts.
Robt. Crow, Abbey St Bathans.
Thos. Simson, Addinstone.
Robt. HiU, Dods.

Jas. M'Alister, Mid Ascog.
Daniel M'Donald, Beanan.

John Bain, CoghilL

Alex. Jameson, Meadowliill.

58. Cumbernauld.

59. Kilmaronock and Bowhill.

60. Kirkintilloch.

DUMBARTONSHIRE.

Airdriehead.

Mains.

Dumbreck.

John Allan, Westerwood.
Walter Bilsland, Mains,
Daniel Donachie, Hayston.

61. Canonbie.

62. Glencaim.
63 Keir.

64. Kirkconnel.

65. Mid-Nithsdale

66. Westerkirk,

DUMFRIESSHIRE.

Archerbeck.

Slatehouse.

New Mains.

Drumbuie.

Kirkland.

Potholm.

George Bell, ShiUingmoss.
William Weir, Gordieston.
John Swan, Banhill.
Wm. Gibson, Burnfoot.
Wm. Campbell, New Cample.
Alex. Murray, BailliehiU.

67. Currie.

68. Glenci'oss.

69. Lassw5tde.

EDINBURGHSHIRE.

Bankhead.

Ravensneuk.

Mountmarle.

Wm. Finlay, Currievale.

Jas. Hunter, Greenland JIains,

Robt. Trench, Slelville Castle.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

51

NO.

NASIE OF SOCIETT.

PLACE OF COMPETITIOX.

70.

Mid-Lothian.

Kippielaw.

71.

Penicuik.

Lawhead-

72.

Temple.

Yorkston.

73.

West Calder.

Brotherton.

ELGINSHIRE.

74.

Boharui.

Auchroisk.

75.

Cromdale.

Dallachapple.

76.

Edinkillie.

Edinkillie.

77.

E]{,'in OVestem District).

Manb -en.

78.

Knockando, &c.

Longcrook.

79.

Morayshire.

EarnhilL

80.

Rothes and SpejTnouth,

CoUie.

81.

St Andrews.

Linkwood.

82.

Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside

. BallindaUoch.

83.

Urquhart.

Upper Meft.

FIFESHIRE.

84.

Crossgates.

Keirsbeath.

85.

Culross.

Cameil.

86.

Dunnikier.

Fosterton.

87.

East of Fife.

Anstruther.

88.

Howe of Fife.

Ramomie Mains.

89.

Largo.

"Wester Lathallan,

90.

Leslie.

Balgomery,

91.

North of Fife.

Wester T\ilmany.

FORFARSHIRE.

92.

Mains and Strathmartine.

Linlathcn.

93.

Tannadice and Oathlaw.

East Memus.

IXVERNESS-SHIR]

94.

Abemethy.

Coulnakyle.

95.

Badenoch and Rothiemuichus. Banchor.

96.

Duthil.

Dalvoult.

97.

Glen Urquhart.

Allanmore.

98.

Inverness.

Beechwood.

99

Strathdeam.

Freebum.

100.

Stratherrick.

Glcnlea.

101.

Strathglass.

Wester Invercannich.

102.

Strathspey.

Tullochgorm.

SILVER MEDAL AVTAEDED TO

Alex. Ramsay, Mayfield.
Wm. Stewart, Mount Lothian.
Thos. Simpson, Toxside.
Wm. DalzieU, Muirhousedykes.

John Davidson, Soundmuir.
.John Grant, DaUacliapple.
John Stronach, Alvashack.
Alex. Edward, Woodside.
James Ross, Mains of Ballintomb.
John Edwards, Mosstowie.
Geo. Ross, Orbliston.
Jas. Laing, Troves.
Chas. Kemp, BallindaUoch.
Jolm Watt, Stonewells.

And. Rutherford, ScotswaUs.
Geo. Cousin, Saline Shaw.
And, Wright, Dunnilder.
Jas. Gray, jun., Coraielaw.
Wm. Todd, La\\-field.
Jas. Adarason, Bankhead.
David Leighton, Farmlands.
Robt. Pearson, Gauldny.

Thos. Anderson, Magdalens.
David V/hytock, Glen Ogil.

Donald M 'Queen, DelL
John .Mollison, Ken'ow.
A. Cameron, Shilliehan.
Simon Eraser, Drumnadrochet.
Angus Robb, Torrich.
Jas. M'Gilli\Tay, Invereen.
Jas. M'Kay, Ledclune.
Donald M 'Donald, Erchless.
Donald M'Intosh, Croftronan.

103. Durris.

104. Muchalls and Cookney.
100. Nipg.

106. Poiflcthen.
407. Rickarton and Uric.
108. Strachan.

KINCARDINESHIRE.

Boginrcath.

Burn Orrachy.

Tony.

Mains of Portlethen.

Nether Auquhollie.

Ilaiigh.

Jas. Campbell, CuiTachstonc.
Wm. Milne, Wincford.
Lauchlan Kemp, Craig Inches.
Alex. Yule, Mains of Findon.
Wm. Moir, Blackburn,
Robt. Shepherd, Ilaugh.

STEWARTRY OF KIRKCUDBRIGHT.

109. Glenkcns.

110. Kirkcudbright.

in. Klrkpatrltk Durham.

112. New Abbey.

113. Penningham, Miniilgaff, &c.

114. Rcrrlck.

11. v

Caddcr.

lie.

Caldunvatcrhoad

117.

Carstairs.

lis.

Diinsyrc.

119.

Hamilton.

120.

Lanark.

121.

New Monkland.

Viewfleld.

Culraven.

IIdIcIiousc.

Marytltld.

Culgow.

Nethcrlaw.

LANARKSHIRE.
Bnmiullocli.
Wlndyedgc. •

Carstairs.
Ka.«»t((n.

Crookcd.stoncmulr.
Millmoor.
Ryding JIaiiis.

Wm. Coltart, New Galloway.
Charles Develin, Muncraig.
Stewart Nivison, Lairdlaiigh.
David Connol, Maxwdlbuuk.
James J^iamond, Calgow.
Wm. Brown. Bal'g.

James Cameron, Buclilay.
Wm. .Vitkeiiheail, C;irtln.
Dunicl Beyle. Muirhcad.
Ja.H. Rutherford, Grange.
John Hallantyne, Shotlln.
Tlios. Black. Itankhcad.
Win. Robb, Rocksolloch.

• 52

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

so. NA3IE OF SOCIETY.

122. 0:d Monkland.

123. Wiston and Roberton.

PLACE OF COMPETITION.

Easter House.
Wiston MilL

SILVER MEDAL AWARDED TO

■\Vm. Murraj', Viewpark.
James Little, CliesterlialL

124. Blackburn.

125. KinneiL

LINLITHGOWSHIRE.

Seafield.
AVoodhead.

Robt. Burton, Pottisha\r.
Peter Jamieson, Upper Kinneil.

126. Ardclach.

127. Nairnshire.

128. Strathnaim.

NAIRNSHIRE.

Keppernock.

Kinudie.

Cantraybruich.

James Hendrie, Airdrie.
Alex. Hendrj', Springfield.
Hugh Jliller, Mains of Croy.

ORKNEY.

129.

Bnrray.

Bue.

130.

Evie &, RendaU,

Gravin.

13L

Rousay.

Banks.

132.

St Andrews.

Bams.

133.

Shapinsay.

Waltness.

134.

South Ronaldshay.

Card.

135.

Unst.

Uyasound.

136.

Westray.

Fribo.

"

PEEBLESSHIRE.

137.

Eddlesfone.

Shiplaw.

138.

Newlands.

Noblehouse.

139.

Peebleshire(Open).

Hyndford.

140.

West Linton and Dolphinton

. Garvald.

PERTHSHIRE,

141.

Ardoch,

Bennie.

142.

Amprior.

Tipperdarrocli.

143.

Blair-Drummond. etc.

Dripend.

144.

Breadalbane.

Duntium .

145.

Bridge of Earn.

Pitkeatbley Mains.

146.

Callander.

Dalvej'.

147.

Drummond Castle

Findal.

148.

Faskally.

Faskally.

149.

Foss and Strathtummel.-

Kynachan.

1-50.

Glenalmond.

Francesfield.

J5L

Glenlyon.

Balnahannait.

i52.

Logie and Lecrop.

Greenock.

153.

Jladderty.

Cow'den.

154.

:3lethven.

Whitebank.

155.

Mid. D. of Athole & Tullyme

t.Ne-^rton.

15G.

Monzievaird and Strowan.

Lawers.

157.

Monlin.

Pitfourie.

158.

Port of Monteith. '

Boreland.

159.

Rannoch.

Dmmchastle.

160.

St Martins.

Cairnbeddie.

161.

Stonnont Union.

Craigend of Clunie.

162.

Strathbraan.

Deanshaugh.

163.

Stratheam (Central).

HenhilL

164.

Strathord.

Colley.

165.

Struan, Glengarry, &c.

Calvine,

106.

Thomhill.

5Iid Fre-w.

167.

Weem.

Castle Mensies.

RENFREWSHIRE,

168,

, Cathcart and Eastwood.

Drumby.

169.

, Erskine.

West Glenshinnoch.

170

. Greenock, Gourock, <tc.

Trampethill.

171

. Kilbarchan.

IMains of Milliken.

17-2

. Kilmalcolm & Port-Glasgov,-.

Kilrialcolm.

William Wylie, Sutherland.
William Sinclair, Midland.
Thomas Gibson, Quoys.
James Beus, Newark.
Chas. Anderson, Balfour Mains.
Robert Mackenzie, Beniedale.
Fedn. Gifford, Uyasound.
Thomas SchoUie, Clifton.

John Fleming, Damhall.
Alex. Pennycook, Hyndford WeU.
Robei-t Graham, Hyndford.
John Keland, GaiTald.

Robert Han-is, CromUx.
John Kennedy, Littlekei'se.
.James Graham, Baad.
Wm. Femie, Portbanc
Alex. Seaton, Brickhall.
Duncan Ferguson, Mollan.
Geo. Naii-n, Mains of DrummoncJ,
.James Frazer, Drumchorj'.
Duncan Stev.'art, Tominteanda.
John Anderson, Buchanty.
John Cameron, jun., Roro More.
Jas. Tumbull, Manor Neuck.
Robert, Pullar, Dubheads.
.James Douglas, Clathy.
Alex. Seaton, Baledmund.
Wm. M'Intyre, Braincroft.
•John Forbes, Pittarig.
Alex. Zilillar, Blairhoj'le.
Allan Cameron, TuUochcrosk.
J. CaiT, Melginch.
John Macfarlane, Little Fardle.
Alex. Stewart, Ballinlick.
David Graham, Clathy Gask.
John Malcolm, Speedj'hill.
Ales. il'Intosh, Tomnacuaig.
Jas. Paterson, Stock O'Broom.
Duncan Robertson, Weem Hotel

Robert Watson. Sheep Park.
John M'Neill, Hairshaw.
William Wilson, Bankfoot.
John Morrieson, Forehouse.
Thomas Crawford, Greenock.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1876

5^

NO. NAME OF SOCIETT-

173. Black Isle.

174. Kigg.
17-3. Tarbat.

110. "Wester Ross. .

177. Lilliesleaf.

178. West Teviotdale.

ROSS-SHIRE.

PLACE OF COIPETITIOX.

Balnakyle.
Culnaha.
Bindole.
Tulloch,

^"-l.

SILVEE MEDAL ATVAKDED TO

Alex. Robertson, Quanyfield
Wm. M'Kenzie, AukenHle.
Alex. Bain, Geanies Mains.
Duncan Henderson, Tomich,

ROXBURGHSHIRE.

Easter Lilliesleaf.
Ilorsleyhill.

James Hume, Easter Lilliesleaf.
Charles "White, Spittal.

STIRLINGSHIRE.

179. Baldemock. Blairskaith.

ISO. Bannockbum, Plean, &c. Milton Mills.

18L Craigforth and Touch. South Carsebonny.

182. Eastern Dist. of Stirlingshire. Easter Carmuirs.

183. Strathendrick. Laighparks.

Tlios. Stewart, LavrockhilL
Thos. M'Farlane, Auchenbowie.
Wm. Brjson, Shaw of Touch.
Wm. Robb, Cobblebrae.
Jas. Paul, Croy Cunningham.

1?4. Kincardine and Creich.

SUTHERLANDSHIRE.
Creich.

Colin JIunro, Ardgay.

185. Kirkmaiden

186. Machars.
1S7. Old Luce.
188. Stoneykirk.

"WIGTOWNSHIRE.

Terally.

Galloway House.
Broompark.
Three Mark,

Tlios. M 'Colin, StockmilL
Robert 3f'Lelland, Kirkland.
James Agnew, Carscreugh.
James Robertson, Mihnain.

188 Minor Silver Medals, L.-DC, Ss.

v.— COTTAGES AND GARDENS.
1. BEST KEPT COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

FiFESHIRE.

Neulurgh.

. Robert Blyth
William Coventiy
John "i'oung
William Mitchell
John Young
Itobert Blyth

Fettercairn ,

.William Birse
Robert Munay
.James Taylor
William Thomson
Alexander Stott
L>avid Carnegie
(Ut Prize in 1875)

Cottage L.1 and Minor Silver Medal L.1

G

0

do.

0

10

0

do. Minor Silver Medal

0

c

0

Garden L.1 and Minor Silver Medal

1

u

0

do.

0

10

0

do. Minor Silver Medal

0

c

0

ESUIKE.

Cottage

1

0

0

do.

0

10

0

Garden L.1 and Minor Silver Medal

1

6

0

do.

0

10

0

do. Minor Silver Medal ^^

0

c,

0

do. Minor Silver Medal

0

G

0

LiSLITIIGOWSIIIBK.

DalmenV and Queens/errtj.yirs Proven

Mrs Alex. Lawrie
Mm George Baillio
Benjamin Miles
Henry lUid
J{oburt (irunt

Jdrlhston ..lohn Weston

Peter I>ougin.n
Jumea C .l()hii<«tono
John M'Kenzie
(Isl ;■/ i:e in 1875)

Cottage L.1 and Minor Silver Medal

1

G

0

do.

0

10

0

do.

Minor Silver Medal

0

6

0

Garden

L.1 and Minor Silver Medal

1

r,

0

do.

0

10

0

do.

Minor Silver Medal

0

G

0

Garden

L.1 and Minor Silver Mcdnl

1

G

0

do.

0

10

0

do.

Minor Silver Mctlnl

0

G

0

do.

Minor Silver Medal

Carry fo; ward . L

0

C

0

!4

14

0

54

PREAIIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1876.

Brought fon\'ard,

L.14 14 0

Peethshiee.

Durnbarney

Jolm Campbell

Cottage L.l and Minor Silver Medal
do.

1

f;

0

La^Tence Dewar

0

10

0

Ebenezer Wallace

'^ do. ilinor Silver Medal

0

6

0

Alexander Rattrav

Garden L.1 and ^Minor Silver Medal

1

6

0

La-ivrence Dewar

do.

0

10

0

John Sime

do. Minor Silver Medal

0

6

0

L.18 18 0

2. MEDALS FOR COTTAGES AND GARDENS AND GARDEN PRODUCE.
Medium SUver Medals were awarded to the following :^

Abeedeexshiee.

Keig William Millar Cottage

Alexander Young Garden

^DUMBAETONSHIEE.

Yale of Leven and Burribarton John Stewart Garden

D. M'CaUum Garden

EDrN-BUEGHSHIEE.

Roslin Alexander Grant Garden

Alexander Ketchen flower Plot

FiFESniEE.

Attchtermuchtt/ and Strathmiglo David Galloway Garden

Da^id Galloway Vegetables

Inveexess-shiee.

Badenoch and Rothiemurchus John Macdonald Cottage

John Camjjbell Garden

Kincaedineshiee.

Fordoun, Glenbervie, and Arbuthnott.. James Robertson, M.D. Flowers

Harry Britton Vegetables

Lanaek.shibj-.

Bothwell Robert Kirk Cottage

George Dickson Garden

Hutchesontown James Leith, jun. Vegetables

Robert Hendry Garden Plot

SkettUston AVilliara Livey Flowers

John Stodart Vegetables

18 Medium Si r edals, L.9, 9s.

YI. VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

AXXUAL EXAMINATION— APRIL 1876.
J. M'Fadyean, Newton-Stewart, General Examination, Med. Gold Medal, L.6 2 0

R. Rain, Castle-Douglas, Practical Examination, Med. Gold Medal, 6 2 0

CLASS EXAMINATIONS- - APRIL 1876.

EdIXBCEGH VETEErNAET COLLEGE.

G. W. "Watson, OrKuey.

G. W. Watson, Orkney,

G. W. Watson, Orkney,

J. M'Fadyean, Ne-*\i:on-Stewart,

J. M'Fadyean, Newton-Stewart,

J. M'Fadyean, Newton-Stewart,

J. M Fadyean, Ne'wton-Stewart,

Cattle Pathology,
Anatomy,
Physiology,
Chemistry,
Materia Medica,
otany,

irgery. Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

SUver Medal,

0 16

0

Carry forward,

L.17 16

0

PEEMIUMS AWARDED BY THE SOCIETY DT 1876.

bo

Brought forward,

L.17 16

0

New Veteris'art College, Edin-buegh.

Daniel Webster, Riccall,

Horse Pathology, Silver Medal,

0 16

0

G. Watson, Middlesboro',

Cattle Pathology, Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Henry Snarrj', Malton,

Physiology, Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Henrj- Snarry, Malton,

Chemistry, Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Owen Coll, Bruree,

Materia Medica, Silver Jledal,

0 16

0

J. Sandeman, Kirriemuir,

Botany (1875), Silver Medal,
Glasgow Veteeixaey College.

0 16

0

George Hill, Glasgow,

Horse Pathology, Silver Medal,

0 16

0

George nUl, Glasgow,

Cattle Pathology, Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Alex. Chivas, Peterhead,

Physiologj', Silver iledal.

0 16

0

J. C. Atkinson, Manchester,

Examination of Horses as to ( SUver ^ledal,
soundness, ( SUver Medal,

0 16

0

J. Hadden, Moffat,

0 16

0

John Currie, Femvick,

Practical Examination of Cattle, ) „., ,, , ,
Sheep, &c.. '} Silver Medal,

0 16

0

F. F. In sail, Solehill,
Jas. M 'Queen, PhiUipshill,
Jas. M'Queen, Phillipshill,
David Thomson, Bankfoot,

CLASS EXAMINATIONS— JULY 1876.
Glasgow Vetebixakt College.

> Anatomy,

Chemistiy,
Botany,

L.27 8 0

Silver Medal.

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

Silver Medal,

0 16

0

L.30 12 0

VII. AGRICULTURAL CLASS EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.

1. Alexander Sutherland, Rampyards, Watten, Golspie, .... L.6 0 0

2. John Fleming, Coates, Penicuik, . . . . , . 4 0 0

L.10 0 0

ABSTRACT OF PREMIUMS.

1. Essays and Reports — Money Ptemiums and Medals,

2. Glasgow Show, 1875, ....

3. Ahkkdeen Show, 1876 — Money Premiums and Medals,

4. District Shows : —

Stock, .....

Special Grants, .

Local Societies — Medals in aid of Premiums, giv(

by (153), .....
Ploughing Associations — Medals to (188),

• •

•

L.100 0

0

•

26 2

0

• •

•

2244 11

a

. L.422

1

6

133

0

80

6

5G

8

0

6. Cottages and Gardens — Money Premiums and 18 Minor Silver Medtib,

L.18, 18s.; 18 Medium Silver Medals, L.9, 98., . . . .

6. Vetf.uinakv Dei-aktment— Medals to Students, . . . ,

7. Aguiclltlual Cuaui, Edinburgh Univeksitv — Prizes to Class,

692 2 0

28 7 0

30 12 0

10 0 0

I^ii:il 14 r,

56

STATE OF THE FUNDS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGEICULTUEAL SOCIETY

At 30tli NOVEMBER 1876.

I. Investments of Bonds —

Heritable Bonds, . . . . . . £16,279 16

Debenture Bond by Trustees of the Clyde Navigation, . 1,000 0 0

Eailway Debenture Bonds, ..... 6,950 0 0

II. Debenture Stock —

£3,000 North British Railway 4J per cent. Debenture Stock,
at £106, 10s., £3,195 0 0

1,000 London and North-Western Railway 4 per
cent., at £106, 17s. 6d., . . . 1,068 15 0

£24,229 16 0

III. Value of Bank Stocks at 30th November 1S76—
£6,102, 7s. 8d. Royal Bank of Scotland Stock,

at £235, . . . £14,340 12 0

2,218, 6s. 5d. Bank of England Stock, at £256, 5,678 18 0
2,000, Os. Od. British Linen Company Bank

Stock, at £297, . . 5,940 0 0

1,250, Os. Od. National Bank of Scotland

Stock, at £315, 10s., . 3,943 15 0

. 1,062, 10s. Od. Commercial Bank of Scotland

Stock, at £318, . . 3,378 15 0

4,263 15 0

33,282 0 0

£12,633, 4s. Id.

iN^'oi!^.— The original cost ofthese Bank Stocks was £18,151. 9s. Sd.,
showing a profit at present prices of £15,127, 10s. 4d.

IV Ten Shares (£500) of the British Fishery Society, valued at 200 0 0

V . Arrears of Members' Subscriptions, considered Recoverable, 56 19 6

VI. Balance Due by Royal Bank of Scotland on Current Account, 884 19 4

Amount of Funds, £62,917 9 10

01

VII. Building Fund —

1. Estimated Value of Buildings, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, £3,100 0 0

2. Sums Invested in Debenture Bonds —

North British Railway, . . . £1,000 0 0

Clyde Navigation Trustees, . . 1,000 0 0

2,000 0 0

3. Deposit Pieceipt with Royal Bank of Scotland, . . 120 7 4:

£5,220 7 4

VIII. Furniture —

Estimated Vahie of Furniture, Paintings, Books, &c., . ' . £1,000 0 0

ANTHONl' MURRAY, Convener of Finance Committee.
GRAHAM BINNY, Member of Finance Committee.
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

Abstr.vct

58
ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the HIGHLAND and

CHARGE.

1. Balance due by Royal Bank of Scotland at 30th November 1875, £66Q 8 10

2. Sum in Deposit Receipt with Royal Bank of Scotland, of date 10th

November 1875, . 1,100 0 0

3. Sum in De^DOsit Receipt "with Royal Baulc of Scotland in name of the

Building Fuud, 39 13 4

4. Arrears of Annual Subscrij)tions outstanding at 30th November

1875, £i7 2 6

Whereof due by Members who have since com-
pounded for life, and thereby extinguished, £2 10 0

Since ordered to be written off as irrecoverable, 23 11 0

£26 1 0
One Member transferred from Ordinary List to
Tenant Farmer List, thereby reducing his

Arrears from £1, 3s. 6d. to 10s., i7ide, 0 13 6

26 14 6

• •

20 8 0
7 5 0

£57 17 5

592 13 6
£650 10 11

314 13 9

145 19 3

5. Arrears from former Shows received — Glasgow, 1875,

6. Income from Investments—

(1.) Interest on Heritable Bonds —

On£l,300at4ipercent.,£58, 10s.; less tax,12s.7d.
14,979, 16s. at 4 per cent, £599, 3s. 8d.; less
tax, £6, 10s, 2d.,

£16,279, 16s.
(2.) Interest on Debenture Bonds —

On £7,950 at 4 per cent. ,£318; less tax, £3, 6s. 3d. ,
(3.) Interest on Debenture Stock —

On £3,000 North British Railway Company at
4| percent., £127, 10s.;
less tax, £1, 6s. 7d., . £126 3 5
£1,000 London and North- West-
ern Railway Company for
half-year at 4 per cent.,
£20; less tax, 4s. 2d., . 19 15 10

(4. ) Interest on Deposits with Royal Bank —
On £1,100, from 10th November 1875

to 15th May 1876, . £14 15 3

900, from 13th April to 7th

Nov. 1876, . . 10 5 1

25 0 4

(5.) Interest on Bank Account, . . . 6 1 10

£1,142 6 1
(6.) Dividends on Bank Stock —

£6,102 7 8 Royal Bank of Scotland, £579 14 8
2,218 6 5 Bank of England, . 199 13 10
2,000 0 0 British Linen Co. Bank, 260 0 0
1,250 0 ONationalBankofScotland,187 10 0
1,062 10 0 Commercial Bank of Scot-

land, . . 159 7 6

£12,633 4 1 1,386 6 0

(7. ) Dividend on £500 Stock of the British Fishery Society.
iVote. — No Dividend has been received on this Stock
for three years.

7. Income from Building Fund—

Interest on £1,000 Debenture Bond by N. B. Railway

Company at 4 per cent., £40; less tax, 8s. 4d., . £39 11 8

Interest on £1,000 Debenture Bond by Clyde Naviga-
tion Trustees at 4 per cent., £40; less tax, 8s. 4d., 39 11 8

Interest on £79, 6s. 8d. on Deposit Receipt with Royal
Bank, 1 10 8

8. Subscriptions —

Annual Subscriptions, .... £820 16 6

Life Subscriptions, .... 996 1 0

2,528 12 1

80 14 0

1,816 17 6

9. Subscriptions to Chemical Department, . . . . 44 0 0
10. Receipts from Aberdeen Show (exclusive of premiums) per separate

States, ....... . 1,64212 3

Sum of Charge, £7,946 11 0

£1,390 10
62 6
18 19
25 IS

0
4
4
0

£1,497 13
50 0
20 0

160 0
20 0

8
0
0

0
0

59
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY of SCOTLAND for the year 1875-76.

DISCHARGE.

1. Establishment Expenses, viz.: —

Salary to Secretary for year to Martinmas 1876, . . . £850 0 0

Clerk, £300 ; Junior Clerk, £147, 10s., for year to 1st October 1876, 447 10 0
Messenger, £72 ; and allowance to Widow of former Messenger, £21, 93 0 0

Feu-Duty, £28; Taxes, £32, 9s. 8d.; Water Duty, £1, 16s. 8d.,
Coals, £9, 14s.; Gas, £5, 7s. 10 J.; Insurance Premiums, £3, 17s. 6d.
Eepairs and Furnishings, £24, 18s. 6d.; Sweeping Vents, 19s. 6d.,

2. Fee to Auditor of Accounts, for year to 30tli November 1875,

3. Fee to Practical Engineer, for year to 1st July 1876, .

4. Agkicultural Cilvir —

Grant to Professor Wilson, £150 ; and Prizes to Class, £10, B

5. Bursary— Mr Alexander Sutherland, , . . ,

6. Veterinary Department —

Allowance to Professor Williams, £26, 5s.; Medals to Students,

£30, 12s., . . , . . . . . 5G 17 0

7. Society's Transactions— Printing and Binding, £388, 15s. Id,; less

received from sale by Messrs Blackwood, £39, 14s. lid., . . 349 0 2

8. Ordinary Printing, &c. — Printing, £77, 8s.; Lithographing, £43;

Advertising, £58, 3s. Id.; Stationery, £37; Postages, £52; Bank

and Post-OfBce Charges, £4, 3s. 5d. ; and Papyrograph, £14, 4s., . 285 18 6

9. Travelling, Hotel Expenses, &c. of Secretary to and from London, 13 19 0

10. Subscriptions to Public Societie.s — Scottish Meteorological Society,

£20; Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, £5, . . 25 0 0

11. Vote to Celtic Chair, . . . . . . . 105 0 0

12. Miscellaneous Payments — Reporting General Meetings, £3, 3s.;

Handsels, £1, 4s. 6d.; Re-engraving Medals, 14s. 6d.; Sundries,

£1, 10s., 6 12 0

13. Premiums —

Glasgow, 1875, . . . , . £205 12 0

Aberdeen, 1876, ..... 2,090 11 6

District Competitions, 1875, .... 570 17 0

Ploughing Competitions, 1875-76, . . . 57 0 0

Vote to Edin1)urgh Christmas Club, . . . 56 2 0

Essays and Purports, . . . . , 146 2 0

3,126 4 6

14. Fees to Agricultural and Veterinary Examiners, £64, 18s.; and Ex-

penses, £3, 14s., . . . . . . . 68 12 0

15. Arrears of Subscriptions to be struck off as irrecoverable, . . 36 15 6

16. Arrears of Subscriptions considered recoverable, . . . 66 19 6

17. Capital Sum invested in London and North-Western Railway Com-

pany 4 per cent. Debenture Stock, ..... 1,062 12 6

18. Sum paid into Deposit with Roval Bank, in name of BuiMing Fund, 120 7 4

19. Balance in Royal Bank of Scotland at 30th November 1S76, . 8S4 19 4

Sum OF Discharge, iT.Ol'"! n 0

ANTFIOVY -MURRAY, Conrenrr of f • CommitUe.

GIt.MlAM HINNY, .\fnnhcr of Fin m- ' .aittee.
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditur.

Edinburgh, Uh Januanj 1877.

60

ABSTEACT OF ACCOUNTS-

CHAEGE.
1. Local Subscriptions —

Voluntary Assessment on Proprietors —

Aberdeensliire, . . . . , =£478 11 10

Banffsliire, . . . . . 120 0 0

Kincardinesliire, . . . , 0 0 0

Forfarsliire (Eastern Division), . . . 300 0 0

^898 11 10
Contribution Ly Eoyal Northern Agricultural Society, 100 0 0

=£998 11 10

2. Amount Collected during Show —

Dra^TL at Gates, . . . i'2,513 11 G

Drawn at Horse Ring, . . 140 12 6

Catalogues and Awards sold, . 245 10 0

2,899 14 0

2. Rent of Stalls, . . ' ." . . 913 0 0

4. Rent of Refreshment Booths, ^ . . 170 0 0

.5. Manure in Show- Yard Sold, . . . . , 15 0 0

^. Interest from Royal Bank, . . . - . 13 17 4

£5,010 3 2
Balance of Payments, 447 19 3

£5,458 2 5

JSfote. — To the above Balance of, . £447 19 3

There must be added the Premiums

midrawn at 30th November 1876,

amounting to £153, and expenses

of Implement trials, say £50 . 203 0 0
Making the probable expense to the

Society, .... £650 19 3

61

ABEEBEEN SHOW, 1876.

DISCHAEGE.

1. Show- Yard Expenditure —

Fitting up, ^1,924. ; Eestoring Links after Show,
^17, 3s. 4d., and Fee to Master of Works for inspect-
ing the same, £6, 6s. ; Miscellaneous, £4, 19s., . £1,952 8 4

2. Fodder and Bedding for Stock, . . . 320 9 4

3. Police Force . . . . . . 37 3 3

4. Travelling Expenses of Judges, Secretary, &c., . 200 11 8

5. HoTELandotherBillsfor Directors, Judges, Secretary, &c., 329 18 11

6. Tickets for President's Dinner for do., . . 24 5 0

7. Music in Show- Yard, at Dinner, &c., . . . 57 3 5

8. Printing Catalogues and Awards, and Lithographing

Tickets, Badges, &c., . . . . 210 14 0

9. Advertising and Posting Bills, . . . C2 1 1 G

10. Allowance to Local Secretary, £21 ; to Practical

Engineer, £44, 2s. ; and to Local Veterinary In-
spector, £5, . . . . . . 70 2 0

11. AssLST ants, Porters, and Attendants, . . . 66 19 5

12. Postage and Eeceipt Stamps, . . . . 24 10 0

13. Miscellaneous Outl^vts. — Carriage of Catalogues,

Boxes, Poultry, &c., £8, Is. 3d.; Telegrams, £1, 2s. 3d.;

Incidental Expenses, £1, 10s. 7d., . . . 10 14 1

Amount of General Expenses, £3,367 10 11
14. Premiums drawn at 30th November 1876, . . 2,090 11 G

£5,458 2 5

ANTHONY MUEEAY, Convener of Finance Committee.
GEAILOr BINNY, Manhcr of Finance Committee.
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.A., Auditor.

EDlNBUHGir, 0th Junuaru 1S77.

62

ABSTRACT of the ACCOUNTS of the

CHARGE.

1. Funds as at 30tli November 1875 —
LOAKS —

On Heritable Bond, . . . . £3,000 0 0

On Debenture Bond by Caledonian Railway Co., 1,000 0 0

Debektuee Stock of tbe Nortli British Railway Co.,

Balance in Bank at 30tli Koveniber 1875,

£4,000

0

0

1,200

0

0

£5,200

0

0

346

1

s

£5,546 1 8

2. Income received—

On £3,000 Heritable Bond at 4 per cent.,

£120; less Tax, £1, 6s. Id., . . £118 13 11

On £1,200 North British Railway Debenture
Stock at 4$ per cent, £51 ; less Tax,
10s. 7d., . . . . . 50 9 5

On £1,000 Debenture Bond by Caledonian
Railway Co. at 4 per cent., £40; less Tax,

8s. 4d., . . . . 39 11 8

£208 15 0
On Bank Account for year to 30th JSTovember

1876, 4 9 3

213 4 3

Sum of Charge, £5,759 5 11

63

ARGYLL NAVAL FUND for 1875-76.

DISCHAEGE.

1. Allowances to the three following Kecipients—

George Pirie, tenth year, . . . • £40 0 0

E. A. J. Montgomerie, fourth year, . . . 40 0 0

Korman Godfrey Macalister, second year, . . 40 0 0

£120 0 0

2. Funds as at 30th November 1876—^

Loans — ^

On Heritable Bond, . . . £3,000 0 0

On Debenture Bond by Caledonian Rail-
way Co., .... 1,000 0 0

£4,000 0 0

Deeenttjee Stock of the North British

Railway Co., .... 1,200 0 0

£5,200 0 0
Balance in Bank at 30th November 1876, 439 5 11

5,639 5 11

Sum of Dlscharge, £5,759 5 11

ANTHONY MURRAY, Convener of Finance Commiliee.
GRAHAM BIXNY, Member of Finance Committee,
KENNETH MACKENZIE, C.X., Auditor.

Edindurgh, ^th January 1877.

APPENDIX (B.)

PREMIUMS

OFFERED DY

THE HIGHL.1XD .U'D AGEICULTUEAL SOCIETY

OF SCOTLAXD IN 1877.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

General Notice, .
con.stitutiox and management,
e.stabli.siiment for 1877, .
c0mmittee.s for 1877,
Agricxjlutral Education,
Veterinary Department,
Forestry Department, .
Chemical Department, .
General Regulations for Competitors

§

CLASS I.— REPORTS.

1. The Science and Practice of Agricultltie — For approved
Reports on —

1. Agriculture of the County of Arg}'!!, " .

2. Agriculture of the Counties of Forfar and Kincardine,

3. Agi-iculture of l>ute and Arran,

4. Phy.siological Distinctions of the Scottish Peasantry,
Ex|>eriinents for fixing the ingredients in farm-yard Manure,
The advantage of Ploughing in manure at once on being spread.
Manures produced by dilferent kinds of Feeding,
Manure made with and without Cover,
Improved varieties of Agricultural Plants,
Cultivation of Cabbage as a Field Croj), .
ln.sects which prey ui)on Agricultural Plants,
Vegetable Productions of India, China, and America,
Adulteration of Agricultural Seeds,

14. Best mode of housing fattening Cattle,

15. Dilferent descriptions of Food for Stock, .

16. Galloway IJroed of Cattle, .

17. breeding of Horses for the Road or Field,

18. Adaptability of Soils to the Breeding and Rearing ofllorses,

19. Effect of Sewage upon the Animal System,

20. Hoo.so or llu.sk in Calves and Lambs,

21. Strangles, .....

5.

6.

^

/.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

o

4
5
7
10
15
18
20
21

22
•■>.>

00

23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
26
26
26

COXTEXTS.

22. Comparative Eeturn from Capital invested in Croj)ping, &c.,

23. Erecting Farm Buildings with, the view of making them Rat-proof,

24. Eural Economy abroad susceptible of being introduced into Scotland,

§ 2. Estate Impeovements — For. approved PiEpokts ox —

1, General Improvement of Estates by Proprietors, .

2, Most apjDroved Farm Buildings by Proprietors, .

3, 4, and 5. Pieclamation of "Waste Land by Proprietors or Tenants,
6 and 7. Improvement of Xatural Pasture by Proprietors or Tenants,

§ 3. ]^La.chixery — For approved Eeports ox

1.
2,

3.

Invention or improvement of Implements of Husbandry,
Machine for Cutting Turf by Steam Power, . " .

Drying compressed Peat-fuel, ....
4. Cattle Truck for Feeding and "Watering Animals in transit,

§ 4. Forestry Departmext — For approved Reports ox —

1 . Extensive planting by Proprietors,

2. Planting on Peat Bog, .....

3. Forest Trees of recent introduction,

4. The Abies Mcnziesii, .....

5 . Trees best adapted for planting as shelter in the Islands of Scotland

6. Cultivation of "^"illows in Scotland, ...

7. The Cutting and Transport of Firewood (soft and hard wood),

8. Charcoal-producing Plants, ....

9. Perthshire "Woods, Forests, aad Forestry,

10. Ross-shire "Woods, Forests, and Forestry,

11. Inverness-shire "Woods, Forests, and Forestry,

12. Utilisation of "Waste Produce of Forests for Artificial Fuel,

13. Insects most iDJui-ious to Forest Trees,

CLASS II.— DISTRICT COMPETITIONS.

1. Cattle,

2. Horses,

3. Sheep,

4. SwrxEj

5. Dairy Produce, .

6. Special Graxts, .

7. Medals in aid of the Premiums given by L

8. Ploughixg Competitioxs,

9. Cottages axd Gardexs, .

1. Premiums for best kept Cottages and Gardens,

2. Medals for Cottages and Gardens or Garden Produce,

3. Improving existing Cottages, .

4. Building Xew Cottages,

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1S77,
GENERAL SHOW AT DUMFRIES IN 1878, .

ocal Societies,

26
26
2f)

26
27
27
27

28
28
28
28

28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30

31
32
34
35
35
37
38
42
43

43
45
46
46

47
65

(3)

GENERAL NOTICE.

The Highland Society was instituted in the year 1784, and established
by Eoyal Charter in 1787. Its operation was at f.rst limited to matters
connected with the improvement of the Highlands of Scotland; but the
•supervision of certain departments, proper to that part of the country, having
been subsequently committed to special Boards of management, several of the
earlier objects contemplated by the Society were abandoned, while the pro-
.^■ress of agriculture led to the adoption of others of a more general character.
The exertions of the Society were thus early extended to the whole of Scotland,
and have, for the greater part of a century, been directed to the promotion
of the science and practice of agriculture in all its branches.

In accordance with this more enlarged sphere of action, the original title
of the Society was altered, under a Eoyal Charter, in 1834, to The Highland
AND Agricultural Society of Scotland.

The leading purposes of the institution are set forth in the following pages,
where it wiU be found that Premiums are oflfered for Reports on almost every
subject connected with the cultivation of the soil, the rearing and feeding of
stock ; the management of the dairy ; the improvement of agricultural
machinery and implements ; the growth of timber ; the extension of cottage
accommodation ; the application of chemical science ; and the dissemination of
veterinary information.

Among the more important measures which have been effected by the
Society are —

1. Agricultural Meetings and General Shows of Stock, Implements, etc.,
held in the principal towns of Scotland, at which exhibitors from aU parts of
the United Kingdom are allowed to compete.

2. A system of District Shows instituted for the purpose of improving the
breeds of Stock most suitable for different parts of the country, and of aiding
and directing the efforts of Local Agricultural Associations.

3. The encouragement of Agricultural Education, under powers conferred
by a supplementary Royal Charter, granted in 185G, and authorising " The
Council of the Highland and Agricultural Society on Education"
to grant Diplomas to Students of Agriculture ; and by the establishment of
Bursaries.

4. The establishment of Agricultural Stations for the purpose of promoting
the application of science to agriculture, and the appointment of a Chemist
to superintend all experiments conducted at these Stations, and prepare a
Report of the same to be published in the Transactions.

5. The advancement of the Veterinary Art, by conferring Certificates on
Students who have passed tlirough a prescribed curriculum, and who arc
found, by puldic examination, qualified to practise.

0. The appointment of a Board of Examiners, and the granting of First
and Second ('lass Certificates in Forestry.

7. The annual publication of tlie Transactions, which ctimprehend the
Prize-Reports, and reports of experiments, also an abstract of the business at
Board and General Meeting's, an<l other communications.

8. The management of a fund left by John, 5th Duke of Argyll (the
original President of the Society), to assist young natives of the Highlands
who enter Her Majesty's Navy.

( ^t)

CONSTITUTION AND MANAGEMENT.

The general business of The Highland axd Agricultural Society is
conducted under the sanction and control of a Royal Charter, which authorises
the enactment of Bye-Laws. Business connected with Agricultural Education
is conducted under the authority of a Supplementary Ptoyal Charter, also
authorising the enactment of Bye-Laws.

The Office-Bearers consist of a President, Four Vice-Presidents, Thirty
Ordinary and Ten Extraordinary Directors, a Treasurer, an Honorary and an
Acting Secretary, an Auditor, and other Officers.

The Directors meet on the first Wednesday of each month from November
to June. The proceedings of the Directors are reported to General Meetings
of the Society, held in January and in June or July.

With reference to motions at General Meetings, Bye-Law No. 7 provides —
•'That at General Meetings of the Society no motion or proposal (except of
mere form or courtesy) shall be submitted or entertained for immediate
decision unless notice thereof has been given a week previously to the Board
of Directors, without prejudice, however, to the competency of making such
motion or proposal to the effect of its being remitted to the Directors for con-
sideration, and thereafter being disposed of at a future General Meeting."

The Council on Education, under the Supplementary Charter, consists of
Sixteen Members — Nine nominated by the Charter, and Seven elected by
the Society. The Board of Examiners consists of Ten JMembers.

Candidates for admission to the Society must be proposed by a Member^
and are elected at the half-yearly General jNIeetings in January and June or
July. The ordinary subscription is L.l, 3s. 6d. annually, which may be-
redeemed by one payment, varymg, according to the number of previous
annual payments, from L.l 2, 12s. to L.7, Is. Proprietors farming the whole
of their own lands, whose assessment on the valuation Roll does not exceed
L.500 per annum, and all Tenant-Farmers, Office-Bearers of Local Agricul-
tural Associations, Resident Agricultural Factors, Land Stewards, Foresters,.
Agricultural Implement Makers, and Veterinary Surgeons, none of thera
being also owners of land to an extent exceeding L.500 per annum, are-
admitted on a subscription of 10s. annually, which may be redeemed by one
payment, varying, according to the number of previous annual payments,
from L.5, 5s. to L.3. According to the Charter, a Member who homologates
his Election by paying his first subscription cannot retire until he has paid!
in annual subscriptions, or otherwise, an amount equivalent to a life composi-
tion. Members having Candidates to propose are requested to state whether
the Candidate should be on the L.l, 3s. 6d. or 10s. list.

Members of the Society receive the Transactions free on application to the-
Secretary, and are entitled to apply for District Premiums — to report Plough-
ing Matches for the Medal — to attend Shows free of charge, and to exhibit
Stock at reduced rates.

Orders, payable at the Royal Bank of Scotland, Edinburgh, are issued by
the Directors, in name of the parties in whose favour Premiums have been
awarded.

All communications must be addressed to "Fletcher Norton Menzies,
Esq., Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, No. 3
George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh."

( 5 )

ERTABLISHMENT FOR 1877.

The Most Noble The MARQUIS OF LOTHIAN, Nevvbattle Abbey, Dalkeith.

The Most Noble the ^Marquis of Tweeddale, Yester, Haddington.
The Bight Hon. the Earl of Haddington, Tyninghame, Prestonkiik,
The Right Hon. the Earl of Wemyss and March, Gosford, Haddington.
The Right Hon. the Earl of Rosebery, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh.

OrbiirarjT Jliactors.

John Dove, Eastdeld, Greenlaw, Dunse.

H. D. Erskine of Cardross, Stirling.

Robert Hutchison of Carlowrie, 29 Chester Street, Edinburgh.

Colonel Innes of Learney, Torphins.

Bryden Monteith, Tower Mains, Liberton.

Robert Stewart of Ingliston, Ratho.

Robert Wilson, Durn, Perth.

The Hon. Greville R. Vernon, Auchans House, Kilnianiock.

Sir Alexander Jardine of Applegarth, liart., Jardine Hall, Lockerbie,

Robert Findlay of Springliill, Pjailieston.

Thomas D. Findlay of Easterliill, Tollcross, Glasgow.

Charles Howatson of Dornd, Daldorch House, Mauchline.

John M. Martin, yr. of Auclicndennan, Pdoonihill, Cardross.

William S. Walker of liowland, C. B., 125 Georgf Street, Edinburgh.

Sir John Marjorimanks of Lees, Bart., CoUlstreani.

James Cochrane, Little Haddo, Newburgh, Aberdeen.

RoitERT Coi'LANi), Mill of Anlletheu, Ellon.

Thomas Fkk(;uson, Kinnoiditry, Coupar-Angus.

Andrew Gillon of Wallhousi', Bathgate.

Alkxan'oer Fokbes Irvine of Drum, 25 Castle Terrace, Edinburgh.

James TowNsEND OswAi.nof Dimnikier, Kirkcaldy.

Adam Smith, St»rvenson .Mains, Hadilington.

^)ir (iEouoE Douglas Clerk of Penicuik, Bart., Ponicuik.

.Sir Jamks R. GnisoN MAiri.ANOof Clifton Hall, Bart., Rutho.

Thomas A. Ho(; of Newliston, Kirkliston.

Anthony Murray of DolUrie, 141 George Street, Edinburgh.

Thomas Mylne, Xiddrii- Mains, Liberton.

William Pitchie of Mid.jj.'toii, Gorelu-idge.

Charles S.mith, Wliillinghame, Prestonkirk.

C'ai)tain W. J. WauchoI'E of Niddrio Marischal, Liberton.

G ESTABLISHMENT FOE 1877.

The Piiglit Hon. Sir James Falshaw, Bart., Lord Provost of EdinburgTi.

The Ptight Hon. the Earl of Dalkeith, K.T.,M. P., Dalkeith House, Dalkeith.

The Eight Hon. Lord Elcho, M.P., 23 St James' Place, London.

The Hon. Charles Hope of Bridge Castle, Bathgate.

Sir Hew D aleymple of North Berwick, Bart. , Luchie, North Berwick.

Sir William Baillie of Polkemmet, Bart., Whitburn.

Arthur James Balfoitr of AVhittinghame, M.P., Prestonkirk.

Egbert Bryson, Master of the Merchant Company, Edinburgh.

Robert Duxdas of Arniston, Goreb ridge.

Peter M'Lagax of Pumpherston, M.P., AlmondeE, Mid-Calder.

The Right Hon. Sir William Gibson-Craig, of Riccarton, Bart., Treasurer.

Sir William Stirling-Maxwell of Polloc, Bart.. K.T., M.P., Ro7i. Secretary.

Fletcher Norton ^Menzies, Secreta.ry.

Rev. James Grant, D.C.L., D.D., Chaplain.

Andrew P. Aitken, Sc.D., Chemist.

Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A., Aiiditor.

Murray & Falconer, AV.S., Laiv Agents.

John Wilson, University of Edinburgh, Professor of Agriculture.

John Hutton Balfour, M.D., F.R.S., Univ. of Edin., Professor of Botany.

Daa'id Stevenson, F.Pi.S.E.,.M.I.C.E., Co'tisuUing Engineer.

James D. Park, Practical Engineer.

Thomas Duncan, lleconlcr and Clerk.

John MacDiarmid, Junior Cler'k.

GouRLAY Steell, R.S.A., Animal Portrait Painter.

William Williams, M.R.C.V.S., Professor of Veterinary Surgery.

Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., Professor of Cattle Pathology.

William Blackwood k Sons, Publishers.

Neill & Company, Printers'.

G. Waterston, Sons, and Steavart, Statioiurs.

Mackay, CuNNiNGHAiNi, & Co., Silversmiths.

Alexander Kirkwood & Son, Medallists.

John AYatherston k Sons, Insfjcctors of Worlcs.

William Simpson, Messenger.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Agricultural Pejiorts,

Argyll Kaval Fund,

Chemical Department,

Cottages,

District Shows,

Finance,

Forestry Department,

General Shows.

Hall and Chambers,

Law, .

Machinery, .

Ordnance Survey,

Publications,

Steam Cultivation,

Veterinary Department.

€\pxx\mix ai €an\n\x\in^.

. William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B,

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

Harry Maxwell Inglis of Loganbank.

A. Campbell Swinton of Kimmerhame, Dunse.

Anthony Murray of Dollerie.

Professor Balfour.

Andrew Gillon of Wallhouse, Bathgate.

John Ord IIiIackenzie of Dolphinton.

Graham Binny, W.S.

James W. Hunter of Thurston, Dunbar.

Robert Dundas of Arniston, Gorebridge.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum. ^

The Marquis of Lothian.

Captain Tod of Howden, Mid-Calder.

( V ;

COMMITTEES FOE 1877.

1. AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.

William S. Walkep. of Bowland, C.B., Convener.
Professor Balfoue, Edinburgh.
,, AViLsox, Edinburgh.
Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.
Egbert Scot Skirting, 29 Drummond Place, Edinburgh.
P. B. SwiNTON, Holyn Bafik, Gifford.
PlObert Hutchison of Carlowrie.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

2. ARGYLL NAVAL FUND.

Admiral Sir William J. Hope Johnstone, K.C.B., Convener.

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.

Hew Crichton, S.S.C, Edinburgh.

Admiral Maitland Dougall ot Scotscraig, K.IST.

3. CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston, Convener.
Professor Douglas ;Maclagan, Edinburgh.

,, Balfour, Edinburgh.

,, Wilson, Edinburgh.
James Melvin, Bonnington, Eatho.
P. B. SwiNTON, Holyn Bank, Gifford.
Egbert Hutchison of Carlowrie.
Bryden MoNTEiTii, Towcr Mains, Liberton.
David Milne Home of Mihiegradeu.
John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso.
Adam Smith, Stevenson ]\Iains, Haddington.
Thomas Ferguson, Kinnochtry, Coupar-Angus.
James Cochrane, Little Haddo, Ne-\vburgh, Aberdeen.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.
William Eitchie of ^liddleton, Gorebridge.
Charles Smith, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk,
Dr Andrew P. Aitken, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, Chemist.

4. COTTAGES.

Harry Maxwell Ikglis of Loganbauk, Convener.

The ]\lAi:(iT'Ls of Huntlv.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton.

Archibald Cami-bell Swinton of Kimnierghame, Dunse.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

Captain Waucuoi'E of Niddrie Marischal.

5. DISTRICT SHOAVS.

Archihali) Campbell Swinton of Kimmergliame, Convcn^:r.

Sir TiioM.vs lUtiiAN llEi'itniN <»f Sincaton, Hart.

Thomas .Mylne, Niddri*; Mnins, riihcrtdn.

Alexander Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane.

Andrew Mitchell, Alloa.

Charles Howatson of Domcl, Daldonli Hou.so, ^fnn* hlino.

Sir Ai.E.XANPER Jaudine of .\ppl<'gartli, Hart., .lardino ll;Jl, Lockerbie.

Ada.m Smith, Stevon.son Mains, llacMingttm.

Sir George D. Clerk of Penicuik, Bart.

8 COMMITTEES FOE 1877.

6. FINANCE.

Anthony Murray of DoUerie, Convener.

Eight Hon. Sir AVilliam Gibson-Craig of Eiccarton, Bart.

Hew Crichton, S.S.C, Edinburgh, _

Thomas A. Hog of ISTewliston, Kirkliston.

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh,

William S. "VValker of Bowland, C,B.

EoBERT Stewart of Ingliston, Eatho.

George Auldjo Jamieson, C.A., Edinburgh.

James D. Park, Greenside Lane, Edinburgh, Practical Engineer.

7. FORESTRY DEPARTMENT.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh, Convener. ,

,, AViLSON, Edinburgh.
Dr Cleghorn, Stravithy, St Andrews.
Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum,

Egbert P. Newton of Castlandhill, Polmont Bank, Falkirk.
Egbert Hutchison of Carlowrie,
C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.
H. D. Erskine of Cardross, Stirling.
Thomas A. Hog of Newliston, Kirkliston.

8. GENERAL SHOWS.

Andrew Gillon of AVallhouse, Convener.

Sir George Macpherron Gi:ant of Ballindalloch, Bart.

David Stevenson, C,E., Edinburgh.

Professor Wilson, Edinburgh.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

Alexander Young, Keir Mains, Dunblane.

William Ford, Hardengreen, Dalkeith.

Andrew Mitchell, Alloa.

James W. Hunter of Thurston, Dunbar.

Thomas D. Findlay of Easterhill, Tollcross, Glasgow.

Charles Howatson of Dornel, Daldoreh House, Mauchline.

J. M. Martin, yr. of Auchendennan, Bloomhill, Cardross.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum.

Egbert Copland, Mill of Ardlethen, Ellon.

James Cochrane, Little Haddo, Nevvburgh, Aberdeen.

Thomas Ferguson, Kinnoehtry, Coux^ar- Angus.

Egbert Hutchison of Carlowrie.

Charles Smith, Whittinghame, Prestonkirk.

9. HALL AND CHAMBERS.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton, Convener.

Sir James Gardiner Baird of Saughton Hall, Bart.

Anthony Murray of Dollerie.

Graham Binny, W.S., Edinburgh.

Adam Curror, The Lee, Edinburgh.

David Stevenson, C,E,, Edinburgh.

William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

10. LAW.

Graham Binny, W.S,, Edinburgh, Convener.

John Ord Mackenzie of Dolphinton, W.S,, Edinburgh.

William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B,

Anthony Murray of Dollerie, W.S,, Edinburgh.

Hew Crichton, S,S.C,, Edinburgh.

George Auldjo Jamieson, C.A., Edinburgh.

COMMITTEES FOR 1877. 9

11. MACHINERY.

James AA'. Hunter of Thurston, Convener.

Sir Alexander Jaudine of Applegarth, Bart., Jardine Hall, Lockerbie,

David Stevenson, C.E., Edinburgh.

Professor "Wilson, Edinburgh.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains, Liberton.

Patrick Small Keir of Kindrogan, Pitlochry.

John Munro, Faimington, Kelso.

P. B. SwiNTON, Holyn Bank, Gifibrd.

C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.

Egbert Hutchison of Carlowrie.

Thomas D. Findlay of Easterhill, Tollcross, Glasgow.

Bryden Monteith, Tower Plains, Liberton.

George PtOBERTSON of Hedderwick, C.E., 47 Albany Street, Edinburgh.

James D. Park, Greenside Lane, Edinburgh, Practical Engineer.

' 12. ORDNANCE SURVEY.

EoBERT DuNDAS of Arniston, Convener.
C. J. Mackenzie of Portmore, Eddleston.
William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

13. PUBLICATIONS.

Alexander Forbes Irvine of Drum, Convener.

Professor Balfour, Edinburgh.

William S. Walker of Bowland, C.B.

PtOBERT P. New'icjn of Castlaudhill, Polmont Bank, Falkiik.

lloBERT Hutchison of Carlowrie.

14. STEAM CULTIVATION.

The Marquis of Lothian, Convener.

Hon. George Waldegrave-Leslie, Leslie House, Leslie.

Sir Thomas Buciian Hepburn of Smeaton, Bart., Prestoukiik.

David Stevenson, C. E., Edinburgh.

professor Wilson, b^linburgli.

J. W. Hunter of Thurston, Dunbar.

TH<)>rAS Mylne, Niddrie Plains, Liberton.

P. B. SwiNTON, Holyn Bank, Gilford.

John Dove, Easttield, Greenlaw, Dunse.

John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso.

15. VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

Captain Ton of Howden, Convener.
Hon. G. ]{. Yernon, Auchans House, Kilmarnock. •
Andrew Gillon of Wallhousc, liathgate.
William S. Walker of iJowland, C.B.
Alexandei: Kinldch, yr. of (Jilmcrton, Drum.
TiroMAs Mylnk, Niddric Mains, Liberton.
Alkxander M'Dougal, (Jranton .Mains, Kdinburgh.
TiioMAs A. Hog of Ni'wliston, Kirkliston.
Ai)A.M Smith, Stevenson Mains, lliuldington.
Captain Waucuoi'E of Niddrio Mari.schall.

SPECIAL COMMITTEES.

1. Kiif())iw/i>ifii-til SjxriiHi ns. — \lit\n'v[ Scot Skirving, F.dinburgli, C'hircHcr ;
/rofessitr Wilson ; Professor Sir C. Wyvillc Thom.'^un ; John Wiiaou, Edingtou
Mains, Chirnside.

10 COMMITTEES FOR 187".

2, Transit of Stock. — Patrick Dudgeon of Cargen, Dumfries, Convener; Graham
Binny, "W.S, ; Andrew Gillon of Wallliouse, Bathgate; Alex. Kinloch, yr. ot
Gihnerton, Dremx ; E. P. Newton of Castlandhill; John Ord of Muirhouselaw ; W.
S. Walker of Bowland, C.B. ; Archibald CamplDell Swinton of Kimmerghame,
Dunse ; Alex. F. Irvine of Drum; David Milne Home of ililnegraden.

The President, Vice-Presidents, Treasurer, and Honorary Secretary, are
members ex officio of all Committees.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION.

CERTIFICATES AND DIPLOMA IN AGEICULTUEE.

Council on Education.
By a Supplementary Charter under the Great Seal, granted in 1856, the
Society is empowered to grant Diplomas.

Meinhers of Council named hy Charter.

The President of the Highland and Agricultural Society — President.

The Lord Justice-General — Vice-President.

The Lord Advocate.

The Dean of Faculty.

The Professor of Agriculture.

The Professor of Anatomy.

The Professor of Botany.
The Professor of Chemistry.
The Professor of Natural
History.

Members of Council nominated hy Society.

The Duke of Buccleuch, K.G.
Sir William Gibson-Craig, Bart.
John Wilson, Edington Mains.
Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains.

James W. Hunter of Thurston.
Egbert Dundas of Arniston.
John Munro, Fairnington.

Board of Examiners.

1. Science and Practice of Agriculture — Mechanics and Construction. —

Professor Wilson; John Wilson, Edington Mains; Thomas Mylne,
Niddrie Mains, and John Munro, Fairnington, Kelso.

2. Botany. — Professor Balfour.

3. Chemistry. — Dr A. P. Aitken.

4. Natural History. — Professor Sir C. Wyville Thomson.

5. Veterinary Surgery. — Professor Williams.

6. Field Engineering and Surveying. — David Stevenson, C.E.

7. Book-keeping and Accounts. — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A.

Standing Acting Committee.
The Lord Justice-General — Convener.

The Professor of Agriculture.
The Professor of Botany.
The Professor of Chemistry.

Thomas Mylne, Niddrie Mains.
James W. Hunter of Thurston.
John Munro, Fairnington.

Bye-Laws.

I. That, in terms of the Charter, the Society shall nominate seven members
to act on the Council on Education.

AGKICULTLTvAL EDUCATION. 11

II. That the Council shall appoint a Board of Examiners on the following
subjects: — Science and Practice of Agriculture, Mechanics and Construc-
tion ; Botany ; Chemistry ; Natural History ; Veterinary Surgery ; Field
Engineering and Surveying; and Book-keeping and Accounts.

III. That the examinations shall be both written and oral, that the value
of the answers shall be determined by numbers, and that the oral examina-
tions shall be public.

IV. That there shall be three Examinations,* to be styled respectively
the " Second Class Certificate Examination," the " First Class Certificate
Examination," and the " Diploma Examination." The first to be open to
candidates not less than seventeen years of age ; the second to those who are
not less than eighteen; and the third to those who have completed their
twenty-first year.

V. That to pass the " Second Class Certificate Examination," a candi-
date must be acquainted with the principles and practice of agriculture,
agricultural chemistry, surveying and farm engineering, and farm accounts ;
and that a certificate in the following terms, signed by the President or
Vice-President of the Council on Education, the Examiners, and by the
Secretary, shall be granted to candidates passing this examination : —

" We hereby certify that on the A. B. was examined, and

has been found to possess a knowledge of agriculture, agricultural chemistry,
surveying and farm engineering, and farm accounts."

VI. That to pass the " First Class Certificate Examination " a candidate
must be acquainted with the subjects of the second class certificate and
any three of the following subjects: — Botany, geology, physics or mechanics,
meteorology or climate, natural history, and veterinary practice ; and that
a certificate in the following terms, signed by the President and Vice-
President of the Council on Education, the Examiners, and by the Secretary,
shall be granted to candidates passing this examination : —

" We hereby certify that on the A. B. was examined, and

has been found to possess a knowledge of agriculture, agricultural chemistry,

surveying and farm engineering, and farm accounts."

VII. That to pass the "Diploma Examination" a candidate must have
attained his twenty-first year, and must possess a thorough knowledge of the
theory and practice of agriculture, of mechanics and mensuration, of the
physiology and treatment of domesticated animals, and of the application of
botany, chemistry, and natural history to agriculture ; and that a diploma in
the following tenns, bearing the corporate seal of the Society, and signed by
the President or Vice-President of the Council on Education, the Examiners,
and by the Secretary, shall be granted to candidates parsing this examina-
tion : —

"These are to certify that, on the day of A. B. was

examined in the arts and sciences connected with agriculture, and has been
reported to be proficient therein by a Board of Examiners nominated by the
Council of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland on Education,
in terms and by authoritv of a charter given under the great seal on the 18th
diiy of AugTist 'l s5()."

* It has been resolved that, nndcr onlinary circnmstancos, the Examin.itions shall
be held annually in the end of March, canditlatcs being required to lodge intimation
before the lUth uf that month.

12 AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION.

VIII. That each successful candidate for the Society's Agricultural
Diploma shall thereby become eligible to be elected a free life member of the
Society,

IX. That the Society shall grant annually ten bursaries of L.20 each; and
five of L.IO each, to be competed for by pupils of schools to be approved of
by the Directors, which include or are willing to introduce the teaching of
chemistry, and the following branches of natural science — physical geography,
botany, and geology, i]ito their curriculum.

X. That the L.20 bursaries shall be tenable for one year at the University
of Edinburgh, for the purpose of enabling the holders to take the classes
iiecessary to qualify for the Society's Certificate or Diploma ; and the L.IO
bursaries to be tenable for the same period to enable the holders to receive
another year's preparation at the schools,

XI. That the bursaries shall be determined by examination held in Edin-
burgh by the Society's Examiners.

XII. That a Standing Acting Committee of the Council on Agricultural
Education shall be ajppointed by the Directors.

SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION

FOR CERTIFICATES AND DIPLOMA.

X— SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF AGRICULTURE, MECHANICS,

AND CONSTRUCTION.

1. The principles of rotation. Rotations of cropping in most common use
for heaA'y and for light soils. 2. Manures in ordinary use — usual quantities
applied per acre — time and mode of application- — their composition and rela-
tive values and uses. 3. Composition and classification of soils — their agri-
cultural treatment. 4. The various farm crops — their cultivation, general
treatment, and marketable value — ordinary produce per acre, and the dijfferent
modes of storing them. 5. The breeding, rearing, feeding, and humane
treatment of the live stock of the farm — the different breeds — their character-
istics— the districts where they are principally met with — and also the best
and most humane system of horse-breaking. 6. Drainage operations.
7. The implements used in agriculture, the points to be attended to in their
<;onstruction and use, and their prices. Text-books — Stephen's " Book of the
Parm," William Blackwood & Sons ; price 50s. Morton's '• Cyclopsedia of
Agriculture," Blackie & Son, Glasgow: price 50s. Roscoe's "Lessons in
.Elementary Chemistry," Macmillan & Co., London; price 4s. 6d. Lindley's,
.Henfrey's (4s. 6d.), or Balfour's (3s. 6d.) " Botany." Page's " Geological
Text-Book ;" price 7s. 6d.

XL— BOTANY.

1. Nutritive Organs of Plants — root, stem, leaves. Functions of roots.
Tarious kinds of stems, with examples. Use of the stem. Structure of
leaves. Difi'erent kinds of leaves. Arrangement and functions of leaves.
'2. Reproductive Organs — Flower and its parts. Arrangements of the whorls
of the flower — calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil. Ovule. Mature pistil or fruit.
Pruning and grafting. Seed. Young plants or enibrj^o. Sprouting of the
seed, or germination. 3. General Principles of Classification — meaning of
•the terms Class, Order, Genus, Species. Illustrations taken from plants used
in agriculture, such as grain-crops, grasses, clovers, vetches, turnips, mangold-
wurzel, pease, beans, &c. Practical Examination in fresh Specimens and
Models; some of the latter may be seen in the Museum, at the Royal Botanic
Oarden, which is open daily to the public, free. Text-book — Balfour's
" Elements of Botany," A. & C. Black, 1876; price 3s. 6d.

AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 13

III.— CHEMISTRY.

1. Chemistry.

The laws of chemical combination. Atomic theory. Chemistry of the
non-metallic elements, and their more important compounds. Potassium,,
sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and their compounds. Text-book — Roscoe's
" Lessons in Elementary Chemistry," Macmillan & Co., London; price 4s. 6d.

2. Agricultural Chemistry.

Composition of Plants. Their organic and inorganic constituents. Com-
position and characters of fertile soils. The principles of manuring. Com-
position of farm-yard manure. Artificial maiuires. Their nature and
composition. Principles on which they should be used. Feeding stutis.
Their composition and value, and the mode in which they may be most
advantageously employed. Text-books — Anderson's " Elements of Agricul-
tural Chemistry," A. & C. Black, Edinburgh ; price Gs. 6d. Johnson's " How
Crops Grow," Macmillan & Co., London.

IV.— NATURAL HISTORY.

1. Zoology.

1. The Primary Divisions of the Animal Kingdom, with examples of each,
2. The Vertebrate Kingdom. The peculiarities and functions of the alimen-
tary canal, distinguishing the Ruminants. 3. The Orders — Hymenoptera^
Diptera, and Coleoptera — with examples of insects injurious to farm crops-
belonging to each of the Orders — the preservation of birds which prey upon
these insects, drawing a distinction between those which are beneficial and
those which are destructive to crops. Text-book — Nicholson's " Introductory
Text-Book of Zoology," William Blackwood & Sons, Edinburgh and London,

2. Geology.

4. The various strata forming the earth's crust in their order of deposition,
5. Their influences on the surface soils of the country. 6. The meaning and
application of Disintegration, Drift, Alluvium, Dip, Strike, Fault. Page's
" Introductory Text -book of Geology ; " and Lyell's Students' " Elements of
Geology."

v.— VETERINARY SURGERY.

1. Anatomy of the digestive organs of horse and ox, describing their
structural dirt'erences. 2. The process of digestion in the above animals, ami
food most i)roper for each in quantity and (piality. 3. The management of
stock before, at, and after parturition. The time of utero-gestation in the
domesticated animals. 4. The general principles to be followed in the treat-
ment of very acute disease, before assistance of the veterinary surgeon can bo
procured.

VI.— FIELD ENGINEERING AND SURVEYING.

1. Land-Surv'cying with the Chain. 2. Mensuration of Areas of Lind
from a Chain Survey or from a IMan. 3. Levelling with the ordinary Level-
lin:4 Instrument and Staff. Ti'xt-books — Any one of the f..ll()wing : — Butler
Williams' " Pnictical Geodesy," J. W. Parker, London; price 8s. (Ul; pages
1 to 20, 24 to 28,30 to 33, 5fi to 51), 118 to 132. " Cassell on Land-
Surveying," Cassdl, P.^tter, it Galpin, London ; or " P.rufV on Land-Survov-
iug," Simpkin A' M:uNhall, London; the parts which relate to chain-survf yin.^
and ordinary levelling only.

u

AaEICULTUEAL EDUCATIOX,

VIL— BOOK-KEEPING AXD ACCOUNTS.

1. Questions in practice and proportion. 2. Book-keeping — Describe
books to be kept ; give examples — taking of stock. Text-book — Stephen's
" Practical System of Farm Book-keeping," Wm. Blackwood & Sons, Edin-
burgh ; price 2s. 6d.

''" The following have passed Examinations : —

EoR Diploma.

1. Jacob WILSO^^, M.E.A.C., Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth, . 1858

2. John Milne, Mains of Laithers, Turriff, . . . 1859

3. AYiLLiAM Henry Eley, Islingham, Frindsbmy, Rochester, Kent, 1859

4. Thomas Rome, M.E.A.C, Northampton Downs, Barcoo Eiver, (-iokq

Queensland, . . . . . . , )

5. William Norman, M.R.A.C., Hall Bank, Aspatria, . . 1860

6. George Campbell, Kilkea Farm, jNIageney Cottage, Kildare, . 1861

7. William B. Smith, M.R.A.C, Stoneleigh Villa, Leamington, . 1862
•8. John B. Iletherington,^!.^. A.G., Carhton, Carlisle, . . 1862

9. William Brown, Factor, Earlsmill, Forres, . . . 1864

10. Arthur James Hill, M.R.A.C, Accountant, London, . 1864

11. H. R. Goddard, M.R.A.C., Belsay, Newcastle-on-Tyne, . 1866

12. G. Y. Wall, M.R.A.C, Durham, .... 1866

13. Robert Brydon, The Dene, Seaham Harbour, . . 1867

14. George Kent Walton, Long Campton, Shipston-on-Stour, . 1867

15. Thomas John Elliot, M.R.A.C, Wilton, Salisbury, . . 1868

16. John Gerrard, Veterinary Infirmary, Market Deeping, . 1869

17. CoLviLE Browne, M.R.A.C. , Park House, Long Melford, Suffolk, 1872

18. A. H. AsHDOWN, M.R.A.C, Uppington, Salop, . . 1872

19. Adam Ogilvie Torry, St Anne's, Coupar-Angus, . . 1872

20. Italo Giglioli, ]MtR.A.C., Florence, .... 1873

21. Edward Charles Munby, M.R.A.C, Myton Grange, Helperby, } , c,>~r>

Yorkshire, . . . . . . . |

22. E. F. JccKES, M.R.A.C., Cotwall, Wellington, Salop, . . 1873

23. Forbes Burn, Hardacres, Coldstream, .... 1874

24. Henry Erskine, Dalladies, Brechin, . . . . 1874

25. Richard Henderson, Coldstream, .... 1874

26. William Kennedy, M.R.A.C, 89 Marine Parade, Brighton, . 1875

27. Thos. Coker Beck, M.R.A.C, Foleshill, Coventry, . . 1875

28. George Burn Murdoch, M.R.A.C, Greenhill Lodge, Edin., . 1875

29. R. W. E. Murray, Wester House Byres, Gala,shiels, . . 1875

30. R. Lang Anderson, Milliken Park, Renfrewshire, . . 1876

31. Archd. a. Ferguson, Gosfield, Essex, . . . 1876

32. John Arthur Maconchy, Rathmore, Auchnacliffe, Co. Longford, 1876

33. Alexander Sutherland, Rampyards, Watten, Golspie, . 1876

For 1st Class Certificate.

1. J. C Bowstead, M.R.A.C, Halkthorpe Hall, Penrith,

2. James Taylor, Allan Vale, Pitmuxton,

3. R. C Bruce Willis, M.R,A.C, 8 Lansdowne Crescent, Chel-

tenham, .......

4. John Bramwell, Blackaddie, Sanquhar,

f). George Henry Catt, 44 Middle Street, Brighton,

<i, Robert Ewing, Reporter, Edinburgh, ....

7. John Scott, Howford, Selkirk, . .

* Xaraes of those deceased, so far as known, are printed in itaRcs,

1867
1868

1873

1875
1875
1875
1875

JIGEICULTURAL EDUCATIOX. 15

8. Cecil C. Baker, 2 Bloomsbury Place, London, . . 1876

9. Robert Carr, Felkington, Norham, .... 1876

10. Percy H. Cathcart, 16 Oakley Square, London, . . 1876

11. John M'Caig, Kilhilt, Stranraer, .... 1876

12. C. E. M. Russell, Ballielisk, Dollar, .... 1876

For Second Class Certificate.

1. Andrew Catton, Couston, Aberdour, Fife, . . . 1876

2. John Fleming, Coates, Penicuik, .... 1876

3. John J. Sharp, Leaston, Upper Keith, . . . 1876

EXAMINATION FOR BURSARIES.

Candidates are examined in the Elements of Botany, Chemistry, Physical
Geography, and Geology. Text-Books — Balfour's " Elements of Botany ;"
Roscoe's "Lessons in Elementary Chemistry;" Page's "Introductory Text-
book of Geology.;" and Geikie's " Primer of Physical Geography ;" Lyell's
" Students' Elements of Geology."

It has been resolved that, under ordinary circumstances, the Examina-
tions shall be held annually in the end of October, and Candidates must enter
their names with the Secretary before the 10th of that month, and produce
the necessary certificates from the teachers of the schools they have attended.

The folloicing have passed Examinatioiu : —

For Bursary of L.20.

1. Alexander Sutherland, Rampyards, Watten, Golspie, Gersay 1 , qw^.

School, . . . . . . . J

2. Robert Lyall, Catchery, Watten, Golspie, Gersey School, . 1876

3. AYiLLiAM Reekie, Walton, Auchtertool, Fifeshire, Dollar ) , ^„„

Institution, . . . . . . . ) "'

•
For Bursary of L.IO.

D. G. Braidwood, Parduvine, Lasswade, Mid-Lothian, Dalkeith } . ^-^
School, . . . . . . . f ^

VETERINARY DEPARTMENT.

In the year 1823 the Highland and Agricultural Society instituted lectures
in Veterinary Science and jNIedicine, and arranged with the late Professor
Dick to conduct the same.

In 1824 lixaminations were commenced and Certificates granted, but only
to Students who attended these lectures. Up to the present time 1102 certi-
ficates have been issued.

The Examinations are open to the Students of any Veterinary Teacher
duly recognised by Government.

In 1872 it was resolved to adopt the following regulations : —

1. That there be two Examinations yearly, viz. — the First or Preliminary
held in July, and the Second or Final in April.

2, Cantlidates before t-ntoring their names for-io First or Preliminary
Examinations in July, which embrace Botany, Chemistry, and Anatomy,
nmst have attended a Winter and u Summer Session at a \'eterinary College
recognised by Government, these Sessions being those inimedialely preceding

IG VETEPJNARY DEPARTIMENT.

the examinations, and they must produce certificates from the Professor of
each subject.

3. Candidates before entering their names for the Final Examinations in
April, which embrace Practical and Clinique, Histology and Physiology,
Materia Medica, Cattle Pathology and Horse Pathology, must have attended
a Winter Session at a Veterinary College recognised by Government, after
passing the First Examination, that Session being the one immediately pre-
ceding this examination, and they must produce certificates from the Professor
of each subject.

4. Candidates must pass the Practical and Clinical Examination before they
can be examined on the other subjects enumerated in No. 3.

5. Candidates failing to pass the Preliminary Examinations in July may
present themselves for examination in April previous to going up for the
Practical and Clinique.

6. Candidates failing to pass the Final Examination in April, before being
allowed to present themselves for Ee-examination, are required to attend a
Veterinary College during one Session, which must be the one immediately
preceding.

7. Members of the Medical Profession, or of any Colonial or Foreign
Veterinary School or College, are allowed to present themselves for Exami-
nation after attending one Winter Session at a Veterinary (college in this
country, and receive the Certificate on passing the Final or Major Examina-
tion only.

New Regulation.
In 1877 it was resolved that all students Avho commence their Veterinary
Curriculum after 1st January of that year, will be required to attend three
Winter and two Summer Sessions before presenting themselves for final
examination.

In 1874 the Society resolved to vote Eight Silver Medals (viz., three in
July and five in April) to each of the two Veterinary Colleges in Edinburgh,
and to the one in Glasgow, for Class Competition ; and two Medium Gold
Medals, open to all the Students who come up to the April Examination
for the Society's Veterinary Certificate for best general and best practical
Clinique Examinations.

The examinations are conducted by leading members of the Medical Faculty
and of the Veterinary Profession ; and a Certificate in the following terms,
bearing the corporate seal and arms of the Society, and signed by the
Examiners, is granted to those Students who pass the Final Examinations : —

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.

Veterinary Examination.

At Edinburgh, the day of 18

These are to certify that has attended

as a student during the period prescribed by the regulations established by
the Directors of the Society, and, having been examined by us, we consider
him duly qualified to practise the Veterinary Art,

Graduates of the Society are eligible for appointment as Veterinary Sur-
geons in Her Majesty's service, &c.

Board of Examinees — July 1876.

1. Botany. — Professor Balfour; Dr Cleghorn, Stravithy, St Andrews.

2. Chemistry. — Dr W. Craig: A. Inglis M 'Galium.

3. Anatomy. — Dr Dycer; C. Cunningham, Slateford; Andrew Spreull,

Dundee.

VETERIXARY DEPAETMEXT. 17

Board of Examiners — April 1876.

1. Frctctical and Clinical Examinations. — Thomas A. Dollar, London;

Finlay Dun, Weston Park, Shipston-on-Stour ; Tom Taylor, Man-
chester; John Law.son, Manchester; John Steele, Biggar; John
Borthwick, Kirkliston ; C. Cunningham, Slateford.

2. Physiologtj and Histology. — Dr Dycer ; C. Cunningham, Slateford ; Andrew

Spreull, Dundee.

3. Materia Medica. — Professor Balfour; Professor Douglas Maclagan ;

Finlay Dun, Weston Park; Dr Craig; A. I. M'CaUum.

4. Diseases of Horses. — John Borthwick, Kirkliston; John Lawson, Man-

chester ; Wm. Connochie, Selkirk ; Tom Taylor, Manchester.

5. Diseases of Cattle, Sheep, Swine, and Dogs. — Thomas. A Dollar, London ;

John Steele, Biggar ; Alexander Pottie, Paisley.

President of the Board — Dr Dycer, Edinburgh.

President of the Clinical Board — Thomas A. Dollar, London.

SYLLABUS OF VETERINARY EXAMINATIONS.

First Examinations held Annually in July.

BOTANY.
Structure and functions of nutritive and reproductive organs of plants.
Natural families of medicinal and poisonous Plants, Diseases of agricultural
plants caused by fungi. Text-book— Balfour's " Elements of Botany ; " A. &
C. Black ; 3s. Gd.

CHEMISTRY.
Elements of inorganic and organic chemistry; physiological chemistry
testing for commoner metals. Text-hooJc — Roscoe's " Lessons in Elementary
Chemistry;" MacmUlan & Co.; 4s. 6d.

ANATOMY.

Anatomy of bones, muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, and viscera of horse, cow,
and dog. Description of relative position of parts displayed by various dis-
sections. Demonstration from actual specimens of muscles, tendons, blood-
vessels, and nerves, of horse's limbs, larynx, eye, &c. Comjiarative anatomy
of veterinary patients. The breeding, rearing, feeding, and humane treat-
ment of the live stock of the fLirm — the different breeds — their character-
istics— the districts where they are principally met with — and also the best
and most humane system of horse-breaking. Tcxt^books — Strangeways'
"Anatomy," ^SLiclachlan «Sc Stewart, 17s. Chauveau's "Comparative
Anatomy of the Domesticated Animals," by George Fleming, Veteriuan'
Surgeon, Royal Engineers, Churchill & Sons ; L.l, lis. 6d.

Second Examinations held Annually in April.

THE PRACTICAL AND CLINICAL EXAMINATION

Include (liagnosis and treatment, orally and in writing, of cases of lame-
nc.s:^ and di.sca.Hcs of horses, cittle, sheep, dogs, and swine. Examination of
horses as to sounflncHs. Surgical imd other o] ' on veteri-

nary patients. Examination, chietly of morbid >i-vi.i*nvii-, inv-uy conducted
at the abattoirs.

2

18 VETEEINAKY DEPARTMENT.

PHYSIOLOGY AND HISTOLOGY.

Minute anatomy of bone, blood, lung, and other tissues, of inflammatory
products, and of tumours. Processes of digestion, circulation, respiration,
.secretion, and excretion. Functions of nervous and reproductive systems.
Text-hoohs — " Lessons in Elementary Physiology,'' by Thomas H. Huxley,
LL.D. and F.R.S., Macmnian & Co., 4s. 6d. Kirkes' " Physiology.'^
Bennet's " Physiology."

MATERIA MEDICA.

Preparation, properties, actions, uses, and doses of medicines. Poisoning
in the lower animals, symptoms, post-mortem appearances, antidotes. "Writ-
ing of prescriptions. Text-hooks — " Veterinary Medicines, their Actions and
Uses," by Finlay Dun, Edmonston & Douglas, Edinburgh, 12s. 6d.
" Veterinarian's Pocket Conspectus," by Thoinas Walley, M.R.C.V.S.,
Lorimer and Gillies, Edinburgh.

DISEASES OF HORSES.

Nature, symptoms, post-mortem appearances, causes, treatment, and pre-
vention ; accidents ; construction and management of stables ; shoeinc.
Text-hooks — " Manual of Veterinary Science," by the late WiUiam Dick, A.
& C. Black. Green's "Morbid Anatomy." Williams' "Principles and
Practice of Veterinary Surgery," Maclachlan & Stewart, Edinburgh, 30s.

DISEASES OF CATTLE, SHEEP, SWINE, AND DOGS.

Nature, symptoms, post-mortem apjDearances ; remedial and preventive

-treatment ; dieteting and general management of domestic animals. Text-

.hooLs — Youatt on "Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, and Dogs." Blaine's "Principles of

Veterinary Art." Gamgee's "Domesticated Animals in Health and Disease,"

Fullarton & Co., Edinburgh. Williams' " Principles and Practice o

Veterinary Medicine," 30s.

f

CERTIFICATES IN FORESTRY.

The Society gTants First and Second Class Certificates in Forestry.

Board of Examiners.

1. Science of Forestry and Practical Management of Woods. — Dr Cleg-

horn, Stravithy, St Andrews ; John Macgregor, Ladywell, Dun-
keld ; William M'Corquodale, Scone Palace, Perth ; J. Grant
Thomson, Grantown, Strathspey.

2. Elements of Botany. — Professor Balfour.

3. Nature and Proioerties of Soils, Drainage, and Effects of Climate. —

Professor Wilson.

4. Land and Timher Measuring and Surveying-; Mechanics and. Construc-

tion, as aijplied to Fencing, Drainage, Bridging, and Road-Making ;
Imiolements of Forestry. — A. W. Belfrage, C.E.

5. Book-keeping and Accounts. — Kenneth Mackenzie, C.A.

Candidates must possess — 1st, A thorough acquaintance with the details of
practical forestry. 2d, a general knowledge of the following branches of
study, so far as these apply to Forestry : — The Outlines of Botany ; the
Nature and Properties of Soils, Drainage and Effects of Climate ; Land and
Timber Measuring and Surveying ; Mechanics and Construction, as applied
to fencing, draining, bridging, and road-making ; Implements of Forestry ;
Book-keeping and Accounts. The Examinations are open to Candidates of
any age.

CEKTIFICATES IX FOEESTEY 19

SYLLABUS OF EXAMINATION.

I. -SCIENCE OF FORESTRY AND PRACTICAL MANAGEMENT

OF WOODS.

1. Formation and ripening of Wood. Predisposing causes of decay. 2. Re-
storation of Wood-lands : — (1.) Natural reproduction ; (2.) Ai-tificial planting.
;B. General management of plantations. Cropping by rotation. Trees recom-
mended for different situations. 4. Season and methods of pruning, thinning
and felling. 5. Circumstances unfavourable to the growth of trees. 6. Me-
chanical appliances for conveying and converting timber. Construction of
saw-mills. 7. Qualities and uses of chief indigenous timbers. Processes of
preserving timber. 8. Management of nurseries. Seed-sowing. 9. Collec-
tion of forest produce. 10. Manufacture of tar and charcoal. 11. Insects
injurious to trees — preservation of birds which prey upon them, drawing a
distinction between birds which are beneficial and those which are destructive
to trees.

II.— ELEMENTS OF BOTANY.

1. Nutritive Organs of plants. — Root, stem, leaves. Functions of roots.
Various kinds of stems, with examples. Use of the stem. Structure of
leaves. Different kinds of leaves. Arrangement and functions of leaves.

2. Reproductive Organs. — Flower and its parts. Arrangement of the whorls
of the flower — calyx, corolla, stamens, pistil. Ovule. Mature pistil or fruit.
Pruning and grafting. Seed. Young plant or embryo. Sprouting of the
seed or germination. 3. General Principles of Classification. — Meaning of the
terms Class, Order, Genus, Species. Illustrations taken from common forest
trees and shrubs. Practical Examination on fresh specimens and models ;
.some of the latter may be seen in the Museum at the Royal Botanic Garden,
which is open daily to the public free. Candidates may consult Professor
Balfour's " Elements of Botany," publi;>hed by A. & C. Black, Edinburgh
1869. Price 3s. 6d.

IIL— NATURE AND PROPERTIES OF SOILS, DRAINAGE AND

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE.

1. The different descriptions of soils, their classification, and suitability to
growth of different descriptions of timber trees. 2. The composition and
constituents of soils. The relations between the soil and trees fTOwiiifr on it.

3. The ettects of drainage on soils and on climate. 4. The mode of drainage
for plantations. 5. The influence of tempcnituro, rainfall, aspect, shelter,
find prevailing winds on tree life. 6. The methods of registering and record-
ing observations, and the instruments used.

17.— LAND AND TIMBER MEASURING AND SURVEYING;
MECHANICS AND CONSTRUCTION as applied to Fencing,
Bkidoino, and Road-Makino; IMPLEMENTS OF FORESTRY.

I. The use of the Level and Measuring Chain. [Measuring and ma]>pin
surface areas. 2. The nie:isuremont of solid bodies — as timber, stacked bark,
faggots, ifcc, cartliuork. 3. The dillorent modes of fencing and enclosing
plantations ; their ivlativo advantages, durability, cost of construction, and
repairs. 4. The setting out and formation of roads for temporary or perma-
nent use. 5. The constructiou of bridges over streams and gullies ; of gates

20 CERTIFICATES IX rOEESTEY.

or other entrances. 6. The diflferent implements and tools used in planting,
pruning, felling, barking, and working up timber trees, or prepairing them for
sale. Ewart's " Agricultural Assistant," Blackie & Son, Glasgow and Edin-
burgh, price 3s. 6d. Strachan's " Agricultural Tables," Oliver & Boyd,
Edinburgh, price 2s. 6d.

v.— BOOK-KEEPING AND ACCOUNTS.

1. Questions in practice and proportion. 2. Book-keeping — describe books
to be kept ; give examples. Taking of stock.

The following have passed for First-Class Certificate : —

1. C. F. Bligh, England,'^ ....

2. George Young Wall, M.R.A.C.', Durham,

3. William Baillie, Forester, Whitingham, East Lothian,

4. William Robertson, Forester's House, Lauder,

5. Peter Loney, Marchmont, Dunse, .

^ Names of those deceased, so far as known, are jmnted in italics.

1870
1870
1871
1871
1873

CHEMICAL DEPARTMENT.

The object of the Chemical Dej)artment is to arrange Experiments to be
conducted at the Society's Agricultural Stations, in terms of the Report of
the General Meeting, I7th January 1877. See Appendix A, p. 19.

Chemist. — Dr Andrew P. Aitken, — Highland and Agricultural Society's
Chambers, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, who will be in attendance
there on Wednesdays from 12 to 2, and daily at the Laboratory, Veterinary
College, Clyde Street, where samples for analysis should be sent.

( 21 )

PEEMIU3IS

GEXEEAL EEGULATIOXS FOE COMPETITOES.

All Eeports must be legibly written, and on one side of the
paper only ; they must specify the number and subject of the
Premium for which they are in competition ; they must bear a
distinguishing motto, and be accompanied by a sealed letter
similarly marked, containing the name and address of the
Eeporter — initials must not be used.

No sealed letter, unless belonging to a Eeport found entitled
to at least one-half of the Premium offered, will be opened with-
out the author's consent.

Eeports, for which a Premium, or one-half of it, has been
awarded, become the property of the Society, and cannot be
published in whole or in part, nor circulated in any manner,
without the consent of tlie Directors. All other papers will be
returned to the authors, if applied for within twelve months.

When a Eeport is unsatisfactory, the Society is not bound to
award the whole or any part of a premium.

All Eeports must be of a practical character, containing the
results of the writer's own observation or experiment, and the
special conditions attached to each Premium must be strictly
fulfilled. General essays, and papers compiled from books, will
not be rewarded. Weights and measurements must be indicated
]3y the imperial standards.

The Directors, before awarding a Premium, shall have power
to require tlie writer of any Eeport to verify the statements
made in it.

The decisions of the Board of Directors are final and conclu-
sive as to all Premiums, whether for Eeports or at General or
District Shows ; and it shall not bo competent to raise any
([uestion or appeal touching such decisions before any other
tribunal.

Eeports on subjects not included in the Premium List will be
received, and honorary re rards will be given ^\ hen merited.

(22 )

CLASS I.

E E P 0 E T S I

Section 1.— THE SCIENCE AXD PEACTICE OF

AGPJCULTUEE.

For Approved Eeports.

1. On the Agriculture of tlie County of Argyll — Thirty
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

The Eeport should embrace full details of the different systems of Farm
INIanagement observed in the County, and of the progress which
Agriculture and other industries have made within the last 25 years.

2. On the Agriculture of the Counties of Eorfar and Kincar-
dine— Thirty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st JSTovember 1877.

The Report should embrace full details of the different systems of Farm
Management observed in the Counties, and of the progress which
Agriculture and other industries have made within the last 25 years.

3. On the Agriculture of Bute and Arran — Twenty Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November 1878.

The Eeport should embrace full details of the different systems of FanB
Management observed in the County, and of the progress which
Agriculture and other industries have made within the last 25 years.

4. On the Physiological Distinctions in the condition of the
Scottish Peasantry in different Districts — Thirty Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

The reporter must furnish statistics of the longevity, &c., of the
peasantry, as contrasted with other classes, and give suggestions for
the amelioration of any causes which affect them injuriously.

5. On the results of Experiments for fixing and retaining the
volatile and soluble ingredients in farm-yard Manure — Twenty
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st Novemloer 1880.

The Eeport must detail the treatment adopted to fix and retain these
ingredients — the materials used for that purpose — and the quantity
and cost thereof — comparative analyses of the manure with and with-
out the treatment, and also a statement of the crops grown with

PREMIUr^IS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877. 23

manure with and without such treatment, must be given "by the
He porter. The experiments to have extended over at least two years
and crops.

6. On tlie comparative advantages in Scotland of Ploughing
in Manure in Autumn or Winter immediately after it is spread
on the land, or of allowing it to remain on the ground for some
weeks before it is covered — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st Xovember 1877.

7. On the results of Experiments for ascertaining the com-
parative value of farm-yard jNIanure obtained from cattle fed
upon different varieties of food, by the application of such
manures to farm crops — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st Xovember in any year.

The Keport must state the efifects produced on two successive crops by
the application of manure obtained from catlle fed on different sorts
of food, such as turnips and straw alone ; and turnips and straw, with
an addition of oil-cake, linseed, bean-meal, grain, or other substances.
The animals should be as nearly as possible of the same age, weight,
condition, and maturity, and each lot should receive daily the same
quantity of litter ; and, except as to the difference of food, they must
be treated alike.

The preparation of the manure, by fermentation or otherwise, should be
in every respect the same ; and it is desirable that not less than two
several experiments be made with each kind, and that the ground to
which it is to be applied be as equal as possible in quality and
condition.

8. On the comparative value of Manure made in the ordinary
manner, and of Manure kept under cover till applied to the
Land — Tv/enty Sovereigns. To be lodged by Ist Xovember in
any year.

The experiment may be conducted either with mi^nure made in the open
straw-yard, contrasted with that made in covered hammels or boxes,
or with manure made in feeding houses, part of which shall have been,
placed under cover, and part removed to the open dung-pit, and kept
carefully unmixed with any other manure. Preference will be given
to experiments embracing both of these modes. The cattle must be
fed and littered alike. There must be at least an acre of land experi-
mented on with each sort of manure — the different lots must be
manured to the same extent, and be equal in soil, and the crops nuist
be accurately weighed and measured on two separate portions of each
lot, not less than 20 poles. The result, as given by two successive
crops, to be reported.

9. On the means successfully employed for obtaining new
Agricultural Plants, or new and superior varieties, ur improved
sub-varieties, of any of the cereal grains, grasses, roots, or other
ngricultural plants at present cultivated in this country — ]\Iedals

24: PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

or Sums of Money not exceeding Fifty Sovereigns. To be lodged
by 1st JSTovember in any year.

It is necessary that the varieties and sub-varieties reported upon shall
have been proved capable of reproduction from seed, and also that the
relation they bear to others, or well known sorts, should be stated.
The reporter is further requested to mention the effects that he may
have observed produced by dififerent soils, manures, &c., on the plants
forming the subjects of report, and how far he may have ascertained
such effects to be lasting.

Should any improved variety reported upon be the result of dkect ex-
periment by cross impregnation, involving expense and long-continued
attention, a higher premium wiU be awarded.

10. On the cultivation of the Cabbage as a field crop — The
Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November

1877.

The experiment must be conducted in Scotland on not less than one
acre, and contrasted with a like extent under turnips in the same
field. Both lots must have been under one rotation, and must be
prepared and manured in the same manner.

11. On the Insects l^diich prey upon agricultural plants, and
the diseases occasioned by them, and the best means of prevention
— Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st ^N'ovember 1877.

The Eeport to be accompanied, where practicable, by specimens of the
insects.

^ 12. On the hardy and useful Herbaceous Plants of any country
where such climate exists as to induce the belief that the plants
may be beneficially introduced into the cultivation of Scotland —
The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November in any year.

Attention is particularly directed to the Grains and Grasses of Cliina,
Japan, the Islands of the Eastern Archipelago, the Himalaya country,
the Falkland and South Sea Islands, Cahfornia, and the high north-
western district of America.

Reporters are required to give the generic and specific names of the
plants treated of, with the authority for the same — together with the
native names, so far as known ; and to state the elevation of the
locality and nature of the soil in which they are cultivated, or which
they naturally inhabit, with their qualities or uses ; and it is further
requested that the descriptions be accompanied, in so far as possible,
with specimens of the plants, and their fruit, seed, and other
products.

13. On the adulteration of Agricultural Seeds, whether by
colouring, mixiug, or otherwise, and the best means of detecting
the same, and preventing their sale — Ten Sovereigns. To be
lodged by 1st November 1877.

14. On the comparative advantages of fattening Cattle in
stalls, in loose houses or boxes, and in sheds or hammels —

PREmu:kIS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877. 25

Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged bv 1st iSTovember in any

year.

The Report must detail the comparative result of actual experunents.
The same quantities and kinds of food must be used. Information
is required as to the comparative expense of attendance, the cost of
erecting the buildings, and any other circumstance deserving of
attention. The state of the weather during the experiment, in point
of temperature and wetness, must be particulariy noted and reported.*

15. On experiments for ascertaining the actual addition of
weight to growing or fattening Stock, by the use of different
kinds of food — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November in any year.

The attention of the experimenter is directed to turnips, carrots, beet,
mangold wurzel, potatoes, cabbage, as well as to beans, oats, barley,
Indian corn, linseed, oil-cake or rape-cake, and to the effect of warmth
and proper ventilation, and the dilference between food cooked and
raw. The above roots and other kinds of food are merely suggested ;
competitors are neither restricted to them nor obliged to experiment
on all of them.

When experiments are made with linseed and cake, attention should be
paid to the comparative advantages, economically and otherwise, of
the substance in these two states.

Before commencing the comparative experiments, the animals must be
fed alike for some time pre\'iously.

The progress of different breeds may be compared. This will form an
interesting experiment of itself, for reports of which encouragement
will be given.*

* The experiments specified in Nos, 14 and 15 must be conducted over a
period of not less than three months. No lot shall consist of fewer
than four Cattle or ten Sheep. The animals selected should be of the
same age, sex, and breed, and, as nearly as possible, of the same weight,
condition, and maturity. The live weight before and after the experi-
ment must be stated, and, if killed, their dead weight and quiuitity of
tallow.

1<). On the Galloway Breed of Cattle, and tlie means that
have been or might be used for its improvement — The CtoUI
Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

17. On the breeding of Horses for the road or held, and their
treatment wlien young — Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November 1877.

This Report is confined to breeders of horses, who are requested to state
their own experiments and results.

18. On the adaptability of the various soils to the breeding
and riiaring of Horses — Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by Ist
November 1S77.

The Report must state the diseases arising from pasturing on the various
soils, and how to prevent them.

26 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

19. On the effect of Sewage upon the Animal System, intro-
duced either with drinking water or with herbage when it has
been used as a top-dressing — Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st November 1877.

20. On Hoose or Husk in Calves and Lambs — Ten Sovereigns,
To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

Tlie Eeport must contain special reference to the nature of the soil on
which the disease prevails, and suggest methods calculated to remove
the cause of the disease.

21. On Strangles — Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November 1877.

The Eeport must state the causes, symptoms, and treatment, and special
reference must be made as to whether it is a contagious disease.

o

22. On the comparative Eeturn from Capital invested in Crop-
ping, Grazing, or Planting land upon hill and moorland — Twenty
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

The subject to have reference not only to immediate return upon capital
expended, but also to be considered in relation to the amelioration of
the soil, climate, and prospective enhancement of value thereby.

23. On the best means of erecting Farm Steadings and other
buildings with the view of making them rat-proof — Five
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

The construction of the drains to be specially noticed.

24. On any useful practice in Eural Economy adopted in other
countries, and susceptible of being introduced wdth advantage
into Scotland — The Gold Medal. To be lodged by 1st November
in any year.

The purpose chiefly contemplated by the offer of this premium is to
induce travellers to notice and record such particular practices as may
seem calculated to benefit Scotland. The Eeport to be founded on
personal observation.

Section 2.— ESTATE IMPEOVEMENTS.

FOR APPROVED REPORTS.

1. By the Proprietor in Scotland who shall have executed the

most judicious, successful, and extensive improvement — The

Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November

in any year.

Should the successful Eeport be written for the Proprietor by his resi-
dent factor or farm manager, a Medium Gold Medal will be awarded
to the writer in addition to the Gold jSIedul to the Proprietor.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877. 27

The merits of the Report -will not be determined so much by the mere
extent of the improvements as by their character and relation to the
size of the property. The improvements may comprise reclaim ng,
draining, enclosing, planting, road-making, building, and all other
operations proper to landed estates. The period within which the
operations may have been conducted is not limited, except that it
must not exceed the term of the reporter's proprietorship.

2. By the Proprietor in Scotland who shall have erected on
his estate the most approved Farm-buildings — The Gold MedaL
Eeports, Plans, and Specifications to be lodged by 1st November
in any year.

3. By the Proprietor or Tenant in Scotland who shall have
reclaimed within the ten preceding years not less than forty
acres of waste land — The Gold ]\Iedal, or Ten Sovereigns. Ta
be lodged by 1st November in any year.

4. By the Tenant in Scotland who shall have reclaimed within
the ten preceding years not less than twenty acres of waste
land — The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st November in any year.

5. By the Tenant in Scotland who shall have reclaimed not
less than ten acres within a similar period — The Medium Gold
Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November in
any year.

The Reports in competition for Nos. 3, 4, and 5 may comprehend such
general observations on the improvement of waste lands as the writer's
experience may lead him to make, but must refer especially to the
lands reclaimed — to the nature of the soil — the previous state and
probable value of the subject — the obstacles opposed to its improve-
ment— the details of the various operations — the mode of cultivation
adopted — and the produce and value of the crops produced. As the
required extent cannot be made up of different patches of land, the
improvement must have relation to one subject ; it must be of a i)ro-
litable character, and a rotation of crops nuist have been concluded
before the date of the report. A detailed statement of the expenditure
and return, and a certified measurement of the ground, are requisite.

G. By the Proprietor or Tenant in Scotland who shall liavc?
improved witliin the ten preceding years the pasturage of not less-
than thirty acres, by means t)f top-dressing, draining, or otlier-
wise, without tillage, in situations where tilla're mav he inex-
pedient — The Gold Medid, or Tm Sovereigns. To he lodged by
1st November in {iny year.

7. By the Tenant in Scotland who shall liavo ini])roved not
less than ten acres within a similar period — The ^Minor Gold
]\r(Hlal. To he lodged by 1st November in any year.

28 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

Reports in competition for Nos. 6 and 7 must state the particular mode
of management adopted, the substances applied, the elevation and
nature of the soil, its previous natural products, and the changes
produced.

Section 3.— MACHINEEY.

FOR approved reports.

1. On such inventions or improvements, by the reporters, of
any implement or machine as shall be deemed by the Society of
public utility — Medals, or sums of money not exceeding Fifty
Sovereigns. To be lodged at any time.

Eeports should be accompanied by drawings and descriptions of the
implement or machine, and, if necessary, by a model.

2. On a Machine for cutting or condensing Turf or Peat by
steam or horse power — Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st I^ovember 1877.

3. On the best means of Drying Compressed Peat-fuel, so that
its manufacture on a large scale could be carried on throughout
the whole year — Ten Sovereigns. Eeports to be lodged by 1st
;N"ovember 1877.

4. On the best and most approved Cattle Truck for feeding
and watering the animals in transit — Twenty Sovereigns. To
be lodged by 1st I^ovember 1877.

Eeports must be accompanied with drawings and description, or, if
necessary, by a model.

Section 4.— POEESTEY DEPAETMENT.

for approved reports.

1. By the Proprietor in Scotland who shall, within the five pre-
ceding years, have planted not less than 150 acres — The Gold
Medal. To be lodged by 1st November in any year.

The whole planting operations which may have been conducted by the
reporter within the five years, whether completed or not, must be
embraced, and he must state the expense — description of soils, — age,
kind, and number of trees planted per acre — mode of planting, drain-
ing, and fencing — general state of the plantation — and any other
observations of interest.

2. On Plantations of not less than eight years' standing,
formed on deep peat bog — The Medium Gold Medal, or Eive
Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

The Premium is strictly applicable to deep peat or flow moss ; the con-
dition of the moss previous to planting, as well as at the date of the
Report, should, if possible, be stated.

PREMIUMS OrFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877. 29

The Report must describe the mode and extent of the drainage, and the
effect it has had in subsidino; the moss — the trenching;, levelling;, or
other preliminary operations that may have been performed on the
surface — the mode of planting — kinds, sizes, and numbers of trees
planted per acre — and their relative progress and value, as compared
with plantations of a similar age and description grown on other soils
in the vicinity.

3. On the more extended introduction of hardy, useful, or
ornamental Trees, which have not hitherto been generally culti-
vated in Scotland — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November in any year.

The Eeport should specify as distinctly as possible the kind of trees
introduced. The adaptation of the trees for use or ornament, and
their comparative progress should be mentioned. Attention is directed
to the introduction of any tree as a nurse in young plantations, which
by growing rapidly for several years, and attaining maturity when at
the height of 20 or 25 feet, might realise the advantage and avoid the
evils of thick planting.

4. On the Ahies Mcnziesii, and its value for planting in
Scotland, with detailed statistics of its progress in the country. —
The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by
1st November 1877.

5. On the varieties of Trees best adapted for planting as
shelter in the Islands of Scotland — The Medium Gold Medal,
or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

6. On the growth and cultivation of Willows in Scotland with
a view to profit. — The Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns.
To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

The different varieties recommended to be specially described.

7. On the Cutting and Transport of Firewood (soft and hard
wood), with detailed statement of charges — The Medium Gold
Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

In many districts large branches and tops of trees are burned up, which
in England, and much more on the Continent, are sold at a profit.
The Report should state the system pursued, and contain practiciil
suggestions for utilising fragments now destroyed.

8. On the more extended cultivation in Scotland of charcoal-
]^roducing Plants, for guii])0\vder or commercial ])urposes — The
Medium Gold Medal, or Five Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
November 1877.

Reference to be made to suitable varieties of plants not generally grown
in this country for that ])urpose, such as lihamnua Frangula, prices
realisable, and suggestions fur their more general introduction, treat-
ment, S:c.

30 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877.

9. On the AYoods, Forests, and Forestry in the county of Perth
— The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
I^oveniber 1877.

10. On the Woods, Forests, and Forestry in the county of Pioss
— The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
I^ovember 1877.

11. On the Woods, Forests, and Forestry in the county of Inver-
ness— The Gold Medal, or Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st
JSTovember 1877.

12. On the utilisation of waste produce of Forests and Wood-
lands, as matter for making, either separately or in combination
with other substances, an Artificial Fuel — The Gold Medal, or
Ten Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st November 1877.

13. On the Insects most injurious to Forest Trees, and the
diseases occasioned by them, and the best means of preven-
tion.— Twenty Sovereigns. To be lodged by 1st JSTovember

1877.

The Eeport to he accompanied, where practicable, by specimens of the
insects.

CLASS II.

DISTEICT COMPETITIOXS.

The Money Premiums and Medals awarded at District Competitions will he
issued in January next. No payments must, therefore, be made by the
/Secretary or Treasurer of any local Association.

Grants in Aid of District Competitions for 1878 must he
applied for before 1st November next.

When a Grant has expired, the District cannot apply again for aid for two

years.

Section 1.— CATTLE.

2s oh:. — The Society's Cattle Premiums are granted to each District for three
idternate years, on condition that the District shall, in the two intermediate
years, continue the Competitions by offering for the same description of
stock a sum not less than one-half of that given by the Society.

At the intermediate Competitions, a Silver Medal will be placed at the dis-
posal of the Committee, to be awarded for the best Bull belonging to a
Proprietor, and of the class for which the District receives Premiums ;
also three Medium Silver Medals to be given along with the first prize in
the three Classes of Cattle belonging to Tenants, provided there are not
fewer than two lots exhibited in each class.

The selection of the Breed is left to the local Committee. See Eule G.

districts.

1. County of ErrriN. — Convener, Robert Grant of Kincorth, Forres; Joint-

Secretaries, \v'illiam IMacdonald, Elgin, and John Ferguson, East Grange,
Forres. Granted 1872.

2. County of Renfrew. — Convener, Colonel Campbell of Blythswood ;

Secretary. Granted 1872.

:3. District of East Kilbride. — Convener, William Forrest of Lawmuir,

Allanton, Hamilton; Secretary, William Hay, Auburn Cottage, East

Kilbride. Granted 1874.
4. County or Kincardine. — Convener, Sir Thomas Gladstone of Fasque,

i*art., Laurencekirk; (S'ccre/az-y, James B. Greig, Laurencekirk. Granted

1874.
r». District of Gariocii. — Convener, William Leslie of Warthill, Pitca])le;

Secretary, William Home, Westerton of Pitmeddcn, Insch. Gmnted 1874.
C District of Stratiibooie. — Convener, Robert Simpson of Cobairdy,

Huntly; ^SVcrc^ary, Alexander F. Leslie, Corske I lie, Huntlv. Granted

187:..

32 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877.

7. District of the United Banffshire Society. — Convener, W. J.
Tayler of Glenbarry, Rothiemay House, Huntly ; Secretary, George
Cnmming, Banff. Granted 1875.

8. District of Turriff. — Convener, Alexander Stuart of Laithers, Turriff ;

Secretary, William Ingram, Sunnyhill, Turriff. Granted 1877.

9. District of Ayondale. — Convener, Thomas Tennent of Priestgill,
Strathaven ; Secretary, William Lambie of Hallburn, Stratbaven.
Granted 1877.

10. District of Weem. — Convener, Sir Robert Menzies, of Menzies, Bart.,

Farleyer, Aberfeldy ; Secretary, P. M. Conacher, Gallin Cottage, Aber-
feldy. Granted 1877.

11. District of Upper Strathearn. — Convener, D. R, Williamson of

Lawers, Crieff ; Secretary, James M'Laren, junior, Crieff'. Granted
1876.

PREMIUMS.

1. Best Bull, of any pure breed, belonging to a Proprietor, The Silver Medal.

2. Best Bull, of any pure breed, calved before 1st January 1875.

Medium Silver Medal and L.4

Second best, * L.3

Third best, ........... L.l

3. Best Bull of any pure breed, calved after 1st January 1875,

Medium Silver Medal and L.3
Second best, ........... L.2

Third best, L.l

4. Best 2-year-old Heifer (if Highland breed, 3 years), of any pure breed,

Medium Silver Medal and L.3
Second best, ........... L.2

Third best, L.l

In 1877.

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 for the second year.
Nos. 8, 9, and 10 for the first year.
No. 11 competes for local Premiums.

Section 2.— HOESES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

Note. — The Society's Stallion Premiums are granted to each District for two
years, and are followed by Premiums for other two years for Brood
Mares, and again for a similar period by Premiums for Entire Colts and
FiUies.

1. Stallions.

1. District oe the Dalbeattie Society. — Convener, W. H. Maxwell of

Munches, Dalbeattie ; Secretary, W. Dickie, Balgerran, Castle Douglas.
Granted 1876.

2. Rhins District of Wigtownshire, — Convener, R. Vans Agnew of Bam-
barroch, M.P. ; Secretary, Hugh Adair, Stranraer. Granted 1876.

3. District of Auchtermuchty. — Convener, John Bogie, Balcanquhal,
Auchtermuchty ; Secretary, H. W. Walker, Auchtermuchty. Granted
1876.

4. District of the East of Fife Society. — Convener, John Anstruther

Thomson of Charlton, Colinsburgh ; Secretary, John Flockhart, Colins-
burgh. Granted 1876.

PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

33

5. County or Clackmannan. — Convener, James Johnstone of Alva ;
Secretary, Thomas Fisher, Jellyholm, Alloa. Granted 1877.

6. District of Lockerbie, — Convener, Sir Alexander Jardine of Apple-
garth, Bart., Jardine Hall, Lockerbie ; Secretary, George BeU Ewart,
Lockerbie. Granted 1877.

Best StaUion, not under 3 years, and not above 12 years old,

L.25

In 1877.

Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 5 and 6 for the first year.

2. Brood Mares.

1. Western District of Fifeshire. — Convener, Eobert Husband, GeUet,

Dunfermline ; /Secretory, James M'Farlane, Dunfermline. Granted 1876.

2. District of Strathendrick. — Convener, C. H. H, "Wilsone of Dalnair,

Endrick Bank, Drymen; Secretary, James Murray, Catter House,
Drymen. Granted 1876.

3. District of Easter Ross. — Convener, David Monro of Allan, Tain;

Secretary, Hugh Murray, Banker, Tain. Granted 1877.

4. District of the Eoyal Northern Society. — Convener, (Colonel Innes

of Learney, Torphins ; Secretary, Alexander Yeats, Secretary Royal
Northern Society, Aberdeen. Granted 1877.

1. Best Brood Mare,

2. Second best, .

3. Third best, .

^Tedium Silver Medal and L.4

L.3

L.l

In 1877.

Nos, 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.
Nos. 3 and 4 for the first year.

3. Entire Colts and Fillies.

1. District of the Black Isle. — Convener, James Fletcher of Rosehaugh,

Avoch ; Secretary, James R. Mitchell, Drvnie, Inverness. Granted
1876.

2. County of Kinross. — Convener, Harry Young of Cleish Castle, Elinross ;
Secretary, James Beveridge of Balado, Kinross. Granted 1876.

3. District of Buchan, — Convener, Lieutenant-Colonel Ferguson of Pitfour,

Mintlaw ; Secretary, John Ferguson, Brae of Coynach, ]Mintlu\v.
Granted 1877.

4. District of Selkirk and Galashiels. — Convener, Allan Eliott Lock-

hart of Borthwickbrae, Hawick ; Secretary, James Smail, Commercial
Bunk, Galashiels. Granted 1877.

5. County of Caithness. — Convener, Alexander Henderson of Stomster,

Halkirk Road, (Golspie ; Joint-Secretaries, James Brims, "Writer,
Thurso ; and James Purves, Lochond, Duiinet. Granted 1S77.

1. Be-<t Entire Colt, foaled after 1st Janu;iiy 1875,

Medium Silver Medal and L.3
Second best, . . . . . . . . . . . L.2

Third best, L.l

2. Best Entire Colt, foaled after 1st January 1S7(),

^Medium Silver Medal and L.2

Second be^>t, . . L 1

Third best, . . . . . ... U>s.

3

34 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

3. Best Filly, foaled after 1st January 1875, Medium Silver Medal and L.3
Second best, ............ Ij.2

Third best, Ij-1

4, Best Filly, foaled after Ist January 1876, Medium Silver Medal and L.2
Second best, . . . . . . . . . . . L.l

Third best, 10s.

In 1877.

Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.
l\os. 3, 4, and 5 for the first year.

Section 3.— SHEEP.

Note. — The Society's Sheep Premiums are granted to each District for three
alternate years, on condition that the District shall, in the two inter-
mediate years, continue the Competitions by offering for the same
description of stock a sum not less than one-half of that given by the
Society.

At the intermediate Competitions, a Silver Medal wUl be placed at the dis-
posal of the Committee, to be awarded for the best Tup belonging to a
proprietor, and of the class for which the District receives Premiums ;
also four ^Medium Silver Medals, to be given along with the first prize
in the four classes of Sheep, belonging to tenants, provided there are not
less than two lots in each class.

The selection of the breed is left to the Local Committee. See Rule 6.

DISTRICTS.

1. Upper Ward of Lanarkshire. — Convener, John Ord Mackenzie of

Doiphinton ; Secretary, David Oswald, Abington. Granted 1872.

2. Islands of Mull, Coll, and Ttree. — Convener, Farquhar Campbell of

Eum ; Secretary, David Thorburn, Calgary, Tobermory. Granted 1872.

3. District of the Badenoch and RoTHiEiiuRCHUs Society. — Convener,

Cluny Z\Iacpherson, Cluny Castle, Kingussie ; Secretary, Donald Stewart,
Chapelpark, Kingussie. Granted 1875.

4. County of Sutherland. — Convener, George Loch of Embo, Q.C. ;

Secretary, WiUiam Mitchell, Pulrossie, Dornoch. Granted 1875.
■5. District of the West Linton Society. — Convener, A. P. Hope of
Bordlands, Lamancha ; Secretary, A. Alexander, West Linton. Granted
1875=

6. District of the Northern Pastoral Club. — Convener, Arthur Forbes

of Culloden, Inverness ; Secretary, Walter Mundell, Gollanfield, Fort
George Station. Granted 1877.

7. District of Xithsdale. — Convener, John Gilchrist Clark of Speddoch,
Dabton, Thornhill; Secretary, Wm. Austin, Thornhill. Granted 1877.

8. District of West Teviotdale. — Convener, W. Scott Watson of Bum-

head, Bucklands, Hawick; Secretary, James Oliver of Thornwood,
Hawick. Granted 1874.

9. District of Breadalbane. — Convener. — The Earl of Breadalbane, Tay-

mouth Castle, Aberfeldy ; Secretary, John Holmes, Kenmore, Aberfeldy.
Granted 1874.
10. Isla:sD of Arran. — Convener, James Paterson, Whitehouse, Lamlash ;
Secretary, William Tod, Glenree, Lamlash. Granted 1876.

PREMIUxMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877. 35

1.

Best Tup belonging to a Proprietor,

The Silver Medal.

%

Best Tap above one Shear,
Second best, ....
Third best, .....

Medium Silver Medal andL.3

L .1
10s.

'J.

Best Shearling Tup, ....
Second best, ....
Third best,

IMedium Silver Medal and L.3

L.l

10s.

4.

Best 5 Ewes above one Shear,
Second best, ....
Third best,

Medium Silver Medal and L.3

L.l

10s.

5.

Best 5 Ginimers or Shearling Ewes,
Second best, ....
Third best

^Medium Silver Medal and L.3

L.l

lOs.

In 1877.
Nos. 1 and 2 are in competition for the last year.
Xos. 3, 4, and 5 for the second year.
Nos. 6 and 7 for the first year.
Nos. 8, 9, and 10 compete for local Premiums.

Section 4.— SAYIXE.

The Society's Swine Premiums are given for three consecutive years.

1. Best Boar belonging to a Proprietor,

2. Best Boar,

Second best, ....
Third best,

3. Best Brood Sow, ....

Second best, ....
Third best, .....

The Silver Medal.
Medium Silver Medal and L.3

L.l

lOs.

Medium Silver Medal and L.2

. L.l
10s.

Li 1877.
No application has been received.

Section 5.— DAIEY PRODUCE.

The Society's Dairy Premium.-? are given for three consecutive years.

1. Best Couple of Sweet Milk Cheeses belonging to a

Proprietor, The Silver Medal.

2. Best Couple of Sweet jMilk Cheeses, . Medium Silver Medal and L -1

Second best, . . . . . . . . .L.l

Third best, lOs.

3. Best Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.), belonging

to a Proprietor, The Silver Medal.

4. Best Cured Butter (not less than 14 lbs.), ^Medium Silver ^Medal and L.2

Second best, . . . . . . . . . .L.l

Third best.

1 OS.

Li 1877.
No application has licon received.

IIULES OF COMrETITION.

1. Tlio ^Members of the Iligliland and Agricultural Society connected with
the respective Districts are appointed Conunittoe.s for arranging the Conj-
petitions, the Convener being appointed by the Diroctora : five members
to be cpiorum.

36 PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

2. The Convener of each District shall summon a meetino; of Committee
for the purpose of determining the time and place of Competition, the nomi-
nation of Judges, and other preliminary arrangements. The time and place
(which must be within the bounds of the District, unless in reference to
Stallions special permission has been obtained to the contrary), shall be
publicly intimated by Conveners.

3. The IMoney Premiums awarded at District Competitions will be paid in
January next, by precepts issued by the Directors. No payments must,
therefore, be paid by the Secretary or Treasurer of any local Association.

4. Stock must be the property of the Exhibitor at the date of Entry. No
entry shall be received later than one v:ech iwevious to the Show. Entry-Money
shall not exceed 2-| per cent, on the amount of the premium to be competed
for.

5. The Competitions (except for Horses) must take place between the 1st
of April and the 26th of October, and are open to ail parties within the
District, whether members of the local Association or not.

6. The Committee shall select the breed, and specify it in the returns. In
Cattle, the animals exliibited must belong to one of the following pure breeds
— Short-horn, Ayrshire, Polled (Galloway, Angus, or Aberdeen), Highland.
The Bulls may be of one breed, and the Heifers of another. In Sheep, the
breeds must be Leicester, Cheviot, or Blackfaced.

7. Stock of an inferior description, or which does not fall within the pre-
scribed regulations, shall not be placed for competition.

8. An animal which has gained the Highland and Agricultural Society's
iirst Money Premium at a previous District or General Show is inadmissible
in the same Class, except in the case of Stallions, and Bulls, Tups, and
Boars for the Medal ; and one which has gained a second Money Premium
can only thereafter compete in that Class for the first.

9. The Premiums shall not be divided. In Cattle, Horses, Sheep, and
Swine, four lots in each Class will warrant the award of full; and two lots of
half. Premiums. In Dairy Produce, eight Exhibitors in any one Class will
warrant on award of full, and four of half, Premiums. A competitor may
exhibit two lots in each Class, except in Dairy Produce, where only one lot
is allowed from the same farm. For the Silver Medal to Proprietors two
lots are required. To authorise the award of the Medals in the intermediate
year, there must not be less than two lots in each Class.

10. The Premiums for Stallions are open to General Competition. The
other Money Premiums are restricted to Tenant Farmers and Proprietors
farming the whole of their own lands, and not also Owners of land to an
extent exceeding L.500 per annum.

11. A Tenant or Factor may compete with Proprietors for the Silver Medal
with a Bull, a Tup, or a Boar which has gained the Highland and Agricultural
Society's first Money Premium at a previous District or General Show.
When there is any doubt as to whether a competitor should be ranked as a
Proprietor or Tenant, the point is left to the decision of the local Committee.

12. A Bull the property of two or more Tenants, may compete, although
the Exhibitors may not be Joint-Tenants.

13. Bulls for which Money Premiums are awarded may be required to
serve in the District at least one season ; the rate of service to be fixed by
the Committee, and the prizes may be withheld till the conditions are ful-
filled. Premiums for the Heifers may be retained till the animals are
certified to have calved.

14. Evidence must be produced that the Prize Stallions have had produce.

15. Mares must have foals at foot (except when death of foal is certified),
or be entered as being in foal ; in the latter case payment of the Premiums
will be deferred till certificate of birth, which must be within 11 months
from the date of the Show.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877. 37

] 6. Aged Tups shall have served for at least [three weeks durnifr the pre-
vious season. AU Prize Tups must serve within the district. Ewes and
Gimmers must be taken from the Exhibitor's stock, and must have been
bred by him in the district ; and Ewes must have reared Lambs during the
season. Fleeces must not be artificially coloured.

17. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Committee that an
animal has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the
pui-pose of misleading the Committee or Judges as to its qualifications or
properties, the case shall be reported to the Directors, and submitted by tlijem
to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor may be disqualified
from again competing for the Society's Premiums, and his name, if he is a
member, struck from the roll.

18. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of
any Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification
shall attach, if the Exhibitor, being aware of the disqualification, fail to state
it and the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Committee to judge of
its validity.

19. Competitors must certify that the Butter and Cheese exhibited by
them are average specimens of the produce of their Dairies in 1877, and that
the quantity produced during the season has not been less than 1 cwt. of
Butter, or 2 cwt. of Cheese.

20. It is to be distinctly understood that in no instance does any claim lie
against the Society for expenses attending a show of stock beyond the amount
of the Premiums offered.

21. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners and Secretaries of the
different districts. These must, in all details, be completed, and lodged with
the Secretary on or before the 1st of November next, for the approval of the
Directors, against whose decisions there shall be no appeal.

22. A report of the Competitions and Premiimis awarded at the intermediate
local shows in the several districts for Cattle and Sheep, signed by a member
of the Society, must be transmitted to the Secretary on or before the 1st of
November in each year, otherwise the Society's grants shall terminate.

23. When a grant has expired the district cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Section G.— SPECIAL GEAXTS.

L.50 and Medium Gold Medal to the Edinbur^di Christmas Club. — Secretary,

Hugh Martin, 7 Hope Street, Edinburgh. Granted 1S67.
L.50 to the Glasgow Agricultural Society for Thorough-bred Stallion. —

Mark Marshall, IIG St Vincent Street, Glasgow. Granted 1876.
L.20 to the Ayrshire Agricultural Association, to be competed for at the

Dairy Produce Show at Kiluianiock — Convener, The Hon. G. E. Vernon,

Aucluins House, Kilmarnuck; ticcretary, James M'Murtrie, Ayr. Granted

1872.
L.10 to Unst Society for three consecutive years — Convener, Mrs Edniond-

ston of Buness, Unst ; Secretary, . (Iranted

1876.
L.3 to Rousay Society for tliree alternate years — Convener, Colonel F. W.

Traill Burroughs of Rousay, C.B., Orkney; Sccretanj, John Gibson, Sung-

skail, Rousay. Granted 1875,
L.3 to Wostray Society for throe alteniate years — Convmcr and Secretary,

James Walker, Brougli, ^^'o.stray, Kirkwall. Granted 187(.).
L.3 to Orkney Society for three consecutive years — Convener, David Balfour

of Biilfour, Kirkwall; Secritnry, James Johnston, jun., Orphir House,

Orphir, Orkney. Granted 1S77.

o

8 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

Section 7.— MEDALS IN" AID OF PEEMIUMS GIYE2^

BY LOCAL SOCIETIES.

The Society, being anxious to co-operate with local Associa-
tions, will give a limited number of Medium Silver Medals
annually to Societies not on the list of Cattle or Sheep Pre-
miums, in addition to the Money Premiums awarded in the
District, for —

1. Best Bull, Cow, Heifer, or Ox.

2. Best Stallion, Mare, or Gelding.

3. Best Tup, or Pen of Ewes or Wethers.

4. Best Boar, Sow, or Pig.

5. Best Coops of Poultry.

6. Best sample of any variety of "Wool.

7. Best sample of any variety of Seeds.

8. Best managed Farm.

9. Best managed Green Croj).

10. Best managed Hay Crop.

11. Best managed Dairy.

12. Best Sweet Milk Cheese.

13. Best Cured Butter.

14. Best Collection of Boots.

15. Best kept Fences.

16. Male Farm-Servant who has been longest in the same service, and who

has proved himself most efficient in his duties, and to have invariably
treated the animals under his charge with kindness.

17. Female Servant in charge of Dairy and Poultry who has been longest in

the same service, and who has proved herself most efficient in her
duties, and to have invariably treated the animals under her chaige
with kindness.

18. Best Sheep Shearer.

19. Most expert Hedge Cutter.

20. Most expert Labourer at Draining.

21. ]\Iost expert Farm-Servant at trial of Reaping INTachines.

22. Best Maker of Oat Cakes.

It is left to the local Society to choose out of the foregoing list the classes.

for which the Medals are to be competed.
The Medals are given for five consecutive vears.

Aberdeenshire.

1. AucmxDoiR, KiLDRUMMY, and Towie Association. — Convener, Carlos

Pedro Gordon of Wardhouse, Insch ; Secretary, William Walker^
Ardhuncart, Mossat. 4 Medals. Granted 1873.

2. Cromar, Upper Dee and Donside Associatiox. — Convener, Dr

Robertson, Indego, Tarland; Secretary, W^illiam Thomson, Banker,
Tarland. 2 Medals. Granted 1873.

3. Donside Club. — Convener, Sir William Forbes of Craigievar, Bart.;,

Fintray House, Aberdeen; Secretary, William Wishart, Cairntraddlyn,
Blackburn. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

4. Ebrieside Association. — Convener, John Leith Ross of Arnage, Ellon;

Secretary, William Stephen, Mill of Fortrie, Ellon. 2 Medals.
Granted 1S74.

PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877. 39

5. Ixscn Horticultural Society. — Convener, Col. Leith Hay of Eannes,

C.B., Leith Hall, Kinnethmont; Secretary, Johu Gartly, Insch. 2
Medals. Granted 1874.

6. Kincardine O'Neil axd Upper Deestde Association. — Convener^

Col. Innes of Learney, Torphins; hereto/-;?/, Alexander Jaffray, Wester
Belty, Torphins. 3 Medals. Granted 1873.

7. KiNNETHiioNT SociETT. — Convener, Col. Leith Hay of Eannes, C.B.,

Leith Hall, Kinnethmont; Secretary, William Gerrard, Schoolhouse,
Kinnethmont. 3 Medals. Granted 1874.

8. Mar Association. — Convener, Wm. Wishart, Cairntraddlyn, Blackbiini,

Aberdeen ; Secretary, Silvester Campbell, Kinnellar, Blackburn,
Aberdeen. 4 Medals. Granted 1874.

.9. Xorth-East Aberdeenshire Society. — Convener, Alex. Lovie, Nether
Boyndlie, Fraserburgh ; Secretary, John Bell, ]Merryhillock, Fraser-
burgh. 6 Medals. Granted 1873.

10. North oe Scotland Root, Vegetable, and Fruit Association. —

Convener, Lieut-Col, Eamsay of Barra, Straloch, Aberdeen; Secretary,
James Smith, 14 Wardes Eoad, Inverurie. 2 Medals. Granted 1874.

11. Strichen Society. — Convener, Alex. 'WhitelsiW, M.P.; Secretary, John

Sleigh, Strichen. 1 Medal. Granted 1873.

12. Vale of Alford Turnip Association. — Convener, E. 0. Farquharson

of Haughton, Alford, N.B.; Secretary, John Eeid, Bents, Alibrd.
2 Medals. Granted 1875.

13. Warthill Turnip Club. — Convener, William Leslie of Warthill, Pit-

caple ; Secretary, Adam Singer, Eothmaise, Insch. 2 ^Medals..
Granted 1873.

Arr/yllshire.

14. Kintyre Society. — Convener, John Lome Stewart of Coll, Campbeltown;

Secretary, J. L. Pearson, Campbelto^^^l. 4 Medals. Granted 1S73.

15. Lochbuy Society. — Convener, M. G. Maclaine of Lochbuy, Oban ;

Secretary, Donald M'Phail, Cameron Farm, Mull, Oban. 2 ^ledals.
Granted 1876.

Ayrshire.

IC. Ardrossan Society. — Convener, D. Cuninghamc, Chapelton, Ardros>;ui;
Secretary, James Campbell, Saltcoats. 2 ^^ledals. Granted lb77.

17. Coylton and Stair Society. — Convener, !Major-Gencral Burnett of

Gadgirth, Tarbolton ; Secretary, Eobert Caldwell Knocksliogglc,
Coylton, Ayr. 2 Medals. Granted 1874.

18. Craigie Society. — Convener, James Picken, Laigh Langside, Ci-aigie,

Kilmarnock ; Secretary, Andrew M'Farlane, Schoolhouse, Craigie.
3 Medals. Granted 1874.

ID. Cumnock Society. — Convener^ John Hyslop of Bank, New Curanick;
Srcrctnry, John Hayinan, Dumfries House Mains, Cumnock. 2
Metlals. Granted 1877.

20. Daluymplk Society. — Cunvnor, David Hunter, Guiltrcohall, Kirk-

michacl; Sicrrtary, Wm. Alston, llopctown Cortage, Dalrymple, Ayr.
2 >[edal3. Gninted 1876.

21. Darvkl Houticultpral Society. — Convener, John Nisbct, Longgicen,

"ifownulnn; Secretary, John Jamicsnn, East Main Street, Darvcl,
Kilmarnock. 2 Medals. Granted 1870.

40 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

22. Galston Society. — Convener, Alex. D. Tait of Milrig, Kilmarnock;

Secretary, Eobert Hendrie, Drumdroch, Galston. 3 Medals. Granted

1877.

23. GiRVAN District Society. — Convener, Captain Hamilton of Pinmore;

Secretary, Robert Lamb, Royal Bank, Girvan. 2 Medals. Granted

1875.

24. Irvine Society. — Convener, James Stewart, Heatbfield, Irvine ; Secre-

tary, A. G. M'Jannet, Writer, Irvine. 2 Medals. Granted 1875.

25. Kilmarnock Club. — Convener, Frederick J. Turner, The Dean, Kil-

marnock; Secretaries, James and W. H. Wilson, Kilmarnock. 2

Medals. Granted 1874.

26. KiRKMTCHAEL SociETY. — Convener, Jolm Eankine of Beoch, Lochlands,

Maybole ; Secretary, David Hunter, Cairnbill, Kirkmichael, Maybole.
4 Medals. Granted 1874.

27. MuiRKiRK Association. — Convener, Abram Forrest of Calderhead,

Auldhouseburn, Muirkirk; Secretary, Alex. Donald, The Schoolhouse,
Muirkirk. 6 Medals. Granted 1873.

28. New Cumnock Society. — Convener, Jokn Hyslop of Bank, New Cum-

nock; Secretary, Wm. Lennox, Wkitehill, New Cumnock. 4 Medals.
Granted 1874,

29. SoRN Parish Association. — Convener, Charles Howatson of Dornel,
_^ Daldorch House, Mauchline; Secretary, David Miller, Park Terrace,

Catrine. 4 Medals. Granted 1876.

30. Stewarton Society. — Convener and Secretary, John Lindsay, Thornhill,

Stewarton. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

31. Symington Society. — Convener, Lieut.-Col. J. G. Hay Boyd of To\va-

end, Symington, Kilmarnock; Secretary, Wm. Wakelin, schoolmaster,
Symington, Kilmarnock. 2 Medals. Granted 1874.

Banffshire,

32. Central Banffshire Club. — Convener, William Longmore, Keith ;

Secretary, James Geddes Brown, Keith. 4 j\Iedals. Granted 1873.

33. Spey, Avon, and Fiddochside Society. — Convener, Sir George

Macpherson Grant of Ballindalloch, Bart. ; Secretary, W. M. Skinner,
Ballmdalloch. 4 Medals. Granted 1877.

Berwickshire.

34. Lammermoor Pastoral Society. — Convener, John TurnbuU of Abbey

St Bathans, 49 George Square, Edinburgh; Secretary, John Caverhill,
Greenburn, Ayton. 2 Medals. Granted 1875.

Dmnhartonshire.

35. Cumbernauld Society. — Convener, John Wm. Burns of Kilmahew,

Dumbarton; Secretary, George Anderson, Smithstown, Croy, Kilsyth.

3 Medals. Granted 1876.

36. Dumbartonshire Society. — Convener, Alex. Smollett of Bonhill,

Cameron House, Alexandria, N.B. ; Secretary, Wm. W. Murray,
Catter House, Drymen. 4 Medals. Granted 1873 and 1874.

Dumfriesshire,

37. Annandale Farmers' Society. — Convener, Christopher Johnstone,

Dinwoodie Lodge, Lockerbie; Secretary, John Baird, jun., Lockerbie,

4 Medals. Granted 1875.

PREMIUMS OFFEEED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877. 41

Fifeshire.

38. DuNNiKiER Society. — Convener, J. T. Oswald of Dunnikier, Kirkcaldy;

Secretary, John Kidd, Duunikier, Kirkcaldy. 3 Medals. Granted
1874.

39. WiNDYGATES SociETY. — Convener, John Gilmour of Limdin, Leven ;

Secretary, John Syme, Cameron, Windy gates. 2 Medals. Granted
1875.

Inverness-shire.

40. Strathglass Society. — Convener, Lord Lovat, Beaufort Castle, Beaiily;

Secretary, James Fraser. ISIauld, Beauly. 2 Medals. Granted 1876.

41. Glex Urquhart Society. — Convener, The Earl of Seafield ; Secretary,

Major Grant, Drambuie, Glen Urquhart. 3 Medals. Granted 1877.

Kincardineshire.

42. Strachan Flower, Poultry, axd Dairy Show. — Convener, Jolin

Masson, Mill of Cammie, Banchory; Secretary, Neil Gilchrist, Schod-
house, Strachan, Banchory. 2 Medals. Granted 1874.

Lanarhshire.

43. Biggar Club. — Convener, John L. Murray of Heavyside, Biggar; Secre-

tary, E. G. Murray, Spittal, Biggar. 3 Medals. Granted 1874.

44. Cadder Society. — Convener, Alexander Campbell, CrosshiU, Bish^^p-

briggs ; Secretary, John ^Marshall, 93 "West Regent Street, Glasgow.
2 Medals. Granted 1877.

45. Calder Waterhead Society. — Convener, Peter Forrest of Heirmyres,

City of Glasgow Bank, Shotts ; Secretary, James Ferguson, Faimie-
shaw, Holytown. 2 Medals. Granted 1873.

46. Carmichael Society. — Convener, Sir Windham C. J. Carmichael

Anstruther, Bart., M.P., Cormiston Towers, Biggar; >S'etT(3<a?-?/,WiUiaui
Bell, Sherifflats, Thankerton. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

47. Upper Ward of Lanarkshire Association. — Convener, Andrew

Smith, Castle Mains, Douglas ; Secretary, James Symington, auc-
tioneer, Lanark. 2 Medals. Granted 1874.

Linlithfjowshire.

48. Bathgate Association. — Convener, John Waddell of Easter Inch, 10

St Andrew Square, Edinburgh ; Joint- Secretaries, M. Chapman and
G. M. Johnston, Bathgate. 4 Medals. Granted 1873.

Perthshire.

49. Dunning Society. — Convener, Lord Eollo, Duncrub House, Dunning ;

Secretary, William Bruce, merchant. Dunning. 1 Medal. Granted
1873.

50. Moulin Association. — Convener, Alex. Forbes, Pitfnirie, Pitlociirie ;

Secretary, D. M'Gillcwie, Balnadrum, Pitlochry. 1 Medal. Granted
1873.

Jlenfrctcshire.

51. Lower Ward of Renfrewshire Society. — Convener, Sir Michael R.

Shaw Stewart of Ardgowan, Bart., Greenock; Secretary, D. L. Mac-
adam, Mansion House, Greenock. 4 Medals. Granted 1873.

52. Mearns Society. — Convener, William Miither of Watcrfoot, Mearns ;

Secntary, John Pollok, Blackliouse, Newtou Mciirns. 2 Medab.
Granted 1874.

42 PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

53. Neilstox Society. — Convener, John Holm, Jaapston, Neilston; Secre-

tary, A. Eobertson Ferguson, Clydesdale Bank, Neilston. 2 Medala,
Granted 1876.

Jxoss-shire.

54. Wester Eoss Club. — Convener, Sir Kenneth S. ]\rackenzie of Gairlocb,

Bart., Canon House, Dingwall; Secretary, David Ross, Dingwall. 4
Medals. Granted 1877.

Stirlingshire.

55. BucKLYViE AXD Gartmore ASSOCIATION. — Convener, W. A. MacLachlan

of Auchentroig, Balfron ; Secretary, Andrew Dun, Kepdowrie, Buck-
lyvie. 2 Medals. Granted 1875.

56. Garguxxock Society. — Convener, Sir Henry J. Seton Steuart of Allan-

ton, Bart., Stirling ; Secretary, Thomas Leishman, ISIeiklewood, Stir-
ling. 2 Medals. Granted 1877.

WigtoiunsJiire.

57. Kirkmaiden Society. — Convener, Gilbert E. Murray, Chapelrossan,

Stranraer; Secretary, James Cochrane, Logan, Ardwell. 4 Medals,
Granted 1873.

The Medals are given for five consecutive years.

Applications from other Districts must be lodged with the Secretary of
the Society by 1st November next.

RULES OF competition.

1. All competitions must be at the instance of a local Society.

2. The classes for wdiich Medals are g-ranted must be in accordance witli
the list at page 38. The Committee shall select the classes, and specify
them in the return.

3. In each District the Convener (who must be a Member of the Society
appointed by the Directors) shall fix the time and place of Competition,
appoint the Judges, and make all other necessary arrangements, in concur-
rence with the other Members of the Society, and the local Association of the
District.

4. The Money Premiums given in the District must be L.2 for each Medal
claimed.

5. The Medal for Sheep Shearing shall not be awarded unless there are
three competitors, and it shall always accompany the highest money premium.
There must not be fewer than tw^o competitors in all the classes.

6. Blank reports will be furnished to all the Conveners of the different
Districts. These must, in all details, be completed and lodged with the
Secretary on or before the 1st of November next, with the exception of green
crop reports, which must be forwarded on or before the 20th of December, fo-r
the approval of the Directors, against whose decisions there shall be no
appeal.

7. "When a grant has expired, the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Section 8.— PLOUGHING COMPETITIONS.

The Minor Silver ]\Iedal will be given to the winner of tlie
first or highest Premium at Ploughing Competitions, provided a
Pieport in the following terms is made to the Secretary, within
one month of the Competition, by a Member of the Society : —

rHEMiUMS OFFEUED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877. 43

FORil OF REPORT.

I, of jNIember of the Highland and

Agricultural Society, hereby certify that I attended the Ploughing
Match of the Association at in the county

of on the when ploughs

completed ; of land was assigned to each, and houi^

were allowed for the execution of the work. The sum of L.
was awarded in the following proportions, viz. : —

[Here enumerate the names and designations of successful Competitors.]

PXLES OF COilPETITIOX.

1. All Matches must be at the instance of a local Society or Ploughing
Association, and no Match at the instance of an individual, or confined to the
the tenants on one estate, will be recognised.

2. The title of such Society or Association, together with the name and
address of the Secretary, must be registered with the Secretary of the High-
land and Agricultural Society, 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

3. Not more than one JNIatch in the same season can take place within the-
bounds of the same Society or Association.

4. All reports must be lodged within one Month of the date of the Match,.
and certified by a IVtember of the Society Avho was present at it.

5. A Member can only report one Match, and a Ploughman can only carry
one Medal in the same season.

6. To warrant the Medal, there must have been twelve ploughs in Com-
petition, and Three Pounds awarded in Premiums. The ISIedal to be given
to the winner of the first or highest prize.

7. Ploughmen shall not be allowed any assistance, and their work must
not be set up nor touched by others : on land of average tenacity the ploughing
should be at the rate of an imperial acre in ten hours, and attention should
be given to the finnness and sufficiency of the work below, more than to its
neatness above the surface.

Section 9.— COTTAGES AXD GAPtDEXS.

The following rremium.s are offered for Competition in the
Parishes after mentioned.

The Premiums for Cottages and Gardens are given for five
consecutive years.

1. rUEMIUMS FOR BEST KEPT COTTAGES AND GARDENS.

1. P>est kept Cottage — One Pound ; and where there are four Com-

jietitors — Minor Silver Medah
Second best — Ten Shillings.
Third P>e.st — Minor Silver Medal.

2. J]est kept Cottage (larden — One Pound; and where there are luur

(.'ojnpetitnrs — Minor Silver Medal.
Second best — Ten Shillinffs.
Third host — Minor Silver Medal.

PREMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IN 1877.

Aberdeenshire.

»Iethlic Hortcultural Society. — Convener, James Cochrane, Little
Haddo, Newburgh, Aberdeen ; Secretary, George Moir, jun., Methlic.
Granted 1877.

Fifeshire.

2. Newburgh Gardening Society. — Convener, John Lyell, Newburgh on
Tay ; Secretary, Robert Clark, Newburgh-on-Tay. Granted. 1874.

Kincardineshire.

3. Fettercairn Amateur Horticultural Society. — Convener, Lieut.-

Col. M'Inroy of The Burn, Brechin ; Secretary, James Eobb, Fetter-
cairn. Granted 1875.

Linlitli gowshire.

4. Kirkliston Horticultural Association. — Convener, Peter Glendin-

ning, Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh ; Secretary,
Granted 1874.

Perthshire.

5. Dunbarney, including that portion of Craigend in the parish of Perth.

— Convener, Sir Thomas Moncreiffe of Moncrieffe, Bart., Bridge of
Earn; Secretary, Henry Methven, Dunbamey House, Bridge of Earn.
Granted 1874.

6. FoRGANDENNY.— C'o7W'C)ier, T. T. Oliphant of Eossie, Bridge of Earn;

Secretary, A. M. Nicholson, Eastfield, Forgandenny, Bridge of Earn.
Granted 1877.

7. Muthill Horticultural Society. — Convener, Henry Curr, Pitkellony,

Muthill; Secretary, Malcolm Finlayson, Pitkellony Office, Muthill.
Granted 1877.

RULES OF competition.

1. Competitions may take place in the different parishes for Cottages and
Gardens, or for either separately.

2. The occupiers of Gentlemen's Lodges and Gardeners' Houses, as well as
Gentlemen's Servants occupying Cottages in the Policies, or on land in the
natural possession of their masters, are excluded, as well as others whom the
Committee consider, from their position, not to be entitled to comj)ete. The
inspection must be completed by the 1st of October. In making the inspec-
tion, the Conveners may take the assistance of any competent judges.

3. It is left to the Committee of the district to regulate the maximum
annual rent of the Cottages, which may, with the garden, be from L.5 to L.7.

4. A person who has gained the highest premium cannot compete again,
but will be entitled to a Medal if certified by the Committee to be equal in
merit to the first on the list of Competitors.

5. If the Cottage is occupied by the proprietor, the roof must be in good
repair; if the roof is of thatch, it must be in good repair, though in the
occupation of a tenant. The interior and external conveniences must be
clean and orderly — the windows must be free of broken glass, clean, and
affording the means of ventilation. Dunghills, and all other nuisances, must
be removed from the front and gables. In awarding the Cottage Premiums,
preference will be given to Competitors who, in addition to the above requi-
sites, have displayed the greatest taste in ornamenting the exterior of their
houses, and the ground in front and at the gables.

f- 6. In estimating the claims for the Garden Premiums, the judges should
have in view : — The sufficiency and neatness of the fences and walks ; the
cleanness of the ground ; the quality and choice of the crops ; and the general
productiveness of the garden.

PEE:NnUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY EN" 1877. 45

7. Eeports, stating the number of Competitors, the names of successful
parties, and the nature of the exertions which have been made by them,
must be transmitted by the Conveners to the Secretary on or before the 1st
November next.

8. When a grant has expired the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

Parishes desirous of these Premiums must lodge applications with the
Secretary on or before the Id November next.

2. MEDALS FOR COTTAGES AND GARDENS OR GARDEN PRODUCE.

The Society will issue annually two Medium Silver Medals to a
limited number of local Associations or individuals, who at their own
expense establish premiums for Cottages or Gardens under L.15 of
Eent. The Medals may be awarded for best kept Cottage, and best
kept Garden or Flower Plot, or Garden Produce.

Local Associations or individuals desirous of these Medals, must lodore
applications with the Secretary on or before the first November next. The
Medals are given for five consecutive years.

Aberdeenshire,

1. Keig Club, — Convener, Lord Forbes,' Castle Forbes, Keig, Aberdeen ;

Secretary, George Bruce, Wealthiton, Keig. Granted 1«73.

Ayrshire.

2. Stewarton Farmer Society. — Convener and Secretary, John Lindsay,

Avenue Square, Stewarton. Granted 1875.

Edinburghshire.

3. RosLiN Horticultural Society. — Convener, William Merricks, Roslin ;

Secretary, David M. Law, Roslin. Granted 1874.

Fifeshire.

4. AUCHTERMUCHTY AND StRATHMIGLO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. — Con-

vener, R. Cathcart of Pitcairlie ; Secretary, John Clark, Auchter-
muchty. Granted 1875.

5. Dysart Horticultural Society. — Convener, James T. Oswald of
Dunnikier, Kirkcaldy ; Secretary, John Watson, Dysart. Granted

1877.

Inverness-shire.

<). BaDKNOCII AND RoTIIIEMURCHUS HORTICULTURAL SOCIKTY. — CmiV' iicr,

Cluny Macplierson, Cluny Ca.stle, Kingussie ; Secretary, William
Forrest, Kuigassie. Granted 187C.

Kincardineshire.

7. Furuoux, Gleniikiivih, and Arhutiinott Horticultural Society. —

Convciuir, L<>ril Inverurie, In^lisnialdie Ciustle, Laurencekirk ; »SVi-
retari/, Alexander Cruickihank, gardener, Glenbcrvie House, Fortloun.
Granted 187(>.

Lanarkshire.

8. Albert Gardens Association, Glasgow. — Secretary, George D,

Miller, IG Mathicson Street, Glasgow. Granted 1877.

46 PEEMIUMS OFFERED BY THE SOCIETY IX 1877.

"9. BoTHWELL Horticultural Society. — Convener, Dr Bruce Goff, Wood-
lea, Bothwell ; Secretary, Wm. M'Nab, City of Glasgow Bank,
Both well. Granted 1876.

10. Hutchesontown Gardens. — Secretary, Eobert Hamilton, 62 Camden
Street (Southside), Glasgow. Granted 1872. (One year in abey-
ance).

regulations.

1. Competitions may take place in the different districts for Cottages and
Gardens, or for either separately,

2. The annual value of each Cottage, with the ground occupied in the
parish by a Competitor, must not exceed L.15.

3. If Competition takes place for Garden Produce in place of the best kept
Garden, such produce must be bona fide grown in the Exhibitor's Garden,
and he will not be allowed to make up a Collection from any other
Garden.

4. Blank reports will be furnished to the Conveners and Secretaries of the
different Districts. These must, in all details, be comj)leted and lodged with
the Secretary on or before the 1st November next, for the approval of the
Directors, against whose decisions there shall be no api^eal.

5. When a grant has expired the District cannot apply again for aid for
two years.

3. IMPROVING existing COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the Im2Drovement of the
greatest number of Cottages during the years 1874, 1875, and 1876 — The
Gold Medal.

4. building new COTTAGES.

To the Proprietor in Scotland who shall report the erection of the greatest
number of approved Cottages during the years 1873, 1874, 1875, and 1876 —
The Gold Medal.

RULES OF COMPETITION.

1. Claims for the Premiums Nos. 3 and 4 must be lodged with the Secre-
tary on or before the 1st of October next, to allow an inspection to be made
of the different Cottages. The inspection will be conducted by a Committee
of the Society's Members, and Reports must be transmitted to the Secretary
on or before the first of November.

2. The annual value of the Cottage or Cottages separately, with the garden
ground, must not exceed L.5.

3. In estimating the claims of the Competitors, the following points will
be kept in view : — The external ajDpearance of the Cottages ; their internal
accommodation ; the arrangements of the out-houses ; the means of drainage
and ventilation ; and the expense of the building or of the alteration, com-
pared with its durability and accommodation. When the Cottages of one
Competitor are superior in style and comfort to those of another, though not
so numerous, the Inspectors will give them the preference, provided they
amount at least to three, and have been erected at a moderate expense.

4. Parties competing will forward to the Society Plans, Specifications, and
Estimates, of which, and of all information sent therewith, copies may be
taken for publication, if the Society shall see fit, and the originals returned to
the parties within six months, if desired.

( 47

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS

AT

E D I N B U K G H

Ox 24x11, 25th, 26th, and 27th July 1877.

The Most Noble the MARQUIS of LOTHIAN.

Cljnirmnn of i\^t Jocal Committfc.

•EGBERT DUNDAS, Esq. of Arxistox.

The District connected with the Show comprises the Counties of
Edinburgh, Haddington, and Linlithgow.

EEGULATIOKS.

GENERAL CONDITIONS.

1. Members of the Society are admitted to the Show- Yard without pay-
ment, on exhibiting a " Members Ticlcct.^^ Tickets will be sent to all ]\Iembers
residintr in the Counties connected with the Show. Members residing in
other localities must apply for Tickets at the Secretary's Office, 3 George
IV. Bridge, Edinburgh, not later than the I7th of July.

2. The Competition is open to Exhibitors from all parts of the L^nited
Kingdom. New Members may be proposed for election at the General
Meeting in June, and if on the list of Candidates may enter ht Members'
rales; but all entries must be made on or before Wednesday, fith June.*

3. Every Lot nmst be intimated by a Certificate of Entry, lodged with the
Secretary not later than ]l'alncsday, the Gth of June. Printed forms wiU be
issued on application to the Secretary, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.
Admission Orders will be forwarded to Exhibitors, by post, previous to the
Show.

4. Protests against the awards of the Judges must be lodgcfl with the
Secretary not later tiian J) a.m. on Wednesday, 2r)th July, antl parties must
be in attendance at the Committee-Rooni, in the Show- Yard, at 10 a.m.
that day, when protests will be disposed of.

.^). Protests lodged for causes which tho protestor produces no good
evidence to subs<tantiato, will render him liable to bo reported to the Bi)ard
of JJirectors, wilh tho view, if tiioy see reason, to his boiug prohibited from
again entering .stock for a General Show.

* Accordinf; to tho Charter, a Memltor who homolo;»ates Ins Election by jmying his
first su))scrii>tion cannot retire until he lias pai<l, in annual subscriptions or otherwise,
an amoimt e<iuivak'nt to a life conipositior..

48 GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBUEGH IN 1877.

6. The Society shall not be liable for any loss or damage which Stock,
Poultry, Implements, or other articles may sustain at the Show, or in
transit.

7. The decisions of the Board of Directors are final in all questions re-
specting Premiums, and it shall not be competent for any Exhibitor to appeal
against such decisions to, nor seek redress in respect of them from, any other
tribunal.

8. Covered Booths for Offices, purely for business, not for exhibition of
goods, can be had from £2>, 10s. to Members, and £b to Non-Members,
according to size. Intimation to be made to the Secretary before the 1st of
July.

9. No lights allowed in the Yard at night, and Smoking is strictly pro-
hibited within the sheds. Those infringing this Rule will be fined 10s.

10. As the command of water in the Yard is limited, it is particularly re-
quested that waste be avoided.

11. When the ground requires to be broken, the turf must be carefully
lifted and laid aside, and the surface must be restored to the satisfaction of
the Society, and at the expense of the Exhibitor.

12. All persons admitted into the Show- Yard shall be subject to the
Rules and Orders of the Directors.

13. The violation by an Exhibitor of any one of the Regulations will involve
the forfeiture of all Premiums awarded to him.

14. Railway Passes for unsold stock and implements must be applied for
at the Committee Room in the Yard between 9 and 11 o'clock on the fore-
noon of Thursday and Friday.

15. The Show terminates at 5 p.m. on Friday, and no animal or article can
be withdrawn before that hour. Stock and Implements may remain in the
Yard till Saturday afternoon.

16. The Premiums awarded will be paid in November 1877, and, with the
exception of Silver Medals, may be taken either in money or in plate.

STOCK AND POULTRY.

17. Stock and Poultry to be entered with the Secretary on or before Wednes-
day, 6th June. Received in the Yard on Monday, 23d, and till 10 a.m. on
Tuesday, 24th July. Judged at 11 a.m. on Tuesday. Exhibited on Tues-
day, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th July.

18. No animal to be allowed to compete in more than one section, except
Horses in Sections 13, 14, 15, 16, and 18, which may be also entered in
Section 19.

19. AU animals must be entered in the sections applicable to their ages, and
ciinnot be withdrawn after entry.

20. Stock must be 'bona fide the i^'n'oinrty and in the ^possession o/the Ex-
hibitor from the 6th June (the last day of Entry).

21. The schedule of Entry must be filled up so far as within the knowledge
of the Exhibitor.

22. The name of the Breeder, if known, must be given, and if the Breeder
is not known a declaration to that eflect, signed by the Exhibitor, must be sent
along with the Schedule, and no pedigree will be entered in the Catalogue
when the Breeder is unknown.

23. Should it be proved to the satisfaction of the Directors that an animal
has been entered under a false name, pedigree, or description, for the purpose
of misleading the Directors or Judges as to its qualification or properties, the
case shall be reported to the first General Meeting, in order that the Exhibitor
shall be disqualified from again competing at the Society's Shows, and his
name, if he be a Member, struck from the roU.

24. When an animal has previously been disqualified by the decision of any

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1877. 49

Agricultural Association in Great Britain or Ireland, such disqualification shall
attach, if the Exliibitor, being aware of the disqualification, fail to state it, and
the grounds thereof, in his entry, to enable the Directors to judge of its validity.

25. Breeding Stock must not be shown in an improper state of fatness, and
the Judges will be prohibited from awarding Premiums to overfed animals.

26. The Competition of Thorough-bred Stallions takes place in spring.

27. No animal shall bear on its rug, harness, pail, or other fittings, any
initial, crest, or mark of ownership, nor be distinguished otherwise than by
the number indicating its place in the Catalogue.

28. Any artificial contrivance or device of any description found on an
animal either for preventing the flow of milk or for any other purpose, will
disqualify that animal from being awarded a Premium, and the Owner of
said animal will be prohibited from again entering stock for any of the
Society's General Shows.

29. No animal to be taken out of its stall after 10 A.ar. during the Show,
except by order of the Judges, or with permission of the Secretary. Those
infringing this Rule will be fined 10s.

30. Aged Bulls and Stallions must have had produce, and, along with Two-
year-old Bulls and Three-year-old Colts, have served within the year of the Show.

31. All Cows must have had calves previous to the Show, and when exhi-
bited, they must either be in milk or in calf ; if in milk, birth must have been
within 9 months of the Show ; if in calf, birth must be certified within 9 months
after the Show. In the case of Ayrshire Heifers in Calf, calved before l^st
January 1875, birth must be certified within 9 months after the Show.

32. All jNIilch Cows must have been milked dry the evening pre\ious to
being judged, and they must, while within the Show- Yard, be milked morn-
lug and evening. The Judges will be instructed to withhold the prizes from
any animals overstrained or suff'ering from want of being milked.

33. Two-year-old Heifers — of the Short-horn and Polled Breeds — must be in
calf when exhibited, and the premiums will be withheld till birth be certified,
which must be within 9 months after the Show. Animals of any age that
hiive had a calf must be shown as Cows.

34. ]Mares in Sections 5 and 12 must have produced foals after 1st January
1877, and foals must be at foot, except when death can be proved. Mares in
Section 6 must be in foal, and awards will be suspended till birth is certified,
which must be within 11 months from the date of the Show.

35. With reference to regulations 32 and 33, birth of at least a seven months'
calf must be certified ; and in regard to regulation 34, birth of at least a nine
months' foal.

3G. Horses entered as suitable for Field are expected to be jumped in the
Horse Ring, but this is not compulsory except when the animals are being
judged, and then only if required by the Judges, Those entered for leaping
must be jumped in the Horse- Ring at each Parade during the Show.

37. The inspection of Horses as to soundness is left entirely to the Judges,
who may coasult the Society's Veterinary Surgeon if they deem it expedient.

38. No protests on veterinary grounds will be received,

39. All Ewes must have reared Lambs in 1877; and Ewes in Sections 4 and
9 (Cheviot and Blackfaced) must be in milk, and have their Lambs at foot.
Fleeces must not be artificially coloured.

40. Sows must have reared pigs in 1877, or be in pig ; and Pigs must
belong to the same litter, and be uncut.

41. In Poultry the Aged Birds must have been hatched previous to, and
Cockerels and Pullets in, 1877. In the sections for Ducks, Turkeys, Geese,
and Hens and Pullets of the Game and Malay Breeds, the lots to consist of
one bird only.

42. An animal wiiich h;w gained a first premium at a General Show
of the Society cannot again compote in tho satno section.

50 GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1877.

43. The Yard will be open for Stock on Monday, 23tli July, and between
Six and Ten o'clock on the morning of Tuesday, 24th, after which hour no
Stock can be admitted.

44. Bulls must be secured by nose rings, with chains or ropes attached, or
with strong halters and double ropes, with a man on each side.

45. Servants in charge of Stock must bring their own buckets or pails,
and a piece of rope to carry their forage.

46. Closed-in stables will be provided for all the horses, and covered accom-
modation for the whole of the other stock. Night accommodation will be
provided for Attendants on Stock, and those requiring the same must make
application when they return their Entry Schedules, and remit the charge
alonof with their stall rent.

47. Straw, hay, grass, and tares will be provided free by the Society
during the four days of the Show ; other kinds of food will be supplied at
fixed prices in the forage yard. Coops, food, and attendance for Poultry
will be found by the Society. Any Servant removing bedding from an
adjoining stall will be fined in double the amount taken. Exliibitors may
fetch their own cake or com to the Yard, but not grass, tares, hay, nor straw.

48. Cattle, Sheep, Swine, or Poultry cannot be removed from the Yard till
5 P.M. on Friday, 27th July, except on certificate by the Veterinary Surgeon
employed by the Directors.

49. Horses may be withdrawn at 6 each evening on a deposit of ^2 for
each animal, which shall be forfeited if the animal is not brought back at half-
past 7 o'clock the following morning. Those not in before 8 will forfeit 10s.
Horse passes to be applied for at the Committee Kooms between 5 and 6 on
Tuesday, and the deposit will be returned between 10 and 11.30 on Friday.

50. When the Stock is leaving the Yard, no animal is to be moved till
ordered by those in charge of clearincr the Yard. Those transo-ressino- this
Eule will be detained till all the other Stock is removed.

JUDGING STOCK.

51. On Tuesday, 24th July, Exliibitors, and all others except Servants in
charge of Stock, must leave the Yard at 10 a.m.

52. The Judges will commence their inspection at 11 a.m., when the public
will be admitted. In no case shall a Premimn be awarded unless the Judges
deem the animals to have suflicient merit ; and where only one or two lots
are presented in a section, and the Judges consider them unworthy of the
premiums ofiered, it shall be in their power to award a lower prize, or to
suggest the removal of any lot which appears to them unworthy of being placed
in the Yard.

53. In addition to the Premiums, the Judges are authorised to award
three Commendations in each section (except Poultry, where only two
prizes are to be awarded) if the entries are numerous and the animals of
sufl&cient merit. These Commendations to consist of — Very Highly Com-
mended, Highly Commended, and Commended,

54. The animals in Section 22 (Ayrshire Breed) which have not calved
before the Show will be judged along with Cows in Calf, and those in Section
23 which have calved before the Show will be judged along with Cows in Milk.

55. Two Members of Committee will attend each Section of the Judges.
It will be their duty to see that no obstruction is ofi'ered to them, and that
the space reserved for them is not encroached on ; to conmiunicate to the
Secretary any question that may arise for the consideration of the Committee ;
to complete their reports ; and to ticket the prize animals.

56. It shall not be competent for any Exhibitor, nor for his Factor or Land-
Steward, to act as a Judge or Attending Member in any class in which he is
competing ; and no Exhibitor shaU remain in charge of any lot, whether be-
longing to himself or another, wliile tlie Judges are in the Yard.

Jlembers.

Non-Members,

s. d.

s. d.

15 0

25 0

30 0

35 0

20 0

30 0

10 0

15 0

15 0

20 0

4 0

6 0

12 0

15 0

GENERAL SHOW AT EDl^'BUPtGH IN' 1877. 51

STALL EEXT.

57. The following rates shall be paid by Exhibitors when making their
Entries : —

Cattle,

StaUions — 3 and 2 year old entire Colts,

All other Horses,

Sheep, per pen,

Swine, per pen.

Poultry, each entry, .

Night accommodation for Attendants, each,

IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY.

58. Implements to be entered with the Secretar}' oii or before Wednesday,
6th Jmie. Received in the Yard on Tuesday, 17th July, and till ten o'clock
on the morning of Tuesday, 24Lh July. Exhibited Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, and Friday, 24th, 25th, 26th, and 27th July.

59. Money Prizes or INIedals are restricted to new inventions, or improve-
ments, on Implements of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry.

60. Implements will be placed in the following sections, viz. : — 1st, Closed-
in stalls ; 2d, all under cover ; 3d, new inventions and improvements under
cover ; 4th, part under cover and part open ; 5th, aU open ; 6th, motion
yard; and Exhibitors miLst intimate in which section their Exhibits are to
be placed, and specify the space they require.

61. Articles for the class of " New Inventions and Improvements " must
be entered in the name of the inventor himself, or by an authorised agent,
and accompanied by a specification of the invention or improvement claimed
by him. All new inventions and improvements, with the exception of those
in motion, will be placed in the catalogue by themselves and arranged in a
section apart from the other Entries of the Exhibitors. The space required
therefore for these new inventions, and improvements, must be stated
separately. Exhibitors of New Inventions and Improvements, or their
authorised agents, must be present and remain at their stalls during the
judging on Tuesday to afford any explanation required. If they are absent
when the judges make their inspection, the articles exhibited by them will
not be reported on:

62. The articles of each Exhibitor will be all placed in one stand, except
new inventions, improvements, and implements in motion, and must not on
any account extend beyond the width allowed. No article to be moved out
of its stand till the termination of the Show.

63. All Machines requiring steam or fire must be entered as sucb in the
Certificate, and will be placed in the Motion Yard. The space required for
Implements in the Motion Yard must be stated separately.

04, Exhibitors must on no account leave their .stands during the judging of
Stock, and if found in the Stock Yard tliey will be lined 1 1 is.

65. The official duties of the Implement Committee shall be limited to the
inspection of the New Inventions and Improvements, and they may award
such Minor Gold or such Silver Medals as they see tit after due trial or
otiierwise.

66, If the Committee consider a new invention or improvement worthy of
higher reward, or if they con.sider it nccessarj' that its merits .^iiould be tested
by actual trial after the Show, they will report the 8;unc to the Directors for
their consideration; and in the event of a trial bein<r onlered, it will be in.*Jti-
uted m a convenient locality, and at a .sciuon of the year .suitable for the
operation of the implement or machine, which, when thoroughly tested, will

52 GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1877.

be entitled to sucli a Premium as tlie Directors may see fit to award, on the
report of the Judges.

67. Should the Committee consider that an Implement has been entered aa
a new invention, or improvement, which does not deserve to bear that
description, they shall report the same to the Secretary, to be brought before
the Deputation of Directors for investigation ; and if it is found not to be a
new invention or improvement, the Exhibitor may be ordered to remove
it from the yard.

68. Collections of articles not Agricultural will be received for Exhibition,
but the Secretary shall be entitled to refuse Entries from dealers in articles,
not deemed worthy of Exhibition.

69. There must be attached to each Implement, when forwarded to the
Show, a label bearing the Exhibitor's name, and that of the implement.

70. The carriage of all Implements must be prepaid.

71. Exhibitors must arrange their own articles v:ithiii the space allotted to
them before 11 o'clock on Tuesday the 24th, and to the satisfaction of the
gentlemen in charge of the Implement Yard.

72. JSTo Steam Engine shall be driven in the Yard at a greater speed than
6 miles an hour.

73. Locomotive and Traction Engines and other Machines must not be
moved from their places without permission of the Secretary, and must not
leave the Yard at the close of the Show till 5.30 p.m.

74. Coke must be used in all cases where fire is required.

75. No smaller space than 6 feet frontage (20 feet deep, or in Motion
Yard 50) can be allowed for Implements, and, except in the closed- in stalls,
no boarding shall exceed 4 feet in height.

76. Implement Exhibitors who are Members of the Society are entitled to
20 feet by 20 free ; for additional space the charge is as follows : —

Non-
Members. Membei-s.

Implement Shedding, 20 feet deep, per foot . .30 40

Implements Avithout Shedding, 20 feet deej?, per foot .10 2 0

Implements in I\Iotion Yard, 50 feet deep, i)er foot .26 50 J

Implement Shedding in Motion Yard according to agreement.

ADMISSION OF PUBLIC.

The public wiU be admitted on Tuesday, 24th Jidy, at 11 a.m., when the
inspection by the Judges commences. Holders of Members' Tickets are
admitted free ; Exliibitors of Stock (not JNIembers) will be charged 5s. for
admission to the judging ; all others 10s. The space reserved for the Judges
wiU be enclosed by ropes, and no encroachment will be permitted.

Exliibitors of Implements and their attendants will be entitled to free
entry duiing the Show, but must remain at their staUs during the judging of
the stock on Tuesday.

On Wednesday, at 8 a.m., and throughout the Show, holders of JNIembers*
Tickets and Exhibitors will be admitted free.

The charges to others will be — Wednesday, from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m., 2s. 6d. ;
Thursday, from 8 a.m. till 1 p.m., 2s. 6d., after 1 o'clock, Is. ; Friday, from 8
a.m. till 12 noon. Is., and from 12 till 5 p.m. 6d.

Placards are prohibited both inside the Show- Yard and on the outside of
the Boundary Fence, with the exception of those belonging to Exhibitors,
w^hose right is confined to their own stalls. No new\spapers or any other
article allowed to be carried about the Yard for sale. No strolling bando
admitted.

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBUEGH IN 1877, o3

Premium Lists, Regulations, and Certificates of Entry, may be obtained by
i\pplying at the Secretary's Office, No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

iVo Carriages or Equestrians admitted ivithoiit S2)ecial leave from the Directors,
and then only for Invalids. Bath chairs may be brought in.

All Communications should be addressed to Fletcher Norton Menzies, Esq.,
Secretary of the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, Xo. 3
George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

LAST DAY OF ENTRY— WEDNESDAY, Oth JUNE.

RAILWAY ARRANGEMENTS.

The Caledonian, North British, and Glasgow and South- Western Raihvay
Companies have adopted the following regulations : —

1. Stock and Implements to the Show to be charged full rates.

2. From the Show, if sold, full rates.

3. From the Show, if unsold, to be conveyed back at one-half the ordinary
charge to the station whence they were sent, on production of a certificate
from the Secretary of the Show, to the effect that they are really unsold.
(This Regulation cq^jjlies only if the Traffic is conveyed by Goods Trains, there
being no reduction in the ordinary rates ivhen it is conveyed by Passenger
Trains.)

4. Parties requiring the exclusive use of a Horse-box for only one animal,
to be charged one fare and a half.

5. Poultry. — The Companies give notice that they are not common carriers
of poultry ; they will, however, to accommodate the public, carry such by
special agreement only, and at special rates, to be obtained at the Companies'
stations.

6. Dogs to be charged full rates both ways.

7. All the above to be carried at owners' risk.

8. Collection and Delivery to be performed in all cases by the owners.

The Highland, Great North of Scotland, and the North Eastern Railway
Companies have adopted the following Clcariiig-House Regulations : —

1. Stock and implements to the Show to be charged full rates.

2. From the Show, if sold, full rates.

3. From the Show, if unsold, to be conveyed at half rates back to the station
-whence tliey were sent, on production of a certificate from the Secretary of
tiie Agricultural Show to the ellect that they are really unsold.

4. All the above to be carried at owners' risk.

5. Wlien agricultural machines and implements are carried under these
regulations to and from Shows, they must be invoiced station to station at the
ordinary rates. Collection and dtliveiy at .sending station, and delivery to,
or collection from, the Show-Yard to be performetl by, or at the expense of
the owners.

0. Regulations Nos. 1, 2. and 3, as to Cattle and Horses, to apply only if
(he tratlie be convoyed in Cattle Waggons and l)y Goods Trains.

7. I'oultry and Dogs to be charged full rates both ways.

8. No reduction in the ordinary rates for Horses or Cattle when conveyed
in Horse-boxes.

*.). Parties requiring the exclusive use of a Horse-box for only one animal
to be charged one fare and a liall'.

54

GEXEEAL SHOW AT EDIXBURGH IX 1877,

PHEMIUMS.

The Medium Gold Medal loill he given to any animal icliich, having
gained the Society's highest Premium at Glasgow 1875, and Aberdeen
1876^ in the Classes of Aged Bulls — Cows — Stallions — or Mares,
is disqualified from again comj^eting.

In addition to the Premiums, the Judges are autliorised to award
three Commendations in each section (except Poultry, where only
tico j;r/^es are to he awarded) if the entries are numerous, and
the animals of sufflcient merit. These Commendations to consist of
— Very Highly Commended, Highly Commended, and Commended.

CLASS !. -CATTLE.

ed after 1st Jan. 1875,

Section siiORT-norvX.

1. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1875
Second best,
Third best,
Breeder of best Bull, The Silver Medal

2. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best,
Third best,

3. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best.
Third Ijcst,

4. Best Cow Oi any
Second best,
Third best,

5. Best Heifer calv
Second best.
Third best,

6. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best.
Third best, '

POLLED ANGUS OR ASERDEEN.

7. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1875, .
Second best, ....
Third best, ....
Breeder of best Bull, The Silver Medal

8. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

£20

10

5

20

10

5

'£25
15
10

25
15
10
15-
10

5
20
10

5
15
10

5
10

8

4

£217

Carry forward ^70 £217

GENERAL SHOW AT EDIN'BURGH IN 1877,

OO

age,

POLLED .\^"GUS OR ABERDEEN continued

Section Erought forward,

9. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best,
Third best,

10. Best Cow of any
Second best,
Third best,

11. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best,
Third best,

12. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best.
Third best.

£70

10

5

3

20

10

5

10

6

4

8

3

£217

159

GALLOWAY.

13. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1875, .
Second best, , ,
Third best, ....
Breeder of best Bull, The Silver ^ledal

14. Best Bull cahed after 1st January 1875,
Second best,
Third best,

15. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best.
Third best,

16. Best Cow of any age,
Second best,
Third best,

17. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best.
Third best,

18. Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best, ,
Third best.

20

10

20
10

5
10

5

o
O

20

10

5

10

0

4

8

5
')

o

150

AYRSUIRF,

10. Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1875, .
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

Breeder of best Bulb Tlie Silver Medal

20. Best Bull calved after 1st Jun. 1875,
Second best, ....
Tliird best, ....

21. Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1676, .
Second I test ....
Third best ....

£20

10

5

20

10

i)

10

o

3

Carry forward, £88 £

535

56

GENERAL SHOAV AT EDINBURGH IN 1877.

AYRSHIRE — continued.

Section Brought forward,

22. Best Cow in Milk of any age, .
Second best.
Third best,

23. Best Cow in Calf, of any age, or Heifer in

Calf, calved before 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best,
Third best,

24. Best Heifer calved after
Second best,
Third best,

25. Best Heifer calved after
Second best,
Third best.

1st Jan. 1875,

1st Jan. 1S7G,

/:88

20

10

5

15

10
5

10
6

4:

8

3

£535

HIGHLAND.

26.

Best Bull calved before 1st Jan. 1874, .

20

Second best, ....

10

Third best, . . .

5

Breeder of best Bull, . The Silver Meda^

27.

Best Bull calved after 1st Jan. 1874,

20

Second best, ....

10

Third best, ....

5

28.

Best Bull calved after IsL Jan. 1875,

10

Second best, ....

5

Third best, ....

3

29.

Best Cow of any age, ..."

15

Second best, ....

8

Third best, ....

4

30.

Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1874,

10

Second best, . . . . .

5

Third best, . . . . .

o

31.

Best Heifer calved after 1st Jan. 1875,

8

Second l)est,

4

Third best, .

2

FAT STOCK.

Oiu,

Best Highland Ox calved after 1st Jan. 1873,

£6

Second best, . . . . .

3

33.

Best Highland Ox calved after 1st Jan. 1874, .

5

Second best, . . . . .

2

34.

Best Polled Ox calved after 1st Jan. 1874,

6

Second best, . . . . .

3

35.

Best Polled Ox, calved after 1st Jan. 1875,

0

Second best, . . . . .

2

189

147

Carry forward

£3!

£871

GEXEILVL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN IS? 7.

57

FAT STOCK — continued.

Section Brought forward,

36. Best Ox, of any other Pure or Cross Breed

calved after 1st Jan. 1874,
Second best, .....

37. Best Ditto, calved after 1st Jan. 1875, .
Second best, .....

S8. Best Cross-bred Heifer, calved after 1st Jan. 1874,
Second best, .....

39. Best Cross-bred Heifer, calved after 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best, .....

£32 £871

G
3
5
2
6
3
o
2
64

£935

CLASS ll.-HORSES

FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES.

1.

Best Stallion foaled before 1st Jan. 1874,

£40

Second best, .....

30

Third best, .....

20

Fourth best, ......

10

Breeder of best Stallion, The Silver Medal.

2.

Best Entire Colt foaled after 1st Jan. 1874, .

\ 30

Second best, ......

20

Third best, ......

10

Fourth l)est, .....

5

3.

Best Entire Colt foaled after 1st Jan. 1875,

20

Second best, ......

14

Third best, ......

f
i

Fourth best, . . . . . ,

4

4.

Best Entire Colt foaled after 1st Jan. 187G, .

15

Second best, .....

8

Third best, .....

4

Fourth best, ......

2

5.

Best Mare (with Foal at foot) foaled before 1st Jan. 1874

30

Second best, ......

20

Third best, ......

15

Fourtli best, ......

6

6.

Best Mare (in Foal) foaled before 1st Jan. 1874,

25

Second best, ......

15

Tliirdbest, ......

10

Fourtli best, ......

5

Best Filly fouled after l.-<t Jan. 1 874. .

20

Second best, .....

10

Third best, ......

5

Fourth best, ......

3

Carry forward,

£403

58

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBUEGH IX 1877.

HORSES FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES — Continued.

Section Brought forward

8. Eest Filly foaled after 1st Jan. 1875,
Second best,
Third best,
Fourth best,

9. Best Filly foaled after 1st Jan. 1876,
Second best,
Third best,
Fourth best,

10. Best Draught Gelding foaled before Isi Jan. 1874,
Second best, , ,
Third best,

11. Best Draught Gelding, foaled after 1st Jan. 1874
Second best, . .
Third best,

£403

15

8

4

2

10
5
3
2
10
5
3
8
4
2

£484

hunters and roadsters.

12. Best Brood Mare, with Foal at foot, suitable for
Field, .....
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

13. Best Yeld Mare or Gelding, suitable for Field

heavy weight, foaled before 1st Jan. 1873,
Second best,
Third best, ....

14. Best Yeld Mare or Gelding, suitable for Field

light weight, before 1st Jan. 1873,
Second best,
Third best,

15. Best Mare or Gelding, suitable for Field, foaled

after 1st Jan. 1873, .
Second best,
Third best,
10. Best Mare or Gelding, suitable for Field, foaled

after 1st Jan. 1874, .
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

17. Best Mare or Gelding, suitable for Carriage

foaled before 1st Jan. 1873,
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

18. Best Mare or Gelding, suitable as Hackney or

Eoadster, between 14 and 15 hands high
Second best.
Third best.

'o"j

£20

10

5

20

10

5

20

10

5

15
8
4

10
5

20

10

o

8
4

2

Carry forward, 199 £484

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBURGH IN 1877.

.59

HUNTERS AND ROADSTERS — Continued.

Section Brought forward,

19. Best Stallion, Mare, or G-elding, for leaping.
Second best, . . . . .
Third best, . . . . .

PONIES.

20. Best Highland Stallion, 14J hands and under, .
Second best, . . . . .
Third best, . . . . .

21. Best Highland Mare or Geldin.o:, between 13 and

14J hands high.
Second best,
Third best,

22. Best Mare or G-elding, between 12J and l-i hands

high, .....
Second best, ....
Tliird best, ....

23 Best Mare or G-elding, under 12 J hands high
Second best, ....
Third best, ....

'O)

£199'

10

5

3

G
3
1

6
3
1

6
3
1
6
3
1

£484

217

40

TIIOROUGH-BRED STALLIONS.

Best Thorough-bred Stallion to serve in the District
of the Show in season 1877, .

CLASS lll.-SHEEP.

50

£791

CHEVIOT.

1. Best Tup, three shear and upwa

rds,

£12

Second best,

8

Third best,

4

2. Best Tup, two shear.

12

Second best.

8

Third best,

4

3. Best Shearling Tup, .

12

Second best,

8

Third best.

4

4. Best 5 Ewes above one shear, .

10

Second best.

5

Third best,

2

Best Pen of Lambs shown with Ewes,

2

Second best.

>

1

Carry

Forwarc

I, £92

CO

GEXERxVL SHOW AT EDIXBURGH IX 1877.

CHEVIOT — continued.

3ec

riON Brought forward.

£92

5.

Best 5 Shearling Ewes or Gimmers,

•

10

Second best, .....

•

0

Third best, ; . . . .

•

2
109

BLACKFACED.

6.

Best Tup, three shear and upwards

12

Second best, .....

8

Third best, .....

4

"7,

Best Tup, two shear, ....

12

Second best, .....

8

Third best, .....

4

S.

Best Shearling Tup, ....

12

Second best, .....

8

Third best, . . . . ' .

4

9.

Best 5 Ewes above one shear.

10

Second best, .....

5

Third best, .....

2

Best Pen of Lambs shown with Ewes, .

2

Second best, .....

1 :

10.

Best 5 Shearling Ewes or Gimmers,

10

Second best, .....

0

Third best, .....

.J

lOD

BORDER LEICESTER.

i \y i7

11.

Best Tup above one shear,

12

Second best, . .

8

Third best, ....

4

12.

Best Shearling Tup,

12

Second best,

8

Third best, ....

4

13.

Best 5 Ewes above one shear,

10

Second best, . .

5

Third best, ....

2

U.

Best 5 Shearling Ewes, or Gimmers,

10

Second best,

5

Third best, ....

2

82

LEICESTER.

15.

Best Tup of any age,

8

Second best, ....

4

Third best, ....

2

16

Best 5 Ewes of any age, or Gimmers, .

6

Second best, ....

3

Third best,

• •

1

^4-

— tt

Carry forward, £124:

Section

GENERAL SHOW AT EDIXBUUGH IX 1877.

Brought forward,

61
£324

COTSWOLD.

17. Eest Tup of any age,

Second best,

Third best,
IS. Best 0 Ewes of any age, or Grimmers,

Second best,

Thh'd best,

£S
4
2
6

o
o

LIXCOLX.

19. Best Tup of any age,
Second best,

Third best,

20. Best 5 Ewes of any age, or G-immers,
Second best,

Third best.

S
4

9

6

o
o

24

SOUTHDOWN.

21. Best Tup of any age.
Second best.

Third best,

22. Best 5 Ewes of any age, or Gimmers,
Second best,

Tliird best.

8

4
o

ti

3
1

24

SHROPSIIIKE.

Best Tup of an}' age,

Second best,
Third best,
21. Best 5 Ewes of any age, or Gimmers,
Second best,
Tliird best.

8
4
2
6
3
1

24

EXTR.\ SHEEP.

2o, Best 5 Clioviot "Wethers, not above' 3 shear, . 4

Second liest, ..... 2

2G. Best 0 Bluckfaced Wethers, not above 4 shear, 4

Second best, . . , , . 2

27. Best 5 Wether Hoggs of any cross, not above 1 shear, 4
Second liest, .....

o

18

£438

62

GEXERAL SHOW AT EDIXBUEGH IN 187/.

CLASS IV.-WOOL.

Section

1. Best Woolled Tup, Cheviot Breed,

2. Best Woolled Tup, Blackfaced Breed, .
: 3. Best Woolled Tup, Leicester Breed,]

£5
o

£15

CLASS V.--S WINE.

LARGE BREED.

1. Best Boar,

•

. £8

Second best,

«

4

Third best.

2

2. Best Sow,

6

Second best,

3

Third best.

1

3. Best Pen of 3 Pi^s, not above 8 months old.

4

Second best.

• • • •

2

Third best.

•

BLACK OR BERKSHIRE.

1
£31

4. Best Boar,

£8

Second best,

4

Third best,

2

5. Best Sow,

G

Second best.

o

Third best,

1

6. Best Pen of 3 Pii^js, not above 8 months old, .

4

Second best.

• • • • •

2

Third best,

• • • • •

SMALL BREED.

1

31

7. Best Boar,

• • • • •

8

Second best.

V. • • • •

4

Third best,

• • ■ • •

2

8. Best Sow,

• • • •

G

Second best,

• • • * •

o
o

Third best.

• • • •

1

9. Best Pen of

3 Pigs, not above 8 months old, .

4

Second best.

• • • • •

2

Third best,

• • • • •

1

31

£93

EXTEA STOCK.

Animals not included in the Sections for Competition may be exhi-
bited as Extra Stock, and will receive Honorary Premiums when
specially commended. v

GENERAL SHOW AT EDIXBUKGH IN 1877.

63

CLASS VI.-POULTRY.

First Premium — One Sovereigx; Segox^d Premium — Ten Shillings
— in all the Sections of Poultry.

Ao"ed Birds must have been hatched previous to, and Cockerels and
Pullets in, 1877.

Section
1. Cock.
3. Cockerel.
5. Cock.
7. Cockerel.
9. Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
19. Cockerel.
21. Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
( 39. Cockerel.
j 41. Cock.
(43. Cockerel.
45. Cock.
Cockerel.
Cock.
Cockerel.
Bantams — Any other iijS. Cock.

Variety, . . . (55. Cockerel.

Any other Pure Breed ( 57. Cock.

OF Poultry, . . ( 59. Cockerel.
Ducks — White Aylcslury, 01. Drake.

Drake (Young).
Drake.

Dorking — Silver Grey,
DORKINS — Coloured,
cochin-cuina,
Brahmapootra.
Spanish,
Scotch Grey,
Hamburg — Pencilltd,
Hamburg — Spangled,
Polish,

11.
13.
15.
17.

23.
25.
27.
29.
31.
33.
35.

G-AME — Black or Brown ^ 37.

Reds,
Game — Duchwings,

any other variety,
Bantams — Game, .

or

Bantams — Sebright,

47.
49.

5:

^1

Ducks — Rouen,

Drake (Young). G8

Drake.

Drake (Young)

Ducks — Any other Pure

Breed,

Turkeys — Black Norfolk, 73. Cock

75. Cock (Poult),

Turkeys — Any other Breed, 11 . (^ock.

79. Cock (Poult)

Geese —Grey Toulouse, 81 . Gander.

83. Gander (Young). 84

Section

2. 2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pulletc.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
1 Hen.
1 Pullet.
1 Hen.
1 Pullet.
1 Hen.

1 Pullet.
50. 2 Hens.
52. 2 Pullets.
54. 2 Hens.

2 Pullets.
2 Hens.
2 Pullets.
1 Duck.
1

1 Duck.
1

1 Duck.
1 Duckling.
1 Hen.

1 Hen (Pouh).
1 Hen.

1 Hen (Poult).
1 Goose.
1 Gosling.

4.

6.

8.

10.

12.

14.

16.

18.

20.

22.

24.

26.

28.

30.

32.

34.

36.

o8.

40.

42.

44.

46.

48.

56;
58.
60.
62.

64.
66.

Duckling.

Duckling.

70.
72.
74.

76.
78.
80.
82.

64

GENERAL SHOW AT EDINBUEGH IN 1877.

POULTRY — continued.

Section. Section.

GEESK—Emhden, . * 85. Grander. 86. 1 aoose.

87. G-ander (Young). 88. 1 Grosling%
GrEESK— Any other Pure ( 89. Gander. 90. 1 Goose.

Breed,

91. Gander (Young). 92. 1 Gosling.
Total amount of Poultrv Premiums, £138-

CLASS Vil.-iM PLEMENTS, &c.

Keference is made to the General Regulations for the terms on
which Implements and Machines may be exhibited, and the conditions
under which New Inventions and Improvements w^ill be tried and
rewarded.

ABSTEAGT OF PREMIUMS.

1. Cattle,

2. Horses,

3. Sheep,

4. Wool,

5. Swine,

6. Poultr}^,

7. Medium Gold Medals to former Prize

Animals, say

8. Six Silver Medals to Breeders of best

Aged Bulls and best Stallion,

9. Extra Stock, say
10. Implements, say

£935

0

0

791

0

0

438

0

0

15

0

0

93

0

0

138

0

0

180

0

0

4

16

0

40

0

0

80

0

0

£2714

16

0

( 65)

GENERAL SHOW OF STOCK AND IMPLEMENTS

At DUMFEIES, 1878.

The District connected with, the Show comprises Dumfriesshire,
Stewartry of Kirkcudbright and "Wigtownshire.

Premiums luill he offered for tlie following Classes : —

CATTLE.

GALLOWAY.

Bulls calved before 1st January 187C

Bulls calved after 1st Januar}' 1876

Bulls calved after 1st January 1877

Cows calved before 1st January 1875

Cows calved after 1st January 187i!»

Heifers calved after 1st January 1876

Heifers calved after 1st January 1877

POLLED ANGUS OR ABERDEEN.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1876

Bulls calved after 1st January 1876

Bulls calved after 1st January 1877

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st Januarv 1876

Heifers calved after 1st January 1877

SHORTHORN.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1876

Bulls calved after Ist January 187G

Bulls calved after 1st Januarv 1877

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1876

Heifers calved after 1st January 1877

AYRSHIRE.

Bulls calved before 1st January 1876

Bulls calved after 1st January 1876

Bulls calved after 1st January 1877

Cows in milk calved before 1st January 187/>

Cows in milk calved after 1st January 1875

Cows in calf of any age,orlIeifer6 in call'oalved before 1st January 1876

Heifers calved after 1st January 1876

Heifers calved alter 1st January 1377

•)

GG GEJS'ERAL SHOW AT DUMFRIES, 1878.

HIGHLAND.

Bulls calved before 1st January 187S

Bulls calved after 1st January 1876

Cows of any age.

Heifers calved after 1st January 1875

Heifers calved after 1st January 1876

FAT STOCK.

Galloway Oxen calved after 1st Januar}^ 1875

(xalloway Oxen calved after 1st January 1876

Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1874

Highland Oxen calved after 1st January 1875

Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st January 1875
Oxen of any other pure or cross breed calved after 1st January 1876

G-alloway Heifers calved after 1st January 1875

Galloway Heifers calved after 1st January 1876

Cross-bred Heifers calved after 1st January 1875

HORSES

For Agricultural Purposes.

Stallions foaled before 1st January .....1875

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1875

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1876

Entire Colts foaled after 1st January 1877

Mares with foals at foot, foaled before 1st January 1875

Mares in foal, foaled before 1st January 1875

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1875

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1876

Fillies foaled after 1st January 1877

Draught Geldings foaled before 1st January 1875

Draught Geldings foaled after 1st January 1875

THOROUGH-BRED STALLIONS.

Thorough-bred Stallions to serve in the District of the Show in
Season 1878. To be shown at Dumfries in Spring 1878.

HUNTERS AND ROADSTERS.

Brood Mares, with foals at foot, suitable for field.
Mares or Geldings, suitable for field, foaled before 1st January 1874-
Mares or Geldings, suitable for field, foaled before 1st January- ••1875
Mares or Geldings, suitable as Hackneys or Eoadsters, between

14 and 15 hands high.
Stallions, Mares, or Geldings, for leaping.

PONIES.

Highland Stallions 14J hands and under.

Highland Mares or Geldings between 13 and 14J hands high.

Mares or Geldings between 12| and 14 hands high.

Mares or Geldings under 12 J hands.

GENERAL SHOW AT DUMFRIES, 1878. 67

SHEEP.

Ewes, Gimmers, Wethers, and Hoggs to be exhibited in pens of five^

CHEVIOT.

Tups three shear and upwards.
Tups two shear.
Shearling Taps.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearlinsr Ewes or G-immers.

BLACKFACED.

Tups three shear and upwards.
Tups two shear.
Shearling Tups.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Grimmers.

BORDER LEICESTER.

Tups above one shear.
Shearling Tups.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearlino- Ewes or Gimmers

o

LEICESTER.

Tups above one shear.
Shearling Tups.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

COTSWOLD.

Tups above one shear.
Shearling Tups.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or G-immers.

LINX'OLN.

Tups above one shear.
Shearling Tups.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

SOUTHDOWN.

Tups above one shear.
Siiearling Tups.
Ewes above one shear.
Shearling Ewes or Gimmers.

SHROPSHIRE.

Tups above one shear.
Shearling Tups.
Ewes aljove one shear.
Shearling Ewes or (Jimmcrs.

EXTRA SHEEP.

rheviot Wethers not al)()ve three sliear.
]ilaekfaced Wetliers not ubove four shear.
]Ialf-bred Wotlicr Hoggs not above one shear.
Cross-bred Wether Jli>ggs not ubove one shear.

SJterp not included in the above Classes must be entered as Extra StocJi:,

68

ilENERAX SHOW AT DUMFRIES, 1878.

WOOL.

Best Woolled Tups of the Cheviot, Blackfaced, Leicester, and any

other Long Woolled Breeds.

SWINE.

Pigs to he exhibited in pens of three.

LARGE BREED.

Boars.
Sows.
Pigs not above 8 months old.

BLACK OR BERKSHIRE.

Boars.

Sows.

Pigs not above 8 months old.

SMALL BREED.

Boars.
Sows.
Pigs not above 8 months old.

POULTRY.

To be shown in Pens of One Cock or Cockerel and Two Hens or
Pullets of each of the following breeds, except in the sections for
Ducks, Turkeys, Geese, and Hens and Pullets of the G-ame and
Malay Breeds, where only one bird is required : —

Dorking — Silver-Grey.
Dorking — Coloured.
Cochin-China.
Brahmapootra.
Spanish.
Scotch Grey.
Hamburg — Pencilled.
Hamburg — Spangled.
Polish.

Game — Black or Brown Beds.
Game — Duckwings, or any other
variety.

Bantams — Game.
Bantams — Sebright.
Bantams — Any other variety.
Any other pure Breed of Poultry.
Ducks — "White Aylesbury.
Ducks — Eouen.

Ducks — Any other pure Breed.
Turkeys— Black Norfolk.
Turkeys — Any other Breed.
Geese — Grey Toulouse.
Geese — Embden.
Geese — Any other pure Breed.

DAIRY PRODUCE.

Cured Butter, not less than 7 lbs.
Powdered Butter, do.

Fresh Butter, three ^-Ib. rolls.
Cheddar Cheese, 56 lbs. and

upwards.
Cheddar Cheese, 14 lbs. and under.

3 George IV. BRrocE, Edinburgh,
1st March 1877.

Dunlop Cheese, 30 lbs. and

upwards.
Cheese of any other variety, 30

lbs. and upwards.
Cheese, flat make, any variety,

15 lbs. and under.

F. N. MENZIES, Secretary.

APPENDIX (C.)

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF

THE HIGHLAND AND AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY OF SCOTLAND,

187 7,

ALPHABETICALLY AEEAXGED, AND DLSTIXGUISHIXG

THE YEAR OF iVDMISSIOX.

a

Ey the Charter of 1834 the Society consists of two classes, Ordinary and
Honorary or Corresponding Members. The number of Honorary or Corre-
sponding Members resident in the United Kingdom must not exceed twenty,
but with power to the Society to elect as Honorary Associates persons resi-
dent abroad, not sublets of Her Majesty, who may have been benefactors to
the Society, or who are distinguished for their skill in Art or Science, pro-
vided that the number of such Foreign Associates shall not exceed twenty.

By a Bye-Law passed in 1873, with reference to the Supplementary Charter
of 1856, successful Candidates for the Society's Agricultural Diploma are
thereby eligible to be elected free Life ]\lembers of the Society.

Candidates for ordinary Membership must be j)roposed by a Member, and
are elected at the half-yearly General IMeetings in January and June. It is
not necessary that tbe Member who proposes the Candidate should attend
the Meeting.

The ordinary subscription is .£1, Ss. 6d. annually, which may be redeemed
by one payment, varying, according to the number of previous annual pay-
ments, from £} 2, 12s. to £7, Is. Proprietors farming the whole of their own
lands, whose assessment on the Valuation Eoll does not exceed ^500 per
annum, and all Tenant-Farmers, Office-Bearers of Local Agricultural Associa-
tions, Resident Ao;ricultural Factors, Land Stewards, Foresters, Agricultural
Implement Makers, and Veterinary Surgeons, none of them being also owners
of land to an extent exceeding £500 per annum, are admitted on a subscrip-
tion of 10s. annually, which may be redeemed by one payment, varying,
according to the number of previous ann ual payments, from £o, 5s. to £3.

According to the Charter, a Member who homologates his Election by
paying his first subscription cannot retire until he has paid, in annual sub-
scriptions, or otherwise, an amount equivalent to a life composition.

Members of the Society receive the Transactions on application, and are
entitled to apply for District Premiums — to report Ploughing Matches for
the jSIedal — to attend Shows free of charge, and to exhibit Stock at reduced
rates.

IMembers having Candidates to propose are requested to send their names
to Fletcher JSTortox Mexzies, Esq., No. 3 George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh.

The Members marked * have been Presidents; and t Vice-Presidents.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

Her Most Gracious Majesty THE QUEEN.

-His Royal Highness The PRINCE OF WALES.

Admitted
1872

1873

Admitted

1833 "Abeecoen, His Grace the Duke of,

K.G., Chesterfield House, London
1862 Abercromby, Right Hon, Lord, Airth-

rey Castle, Stirling

1873 Abeecromby, Sir Robert John, of

Birkenbog, Bart., Forglen, Turriff
1868tABERDEEX, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Haddo House, Methlic
1872 Abernethy, Peter, Halls, Penicuik
1865 Abinger, Right Hon. Lord, Inverlochy

Castle, Kingussie

1859 Adam, Alex. F., W.S., 19 Clareraont

Crescent, Edinburgh

1855 Adam, ^neas, Humbertson, Dingwall

1842 Adam, James, S.S.C, 19 Claremont

Crescent, Edinburgh

1860 Adam, Jolin, Closeburn, Thornhill

1856 Adam, Stephen, "Wool-Merchant, 11

Hillside Crescent, Edinburgh
1876 Adam, Thomas, National Bank, Aber-
deen
1876 Adam, Thomas, junr. (Adam & Co.,
Sliipowiiers), Aberdeen

1874 Adam, Thomas, of I^ynegar, Bank

Agent, Wick
1876 Adam, William, Bush, Banchory-Ter-

ace
1830 Adam, William, Advocate, Aberdeen
1853 Adam, Right Hon. W. Patrick, of

Blair-Adam, M.P.
1872 Adamson, Henry D., Biibiuharn, Alford
1859 Adamscm, S., of Drumclyrc, Dumfries

1874 Addio, Gavin, Viewpark, Uddingriton

1875 Addie, Jolin.Viowpark, Uddingston
1H59 Adio, Alexander JamoH. Linlithgow
1850 AoNKW, Sir Andrew, of Lochnaw, Bart.,

Stranraer

1843 Agnew, li. Vans, of Shcuclian and

l^arnbarrocli. ^L1^, Wigtown
1875 Agncw, William, Balwherric, Stranraer

1857 Aikmnn, Thomson, Glasgow

1870 Ainslie, Ain.'<lio Douglas, of Delgaty
Castle, Turriff

Admitted

1864 Ainslie, Daniel (of the Gart, Callander),

48 Moray Place, Edinburgh

1859 Ainslie, David, of Costerton, Black-

shiels
1848 Ainslie, J., Hillend, Pentland, Loan-
head

1853 Ainslie, R., of Elvingston, Gladsmuir

1875 Ainslie, William, Stobo Mill, Stobo
1852tArRLiE, Right Hon. the Earl of, K.T.,

Cortachy Castle, Kirriemuir
1874 Aitchison, James, 23 Princes Street,

Edinburgh
1851 Aitchison, James (late Proncy Mains,

Dornoch), Australia

1865 Aitchison, Lieut.-Col., of Druramore,

Musselburgh
1870 Aitghison, Peter, AVest Garleton, Had-
dington

1863 Aitchison, William, Linhope, Hawick
1801 Aitken, George. Tyrie, Kirkcaldy
1857 Aitken, James, 2 Claremont Terrace,

Glasgow
1870 Aitken, James, of Auchcngillan,Strath-
blane

1854 Aitken, James, Markle, Prc^tonkirk

1864 Aitken, John Gillespie, Southtield,

Stirling
1857 Aitken, Robt., Drumore, Campbeltown

1860 Aitken, Robert, Kihnany, Cupar Fife
1860 Aitken, Thomas, SGrosvenor Crescent,

Edinburgh
1854 Aitken, Thomas, Listonshiels, Balorno

1876 Aitkenhcad, Alex., Shawraoss, Tollok-

shaws
1870 Alexander, Archd., Merchant. West

Linton
1872 Alexander. Charles, Easter Kuowe,

Stobo
1850 Alexander. C.Whiieiuia. Wesi Linton
IBGl Alexander, Lt.-Col. C, of Balloclimyle.

M.P., Mauchline
1872 Alexander, George, Easter Lillieskaf,

St Boswella

List of Memdcrs of the

Admitted

1876 Alexander, George, South Bainooti,

Huntly
1831 Alexander, Sir J. Edward, C.B., of

Westerton, Bridge of Allan

1857 Alexander, James, Seed Merchant,

1 Waterloo Place, Edinburgh
1870 Alexander, James, of Balmule, Dun-
fermline

1875 Alexander, James, 60 North Street,

Glasgow
1855 Alexander, John, Broughty Ferry

1872 Alexander, John, Broxburn Hall, Brox-

burn

1876 Alexander, John, Solicitor, Lanark
1861 Alexander, Thomas, Corn Factor,

Perth,

1858 Alexander. Wm., Bent of Haulkerton,

Laurencekirk

1873 Alexander, William, Loanside, Clack-

mannan

1865 Alison, James M., Eedcastle, Inver-
ness

1833 Allan, Alexander, Advocate, 5 Hillside
Crescent, Edinburgh

1861 Allan, Alex., Kinnon Park, Methven,
Perth

1864 Allan, Alexander, Carbarns, Wishaw

1867 Allan, Andrew, Munnoch, Dairy, Ayr
1847 Allan, Lieut.-Colonel, Edinburgh

1874 Allan, James, Corn Merchant, Borrow-

stounness

1875 Allan, James, jun., Borrowstounness

1851 Allan, James, Gogar Mains, Corstor-

phiue
1855 Allan, James, Clauchlands, Lamlash
1870 Allan, Jas., jun., Balnacoole, Brodick,

Arran

1852 Allan, James, West Mains, Stone-

house
1863 Allan, James D., Culthill, Dunkeld
1854 Allan, John, Billie Mains, Ayton
1861 Allan, John, Crieffvechter, Crieff

1873 Allan, John, Redheugh, Cockburns-

path

1863 Allan, Richard, Howden, Jedburgh
1875 Allan, Robert, Glenmore, Kilmelford,

Lochgilphead

1868 Allan, Robert A., Eyemouth

1852 Allan, T. W. Murray, of Glenfeochan,
Oban

1874 Allan, William, Clury, Grantown

1870 Allan, William, Drummondreoch, Fer-

rintosh

1871 Allan, William, Park, Clackmannan
1830 Allan, William, Edinburgh

1873 Alston, David, Hyndford Wells, West
Lintoa

1864 Alston, Geo., of Craighead, Hamilton
1850 l.lston, John P., of Muirburn, Strath-

aven

Admitted

1838 Anderson, Sir Alexander, Aberdeen
1874 Anderson, Alexander, Berryhill, Dun-
dee

1866 Anderson, B. T. G., of Tushielaw, Sel-
kirk

1873 Anderson, Arthur, M.D., C.B., Sunny-
brae, Pitlochry

1877 Anderson, Charles, jun.. North Britisli
Agriculturist, 377 High Street, Edin-
burgh

1375 Anderson, Charles, Fettykil, Leslie

1825 Anderson, D., of Moredun, 24 Moray
Place, Edinburgh

1872 Anderson, Findlay, of Inchyra Grange,

Polmont

1862 Anderson, Geo., of Woodhouse, Eccle-

fechan

1863 Anderson, George, of Hawthorn Bank,

Selkirk

1859 Anderson, George B., Meikle Pinker-
ton, Dunbar

1857 Anderson, Henry, of Chapel, Kirk-
caldy

1861 Anderson, Henry, Burnside, Stanley

1873 Anderson, James, Feorline, Strachur,

Inveraray

1839 Anderson, J., late of Gorthlick, Inver-

ness

1863 Anderson, James, Newbigging, Dun-

dee

1865 Anderson, James, Solicitor, Inver-
ness

1871 Anderson, John, Airies, Kirkinner

1873 Anderson, John, Chapel, Moffat

1838 Anderson, John, Merchant, Lon-
don

1838 Anderson, John, Merchant, Glas-
gow

1857 Anderson, John, Craigton, Banchory

1868 Anderson, John, Mill of Wester Coull
Tarland

1857 Anderson, John, 14 Dean Terrace,
Edinburgh

1859 Anderson, John, Smithstown, Croy, .
Kilsyth

1873 Anderson, John, Strachermore, Inver-
aray

1871 Anderson, John A., St Albans, Perth

1876 Anderson, John M., Burngrains,
Ellon

1870 Anderson, John S. (of Whiteside,
Dumfries), Dalhousie Mains, Dal-
keith

1851 Anderson, Lawrence, Northfield Cot-
tage, Liberton

1864 Anderson, Peter, Gillespie, Glenluce

1870 Anderson, Robert, Alleyford, Kirk-

gunzeon, Dumfries
1856 Anderson, Robert, of Lochdhu, Nairn

1871 Anderson, Robert, Middlebank, Errol

Highland and Agricidtural Society, 1877.

5

Admitted

1861 Anderson, Robt. H., Burleigh, Milna-

thort
1850 Anderson, Eobert Hood, Glasgow
1877 Anderson, Robert John, Cattle Sales-
man, Ashgrove, Aberdeen

1876 Anderson, R. Lang., Milliken Park,

Renfrewshire — Free Life Member
1858 Anderson, Robt. Wm., Clerk of Supply,

Forfar
1849 Anderson, Stephen, Bridge of Allan
1832 Anderson, Thomas, of Glendrisaig,

Lainshaw House, Kilmarnock
1854 Anderson, T. Scott, W.S., 10 Norfolk

Crescent, Hyde Park, London, W.
1865 Anderson, William, Ballimore, Tigh-

na-bruiach

1867 Anderson, W.H., Clifton Villa, Anstru-

ther

1877 xVnderson, William, Barneil, Kirk-

michael, Maybole
1857 Anderson, William, Hattonburn, Ban-
chory
1873 Anderson, William, Xorton Mains,

Katho
1870 Anderson, William, Caf6 Royal Hotel,

Edinburgh
1876 Anderson, William, Wardos, Kintore
1876 Anderson, William, Wellhouse, Alford
1840 Anderson, William James, late of
Techmuiry

1857 Andrew, Hugh, Keprigan, Campbel-

town
1873 Andrew, Robert, Allans, Inchinnan,
Paisley

1870 Andrew, William J., Banker, Coat-

bridge
1875 Andrews, John, Land Steward, Melville,
Ladybank

1863 Angus, John, Whitefield, Morpeth

1871 Atnian, David, Tlio Torr, Moonzio,

Cupar Fife

1868 Annand, Jolin, Hotel, Inverurie

1872 Anstuutiier, Sir W. C. J. C, of

Anstruthr-r, Bart., M.P., Carmicliael
House, 'i'hankerton

1862 Anstrutiier, Sir Robert, of Balcaskie,
Bart., M.l\, Pitt.nweom

1858 Anton, James, Seafiejd, Forres

188:i Arkuthnott, Right Hon. Viscount,
Arbuthnott House, Fordoun

1864 Arbuthnott, Hon. Mrs., Inelmiartino

1873 AitnuTiiNOTT, Hon. The Master of,

Arbutlinott House, Fordoun
1856 Arclibald, Thomas, of Viewbunk, Lass-
wade
1864 Archer, Tho.^., lato Ramly Lodge,

Lymington. Hant.s
1876 Arcliibiild, T. B., Niabotllcld, Lady-
bank

1869 ArcliibaM, James, Glcngelt, Lau<lcr

Admitted

1861 Archibald, Jame.^, Jamestown House,
Monasterevan, Co. Kildare Ireland.

1849 Archibald, John, Cockburn, Dunse
1869 Archibald, John, jun., Duddingston,

South Queensferr}'

1844*Aegyll, His Grace the Duke of, K.T.,
Inveraray Castle, Inveraray

1853 Arklay, John, late Gorthlick, Inver-
ness

1861 Arklay, Robert, of Ethiebeaton, Dun-

dee

1850 Arkley, R. H., Dun House, Montrose
1875 Armstrong, Tljomas, 175 Craighall

Road, Glasgow

1862 Arnot, David, Friarton, Newport,

Fife
1871 Arnot, William, Glamis Mains, Glamis
1865 Arnott, Thomas R., Ramshill, Harles-

den Green, London

1862 Arras, Walter, Fodderty, Dingwall
1874 Arres, James Mather, Arderseir Mains,

Arderseir
1865 Arres, Wm.. Dell. Kingussie
1858 Arundell, W. F. H., of Barjarg, Dum-
fries

1873 Ashdown, A. H., Uppington, Salop —

Free Life Member

1874 Aslier, William G. C, Belmaduthy,

Munlochy
1845 Askew, Henry Wm., late Conishead
Priory, Ulverston

1863 Askew, W., of Pallinsburn, Coldstream
1860 Atiiole, His Grace the Duke of, K.T.,

Blair Castle, Blair Athole
1841 Athole, Her Grace the Duchess-
Dowager of, Dunkeld

1874 Auld, Alexander, Newton, Rotlimaise,

Insch

1851 Austin, R. S.. lato Middleton, Muthill
1873 AvELANi), Right Hon. Lord, Norman-
ton Park, Oukham, Rutlandsliire

1875 Aveling, Thomas, Rochester, Kent
1849 Aytouu. James, Advocate, London
1844 Aytouu, Roger S., of Inchdairnio,

Kirkcaldy

1831 Baili.if. Hon. Charles, 10 Strathcarn

Road, Edinburgh
1824 Baillie, Evan, of Doclifour, Inverness
1839 Baillie. Right Hon. Henry James, of

Redcastle, Kileurnan, Invtrness
1851 liaillie, James William, of Culterallers,

W.S., Biggftr
1865 Baillie, John Menzies, C.A., 15 North-

umberhiiid Street, Edinburgh
1869 Baillie, John, Fullerton, Penicuik
1865 Baillie, John B.. of Ivoys, Inverness
1847 Baillie, Sir William, of Polkemmct

Bart., Whitburn
1875 r.ain, Daniel, Dunstaflfnnge, Oban

6

List of 3f embers of the

James, Lord Provost of

Admittcil

1875 Bain, Hon

Glasgow
1864 Bain, James, Banker, St Andrews

1875 Bain, Sam. F., Inch of Leckie, Gar-

gunnock

1876 Bain, William, Horse-hirer, Aberdeen
1873 Baird, Alex., of Urie, Stonehaven

1868 Baird, Arthur E., Croftenloan, Pit-

lochry
1876 Baird, Colin C.,V.S.,VeterinaryCollege,

Clyde Street, Edinburgh
1860 Baied, Sir David, of Newbyth, Bart.,

Prestonkirk

1875 Baird, Hugh, junr., 17 Westbourne

Gardens, Glasgow

1876 Baird, James, Crossbill, Piutherglen
1843 Baied, Sir Jas. Gardiner, of Saughton

Hall, Bart,, Inch House, Liberton
1870 Baird, John Hall, Kirkconnel, San-
quhar

1870 Baird, John, Solicitor, Lockerbie

1871 Baird, John, jun.. Solicitor, Lockerbie
1873 Baird, Thomas, Hundleshope, Peebles
1873 Baird, Wm., of Elie, Fife

1873 Balfour of Burleigh, Plight Hon.
Lord, Kennet House, Clackmannan

1863 Balfour, Arthur J., of Whittinghame,
M.P., Prestonkirk

1843 Balfour, Colonel David, of Balfour and
Trenabie, Kirkwall

1857 Balfour, Major Francis W., of Fernie
Castle, Ladybank

1839 Balfour, John, of Balbirnie, Mark-
inch

1839 Balfour, John Hutton, M.D., Prof, of
Botany, University of Edinburgli

1869 Balfour, John M., of Pilrig, W.S.,

Edinburgh

1873 Balfour, Cap. Piobt. Fred., younger of
Balbirnie, Markinch

1860 Ballantyne, John, jun., Seedsman, Dal-
keith

1869 Ballantvne, Thomas, Netherton, East

Kilbride

1870 Ballingal, And. H., W.S., Perth

1871 Ballingal, ]\eil, Sweetbank, Markinch

1859 Ballingal, William, Sweetbank, Mark-

inch

1857 Ballingall, D., Factor, Blairdrummond

1860 Ballingall, George, Clarilaw, St Bos-

wells

1861 Ballingall, John, Dunbog, Newburgli
1863 Balmer, Thomas, Fochabers

1862 Bankes, Meyrick, of Letterewe, Ding-

wall

1858 Banneeman, Sir Alex., of Crimonmo-

gate, Bart., Lonmay

1859 Barbour, G. F. (of Bonskeid, Pit-

lochry), 11 George Square, Edin-
burgh

Admitted

1858 Barclay, Charles A., Aberdour House,

Fraserburgh
1855 Barclay, George, Davochbeg, Golspie

1858 Barclay, George, Yonderton, Turriff
1834 Barclay, George Robertson, late of

Keavil, Dunfermline
• 1862 Barclay, J. W., M.P., 60 Dee Street,
Aberdeen

1859 Barclay, Robert, Drums, Falkland
1855 Barclay, Thomas, Solicitor, Montrose
1865 Barclay, Thomas, Skelbo, Dornoch

1874 Barclay- Allardice, Robert, University

Club, Edinburgh
1839 Barker, Thomas, Sydney, Australia

1862 Barr, James, jun., Whiteshaw, Car-

luke

1875 Barr, William, Kerrylamont, Rothe-

say

1863 Barrie, James, Harden Mains, Jed-

burgh
1846 Barstow, Charles M., C.A., 32 India
Street, Edinburgh

1867 Bartholomew, Hugh, of Glenorchard,

Baldernock

1855 Bartholomew, Jas., Duntarvie, Winch-
burgh

1875 Bartlemore, Robert, Netherhouses,
Lochwinnoch

1873 Barty, James W., Procurator-Fiscal,
Dunblane

1871 Bate, John, of Broadchapel, Loch-

maben
1865 Bateson, Sam. S., 17 Bolton Street,

London
1861 Bathgate, James, Ormiston, Tranent
1877 Bathie, William, Auctioneer. Arbroath
1873 Bauchope, Thomas, Land Surveyor,

East Brucefield, West Calder
1877 Baxter, David, Ladyburn, Maybole
1854 Baxter, Edmund, W.S., 9 Rutland

Square, Edinburgh

1875 Bayley, George, of Manuel, 13 Regent

Terrace, Edinburgh

1864 Bayne, John, Builder, Bridge of AUan

1869 Bayne, Lewis, Kinmel Park, Aber-

gele

1876 Bean, Alex., Netherthird, Rothie

1876 Bean, George, Balquhain, Inverurie

1870 Bean, William, Newton, Cairnie,

Huntly

1868 Beath, David, Auchmuir, Leslie

1872 Beattie, Adam, Builder, 15 Grosvenor
■ Street, Edinburgh

1854 Beattie, James, Newbie House, Annan
1870 Beattie, Jn., Buimansknowe, Canonbie

1877 Beattie, Simon, Annan

1875 Beck, Thomas Coker, Foleshill, Coven-

try— Free Life Member.

1876 Beedie, James, The Mains, Ardlaw,

Fraserburgh

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

7

Admittcil

1876 Beedie, William, Pit2;air, Fislierie,

Turriff
1871 Begbie, Joshua Arthur Howard, Tor-
onto, Canada
1852 Begbie, Thos., Queenston Bank, Drem
1858 Begg, John, Distiller, Lochnagar,

Aberdeen
1876 Begg, John, Factor, Durris Estate

Office, Aberdeen
1873 Begg, Robert, Blarnile, Luss
1873 Begg, Robert Burns, Solicitor, Kinross
1871 Beith, Donald, W.S., 15 Grosvenor
Crescent, Edinburgh

1871 Belfrage, A. W., C.E., 31 Ann Street,

Edinburgh

1849 Belfrage, G., 59 Forest Road, Edin-
burgh

1849 Belfrage, Jas., Samuelston East Mains,
Haddington

1867 Bell, Alexander, Linton, Kelso

18C8 Bell, Alexander, Stobahill, Lockerbie

1872 Bell, And., Fans, Earlston
1856 Bell, David, Todliall, Cupar Fife
1871 Bell, George, Barns of Claverhouse,

Dundee

1863 Bell, James, 27 Rodney Street, Liver-
pool

1871 Bell, John (of Castlecreavio), 47 Great
King Street, Edinburgli

1876 Bell, John, Maryhillock, Fraserburgh
1871 Bell, M. Montgomery, W.S., 4 Forres

Street, Edinburgh
1846 Bell, R.. of Lunna, Belmont, Falkirk
1869 Bell, Robert, 9 George Street, Perth
1856 Bell, Thomas, Ballinshoe, Kirrie-
muir
1865 Bell, Thomas, Craigkcnnochy, Burnt-
island

1877 Bell, Thomas (Messrs Robey .1- Co.),

Lincoln
1871 Bell, William, of Gribdtc, Kirkcud-

bright
1869 Bell, William, Ceanacoil, Strathbraan,

Dunkcld
1876 Bell, William, Sherifflats. Biggar
1858 Benton, Joseph, Catti**, Whitehou.>*e
1875 Benton, William, Cmokmore, AU'ord
1858 Benton, Wm., Harthill, Whitchouso
1869 Berry, George, Longlcat, Hurning-

sham Warminster, Wilts
1848 Berry, John, of Taylield, Newport,

Fife
1803 B»;rry, Walter, 10 Carlton Terrace,

Fidiiiburgh
1864 liertraiu, James, Addinston. Laudor
1874 Bertram, John, Ilartside, Lauder
1854 Bertram, John S., Cransliaws, Dunso
1845 Bertram, T. Hardy, C.H.. 1 Foxgravo

Road, ]3fck<nliam, Kent
1852 Bertram, William, of Nisbet, Biggar

Aflmitted

1861 Berwick, David, Cullairnie, New-
burgh, Fife
1876 Best, John, Inveravon, Polmont
1857 Bethune, Admiral, of Balfour, C.B.,

Markinch
1848 Bethune, Alex., of Blebo, Cupar-Fife

1863 Bethune, Maj. R., of Nydie, St Andrews

1864 Bethune, Murdo, Muirton, Beauly

1861 Bett, David J., Newhall, Coupar-

Angus

1857 Bett, James, Bolfracks, Aberfeldy
1859 Beveridge, David, Buckthorns, Largo

1862 Beveridge, George, 248 High Street,

Kirkcaldy

1851 Beveridge, J., of Balado, Kinross

1869 Beveridge, James, Crombie, Dunferm-
line

1853 Beveridge, Robert E., 8 Spence Street,
Newington, Edinburgh

1872 Beveridge, William, of Bonnyton,
Dunferndine

1862 Beveridge, William, 248 High Street,
Kirkcaldy

1872 Bickertoii, Rich., Tweedmouth Imple-
ment Works, Berwick-on-Tweed

1858 Biggar, T., of Chapelton, Dalbeattie

1859 Binnie, John, Birnieknows, Cockburns-

path
1875 Binny, Andrew, 9 Hart Street, Edin-
burgh

1865 Binny, Graham, W.S., 9 Hart Street.

Edinburgh

1874 Bird, Ebenezer, Glenduckie, New-

burgh, Fif(i
1858 Bird, James B., Fishwick, Paxtuu
1867 Birket, J., of Broom Rigg, Aiustable,

Penrith

1875 Birsu, John, Summerfield, St Ola,
Orkney

1874 Biscoe, T. Ramsay, yr. of Newton,
Inverness

1846 Biscoe, T. P. B.. of Kingillie, Inver-
ness

1862 Bissc t. The Yen. Archdeacon, Le-;-
sendrum, Hiuuiy

1873 Biss.'t, Hugh, Pittarn.w, Laurencekirk

1873 Bisstt, Tlios. S.. Agricultural Ihi-
ginecr, Blairgowrie

1869 Bisset, W. A., East Wemyss, Kirk-
caldy

1865 Black, Alex., Sliotover E.stato Oflic •.
Wheatley, Oxon

1876 Black, Cinirles Grant, Knock, Keith

1875 Black, (Javin, Coalmaster, Easter
MolVat. Airdrio

1877 Black, James, of Auclientoahan, Dun-
tocher

1871 IMack, James, Khjin Courant

Courier, Elgin
1851 lUack, James, London

8

List of Mcriibc7'S of the

Admitted

1838 Black, James, Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Black, James W., Wandel, Abington

1875 Black, John, Coalmaster, Airdrie
1859 Black, John. Setonhill, Longniddry

1859 Black, John>ord, Westfield, Cornbill,

Northumberland

1876 Black, John, The Mains, Haddo House,

Aberdeen

1844 Black, Eobert, Glasgow

1867 Black, Robert, Liberton Mains, Liber-
ton

1876 Blackburn, James of Killearn, Glas-
gow

1870 Blacklaw, Alex. Scott (late Milton of
Arbutlmot, Fordoun), Brazil

1855 Blackley, John, 107 Bath Street, Glas-
gow

1857 Blacklock, Adam, late Minnygap,
Moffat

1870 Blackstock, John, Haytoun Castle,
Mary port

1875 Blackwood, Alex., Eshiels, Peebles
1842 Blackwood, John, Publisher,Edinburgh
1862 Blackwood, William, Publisher, Edin-
burgh

1876 Blaikie, John, of Carron Lodge, Stone-

haven
1854 Blair, Campbell, 36 Elmbank Crescent,
Glasgow

1850 Blair, Sir Edward Hunter, of Blair-

quhan, Bart., Maybole
1869 Blair, E. J. Stopford, of Penninghame,
Newton Stewart

1860 Blair, James, of Glenfoot, Tillicoultry
1864 Blair, James, Aberfoyle

1874 Blair, John, 25 Greenhill Gardens,
Edinburgh

1874 Blair, Patrick, Advocate, Sheriff-Sub-
stitute, Inverness

1844 Blair, Captain William Fordyce, of
Blair, R.N., Dairy

1876 Blake, John, Dunrobin Mains. Golspie
1873 Bland, Thomas, Greystone,' Tully-

nessle, Alford
1836 Blane, Colonel Robert, C.B.
1847 Blanshard, George, Smith's Place,

Edinburgh
1848tBLANTYRE, Right Hon. Lord, Erskine

House, Glasgow

1877 Blantyre, The Hon. the Master of,

Sciberscross, Rogart

1861 Blues, Andrew A., Dalruscan, Tinwald,

Dumfries
1861 Blyth, D., Leckiebank, Auchtermuchty
1872 Blythe, William, Whitrigs, Hawick
1871 Bogie, George, of Gairney Bridge,

Kinross

1851 Bogie, J., Balcanquhal, Auchtermuchty
1863 Bolam, John, Chathill, Northumber-
land

Admitted

1866 Bolam, Robert George, Weetwood Hall, /

Wooler

1858 Bolton, Joseph C, of Carbrook, Lar-

bert

1867 Bone, Quintin, Greenan, Ayr

1853 Bontine, Wm. Cuninghame Graham

of Gartmore, Stirling

1870 Boog, Thomas Elliot, Timpendean,

Jedburgh
1842 Booth, Jas. Godfrey, Seed Merchant,
Hamburg

1875 Borland, Arch., Stewarton Street,

Wish aw

1862 Borland, Robert, Auchencairn, Close-

burn

1871 Borthwick, Dr Alex. B., Dumfries
1873 Borthwick, Alex. Hay, Hopsrig, Lang-
holm

1859 Borthwick, Alex. Hay, St Dunstan's,

Melrose

1854 Borthwick, Gilbert, Frogden, Kelso

1858 Borthwick, John, V.S., Kirkliston
1846 Borthwick, John, of Crookston, Heriot

1859 Borthwick, John James M., Lyne-

holm, Langholm
1838 Borthwick, Thomas Chalmers, Hops-
rig, Langholm

1857 Borthwick, Wm. Henry, late Crook-

ston, Gorebridge
1865 Borthwick, Wm., Whitehaven Castle,.
Whirtehaven

1864 Borton, John, Barton House, Malton

1858 BoswALL, Sir Geo. Houston, of Black-

adder, Bart., Chirnside

1876 Bower, Alfred Lance, Strathaird House,.

Broadford

1863 Bowhill, James, Banker, Ayton

1854 Bowie, Alexander, Mains of Kelly,.

Arbroath
1875 Bowie, Robert, Parkhead, Linlithgow
1875 Bowie, Robert, Seedsman, 60 West

Howard Street, Glasgow

1859 Bowman, James, Newark, St Monanco'
1863 BowMONT, Most Noble the Marquis of,

Floors Castle, Kelso

1865 Boyd, Colonel James Hay, of Towuend,

Symington, Kilmarnock

1872 Boyd, John, Simprim Mains, Cold-
stream

1861 Boyd, John B., of Cherrytrees, Kelao

1863 Boyd, Wm. B., Ormistou, Kirkbank^
Kelso

1875 Brackenridge, Alex., V.S., Stevenston
Mains, Holytown

1869 Brakenridge, William, Liddell Bank
Canonbie

1865 Braid, Andrew, Humbie, Kirknewton

1858 Brand, Charles, Mains of Fordoun,
Fordoun

1872 Brand, James, Dunbar

Highland and AgricuUicral Society, 1877.

9

Admitted

1855 Brash, James, Hallyards, Kirkliston

3371 Breadalbane, Pui^^ht Hon. the Earl

of, Tavmouth Castle, Aberfeldv
1876 Brebner, Alex., Balquhindochy, Meth-

lie
187r> Brebner, Robert, Lumbs, Lonmay,

Aberdeen

1873 Breingan, Alex., Helensburgh

1869 Brewster, Robert, Branchal, Kil-
malcolm

1872 Brigham, John, Castle Gate Imple-

ment Works, Berwick-ou-Tweed

1865 Brims, James, Tluirso

1868 Broadwood, Thomas, of Fulfordlees,

Crowbill, Dunbar
1876 Brock, J. E., East Overton, Kirkliston

1874 Brock, John, Aukhorne, Wick

1873 Brock, William, Barns of Clyde, Yoker

1857 Brockley, Robert M.,Gourlaw, Rosewell

1875 Brodie of Brodie, Brodie Castle,

Forres

1859 Brodie, James, 9 Nelson Street, Edin-

burgh
1848 Brodie, James C, Thorntonloch, Dun-
bar

1869 Brodie, James W., Cloheen, Buttevant,

Co. Cork
1872 Brodie, John, Palacehill, Ancrum,

Jedburgh
1840 Brodie, J. Clerk, of Idvies, W.S., 26

Moray Place, Edinburgh

1874 Brodie, J. C. J., of Lethen, Xairn

1874 Brooke, A. B., Cardney, Dunkeld

1872 Broom, William, of Girgenti, 182 Hope

Street, Glasgow
1855 Broomfield, Thomas Lauder
1867 Bromfield, W, J., Old Greenlaw, Green-
law, Dunse

1875 Brotchie, George, of Firbo,Firbo House,

Westray, Kirkwall
1854 Brougliton, Robert Henry, of Rowches-

ter, Greenlaw
1863 Brown, Adam (late Helmburn, Selkirk),

Devonshire
1844 Brown. Alex. J. Dennistoun,of Balloch,

Balloch Castle, Dumbarton

1873 Brown, Alexander, Bunker, Oban
1852 lirown, Andrew, M.I)., late Edinburgli

1858 Brown, Archibald, Craig, Udny

1874 Brown, Archibald C, Gladstone,

I>ishopton

1866 Brown, David, Banker, Maybolo

1871 Brown, (ieorgo, (irassniiston, Crail

1872 Brown, (ieorge, Writer, Polloksliawa
18;}9 lirown, George, Wutten Mains, Watten
1851 Brown, George, of Westfield, Cupar

Fife

1860 lirown, James, Hardgrave, Lockerbie
18t)5 Brown, James, Wliinpnrk, Kilmarnock

1861 I?rowu, Jas., Leuclmra Castle, Leuchnrs

South Portland

I Admitted

1855 Brown, James, 80

Street, Glasgow
1873 Brown, James Geddes, Distiller, Keitli
1837 Brown, James T., late of Auchlochlan,

Lesmahagow
1872 Brown, John, Blinkbonny, Gorebridge
1857 Brown, John, Boghall, Biggar
1876 Brown, John, of Colton, Dunfermline
1860 Brown, John, Ingliston, Dumfries
1852 Brown, John George, Cluny Cottage,

Pitlochry
1876 Brown, John H., Morvich, Kintail

1860 Brown, John C, Crofthead, Annan

1870 Brown, Jos., Hermitage, Dalbeattie
1876 Brown, Joseph, Suttiewalls, Fordoun
1832 Brown, Matthew, Greenock

1861 Brown, Oliphant, Shiel, New Galloway

1856 Brown, Peter, Craigton, Bishopton

1871 Brown, Peter, Milton of Luncarty,

Redgorton
1856 Brown, Robert, Auctioneer, Balfron
1866 Brown, Robert, Little Ley, Cluny,

Aberdeen
1866 Brown, Robert E., F.G.S., Farnley

Hall, Otley, Yorkshire
1875 Brown, Thomas, Pentland Mains,

Loanhead
1849 Brown, Thomas, Weston, Dunsyre,

Dolphinton
1863 Brown, Thos,, late Locherlour, Crieff

1863 Brown, Thomas, 4 Carlung Place,

Edinburgh

1871 Brown, William, Factor, Earlsmill,

Forres — Free Life Member, 1873
1855 Brown, Dr William, late Melrose

1872 Brown, William, Parkgatestojie, Biggar
1854 Brown, William, Linkwood, Elgin

1873 Brown, William, Pitnamoon, Laurence-

kirk

1874 Browne, A. H.. Doxford Hall, ChathilK

Northumlierland

1873 Browne, Colvile, Long Melford, Suf-

folk— Free Life Member
1872 Brownlie, Alex., Haughhead. Earlstmin

1875 Brownlie, James, Holehouseburn,

P^auldbouse
1875 Brownlie, Thomas, 182 Hope Street,

G las-go w
1868 Bruce, Alex., Millliill. Mintlaw

1874 Bruce, Andrew Hamilton Tyndall. of

Falkhind, Ladvbank

1862 Bruce, Charles, Hroadland, Huntly

1864 Bruce, Cteorge, IVnnan farm. Ban If
1868 Bruce, George, Heatherwick, Keith

Hall

1874 Bruce, George, Wealtliiton, Koig»

Aberdeensliire
1871 Bruce, George C. C.E., Edinburgh

1875 Bruce, Henry, of Ederline, Lochgilp-

head

10

List of Members of the

Admitted

1865 Bruce, James, Burnside, Fochabers
1876 Bruce, James, Collitbie, Gartly

1869 Bruce, Jas., Longbridgemoor, Annan
1868 Bruce, J,, Inverqubomery, Mintlaw
1829 Bruce, Jobn, of Sumburgb, Lerwick

1863 Bruce, J., jun., Sumburgb, Lerwick
18 42 Bruce, Jobn, W.S., 7 Melville Crescent,

Edinburgh

1876 Bruce, Peter, Myreton, Inscb, Aber-

deen
1868 Bruce, Eobert, Manoi House Farm,

Great Smeaton, Northallerton
1871 Bruce, Kobert, Uddingston
1875 Bruce, Hon. liobt., Preston, Broomhall,

Dunfermline
1852 Bruce, Hon. Thomas Cbarles, M.P., 13

Hertford Street, Mayfair, London
1855 Bruce, Thomas, of Arnot, Kingsdale,

Kennoway

1864 Bruce, Sir William C, of Stenhouse,

Bart., Falkirk
1875 Bruce, William L., Glenkill, Lam-
lash

1870 Bruges, Edward C, Dalgig, New Cum-

nock

1866 Brunton, James, Broomlands, Kelso

1867 Brunton, J. S., Ladhope House, Gala-

shiels
1870 Bryan, F. G. D., Drumpellier, Coat-
bridge

1865 Bryce, James, East Whitburn, Whit-

burn
1862 Brydon, Adam, Netherbarns, Gala-
shiels
1864 Brydon, H., Thirlestane Hope, Selkirk
1850 Brydon, James, Kinnelhead, Moffat
1864 Brydon, James, jun., Holm of Dalqu-

hairn. Dairy, New Galloway
1857 Brydon, John, Mounthooly, Jedburgh
1873 Brydon, Eobert, The Dene, Seaham
Harbour — Free Life Member

1877 Bryson, Robert, Master of the Mer-

chant Co., 66 Princes Street, Edin-
burgh
1850 Bryson, Robert, Merchant, Glasgow
1852 Bryson, W. G., Cullen House, Cullen
1828*tBuccLEUCH and Queensberry, His

Grace the Duke of, K.G., Dalkeith
1835 Buccleuch and Queensbekey, Her

Grace the Duchess of
1854 Buchanan, A., Whitehouse, Stirhng-
1857 Buchanan, Alex., Norwood, Milngavie
1827 Buchanan, Andrew, of Mount Vernon,

Shettleston
1838 Buchanan, Andrew, of Auchintorlie,

Bowling
1870 Buchanan, Archibald, Barskimming,

Mauchline
1849 Buchanan, Lieut.-Col. David C. R,

Carrick, of Drumpellier, Coatbridge

Admitted

1873 Buchanan, David, Garscadden Mains,

New Kilpatrick
1853 Buchanan, Dun., Auchenbreck, Colin-

traive, Greenock
1851 Buchanan, Isaac, Hamilton, Canada
1838 Buchanan, James, Glasgow
1876 Buchanan, Captain James R. Gray, of

Scotstone, Western Club, Glasgow
1838 Buchanan, John, London
1844 Buchanan, J., Coneyhill House, Bridge

of Allan

1872 Buchanan, John, C.E., 24 George

Street, Edinburgh

1876 Buchanan, Robt., Blairquhosh, Strath-

blaue

1873 Buchanan, Robert, Letter Farm, Kil-

learn

1864 Buchanan, Robert M., Livingston Mill,

Mid-Calder
1842 Buchanan, Walter, Glasgow
1828 Buchanan, Wm., Merchant, Glasgow
1875 Buchanan, William, 391 Parliamentary

Road, Glasgow
1842 Buist, James, of Lawpark, St Andrews
1863 Buist, Robert, Cattle Salesman, 11

West Lauriston Place, Edinburgh

1865 Bulloch, Ar., Millikeu, East Kilpatrick
1875 Bulloch, Matthew, 11 Park Circus,

Glasgow
1870 BuRDETT-CouTTS, Right Hon. Baroness,
Ehrenberg Hall, Torquay

1874 Burn, Forbes, Hardacres, Coldstream

— Free Life Member
1863 Burn, Jobn, Ednam, Kelso
1873 Burness, Wm., Bedford, Laurencekirk

1877 Burnett, Alex. E., W.S., 7 Howe

Street, Edinburgh
1867 Burnett, Major-GeneralFrancis Claude,

of Gadgirtii, Tarbolton
1848 Burnett, George, Advocate, 21 Walker

Street, Edinburgh
1840 Burnett, Gregory, Dee Cottage, Flint
1834 Burnett, Newell, Advocate, Aberdeen
1858 Burnett, Sir Robert, of Leys, Bart.,

Crathes Castle, Banchory
1838 Burnley, W. F., 24 Ainslie PL, Edin.

1872 Burns, And., Harelaw, Longniddry
1865 Burns, Jas. C, of Glenlee, Hamilton
1865 Burns, J., of Castle Wemyss, Greenock
1861 Burns, John William, of Kilmahew,

Dumbarton

1875 Burr, Alexander, Tulloford, Tarves
1867 Burr, Rev. P. Lorimer, Lundie Manse,

Dundee

1873 Burrell, James, Denovan Mains, Denny
1854 Burroughs, Col. F. W. Traill, of Rou-

say, Orkney
1867 Burton, J. Tait, of Toxside, Ratho

Hall, Ratho
1857 Burton, J., Rosewell Mains, Rosewell

Higliland and Agricultural Society, 187'

11

Admitted

1869tBuTE, Most Noble the Marquis of,
' - K.T., Mount Stuart, Eothesay

1861 Buttar, David, Corston, Coupar-Angus

1877 Butter, Albert, Union Bank, Edin-
burgh

1825 Butter, Arch., of Faskally, Pitlochry

1869 Butter, Colonel Archibald, yr. of Fas-
kally, Pitlochry

1876 Buyers, James, junior, Easter Brakie,
Arbroath

181dt Buttery, A. "W., Cardarrach House,
Airdrie

1875 Byron, Commander Richard H., Eu-

gliston, Inverness

1844 Cadell, Alex. Todd, E.A., V.C, Madras

1856 Cadell, Henry, of Grange, Bo'ness
1869 Cadzow, James, Clarendon, Linlithgow
1872 Cadzow, Eobt., Thornyhill.Carmichael,

Lanark

1869 Caird, Alex. M'Neel, Genoch, Dun-

ragit, Wigtownshire
1853 Caird, James, of Cassencarie, C.B.,
8 Queensgate Gardens, London

1864 Cairns, James, Balquharn, Menstrie

1870 Cairns, John, Cults Lime Works, Lady-

bank

1861 Cairns, William, Belhie, Auchterarder

1871 Cairns, Robert, Bertha Park, Perth
1845tCAiTHNEss, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Barrogill Castle, Wick

1872 CaMer, Adam, Yetholm Mains, Kelso
1853 Calder, Francis, Yetholm Mains, Kelso

1857 Calder, James, Colgrain, Cardross

1870 Calder, John, Muirton, Elgin

1846 Calder, Marcus, Elwickbank, Kirkwall

1857 Calder, Robert, Little Swinton, Cold-

stream

1858 Calder, R., Whitehouse, Lumphanan
1851 Calder, W., Cattle Salesman, 19 Archi-
bald Place, Edinburgh

1872 Calder, W. A., Oxenrig, Coldstream
1841 Caldwell,Fred.,ofMissinish, 4 Hanover
Terrace, Regent's Park, Lomlon

1862 Caldwell, Wm., Boydstouo, Ardrossan
1857 Camoron, Alex., late Old Inns, Cum-
bernauld

1865 Cameron, Alex, (of Mainhouse), High-

field, Elgin

1859 Cameron, Donald, of Lochiel, M.P.,

Auchnacarry, Fort-William

1861 Cameron, D. Colin, Tallisker, Broad-

ford, Skyo
1869 Cameron, Duncan, Banker, Thurso
1857 Cameron, .lames, Balnakyle, Munlochy

1871 Cameron, John, Glaekeriska, Appin

1876 Cameron, J. C, of Garrows, Amulreo,

Dunkeld
1850 Cameron, P., 6 Regent Terrace, Edin.

1862 Cameron, William, Edinburgh

Admitted

1845 Campbell, Sir Alex., of Barcaldine,
Bart.

1837 Campbell, Alex., of Auchindarroch,

Lochgilphead
1835 Campbell, Alexander, of Cammo, 6

Charlotte Square, Edinburgh
1857 Campbell, A., Crossbill, Bishopbriggs
1868 Campbell, Alex., Blairton, Belhelvie

1863 Campbell, A. H., of Little Grove, Herts

1857 Campbell, Lt.-Col. xVrchd., of Blyths-

wood, Renfrew
1868 Campbell, A., Dunmore Park, Stirling
1865 Campbell, Lt.-Col. A. H., Retired List,

Bengal Army, late Easter Elchies,

Craigellachie
1865 Campbell, Lt.-Col., of South Hall,

Greenock
1854 Campbell, Arthur, of Catrine, W.S., 4

Randolph Crescent, Edinburgh

1876 Campbell, Sir Archibald S.L., of

Succoth, Bart., Garscube, Glasgow

1864 Campbell, C. Macpherson, of Ballimore,

Kincorth House, Forres
1853 Campbell, Chas. V. H., of Nether Place,

Mauchline
1847 Campbell, C, of Colgrain, Camis Eskan

House, Helensburgh

1838 Campbell, C. G., of Stonefield, Tarbert

1858 Campbell, Rear-Admiral Colin Yorke,

of Barbreck, Lochgilphead
1875 Campbell, Captain Duncan, yr. of

Inverneil and Ross, Ardrishaig
1868 Campbell, Captain D. P. (of Balliveolen,

Bonaw), New Club, Edinburgh

1857 Campbell, Donald, Killiemore, Aros

1858 Campbell, D. T., Duiletter, Dalmally

1839 Campbell, Farquhar (of Rum), New

Club, Edinburgh

1871 Cami^bell, George, Rhodes, North
Berwick

1873 Campbell, George, Kilkea, Mageney,
Co. Kildare — Free Life Member

1863 Cami)bell, George William, Mayfair,
London

1835 Campbell, Colonel George J., of Cess-
nock, Treesbank House, Kilmarnock

1867 Campbell, Hector A. (of Auchnacloich,
Oban), Ardfenaig, Bunessan, Mull

1834 Campbell, Sir Hugh Hume, of March-
mont, Bart., Dunse

1861 Campbell, Ilugli. Surgeon, Glenral-
loch, 'i'arbert, Lochlino

1838 CAMPnELL,SirJas.,of Aberuchil, Bart.,
Wheatmead Park, Lydney

1875 Campbell, James, Fairyknowe, Eccle-
fechan

1838 Cami)l)ell, James. London

1847 Campbell. .)., of Tillichowau, Dum-
barton

1877 Campbell, Jas., Ormaig, Lochgilphead

12

List of Members of tlie

Admitted

1833 Campbell, James Archd., of Xew Inver-
awe, Rugby

1849 Campbell, James A., of Stracatbro,

Brecbin

1860 Campbell, James G., of Killyleoch, 23

Windsor Street, Edinbur2:b
1874 Campbell, John,'of Kilberry, Tarbert
1848 Campbell, Jobn, of Fossil, Torquay
184G Campbell, J. L., of Acbalader, Blair-
gowrie
1857 Campbell, Lt.-Gen. Sir Jobn, C.B. and
K.C.S.I., United Service Club, Edin.

1874 Campbell, Jobn, 15 Exchange Square,

Glasgow
1857 Campbell, Jn., Ehemeul, Campbeltown

1857 Campbell, John, of Inverardoch, Doune
1865 Campbell, John D., of Peaton, Clachan,

Pioseneath, Helensburgh
1863 Campbell, John Graham, of Shirvan,
Castleton, Lochgilphead

1875 Campbell, John E,, Inveruglas,

Arrochar

1863 Campbell, Xeill Colquhoun, of Barn-

bill, Sheriff of Ayr, 81 Great King
Street. Edinburgh

1838 Campbell, Ord Graha'u, 5 Oxford Ter-

race, Edinburgh
1836 Campbell, E. D., of Jura, Jura House,

Portaskaig, Greenock
1802 Campbell, E.. of Sonachan, Inveraray

1861 Campbell, E. F. F., of Craigie, Ayr
1877 Campbell, Eobert Hume,of Glendaruel,

Argyllshire

1858 Campbell, Silvester, Kinellar, Black-

burn. Aberdeen

1876 Campbell, Silvester, jun., Kinellar,

Blackburn, Aberdeen

1860 Campbell, Thos., Croftness, Aberfeldy

1864 Campbell, T. H.. of Millfield, Polmont
1856 Campbell, T. W., of Walton Park,

Dalbeattie

1839 Campbell, AV.. of Ormsary, Ardrishaig
1858 Campbell, William, Solicitor, 14 Almada

Street, Hamilton

1861 Campbell, W., Cladville, Islay

1871 Campeedowx, Eight Hon. the Earl of,
Camperdown, Dundee

1877 Cannon, John, Congeith.Kirkgunzeon
1863 Cant. James, Orr Bridge, Kirkcaldy
1852 Cantiie, Wm., Keithmore, Dufftown

1850 Carfrae, T., Land-Surveyor, 9 Osborne

Terrace, Edinburgh

1845 Carlyle, T. J., of Templehill, Water-
beck, Ecclefechan

1856 Cakmichael, Sir William H. Gibson,
of Castle Craig and Skirling, Bart.,
Dolphinton

1871 Carmicbael, William, Pool, Carnwath

1856 Carnegie, Hon. Charles, Kinnaird
Castle, Brecbin

I Admitted

' 1847 Carnegie, D., of Stronvar, Lochearn-
head
1869 Carnegie, Henry L., of Kinblethmont,

Arbroath
1852 Carnegie, James, W.S., 16 Windsor

Street, Edinburgh
1836 Carnegie, John, of Eedhall, Fordoun
1873 Carnegie, John, Grain and Commission

Agent, Stirling
1858 Carnegie, William , of Eastertown, Dun-
lappie, Brechin
! 1858 Carnegie, W., junior, Coul, Forfar
1850 Carnegy, John, Glasgow
1861 Carpbin, George, Banker, Dunkeld

1869 Carphin, Jas. Ehind, C.A., 31 George

Street, Edinburgh
1876 Carre, Thomas A. Eiddell of Cavers-
carre, St Boswells

1871 Carrick, Charles, Baad, Stirling

1872 Carrick, Thos. A., Easter Cambus-

drennie, Stirling
1854 Carruthers, John, of Miln, Kirkhill,
:\Ioffat

1870 Carruthers,John,Tundergarth, Locker-

bie
1870 Carruthers, Joseph, Broomhill, Annan,

1875 Carruthers, Eobert, jun., Cowner Office,

Inverness

1870 Carruthers, E. B., Huntingdon Lodge,

Dumfries
1848 Carruthers, Wm. Francis, of Dormont,
Lockerbie

1838 Carstairs, Drysdale, Hailes House, Fair-

field, Liverpool

1869 Carswell, David, jun.. Straiten, Leu-
chars

1864 Carter, Walter, Bank Agent, Ayton

1868 Cartwright, T. E. B. Leslie-Melville,
Melville Honse, Ladybank

1S61 Carver, John, Kinloch, Meigle

1871 CathcaFwT, Lieut.-Colonel the Hon.

Adolphus F., Caldra, Dunse
1834 Cathcaet, Sir John Andrew, of Carle-
ton, Bart., Killochan Castle, Girvan
1857 Cathcart, E., of Pitcuirlie, Auchter-
rauchtv

1872 Catley,'W. E., of Edderton, Ospisdale,

Dornoch
1866 Cattanach, A., of Auchintorlie, Paisley

1873 Cave-Browne, Eev. W. H., 12 Eich-

mond Road, Brighton

1876 Cavens, Thomas, Birkshaw, Glencairn,

Dunscore
1871 Caverhill, John, Greenburn, Ayton

1839 Cawdor, Eight Hon. the Earl. Stack-

pole Court, Pembroke, South Wales

1874 Chalmers, Archibald, of Kipp, Dal-

beattie.
1824 Chalmers, C. of Monkshill, Eothie-
brisbanc, Fyvie

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

1?

'->

Admitted

1871 Chalmers, James, Shielhill, Stanley,
Perth

1860 Chalmers, Thomas, of Longcroft House,
Linlithgow

1864 Chambers, Kobert, 10 Claremont Cres-
cent, Edinburgh

1870 Chambers, Thos., of Pelutho, Abbey
Town, Cumberland

1869 Chambers, "William, of Glenormiston,
Edinburgh

1864 ChamberSj William, Soutarton. Forgue
Iluntly

1849 Chancellor, J.G., of Shieldhill, Biggar

1857 Chandler, Henrv, Salford

1869 Chaplin. Geo. C. Child, of Colliston.
Arbroath

1873 Chapman, James, Ballencrieff Mill,
Bathgate

1873 Chapman, Mungo, Auctioneer, Bath-
gate

1873 Charles, John, Town and County

Bank, Inverurie

1876 Charlton, John, Corn-merchant, Dum-
fries

1867 Charlton, Matthew, jun., Browndean-
laws, Jedburgh

1860 Cheape, Lieut.-Col. Charles, of Kilun-
dine, Lochaline, Morven, Argyllshire

1864 Cheape, G. C, of Strathtyrum Well-

field, Strathmiglo
1875 Chesham, Right Hon. Lord, Latimer,
Chesham, Bucks

1874 Chetwynd, CapUin the Hon. Henry

W., R.N., Mayne, Elgin

1838 Chiene, Geo. Tod, C.A., 27 Northum-
berland Street, Edinburgh

1860 Chirnside, G., Edrington House, Ber-
wick

1865 Chisholm, The, Erchless Castle, Inver-

ness

1865 Chisholm, Duncan, Treenlaur, New-
])ort, Mayo, Ireland

1874 Chisliolra, John, Commission Mer-
chant, Inverness

1854 Chisholm, John, Charleston, Inver-
ness

1874 Chisholm, John, Ironmonger, Inver-
ness

1850 Christie, Andrew, Addinston, Tranent

1850 Christie, Charles J., Westbuuk, Tra-
nent

1862 Christie, C. J., Grovo House, Benning-
ton

.1864 Christie, George, Southfield House,
Stirling

1873 Christie, James, Bankcnd, Stirling

1865 Christ!.-, James, Blaudlicld, Edin-
burgh

1873 Christie, James, CuUcuhovo Mains,
St Ninians

Admitted

1835 Christie, Captain James, Hillend,
Clackmannan

1876 Cliristie, James, Sunnyside, Preston-

kirk

1846 Christie, John, 10 Pitville Parade,
Cheltenham

1872 Christie, John, of Cowden, 19 Buck-
ingham Terrace, Edinburgh

1874 Christie, John, Gifford Bank, Had-
dington

1861 Christie, P., Mains of Scotscraig, Tay-
port

1857 Christie, T. C, of Bedlay, Moodies-
burn

1848 Christson, Sir Robert, Bart,, M.D.
Professor of Materia Medica, Univer-
sity of Edinburgh

1871 Chrystal, George, Engineer, Perth
1834 Chrystie, Captain A., late H.E.I.C.S.
1855 Church, D. M., Ferniebank, Liberton
1838 Church, J., Sark Tower, Canonbie
1859 Clapperton, Jas., Garvald Mains, Pres-

tonkirk
1855 Clapperton, John, Xewlands, Gifford
1864 Clapperton, John, 371 High Street,

Edinburgh

1877 Clark, Andrew, Manswrae, Bridge of

Weir
1869 Clark, Archd., Garvie, Colintraive
1853 Clark, Archibald, Inverchapple, Kil-

mun
1838 Clark, Francis William, of Ulva,

Aros

1864 Clark, James, Oldhamstocks Mains,

Cockburnspath

1857 Clark, John, Flender, Busby

1869 Clakk, Sir John F., of Tillypronie,
Bart., Tarland

1858 Clark, John Gilchrist, of Speddoch,

Dabton, Thornhill

1872 Clark, John M., of Garthdee Houso

Aberdeen
1867 Clark, Lachlan, Tangv, Campbeltown
1869 Clark, Matthew. Glasgow

1872 Clark, M., of Little Culmain, Crocket-

ford, Dumfries
1871 Clark, Robert, Tavbank House, Errol

1873 Clark, William, Northfield, Denny
1857 Clark, William, Shawhill, Monkton
1871 Clark, William, Starr, Cupar Fife
1873 Clark, Rev. Wm. Aitkinson, Belfonl

Hall, Belford, Northumberland
1817 Clarke, Alexander, of Rosomount,
Tain

1865 Clarke, Alexander M.. Meddat, Park-

hill
1871 Clarke, J. F., Cowgask, Auchtorarder
1869 Clarke, John, Spindlehowe, Udding-

ston
1873 Clarke, William. Hopewell, Tarland

14

List of Members of the

Admitted

1854 Clay, John, Kercliesters, Kelso

1870 Cleghorn, Hugh, M.D., of Stravithy,

St Andrews

1875 Clelland, James, Knockenlaw, Kil-

marnock
1877 Clench, Fred. (Messrs Robey & Co.),
Lincoln

1876 Clerk, Sir George Douglas of Penicuik

Bart., Penicuik

1860 Clerk, Duncan, Writer, Oban

1875 Clerkson, Alexander, Lyden, Kirk-

newton

1871 Clinton, Right Hon. Lord, Fetter-

cairn House, Fettercairn
1850 Clouston, Peter, Glasgow

1871 Clyne, David, Reaster House, "Wick
1852 Coats, Sir Peter, of "Woodside, Paisley
1852 Coats, Thomas, of Ferguslie, Paisley

1861 Cochrane, Alexander, of Ashkirk,

Hawick
1842 Cochrane, Alex. Baillie, of Lamington,
M.P., Lamington

1849 Cochrane, James, 40 Greenhill Gar-

dens, Edinburgh
1858 Cochrane, James, Little Haddo, New-
burgh, Aberdeen

1877 Cochrane, James, Logan, Ardwell
1861 Cockburn, George, Kilchiaron, Port-
charlotte, Islay

1866 Cockburn, Arch. D., 6 Athole Crescent,

Edinburgh
1830 Cogan, Robert, Merchant, Glasgow

1870 Coghill, George, 141 Cumberland

Street, South Side, Glasgow

1838 CoLEBROKE, Sir Thomas Edward, of
Crawford, Bart., M.P,, Abington

1868 Collie, Ale:xander AV., 11 Drummond
Street, Edinburgh

1848 Collier, John, Hatton House, Carnous-
tie

1857 Collyer, William D., of Cormiston,
Biggar

1873 Colquhoun, George, Shemore, Luss

1872 Colquhoun, Sir James, of Luss, Bart,,

Ross-dhu, Luss

1876 Colquhoun, Major James, Arrochar

House, Arrochar

1850 Colquhoun, J., Corkerhill, Pollok-

shaws

1874 Colquohoun, Rev. J. E. Campbell,

Chartwell, Westerham, Kent
1872 Colthart, Robert, Achateny, Ardna-

murchan
1861 CoLviLLE of Culross, Right Hon. Lord,

K. T., 42 Eaton Place, London

1871 Colvin, James E., Wester Manbeen,

Elgin
1874 Colvin, John, Solicitor, Inverness
1860 Colvin, William, of Craigielands,

Moffat

Admitted "'"'"

1873 Common, James, Capplefoot, Locker-

bie
1871 Comrie, Alex., E. Ballindean, Inch-
ture

1874 Conacher, P. M., Gallin Cottage, Glen-

lyon, Aberfeldy

1873 Coningham, W. J. C, High Street,

Haddington
1852 Conning, John, Solicitor, Perth

1875 Constable, Alex. Cowan, 10 Morning-

side Place, Edinburgh
1852 Constable, G., of Soylziary, Balmyle,
Blairgowrie

1854 Constable, James C, of Cally, Blair-

gowrie
1860 Constable, James, of Glencraig, Loch-
gelly

1864 Constable, Rev. John, Principal of the

Royal Agricultural College, Ciren-
cester

1871 Cook, Charles, Invercauld Arms, Bal-
later

1841 Cook, John, W.S., 11 Great King
Street, Edinburgh

1876 Cook, Thomas W., Castleton, of

Asloun, Alford

1865 Cooper, Alexander, Solicitor, Elgin
1845 Cooper, H. R., of Ballindalloch, Bal-

fron
1845 Cooper, William, of Failford, Smith-
stone House, Tarbolton

1874 Cooper, William S., yr. of Failford,

1 Alva Street, Edinburgh
1876 Copland, Alex., Manager, Aberdeen,
Commercial Co., Aberdeen.

1855 Copland, R., Mill of Ardlethen,

Ellon
1864 Copland, Jn., Mainshead, Dumfries
1840 Cordiner, W. F., Mormond House,

Cortes, Lonmay
1860 Corrie, Adam, South Park, Kirkcud-
bright

1874 Costiue, John, of Lochvale, Dum-

fries

1864 Cotesworth, Robert, Cowdenknowes,

Melrose
1873 Coubro, John, Hawkhill, Kincardine-

on-Forth
1857 Coubrough, A., Biggarshields, Biggar

1875 Coubrough, Archd., High Craigton,

Milngavie
1852 Coubrough, J., Blairtummock, Lennox-
town

1876 Coubrough, William, Sornfallow, Wis-

ton, Biggar
1859 Coupar, John, Balrownie, Brechin
1869 Couper, Jn. Cardno, of Craigiebuckler,

Aberdeen

1865 Cousin, George, 12 Royal Exchange,

Edinburgh

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

15

Admitted

1864 Cousland, James, -Banker, Denny

1858 Coutts, William, Banff

1844 Coventry, Andrew, 29 Moray Place,

Edinburgh
1864 Coventry, Wm., Pleasance, Aberdour,

Fifeshire

1871 Cowan, Dr Alex,, East Morningside

House, Edinburgh

1857 Cowan, Andrew, Spittalhill, Fintry
1836 Cowan, C, of Logan House, Wester

Lea, Murrayfield
18G0 Cowan, Charles W., yr. of Logan

House, Penicuik
1875 Cowan, Daniel, 228 Dobbie's Loan,

Glasgow

1869 Cowan, George, Mains of Park, Glen-

luce

1872 Cowan, George, Valleyfield, Penicuik

1873 Cowan, James, 10 Xorth Queen Street,

Glasgow

1874 Cowan, James, M.P., 35 Eoyal Ter-

race, Edinburgh

1858 Cowan, John, of Beeslack, Milton

Bridge

1875 Cowan, John, Churchill House,

Paisley

1854 Cowan, Richard, St Kilda, Sidmouth,

Devon

1861 Cowan, Robert, W.S., 9 Carlton Ter-

race, Edinburgh

1862 Cowan, Robert, Park Mains. Paisley
1872 Cowan, William, Banker, Alva

1870 Cowe, George, Balhousie, Carnoustie

1872 Cowe, Peter, Lochton, Coldstream
1870 Cowe, Robert, Old Castles, Chirnside
LS72 Cowe, William, Butterdean, Grant's

House
1868 Cowie, Alexander, Darley, Auchterless,

Turriff
1853 Cowie, Alcxr., Crombly Bank, Ellon
1852 Cowie, James, Sundridge Hall, Brom-
ley, Kent

1876 Cowie, James, Woodbine Cottage,

Stonehaven

1877 Crabbie, John, of Duncow, 22 Royal

Terrace, Edinburgh.
1877 Crabbie, John M., yr of Duncow, 33

Cliester Street, Edinburgli.
1870 Craig, Daniel, Barr, Sanquhar

1855 Craig, David, 4 Pitt Street, Porto-

bello

1873 Craig, D. B., Mount Pleasant, Tliur.so
1875 Craig, H. V. (Jibaon, W.S., 2 South

Charlotte Street, Edinburgh.

11850 Craig, James, 33 Manor Place, Edin-
burgh
1857 Craig. J., of Craigdarroch, Priest-
f shields, Muirkirk

1863 Craig, James H. Gibson, yr. of Ricear-

Admitted

1857 Craig, John, Guelt, Cumnock

1867 Craig, John, Jellyhill, Bishopbriggs

1857 Craig, John, Littlehill, Bishopbriggs
1860 Craig, Josh., of Threecrofts, Loch-

rutton
1870 Craig, Robert, Carruchan, Troqueer,
Dumfries

1867 Craig, Robert, Auchentiber, Greenock

1868 Craig, Robert (Frances Lowe and Co.),

Chapelton, Jamaica

1824 Craig, Right Hon. Sir William Gib-
son, of Riccarton, Bart., Currie —
Treasurer of the Society

1859 Craig, William, Laurel Bank, Dum-
fries

1870 Craig, William, Buckley, Bishop-

briggs
1855 Craig, William C, Anneston, Biggar

1862 Craig, W., Urquhart, Dunfermline

1875 Craig, William, Implement Maker,

Old Meldrum
1873 Craighead, James, Sillyflat, Bervie

1858 Craigie.Wm. Roper, Tom an Droighne,

Ballinluig

1863 Craike, Charles, late Esbie, Lochmaben

1876 Cran, James, jun., Farmton, Inverkin-

die, Aberdeen

1871 Cran, John, Kirkton, Inverness
1875 Cran, Robert, Fingask Mains, Beauly

1872 Cranston, James, Holestane, Thorn-

hill

1849 Cranstoun, George Cranstoun Trotter,

of Dewar, Harvieston, Gorebridge

1859 Cranstoun, William S., Dyke, Moffat

1850 Crawford, Adam, Royal Terrace, Edin-

burgh

1853 Crawford, Alexander, Writer, Dunse
1871 Crawford, Andrew, Pitlowie, Glen-

carse

1860 Crawford, D., Dykehill, Milton of

Campsio
1855 Crawford, James Coutts, of Overton,
Strathaven

1854 Crawford, Juhn, The House of Tongue,

Lairg

1865 Crawford, John, Milnstonford, West

Kilbrido
1867 Crawford. Muir, 6 Bank Street, Leith
1867 Crawford, P., Dumgoyack, Stratliblano
1875 Crawford, Robert, of Lochsannish,

Campl)elltown

1866 Crawford, R., Balbougic, Inverkeith-

ing

1860 Crawford, William, Balgarvio, Perth

1875 Crawford, William. Ilillhead, Carn-
wath

1838 Crawfurd. W. S. Stirling, of Milton,
Glasgow

186G Creas(>, Wm., G George Square, Edin-
burgh

IC

List of Memhcrs of the

Admitted

1875 Crerar, Donald, Innerhatlden. Eannocli
1861 Crerar, John, Druraatlierty. Dunkeld
1850 Creyk, Dr A., Dalvey, Advie, Strath-
spey
1838 Crichton, Hew, S.S.C, 13 Nelson

Street, Edinburgh
1849 Crichton, Hew Hamilton, W.S., 13

Nelson Street, Edinburgh
1847 Crichton, James Ariliur, Advocate,

Sheritr of Fife, 13 Nelson Street,

Edinburgh
1849 Crichton, John, of Lynn, Dairy, Ayr
1859 Crichton, William, Live Stock Agent,

Haddington
1870 Critchley, J. A., Stapleton Tower,

Annan
1872 Croall, John, Coach Works, Kelso

1875 Croall, Kobert, Job and Postmaster,

Craigcrook Castle, Edinburgh
1835 Crombie, A., of Thornton, Laurence-
kirk
1858 Crombie, Alex., yr. of Thornton, W.S..
59 Frederick Street, Edinburgli

1870 Cromarty, William, Widewall, St

Margaret's Hope
1845 Cross, David (of Knockdon, Maybole),
Seed Merchant, 51 Argyle St., Glasgow
1852 Cross, Eobert, Uddingston
1865 Crossman, M. G., Bridgend, Berwick
1858 Cruickshank, Amos, Sittyton, Aber-
deen
1868 Cruickshank, Andw., Conland, Huntly
1847 Cruickshank, Anthony, Aberdeen
1868 Cruickshank, Edward C.,Lethenty, In-
verurie

1874 Cruickshank, George, Ardmore, Tain
1852 Cruickshank, George, Comisty, Huntly

1876 Cruickshank, Jam eSjLadysford, Fraser-

burgh

1871 Cruickshank, John, Barmuckity, Elgin
1852 Cruickshank, John, Kock, New

Spynie, Elgin

1875 Cruickshank, John,Longcrook,Craigel-

lochie

1876 Cruickshank, Jolm W., Lethenty,

Inverurie |

1876 Cruickshank, William, Cairnglass, [

Loumay, Aberdeen
1,S65 Cruickshank, Wm., Milton of Brach-

lich, Fort-George Station
1865 Crum, Alexander, Eoukin, Thornlie-

bauk, Glasgow
1876 Cullen, Archd., Woodend, Airdrie
1868 Gumming, George, Writer, Banff
1865 Gumming, Henry Gordon, Pittyvaich,

Duiftown
1.874 Gumming, James, Allanfearn, Inver-
ness
1.876 Gumming, William, V.S., 83 Rose

Street, Edinburgh

Admitted

1874 CuMMiNG, Sir William G. Gordon, of
Altyre, Bart., Forres

1850 Cuninghame, D., Chapelton, Ard-

rossan
1857 CunlitF, Eichard Steedman, Carlton

House, Stirling
1867 Cuninghame, Captain John, of Bal-

gownie, Culross, Alloa
1854 Cunningham, A. G., Eosebank, Currie

1863 Cunningham, C. E., Grahamslaw,

Kelso

1870 Cunningham, C, V.S., Slateford

1872 Cunningham, C. J., The Tofts, More-

battle, Kelso

1873 Cunningham, David, Freugh, Stranraer

1864 Cunningham, J.. Tarbreoch, Dalbeattie

1866 Cunningham, J. Barre, of Hensol,

Castle-Douglas
1864 Cunningham, J. C, 102 West Bow,
Edinburgh

1852 Cunningham, John Sinclair, 102 West

Bow, Edinburgh

1867 Cunningham, John, Trees, Maybole
1857 Cunningham, J., Whitecairn, Dal-
beattie

1864 Cunningham, J, M., Assistant-Man-
ager Clydesdale Banking Company,
Glasgow

1851 Cunningham, T.. Dalachy. Aberdour
1836 Cunningham, W. A., of Logan, Cum-
nock

1859 Cunningham, W. C. S., of Caprington,

Kilmarnock
1867 CuNNYNGHAM, Sir Eobert K. A. Dick,

of Prestonfield, Bart., Edinburgh

1871 Curr, Henry, Pitkellony House,

Muthill
1870 Currie, David, of Craigshields, Moffat

1853 Currie, James, Halkerston, Gorebridge

1872 Currie, James J., Yorkston, Gore-

bridge
1863 Currie, Wm., of Linthill, St Boswells

1854 CuKRiEHiLL, Hon. Lord, 6 Eandolph

Crescent, Edinburgh
1849 Curror, Adam, Tlie Lee, Edinburgh
1867 Curror, David, of Wester Craigduckie,

25 Northumberland St., Edinburgh
1848 Curror, John, of Nivingston, Comis-

ton, Lothian Burn
1869 Curror. John F., Myreside, Edinburgh

1873 Curror, Patrick Eobert, The Lee,

Edinburgh
1872 Curror, Peter, Coxithill, Stirling
1836 Cuthbertson, William, Merchant, Glas-

gow

1874 Dahl, Ferdinand August, Director of
the Eoyal Higher Agricultural School
at Aas, Christiania — Honorary Asso-
ciate

Higliland and Agricultural Societij, 1877.

17

Admitted

]876 Dakers, James, 24 Union Eow,
Aberdeen

1875 Dalgleish, George, Kosebery Mains,

Temple

1857 Dalgleish, John J., of Ardnamurchan,

8 Athole Crescent, Edinburgh

1858 Dalgleish, L., of Dalbeath, 8 Athole

Crescent, Edinburgh
1857 Dalglish, Eobert, of Kilmardinny,
Glasgow

1876 Dalhousie, Eight Hon. the Earl of

Dalhousie Castle, Bonnyrigg
1853tDALKEiTH, Right Hon. the Earl of,
K.T., M.P., Eildon Hall,Newtown St
Boswells

1874 Dallas, A. G., of Dunain, Inver-

ness

1875 Dangerfield, Edw., Balboughty, Perth

1862 Dalrymple, Charles, of Hailes, M.P.,

39e Onslow Square, London, S.W.

1868 Dalrymple, C. Elphinstone, of Kinellar

Lodge, Blackburn, Aberdeen

1865 Dalrymple, Hon. G. Grey, Elliston

House, St Boswells

1841 Dalrymple, Sir Hew, of North Ber-
wick, Bart., Luchie, North Berwick

1857 Dalrymple, James, of Woodhead, Kirk-
intilloch

1859 Dalrymple, Jas., of Langlee, Galashiels

1866 Dalyell, Sir E. A. 0., of Binns, Bart.
1835 Dalzell, James Allen, North Berwick

1860 Dalziel, Alex., Glenwharrie, Sanquhar
1860 Dalziel, George, Merkland, Thornhill
1870 Dalziel, Geo., Auchengruith, Sanquhar
1873 Dalziel, George, W.S., 53 Melville

Street, Edinburgh

1869 Dalziel, James, Tinwaldshaws, Dum-

fries
1857 Darling, Adam, Governor's House,
Berwick

1863 Darling, J. Stormonth, of Lednathie,

W.S., 04 Northumberland Street,
Edinburgh

1863 Darling, T., Mordington Mains, Berwick
1830 Darling, Wm., Priestlaw, Cranshaws
1865 Darroch, D., of Gourock, Torridon,

Auchnasheen
1855 Davidson, Alex,, IMains of Cairnbrogie,

Old l^Ieldrnm
1872 Davidson, And., Brewer, Coldstream
1824 Davidson, Dun., of Tulloch, Dingwall

1864 Davidson, Duncan H. C. E., yr. of

Tulloch, Dingwall
1860 Davidson, George, Walton, Linlithgow

1870 Davidi^on Gilbert, Banker, Hawick
1848 Davidson, H., of Muirhoudo, David-
son's Mains, Edinburgh

1841 Davidson, Henry M., ShcrilT-Clcrk,

Haddington
1870 Davidson, Hugh, of Bracdale, Lanark

Admitted

1864 Davidson. J., Land Steward, Crathes

Castle, Banchory

1874 Davidson, Lachlan, Caledonian Bank,

Kingussie
1834 Davidson, P., of Inchmarlo, Banchory

1865 Davidson, Eobert, Mayfield, Inverness
1872 Davidson, William, Colmslie, Gala-
shiels

1850 Davidson, William J., of Euchill,

Bardowie, Milngavie
1860 Davidson, W. G., of South Fod, Bogie

House, Kirkcaldy
1848 Davie, Sir H. E. F., of Creedy, Bart.,

M.P., Crediton, Devon

1859 Dawson, John, Swinton Bridge End,

Coldstream
1876 Dawson, William, The Farm, Gordon

Castle, Fochabers
1864 Dawson, Wm., Warriston, Hermiston

1876 Dean, George, Brangan, Boyndie,

Portsoy
1857 Deans, J. Y., of Kirkstyle, Kilmarnock
1850 Deans, Peter D., Mount Charles, Porto-

bello
1838 Deas, Hon. Lord, 32 Heriot Eow,

Edinburgh
1823 Dempster, G., Ormiston Hall, Tranent
1854 Denholm, Alex., Baitlaws, Lamington

1877 Denm^vx, Eight Hon. Lord, Alderston,

Haddington
1850 Dennistoun, Alex. H., Glasgow

1875 Dent, Irvine, Eavensnook, Penicuik
1832 Dewar, Lieut.-Col. A. C, of Yogrie,

Ford
1864 Dewar, A., Arnprior, Kippen, Stirling

1872 Dewar, David, Shaw of Touch, Stirling

1860 Dewar, G. I., United Service Club,

Eliuburgh

1873 Dewar, James, Cairnston, Dunblane
1872 Dewar, James, 9 xVlston Street, Glas-

gow

1877 Dewar, James Gumming, yr. of Vogrie,

. Ford
1873 Dewar, John, Douno Castle Farm,

Douuo
1861 Dewar, John, Wino Merchant, Perth
1804 Dewar, Peter, King's Park, Stirling
1864 Dewhurst, G. C. of Aberucliil, Comrii;
1856 Dick. Dr John, late Broombank, Mid-

Calder
1875 Dick, John, Ironfounder, Willow Park,

Airdrio

1868 Dick, Wm., of Tullyract, Ballinluig

1859 Dickenson, Wm., Longcroft, Lauder

1860 Dickie, Joseph, Union Bank, Dunkeld
1867 Dickie, Kobt., Killoonan, Campbeltown
1870 Dickie, William, Balgcrran, Castle-
Douglas

1869 Dickinson. George T., of Whedbirks,

Ncwcaslle-on-Tyno

L

18

List of Members of the

Admitted

1870 Dickson, Alex., of Hartree and Kil-
bucho, M.D., Professor of Botany,
University of Glasgow

1854 Dickson, Archibald, Bugbtrig, Cold-
stream

1850 Dickson, James J,, C.A., 13 Clarendon

Crescent, Edinburgh
1858 Dickson, James A., "Woodville,
Arbroath

1862 Dickson, J. H., of Corstorphine, Saugh-

ton Mains, Edinburgh
1846 Dickson, John, W.S., Greenbank,

Perth
1858 Dickson, John F., Panbride Iious,e,

Carnoustie
1876 Dickson, Patrick, Laurencekirk

1870 Dickson, R. A., Merchant, Dumfries
1860 Dickson, T., Drumcrui], Thornhill

1871 Dickson, Dr Walter G., 3 Royal Circus,

Edinburgh
1874 Dickson, W. L., Drummelzier Haugh,
Biggar

1851 Dingwall, William, Ramornie, Lady-

bank

1863 Dinning, John, The Terrace, Belford,

Northumberland
1860 Dirom, Col. Thomas Pasley, of Mount

Annan, Annan
1849 Dixon, Thomas G., Nant Hall, Rhyl
1876 Dixon, W.S., Belleisle, Ayr
1866 Dobbie, John, Campend, Dalkeith

1862 Dobie, David, Tinwald House, Dum-

fries

1863 Dodd, Nicholas, Nisbet, Kelso

1863 Dodd, James, Mossburnford, Jedburgh
1837 Dodd, William, Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Doddrell, George J., 51 Belmont Ter-

race, Hillhead, Glasgow
1865 Dodds, James, Moncrieff Bank, Perth
_^1844 Dodds, J., Cranston Riddell, Dalkeith
"1863 Dodds, William, Elwarthlaw, Green-
law
1871 Doe, John, Agricultural Implement
Maker, Errol

1858 Don, Alexander, Keirsbeath, Dun-

fermline
1853 Donald, Jas,, Deebank Cottage, Crathes,

Aberdeen
1876 Donaldson, Alexr., Auchip, Fordyce,

Portsoy
1871 Donne, Henry, Leek Wootton, War-
wick
1865 Dougall, Adam, Stewarton, Kirkinner
1865 Dougall, Andrew, Railway Manager,

Inverness •
1857 Dougall, Admiral W. H. Maitland,

R.N., of Scotscraig, Tayport
1875 Douglas, Mrs, Green, Kilmalcolm
1875 Douglas, Arch., 228 Dobbie's Loan,

Glasgow

Admitted

1868 Douglas, Archibald C, of Mains, Miln-

gavie
1868 Douglas, Arthur Henry Johnstone, of

Lockerbie
1858 Douglas, Bentlem, Peffer Mill, Liberton

1866 Douglas, E. 0., of Killiechassie, Aber-

feldy
1839 Douglas, F. B., Advocate, Edinburgh
1851 Douglas, Sir Geo. H. S., of Spring-
wood Park, Bart., M.P., Kelso

1873 Douglas, J. H. S., yr. of Springwood

Park, Kelso

1871 Douglas, George, Upper Hindhope,

Jedburgh

1874 Douglas, Rev. Geo. Robinson, of

Orchardton, Castle-Douglas

1867 Douglas, George Sholto, 7 Pentland

Terrace, Edinburgh

1863 Douglas, James, of Cavers, 22 Gilmore

Place, Edinburgh
1869 Douglas, John, Calrossie, Nigg, Ross-
shire

1873 Douglas, John, Marionburgh, Ballin-

dalloch
1861 Douglas, Thomas, Clyth, Wick

1872 Douglas, Thos., Swinside Townhead,

Jedburgh

1874 Douglas, William, Arboll, Fearn
1854 Douglassi, Alex. Forbes, Haddo House

Mains, Aberdeen

1864 Douie, John R. L., Factor, Polmaise,

Stirling
1853 Dove, John, Eastfield, Greenlaw,
Dunse

1871 Dowall, Charles, Kelly Bleachfield,

Arbroath

1858 Dowell, Alex., 13 Palmerston Place,

Edinburgh

1873 Downie, George, Balcomie, Crail

1869 Downie, Hay, Corstorphine

1838 Downie, John, Mercbant, Glasgow
1867 Downie, Wm., Linton Mains, Cluny,

Aberdeen
1857 Drennan, James, Auchinlee, Ayr

1872 Drever, James, Askernish, South Uist,

Lochmaddy

1870 Drew, James, of Craigencallie, Doon-

hill, Newton-Stewart
1850 Drew, Lawrence, Merryton, Hamilton
1857 Drife, James, New Zealand
1861 Dron, William, Crieffvechter, Crieff
1861 Dkummond, Hon. Francis, 58 St

George's Square, London, S.W.
1852 Drummond, Charles Home, of Blair-

Drummond, Stirling

1873 Drummond, James, jun., Blacklaw,

Dunfermline

1859 Drummond, Henry, Seedsman, Stirling.
1864 Drummond, John, of Balquhandy, late

Guilton Rectory, Wingham, Kent

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

19

Admitted

1871 Drummond, John, of Blackrutliven,
Perth

1852 Drummond, J. ]\I., of Megginch, Errol

1875 Drummond, Robert, Pocknave, Craigie,
Kilmarnock

1828 Drummond, Thomas, of Craigie, Dun-
dee

1870 Drummond, W. P., 52 George Street,

Edinburgh
1858 Drybrough, Thos.,40 Drummond Place,
Edinburgh

1869 Dry burgh, J., Kininmonth, Cupar Fife

1863 Dryden, W., Land-Stev/ard, Spring-

wood Park, Kelso

1871 Drysdale, Alex., S. St Andrew Street,

Edinburgh
1873 Drysdale, David, Lorns Hill, Alloa

1864 Drysdale, Henry, Mains of Aberdalgie,

Perth

1873 Drysdale, Eobert, Old Mills, Craig-

forth, Stirling

1861 Drysdale, AVm., of Kilrie, North Pitt-

eadie, Kinghorn

1868 Duckering, E. E., Northorpe, Kirton

Lindsey

1870 Dudgeon, Alex., East Dalmeny, Edin-

burgh

1869 Dudgeon, George, Almondhill, Kirk-

liston

1850 Dudgeon, James, Upper Keith, Edin-

burgh
1840 Dudgeon, John, 17 Kensington Gate,
London

1862 Dudgeon, J. S., Longnewton, St Bos-

wolls
1856 Dudgeon, Jfdm B., Crakaig, Golspie

1851 Dudgeon, Patrick, of Cargen, Dumfries
1843 Dudley, Plight Hon. the Earl of,

Dudley House, Park Lane, London
1866 Duff, Hon. George Skene, Montcoflfer
House, Banff

1874 Duff, George Smyttan, Sanquhar

House, Forres
1868 Duff, Col. James, Knockleith, Turriff

1875 Duff, James, Factor, Blackwood,

Lesmahagow

1865 Duff, James, Frecland, Bridge of

Earn
1858 Duff, Lachlan Duff Gordon, of Drura-
muir, Keith

1866 Dull", Kobert W., of Fettercsso, M.P.,

Stonehaven
1874 Duff, ThomaP, of Garth, Aberft-ldy
1858 Duguid, P., of Cammaclimoro, Aberdeen
]<'>71 Dun, John, jun., Galashiels
1873 Dun, Peter, Keppliill Villa, Kippen
1839 DuNBAK, Sir Archd., of Northfleld,

Bart., Duffua House, P^lgin

1876 Dunbar, (iarden Duff, of Uempriggs,

Ackergill Tower, Wick

Admitted

1845 DuxBAPv, Sir William, of Mochrum,
Bart., Newton-Stewart

1876 Dunbar, William, Union Bank, Turriff

1851 Duncan, Alex, (of Providence, Khode
Island), Knossington Grange, Oak-
ham, Piutland

1875 Duncan, Alex., Birgidale Knock,
Rothesay

1857 Duncan, Alex., Pusk, Leuchars

1875 Duncan, Alex. R., yr. of Parkhill,

Gavell House, Kilsyth

1876 Duncan, Charles, Advocate, Aberdeen
1875 Duncan, Charles, Upper Scoulag, Bute
1872 Duncan, Charles, of Meadowcap,

Rothesay

1858 Duncan,!). H., Friock Mains, Arbroath

1843 Duncan, George, The Vine, Dundee

1868 Duncan, James, Killichonan, Rannoch

1869 Duncan, James, Panlathie Mill, Car-

noustie
1871 Duncan, James, of Benmore, Kilmun,
Greenock

1875 Duncan, James, Rhubodach, Rothesay

1871 Duncan, John, yr, of Kinkeil, Boghall,

St Andrews

1858 Duncan, John, Ardo, Methlic
1855 Duncan, Robert, of Kirkma}', Crail
1868 Duncan, R., Auchenbaidie Mains,

Banff
1848 Duncan, William, S.S.C, 13 Aber-
crombv Place, Edinburgh

1876 Duncaii, William, 18 York Place,

Edinburgh

1868 Duncan, W. J., National Bank, Edin-

burgh
1876 Dundas, Chas. Henry, Dunira, Crieff
1847 Dundas, Robert, of Arniston, Gore-
bridge
1860tDuxGLASS, Right Hon. Lord, Newton
Don, Kelso

1857 Dunlop, Alexander, Glasgow

1876 Dunlop, Colin Robert, of Quarter,
Hamilton

1869 Dunlop, Gabriel, Castle Farm, Stewar-

ton
1840 Dunlop, George, late Edinburgh

1872 Dunlop, George, junior, 14 Hill Street,

Edinburgh

1844 Dunlop, James, of Arthurlee, Barr-

head

1859 Dunlop, J., Queen's Hotel, Kirn,

Dunoon
1875 Dunlop, Quintin, ^lorriston, Jlaybolo
1871 Dunlop, Robert, Aulton, Kilmaurs

1853 Dunlop, William H., of Aniianhill.

Kilmarnock'
1862tDuNMOKE, Right Hon. the Earl of,
Dunmoro Park, Stirling

1854 Dunn, Adam, Tranent Mains. Tranent

1858 Duuu, A., Wester Lcochel, Craigievar

20

List of Menibcrs of the

Admitted

1863 Dunn, David, 33 Kock Park, Rock

Ferry, Liverpool
1876 Dunn, John, Corn-mercliant, Kelso
1853 Dunn, William, Redden, Kelso
1858 Durie, David, Nether Mill, Fetter-
cairn
1855 Durie, Robert Hogg, Barney Mains,

Haddington
1874 Durno, James, Jackstown, Rothienor-

man
1868 Durno, John, Lambhill, Insch

1874 Durno, John, Sunnyside, Rothienor-

man
1847 Duthie, Ales., of Ruthrieston, 6 Great
King Street, Edinburgh

1868 Duthie, William, Banker, Tarves

1869 Dykes, John, jun., 79 St Vincent

Street, Glasgow

1875 Dykes, Robert, Laigh Hillhouse, Troon

1876 Dykes, Thomas, The Castle, Maybole
1832 Dyson, Thos. C, of Willowfield,'Hali-

fax, Yorkshire

1871 Easson, David, Camperdown, Dundee
1860 Easson, Robt., Scones, Lethendy, Perth
1865 Eden, Right Rev. Bishop, Hedgefield

House, Inverness
1871 Eden, Henley, Factor, Aberdalgie

House, Perth

1874 Edgar, John, Kirkettle, Roslin

1871 Edgeley, Robert, Gilmerton, Edin-
burgh

1857 Edgeley, Thomas, Gilmerton, Edin-

burgh

1864 Edington, Peter, Thornhill, Muthill
1863 Edmiston, Hugh Fleming, Bossfield,

East Kilbride
1869 Edmond, David, of Ballochruin, Bal-
fron

1877 Edmond, Alex., yr. of Kingswells,

Countesswells, Aberdeen
1876 Edmond, Francis, of Kingswells,

Countesswells, Aberdeen
1873 Edmond, Wm., Cowie, Bannockburn
1873 Edmond, William, Hillhead of Catter,

Drymen

1858 Edmonds, Leonard. London

1869 Edmondston, D. C, Ordale, Balta-
sound, Unst, Lerwick

1875 Edmondston, Mrs, of Buness, Lerwick
1873 Edmonstone, Admiral Sir Wm., of

Duntreath, Bart., M.P., Colziura
Kilsyth

1876 Edward, George, 14 Haddow Street,

Aberdeen

1859 Edwards, Matthew, late Hilton, Alloa

1865 Edwards, Dr. J., Birchfield, Abernethy,

Grantown
1863 Eglinton and Winton, Right Hon.
the Earl of, Eglinton Castle, Irvine

Admitted

1847 Elcho, Right Hon. Lord, M.P., Gos-

ford, Haddington

1854 Elder, James, Whitehill Mains, Mus-
selburgh

1854 Elder, Thomas, Wedderburn Mains,
Edrom

1872 Elder, William, Implement Maker,

Berwick-on-Tweed

1873 Eley, William Henry, Islingham,

Frindsbury, Rochester, Kent— i^ree
Life Member
1875 Elgin and Kincardine. Right Hon.
the Earl of, Broomhall, Dunfermline

1874 Elibank, Right Hon. Lord, Darnhall,

Eddleston

1875 Ellesmeee, Right Hon., the Earl of,

Worsley Hall, Manchester
1836 Ellice, Edward, of Glengarry and Glen-

quoich, M.P., 28 Grosvenor .Square^

London
1869 Elliot, A. T., Newhall, Galasbiels
1863 Elliot, Henry, Greenriver, Hawick

1853 Elliot, James, Galalaw, Kelso

1871 Elliot, James Scott, Blackwood, Dura-

fries
1875 Elliot, James T. S., yr. of Wolflee,
Hawick

1854 Elliot, John, Primrosehill, Dunse
1863 Elliot, John, of Binks, Burnmouth,

K^ewcastleton
1863 Elliot, John, The Flat, Xewcastleton
1874 Elliot, Matthew, Flesher, Inverness

1848 Elliot, Robert, Laighwood, Dunkeld
1874 Elliot, Robt. Henry, of Clifton Park,

Kelso
1852 Elliot, Thomas, Hindhope, Jedburgh
1854 Elliot, Thomas, Blackhaugh, Gala-
shiels
1873 Elliot, Thomas John, Langley Park,

Norwich — Free Life Member
1861 Elliot, Sir Walter, of Wolflee.

K.C.S.I., Hawick
1860 -Elliot, Walter, Hollybush, Galashiels

1866 Elliot, Walter, Hermitage, Newcastle-

ton

1872 Elliot, Wm. B., of Benrig, St Boswells
1872 Elliot, William, Perth Brewery, Perth
1871 Ellison, Ralph Carr, of Dunstan Hill,

Gateshead
1860 Elphinstone, Right Hon. Lord, Car-
berry Tower, Musselburgh

1867 Elphinstone, Hon. Edward Charles

Buller, Carnock House, Larbert

1868 Elphinstone, Hon. George James,

Lismore, Oban

1840 Elphinstone, Sir James D. H., of Horn

and Logie Elphinstone, Bart., M.P.,.
Pitcaple

1841 Errington, Rowland, of Sandhoe,

Northumberland

Higliland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

21

Admitted

1854 Ereol, Right Hou. the Earl of, Slaiiis
Castle, Ellon

1874 Erskine, Henry, Dalladies, Brechin —

Free Life Member
18G2 Erskine, H. D., of Cardross, Stirling
1882 Erskine, J. E., of Linlathen, Broughty

Ferry

1859 Erskine, Vice-Admiral John E., The

Albany, London

1860 Ekskine, Sir Thomas, of Cambo, Bart.,

St Andrews
1873 Eskdale, John, Muirdean, Kelso

1875 Ewart, Henry, Tyniughame, Preston-

kirk
1858 Ewing, Robert, West Town, Tarland
1857 Ewing, Alex. Orum., yr, of Strathleven,

Polmont Park, Polmont
1851 Ewing, Arch. Orr, of Ballikinrain,

M.P.. Killearn

1857 Ewing, Humphrey Ewing Crum, of

Strathleven, Ardencaple Castle,
Helensburgh
1838 Ewing, John Orr, Glasgow

1868 Fair, Frederick, late St Andrews

1863 Fair, John S. Elliot, Wells, Jedburgh

1864 Fairholme, Geo. K. Erskine, of Old

Melrose, Melrose
1831 Fairrie, John, Merchant, London

1851 Falconar, Peter, 70 High Street, Old

Aberdeen

1858 Falconer, Don., Milton of Conon, Ar-

broath

1873 Falconer, William, Candy, Drumlithie
1849 Falshaw, Right Hon. Sir James, Bart.,

Lord Provost of Edinburgh, 14 Bel-
grave Crescent
1860 Farish, Samuel, Kirklands, Lockerbie

1852 Farquhar, Arthur, of Elsick, W.S., 6

Bon-Accord Square, Aberdeen
187G Farquhar, Captain, of Maryfield, Muir-
esk House, Turriff

1856 Farquharsoa, F., Builder, Hadding-

ton

1874 Farquharson, James C.,Banchor, Kin-

gU8.sio

1865 Farquharson, James Ross, of Inver-
cauid, Braemar

1805 Farquliarsou, J., 4 Bridge Street, Abor-
doen

1852 Farquliarson, James, Bauker, Auch-
inblao

1^71 Farquliarson, James, East Town, Tar-
land

1843 Far(|uli arson, Major-Crfiioral Franci.s

1857 Farcjuharaou, Robert O., of lluughtou,

Alton!

1858 .Farrell. Alfred Herbert William, Davo

Hous<\ Fordoun
1857 Farrt'll, M., of Woodburnden, Fordoun

Admitted

1874 Fell, John Duncan, Flesher, Blair-
gowrie

1863 Fender, Robert, Northfield, Colding-
ham

1872 Fenwick, James, Leadketty, Dunning

1871 Fenwick, James, Factor, Redgorton,
Perth

1874 Fergus, William, Craigour^ Liberton
1876 Ferguson, Archd. A., Gosfield, Essex —

Free Life Member
1871 Ferguson, Lieut. Col. George A., of
Pitfour, Mintlaw

1875 Ferguson, John, Banker, Carnwath
1824 Ferguson, John, of Knockindale
1863 Ferguson, John, Burghlee, Loan-
head

1855 Ferguson, John, East Grange, Forres

1860 Ferguson, John, Brae of Coynach.
Mintlaw

1846 Ferguson, J., of Kilquhanity, Dalbeat-
tie

1870 Ferguson, John, Seed Merchant, San-
quhar

1875 Ferguson, Peter, Renfrew

1858 Ferguson, Thomas, Kinnochtry,
Coupar-Angus

1868 Ferguson, Thomas, Alton of Coynach,

Mintlaw
1836 Ferguson, Samuel R., of Middlehaugh,

4 Abbotsford Crescent, St Andrews
1870 Ferguson, AVm., of Kinmundy, Mint-

law
1854 Fergusson', Right Hon. Sir James,

of Kilkerran, Bart., Maybole
1870 Fermo, Charles, Blackball, Tullyallan,

Kincardine-on-Forth

1869 Ferme, George, Darmouth Grove,

Blackheath, London

1875 Fernie, James A., Hilton, Alloa

1853 Fernie, J. C, Union Club, St Andrews

1864 Field, Rev. Edward Burch, of More-
land, 43 Moray Place, Edinburgh

1864 Field, James Hamilton, yr. of More-
land, 59 Frederick Street, Edin-
burgh

1869 Field, Sydney, Aberdeen

1840tFiFE, Right Hon. the Earl of. K.T.,
Dulf House, Banff

1857 Findlay. Colonel John, Woodbank,
Dumbarton

1873 Findlay, Chas. Bannatync, of Botu-
rich, Dumbarton

1855 Findlay, Robert, of Springhill, Bailies-
ton, Glasgow

1847 Finlay, Thomas Dunlop, of Easterhill,
Glasgow

1857 Finluy, W., Brackeubrao, Bishops
briggs

1844 Finlay, A. S., of.Caatle Toward,
Greenock

22

List of Memlers of the

1869 Fleming,

Admitterl

1859 Finlay, John, Lochend, Lochgelly

1869 Finlay, John H., W.S., 14 South

Charlotte Street, Edinburgh

1870 Finlay, Kirkman, of Dunlossit, Port-

askaig, Islay

1870 Finnie, C. J. Macara, Swanston,

Lothian Burn
2874 Finnie, "William, of Newfield, Kilmar-
nock

1874 Fisher, Arthur William, Hedgefield,

Inverness
1873 Fisher, Donald, Jellyholm, Alloa
1861 Fisher, Donald, The Hotel, Pitlochry
1873 Fisher, Henry, Balbeuchly, Dundee

1871 Fisher, John, Birnam

1870 Fisher, John, Knells, Carlisle

1877 Fisken, Thomas Piobt. Hay, Delamere

Villas, Dewsbury Eoad, Leeds
1861 Fleming, Alexander, Eaith, Piothwell
1852 Fleming, L., Mains of Fullwood,

Paisley
1867 Fleming, David, Avonmill, Hamilton
1876 Fleming, David Gibson, Ardullie,

Dingwall

George, Crofthead, Mid-

Calder

1857 Fleming, James, Coats, Penicuik
1854 Fleming, James, Three-Mile-Town,

Linlithgow
1864 Fleming, James, Carmuirs, Falkirk

1864 Fleming, J. N., of Keil, 2 Brook

Street, Manchester
18-57 Fleming, John. Hawkwood,Strathavcn
18G5 Fleming, J., 18 LeadenhaU Street,

London
1870 Fleming, John, Meadowbank Cottage,

Strathaven

1875 Fleming, John, Woodside, Kutherglen

1876 Fleming, J. B., 241 St Vincent Street,

Glasgow
1857 Fletcher, Archibald, Tyndrum
1870 Fletcher, Bernard Jas, C, of Somerton

Hall, Norfolk
1848 Fletclier, Major C. E., late of Corsock

1865 Fletcher, James, of Rosehaugh, Avoch
1857 Fletcher, J., yr. of Salton, Tranent

1875 Fletcher, John, Bangour, Uphall

1872 Flint, Alex., Nether Mains, Chirnside
1869 Flint, David, Drylaw Mains, David-
son's Mains

1861 Flockhart, J., Banker, Colinsburgh
1865 Foggo, Piobert Gordon, Invercauld

Office, Ballater
1872 Forbes, Eight Hon. Lord, Castle

Forbes, Keig

1876 Forbes, Alexr., Pitfourie, Pitlochry
1850 Forbes, Arthur, of Culloden, Inver-
ness

1876 Forbes, Arthur Edward Whitmore,
Wentworth Woodhouse, Eotherham

Admitted

1828 FoEBES, Sir Charles, of Newe and
Edinglassie, Bart., Strathdon

1856 Forbes, Charles William, late Moniack

Castle, Inverness

1870 Forbes, Chas. W. L., Aberfeldy

1874 Forbes, D. Geo. of Millburn, Inverness
1830 Forbes, George, Merchant, London
1865 Forbes, Duncan, of Leanach, Culloden
House, Inverness

1830 Forbes, James Stewart, Edinglassie,

Strathdon

1862 Forbes, James Ochonar of Corse,

Lumphanan
1874 Forbes, James, Tombreck, Glenbucket,
Aberdeen

1842 Forbes, Major-General John, of Inver-

ernan, C.B., Strathdon
1850 Forbes, John, of Haddo, Huntly

1872 Forbes, John, Pitellachie, Coldstone,

Tarland

1857 Forbes, Sir William of Craigievar,

Bart., Fintray House, Aberdeen
1835 Forbes, W., of Medwyu, 17 Ainslie

Place, Edinburgh
1860 Forbes, William, of Callendar, Fal-
kirk
1874 Forbes, William Forbes, of Lochcote,

Bathgate
1849 Ford, Wm., Hardengreen, Dalkeith
1868 Fordyce, James Dingwall, of Culsh,
Advocate, 34 Great King Street,
Edinburgh

1871 Forgan, Andrew, Inch, Pittenweem

1873 Forgan, James, jun., Sunnybraes,

Leven

1831 Forman, Jn. Nairne, W.S., 8 Heriot

Eow, Edinburgh

1863 Forman, John, 51 Great King Street,

Edinburgh
1852 Forman. Eobt., Keith House, Upper
Keith '

1873 Forrest, Abram. of Calderhead, Auld-

houseburn, Muirkirk
1857 Forrest, David, of Treesbanks, Shotts

1843 Forrest, James, jun., Kirriemuir
1870 Forrest, Sir John, of Comiston, Bart.
1867 Forrest, John Clark, of Auchenraith,

Hamilton
1863 Forrest, Peter, City of Glasgow Bank,

Shotts
1863 Forrest, William, of Lawmuir, Allan-
ton, Hamilton
1842 Forrester, John, W.S., 8 Drummond

Place, Edinburgh
1876 Forrester, Eobert. of Carbeth, Killearn
1865 Forsyth, David, Town Clerk, Elgin
1863 Forsyth, George, Ashybank, Hawick

1872 Forsyth, Jas. (Hooper & Co.), Kelso

1874 Forsyth, Jas. Noel Muller, of Quinish,

Tobermory, Mull

Highland unci Agricultural Society, 1877.

23

Admitted

1855 Forsyth, John, Balnagown Estates
Office, Parkhill

1874 Forsyth, William Banks, of the

Inverness Advertiser, Inverness

1873 Fortescue, Archer, of Swanbister,

Kingcausie, Aberdeen
1857 Fortune, George, Barnsmuir, Crail
1854 Fortune, "William R., of Muircambus,

Colinsburgh

1869 FouLis, Sir James Listen, of Colinton^

Bart., St Andrews

1875 Foulds, A. Pt., of Clerkland, Stewarton

1870 Foulds, James, Cavens, Dumfries
1846 Fowler, Henry Mackenzie, of Kaddery,

Fortrose

1874 Fowler, William, of Asleed, Turriff

1876 Fowlie, George, V.S., Downiehills,

Peterhead

1849 Fox, ■ Michael, jun., late Glencorse

Mains, Penicuik

1838 Fox, Richard M., of Foxhall, Rath-

owen, Ireland
1870 Fox, Wm., the Abbey, St Bees
1857 Foyer, David, Knowehead, Campsie

1872 France, C. S., Bank House, Penicuik

1867 France, Robert, Lowan Bank, Bridge

of Allan
1874 France, Thomas, Ironmonger, Elgin
1874 Eraser, Alex., Barrisdale, Inverness
1857 Fraser, Alexander, Solicitor, 22 Union

Street, Inverness

1868 Fraser, Alex. (Xeill k Co.), Edin-

burgh

1865 Feaser, Col., the Hon. A. E., Eillan
Aigcas, Beauly

1820 Fraser, A. T. F., of Abertarff, Inver-
ness

1840 Fraser, Evan Baillie, Balloan Cottage,
Inverness

1869 Fraser, Fran. G., of Findrack, Tor-

phins
1869 Fraser, Colonel Fred. IMackcnzie, of
Castle Fraser, Aberdeen

1873 Fraser, H. Newby, Portkiln House,

Kosencath

1853 Fraser, Hugh, Balloch of Culloden,

Inverness

1850 Fraser, Hugh, 29 Arundell Gardens,

Kensington Park, London

1874 Fraser, James, C.E., Inverness
1874 Fraser, James, Mauld, Beauly
1840 Fraser, John, London

18G5 Eraser, Capt. John, of Balnain, Far-
ralino, Stratherrick, luvcrnoss

1854 Fraser, Patrick Allan, of Hospital field,

Arbroath
1863 Fraser, Patrick, Sheriff of Renfrew and
Bute

1839 Fraser, Robert, Hrackla, Nairn
1850 Eraser, W. S., Banker, Dornocli

Admitted

1869 Eraser, Wm., Chemical Manufacturer,

Broxburn
1852 Fraser, William, of Kilmuir, Skye
1861 Fraser, Wm., Greenhill, Dunning
1865 Fraser, Wm., Annfield, Inverness
1873 Fraser, Wm. A., Brackla, Xairn
1859 Frazer, John, Overton, Xew Abbey,

Dumfries
1857 Frederick, D., of Gass, Drumbreddan,

Stranraer

1869 Frederick, Robert, Drumflower, Glen-

luce
1868 Freeland, Jas., Broadgate, Strathblane
1855 French, James Sortkjeer, Fredericks-
haven, Denmark

1870 French, Thomas, Netherton, Abington
1875 Frew, Robert, Sinclairton, Kirkcaldy
1867 Frew, Thomas, 67 Great Western

Road, Glasgow
1854 Friar, Thos., of Grindon Ridge, Kor-

ham-on-Tweed
1875 Frier, Matthew, Kidston Mill, Peebles
1873 Fryer, Jolm J., Musicseller, Dumfries
1857 Fulton, Andrew, 86 George St., Edin-
burgh
1863 Fulton, Wm., Hatchetnize, Coldstream
1847 Fyfe, John, late of Dalmarnock, Glas-

gow

1861 Fyfe, Robert, junior, xVrlary, Kinross
1875 Fyfe, William, Newton of Glamis,
Glamis

1868 Gairdner, Clias., Union Bank, Glasgow
1873 Galashan, Chas. C, Saddler, Alloa
1857 Galbraitli, Alex., Croy Cunningham,
Killearn

1872 Galbraith, John, Edentaggart, Luss

1873 Galbraith, Thos. L., Town Clerk, Stir-

ling
1804 Galloch, J., Knockhill, Bridge of Allan

1800 Galloway, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Galloway House, Garliestown

1874 Galloway, Alex., C.E., Glcndclvine,

Dunkeld

1801 Galloway, David, Cairnie, Glcncarse
1859 Gamgee, J., 1 Great Winchester Street

Buildings, London, E.C.
1859 Garden, Arch., Grangegroon, Forres
1874 Garden, Robert, N.-rth Ythsie, Tarves
1857 Garden, William, Brace Park, Fraser-
burgh
1857 Gardiner, George, Carrington Barus,

Lasswade
18C0 Gardiner, Jolin, Cockburn, Balerno
1864 Gardiner, P., Rottcarns, Brace, Perth-
shire
1873 Gardiner, Patrick, Nowbigging, Auch-

tcrarder
1801 Gardiner, R.,of Rottcarns, Chapelbank,
Auchtorardcr

24

List of Ilemhers of the

Admitted

1859 Gardner, James, 58 George St., Edin.

1870 Gardner, John, 4 Abbotsford Place,

Glasgow
1855 Gardner, Robert, Gattonside, Melrose
1855 Gardner, Robt., City of Glasgow Bank,

Whitburn
1873 Gardner, "Wm., Kepdowrie, Bucldyvie
1867 Gardyne, Col. C. G., of Finhaven,

Forfar
1851 Garland, Thomas, Ardlethen, Ellon
1825 Gartshore, John Murray, of Eavelston,

Murrayfield, Edinburgh
1864 Gartshore, John, Seedsman, Falkirk
1854 Gatherer, George, Solicitor, Elgin

1859 Gaukroger, G.^ Southtield, Longniddry
1837 Geekie, Alex., of Baldowrie, Coupar-

Anofus
1837 Geekie, Peter, Barclay Hill, Perth
1861 Geekie, Pet-er M., Cortachy, Kirriemuir

1871 Geekie, Piobert, yr. of Baldowrie, Rose-

mount, Blairgowrie

1872 Geikie, Archibald, Professor of Geology,

University of Edinburgh, Borough-
field House, Merchiston

1844 Geils. J. E., of Dumbuck, Hillhead,
Dunkeld

1871 Gemmel, Andrew, "Writer, Haddington,
Secretary, United East Lothian Agri-
cultural Society

1875 Gemmell, Andrew, Caplaw, Neilston

1875 Gemmell, Gilbert C, Upper White-
haugh. Mu irk irk

1875 Gemmell. John, Garpel, Muirkirk

1840 Gentle, Robert, Inverness

1842 Gerard, Archd., of Rochsoles. Airdrie

1878 Gerrard, John, Veterinary Infirmary,
Market Deeping — Free Life Member

1871 Gibb. David. Lochty. Pittenweem

1834 Gibbon, A., of Johnston, 6 Xewbattle
Terrace, Edinburgh

1S69 Gibbons, Thomas, Burnfoot. Longtown

1849 Gibbs, B. T. Brandreth, 47 Half Moon
Street, Piccadilly. London

1871 Gibson, Charles, Pitlochry

1875 Gibson, Francis, Woolmet, Dalkeith

Glasgow

1876 Gibson, Henry John, Fornety, Foveran
1871 Gibson, James, 34 Abbotsford Place,
1876 Gibson, James, Glenstocking, Dal-
beattie

1863 Gibson, Jas., Merchiston Road, Edin-

burgh

1864 Gibson, J., Gunsgreen Hill, Avton
1825 Gibson, John, W.S., 53 Inverleith

Row, Edinburgh
1828 Gibson, John, jun., W.S., 29 Greenhill

Gardens, Edinburgh
1853 Gibson, John, Toftcombs, Biggar

1860 Gibson. J. Tullowquhairn, Kirkbean,

Dumfries

Admitted

1875 Gibson, Jn.,Sangskai], Rousay, Orkney

1875 Gibson, Robert, Auchenden, Strath-

blane

1843 Gibson, Thomas, Haymount, Kelso

1869 Gibson, Thomas, Bainfield, Fountain
Bridge, Edinburgh

1869 Gibsone, Lieut-General, of Pentland,
Red Cross Lodge, Leamington

1873 Giglioli, Italo, Florence — Free Life
Member

1865 Gilchrist, Dugald, of Ospidale, Dor-
noch

1877 Gilchrist, Andrew, Carvennom, An-
struther

1876 Gilchrist, Andrew, Urie, Stonehaven
1873 Gilchrist, John, Todhill, Larbert
1875 Gilchrist, William, Knivocklaw, Lou-
doun

1842 Giles, James, Dresden

1848 Gilkison, Robert, jun.. Glasgow
1875 Gill, John, Blingery, Wick

1854 Gillanders, J. F., of Highfield, Beauly
1836 Gillespie, Alex., Merchant, London

1871 Gillespie, Alex., Kirkton Barns, Ferry-

Port-on-Craig
1841 Gillespie, David, of Mountquhannie,
Cupar Fife

1849 Gillespie, James, Craigie, Cramond
1S60 Gillespie, James, Gateside, Douglas
1875 Gillespie, James, St Colmes, Ballin-

luig
1875 Gillespie, James John, Parkhall,
Douglas

1847 Gillespie, 'John, W.S., 53 Northum-

berland Street. Edinburgh
1873 Gillespie, Rev. John, Mouswald Manse,

Dumfries
1875 Gillespie, John, Land Steward, Minard,

Inveraray

1872 Gillies, Dr Hugh, Dunmore House,

Easdale, Oban

1877 Gillies, William, Writer. Pollokshaws
1S62 Gillison, Thomas, 3 Dryden Road,

Edge Lane, Liverpool

1848 Gillon, Andw., of Wallhouse, Bathgate
1875 Gilmour, Alexander, Annfield House,

Irvine

1849 Gilmour, Allan, of Eaglesham, Glas-

gow

1875 Gilmour, James, Orchardton, Cum-
nock

1872 Gilmour, John, younger of Lundin,
Montrave, Kennoway

1863 Gilmour, John, of Mount Vernon. Row

1857 Gilmour, Matthew, Town of Inchinnan,
Paisley

1828 Gilmour, W. J. Little, of Craigmillar,
Xew Club, Edinburgh

1853 Gilmour. W. M., Glasgow

1855 Gird wood, Robert, Taufield, Edinburgh

Hifjldancl and Agricultural Society, 187

zo

Admitted

1876 Gladstone, John Eobert, yr. of Fasque,

Laurencekirk
1834 Gladstone, Sir Thomas, of Fasque,

Bart., Laurencekirk
1853 Gladstone, Thomas Stewart, of Cape-

noch, Thonihill
18o4tGLASGOW, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Crawfurd Priory, Cupar Fife
1847 Glasgow, Alexander, of Old Court,

Cork
1874 Glasgow, E. Bruce Robertson, of Mont-

greenan, Kilwinning
1857 Glegg, John, Factor, Milliken House,

Johnstone
1878 Glen, James, Rosehank, Luss

1872 Glen, James, Stronafyne, Arrochar

1847 Glen, John, late Merchant, Edinburgh
1860 Glen, Robert R., Banker, Linlithgow
1865 Glen, Robert C, Auchenbach, Barr-
head

1853 Glen, Thomas, Thornhill, Paisley
1869 Glendinning, Alex., Hatton Mains,

Ratho
1849 Glendinning, Geo., Hatton Mains,

Ratho

1873 Glendinning, Geo. P., Dalmeny Park,

Edinburgh
1869 Glendinning, G. R., Hatton Mains,
Ratho

1874 Glendinning, James P., Rawfarm,

Mid-Cahler

1848 Glendinning, Peter, Dalmeny Park,

Edinburgh

1859 Glover, Andrew, Lanrick Castle, Stir-

ling
1873 Goddard, H. R., Belsay. Newcastle-on-

Tyne — Free Life Member
1877 Goff, Dr Bruce, Woodlea, Bothwell

1873 Gold, Joseph, Murthly Farm, Perth

1865 Goldie, R. G. M., 3 Comely Green

Place, Edinburgli

1874 Goodbrand, Jas. H., Culuaha, Nigg,

Ross-shire
1851 Goodlet, AVilliam, Bolslian, Arbroatli

1875 Gordon, jfXdum Hay, of Mayen and

Avochie, Huntly

1876 Gordon, Alex. Morrison, of Newton,

Insch, Aberdeen

1875 Gordon, Artliur Xewton Forbes, of

Rayne, Pitcaplo

1866 Gordon, Chris., late Canncrio, Parton
1873 Gordon, Carlo.s Pedro, of Wurdhouse,

Insch, Aberd(!en3hire

1876 Gordon, Cljarlea, of llallmyre, Laman-

cha

1860 Gordon, David A., of Culvt-nnan,

Greenlaw House, Custle-Douglus
1840 GoKDoN of l)i:iMKAUN, Right Hon.
Lord. 2 Raudol]th Crescent, Edin-
Imrgh

Admitted

1860 Gordon, G., Tullochallum, Dufftown

1873 Gordon, Captain Geo. G., Miltown of

Kilravock, Nairn

1875 Gordon, Graham, Middlecote House,

Amport, Andover

1855 Gordon, H. G., Late Oriental Bank,
London

1860 Gordon, Henry, Sheriff-Clerk, Moat-
brae, Dumfries

1876 Gordon, Henry, of Manar, Inverurie
1868 Gordon, Henry Wolrige, of Hallhead,

Esselmont, Ellon

1874 Gordon, James A., Ildale, Invergordon
1838 Gordon, John, of Aikenhead, Cathcart

1870 (jordon, John, Culraven, Kirkcud-

bright

1871 Gordon, John, of Craigmyle, Torphins
1853 Gordon, John, Lettoch, Glenlivet, Bal-

lindalloch

1801 Gordon, John, of Cluny, Cluny Castle,

Aberdeen

1875 Gordon, John, Balmuchy, Fearn
1831 Gordon. John Taylor, late of Nether-

niuir. New Deer

1875 Gordon, Joseph C, of Drimnin, Mor-

vern, Argyllshire

1876 Gordon, Peter G., Nevie, Glenlivet,

Ballindalloch

1846 Gordon, Robert Macartney, of Rattra,

Ellenbank, Kirkcudbright
1870 Gordon, Robt. ^Vm., Comlongan Mains,

Annan
1803 Gordon, Thomas Dempster, late of Bal-

maghie, Castle-Douglas

1870 Gordon, Thomas, 11 Grosvenor Cres-

cent, Edinburgh

1847 Gordon, W. Cosmo, of Fyvic, Fyvie

Castle, Aberdeen

1876 Gordon, William, Auchalluter, Brae-
mar

1876 Gordon, "William, of Threave, Castle-
Douglas

1876 Gossip, William, Park, Nt;w Machar

1866 Gough, Wm., Land Agent. Wykeluim,
York

1871 (iouMing, W., North Wall, Dublin
1871 Gourlay, Robert Conning, Arbrack,

Whithorn

1851 Gow, John L., Raith. Kirkcaldy

1860 (xowaiis, James, Rockvillo, Napier
Road, Edinburgh

1868 Gr.xme, Robtrt, of Garvock, Perth-
shire

1873 Graliam, Alexander, Bluckwatcr, Kil-
malcolm

1802 Graham, Carolus J. Home, 37 Mel-

ville Street, Edinburgh
1860 Graham, (Joorgc, Oakhaiik, Longtown
1855 Graluun, H., Auckland, New Zea-
land

26

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1827 Graham, James (late of Leitclitown).67

Shuter Street, Toronto
1848 Graham, James ]\Iastone, of Kedgor-

ton, Perth

1851 Graham, James, Parcelstown, Long-

town

1863 Graham, James, late of Southhar, Pais-

ley

1864 Graham, James, Myothill, Denny
1874 Graham, John, 7 Old Smithhills Street,

Paisley

1852 Graham, John, of Shaw, Lockerbie
1842 Graham, John Murray, of Murrays-

hall, Perth

1865 Graham, Paul, of Drynie, 1 Carlisle

Place, Victoria Street, London
1873 Graham, Robert G., Burnfoot-on-Esk,

Longtown
1834 Graham, Col. '^Villiam, of Mossknowe,

Ecclefechan
1854 Graham, Wm., of Devonshaw. Dollar

1871 Graham, William, Easter Caputh,

Dunkeld
1876 Graham, "\Vm., Wheatlands, Cramond

Br id ere
1870 Graham, "William B., Unthank, Ewes,

Langholm
1869 Graham, Wm. C, Broom House,

Mearns
1833 Graham, AV. Stirling, of Airth, Lar-

bert

1853 Grahame, Barron, of Morphie 30 Buck-

ingham Terrace, Edinburgh
1873 Grahame, James, of Auldhouse, Pol-
lokshaws

1873 Granger, Andrew, Fettes, Inverness

1861 Granger, John, Pitcur, Coupar-Angus

1872 Gea^t, Sir Alex,, Bart., Principal of

the Edinburgh University, 21 Lands-
owne Crescent

1854 Grant, Sir Archd., of Monymusk,

Bart., Aberdeen
1872 Grant, A., Ardkinglas, Cairndow

1862 Grant, Charles, Hazelbrae, Glen

Urquhart

1874 Grant, Charles T, C, of Kiigraston,

Bridge of Earn

1868 Grant, D, Pi. Lyall, of Kingsford,

Aberdeen

1875 Grant, Duncan J.,Dundaleith, Craigel-

lachie

1858 Grant. Francis William (Monvmusk),

40 Pall Mall, London

1869 Grant, Captain Frederick G. Forsyth,

of Ecclesgreig, Montrose

1876 Grant, George, Glenfarclass, Ballin-

dalloch
1874 Grant, George, Polio, Invergorden

1859 Grakt, Sir George Macpherson, of

Ballindalloch, Bart,, Ballindalloch

Admitted

1876 Grant, George Smith, Auchorachan,
Glenlivet

1828 Grant, Rev. James, D,C.L., D.D.,

Chaplain to the Society, 15 Palmer-

ston Place, Edinburgh
1865 Grant, Lieut. -Col. the Hon. James,

of Grant, Invererne, Forres
1871 Grant, John, Inverlaidnan, Carr

Bridge
1876 Grant, John, Banker. Methlic
1865 Grant. John, 57 South Guildry Street,

Elgin

1853 Grant, Kenneth, late Kinellan, Ding-

wall
1862 Grant, Lieut.-Gen. Sir Patrick, G.C.B.
1826 Grant, Robert, of Kincorth, Forres

1841 Grant, Robert, of Druminor. Rhynie

1842 Grant, Robert, Bookseller, 107 Princes

Street, Edinburgh
1846 Grant, Thos. Macpherson, of Craigo
1874 Grant, Major William, Drumbuie,

Glen Urquhart. Inverness
1862 Grant, William,' Drumdelgie, Huntly
1833 Grant, Wm., of Elchies. Craigellachie
1839 Grant, William, Australia
1874 Grant, Colonel W. L,, Borgie House,

Farr, Thurso

1829 Grassick, John, 21 Ferryhill Place,

Aberdeen
1859 Gray, Alex , Tanlawhill, Langholm
1873 Gray, Andrew, West Plean, Stirling -

1857 Gray, George, Windyyet, Falkirk

1873 Gray, James, Birkenwood, Gargun-

nock
1861 Gray, J,, Braehead Mains, Cramond
1868 Gray, James, Craigs, Stirlin.s:
1871 Gray, James, Kirkton of Collace, Bal-

beggie, Perth
1871 Gray, John, Merchant, Helensburgh
1876 Gray, John, 15 Exchange Square,

Glasgow

1856 Gray, John. Engineer, Uddingston

1854 Gray, Patrick, Middle Strath, Falkirk
1S54 Grav, Thomas. Coul, Markinch

1858 Gray, Thorn as' R., St Margarets, Chel-

tenham
1849 Gray, Wm., Southfield, Duddingston,
Edinburgh

1855 Gray, William, Brownrigg, Xorth

Berwick

1874 Green, Robert, Ruthrie, Aberlour,

Craigellachie

1857 Green, William, Lynnburn, Aberlour,

Craigellachie
1873 Greenlees, Alex., Summerhill, Camp-

belltown
1867 Greenshields, James, West Town, Les-

mahagow
1876 Greenshields, Thomas A., Stonehill,

Crawfordjohn

Higliland and Agricultural ^ocidij, 1877.

27

Admitted

1854 Gregory, Alex. Allan, Corn Merchant,

Inverness
1833 Gregory, Arthur Thomas, late of Buch-

rombe, Dufftown
1875 Gregory, John, Westoe, South Shields

1871 Greig, David (John Fowler & Co.),

Leeds
1873 Greig, David, Muircote, Tillicoultry
186S Greig, George, Harvieston, Stone-
haven

1870 Greig, J. A., Terreglestown, Dumfries
1873 Grey, James Booth, Secretary, Kin-
cardineshire Farmers' Club, Lau-
rencekirk

1869 Greig, Peter M., 56 Inverleith Row,

Edinburgh
1852 Greig, Thomas, of Glencarse, Perth
1861 Greig, T.Watson, 21 Palmerston Place,

Edinburgh

1854 Grey, Geo. A., Millfield Hill, Wooler
1860 Grierson, Sir Alex. William, of Lagg,

Bart., Rockhall, Mouswald, Dum-
fries
1851 Grierson, J., Little Kirkland, Haugh
of Urr, Dalbeattie

1855 Grierson, James, of Dalgoner, Dun-

score
1860 Grierson, J., Lansdowne Villa, Kirk-
cudbright

1859 Grierson, Jos., Breoch, Castle-Douglas

1860 Grierson, Piobert, West Mains, Mous-

wald, Dumfries
1859 Grierson, Wm., Tors, Castle-Douglas

1872 Grieve, Archd., Albyrigg, Canonbie

1867 Grieve, D., Blackberry Hill, Whitburn

1873 Grieve, James, Borthwickbrae Burn-

foot, Hawick
1872 Grieve, Jas., Branxholm Braes, Hawick

1858 Grieve. John, Castles, Dalmally
1869 Grieve, John, St James Hall, Regent

Street, London

1859 Grieve, Michael, Callander
1857 Grieve, Robert, Auch, Tyndrura

1857 Grieve, Robert, Edralaichdach, Tross-

achs, Callander

1861 Grieve, Walter, Skelfhill, Hawick
1854 Grieve, William, Skelfhill, Hawick

1858 Grigor, James D., Wester Alves,

Forres
1847 Grigor, John, Nurseries, Forres

1871 Grimond, Alex. D., of Glenericht,

I'lairgowri(!

1872 Guild, Andrew, Rhoders, Alva

1868 (inild, James, I'algono Burns, North

Berwick

1874 Guild, James Lyon, Abbey, North

Berwick
1868 Guild, .lames Wyllio, C.A., Glasgow

1856 Gulston, Alan Jas., of Dirleton, Llan-

gadock, Carmartbenshiro

Admitted

1858 Gunn, Alexander, Dale, Halkirk,

Golspie

1856 Gunn, Alexander, Dornoch
1839 Gunn, James, Sibster, Wick
1849 Gunn, ^Marcus, Culgower, Golspie
1875 Gunn, Wm., Strathpeffer, Dingwall
1874 Gunniss, Geo. Ponton, Leckie House,

Stirling
1854 Guthrie, David, Banker, Stranraer
1836 Guthrie, John, of Guthrie, Forfar

1857 Guthrie, Robert, Crossburn, Troon
1874 Gwyer, Cecil F., Biallid, Kingussie
1834 Gwynne, Alban Thomas Jones, of Mon-

achty, Cardigan

1857tHADDiNGTOX, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Tynningham, Prestonkirk
1857 Haddon, Andrew, Honeyburn, Hawick

1854 Hadwen, S., Kildonan Lodge, Golspie
1862 Hagart, Colonel, The Cleave, Torquay
1871 Haggart, Peter. Keltneyburn, Aber-

feldy
1874 Haig, Archd. R., Quarryford, Gifford
1869 Haig, Hugh V., Cameron House,

Windygates
1841 Haig, J., Cameron House, Windygates

1874 Haig. James Richard, of Blairhill,

Stirling

1875 Haig, J. W., of Dollarfield, Dollar

1869 Haig, W. H., Cameron House, Windy-

gates
1857 Haig, William (late North Street,

St Andrews), Australia
1861 Hain, David, Drumrack, Crail
1871 Hain, Thomas, Carubee, Pittenweem
1861 Haining, John, Boghead, Mouswald,

Dumfries

1870 Haining, J. J., Skipmyre, Lochmaben

1859 Haldane, Robert, Fernielee, Gala-

shiels
1870 Ilalkett, David H., Banker, Alyth
1864 Halkett, Jas., Auchentender, lusch
1864 Halkett, Lieut-Col. John Craigie, yr.

of Cramoud, Edinburgh
1861 Hall, Alex., Rhynd, Lfuchars, Fife

1876 Hall, Alexander II., Campfield. Ban-

chory

1873 Hall, Allan, Deiquick, Ardmaddy,

Easdalo

1855 Hall, Andrew, of Calrossic, Taiu

1874 Hall, George Ross, Invergorden

1868 Hall, James. 33 Frederick Street,
Aberdeen

1875 Ilall, James M., of Tangy and Killean,

Killean Uouso, Tayinloan
1874 Hall, John, Tomich, luvergordon

1877 Hull. Robert, Linton Cottage, Peni-

cuik
1877 II:ilI. William, Linton Cottage, Peni-
cuik

28

List of Ilemhcrs of the

Admitted

1867 Hallen, J. H. B., M.K.C.S.E., Staff-

Vet. Surgeon, H.M. Bombay Army

1868 Halley, George, Xew Mills, Culross
1870 Halley, John, Dornich Mills, Crieff
1844 Halliburton, Eight Hon. Lord John,

Halliburton House, Coupar-Angus
1865 Halliday, Thomas, Kosehall Foundry,

Haddington
1865tHAMiLTOx k Bkandon, His Grace the

Duke of

1874 Hamilton. Ales., of Eozelle, Ayr, Com-

mander R.N.

1868 Hamilton, Claud Hamilton, Preston

Hall, Dalkeith
1861 Hamilton, Daniel, 66 Hutchison St.,
Glasgow

1875 Hamilton, Gavin, of Auldtown, Lesma-

hagow

1869 Hamilton, George, Ardendee, Kirkcud-

bright

1876 Hamilton, George, Skene House,

Skene, Aberdeen
1853 Hamilton, Hugh, of Pinmore, Girvan
1865 Hamilton, James, Wallace Bank, Kil-
marnock
1869 Hamilton, J. B. B. Baillie, of Arnprior,
Cambusmore, Callander

1869 Hamilton, James, Woolfords, Carn-

wath

1870 Hamilton, John, Conenish, Tyndrum
1839 Hamilton, Lieut.-Col.John,of Sundrum,

Ayr

1872 Hamilton, John, Banker. Lesmaha

gow
1860 Hamilton, John, Longrig, Torthor-

wald
1864 Hamilton. J., Monktonhill, Monkton,

Ayr
1875 Hamilton, John, "Wellwood, Muir-

kirk
18-^6 Hamilton, John Buchanan, of Leny,

Callander
1857 Hamilton, John G. Carter, of Dalzell,

Motherwell
1855 Hamilton, J. B. (late Burnhouse, Carn-

wath), London

1870 Hamilton, The Hon. R. B., M.P.,

Langton, Dunse
1825tHAMiLTON, Right Hon. R. C. Xisbet,
Biel House, Prestonkirk

1871 Hamilton, Robt., Denmarkfield, Red-

gorton

1873 Hamilton, Robert, 30 St Andrew

Square, Edinburgh
1871 Hamilton, William, Denmarkfield, Red-

gorton
1864 Hamilton, William, of Cairns, Mid-

Calder

1874 Hamilton. William Cameron, Balta-

sound. Unst

Admitted

1859 Hamilton, Wm. F., Callendar Park,

Falkirk
1S72 Handyside, J. B., 49 Northumberland

Street, Edinburgh

1875 Handyside, Thomas, The Glen, Mus-

selburgh

1843 Handyside, W., 11 Claremont Cres-
cent, Edinburgli

1854 Hannan, J., The Terrace, Pocklingtou,
Yorkshire

1872 Hannan, J. D., Dunse

1858 Hannay, Jolm, Gavenwood, Banff

1876 Hannay, Robert, of Hauley, Corstor-

phine
1871 Hardie, Chas., Primrose, Dunferm-
line

1870 Hardie, David, Priesthaugh, Hawick

1875 Hardie, Edmund W., Locher House,

Bridge of Weir
1851 Hardie, George, Australia
1861 Hardie, Robert, Harrietfield, Kelso

1863 Hardie, W. H., Bo'Mains, Linlithgow
1849 Hare, Stuart Bayley, of Calderhall,

Mid-Calder '

1873 Harley, D., Hillwood Cottage, Ratho
1853 Harper, Frank, Torgorm, Dingwall

1876 Harper, Frank Yogan, Bridgend,

Linlithgow
1867 Harper, Joseph, Snawdon, Gifford
1876 Harper, Robert S., Edmonstone Mains,

Liberton

1871 Harper, William, Drum Bank, Liber-

ton

1864 Harris, Richard H., Earnhill, Forres
1871 Harris, William, Cranley, Meikleour
1867 Harris, William, Tirinie, Aberfeldy
18G4 Harrison, George, 17 Whitehouse Ter-
race, Edinburgh

1S46 Harrop, I. Worthington, New Zea-
land

1869 Hart, J. Christine, Borrostone, Kin-
cardine O'Neil

1873 Hart, William, Kirklands, Auchter-
arder

1846 Harvey, C. W., Watton-on-lhe-Hill,
Liverpool

1850 Harvey, George, Whittingham Mains,
Prestonkirk

1876 Harvey, George Thomson, Aberdeen
Lime Co., Aberdeen

1854 Harvey, J. H., Pitgersie, Foveran^
Ellon

1809 Harvey, J., of Tiniugly Park, York-
shire

1852 Harvie, Rev. W., of Brownlee, Car*
luke

1860 Hathorn, John Fletcher, of Castlewigg,
Whithorn

1873 Hawley, William, 27 Frederick Street,
Ediiibiirgii

Hifjhlancl and Agricultural Society, 1877.

29

Admitted

1875 Haughton, Wm. Hoghton, Factor,
Craigowan. Kilmarnock

1875 Hay, Alexander, GifFord Vale, Gifford

1864 Hay, Alexander, Trochelhill, Focha-

bers

1870 Ear, Alexander, Easter Cultmalundie,

Perth

1874 Hay, Alexr. Penrose, Riverdale, Inver-
ness

1862 Hay, Col. A. S. Leith, of Eannes, C.B..
Leith Hall, Kennethraont

1865 Hay, C., Ardbeg, Islay, Greenock
1862 Hay, Colonel Drummond, of Seggie-

den, Perth
1841 Hav,Geo. W. (of Whiterigg), Sudbury
1862 Hay, Captain J. G., of Belton, Dunbar
1862 Hay, James (late Scrabster, Thurso),

Edinburgh
1828 Hay, James, Links, Leith
1858 Hay, James, jun.. Little Ythsie, Tarves
1855 Hay, J., Nether Mill, Tarves
1848 Hay, Sir John C. Dalrymple, of Park

Place, Bart., M.P., Glenluce
1867 Hay, Sir Piobert, of Haystoun, Bart.,

Kingsmeadows, Peebles

1846 Hay, Samuel, 13 Grosvenor Crescent,

Edinburgh
1869 Hay, William, 17 Hill Street, Edin-
burgh

1876 Hayman, John, Dumfries House Mains,

Cumnock

1872 Hazle, Alex., of Blackcraig, Drum-

burle House, Maybole
1857 Hebden, Robt. J., of Eday, Kirkwall

1876 Hector, Andrew Edward, Collyhill,

Inverurie

1871 Heggie, Henry, Mains of Bcath, Cross-

gates
1S71 Heggie, Piobt. B., West End House,
Kirkcaldy

1877 Heggie, William, East Pitkeirie,

Anstruther

1S71 II<;it(>n, Andrew, of D^rnick Tower,
Perth

1869 Henderson, Adam, Grange, Dunferm-
line

1876 Henderson, Alexander, Dunkenuy,
Glamia

1837 Henderson, Alexander, Longniddry

1847 Henderson, Alex., of Stemstcr, Tliursn
187G Henderson, A. G., Greensiilo Kow,

Edinburgli

1873 Henderson, A. W.. Airthrey Paper

Mills, Piridgn of Allan

1874 Henderson, A. W., yr. of Bilbstcr,

Wick

1847 Henderson, Charles J., 39 Royal Tcr.,
Hdiiil)urgli

1854 Henderson, David, of Abbotrule, Ben-
ch ester Bridge

Admitted

1860 Henderson, George, Garroch, Dumfries
1839 Henderson, James, of Bilbster, Wick
18G3 Henderson, Jas., Mintokaims, Hawick

1860 Henderson, Jas., Kelloside, Sanquhar
1839 Henderson, J., W.S., Banker, Thurso

1850 Henderson, John, Byres, Haddington

1876 Henderson, John, Courtestown, Leslie,

Insch, Aberdeen
1859 Henderson, John, Humbie Mains,
Blackshiels

1877 Henderson, John, Longniddry, East

Lothian
1874 Henderson, Richard, Coldstream — Free

Life Mernher
1858 Henderson, Piobt., late Lornshill,

Alloa
1854 Henderson, Thomas, Pogbie House,

Upper Keith

1861 Henderson, W., Millown, Coupar-

Angus
1868 Henderson, William, Redbog, Mintlaw

1862 Hendrie, John, of Larbert, Stirling-

shire

1865 Hendrie, J., Castle Heather, Inver-
ness

1874 Henry, John, S.S.C, 29 Rutland
Square, Edinburgh

1863 Hepburn, J., Preston Mains, Preston-

kirk

1876 Hepburn. James, Spittal, Keithhall,

Inverurie

1877 Hepburn, John, Pitcairn, Lochgelly
1837 Hepburn, Sir Thos. Buchan, of Smea-

ton, Bart, Prestonkirk
1876 Herdman, Benjamin A., Falkland
Wood, Falkland

1851 Ilcriot, F. L. Maitland, of Ramornie,

Ladybank, Sherilf of Forfar
1853 Herries, Alex. Young, of Spottes, 16

Heriot Row, Edinburgh
1857 Hewat, Richard, Writer, Castle-Douglas

1862 Heweston, J., Auchenbainzie, Thorn-

hill

1870 Heweston, Joseph, Balterson, Newton-
Stewart

1870 Hiddleston, John, Braehcad, Dal-
swinton, Dumfries

1863 Hitrgins, Robert. Xinewar, Preston-

kirk
1868 Highet, Robert, .Mtrchant. Gar' u

ISGl Hill, Alex., of Stonywynd, L.... ,

St Andrews
1873 Hill, Arthur James, Accountant, Moor-

gato St., London — Free Life Member
1823 Hill, (ieorge Gosset, Mercimnt, London
1847 Hill, James Lawson, W.S., 20 Heriot

Row, Edinburgh
1861 Hill. James. P.nid^ston, Mei-lo
1850 Hill, John, Carlowrio, Cram'^nd Bridge
18G8 Hill, John, Whitchill, Lasswado

30

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1851 Hill, Kobert, Navidale Ho., Helmsdale

1874 Hill, Robert Robertson, Navidale House,

Helmsdale
1863 Hilson, George, jun., Solicitor, Jed-

burs;li
1860 Hilton, Henry, of Fairgirth, Dalbeattie

1875 Hindmarsli, Charles, Land Agent, 17

Bridge Street, Workington
1869 Hislop, John, Goatfield, Haddington
1854 Hislop, Robert, jun., Prestonpans

1862 Hobkirk, James, Broadhaugb, Hawick
1860 Hog, Thomas A., of Newliston, Kirk-
liston

1863 Hogarth, George, Warren, Salisbury
1842 Hogarth, George, Banker, Cupar-Fife
1873 Hogarth, Robert, Heiton Mills, Kelso
1863 Hogg. Henry, Symington Mains. Stow

1876 Hogg! Robert, 92 Gilmore Place, Edin-

burgh
1859 Hogg, Robert, Rosemay, Leadburn
1854 Hogg, Thomas, Hope Park, Hillhouse,

Coldstream
1875 Holm, John, Jaapston, Xeilston

1873 Holliday, Jonathan, Waver Terrace,

Abbey Town, Carlisle

1874 Hoist, Christian, Chamberlain to His

Majesty Oscar IP, and Norwegian

Court Pavmaster — Honorary Associate
1843tHoME, Right Hon. the Earl of, The

Hirsel, Coldstream
1836 Home, David Milne, of Milnegraden,

Coldstream

1874 Home, David Milne, of Wedder-

burn, M.P., 38 Queensgate Terrace,
London
1829 Home, Francis, Bellsyde, Linlithgow

1831 Home, G. H. M. Binning, of Argaty,

Doune

1857 Honeyman, John, Laughton Lodge,

Hawkhurst, Sussex

1858 Hood, Archibald, Rosewell, Lasswade
1857 Hood, James, (late Newmains, Preston-
kirk), Australia

1827 Hood, John, of Stoneridge, Coldstream

1859 Hood, John, Townhead, Cockburnspath

1875 Hood, Robert, of Sunnyside, M.D., 5

Salisbury Road, Edinburgh
1854 Hood, T., Coldstream Mains, Cold-
stream
1869 Hope, Alex. P., of Bordlands, Oxwell

Mains, Dunbar
1851 Hope, Andrew (late Edinburgh), L-e-
land

1832 Hope, Sir Archibald, of Pinkie, Bart.,

Musselburgh
1877 Hope, Hon., Charles, of Bridge Castle,

Bathgate
1865 Hope, Henry W., of Luffness, Drem
1868 Hope, Admiral Sir James, of Carriden,

G.C.B., Bo'ness

Admitted

1847 Hope, James, Duddingston, Edinburgh
1872 Hope, James L, A., Hopetoun House,

South Queensferry

1848 Hope, J., of Belmont, W.S., 42 Char-

lotte Square. Edinburgh
1859 Hope, Wm., Leith

1871 Horn, John, of Thomanean, Milna-

thort
1851 Horn, Robert, Advocate, Edinburgh

1864 Horncastle, Henry, Whitemoor, Oiler-

ton, Newark
1851 Home, T. E. 0., W.S., 19 Grosvenor

Street, Edinburgh
1858 Hornsby, Richard, Spittlegate Iron

Works. Grantham
1841 Horsburgh, R., 29 Grange Road,

Edinburgh

1853 Hosack, William, Barcaldine, Taynuilt

1865 Hosack, John, Dochcarty, Dingwall
1865 Houldsworth, Henry, jun., Glasgow
1868 Houldsworth, J,, of Coltness, Wishaw
1865 Houldsworth, J. M., Carrick House,

Ayr
1857 Houldsworth, Joseph Henry, Glasgow

1872 Houldsworth,WalterJ., Coltness House,

Wishaw
1857 Houldsworth, William, Glasgow
1875 Houstoun, George L,, of Johnstone,

Johnstone, Renfrewshire
1877 Houstoun, Michael Henry, Upper

Bonnytown, Linlithgow

1873 Houstoun, Robert A., of Clerkington,

Haddington

1854 Houstoun, Wm., Kintradwell, Golspie
1859 Howard, James (J. & F. Howard),

Bedford
1865 Howatson, Charles, of Dornel, Dal-
dorch House, Mauchline

1875 Howatson, John L., Becks, Langholm

1876 Howatson, W. M. S., Cronberry, Cum-

nock
1865 Howden, John, late Seedsman, Inver-
ness

1864 Howden, John, Overseer, Nether Braco,

Perthshire
1850 Howden, Robert, Boggs, Pencaitland

1854 Howe, Alexander, W.S., 17 Moray

Place, Edinburgh
1863 Howie, H. Brown, North Hazelrigg,

Belford, Northumberland
1863 Howie, James, Haddon, Kelso
1857 Howie, John, Hurlford, Kilmarnock

1855 Hoyle, Duncan, London

1822 Hozier, J., of Mauldslie Castle, Car-
luke

1862 Hozier, W. W., of Tannochside, Bells-
hill, Glasgow

1853 Hubbach, Joseph, Liverpool

1865 Hudspith, Wm.,Brookside,HaltwhistIe
1844 Huggins, W. B., Glasgow

Highlccnd and Agricidtural Society, 1877.

31

Admitted

1860 Hughan, Peter, Cults, Whithorn

1838 Hughan, Thomas, of Airds

1872 Hughes, Geo. P., of Middleton Hall,

Wooler

1875 Hugonin, E., Kinmylies House, Inver-

ness
1857 Huie, James, Durry, Campbeltown
1869 Hume, Archibald, of Auchendolly,

Dalbeattie
1871 Hume, George T., Sunlawshill, Kelso
1869 Hume, John, Balmirmer, Arbroath
1818 Hume, M. N. Macdouald, W.S., 15

Abercromby Place, Edinburgh
1840 Hume, P. Hallyburton, Lawfield, Cock-

burnspath

1859 Hunt, James Alex., of Pittencrieff,

Logie, Dunfermline
1855 Hunter, Alex., Nethershiel, Ratho

1876 Hunter, Capt. Alexander C, of

Tillery and Auchiries, Aberdeen
1826 Hunter, David, of Blackness, Dundee
1867 Hunter, David, Guiltreehill, Maybole

1860 Hunter, Evan Alan, W.S., 121

Princes Street, Edinburgh

1861 Hunter, Herbt., of Burnhead, Lock-

erbie

1876 Hunter, James, of Antonshill, Cold-
stream

1867 Hunter, James, Coplawhill, Strath-
bungo, Glasgow

1852 Hunter, James, of Glenapp, Newmains

House, Newmains

1873 Hunter, James (of Pilloor, Neilgherry

Hills, Madras), 1 Doune Terrace,
Edinburgh
1842 Hunter, J. Wm., of Thurston, Dunbar

1876 Hunter, John, Confunderland,Leochel-

Cushnie
1864 Hunter, John, Dipple, Fochabers
1875 Hunter, John, Nethershiel, Mid Gai-
dar

1877 Hunter, John, Jun., Woodhull Mains,

Juuiper Green
1871 Hunter, Patrick, Argaith, Perth
1837 Hunter, Richard, 10 Ainslio Place,

Edinburgli
1802 Hunter, Robt., 10 Ainslio Place, Edin-
burgh

1869 Hunter, William, Craighead, Abingtou

1870 Hunter, William, Crawfordtou Lodge,

Mouiaive

1853 Hunter, William B., Haugli, Kirklis-

ton

1857 Hunter, William, Machribcg, Camp-
beltown

1877 Hunter, William Frederick, of Uufton,
Advocate, 1 Ainslio Place, Edin-
burgh

1850 Huutly, R. Hodgson, of Carham Hall,
Coldutrcum

Admitted

1872 HuNTLY, Most Noble the Marquis of,

Aboyne Castle, Aboyne
1876 Hurll, John, Cardowan Brickworks,

Moodiesburn
1859 Husband, Robert, Gellet, Dunfermline
1838 Hutchinson, Jas., Merchant, Glasgow

1857 Hutchison, .James, Mouswald Farm,

Terrace, Dumfries
1872 Hutchison, James Thomas, 28 Royal
Edinburgh

1872 Hutchison, J. H., Manor House, Cat-

terick
1871 Hutchison, Robt., Merchiston Avenue,

Edinburgh
1829 Hutchison, R., of Cairngall, Longside
1850 Hutchison, Robt., Braehead, Kirkcaldy

1858 Hutchison, R., of Carlowrie, 29 Chester

Street, Edinburgh

1875 Hutchison, Thomas, Bellfield, Dud-
dings ton

1870 Hutchison Thos., Broomhill, Loanhead

1868 Hutton, Arthur, Comlongan Castle,

Annan

1859 Hvndman, Henry C, of Springside,

West Kilbride
1870 Hyslop, And., Auchenreoch, Dalbeattie
1857 Hyslop, H. D. B., Tower, Sanquhar
1870 Hyslop, John, of Bank, New Cumnock

1873 Imrie, John L., Blackhill, Maryhill,

Glasgow

1869 Inch, James G., Mitchelhill, Biggar

1855 Inch, John, West Mains, Liberton

1870 Incli, Thos., Gilkerscleuch, Abington

1869 Inglis, Alex. Wood, yr. of Glencorse,

30 Abercromby Place, Edinburgh
1834 Inglis, Charles Craigie Halkett, of
Cramond

1874 Inglis, David, Flemington, Lerwick
1864 Inglis, George, Dron, Cupar Fife
1847 Inglis, Harry Maxwell, of Loganbank,

P.C.S., 11 Coates Crescent, Edin-
burgh
1849 Inglis, Henry, of Torsonce, W.S.,
1 Great Stuart Street, Edinburgh

1856 Inglis, Lieut.-Col. Hugh, of Kingsmills,

Inverness
1852 Inglis, Right Hon. John, of Glencorso,
Lord Justice-General, 30 Abercromby
Place, Edinburgh

1860 Inglis, John, Steam Mills, Leith

1857 luglis, John, of Rt-dhali, Slatcford
1864 Inglis, John, Kcpdarroch, CJurgunnock
1805 Inglis, Piter, East Piltou, Ferry Road,

Edinburgh
1877 Inglis, llobt., Lovestono House, Girvan
1872 Inglis, Wni., Preuderguest, Ay ton
1857 Inkson, Patrick, Bcrryleys, Keith

1870 inkson, Thomas F., Kinermony,

CraigcUachio

OO

List of 3femhers of the

Admitted

1840 Innes, Alex., of Eaemoir, Banchory
1842 Innes, Alexander Mitchell, of Ayton
1874 Innes, Charles, Solicitor, Inverness
1865 Innes, Frederick S. Bentley, of Thrum-

ster. Golspie
1865 Innes, William Mitchell, yr. of Ayton.
1847 Innes, George Mitchell, of Bangour,

32 Buclcingliam Terrace, Edinburgh
1838 Inxes. Sir' J. Milne, of Edingight,

Bart.i Keith
1847 Innes, John B., W.S., 11 Moray Place,

Edinburgh
184G Innes, Col. Thomas, of Learney, Tor-

phins

1842 Innes, Thos. S. Mitchell, of Phantassie,

Prestonkirk

1862 Innes, T. G. Eose, of Xetherdale,

Turriff
1876 Innes. AYilliam, Meikle Clinterty,

Nevrhills, Blackburn, Aberdeen
1876 Inverurie, Eight Hon. Lord, Inglis-

maldie Castle, Laurencekirk

1858 Ironside, John, Brindy, Keig, White-

house, Aberdeen

1859 Ironside, William, Clofrickford, Ellon
1845 Irvine, Alex. Forbes, of Drum, Slieriff

of Argyll, 25 Castle Terrace, Edin-
burgh
1873 Irvine, George Forbes, Nigg, Eoss-
shire

1869 Irvine, Y^alter, Grangemuir, Pitten-

weem

1843 Irvine, Wm. Stewart, M.D., Craigatin,

Pitlochry

1870 Irvine, Benj., Barndennoch, Auldgirth,

Dumfries
1870 Irving, Chris., Blackearn. Castle
Douglas

1870 Irving, John, Boreland, Dunscore,

Dumfries

1838 Irving, John. London

1869 Irving,' J. Bell, of Whitehill, Locker-
bie

1872 Irving, Sara,, Carco, Kirkconnel,
Sanquhar

1871 Jack, Alexander, Agricultural Imple-

ment Maker, Maybole

1872 Jack, Gavin, North Gyle, Corstor-

phine
1864 Jack, John S., Cambusdrennie, Stirling

1863 Jack, M., Peggy's Mill, Cramond

Bridge

1860 Jack, Samuel. Mersington, Coldstream
1855 Jack, Eobcrt, Banker, Motherwell
1869 Jack, Thos., Eiccarton Mains, Currie
1863 Jackson, Edward J. (of the Priory, St

Andrews), 6 Coates Crescent, Edin-
burgh
1859 Jackson, John, of Amisfield; Dumfries

Admitted

1870 Jackson, John, Bush, Ewes, Langholm
1876 Jaffray, Arthur, Banks, Fyvie

1876 Jaffray, James, Belmont, tlnst
1852 Jameson, Melville. Solicitor, Perth

1869 Jamieson, Alexander, C.A., 8 South

Charlotte Street, Edinburgh
1858 Jamieson, David, Auchmithie Mains,

Arbroath
1876 Jamieson, George, Lord Provost of

Aberdeen
1860 Jamieson, George Auldjo, C.A., 58

Melville Street, Edinburgh
1874 Jamieson, James Auldjo, W.S., 14

Buckingham Terrace, Edinburgh

1857 Jamieson, James Fyfe, Eednock House,

Stirling
ISGO Jamieson, Jn , of Kingask, St Andrews
1865 Jamieson, Michael J., of Arngomery,

Kippen, Stirling

1874 Jamieson, Eobert J., S.S.C., Borrow-

stounness

1871 Jamieson, Thomas, High Curghie,

Drumore, Stranraer
1876 Jamieson, Thomas F., Mains of Water-
ton, Ellon

1875 Jamieson, William, of Shandon, Eow

1876 Jamieson, William T., Solicitor, An-

struther

1858 Jamieson, Wm. H., Mayshade, Loan-

head
1850 Jardine, Sir Alexander, of Apple-
garth, Bart., Jardine Hall, Locker-
bie
1846 Jardine, Andrew, of Lanrick, Stirling
1873 Jardine, Andrew, Ballemenoch, Eow
1846 Jardine, James, of Larriston, Dryfe-
holm, Lockerbie

1854 Jardine, John, of Thorlieshope Arkle-

ton, Langholm
1863 Jardine, Eobe?t, of Castlemilk, Locker-
bie

1870 Jefferson, Eobt., Preston Hows, White-

haven
1857 Jeffray, John, Cardowan House, Mil-
lerston, Glasgow

1859 Jeffrey, John, of Balsusney, Kirk-

cald}''
1869 Jeffrey, David, 14 Eandolph Crescent,

Edinburgh
1873 Jenkinson, A., 10 Princes Street,

Edinburgh

1855 Jobson, William, Buteland, Belling-

ham, Northumberland

1872 Johnson, W. H., Eamrig, Ladykirk,

Berwickshire
1836 Johnston, Alexander, W.S., Johnston,

Eubislaw, Aberdeen
1852 Johnston, Alexander, Hailes, Slateford
1872 Johnston, Donald, Kilbride, Easdale,

Oban

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

33

Admitted

1857 Johnston, G., M.D., Fincraigs, New-
port
1853 Johnston, George, Marlefield, Kelso

1872 Jolmston, George, Aquhorthies, Inve-

rurie
18G0 Johnston, James, Banker, Dumfries
1857 Johnston, James, Huntington, Lauder
1876 Johnston, Jas., Father Farm, "Wishaw
]871 Jolmston, James, Cattle-dealer, Perth

1856 Johnston, John, Banker, Bathgate
1853 Johnston, J. S., Craillinghall, Jed-
burgh

1839 Johnston, Robert, Beechwood, Lau-
rencekirk

1860 Johnston, Lieut.-Gen., of Carnsalloch,
Castle-Douglas

1871 Johnston, Stewart J., Cattle Dealer,
Perth

1859 Johnston, Thomas, Lochhouse, Moffat

1848 Johnston, Sir William, of Kirkhill,
Gorebridge

1852 Johnston, William, Writer. Bathgate

1876 Johnston, William, Mill of Haulkerton,
Laurencekirk

1857 Johnston Wm., Eanachan, Campbel-

town
1850 Johnstone, Christopher, Dinwoodie

Lodge, Lockerbie
1842 Johnstone, Hon. Henry Butler, of

Corehead, Auchen Castle, Moffat

1828 Johnstone, James, of Alva, Stirling

1873 Johnstone, James, Hunterheck, Moffat
]876 Johnstone, John, Drumwhindle Mains,

Ellon

1873 Johnbtone, John^ of Halleaths, Locker-

bie

1869 Johnstone, John, Kingledoors, Biggar
1875 Johnstone, John, Auchcairnie, Lau-
rencekirk

1859 Johnstone, John A., Archbank, Mofl'at

1870 Johnstone, John Jas. Hope, of Annan-

dale, M.P., Raehills, Moffat
1859 JoiiNSTONK, Admiral Sir Wm. J. Hope,

K.C.B., 24 Albany Street, Edinburgli
1865 Jolmstono, Miss Hope, of Annandale,

Marchbank Wood, Moflat
1859 Jolmstone, Robert, Polmoodio, Moffat
1859 Johnstone, Walter, Alton, Moffat

1874 Johnstone, W. M., National Bank of

Scotland, Cupar-Fife

1829 Jolly, Jhivid Leitch, ]'>anknr, Perth
1862 Jones, Charles Digby, lato Kilcharauig,

Whitehnuse, Kintyro

1858 Jopp, Pwobert, New Z(alan<l

1865 Jo3.'<, Alexander, Cruchio, Huntly

1866 Joas, John, Budgate, Cawdor, Nairn
1873 Jncke.s, R. F., Cotwall, Wellington,

Salop — Free Life JlemUr.

1858 Kay, Charles, Glcnburgie, Forres

Admitted

1875 Kay, Charles, Mill Farm, Gargunnock

1871 Kay, Duncan James, of Drumpark,

Dumfries
1864 Kay, James, Billhead, Gargunnock
1863 Kay, John, Softlaw, Kelso

1872 Kay, John, jun., Softlaw, Kelso

1867 Kay, Robert, Tuns, Minard, Inveraray

1871 Kay, Robert, Linton Bankhead, Kelso
1863 Kay, Wm., Broomieknowe, Lasswade

1863 Kay, William, Little Kerse. Kippen,

Stirling
1844 Keir, i^ndrew T., Swinhoe, Chathill

1864 Keir, Duncan, Buchlyvie, Stirling:
1837 Keir, Patrick Small, of Kindrogan,

Pitlochry

1857 Keir, Simon, Conservative Club, Lon-
don

1859 Keir, William, of Whithaugh, New-
castleton

1867 Keir, William A., yr. of Kindrogan,
Pitlochry

1876 Keith, Alexander, Chapelton, Ellon
1876 Keith, James, New^ton of Kinmundy,

Mintlaw

1865 Keith, Peter, Factor, Barogill Castle,

Wick

1872 Kellie, John B., Ladywell, Dunse
1874 Kelman, William, Balnagore, Fearn,

Ross-shire
1876 Kemp, Charles, Recletich, Glenrinnes,

Dufftown
1852 Kemp, Jn., Agricultural Implement

Maker, Stirling
1863 Kennedy, David, Newlands, Dumfries

1866 Kennedy, Duncan C, of Glenstriven,

Innellan

1865 Kennedy, Henry H., Rossie Castle,
Montrose

1859 Kennedy, Jas., of Sundaywell, Brand-
leys, Sanquhar

1874 Kennedy, John, Forester, Balmacaan

Glen Urquhart

1871 Kennedv, John, Royal George Hotel

Perth '
1840 Kennedy. John Lawson, of Knock-

naling. Dairy
1870 Kennedy, Robert, of Dalmakerran,

. Tynron, Thornliill
1812 Kennedy, Rt. Hon. T. P., of Dunuro,

Ayr

1872 Kennedy, Tlios., Coachbuilder, Keiso

1875 Kennedy, William, 89 Marino Paratlo,

Brighton — Free Life Memher.

1842 Kennedy, Wm., Commission Agent,
Glasgow

1802 Kennedy, Wm., W.S., 59 Northumber-
land Street, Eilinburgh

1870 Kennedy, Wm., Kirkland, Sanquhar

1874 Kennedy, William, Sherramore, Kin-

gussie

34

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

18G0 Kennoway, Robt., Burnliead, Lass-
wade

1863 Ker, E. Martin, (late of Gateshaw,

Morebattle, Kelso), London
1854 Ker, Eobert, of Douglaston. Milngavie
1804 Kerr, Abram, Castlebill, Durrisdeer,

Thornhill
1860 Kerr, James, Locbend, Kilbirnie
1853 Kerr, John, Land-Surveyor, Dunse
1359 Kerr, John, Broomhouse, Corstorphine
i860 Kerr, John, Grennan, New Galloway
1875 Kerr, John, Elizafield, Dumfries
1875 Kerr, John, Kinnoull, Perth
1875 Kerr, John Graham. Illieston, Brox-
burn
1870 Kerr, Jos., Flatts of Cargen, Dumfries

1857 Kerr, Robt., of Chapeldonan, Edin-

burgh
1860 Kerr, Thomas, Whitehill, Sanquhar
1845 Kerr, William Williamson, late Oriel

College, Oxford
1875 Kerr, William, Newhouse, Dairy
1833 Kerr, W. S., of Chatto, Sunlaws,

Kelso
1865 Kidd, Alexander F., East High Street,

Airdrie

1874 Kidd, Hugh, V.S., Inverness

1858 Kidd, J., Balmirmer, Carnoustie
1869 Kidd, Walter, Balleny, Currie

IbSO Kidston, Jn. P. (of Newton, Cambus-
lang), 81 Great Clyde Street, Glas-
gow

1875 Kidston, Richard, 81 Great Clyde

Street, Glasgow

1864 Kier, Thomas, Newlands, Falkirk

1876 Kilgour, Robert, junior, Ardlin,

Ellon
1826 Kilgour, Robert, jun., late Millbank,

Aberdeen
1862 Kilpatrick, P., Stancliffe, Matlock,

Bath
18G8 King, Charles M,, Antermony House,

Milton of Campsie
1864 King, David, Roseneath
1873 King, Duncan, Kildean, Stirling
1857 King, James, of Levernholm, 12 Clare-

mont Terrace, Glasgow
1872 King. James, West Mills, Colinton
1850 King, Jas. F., 5 Richmond St., Glas-

gow

1871 King, J. Falconar, Analytical Chemist,

IS Brown Square, Edinburgh
1869 King, Robert, Levernholm, Hurlet
1873 King, William, jun., Earn, Doune
1839 King, William, Manufacturer, Glasgow
1868 King, Lieut.-Colonel Wm. Ross, of

Tertowie, Kinellar, Aberdeen
1859 Kininnionth, Peter, Milton, Leuchars
1859 Kinloch, Alexander, yr. of Gilmerton,
Drem

Admitted

1841 Kinloch, Alexander John, of Park,
Aberdeen

1828 Kinloch, Sir David, of Gilmerton,

Bart., Drem
1825 Kinloch, Sir George, of Kinloch, Bart.,
32 Drummond Place, Edinburgh

1829 Kinloch, Col. John Grant, of Kilrie,

Logic, Kirriemuir
1830tKiNNAiED, Right Hon. Lord, K.T.,

Rossie Priory, Inchture
1862 KiNNAiED, Hon. Arthur, M.P., 1 Pall

Mall East, London
1873 Kinnear, Arthur W., Stonehaven
1876 Kinnear, C. G. H., of Drum, 12 Gros-

venor Crescent, Edinburgh
1853 KiNNOUL, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Dupplin Castle, Perth

1873 Kinross, Andrew, Hungryhill, Dun-

blane

1876 Kinross, James, Coldstream, Lau-
rencekirk

1864 Kinross, J., Gannochan, Braco, Perth-
shire

1871 Kinross, Thomas, Loig, Braco, Perth-
shire

ISoOfKiNTORE, Right Hon. the Earl of,
Keith Hall, Inverurie

1875 Kippen, Durham, of Busby, Glasgow

1848 Kirk, John, W.S., 12 Claremont Cres-
cent, Edinburgh

1861 Kirk, James, Kaimknow, Muckhart

1874 Kirkland, ]\Iajor- General John A gmon-

disham Vesey, of Wester Fordel,
Milnathort

1875 Kirknesfe, John, Quoyostry, Rousay,

Orkney

1868 Kirkpatrick, A,, of Allanshaw, Hamil-

ton

1875 Kirkpatrick David. Linns, Torthor-

wald

1876 Kirkpatrick, James, Redhills, Torthor-

wald

1860 Kirkpatrick, Samuel, West Roucan,
Dumfries

1866 Kirkwood, Alex., Medalist to the
Society, 9 St James Square, Edin-
burgh

1871 Kirkwood, Allan, Killermont, Mary-
hill, Glasgow

1854 Kirkwood, Hugh, Killermont, Mary-
hill, Glasgow

1807 Knight, Wm. Gray, of Jordanstone,
Meigle

1858 Knowles, Thomas, Flesher, Aberdeen

1871 Knox, George, Polnoon Lodge, Eagles-
ham

1874 Knox, Robert, Woodside, Cambus,
Alloa

1869 Kynoch, George, jun., Isla Bank Mills,

Keith

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

35

Admitted

1872 Kynoch, Patrick, M.D., Greenlaw, Ber-

wickshire

1870 La Cour, L. W., Vice-Consul of Den-

mark, 17 Inverleith Row, Edinburgli

1863 Laidlay, J. W., of Seacliffe, North

Berwick
18Go Laing, George, "Wark, Coldstream

1856 Laing, John, Newburgh, Fife

1855 Laing, Thomas, 17 Palmerston Road,

Edinburgh
1874 Laing, William, Skaill, Thurso
1858 Laird, Geo. W., of Denfield, Arbroath

1871 Lament, Charles, of East Bank, Kin-

ross
1850 Lament, Jas., of Knockdow, Greenock

1866 Lament, Jn.,12 Henderson Row, Edin-

burgh

1854 L'Amy, John Ramsay, of Dunkenny,

i!setherbyres, Ayton

1857 Landale, James, Woodmill, Auchter-

rauchty
1877 Landale, James, Junior, "Weodmill,

Auchtermuchty
1874 Landale, John, of Woodbank, Banker,

Dunfermline

1855 Landale, Thomas, 4 Mayfield Terrace,

Edinburgh

1867 Lang, Alex., Borthrickfield, Bridge of

Weir
Lang, Alex,, Garneyland, Paisley
Lang, Hugh M., of Broadmeadows,
kirk

Lang, John.Bield, Gargunnock
Lang, William, Glengorm, Tober-
mory
1854 Langlands, James C, Bewick, Aln-
wick
1857 Latham, Patrick R., The Kames, Lan-
rick Castle, Stirling

1864 Latta, Mat. Rodger, Carmyle, Toll-

cross, Glasgow

1873 Latta, William, Darmalloch, Cum-

nock

1868 Lauder, Alex., Goslien, Musselburgh

J 859 Lander, Dewar, St Nicholas, St

Andrews
1873 Lauder, William, Locherlour, (JricfT
1863 Lauderdale, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Tliirlestano Castle, Lauder

1872 Laurie. John W., Mitchelston, Stow
1848 Laurie, William Kennedy, of Woudhall,

Castk;- Douglas
1868 Law, James, East Mains, Broxburn
187G Law, John, New Keig, Whiteliouse,

Aberdren
1868 Lnwes, L B., Rothamstead, St Albans

1873 Lawie, Alex., Implement and Manure

Merchant, Lauroncikirk

1874 Lawrence, James, Forres Mills, Forres

1875

■5
184 J

1864

;54

185"

Admitted

1876 Lawrence, W. F., Gowanhill, Cortes,
Lonmay

1872 Lawrie, Alex.. Hardens, Dunse
1859 Lawrie, James, Mitchelston, Stow

1873 Lawrie, John, Kirklandhill, Leven
1872 Lawrie, Thos,, Esperston, Gorebridge
1872 Lawrie, Thomas, Seed Merchant,

Newton St Boswelts

1875 Lawrie, Wm., Architect, Inverness

1876 Laws, Robert Seppings, Tenby, Pem-

brokeshire

1853 Lawson, Alex., of Burnturk, Kettle
1843 Lawson, Alexander, Merchant, Dundee

1854 Lawson, Alexander, Old Mills, Elgin
1876 Lawson, A. B., Clynelish, Brora
1846 Lawson, Chas., 34 George Square,

Edinburgli

1871 Lawson, Charles, Deebank, Cults,

Aberdeen
1868 Lawson, C.,:Ordhead, Cluny, Aberdeen
1868 Lawson, Geo. Stoddart, late Edin-
burgh
1859 Lawson, Henry Graham, late Edin-
burgh

1872 Lawson, James, Banker, Huntly
1876 Lawson, James, Square, Huntly

1867 Lawson, Thomas, of Carriston, Mark-

inch
1853 Lawson, Wm., Lcssendrum, Huntly
1858 Learmonth, Alexander, North Bank,

Bo'ness

1868 Learmonth, Lieut.-Col. Alex , of Dean,

M.P., 73 Eaton Place, London

1874 Learmonth, Jas., Flesher, Linlithgow
18d9 Learmonth, Thomas Livingstone, of

Park Hall, Polmont
1876 Ledingham, Alexander, Drumblair,

Forgue, Huntly
1863 Lee, John, Dollar Bank, Dollar

1855 Lees, John, Marvin<^ston, Haddington

1863 Lees, Richard, Drinkstone, Hawick
1823 Leigh, Rev. Peter, Golborue Park,

Lancashire

1864 Leishman, James, of Broomrig, Dollar

1864 Leisbman, T., ISIoiklewood, Gargun-

nock, Stirling
1858 Leitch, Arch. K., Inchstelly, Forres
1S41 Leith, .\lt^\-., of FrceliLdd, Gleukindio,

luverkindie

1873 Leith, Sir Geo. H., of Ross, Bart.,

Ross Priory, Alexandria

1869 Leith. Major Thomas, Westhall. Oyna

1875 Leithead, James, Tlio Bow, Stow
1857 Lennie, John, Long Newton, Gifford

1876 Lennox, Charles, Carntyne Chemical

Works, I'.irkhead, (ilasgow
1873 Lennox, James, Douneof Glendoui^las,
ness

1865 Leny, W, Macalpino, of Dalswiuton,

Dumfries

Zist of Members of the

Admitted

1876 Leslie, A. F., Corskellie, Huntly
1840 Leslie, G. A. Young, of Kininvie,
Lesmurdie House, Elgin

1862 Leslie, Hon, George Waldegrave,

Leslie House, Leslie
1857 Leslie, James, Thorn, Blairgowrie

1868 Leslie, Lieut-Col. Jonathan Forbes, of

Rotliie Norman, Rothie Norman
1873 Leslie, Eobert C, of Butterglen, Dun-

keld
1873 Leslie, William, of Nethermuir, Aber-
deen
1848 Leslie, Wm., of Warthill, Pitcaple

1863 Lesslie, James, Boghall, Linlithgow

1869 Liddell, Rev. Jolm R., The Manse,

Kirkliston

1864 Lidderdale, Wm. H., Writer, Castle-

Douglas

10 Chalmers Cres-

7 Hermitage Hill,

1858 Ligertwood, John, Sherift'-Clerk,

County Buildings, Aberdeen
1875 Lightfoot, Henry Le Blanc, Ardgo-
wan, Greenock

1872 Lillie, Wm., Implement Maker, Ber-

wick-on-Tweed
1841 Lindsay. Alexander K., of Balmungo,
St Andrews

1873 Lindsay, Jas., Whitecastles, Lockerbie
1857 Lindsay, James, New Zealand

1865 Lindsay, John, Thornhill, Stewarton

1862 Lindsay, Robert, Lilliehill Fireclay

Works, Dunfermline

1857 Lindsay, TJiomas, Flemington, La-
man ch a

1869 Lindsay, Thos. S.
cent, Edinburgh

1854 Lindsay, William

Leith

1855 Lindsay. W., Stanhope, Biggar

1875 Linn, William, Chevington AVoodside.

Acklington
1873 Linton, Simon, Glenrath, Peebles

1863 Lithgow, E., Bedshiel, Greenlaw,

Dunse

1869 Little, James, Fauld, Longtown

1859 Little, John, Meikleholmside, Moffat

1870 Little. Wm., Burnfoot, Langholm

1876 Littlejohn, William, Whitemyers, Old

Skene Road, Aberdeen
1363 Livingston, Thos. S. Fenton, of West

Quarter, May field House, Ardri-

shaig
1875 Lloyd, Thomas, of Minard Castle

Inveraray
1853 Loch. George, Q.C., London
1832 Lockhart, Allan Elliot, of Borthwick-

brae. Hawick

1866 Lockhart, Robert, jun., 10 Polwarth

Terrace, Edinburgh
1872 Lockhart, Sir Simon M., of Lee and
Carnwarth, Bart., Lanark

Admitted

1870 Lockhart, Captain W. Elliot, yr. of

Borthwickbrae, Hawick

1859 Lockie, Wm., West Morriston, Earlston
1872 Logan, Abraham, Hownam Grange,

Kelso
1831 Logan, Alexander, London

1876 Logan, John Walker (Logan & Elder},.

Berwick-on-Tweed
1872 Loney, Peter, Marchmont, Dunse
1852 Longmore, Andrew, Rettie, Bantf

1858 Longmore, William, Banker, Keith
1865 Lorimer, J., Achrossan, Tigh - na-

bruaich
1843 Lorimer, T. W., Mountrule, Douglas,
Isle of Man

1860 Lorimer, William, Rigg, Sanquhar
1869t-LoKNE, Most Noble the Marquis of,.

K.T., M.P., Kensington Palace,
London
1869*tLoTHiAN, Most Noble the Marquis of,
NewbattleAbbey, Dalkeith — Fresident
of the Society

1874 Lothian, Maurice John, Glenlora,

Lochwinnoch
1853tLovAT, Right Hon. Lord, Beaufort
Castle. Beauly

1875 Love, Alex., Margaret's Mill, Kilmal-

colm

1874 Love, James, 1 Dellingburn Street,

Greenock
1857 Lovie, Alex., Nether Boyndlie, Fraser-
burgh

1843 Low, James, Mainhill, Dunse

1861 Low, General Sir John, of Clattos

K.C.B., Cupar-Fife

1861 Lowe, Robert, General Agent, Perth
1850 Lowndes, James, of Arthurlee, Barr-
head

1871 Lowson. William, of Balthayock, Perth

1859 Luke, Major John, 10 Abbotsford

Crescent, St Andrews

1862 Lumsdaine, Stamford R., of Lathallan^

Colinsburgh
1861 Lumsden, David, Pitcairnfield, Perth
1850 Lumsden, G., Leslie Lodge, Inverurie
1857 Lumsden, George, 20 Queen Street,

Glasgow

1877 Lumsden, General Sir Harry B.

Belhelvie Lodge, Aberdeen
1869 Lumsden, Henry, of Pitcaple, Pit-
caple
1877 Lumsden, Hugh Gordon, of Auchindoir,
Aberdeen

1844 Lumsden, Sir James, of Arden,

20 Queen Street, Glasgow

1875 Lumsden, James, yr. of Arden, 20

Queen Street, Glasgow
1840 Lumsden, James, Braco, Keith

1876 Lumsden^ William Harry, of Balmedie,

Belhelvie

Higldand and Agricultural Society, 1877.

37

Admitted

1876 Lundy, John J., Leith
1870 Lusk, And., Howwell, Kirkcudbright
18G1 Lyal, Robert, Bennie, Brace
1872 Lyal, William, Fogorig, Dunse
IboO Lyall, Chas., Old Montrose, Montrose
1854 Lyall, David, of Gallery, Montrose
1850 Lyall, Robert, Carcary, Brechin
1861 Lyell, John, Banker, Ncwburgh
1859 Lyon, Jas., Burnhaugh, Stonehaven
1867 Lyon, G. F., of Kirkmichael, Captain
R.N., Dumfries

1870 Lyon, Thomas A., Whitecroft, Locker-

bie

1871 Lyon, William, 14 Jasmine Terrace,

Aberdeen

1870

1857
1859

1840
1842
1855

1872
1873

1854

1873

1862

1840
1842
1840

1873
1872
1853

1872

1865
1871

1870

1871
1863

1870

1870

lbG8

1846
1674

M'Adara, Jas. Nicol, High Trees,

Marlborough, Wilts
Macadam, John, Blairo'er, Drymen
Macadam, Dr Stevenson, F.R.S.E.,

Surgeon's Hall, Edinburgh
Macalister, A., of Loup and Torrisdale
Macalister,Keith, of Glenbarr, Tarbert
M'Alister, Robert, Mid Ascog, Rothe-
say
Macallum, Donald, Balligowan, Oban
il'Alpine, James, Tile Manufacturer,

Stirling
Macandrew, D. M., Kilrock, Bridge of

Allan
Macandrew, Henry C, Sheriff Clerk,

The Castle, Inverness
Macarthur, John, of Barbreck, Banker,

Inverary
Macarthur, Major Alexander
Macarthur, Duncan, New Zealand
Macaskill, Donald, of Rhuduuan, New
Zealand

McAuslan, James, Kirkmichael, Row
McAualan, John, Inverlaran, Row
M'Auslan, J., late Kilbridbeg, Cairn-
dow
M-Barnet, Col. A. C, New Club, Edin-
burgh.
M'Bean, D., Auchterblair, Carr Bridge
McBeau, John, Factor's Office, Gran-
town
^lacbean, Colonel William, of Tomatin,

Inverness
McBcatli, James, Brims. Thurso
Macbraire, James, of Broadmeadows,

Berwick
M'Call, George, Burranco, Courance,

Lockerbie
M'Call, James, Caitloch, Moniaive
M'CJall, Professor .L, Veterinary Col-
lege, Glasgow
i^I'Call, Henry, of Daldowie, Glasgow
McCallum, Alex, liiglis, Chemist and
V.S., 6 Graaaniarket, Ediuburgji

Admitted

1872 McCallum, Dun., Clenmachrie, Oban
1842 M'Callum George Kellie, of Brace,

Castle Braco, Perthshire
1861 M'Callum, John, Bank Place, CrieiT
1864 M'Callum, John, Fendoch, Crieff
1875 McCamon, John, Kirronrae, Kirk-

colm
1864 M'Candlish, Jn. M'Gregor, W.S.,

4 Doune Terrace, Edinburgh

1871 McCash, John, Grain Merchant, Perth

1873 McCaull, Peter, Dykedale, Dunblane
1851 M'Caw, Alex., Greysowthen, Carlisle

1857 M'Chlery, Henry, London

1851 M'Clean, Alex. H., Auchneel, Stran-
raer

1870 M'Clew, John, Dinvin, Portpatrick

1870 M'Clymont, James, Borgue House,
Kirkcudbright

1840 M'Combie, J. Boyn, Advocate, Aber-
deen

1858 M'Combie, Peter, Upper Farmton,

Whitehouse, Aberdeen
1858 M'Combie, Robt., Brawliemuir, Drum-

litliie
1840 M'Combie, William, of Easter Skene,

Skene, Alserdeen
1847 M'Combie, William, of Tillyfour,

Aberdeen

1857 M'Connachy, Archibald, Macremore,

Campbeltown

1858 M'Connach, Chas., Cairnballoch, Al-

ford, Aberdeen

1868 M'Connel, Frederic, of Robgill,

Ecclefcchan

1874 M'Connel, William, of Knockdolian,

Girvan

1875 M'Connell, John A.^ Chapelheron,

Whithorn

1870 M'Connell, Jumes, Glasnick, Newton-
Stewart

1842 M'Connell, John, Richmond, Surrey

1856 M'Cowan, Robert, 12 Lynedoch Place,
Glasgow

1877 M'Cracken, Alex. Earl, Craiglomine,
Glasserton, Whithorn

1859 M'Culloch. Alexander, of Glen, Gate-

house of Fleet
1870 M'Culloch, David, Bank-Agent, North
Berwick

1870 M'Culloch, John, Denbie Mains,

Lockerbie

1872 M'Cullocii, John II., Skaith, IVnuing-

hamo, Newton-Stowart

1869 M'Culloch, R. C, Kirkland of Long-

castle, Kirkinnor
1849 M'Cullocii, Walter, of Ardwell, Gate-
house of Fleet

1871 M'Culloch, William, Crieff

1858 M'Diarmid, Charles A., Rr>ckwood
Killiu

38

Lid of Members of the

Admitted

1858 M'Diarmid, D. A., Killiemore, Auchna-
craig, Mull

1875 M'Diarmid, Duncan, Glengonlandie,
Aberfeldy

1838 M'Donald, Dr Alex., Prince Edward's
Island

1841 Macdonald, Alexander, Wine Mer-
chant, Inverness

1854 Macdonald, A., Balranald, Lochmaddy

1874 Macdonald, Ales., Nether Largie, Kil-
martin

Admitted

1875 M'Dongal, Thos., Eskvale, Penicuiek

1872 M'Dougall, Col. Chas. A., of Dunollie,

Oban
1871 M'Dongall, John, Goodlyburn, Perth
1860 M'Dougall, Archibald, Ardtalanaig,

Kenmore
1838 Macdougall, Captain James Patrick
1853 M'Dougall, John, Kerrytonlia, Kothe-

say
1871 M'Dougall, John ^V., yr. of OrchilL

Blackford

1874 MacDonald, Alex. Pionald, Ord, Isle of : 1870 M'Dowall, Andrew, Auchtralure, Stran-

Ornsay, Broadford, Skye

raer

1855 Macdonald, A. S., Cyderhall, Dornoch ! 1870 M'Dowall, Andrew, Malcolmstone.Her-

1841 Macdonald, Col. Alister M'lan, of Dal

chosnie, Eannoch
1875 Macdonald, C. Moreton, of Largie,

Campbelltown

1860 Macdonald, D,, Athole Arms Hotel,

Blair Athole

1868 M'Donald, Donald, Culcraggie, Alness

1872 Macdonald, Donald, Tormore^Broadford,

Skye

1869 Macdonald, D. J. K., of Sanda, 7

Craven Street, London
1865 Macdonald, D. P., of Invernevis,

Fort- William
1871 M'Donald, J., Comrie Farm, Aberfeldy
1875 M'Donald, John, of Newton, Loch-
maddy

1873 Macdonald, John. Porterfield, Renfrew

1873 M'Donald, Neil M'Leod, of Dunach,

Oban

1861 Macdonald, Peter, The Douglas Hotel,

Brodick, Ardrossan
1868 Macdonald, R., Cluny Castle, Aberdeen

1874 MacDonald, E. A., Ullinish, Portree
1826 Macdonald, Eobeitson,- William, of

Kinlochmoidart, Fort- William.
1874 Macdonald, Eobertson, W. D. A., yr.

of Kinlochmoidart, Fort-William.
1839 Macdonald, Eoderick C, of Castle

Teirim, Prince Edward's Island
1861 Macdonald, William, of Balnakilly,

Blairgowrie
1874 MacDonald, William, Editor, JVorth

British Agriculturist, Edinburgh
1871 M-Donald, William, Woodlands, Perth
1860 Macdonald, William S., Craigielaw,

Longniddry
1865 Macdonald, William, Caledonian Bank,

Elgin
1844 Macdonald, Lieut.-Col. Wm. Mac-

,donald, of St Martin's, Perth
184G Macdonell, Eneas Eanald, of Morar,

Fort- William
1865 M'Douall, Jas., of Logan, Stranraer
1847 M'Dougal, Alexander, Granton Mains,

Edinburgh
1868 M'Dougal, George, Blythe, Lauder

miston

1845 Macdowall, Henry, of Garthland, Loch-

winnoch

1875 Macdowall, Henry, yr. of Garthland,

Lochwinnoch
1874 Macduff, Alex., of Bonhard, 12 Brunts-
field Place, Edinburgh

1859 MacDuff. James, Newmill, Stanlev

1876 M'Duff, Wm., Tomnagairn, Dunkeld
1834 Macewan, J., of Tar of Ruskie, Cal-
lander

1846 M-Ewan, Alexander, late of Sunder-

land

1850 M-Ewan, John, Merchant, Glasgow

1864 M'Ewen, John, Eedside Farm, North

Berwick

1865 M'Ewen, John, Merchant, Stirling
1865 MacEwen, John C, Inverness

1873 M'Ewen,William,Cambushinnie, Dun-

blane

1851 M'Farlan, John, Faslane, Gareloch-

head

1874 Macfarlan, Alex. (Mealldarroch, Tar-

bert, Lochfine), 36 Brisbane Street,

Greenock
1857 Macfarlane, Alexander, Pollanilline,

Campbeltown
1873 M'Farlane, Colin, Strone, Glenfruin^

Garelochead
1857 Macfarlane, Donald, Achray, Aberfoyle

1860 Macfarlane, Donald, Balmuildy, Bishop-

briggs

1873 M'Farlane, Duncan, Greenfield, Gare-
lochead

1857 Macfarlane, Duncan, Torr, Helens-
burgh

1869 M'Farlane, James, of Easter Radernie,
Dunfermline

1857 Macfarlane, John, late of Ballencleroch,
Lennoxtowu

1872 Macfarlane, John, Barnacarry, Kil-

ninver, Oban

1873 Macfarlane, Lewis, Lettermay, Loch-

goilhead
1868 Macfarlane, Malcolm, Hutchestown
Farm, Dunblane

Higliland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

39

Admitted

1862 Macfie, C, of Gogarburn, Corstorphine
1865 Macfie, David J., of Borthwick Hall,

Heriot
18G4 Macfie, Robert Andrew, of Dreghorn.

Colinton
1860 Macfie, Samuel, 29 WMtefield Road,

Everton, Liverpool

1869 Macfie, William, of Clermiston, Cor-

storphine
1 865 M'Gavin, Robert, of Ballumbie, Dundee

1863 M'Gibbon, David, Limecraig House,

Campbeltown
1863 M'Gibbon, David, Arcliitect, 89 George

Street, Edinburgh
1850 M'Gill, J., Torrorie, Dumfries

1860 M'Gill, James, Rotchell, Dumfries
1850 M'Gill, John, Barsalloch. Wigtown

1867 M'Gillewie, Donald, Ballnadrum, Pit-

lochry

1876 MacGillivray, Dr. D. W., Eoligary,
Barra, Lochmaddy

1874 M-Gillivray, John, Ballachroan, Kin-
gussie

1876 MacGillivray, William, Eoligary,
Barra, Lochmaddy

1876 MGouiie, John G., Mains, Alexan-
dria, N.B.

1870 M'Gowan, William, Blegbie, Upper

Keith

1837 Macgregor, Alexander, London

1872 M'Gregor, Donald, Balliuluig

1870 M'Gregor, Donald, Royal Hotel, Edin-
burgh

1857 Macgregor, Donald R., M.P., Merchant,
Leith

1874 MucGregor, Rev. J., Knockbain Manse,
Munlochy

1865 M'Gregor, James, late Balmenach,
.Grantown

1874 M'Gregor, James G., Mulderg, Foarn

1861 M'Gregor, John, Lady well, Dunk.dd
1874 M'Gregor, P. Cornyn, of Brediluud,

Lonend House, Paisley

1868 MacGregor, R., St Ann's Brewery,

Ediuburgli
1874 M'Gregor, Roderick, of Brae Rannoch,

Kincraig, Kingussie
1805 MacGregor, Tliomas, Millerton, Livcr-

noss

1870 M'llaflio, William J., of Torhouse-

muir, Wigtown
1872 M'lllraith, James, 135 Hope Street,

(ihl.SgoW

1871 M'llwraith, Thoma.s, Barwljanny,

Kirkinner
1.S72 M'Indoo, Jamt-a, (ilcnmolachan, Lu ;
1^64 Maclndo<', Rubort, Murkins. Ai< x-

andria
1831 M'lnroy, Jaraca P., of Ludc, HUiir-

Atliole

Admitted

1827 M'lnroy, Lieut.-Colonel William, of
The Burn, Brechin

1864 M'Intosh, David, of Havering Park,

Romford, Essex
1852 M'Intosh, Lieut.-Gen., of Carapsie,

K.H.
1876 Macintosh, John, of Cowhills, Peter--

head

1865 M'lnnes, Duncan, of Cowden. Comrie,

Crieff

1875 M'Intyre, Daniel, Dunallan, Rothesay
1873 M'Intyre, Daniel, Innkeeper, Pitlochry
1861 Maclntyre, Donald, Tighnablair,

Comrie

1876 M'Intyre, Duncan, Refreshment Rooms,

Thornton Junction

1875 Maclntyre, Peter Brown, Mains of Fin-
don, Dingwall

1875 M'Intyre, Robert, St Martins, Inver-
gorden

1844 Maclntyre. J., Lochvoil Cottage, Oban

1857 Jl'Isaac, John, Dunglass, Campbel-
town

1850 M'lver, Evander, Scourie House,
Lairg

1854 Muck, William, of Berrybank, Reston ,

1852 Mackay, Donald, Traill Street, Thurso i
1872 Mackay, George G., Grangemouth

1877 Mackay, Henry, Shandwick Mains,

^jo-o- X.B.
1870 Madefy, H. M. S., Banker, Elgin
1875 Mackay, John, Home Farm, Portree

1872 Mackay, John S., Banker, Grange-

mouth
1870 Mackay, R. J., Burgie, Forres

1874 Mackay, William, Melness, Lairg

1875 Mackay, Thomas, Easter Moy, Arcan,

Beauly

1873 M'Kean, John, Grain Merchant,

65 Port Street, Stirling
1857 M'Koan, Robert, Luinloch, Bitiliop-
briggs

1855 M'Keclmie, Neil, Dunoon

1864 Mackechnie, James, Glenmorc, I>och-

gilphead
1809 Mackechnie, James, jun., Gh-nmore,:

Kilmelford, Locligiilphoad
1841 Mackkn/.ik, Right lion. Lady Anne, of

Seatwc'll - '-.\?

1853 Mackenzie, Alexander, Banker, KiLrin

1874 Mackenzie, Alex., East Kinkell, J)in};

wall I

1SG2 Mackknzik, Sir Al.xandcr .M., of L)el-:

vino, P>ait.. Pnnkidd
1840 Mackenzie, A., of Scatwell, 19 ("liar-

lntt(> Sipuire, Edinburgh
l'^'"'^ ATiickeii/ie, AIonh'I-t Kin'-t-\ of

iiavelrig, Currio ;

lb75 Mncktiizie, Alex., Merchant, 22 L hurch

Street, InverncBS

40

List of Ilembers of the

Admitted

1872 Mackenzie, Andrew, Dalmore Distil-
lery, Alness

1855 Mackenzie, Captain Boyce, Creich,
Bonar Bridge

1872 Mackenzie, Colin, W.S., 28 Castle
Street, Edinburgh

1869 Mackenzie, C. J., of Portmore,

Eddieston
1844 Mackenzie, Daniel, jun.. Merchant,

Glasgow
1846 Mackenzie, Sir Evan, of Kilcoy, Bart.

1870 Mackenzie, James, Camden Quay,

Cork

1865 Mackenzie, James Fowler, of Allan-
grange, Munlochy

18G8 Mackenzie, Captain James Dixon, of
Findon, Mountgerald, Dingwall

1838 Mackenzie, Sir James J. K., of Scat-
well, Bart.

1871 Mackenzie, James T., of Kintail and
• Glenmuick, Ballater

1848 Mackenzie, John, New Club, Edin-
burgh

1865 Mackenzie, John, Duchiage, Cove,
Greenock

1872 Mackenzie, John, of Knipoch, Oban

1853 Mackenzie, Jn. Monro, of Mornish,

Garrion Tower, Wishaw
1848 Mackenzie, John Ord, of Dolphinton,

W.S., 9 Hill Street, Edinburgh
1821 Mackenzie, John Whitefoord, W.S.,

16 Royal Circus, Edinburgh

1854 Mackenzie, Sir K. S., of Gairloch,

Bart., Conan House, Dingwall

1846 Mackenzie, K."W. Stewart, of Seaforth,
Brahan Castle, Dingwall

1848 Mackenzie, Kenneth, C.A., Auditor of
Accounts to the Society, 29 Northum-
berland Street, Edinburgh

1 874 Mackenzie, Nigel Banks, British Linen
Bank, Fort-William

1838 Mackenzie, Robert D., of Caldarvan,
Alexandria

1865 Mackenzie, Roderick G., of Flowerburn,
Fortrose

1846 Mackenzie, Thomas, of Ord, Beauly

1852 Mackenzie, William, Unthank, Inch-
ture

1862 Mackenzie, William, Achindunie,
Alness

1857 M'Kerral, A., Brunerican, Campbel-
town

1874 M'Kerrow, And. , Auchenskeoch, South-
wick, Dumfries

1876 M'Kerrow, M.S., Boreland of South-
wick, Dumfries

1865 Mackessack, J., Earnside, Forres

1866 M'Kessack, Charles, Culblair, Fort-

George Station
1857 M'Kessack, John, Balnaferry, Forres

Admitted

1874 Mackessack, John, Kinloss, Forres
1864 M'Kessack, Robert, of Ardgye and
Roseisle, Forres

1874 Mackie, Alexr., Bandeath, Stirling

1875 M'Kie, Andrew, Corrahill, Kirkcud-

bright
1860 Mackie, George, of Dunjarg, Castle-
Douglas

1873 Mackie, James H. J.,Invermay, Bridge

of Earn
1869 Mackie, James, Lewes, Fyvie

1864 Mackie, James Logan, 18 Ashton

Terrace, Glasgow
1860 Mackie, John, Sarkshields, Ecclc-

fechan
1857 Mackie, Robert, Loudoun Cottage

Galston

1871 Mackie, William, Petty, Fyvie

1872 Mackinlay, Daniel, 11 James Street,

Portobello
1818 Mackinlay, John. Whitehaven
1869 M'Kinlay, John, Hardhill, Bathgate
1860 M'Kinnel, J. B. A., Dumfries Iron

Works, Dumfries

1876 Mackinnon, Colin Macrae, Ardrishaig
1869 Mackinnon, Lachlan, jun.. Advocate,

Aberdeen
1876 Mackinnon, Wm., of Loup, Clachan,
Kin tyre

1865 Mackintosh, C. Eraser, of Drummond,

M.P., Inverness

1839 Mackintosh, ^neas^ of Daviot, Inver-
ness

1846 Mackintosh, jEneas, of Balnespick,
Inverness

1844 Mackintosh, ^neas W., of Raigmore,
Inverness

1844 Mackintosh, A., of Holm, Inverness

1868 Mackintosh, C. H. (of Dalmunzie,

Perthshire), M.D., Morden Hall, Tor-
quay
1846 Mackintosh, George Gordon, Rich-
mond House, Twickenham, Middle-
sex

1869 Mackintosh, James, of Laraancha,

2 Abbotsford Park, Edinburgh
1854 Mackintosh, R. T., Seedsman, Edin-
burgh

1874 M'Kirdy, Major-General D. Elliot (of

Letham, Lanarkshire), New Club,
Edinburgh
1850 M'Kirdy, John Gregory, of Birkwood,

Lesmahagow
1860 M'Knight, Alexander, London
1856 Maclachlan, Alexander, Carleith, Dun-
tocher

1873 M'Lachlan, Archd., 32 Queen Street,

Stirling

1875 M'Lachlan, Colin, Drums, Greenock
1873 M'Lachlan, Colin, Woodend, Row

Hiyhland and Agricultural Society , 1877.

41

Admitted

1874 M'Laclilan, D., Lochgilphead

1843 Maclachlau. George, of Maclachlan,
W.S., 12 Abercromby Place, Edin-
burgh

1872 Maclachlan, James, Doune Lodge,

Burn of Cambus, Stirling
1862 Maclachlan, W. A., of Auchentroig,

Ealfron
1876 Maclae, Alex. Crura, of Cathkin, Car-

niunnock
1853 Maclagan, D., M.D., Prof, of Medical

Jurisprudence, University of Ediii-

burgh, 28 Heriot liow
1869 Maclagan, David, C. A., 9 Royal

Circus, Edinburgh
1847 Maclagan, Peter, Birch wood, Birnam,

Perthshire
1847 Maclagan, Peter, of Pumpherston, M.P,,

Clifton Hall, Ratho

1873 Maclagan, Robert Craig, M.D., SCoates

Crescent, Edinburgh
1847 Maclaine, Hugh, Glenrisdell, Tarbet,

Kintyre
1670 MacLaine, Murdoch G., of Lochbuy,

Oban
1855 Maclanachan, James, Van Diemen's

Land
1859 Maclaren, D., Corrychrone, Callan-
der
1853 M'Laren, Duncan, M.P., Newiugton

House, Edinburgh
1873 M'Laren, James, Little Sauchie, St

Ninians
1839 Maclaren, Dr John, Blairgowrie
1871 M'Laren, James, Solicitor, Crieff
1S64 M'Laren, J., late Gogar Park, Corstor-

phine
1873 M'Laren, John, Craggish, Comrie

1858 M'Laren, John, Retreat House, Scone,

Perth

1859 M'Laren, John, Brao of Monzievaird,

Crieff
1859 M'Laren, Joseph (late Greenliead of

Arnot, Kinross), Australia
1876 M'Larin, Dougald, Dalht-attie

1875 M'Latchie, William, HillBide, Camp-

beltown
1835 Maclean, Colonel Allan Thomas
1837 Maclean, Archibald D., Loniion
1875 M'Lcan, Arch. John, of Pennycross,

Auchiuicraig Mull
1871 M'Lcan, Charles, of Glenearn, Bridge

of Earn
1875 Maclean, Chas., Milton, Soutli Uist

Lochmaddy
1S38 Maclean, Colin, of Lagan, Tslay
1873 M'Lt.'an, Daniel. II ill wood, Kat'ho
1861 Maclean, Duncan, BfUnoUow, Crieff
1849 Maclean, George, 5 Albert Drive,

Crossbill, Queen's Park, Glasgow

Admitted

1854 Maclean, Hector Frederick, "W.S.,
3 Hill Street, Edinburgh

1857 M'Lean, James, Bennetsfield House,
Fortrose

1860 Maclean, J., Clerk of Supply, Wigtown

1860 M'Lean, Lauchlan, Pitilie, Aberfeldy

1823 Maclean, Dr Lachlan, Helenlee, Oban

1846 Macleay, Alex. D., Conservative Club,
London

1839 Macleay, Kenneth, 16 Grosvenor
Street, London

1875 M'Leish, Dan., Bank of Scotland,
Fort-William

1877 Macleish, G.S., Wester Drumartherty,
Spittalfield, Dunkeld

1871 M'Lellan, David, of Marks, Kirkcud-
bright

1857 Maclellan, T., Xorth Balfern, Kirk-
inner

1875 MacLennan, Alexander, Loanassie,
Kintail

1865 MacLennan, Donald, Hilton, Beauly

1864 MacLennan, John, Carnoch, Strath-
conon, Beauly

1874 MacLennan, James, Fornighty, Xairn

1830 Macleod, Donald, Coulmore, Inver-
ness

1874 Macleod, Dun. D. M'L., Coulmore,

Inverness

1875 M'Leod, F. H., 30 Ann Street, Glas-

gow

1849 Macleod, John N., Banker, Kirkcaldy
1839 Macleod, Norman, of Macleod, South

Kensington Museum, London
1875 M'Master, William, Challoch, Dun-

ragit
1854 Macleod, R. B. ^neas, of Cadboll, In-
vergorden Castle, Invergordon
1865 M'Leod. W. A., Scorrybreck, Portree
1875 Macleod, Captain, of Orbost, Rum

1874 M'Master, Allan, Gleuhead Houso,

Stranraer

1871 M'Master, Hugh, Blairbuie, Port-

William

1875 M'Master, John, Culhorn Mains,

Stranraer
1870 M'Millan, John, of Glencrosh, Moni-

aive
1861 MacMillan, J. G., Dereel House, Barns

Park, Ayr

1872 M'Millan, Robert, Polgowan, Newtoa

Stewart

1875 M'Min, Thos. M'C, Upper Wellwood,
Muirkirk

1854 M'Minn, F., 1 (Jraham Street, Edin-
burgh

1870 M'MonnieH, James, Cul<iuha, King-
lord. C'astle-Douglas

1872 M'Murricli, Jamq^, Stuckievullich,
Arroohar

42

List of Memhers of the

Admitted

1873 M'Murrich, Peter, Kennet Village,

Alloa
1865 M'Nab, Alexander, of Techraiiiry,

Glenochil House, Menstrie
1873 M'Nab, Donald, Duclilage, Lnss
1873 M'Nab, Jas., Loaning Bank, Menstrie

1872 M'Nab, John, Hotel, Arrochar

1873 M'Nab, John, Bracklin, Callander
1865 Macnaghten, Steuart, of Inver Tros-

sachs, Bitterne Manor House, South-
ampton

Admitted

1871 MacPherson, Donald, Glen Nevis,
Fort-William

1865 Macpherson, Col. D. E. B., of Belle-
ville, Kingussie

1875 M'Pherson, Donald, Lettermore, Arcs,

Mull

1876 M'Pherson, Donald, Argyle Arms

Hotel, Inverary
1865 Macpherson, Duncan, Kingussie
1827 Macpherson, Ewen, of Cluny Macpher-
son, Cluny Castle, Kingussie

1857 M'Nair, James, Smerby, Campbeltown 1872 Macpherson, George G., Cat Lodge,

1857 M'Nair, John, 33 Moray Place, Edin-
burgh

1876 M'Nair, Eobert, Westertown, New
Kilpatrick

1857 M'Naughton, Alex., Kemony, Ken-
more

1859 M'Naughton, Alexander, Kerrowmore,

Glenlyon, Aberfeldy
1071 M'Naughton, Alexander, York Place,
Edinburgh

1870 M'Naughton, Daniel, Leith

1854 Macnaughton, J., of Smithfield. Stand-
alane House, Stewarton, Kilmarnock

1871 M'Naughton, John, Kerrowmore,

Glenlyon, Aberfeldy

1871 M'Naughton, Wm., Kiechip, Dun-
keld

1848 Macneal, H., of Ugadale, Campbel-
town

1870 M'Neilie, Alexander, Redcastle, Dal-
beattie

1846 M'Neill, Right Hon.Sir John,G.C.B.,
Burnhead, Liberton

1860 M-Neill, John Carstairs, late of Ard-

lussa, Jura

1861 M'Neillie, W., of Castlehill, Dum-

fries

1873 M'Nicol, John, Courshelloch, Clachan,

Tarbet
1876 M'Nicol, John, Salachael, Fasnacloich,

Fort William
1867 M'Niven, Alex., Inneshewan, Killin

1876 Maconchy, John Arthur, Rathmore,

Aughnaclifife, County Longford. —
Free Life Member

1877 Maconochie, John Allan, Gattonside

House, Melrose
1852 Maconchie, Robert Blair, of Gatton-
side, W.S., 10 Hill Street, Edin-
burgh

1874 Macphail, Alex., Culaird, Inverness
1857 M'Phail, Alexander, America
1876 M'Phail, Donald, Cameron, Mull
1876 M'Phail, Donald, Laggan, Mull

1875 MacPhail, Donald, Oskamul, Aros,

Mull

1876 M'Phail, Dugald, Barachendruman,

Lochbuy, Mull

Kingussie
1865 Macpherson, James, Clunas, Cawdor,

Nairn
1876 Macpherson, John, Achlochrach, Glen-

rinnes, Dufftown

1856 Macpherson, John, Blantyre Farm,

Glasgow

1857 Macpherson, J., Lord Chamberlain's

Office, London
1860 Macpherson, J. (late Killihuntly, Kin-
gussie), Ontario, Canada

1870 Macpherson, Colonel Lachlan, of Glen-

trium, Newtonmore

1871 M'Pherson, Lauchlan, Laggan, Crieff
1857 M'Queen, J., of Boquhapple, Thorn-
hill, Stirlingshire

1870 Macqueen, James, of Crofts, Dal-

beattie

1873 MacQueen, James, Divers Wells,

Alloa
1850 Macrae, Don., Vallay, North Uist

1874 Macrae, Dun. A., Fernaig, Strome

Ferry

1874 MacRae, Rod., Mains of Erchlesa,
Beauly

1831 Macritchie, Thomas Elder, of Craig-
ton, 4 Gayfield Square, W.S., Edin-
burgh

1868 M'Robbie, Peter, Sunnyside, Aber-

deen

1871 MacRosty, James, Solicitor, Crieff

1873 Mactaggart, Charles, Banker, Camp-

beltown
1876 M'Taggart, John, Culnaightry, Auch-
encairn. Castle Douglas

1874 Mactavish, Alex., Implement Maker,

Inverness
1857 M'Tavish, Duncan, America
1 848 Mactier, Alexander Walker, 24 Marina,

St Leonards-on-Sea
1828 Macvicar, Rev. J. G., D.D., Moffat
1876 M-William, Mrs, Bucharn, Huntly

1869 M'AVilliam, D., Cairnfield, Kirk-

inner
1876 M'William, James, Stoneytown, Bo-
harm, Keith

1870 M'William, Robert, Craichmore, Stran-

raer

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

43

Admitted

1839 Madden, Henry R,, M.D., Australia
1875 Maddison, Henry, The Lindens, Dar-
lington

1870 Main, George Agnew, Portland Square,

Carlisle

1874 Main, James A. R. (A, and J, Main

k Co.), Renfield Street, Glasgow
1877 Maitland, David, of Dundrennan,
Kirkcudbright

1871 Maitland, Henry, Hillfoot, Dudding-

ston
1858 Maitland, James, jun., Little Methljc,

Methlic
1867 Maitlakd, Sir James Ramsay Gibson,

of Clifton Hall, Bart., Craigend House,

Stirling

1875 Maitland, Robt.,Balhalgardy, Inverurie
1858 Maitland, William, of Shannaburn,

Maryculter, Aberdeen
1841 Makgill, G., of Kemback, Prestbury,

Cheltenham
1869 Malcolm, George, Factor, Invergarry

1876 Malcolm, William, Carsaig, Mull

1840 Malcolm, W. E., of Burnfoot, Langholm
18G1 Mangles, George, Givendale, Ripon,

Yorkshire
1840 Mansel, Sir John, Bart., Maesteilo,

Llandilo, Carmarthenshire
1833tMANSFiELD, Right Hon. the Earl of,

K.T., Scone Palace, Perth
1869 Mansfield, James L., Advocate, 10

All^any Street, Edinburgh

1872 Maii and Kellie, Right Hon. the Earl ■

of, Alloa Park, Alloa
1856 Makjoribanks, Sir Dudley Coutts, of
Guisachan, Bart., 3 Grafton Street,
London

1854 Makjoribanks, Sir John, of Lees,

Bart., Coldstream
1850 Marjoril)anks, John, Camptoun, Drem
1864 Marjuribanks, Wm., Warriston House,

Inverleith Row, Edinburgh

1877 Mark, John, Craigend, Stow

1877 Mark, Robt. Agricultural Hall, Leven

Street, Edinburgh
1876 Marr, John, Mill of Kingoodie, Old

Meldrum
1864 Marr, J, A., late of Aldcrston, Mid-

Calder

1855 Marr, Wm. Smith, Upper Mill, Tarves

1873 Marryat, (jreorge Sclwyn, late 19 Hope

Terrace, Edinburgli
1>^73 Marshall, James, of Duncrievie, Mil-
nathort
18G8 Mansliall, Ja.s. (Marshall, Sons, & Co.),

Gainsborough
1847 Marshall, Johu, Clebrig, Lairg
1800 Miir.shiiil. Thoma.^, The Howes. Annan
1872 Marshall, William Hunter, of Callander,
25 Huriot Row, Edinburgh

Admitted

1875 Martin, Donald T., Auchendennan,
Bonhill

1875 Martin, Hugh, S.S.C, 7 Hope Street,
Edinburgh

1858 Martin, James, Newmarket, Aber-
deen

1875 Martin, John, Ardnahoe, Rothesay

1874 Martin. John, Beechwood Maiut. Cor-
storphine

1858 Martin, John, Claggan, Kenmore
1865 Martin, John, Shore, Kincardine-on-

Forth
1867 Martin, John M.,yr. of Auchendennan,

Bloomhill. Cardross
1854 ]Martin, Dr X., of Glendale, Dunvegan

1870 Martin, William, of Dardarroch, Dun-

score, Dumfries

1859 Mason, Robert, Corstorphine Hill

House, Edinburgh
1874 Masson, John, Kindrummond, Dcres

1874 Masson, John, Mill of Cammie, Ban-

chory

1875 Mather, Edward, 6 Viewforth Terrace,

Edinburgh
1874 Mather, John Arres, Delnies, Xairn

1876 Mather, William, Muirhead Cottage,

Moodiesburn
1873 Mather, William, Kirkhill, Xewton

Mearns
1846 Matheson, Alexander, of Ardross, M.P.,

Duncraig House, Strome Ferry
1843 Matheson, Sir James, of The Lews,

Bart., Lews Castle, Stornoway

1871 Matheson, Kenneth, Contractor, Pro-

vost of Dunfermline
1853 Mathews, N., Whitehills, Garliestown

1864 Mathie, James, Banker, Stirling
1871 Matthew, P. M., 32 Coates Gardens,

. Edinburgh
1871 Maury, William, Solicitor, Perth
1870 Maxwell. Captain Heron, yr. of Spring-

kell, Ecclefechan
1861 I^Iaxwell. Edward Heron, of Teviot-

hank, Hawick

1865 Maxwell, Francis, of Gribton, Mon-

reitli. Port William

1873 Maxwell, George, of Broomholm, Lang-
liolm

1838 Maxwell-Stuart, Hon. Henry Con-
stable, of Traijuair, Peebles

1830 Maxwell. Sir .loliu H., of Springkell,
Bart., Ecclefechan

1867 Maxwell. Maxwell Hyslop, of Tho
(irove, Dumfries

1869 Maxw. II, General Ilarlcy, of Portrack^
Dumfries '

1857 Maxwell, R., Ballachgair. Campbel-
town

1889 Maxwell. Wellwoml II.. of Munches
Dalbcuttio

44

List of Memhevs of the

Admitted

1841 Maxwell, Sir W., of Cardoness, Bart.,
Gateliouse

1875 Maxwell, William Hall, of Dargavel,
Bisliopton

1873 Maxwell, William Jardine, yr. of
Munclies, Dalbeattie

1841 Maxwell, Sir William Stirling;, of
Police, Bart., K.T., M.P., Keir, Dun-
blane— Honorary Secretary of the
Society

1875 Mearns, Kev. Duncan G., Oyne Manse,
Aberdeenshire

1859 Mears, William, 24 Buccleucli Street,
Edinburgh

1875 Medley, Spencer M., Ellandonan Villa,
Inverness, Commander E.N.

1875 Meek, John, Flesher, Whitburn

1857 Meiklam, John, of Gladswood, Melrose
1854 Meikle, David, late Clunie Mains,

Einglassie

1876 Meikle, James, Lugtonridge, Beith

1858 Meikle, James, Nether Mains, Kil-

winning

1867 Meikle, John, Seafield, Bathgate
1869 Meikle, Wm.,East Breich, West Calder

1862 Meiklejon, John, Foundry, Dalkeith

1861 Mein, Andrew Whytock, of Hunthill,

Jedburgh
18C3 Mein, Benj., Roxburgh Barns, Kelso
1860 Mein, N. A., Marsh House, Canonbie

1863 Mein, William, Seedsman, Crofthouse,

Kelso

1869 Meldrum, J., of Eden Bank, Pittormie,
Cupar-Fife

1854 Melrose, Jonathan, Coldstream

1869 Melrose, Patrick, West Loch, Eddie-
stone

1819 Melville, J. VV^., of Bennochy, Mount
Melville, St Andrews

1862 Melvin, Charles, Penston, Tranent
1M9 Melvin, James, Bonnington, Wilkieston
1876 Menzics, Alex., Grain Merchant.

Airdrie

1863 Menzies, Duncan, C.E., 13 Young

Street, Edinburgh

1864 Menzies, Duncan, 20 Ness Bank, In-

verness

1875 Menzies, Fergus, Blackhall, Dunferm-
line

1841 Menzies, Fletcher Norton, Edinburgh
— Secretary of the Society

1853 Menzies, Graham, Westbourne Ter-
race, London, W.

1869 Menzies, James, of Pituacree, M.D.,

Balliuluig
1874 Menzies, John, Caledonian Hotel, In-
Terness

1870 Menzies, John, Kelloe Mains, Edrom
1849 Menzies, J. A. Robertson, Dunalastair,

New Zealand

Admitted

1877 Menzies, Neil James, yr. of Menzies,

Scots Fusilier Guards
1841 Menzies, Sir Robert, of Menzies,

Bart., Farleyer, Aberfeldy

1871 Menzies, Robert, S.S.C, 5 North St

David Street, Edinburgh
1865 Menzies, William, Keilator, Killin
1870 Menzies, William J., W.S., 22 Hill

Street, Edinburgh
1861 Mercer, Daniel, Achamore, Dunoon
1850 Mercer, Graeme R., of Gorthy, Glen

Tulchan, Perth
1861 Mercer, John, Ardenadam, Dunoon
1870 Merricks, H. J., Eskhill, Roslin
1870 Merricks, J. L., Gunpowder Mills,

Roslin
1870 Merricks, William, Gunpowder Mills,

Roslin

1872 Merrilees, Robert, 51 Argyll Street,

Glasgow

1875 Merson, James Craigwillie, Huntly
1865 Methven, Thomas, Nurseryman, 15

Princes Street, Edinburgh

1873 Michael, James, 3 Caledonian Place,

Edinburgh

1867 Michie, C. Y., Forester, Cullen House,
Cullen

1865 MiDDLETON, Right. Hon. Lord, Birds-
all House, York

1876 Middleton, Alex., Belmont, Aberdeen
1875 Middleton, A. A., Rosefarm, Inver-
gorden

1840 Middleton, C. S., late Merchant, Liver-
pool

1864 Middleton, George, Cornton, Ding-
wall

1872 Middleton, James, Commission Agent,
Aberdeen

1863 Middleton, John, Kinfauns Castle,

Perth
1872 Middleton, Jonathan, Davidston, In-
vergorden

1872 Middleton, Jonathan, Clay of Allan,

Fearn, Tain
1858 Middleton, William, Bridgefoot, Mony-
musk

1873 Mill, Allan, Dods, Lauder

1853 Millar, C. H., of Blair Castle, 5 Pal-
merston Place, Edinburgh

1870 Millar, James, of Priestlands, Dumfries

1852 Millar, James Lawson, of Waulkmill,

Dunfermline

1864 Millar, James, Mills of Torr, Blair-

Drummond

1853 Millar, Thos., Briggs, Cramond Bridge

1854 Millar, Thomas, of Balliliesk, Dollar

1871 Millar, William, Over Kinfauns, Perth
1843 Miller, Captain Alexander Penrose
1873 Miller, Colin W., Wellwood, Bridge of

Allan

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

45

A<1mitted

1868 Miller, G. J., of Frankfield, Glasgow
1861 Miller, George, St Magdalenes, Perth
1853 Miller, Hew, "Westerton, Ochtertvre,

Crieflf
1847 Miller, John, of Leithen, 2 Melville

Crescent, Edinburgh
1861 Miller, John, Scrabster, Thurso

1874 Miller, John, Seafield, Cullen
1843 Miller, 0. G., Dundee

1873 Miller, Thomas, of Myres, St Ninians
1864 MiLLEK, Sir William, of Manderston,

Bart,, Dunse
1870 Millie, George, Kilmaron, Cupar-Fife
1855 Milligan, James, Hayfield, Thornhill
1870 Milligan, John, Merkland, Dunscore

1857 Mills, George, Greenend, St Boswells
1859 Mills, G., late Horsburgli Castle, Peebles

1858 Milne, A., Corse of Kinnoir, Huntly

1855 Milne, Alex., Mill of Allathan, Udny

1856 Milne, J., Netherton of Pittendrum,

Fraserburgh

1856 Milne, J., Union Bank of Scotland,

Elgin

1857 Milne, James, Balnagubs, Stonehaven

1859 Milne, James (late Meinfoot, Eccle-

fechan). America
18G2 Milne, James, Banker, Huntly
1867 Milne, John, Mains of Laithers, Turriff

— Free Life Member 1873
1863 Milne, Nicol, Dryhope, Selkirk
1861 Milne, Peter, 19 Buccleuch Place,

Edinburgh
1866 Milne, W., Tillycairn, Cluny, Aberdeen

1875 Milroy, James, Galdenoch, Stoney-

kirk

1876 Milroy, John, Balgreggan Mains,

Stranraer
1863 MiNTO, Right Hon. the Earl of, Minto

House, Hawick
1870 Minto, John D., Dumfries

1876 Mitchell, Alex., Balgreen, King

Edward, Banff
1851 Mitchell, Alex., of Sauchrio, Maybole
1857 Mitchell, A., Tillicoultry House, Alloa
1870 Mitchell, Alex,, Implement Maker,

Peterliead
1848 Mitchell, Andrew, Alloa

1874 ^litchell, Andrew, Drumderfit, Mun-

lochy

1875 Mitchell, Andrew, Ratagan House.

(ilcnsliiel, InverncsH

18-18 Mitcliell, II., of Polmood, 45 Albany
Street, Edinburgli

1857 Mitcludl, Hugh, "High Lossit. Camp-
beltown

1877 Mitchell, Hugh, Banker, Pitlocliry
1851 Mitchell, James, Dologan, Aberyatwith
1857 Mitchell, Duncan, Arrochar

1874 Mitchell, James U.. J.)rynie, Invcr-
noB-s

Admitted

1857 Mitchell, J., Homeston, Campbel-
town

1864 Mitchell, James, Banker, Pitlochry

1850 Mitchell, J., Ballemenach, Campbel-
town

1873 Mitchell, John, jun,, Barcheskie,
Rerrick, Kirkcudbright

1861 Mitchell, John, Fliskmiln, Cupar-

Fife

1576 Mitchel, John, Lairshill Fintray, Aber-
deen

1864 Mitchell, John, Dingwall

1872 Mitchell, John, Knockhouse, Dunferm-

line
1836 Mitchell, J., Civil Engineer, Inver-
ness

1873 Mitchell, John Forbes, of Thainston,

Kintore
1870 Mitchell, Joseph M., Burnscairth Green,
Dumfries

1859 Mitchell, Robert, Brewer, 3 Bonnygate,.

Cupar- Fife
1850 Mitchell, S., Dalivaddy. Campbel-
town

1874 Mitchell, William (late Methven),

Cassochie, Glasgow
1876 Mitchell, William, Meikle Dens, Long-
side, Aberdeen

1862 Mitchell, Wm., Merchant, :\Iontrose
1869 Mitchell, Wm., S.S.C, 15 :Magdala

Crescent, Edinburgh

1863 Mitchell, Wm., Ribigill, Lairg

1868 Mitchell, Wm. A., Auchnagathel, Keig,

Aberdeen

1849 Mitchell, W. G., of Garwood, Biggar
1832 Mitchelson, Archibald Hepburne, Tay

Terrace, Dunkeld

1861 Moffat, George, 10 Hamilton Terrace,

Partick

1860 Moffat, James, Gateside, Kirkconnel,

Sanquhar

1867 Moffat, James, of Kenervie, British

Linen Bank, Castlo Douglas

1869 Moffat, James, Kirklinton Park, Kirk-

linton, Carlisle

1850 Moffat, John, Craick, Hawiclc

1862 Moffat, Thomas, Drumbuie, Sanquhar

1864 Molfat, Wm., Chatsworth, Victoria
1871 Moir, James, Banker, Alloa

1868 Moir, James. Mains of Wardhouse,

Insch, Abenleon

1873 Moir, James M'Arthur, of Hillfoot,
Dollar

1876 Moir. Peter, Nottingham Place, Edin-
burgh

1876 Moir, William, Nottingham Place,
Edinburgh

1873 Mollison, James, Factor, Dochgarroch
Lodge, Inverness

1842 Moncricff, Alexander, W.S., Perth

46

List of Members of the

Admitted

1852 Moncriefif, Major Alexander, of Barn-
hill, Perth

186G Moncrieff. David Scott, "W.S., 24
George Square, Edinburgh

1848 MoNCEiEFF, Eight Hon. Lord, of Tul-
liebole, Lord Justice-Clerk, 15 Great
Stuart Street, Edinburgh

1843|MoNCKEiFFE, Sir Thomas, of Mon-
creiflfe, Bart., Bridge of Earn

1833 Monro, A. B., of Auchinbowie, Stir-
ling

1851 Monro, David, of Allan, Tain

1846 Monteith, B., Tower Mains, Liberton

1866 Monteith, D., Belleville Lodge, Blacket
Place, Newington, Edinburgh

1837 Monteith, Robert, of Carstairs

1870 Montgomery, And., Boreland, Castle-

Douglas

1843 Montgomery, Sir G. Graham, of Stan-
hope, Bart., M.P., Stobo Castle,
Stobo

1846 Montgomery, John H., of Newton,
Stobo Castle, Stobo

1871 Montgomery, Thomas H., of Hatton-

burn, Milnathort
1873 Montgomery, "Wm., jun., Parkend

Farm, Helensburgh
1876 Montrose, His Grace the Duke of,

Buchanan Castle, Drymen
1839 Moore, John C, of Corsewall, Stranraer
1869 Moray, H. D., of Abercairny, Crieff
1876 Moir, John, Fordhead, Gargunnock
1868 Morgan, David, South Mains of Ethie,

Arbroath

1861 Morison, James, Holt Farm, Studley,

Warwickshire
1850 Morison, James G., Glasgow

1862 Morison, J. B. B., of Finderley, Kin-

ross
1871 Morris, William, V.S,, 7 Langstane

Place, Aberdeen
1855 Morrison, Charles, of Islay, Bridgend,

Islay

1858 Morrison, Harry L. L., of Blair, East

Grange, Forres
1850 Morrison, James, Glasgow
1873 Morrison, James M., Banker, Stirling
1876 Morrison, John, junior, Hattonslap,

Old Meldrum

1859 Morrison, John, West Dalmeny, South

Queensferry
1876 Morrison, Thomas, 32 Glassford Street,

Glasgow
1572 Mortimer, Thos. A., 86 George Street,

Edinburgh
1876 Mortimer, William, Old Keig, Keig
1846 Morton, Eight Hon. the Earl of, Dal-

mahoy, Mid-Calder
1835 Morton, H., Belvidere House, Trinity
1861 Morton, J., Lambieletham, St Andrews

Admitted

1875 Morton, John, Nether Abington,
Abington

1861 Morton, John, North Muirton, Perth
1859 Mossman, H., of Auchtyfardle, Lanark

1864 Mossman, Adam, Blacket Place, Edin-

burgh
1843 Moubray, John M.. late of Hartwood

1862 Moubray, Kobert, Cambus Distillery,

Stirling

1865 Mouusey, J. T., of Kingfield, Long-

town, Cumberland
1867 Muckart, James, Land Steward, Barns

Cottage, Maybole
1873 Muir, Andrew Lees, Coal Merchant,

Stirling

1852 Muir, G. W., Kirkhouse^ Traquair,

Innerleithen

1864 Muir, James. Hardington Mains, Wis-

ton, Biggar
1843 Muir, John, late of Gartferrie

1863 Muir, W. H., Toravon, Linlithgow
1877 Muir, William, Lochdougan, Castle

Douglas

1862 Muirhead, E. W., The Hill, Putney-

Surrey
I 1872 Muirhead, F., Eaglescarnie Mains,
Haddington

1863 Muirhead, George (late Durdie, Errol),

London

1872 Muirhead, Geo., Paxton, Berwick-on-

Tweed

1865 Muirhead, J. J., 62 Princes Street,

Edinburgh
1865 Muirhead, John, Salton Mains, Tranent
1867 Muirhead, Robert, Chesterhall, Biggar
1875 Muirhead, Thomas, North Crooked-
stone, Hamilton

1875 Muirhead, Y/m., Auchenairn, Bishop-

briggs

1876 Muirhead, William, Meikle Eichorn,

Dalbeattie

1873 Muirhead, William, Pirnhall, Bannock-

burn

1873 Munby, Edward Chas., Myton Grange,

Helperby. Yorkshire — FreeLife 31 ember
1858 Mundell, D., Gollanfield, Fort George
Station

1876 Mundell, James P., Keith

1874 Mundell, John, Fortrose

1870 Mundell, Walter Grieve, Inverlaul,
Dingwall

1864 Munro, A., Ballintraid, Invergordon
1874 Munro, Alexr., Ord. Invergordon
1874 Munro, A. P. C, of Rockfield, Fearn
1874 Munro, Chas., Cattle Salesman, In-
verness

1864 Munro, D., Contin, Dingwall

1877 Munro, Duncan H, Campbell, yr. of

Kinlochlaich, Mileburn, Gourock

1853 Munro, John, Fairnington, Kelso

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

47

Admitted

1877 Munro, John, Limlair, Dingwall

1874 Munro, John, Seedsman. Inverness

1874 Munro, Henry, Corn Merchant, In-

verness
1870 Munro, Robert, Covesea, Duffus, Elgin
1870 Munro, William, Kenmore, Aberfeldy

1875 Murdoch, Alex., Gartcraig, Shettle-

ston
1865 Murdoch, George Burn, Greenhill

Lodge, Edinburgh — Free Life Member
1875 Murdoch, James, Carntyne, Shettle-

ston

1874 Murdoch, James F., Hallside, Cam-

buslang

1853 Murdoch, John Burn, of Gartincaber,

Advocate, Greenhill Lodge, Edin.

1875 Murdoch, John, Carntyne, Shettleston
1875 Murdoch, John, Hilton, Bishopbriggs
1857 Murdoch, Robert. Hallside, Cambus-

lang

1856 Murdoch, William, Solicitor, Huntly
1847 Mure, Hon. Lord, 12 Ainslie Place,

Edinburgh
1861 Mure, Lieut.- Col. William, M.P., of
Caldwell, Beith

1870 Mure, William J., Advocate, 12 Ainslie

Place, Edinburgh

1846 Murray, Andrew, of Conland, 67 Bed-
ford Gardens, Kensington, London

1828 Murray, Anth., of Dollerie, W.S., 141
George Street, Edinburgh

1871 Murray, C. A., Taymount, Stanley

1864 Murray, D., late 31 Queen Street,

Edinburgh
1871 Murray, David, Dunira, Crieff
1871 I\rurray, David, Banker, Meigle
1860 Murray, Rev. George, of Torquhain,

Balmaclellan Manse, New Galloway

1854 Murray, George, New Zealand

1865 Murray, G. R.,Chapelrossan, Stranraer
1867 Murray, G., Elvaston Ca.stle, Derby

1860 ^Murray, G. W., Banff Foundry, Banff
1843 Murray, Jack H., Captain R.N., East-

liaugh, Pitlocliry
1850 Murray, James, East Barns, Dunbar

1857 Murray, James, Dumfries Arms Hotel,

Cumnock
1873 ^I array, James, of Gartur, Stirling

1861 Murray, Jamos, Catter House, Drymen
1869 Murray, James Wolfe, of Criugletio,

Peebles
1846 Murray, Sir John, of Pliilii)haugh,
Burt;, Selkirk

1862 Murray, John L., of Hcavysido, Biggar
1803 Murray, Licut.-Col. John, of Polmaisc,

Stirling
Murray, Dr Jolin, Ktrsknowe, Kelso
Murray, John, Munnieston, Thornliill,

Stirling

1863 Murray, John, of Wooplaw, Galashiels

1863
1873

Admitted

1862 Murray, Sir Patrick Keith, of Ochter-

tyre, Bart.. Crieff
1850 Murray, Robert, 64 Grove St.. Edin.
1858 Murray, R., 7 Roxburgh Place, Edin.

1874 Murrc-y, Robert G., of Spittal. Biggar

1875 Murray, Robert W. E., Wester House

Byres, Galashiels

1857 Murray, Thomas, Braid wood, Penicuik
1852 Murray, Thomas G., W.S., 11 Ran-
dolph Crescent, Edinburgh

1869 Murray, Wm., Murdostou, Shotts

1856 Murray, William, Kilcoy, Kilearnan,

Ross-shire

1858 Murrav, Wm., Mains of Pittendreigh,

Turriff

1859 Murrie, John, Banker, Stirling

1859 Mustard, Alex., Leuchland, Brechin

1876 Mutch, Alexander, Mains of Newhall,

Stonehaven
1875 Mutter, John, 29 Chalmers Street,
Edinburgh

1858 Myers, Geo, C, Town-Clerk, Montrose

1864 Myles, James, Deanside, Renfrew

1860 Mylne, Thos., Niddrie Mains, Liberton

1874 Nairne, William, of Dunsinnane,

Perth
1843 Napier and Ettrick, Right Hon.
Lord, K.T., Thirlstane Castle, Selkirk

1875 Napier, John S., of Lethawe, Strath-

aven
1848 Napier, Sir R. J. M., of Milliken,
Bart., Johnstone, Renfrewshire

1857 Napier, Dugald, Australia

1840 Napier, George, Advocate, Sheriff of
Peeblesshire, Coates Hall, Edinburgh
1872 Nares, A. F., Brucktor, Old Meldrum

1870 Neilson, Joseph, Killimingan, Kirk-

gunzeon, Dumfries
1867 Neilson, William, Estate Factor and
Banker, Bank of Scotland, Bellshill

1871 Nelson, Charles, Skateraw. Dunbar

1859 Nelson, Michael, Hill of Drip, Stirling

1865 Nepkan, Sir M. H., of Loders Court,

Bart., Bridport
1845 x^ewall, John, Mexico
1838 Newton, Jas. E., of Linnbank, Lanark
1865 Newton, Captain Hay, of Newtc»n,

Haddington
1837 Newton, R..bert P., of Castlandhill,

Polmont Bank, P^alkirk

1872 Newton, T. H. G., Barrels Park, Ilen-

ley-in-Arden, Birmingham

1861 Nicliolson, Robert, Glcucaple, Dum-

fries
1867 Nicol, Alex., 39 Marischal Street,

Aberdeen
1869 Nifcl, W. E. (of Ballogie, Banchory),

13 Ilydo Park Terrace, London, W.
1814 NicoU, Alexander, late of Edinburgh

48

List of Memhcrs of the

Admitted

1867 Nicoll, T.Munro, Littleton, Kirriemuir
1819 Nicholson, Major Allan M., of Armore
1857 Xicolson, J. Badenach, yr. of Glen-

bervie, Fordoun
1857 Nicolson, Neil, Corra, Ardlaraont,

Greenock
1843 Xielson, A,, Bank of Scotland, Glasgow
1873 Nimmo, Alex., of "West Bank, Falkirk
1852 Niramo, Matt., Foot of Green, Stirling

Lambden, Greenlaw,

Ja;

&«%

1870 Nisbet,
Dunse

1854 Nisbet, John, Eumbleton, Greenlaw,
Dunse

1875 Nisbet, John, Longgreen, Darvel, Kil-
marnock

18G5 Nisbet, Ralph P., Estate Office, Thor-
ney, Peterborough

1847 Nisbett, J. M., of Cairnhill, Drum,
Edinburgh

1860 Niven, Alexander T., C.A., 6 Abbots-
ford Crescent, Edinburgh

1873 Nivison, Stewart, Lairdlaugh, Dal-
beattie

1862 Norie, Henry Hay, W.S., Perth

1860 Norman, William, Hall Bank, Aspatria
— Fiee Life Member IS 73

1867 Norris, Pet., Todholes, xintry, Stirling

1843 NoETHESK, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Ethie House, Arbroath

1868 OcHTERLONY, Sir Charles Metcalfe, of

Ochterlony, Bart., St Andrews

1859 Odams, James, London

1873 Ogilvie, A. M., Tillynaught, Portsoy
1854 Ogilvie, Archibald. Old Liston, Ratho
1820 Ogilvie, Captain William, R.N.

1853 Ogilvie, Wm. R., Askrigg Hall, Penrith

1860 Ogilvie, George, Holefield. Kelso
1868 Ogilvy, Donald, of Clova, 19 Greenhill

Gardens, Edinburgh

1870 Ogilvy, Col. James W., Rannagulzion,

Blairgowrie

1S24 Ogilvy, Sir John, of Inverquharity,
Bart., Baldovan House, Dundee

1836 Ogilvy, John, of Inshewan, 9 Cham-
berlain Road, Edinburgh

1859 Ogilvy, John, Harecraig, Dundee

1874 Ogilvy, John Francis, yr. of Corri-

mony. Glen Urquhart

1871 Ogilvy, Reginald Howard Alexander,

yr. of Inverquharity, Millhill, Inch-
ture

1844 Ogilvy. Lt.-Col. Thomas W., of Ruth-

ven, Meigle
1S38 Ogilvy, Thos., of Corrimony, Glen-
Urquhart, Inverness

1872 Oliphant, L. J., of Condie, Guards'

Club, London

1873 Oliphant, Thomas T., of Rossie, Bridge

of Earn

Admitted

1850 Oliver, James, Howpasley, Hav^ick

1852 Oliver, James, of Thornwood, Hawick

1853 Oliver, Robert, of Blakelaw, Lochside,

Kelso
1856 Oliver, Thomas, Redheughs, Corstor-

phine
1858 Oliver, W. Elliot. Yarrow Cottage,

Selkirk
1873 Oliver, "Wm. M., Howpasley, Hawick
1867 Oran'mgee and Brown, Right Hon.

Lord, Castle Macgarrett, Mayo
1873 Orr, James, Hill, Whitburn
1841 Ord, John, of Muirhouselaw, Nisbet,

Kelso
1875 Ord, John Robert, Haughton Hall,

Darlington
1830 Orde, Sir J. P., of Kilmory, Bart,

Lochgilphead
1858 Orde, Captain John W. Powlett, yr. of

Kilmory, Auchnaba, Lochgilphead

1854 Ormidale, Hon. Lord, 14 Moray

Place. Edinburgh
1848 Ormiston, William T., of Glenburn
Hall, Jedburgh

1875 Orr, James, of Harvieston, Dollar
1848 Oswald. James Townsend, of Dunni-

kier, Kirkcaldy
1870 Oswald, Richard A., of Auchincruiye,

Ayr
1863 Otto, Wm. E., Jedneuck, Jedburgh
1872 Outhwaite, John, Bainesse, Catterick

1876 Ovens, William R. (Thos. Ovens and

Sons) Galashiels

1852

1875
1872
1871

1873
1874

1863
1873

1866

1874
1857
1867

1860
1867

1864
1870
1877

1872

Pagan, A. C, Rockclyffe, Crieff
Pagan, G. H.. Banker, Cupar Fife
Panton, Patrick, of Edenbank, Kelso
Panton, Jn., of Dalnagairn and Carsie,

Blairgowrie
Panton, Wm., Maryfield, Blairgowrie
Park, Ebenezer, Engineer, Greenside
Lane, Edinburgh

Park, James, Stoneyhill, Musselburgh
Park, James D., Engineer, Greenside
Lane,Edinburgh — PracticalEngineer
to the Society
Park, Thomas B., Springfield, Had-
dington

Park, William, Gallowhill, Paisley
Parker, J,, Nether Broomlands, Irvine
Parnell, Dr Richard, Gattonside, Mel-
rose

Paterson, Alex., Carmacsup, Douglas
Paterson, Charles, Canford Manor,
Wimborne

Paterson, D. A.. Merchant. Leith
Paterson, Dav. J.. Watch Hall, Annan
Paterson, G. R., Drumalbin, Thanker-
ton, Lanarkshire
Paterson, Jas., of Kinnettles, Dundee

Highland and A<jricultural Society ^ 1877.

49

Admitted

2872 Paterson, James, Kidshielliaugh, Dunse

1853 Paterson, Jas., Whitehouse, Lamlash,

Arran
1800 Paterson, James, of Longbedholm,
Carmacoup, Douglas

1847 Paterson, John, jua., late Kilconan,

Campbeltown
1852 Paterson, John, Macoriston, Thornhill,

Stirling
1857 Paterson, John, Skirling Mains, Biggar

1860 Paterson, Jolm, Eastiield, Penicuik
1862 Paterson, John, Howcleuch, Moffat
1870 Paterson, John, Wood of Kirkmichael,

Dumfries

1873 Paterson, John Thomas Scott, Plean

Farm, Bannockburn

1854 Paterson, J. W., Terrona, Langholm

1848 Paterson, Robert, of Birthwood, Biggar

1869 Paterson, Thomas, W.S., 81a George

Street, Edinburgh
1851 Paterson, Walter, Merchant, Glasgow
3851 Paterson, Wm., Twiglees, Lockerbie

1870 Paterson, William, of Brocklehirst

Mouswald, Dumfries

1874 Paterson, Wm. Grindlay, Scotsburn,

Invergordon
1865 Paterson, Wm. luues, Armadale,

Thurso
1873 Paterson, William, Auldtown of Car-

nousie, Turriff

1857 Paton, Alex., Norwood, Sydenham,

London
1873 Paton, Ju., of Westbourne, Tilli-
coultry

1855 Paton, Jolm, Standingstone, Ilad-

dington
1833 Paton, John, of Crailing, Kelso
1841 Paton, John, of Grandholm, Aberdeen
1873 Paton, Robert, West Drip, Stirling
1865 Patrick, James, late of Kilmun, Argyll-
shire
1873 Patrick, James, Queenzieburn, Kilsyth

1850 Patterson, Jobn, Balliemore, Strachur

1851 Patterson, Robert, Cardross, Stirling
1864 Pattison, A. D., of Dalmuir, Glasgow
1869 Pattison, George H., Advocate, Sheriff

of Roxburgh, Berwick, and Selkirk,
9 Albyn Place, Edinburgh.
1872 Pattison, J. P., of the Ilaining, Selkirk

1861 Pattullo, G., Coupar Grange, Coupar-

Angus
1861 Pattullo, Peter, Eassio Farm, Meigle
1855 Paul, William, Advocate, Aberdeen
1864 Pearson, Andrew A., of Springfield,

Carluko
1803 Pearson, David A., Johnston Lodge,

Laurencekirk

1858 Peat, John, Manor, Stirling

1872 Peddio, Jolin Dick, Architect, 33 Buck-
iughura Terrnco, Edinburgh

Admitted

1867 Peile, H. R. B., Mansion House,

Greenock

1864 Pelham, C. Thursby, Cound Hall,

Shrewsbury
1871 Pender, Chas. P., Glenferness Mains,
Dunphail
I 1857 Pender, George, 5 Winton Terrace,
Crossbill, Glasgow

1865 Pender, John Menzies, Glenferness

Mains, Dunphail
1809 Pender, John, M.P., 18 Arlington
Street, London, S.W.

1869 Pender, J., Springhill, Stane, Mother-

well

1868 Penman, John, Bonally, Colinton

1859 Penny, Thomas, Bartlehill, Cold-

stream
1873 Pennycook, William, Wester Logie,

Dunkeld
1854 Peter, Charles, Canterland, Montrose
1854 Peter, John, Croyard, Beauly

1875 Peterkin, Jas. Grant, of Grange, Forres
1871 Petrie, George, Easter Suddie, Avoch
1868 Petrie, James, Banker, Dufftown
1871 Petrie, Stephen F., 350 Leith Walk,

Edinburgh

1870 Petrie, William, Kirkhill, Elgin

1876 Petrie, W. A , Rosebrae, Elgin

1875 Pettigrew, James, Cairnhill House,

Airdrie

1856 Philip, George, Boynds, Keith Hall,

Inverurie
1851 Philip, John, Polton East Mains, Lass-
wade

1858 Philip, W., Lofthillock, Keith Hall,

Inverurie

1860 Philips, Hugh, Cracrop, Stapleton.

Carlisle
1864 Philp, Robert, Royal Hotel, Bridge of
Allan

1876 Picken, Thomas, Barsalloch, Port

William

1857 Picken, James, Laigh Langside,

Craigie, Kilmarnock
1857 Picken, Captain Jas. H., of Hillhouse,

Lodge, Fenwick
1857 Picken, John, Mansfield Mains, New

Cumnock
1860 Picken, R., Barnkirk, Newton-Stewart
1856 Pirie, James, Waterton, Ellon

1868 Pirie, T., Kinmundy, Longside, Aber-

deen

1871 Pirrie, Jae. P., Coachbuilder, Perth
1873 Pitblado, Charles B., Colton Mains,

Dunfermline
1863 Pitcairn. Joiin, 22 Queen Street, St
Andrews

1859 Pitman, Frederick, W.S., 11 Great

Stuart Street, Edinburgh

1869 PittcuUrigh, A., Maiua of Park, Lonma

,0

List of Members of the

Ai'.mittcd

1871 Playfair, George G., Eltliam Place,
Lee, Kent

1859 Plenderleith, A., Moorfoot, Gorebridge
1842 Pluramor, Charles Scott, of Sunder-
land Hall, Selkirk

1860 Plummer, J., 11 Bruntsfield Place,

Edinburgh
1841 Pollexfen, James R., of Cairston, W.S.,

Edinburgh
1844 Pollok, Allan, of Faside, Newton,

Mearns
1873 Pollok, John, of Blackhouse, Mearns
18G3 PoLWAKTH, Eight Hon. Lord, Mertoun

House, St Boswells
1877 Pople, Geors^e, Newhouse, Perth
1867 Pople, H. W., Eoyal British Hotel,

Perth

1861 Pople, J. B., of Newhouse, Perth
1870 Porteous, John, "Whim, Lamancha
1877 Porter, George, jun. 27 ^yellington

Place, Aberdeen

1855 Porter, James, Factor, Monymusk.
Aberdeen

1854 Pott, Gideon, of Knowsouth, Jed-
burgh

1867 Potter, James, of Glenfuir, Falkirk

1863 Potts, Andrew, Lewinshope, Selkirk
1861 Powrie, xVrchibald, Lairwell, Perth
1849 Powrie, James, of Reswallie, Forfar

1864 Prentice, George, of Strathore, New-

bi2:2:ins:, Burntisland

1865 Prentice, E. E., Skeddoway, Kirkcaldy
1875 Preston, W. C., Achonachie, Beauly
1873 Pretsell, James, Drummelzier Place,

Eachan Mill, Biggar
1863 Primrose, James Thomson, Sauchland,
Ford

1875 Pringle, Adam T., 6 India Buildings,

Edinburgh

] 859 Pringle, Alexander, of Whytbank, Sel-
kirk

1863 Pringle, David, of "Wilton Lodge,
Hawick

1863 Pringle, David, Cleethaugh, Jed-
burgh

1876 Pringle, James, 1 Bellevue Place,

Edinburgh

1863 Pringle, James Thomas, of Torwood-

lee, Galashiels
1865 Pringle, John, Garvald, Gorebridge
1852 Pringle, Eobert K., The Grove, Darley

Dale. Matlock

1868 Proudfoot, T., Pinkiehill, Mussel-

burgh

1870 Pullar, John, Perth

1864 Pullar, John, jun., Keirfield, Bridge of

Allan

1871 Pullar, Robert, Perth
1871 Pullar, "William, Kingussie

18G5 Puuton, F. H., West Fortune, Drem

Admitted

1867 Purdie, George, Muirhouse, Carn-

wath
1872 Purdom, Walter, East Wooden, Eck-

ford, Kelso
1861 Purves, James, Lochend, Thurso

1871 Purves, Thomas, Ehifail, Bettyhill,

Thurso
1869 Purves, William, Thurdistoft, Thurso
1844 Purvis, John, of Kinaldy, St Andrews

1869 QuEExsBEKRY, Most Noble the Mar-

quis of, Kinmount, Annan

1872 Eae, Eobt., Burnbank, Foulden, Ber-

wick-on-Tweed
1860 Eae, William, Gateslack, Thornhill

1870 Eain, William, Kempleton, Castle

Douglas

1867 Eaines, Thomas, Bridgehaugh, Stir-
ling

1838 Eait, D. C, Goldsmith, Glasgow

1867 Ealston, Andrew W., Lagg, Ayr

1868 Ealston, Andrew, Glamis, Forfar

1870 Ealston, A. E,, Genoch, Straiton, May-

bole

1871 Ealston, James J., Old Faskally, Pit-

lochry
1876 Eamsay, Eight Hon. Lord, Dalhousie
Castle, Bonnyrigg

1869 Eamsay, Alex., Banffshire Joiirna

Office, Banff
1871 Eamsay. Sir James Henry, of Bamff,

Bart., Alyth
1856 Eamsay, John, of Kildalton, M.P., Port

Ellen, Greenock

1875 Eamsay, John, Butcher, Kilbarchan

1856 Eamsay, Col. John, of Barra, Straloch,

Aberdeen
1841 Eamsay, Eobert B. Wardlaw, of

Whitehill, Lasswade
1837 Eanken, George, Australia
1874 Eanken, John, Ballencrieff Mains,

Longniddry
1866 Eankin, George, Union Bank, Aber-

feldy

1876 Eankine, Alex, M., yr. of Beoch, Loch-

lands, Maybole

1874 Eankine, John, of Bassendean, 6 India

Street, Edinburgh

1857 Eankine, John, of Beoch, Lochlands

Maybole

1875 Eankine, Patrick, M. D., Willow Bank,

Airdrie
1868 Eankine, E. W., Eosebank, Falkirk
1859 Rannie, M. G., Edenmouth, Kelso
1868 Eate. George, Mungoswells, Drem
1854 Eattray, Col. J. C, of CraighalL

Blairgowrie
1874 Eattray, James Clark, M.D., of Coral

Bank, Blairgowrie

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

51

Admitted

1856 Rawdin, Joseph, Chemist, Jedburgh

1870 Rawline, J, D., Raglan Castle, Raglan

1854 Ray, William, Sunbank, Elgin

1863 Rea, Charles, Doddington, Wooler
1874 Reddie, Captain John Griffiths, of

Redhouse, Rickarton House, Stone-
haven

1857 Redfern, W. Macquarrie, London

1864 Reekie, A., Walton, Auchtertool, Kirk-

caldy

1872 Reekie, Wm., Carterhaugh, Selkirk

1857 Rfiid, Alexander, Cruivie, Cupar

1873 Reid, Alexander, Architect, Elgin
1844 Reid, Charles G., W.S.

1876 Reid, Donald, Donavourd, Pitlochry

1871 Reid, Duncan, Migvie, Tarland
1867 Reid, F. R., of Gallowfiat, Rutherglen

1858 Reid, George, Seedsman, Aberdeen

1874 Reid, George, Baads of Drum, Peter-

culter, Aberdeen
1876 Reid, George, jun., Clinterty, Black-
burn, Aberdeen

1871 Reid, George, of Tilliery, Milnathort

1855 Reid, James, Somnerfield, Haddington

1872 Reid, Dr J. B., Aberfeldy

1857 Reid, J., Corsebank, Sanquhar

1858 Reid, James, Greystone, Alford

1876 Reid, James, Horse Bazaar, Peterhead

1873 Reid, James, Kilmundie, Glamis

1867 Reid, James R., Woodburn, Kuther- j
glen

1875 Reid, James, Inchberry, Inverness

1860 Reid, J., Sanquhar, Gartiy, Huntly

1859 Reid, John, Ingrie, Leslie

1870 Reid, John James, Advocate, Alva

Street, Edinburgh

1876 Reid, Peter, Crofts of Glennuick,

Ballater
1850 Reid, Walter, Drem
1864 Reid. Walter, Craigarnhall, Bridge of

Allan

1871 Reid, William, Pittentian, Crieff

1871 Reitli, James, South Auchinclech,

Skene, Aberdeen
1876 Reith, Robert, Middlefiuld, Woodside
Aberdeen

1872 Renwick, John, Nurseryman, Melrose

1873 Renny, Thomas, of Dundarroch, Pit-

lochry
1859 Reoch, J. F., 39 Inverleith Row, Ediu-
Imrgli

1873 Richardson, Alex., Castleton, Gore-

bridgo
1863 Ricliardson, D., of Hartficld, Glasgow

1874 Ricliardson, George, 89 Wilson Street,

GhiHgow

1861 Uichardson, Captain James T. Stewart,

yr. of Pitfour, Perth
1823 RirifAKDsoN, Sir John S., of Pitfour,
Bart., Perth

Admitted

1873 Richardson, John, Brunton Place
Carlisle

1851 Richardson, John, Writer, Hadding-

ton
1863 Richardson, J., Mainshill, Haddington
1837 Richardson, Robert, 16 Bruntsfieid

Place, Edinburgh
1863 Richardson, R,, Crailingnook, Jed-
burgh

1840 Richmond and Gordon, His Grace

the Duke of, K.G., Gordon Castle,
Fochabers
1861 Richmond, G., of Balhaldie, Lawhill,

Auchterarder
1861 Richmond, .John, Dron, Bridge of Earn
1871 Riclimond, T., Hilton, Perth
1831 Rickman, Thomas, late Architect. Bir-
mingham
1863 Riddell, David, Blackball, Paisley
1854 Riddell, Thomas, of Menslaws, Jed-
burgh
1845 Riddell, Sir T. M., of Sunart, Bart.,
Strontian

1852 Riddell, William, Hundalee, Jedburgh
1863 Riddell, William, Howford, Peebles"
1861 Rigg, Wm., Banks, Kirkcudbright
1877 Rignall, James, Agricultural Imple-
ment Agent, 35 George IV. Bridge,
Edinburgh

1871 Rintoul, Alexander, Ardno, Cairndow

1852 Rintoul, Charles, Kingston, North

Berwick
1861 Rintoul, D., Mains of Blebo, Cupar-
Fife
1865 Rintoul, Robert, of Lahill, Largo
1873 Risk, Robert, Drumbrae, Bridge of
Allan

1869 Ritchie, Cliarles, S.S.C, 31 Howard

Place, Edinburgh

1865 Ritchie, Charles, late Ladoga Lodge,
Musselburgh

1863 Ritchie, James, 140 High Street, Edin-
burgh

1857 Ritchie, John, Newbigging Mains,
Carnwath

1867 Ritchie, John, Whitecastle, Bigirar

1872 Ritchie, Robert, Cloverhill, Biggar

1853 Ritchie, W., Spott, Dunbar

1852 Ritchie, Wm., Plean Mill, Stirling
1865 Ritchie, W., of Middleton, Gorebridgr.
1H63 Roberton, And., llostlawbiuik, Kelso

1841 Roberton, Jamc^s, Kolso

1863 Roberton, John, jun.. IIurportoTJ,

K«'l80

1863 Roberton. R(.bort, Ladyrig, Kilso ""'

1873 Robert.s, James, Lunigair, Stonehaven
1871 R()l)ertson, Mrs,, sen., of Struan,

Kaunoch

1870 Robertson. ..Mex., To'jhuford, Pitoaphi

Abcx'ir'jc

52

List of Members of the

Admitted

1866 Robertson, A. F., Ardlaw, Fraserburgli

1839 Kobertson, Alexander Inglis, Aultnas-

kiach, Inverness
1869 Eobertson, Rev. A, Irvine (of Kind-
rochet), Aberdeen

1875 Robertson, Andrew, Grougfoot, Lin-

lithgow
1832 Robertson, Andrew, M.D., of Hopewell,
Tarland

1840 Robertson, Arthur John, Culcabock

House, Inverness

1860 Robertson, Dr Charles, Auchtercairn,

Gairloch

1869 Robertson, C, of Kindeace, Inver-

gorden

1861 Robertson, David, Cloag, Methven,

Perth
1847 Robertson, David Souter, of "Whitehill,
Cookston Park, Brechin

1854 Robertson, Donald, of Pennyghael, 73

Great King Street, Edinburgh

1876 Robertson, Duncan, yr. of Pennyghael,

73 Great King Street, Edinburgh
1864 Robertson, D. G., of Torrie, Callander

1871 Robertson, D. A. C, North Dowald,

Abercairny, Crieff
1876 Robertson, George, of Hedderwick,

C.E., 47 Albany Street, Edinburgh
18G0 Robertson, George B., Berwick-on-

Tweed
1836 Robertson, James, 27 Albert Place,

Stirling
1859 Robertson, J., Denbrae, Cupar-Fife

1872 Robertson, James, 96 Catherine Street,

Whitehaven

1870 Robertson, James A. (late Chapel Park,

Kingussie), Virginia, U.S.
1876 Robertson, Major James C.,Whitefield,
Govan

1873 Robertson, James F., New Mains,

North Berwick

1874 Robertson, James Hope, Biel Grange,

Prestonkirk

'1851 Robertson, James Stewart, W.S., of
Edradynate, Ballinluig

1876 Robertson, James Stewart, yr. of
Edradynate, Ballinluig

1876 Robertson, John, Anchnahyle, Pit-
lochry

1874 Robertson, John, of Grishornish, Por-
tree

1855 Robertson, John, Mount Abundance,

Queensland
1854 Robertson, J., Glencripisdale, Stron-

tian
1870 Robertson, John, West Mitchellton,

Lochwinnoch
1864 Robertson, J., Old Blair, Blair-Athole

1867 Robertson, J., Bellaty, Glenisla, Alyth
1874 Robertson, John, of Rhyaie, Feara

Admitted

1856 Robertson, John, 68 Bath Street,

Glasgow

1873 Robertson. John S., Fernlea, New

Kilpatrick

1857 Robertson, Neil, Balquhain, Alex-

andria
1872 Robertson, Peter, Achilty, Dingwall
1872 Robertson, Peter, Coleraine, Ireland
1870 Robertson, Peter D., late Etteridge,

Kingussie

1862 Robertson, Peter S., Trinity Nursery,

Trinity, Edinburgh

1847 Robertson, Major-General Richardson,
of Tullybelton, C.B.. Bankfoot

1872 Robertson, Robert, West Barns, Dun-
bar

1876 Robertson, Robt. Wm., of Glenshillish,
Rockingham, Kilcreggan

1861 Robertson. Stewart Souter, yr. of

Whitehill, London
1859 Robertson, W. M., of Gartloch, 25
KersLmd Street, Hillhead, Glasgow

1874 Robertson, William, Burnside, Ballin-

dallocli
1857 Robertson, Wm., Cuttlebrae, Foch-
abers

1863 Robertson, William, V.S., Kelso

1870 Robertson, William A., Abbotshill,

Forres

1872 Robeson, George, Brotherston, Kelso
1863 Robeson, R., Springwells, Coldstream
1859 Robey, Robert, Engineer, Lincoln
1851 Robinow. Adolph, 21 Clarendon Cre-
scent, Edinburgh

1876 Robinson, James W., 125 St Ann
Street, Liverpool

1871 Robinson, Robert, Castlehill, Inch-

ture
1841 Robson, Charles, Lurdenlaw, Kelso

1863 Robson, Charles, jun., Lurdenlaw,

Kelso
1853 Robson, John, Byreness, Rochester
1874 Robson, John, jun., Byreness, Rochester
1851 Rodger, David, Penkiln, Garlieston '
1859 Rodger, Peter, Selkirk
1838 Rodger, R., Hadlow Castle, Tunbridge
1865 Rodger, Robert M., Estate Factor,

Royal Bank, Airdrie

1873 Rodgie, Henry, Rothes Estate OfBce,

Leslie, Fife
1857 Rodger, Hugh, Hillhead, Kilmarnock

1862 Rogers. James S., Rose Mill, Dundee
1851 Rogerson, G., of Pearseby Hall,

Pumplaburu, Moffat

1864 Rogerson, James, of Gillesbie, Wam-

phray, Lockerbie
1837 Rolland, Adam, of Gask, 20 Athole

Crescent, Edinljurgh
1857 RoLLO, Right Hon. Lord, Duncrub

House, Dunning

Higliland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

53

Admitted

18G9 Pionald, J., S.S.C., Fernieside House,
Liberton

1857 Konaldsoii, Alexander, Glasgow

]8G0 Kome, \\. M., Riiggetshaws, Langholm

1873 Kome, Thos., M.R.A.C., Nortliampton

Downs, Barcoo Eiver, Queensland —
Free Life Member

1863 Romanes, Robt., of Harryburn, Lauder
1869. Rorrison, John, Dumfries

1869 Rose, Hugh, Solicitor, Inverness
1875 Rose, Rev, Hugh Francis, of Holme

Rose, Fort-George Station
1865 Rose, Jas., Mains of Connage, Fort-
George Station
1865 Rose, John, Leanach, Inverness
1865 Rose, Major James, of Kilravock, Nairn
1854 Rose, William, Sheriftdton, El<2:in
1868tRosEBERY, Right Hon. the Earl of,
Dalmeny Park, Edinburgh

1875 Ross, Alexander, Oldtown, Tarland

1864 Ross, David, Banker, Dingwall

1864 Ross, D. G., Merchant, Dingwall

1874 Ross, Duncan, Hilton, Inverness
1872 Ross, George, Merchant, Dingwall
1839 Ross, George, of Pitcalnie, Parkhill

1865 Ross, G., Braelangwell, Invergordon

1849 Ross, Lieut,-Colonel George W. H., of

Crornarty

1876 Ross, James, Balblair, Edderton

1870 Ross, James, M.D., Linksfield. Elgin
1863 lioss, James, Newton-lees, Kelso

1871 Ross, James E., Factor, Abercairny,

Crieff

1858 Ross, H,, jun., Union Bank of Scotland,

Tarland

1870 Ross, John, The Grove, Ravenglass,

Carnforth
1874 Ross, John, Meikle Tarrel, Fearn
1843 Ross, John Leith, of Arnagc, Ellon

1871 Ross, Peter, Arngrove, Torpliina
1S56 Ross, Tliomas, Bacliiltou, Perth
1871 Ross, William, Annesley, Torpliins
1867 RossLYN, Right Hon, the Earl of,

Dyeart House, Kirkcaldy
1870 Rough, Robert, Wellford, Broxburn

1850 Roughead, D., Seed-sman, Had<lington

1870 Routledge, Wm., Elriir, Port-William
1857 Rowan, J. M., Athis Works, Glasgow

1871 lioxburgh, Robert, Seed Merchant

Kinross
1837*tK()Xi{UKGHE, His Grace tlio Duke of,

K,'J\, Floors Castle, Kelso
1856 Roy, AlfX., Waterton, Inscli. Aberdeen
1H71 Hoy, Fred. Lewis, of Ntnthoni, Kelso
JS71 lioy, Thomas, Bullendrick, i '.ridge of

Earn
185G Royds, Robert Wliyt, late Balgeddie,

Kirkcaldy
184G Rupsell, Al.'xandor Jamrs, C,S., 9

Shandwick Place, Edinburgh

Admitted

1854 Russell, Andrew Walker, of Kenly-
green, St Andrews

1867 Russell, A., Wishaw House, Lanark-
shire

1854 Russell, Arthur, Royal Bank, Cupar
Fife

1859 Russell, David, Silverburn, Leven

1835 Russell, Francis Whitworth, late Ben-
gal Civil Service

1851 Russell, James M,,Greendykes, Tranent

1847 Russell, Dr James, of Breconside,
Holmhill, Thornhill

1875 Russell, James, National Bank, Airdrie

1869 Russell, James, Parbroath, Cupar-
Fife

1862 Russell, John, Saughton Hall Mains,

Murrayfield

1864 Russell, Lewis, Conon Bridge, Ding-
wall

1834 Russell, Robert, Edinburgh

1853 Russell, Sir WiUiam, of Charlton,

Bart., Gloucester
1858 Rust, James, Paddocklaw, Banff
1872 Rutherford, Andrew, Rumbleton Law,

Gordon

1860 Rutherford, George, Monteath's

Houses, Gorebridge

1863 Rutherford, G,, Printonan, Coldstream
1863 Rutherford, Geo,, of Scaur, Jedburgh
1874 Rutherford, Dr James. Woodilee

Asylum, Lenzie

1861 Rutherford, John, Cromwell Park

House, Perth
1871 Rutherford, R., Invereshie, Kingussie
1825 Rutherfurd, William Oliver, of Edger-

ston, Jedburgh

1863 Rutherfurd, William A, Oliver, yr. of

Edgerston, Jedburgh

1854 Ruxton, Andrew, South Artrochie,

Ellon
1851 Ruxton, John, M.D,, Hill of Fiddes,

Culter Cullen, Aberdeen
1850 Ruxton, William, West Mains of Coir

listen, Arbroath
1870 Ryrie, Robert, 34 Park Street, Gros-

vcnor Square, London

1864 Sadler, Daniel B., l.ate Balmuick,

Crieff

1853 Sadler, William, 25 Union Grove,
Clapham, S.W.

18G9 Saflfley, John, of Mornington, Dum-
fries

1873 St Claiu. the Hon. the Master of,
Gattonside House, Melroso

185G Salmon, J., The Linn, Johnstone

1871 Siilmond, David S., Mains of Errol,
Err.d

1858 Salmond, James, Cairnie, Arbroath

1808 Salmond, K., Nother Balfour, Durris

;4

List of Menibers of the

Admitted

1845 Salmond, Robert, late Banker, Glas-

gow
185-1 Saltoux, Right Hon. Lord, Pliilorth

House, Fraserburgh
"1875 Sandeman, Alex. B., Huutingtower-

field, Perth

1875 Sanderson, James, Dykefoot, Carnwath
1864 Sanderson, William, CorstorphineBank,

Corstorphine
1855 Sandilaxds, Hon. James, 31 Princes'
Gate, London

1876 Sandison, Alex., Uyasound, Unst
1873 Sands, James, Milton, Burn of Cambus,

Stirling

1870 Saunders, E. B., Chapelhill, Kirkcud-
bright

1843 Scarth, Robert, of Binscarth, Finstown,
Orkney

1S51 Scobie, John, Lochinver, Golspie

1875 Scobie, Neil M., Mid Fearn, Ardgay
1854 Scoon, Kenneth, 46 Eankeillor Street,

Edinburgh
1850 Scott, Alex., Beanston, Haddington

1860 Scott, A., Society House, Hopetoun,

South Queensferry

1876 Scott, Alexander, Towie Barclay, Aber-

deen
1875 Scott, Alex., Canldcoats, Liberton

1848 Scott, Andrew, Glendoughis, Jedburgh

1875 Scottj Andrew, Balnakiel, Durness,

Lairg

1876 Scott, Andrew T, S., of Crosswoodhill,

20 Walker Street, Edinburgh
1864 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Charles, Dal-
keith
1857 Scott, C, ISTewtonlees, Dunbar
1859 Scott, D., 3'Craigo Street, ]\Iontrose

1849 Scott, D., Meadowfield, Duddingston,

Edinburgh

18G6 Scott, D. G. C, Parks of Inshes, Inver-
ness

1863 Scott, George, Mosstower, Kelso

1861 Scott, Gideon James, Hyndhope, Sel-

kirk

1861 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Henry, M.P.,

Dalkeith
1859 Scott, Hercules, of Brotherton, Bervie

1846 Scott, Hugli, of Gala, Galashiels

1868 Scott, James, Bogton, Torrance of
Campsie

1850 Scott, Jas., 1 Woodside Place, Glasgow

1862 Scott, James, Easter Tulloch, Stone-

haven

1876 Scott, James Bruce, Wester Rora, Long-
side

1870 Scott, Major-Gen. Jas. C, United Ser-
vice Club, Edinburgh

1873 Scott, James G., Hill of Ruthven,
Perth

1863 Scott, Dr James Robson, of Ashtree,

Yetholm
1826 Scott, J., Finnart House, Greenock

Admitted

1870 Scott, John, Clebrig, Lairgs
1874 Scott, John, ISToss, Wick

1877 Scott, John Lindsay, of Mollance,

Castle-Douglas
1863 Scott, John Scott Elliot, Buckholm,

Galashiels
1868 Scott, John, Springfield House, Udding-

ston
1868 Scott, Malcolm, Balmuildy, Bishop-

briggs
1872 Scott, Peter, Chirnside Crofts, Chirn-

side
1841 Scott, Captain Robert, late H.E.LC.S.

1872 Scott, Ralph Erskine, C.A., 25 Melville

Street, Edinburgh
1863 Scott, Robert, Kinninghall, Hawick

1874 Scott, Robert, Easter Manbeen, Elgin

1873 Scott, Robert, Yokieshill, Mintlaw

1875 Scott, Robert Sinclair, Craigievar,

Wemyss Bay

1871 Scott, Thos., Gateside, Bridge of Earn

1876 Scott, Thomas, Iron Merchant, Grass-

market, Edinburgh
1863 Scott, T., Whittcn, Kelso

1860 Scott, T. Robson, of Newton, Jed-

burgh

1861 Scott, Right Hon. Lord Walter, Dal-

keith

1850 Scott, Walter, Glendronach, Huntly

1863 Scott, W., Oxnam Nook, Jedburgh

1857 Scott, Wm., Spylaw, Kelso

1855 Scott, William, Wester Rora, Mint-
law

1862 Scott, William, of Burnside, Alyth
1875 Scott, William, Condorrat, Airdrie

1863 Scott, William, Howford, Ettrick, Sel-

kirk
1857 Scott, William, Urquhart Road, Old

Meldrum
1868 Scott, William, Cononsyth, Arbroath
1863 Scott, Sir William Monteath, of

Ancrum, Bart., Jedburgh

1872 Scoular, John, Crook, Stirling
1842tSEAFiELD, Rt. Hon. the Earl of, Cullen

House, Cullen

1875 Scatter, William, Saviskail, Rousay,
Orkne}^

1872 Selby, B. P., Paston, Coldstream

1872 Selby, Robt., Hassendean Bank, Den-
holm, Hawick

1863 Selby, Ephraim, Hassendean Bank,
Hawick

1830tSELKiRK, Right Hon. the Earl of, St
Mary's Isle, Kirkcudbright

1871 Sellar, Alex. G., Ironmonger, Elgin

1849 Sellar, P. Plenderleith, Hartfield,
Tain

1S68 Sellar, R., Implement Maker, Huntly

1857 Sempill, John, late Ballemenach, Camp-
beltown

1868 Semple, John, Haughs of Kinnaird,
Brechin

HigMand and Agricultural Society^ 18

/ i

55

Admitted

1S57 Semple, Thos., Carradale, Campbel-
town

1877 Semple, AVilliam, Mouswald Banks,
Dumfries

1S48 Seton, George, Advocate, 42 Greenhill
Gardens, Edinburgh

1859 Seton, Henry, V.S., Tollcross, Edin-
burgh

1834 Setox, Sir W. Coote, of Pitmedden,

Bart., Aberdeen

1873 Shairp, William, Almond Bank, Brox-
burn

18G3 Shaxd, Hon, Lord, New Hailes, Mus-
selburgh

1868 Shand, George, Ordens, Boyndie, Banff

1870 Shand, John, M.D., Oakley House,

Kirkcudbright

1864 Shand, "William, New York

1846 Sharp, James, Helensburgh

1871 Sharp, Peter, Bardrill, Blackford

1871 Sharji, Thomas, Clathymore, Auchter-

arder

1835 Shaw, Charles, W.S., Sponish, Loch-

raaddy

1872 Shaw, Chas. G., Dumfries Estate Office,

Cumnock
1850 Shaw, Hary, Bogfern, Tarland
IS 63 Sliaw, James, Skaithmuir, Coldstream

1868 Shaw, James, Tillyching, Lumphanan
1861 Shaw, AVillium, Finegand, Glenshee,

Blairgowrie

1838 Shawe, II. F., of Lotherton Hall, South
Milford, Yorkshire

1877 Shearer, James, Mains of Croy, Fort-
George

1857 Shennan, James, Balig, Kirkcudbright
1844 Shepherd, George, Shethin, Tarves

1865 Shepherd, George, jun., Craigie, Tarves
1875 Sheriff, J., jun., Queen's Hotel, Glas-
gow

1864 Sherritf, John Bell,Carronvale, Larbert

1872 Shiel, And., Impt. Dealer, Coldstream

1869 Shield, George, Chemist, Arbroath
1877 Shields, James, Byers, Batligate
1871 Shields, John, Wallace Works, Perth

1866 Shiels, George, Balgove, St Andrews

1847 Sliirriff, David, ]\Iuirton, Drem
1850 Shirriff, Samuel D., Saltcoats, Drem
1854 Shortreed, K., Attouburn, Yetlmlm
1877 Sidey, James, Gourdie, Duiiktld

1873 Sievwriglit, Wm., National Jiank, I^cr-

wick
1866 Sim, Alexander, Fa wells, Inverurie

1870 Sim, Ht'iiry, ^'attle Salesman, Inverness
1875 Sim, John Eraser, Oban

1858 Sim. William, 4 St Bernard's Crescent,

Edinburgh
1S71 Sime, Ami., I'algay, Iiiclitun-
1873 Sime, iVter W., 16 George Street,

Edinburgh
1830 Simpson, Alex. Horatio, late Haye.s,

Uxbridge

Admitted

1S60 Simpson, Alex., Smeaton, Dalkeith

1853 Simpson, George, Bedrule, Jedburgh

1868 Simpson, George, South Burreldales,

Alvah, Banff

1869 Simpson, George, 2 Lauder Ptoad,

Edinburgh
1851 Simpson, James, ^^lawcarse, ^lilnathort

1875 Simpson, John, South Colmac, Eothe-

say

1876 Simpson, John (Auchinaohie k Simp-

son), Keith
1839 Simpson, Robert, of Cobairdy, Huntly

1874 Simson, C. S., of Threepwood, 6 India

Street, Edinburgh
1861 Simson, George, Courthill, Kelso

1871 Simson, Thos., Skelpie, Cupar

1839 Sinclair, A., 133 George Street, Edin-
burgh
1859 Sinclair, Arch., Minard, Inverary

1863 Sinclair, David, Loirston, Aberdeen

1872 Sinclair, Duncan, TuUygarth, Alloa
1876 Sinclair, James, Cairnbeddie, Balbeg^cie,

Perth
18.^.7 SixcLAin, Sir J. G. T., of Ulbster,
Bart., M.P., Thurso Castle, Thurso

1875 Sinclair, John, Auchenreir, Taynuilt
1869 Sinclair, Peter, Kilmartin

1864 SiNCLAiK, Sir Robert C, of Stevensor;,

Bart., Achvarsdale Lodge, Pea-.,
Thurso

1872 Sinclair, W.S. Thomson, of Freswick,
Dunbeath Castle, Caithness

1850 Sivewright, James, The Grove, Tor-
quay

1876 Skeen, George, Mill of Gellan, Coull,

Aboyne

1876 Skeen, John, Commercial Inn, Tar-

land
1831 Skene, William F., W.S., 20 Inverleith

Kow, Edinburgh
1823 Skinner, Capt. C. G. ilacgregor, Caris-

brooke House, Isle of Wight
1859 Skinner. James, Woodsidc, Aberdeen

1869 Skinnerj W., of Corra, W.S., City

Clerk, 35 George Square, Edinburgh
1874 Skinner, Wm. M., Drumin, Ballin-
dalloch

1857 Skirving, Adam, of Croys, Dalbeattie
1850 Skirving, James, Lulfness Plains, Drem
1846 Skirving, R. Scot, 29 Drummond Place,

Etlinburgh

1858 Sleigh, John, Land-Surveyor, Stricheii

Mains, Striehen
1863 Slipper, K. P>., 427 New Cross Road,

London, S. E.
1861 Sloan, D., Coachbuilder, Dumfries

1870 Slean, John, Barnhill, Patnu, Ayrshire
1869 Sloan, Willian), Briervside, Monkton,

Ayr

1877 Smail. Jamp.«», Bunker, Galashiels
1843 Smail, Uavid, Writer, Dundee

1859 Small, Ja.s., of Diniar.ean, Pitlochry

56

List of Mcmhers of the

Admitted

1870 Small, John L., of Foodie, St Andrews

1857 Small, Lindsay, Orry's Mount, Ramsey,

Isle of Man
1864 Smart, James, Liberton Park, Liberton

1858 Smart, John, late Glasgowego, Black-

burn, Aberdeen

1873 Smeaton, Rev. John (of Coul), Tulli-

allan Manse, Kincardine, Alloa
1870 Smellie, Henry, West Edge, Liberton

1857 Smith, Adam, Stevenson Mains, Had-

dington
1877 Smith, Alex., Barnford, Dalrymple,

Ayr
1847 Smith, Alex., C.E., 28 Market Street,

Aberdeen

1852 Smith, Alexander (A. & W. Smith &

Co.), Westbourne, Govan, Glasgow

1863 Smith, Alexander, Letham, Berwick

1864 Smith, Alexander P., Munlochy Farm,

Munloch)'-

1856 Smith, Andrew, Castle Mains, Douglas
1864 Smith, Andrew, Solicitor, Dingwall

1858 Smith, Andrew, Castle Mains, "Gilford

1874 Smith, Archibald Haddow, 1 India

Buildings, Edinburgh

1853 Smith, "C, Whittinghame, Preston-

kirk

1876 Smith, Chas., 36 Howard Street, Glas-
gow

1836 Smith, C. H. Johnstone, late Edin-
burgh

1833 Smith, David, W. S., 10 Eton Terrace,
Edinijurgh

1876 Smith, D. ^Y. E., Coalston Mains,
Haddington

1839 Smith, E. B., of Blackwood House,
Ecclefechan

1864 Smith, F. C, Hoprig, Cockburnspath
1862 Smith, George, 20 Lynedoch Street,

Glasgow
1872 Smith, G. P., Crooks, Coldstream
1853 Smith, Major H., of Cmicksfield, Dunse

1857 Smith, Hugh, 9 Kelvinside Terrace

North, Glasgow
1855 Smith, James, of Olrig, Thurso
1857 Smith, James, Broomhill, Partick
1857 Smith, Jas., 26 Dundas Street, Edin-
burgh

1859 Smith, James, 11 Dixon St., Glasgow
1869 Smith, J. Mullochard, Ballindalloch

1872 Smith, Jas. F., Fireburn Mill, Cold-

stream

1873 Smith, James, Pittengardner, Fordoun
1851 Smith, John, Advocate, 265 Union

Street, Aberdeen

1873 Smith, John, Balmain, Fettercairn

1874 Smith, John, Cragganmore, Ballin-

dalloch

1865 Smith, John, Inverallan House, Gran-

town
1874 Smith, John, "VVestmains of Campfield,
Banchory

Admitted

1852 Smith, J. Gordon, Minmore, Ballin-
dalloch
1870 Smith, J. P., C.E., Glasgow

1867 Smith, J. Turnbull, C. A., 29 St Andrew-

Square, Edinburgh
1872 Smith, Peter, Crooks, Coldstream

1864 Smith, Robert, Brentham Park, Stirling
1877 Smith, Robert, Gamerig, Dumfries

1872 Smith, Robt. G., Almond Bank, Mid-

Calder
1854 Smith, R.M., 4 Bellevue Crescent, Edin-
burgh
1874 Smith, Sidney, Mill of Boyndie, Banfi
1850 Smith, Tliomas. Dalfibble, Dumfries

1873 Smith, Thomas, Dunnabie, Lockerbie

1874 Smith, Thomas, Raitloan, Nairn
1870 Smith, Thomas, Ladyland, Dumfries
1854 Smith, Wni., Melkington, Cornhill,

iSTorthumberland

1856 Smith, "\Vm., West Drums, Brechin
1858 Smith, William, Middleton, Balqn-

hairn, Inverurie
1860 Smith, William, Banker, Moniaive
1863 Smith, W., Stone of Morphie, Montrose

1868 Smith, AVilliam, ISTew Mains of Uric,

Stonehaven

1869 Smith, Wni., Chanlockfoot, Thornhill

1873 Smith, Wm. B., Stoneleigh Villa,

Leamington — Free Life Member

1874 Smithson, Joseph S., General Manager,

W. k H. M. Goulding, 25 Eden Quay,
Dublin
1826 Smollett,A.,of Bonhill, Cameron House,
Alexandria, N.B.

1876 Smvthe, David M., yr. of Methven,

Perth
1846 Smvthe, William, of Methven, Perth

1857 Snodgrass, Allan, Mollandhu, Cardross
1857 Somervail, P., Glendevon, Winch-
burgh

1857 Somervell, G., of Sorn, Som Castle,

Mauchline
1848 Somerville, J., Birch Villa, Peebles

1858 Somerville, James, S.S.C, 23 South

Blacket Place, Edinburgh
1850 Somerville, Wm., IMerchant, Glasgow
1854 Souter, Alexander, Banff
1850tSouTHESK, Right Hon. the Earl of,

K.T., Kinnaird Castle, Brechin

1877 Spalding, AugustusFrederick Montague,.

of Holme, New Galloway

1865 Spears, W. R., writer, Kirkcaldy
1858 Spier, Robert, of South Camphill, Blair

Park, Largs
1873 Spiers, Alex, Graham, of Culcreuch,

Fintry, Glasgow
1838 Spiers, T. Dundas, late Burnfoot,

Houston
1860 Spence, Adam White, Glencairn House,

Crieff
1876 Spence, John, Howldswick, Unst

1875 Spencer, A., 160 Hope Street, Glasgow

Highland and Agricidtural Society, 1877.

Admitted

1872 Spens, James, Low Ardwell, Stranraer

1872 Spnfford, Joseph Louis, Banker, 29

Broadway, New York
1863 Spowart, T., of Broomhead, 7 Coates

Crescent, Edinburgh
1870 Sproat, Robert, Lennox Plunton, Kirk-
cudbright
1830 Sprot, James, of Spot, Dunbar
1830 Sprot, Mark, of Eiddell, Lilliesleaf
1826 Sprot, Thomas, AV.S., 10 Drummond

Place, Edinburgh
1836 Stables, AV. A., Braeval, Xairn
lS45tSTAiR, Eight Hon. The Earl of, K.T.,

Oxenfoord Castle, Dalkeith,
1854 Starforth, John, Architect, 37 York

Place, Edinburgh
1858 Stark, Andrew, "Wester Bogie, Kirk-
caldy

1875 Stark, i\Iatthew C, Manse, Gargun-

nock
1862 Stark, Pialph, of Summerford, Camelon,

Falkirk
1870 Stark, Robert, Kirkcaldy

1861 Stark, W.. Williamston, Mid-Calder

1869 Statter, Thomas, jun.. Stand Hall,

Whitefield, J*[anchester
1872 Stavert, Archd., of Hoscote, 18 Royal

Terrace, Edinburgh
1851 Stedman, J., Wester LHston, Boundary

Bank, Jedburgh

1862 Steedman, J., late Charleston, Dun-

fermline

1870 Steel, Gavin, Holmhead, Lanaik

1871 Steel, Gavin, of Hill Park, 5 Queen

Street, Glasgow

1872 Steel, James, Eallamill, Greenburn

1853 Steele, Robert, Greenock

1828 Steele, William, Sheriff-Substitute of
Dumbarton

1S74 Steell, Gourlay, V>..%. A.— Animal Por-
trait Painter to the Society, 4 Palmer-
ston Place, Edinburgh

1854 Stcgmann, Conrad, late Merchant,

Leith
1850 Stenhouse, J., Southfield, Corstor-

phine
1861 Stenhouse, James, Turnhousc, Cramond

liridge

1876 Stenhouse, James S., of Northfod,

Dunfermline
1858 Steplien, James, Conglass, Inverurie
1874 Stephenson, Ricliard, Chapel, Duiise
1845 Steuart, Andrew, of Auchluncart,

Keith
1857 Stf'iiait, D., of Stenart Hall, Stirling,

Ht-rongate, I5rentwnud, Essex
1835 Stki:akt, Sir Henry J. Seton, of

Allanton, Bart., Touch, Stirling

Admitted

1864 Steuart, James, junior, Dalkeith Park,

Dalkeith
1823 Steuart, John, of Dalguise, Dunkeld

1859 Steuart, Patrick, Middlegill, MotiVit
1864 Steuart, Captain Robert, of West wood.

West Calder
1855 Steuart, Robert, Dundale, Gravesend,

Kent
1833 Steuart, William, London

1839 Stevenson, Alexander, Banker, Lang-

holm

1875 Stevenson, Alex, Shannan, Auchineilan,

Lochgilphead
1855 Stevenson, Andrew, Halls, Dunbar
1853 Stevenson, David, F.R.S.E., Member of
the Institution of Civil Engineers,
Consulting Engineer to the Society,
84 George Street, Eilinburgh
1853 Stevenson, John B. , Xcw Zealand
1864 Stevenson, John, Changue, Cumnock

1860 Stevenson, Robert, late Banker, Edin-

burgh
1852 Stevenson, Thomas, Mount-Lothian,

Penicuik
1877 Stevenson, William, Holland, Stronsay,

Kirkwall

1876 Stevenson, William, of Viewfield, Aber-

deen
1872 Stevenson, Wm., Lochgrog, Bishop-

briggs
1860 Stewart, Alexander, Perth
1871 Stewart, Sir A. Douglas, of Grand-

tully, Bart., Perth
1874 Stewart, Archibald, of Ensay, Obbe,

Harris

1840 Stewart, Charles, of Brin, Solicitor,

Inverness
1874 Stewart, Charles, Collielaw, Lauder

1858 Stewart, Charles, Tighnduin, Killia
1842 Stewart, David, London

1869 Stewart, David W., of Grange, Lock-

erbie

1870 Stewart, Donald, Chapel Park, Kin-

gussie

1859 Stewart, Donald, Bruar, Blair Athole

1870 Stewart, Duncan, Mosspeeble, Ewes,

Langholm

1863 Stewart, Commander Duncan, R. X.,
New Club, Eilinburgh

1844 Stewart, G., Kirkclirist, Kirkcudbright

1874 Stewart, George, Auctioneer, Dum-
fries

1838 Stewart, H. B., of P.alnakcilly, Pit-
lochrv

1857 Stewart, H. G. Murray, of Broughton,
('ally, Gatehouse

1871 Stewart, James, Blairfettie, Blair

Atholo

1876 Steuart, H. J. Gow, Fowler's Park, 1876 Stewart, James, Butcher. Coupar-

Ilawkhurst, Kent

Angus

1842 Steuart, James, W.S., 8 Doune Terrace, 1851 Stewart, J., Pitskelly, St Martins,

Edinburgh

Perth

58

List of Meiiibers of the

Admitted

1858 Stewart, James, Heatlifield, Irvine

1857 Stewart, James, Ballyargan, Ardrishaig
1869 Stewart, James W., C.E., 13 Young

Street, Edinburgh
1873 Stewart, John, Bochastle, Callander

1854 Stewart, John, Burnside, Strathaven

1855 Stewart, John, Upper Ardroscadale,

Eothesay

1852 Stewart, John, Duntulm, Portree
1871 Stewart, Captain John C, of Fasna-

cloich, Appin, Fort- William
1824 Stewart, J. Lome, of Coll, Stronvar,
Campbeltown

1853 Stewart, John Archd. Shaw, 13 Queen's

Gate, London

1862 Stewart, Malcolm, Fife Keith, Keith
1837 Stewart, M. S., of South wick, Dum-
fries

1869 Stewart, Mark John, of Blairderry,
M.P., Ardwell, "Wigtownshire

1848 Stewart, Sir M. R. Shaw, of Black-
hall, Bart., Greenock

1863 Stewart, Xeil P., Yaynol, Bangor, IN'orth

Wales

1859 Stewart, Osmond de Haviland, Water-

head, Lockerbie

1860 Stewart, Peter, Dornoch Mains, Annan

1858 Stewart, Robert, of Ingliston, Ratho

1871 Stewart, Major Robert, of Ardvoirlich,

Lochearnhead

1873 Stewart, Robert, Kijipenross, Dunblane

1846 Stewart, Robert H. Johnstone, of Phys-
gil, Glasserton, Whithorn

1857 Stewart, Samuel, Sandhole, Fraser-
burgh

1876 Stewart, William, Auchlatt, Pitlochry

1850 Stewart, W^illiam, Tonreoch, Campbel-
town

1857 Stewart, "William, 24 Maclean Street,
Plantation, Glasgow

1860 Stewart, William, Saddler, Aber-
feldy

1872 Stewart, "William, Octofad, Port Char-

lotte, Islay
1868 Stirling, Sir C. E. F., of Glorat, Bart.,
Milton of Campsie

1864 Stirling, Captain Gilbert, Royal Horse

Guards, London

1857 Stirling, Major Graham, of Craigbarnet,
Lennoxtown

1867 Stirling, James, of Garden, Kippen,
Stirling

1833 Stirling, John, of Kippendavie, Dun-
blane

1865 Stirling, Lieut. -Colonel John S., of

Gargunnock, R.A., W^oolwich
1839 Stirling, T. Graham, of Strowan, Crieff
1855 Stirling, AVilliam, of TordufT, Linlith-

gow

1876 Stirton, Andrew, Mill of Cluny, Blair-
gowrie
1867 Stobo, Andrew, Porterstown, Thornhill i

Admitted

1860 Stobo, Robert, of Hallidayhill, Auld-

girth, Dumfries
1855 Stodart, David, -Banker, Lanark

1875 Stodart, George, iS[etlierton, Kewton

]\Ieams, Renfrewshire

1851 Stodart, John, Cawder Guilt, Fern,

Mary hill
1871 Stodart, John, Shettleston, Glasgow
1855 Stodart, William, W'intonhill, Tranent

1861 Stormont, Right Hon. Viscount, Scone

Palace, Perth

1869 Stordy, Robert, St Leonard's Hill, Edin-
burgh

1832 Stott, Gibson, 27 Victoria Street,
Westminster, London

1874 Strachan, Andrew, Saphock, Old Mel-
drum

1876 Strachan, George, Inverebrie Mains,

Ellon
1858 Strachan, James, Wester Fowlis, Alford
1858 Strachan, Lewis, Cluny of Raemoir,

Banchory

1857 Strang, J., High Crewbum, Strathaven
1847tSTRATHALLAN, Right Hon. Viscount
l867tSTRATHMORE, Right Hon. the Earl of,

Glamis Castle, Glamis
1874 Stratton, David, 13 Middleby Street,

Edinburgh
1829 Strong, Thomas, W.S., 2 Grosvenoi

Street, Edinburgh
1863 Stuart, Alexander C, of Eaglescairnie,

Haddington
1865 Stuart, Alexander, of Laithers, Turriff
1873 Stuart, Charles, Tomindugle, Knock-

ando, Craigellachie

1868 Stuart, Henry, Montford, Rothesay
l&49tSuTHERLAND, His Grace the Duke of,

K.G., Stafford House, London
1876 Sutherland, Alex., Rampyards, Watten,

Golspie — Free Life Member
1871 Sutherland, D. M., Bun-ay, Kirkwall
1853 Sutherland, Eric, Rosevalley, Elgin
1849 Sutherland, George, of Forse, Lybster
1871 Sutherland, George, The Peel, Tibber-

muir, Perth
1865 Sutherland, James B. (of Lanehead,

Dunscore), S.S.C., 10 Windsor Street,

Edinburgh

1852 Sutherland, S., Springvale, Sheffield
1865 Sutherland- Walker, E. C, of Skibo,

Skibo Castle, Dornoch
1839 SuTTiE, Sir George Grant, of Bal-
gone, Bart., Balgone, Drem

1858 Swan, James, Live Stock Agent, 37

Lauriston Place, Edinburgh

1869 Swan, James, Inverpeffer, Carnoustie
1865 Swan, P. D., Provost of Kirkcaldy
1852 Swan, Robert, W^riter, Kelso

1863 Swan, Samuel, Bush, Jedburgh

1858 Swan, Thomas, Live Stock Agent,

37 Lauriston Place, Edinburgh
1871 Swan, William, JSloat Mill, Dundee

Hifjliland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

50

Admilted

1861 Swann, James, Collierhall, Douglas
1859 Swann, J. E,, Dunedin, Otago

1865 Swanwick, R., Eoyal Agricultural Col-

lege Farm, Cirencester
1857 Swinburne, Capt, li.X., of Eilan

Shona, Strontian
1811 Swinton, Archibald Campbell, of Kim-

raerghame, Dunse

1862 Swinton, P. Burn, Holyn Bank, Gifford
1853 Sydserff, Thomas Buchan, of Ruchlaw,

Prestonkirk

1874 Syme, David, Manager of The Lawson

Seed and Nursery Co , Limited, 1
George IV. Bridge, Edinburgh

1875 Syme, James, Millbank, Edinburgh

1857 Syme, AVilliam, Craigie, Leuchars,

Fife
1868 Symington, G. C, Kirkcarswell, Kirk-
cud brght

1876 Symington, James, Auctioneer, Lanark
1848 Symington, T., late Eastside, Penicuik

1868 Symington, Gilbert, City of Glasgow

Bank, Glenluce

1845 Tait, Alexander D., of ]\Iilrig, Kilmar-

nock

1874 Tait, George, Veterinary Surgeon, Elgin

1875 Tait, George, jun., V.S., Elgin

1846 Tait, James, Banker, Kelso

1866 Tait, James Campbell, W.S., 13 Great

Stuart Street, Edinburgh

1872 Tait, James, Highridge Hall, Kelso
1834 Tait, J., Advocate, 13 Great Stuart

Street, Edinburgh

1876 Tait, John, Crichie, Inverurie
1842 Tait, Joseph, of Haughland, Elgin

1863 Tait, William, Vencheon, Kelso

1862 Tait, William Keid, Mina Villa, Thurso

1862 Tawse, John, W.S., 11 Royal Terrace,

Edinburgh
1859 Tawse, Jolin Wardrope, W.S., 49 Queen
Street, Edinburgh

1858 Tayler, W. J., of Glenbarry, Rothiemay

House, Huntly

1877 Tayleur, Edward, of Dalskairth,

Dumfries

1863 Taylor, Alexander, Hillhouse, Lauder

1869 Taylor, Andrew, care of W. A. Taylor,

Writer, Cupar-Fife
1858 Taylor, Geo., of Kirktonhill, Montrose
1876 Taylor, Hugli, Kamishill, llurlford,

Kilmarnock

1873 Taylor,.Janie3, Land Steward, Buchanan,

Drynien
1876 Taylor, .Tames, Land Steward, Pitfour,

Mintlaw
1858 Taylor, John B., Seton West Mains,

Prcstonpans
1861 Taylor, .lolin, Uedcastlo, Arbroath

1870 Taylor, Jcseph, Potholm, Lnngliolm
1853 Taylor, M., Letter Farm, Cove, Urecnock
1857 Taylor, R., late Laggan, Campbeltown

Admitted

1857 Taylor, Robert, Dumfreuny, Banchory

1877 Taylor, Robt., Secretary, Stirlingshire

Agricultural Society, Stirling
1872 Taylor, Thos., Seed Merchant, Dalkeith

1857 Templeton, Robert, Raunachan, Camp-

beltown

1853 Tennant, C, of the Glen, Innerleithen
1833 Tennant, John, St Rollox, Glasgow
1863 Tennant, Robert (of Rosehall, Lairg),

M.P., Scourcroft Lodge, Shadwell,
Leeds

1872 Tennant, T., of Priestgill, Strathaven
1876 Tennant, Thomas, Walston, Penicuik

1876 Tennant, William John, Gallin Cottage,

Aberfeldy

1873 Terris, James, jun., Dullomuir, Blair

Adam

1877 Thorn, Alex., Chapelhill, Peebles
1871 Thorn, James, Leden Urquhart, Strath-

miglo

1858 Thom, James C, Quithelhead, Durris,

Aberdeen
1875 Thom, James, Wellsgreen, East
Wemyss, Fifeshire

1871 Thom, William, Demperston, Auch-

termuchty

1855 Thomas, James, Fortliar, Kettle, Lady-
bank

1861 Thomas, Robert, of Xoranside, Forfar

1872 Thomas, William, Pinnacle, Ancrum,

Jedburgh

1871 Thompson, Alex. Barmeil, Port William
1845 Thompson, Andrew, Berwick-on-Tweed

1868 Thompson, Geo., of Pitmedden, Dyce,

Aberdeen
1867 Thompson, Henry, of High Green,
Ramshope, Otterburn

1872 Thompson, John, Bailieknowe, Kelso

1874 Thoms, Geo. Hunter, yr. of Aberlemno,

Advocate, Sheriff of Caithness, Orkney,

and Shetland, 52 Great King Street,

Edinburgh
1861 Thoins, Patrick Hunter, of Aberlemno,

Dundee
1825 Thomson, Alexander, Banker, Greenock
1867 Thomson, A., of Mainhill, St Boswell's

1873 Thomson, Alex., Mains, Tillicoultry

1867 Thomson, Charles W., C.A., 16 Lennox

Street, Edinburgh

1869 Thomson, Duncan

Stirling
1836 Thomson, George,
burgh

1854 Thomson, George,

Lane, Edinliurgh
1863 Thomson, George,
Jedburgh

1855 Thomson, .Tames, Mungoswalls, Diinso
1858 Thomson, James, Holmes, Bro.xhuru
1861 Thomson, J., Belmont, Dumfries

1868 Thomson, Jas., Newseat of Dumbrerk,
Udny

aM.

, Coachbuilder,
New Club, Edin-

Anville, Cnuaan
Hopton, Ancrum

60

List of Meiiibers of the

Admitted

1874 Thomson, John, Avonhead, I^ew Monk-

land

1869 Thomson, John, Blaiket, Crocketford,
Dumfries

1877 Thomson, John, Carronflats, Grange-
month

1869 Thomson, John, 49 Hope Street,
Glasgow

1875 Thomson, John, Prospect Bank, Cath-

cart

1848 Thomson, John Anstruther, of Charle-
ton, Colinsburgh

1867 Thomson, John Comrie, Sheriff- Substi-
tute of Aberdeen and Kincardine

Admitted

1869 Tinning, John, Chillesford Lodge, Sud-

bourneHall, Wickham Market, Suffolk
1859 Tod, Alexander, Aitkendean, Lasswade
1872 Tod, George, Bankhead, Cairneyhill,

Dunfermline

1870 Tod, James, Glenree, Lamlash

1877 Tod, James, jun., Easter Cash, Stratli-
miglo

1869 Tod, James Carstairs, Gorgie j^Iains,

Edinburgh

1870 Tod, John W., W.S., 66 Queen Street,

Edinburgh
]864 Tod, Captain E. A. B., of Howden,
:Mid-Calder

1851 Tod, William, Gospetry, ^Milnathort
1864 Tod, "William, Glenree, Lamlash, Arran
1876 Todd, David, 18 St Patrick Square,

1874 Thomson, J. Grant, Wood Manager, 1870 Tod, Thomas M., West Brackly, Kin-
Grantown, Strathspey ross

1869 Thomson, J. S., M'Cheynston, Dum-

fries

1870 Thomson, Lofkhart, S.S.C, 114 George

Street, Edinburgh

1873 Thomson, Mitchell, 43 George Street,

Edinburgh
1859 Thomson, Peter, Cowcoch, Abergele,
K'orth Wales

1874 Thomson, Kobert, Burnbank, Blair-

Drummond

1857 Thomson, Robert, Seggie, Guard Bridge

1864 Thomson, Pi. J., late Grange, Kilmar-
nock

1875 Thomson, Thomas, Bankhead, Alloa
1850 Thomson, Thomas, Merchant, Glasgow
1844 Thomson, William, of Balgowan, P^rth
1854 Thomson, W., 10 Stafford Street, Edin-
burgh

1876 Thomson, William J. F., Gunmaker,

Hanover Street, Edinburgh
1873 Thomson, William, Nyaad, Stirling

1871 Thomson, William, Coachbuilder, Perth
1875 Thomson, Wm., Aberdeen Town and

County Bank, Tarland

1872 Thomson. W. A., 7 Bonnington Place,

Edinburgh
1875 Thomson, William G., 49 Hope Street,

Glasgow
1869 Thomson, William Hill, Glasgow
1841 Thomson, William Thomas, 3 George
Street, Edinburgh

1859 Thorburn, David, Colgary, Tobermory

1877 Thorburn, Eobert, Stonehill, Lanark

1869 Thornton, James, Crolthtad, Green-
burn

1872 Thornton, Thomas, Ciofthead, Green-
burn

1S24 Threshie, David Scott, W.S., Jersey

1824 Thkieplamd, Sir P. M., of linghtk,
Bart., Errol

1872 Tliyne, John, 21 Danube Street, Edin-
burgh

1859 Thyne, AVilliam, Koprig Mains,

Tranent
1844 TiminSjWillif.m, of Hilliield, Stanmoie,
^Middlesex

Edinburgh

1876 Todd, Gavin J., Kinellar Lodge, Aber-
deen

1858 Todd, James, Gillespie, Glenluce
1865 Todd, James, Castle Mains, Dirleton,

Drem
1869 Todd, Wm., Auchness, Ardwell
1865 Tolmie, Alex., Ballisparden, Ardersier

1871 Torrance, Archibald P., Kippielaw,
Dalkeith

1863 Torrance, George, Sisterpath, Dunse

1877 Torrance, Thomas A., Burnhouse Axilla,
Camps, Kirknewton

1863 Torrance, T., Laws, Chimside

1872 Torrance, William, Camps Lime Works,
i\nd-Calder

1873 Torry, Adam Ogilvie, Burnside, Forfar
— Free life Memhfr

1877 Tough, James, Mains of Drum, Drum-
oak, Aberdeen
1870 Towerson, John, Corkickle, Whitehaven
3 876 Traill, Thomas of Holland, Kirkwall
1846 Traquair, Ramsay H., Colinton, Slate-

ibrd
1S57 Trench, Henry, of Cangort Park, Eos-

crea, Ireland
1874 Trotter, Angus, Auctioneer, Fort-
rose
1841 Trotter, Chas., of AVoodhill, Blairgowne
1865 Trotter, Coutts, 11 Melville Street,
Edinburgh

1865 Trotter, Lieut. -Colonel H., of Morton
Hall, Edinburgh

1829 Trotter, Eobert "Knox, of Ballindenn
!I875 Trotter, Eobert, Gargustcn. Eeaulv

1866 Trotter, T. C, 54 Park Street, Grcs-
venor Square, London, W.

1869 Trotter, Lieut. -Colonel H., of the

Push, Edinburgh
1875 Trcuj', Alex., Strnthmiplo
1850 Tudlicpe, G., 62 Polkck Street, Glrs-

gow
1873 lullcch, J.-rccs, Dnlcp, InvcikdtLing

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

61

Jolm, Midmains
Alexander,

Duff us,
Thornington,

12 Belgrave

Admitted
1875 TuUoch,

Elgin
1844 Turnbull,

Coldstream
1874 Turnbull, David, W.S

Crescent, Edinburgh
1857 Turnbull, Gregor, Merchant, Glasgow
1863 Turnbull, J,, Lempitlaw, Easttield,

Kelso
1877 Turnbull, James, St Colme House,

Aberdour, Fife
1844 Turnbull, John, of Abbey St Bathans,

AV.S., 49 George Square, Edinburgh
18G3 Turnbull, John, East :Middle, Hawick
1863 Turnbull, John, Palace, Jedburgh

1862 Turnbull, Iklark, Melrose Mills, Mel-

rose
1859 Turnbull, P., Little Pinkerton, Dunbar
1877 Turnbull, Peter M., Smithston, Phynie
1850 Turnbull, S., Bonhill Place, Ptenton

1863 Turnbull, William J., Graden, Kelso
1872 Turnbull, William, Goukshill, Gore-

bridge

George,

Spittal,
Drumdrishaig,

1863 Turnbull, William
Jedburgh

1875 Turner, Archd., jun.

Ardrishaig

1853 Turner, Duncan, Corachaive, Sandbank
1859 Turner, Frederick J., the Dean, Kil-
marnock
1853 Turner, John, of Turner Hall, Ellon
1873 Turner, Peter, Mannerston, Linlithgow
1855 Turner, Richard, Broompark, Mid-
Calder

1876 Turner, Piobert, Auchnarrow, Ballin-

dalloch
1863 Turner, W., Mains House, Linlithgow

1868 Turner, William, M.B., Professor of

Anatomy, University of Edinburgh,
6 Eton Terrace
1877tTwEP:i)i)ALE, Most Noble the Marquis
of, Yester House, Haddington

1869 Tweeddale, George, Gilmerton, St

Andrews

1859 Twecdie, Alexander, Coats, Haddington
1873 Tweedie, Alexander Gladstone, Gles-

pin, Douglas, Lanarkshire

1860 Tweedie, James, of Quarter, Pachan

House, Biggar
1875 Tweedie, James, Deuclirie, Prestonkirk
1871 Tweedie, Richard, The Forest, Cattcrick
1871 Tweedie, Thomas, Merchant, Annan

1863 Tytlcr, James Stuart, of Woodhouseleo,

W.S., 36 Melville Street, Edinburgli

1864 Tytler, Charles E.F., of Sanquhar,

Forres
1860 Tytler, Colonel Fraser, of Aldouric,
Inverness

1873 Udny, John Henry Fullarton, of UJny

and Dudwick, Udny, Aberdeen
1364 Umphruy Andrew, of Rcawick, Lerwick

Admitted

1864 Urquhart, B. C, of Meldrum, Old

Meldrum
1876 Urquhart, Lieut. F. Pollard, of Craigs-

ton, Turritf
1858 Urquhart, J. G,, of Vellore, Linlithgow
1875 Urquhart, John, Dundonnell, Ullajiool
1875 Ure, George, Wheatlands, Denny

1875 Ure, George R., Hope Park, i3onny-

bridge

1873 Ure, John, Westwood, Drip, Stirling

1874 Ure, William, Bogton, Larbert
1864 Ure, William, Crawfordston, Kippen
1853 Usher, John, Stodrig, Kelso

1872 Usher, John, jun., Gatehousecote,
Hawick

1872 Usher, Thomas, jun., Courthill, Hawick

1857 Vallance, Hugh, Greathill, Strathavcn

1876 Yallentine, George, Arnhall, Brechin

1858 Yallentine, J., Nether Afflock, Dunecht

1860 Yassal, Lieut. -Gen. R., London

1864 Yeitch, Chris., 5 Carlung Place, Edinr.

1867 Yeitch, Walter, Grange, Kinghorn

1856 Yere, C. E. Hope, late Ledard, Abeiioyle
1867 Yernox, Hon. Greville R., Auchans

House, Kilmarnock

1873 Yilliers, Frederick Ernest, Closeburn

HaU, Thornhill

1874 Waddell, A. Peddie, 4 Great Stuart

Street, Edinburgh

1874 Waddell, James, Airdriehill, New

Monkland

1872 Waddell, John, of Easter Inch, 10 St

Andrew Square, Edinburgh
1869 Waddell, John, Southrigg, Bathgate

1869 Waddell, WUliam, Netherton, Whit-

burn

1857 W^akefield, J. Collen,late Eastwood Park,

Thornliebank
1857 Wakelin, John, Oil Mills, Musselburgh

1873 Walker, Alexander, of Findynate, Bal-

linluig

1870 Walker, Alexander, Stagebank, Heriot
1872 Walker, Alex. John(Bowland), 3 Manor

Place, Edinburgh
1847 Walker, Charles (late Drumblair),
Australia

1861 Walker, Fouutaine, of Ness Ca.stle,

Inverness

1857 Walker, Franci.s, Craignetherty, Turritf
1863 Walker, Francis, late Camptown, Had-
dington

1858 Walker, Lieut. -Col. George G., of

Crawfordton, Thornhill

1875 Walker, George A., Novar Plains,

Evanton
1863 Walker, (1. J. (Walker k Beattie, Land

Surveyors, Aberdeen), Portlethcn,

Aberdeen
1861 Walker, Henry West, Banker, Auchter-

nuichty

62

List of Members of the

Admitted

1860 "Walker, James, of Dairy, 10 Grosrenor

Crescent, Edinburgh

1847 "Walker, James, of Blairton

1854 "Walker, James, Kilpunt, Broxburn

1867 Walker, Jas., Brough, "Westray, Kirk-

wall
1869 Walker, James, Dauphin House, St

Andrews
1877 Walker, James, West side of Brux,

Kildrummy, Aberdeen

1848 Walker, John, W.S., 31 Buckingham

Terrace, Edinburgh

1857 Walker, John, Eastfield, Sjiringburn
1862 Walker, John, 1 Polwarth Terrace,

Edinburgh
1865 Walker, John, of Ardpeaton, Craig-

rownie, Roseneath
1872 Walker, J. P. S., Mountrich, Dingwall

1853 Walker, Robert, Montbletton, Banff

1854 Walker, Robert, Leuchars House, Elgin
1859 Walker, Robert, Altyre, Forres

1861 Walker, Robert, Muirhall, Perth
1875 Walker, Robert B., Mains of Portlethen,

Aberdeen
1875 Walker, Thomas, Lochton, Inchture
1861 Walker, Thomas R., Cupar-Fife
1859 Walker, W., Balrymonth, St Andrews

1858 Walker, Wm., Ardhunckart, Mossat

1864 Walker, William, Kintrae, Elgin

1872 Walker, William, Horse Dealer, Stirling
1835 Walker, William S., of Bowland, C.B.,

125 George Street, Edinburgh

1868 Walker, William Campbell, yr. of

Bowland

1873 Wall, George Y., Durham— i^rec Life

Member

1865 Wallace, David, Lochwood, Coat-

bridge
1861 Wallace, James, Brake, Denino, Fife
1861 Wallace, John, late Illieston, Broxburn
1875 Wallace, John, 30 Oak Street, Glasgow
1875 Wallace, Robert, Auchenbrain, Mauch-

line
1854 AVallace, Robert A., Rhynd, Dunferm-
line

1870 Wallace, R., Langbarns, Kirkcudbright

1844 Wallace, Wm., of Auchinvole, Kilsyth
1875 Wallace, William,* Kinnear, Kilmany,

Cupar-Fife

1871 Wallace, William, of is^ewton of Col-

lessie, Lady bank
1854 Wallbank, Jonas, Berwick-upon-Tweed

1872 Walley, Thos., M.R.C.V.S., Principal

of the "Veterinary College, Edin. , Pro-
fessor of Cattle Pathology to the
Society

1873 Walls, Robt., Kerse Mills, Stirling

1845 Walpole, The Hon. Henry, Wolterton

Park, Aylsham, Norfolk
1873 Walton, George Kent, Long Campton,
Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire —
Free Life Member.

Admitted

1869 Wardrop, W. M., of Bridgehouse

1874 Wardrope, Robert, Garlaff, Cumnock
1852 Warnock, A., Bearyards, Bishop-

briggs

1862 Warrack, William, Newmill of Fintray,

1868 Warrand, Capt. A. J. C, Ryefield,

Ferrintosh, Dingwall

1858 Warrexder, SirG., of Lochend, Bart.,

Bruntsfield House, Edinburgh

1856 Warwick, W., Glencartholm, Canon-

bie

1871 Waters, George S., Tister Mains, Hal-

kirkroad
1837 AVaterstou, Charles, Banker, Inverness

1869 Watherston, James, 29 Queensferry

Street, Edinburgh

1869 Watherston, Wm., 29 Queensferry Street,

Edinburgh

1875 Watson, Arthur, Easter Busby Farm,

Busby, Glasgow

1855 Watson, Crawford, The Lone, Tenbury,

Worcestershire

1859 Watson, Douglas (late Thurster, Wick),

Xew Zealand.

1876 Watson, George, Edendiack, Gartly
1848 Watson, George, of Norton, Ratho

1870 Watson, Geo., Fushiebrae, Gorebridge
1841 Watson, Henry George, C.A., 123

George Street, Edinburgh
1875 Watson, Hugh, Cuil, Cairndow ;

1870 Watson, Jas. M., 11 Lauriston Park,

Edinburgh
1869 Watson, John Paton, of Blackford,
Rothie-Norman

1857 Watson, John, of Earnock, Hamilton
1864 Watson, John, Culterallers, Biggar

1872 Watson, Patrick, Friarstown House,

Tallaught, County Dublin
1852 Watson Wm., late The Binns, Dundee

1841 Watson, William, Seaside, Errol

1863 Watson, W. S., of Burnhead, Buck-

lands, Hawick

1873 Watt, Alex., Burnshot, Linlithgow

1871 Watt, George, Kilmany, Cupar-Fife
1868 Watt, Gordon, Hirn, Banchory-Ternan

1856 Watt, James, Biggar

1864 Watt, James, Balbarton, Kirkcaldy
1875 Watt, James, Garbity, Orton, Foch-
abers

1875 Watt, Robert, solicitor, Airdrie

1858 Watt, Wm. W. G., of Breckness, Kier-

fiold, Stromness

1872 Wauchope, Capt., of Niddrie Maris-

chall, Liberton

1842 Wauchope, Sir John Don., of Edmon-

stone, Bart., Edmonstone House,
Liberton
1871 Waugh, Allan, Avonb ridge, Falkirk

1857 Waugh, J., of St John's Kirk, Biggar
1875 Waugh, John, jun., Glenormiston,

Innerleithen ;

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

63

Admitted

1873 Waugh, John, Langsliavr, Galashiels

1873 Waugh, William, V.S., Stirling

1853 Webster, James, S.S.C., 8 Gloucester

Place, Edinburgh
1863 Webster, J., New Horndean, Berwick
1870 Webster, Robt., Airds of Kells, Xew

Galloway Station
1856 Webster, R., Lome Place, Leith AValk

1863 Weddel], John Wilkie, Lauder Barns,

Lauder

1874 Wedderburn, Henry Scrymgeour, of

Wedderburn, Birkhill, Cupar-Fife

1870 Weir, Alex., Newhouseraill, East Kil-

bride

1875 Weir, John, Grain Merchant, Coatbridge

1864 Weir, Robert, Brownhill, Carnwath
1873 Weir, William, Inches, Falkirk

1868 Weir, William, Portland Iron Works,

Kilmarnock,
1850 Welsh, Alexander, Edinburgh

1869 Welsh, Henry, 6 George Street, Edin.
1860 Welsh, John, Kirkton, Hawick

1853 Welsh, Thomas, of Earlshaugh, Eric-

stane, Moffat

1842 AVelwood, Alan A. Maconochie, of
Garvoch, Meadowbauk, Kirknewton,

1819tWEMYS.s and March, Right Hon. The
Earl of, Gosford, Haddington

1846 Wemyss, D. Sinclair, of Southdun,
Wick

1872 Wemyss, R. G. E., of Wemyss, Kirk-
caldy

1863 Wharxcliffe, Right Hon. Lord, 15
Curzon Street, London

1863 White, A., Causeway Bank, Chirnside

1S61 White, Francis, M.D., Perth

1863 AVhite, James, of Overton, Glasgow

1876 White, James, Stagehall, Stow

1842 AVhite, John, of Drumelzier, Netherurd
House, Dolphinton

1863 White, John, of Grougar, 53 Princes'
gate, London

1S73 Whyte, John, Ardoncaple, Helens-
burgli

1872 White, John A., Shiells Mains, Biggar

1868 White, J. F., Grain :Merchant, Aber-
deen

1838 White, Peter, Accountant, Glasgow

1842 White, Robert, W.S., 23 DrumnKjnd
Place, Edinburgh

1876 White, Robert, 3 Abercromby Place,
Edinburgh

1872 White, Roht., Outorston, Gorebridgo

1838 White, William, Merchant, (Jlasgow

1854 White, Wm., ]\Iousebank, Lanark
1872 White, Wm., Lennel Hill, Coldstream
1859 Whitehaw, Ah-x., M.P., of Cartshore,

Gartshenie House, Coatbridge
1850 Whittet, Geo., J:astcr Drjluw, David-
son's Plains
.1861 Whitton, Andrew, of Couston, Newtylu

1871 Wliyte, Angus, Easdulo, Ubau

Admitted

1870 Whyte, Archd., jun., Cotton of Craigs,
Alyth

1876 Whyte, Duncan, 326 Duke Street,
Glasgow

1876 Whyte, D. C, Ballimore, Lochstriven
head, Sandbank

1865 AYhyte, James, Little Clinterty, Black-
burn, Aberdeen

1870 Whyte, James A., Kirkmabreck,

Stranraer
1853 Whyte, John, Ballochyle, Sandbank

1871 Whyte, John, West Denoon, Meigle
1875 Whyte, John, Lundin Mill, Largo
1860 Whyte, Rev. R., Dryfesdale, Lockerbie

1868 Whyte, William, Spott, Kirriemuir

1870 Wight, Alex., Ironmonger, Forres
1865 Wight, Geo., 14 Duke Steeet, Edin-
burgh

1872 Wight, R. B., Ecclaw, Cockburnspath
1827 Wightman, James Seton, of Courance,

7 Darnaway Street, Edinburgh

1873 Wightman, James C. Seton, Courance,

7 Darnaway Street, Edinburgh

1869 AVightman, John Seton, yr. of Cou-

rance, 7 Darnaway Street, Edinburgh
1873 Wilken, George, Waterside of Forbes,
Alford

1860 Wilkie, Andrew, Banker, Leven
1843 AVilkie, D., of Auchlishie, Kirriemuir

1857 Wilkie, George, Cowdenlaws, Dj-sart
1830 Wilkie, John, of Foulden, Berwick
1862 Wilkin, T., Tinwald Downs, Dumfries
1873 Will, Robert W., S.S.C, 27 Albany

Street, Edinburgh

1872 Willacy, Robert, Penwortham Prior}',

Preston
1867 Williams, W., Principal of the Ne
Veterinary College, Edinburgh, Pro-
fessor of Veterinary Surgery to the
Society

1858 Williamson, Andrew F., Standing-

stones, Dyce, Aberdeen

1870 Williamson, Benjamin, Canal Iron

Works, Kendal

1861 Willianmon, David Robertson, of

Lawers, Crielf

1871 Williamson, Douglas G., Bom bie, Kirk-

cudbright
1850 Williamson, George, Shempston, Elgin

1853 Williamson, Jas., Beechhill, Aberdeen
1829 Williamson, John W., Sin-riircierk,

Kinross
1875 Williamson, llobcrt, Netherwood, BanJf

1871 Williamson, Thos., MiTihant, Kirkcud-

bright

1854 Willis, Thomaa, Manor IIouse,Carperby,

Bedale
1SG8 Willisou, Duncan Campbell, Dalpeddar,
Saniiuhar

1873 Willison, (Jeo., Parish Holm, Douglas
1557 Willisoi), Jas. P., of Ciilte/eun, Max-

weltou, ^laybole

64

List of Members of the

Admitted

1858 Willison, John, Parish Holm, Douglas
1868 "Willison, J., jun., Glespinside, Douglas

1861 "Wilson, Adam, Midshiels, Hawick
1842 "Wilson, Alex., Inchgower, Buckie
1854 Wilson, Alex., Kirkhill, Oldmeldrum
1857 Wilson, Alex., Crosshill, Campbeltown
1864 Wilson, Alex., Alford House, Dunblane
1864 Wilson, Alexander, of Skeoch, Ban-

nockburn
1876 Wilson, Alex., Blacksmith, Stonehaven

1864 Wilson, Edward L., Manufacturer,

Bannockburu

1859 Wilson, George, Harelaw, Chirnside
1863 Wilson, George, Manufacturer, Hawick

1865 Wilson, G., Koseland Cottage, Linlith-

gow
1872 Wilson, George, Greenhill, Selkirk

1876 Wilson, George, Whiteside, Tullynessle,

Aberdeen

1859 Wilson, J., Woodhorn Manor, Morpeth

— Free Life Member 1873
1871 Wilson, James, Boghall, Bishopton

1867 Wilson, James, Erskine, Glasgow
1844 Wilson, James, Glasgow

1848 Wilson, Jas., "V\''ester Cowden, Dalkeith

1854 Wilson, James, Burnetland, Biggar

1857 Wilson, Jas., Old Mill, New Cumnock

1858 Wilson, James, Banker, Kilmarnock
1857 Wilson, James, jun,, Saddell Street,

Campbeltown

1860 Wilson, James, Bemersyde West, St

Boswells

1866 Wilson, Jas., 146 George Street, Edin-

burgh

1877 Wilson, James, Mains of Scotstown,

Bridge of Don, Aberdeen
1870 Wilson, Jas. E., Banker, Sanquhar
1874 Wilson, John, Cairnton of Bojmdie,

Portsoy
1841 Wilson, John, of Cumledge, Dunse

1851 Wilson, J., Edington Mains, Chirnside

1855 Wilson, John, Professor of Agriculture,

University of Edinburgh
1865 Wilson, John, Castle Park, Huntly
i875 Wilson, John, Lecropt, Bridge of Allan
1876 AVilson, John, of Finnich Malise, 11

Woodside Place, Glasgow
1857 Wilson, John, Overhouse, Strathaven

1859 Wilson, John, of Auchineck, Killearn
1859 Wilson, J. F., Darnhall Mains, Eddie-
stone

1862 Wilson, J., Chapelhill, Cockburnspath

1863 Wilson, J., of Hill Park, Bannockburn
1863 Wilson, J. P., of Polquhairn, Sheriff of

Ross, Cromarty, and Sutherland, 6

Dundas Street, Edinburgh
1865 Wilson, Peter, Linsaig, Tigh-na-bruaich
1870 Wilson, Peter, Noblehall, Lamancha
1857 Wilson, Philip, Corn Factor, Dunse

1868 Wilson, Richard, C.A., 28 Great King

Street, Edinburgh

1852 Wilson, Robert, Durn, Perth

Admitted

1870 Wilson, R., Linseed Crusher, Dundee

1863 Wilson, Robert, Forehouse, Kilbarchan
1868 AVilson, Robert, Lethenty, Alford,

Aberdeenshire

1857 Wilson, Thomas, late Auchincoriie,

Campbeltown

1876 Wilson, Thomas, Newton Ardonald,

Cairnie, Huntly

1877 Wilson, William of Banknook, Denny

1849 Wilson, William, W.S., 16 St Andrew

Square, Edinburgh
1873 Wilson, William, (Picksley, Sims, and
Co.), Leigh, Lancashire

1858 Wilson, William, Hill House, Hoddes-

don, Herts.

1871 Wilson, William, Wolfstar, Tranent
1871 Wilsone,C. H. H., of Dalnair, Endrick

Bank, Drymen

1873 Wilsone, Thomas, Solicitor, Aberdeen

1867 Wlngate, Wm., Nether Croy, Kilsyth
1855 Wishart, Edward, 3 Laverockbauk

Terrace, Leith

1868 Wishart, W., Cairntradlyn, Blackburn,

Aberdeen
1860 Woddrop, William Allan, of Dalmar-
nock, Dolphinton

1874 Wood, Christopher, Kintrochat House,

Brechin j

1873 Wood, Collingwood Lindsay, Freeland, 1

Bridge of Earn
1858 Wood, J., Midtown, King Edward,

Banff

1864 Wood, J., Whiteside, Greenlaw, Dunse

1875 Wood, James, Riddrie, Parkhead

1873 Wood, Walter A., 36 Worship Street,

London, E.G. \
1828 Wood, AVilliam, 6 James Place, Leith

1876 Wordsworth, R. W., Gartmore, Stir-

ling
1858 AVotherspoon, Arch, (late Spotsmains,
Kelso), United States

1877 Wragg, Charles, Grain Merchant, 4

Stockwell Street, Glasgow
1857 Wright, Bryce, Dowhill, Girvan

1850 Wright, David, Beal, Northumberland
1876 Wright, Frank, 125 St Anne Street,

Liverpool

1839 Wright, James, Glasgow

1853 Wright, Jas., 2 Lennox Street, Edin-
burgh

1857 Wylie, George, Woodville, Canaan Lane,
Edinburgh

1870 Wyllie, Alex., Bolton, Haddington

1875 Wyllie, Alex., W.S., 13 Picardy Place,
Edinburgh

1870 Wyllie, And., Bellburn Cottage, Hun-
ter's Quay, Greenock

1863 Wyllie, James, Inveraray

1874 Wyllie, James, Innerwick, Dunbar
1849 Wyllie, J., late Newfarm, Mid-Calder
1855 Wyllie, W. A., 14 West End Park St.,

Glasgow

Highland and Agricultural Society, 1877.

65

.A dmitted

1874 Wyllie, William, Fenwick, Ayrshire

1868 Yeats, Alexander, Advocate, 89 Union
Street, Aberdeen

1838 Yeats, William, of Aquharney, 1 Union
Place, Aberdeen

1864 Yool, Thomas, Coulard Bank, Lossie-
mouth

1864 Yorstoun, Captain M. C, of Tinwald,
Irvine House, Langholm

1852 Young, Alexander, Keir Mains, Dun-
blane

1867 Young, Andrew, 21 Park Crescent,

Stirling

1859 Young, Andrew, Lochtyside, Thornton,

Kirkcaldy
1854 Young, Hon. Lord, 28 Moray Place,

Edinburgh
1873 Young, George, Auctioneer, Dollar
1842 Young, Harry, of Cleish Castle, Kinross
1876 Young, Hugh, Killoch, Neilston
1856 Young, James, Broadholm, Duntocher

1860 Young, J. A., Orchardtown, Garlies-

town
1863 Young, .James, of Kelly, Wemyss Bay
1876 Young, James, yr. of Kellv, Wemyss

Bay
1871 Young, James, Waterton, Elgin

1875 Young, James, Cadboll, Fearn

1868 Young, John, jun. (J. & T. Young),

A}'r

Total Number of

Admitted

1857 Young, John, Fulwood, Paisley

1876 Young, John, Hailes Cottage, Slate-
ford

1857 Young, John, Netherwood Bank House,
Dumfries

1863 Young, Matthew, Oilcake Mills, Ber-
wick-on-Tweed

1869 Young, Pobert, Greenlees, Cambuslang

1870 Young, Major Thos., Lincluden House,

Dumfries

1872 Young, Thos., Oatridge, Linlithgow

1876 Younc;, William Stirling, Keir Mains,

Dunblane

1873 Young, William, Taylorton, Stirling
1873 Young, Wm., Waterbank, Carmunnock
1870 Younger, Henry J., Abbey Brewery,

Edinburgh
1875 Younger, J. B. B. C, Bankhead, Leven.

Fife
1863 Younger, Eobert, St Anns, Edinburgh
1863 Younger, Win., Haggerston Castle, Beal
1870 Yuill, Archibald, 33 Cathedral Street,

Glasgow
1838 Yuille, And. B., of Darleith, Cardross
1869 Yule, Edward, Prestongrange, Preston-
pans
1852 Yule, T. B., 36 Constitution St., Leith
1868 Yull, John S., Little Ardo, Methlic

1877 Zetland, Right Hon. the Earl ol,

Aske, Ptichmond, Yorkshire

Members, 4595.

HONORARY ]\IEMBERS.

HONORARY ASSOCIATES.

Aiimitted Admitted

1874 Dahl, Ferdinand August, Aas, Cliris- 1874 Hoist, Christian, Norwegian Court

tiania

Paymaster

DIPLO.^LV FRKE LIFE MKMT.KRS.

1876 Anderson, R. Lang, Milliken Park, : 1873 Hrydon, K., The Dene, Seahani Harbour

I.'enfrewshin- i 1874 Burn, Forbes, Hardacros, Coldstream

1873 A.slidown, A. 11., M.R..\.('., Fpping- I

ton, Salop 1873 Campbell, George, Kilkea, Magcmy,

Co. Kiidare
LSr. Berk, Tho.s. Coker, Foleshill, Coventry 1873 Ehy. Wm. Henry, Islingham, Frinds-
1873 I'.rown, William, Fuetor, Earlsniill, ' burv, Roeliester^ Kent

Forres 1873 Elliot, Thonuus John, M.R.A.C, Long-

1S73 Browne, Cnlvile, M.R.A.C., Long ley Park, Norwieli

Melford, Suflblk 1874 Erskine, Henry, Dalladie.s Brechin

c

C6 List of Me/i libers of the Highland and Agricidtural Society, 187'

Admitted

1876 Ferguson, Archd. A., Gosfield, Essex

1873 Gerrard, John, Veterinary Infirmary,

Market Deeping
1873 Giglioli, Italo, M.R.A.C, Florence

1873 Goddard, H. R., M.R.A.C, Belsay,

]Srewcastle-on-T}'ne

1874 Henderson, Richard, Coldstream

1873 Hill, Arthur James, M.R.A.C., Ac-
countant, Moorgate Street, London

1873 Juckes, R. F., M.R.A.C, Cotwall,
Wellington, Salop

1875 Kennedy, William, M.R.A.C, 89

Marine Parade, Brighton

1876 Maconchy, John Arthur, Rathmore,

Aughnacliffe, Co. Longford
1873 Milne, John, Mains of Laithers, Tur-
riff
1S73 Munby, Edward Charles, M.R.A.C,
]\Iyton Grange, Helperby, Yorkshire

Admitted

1875 Murdoch, George Burn, M.R.A.C,
Greenhill Lodge, Edinburgh

1875 Murray, Robert W. E., Wester House

Byers, Galashiels

1873 Norman, AVm., M.R.A.C, Hall Bank,
Aspatria

1873 Rome, Thomas, M.R.A.C, Northami.
ton Downs, Barcoo River, Queensland

1873 Smith, William B., M.R.A.C, Stone-
leigh Villa, Leamington

1876 Sutherland, Alex.,Rampyards, Watten,

Golspie

1873 Torry, Adam Ogilvie, Burnside, For-
far

1873 WaU, G. Y., M.R.A.C, Durham
1873 Walton, George Kent, Long Campton,

Shipston-on-Stour, Warwickshire
1873 Wilson, Jacob, M.R.A.C, Woodhom

Manor, ]\Iorpeth

INDEX.

Aberdeen Show, 1876, Proceedings in
regard to. Appendix A, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8,
10, 17 — Premiums awarded, Appen-
dix A, 23 — Judges and Attending
Members, Appendix A, 41 — Abstract
of Accounts, Appendix A, 60.

Accounts. See Finance.

Agricultural Bursaries, Reports of Ex-
aminations, Appendix A, 6-21 — List
of Bursars, Appendix B, 15.

Agricultural Class in Edinburgh Uni-
versity. Premiums awarded to Stu-
dents, Appendix A, 55.

Agricultural Education, Reports of Ex-
aminations, Appendix A, 3, 6, 11,
21 — Council and Board of Examiners,
Appendix B, 10 — Bye-laws, Appendix
B, 10 — Syllabus of Examination, Ap-
pendix B, 12 — List of Diploma aud
Certificate Holders, Appendix B, 14.

Agricultural Statistics of Scotland for
1876, extracted from the Govern-
ment Returns, 348.

Agriculture of the Counties of Edin-
burgh and Linlithgow, by Thomas
Farrall, 1.

Agriculture of the Counties of Ross
and Cromarty, by Jas. Macdonald,67.

Agriculture, Manual of, by Richard
Henderson, 223.

Angus or Aberdeen Breed of Cattle,
On the Polled, by Thomas ITarrall,
299.

Argyll Naval Fund, Report to General
Meeting, 17th January 1877, Appen-
dix A, 17 — Abstract of Accounts for
1875-76, Appendix A, 62.

Baird, Death of James, Appendix A,

5.
Barclay's Cultivator, Trial of, 386.
Burnett, Death of Sir James H., Bart.,

Appendix A, 5.

Cattle, On the Polled Angus or Aber-
deen Breed of, by TlK)H)as Farrall,
299.

C«'ltic Chair, Proceedings in regard to,
Appendix A, 6, 14, 17.

Chemical D'.'partmcnt, Proceedings in
regard to, Appendix A, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6,
8, 9 — Reports on, at General Meet-
ings, Appendix A. 11, 19 — Note in
regard to Chemi.st, Appendix I> 20.

Committees for 1877, Appendix B, 7.
Cottages Competitions, Report on, Ap-
pendix A, 19 — Premiums awarded in

1876, Appendix A, 53 — Premiums
offered in 1877, Appendix B, 43.

Cromarty and Ross, On the Agriculture
of the Counties of, by James Mac-
donald, 67.

Cultivator, Trial of Barclay's, 336.

Deceased Members, Notice in regard
to, Appendix A, 17.

Dickson, Death of Alexander, Appen-
dix A, 8.

Directors and other OflSce-bearers for

1877, Appendix B, 6.

District Competitions : Forfeiture of
Premiums at. Appendix A, 7 — Re-
port on. Appendix A, 18 — Premiums
awarded in 1876, Appendix A, 42 —
Premiums offered in 1877, Appendix
B, 31.

Dumfries Show, 1878, Proceedings in
regard to. Appendix A, 6, 8, 9, 18 —
Classes of Stock, Appendix B, 65.

Edinburgh and Linlithgow, On the
Agriculture of the Counties of, by
Thomas Farrall, 1.

Edinburgh Show, 1877, Proceedings in
regard to. Appendix A, 3, 6, 8, 9, 11,
18 — Premiums and Regulations, Ap-
pendix B, 47.

Essays and Reports, Premiums awarded
for, in 1876-77, Appendix A, 23 —
Premiums oflfered for, in 1877, Ap-
pendix B, 22.

Establishment for 1877, Appendix B, 5.

Examiners in Agricultural Education.
Appendix B, 10 — Veterinary Depart-
ment, Appendix B, 16 — Forestry
Department, Appendix B, 18.

Experimental Stations. See Chemiral
Department.

Farrall, Thomas : On the Agriculture
of the Counties of Edinburgh and
Linlithgow, 1 — On the Polled Angus
or Aberdeen Breed of Cattle, by
Thomas Farrall, 290.

Finance : — State of the Funds of the
Society at 30th November 1876, Ap-
pendix A, 56 — Abstract of the Ac-
counts for 1875-76, Appendix A, 68
— Ah.stract of tlio Accounts of tlie

11

INDEX.

Aberdeen Show, 1876, Appendix A.
60 —Accounts of the Argyll Naval
Fund, 1875-76, Appendix A, 62.

Fisken Steam Cultivating Machinery,
trial of, 324.

Forestry Department : — Board of Ex-
aminers, Appendix B, 18 — Syllabus
of Examination, Appendix B, 19 —
List of Candidates who have passed
Examinations, Appendix B, 20.

Gibson, death of John, Appendix A, 6.

Glasgow Show, 1875, Transference of
Premiums, Appendix A, 6 — Award
of Premiums, Appendix A, 23.

Gorrie, Wil]iam,on theTrce Mallow,286.

Hay, Hungarian method of making.
Appendix A, 5.

Henderson, Pdchard : Manual of Agri-
culture, 228.

Highland and Agricultural Society : —
Proceedings at Board Meetings,
1876-77, Appendix, A, 1 — Proceed-
ings at General Meetings, June

1876, Appendix A, 10 — January

1877, Appendix A, 16.

Hope, Death of George, Appendix A, 7.
Hungarian Method of Making Hav.

Appendix A. 5.
Hutchison, Robert : on the Taxodium

Sempervirens (or red wood) for

timber purposes, 209.

Implements Selected for Trial, Reports
on, 324.

Johnstone, Death of James. Appendix

A, 7.
Johnstone. Death of John James Hope,

Appendix A, 17.
Judges, List of, at Aberdeen Show,

1876, Appendix A, 41.

Koldmoos'WeedEradicator,Trialof,334.

Linlithgow and Edinburgh, on the
Agriculture of the Counties of, by
Thomas Farrall, 1.

Lothian, The Marquis of, Elected
President, Appendix A, 16.

Macdonald, James : On the Agricul-
ture of the Counties of Ross and
Cromarty, 67.

Maitland, Death of Sir Alex. C. EL
Gibson, Bart., Appendix A, 10.

Mallow, on the Tree, by William
Gorrie, 286.

Manual of Agriculture, by Richard
Henderson, 223.

Members, List of. Appendix C, 1.

Menzies, Death of the Hon. Lady, Ap- i
pendix A, 17. '

Murray's Thrashing Machine, Trial of,
340.

Office-Bearers of the Society for 1877,
Appendix B, 5.

Ploughing Competitions, List of, held
in 1875-76, Appendix A, 49— Regu-
lations for, Appendix B, 42.

Polled Breed of Cattle, on the Angus
or Aberdeen, by Thomas Farrall, 229.

Potato Lifters, Trial of. 339.

Potato Planters, Trial of, 337.

Premiums awarded by the Society in
1876, Appendix A, 23— offered by
the Society in 1877, Appendix B, 22.

Proceedings at Board Meetings of the
Society, 1876-77, Appendix A, 1.

Proceedings at General Meetings of
the Society, June 1876, Appendix A,
10 — January 1877, Appendix A, 25.

Robey and Co.'s Thrashing Machine,
Trial of, 333.

Ross and Cromarty, on the Agriculture
of the Counties of, by James Mac-
donald, 67.

Statistics (Agricultural) of Scotland fur
1876 — Extracted from the Govern-
ment Returns, 343.

Steam Cultivating Machinery, Trial of
the Fisken, 324.

Taxodium Sempervirens (or red wood),

On the, for Timber Purposes, by

Robert HuTchison, 209.
Thrasliing Machine, Trial of Robev

& Co.'s, 333 ; Trial of Murray's, 340.
Tree Mallow, On the, by William

Gorrie. 286.
Trials of Implements, Reports on, 324.
Turnip Raisers, Trial of, 341.
Tweeddale, Death of the Marquis of.

Appendix A. 5.

Veterinary Dej)artment : — Proceedings
as to Charter, Appendix A, 4, 15, 22
— Report of Examinations, Appendix
A, 4, 6, 15 — Medals awarded to Stu-
dents, Appiendix A, 54 — Note as to
the Institution of the Veterinary De-
partment, Appendix B, 15 — Board of
Examiners, Appendix B, 16— Sylla-
bus of Examinations, Appendix B, 16.

Wales, The Prince of, Address to, on his
return from India, Appendix A, 10 — ■
Vote of Thanks to, on retiring from
the Office of President, Appendix A, 16.

Water Testing Apparatus, Trial of, 340.

Weed Eradicator, Trial of the Kold-
moos', 334.

TKISTED BT XEILL Ayj) COMPASY. EDINBURGH.

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