•--•■<:oBnc ana Modioal

r"'^iM°°TE. M.D.

■-- -S It, |in..„, .,,. •"•

i 'I'ladglihia. p.-i. ■

(f) ' !

7

/

i^V-'

/ ^

/

^i^iJt t ■iAA-w^y-

TRANSACTIONS

ILLINOIS STATE

ICULTUPv^AL POCIETY,

3

FOR 1870

BEING THE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING,

HELD AT

Galesburg, December 13, 14, 15, and 16,

WITH OTHER

Reports and Papers upon Horticultural Topics, Pro-
ceedings of Local Societies, etc.

NEW SERIES— VOLUME

CHICAGO:
Printed bv Dunlop, Reade, & Brewster, 160 and 162 Clark Street.

1871.

NL- V7 YORK
BOTANICAL
CONTENTS. GARDE.N

I. Horticultural Districts iv

II. Introductorv v

III. Officers and Committees vi

IV. Members lor 1S71 ix

V. Pomological Rules xii

VI. Constitution and By-Laws xiii

VIII. State Laws Relating to Horticulture xiv

IX. Proceedings of Annual Meeting i

X. Meeting of Executive Board 216

XI. Additional Reports and Papers 217, 296

XII. Fruit Lists 250

XIII. Horticultural History 269,335

XIV. Local Horticultural Societies 300

APPENDIX.

XV. Lists of Fruits, Trees, and Plants 2

XVI. Index 28-32

- — ♦-♦-♦

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plum Curculio 95

Ward's Curculio Catcher 101, 102

Parasites of Plum Curculio. 103, 104, 106

Apple Curculio 109, no

Qiiince Curculio 114

Plum Gouger ny

Strawberry' Crown Borer 120

Garden Plat 1S5

FRUIT, OR HORTICULTURAL DISTRICTS.

I. NORTHERN ILLINOIS.

1. Fox River District — Boone, Cook, DeKalb, DuPage, Grundy, Kane, Kan-
kakee, Kendall, Lake, La Salle, McHenrj, and Will. 12.

2. Rock River District — Bureau, Carroll, Henry, Jo Daviess, Lee, Ogle, Put-
nam, Rock Island, Stephenson, Whiteside, Winnebago. — 11. Total, 23.

IL CENTRAL ILLINOIS.

3. Illinois River District — Adams, Brown, Cass, Fulton, Hancock, Henderson,
Knox, INIcDonough, Marshall, Mason, Mercer, Menard, Morgan, Peoria, Pike,
Schuyler, Scott, Stark, Tazewell, Warren, Woodford. — 21.

4. Grand Prairie District — Champaign, Christian, Coles, De Witt, Douglas,
Edgar, Ford, Iroquois, Livingston, Logan, McLean, Macon, Moultrie, Piatt, San-
gamon, Shelby, Vermillion. — 17. Total, 38.

III. SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.

5. Centralia, or Wabash District — Clark, Clay, Crawford, Cumberland, Ed-
wards, Effingham, Fayette, Franklin, Hamilton, Jasper, Jefferson, Lawrence,
Marion, Richland, Wabash, Wayne, White. — 17.

6. Alton, or Kaskaskia District — Bond, Calhoun, Clinton, Greene, Jersey,
Macoupin, Madison, Monroe, Montgomery, Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Washing-
ton.— Total, 13.

7. Gra7id Chain District — Alexander, Gallatin, Hardin, Jackson, Johnson, Mas-
sac, Pope, Pulaski, Saline, Union, WiUiamson. — 11. Total, 41. Grand Total, 102.

INTRODUCTORY.

To t/ie Members of the Society :

It is but just to the editor of this volume, to say that the preparation for it was
conducted under circumstances very unfavorable to success. The delay in the pub-
lication of the volume for 1S69, and the continued hope that it would soon appear,
caused delay in commencing the correspondence, preliminary to collecting material
for the work.

It was found quite embarrassing to even commence the preparation of the
fourth volume of the series with but very little knowledge of the contents of the
third volume. His remembrance of what transpired at the previous annual meeting
was all the knowledge he had prior to the receipt of the book itself, on November
26th, 1870. He trusts, therefore, that the omission of any subject that should have
a place in this volume, or the repetition of matter, if any, contained in the last will
be excused.

It has been deemed best to postpone any revisions of the Society's List of Trees,
Plants and Fruits, and devote much of the time of the meeting, and space in the
book to the consideration of subjects involving principles that are fundamental to
an intelligent prosecution of the art of Horticulture; also to the best modes of
cultivation.

The publication, in this volume, of lists of fruits and trees, carefully ]irepared
by reliable and experienced liorticulturists in dilYerent parts of the State, will pro\e
of great value to persons in the respective localities, who design to plant orchards,
vineyards, or fioiit gardens; even more valuable than the "voted lists" of the whole
Society.

The more scientific portions of the book, it is hoped will be read with interest by
all who have a just appreciation of the vast scope of the causes which combine to
produce the growth of a tree, or develop the rich juices of a fruit or the beauties of
a flower.

To all those who have so cordially responded to solicitations for articles, both
for the Annual Meeting and for insertion in this volume, the thanks of the editor
are gratefully tendered.

That whatever good the book may contain, may reach the readers in time to be

appropriated by them before all desire or relish for its contents shall have been

destroyed by disappointed hopes, is the sincere wish and determination of their

humble servant,

The Secretakv.
Morris, Grundy Co., 111., January, 1S71.

VI TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

OFFICERS FOR 1871.

PRESIDENT:
ARTHUR BRYANT, Princeton, Bureau Co.

VICE PRESIDENTS:
1st District — Robert Douglass Waukegan, Lake County.

2d

3d
4th

5th
6th
7th

Samuel Edwards La Moille, Bureau County.

Dr, a. G. Humphrey Galesburg, Knox County.

M. L. Dunlap Champaign, Champaign County.

J. W. Fletcher Centralia, Marion County.

H. J. Hyde. Godfrey, Madison County.

P. R. Wright South Pass, Union County.

SECRET ART:
O. B. Galusha Morris, Grundy County.

ASSISTANT SECRETARY:
H. J. Dunlap Champaign, Champaign County.

TREASURER:
Jonathan Huggins Woodburn, Macoupin County.

EXECUTIVE BOARD:

Arthur Bryant, W. C. Flagg, Tyler McWhorter, A. M. Brown, and

O. B. Galusha.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Vll

STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1871.

Gentlemen on these Committees are expected to act independently, and each is
requested to report upon his topic with reference to liis particular district — North-
ern, Southern, or Central, as the case may be. It is believed that important facts
and principles may be discovered, relating to the conditions to which fiuit culture in
Illinois must conform, by a careful study of atmospheric phenomena, our soils,
insects, and birds, in connection with vegetable physiology and the hygiene of
plants.

METEOROLOGY:

KORTHKRN.

James W. Tollman,

Winnebago.

CENTRAL.

Wm. M. Baker,

Champaign.

SOUTHERN.

John H. Tice,

St. Louis, Mo.

J, Shaw,

Mt. Carroll.

GEOLOGY AND SOILS :

W. F. Bliss,

Nokomis.

H. C. Freeman,

La Salle.

BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY:

H. H. McAffee, T. J. Burrrill, George Vasey,

Freeport. Champaign. Richview.

Wm. Le Baron,

Geneva.

ENTOMOLOGY:

C. V. Riley, T. A. E. Holcomb,

St. Louis, Mo. South Pass.

Jona. Periam,

Chatsworth.

ORNITHOLOGY:

G. W. Minier,

Minier.

Jas. E. Starr,

Alton.

ORNAMENTAL AND TIMBER TREES:

Samuel Edwards,

La Moille.

J. W. Fell,

Normal.

George Vasey,

Richview.

H. D. Emerv,

Chicago.

FRUIT PACKAGES.

E. A. Riehl,

Alton.

P. R. Wright,

South Pass.

TESTING NEW VARIETIES :

1. J. W. Cochran, Blue Island. 4. M. L. Dunlap, Champaign.

2. Samuel Edwards, Mendota. ^. B. PuUen, Centralia.

3. D. B, Wier, Lacon. 6. H. J. Hyde, Godfrev.

7, P. R. Wright, South Pass.

AD INTERIM :

A. M. Brown, Villa Ridge, Pulaski County.

E. Daggv, Tuscola, Douglass County.

A. R. Whitney, Franklin Grove, Lee County.

Vlll

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

COMMITTEE OF CORRESPONDENCE.

The following named persons are respectfully requested to co-operate in fur-
nishing information to the Secretary, Standing Committees, and the Vice-
Presidents, in their several Districts, on all points bearing upon the theory and
practice of Horticulture, in their respective counties.

FIRST DISTRICT— Robert Douglass, Waukegan, Vice-President.

Names. P. O.

Hon.L. W. Lawrence, Belvidere,
H. D. Emery,
H. C. Graves,

Lewis Ellsworth,
J. W. Ridmgs,
D. C. Scofield,

Chicago,

Sandwich,

Naperville,

Morris,

Elarin,

County.

Boone.

Cook.

DeKalb.

DiiPage.

Grundy.

Kane.

Names.

B. N. McKinstry,
S. G. Minliler,
Dudley G. Smith,
Hon. E. Baldwin,
A. H. Vail,
W. T. Nelson,

P. O. County.

Summer, Kankakee.
Oswego, Kendall.
Waukeg'an, Lake.
Farm Ridg'e, LaSalle.
Marengo, McHenry.
Wilmington, Will.

SECOND DISTRICT— Samuel Edwards, LaMoille, Vice-President.

H. N. Bliss,
C. II. Keim,
E. Richmond,
Prof. J. Wernli,
J. T. Little,
C. C. Wamsley,

Buda, Bureau.

Mt. Carroll, Carroll.
Geneseo, Henry.
Galena, Jo Daviess.

Dixon, Lee.

Polo, Ogle.

J. W. Stewart,
W. A. Nourse,
L.V. Scofield,
W. E. Lukins,
Alex. Strachan,

Florid,

Moline,

Freeport,

Sterling,

Rockford,

Putnam.
Rock Island.
Stephenson.
Whiteside.
Winnebago.

THIRD DISTRICT— Dr. A. G. Humphrey, Galesburg,

Thomas Sinnock,
A. McPhail,
J. Q^ Merriam,
N. Overman,
A. C. Hammond,
David M. Finley,
Prof.J. V. N. Stan
A. Hagerman,
D. B. Wer,
J. Cochrane,
T. McWhorter,

Quincy,
Mt. Sterling,
Beardstown
Canton,
Warsaw,
Oquawka,
dish, Galesburg,
Bushnell,
Lacon,
Havana,
Aledo,

Adams.
Brown.
, Cass.
Fulton.
Hancock.
Henderson.
Knox.

McDonough
Marshall.
Mason.
Mercer.

John Hill,
Prof.J. B. Turner,
E. C. Harkness,
E. V. Rice,
D. C. Johnson,
J. R. Woods,
Wm.H. Butler,
Geo. W. Minier,

}. E. Barnes,
. G. Zeller,

Vice-President.

Petersburg, Menard.
Jacksonville, Morgan.
Elmwood, Peoria.
Pittsfield, Pike.
Rushville, Schuyler.
Winchester, Scott.
Toulon, Stark.

Minier, Tazewell.

Y';^ AmericaWarren.
Spring Bay, Woodford.

FOURTH DISTRICT— Hon. M. L.

J. B. Phinney,
J. L. Baker,
T. Montgomery,
C. T. Moore,
E. Daggy,
E. S. Curtis,
R. R. Murdock,
J. W. Clark,
J. Periam,

Champaign, Champaign

Pana

Mattoon,

Clinton,

Tuscola,

Paris,

Paxton,

Onarga,

Christian.

Coles.

DeWitt.

Douglass.

Edgar.

Ford.

Iroquois.

Chatsworth, Livingston.

DuNLAP, Champaign,

C. S. Capps,
J. W. Fell,
John Davis,
W. A. Ballard,
J. C. Johnson,
L. C. Francis,
Mrs. J. B. Reeves,
Hon. J. L. Tincher,

Vice-President.

Mt. Pulaski, Logan.

Normal, McLean.

Decatur, Macon.

Sullivan, Moultrie.

Monticello, Piatt.

Sprinefield, Sangamon.

Shelbyville, Shelby.

Danville, Vermillion.

FIFTH DISTRICT— J. W. Fletcher, Centralia,

Stephen Dolls,
T. B. Clarke.
R. B. Huggings,
Henry Gritfing,
Jiidge Mayo,
Benson Wood,
E. W. Ir sh,
Carroll Moore,
Wm. Rickcords,

Marshall,

Xenia,

Hutsonville,

Hazle Dell,

Albion,

Effingham,

Farina,

Benton,

McL'nsboro,

Clark.

Clay.

Crawford.

Cumberl'd.

Edwards.

Effingham.

Fayette.

Franklin.

Hamilton.

D. B. Brown,
J. S. Boggin,
Peter Smith,
G. L. Brunton,
Geo. Mason,
J. P. Grisler,
W. W. George,
R. S. Graham,

Vice-President.
Milton,
Mt. Vernon,
Sumner,
Centralia,
Parkersb'g,
Meier,
Fairfield,
Carimi,

SIXTH DISTRICT— H. J.

J. G. Sprague,
B. F.Childs,
Sidnev Breese,
B. S. Culver,
J. E. Starr,

Greenville,

Hardin,

Carlyle,

Whitehall,

Elsah,

Bond.

Calhoun.
Clinton.
Greene.
Jersey.

Hyde, Godfrey, Vice-President.
J. Iluggins, Woodburn,

Hon. W. C. Flagg, Moro,
Wm. M. Jeffrey, Rookwood,

H. Engleman, Bellville,

G. Wilgus, Richview,

Jasper.

Jefferson.

Lawrence.

Marion.

Richland.

Wabash.

Wayne.

White.

Macoupin.
Madison.
Randolph.
St. Clair.
Washingt'n.

SEVENTH DISTRICT— P. R. Wright, South Pass, Vice-President.

E. J. Ayers.

J. M. Warren,
Samuel T. Brush,
Dr. Looney,
George Brown,

Cairo, Alexander.

Galatin.
Elizabeth, Hardin.
Carbondale, Jackson.
Vienna, Johnson.

Metropolis, Massac.

L L. Koch,
J. H. Crain,
Charles Burnett,
Parker Earle,
Wm. P. White,

Golconda,
Undulation,
Raleigh,
South Pass,
Marion,

Pope.

Pulaski.

Saline.

Union.

Williamson.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

IX

LIST OF MEMBERS FOR 187 1.

Names.

Butterworth, T.
Chattcn, Clark
Hargis. T.H.
Kelly, A. B.
Mitchell, W. A.
Scarboroueh, A.
Sennock, Thomas
Shepherd, Augustus
Turner, Samuel B.
Werner, J. IJ.

Bliss. H. N.
Booth, Wm. A.
Bryan', Arthur Jr.,
Edwards, Samuel
Starr, F. L.
Stet'on, Ezra
Vandervoort, J. M.

Hallett, James

Burrill, T.J.
Dunlap, .\lhcrt
Dunlap, H. J.
Dunlap, M. L.
Phinney, J. B.
Vickroy, H. R.

Breese, Sidney

P.O.

Quincy,

do.

do.
Camp Point,
Payson,
Quincy,

do.

do.

do.
Lima,

Providence,
Tiskilwa,
Princeton,
La Moille,

do.
Neponset,
Tiskilwa,

County.

Adams,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Bureau,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
no*

Mt. Carroll, Carroll.

Champaign,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Carlyle,

Champaign,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Clinton,

Christian.

Hooper, John H. Pana,

McLain, M. C. Charleston, Coles.

Montgomery, Tyra Mattoon, do.

Griffing, Henry

Hazel Dell, Cumberland

Emorv, II. D.
Peterson. P. S.
Sanders, Edgar

Chicago,
do.
do.

Cook,
do.
do.

Graves, II. C.

Sandwich,

De Kalb.

Elv, \V. W.
Miller, II. P.

Farmer City
do.

DeWitt.

do.

Daggy, E.

Tuscola,

Douglass.

Ellsworth, Lewis
Ellsworth. M. S.
Tliatcher, N. R.

Naperville,
do.
do.

DuPage.
do.
do.

Curtis, B. O.

Irish, E. W.
Jerold, Marvin
Smith, James
Babcock, H. S.

Paris,

Edgar.

Farina, Fayette.

Vandalia, do

do. do.

Bush Creek, do.

Names.

Baughman, J. H.
Egerly, Samuel
Overman, N.
Snyder, T. W.
Young, A. P.

Clover, Amos
Clapp, Henrv
Galusha, O. B.
Grist, George O.
Ray, L. B.
Sanford, E.
Stine, James
Thayer, C. II.
Whitney, Lucius
Winsor, Thomas

Baxter, Emil E.
Grover, Wm. N.
Hammond, A. C.
McAflee, S.
Patch, J. P.
Worthen, G. B.

Finley, David M.
Watson, James

Calkins Anson
Chapin, J. R.

Mann, W. II.
Pierson, W. P.

Little, D. L.

P.O.

Canton,
do.
do.
do.
do.

Gardner,
Morns,

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
Minooka,
Morris,

do.

Nauvoo,
Warsaw,

do.
Augusta,

do.
Warsaw,

Oquawka,
Olena,

Woodhull,
Kewanee,

Gilman,
Onarga,

County.

Fulton,
do.
do.
do.
do.

Grundy,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Hancock,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Henderson,
do.

Henry,
do.

Iroquois,
do.

Makanda, Jackson.

Fulkerson, Wm. H. Jerseyvillc,
Snedecker, Isaac do.

Starr, J. E. Elsah,

Le Baron, Dr. W. L. Geneva,
Todd, Hugh Dundee,

Cobb, Emorv.
McKinstrv, B. N.
Richards, W.C.

Kankakee,

jiidson,

Aiomence,

Hutchinson, SeymV. Lisbon,
Minkler, S. G. Oswego,

Seelev, J. S. do.

Wtight, C. F. Lisbon,

Bidwell. G. E.

Carpenter, A. N.
Childs, Erastus
Clay, A. C.
Col well, Wm.

Altona,

Galcsburg,

Oneida,

Galcsliurg,

Sparta,

Comstock, Prof. M.L.Galesburg,
Farnham, Eli do.

Jersey,
do.
do.

Kane.
do.

Kankakee,
do.
do.

Kendall,
do.
do.
do.

Knox,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

LIST OF MEMBERS FOR 187 1— (Continued.)

Names.

P.O.

County.

Fuller, Francis

Galesburar,

Knox.

Gale, \V. S.

do.

do.

Hale, T.J.

do.

do.

Hester, H. D.

do.

do.

Hinckley, C. A.

do.

do.

Hoff, E. VV.

Watasja,

do.

Humphrey, Dr. A

G.GalesDurg:,

do.

Hunt, R. W.

do.

do.

Kitchell, A.

do.

do.

Mason, D.

do.

do.

McClelland, J. S.
Robbins, E. S.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Robbins. Levi

Wataga,

do.

Sisson, H. M.

Galesburgr,

do.

Standish,Prof. J.V.N. do.

do.

Weston, J. P.

do.

do.

Douglass, R. J.
Douglass, Robert

Baldwin, E.
Brush, H. L.
Cook, Hon. B. C.
Cotta, J. O.
Forbes, C. K-
Freeman, H. C.
Hathaway, E. C.
Paul, John
Porter, J. E.
Rugg, G. H.
Wiley, James

Stafford, M. B.
Whitney, A. R.

Bancroft, L.
Bennett, C. N.
Bingham, J. R'
Haves, Bvron
Nii^s, E. H.
Periam, Jonathan
Beach, J. A.
Blodget, Daniel
Chaffe, Dr. W. H.
Cummings, J. F.
Dubois, A. McKim
Eldrcd, E. B.
Eldred, Moses
Flanagan, John
Gore, D.
Hilliard, A. A.
Hollister, E.
Howell, J. C.
Huggins, Jona.
Hhggins, P. C.
Hunter, Capt. Geo.
James, Nutter
Loomis, T. L.
McComb, G. H.
McConnell, J. T.
Muhlemann, J. R.
Olmstead, Martin
Pettengill, J. A.
Randolph. Abel
Seamen, W. S.
Summerville, Thos.
Tunnell, John
Williams, E. S.

Balsiger, John

Waukegan, Lake,
do. do.

Farm Ridge, La Salle.
Ottawa, do.

do. do.

Mendota, do.

Seneca, do.

La Salle, do.

Ottawa, do.

do. do.

do. do.

do. do.

Troy Grove, do.

Dixon,' Lee.
Franklin G., do.

Pontiac,

do.
Chatsworth,
Pontiac,
Forrest,
Chatsworth,
Woodhurn,
Brighton,
Carlinville,
Bunker Hill,
Carlinville,

do.

do.
Bunker Hill,
Carlinville,
Brighton,
Woodburn,
Carlinville,
Woodburn,
Bunker Hill,
Carhnville,
Bunker Hill,
Carlinville,
Woodburn,
Carlinville,
Woodburn,
Shipman,
Bunker Hill,
Virden,
Shipman,
Bunker Hill,
Plainview,
Bunker Hill,

Livingston.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
Macoupin.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

Names.

P.O.

County.

Highland, Madison.

Flagg, W. C.

Moro,

Madison.

Hollister, E. Jr.

Alton,

do.

Hull, E.

do.

do.

Hull. E. S.

do.

do.

llvde. H.J.

Godfrey,

do.

Long. Dr. B. F.

Alton,'

do.

Nichols. F. K.

do.

do.

Pearson, J. M.

Godfrey,

do.

Anderson, A.

Centralia,

Marion.

Brunton, G. L.

do.

do.

Fletcher, Frank

do.

do.

Fletcher, J. Warren

do.

do..

Hooton, M. M.

do.

do.

Mosser, Rev. Joseph

Salem,

do.

Reeder, D. O.

Centralia,

do.

Webster, Jabez

do.

do.

Wier, D. B.

Lacon,

Marshall.

Wier, Thomas

Henry,

do.

Hagerman, A.

Bushnell,

McDonough

Rodgers, J. S.

Marengo,

McHenry.

Woodard, L.

do.

do.

Burroughs, Elisha
Wilson, George M.

Bassett, J. R.
Bovd, R. H.
Hayes, D. H.
Lee, Graham
McWhorter, T.
Sheroph, A. B.

Baldwin, Isaac
Chapman, B. H.
Graff, Mrs. Geo.
Hay, A. S.
Lambert, E.
Milburn, N. N.Jr.
Morrison, Mrs. A. R.
Morse. C. M.
Pitner, Thos. J.
Taylor, J. N.
Tucker, Mrs. W. B.
Turner, J. B.
Williams, A. C.

Bloomington McLain.

Heyworth, do.

Aledo, Mercer.

do. do.

do. do.

Hamlet, do.

Aledo, do.

Keithsburg, do.

Jacksonville, Morgan.

do

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.

do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

Harkness, E. C.
Perkins, Calvin D.
Ross, L. F.
Tracy, A. L.

Roots, B. G.

Brown, A. M.

Durley. W.

Shepherd, Smiley
Stewart, J. W.

Crampton, A. A.
Jennings, D. B.
Kinney, D. F.
Nourse, William A.
Pearsol, W. C.
Starkey, J.

Elmwood, Peoria.

Princeville, do.

Avon, do.

Elmwood, do.

Tamaroa, Perry.

Villa Ridge, Pulaski.

Hennepin, Putnam.

do. do.

Florid, do.

Coal Valley,
Port Byron,
Rock Island,
Moline,
Port Byron,
Camden Mills,

Rock Island,
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

XI

LIST OF MEMBERS FOR 187 1— (Continued.)

Names.

P.O.

County. 1

Names.

P.O.

State.

Francis, L. C.

Springfield,

Sangamon.

Bird, W.

Mt. Pleasan

.Iowa.

Post, H.

do.

do.

Bower. R. F.

Keokuk.

low.a.

Springer, Phil. M.

do.

do.

Brackett. G. B.

Denmark,

Iowa.

Murrell. ]. A.

Green Castle. Iowa.

Ward, J. M.

Naples,

Scott.

Grav. J. b.

.Mt. Pleasan

t.Iowa.

McGrew, D.

Legrand,

Iowa.

Scofield, F. K.

Freeport,

Stephenson.

Strohni, H.

Iowa City,

Iowa.

Minier, G. W.

Minier,

Tazewell.

Rogers, W. H.

Indianapolis,

Indiana.

Robinson. J. \V.

Tremont,

do.

Shaw, Henry

do.

do.

Carpenter, L.

St. Joseph,

Michigan.

Jackson, Samuel

Benton Harb. do.

Earle, Parker

South Pass,

Union.

Nowlan, A. R.

do.

do.

Essex, Isaac B.

Dongola,

do.

Lawver. .V. M.

South Pass,

do.

Elliott, F. R.

Cleveland,

Ohio.

Wright, P. R.

do.

do.

Warder, J. A.

do.

Ohio., Hon.

Well, H.

Trotwood,

Ohio.

Barnes, T. E.
Crocky, William
Finley. James
Rice. Thomas

Young Am.,

Warren.

Spring Grove
MonmouUi,

, do.
do.

Elliott, R. S.

Kirk wood.

Missouri.

do.

do.

Hanan, B. P.

Clark City,

do.

Williams, James

Spring Grove, do.

Murtfeldt, C. W.
Riley, C. V.

St. Louis,
do.

do.
do.

Pennington, L. S.

Sterling,

Whiteside.

Manning, Robert

Salem,

Mass., Hon

Clark, L. G.

Channahon,

Will.

Nelson, W. T.

Wilmington

, Will.

DeWitt, C. S.

Geneva,

New York.

Hopkins, T. F.

Rockford,

Winnebago.

Edwards, Samuel Jt

. Green Bay,

Wisconsin.

Ensign, Wm. C.

Bcloit,

do.

Lee, C. F.

Minonk,

Woodford.

Sutherland, S. B.

Waukan,

do.

The number of members is 258 ; representing 55 Counties in Illinois, and 8 other
States. This exceeds the membership of any other year, by 97 — that of 1870
being 133; representing 38 Counties and 3 other States — that of 1869 being 161;
representing 42 Counties and 6 other States.

DELEGATES PRESENT.

Central Illinois Horticultural Society— E. DAGGY, Pres., Tuscola; H.J. DUNLAP,
Sec'y., Champaign.

Northern Illinois Horticultural Society — SAMUEL EDWARDS, /"/-«., LaMoille ; D.
W. SCOTT, Secy., Galena.

Adams County Horticultural Society— A. SCARBOROUGH, J. H. HARGIS, THOS. SIN-
NOCK. S. B. TURNER, CLARK CHATTEN.

Alton Horticultural Society— JONA.HUGGINS, W. C. FLAGG, E. S. HULL, J.E. STARR,

I. SNEDECKER, H.J. HYDE.

Oneida Horticultural Society— W. B. Le BARON, Pres., ERASTUS CHILD.

Ottawa Horticultural Society — Dr. JOHN PAUL.

Macoupin Horticultural Society— JONATHAN HUGGINS.

Warsaw Horticultural Society— A. C. HAMMOND, Pres., GEO. B. WORTHEN.

Eastern Iowa Horticultural Society— II. STROHM, Iowa City.

Iowa State Horticultural Society— J. F. TALLANT, Burlington ; G. B. BRACKETT.
Denmark, Sec'y.

Western Michigan Horticultural Society— SAMUEL JACKSON, Benton Harbor; A. R.
NOWLAN, Benton Harbor.

Indiana Statk Horticultural Socisty — W. H. RAGAN, Secy., Indianapolis.

Xll TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

POMOLOGICAL RULES,

As adopted, with additions from American Pomological Society.

1. No new seedling fruit shall be entitled to the recommendation of this Society
until its qualities shall be ascertained by at least five years' experience in more than
one locality, and which is not at least equal to any similar variety of the first rank
already known; or which, if only of second rate flavor, is superior in vigor, hardi-
ness, productiveness, or other important quality or characteristics.

2. No new fruit shall be considered, as named, until it has been accurately de-
scribed by some person or committee known to be conversant with existing varieties;
and such description shall have been published in at least one horticultural or agri-
cultural journal, or some pomological work of acknowledged standard character.

3. The originator, or he who first makes known a new variety, shall be entitled
to name it, and such name, if suitable, shall be adopted by the writer describing
the fruit for the first time.

But if the name proposed is inappropriate, or does not come within the rules of
nomenclature, the describer shall be at liberty to give a name.

When two persons have named or described a fruit, the name and description
first published, if according to the rules, shall have the priority. >

4. In giving names to new varieties, all harsh, vulgar, or inelegant names, such
as " Sheepnose," " Hogpen," etc., should be avoided, and no name should consist
of more than two words, excepting only when the originator's name is added. Char-
acteristic names, or those in some way descriptive of the qualities, origin, or habit
of fruit or tree, shall be preferred. They may either be of intrinsic properties, as
Golden Sweeting, Downer's Late, etc., or of local origin, as Newtown Pippin, Hudson
Gage; or the season of ripening, as Early Scarlet, First Gage; or the form and
color, as Golden Drop, Blue Pearmain; or which commemorates a particular place
or person, as Tippecanoe, La Grange, Baldwin, or any other titles which may be
significantly applied.

5. The description of new varieties of fruits shall embrace the following particu-
lars :

First. An account of their origin.

Second. The fruit — its size, form and exterior color, texture and color of the flesh,
flavor, and time of ripening, with the addition on stone fruits of the size of the stone,
adherence or non-adherence of the flesh, form of the suture, and the hollow at tlie
stem, and in kernel fruits, of the size of the core and seeds, the length, position and
insertion of the stalk, and form of the eye.

Third. The tree — its marked characters of growth, young and bearing wood,
foliage, and blossoms. In peaches, the form of leaf, glands, and size of blossoms.
In strawbeiTies, the character of the blossoms, whether staminate or pistillate. In
grapes, the form of the bunch or berry.

6. No variety of fruit, vegetable, tree, flower, or other horticultural product, shall
be placed upon, or taken from the lists of the Society, unless it receive a majority
of six votes, of persons residing in the district for which it is recommended; and it
is recommended that no person vote upon the question unless he have personal
experience or observation of the qaalities of the variety in question.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. XIU

CONSTITUTION AND BY-LAWS,

AS AMENDED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING, 187O.

CONSTITUTION.

I. This Association shall be known as the Illinois State Horticultural
Society.

II. Its object shall be the advancement of the science of Pomology and of
the art of Horticulture.

III. Its members shall consist of Annual members, paying an annual fee of
one dollar; of Life members, paying a fee of twenty dollars atone time; and of
lloiiorarv members, who shall only be persons of distinguished merit in Horticulture
or kindred sciences, who may, by vote, be invited to participate in the privileges of
the Society. The wives of members shall be members without fee.

IV. Its officers shall consist of a President, one Vice President from each Fruit
District in the State, a Secretary, an Assistant Secretary, a Treasurer, and an Exec-
utive Board, which shall consist of the President, the last three Ex-Presidents, and
the Secretary; all of whom shall be elected at the annual meeting, and serve from
tlie first of January until the thirty-first of December, and until their successors are
elected.

V. It shall hold an annual meeting and other meetings, and an annual fair, as
the Society- or the Executive Board may direct.

VI. This Constitution may be amended at any regular meeting, by a two-
thirds vote of the members present.

BY-LAWS.

I. The President shall preside at all meetings of the Society; call meetings of
the Executive Board, and, under its direction, have a general superintendence of
the affairs of the Society, and direction of the expenditure of money; he shall
deliver an annual address upon some subject connected with Horticulture, and shall
appoint all committees, unless otherwise ordered.

II. The Vice Presidents, in the order of their Districts, shall act in case of absence
or disability of the President; and shall, by con-espondence and personal intercourse
with the horticulturists of the various coimtiesof their respective districts, endeavor
to organize local !?ocieties, obtain accurate information of the condition and progress .
of Horticulture therein, and report annually, in writing, to the Society.

III. The Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the Society; have
charge of its papers, books and reports, and prepare its reports for publication :
and shall receive, for so doing, his necessary expenses for postage, stationery, print-
ing, expressage, and office rent, and the sum of three hundred dollars per annum ; he
shall render an annual accoimt in detail of such necessary expenses, which shall be
referred, with the Treasurer's report, to a special auditing committee.

IV. The Assistant Secretary, in the case of the absence or disability of the
Secretary, shall perform his duties; and shall aid him, at the annual meeting in
making his report.

XIV TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

V. The Treasurer shall receive, and keep an accurate account of, all moneys
belonging to the Society, and disburse the same upon the written orders of the
President, which he shall retain and file as vouchers; he shall make an annual report
to the Society of the receipts and disbursements, which, with the vouchers, shall
be referred to a special auditing committee appointed at the annual meeting.
Before entering upon his duties, he shall give bond to the Society in the sum of five
thousand dollars, for the faithful performance of his duties; such bond to be
approved by the Executive Board.

VI. The Executive Board shall, subject to the direction of the Society, man-
age all its affairs.

VII. There shall be chosen annually, by the Executive Board, a Standing
Committee, to consist of one or more members from each of the three divisions —
Northern, Central, and Southern — of the State, on the following subjects :

1. Meteorology in its relation to Horticulture.

2. Geology and Soils.

3. Botany and Vegetable Physiology.

4. Entomology.

5. Ornithology.

6. Ornamental and Useful Trees.

7. Fruit Packages.

8. Testing New Varieties.

9. Ad Interim.

VIII. These By-Laws may be altered at any meeting by a majority vote.

LAWS AFFECTING HORTICULTURE.
An Act to Incorporate the Illinois State Horticultural Society.

Section i. Be it enacted by the j>eofle of the State of Illinois, represented in the
Gewerrt/ ^55e/«^/)', That Smiley Shepherd, O. B. Galusha, S. G. Minkler, W. C.
Flagg, J. T. Little, W. H. Van Epps, Lewis Ellsworth, Jason C. Ayres, W. A. Pen-
nell, J. W. Fell, W. Durley, Samuel Edwards, their associates and successors,
members of the Illinois State Horticultural Society, be and are hereby declared to
be a body politic and corporate, known by the name and style of " The Illinois State
Horticultural Society."

Sec. 2. The object of the Society being to promote the science of Pomology
and the art of Horticulture, they shall be allowed, for those purposes only, to take
and hold real and personal estate to the amount of fifty thousand dollars.

Sec. 3. This Society shall have the right to contract and be contracted with,
to sue and be sued, to plead and be impleaded, to answer and be answered unto, in
all the courts of law and equity of this State, and shall further enjoy all the privi-
leges incident to incorporations of said character, and not inconsistent with the laws
of this State.

Sec. 4. It shall and may be lawful for said corporation to have and use a
common seal, and tl^e same at their pleasure to change, alter, and make anew, and
in general have and exercise all such rights, privileges; and immunities as by law
are incident to or necessary to the society herein constituted.

Sec. 5. The Society shall have power to alter or amend their present consti-
tution, to make, alter, or repeal such by-laws as may be deemed necessary for car-
rying out the objects of the Society.

Sec. 6. This act shall be in force from and after its passage.

Approved February 16, 1S65.

[Note — The Society was first incorporated Feb. nth, 1857 — two months after its organization.
—Ed].

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. XV

An Act to Punish Fruit Thieves.

Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the General
AsseniNv, That if anv person or persons shall hereafter enter the enclosure of any
person without the leave or license of such owner, and pick, destroy, or carry away
the fruit of any apple, plum, peach, pear, or other fruit tree or hush, such person
or persons shall be guiltv of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof, may be
fined any sum not less than ten dollars, nor more than fifty dollars, and may be
imprisoned in the county jail, for any period not exceeding twenty days. The pen-
alties incurred by violation of this act may be enforced by indictment in any
court having jurisdiction of misdemeanors in the county where the offense is com-
mitted, or the fine may be recovered in an action for debt before any justice of the
peace of such county.

Approved February 26, 1S61.

An Act for the Protection of Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubbery,

and Vegetable Products.

Section i . Be it enacted by tlie people of the State of Illinois, represented in the
General Assem/'/y, That if any person or persons, in this State, shall willfully, mali-
ciously, and without lawful authority, cut down, root up, sever, injure, peel, or destroy
any fruit or ornamental tree, cultivated root or plant, fruit or other vegetable produc-
tion, grape, strawberry, or cranberry vines,currants, gooseberry, raspberry or cultivated
blackberry bushes, standing or growing on or being attached to the land of another,
or shall willfully and without lawful authority, cut down, root up, destroy, or injure
any fruit or ornamental tree or shrubbery, planted or growing on any street, lane or
alley, or public grounds in any city, borough, or incorporated town in said State,
every such person so offending, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on
conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five hundred dol-
lars, or by imprisonment in the jail of the county not exceeding three months, or
both, at the discretion of the court, and shall, moreover, be liable in double the
amount of damages to the party injured.

This law to take effect from and after its passage.

Approved February 15, 1865.

An Act for the Protection of Growing Fruit.

Section i. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the
General Assembly, That if any person or persons shall, hereafter, enter the enclosure
of any person, without leave or license of such owner, and destroy or carry away
any part or portion of the fruit of any apple, pear, peach, plum, or other fruit tree
or bush, such person or persons shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, upon
conviction thereof, may be fined in any sum not less than ten nor more than fifty
dollars, and may be imprisoned in the county jail for any period of time not exceed-
ing twenty days. The penalties incurred by a violation of this act may be enforced
by indictment in any court having jurisdiction of misdemeanors in the county
where the offense is committed, or the fine may be recovered in an action of debt
before any justice of the peace of such county.

Approved February aG, 1865.

An Act for the Protection of Orchards, and to Prevent the Destruction

of Small Birds.

Section i . Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the
enteral Assembly, That it shall not be lawful, in this State, for any person to shoot,
or in any other manner to kill or destroy, or to entrap, ensnare, or otherwise capture
any of the following descrijition of birds, to wit: The blue bird, swallow, martin,
musquito hawk, whip-poor-will, cuckoo, woodpecker, cat bird, brown thrasher, red
bird, hanging bird, rice bird, sparrow, wren, humming bird, dove, goldfinch, and
mocking bird.

XVI TRANSACTIONS.

Sec. 2. Every person who willfully violates the provisions of the preceding
section, or who shall willfully destroy the nest or eggs of any of the birds herein
before designated, shall be punished by a fine of not more than five dollars for each
oftense.

This Act to take effect and be in force from and after its passage.

Approved February 24, 1S59.

An Act making an appropriation in aid of the State Horticultural

Society of Illinois.

Section 1. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the
General Asseynbly, That there be appropriated for the use of the State Horticultural
Society, to be expended in the payment of premiums, in publishing the Transac-
tions of said Society, procuring scientific investigations relating to Horticulture, and
paying expenses of Ad Interim Committees, the sum of two thousand dollars per
annum.

Sec. 2. The said sum of two thousand dollars shall be paid to the Treasurer
of said State Horticultural Society, on the order of the President and Secretary of
the same.

Approved February 28, 1867.

An Act for the Protection of Consignors of Fruit, Grain, Flour, etc.,

to be sold on Commission.

Section i. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represejited in the
General Assembly, That if any warehouseman, storage, forwarding, or commission
merchant, or his or their agents, clerks, or employes shall convert to their own use
the proceeds or profits arising from the sale of any fruits, grain, flour, beef, pork, or
any other goods, wares, or merchandise, otherwise than as instructed by the con-
signors of said goods, and shall on the demand of the consignor fail to deliver over
the proceeds or profits of said goods, after deducting the usual per cent, on the
sales as commission, shall be found guilty of a misdemeanor. And any person or
persons who shall be found guilty of retaining or embezzlingany money prohibited
in this section, not exceeding one hundred dollars, shall be punished by a fine of
not more than five hundred dollars, or imprisoned in the jail of the count}' not
exceeding three months, or both, at the discretion of the court, and shall, moreover,
be liable in double the amount of damages to the party injured; any person or per-
sons who shall be found guilty of retaining or embezzling a greater sum than one
hundred dollars, shall be punished by fine, not more than five hundred dollars, or
imprisoned in the jail of the county not exceeding one year, or both, at the discre-
tion of the court; and shall, moreover, be liable in double the amount of damages
to the party injured.

Sec. 2. This act to take effect from and after its passage.

Approved March 4, 1869.

An Act to permit the planting of Shade and Ornamental Trees along

the Public Roads.

Section i. Be it enacted by the people of the State of Illinois, represented in the
General Assembly, That it shall be lawful for owners or occupants of lands border-
ing upon any public road in this State, to plant shade and ornamental trees along
and in such road, at a distance not exceeding one-tenth of the legal width of the
road from its margin.

Sec. 2. This act shall be deemed a public act and be in force from and after
its passage.

Approved March 25, i86q.

pr()c;hkdings of the

Fifteenth Annual Meeting,

HELD AT GALESBURG,

DECEMnKR 13-14-15-16. 1S70.

The Illinois h^tate Ikirllcultural Society convened at "Caledonia
Hall," December 14th, at y.30 A. M., in response to the following- call
and programme :

ILLINOIS STATE HORTICLLTURAL SOCIETl'.

The Annual mcetini^ of this Society for 1S70 will be held in the City
of Galesburg, commencing on Tuesday, the 13th of December, at 9.30
A. M.. and close on the following Friday. The city is easily accessible
bv railroads from all directions.

A commodious Ilall— with rooms adioiniug convenient fur the ex-
hibition of Fruits and Vegetal>les — has been secuixd for the ijse of the
meeting, by the local Horticultural Society. The citizens orter to all who
will come, a cordial welcome and the hospitality of their homes. Lectures
and papers upon varied and interesting topics connected with Horticul-
ture are pledged by gentlemen of well known ability. (See programme).
These lectures and papers will be followed by short discussions of the
more important topics upon which they treat. All who desire are free
to attend and participate in the beneht of these sessions.

The following Railroads will retm'n members from the meetuig at
one-fifth fare, viz: Chicago, liurlington i\: Qtiincy widi all its branches;
Chicago, Alton & St. Louis and branches;. Illinois Central and branches;
Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific antl branches; Chicago, Danville & Vin-
cennes; J-Jinlington. Cedar Rapids is. Minn.; Indianapolis, Bluomington
& Western; Chicago Si. North\vestern, from Chicago only.

It is confidently expected that other railroad companies will respond
favorablv to the requests which have been made for like reductions of
fares; if so, the fact will be duly announced in the Prairie Farmer and
Western Rin-al.
c::^ Specimens of choice fruit and vegetables are solicited for the exhibi-

tion tal)les — especially of new varieties or choice seedlings.

CJ^

I

CO

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Programme for Meeting.

TUESDAY iith A. M.]

I. — President's Address.

3. — Reports of Secretary and Treasurer.

3. — Reports of Vice-Presidents.
1st District— L. WOODWARD, Marengo.
2d District— SAMUEL EDWARDS, Lamoile.
3d District— A. C. HAMMOND, Warsaw.
4tli District— TYRA MONTGOMERY, Mattoon.

TUBS DAT, P. M.

1 — Report of State Horticulturist, _ _ . £)r. E. S. Hull.

2 — Report of ad interim Committee on Grapes, - D. B. Wikr.
3 — Paper on the Cultivation of Evergreens and

their benefits, - - - - _ Robert Douglass.

TUESDAY EVENING.

I — Lecture on the Variations and Improvements in

Fruit Trees and their propagation, Dr. J. A. Warder, Cincinnati.
2 — Paper on Simple Flowers for summer display in

the flower garden, _ _ - - . Edgar Sanders.

WEDNESDAY, A.M.

I — Reports of Vice-Presidents.

5th District— J. W, FLETCHER, Centralia.
6th District— H. J. HYDE, Godfrey.
7th District— A. M. BROWN, Villa Ridge.
2 — Report of ad interim Committee on Apples, - O. B. Galusha.
3 — Paper on the Propagation and Culture of the
most desirable Deciduous Trees for artificial
planting on the prairies, - - - Arthur Bryant, Sen.

WEDNESDAY, P. M.

I — Paper on Snout Beetles injurious to Fruits and

Vegetables, by - C. V. Riley, State Entomologist of Missouri.
2 — Paper on Moral Influence of Horticulture, - Alex. Strachan.
3 — Report of ad interim Committee on Pears, - Parker Earle.

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

I — Paper on Birds Beneficial and Injurious to Horticulture, J W. Velie.
2 — Lecture on Horticultural Education, - Prof. J. B. Turner.

THURSDAY, A. M.
I — Election of Oflicers.

2 — Fixing time and place of next Annual Meeting.
3 — Examination of new varieties of Fruits and Vegetables,

and distribution of Books and Cions.
4 — Paper on Packing Fruits for market, - - A. M. Brown.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY- 3

THURSDAY, P. M.

1 Report of ad interim Committee on Peaches and Plums, E. S. Hull.

2 Paper on Economic \"egctable Gardening, - Jonathan Periam.

2 — Paper on the sudden appearance and disappearance

of Noxious Insects, - Dr. Wm. Le Baron, State Entomologist.

THURSDAT EVENING.
I — Essay, "The effects of Settlement and Cultivation

on Fruit Culture," - - by Robert Manning of Boston.

2 — Paper on the Influence of Wines upon the American

People, , by Dr. C. W. Spaulding, of Kirkswood, Mo.

FRJDAT, A.M.
1 — Paper — Landscape Gardening, - . - - - John Blaib.
*2 — Reports of Committees.
3 — Unfinished business. Adjournment.

W. C. Flagg, President.
O. B. Galusha, Secretary.

Judge A. Kitchell, of Galesburg, President of the Galesburg Horti-
cultural Society, called the convention to order at 9.30 A. M., and, in
behalf of said Society, delivered the following address of welcome :

Mr. President and Gentlcfnen of the State Horticultural Society:
In behalf of the citizens of Galesburg, and especially of the mem-
bers of our City Horticultural Society, I offer you a hearty welcome.
We are thankful to you and to our enterprising townsman. Dr. Humph-
rey, through whom you were invited hither, for giving us this visit.
With cheerful hearts our citizens greet you as laborers and scholars in
a noble science.

The Almighty in his goodness has vouchsafed to us an infinite variety
of beautiful and useful trees, plants, and flowers, and of luscious and
nourishing fruits. Horticulture has analyzed and classified them, and, by
infinite pains and experiment, brought forth a catalogue of the choicest,
but as tlie old adage required " a bitter with every sweet," so we find
that in this the enemy " hath sought out many inventions." With blight
and mildew, with bugs and borers, beetles and parasites everywhere,
we find that in all tree, and plant, and fruit life, there are ravaging
destroyers.

Your programme promises us a rich feast. The bill of fare has,
many things of special interest to us. Calling to mind the many black-
ened and dead pear, cherry, and other fruit h*ecs of the past season,
besides the withered and blighted evergreens, and looking Ijack over our
scanty harvest of fruits, of which we found scarce a peach or applc^
pear, ]Mum, or cherry, that was not inhabited by worn^s f^\\(\ ^urculios^
or prematurely bitten by birds, we arc greatly in hopp that you hayej
come to us with fresh stores of knowledge and inv{.,r\tjQns against thesa
evils. I have no right to anticipate the feast, or t'j meddle in the er^^^^

4 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

tainment 3-011 have prepared, but T mav be allowed to indicate a fcw
siibjects of special interest.

W^e are pleased to see that \'(ni have the birds before you. Our own
amateurs and orchardists are not entirelv in accord upon this question.
It is alleged by some that there are y-rape and cheiTv thieves among the
feathered tribe. whos,e li\es fruit growers are not bound to respect.
While otiiers more sentimental and poetical, if not equallv practical,
claim onlv imiocence and beautv for the whole famih'. With these —

"The jay, the pie, and e'en the boding owl.
That hails the rising moon. li:ive charms."

In their view —

"' Tis love creates their melody; and all
Their waste ol" music is the voice of love."

But with the former, gams and deadlv arts are turned against all who —

" Rifle the sweets and taste the choicest fruits,
Yet scorn to ask the lowlv owner's lea\e."

Another topic of surpassing interest is the wine question. How to
drink wine and not make drunkards, is a problem of infinite concern.
The grape is perhaps our choicest fruit, and it is rapidly twining
itself around ever\' home, and into the affections of every family. Wine
making is steadily on the increase in this country. But we scarcely
speak of Avine. without calling up the homble picture of our country's
greatest curse. I will not anticipate, nor for an instant presume, that the
moral power of a body like yoiu'S, \\'ill not be gi\eu to the cause of
reform.

But \^'hen we contemplnte this our most delicious fruit and its wine,
we patise to enquire whether perchance we mav '* put a stumbling
block in our brother's way."

' Tis pit)' wine, which nature meant
To man in kindness to present,
And give him kindly lo caress —
And cherish his frail happiness;
Of equal virtue to renew
His weary mind and body, too.
Should (like the cider tree in Eden,
Which only grew to he forbidden.)
No sooner come to be enjoyed.
But the owner's fatally destroyed.

In connection with this topic comes rightfully the one on " Moral
Influence of Horticulture." Horticulture, of right,* claims its place
among the sciences.

The annual compilation of your own learning and experiments, as
well as that exhibited throughout the country, attest that gradualn- the
whole processes of nature and manual culture are more perfectly under-
stood. Many old things wise in their day, are becoming foolishness

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 5

before your analvses. Our people as a nation, by freely crossing, bybri-
dizin"-. and grafting from other nations have produced a race which we
think there is no boast in claiming as superior in mental, moral, and
physic.tl enilowment. So strikingly is this superiority already demon-
strated, that we look forward to the rapid revolution of all nations
toward us in language, in law. in liberty, antl religion.

So in Horticulture, by grafting and crossing, by hybridizing and
varied experiments, \ arieties of fruits and trees are multiplied, their
qualities improved, the ignorance and errors of cultivators eradicated,
and the laws of nature and economy of men reduced to simple rules and
proces.Nes. Because Solomon in his day, after trying all things in horti-
culture, doubtless, as well as in other luxuries, pronounced them all
vanity, it is scarce meet that we who are not Solomons should, in our
day, look upon Horticulture as a vain thing. In this department science
and knowledge is as profound and protitable to the race as in the others.

The problems of progress and civilization are often difficult to solve.

Remembering the simple habits and few wants of our pioneer life,
and comparing them with the long array of craving desires and modern
habits, we can scarce find any measure of our civilization, but in the
enumeration of our wants. And in horticultural attainments we some-
times suspect the highest standard is found in him who has the most
capacious stomach, at least in him who the keenest sense of taste and
smell, of touch and sight.

These generalities are scarce a fitting jjrelude to the entertainment
before us, and I will conclude this salutation of welcome with the hope
that as "iron sharpeneth iron." and •• a man sharpencth the countenance
of his friend," that your friendly faces will greatly sharpen the horti-
cultural countenances of this community, for which they will always
remember you with thanks.

The President, Hon. W. C. Flagg, then announced the State Horti-
cultural Society to be in session.

The meeting was opened with prayer by Rev. Mr. Bartlett of Gales-
burg.

The Annual address of the President was listened to with interest by
a larger number than have ever before been present at the opening of an
Annual Meeting.

PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS.

Felloxc Members of ike Illinois State Hortieulfin-al Society :

We meet to-day, for the purpose of holding our Fifteenth Annual
Meeting, in the City of Galesburg. Her citizens, foremost in other good
works, have given us a hearty greeting, and secured for us these comfort-
able cjuarters during our stay with them. For their kind expressions of
good will, on your behalf I tender them our sincere thanks, and express

O TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the hope that in the feast of pomological reason and flow of entomolog-
ical soul that await us, we may in some part repay their many acts of
kindness.

We meet this year, I believe, with our ranks unbroken by death : and,
although the common lot of all cannot in the good providence of God be
an evil thing, yet we shrink from the mysteries of the silent land and
congratulate ourselves that we are still here, living and strong. " Like a
timid child, I dread to go out alone into the darkness," wrote a brave
man* near the end of a prematurely closed life; and perhaps for the same
reason. We have heard old wives' stories of evil things lurking in that
darkness. But

"There is no death; what seems so is transition :

This life of mortal breath
Is but a suburb of the life eljsian

Whose portals we call death."

And whilst it is natural and therefore not wrong to dislike separation
from relations and friends, and to desire that death shall not come in the
midst of life and energy, but in the accepted time of old age and bodily
decay; yet I would deprecate the idea which seems a relic of heathenism,
that death is the dark conclusion of the day.

The experience of the year, its hopes, its disappointments, and its
fulfillments, you will hear in detail from those who ai'e to follow me. It
will be as usual a diverse story of successes in one region and failures in
another, as may be expected in the wide range of climate in the State;
and I will not undertake to generalize upon topics concerning which
there are are many present whose more thorough obervations during the
present year enable them to speak with accuiacy and confidence.

Turning to business matters, I have to report that an examination
into our financial condition shows the necessity of a more economical
expenditure of our funds. Since the first year after the law granting us
an annual appropriation of $2,000 from the State Treasury was passed,
our expenses have considerably exceeded that amount annually: but,
hitherto, the deficiency has been made up by the large balance remaining
the first year and the annual membership fees. We have now reached
the point, however, where we must lessen our expenditures, or increase our
income. We have further to consider the fact that under the new Con-
stitution our appropriation must be bi-ennially renewed. I believe we
are entitled to the appropriation for the coming year, but certainly after
that period the appropriation must be looked after at each session of the
legislature. In reply to a circular issued by the Governor to ofiicers of
State Institutions and other beneficiaries of the State, I have asked that
the appropriation be increased to $3,000 per annum, so as to enable us
to secure scientific investigation of the more occult points in horticultural
science.

Chancellor Hoyt, of Washing^ton University, St. Louis.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 7

The warrants drawn since the beginning of our last annual meeting
are the following :

During the year 1S69.

No. 51 — W. C. Flagg, Postage, Expressage, and Stationeiy, $ 50.00

C2 — Geo. Bulkley, on account of Reporting, 20.00

53 — Sam'l Edwards, Expenses Ad-Interim Committee, 43'6o

5^. — E. S. Hull, Traveling Expenses allowed, 107.00

55 — Winter Bros., Photographing, 7.00

56 — George Bulkley, Balance for Reporting, 30.00

57 — Thomas Meehan, Lecture and Traveling Expenses, 130.00

Total, - $377.60

During the Tear 1S70.

No. 58 — D. B. Wier, Expenses on Ad-Interim Committee, $ 9-00

59 — O. B. Galusha, on account of Salary, 100.00

60 — C. V. Riley, 1000 Engravings, B. D. Walsh,..: 65.00

61 — E. S. Hull, Account of Salary, 350,00

62 — O. B. Galusha, for Ad-Interim Committee, 100.00

63 — E. S. Hull, Account of Salary, 200.00

64 — O. B. Galusha, Office Expenses, 50.00

65 — W. C. Flagg, Expressage and Postage Reports 40.00

66— R. P. Studley & Co., Bill of Printing, 1,553.89

• Total, $2,467.89

The items of the Bill of R. P. Studley & Co., are the following :

For 33 Reams Paper, $ 297,00

" 1,551,175 Ems Composition at 70c., 1,085.82

" Paper and Printing 750 covers, -. 7.85

" Press Work at 75 cts., 97-50

•' Binding 1000 copies, ' 37-50

" Packing Cases, Drayage, etc., 10.00

Total, - - $1,635,67

Less 5 per cent, as per agreement, 8 1.78

$1053-^9

Of this amount, the Northern Illinois Horticultural Society pays $175
and the Central Illinois Horticultural Society pays $65, leaving$i,3i3.89,
the amount the tt"ansactions of 1869 cost this Society, or some $50 less
than those of 1868. Our Secretary has been receiving bids for the vol-
ume fiar this year at rates very much below this, and it is hoped that the
expense of publication may be brought within $1,100.

The subjects of securing the collection of late State Entomologist,
Mr. Walsh, to the State, and the appointment of a State Entomologist
to succeed him, were referred to the Executive Committee for their action.
In accordance with the instructions of the Society and the desire of the
other members of the Committee, Mr. Baldwin and myself waited upon
Governor Palmer soon after our last meeting adjourned and subsequently.

8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOrS

We found the Governor fully appreciated tiie value of the Walsh collec-
tion and the desirability of retaining it within the State, and, as you are
aware, he has since purchased it. and it is temporarilv deposited in the
Academy of Sciences at Chicago. As regards the othce of State Ento-
mologist, we found several worthy candidates : but. after due inquiry, we
agreed that Dr. Wm. Le Baron of Geneva, was the most desirable man
for the place, and solicited, with others, that he might receive it. The
Governor, after due deliberation, gave him the appointment.

Resolutions passed at the last meeting offering to co-operate with the
State Agricultural Society in holding their Annual Fair, were submitted
to the Board of that Societ)-' in January last, but they declined to do more
than receive our advice in making up a premium list, and no further
action was had in the pi^emises. I submit their action on the subject
herewith.

There are a few subjects to which I will venture to call your attention
as of special, or at least iminediate importance.

First of.these is an act for the encouragement of timber planting. It
is estimated by those who have the best means for judging, that we pre
near the end of the natural supply of pine lumber in the North and West.
From 15 to 25 years is the estimated extent of its duration. Our own
forests of less valuable trees are rapidly decreasing in the demand for newl
fields, and more firewood Whilst it is true that the Osage orange wil
give us the fences which we cannot longer aflbrd to build of northern
pine; and iron, stone, and brick will doubtless to a great extent replace
wood in our buildings, bridges, furniture, and implements; and while 1
have less fears than many have of any change of climate resulting from
the removal of our somewhat scanty wood-growth of Illinois, nevertheless
I believe that sound public policy, forecasting statesmanship, demands that
we shall do what we can to encourage the planting and growing of tim-
ber trees. I hope a committee will be appointed to draft a bill to be
discussed, amended, if need be, and approved by this meeting, and then
submitted to the General Assembly, for the encouragement of ti'ee plant-
ing, and the preservation of woodlands.

The desirabilit}' of experiments in many points connected with Hor-
ticulture should give this Society an interest in an attempt to establish
Agricultural Experiment Stations in various parts of the State, which
shall do somewhat the same work for Illinois that Lawes and Gilbert
have done for England, and the "Versuchs Stationen " for Germany. I
suggest here and shall propose elsewhere, that vs^hei'ever in a fit locality,
citizens shall donate to the State desirable buildings and grounds for an
Experiment vStation, the State shall appropriate an annual amount of
$2,000 or $3,000 to maintain a chemist or physiologist, and furnish him
the means of making a continuous, exact, and varied series of experi-
ments and observations bearing on the relations of natural science to
agriculture and horticulture. We have the word of such men as Liebig,
Pugh, and Johnson that these are the best means yet devised for increas-
ing agricultural knowledge, and I suggest that this Society take the
subject under consideration and lend its influence to the undertaking^.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9

We have passed the period of spoliation in agriculture, and it now be-
hooves us, rather than follow our course to its end, to prevent further waste
and tiike warning of the desolate fields of Virginia and the wasted hill-
sides of New England.

The familiar face of our former guide, philosopher, and friend, as the
frontispiece to our last report, suggests that there are other and worthy
men, pioneers in our art, whose faces we would like to see similarly
engraved, and one sent forth with each report. Overman, Kennicott,
ancl Ilarkness have passed away from among us, and, knowing the
influence they had upon horticulture in our State, even those who knew
them not would be pleased to have this memorial of them. I suggest
that our Secretary be instructed to examine into the matter and that the
Executive Committee be empowei^ed, if the funds of the Society will
permit, to secure engraved portraits of the deceased members whom I
have mentioned.

The Constitution of our Society makes it the duty of the President
to "deliver an annual address upon some subject connected with Horti-
culture." In the discharge of that duty I shall now call your attention
to some remarks upon

The Province of Horticulture.

The term Horticulture, like that of agriculture, is a vague one, and
liable to be limited or extended too much. It is specially apt to intrude
upon ground properly occupied by agriculture, and occasionally to sufler
encroachment in its turn.

Thus Lindley, in his Theory of Horticulture, says, "Horticulture is
that branch of knowledge which relates to the cultivation, multiplication,
and amelioration of thfe vegetable kingdom." This, if I understand it
rightly, would include all of agriculture proper, or field culture, and
consequently includes too much.

Horticulture, etymologically considered, means garden culture; but
this is narrowing its meaning too much. But if we take it to mean,
what garden culture implies, a nicer or more careful culture, as dis-
tinguished from the rougher arts of the field, I believe we get a prettv
good conception of its present meaning. Not necessarily perhaps, but
in fict, it calls into action higher powers of thought, greater versatilit}',
and more elevated sentiments than agriculture. It may be called the
poetry of fanning, whilst agriculture is its plain prose.

I would analyze Horticulture after this fashion :
I. Useful, comprising —

1. Fruit Growing, which includes :

a. Orchard Culture;

b. Vineyard Culture;

c. Small Fruits and their culture.

2. Vegetable or Market Gardening, including —

a. Vegetables cultivated for their roots or tubers, as potatoes,
onions, beets, &c.

lO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

b. Vegetables cultivated for their leaves or stems, as cabbage,

asparagus, &c.

c. Vegetables cultivated for their fruit, as tomatoes, melons,

peas, ike.

3. Tree Growing, including —

a. Hedging;

b. Belts, or wind breaks;

c. Timber Plantations and Woodlands.

4. Nursery Culture.

II. Ornamental, comprising —

1. Ornamental Tree planting;

2. Flower Gardening;

3. Landscape Gardening.

III. Scientific, comprising collections

1. Of Fruits;

2. Of Vegetables;

3. Of Trees;

4. Of Flowers;

5. Of Plants generally, made not so much for profit or orna-

mentation, as for experiment and to gratify a scientific taste.

This you will observe is not at all a scientific, or hardly a logical
division of the subject. Its only merit, if it has any, is in its adaptation
to practice, which separates genera and species without remorse, and
places together most widely sundered parts of the vegetable kingdom in
obedience to external resemblance, agreeable contrasts, or identity of use.
Horticulture, like Topsy, has "growed" in a very disorderly way.

You will observe, farther, that the classes of subjects included under
these heads define still more clearly the difference between Horticulture
and agriculture. Horticulture comes later in the progress of civilization,
and is evidence of greater refinement. In a new country, although
settled by a people in an advanced state of civilization, it also comes later
as of less prime necessity in the first place, and often requiring a longer
period of time between investment and return than new countries with
little wealth can afford. It requires amassed wealth for its best success.
It assumes permanent homesteads, where men expect to remain and
pluck the fruit of their labors.

I will speak briefly of these various departments of Horticulture from
a practical rather than a theoretic point of view, calling your attention in
the first place to a few preliminary considerations useful to the beginner:

I. Horticulture requires special attention to the choice of soil and
climate. The soil for nearly every horticultural product should be warm,
deep, dry, and not too rich in humus, nor yet too sandy. The chief
difficulties of ti"ee growth in the northern part of the State and in states
farther north, seem to be rather of the soil than of the climate. The soil,
in some cases, is so loose as to freeze to the depth of six feet in Minnesota,
and veiy imperfectly protects any plant standing in it through the winter,
whilst so I'ich as to start a late growth on very little provocation. Soil
of a finer and closer texture would evidently be preferable in both

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. II

respects. The humus of our prairies, moreover, seems to be not entirely
wholcsoine in its orijijinal constitution to tree, and probably to many
other growths. Our best soils, as a rule, are those of lighter color, on
which forest trees are growing, or will most readily grow. The situation
for all horticultural purposes should be as elevated as possible above the
suiTounding country, so as to avoid the late frosts of spring and the early
frosts of autumn; and that the winds m.ayhave access during the humid,
still he-, ts of early summer, which are detrimental to most liorticultural
giowth^. Of the advantages of protection, I am not yet confident; but
I presume upon the large prairies of Central and Northern Illinois it may
be of advantage. But it should be distinctly understood that the sum-
mer needs of the fruit tree and its fruits are plenty of air and sunshine.
How to rec<mcile the contradictory demands of summer and winter
weather is a difficult problem. Mr. Bragdon, of the Rural New Torker^
suggested clumps instead of belts of trees. Professor Turner recom-
mends planting our hedges so as to enclose eighty acre tracts, whose
half mile length shall extend north and south, so that the west wind
would encounter a hedge every quarter of a mile. These are as good
sokitions of the difficulty as any I have met.

2. Horticulture demands foresight. The question of a market for
one's products, of the varieties of fruit that will be profitable twenty
years hence, but that must be chosen and planted this year; of the future
efi'jct of a clump of trees, and the prospective value of a given kind for
lumber; these and many other points involving one's future prosperity
aiul success must all be forecast by one who would proceed wisely
and well. Lord Bacon said that "he who hath a wife and children
hath given hostages to fortune." Hardlv less is this the case with him
who plants an orchard, a vineyard, or a forest.

3. Horticulture, in all or nearly all its branches, demands very deep
and thorough preparation of the soil for its best success. Shallow cul-
ture on most soils is to be deprecated in agriculture, much more so in
Horticulture, where the ground in some cases will not be replanted for
many years, and where, in any event, the expense of seeding and culture
per acre is much greater than in agriculture. But where deep prepara-
tion of ground is for any reason omitted, continuous stirring of the sui'-
face in clay soils, at least, has an excellent result, and probably for many
smaller plants is a good, if not sufficient substitute. Premising this
much, I will speak

I.

Of Useful Horticulture,

where the main object is utility and profit: and under this,

I. Of Fkuit Growing, the branch of Horticulture most attractive
to the masses of the people, and perhaps, as a rule, the most profitable.

a. Orchard Fruits comprise the apple, pear, quince, peach, nec-
tarine, cherry, apricot, and occasionally other fruits growing on trees
planted in order in a separate plantation or field. Of these we must say,
in their favor, that once established they require comparatively little care
in their after culture, and in many cases yield their fruit year by year

12 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

gratuitously. On the other hand, they are less easily protected from
sudden changes of weather than vines or shrubs, or from the attacks of
insects and diseases.

Of these orchard fruits, the Apple is in most civilized countries the
most important, and probably as ancient as any. It is found in the
remains of the lake dwellings of the Neolithic period, apparently culti-
vated. Its name, as found in most Indo-European languages, is derived
from a common root, Ab., Ap., Al., Av., Af., denoting its transmission
from the place of origin through numerous nations of kindred tongues.
It is commonly supposed to be descended from the wild crab of Europe ;
but the Siberian crabs, and very likely the Russian apples, are the
descendants, in part at least, of the Pyrus ■prunifolia. It is grown in a
wide range of climate in China, Japan, and Northern Asia, in nearly the
whole of Europe and the north of Africa, in North America and in
many parts of South America, particularly in Southern Chili. On our
own continent it grows and bears fruit as far south as Florida ; and the
tree grows at Sitka, where it blossoms the first of June, but does not
mature its fruit, although the leaves were untouched bv frost as late as
November. The apple is used for a variety of purposes, and the fruit
can be kept longer and with less trouble than any otiier. It is not an
article of luxury in most American communities, but a healthful and
necessary article of diet. Hence it is one of the safest investments In
Horticulture. The profits arising from its culture may not be as large as
from other orchard fruits, but they are more certain and attended with
less expense, as the apple orchard requires little labor to keep it in good
condition. It is therefore, and justly, the favorite fruit of the care-avoid-
ing farmer.

The Pear is also widely distributed, but gives evidence in a greater
variety of names of having been domesticated by more different nations.
But it seems less flexible in its organization, and in the New World, at
least, not to* withstand extremes of humidity and dryness, of heat and
cold nearly so well as the apple. But it is a luscious and valuable fruit,
with some strong points in its abilit}' to resist some of the insects and
diseases that affect the apple, and the value of the well-ripened fruit
promises a goodly reward to the successful cultivator. But the pear
grower must accept the somewhat rash philosophy of James Graham,

of Montrose:

" He either fears his fate too much,
Or his deserts are small,
Who dares not put it to the touch
To win or lose it all."

For blight is the swift destruction of many pear trees. I suppose the
ultimate causes of pear blight are climatic extremes and a retentive
subsoil, and that when we shall better understand these we can grow pears.
The Quince may be grown at a profit, at least in small quantities and
in the southern part of the State, in the damper and richer soils. Most
cultivators in the central and northern part of the State have failed with
it; but the success of a few, and the fact that it blossoms late and so
avoids frost, lead me^ to believe _that it can and will be more grown

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 3

when better understood. It should be grown as a bush, not with a
trunk.

The Peach, in the south half of the State at least, is sufficiently hardy
to be cultivated with moderate profit in many localities, and in some
places large i-eturns may be realized. This fruit, which is referred to by
Confucius, and even, sa}s De Candolle, mentioned as early as the tenth
century before Christ, is believed by later authors to be a modified form
of the almond. For growing the peach the most favorable points should
be selected ; such as the heights of the blufls along our great rivers, the
tops of the hills along the Grand Chain, the mounds about Pana, and
other elevated points. The varieties having large blossoms, I may add,
seem to be almost invariably the hardiest; either the large petal forms a
more complete protection, or is evidence of greater vitality. The foct
of the large blossom, I suppose, accounts for the superior hardiness of
seedling trees, and it is probable that a selection of the improved varie-
ties with large blossoms would give good results and be worth trying on
the northern limits of the fruit region. Downing names over thirty
such varieties, besides the serrate kinds.

The Cherry, in one or more of its varieties, is grown throughout the
State, and occasionally with considerable profit. The hardy varieties of
Early Richmond and Common Morello may be grown almost any-
where and under great neglect, though I have seen few fruits more
improved by manure than the Early Richmond. The sweet cherries can
be grown in many localities where the subsoil is open and tlie upper soil
not too rich. But the cherry, I apprehend, needs a cooler summer than
ours for the best results, and the buds of the sweet cherry are often
nipped by the frost. Picking the cherry is a practical difficulty to be
considered in estimating its profits.

The Plum, in spite of the commendations of our State Horticulturist,
I find quite tender in the bud, except in the Chickasaw, from whose
varieties I expect our best and most complete success in plum growing,
just as we have found to be the case with native rather than foreign
grapes.

The Apricot and the Nectarine are of so little general interest that I
pass them over.

One word, however, as to a general principle in pruning, ajjplicable
to a greater or less extent, I believe, to fruit trees in all parts of our
State. I put it in the language of P. J. Berckmans, of Augusta,
Georgia : ,

"The pyramidal form is the only one fitted for a young tree and for
all climates. The old habit of pruning trees so as to give them a round
and spreading head is very defective, and all rational cultivators condemn
it. By pruning a tree in pyramidal shape, we have — ist. It covers and
protects the bark all over the body; 2d. It gives strength to tlie tree by
a regular distribution of the sap; 3d. The fruit is equally divided, and
its weight being equal, the tree will not incline towards the heaviest side,
as in badly trained trees; 4th. The renewing of the wood is done
without being obliged to cut away half the tree, as is often tlie case,

14 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

especially in the peach; 5th. It allows the tree, althoup^h furnished with
all the necessary shoots and foliage (being in a compact form) to with-
stand the storms which prosti'ate and destroy so many badly pruned
trees. Never allow the tiee to have a double leader, nor a branch to
outgrow the others."

I will only add, that in my own practice during the last eight or ten
years, I have found this mode of pruning more satisfactory than any
other, and satisfactory in proportion to the faithfulness with which its
theory was caiTied out. Some varieties, with only an annual pruning,
are difficult to make good pyramids of; but even an approximation to
this form is an advantage as far as it goes. The splitting down of old
peach trees cut off "boot-leg high," as Was the precept ten years ago in
the Southern Illinois orchard planting, and the rotting cavities in the
"crotches" of our old apple trees, are sufficient to condemn the old
practice of cutting out the leader. It may answer for regions of cold
and cloudy summers, where eveiy ray of sunlight must be economized,
but eertainly not in our clear dry atmosphere.

b. Vineyard Czdtui'e during the last ten years has been wonder-
fully advanced, both by the discovery and dissemination of more reliable
varieties and in a better teaching and practice of modes of culture. The
grape is a profitable fruit, but demands inexorably high culture, timely
pnming, training, and pinching. Yet its culture is specially attractive to
the cultivated taste, and remunerative to the good manager.

The American grape is a fruit of wide range. The frost grape grows
as far north as latitude 50^, three degrees farther north than Qiiebec, on
the Saskatchawan ; and the Southern Fox and summer grapes go
down, I believe, to the southern extremity of the United States. Con-
sequently, if we can guard against some of the extremes of cold, which
are injurious to the vine, by covering with loose earth, or even laying
close to the ground, and can secure the leaves and fruit against the cool
nights and hot humidity of the growing season, we can grow grapes with
great certainty and success nearly everywhere.

But this '■'•if" contains a great deal. Our continental climate is one of
great extremes of heat and cold, humidity and dryness. Humboldt, in
his "Cosmos," intimates that we are fated, as Dante says in the third canto
of the " Purgatorio" :

" To suffer torments both of cold and'heat,"

or, as Milton has it, condemned

" To feel by turn the bitter change

Of fierce extremes; extremes by change more fierce."

We can not fully guard against these extremes, especially the saturation
of soil and atmosphere that sometimes takes place in the season of most
rapid growth.

It is a curious fact, by the way, that some of the finest fruit is grown
in these regions of greatest extremes. The finest apples of Russia are
said to come from the Crimea where the thermometer goes up to roo^
of summer heat, and the cold of winter is intense. The like is true of
the finest fruit countries of Asia, which are all, I believe, continental in
their climates.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I5

c. The Small Fruits including under tliat name the strawberry,
raspberry, blackberry, currant, and gooseberry, (and we might include
the cranbeny and whortleberry,) are in many respects desirable and
valuable crops. The strawberry, from its early returns, fruiting heavily
one year from planting, is a desirable crop for the person of small means,
or for any one desiring early returns. As it is a low plant, its conditions
can be more easily controlled than those of any other fruit by mulching
and covering. Tlie ras^iberry and blackberry bear some fruit in the
second year, sometimes amounting to a good crop, and are desirable for
that reason. The currant and gooseberry come later into bearing, and
are valuable chiefly for their involving small expense in culture and
being hardy and productive, rather than high-priced. I regard tlie straw-
berry as probable tlie most valuable of tlie small fruits, and the raspberry
least so.

2. Vegetable or Market Gardening near the cities and larsre
towns and to a certam extent where there are good facilities for shipping,
is a remunerative though a laborious business, and is associated to a certain
extent with fruit growing to advantage. In many cases it borders close
upon ordinary agriculture, as in the large fields of Irish potatoes grown in
the American Bottom near St. Louis and elsewhere. But in many in-
stances again it requires tlie best skill of the horticulturist for success.

a. Vegetables grown for their 7-oots or tubers are such as the beet,
carrot, onion, parsni]), potato, radish, ruta-baga, sweet potato, and turnip.

b. Vegetables grown for their tops or stems, are such as the as-
paragus, cabbage, cauliflower, celery, and rhubarb.

c. Vegetables grown for their fruit are the bean, corn, cucumber,
egg-plant, melon, pea, squash, tomato, and watermelon.

I have no practical knowledge of market gardening, but observing
others, I find the usual results of success and failure, according to the
ability and energy put into the work. The care required is considerable,
and at times must be unremitting, as when hot-beds are in danger. A
deal of exposure must be sometimes undertaken in order to plant at the
most propitious time, and hours too early to be healthful must be kept.
But earnestly followed it seems to be profitable, and I know of more
than one fortune founded on market gardening. It gives very early
returns: the time between sowing i-adishes and selling them is short.

Market gardening involves the whole question of tlie value of (;om-
mercial and other fertilizers, which are specially necessary in its prose-
cution, but which I cannot stop to speak of here.

3. Tree Growing for timber and other purposes I put as a separate
branch of Horticulture. It comes late in horticultural progress, and does
not look to very immediate results. Yet the attention given to it by
governments and individuals in the Old World, evinces its importance
and warns us to provide for the future of our own countr)% We should
have trees growing on every declivity too steep for profitable cultivation,
and on the west side, at least, of every farm.

a. Hedging^ under the late impetus it has received from the high
prices of fencing, and from the better knowledge of its management is

1 6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

getting on satisfactorily, and the abundant and cheap supply of Osage
orange plants, is fast surrounding our prairie, and even our forest farms
with a living wall. The Osage orange is " the only wear," and, so far
north as its culture can be safely carried, seems to be the best. Veiy
beautiful as an ornamental hedge, and perhaps sufficient for a fence, is
the Pyriis Japonica. Professor Turner recommends the barberry for a
similar purpose.

As in other horticulture, deep and thorough preparation of ground,
careful planting, and clean cultivation are prime necessities. Next comes
the pruning, concerning which there is a variety of theories. Mr. Mee-
han advises to prune the hedge so that a section of it shall be an equilat-
eral triangle. Dr. Hull advises shortening in and making a perpendicular
of either side. I have seen no practical example of either of tliese. The
process of bending over and interweaving the tops of the plants in the
line of the hedge, a few inches above ground, has some advocates, and
produces some tolerable results, but how permanent they will be is not
known. Cutting down the hedge and growing a mass of sprouts from the
stumps, has proved generally a failure. The plashing process, or half
cutting ofl'the plants and bending them down at an angle of 30 degrees
with the line of the hedge, is making some ugly, but efficient fences.

b. Belts or Wijid Breaks have been highly extolled and somewhat
planted in our prairies. A few have shown their faith by their works,
among whom are our friends Dunlap and Edwards, Minier and others.
For these belts immediate utility and rapid growth are generally prime
requisites, and hence ti"ees producing an infei'ior quality of timber, such
as the soft-maple, cottonwood, white willow, etc., are planted. But
it is evident that eversfreens and some of the better deciduous trees should
be planted under their lee, to ultimately replace them.

c. One of the best investments that can now be made, if you can
wait until 1890 or 1900 to " idealize," is in Timber Plantations. European
larch is now all the rage, but I apprehend will not be nearly so satisf ictory
in this climate as in Europe; but there are plenty of native and foreign
species well proven, that will be of high value for lumber. Black walnut,
Red cedar, and Norway spruce, are trees combining considerable rapid-
ity of growth with high value as timber. Black Locust is still valuable
with me, being exempt from the attacks of the borer on the white soil,
although, for many years destroyed on the black soil, a few miles away.
Prince says it escapes on the calcareous soils. The catalpa and Osage
orange receive high commendations, and many others that I will not
now stop to enumerate, but that ought to be carefully enumerated in an
act to encourage the planting of timber trees.

4. It would be proper under the head of useful Horticulture,
to speak of Nursery management as an important and often profitable
branch of this pleasing art ; but my space will hardly permit. The busi-
ness requires close personal attention, great care and accuracy, and a
thorough knowledge of a great variety of plants, and their culture ; so
much in fact that few men are able to manage successfully a general
nursery, except by very thorough division and organization of labor.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 7

Such men as Ellwanger and Barry, B, K. Bliss, and others nearer home
seem to understand it.

II.

Ornamental Horticulture,

though very attractive, of course, makes comparatively slow advance
in our new country. It appeals to the aesthetic part of our nature, and,
therefore, can only receive due attention after hunger is satisried, and the
more immediate necessities of life provided for.

1. Ornamental Trek planting, with the exception perhaps of some
faint attempt at flower growing — the pathetic effort of a wife or daughter
to redeem the arid desert of a corn and hog-grower's front yard, naturally
comes first. An ornamental tree or shrub, in a farmer's eye has the
immense advantage after once established, of taking care of itself. And
this leads me to say, as N. P. Willis has before me, that trees, or sh^ong
shrubs, and grass are the cheapest and fairest oniamcntation.

In ornamental tree planting we may plant many ti'ees not very valu-
able on account of their beauty of form or foliage. The white elm is
a conspicuous example of this kind. The linden is one of the finest, to
my mind; and the white and burr oak are magnificent species, com-
bining the picturesque with the beautiful.

The study of these trees, singly and in mass; their characteristics of
height and outline; shape of foliage; its shade of green and its autumn
colors, as well as the eflbct of their blossoming, are important as prelimi-
nary to the grouping and contrasts of landscape gardening.

As a rule, trees of heavy foliage and dense shadow, like the catalpa
and linden, with pendant rather than horizontal spray, as the white
elm and the willow, and of varied tints, as the locust, in the different
shades of its younger and older leaves, or the sugar maple in its change
from summer to autumn hues, are most admirable for planting singly.

2. Flower Gardening I can only commend in its results. If 1
had the time, I have not the experience to speak merely of even a few of
the wide range of flower and foliage plants that adorn our gardens, our
sitting-room windows, our green-houses and conservatories. Modern
art has compassed the globe, and bronght to our homes the floral treasures
of ancient Asia and the isles of the sea. But flower culture, attractive
as it is to the more refined tastes of woman, and all who sympathize with
her, commends itself to us as one of the most innocent of amusements,
and one of the most instructive and refining of pursuits. It has too —
though that seems little thought of, its market value; and the increasing-
demand for flowers by those who can not or will not grow them, will
give an added interest to the occupation; and the early roses of South
Pass go to Chicago markets with her early fruits.

3. Landscape Gardening may be said to include the whole, of
which ornamental trees and flower culture are parts. Here we bring
under consideration the configuration of the surface; the surrounding
landscape ; the effects of grouping and massing trees, shrubs, and flowers
of diflTerent colors and shades of color; the massing of single colors, and

3

l8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

uniform outlines, and I know not how many intricate aesthetic questions.
For Landscape Gardenin<^ is painting in living colors. Longfellow
addressing the children at their play, said

'• Ye are better than all the poems
That were ever sung or said,

For vc are the living poems,
And all the rest are dead."
Landscape Gardening is better than the painter's work in the same way.
It is the reality of which the other is but the shadow. And, though the
breadth of surface and the means of carrying out its more elaborate de-
signs are generally beyond private means, there is yet a great neglect of
what might be done easily and cheaply, with only a little foresight and
thought. A little clump of trees planted on an eminence, costs but a few
dollars, yet it may be a point of beauty in the landscape, for a lifetime.
A chance elm that has sprung up in a distant corner of the farm, may
be staked about and protected in a few minutes time, yet hangs like
a green cloud on the horizon for long years to come. Still more will a
little work eflect great things in the clearing of woodlands, as the reader
of Mr. Sargent's experience in his edition of Downing's Landscape
Gardening may see. The trees that may be saved, and in one way or
another made to subserve the adornment of a home, are grown for our
purpose and we gain a generation's time, and see with the eyes of our
children.

Chevreul, in his Laws of Contrast of Color, gives some applications
to Horticulture to which I am sorry to be only able to call your attention
at this time. It is the first attempt I have seen to instruct us in the
harmonies and contrasts of color and shades of color, &c., in landscape
gardening.

III.

Scientific Horticulture,

if I may be allowed that expression, is carried on with the priinaiy
purpose of increasing knowledge. It aims at the truth, whilst Orna-
mental Horticulture seeks the beautiful, and Useful Horticultiu'e the good.
I. Of Fruits we already have fine collections begun in our State by
Mr. E. H. Skinner of Rockford, A. M. Lawver of South Pass, our Indus-
h'ial University, and others. The University has 1,200 varieties of apples,
and has just received scions of 400 varieties of pears. A late telegram
informs us that Commissioner Capron of the Agricultural Department
has received scions of 400 varieties of Russian apples. I have applied,
on behalf of this Society and of the Industrial University, for specimens
of them, and hope that we may be favored.

2. Vegetable collections are less numerous in the West, so far
as I am acquainted ; but our horticultural friends in Massachusetts and
other Eastern States seem to have made large collections and compar-
isons of the varieties of the potato, bean, pea, &c,

3. Collections of Trees are begun and form an attractive pursuit to
many minds. Arranged botanically, even a single straight row of trees,
representing the more common and hardy species, may be made in-
structive and interesting. The arboretum of the grounds of the Depart-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I9

ment of Agriculture at Washington, though new and presenting as vet no
fine large specimens, is one of the most complete in the \vorld, Commis-
sioner Capron informs me, and is a worthy monument of that staunch
and stixid horticulturist, William Saunders. " Excgit monumeniufn cere
fercnniusr The order of arrangement is given on page 122 of the
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1S68, and is worth
studying and imitating. Mr. Saunders, as he expressed it, " laid down
Gray's Manual on the ground." An arboretum is embraced among the
plans of the Horticultural Department at the Industrial University of
our State, and will cover about ten acres.

4. Collections ok Flowers are pretty numerous, but I do not
know any at all complete and well maintained attempts at variety in
this direction. As in vegetables, amateurs follow out specialties; one
making a collection of roses, another of pansies, ik.c.

5. General Collections of plants, or botanical gardens, are beyond
the reach of most individuals, and quite rare, in this country, at any rate.
Probably the finest in the West is that of Henry Shaw, a wealthy
citizen of St. Louis, who is devoting a part of his large means to the
planting of an arboretum of over twenty-five acres and a fruticetum, and
the collecting of numerous tropical fruits. I spent a few hours at the place
some days since, and saw some small part of one of the greatest horticul-
tural collections in the country.

I have thus spoken briefly and imperfectly, if at considerable length,
of many points in the great trinity of Useful, Ornamental, and Scientific
Horticulture, holding it to be best for exact ideas that the whole ground
be mapped out plainly, even if not correctly.

I need not much insist upon the dignity and attractiveness of this
pursuit before this audience. In all time. Horticulture has been the
favorite pursuit of the more advanced races and of the foremost men.
It was, we are told, the occupation of oiw first parents, and our second
ancestor planted a vineyard, if he did not make an altogether commend-
able use of the product. Tlie luinging gardens of Babylon were the
wonder of tlie ancient ^vorld, and the sculptures of old Egypt reveal the
esteem in which the art was held in that dim and distant time. The
Homeric poems with their Garden of Alcinous, whose " fruit never
perishes, nor does it fail winter nor summer, lasting throughout the
whole year; but the west wind ever blowing makes some bud forth and
ripens others" — their Isle of Calypso, where "four fountains flowed in
succession, with white water, turned near one another, each in diflereut
ways, but around there flourished soft meadows of violets and of pars-
ley"— bear witness of otlier and ancient days, as did Tlieocritus, and
Virgil, and Horace, in their time.

It was Lord Bacon who said: "God Almighty first planted a gar-
den," and, indeed, it is the purest of all human pleasures. It is the
greatest refreshment to the spirits of man, without which buildings and
palaces are but gross handiworks; and a man shall ever see that when
ages grow to civility and elegance, men come to build stately sooner
than to garden finely, as if gardening were the greater perfection."

20 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Thomas Jefferson — one of the greatest and certainly the most influen-
tial in his own and subsequent generations of American statesmen,
whose declaration of the absolute equality of man hung on the horizon
of the slave power's hopes like the "mene tekel upharsin" on the wall
of the feasting Belshazzar, and won the battles of the second as well as
the first revolution — kept a record through the eight years of his presi-
dency of the first appearance and the disappearance of the various
vegetables in the Washington markets, and spent his rural hours at
Monticello in gardening. Our veteran poet, Bryant — it seems to run in
the family — delights in tree planting, and wrote the poem, "The Plant-
ing of the Apple Tree." Henry Ward Beecher I respect rather more
as a horticulturist than a theologian. Hawthorne, Emerson, Lowell,
Mitchell, and many others, living and dead, of our eminent men, have
a warm side towards Horticulture.

"Thus," says Alcott in his Tablets, "we associate gardens and
orchards with the perfect condition of mankind. Gardeners ourselves by
birthright, we also mythologize and plant our Edens in the east of us like
our ancestors — the sacredness of earth and heaven still clinging to the
tiller of the ground. Him we esteem the pattern man, the most favored
of any. His labors have a charming innocency. They yield the gains of
self-respect denied to other callings. His is an occupation friendly to
every virtue: the freest of any from covetousness and debasing cares.
It is full of honest profits, manly labors, and brings and administers all
necessaries, gives the largest leisure for study and recreation, while it
answers most tenderly the hospitalities of friendship and the claims of
home. The delight of children, the pastime of woman, the privilege of
the poor man, as it is the ornament of the gentleman, the piaise of the
scholar, the security of the citizen ; it places man in his truest relations
to the world in which he lives. And he who is insensible to these
pleasures must lack some chord in the harp of humanity, worshiping,
if he worship, at some strange shrine."

"Rooms Illinois State Agricultural Society,

Wednesday, <^th Januai-y, 1870.

"The Board being in session, the Secretary presented a communication
from the Secretary of the State Horticultural Society, and embodying
resolutions of the latter proposing to join the next State Fair on certain
conditions therein stated, which, on motion of Mr. McConnell, were
referred to a committee of three, who were instructed to report as soon
as convenient.

The President appointed Messrs. McConnell, Cobb, and Emery such
committee.

The committee appointed to consider and report upon the proposition
of the State Horticultural Society, in regard to the next Fair, reported
through their Chairman, Mr. Cobb, as follows :

Your committee, to whom was referred the communication and
resolutions of the State Horticultural Society, would respectfully report
as follows \

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2 I

While we fully appreciate the importance and value of the horticul-
tural interest of the State, and the desirability of union of action between
the State Agricultural Society and the State Horticultural Society, in
order to the best development of said interest, and are willing to meet
the Executive Committee, or a special committee of the Horticultural
Society, in tlie preparation of a premium list for tlie next annual Fair,

Resolved^ That this Society can not with propriety accede to the
prop 'sitions as embraced in their resolutions.

Resolved^ That this Board are willing to meet a committee of con-
ference from the Horticultural Society in the preparation of a premium
list, and suggest Thursday P. M, as the time for such conference.

Resolved^ That the action of this Board be communicated to the
proper officers of the Horticultural Society at once.

E. COBB,

A. B. McCONNELL,
H. D. EMERY,

Committee."
The report of the committee was adopted by the Board of the
Illinois State Agricultural Society.

The President called for the Secretary's Report, which was read as

follows :

REPORT OF SECRETARY.

At the close of the last annual meeting, it was agreed between Mr.
I'lagg and myself that, as he had collected and prepared the matter in
manuscript thus far for the volume of Transactions for 1869, he should
complete the editorial work of the volume. Indeed, no other one could
do the work without performing very much extra labor, and consequently
in\ olving extra expense. I have, therefore, nothing to report relative to
that volume.

The first of my official duties was the calling a meeting of the
Executive Committee of this Society, by order of the President, at the
Industrial University Building, and in recording the action taken thereat,
which I report as follows, viz :

A meeting of the Executive Committee of the Illinois State Horti-
cultural Society was held in the room of the Professor of Agriculture,
in the Industrial University, Champaign, March Sth.

Present: Hon. W. C. Flagg, President; O. B. Galusha, Secretary;
A. M. Brown, T. McWhorter, and Elmer Baldwin.

A repcjrt from the Treasurer showed the entire available funds of the
Society to be $2,850.58.

The President stated that he thought the volume of Transactions for
1869 would cost about the same for printing as last year, or about
$1,300.

Resolutions were adopted to print the minutes of the Northern
Illinois Horticultural .Society with ours, they paying therefor the sum of
$175, and receiving paper-bound cojiies for members of that Society,
who are not members of the State Society, and bound volumes for those

22 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

who are members of both societies. Mr. S. Edwards, President of the
Northern Horticultural Society, pledged the requisite amount.

On the pledge of Mr. Daggy, President of the Central Illinois
Horticultural Society, it was voted to incorporate the minutes of that
Society for the sum of $65, with the same regulations in respect to dis-
tribution of copies.

On motion of Judge Brown, it was

Resolved^ That we employ Dr. E. S. Hull for the current year, as
State Horticulturist, at a compensation of $700, and that he shall be
expected to make as thorough investigations at home by the microscope
and otherwise of insects injurious to fruits and vegetation; also, of the
various plant and fruit diseases and their remedies, and to make as fre-
quent excursions as he can, for the purpose of observations in the orchards
in various parts of the State.

The sum of $100 was voted to the Secretary for stationery and
expenses for the current year.

A resolution was adopted limiting the expenses of the Ad-Interim
Committee (to be paid out of our treasury) to the sum of $150.

The time of holding the next annual meeting of the Society at
Galesburg was fixed for December 13, 14, 15, and 16.

I am informed by the former Secretary that there is no book furnished
by the Society in which to keep its records. It seems very important
that the Secretary should keep a concise record of the times and places
of all annual and extra meetings and fairs of the Society, as well as of
all meetings of the Executive Committees, as well as of all orders drawn
on the Treasurer, with their dates and the purposes for which they were
drawn.

I recommend, therefore, that he be authorized to purchase a substan-
tially bound record book for these purposes.

In view of the delay in the publication of the volume for 1869, and
of the fact that the funds of the Society are nearly or quite exhausted, I
have taken measures to secure the early publication of the next volume
and at much less expense to the Society. We are also to have 500 copies
bound in muslin and 500 in paper covers, instead of 300 in muslin and
700 in paper, as heretofore.

I have assumed the responsibility of requesting from the Governor
1,000 copies of the Report of the State Entomologist, in sheet form, for
binding in our volume. This seems especially desirable, since upon the
subject of entomology, perhaps, more than any other, the horticulturist
needs light. His success depends more upon his ability to ward off, or
combat and overcome the hordes of his insect enemies, than upon his
knowledge of soils, of botany, or vegetable physiology.

The publication of our ti'ansactions at an unusually early day will
shut out from the volume the minutes and papers of several kindred
societies that have heretofore published with us. This result is to be
regretted, as it must detract from the interest and value of the volume.
Yet we cannot consistently wait for them, and neither the officers or

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 23

members of these societies ask it. I trust that hereafter the Northern
and Central Illinois societies especially will arrange their meetings, so
that their " ti'ansactions " may be ready for pulolication conjointly with
ours.

My receipts for the year have been as follows:

From H, L. Brush, Juhus Avery (since deceased), R. F.
Bower, P. S. Peterson, W. P. Pierson and E. W. Irish,

(each two dollars) for memberships $1 2.00

From Treasurer, on account of Ad-Interim expenses lotj.oo

" " " " salary 150,00

" " '» " office expenses 50,00

$313.00
My expenditures are as follows :
To Committee Ad-Interim —

Parker Earle $41.75

D. B. Wier 41.00

O. B. Galusha, including $13.50 expended for Com-
mittee jointly 44-50

$127.25
Office expenses, as per Bill of Items (herewith) $91-83

RECAPITULATION.

Amount expended on Ad-Int. Com. account $137.25

" received " " 100.00

Balance due " " $37.25

Amount of office expenses $91.83

" received on expense account - - 50.00

Balance due on expense account $4 1 .83

Amount of salary $^500.00

Received on salary 1 50.00

Balance on salary account $150.00

$319.08
Received for memberships 1 3.00

Balance due on all accounts $307.08

The wan-ants signed by me are the following :

For D. B. Wier (Ad-Int. Com,) ..- $ 9,00

" C.V.Riley.. 65.00

" E.S.Hull 3oo.oo«

" O. B. Galusha 100.00

" " 100,00

24 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

For E. S. Hull 350-00

" W. C. Flagg ' 40.00

" O. B. Galusha 50-00

" R. P. Studley & Co i?553-89

I herewith present, for the examination of the Auditing Committee,
bills of items as required by the by-laws, for expenses as Secretary and
member of Committee ad-Interim, having been appointed on that
committee in place of Mr. Cochran, whose health would not allow him
to attend to its duties.

All which is respectfully submitted.

O. B. GALUSHA, Secretary.
The Treasurer, Mr, Huggins, presented the following statement of
the finances of the Society :

REPORT OF TREASURER.

Statement of Treasurer of the Illinois Horticnltural Societ}'.

Receipts.

Balance in hand per statement of account Dec. 15, 1869 ---$i)i74-58

Membership Fees for 1869-70 252.00

Donation from the State for 1870 2,000.00

Cash received frem John Davis, Treasurer Central 111. Hort. Society 65.00

Cash received from E. H. Skinner, Treasurer Northern 111. Hort. Society. 150.00

Total ., $3,641.58

Expenditures.
Cash paid as follows :

Dec. 14, 1869, W. C. Flagg, on order of the President $ 6.00

" " " E.Baldwin, " " " " " 5.00

" » " T. McWhorter, " " " " " 5.00

" «' " A.M.Brown, " " " " " 5.00

" " " R. P. Studley & Co., " " " " 40.00

" " " L. A. Parks & Co., " " " " SS-OO

« " « W. C. Flagg, " " " " 75.00

" " " W. C. Flagg, " " " " 50.00

Dec. 16, " George Buckley, " " " " 20.00

" 17, " Sam'l Edwards, " " " " 43.60

« " " E.S.Hull, " " " " 107.00

" " " Winter Bros., " " " " ..- 7.00

" 22 " Thos. Meehan, " " " " 120.00

" " " George Buckley, " " " " 30.00

March 19, 1870, D. B. Wier, " " " " 9.00

" " " O. B. Galusha, " '• " " 100.00

" 28, " C.V.Riley, " •' " " 6t;.oo

April 23, " E.S.Hull, " " " " 350.00

July 30, " O.B. Galusha, " " " '• 100.00

Nov. 18, " E.S.Hull, " " " '• 200.00

" •' " O. B. Galusha, " " " " 50.00

" " " W.C. Flagg, " " " " -. 40,00

Dec. 10, " R. P. Studley & Co. " " " " 1.553-89

" 13, " O. B. Galusha, •• '* " '* 50.00

Whole amount $3,066.^9

Leaving in the Treasury the sum of 5 75 -09

Galesburg, December 13, 1870.

JONA. HUGGINS, Treasurer.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 25

A. M. Brown moved that the President appoint Committees on
President's Address; Auditing; on Fniits; on Wines, and on Final Reso-
lutions. The motion prevailed, and President Flagg announced the
following named gentlemen as members of the respectively named com-
mittees:

Presidents Address. — A. M. Brown, T. Mc Whorter, E. Daggy.

Auditing Committee., — S. G. Minkler, L. Ellsworth, H.J. Hyde.

pruits, — J. A. Warder, A. Bryant, A. G. Himiphrey.

Final Resohctions. — H. D. Emery, P. R. Wright, H. Vickroy.

On motion, the Reports of Secretaiy and Treasurer were referred to
the Auditing Committee.

The hours of meeting were fixed at 9 A. M., 2 P. M,, and 7 P. M.

The Reports of Vice-Presidents being next in order, Mr. Daggy
moved that these be referred, without reading, to the Secretary, for pub-
lication. This motion, not being favorably received, was withdrawn by
the mover. Vice-President L. Woodward, of the First District, then
presented his report, which, at his request, was read by Assistant Secre-
tary Dunlap.

REPORT OF THE FIRST HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.

Mr. President and Brethren : I will endeavor to make my report
short, but will try to give a brief synopsis of Horticulture in my district.

There is, perhaps, about one third of our district that is a timber soil
which has a mixture of clay, sand and gravel, with more or less limestone.
In some parts, more especially on the higher points of land, are found
boulders of gi-anite, sandstone, etc. The balance prairie, with a surface
soil of black sandy loam; the northern part has mostly a gravelly subsoil,
while the eastern and southern parts are clay subsoil.

In our locality, at Marengo and vicinity, the fruit crop was cut ofl'this
season. The cause we attribute to the severe freeze in October, 1S69,
and the dry condition of the soil at the time, while the eastern and south-
ern parts were blessed with good crops of fruit, more especially along
Fox River below Elgin, and in De Kalb County, and at other points;
the clay subsoil being better adapted to fruit, especially the apple, pear,
and plum.

The small fruits failed to ripen, in consequence of the severe drouth
during the months of May, June, and July, although some of our most
thorough cultivators succeeded in ripening a goodly portion of their crops
of strawberries, raspberries, and grapes. Among these were Messrs.
Thos. Ford & Son, James Crow of Crystal Lake, and others in our
vicinity, while a larger part of the general crop dried on the vines and
bushes, before fully ripe. The nurserymen and growers of small fruits
at Marengo, succeeded in a fair growth of trees, vines, shrubbcr}-, etc.,
by continuous cultivation during the dry and extremely hot weather.

The greater part of our seedlings are grown on new ground, in our

26 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

deep, rich prairie soil, which, if properly cared for, gives a growth suffi-
cienriy large for either budding or grafting at one year's growth, which
is preferred by the most of nurserymen. We prefer grafting at the collar
of the root, using one root to the graft, leaving the root four to five inches
in length, though there may be exceptions. Where the roots are long
and fibrous the second cut may be used, and, if equally strong, they afibrd
a strong growth to the graft the first year, which invariably insures a tree
with strong, healthy growth, and more liable to ripen its wood before the
setting in of winter.

In setting out orchards of apple, pear, plum, and cheriy trees, we
prefer to have the ground plowed at least ten inches deep, then dig a hole
sufficiently large to receive the roots as they naturally grew, wet the roots
(with water not too cold) and use the hand in putting in fine earth around
them. Be careful to place all fibrous roots in their natural position, fill-
ing up, and pressing down with the foot, until the tree stands firm in the
ground, leaving the tree one or two inches lower than when it stood in
the nursery, then mulch well with coarse manure, and cultivate the ground
with some hoed crop. On prairie or level gi'ound, more especially
where there is a clay subsoil, (unless the ground is properly drained with
tile or other material) we would recommend in plowing to turn the fuiTow
towards the row each year, until the ridge where the row stands is twelve
to eighteen inches high, leaving a ditch between the rows, to carry off*
surface water. This mode of cultivation not only serves to make the tree
stand erect and keep the roots diy shod, giving the tree nearly all the
strength of the surface soil, but prevents the starting of the sap in the
roots the first sunny days in spring, thus preventing the blossoms from
bursting forth before the late frosts in spring, and is more likely to insure
a good crop. It also keeps the dense freezing from the roots of the tree
in even the coldest winter. I have seen in the orchard of James A. Wake-
man, sixteen miles west of Chicago, on the prairie, with a stifl'clay subsoil,
even such varieties as the Rhode Island Greening, Baldwin, and Spitz-
enberg succeeding quite well when grown with the above mode of culti-
vation, although these varieties have been found too tender to succeed
well in general orchard culture in this district.

There is a strong growing interest in this district, as well as in the
whole Northwest, in regard to Siberian Crab apples, but this question
has been so well discussed before the public and by able men, that there
is little need of my saying much about it; but I will say that not only
the leading varieties, but many new varieties are bound to become popu-
lar, as they are gaining in favor very fast throughout the Northwest.
The fruit gi-owers and kitchen gardeners, as well as farmers, may plant
one of these iron-clad trees (if we may be allowed the expression), and
it will stay with them, and they need not replace it every few years, as
has been the practice with tender varieties of fruit. The same may be
said of plums. The Townsend, or Miner, and other hardy varieties
will follow suit, as it is a positive fact that we must propagate fruit of
varieties that will ripen their wood early in autumn, shed their foliage,
and be prepared for the sudden changes of our Northwestern climate at

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 27

the setting in of winter. Why is it that the Early Richmond cheiry
has hccome so popular in the vicinity of Chicatjo, and in fact the whole
Northwest.? It is a sour cherry and of medium size, and I might say
inferior to most of the sweet cherries that are grown in a more temper-
ate climate. We answer: we can grow the fruit bountifully, and depend
on a crop as surely as we can on our corn crop. Messrs. D. S. Dunning
& Son, of Jefferson, Cook County, have grown annual crops, as is well
known, and realized from $1,000 to $2,000 per year net in Chicago
market. The tiee ripens its wocxl early in autumn, and is prepared for
almost any changes of weather, and meets Jack Frost square in the face.
For many years we tried the fine varieties of sweet cherries, but all in
vam. Then shall we not proHt by these examples in raising apples,
plums and other fruits.? Or shall shall we carry the bag of corn to mill,
with the corn in one end of the bag and a stone in the other end to make
the balance.?

The English Morello cherry must not be forgotten, as it is a larger
cherry than the Richmond, has a better pulp, and is prefeired by some
for canning purposes. It is a good bearer, and does well on the Mahaleb
stock.

There are a few varieties of pears that flourish in some parts of our
district. We would prefer standard trees, or those that are budded or
grafted on the pear root or stock. Fears seem to do the best on a stilT
clay and gravelly subsoil, as we fmd on our Fair tables in McHenry
County some verv fine specimens of the pear that were grown in
Woodstock and other parts of our distiuct.

In the planting and growing of ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants,
there is a great and increasing interest. It may be safe to state that this
horticultural district takes the lead, in this department, of any in the
State. The decoration of homes by tree planting is among the hopeful
signs of improvement in society. Some enterprising gentlemen have,
with commendable energy, gone extensively into the propagation of
evergreens and forest trees — al)ranch of production of not only individual,
but of great public interest. The production of the European larch,
the white pine and other timber trees, on so extensive a scale as is
already being done by various parties in our district, isworthy of mention
as among the most useful enterprises that has been undertaken in the
great West. The European larch seems to take the preference rather
than the American, as it adapts itself to almost every variety of soil.
We have it srowinjr on a drv sand and gravel knoll, and again on a low
damp sandy soil, the former being fully equal to the latter ni growth and
beauty; and we feel safe in saying, that, while it is one of our best tim-
ber trees, it is also bound to become one of the leading varieties for
ornament. In choosing pines, we would recommend the native white
for timber culture as well as for lawns and other ornamental purposes,
and at the same time the Austrian, Scotch, and other leading varieties
should not be forgotten.

Among the deciduous trees there are dilTerent varieties of maple that
are fast growers, and are valuable for timber as well as for shade. The

28 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

linden, or basswood, with its large and beautiful foliage, is worthy of a
place in our lawns and yards. The elm, with its lofty trunk and spread-
ing branches, can not be surpassed for street purposes, and is veiy highly
esteemed for general use. There are many other varieties we might
mention of the shade and ornamenal trees, but we fear that we have
already intruded on your time.

Respectfully submitted,

L. WOODARD.
Marengo, McHenry Co., 111., Dec. 1870.

The report was received and ordered printed.

Mr. Edwards, Vice-President of the Second Distinct, not being
present, the report of Mr. A. C. Hammond, Vice-President of the Third
District, was called for and read, as follows :

REPORT OF THE THIRD HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.

Mr. President and Gentle??ien of the State Horticultural Society :

As Vice-President of your Society for the Third District, I submit
the following report:

In order to obtain the necessary facts for making a full report, I
addressed a letter of inquiry to some one in each of the twenty-one
counties in my district, asking for information relative to the condition
and progress of Horticulture. The result of this correspondence has been
but five favorable replies. Some plead want of time and ability; others
complain that they have responded to similar applications before, but
this Society has failed to give them the proper ci'edit, and their com-
munications have been seemingly ignored ; while others have altogether
neglected to reply.

I will here suggest the propriety of carefully revising the Committee
of Correspondence published in our annual volume, as there can undoubt-
edly be one man named in each county who will be willing to assist the
Vice-President in making his annual report.

From Mercer County, ex-President McWhorter writes : " The con-
tinued drouth of early spring, extending into mid-summer, was exceedingly
disastrous to planters, and Pomona has been very unpropitious in her
blessings. No cherries, no currants to speak of, and only a scanty
allowance of berries of any kind. Grapes alone have produced a good
crop. Orchards bloomed sparsely, and the amount of fruit retained was
greatly diminished by the drouth. Summer apples produced better
than winter varieties, though the latter attained better size, owing to
favorable rains later in the season. The striking difference between the
past season and that preceding it, affords opportunity for interesting
observation. The past summer was nearly rainless from March until
the middle of July, and our apples are nearly free from scab. Such
varieties as are usually worst infected, as White Winter Pearmain and
Ortley, are remarkably fair. The year previous ('69) we had almost

STATE MORTIULTURAL SOCIETY. 29

continual rain, and apples were exceedinsfly scabby. It can not be dis-
guised that tlicre is less buoyancy in horticultural and fruit-growing
interest tlian formerly. We have hitherto directed our energies mainly
with reference to dollars and cents. If we expect to keep up a living
interest, we must turn our attention more to higher culture in rural taste
and homestead decoration."

D. B. Wier, of Marshall Count\', writes as follows : "VVe had no rain
here from earlv in May until the 7th of August to amount to anything —
the hottest summer ever known by the oldest inhabitant. These two
combined resulted in cutting our crop of strawberries, raspberries, and
blackberries very short indeed. Still where they were well cared for by
thorough cultivation early in the season, they gave a fair return ; and,
owing to scarcity, high prices were obtained, and average returns were
received for the partial crop.

"The past season shows that we should not put our dependence on too
few varieties of any fruit. Some of the most noted of them failed this
season, while others not generally recommended proved productive and
profitable. Thus the Wilson strawberry was an entire failui'e in this
neighborhood, while McAvoy's Extra Red, Early Scarlet, Iowa, Jenny
Lind, Fillmore, &c., were quite productive. The black raspberries did
not stand the intense heat so well as the yellow and red. Gooseberries,
currants, and cherries produced very light crops. The grape crop, when
the vines had good treatment, was very large and the fruit very fine.
All varieties did well. But on heavy soils the wood did not ripen well,
owing to excessive wet since the rains began. Here, along the banks of
the Illinois, we can still grow the Catawaba and Isabella, with perhaps
as good success as they were ever grown anywhere; and we lind that if
we understand their wants and supply them, they are the most
profitable varieties to grow for the main crop. The Concord is perfect,
and can be grown in unlimited quantities, but its season is too short.
All varieties do well here, except lona, Israella, Adirondac, Allen's
Hybrid, and a few varieties of less note; and it may be the failure of
these so far has been owing to worthless plants in the start.

" Pears. — Though the crop was light, the fruit, as a rule, was very
fine as to size and quality, though some varieties that are usually very
line were this year quite astringent, the trees remaining in perfect health
throughout the season.

" Our Apple crop has been immense, but generally poor in quality,
though those orchards that were thoroughly cultivated and little troubled
W'ith insects gave the finest fruit I have ever seen. Nearly all our early
and mid-winter apples were ripe at or before gathering time, which
resulted in great loss. But some of the late growing and keeping varie-
ties, such as Rawles,Jannet, Willow, Limber Twig, and a part of the Ben
Davis, show promise of keeping their allotted time. Where orchards
were in grass, and especially where pastured, the fruit all fell oflf and the
trees have suflcred severely."

B. L. T. Bourland, of Peoria County, reports: "It is not apparent
that the county is making much progress in Horticulture. Our vine-

30 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

yards are being extended every year, and the supply of excellent grapes
in the market is constantly increasing, the price being fully sustained by
the increased consumption.

"Small Fruits of the different varieties, as straw^berries, raspberries,
blackberries, currants, and gooseberries, show a marked improvement,
in both quantity and quality. The culture of pears is decreasing, on
account of the ravages of the fire-blight, for which no remedy or mitiga-
tion has been found. So with plums; with a soil and climate suited to
the growth of this beautiful and delicious fruit, the best eflbrts of the
most intelligent and industrious growers are rendered utterly futile by
the presence of that abominable "little Turk," the curculio. The supply
of apples is abundant, but no improvement noted in the management of
orchards. In peaches we once claimed a pre-eminence in this section
of countiy. I have seen them so plentiful in this market, that they
went begging at sixty cents a bushel for pretty fair fruit; and I have seen
large, luscious fruit allowed to rot on the ground, or to be eaten by the
hogs, because of the abundance. But the winters of 1855-6 and of
1858-9 did the business for the peaches, killing not only the fruit buds,
but the trees, root and branch. Since then we have bought peaches by
the box from "Egypt" and Michigan. Our insect and climatic enemies, so
called, are doubtless friends in disguise, for if we were free from them,
we would be even as California, where the finest fruit, such as pears and
peaches, is consumed by the hogs, or rots upon the ground. Hence in
California the fruit grower can make nothing; here he can make a good
living from the product of a few acres."

John G. Zeller, of Woodford County, contributes the following inter-
esting report : "Horticulture in our county is fairly progressing. The
last six or seven years, hundreds and thousands of fruit trees and vines
have been planted, and a good share of them well taken care of. Apple
trees have naturally been most largely planted, but pears and the fine
varieties of cherries and plums have not been neglected. Many varieties
of grapes have been planted with varied success; but at last the public
mind has settled on the Concord, not as the best, but the surest, and con-
sequently the most remunerative variety. The timber portion of our
county is the most favorable for fruit culture, both on account of soil
and protection. On dry clay soils we fiind our healthiest and best
orchards, and the fruit is superior to that grown on sandy bottoms, or
prairie soil. It was once thought that on genuine prairie soil fruit
culture could never be carried on successfully ; but experience, gained
from a number of earnest experiments, has convinced every one to the
contrary. We have now in the inidst of our prairies, far away from
timber belts, some promising young orchards. The subsoil on nearly all
our prairies is a stiff impervious clay, and to make trees thrive well, it is
necessary to provide good surface, or underdrainage, and to subsoil where
the future orchard is to be planted. A belt of forest trees on rhe north
and west, and, I might add, on the south side, would be a great advantage.
Many wide-awake prairie farmers have already protected their young
orchards by timber belts. Much has been done lately on our prairies in

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3 1

the wav of hcdji^c planting' and arboriculture. With the exception of a
few evergreens for ornamental planting, the Osage orange is the principal
hedge plant used. It is largely planted in our whole prairie region.
Many good hedges are seen, and many more that are an eye-sore to the
passer-by. We have had an average crop of fruit this season. Plums
were almost an entire failure, owing to curculio and excessive heat.
Insects have also damaged the apple crop, at least two thirds of the fruit
being stung; but what remained was of superior quality. Grapes
yielded well and made good wine. Even Catawaba forgot its sensitive
nature and matured a crop of superior fruit. Peaches brought a good
crop. Pears produced well, and brought fine fruit. In blooming time,
my pear trees were attacked by the cucumber beetle, and before I found
a proper remedy, they destroyed nearly all the blossoms. I tried lime,
sulphur, and whale oil soap, without any effect; but finally used a solu-
tion of carbolic acid, which had the desired effect. On our pear trees
the bark on the trunk frequently dies some two or three feet from the
gi"ound, and always on the south side. It would seem that this is caused
by the rays of the sun in cold weather. At any rate, I find that wrap-
ping the trunks with old cloth has so far prevented it."

I am indebted to J. Cochrane, Esq., for the following interesting
sketch of ornamental and timber trees of Mason County:

Ornamental and Timber Trees in Mason County.

Gentlemen : Having in a former note given a history of some of the
early efforts at fruit growing in Mason conntv, as well as its present
progress, I herein send you a brief outlook at the Orna?nental and Tim-
ber Trees., which I regard of vital importance in our prairie country.

The eastern and northeastern portionsof the county are almost destitute,
fuel being supplied by coal on the Chicago &. St. Louis Railroad, while
the west and tlie south-west are more generally supplied by the Illinois
river timber, and the bluffs of coal in Fulton county. Timber and lum-
ber for building pmposes are imported from the northern pineries,
amounting to many millions of feet per annum.

While fruit trees and grapes have been planted by thousands, (about
ioo,cxx) of the latter in 1869) the planting of ornamental and timlier
trees has not engaged the attention of land owners. No more profitable
in\-estment could be made than g'rowing those trees which are noted for
rapidity of growth or durability; such as the American chestnut, box
elder, black walnut, white elm, and others which will be noted.

The writer within the past fifteen years, has given the subject suffi-
cient attention to state from experience the varieties adapted to our soil;
those that have been introduced, and those to the "manor born;" though
in detailing my experience, the personal pronoun will be as much as
much as possible ignored. The following trees growing here native, are
more noticed for variety than quantity, viz. : soft or silver maple, box
elder, white birch, buckeye, hickory, (three varieties) pecan, ash, (three
varieties,) honey locust, Kentucky coffee-tiee, l)lack walnut, wild cherry,
sycamore, American aspen, Cottonwood, oak, (comprising white oak,

32 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

mossy-cup oak, post oak, water oak, black-jack oak, red oak, and pin oak,)
locust, (three varieties,) willow, (three varieties,) American linden, white
and slippery elm, alder, paw-paw, hornbeam, red-bud, hackbeiry, red
and white dogwood, persimmon, (several sorts,) burning-bush or straw-
beny ti"ee, mulberry, hop tree, crab apple, sassafras, spice bush, prickly
ash, sumach, and others I may not have observed. Those named below
have been successfully cultivated by the writer, and show that you need
not wait till gray hairs to reap the reward of your labors, and those labors
a pleasure.

Silver Maple^ cultivated from seed, and from forest seedlings with
success.

Sugai' Maple, of slower growth than the above, but preferable.

Box Elder, an extraordinary rapid grower. A first-class shade tree.

Buckeye, a native of great beauty; early in leaf; a well-rounded,
close, compact grower. ?I have seen in the grounds of Gen. Orr, in
Northern Indiana, some fine specimens, which fixed the status of the
Buckeye, as an ornamental ti"ee, in my estimation.

Birch, in some of its varieties, has been a hobby with that species
of the genus homo, yclept tree peddler, in this county. They have
proved as worthless as the scamps who vend them, either for use or or-
nament.

American Chestnut. I can but regard this variety as a valuable acqui-
sition to Western planters, for timber, ornament, or fruit. Of the easiest
cultivation; a rapid grower; bears at about five years, from the seed.
Trees of that age bore for me last year, which are the first nuts ever
grown in Mason county.

Hickory, as before stated, grows here in several varieties, valuable
for timber and ornament.

Pecan resembles it so nearly, its wood can be used for the same
general purposes.

Beech would also be a desirable acquisition, but I have not yet un-
dertaken its cultivation.

Ash I have grown from seed; a handsome shade tree that merits
more attention.

Black Walnut, a prince of trees: grows spontaneously; is a valuable
timber ti'ee. I have walnuts twelve feet high, three years froin the seed;
am growing them yearly with the chestnut, and planting the young
trees in different localities on my farm; around the peach orchard and
nursery, along the road, and on the outer line fences, etc,; picketing
vineyard, garden, and field; genial alike for their shade, beauty, and fruit;
and in after years, when they need thinning, their timber will be valuable
for r>osts, rails, and lumber; and even the knots and forks command a
high price for veneering.

Larch, European and American, have been grown, but not to the
saine extent as the walnut and chestnut. Two classes of our waste lands
(viz. high sandy, and low marshy) could be profitably employed by
planting in this timber, the variety adapted to each. Both would be very
remunerative, and yield quick returns.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 33

Lombard}' Poplar and its cousin, Balm of Gilead, are grown with
ease and success.

Locust^ planted by the first settlers, was a doubtful favor to the
country.

{Villow hedge has been introduced to a limited extent. It will
remain limited.

Cypress. A few are grown satisfactorily.

Linden does well, both European and American.

Elm., a success everywhere. It has a host of virtues and no faults.

Barberry., valuable for fruit, ornament, and hedge. Hardy from
Labrador to Guatemala.

Catalpa, a rapid grower and hardy, but its near relative the

Pawlonia I have tried to grow for ten years. It will grow twelve to
sixteen feet in a summer, and freeze to the ground every winter.

English Hawthorn^ a thing of beauty, hardy and good.

Persimmon does finely, producing three distinct grades of fruit. Can
they be improved?

Straxvberry Tree., plenty in the woods.

Osage Orange is here at home. Our soil seems peculiarly fitted
for its perfection.

Wild Crab Apple I grow for its flowers.

Mountain Ash is not a "perfect success," being subject to nearly
the same diseases that so sorely aftiict our apple trees.

Sassafras grows only to a very limited extent ; prefers a clay to our
sandy soil.

More might be added, but the above has swelled this paper beyond
its intended length, but I can not close without noting a curiosity in
nature's arboriculture. Near the center of this county, on the center of a
prairie many miles in extent, in ^ome directions beyond the reach of
unassisted vision, rises a natural elevation of about forty feet, circular in
shape, cup-shaped on top, and covered by a veiy remarkable mixture of
trees and shrubs; everything in fact that grows in the county, and some
that are found nowhere else, here find a home. In this natural collection
of sample varieties I have spent hours in finding here a hackberry, an
elm, a paw-paw, prickly ash, black walnut, maple, etc., etc., in a perfectly
promiscuous maze. My own theoiy is that the seeds of these numer-
ous varieties were earned thither by the birds who sought this mound as
a resting place and for water (which it supplies), in their flights from and
to the distant belts of timber.

The importance of timber cultivation can not be over-estimated, and
as a citizen of the Garden State of the gi'eat West, itself a garden (though
of somewhat extended dimensions), I hope the State Horticultural Society
will use its influence to secure such legislation as will encoura<i^e or
compel the planting and subsequent care of ornamental and timber
trees. Every consideration of interest, health, patriotism, pride, and ses-
thetic taste, urges to this end, with no one reason against it.

Respectfully,

J. Cochrane.

4

34 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

In Hancock County the apple crop has been a very fair one. In
some orchards, particularly in the timber, the fruit was so badly punc-
tured by the codling moth that it all dropped in August and September,
while from others a good crop was gathered. Those orchards in w^hich
the fallen fruit was eaten by stock last season appear to be the most
exempt. We find, however, that we can not depend on the hogs and
sheep to keep them in check, as a great portion of the second brood
escapes from the fruit before it drops from the tree. I find they can
easily be trapped by placing a cloth band around the tree. It should be
removed as often as once in two weeks, and the larvae killed by scalding,
or some other process, and then replaced. With the exception of a few
such varieties as Winesap, Willow, and Little Romanite, our winter apples
all ripened prematurely, being in about the condition in November they
should be in March. The result has been that growers and dealers have
suflered great loss."

Our peach crop was good, but the early varieties werebadly injured
by the curculio.

There are several choice seedlings grown in the vicinity of Warsaw
fully equal to any of the budded varieties in quality, and much more
productive. They are being extensively planted.

Pears were about an average crop, and brought remunerative prices.
The blight is yearly making sad havoc with our pear orchards, and
faint-hearted growers are becoming discouraged; but the man who per-
sistently plants and intelligently cultivates, and root-prunes will not fail
of his reward.

Our grape crop was the largest and best ever grown in the county.
The Catawba, after several years bad behavior, is again taking the lead.
It has been perfectly free from disease, held its leaves well, and ripened
its enormous crop of fruit evenly. Mr. George B. Worthen, of Golden
Bluff Vineyard, gathered from his Catawba vines about three and a
half tons per acre, his Norton's Virginia producing three tons, and Con-
cord two and a half. This may be considered a fair representation of
the productiveness of these varieties. The must of all varieties was found
to be remarkably heavy, and a wine of superior quality must be the
result. We are confident that the vintage of 1870, from the hundred
vineyards that crown the river blufls from Nauvoo to Warsaw, will be
of such a character as will place Hancock County in the front rank, as
a wine growing locality. Vast quantities of grapes have been shipped
to distant markets, principally Chicago and St. Louis, but the middle
men have generally received the lion's share of the profits. Our gi'ape
growers are, however, greatly encouraged, and are satisfied that the
business will be a success. The general outlook may also be said to be
encouraging, as all our fruits have been reasonably remunerative, and
our trees and vines are in good condition for next year's crop.

We find a very marked improvement in ornamental planting and
out-door home adornment. Many of our farmers are brushing up their
farms, removing the hog pens and stock yards from the front to the rear
of the house, planting hedges, groves, and belts of timber, ornamenting

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 35

their g-rounds with evergreens, and even spending an occasional hour in
the tlower garden, assisting their wives and daugliters in its preparation
and aiTangement. If we expect to keep up an interest in Horticulture,
we must turn our attention more to this its most delightful hranch, and
endeavor, hv precept and example, to create and encourage a taste for
home emhellishment. Outside the list of amateur and professional
horticulturists, very little of this work has yet been done. But if we, as
a society and individuals, pcrseveringly pursue our legitimate work, many
of us who are here assembled to-day may live to see this, our noble
prairie State, the fairest spot the sun beholds in his daily course from sea
to sea, what it is capable of becoming — the garden of the world.
All of which is respectfully submitted.

A. C. HAMMOND.

Mr. Hammond's report was received and ordered to be printed.

The President stated that all reports of regular committees would
take this course, unless some member objected.

E. Daggy presented the report of Tyra Montgomery, Vice-President
of the Fourth District, which, upon request, he read :

REPORT OF THE FOURTH HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society :

In accordance with the duties incumbent on me as one of your vice-
presidents, I herewith sul}mit some of my observations, also those of
others who have kindly furnished me with the same.

The past season has been a remarkable one, free from those deluging
rains that often fall in April and May. We have suflered verv little
from the drouth, and, so far as agriculture is concerned, everytliing has
gone lovely. In the tree planting interest there has beeiT greater loss
than, perhaps, for years, owing chiefly, no doubt, to the October freeze
of '69; and this has not been confined to trees transplanted from nursery
row to orchards, but many orchards suffered severely, and some \'arieties
in pj^rticular, such as Rambo, Maiden's Blush, Golden Russet, Roman
Stem, Rome Beauty, etc. E. Daggy says, in his locality, (Tuscola,
Douglas County,) "the worst feature was the destruction of hundreds
and thousands of fruit trees by the freezing in October '69. In our apple
orchard, just beginning to bear, we lost about one sixth, that had to be
taken out, and probably as many more considerably damaged that will
go into early decay. Other orchards suffered also. Of cherries, we lost
quite a number; even the Early May, and that on Morello stocks. A
neighboring orchard on Morello got through safely, and produc(^d about
one thlrdof a crop. The Heart and Duke cherries were generally killed.
I am fully satisfied that this class of cherries is only a source of vexation
and disappointment."

In many other places the same results have followed, but we are con-
soled with the idea that such another snap may not again occur for years
to come.

36

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

In the Grand Prairie we have much grounds for encouragement upon
the subject of "fruit raising," when even in Egypt we hear of failures;
and while we have not been allowed to enter the ring by frowns from
our timber friends, we, this year, have great reason to be thankful and
to take courage — it may yet turn out we are in the "fruit growing

resrion."

T. L. Bacon, of Pana, Christian County, says: "An abundance of
small fruits; apples plenty and mostly very good; some complaint that
they are not keeping as well as usual. I think it is owing to their being
gathered too soon for the warm weather we have had. Peaches very
plenty and fine, except the earliest varieties — they were full of worms.
Cherries not very pjenty. Pears plenty and fine; we had fine specimens
on dwarf trees planted in the spring of 1S69."

H. J. Dunlap, of Champaign, says: " Strawbemes, blackberries,
grapes, and apples were a full crop and paid well ; while currants, goose-
berries, and cherries were a failure. Season dry. No new insects this
year."

In this vicinity (Mattoon), we have had an abundant crop of small
fruits, and an increased interest is being manifested in their planting and
culture. James Riddle gave the following as his observations : " Straw-
berry crop good — none equal to Wilson's Albany. Raspberries very
fine ; Doolittle for market, Purple Cane for home market and family use,
yield well. Much pleased with the Miami, or Cluster, and the Davison
Thornless. Raised splendid beiTies, and shall increase his planting of
that variety. Lawtons full and very fine. Kittatinny full and fine, and
ripe when they appear so, while Lawtons are not.-"

We raised a fair crop of currants. The borers are on the increase.
Gooseberries, in sheltered places, were full. Pears destroyed by snow
storm mixed with hail when in bloom, except in sheltered places.
Orchards sliould have hedges or timber belts about them, and nothing
surer, we will then succeed. Apple crop only moderate. Codling moth
busy, and brought all the crop into market early. The Northern Spy
bore well this year, and the trees were rather young, an exception to the
rule. Peaches plenty, but rather under size, except on young trees.
People have not all yet learned that there is such a thing as a peach-tree
borer ^ and the borers thereby improve their opportunity to bore.

The more light and knowledge, the larger and finer fruits; you must
have healthy ti^ees before fine fruits. One remarkable case of pear blight
— trees grew in vegetable garden, have borne full crops for the last five
years. This year the grounds were not cultivated and the trees almost
all blighted to the ground, apparently dying of neglect. Rather against
this idea oi going to grass.

M. C. McLain, of Charleston, Coles County, says : " In the blooming
season all kinds of fruit trees (peaches excepted) gave great promise of
an abundant yield of fruit, but in all instances except that of the May
cherry, we were doomed to disappointment, and especially is this true of
the timber regions (where apples particularly have hitherto been consid-
ered a sure crop). Both the apple and pear set an abundance of fruit,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 37

which commenced dropping when it attained the size of a hazel-nut and
continued to drop, up to maturity, leaving but few, in fact scarcely a
specimen, of really sound fruit on either apple or pear; and yet the trees,
to all appearance, made \-igorous, healthy growth. The codling moth
took the apples, and the curculio the pear. Out in the prairie regions I
saw some orchards loaded with fair looking fruit, but have recently
learned, from difterent quarters, that the very best specimens of apples
are not keeping well. We had comparatively few budded peaches, and
the seedlings were full of worms. My May cherries were all right, and
tliat may seem strange to some when I admit they are budded on the
Mazzard. May Dukes were more or less injured by curculio. Currants,
gooseberries, raspberries (black cap), and Lawton blackberries bore full
crops. Stra\vberries from fair to full. Wilson's Early blackberry set a
fine lot of fruit, the plants not being mulched, and when dry weather set
in th,e fruit was about matured; all went by the board. Kittatinny did
some better, but not equal to the Lawton, taking it all in all. I can't say
that with all the fruit enemies to contend with, I consider the fruit pros-
pects very Hatteri ng in this part of the State."

As to grapes, none of the above writers have reported. The Concord,
Hartford, and Clinton did well; the Catawbas and Isabellas rotted as
usual — need not be depended on. The Concord should be planted every-
where and by every farmer. Can raise grapes plenty and as easily as
hops; but the people are confounded by the "Books on Grapes," and
fancy a man must stand over the vines with knife and pinchers, and hence
" they do not have time to raise grapes."

As to plums I have not heard of one perfect one in all the district.
Mr. Payne, of Pana, has usually had splendid luck with plums grafted
on common wild plum stocks, but the curculios have found him at it and
gone in, in spite of old horse shoes and rusty iron, which by many have
been held forth as preventives; but a brighter day is dawning. We
have seen a picture of the Curculio Catcher, and there has been a " Wild
Goose" man about here with a dead sure thing on these curculios, and it
may be that our Entomologist will have to get out a new cut for the Turks
with bent or broken snouts, when these high priced trees begin to bear.
A word about birds and bugs and I close. The former have been on
the increase, and as we increase our orchards, groves, and timber belts,
they will be on hand with their songs. In our locality we have not as
yet gone to war on the birds. On the question of birds, I wojuld enforce
the statute against every loafer who would shoot, for mere amusement,
any of the feathered tribe. The robin, in cherry time, is not a thief, but
he helps himself freely in open daylight — rather too much so when cher-
ries sell at fifty cents a gallon. And for my part I should prefer that
they would arrange their broods a little later in the season ; yet they are
patterns of energy and industiy which men would do well to imitate;
and the planting of a few extra trees might be well, as the demand
increases and the tastes are cultivated.

Bugs were rather a short crop for so good a season. The potato bugs,
I am glad to say, were doomed to disappointment, as we failed to raise

38

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

a sufficient crop of potatoes to make it an object to the bugs to hunt for
them — iBarket glutted the year before.

In conclusion, I would urge the planting of orchards, hedges, screens,
and timber belts, any and all kinds of trees on the prairies (except locust).
Close cultivation, clean corners; kill the noxious insects by fire, water,
wine (Schroeder's), or any other means. Be of good cheer. Eternal vigi-
lance is the price oi fruit, as well as " liberty."

Yours,

Tyra Montgomery,

Vice-President ^th District.

M. L. DuNLAP moved that the fee for membership of this Society
be reduced to one dollar per annum, which was seconded by several
members. •

He urged that it was the province of the Society to disseminate
horticultural information as well as to gather it. That inasmuch as the
State appropriates the sum of two thousand dollars per annum for the
publication of our reports, and for other purposes, we should not restrict
the circulation of these reports by keeping the fee at two dollars, and so
far defeat the object of our organization and the design of the General
Assembly in gi^anting the appropriation.

When the membership fee has been but one dollar, we have had more
members than when it was two dollars. As each member is entitled
to a copy of the Transactions, of course a greater circulation is gained
at one dollar. We should aim to distribute all, or nearly all, our books,
and not keep them on hand from year to year.

Mr. HuGGiNS^ Treasurer, said: "We receive more money when
memberships are two dollars each, but not as many members."

The Secretary stated that he had solicited from the State Agricul-
tural Society two hundred copies of its last volume of Transactions, for
gratuitous distribution among the members of this Society. These books
have" arrived, and are now ready, so that each member of our Society
will receive not not only a bound copy of our Transactions for 1S70, but
a copy of the Transactions of the Agricultural Society for two years,
which includes, also, the Transactions of our own Society for the years
1867 and 1 868. With these inducements before them, he thought all
who would join our Society at all, would do so with the fee at two dollars;
and thus bring twice as much money into the treasury as if changed to
one dollar. This, in the present low state of our finances, is a matter of
serious importance to us.

Mr. Brown, read from the Transactions of the Society, as follows :

In 1865 there were 80 members at $2.00 $i6o.oo.

" 1866 " 128 » " i.oo 128.00.

" 1867 " 125 " " 2.00 250.00.

" 1868 " 161 " " 1.00 161.00.

" 1869 " 133 " " 2.00 266.00.

STATE HORTIULTURAL SOCIETY. 39

Secretary. — In answer to letters of inquiry for copies of our Trans-
actions, I have replied ,that paper-covered ones could be procured at one
dollar each, and I have accordingly sold a few in this way. I think this
was die practice of the former Secretary.

M. L. Duxi.AP said that his object was to place these Transactions in
the hands of the people, and if they can be obtained at one dollar, this
fact would modify his opposition to the present rate. Yet he thought it
not equal that members should pay two dollars, when others could pro-
cure the books at one dollar each.

Tlie Secretary explained that the members had bound copies sent
them, while those sold at one dollar were in paper covers. Pending the
vote, Mr. Earle moved that, as the hour of adjournment had arrived, the
Society do now adjourn. This motion prevailed and the President an-
nounced an adjournment until two o'clock.

TUESDAY AFTERNOON.

Society met pursuant to adjournment.

The report of the State Horticulturist being in order, the Secretary
read a telegram which he had just received from Messrs. Riley, Tice, and
Spalding, dated at Peoria, asking that Dr. Hull's report be postponed, as
tliey were detained on account of failure to make connections with the
train to Galesburg.

Their request was granted, on motion of Mr. Murtfeldt.

Owing to the absence of Mr. Wier, the report of Committee ad-
interim on Grapes was also postponed.

Mr. Douglass' paper upon Evergreens came next in order, but he was,
at his request, allowed further time to complete it.

The motion of Mr. Dunlap, which was pending when the adjourn-
ment at noon took place, was called up.

Mr. Earle favored the motion, saying that he had been informed
that we had a large number of copies of our Transactions of previous
years, on hand. Our books are intended for circulation, and we should
use all projier means to secure their just distribution among those who
desire them, and will be benetited by them. He thought the reduction
of price of membership to one dollar would result in calling in a large
membership, especially if the fact could be made public tlirough the
agricultural press.

The President stated that the demands against the Society will
nearly exhaust its funds ; and that of the one thousand copies of Transac-
tions of 1867 but few were remaining. Being asked to whom the seven
hundred paper-covered copies were given or sold, he replied that one
hundred to one hundred and fifty were taken by members; about two
hundred went to committees, and persons furnishing contributions to the
volume; to the State Agricultural Society about fifty copies; the remain-
der to local societies, kindred societies, and members of the press. Of
the volume of 1868 he said there were about two hundred copies on hand.

40 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

M. L. DuNLAP said that he not only would advocate the reduction
of the membership fee to one dollar, but would have the price of copies
of our Transactions fixed at one dollar also.

This, he thought, would cany out the intention of the General As-
sembly in granting us the appropriation, and would place our books in
the hands of those who would be most benefited by them.

The vote being taken upon the motion resulted in a two-thirds ma-
jority in its favor, and the President declared the constitution amended,
accordingly.

M. L. DuNLAP now moved that the Secretary be instructed, at his
discretion, to procure the binding, in muslin, of the entire edition of the
Transactions of this year; either diminishing the number below one thou-
sand sufliciently to meet the extra expense, or paying the difference and
procuring the full one thousand copies.

Mr. Galusha stated that in the present state of the finances of the
Society he feared his inability to meet any extra expense for binding.
He had contracted for the binding in muslin of five hundred copies,
instead of three hundred, as in former years. He would prefer to have
nearly or quite the entire one thousand bound in muslin if we have the
funds to meet the expense. He would not like to change the terms of
his conti-act with the printers, but could procure the binding of additional
copies if the means are at hand.

Mr. DuNLAP said he was willing to leave it in the hands of the Sec-
retary.

The motion was so amended that the Secretary be instructed to secure
the binding in muslin of the entire edition, or as large a number thereof
as in his discretion the funds of the Society will warrant. The motion,
as amended, prevailed.

The President called upon Mr. Wier, who had arrived, for his report,
ad-interim^ on grapes.

He responded, presenting his report, and asking Mr. Earle to read it.

Mr. Earle then read as follows :

D. B. WIEr's report, AD-INTERlM — GRAPES.

To the Hon. O. B. Galusha^ Secretary of the Illinois State Horticul-
tural Society:
Dear Sir: — As a member of the Ad-Interim Cof7i7?iittce^ I ofl^er
you my report on Grapes. At the first business meeting of our com-
mittee, it was resolved, that the better plan was to appoint to each
member a specialty to look after, during the season, at home and on our
travels. My allotment was grapes, firstly, and small fruits, secondly. It
was also agreed, that we should get up no grand special train excursions,
heralded by the press, to visit places where everything was especially
prepared to receive us. So we made but two formal visits throughout
the season, but dropped quietly around amongst our horticultural
brethren, and viewed their doings in their every-day clothes. In this
way we did not get so many "chicken fixins" for dinner as the old plan

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 4I

produced, but we got practical and valuable information, as to how, and
by whom our orchards and vineyards were dressed, and how they looked.
We also agreed not to individualize; that is, we thought it of no great
importance for our Society and the public to know just how many trees
and vines Mr. A. and Mr. B. cultivated, or how many grape cuttings
Mr. C. had out, or how many acres JMr. D. had in apple nursery or
evergreens, or where we partook of the best dinner, etc.

Now, as to the grapes, and how they appeared to me in the year of
our Lord 1S70, I hardly know how to commence, or what to say. If
I had been called upon eight years ago for an essay on grapes, I would
have thought the task a very pleasant one to fill, and would have been
only too glad of a chance to enlighten (?) the world on this, then the
all-absorbing question in Horticulture.

I did hope in my report to give some valuable advice concerning the
commercial value of different varieties; but the season has been so
exactly suited to the health of vine and fruit, that comparisons would
not be just. Last year was, I think, a season especially adapted to this
work. I had thought to compare different modes of training and prun-
ing the vine; but when one finds every system perfect in its results, how
is a compai'ison to be made ? I have seen, this season, vines gathered
roughlv together and tied to a stake, giving equal rcbults with those
under the most elaborate systems of pruning and training. Now, with
these facts before me, what is my duty? You did not appoint me to tell
vou what I thought was the best, but, if I understand my position aright,
it was to compare different systems in the field, and report to you which
one of the numerous modes of vineyard culture gave the best results;
give the details of that system, so that any one might adopt it, with the
assurance that he was not going astray. Farther, as to soils : I have,
this season, seen large plantations of grapes on nearly every imaginable
soil, all well nigh perfect; very little choice to be made amongst them.
I might guess that certain parties had made a poor selection of soil and
exposure on which to plant; but the results this season would show me
to be a poor guesser. A close watch kept of the Chicago and other
great markets warned me not to attempt to delude more people with the
idea that they could speedily get rich by growing grapes for market.
Farther, I found plenty of men who had good wine; wine that they
were proud of, and with good reason ; but when questioned as to where
their market was, the almost invariable reply was, they had not foimd it
yet. People would, it appears, rather pay four dollars a gallon for a vile
concoction of logwood, cider (perhaps a still cheaper acidulate), and
poor whisky, than to pay two dollars a gallon for a pure, healthful,
native wine. Still another skeleton is in our closet, to-wit: If they can
grow grapes in California, and deliver them at the press, with profit, at
one cent per pound, or less, how are we to compete with them? I do
not believe that we can produce grapes for less than four cents per pound
net.

These are only a few of the stumbling blocks in the way of profit able
grape culture in the Prairie State. But your committee passed i.i its

5

42 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

■\vanderin2fs thousands and tens of thousands of the homes of our Illinois
people who had not one vine of this easiest-grown and most healthful
fruit growing on their premises. To these benighted creatures, we
should 2."ive our most earnest attention and entreaties. It is our first
duty to show them their sinful way ; to prove to them that a man is not
in this day and age of the world entitled to his own self-respect, still less
to that of his neighbors, if he has not a plentiful supply of grapes of his
own growing, in their season. At the prices that good vines of good
varieties are now being ofl^ered, there is no excuse but that all, even the
poorest land-holder, should have plenty. Why, the price of a glass of
lager beer will buy two, and that of a cigar four good Concord viiies!
The vines for an acre can be bought for $15! and this season has proven
to us that, with proper management, any land, from the mucky swamp
to the gravel bank, can be made to produce an abundance of good
grapes at one-tenth the outlay that we were formerly taught was
requisite.

VARIETIES.

The man who attempts to classify and describe all the native grapes
before the public ten years fi^om to-day will have undertaken a task of
vast magnitude. From present appearances, certainly, if we keep on in
this line of producing new varieties, as we are now doing, and if he
commenced with the Catawba, at the end of ten years, he would still be
ten years behind. But let the good work go on. We now have plenty
of varieties, but not enough that are exactly the right thing; and with
all the seedlings now being produced, it may be years before we have
another as near perfect as the Concord. The old Vitis vinifera of
Europe, has been skillfully manipulated by man for thousands of years :
yet scarcely a season passes but what new varieties are brought out with
marked improvements over the older kinds. I have been lately some-
what astonished to learn that some of our most renowned and experienced
horticulturists are beginning to have faith that the Vitis vinife7'a of
Europe and Asia, will 3'et produce varieties that will withstand our
climate, diseases, and insects. They have no doubt whatever but that
hybrids between it and our native species will be and are already pro-
duced that will fill our wants.

In speaking of varieties this season, it is, I think, only fair to leave
out of consideration the damage done to vines by the October freeze of
last year — an accident that may not happen again in an age. I shall not
give so great prominence to the diseases, such as mildew, rot, etc., nor
to the insects infesting the vine, as has been done heretofore, to the dis-
paragement of certain varieties, otherwise first-rate. I shall look upon
these troubles as being easily overcome by the use of well-known, simple
remedies, being well convinced that we have got to overcome these
troubles, not by raising and puffing new^ varieties, but rather by constant
care and warfare, and the persistent use of remedial agents. We find
no living thing on earth free from diseases and parasites; why should we
look for an exception in the grape.'' Of course I do not pretend to say

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 43

but that there are varieties of grapes that bear good fruit that are so
liable to become diseased that they should be discarded. My notes are
made up from personal examination of the growing vines in difterent
portions of the State, and from reliable data, gleaned from the horticul-
tural press.

Hartford Prolific. — This variety heads the list fbr health and pro-
ductiveness, wherever seen or heard from. We need something at the
same season, with all of its good qualities, but very much better in
quality; but it is not yet, I think, superseded.

Ives" Seedling. — This variety equaled the last in health and vigor,
and nearly equaled it in productiveness. A very valuable grape, ripens
early, hangs long on the vine, and is very productive of a good, rich, red
wine; succeds almost everywhere in our State; rather poor in quality for
table or market.

Concord. — The only fault I have to find with this noble grape is its
reported parcntship of the Martha, which, I hope, is a slander. This is
the people's gi'ape, emphatically. They can raise it everywhere. (Some
raise it as Mark Twain raised chickens.) They like the fruit, and it is
yet considered the nearest approach to perfection we ha\e among grapes.
Give us two more Concords, one three weeks earlier and one three later,
and we would be pretty well " fixed." There has been a great howl
raised this f\ill about its cracking a little when over-ripe. I have not
known such a thing to happen before, and it was simply occasioned by
the intense heat and drouth hardening the skin of the fruit; and then
when the rains did come, the Concord thought it had a destiny to fulfill,
or burst. It bursted. As I have before remarked, when good Concord
vines can be bought for $25 per thousand, there is no excuse for any one
owning a rod of ground not having plenty of Concord grapes in their
season. About its only fault is that it will not keep. When just red, it
is most excellent for cooking. Stewed with plenty of sugar, what fruit
is better.'' Canned, we can have it the year around. As a fruit for
jellies, it is unsurpassed. It makes an excellent white or red, light wine,
without any admixture, which should be on our tables every summei-'s
day. This wine can be made as cheaply, or cheaper than cider, gallon
for gallon and acre for acre; and makes a vinegar by far surpassing any
other I have seen, by adding water to the refuse of the press and allow-
ing it to ferment, re-pressing and setting it in a warm place. The Con-
cord grape has its diseases already, and we may look for more; but its
sturdy vigor, hardihood, and adaptability to nearly all soils and climates,
will cause it to hold its present high niche in public estimation for years
to come,

Clinton. — The market gardeners do not want it. The wine grower,
especially in the north part of our State, should plant largely of it on
proper soil. Every family should grow plenty for family supply. To
the great mass of our Western grown people, the Clinton, when fully
ripe, is one of the very best to eat from the vine. If we would only let
it get ripe, we would all prize it highly. It keeps well into the winter;
the fruit will hang on the vine, improving every day, until severe freezing

44 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

weather. It is the very best grape we have for a medicinal wine, and
for my taste, when properly diluted, the best and most refreshing wine
for the table. The vine requires a thin, dry, porouSj warm soil to give
its best results, and needs plenty of room, long pruning, and little of it.

I have now named the four great grapes of our State that are to be
relied on everywhere, or, at least, where it is possible to grow grapes at
all. The following succeed admirably in special localities, and some of
thein in such places should supersede the above-named soi'ts.

Catazvba. — Everywhere in the so-called " River District" of our
State, on our drift sands, and light, silicious clays, where properly man-
aged, the old Catawba is still the best and most profitable grape to grow,
both for the wine-grower and market-gardener. I wish to be distinctly
understood as saying and meaning the above, only where the soil is rights
and its requirements are complied with. Perhaps ninety-nine men out
of a hundred would fail with it on the best soil, but I do know, of my
own personal knowledge, of men who have cultivated it for twent^'
years with perfect success, and who would not give it for all other varieties
in existence. You can not learn to grow the Catawba from the books.
I might be able to give you the proper outlines for success, but you would
better take good advice, and not attempt to grow it.

Isabella. — The best market grape we have as yet, all things con-
sidered, where it can be grown successfully. These places are unfor-
tunately few. It requires the same kind of soil, though a little richer, as
die Catawba, plenty of room, and peculiar treatment.

Delaware. — We found no fruit to speak of on this variety, on high
prairie soil, this season, but at some points it was very fine. A most
delicious and beautiful little grape when in perfection, but very capricious.
Those few among us who have planted it, and with whom it has done
well, will stick to it and plant more of it; but those who have failed,
would best let it alone, for I do not believe it is within the art and power
of man to make a Delaware vine grow where it don't want to.

Norton! s Virginia — Still holds its place as the best grape for red
wine in the middle and southern poxtions of the State. We of the
north have no use for it.

Rodger^ Hybrids. — These grapes appear to be much better in point
of quality west than east. Some few of them would prove of great
value in certain hands and in proper soils. Mildew is their great bane.

Telegraph. — This, with the Ives and Hartford, ought to be melted
up and cast into one good variety. There are enough good qualities in
the three, if combined, to make one variety of surpassing excellence.
They are nearly alike, and they are just good enough to keep, and too
good to throw away. They are tolerated only for special reasons, earli-
ness, etc.

Martha. — This might be melted in the same pot with the above,
without hurting or benefiting the mixture. Wherever seen, and in my
own grounds, the fruit was poor and foxy, and the vine neither healthy,
vigorous, nor productive.

Aletha. — A supposed new grape found at Ottawa. After the most

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 45

careful comparisons, I pronounced it Hartford Prolific. The fruit of it
and the Hartford were tasted by many in my presence, and none could
find a dirterence. One of your committee found a very slight difierence
between it and the Hartford, as grown many miles away, and on different
soil, but certainly the ditlerence is not distinct enough to add another
name to our long list of fruits.

Croton and Senasqua. — 1 found these growing nowhere except on
mv own grounds, where they have shown the very best of promise, but
we can know but little from one summer's growth. Having seen and
tasted the fruit of both, I know them to be grapes of remarkable good-
ness, if we can 'get them.

Eumelan and Walter — Were seen at only one point. There they
certainl}- gave no signs of success in tlie West. The fruit of both is
veiy good, and it is to be hoped that they will succeed in some localities,
if not generally.

Lacon. — This has been fruited this season from Boston to Kansas in
many different places, and the highest praise has been given to it by
every one, as to the goodness of the fruit, and the health of the vine.
The vine is not as vigorous in growth as some, nor so productive; yet it
has perfect health and hardiness. The cluster is too small for a first-class
market grape ; flavor bcst^ as a Labrusca. There are many other varieties
that, perhaps, I should name, but I fear to tire your patience. My
excuse is that I did not find any that I thought we had much use for,
except those named.

I fruited this season, for the first time, a number of black seedlings of
the Concord, but found no merits in them but what we already possessed
in older varieties. Also a very pretty white one that utterly refused to
ripen.

With a few general remarks upon the culture and pruning of the vine
I will close.

Land, if prepared well enough to produce a good crop of wheat or
corn, is well enough prepared to plant grape-vines on. If the land is rich
enough to produce a very great crop of corn it is too rich for vines, causing
too great and succulent a growth of wood. Land that will produce a
little less than an average crop of corn, if dry, and with a porous sub-soil, is
about right for most of our varieties. I have planted many vines in about
our poorest Western clays and sands, without fertilizing them in any way
other than by cultivation, and always succeeded in growing healthy vines
and large and perfect crops of fruit. It is hard for me to conceive of a
Western soil too poor naturally to make a successful vineyard, provided
it is dry and not poisoned by mineral matters. A clean mixture of gravel
and coarse sand would be the only one I would fear, and even this could
be made perfect by giving it heavy dressings of clayey loam. I have
never yet seen an instance in the West where ground had been trenched
two to three feet deep, heavily manured, and the manure trenched in, but
resulted in a disastrous failure when planted with vines, and I have seen
many such experiments. What gi^eat good could possibly be obtained by
the deep trenching of our Western soils? Would they not at the end of

4«

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

three years, by the time the vines came into bearing, be as compact as
they were at first? I think, if clay, the mechanical condition would be
worse than at the start.

Exposure. — I have proven by experiment and observation, conclu-
sively to my own mind, that a steep southern hillside is the worst possible
exposure for a vineyard, and that a moderate northwestern one is the
best, and, had I time, I could give the most convincing arguments in
favor of this doctrine. But the simple incline of the soil one way or
another need have but little to do in the selection of a vineyard site.
Good success can be obtained on any exposure, except it be one that cuts
off the morning sun entirely.

Pla?zting. — Grapes should have more room than we have been in the
habit of giving them. Say rows six feet apart, and the vines ten to
fifteen feet apart in the row for the strong growers, and six to eight feet
for the weaker ones.

Cultivation. — Vines should always, where practicable, be planted so
that they may be cultivated both ways with the plow. While young
they should have shallow cultivation, but when the vines are established
they should have one deep plowing in the fall or early in the spring each
year. This deep plowing should be east and. west one year, and north
and south the next. Put the plow in deep; never mind the roots; those
you cut or break will be renewed with better ones, and those left intact
between the vines will plentifully supply the vine until the new ones are
produced. In this way is kept up a balance between top and root,
which would be annually destroyed, else, from pruning the vine.

Pruning. — Any system by which a portion of the growth of the year
before is pruned out in the fall or early in the spring, and by which the
vine is kept securely in position, away from the ground, will produce an
abundance of good grapes. But most intricate systems have been de-
vised and practiced, some of them veiy faulty, for producing fruit of extra
size and quality. I believe every system to be faulty that only admits of
the vines being plowed in one direction. The so-called spiral system, as
practiced to some extent around Alton, is one of the best. I have made
a close study of them all, and not found one that was not faulty, though
all will produce good grapes. A system with a fault should not be fol-
lowed. If it is, the continued multiplication of it from year to year must
produce ruinous results. I do not believe a vine without some length of
trunk as old as itself is in a normal condition. Nature so designed them,
and if it was not necessary she would have omitted the trunk, and the
grape would have been a woody, herbaceous perennial, like the black-
berry. All of the excretions of the vine appear to be thrown ofi" with
the old bark, and it is not only possible but propable that if the crude
sap of our vines had some feet of old trunk to pass through before reach-
ing the leaves we would have less rot, mildew, and other diseases among
them. The plan that has the fewest faults, if I may judge, is a simple
one that I stumbled upon when I first began to grow gi^apes, before I had
read the books and become learned. ( ?) I since find it is the one almost
exclusively practiced in the great vineyards of California, and very gen-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 47

erallv in Europe. It is simply to train up the vine the lust or second
year to a stake. Stop it the same season by pinchuig it oft' at three to
five feet high early enough in the season for the upper buds to make
shoots; cut these in, to one bud; lay the vine down in the foil and cover
it with earth; take it up and tie to the stake the next spring; as it starts
rub oft' all the shoots except two or three in the middle of the cane, and
four or five at the top; those left near the middle of the cane may be al-
lowed to bear a few bunches of fruit, but should be pinched back several
times during the summer, and in the fall cut entirely oft; let the shoots
at the top grow as they will during the summer; in the fall cut half of
them back to one bud. and lea\e the rest with from three to ten buds,
according to the strength of the vine. These last will the next year give
a fine crop of fruit without any summer pruning or other interference,
though for extra fine fruit they should ha\-e their shoots pinched back as
in other systems. Splendid canes will be produced from those cut back
to one bud for the next year's fruiting. In the fall cut back the canes
that have borne fruit, and properly shorten in the others; bend over and
cover, and so on from year to year. While the vines are young the stakes
should be set some distance from them, and the vines bent abruptly
towards them and tied. This will cause them to grow obliquely, so that
they will be less endangered by breaking when laying them dowji. We
get, in this system, some length of trunk, a tree-formed vine of great
beauty and weeping habit, with the fruit growing in the shade of the
leaves ; the leaves fully exposed to light ; a chance to plow both ways ; a
very simple and easy motle of training, and can have more vines to the
acre and have them do \vell than b}^ any other way. These vines even-
tually, if not too high, become strong enough to sustain themselves with-
out stakes, like the tree grapes of California.

Training on Ti'ces. — When all things were created, our native
grapes were given into marriage to the trees of our forests. To them
they were to cling for support and protection. Man, in his self-conceit,
thinks himself more wise than He who made him, and is trying to bring
about a regular Indiana divorce between these loving parties. I say an
Indiana divorce for the reason that the weaker and better halves' wishes
are not consulted in the matter at all. The oak can live without the vine,
but the vine, being dependent, languishes and grows feeble when de-
prived of its natural supporter and protector. I fear you will be disposed
to look upon this as merely idle theory. It is not so, and desen'cs more
interest than growers are likely to give it. Try the simple experiment of
growing a vine on a scanty trellis; allow one shoot to escape into a tree
congenial to it, and let it have its own sweet will. The result will create
astonisliment. Instead of a cane three to four feet long, with only a few
joints of ripened wood, as you will find on the trellis, the cane in the tree
will show you, perhaps, tiventy-five feet of thoroughly developed and
matured wood. The resulting crop of fruit will, accidents left out, show
a like preponderance in favor of the cane in the tree. One accident that
would destroy the result of the fruiting part of the experiment, would be
steady, windy weather during the period of blooming, by blowing awa}

48

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

all the pollen from the flowers before fertilization took place. Vines
growing in the forest are not liable to this accident, being surroinided by
trees to break the force of the air currents, and by other vines to supply
the missing pollen. All the trees of the forest are not alike congenial
to the vine as a support. Some it utterly refuses to accept as such.
Others absorb so much nutrition from the soil and air as to starve
the vine. Others root too near the surface, or on the same plane in which
the vine roots feed. Others cast too great a shade. All trees, I believe,
of slow growth and deep feeding roots, are adapted to arboreal viticulture.
I have observed splendid results on the wild gooseberry bush of our
woods. The white oak, mulberry, and the Morello cheny family appear
to be very^ congenial to the vine. But do not plant the black walnut for
this purpose, as one did who wished to tiy the experiment, and base your
conclusions on the result. This tree appears to be veiy pernicions to the
vine. A vine growing on a tree or bush will need pruning as well as
those grown in other forms; this can be readily done by means of a step-
ladder, leaving the portions cut hanging on the tree ; the tree may also be
pruned in to any extent desirable. In vineyard culture the trees should
be planted midway between the vines. For single specimens the vine
should be planted ten to fifteen feet from the tree and trained towards it.
This is^ no new system. Millions of vines are so grown in Italy and
Southern France, and have been for centuries, with the best of success.
If so well adapted to the old Vitis vmifera, that has had thousands of
years of stake and trellis education, how much better should it be adapted
to our more feral native species.

Grozving the vine from Seed. — This is so easily done, and vines can
be brought into fruit so quickly, that every one at all interested in viti-
culture should each year plant seeds of the vine. For only by constant
reproductions from seed can our native species be educated or domestic-
ated up to a point that w\\\ fit them for our artificial modes of vineyard
culture, and the exposures inherent thereto. The Catawba may be
named as an instance controverting this doctrine, it having been taken
from the woods, but who can say but that this gi^ape is the oflspring
from thousands of generations of cultivated vines, and is to-day the high-
est t\'pe of vine domestication to be found amongst our native species.
Looking down the vast vista of time passed through by this our oldest
continent mig-ht we not find a race of viticulturists learned in their art.^
Grape seeds may be treated the same as apple seed, and the seedlings grown
with less care. Take them up the first fall and bury the roots out of
reach of frost; plant them the next spring where you wish to fruit them,
and they will show their character in from two to five years. They need
have but little room for this test-fruiting. Rows four feet apart, and
the seedlings a foot apart in the row will be ample. A majority of the
seedlings raised by me have only male (staminate or barren) flowers, and
these are, as a rule, the most handsome, hardy, and strongest growers. Is
not here another hint for a lesson yet to be learned.^ All polygamous
flowering plants, like the grape, have many that are individually pistillate,
or partly so, and more or less barren from this cause. Po we not ijeed

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 49

staminate plants in our vineyards as well as in our hop-yards? Would
nature have produced so many staminate plants in this genus if they arc
HOt needful? Are seedlings grown from seed of imperfectly fertilized
flowers to be expected to have the same vitality as those from abundantly
fertilized ones? Qiiestions that can only be completely demonstrated by
practical experiments.

One very important point in the culture of the grape trained on trees
I omitted to state in its proper place, which is : I have noticed that they
are invariably freer from the depredations of leaf-destroying insects, and
so far as observed, free from mildew.

I have not had time to make a report on other small fruits, and would
suggest in lieu thereof, if the Society so wills it, that we devote a portion
of our time to a full discussion of them.

D. B. WIER.

DISCUSSION OF TOPICS IN MR. WIEr's REPORT.

Dr. Hull appealed to Dr. Warder on the point of the fertilization
of the flowers of grapes ; whether it were possible for the pollen to be so
entirely carried away by the wind as to prevent impregnation and cause
barrenness.

Dr. Warder replied that he had known Isabella vines growing upon
the top of trellises, or on trees, lose their pollen by the wind to such an
extent as to diminish their productiveness. Still there was but little
danger in this direction. He spoke highly of the Martha. With him,
and elsewhere in Ohio, it was one of the most profitable, productive, and
hardy ; was the only grape from which he realized profits tliis year.

Mr. WiER said that he had made many points, in his paper, radical
on purpose to invite discussion. He stated that he had observed that the
wind had sometimes forced the caps, or coverings, ofl' the stamens before
tlie pollen was sufficiently developed, or matured, to fertilize the pistils,
and therefore no fruit was formed.

Dr. Warder thought that training the vines on high trellises, or
allowing them to ramble among the tree-tops, will not give immunity
against the mildew. He thought no permanent success could follow the
cultivation of foreign grapes, such as Mr. Wier anticipates; but ditl
entertain high hopes of the production of improved varieties by hybrid-
izing these and our native American varieties.

Mr. Wier found, by correspondence with eminent vineyardists, that
the project of cultivating many foreign sorts was not abandoned.

Dr. Warder stated that some of the foreign grapes — (rolden Chas-
selas for instance — often succeed pretty well at first, bearing two or three
crops, after which they gradually disappear from the gardens. Mr. G.
W. Campbell, of Ohio, has some hybrids between native and foreign
grapes which prove valuable. Mr. Campbell has also discovered a
natural dependency or relation between the tendril and the fruit, so that
he can tell, from the tendril of a seedling which has not yet borne, what

50 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

is to be the character of the fruit. (Dr. Warder did not describe the
nature of these indications.) Another pomologist, he said, has shown
that the color of the fruit could be foretold by observations of the leaves.
As the leaves of the seedlings color on approaching maturity, so will the
fruit color at maturity. For instance : if the leaves of seedlings are
light and continue light colored, the color of the fruit will be light; but
if they turn dark at maturity, the color of the grapes will be dark. Dr.
W. also said that he did not think that strictly staminate plants are need-
ful, in a vineyard, to secure continued fertilization.

Mr. WiER took issue with Dr. W. on this point ; said, we can I'aise
hops for a few years without staminate plants, then they fail.

Pistillate flowering grapes exhaust themselves, in their efforts to per-
fect their fruit without ample fertilization ; and, after a few years, need
staminate plants among them to secure continued vigor and productiveness.

Dr. Hull differed with the writer as to the cause of cracking in the
Concord, attributing it to the rapid swelling of the fruit from the influ-
ence of heat and moisture. The Concord cracked, with him, after rains,
and this could not be owing to drouth as stated by Mr. Wier.

Mr. Wier thought that the skins of the grapes became so hard, from
drouth, that when rain did fall, they gave way.

Mr. Galusha said his observations of the cracking of the Concord
coincided with those of Dr. Hull. The cracking of the grapes, in his
neighbor's vineyard (where they cracked very badly), mainly occurred
soon after they became colored, before they were ripe, and during warm,
showery weather. The cracking gradually diminished as the grapes
matured, although similar weather prevailed.

Dr. Hull was sorry Mr. W. did not tell us the conditions of success
with the Catawba. The Ives colors early, but he doubts if it ripens
earlier than the Concord. It keeps late. He also stated that at a recent
horticultural exhibition in Iowa he had tasted good wine from Norton's
Virginia, grown farther North than Mr. Wier's place. It was there ,
regarded as a valuable variety.

Mr. Wier stated that the Norton's Virginia is not as valuable with
him as the Catawba. That the Clinton is a better grape to be grown
North than Norton's.

Dr. Hull said that his observations of the Aletha did not accord
with Mr. Wier's. He stated, that although the flavor of the fruit was
nearly or quite identical, the stem of the bunch was much longer than
that of the Hartford, and the fruit ripened earlier. He thinks it can be
grown a hundred miles farther north than the Hartford.

Mr. Baldwin has known the Aletha a long time. Its quality is
about the same as the Hartford, but it is about two weeks earlier in
ripening.

Mr. Hathaway was also familiar with the Aletha (living in the
same town where it is growing). His opinion coincides with that of
Judge Baldwin.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 51

Mr. Porter also corroborated the statements of the last two speakers,
addinj]^ that he had examined the two varieties, side by side, in Mr.
Rugg's vineyard, in Ottawa. " The Alctha is eight or ten days earlier
than the Hartford, and never drops its fruit, as does the Hartford." The
vine of the Aletha is uniformly healthy and productive.

Mr. WiER said that the Hartford is variable in its time of ripening, and
this may account for the differences noticed by the previous speakers.
He explained one of the characteristics of the Hartford to be that the
lobes of the leaves on either side the stem grow downward and approach
each other, nearly, or quite, meeting at the stem. He noticed the same
peculiarity in the Aletha as soon as he saw it. He had found Hartfords
rijiening as early as the Aletha. He believes them all to be Hartfords.

Mr. Hathaway affirmed that the leaves of the Aletha were more
like those of the Concord than of the Hartford.

Mr. DuxLAP said that from the evidence given of its earlier ripening,
he was convinced that it was a distinct variety.*

Air. Starr protested against recommending the Clinton, either for
wine or fruit.

Mr. Wier said that the Committee had tasted, during the year, a
very large number of samples of wine, made from many varieties of
grapes, but that they agreed in pronouncing a sample, made by E. San-
ford, of Morris, from the pure juice of the Clinton, the best of all.
This wine was several years old. He also said that on clay soil his Con-
cords had cracked, but on sandy soil they had escaped.

Mr. Doi'GLASs responded to a request, from the President, for his
paper on Evergi-eens, reading as follows:

EVERGREENS FOR THE PRAIRIES.

I received a letter from our worthy Secretary, in which he says:
" You are earnestly requested to furnish a paper (and read the same) at
our next annual meeting, on ' Evergreens for the Prairies.' We want
from you a list of a few of the most desirable and reliable varieties for
artificial planting, for producing those modifying inffuences upon the
atmosphere which our climate requires to render fruit raising pleasant
and profitable. No one is engaged as yet to say a word about ever-
greens, and wc must 'keep this subject before the people,' for I firmly
believe that the horticultural salvation of our State depends upon plant-
ing other trees than fruit trees merely."

Well knowing the importance of this subject and the earnest manner
in which the request was made, I could not decline, and only regret my
inability to condense so much matter of such vital importance into a
short essay.

We will begin with a few of the most desirable and reliable varieties

♦NoTK. — As the vines of the "Aletha" — so called — are not far from me (25 miles), I will
endeavor to examine both vine and fruit at different times dunng yiis ypar, Hud prove or disprove
its identity with the Hartford.— 5«:r;/<jrj'.

52 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

for our purpose : Norway Spruce, Scotch, White, and Austrian Pines,
Balsam Fir, and Arbor-vitre. Here are six varieties, every one of
which may be safely planted on the bleakest knoll that can be found
on any prairie in our State. There are many other varieties equally
hardy with the above, but these six are, all things considered, the best
for a commencement. Combining hardiness, rapidity of growth, variety
of form and foliage, they are adapted to all soils not absolutely wet or
swampy, transplant well, and can be bought cheaper than any other
kinds in cultivation. Some persons may say that the six varieties above
named are not all hardy ; that their arbor-vittes were injured last win-
ter. Now let us see about that.

We had an unprecedented hard frost about October 17th, last year,
and after a very wet summer it found many kinds of trees, usually very
hardy, with their summer growth unripe. It matters not how hardy the
kind, a severe frost will kill the succulent, unripe growth of any tree.
All the arbor-vitcES and junipers grow late in the season, and those
that had not hardened up their growth at that time were injured more
or less. No one wnll contend that the Norway spruce is not hardy;
yet only a few years since we had a frost on the 5th of June, and the
Norway spruces lost three to six inches of their leaders, or all the new
growth, while the arbor-vitiES were not injured in the least. This
only proves that the Norway spruce makes several inches of new growth,
in spring, before the arbor-vitae commences growing; as the other proves
that the Norway spruce hardens up its summer growth before the arbor- vitae.

It will be remembered that the 5th of June frost killed the new
growth on all the hardy forest trees, and that the 17th of October frost
killed millions of Osage plants, and injured every kind of deciduous tree
that had not finished its summer growth.

Having satisfied ourselves that these six varieties are hardy, beautiful,
easily transplanted, grow rapidly, and the lowest in price, let us plant
them and see whether they produce those modifying influences referred
to by our Secretary.

Many of you planted largely of evergreens twelve to twenty years
ago. You looked carefully over the catalogues, and found very many
desirable kinds ; and wanting to test all the best varieties, you planted of
them all. The next spring you found very many winterkilled, and others
injured; and finally at the end of two or three years, at most, after plant-
ing, you found them nearly all gone, except the six varieties already
mentioned. You were discouraged, and your neighbor, who had not
planted evergreens, considered yours a failure, but year after year came
and went and your evergreens increased in size and beauty; you studied
their habits, and learned that many kinds that would not stand with you
the first winter could be grown successfully, if sheltered by the hardier
kinds, and many of you have since planted the tender kinds that failed
with you at first, and now find them succeeding admirably in the shelter
produced by the hardier kinds.

Only a very few years since the " good old doctor," Kennicott, told
this Society that there was " not a hemlock-spruce in a Western nursery,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 53

five feet hij^h, but had cost the nurseryman fi\e dollars to grow it," and
no one gainsaycd it. We now find that if it is planted so as to be
sheltered from prevailing winds, it grows finely.

No ^vondcr a casual obsci-\cr would be discouraged and say, "If the
hemlock, that will grow north of the limits of civilization will w^inter-kill
on our prairies, nature surely never intended them as a place on which
to grow evergreens."

But the true admirer of this one of oiu" most beautiful native ever-
greens would not give it up without first going to see nature and learn
her mode of treatment, and was well rewarded for his trouble, for he
there found out the whole secret.

Nature, knowing that the young hemlocks could not bear the parching
winds, had \aried from her general rule, and left the dead leaves on the
young beech trees to protect them ; and she seems to take pains to always
sow the hemlock seeds among the beeches. We see by such cases as
this that the man who first used "nurse trees" in his "pinetum" to pro-
tect the tender kinds while young, was not entitled to a patent; nature
had practiced it before him, and it will continue to be practiced on your
beautiful prairies, till these six " desirable and reliable varieties " have
increased to sixty.

It is practiced already more extcnsi\ely than some of you are aware
of. Go to Arthur Bryant's, at Princeton, and see the kinds called tender,
and the azaleas, the kalmias, the box, the holly ; see his catalpas, large as
forest ti'ees — one on his lawn two feet in diameter, and loaded with
flowers last June — all sheltered by these "nurse ti-ees." Go to Lamoille.
Samuel Etlwards will show you more. He reports evergreens hardy
with him, in the shelter of his larger trees, that have been pronounced
tender at Philadelphia; and there are numbers of evergreens and other
plants at both these places, and several others in diflerent counties in our
State, that can not be grown two hundred miles further south without the
protection of larger evergreens, and many kinds that we tested several
years ago, and could not carrv through an ordinary winter, are now
grown successfully by simply planting them on the sheltered side of the
hardier sorts; and it well repays the planter, for it is a beautiful sight to
see a feathery spruce, or towering pine, battling against the blast, and
extending and waving its broad arms, as if intent on protecting the ten-
der yew, or drooping cypress. We can not expect to be very successful
with our fruit trees, while we are subject to drouths and tornadoes, and
we shall be subject to them till we have the right proportion of timber as
compared with culli\ated land.

If seventeen per cent, is the lowest estimate for France, and twenty-
three for Germany to give the best results for fruit growing and farming,
how is it with us in Illinois ? They have more protection, aside from
timber, than we have — a hilly country, more or less, and to some extent
bounded by the ocean, while we have a country comparatively level.
Our prevailing winds pass over a parched desert, and we are far from the
ocean, or any large body of water, except on the east, and have very
little east wind in the growing season.

54 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

During the French Revokition, when the government forests were
destroyed, perennial springs were dried up, and the fertihty of the soil
very much impaired; so much so that they were obliged to replant the
forests, when springs that had been dry for many years burst out afresh.

No close observer will fail to detect the effect produced on his fruit
trees by the west wind, when not protected by belts, buildings, or hills.
They not only lean to the east, but the growth is most thrifty on the east
side of the tree, the fruit surer to mature on that side, and fairer when
matured.

The Proper Time to Plant Evergreens. — Judging from the
many articles we see in horticultural papers, there is a great di\ersity of
opinion about the proper time in the season to transplant evergi-eens.
The best time to transplant evergreens is the best time to transplant
deciduous trees, viz : as early in the spring as the ground can be got in
good condition for planting. All extensive planters agree in this; but it
is not always convenient to plant them very early, especially with nursery-
men and farmers. Fortunately for persons so situated, evergreens can
be planted later than deciduous trees. Indeed, they may be planted with
perfect safety, under favorable circumstances, any month in the year
when the ground is not frozen, only excepting the few weeks in which
they are making their annual growth; and that time is from the middle
of May till the last of June. (We are speaking of the spruces, pines,
and firs; junipers and arbor-vitaes, grow later.) They can also be
planted late in May and in June, if they have been dug before new
gi'owth commences; and even with a few inches of new growth, if
moved in a moist day, not only small, but large evergreens may be
planted and live. But late planting is not to be recommended, though
the trees should all grow, for we often see nice symmeti'ical evergreens
all live and hold their foliage well through the first season; but the next
spring they are found to be shedding the leaves on their lower branches,
and though they yet live, their beauty has departed.

Let us see why it is that these trees stood the first season so bravely,
and are in such poor condition now. We say evergreens make their
growth in June. Look at your trees in July; you will see the terminal
bud formed. What is your evergreen doing for the next three months.''
It is " taking in supplies" for another season, and it needs all the time it
has got to perfect its sap, harden up its new growth, encase its buds in
resin to protect them in winter and nourish them in spring.

Your favorite balsam fir, that has to do a little more work in that line
than the pines and spruces, did not get quite ready last year, consequently
when the October freeze came it lost its leader and all the upper, thrifty,
unripe branches, while the lower ones, that had made little growth,
and had therefore time to ripen, were not injured in the least.

Your tree, planted at the time, or after the new growth has com-
menced, if the weather is ordinarily moist for a few weeks after planting,
will make nearly as much growth as if it it had not been transplanted;
but it is rarely able to prepare itself for a vigorous growth the next
season ; while a tree in every respect similar, if planted early, may look

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 55

din^- and bad through the chilly weather after planting, be later in
pushing, and even make less growth the first season ; but examine them
in autumn, and you will sec that the early-planted tree has its bud better
formed, and is much stronger rooted than the late-planted tree.

I would not have it understood that the six varieties named are all
that are hardy on the prairies without protection. Having been requested
to name a few of the most desirable and reliable varieties, I chose these
as combining the most good qualities, aside from hardiness, and will now
name, from memory, many others equally hardy, viz : Red pine, pitch
pine, yellow pine, Cambrian pine, black spruce, white spruce, red cedar,
Siberian and several varieties of American ai-bor-vitie, several dwarf
pines, at least four or five medium sized pines — such as Banksia and
Inops, many junipers perfectly hardy, several firs, among which are
Pichta and Fraser's.

It would be hard to name, from memory, half of the very beautiful
varieties that can be grown on grounds already sheltered by the common
varieties, and we are adding to the number every year. I examined two new
exergreens from the Rocky Mountains last week on the grounds of A. R.
Whitney, Franklin Grove, Lee County: a white spruce (probably Engle-
mannia), very beautiful, and coated over with a silvery tinge resembling
hoar frost; the other, a fir, also ver\' beautiful, and quite distinct from
any otlier fir cultivated in the West. They ha\'e the appearance of being
perfectly hardy, not having lost even a terminal bud in the live or six
years they have stood on his grounds.

Mr. Snkdecker. — Evergreens can be planted successfully in the
winter with ball of earth.

Mr. DouGi>ASS. — Mr. Snedecker lives three hundred miles south from
me. This makes it safer there. Evergreens can be transplanted at any
time after the terminal bud is formed, when the ground is not frozen,
though it is not as certain late in the fall. I once transplanted two hun-
dred thousand (200,000) Norway spruce, commencing on the 2!^th of July.
The ground being quite dry, we sprinkled thoroughly at planting; then
cut branches from trees, and stuck down among them, so as to partially
shade them. After working in this way four days, we took the branches
used on the first day and used them for the fifth day, and so on, ^leaving
the plants shaded about four days. The planting was finished September
14th, Those planted last did not succeed as well as those planted earlier.
The plantation, as a whole, was a satisfactory success.

I prefer to take oft' all the dirt from the roots, keeping them damp,
while moving. For trees of considerable size, the bottom of the hole
should be crowning, so that the fibres will have their extremities the
lowest when in position.

The soil should he packed firnily about the roots. There is little
danger of packing moderately damp earth too closely. If the soil is dry,
throw in plenty of water after covering the roots with eartli, giving it
time to settle away before completing the filling. It is better to plant
large ti'ees in this way than to move them in winter with a frozen ball.

56 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Mr. Ellsworth. — Would Mr. Douglass recommend taking up
evergreens from three to four feet high, from nurseries and planting in
August ?

Air. Douglass. — I would not advise shipping, or moving consider-
able distances at this time ; but they may safely be moved short distances.
When planting such trees at this time, I would fill the holes nearly full
of water, so as to have all the earth about the roots saturated, and settle
the dirt into all the crevices among the roots. The best time to trans-
plant evergreens coincides with the best time to plant deciduous trees,
which is early in spring. Then, I say, -plant^ if possible, early in spring,
though the trees will live, if planted later.

Mr. Periam, being absent, sent the following remarks to the Secre-
retary :

"One of the most pressing needs of the West is trees for wind-breaks
and timber, and yet our forests are being decimated from year to year
without proper means being used to replace them. Enough has already
been done, however, by individuals in difterent portions of the West to
■prove that timber may be grown with a profit to the cultivator, over and
above its value as shelter to crops and stock. This fact alone should
ofler sufficient inducement to every prairie farmer to undertake its culture,
so far, at least, as will inclose his farm, or principal fields. Among ever-
greens, the Norway spruce, white pine, arbor- vi tie, and red cedar, are
the best for this purpose. The^ ground should be prepared in the fall.
A strip about four rods wide should be plowed as deeply as possible, to
let it have the action of the winter frosts. As soon in the spring as the
soil is light and friable, it should be harrowed thoroughly; and if lumpy,
the lumps should be crushed. Do not plant large trees."

At five o'clock, the Society took a recess until seven.

TUESDAY EVENING.

The Society re-assembled at seven o'clock, and was called to order by
President Flagg.

The regular order of business for the evening was announced, and
Dr. J. A. Warder, of Ohio, was called upon for his promised essay,
which he read as follows :

VARIATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS IN FRUIT.

To the Illinois Horticultural Society:

Fellow Workers : — You have asked me to contribute my small
share toward the feast you have promised the horticulturists who attend
your winter meeting.

My friends, those of you who have been in a habit of being present
at these gatherings must have already become aware that since his first
visit to your prairies — twenty years ago — your friend from Ohio has been
coming among you, whenever he could do so, for the avowed purpose

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 57

oi gainirig information from you. This you have kindly allowed him

to do.

As a slight return for your many favors, he can not be so churlish as
to refuse the contribution of his mite to your treasury of knowledge.

When we look around us upon the beautiful panorama of natural
objects, everywhere spread over the surface of the globe, we can not fail
to be struck with the wonderful variety of objects that present themselves
on every side. Among these, we, horticulturists, will very noturally
observe and study the various plants that spring from the soil beneath
our feet. These we find to be infinite in numbers, and of wonderful
variety in form and coloring, as well as in size and habits. Some appear to
be adapted to almost every kind of soil and climate, except to the regions of
perpetual congelation. Even the arctic snows have their pervading
whiteness enlivened by the warm and lovely tints of the proto-coccus^
one of the simplest forms of vegetable tissue, which, though consisting
of a single cell, compensates for its primitive organism by the immense
numbers which are associated together.

Some plants are found only in the waters of ponds, or lakes, or
rivers; others find a congenial home in the briny deep itself Some, on
the contrary, cling to the dead bark of trees, or to the barren surface of
the granite and oSier rocks, where the mosses and lichens find a foothold,
while they are sustained by the atmosphere. These are low orders of
plant life, to be sure, but plants they are, nevertheless, and they are des-
tined to play an important role in the economy of the universe, while, in
the tropics, the damp and heated atmosphere of the forests sustains
innumerable varieties of the most curious air-plants, many of which are
famous for their large, richly-colored, wonderfully-shaped, and curiously-
contrived flowers of rare beauty. Some vegetable forms feed exclusively
upon living vegetable tissues. We find plants, chiefly upon the earth,
supported by the soil, which, in the course of ages, has accumulated upon
the surface of the globe, either by the residuum from the solution and
removal of other portions of the subjacent rocks, or by the grinding force
of ice and water reducing them to mud, and by the transportation of
currents; in all cases, it is more or less affected, too, in its constitution
by the decay of vegetable and animal matters, fitting it especially for the
highest development of the numerous plants with which it is almost
universally clothed.

Thus we find three of the great elements of the ancient philosophers
are capable of sustaining vegetable life; the air and the water, as well
as the earth, teem with plants. Among them all, we must be struck,
even upon a casual examination, with the wonderful display of creative
genius which they furnish, with the exquisite beauty which many of
them present, with the remarkable order of their gradations — making a
perfect classification possible, witli their adaptation to the circums'ances
by which they are surrounded, and hence, with the manifest design or
purpose for which they were created.

It is, however, with those plants that are nourished in the soil, that
we, as horticulturists, are particularly interested ; and among these we
6

58

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

shall, indeed, find a wide and a rich field for investigation, if we look
into their history, study their inner life, look to the manner in which
they are distributed, and learn how they are afiected by the varying
conditions with which they are sun'ounded.

In nature we find tiiat plants are singularly distributed. Here, in the
prairie region, the grasses, low, herbaceous plants prevail; beside the
streams alone do we find the taller timber-producing families of plants,
and these are here almost exclusively deciduous, while in other regions
the whole surface of the country was naturally clothed with forests of
majestic trees, and of these some have deciduous leaves, while others are
evergreens. Look where we may, we shall, indeed, be struck with the
richness of the variety of these interesting objects of our care and study,
which can not fail to force the observer reverentially to acknowledge the
existence of an All-wise Creator.

If we take a more limited sun'ey of the plants under our immediate
care or observation, however, we shall find variety also in this more
contracted sphere; and it is particularly to the variations found in some
of our cultivated plants, that your attention is invited this evening,
when, by the request of your Executive Committee, I shall endeavor to
discuss a few of the points connected with the ii/iprovemetzt of our fruits
by human selectio?z, from among the curious variations that are observed
in some of them.

First, then, let us ask what are these variations? in what do they
consist.'' and afterward it may be well to inquire into their cause, or
causes. We may ask under what circumstances tliey most frequently
occur, and thus endeavor to learn how we may produce desirable changes,
and how we can avoid those modifications which are undesirable, or
even pernicious.

Variations consist in any divergence from M'hat has been assumed
to be the normal type of the species. These may be manifested in the
habit of the plant, or in the mode of its growth — in the shape and other
characters of its foliage, as in the Ring-willow — in the style of its
inflorescence, as in the varying form and coloration, or in the modifica-
tion and multiplication of the parts, as in double flowers — in the color,
shape, form, and flavor of the fruit and seeds, as is fully exemplified in
our orchards.

Thus it will be observed that variations consist in modifications of
the non-essential characters, and that they must ever be confined within
very narrow limits. If these were transcended, we should have a new
species, whereas, in varieties, how dissimilar soever they may appear, the
true specific characters always remain, though there be hybrids, which
may come under our notice as variations, that will present some of the
characters of two species.

For convenience of classification, plants with similar variations from
the specific type are arranged in groups as sub-species, races, families,
strains, and breeds, borrowing terms familiar to tlic breeders of cattle.

The definition of the w^ord species has always been difficult, and it
is yet a nice matter to say exactly what constitutes a sj^ecies. The broad

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 59

distinction of non-production,\vhen crossed, or of the progeny being infertile
mules, is very clear and distinct evidence, but it is too broad, and it is
found that some true hybrids are not infertile, but that they may continue
their race by seed ; and, on the other hand, some races or strains are
equally infertile; nay, many are absolutely barren when let alone, and it
is necessary to biing the pollen from another flower, or even from another
plant, to secure impregnation of the germ. The principal characteristic
of species is the power to reproduce beings like themseh'es that are also
productive. A species may be modified by external circumstances, and
thus give rise to races, or varieties, but it never abandons its own proper
character to assume another.

In his great work on the "Variation of Plants and Animals
UNDER Domestication," Mr. Charles Darwin has brought together a
vast aiTay of most interesting facts upon this subject. Air. Asa Gray,
our distinguished botanist, and the American editor of the A\'ork, con-
siders it " a perfect treasury of facts relative to domestic animals, and
some of the more important cultivated plants; of the principles which
govern the production, improvement, and preservation of breeds and
races, and of the laws of inheritance, upon which all origination of
improved varieties depends." It is not necessary for us to adopt, nor
even to discuss, upon this occasion, the theories of Mr. Darwin, who
" regards the present species of plants and animals as older and stronger-
marked varieties, originated under natural selection of the sorts best
adapted to the circumstances and conditions of each place and time,"
but, ^\■hilc manv of the great students of nature seem disposed to adopt
the Darwinian theoiy, as it is called, of progressive improvement, or
development, there are others who differ from him; and the learned Duke
of Argyll, in his philosophic treatise entitled, " The Reign of Law"
clearlv shows up some of the weak points of Mr. Darwin, and demon-
strates that "natural selection," while it may have exerted a certain
influence in maintaining and transmitting peculiarities, could never have
originated them. He also shows that selection could never have created
any thing. Still he admits that while " natural selection does not in the
least answer the conditions which we seek in a law to account for the
origin or the spread of such creatures as the various humming-birds, on
the other hand, if I am asked whether I believe that every separate
species has been a separate creation — not born, but separately made — I
must answer, that I do not believe it. * * * The facts suggest to
the mind the idea of the working of some creative law, almost as cer-
tainly as they convince us that \ve know nothing of its nature, or of
the conditions under which it does its glorious work." (pp. 235, 236.)

The field of investigation presented by plants has been very thor-
oughly Avorked over by some most industrious and persevering investi-
gators. Especial attention has been given to crossing plants. Mr.
Sageret examined the melon tribes, Cticurbitacece^ and other fruits. His
results are confirmed by the testimony of Chevreal. In England, Mr.
Andrew Knight crossed apples, wheat, and peas, among others, and he
believed that his seedlings exhibited increased vigor and luxuriance.

6o TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Mr. Wiegman studied the cabbage, and speaks " with astonishment of the
vigor and height of the mongrels, which excited the amazement of all
the gardeners." "Mr. Chaundry raised a great number of mongrels by
planting together six distinct varieties of cabbage," which proved more
hardy than other cultivated sorts. Mr. Maund crossed varieties of wheat,
and found that the progeny had greater vigor. Mr. Knight's crossed
wheats were the only kinds that escaped the disastrous blights of 1795
and 1796, when almost the whole crop of England Avas affected. Mr.
Clotzsch crossed diHerent pines, oaks, alders, and elms, using distinct
species, and having sowed seeds of the originals and those of the hybrids;
the latter, diough losing in "fertility, often gain in size and constitutional
vigor." "All experimenters — Kolreuter, Gartner, Herbert, Sageret,
Leecog, and Naudin — have been struck with the wonderful vigor, height,
size, tenacity of life, precocity, and hardiness of their hybrid productions.
* * * Some exceptions have been observed by Gartner and Herbert;
but the most striking of these are given by Max Wichura, who found
that hybrid willows were generally tender in constitution, dwarf, and
short-lived."

Causes of Variation. — There are many puzzling questions in the
study of Horticulture, some of which refuse to yield a solution to any
thing short of a magician's wand. Look at our extended lists of fruits;
examine the products, observe their varying shapes, colors, flavors, and
qualities, as we gather them from our orchards, from our vines, and from
our berry plantations, and who can say why the Almighty has framed
them so wonderfully, and made them so to difl^er from one another for
our use and enjoyment.''

It has been assumed that these variations are due to the changed
conditions of the plants of culture, which are often very different from
those which are natural to the plants. Many of our farm crops, especially
the grains, have been so long cultivated by man that their origin has been
lost sigiit of; hence we do not now know the original type with any
certainty. In these, it is easy to say that their tendency to vary is owing
to loftg' conti}iucd citltivatiofi.

We may safely infer that the peculiar conditions surrounding our
plants should have exerted an influence in modifying their forms and
characters; hence, some writers have referred variation to high culture^
on one hand, or to starvation and sterility of the soil, on the other.
Excess of food might tend to extraordinary development, while starvation
would naturally incline to leanness, or weakness and diminished vigor, in
plants as well as animals.

Climate has been supposed to exert a very great influence in modify-
ing the forms and characters of plants, and here we find that very narrow
limits are allowed to some plants, while a wider range is possible to
others. Each of our fruits seems to require a given amount of tem-
perature between its blossoming and its ripening. This period may,
however, be extended or curtailed for the same variety in different
climates, but still within quite narrow limits of extremes and of mean
temperature, and so we have ranges of latitude that are appropriate to

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 6l

different plants, beyond which they can not be grown successfully.

Dr. Falconer, of the botanic gardens at Calcutta, in referring to the
change of habit of the apple trees of India, where they become fastigiate,
attributed this result to the heat of the climate. May not the light of a
sub-tropical sky have exerted an influence upon these trees?

Crossing is well known to be a prolilic source of variation, and in
the hands of the florist this force has been made to produce the most
wonderful results, when aided by his selection ; so that we have single
flowers made double, self-colored made parti-colored. Entirely new
colors have been introduced, and the size, habit, and productiveness of
plants have been wholly changed from those first observed in a natural
condition. The gardeners have their secrets, as to different methods of
treatment, which they may not be always willing to communicate. Per-
haps it is not best that we should attempt to scrutinize too closely the
mysteries of the potting-shed ; but some of us are so selfish and so grasp-
ing for knowledge, that we do not like to see others, as selfish, who try
to retain the secrets of the craft, which we should rather claim as belong-
ing to the facts of science.

Pallas attributes all variations to the results of crossing. This mingling
of plants would very naturally be looked upon as a source of variation;
but if the members of a species be alike, how shall we cross different
kinds without transcending the limits of the species, and thus producing
hybrids, and these are more or less infertile.? But if the parents be alike,
whence comes the variation? That plants do cross in their natural con-
dition, as well as when under the conditions attendant upon civilization,
is a well-established fact. The pollen is constantly earned from one flower
to the pistils of another, and this is especially effected by insects; nay
they often carry it from one plant to another. There are some curiously
formed ffowers that never become impregnated by their own pollen, even
when artificially applied by man, and his efforts have enabled him to
obtain fertile hybrids between plants that are considered distinct species.

Mr. Salter, an eminent florist, who has been very successful in the
production of varieties, assures us that the great difficulty in producing
variations is to get the first break from the natural character. This once
effected, the variations in the successive crops of seedlings goes on. You
have witnessed this in the Petunia since Buist's "hybrids" were produced
in 1836, when we had only the white and the purple species, from which
have descended the greatly varying flowers of the present day.

On the contraiy, an observation made within your own State, by our
excellent friend, Douglass, does not confirm this in the case of seedlings
of tlie oak-leaved mountain-ash, nor from the weeping variety of the same
plant. From these trees he has saved the seeds, and grown seedlings in
immense numbers, but among them all he has never observed one that
had a heterophyllous leaf, nor a weeping habit. With slight exceptions,
they all possess the normal characters of the species.

Bud Variation. — This is a curious mode of change in the habit and
characters of plants that is a source of many of the variations in our
plants. When we study the intimate relations and correspondences

62 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

which exist between the bud and the seed, however, which I had the
pleasure of presenting before this Society upon a former occasion, it will
not be any more surprising that a variation should occur in the shoot
produced from a bud than in the developed plumule starting from a seed.
The rule is uniformity, in both cases. The breeder's axiom, that "like
will produce like," is the usual condition, and, fortunately, the common
result, so that every cutting, graft, bud, and layer, that we use in propa-
gation, or the tubers and seeds that we plant for our field and garden
crops, will produce plants similar to those from which they were taken,
and thus our varieties are continued indefinitely. But every now and
then there is an exception to this rule ; some bud will be found to have
within itself the power of producing a different result. This is not
unfrequently observed upon the plant or tree. The bud becomes a shoot
that may have a weeping, instead of an upright habit; it may be clothed
with abnormally shaped or with parti-colored leaves, and striped bark;
it may even yield us striped fruit, like the panache pears, or, as in the
apple, the smooth, and shining, striped surface of the Bcnoni, may be
covered with a coating of russet. The Neat Russet may have a broad,
clear stripe of deep red, or the Milam, its close congener, may be more
or less coated with russet, so as to puzzle the most astute pomologist to
say which is which. The Red Russet is supposed to be such a variation
or sport from the Baldwin, which it closely reseml^Ies in habit of tree
and in flavor of fruit. Some of the varieties of peaches have originated
in this way, and are said also to perpetuate their peculiarities by seed as
well as by bud. The nectarine and the peach are known to have
mutually varied in this manner, and the former is believed to be only a
bud-variation from the latter.

There is a very curious instance of bud-variation that occurs in the
weeping willow, in which the leaves are changed from their normal con-
dition to a twisted, or spiral form. This is known as the Ring willow,
and by some supposed to be a distinct species. That this is only a sport,
or bud-variation, is proved by finding the same ti'ee reverting, in whole
or in part, to the normal type of flat leaves.

Several of our favorite cultivated roses are also known to be simply
bud-variations. One of the most remarkable of these is the common
Old Red Moss, which not only has sported from the Provens, but which
occasionally reverts back to the original smooth form, without the moss,
sending up a shoot of this character, although it has long been propa-
gated by cuttings that came true, and though its seeds have produced
other varieties of mossy roses.

It is not at all uncommon to find marked differences in the form and
coloration of the foliage of some of our native forest trees that are bud-
variations, which, no doubt, are capable of being multiplied by budding
or grafting, and thus treated, they would appear to be distinct species, to
the casual observer.

Potatoes, of whatever form and color, may be safely planted with the
assurance that we shall harvest a crop of tubers of the same shape and
color; but this is not universally the case, for once in a great while we

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 63

shall find that both shape and color will vary, and these changed tubers
may continue to reproduce thenisclves. The same thhig has been
obserxcd in the propagation of the sweet potato — a red skinned variety
will now and then be found to yield tubers without the color, albi/ios, if
you choose, and these may continue to produce white tubers of the red
variety, perhaps not ditlering in other qualities.

Grafting. — Mr. Darwin attributes variation to the effect of grafting.
He quotes Cabani's assertion, that when " certain pears are grafted on ^
quince, their seeds yield more varieties than do the seeds of the same
variety when grafted on the wild pear." In the case of some of our
American plums that reproduce themselves from seed, Downing asserts,
that "when a graft is taken from one of these trees and placed upon
another stock, this grafted tree is found to lose its singular property of
producing the same variety by seed, and becomes like all other worked
trees." On the other hand, the Heath cling peach, and perhaps some
other very distinct varieties, though budded for many generations, retain,
in a wonderful degree, their power of producing seedlings that possess
similar characters.

As to variation for the sake of the improvement of the qualities of
our fruits, and it is in this direction that we value these eilects, let us see
whether many of the changes have not occurred in a condition almost
natural. How often we find the word wilding as part of the names of
fruits in English catalogues, as we do the similar word bczi in the French
lists of pears, and seedlings in our own reports, which are nearly
all accidental products of the hedge-rows and fields. Besides these, we
know bv their history, that many others in all the fruit catalogues have
had a similar origin, though their names do not indicate it. How few
of our choice fruits have been the result of human efforts, for their
improvement is quite as remarkable, as that, in a little more than half a
century, so many of superior character should have been found, which
are the result of spontaneous change or variation in the seedlings that
have been allowed to produce fruit, even though there be but a very
small proportion of the whole number planted. Indeed, we can not
feel any great encouragement to look for decided improveinents in our
seedling: fruits now that our standards of excellence have been raised to
their present status.

In Horticulture, and in our horticultural studies, as already stated,
we meet with many puzzles. We find many facts and conditions con-
nected with them, in which we may perceive tiie /^0IC, but can not guess
the -why sucli things may be. The very classification of our plants and
fruits is often obscure, and sometimes exceedingly unsatisfactory. Take
an example in the grape, and see how greatly our botanists differ as to
the number of species into whicli the genus may be divided. The wine
grape of Asia, Vitis vinifera., embraces varieties that are very distinct,
while, among the natives of our own country, we have quite a number
of species, according to some authorities, many of which appear to be as
closely related as some of the varieties of the foreign species. And
when we agree upon any of the botanical classifications, we still find

64

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the g^reatest difficulty in arrangingr our cultivated varieties under them.

With strawberries the same difficulty occurs in an attempt at classifi-
cation, if we except the very distinct species of Fragaria vcsca (?) and
JF". elatior.

In the apple there are not so many species, but innumerable varieties
are in cultivation, all of which are referred to Pyrus jnalus and pruni-
folia^ or to P. baccata, coronaria and rivularis : the latter, being American,
are not prone to variation, can hardly be said to ha^•e yielded us any
cultivated or improved fruits, although the Soulard crab be found in our
western catalogues. This last, however, is one of the rare instances of
variation of the species coronaria that is marked by improvement in
size. Though it is considered by some to be an accidental hybrid with
die P. niahis^ I can not so consider it; after having carefully examined
its growth, foliage, and fruit, it seems to be a veritable and full-blooded
coronaria.

After carefully examining all these possible causes to account for the
curious variations which we may observe among our plants, we feel
forced to admit our ignorance of the whole matter, and we are driven to
the unsatisfactory conclusion that they must arise from an inherent
faculty of the plants, which exists in them independently of any human
influence in changing the conditions by which they are surrounded,
whether as to soil, or climate, or other treatment and circumstances.

Certain it is that the close observer of nature will find these variations
in nature, where, at least, there would appear to be no possibility of
human interference. These freaks are of little or no consequence to us
in the plants and animals of the wild prairie and forest, hence they are
passed unseen and unnoted by most men, but in the domesticated plants
and animals immediately under our care and protection, such changes
are at once observed, and the changes are carefully noted, to ascertain
whether they may aflect our interests or fancies, and then they are either
encouraged or counteracted, by careful selection, that man may increase
and fix the new characters, or endeavor to obliterate them. This is
exactly what is done by our judicious breeders and cultivators; and in
this sense we may say that these variations are due to culture and selec-
tion.

It is a fact of no little interest to remark, that this tendency to vary
from the normal type is much more frequently observed in some families,
groups, and species, than in others; and thus, in seeking to pi'oduce any
especial results of an abnormal character, it will be well to select those
which may be found to be of the most impressive characters.

Therefore, in conclusion, it may be assumed, that with a view to the
improvement of our fruits, we may, in most cases, confidently expect
that among seedlings from cultivated plants, in which a series of varia-
tions has been already observed to exist, a certain proportion will continue
to give evidence of departing still further from the type ; whether this
be in the desired direction or otherwise, it may be difficult to predict.

Acting upon this principle, we should be induced to operate upon an
entirely difi'erent plan from that which was recommended by Van Mons,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 65

who advised beginning with the wilding, and from its seed producing
successive generations, in tlie hope of reaching improvement, or approach-
ing toward perfection. Tiie experiments made in this State many years
ago by Mr. Brayshaw did not yield encouraging results.

Reference has already been made to the Duke of Argyll, and his
admirable treatise upon '' 77/c Reign of LaivT Allow me, before taking
my seat, to present to you his conclusion to the chapter devoted to the
consideration of Law in Creation :

"It is the great mystery of our being, that we have powers impelling
us to ask such questions on the history of creation, when we have no
powers enabling us to solve them. Ideas and faint suggestions of reply
are ever passing across the outer limits of the Mind, as meteors pass
across the margin of the atmosphere, but we endeavor in vain to grasp
or understand them. The faculties of both reason and of imagination
fall back with a sense of impotence upon some favorite phrase, some
form of words built up out of tlie materials of analogy, and out of ibe
experience of a Mind, which, being finite, is not creative. VV'^e beat
against the bars in vain. The only real rest is in the confession of
ignorance, and the confession, too, that all ultimate physical truth is
beyond the reach of science. It is probable that even the nearest
methods of Creation, though far short of ultimate truths, lie behind a
veil too thick for us to penetrate. It is here surely, if it is anywhere in
the sphere of natural investigation, that the man of science may lay
down the weapons of his analysis, and say : ' I do not exercise myself
in great matters, or in things which are too high for me.'

"There is at least one conclusion which is certain, namely, this — that
no theory in respect to the means and method employed in the work of
creation — provided such theory takes in all the facts — can have the
slightest ctlect in removing that work from the relation in which it
stands to the attributes of will. All such theories are, and can only be
' simply questions of how the Creator has worked.' This is the confession
made in respect to Mr. Darwin's theory, by one of the most competent of its
supporters (Mr. Wallace). Creation by Law, Evolution by Law, Devel-
opment by Law, or, as including all those kindred ideas, the Reign of
Law, is nothing but the reign of Creative jForce^ directed by Creative
Knowledge^ worked under tbe control of Creative Power^ and in ful-
fillment of Creative Purpose." — Reigti of Law., Argyll.^ p. 272.

In conclusion, with my thanks for your patient attention, 1 can only
express my regrets, that, having undertaken the treatment of a subject, it
has been found so extensive that it has been impossible to do more than
enter upon the threshold.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. WiER — In the spring of 1862 I received cions of a Russet apple
from France. One of these cions I grafted mto a Willow twig apple
tree, planted the spring before. Tiie graft was forgotten, and left to
work out its own salvation. Being in the centre of the top, and not so

7 .

66

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

sti-ong a grower as the Willow, it had a severe struggle to reach the light.
The summer of iS68 it bore several apples, which brought it to my
notice again. These apples fell off before gathering time. The tree in
which the graft was put was surrounded with Willow twig trees. While
gathering the apples from the eight Willow twigs nearest and suiTounding
the one with the Russet graft in, we found on them russeted apples, and
also on the tree with the graft in it. The apples borne by the graft are
of the extreme russet order, dull orange in color. The Russet apples
borne on the Willow twig branches were completely russeted, without
any of the dull red color of the Willow, same color of the Russet proper,
but with the exact size and form of proper Willow twigs. We found no
russeted apples on any others of two hundred Willow twig growing
immediately around the one with Russet graft^ except the nine spoken of
above. The apples, that fall of 1868, were barreled with the rest, and no
attention given to them.

The fall of 1S69 the Russet graft bore a very heavy burthen of apples.
They were all on the ground at gathering time. We found more russeted
apples on the adjacent Willow twig trees than we did the fall before,
though there vv^ere none on the trees north and west; but to the south
and east, they were numerous, and reached in that direction three trees
farther than they did the season before! I now resolved to see how
far the Willow twig apples were changed in character by the influence of
the Russet; so I gathered about a peck of the russeted apples that grew
on Willow twig branches, and put them in a barrel with proper Willow
twigs. The Russet apples proper, from the graft, were fully ripe Novem-
ber 1st; the Willow twig, as is well known, is fully ripe May ist, usually.
On opening the barrel in which I put the russeted Willow twigs, about
the middle of January, I found them very ripe, while the Willow twigs
proper were as firm as when gathered ! Tlie character of the flesh and
the flavor of the russeted apples was, as near as I could judge, half way
between the Willow and the Russet.

Last season, 1870, the Russet did not fruit; but, Mr. President, if it
does another year, and the results are as I have stated they were hereto-
fore, I will make it my duty to exhibit the fruit to this Society. We
have in this instance positive proof o{ the fact, that apples will in some
instances be changed in character by the influence of another kind grow-
ing near them. My wny of explaining the phenomenon is this: This
particular russet has an abundance of pollen in its flowers possessed of
strong individuality; this particular pollen fertilized the pistils of the
Willow twig flowers, and the result was as I have stated. The above
facts can all be substantiated by numerous witnesses. The fact that
apples do sometimes, though very rarely, "mix" is of no practical
importance, but, as a scientific fact, it is of great importance, for the
reason that it has been repeatedly disputed by our learned horticulturists.
It is a rare thing to see what we usually call the fruit grown from her-
maphrodite flowers changed in character, even if fertilized by pollen
from another hermaphrodite flower of very different character die same
season. It is also rare, though less so, to see it in polygamous flowering

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 67

plants; but among dicecious and moncecious flowering plants such cases
are very faniiliiir.

Dr. Warder mentioned several instances in which the Rhode
Island Greening had become quite russeted when planted among Russet
trees, or grafted into them. Pryor's Red also sometimes becomes quite
russeted under similar circumstances, but reverts back to its original
color after a few generations of cultivation at a distance from any Russet
trees.

Air. WiER — I thought the pollen from the Russet blossoms had
fertilized the flowers of the Willow twigs, and thus produced the change.

Dr. Warder — The fruit is not changed by the fertilization of its
blossoms from another variety. This aflects only the seed, or embryo of
the next generation. The fruit from trees grown from seeds thus fer-
tilized will be changed, or diflerent from that of tlie parent tree.

Mr. McWhorter — Would cions cut from branches, whose fruit
sported as in the cases named by you (Dr. W.), produce similar fruit?

Dr. Warder — I would not look for a continuation of the
peculiarity.

Mr. McWhorter thought that often the effect upon the fruit was
owing to a change in the circulation. He once girdled alternate trees in
an orchard, to kill them. That season the fruit on the girdled trees was
larger and better than that upon the others. He thought that gi'afting
upon dissimilar stocks produced the same effects. Grafting upon such
sometimes changes the character of the fruit, without changing the tree.

Dr. Warder cited the cultivation of pears upon quince stocks, as
an illustration of this. The quality of some varieties is improved
thereby.

Mr. Wier knew a persimmon tree (pistillate), which was girdled,
and the fruit that year was three times as large as usual, and ripened
earlier.

Dr. Warder hoped that some attention would be given to
improving the persimmon. It is more inclined to vary in its fruit than
almost any other species, and by careful selections of seeds a really good
variety may be obtained. In the ti'ce spoken of by Mr. Wier, there may
have been some staminate flowers.

Mr. Bryant said that thirty-three years ago he brought some
persimmon seed from Meredosia, 111., and planted it at Princeton. He
transplanted the seedlings at three and four years old, and about one half
lived. Of these about half were barren, and the other half produced
fruit, that of each tree differing from all others. They varied in size,
form, quality, and time of ripening, there being about a month's dif-
ference in the maturing of the fruit. In some years, the later sorts do
not ripen. This year all ripened, without injury from frost. The earliest
ripening fruit is the best. It is often quite a good fruit, and is relished
by many persons. While it is said that the frost ripens this fruit, yet it
must attain a certain degree of maturity before the frost will ripen it.

68 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

A portion of the fruit ripens several weeks, sometimes, before the
remainder upon the same tree will mature. In answer to a question, he
said that this fruit did not grow spontaneously (or " native ") in the region
of Princeton.

Air. Essex said that he found the persimmon growing wild, forty-
four years ago, near Peoria.

Dr. Spalding had noticed a difference of two months in time of
ripening. The earliest were best; late ones were small and astringent.
He had ten or twelve trees giving quite an assortment of fruit. He
thinks these were all suckers from the same tree, but is not certain.

Prof. CoMSTOCK asked if suckers from a staminate tree would ever
produce fruit-bearing trees.''

Dr. Hull replied that they might, as this tree sported very much.

Mr. Bryant said that suckers from a bearing tree will bear fruit
in three or four years from the transplanting, while trees grown from
seeds of the same parent tree will not bear under about ten years; also
said that seedlings are more difficult to transplant than suckers. They
should be planted at one year from the seed.

Dr. Spalding, in answer to a question from Dr. Humphrey, said,
that suckers are safely transplanted by cutting their roots, or breaking
the connection with the parent tree the previous year.

Air. Bird, of Iowa, asked if the qualities of the fruit itself would
justify the planting and culture of the trees.

Air. Riley — The fruit sells well in St. Louis. The fact of the tree
evincing such a disposition to variation should stimulate fruit-growers
to experiment with it. I have known some varieties that were really
excellent.

Mr. Shepherd had found that suckers produced fruit of same
variety as the parent tree. He plucked fruit, from the same tree, from
August to November; had trouble to keep his fruit, as he found every
one was willing to partake of it.

Mr. Bryant — The persimmon tree does not sucker so badly as to
prove a serious objection to its cultivation.*

Mr. Stafford related a remarkable instance of variation or " sport-
ing" in fruit. He said that he planted a Rawles' Janet apple tree in
i86i. The first two years of its bearing it produced genuine Rawles'
Janet apples, but had since (or for the last two years), produced sweet
apples.

Mr. Galusha said that it was well known that there are two varie-
ties of Carolina June apples. He had also, during the last year, found
two distinct sorts of Snow apples (Fameuse), varying in their external ap-
pearance in the same way as the Carolina Junes do, viz : the one blush,
or wholly red, while the other is striped. The striped variety is a little

*NoTE.— This habit of sprouting- from the roots is hereditary to a certain extent, and is likely
to increase with each sifccessive generation of trees tlius propagated. — Sec,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 69

larger and has less acicHtv of flavor. The red one often often has a
tinge of red or pink in the ilcsh between the stem and core. The trees
are apparently identical. He knew nothing of the origin of this varia-
tion, for such it seemed to be, but thought the red sort to be a sub-variety
orisrinatinof from the seed of the other. Had never noticed the colorins:
in the flesh until this year. Saw the two varieties at Princeton and in
Felix, Grundy County.

Mr. Bryant bought trees in St. Louis in 1S39 ^^ ^^^ Minister
apple; brought them to Princeton; grafted from them and sold the
young trees as Minister, but when the trees began to bear, found that
they produced a sub-variety of Snow apples. He has two sorts, alike
in tree, but dissimilar somewhat in fruit, as has been stated.

Mr. McWhorter said that he knew there were two varieties prop-
agated and sold as Snow apples, as there were two of Carolina Junes,
yet he regarded them as distinct and originating from seed.

Mr. Woodward had also found this difference, and stated that the
striped variety was a little earlier in ripening than the blush or red sort.

Dr. Spalding said that a friend had called his attention to a very
common, yet a very sei-ious source of variation. He affirmed that all
sorts of grapes were sold by tree peddlers^ grown from Concord
ROOTS. These his friend had called " Tree Peddler's variations."

Adjourned until to-morrow morning.

WEDNESDAY MORNING.

The Society was called to order by the President. Meeting opened
with prayer by Rev. W. Beecher.

On motion of Dr. Hull, Air. J. E. Starr was requested by vote of the
Society to open a discussion upon the

terminology of the grape vine.

Dr. Hull had previously drawn upon the blackboard several illustra-
tions of all the portions of the vine, to be used as aids in this discussion.

Mr. Starr proceeded to set forth in a clear, distinct manner the names
appropriate for the diflTerent parts of the vine.

He said, that, having been appointed a committee by the Alton Hor-
ticultural Society to report on vineyards, he found that many of the
terms used by him, in his reports, were not understood.

In endeavoring to remedy this, he had consulted various authors, and
found that even they did not employ the same terms in describing
various parts of the vine. He had therefore prepared and presented a
nomenclature of the vine which had been adopted by that Society and
which he would now briefly explain. We have

1. The Root — that part growing under the ground.

2. The Stem — that part between the root and the first departure.

3. The Cane — wood of last season's growth — prepared for fruiting.

70 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

4. Shoots — wood of the current season's growth, growing from the
stem or spur.

5. Laterals — wood growing out from the canes, sometimes grown
from shoots.

6. Sub-laterals — wood growing from the laterals.

7. Spurs — wood cut back for the production of new wood.

8. Arms — Canes laid down for fruiting.

9. Permanent Arms — Canes trained along the trellis permanently,
for producing either fruit or wood.

10. Leaves.

11. Clusters.

12. Tendrils.

13. Joints — spaces between the buds.

Dr. Hull next used the diagrams to explain the Terminology of the
vine somewhat differently from Mr. Starr. His terms are as follows:

ist. A Young Cane — a shoot of the current year's growth.

2d. A Cane — the ripened wood of the young cane.

3d. Branch or Stem — the cane which produces fruit.

4th. Fruit Shoots — wood from the branches that produces the fruit.

5th. SuB-SHOOTS — wood (shoots) from the fruit shoots. Both new
canes and lateral canes may be called canes.

6th. Spurs — canes cut back for producing fruit or new wood.

7th. Dormant Buds — those which do not gi-ow till the second year.

In other particulars there was no essential difference between Dr.
Hull's and Mr. Starr's nomenclature.

Judge Brown offered the following resolution, moving its adoption,
viz:

Resolved, That a committee, to consist of Messrs. J. E. Starr, Dr. Warder, Dr.
Spalding, Dr. Hull, Pres. Flagg, Mr. Shepherd, and Prof. Burrill, shall determine and
settle the Terminology of the vine. Their report shall be placed in the hands of
the Secretary for publication, if possible in the forth-coming volume of our Trans-
actions, and the system agreed upon by them, shall have full authority, so far as
this Society is concerned.

Mr. Ellsworth moved to amend by striking out all after the word
" vine," and adding, " and shall report at this meeting." The amend-
ment of Mr. Ellsworth was agreed to, and the resolution, thus amended,
was adopted.

Reports of Vice Presidents being the regular order of business, the
President announced Mr. J. W. Fletcher, of Centralia, Vice President
of the Fifth District, who read his

REPORT OF THE FIFTH HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.

Mr. President and Members of the State Horticultural Society :

I am compelled to offer you a meager report from the Fifth District,
for the reason that I did not know the precise counties which composed

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 7 1

it, and expected, week after week, to receive a copy of the Transactions
of last year, which would give the desired information, until it was too
late to accomplish anything by correspondence. However, as a partial
report may be better than none, I hasten to give you the result of such
observations as I have made personally. As it is always in order, I will
first mention the

Weather. — This trite and interesting subject, old as it is, is always
new. The season has been a somewhat remarkable one.

We had an early and pleasant spring, though there was a sharp frost
on the 15 th of April, doing no serious damage, however. May was hot
and dry, until the last of the month, when there were plenty of showers.
Very hot weather in June and early July. On the I3tli of July a severe
storm of wind, rain, and hail swept over a section of country south and
west of Marion County, destroying the peach crop, and doing consider-
able injury in several orchards in tliat vicinity.

The fruit crop of 1870 was quite a satisfactory one, so far as quantity
is concerned, and generally of fair quality. Instead of being on the
northern line of the peach-growing district, as has been formerlv the
case, Marion and Jeftcrson counties formed the southern limit, the fruit
south and west of these counties having been destroyed by the hail storm
before mentioned, and the frost on the 17th of April. For sixty or
seventy miles north of Centralia the peach orchards have rarely borne
much fruit, but this year yielded a full crop, of excellent quality. All of
the small fruits were abundant, and prices remunerative.

Pears did not do as well, and apples were decidedly a short crop. The *
"strawberry train" on the Illinois Central railroad commenced running
on the 22d day of May, and ended the 9th of June. The "peach train"
commenced July 28th, and ended September i6th.

The total shipments from Centralia for the summer were:

Strawberries. 6,S6o bushels.

Raspberries 2,300 "

Blackberries 4)340 "

Peaches 138,028 boxes.

In addition to the above, there have been large shipments made of
grapes, pears, and apples.

" Hales Early in Disgrace. — As a rule, this peach suffered more
than any other variety from decay. Tlie reasons assigned for this are,
that having a smooth, thin skin, and being early, it is very attractive to the
curculio. Others think that such soil and culture as would ofive an
excess in growth of wood might induce rot, while wormy trees, or trees
on poor soil, would produce sound fruit. There was, however, one remark-
able exception. In the orchard of Mr. G. H. Pcrrine were about four
hundred and fifty trees five or six years old that were covered with
sound, highly colored fruit; every twig and branch seemed to be filled.
It was a sight that would gladden the eyes of any one, and of fruit-
growers, especially. There were 2,350 boxes of Hale's Early gathered
from this orchard.

Curculio. — Early preparations were made for a vigorous fight upon

72 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the "little Turks." Curculio catchers were run in many of the orchards,
and laro^e numbers were destroyed. In some old orchards that did not
bear much fruit last year, and especially those that have been cultivated,
but few were found. A few persons still contend that it does not pay to
run the curculio catcher, but the larger jDortion of cultivators esteem
it a necessity. These men, however, also recommend plowing orchards
in summer and late fall, as well as keeping hogs at work. In fact, a
war of extermination must be kept up, and every method adopted that
will help to dispose of the rascals.

Better Cultivation. — I am gratified in being able to report that
fruit-growers are adopting a more thorough system of cultivation.

The old idea of planting trees and leaving them to shift for themselves,
is pretty generally played out. It is becoming very generally imderstood
that eternal vigilance is the price of fair fruit no less than of liberty.

In conclusion, I will only add, that the present prospect for a full
crop of all varieties of fruit the coming year is favorable throughout the
southern portion of the Prairie State.

Respectfully submitted,

J. Warren Fletcher.

Dr. Hull — The report says, that in some instances the running of
the curculio catcher did not pay. I would ask Mr. Fletcher, if, in these
instances, the forms of the trees were not such as to render it difficult to
use it?

Mr. Fletcher — No ; but these parties cultivated their grounds, and
could not be made to see that they did not do as well as their neighbors.

Mr. H. J. Hyde read the following :

REPORT OF THE SIXTH HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.

Mr. President:

It being so late in the season before I could get a list of the counties
comprising the Sixth District, I shall not be able to present as thorough
a report as I had hoped to at this meeting, but having written to leading
horticulturists of each county, and as yet having received answers from
three only, besides my own (Madison), I shall ask leave to submit to the
Society for publication these several letters as a part of my report. Thei'e
seems no lack of enthusiasm in Horticulture thus far in our district,
although from the larger part of it, the last year's experience can be said
in a few words to be a failure, and in looking around for a cause, we
come to the conclusion that it was climatic; especially was it so in
Madison County and south of it. The fall of 1869 was particu-
larly favorable for trees, and they went into winter quarters with every
prospect of a bountiful crop in 1S70; and, indeed, up to the i6th of April
we had good cause to hope for the best results. No fruit raised in our
county gave any returns, except perhaps grapes, which were .about
half a crop. Of course there were some exceptions. In the summer
we had a severe drought that seems to me to be particularly favorable for

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 73

insects, and they were as abundant as the most sanguine could \vish for,
and too much so to be profitable. It is a serious question with the most
of us as to enlarging our fruit farms for profit. Are we not investing
against our own interests? If wc had no hope of a change it certainly
would look unprofitable; but every year confirms what has often been
said in our meetings, that to be successful we must labor ; and to those
who do not expect to make a business of fruit-growing, and calculate on
hard work and close attention, I would say there is no field so open to
failure as Horticulture, as many can attest who have tried it and failed ;
but to those who make it a business and take pleasure in their occupa-
tion, I still believe there is every reason to hope for a fair remuneration
for their labor and capital.

The cry of an overstocked market has not yet, in my experience, been
realized. The only fiiult I have to find is, I can not get enough fruit, and
now, as California has entered the arena as a producer, it might be interest-
ing to some to know how pears raised here compare in prices with theirs.
My experience for two years leads me to say that they do not interfere at
all, and I would be willing to furnish pears, at least some varieties, for what
their freight and expenses cost them. To be sure we understand as yet
they can produce them cheaper than we can, as the country' is new and
they have no insects; that they will have in the future, is reasonable to
suppose, for such has been the history of all fruit regions. Apples were
fiiir, but owing to the season they were at least two and three weeks ear-
lier than usual. Winter fruit is not keeping well. There are but few in
my county tliat grow many pears. Mine weie very good and a fair
crop ; prices first-rate. Blackberries a good crop and extra prices. No
currants nor gooseberries. Market gardening is attracting considerable
attention, and I think will prove remunerative. I believe we shall suc-
ceed, provided we do not confine ourselves to specialties, but make mixed
Horticulture a business and attend to it. The Alton Horticultural So-
ciety is in a flourishing condition, and there are others in our district
doing missionary work. I expect to submit the letters and reports of
local societies with a request that so much as is found of interest may be
published in our reports.

Respectfully submitted,

H. J. Hyde,

Vice-President 6th District.

The following are the letters referred to in Mr. Hyde's report, and
are appended as a part of the same :

Jerseyville, Jersey County, Dec. 5th, 1870.

H. J. Hyde: — Dear Frietid: — I am happy to comply with your request, as far
as my knowledge extends. First, Grapes. Mr, J. G. Schwartze has 5,000 vines,
and has made, this year, 720 gallons of wine, and made an outlay of $10,000 for
wine-making purposes. Mr. William P. Jarbo has 2,500 vines; has made 394
gallons of wine, and expended for wine-making fixtures, this year, $200. Mr. Cyrus
Walters has planted, this year, 2,000 vines, expending $600 for vines and fixtures.
Mr. F. Burtman has 2,000 vines, and has made 740 gallons wine this year.
Warren and Pogue have 3,000 vines. This is the first year of bearing with this vine-

8

74 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

yard. The fruit was sold in St. Louis. There are, perhaps, 30,000 vines in the
county, besides the above named.

There are five or six market orchards, containing from 3,000 to 8,000 trees
each, consisting of apple and peach. Apple and peach orchards are also to be
found on almost every farm, though they are generally small.

This county is under good cultivation, and nearly all divided into small farms
of 80 to 320 acres each. The fruit from the orchards upon these farms is considered
qiyte an important part of their products. Pears and the different sorts of berries
are cultivated only for home consumption.

The sales of nursery stock in the county have amounted to from $3,000 to $0,000
annually for the last few years. Nearly all the nursery trees sold here are produced
in the county.

The crop of fruit was not more than half an average crop this year.

Yours, etc.,

Isaac Snedeker.

WooDBURN, Macoupin County, Dec. 6th, 1870.

Friend Hyde : — I am too busy to stop to say much touching the Horticulture
of "Old Macoupin," just now, I will try, however, to give you a few items.

We have had a good crop of peaches and a fair crop of apples this year, and
many Chicagoans, who wanted the same, have visited us. Also, purchasers have
come from Indianapolis, St. Louis, and other towns and cities, attracted hither by
the reports of oiu- fine crop.

" Woodburn peaches" were quoted in the market, and A. A. Hilliard's cider
stands second to none.

Pears, cherries, and currants were a failure. Blackberries, a full crop.

The apple crop generally paid well, and where the hogs and sheep have been
free to run in the orchards, the fruit was quite fair and fine. We have heard less
complaints of damage from insects than last year. Our apples, however, ripen
earlier and decay sooner than usual.

On the whole, we feel that we have no sufficient cause for discouragement, as
the general crops are good. We look for our largest profits, however, from our
apple orchards. Many orchardists in the county sold their crops in the orchards at
sixty cents per bushel, including many of the wind-falls.

Perhaps I can no better show the generally growing interest in Horticulture
here than by stating the following facts :

Ten years since our County Agricultural Society offered premiums for fruits
and flowers, amounting io five dollars in all, and its officers thought they were doing
pretty well by these interests. In 1869 and 1870 the premiums for fruits and flowers
averaged eighty-four dollars each year; besides, about forty dollars were offered
each year for essays on Hedging, Orchards, and Home Adornment.

The reports of the State Horticultural Society show a larger average member-
ship from Macoupin County for the last three years than from anj^ other county in
the State. This fact shows that the people of Macoupin are being horticulturally
educated, and mean to take the front rank among the workers in our glorious
cause.

Very truly yours,

JONA. HUGGINS.

Letter from Washington County:

RicHviEw, Dec. 7th, 1870.

H. J. Hyde: — Dear Sir: — Yours of the 2d, asking for a short report of horti-
cultural matters, was duly received.

In compliance with your request, I have to say, that in this county our expe-
rience of the past season, and our prospects for the future, are not very flattering.
An untimely frost last spring almost entirely killed our peach and cherry crops, and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 75

badly damaged our pears and apples. Small fruits generally escaped, and of these
there was a fair yield, except of gooseberries. These mostly failed. A severe gale
in July blew off a large per cent, of the apples and pears tiiat escaped the frost of
spring.

The season has been very favorable for the growth of all sorts of vegetation.
Indeed, during the latter part of the season, altogether too favorable, as is feared,
for the good of the next fruit crop. Peach buds, especially, are unusually far
advanced, and large in size for the fall. Early cherries arc in a similar condition,
and, of course, are less able than usual to withstand a severe tempera^ire. Grapes
did very well, on the whole, last season, although the crops on the older vines
suffered somewhat from rot. Blight in pears has, perhaps, been worse with us than
before.

Insect enemies are as abundant as usual, and generally in proportion to the
abundance of the particular sort of fruit to which they are partial.

Truly yours,

G. WiLGUS.

A. M. Brown, Vice-President in the Seventh District, read the fol-
lowing:

REPORT OF THE SEVENTH HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.

Mr. President:

Your Vice-President for the Seventh District has to make a rather
unfavorable report of the fruit crop for the past season.

A very remarkable storm, beginning- on the 15th of April, and end-
ing on the 17th, destroyed all the peacii germs throughout the district,
with the exception of a few seedlings here and there. It also killed most
of the pears, all the plums, and many grapes and strawberries. As this
storm was an unusual one, an extract from my diary, noting its progress
and severity, may be interesting. I will preface this by saying that peach
trees were in full bloom as early as the 7th. At the beginning of the
storm, plums and most varieties of pears were in full bloom. Strawber-
ries had set part of their fruit, and the buds of grapes, generally, had
pushed a half inch or more.

April 15th. Cloudy, but pleasant in the morning; some rain during
the night. About 10 o'clock A. AI. it began to rain and turn cold; wind
from the north. Gradually grew colder and rained harder, and this con-
tinued until 9 o'clock P. M. when snow began to fall. At bedtime the
mercury stood at 35 degrees, having fallen during the day from about 60
degrees. Strong wind from the north. Feeling very uneasy about the
fruit.

April 16. Nearly four inches of snow on the ground and covering
the trees. Mercury at daylight at 33 degrees. After breakfast the clouds
seemed to be breaking away and the sun shone a little. Wind light,
from southeast. Soon clouded and began to rain. The mercury ran up
to 40 degrees toward noon, but soon began to fall again ; snow melting
rapidly. About 2 o'clock P. M, it began to snow again; wind south-
west. The snow soon turned to rain, which ceased about two hours
before dark; wind west. A little after dark the clouds partly gave way,
and the stars shone dimly, but at 9 o'clock the clouds thickened with a

76

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

stiff breeze from the west, and the mercury precisely at the freezing point.

April 17. It continued cloudy all night, with considerable wind from
the north. On getting up this morning, found it snowing briskly ; wind
north and the mercury at 28 degrees. The snow soon ceased, about an inch
having fallen. Towards noon the clouds broke away, and the mercury
went up to 44 degrees, falling about sundown to 42 degrees.

April 18. Clear, with sharp frost; the thermometer at 32 degrees.

The Seckel pears escaped almost without injur)', the blossoms not
being fully open. Some other varieties produced partial crops, among
them Belle Lucrative, Easter Beurre, Duchess d'Angouleme, and Bart-
lett. Apples were more or less injured. In Union County, as I am
informed, there was not more than one fourth of a crop, and there was
not half a crop except in a few orchards, anywhere in my district. For
some unexplained reason, my own apple orchard was but little injured
by the frost, and most varieties, especially the late ones, produced very
full crops. Although the young fruit and open blossoms were all killed,
the strawberry crop was sufficiently abundant for the market. Planta-
tions that had not been well cultivated the previous season produced poor
crops, a drouth in the fall having prevented the plants from attaining
their usual strength. Grapes, generally, made a pretty fair crop, notwith-
standing the destruction of most of the lirst buds. Raspben-ies and
blackberries were abundant.

The apple crop was considerably injured by the curculio, and, in some
localities by the codling worm. The winter apples have ripened earlier
than usual and many varieties rotted badly on the trees. Those most
affected in this way, so far as my observation extended, were American
Golden Russet, Northern Spy, and Jonathan. Smith's Cider rotted
some on trees growing near other varieties that were badly affected, but
were exempt in other localities. It is to be hoped that our State Horti-
culturist will tell us the cause of this apple rot, and, in order to bring him
out, I venture the opinion that the cause is the same as in peaches and
plums; namely, insect depredations..

The untimely October freeze of last year, which did so much damage
further north, reached us also, but with less severity. In some places
young trees were injured to some extent, and in some instances killed
entirely. In the experimental pear orchard of my friend, Mr. Earle,
where there are about one hundred varieties, many kinds suffered severely,
as he has informed me, and some were quite destroyed. Fortunately
those varieties that are relied upon for general cultivation escaped serious
injury.

The past season was a very pleasant one and exceedingly favorable for
all farm crops. The greatest heat observed by me was 96 degrees, and
that but once or twice for a little while in the afternoon. Rains were
plentiful everywhere in the district, and in some parts of it rather super-
abundant.

The President had kiiown that at Centralia, with the mercury
&t 33 degrees, they had a good peach crop, but at Moro (his residence),

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 77

with mercury at 33 degrees, they had no peaches. He attributed this to
difference in tlie stage of development of the fruit buds more than
temperature.

!Mr. Ellsworth saidthatit was unusual that the temperature was the
same at the same time in two places, the one 300 miles directly north of
the other. Bv referring to his memoranda of the temperature he found
that on the i^th of April last, the thermometer at his place (Naperville)
indicated 28 degrees at sunrise, 56 degi-ees at noon, at sunset 43 degrees,
and at 9 o'clock 34 degrees. On the morning of the 17th a slight snow,
with the mercury 30 degrees at sunrise; wind north; cloudy. At
noon, wind north, clear, and mercury at 48 degrees.

Mr. TiCE explained that these storms which sweep over the country
are colder in their centers than at or near their edges. In Kansas, on
April 1 6th, the thermometer was 18 degrees. At Springfield, Mo., 22
degrees; on the 17th, at St. Louis, 28 degrees; in northern Mississippi
three inches of snow, and mercury 24 degrees; in Georgia, in many
places, 26 to 28 degrees. That storm inflicted incalculable damage
throughout its entire course.

Mr. Browx — The severity of the storm was on the 17th in Southern
Illinois.

Prof. Turner had observed the operations of these cold storms for
many years. We arc always within a few miles of polar cold, and
whenever and wherever these cold currents, which are constantly pass-
ing over our heads, dip down upon us, we feel them in proportion to the
abruptness or suddenness of their descent. When these cold currents
from different directions meet, the one is forced down upon us; hence tlie
change in temperature depends upon the force of these opposing cur-
rents. Thus, in a cold storm, we notice at one point severe cold, then in
a line with the storm we meet milder weather, while still farther on we
may find it colder again. The cold " northers " of Texas are easily traced
to this source.

Dr. Spalding — On April 15th, peaches near St. Louis were in bloom.
There was some snow, with mercury 28 degrees.

Mr. Daggy, of Tuscola — On April 15th we had four inches of snow,
which melted on the i6th. The mercury did not go below 30 degi'ees.

President Flagg — Peaches were in bloom at Moro on the 14th of
April. On the r5th had sleet and snow, with the mercury at 34 degrees
at four P. M. April i6th, at seven P. M., the thermometer showed 32
degrees, and at nine P. M., 30 degrees. In the afternoon there fell two
inclics of snow. On the 17th the thermometer ranged 29 degi^ees to 30
degrees.

Dr. Hull said the mercury was 39 degrees to 30 degrees on April
17th at his place (near Alton). He had noticed several degrees dill'er-
ence between a thermometer hanging against a building and another at
the same time in the open air, removed from the building. He thinks
that there is often a sufficient radiation of beat from buildings to affect
the mercury.

78 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Mr. Galusha, from the Committe Ad-Interim^ read his report upon
the cultivation of the apple, as follows :

O. B. GALUSHA'S REPORT ^Z?-/iVr£i?//l/— APPLES.

To the President and AIe?nbers of the Illinois State Horticultural
Society :

In endeavoring to prosecute effectively the labor allotted to me by
you, and especially by the members of the Ad-Interim Committee, I
have traveled during the summer and fall sixteen hundred and eighty-five
(1,685) i^il^s expressly to visit orchards, vineyards, and nurseries,
examining not only the appearance of tree, shrub, vine, and fruit, but
also soils and sub-soils, and inquiring into the modes of culture and
training that had led to the various results. It would be the work of an
entire day to read the details of all the observations made and notes
taken at all points visited, and would certainly be a foolish expenditure
of the funds of the Society to publish them. I shall, therefore, in this
report, give only such facts gathered as I think will throw light upon
important points not fully understood or agreed upon among us; also
such as may may indicate some desirable change in orchard culture.

The portion of work allotted to me, in the "division of labor" agreed
upon by the Ad-Interim Committee, was to examine and report upon
Apple Orchards. I shall, therefoi-e, pass over all other fruits which were
incidentally examined, reserving the privilege of writing out hereafter,
for the next volume of " Transactions," such facts, if any, in the culture
of these as may have escaped the observation of other members of the
committee, or were noticed at points not visited by them.

Laying the Foundations for Longevity. — While it is a generally
admitted fact that orchards west of Lake Michigan will not be
healthy and productive under the same course of treatment or culture
that would be successful at the east, it is not as generally conceded,
if, indeed, it is scarcely thought of, that the peculiar treatment
necessary to produce hardiness, productiveness, and longevity in trees
here, should cofnmence in the nursery; yet my observations warrant me
in asserting, without a doubt, that this is generally true. As this paper
is in no sense to be a list of theories^ but rather a record of the results
of observations, I will pass over the commendable experiments of those
who are carefully saving all the seeds of the Siberian Crab apples at their
command, and planting them, in the hope thereby of procuring a more
hardy race of stocks upon which to graft the more desirable dessert and
market apples.

I can not, however, pass these gentlemen by without bidding them
"God-speed" in their hopeful enterprise, and expressing the hope, that
these initiatory steps will, in a decade of years, result in placing such fruits
as American Summer Pearmain, Jersey Sweet, Fall Pippin, Bullock's
Pippin, Mother, Esopus Spitzenburg, Swaar, and Newton Pippin upon
thousands of tables whose owners are now trying to satisfy their craving
for fruit with such varieties as Ben Davis, Pennock, Willow twig, and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 79

Stark, whose best recoininendations are that the trees are hardy and
productive, and that the fruit keeps well, and, like the razors in the story,
is "good to sell."

The theor}' quite prevalent fifteen or twenty years ago, that root-
grafted trees are less hardy and productive than those " top-grafted,"
seems to have quite generally yielded to the stubborn facts, which appear
in almost every old orchard in riie State, that variations in the health of
any variety are as often in favor of one as the other of these classes of
trees, and that the earlier productiveness of a variety by top-grafting is
generally transient, resulting, as is well known, from a less complete,
immediate union between stock and graft, and a consequent check or
interruption in the circulation of sap, such interruptions always inducing
the formation of fruit buds. Since, therefore, this earlier fruiting of
top-worked trees is ordinarily but temporary, and at the expense of
vigorous growth and development of the tree, no decided advantage can
be claimed for it.

The practice of growing trees closely together (often as near as six or
eight inches) in the nursery rows, and pruning them to single, naked
stems to the height of four or five feet, is sure to produce that class of
slender trees called "whip-stock trees," or "switches" — a class on which
the "dealers" in trees make the most money, as a five or six feet tree of
this kind weighs but a few ounces, and will pack in a small compass.
Such trees, when planted in the orchard, are easily swayed about by the
winds, not only because they ai"e slender and top-heavy, but because
they have less roots than those whose side branches have been allowed
to grow. The lateral shoots always give size and strength to the trunk,
and induce a corresponding growth of lateral roots, so necessary for
holding the tree firmly in an upright position, as well as to furnish food
for its growth.

These tall, slender trees, when planted in the orchard, soon become
permanentlv leaned toward the northeast. Thus the naked trunks are
exposed to the vertical rays of the sun at that time in the day when its
beams have the gi-eatest heating power. In a few years dead strips of
bark upon the southwest sides of these stems show that the work of
death is already begun. The borers and the bark lice are always ready
to aid in the work of destruction, and the trees are doomed to premature
fruitfulness, and premature decay.

I doubt not that I have seen this year in the orchards of the northern,
central, and western portions of the State a sufficient number of apple
trees to have cost Jifty thousand dollars that are now in this condition,
but which would have been healthy, if they had not been too closely
planted and improperly pruned, while in the nurseries. I have also seen,
in the northern part of the State, trees of the Jersey Sweet, one of our
most tender varieties, that were healthy and productive, having been
made so by proper care and training. Trees grown with " stocky" stems
and low heads have a foundation laid for a long life of usefulness, and
are well worth seeking out, and purchasing at almost any price. It is
doubtful who are most in fault, that the best of trees are not planted,

8o TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the nurserymen who propagate them, or the farmers who will only pay
a frice for their trees that precludes the possibility of giving them the
desired room in the nursery. I once heard a nurseryman say, " I have
tried this plan of producing stocky trees, and it came near being the
cause of my financial ruin, as they cost me twenty-five cents a piece, and
I had to sell them for a shilling."

The plan of allowing a portion of th« lateral shoots to grow as near
as from two to three feet from the ground, for the first ten or twelve
years, does not necessarily prevent the general and more full development
of tlie higher and more permanent branches, for if they have been kept
in check by shortening them in, from time to time, they may be then
removed altogether, for the thick bark of the trunk and larger limbs is a
sufficient protection to the alburnum from the effects of the heat of the
sun.

There are exceptions to most of rules in Horticulture, as well as
in other sciences and arts, and we do often find trees in the West that are
prepared by nature to resist influences that would seriously damage nine
tenths of their neighbors ; yet I repeat that the fact that apple trees
with tall trunks, and especially those that lean to the northeast, as nearly-
all such do, are not as healthy or long-lived as those whose trunks are
partially shaded by their branches, has been ftilly established by obsei-va-
tions in thousands of acres of orchards in all parts of the State. 1 found
one orchard this year, however, that seemed to contradict preceding
observations. This orchard (in Macoupin County) appeared as near
perfection in vigor and productiveness as any old orchard I have seen in
the West ; yet the ti'ees were trimmed up to four or five feet of trunk,
and the heads were moderately thinned out. I remarked to the owner,
who, by the way, had himself planted the trees about thirty-three years
ago, that his orchard appeared to show an exception to the general facts
that had come under my observation. On my explaining to him the
nature of these facts, he rejoined : " Why, bless you ; these were low-
head trees when I planted them, and I never put the knife or saw into
them until they had stood about twelve years, and from that time on I
trimmed up and thinned out." The explaiiation was, of course, satis-
factory. Some orchardists prevent the leaning of their trees to the
northeast by planting them with their tops inclined to the southwest,
securing them in this position by stakes and bands of straw. The tops
thus inclined shade the trunks somewhat, and the rays of the sun that
do strike them do so at such an oblique angle that their effect is not
damaging.

I have been thus definite in giving the causes and preventives of this
premature decay in so many thousands of our orchard trees, only because
of its extent^ and because the preventives are mainly at the command of
every tree-planter.

Insects. — ScA^eral species of the insect enemies of the apple have
been more numerous this year than heretofore. The codling-moth, tent-
caterpillar, and leaf-roller have been far more destructive than I have
ever known them to be.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 8 1

It is probably safe to estimate that four out of five of all the apples
in the iState that commenced growth in the spring were destroyed or
injured by tlie codling-moth before they reached maturity. From some
entire orchards, in the Alton district, that were full of fruit, not a bushel
of sound apples could be gathered. In the young and isolated orchards
of the more recently settled portions of the State the damage was least,
yet no locality was exempt, and no orchard visited showed more than
one half its fruit sound.

Measures have been adopted by a few persons to destroy the larvse
and pupre of these insects. Those who have tied rags or strips of cloth
around their trees just below the lower branches, or placed them in the
forks of these branches, have found plenty of enemies secreted in them,
as often as once in ten days, ready to be scalded to death. Those who
have allowed their hogs to run in their orchards for several consecutive
years from June to October have been rewarded with a larger proportion
of sound apples than their neighbors, who used no precautions. There
are others who diligently pick up the fallen fruit as often as once in two
days, and feed it, either cooked or raw, to their swine, and thus secure a
greater immunity from the ravages of this insect for the next year. If
this practice of using the loose cloth bands be accompanied by that of
picking up and destroying the fallen fruit, and these measures be followed
up by scalding the barrels^ early in the following spring, in which the
apples have been stored in the cellar, the increase in the value of the
succeeding crop will more than repay the labor. If any one doubts the
utility of scalding his apple barrels, let him go to his cellar and loosen
the hoops of barrels containing apples, and he will become suddenly
convinced that it is not safe to neglect it.

While examining some of the old orchards at Princeton, this fall, I
was invited by the proprietor of one of the best of them to look at his
fruit, of which several hundreds of barrels were stored in a shed ready
for shipment. On loosening the upper hoops to take out the heads, a
dozen or more of the larvae of this moth were dislodged and dropped to
the ground, while others had partially enclosed themselves in cocoons,
and still adhered to the hoops. The same appearance was seen in and
about the grooves of the chines. The fruit, large, and finely colored,
was already beginning to decay. It is well known that the codling-
moths emerge from these cocoons in spring, and find their way out of
the cellar or fruit rooms into the orchards; and since each moth deposits
two hundred or more eggs in as many young apples; and further, when
we consider that this insect is "double brooded" (has two broods yearly),
the importance of destroying them while in the larval or pupal state, is
apparent.

The APPLE i.EAF-LOUSE, [Aphis mall), which was so destructive last
year, has not been found to any great extent this year. This fact, together
with the almost entire absence of the scab upon tiie apples, goes for to
corroborate the opinion given at our last meeting by the State Horticul-
turist, that this insect produced the scab by puncturing the skin of the
fruit, and sucking its juices.

82 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

The LEAF-CRUMPLER has been unprecedently abundant, in some
localities, the past season, doing serious damage, especially to young
nursery trees, in checking their growth. These pests are now easily
found, closely done up in their slender, tough cases, attached firmly to
the twigs, and surrounded with small bits of dead leaves, which they
destroyed during the summer. The diligent and really prudent nursery-
men and orchardists will not fail to pick off and burn these enemies.
As this work can be done at any time during the fall and winter, there
is no reasonable excuse for neglecting it. In some of the nurseries, it
will probably cost fifteen dollars per acre to clean the trees from these
unsightly pests.

The SCALY BARK-LOUSE, while holding its own in some localities, is,
on the whole, diminishing. Those who have stimulated their orchards
into renewed vigor, by means which I shall soon mention, have, to a
great extent, counteracted their effects, and diminished their numbers.
Several persons in this county (Grundy) report that they have applied a
light coat of linseed oil, with a common paint brush, to the infested
trunks and branches of their trees witii marked benefits, in both desti'oy-
ing the insects and producing a clean, vigorous appearance to the trees.
The hope is often expressed, that the parasite which our lamented friend
Walsh discovered preying upon the eggs of these insects will so far hold
them in check diat they will be comparatively harmless for a few years
to come.

The extreme drouth of the season seems to have been favorable for
the multiplication of tent caterpillars. The orchards upon some
of the large farms have shown many trees full of fruit, yet denuded of
leaves. Of course there is no valid excuse for this state of things, as this
enemy is so easily destroyed. It is usually the slovenly farmers, or else
those who can see value only in steers, hogs, or corn, whose orchards ate
thus infested. The fruit upon such trees, though insipid, is usually
colored well, and " will sell with the rest."

Cultivation of Orchards. — So much has been published in our
agricultural papers, and talked in our horticultural meetings, about the
richness of prairie soils, justly cautioning persons planting trees upon
these new soils against using manures, that the opinion has become
general that it is dangerous ever to manure an orchard, and hence nearly
all neglect to furnish the needed food for tlieir ti^ees when they come into
bearing.

Having been constantly "cropping the soil" among their trees
during the years of their growth, it becomes somewhat deteriorated, and
when the trees begin to bear crops of fruit, they draw still more heavily
upon its resources; and because additional food is not supplied, they
become checked in growth, and a more ready prey to the bark lice and
borers. I will cite two cases, which \vill show both the trouble and the
remedy. The one is at Farm Ridge, La Salle County. I quote from
my notes taken in the orchard :

"Orchard planted in 1851. Trees cultivated for three years, then
ground seeded to timothy. Soon commenced bearing, and bore tolerably

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 83

well for a few years, then the trees gradually stopped growing and
became unproductive, and many trees covered with bark lice. Two
years since they were washed with lye and pruned, the ground broken
up, and well cultivated. The trees have renewed their vigor, are nearly
free from bark lice, and loaded with fruit, which, but for the codling-
moth, would be very superior. Soil is ordinary prairie, with lime rock
about five feet below the surface, sufficiently inclined to be surface
drained."

The other orchard that I instance is in Grundy County, on mod-
erately rolling prairie land, with clay sub-soil. I also quote from notes
of this orchard as follows :

"Orchard planted seventeen years ago. Present owner came into
possession two years since; found the orchard 'in a deplorable condition;'
trees stunted and lousy ; had been seeded down to clover, he knows not
how long, and crop saved for hay. Two years since he dug up tlie earth
under the trees as far out as the limbs extc?ided and spread manure over
the ground, putting it thicker where dug than on spaces between the
trees; scraped the rough bark from trunks and largest branches; mowed
the clover and let it remain on the ground. The same, except the
scraping, was repeated this year. This orchard now shows almost per-
fection in vigor, productiveness, and quality of fruit. " I think the fruit
from an acre will bring more money than from any other one seen this
year.

Before leaving this subject of cultivation, I will say that orchards
upon what is called " flat prairie " land, or that with just enough descent
— and nearh- all jDrairie has this — to let the water pass oft' in furrows, have
been found doing tolerably well wherever the trees had been planted upon
a slight ridge or back-furrow, and the land afterwards plowed towards the
trees until the surface along the rows was about two feet higher than in
the furrows between them, ditches being opened at the lower ends of the
rows through which the water can pass off'. This fact should encourage
• all who have only such land on which to plant, to do likewise in hope of
good returns.

Protection to Orchards. — There has been no new light thrown upon
the subject of timber protection to orchards during this year. The oft-
repeated view of many members of this Society that suitable protection
to orchards by belts and groves of timber is advantageous, seems to be
re-affirmed from year to year. I have, however, seen a few instances in
which an excess of protection seems to have been given, diminishing the
productiveness of the orchards. These orchards were closed in on all
sides but the south by belts of trees, so dense and so close to the outer
row as to prevent sufficient circulation of air through them. It has often
been said that certain kinds of trees are " poison to an orchard." 1 give
the following Hicts to induce observations in this direction :

On the east side of an orchard in Kendall County stands a closely
planted row of black-walnut trees about forty feet high. These trees
were planted at the same time as the orchard, viz: twenty years ago, and
twenty two feet from the outer row of orchard trees. The apple trees in

84

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

this row commenced failing about ten years since, and continued to be-
come more and more sickly and stan-ed in appearance. One after another
has died until there is but a single live tree left in the row. The next
row, twenty two feet from this, does not now appear as vigorous as the
rest of the orchard. There is no noticeable difference in the soil or ele-
vation between this side and the other portions. No effort was made by
the owner to save the b'ees, the whole orchard having been seeded to
timothy for a number of years, but was cultivated until it came into
bearing.

The instances of close protection mentioned can not be claimed to
affect the general rule that the shelter afforded by belts of timber or nat-
ural groves on the west, north, and southwest, at a sufficient distance
from an orchard so as not to damage it by its shade, confine the air too
closely, or rob the soil of sap that would othei"wise go to nourish its trees,
are always beneficial. It is often remarked that, in orchards which are
exposed upon the west sides, the same varieties in the middle of the
orchard produce more fruit than in the west row ; also, that the north-
eastern halves of trees in the west row usually produce more fruit than the
southwestern halves, owing to the greater prevalence of southwesterly
winds.

Siberian Apples. — As there has been much written upon the value of new
varieties of Siberian apples, and some eft orts made in propagating them,
especially in the Rock River district, I visited this locality the last season
to learn what I could, by conversation with persons in the neighborhood
of the bearing trees, as well as those engaged in the propagation of young
stock from them; to see the trees, and to see and taste the fruit. I will
say nothing of the quality of these " winter varieties" of crab apples, as the
owner of the trees will doubtless have the fruit on exhibition at this
meeting, for the purpose of having it tested by the members of this
Society; and the report of the committee appointed to examine and
report upon the fruits on the tables, will be of fxr greater value than my
opinion. The trees appear to be all that could be desii'ed. Tlie " Ma-
rengo" especially is beautiful in form and of large size for a crab apple tree.
I did not learn anything while there to warrant me in recommending these
apples as market "fruits for this State. Since there is not much superior-
ity claimed for them over our other Siberian varieties, except in their
'''• keeping o^wdXi'ixQ.'a" and since the chief use of such fruits is and must
continue to be for jams, jellies, preserves, and pickles, the keeping quali-
ties are not as advantageous in them as in varieties suited to the kitchen
and table. For northern localities, where the more tender, cultivated
varieties can not be grown, they will doubtless be of value, and also, to
nurserymen and orchardists of our own State, to use as stocks for more
valuable varieties. As I before stated, there is much hope of benefits
from the use of such stocks, and also from the iutroductio/j of valuable
Russian vai'ieties. The Commissioner of Agriculture is entitled to the
gratitude of the members of this Society for the interest he has taken in
procuring and distributing cions of so many varieties of Russian apples.
Seedling Apples, — I have found several valuable seedling apples

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 85

during the season, and others have been reported to me ; some of which
will appear on the tables at this meeting and to which I ask the attention
of the committee on fruits. I am glad to say that there is among fruit
gi-owers generally such a spirit of philanthropy and liberality that those
who have discovered valuable varieties among their seedlings are willing
that others should share their good fortune and will bestow cions gratuit-
ouslv on those who wish to test them.

Varieties. — It may be expected that I would report upon the varie-
ties that I have found to succeed best in the diflerent localities visited.
This would be an almost endless task, and the lists would be necessarily
imperfect, and therefore could not be taken as correct, and the only
guides to tree-planters.

Your Secretary has secured for publication in the volume of Trans-
actions for 1S70, lists of valuable varieties of fruits from the most experi-
enced fruit-growers in diflerent parts of the State, which will be valuable
as guides to planters in these respective districts. I will therefore only
mention &few sorts that are found generally satisfactoiy. Of those that
seem to do well in all parts of the State, I will name Sops-of-\Vine, Kes-
wick Codling (short-lived but very productive), Benoni, Carolina June,
Maiden's Blush, Ben Davis, EngHsh Golden Russet, Willow Twig,
Lowell, Little Romanite, Rawles' Janet, Jonathan, White Winter Pear-
main (free from scab this year).

In addition to the above, the following have been found valuable
throughout the northern half of the State, viz :

Fameuse, Fall Swaar, Fall Winesap, Autumn Strawberry, Duchess
of Oldenburg, Sweet June, Northern Sweet, Tolman Sweet, Domine,
Westfield Seek-no-further, Minkler, Fall Orange, Roman Stem, Stan-
nard, Swaar, Cayuga Red-streak, Holland Pippin, Ramsdell's Sweet,
Fall Wine, Barnhill's Summer.

The Early Pcnnock does well on rich prairie soil, but this and the
Winesap do not flourish on sandy land. The fruit of Carolina Junes,
both of the striped and blush-red varieties, was extremely fine this year.
I found two distinct varieties of the Snow apple (or Fameuse), varying
in appearance in the same manner as those of the Carolina June. The
striped variety has less acid and is generally a little larger than the full
red variety. The flesh of the latter is often tinged with red, especially
between the stem and the core. The Esopus Spitzenburg, Rhode Island
Greening, Vandevere, Baldwin, and some others that have usually been
found unprofitable, have this year borne good crops of fine fruit.

I will leave this topic by again referring the hearer and reader to the
lists spoken of, which, I trust, will I'each them in time for planting trees
in the spring.

The discouragement manifested throughout all the prairie regions of
the State during the last few years in regard to the adaptation of our
soil and climate to the cultivation of the apple, I attribute largely to short-
ness of memory in the orchardists. We can remember the universal wail
that went over the State in the spring of 1 856 when it was discovered that a
wholesale destruction had swept through our orchards. Few persons, at

86

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

that time, had any hope that those trees which were not "killed outright*'
would ever recover from the shock which their trunks and limbs had
sustained, for the heart-wood of all was blackened and discolored. While
many of these have succumbed and died from year to year, yet a major-
ity have continued to struggle on and have, fortunately outstripped the
then hopes of their owners. Let the possessors of all such trees recall
these facts and turn their attention to these veterans in the war against
fate, giving them such cultivation and stimulating food as their enfeebled
constitutions require, and they will doubtless live yet many yeai's, and
doubly repay for all the labor bestowed upon them.

We may all encoui'age ourselves with the hope that the " like of
that winter" may never recur again. The orchards which have grown
from the seed since that memorable winter (except those grown after
" the Shanghai pattern" which I have described), are generally in as
flourishing condition as any reasonable person can ask.

The apple crop of this year has been, as a whole, much larger than
ever before, and the consequent increased consumption of fruit will cre-
ate an increased demand in future.

If we, as a Society, can persuade men by our examples as well as our
precepts, to properly select, plant, and cultivate their trees, using with
diligence the means discovered, and discovering for overcoming' insect
foes, we may hope that soon the supply of this health-giving fruit will be
such that all may have an abundance.

Respecfully submitted,

O. B. Galusha,

Cotnmittee on Apple Orchards.

Mr. W. H. Ragan, Secretary' of the Indiana State Horticultural
Society, stated that he had received cions of the Russian apples from
Commissioner Capron [Most that Mr. R. said was not dis-
tinctly heard by the Secretary. In fact, the construction of the hall
seemed to be very unfavorable for the purposes of discussion, it being
often times almost impossible to catch the words of the speakers.]

Mr. Galusha, being asked to explain the offer of the Commissioner
of Agriculture, did so by saying, that upon seeing the telegram from
Washington that Mr. Capron had received a quantity — 400 varieties — of
cions of Russian apples for distribution among horticulturists of the
states, especially those of the West and Northwest, he immediately
wrote him soliciting a portion of the cions for distribution among the
members of this Society. He also asked the Hon. B. C. Cook, the
Representative in Congi'ess from his district, who was then on his way
to Washington, to call on Mr. Capron as soon as he arrived there, and
personally apply, in behalf of our Society, for some of these cions. Mr.
Cook complied with the request, and both he and Mr. Capron had
written letters, stating that a package had already been sent to the Hon.
W. C. Flagg, President of our Society, for the use and benefit of its
members.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 8^

Mr. G. said that he deemed it important that these cions should be
used to the ver^' best advantage, for from them we may hope to introduce
a class of good fruits of so hardy a nature as to withstand our trying
climate. If these cions are distributed at once among the members, it
is quite probable that some of the varieties, and perhaps the most
valuable ones, would be entirely lost, since all had not the skill or facili-
ties for grafting them successfully ; and since there would be but a few
buds of any one varietv, he thought it better that soine careful person,
who has young, thrifty two or three year old trees on which to graft
them, should be requested to take the whole lot, engraft them on such
trees, keeping a careful record of the varieties, and in the fall cut oft" the
growth, except the two buds at the base of each shoot, which will
amply repay him for his labor, and bring the cions thus grown to the
next annual meeting of this Society for distribution among its members.
In this way it is probable that all can recei-ve at least a moiet)' of this
gift. But if the few now to be received are distributed at once, they
must necessarily fall into the hands of a few members, and thus the
temptation would be oftered for monopolizing them. He, therefore,
oftered the following resolution, and moved its adoption by the Society:

■ Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to select some suitable per-
son, whose duty it shall be to receive the cions of Russian apples sent to this Society
from the Commissioner of Agriculture, graft them, and furnish this Society, at its
next annual meeting, the product of their growth.

The resolution was seconded.

M. L. DuNLAP said :

jSIr. President, I trust this resolution will not pass. This State is
already flooded with unreliable varieties of apples. The people of
Michigan liave been growing apples for many }'ears, experimenting
with a great variety of sorts. Now, the Rhode Island Greening, the
Esopus Spitzenburg, the Northern Spy, the Baldwin, and the Rox-
bury Russet, these four varieties are the leading commercial varieties of
that great apple-growing country.

What is o«r position? The Willow twig is head and shoulders
above all others as a long-keeping market apple. Sops-of-wine, Porter,
and Rambo are among those now considered as best. Shall we now
disseminate four hundred more untried kinds? No. Let them go
into the hands of those who are willing to try them. We have
an Industrial University in this State, in whose Experimental Hor-
ticultural Department fifteen hundred varieties of apples are now
under cultivation. This department was created partly for this very
purpose of testing varieties, retaining the valuable and throwing the
useless or unpi-ofitable away. Let these go there, and be fiirly tried at
the expense of the State, and for the benefit of the ^\•hole State, if,
indeed, any benefit may result from them. It is doubtfid, however, if
more than two or three out of the whole four hundred will prove ^■alu-
able. We have now the Duchess of Oldenburg, the Tetofsky, and Red
Astrachan from that country that are valuable, and may possibly find as
many more. But this hope is so faint, let us not, in pursuit of it, dis-

88

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

tribute these four hundred unknown and doubtful kinds all over the
State that our members may destroy or injure many of their valuable
trees by cutting off the tops to make room for these, only to find, to their
sorrow, that they have received an evil for the previous good, besides
losing much valuable time.

He said he would first prefer to put them into the care of the Univer-
sity, but would be willing to entrust them to some nurseiyman who
could aflbrd to test them.

Mr. Galusha — I thank the gentleman for what he has said in ref-
erence to the province of the experimental orchard of the Industrial
University, and fully agree with him that this institution is doing a good
work in testing so great a variet}"^ of trees and fruits. Yet I do not wish
any one person, society, or institution to monopolize any valuable gift or
any bounty of Providence. I will explain that the Industrial University
was served first from this lot of cions. There are already, doubtless, a
much larger quantity and more varieties sent to that institution than we
shall receive.

Mr. D. seems to suppose that a large box, containing four hundred
varieties of strong cions will be the portion which this Society will
receive. The fact is that the commissioner received in all eight hun-
dred small ti'ees of four hundred varieties — tv\^o trees of each sort —
and from these small trees has cut the cions to distribute to horticultural
and kindred societies all over the northern and western States. So that
it is not probable that more than thirty or at most forty of these are sent
us, and of these, but one or two cions each. If these are multiplied
during the next year, as contemplated in the resolution, we may have
enough so that each member may get one very short cion each, of quite
a number of the sorts. We all have some one or more trees that yield
indifferent fruit into which we can graft these cions, but even if they are
inserted into a few small limbs of valuable trees the damage will not
exceed a thousand dollars to any one of us.

Dr. Hull — We can dispose of this matter easily. President Flagg
has already a large collection of apples which he is testing. Let these
cions be enh-usted to him to graft and distribute among the members of
this Society.

Mr. Ellsworth moved the previous question. The motion was sus-
tained and the resolution adopted.

Dr. Hull, L. Ellsworth, and A. M. Brown were nominated and con-
firmed as the committee provided for by the resolution. This committee,
upon a moment's consultation, reported through Dr. Hull that they had
selected President W. C. Flagg, of Moro, as the person to receive and
propagate the cions, according to the resolution.

The report of the committee was unanimously approved.

The Society, upon motion, adjourned.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 89

WEDNESDAY AFTERNOON.

The Society assembled at the usual hour.

The President called upon Prof. C. V. Riley, State Entomoloj^^ist, of
Missouri, for a paper upon " Snout Beetles injurious to Fruits and Veget-
ables," that being the regular paper according to published programme.
Prof. Riley responded with a paper, of which the following is a copy :
The lecture was illustrated with enlarged representations, accurately
drawn and colored, of the insects described ; also, by living specimens in
the " lecture box," which were examined with interest by the members.

SNOUT-BEETLES INJURIOUS TO FRUITS.

BY CHAS. V. RILEY.

Insects, like other animals, derive their nourishment from the veg-
etable and animal kingdoms; but a glance is sufficient to show that they
possess a far greater field of operations than all the other animals combined.
Indeed, the food of insects is a theme so large that 1 might occupy your
entire time by d\\clling upon it alone. The other animals use as food but
a very small portion of the inexhaustible treasures of the vegetable king-
dom, and the remainder is unpalatable or even poisonous to them. Not
so \\-ith insects, for, from the gigantic Banyan which covers acres with its
shade, or the majestic Oak to the invisible fungus, the vegetable creation
is one vast banquet, to which they sit down as guests. The larger plant-
feeding animals are also generally confined, in their diet, to the leaves,
seeds, or stalks, being either foliaceous or farinaceous; but insects make
every possible part of a plant yield them valuable provender. We have an
excellent illustration of this omnipresent character of insects in those spe-
cies which are well known to attack the common apple tree. Thus, begin-
ning at the root, we find it rendered knotty and unhealthy on the outside
by the common Root-louse, [E7'ioso?na fyri^ Frrcii,) A\-hile the heart is
often entirely destroyed by one or the other of two gigantic Root-borers,
{Prlonus iinbricortiis^ LiNX., and P. laticollis^ Drury.) The trunk is
riddled by the larvai of several Long-horn beetles, and pre-eminently
by the Two-striped Saperda, {Sapcrda hivittata^ Say,) as well as by
other smaller beetles; the liber and alburnum are destroyed by the Flat-
headed Borer, [Chrysobothris fet}iorata^ Fabr.,) the outer bark eaten by
bark beetles {Scolytus family) and sucked by Bark-lice peculiar to it. The
branches and twigs are bored along the center and pruned by the larvai of
the common Pruner i^Elaphidion villosum^ Faur.) and by that of the
Parallel Pruner {^B. farallelum^ Lec.,) girdled by the Twig-girdler,
[Oncidercs cingulatus, Say*,) sawed and rasped by the Periodical Cica-

♦ I have bred specimens ot this insect from apple twigs.

90 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

das, {Cicada septemdccim, Linn., and C. iredecini^ Riley,) otherwise
known as Seventeen-year Locusts, by tree-hoppers and a dozen other
Homopterous insects; bored into from the side by the Twig-borer {Bos-
trichus lncai(datjis^ Say,) wounded by the bites of such beetles as the
New York \Veevil, {Ithycerus novccboracensis^ Forster,) or pierced as
by a red-hot wire by small boring beetles [Scolytidcv.)

The buds before they expand are infested with the larvaj of the
Apple Bud-moth, [Grapholiiha oc?i,lana,]:iAKB..) or entirely devoured by
voracious climbing cut-worms, [Agrotis scandens^ Riley, etc.) The
blossom has no sooner unfolded its delicate and beautiful petals than it is
devoured entire either by the Brazen Blister Beetle [Lytta cvtiea^ Say,)
the Striped Cucumber Beetle, [Diabroiica vittata^ Fabr.,) the Rose
bug, or by a great many other insects that might be mentioned, some, as
the different bees, confining themselves to the pollen or honey from the
nectaries, while others again prefer other parts. The young fruit is either
eaten partly or entirely by Snapping beetles, {JMelanoius coi7imunis
and M. incertus) or punctured by either the Plum or the Apple Curcu-
lios, and afterwards bored through and through by their larvce or by the
ubiquitous Apple-worm, [Carpocapsa pomonclla ;) as it matures it is eaten
into by the larva of the Plum Moth* (Scfnasia prunivora, Walsh,)
rendered putrid by the Apple Maggot ( Trypeta pomonclla^ Walsh,)
and by the Apple Midge, [Moloh'us inali^ Fitch;) as it ripens it is
gouged by the Flower Beetles, [Euryomia inda and E. melancholica^
and disfigured by a variety of other insects, while the skin is often gnawed
off and corroded by the larvas of the Rose Leaf-roller, [Loxotccnia rosa-
ceajta, Harr. ;) and even the seed, if it should be preserved, will be
attacked by the Grain Silvanus, {Silvanus S2iri.na?nensis, Linn.,) the
Dwarf Trogosita, ( T. nana^ Melsh,) and the larvte of one or two small
moths. And, as to the leaves, they are not only sapped and curled by
the Apple Plant-louse {Aphis mali, Fabr,) and by leaf-hoppers; rolled
by several leaf-rollers; folded at the edges by a small pale, undescrlbed
worm which I shall soon describe ; blistered by the Rosy Hispa, ( Uro-
plata rosea, Weber ;) crumpled by the Leaf Grumpier, {Phyclta nebulo,
Walsh,) mined by the Apple Micropteryx, [Alicropteryx pomivorellay
Pack.;) skeletonized and tied together b}'^ another undescrlbed worm,
which I shall some day naine Acrobasis Hai7iniondii, in honor of one
of your members — but they are greedily devoured by a whole horde of
caterpillars, from the tiny Micropteryx to the immense Gecropia Worm,
some of which confine themselves to the parenchyma, some to the epi-
dermis, some to the tender parts, without touching the veins, while
others bodily devour the whole leaf. The sap forms the sole food of some
insects, and even when the poor apple tree dies, a host of different insects
revel in its dead and decaying parts, and hasten its dissolution, so that it
may the more quickly be resolved into the mold from which it had,
while living, derived most of Its suppoil, and through which it is to give
nourishment for the young trees which are to take its place.

* Inappropriately so-called by Mr. Walsh, as I shall presently show.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9 1

Thus we perceive that there is not a single part of the apple tree
which is not made to cradle, or to give nourishment to some particular
insect, and the same might be said of almost every plant that grows on
the face of the earth, even those which produce resinous or gummy sub-
stances, or which are pithy in the center, having special insects which
feed upon these parts and on nothing else. There are insects — the gall
makers for instance — which, not satisfied with any existing part of the
plants, as such, cause abnormal growths in which their young are
reared.

Nor are insects confined to vegetables in their recent state. The block
of hickory- wood, fifty years after it is made up into wagon wheels, is as
palatable to the Banded Borer, {Ccrasphorus ductus^ Drurv,) which
causes "powder-post," as it was to the Painted Borer, (Clytus fictiis^
Drury,) while green and growing; and a beam of oak, when it has
supported the roof of a building for centuries, is as much to the taste of
an Anobium as the same tree was while growing, to the American Tim-
ber Beetle, [Hyleccetus Americanus, Harr.) Some, to use the words
of Spexce, " would sooner feast on the herbarium of Brunfelsius, than
on the greenest herbs that grow," and others " to whom

' a river and a sea

Are a dish of tea,

And a kingdom bread and butter,'

would prefer the geographical treasures of Saxton or Speed, in spite of
their ink and alum, to the freshest rind of the flax plant."

Indeed, it would be difficult to mention a substance, whether animal
or vegetable, on which insects do not subsist. They revel and grow fat
on such innutritions substances as cork, hair, wool, and feathers; and with
powers of stomach which the dyspeptic sufferer may envy, will live lux-
uriouslvon horn; they insinuate themselves into the dead carcases of their
own class; they are at home in the hottest and strongest spices, in the
foulest filth, in the most putrid carrion; they can live and thrive upon, or
within the living bodies of the larger animals, or of those of their own
class; they are at home in the intestinal heat of manv large animals, rev-
eling in the horse's stomach, in a bath of chyme of I03 degrees Fahr., or
in the bowels of man, in an equally high temperature. Some have even
been supposed tio feed on minerals, and, not to dwell upon Barchewitz's
talc of East India ants, which eat iron, certain it is, that the larvie of our
^lay-flies (Ephemeraj) do eat earth, and I have known the larvaj of the
common May Beetle to feed for three months upon nothingbut pure soil;
but in both these cases the insects undoubtedly derive nourishment from
the vegetable matter which is extracted from the earth by the action of
the stomach.

These facts will serve to show you that, seek where you mav, you can
not find a place or a substance in which, or on which, some insect does
not feed. They people the skyey vast above, swim at ease in the water,
and peneti-ate the solid earth beneath our feet; while some of them inhabit
indiflerently all three of the elements at diflerent epochs of their lives.

Now when we reflect that there are at least half a million — if not a

92 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

full million — distinct species of insects in this sublunary worlds of ours,
and that their habits and habitations are so diversified, it would really seem
as though entomology was a subject too vast for any one man to shoul-
der; and indeed it is in all conscience extensive enough. The science of
entomology is however so perfect in itself, and its classification is so beau-
tiful and simple that a particular species is referred to its Order, its Family,
its Genus, and finally separated from the other species of that genus,
with the greatest ease, and with a feeling of true satisfaction and triumph,
by those who have mastered the rudiments of the science. And, very
fortunately, it is not necessary for the practical fruit grower to enter into
the ininutiie of species or even of genera in order to learn the habits of
the insects which interest him in one way or another. These minutiae
must be left to the professed entomologist.

There is not an insect on the face of the globe which can not be
placed in one or the other of seven, or, more properly speaking, eight
great Orders; so that, unlike the Botanist, the Entomologist is not
bewildered by an innumerable array of these Orders, though he has five
times as many species to deal with. These Orders comprise about two
hundred families, many of which may, for practical purposes, be
grouped into one family — as, for instance, the seven Families of Digger-
wasps, and the five large Families which have all the same habits as the
ti'ue or genuine Ichneumon-flies. Many more may be neglected as small,
rare, or unimportant; so that practically there will remain about a hun-
dred family types to be learned. Each family, as Agassiz has well
remarked, may, with a little practice, be distinguished at a glance by its
general appearance, just as every child, with a little practice, learns to
distinguish the Family of A's from the Family of B's, and these from
the Family of C's in the alphabet. There is the old English A, the
German text A, and a host of ornamental A's, both in the capital letter
and the sinall or "lowercase" letter, as the printers call it; but the
family likeness runs through them all, and it is astonishing how quick a
child learns to distinguish each family type. It is true there are a few
abnormal or eccentric insects — there were some which deceived even
LiNN^us — which put on the habit of strange families, just as an eel, which
is a true fish with fins, puts on the habit of a snake — a rejotile without
fins. But these are the exceptions and not the rule.

Now it is wisely ordained that every family, as a general rule, has
not only a distinctive family appearance, but also distinct family manners.
For example, nobody ever saw an Ichneumon Fly construct a nest and
provision it with insects, as does a Digger-wasp; and nobody ever saw
a Digger-wasp deposit its eggs in the body of a living insect at large in
the woods as an Ichneumon Fly does. But each family maintains its
peculiar family habits, and can not be induced to deviate from them.

So universally is this the case, that if you bring me an insect which
I never saw in my life, I will tell you half its history at a glance. It is this
" Unity of Habits;" this beautiful provision of nature — definite family
likeness accompanied by definite family habits — which so simplifies the
task of the practical man ; for, instead of having to study the diversified

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 93

habits of half a million species, he has but to acquaint himself with the
appearance and characteristics of one hundred families; and if the rudi-
ments of Entomology had been taught you, gentlemen, at school, so
that you had become familiar with these hundred family types, you
would now be much better able to cope with your insect enemies. When
I think tliat it would take a child no longer to learn these one hundred
family types thair it does to learn the one hundred different types which
compose the four alphabets — the Roman capital and small alphabet and
the writing capital and small alphabet — 1 fully expect, and sincerelv
hope, that in the public schools of this country we shall soon have text
books introduced which will cover the ground as well, and occupy the
same jolace as do those useful works of Leunis, and Troschel & Rutiie,
in the public schools of Germany.

With these few remarks, which are intended to show that the prac-
tical man may easily obtain a general knowledge of his insect friends
and enemies, notwithstanding the wide field of their operations and the
immense number of species which exist, we will now dwell for a while
on one of these families, which deeply interest you as fruit growers,
namely :

THE CURCULIONID^ OR SNOUT-BEETLES.

This is one of the very largest and most conspicuous Families in the
order of Beetles (Coleoptera^ comprising, as it does, over 10,000 distinct
and described species. It is at once distinguished from all the other
families of beetles by the front of the head being produced into a more
or less elongated snout or rostrum, at the extremity of which the mouth
is situated. The snout is sometimes very long and as fine as a hair
(genus Balaninus) and sometimes as broad as the head (genus Brent/ms ;)
but it always forms part and parcel of the head and does not articulate
on it as does the snout or proboscis of the true Bugs {Hejnipiera,) or
the tongue of Moths and Butterflies. The other chief characteristics of
the Family are an apparently four-jointed tarsus or foot (though in reality
there are more generally five joints,) an ovoid form narrowing in front,
the sides pressed by the convex elytra or wing-covers, the antennas or
feelers attached to the snout, and either elbowed or straight and com-
posed of nine, ten, eleven, or twelve joints — the first of which is always
long and the terminal thi'ee generally united in a club or knob; and
finally stout legs with swollen thighs, sometimes bearing spines.

The larvae of these snout-beetles are whitish or yellowish and fleshy
grubs, always without legs or having only in the place of them fleshy
tubercles, which in a measure perform the functions of legs; the body is
oblong, with the back generally arched, but sometimes straight. With
these characteristics in your mind you can not fail to recognize a snout-
beetle when you see one. Now there is hardly one of the one hundred
families that I have referred to from which so many injurious species
can be enumerated, for with the exception of an European species
{^Anthribus varius) whose larva was found by Ratzebukg to destroy
bark-lice, they are all vegetarians, the larvai inhabiting either the roots,

94 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

stems, leaves, or fruits of plants, and the beetles feeding on the same.
So whenever you find an insect w^ith the characters just given, you may
rest morally certain that it is injurious, and should be destroyed without
mercy. This family is not only one of the most injurious, but, on
account of the secretive habits of the larvre, the insects comprising it are
the most difficult to control. When a worm Is openly and above board
denuding our trees, we at least readily become aware of the fact, and
can, if we choose, apply the remedy; but when it surreptitiously, and
always under cover, gnaws away at the heart of our grains and fruits,
we become in a measure helpless to defend ourselves. But even here
where the enemy is so well ambushed and hidden, the proper tactics,
based on thorough knowledge, will frequently enable us to penetrate the
defenses and conquer the foe.

Before leaving this subject of Families, let me impress upon your
minds another important fact, namely, that the Family Is not peculiar to
any one country, and that while species vary, the Family has the same
habits and characteristics all over the world. Thus in Europe we find
the snout-beetles as injurious, and as difficult to manage — if not more
so — than they are in this country. One species, [Rhynchites conicus^
Hbst.) deposits eggs in the twigs of Pear, Plum, Cherry, and Apricot,
and girdles the twig to make it fall; another, (^Rhynchites bacchus^
ScHCEN,) infests the fruit, and still another, (An/honomzis pyri, Schcen,)
the flower bud of the Pear. One, [Rhynchites betuleti^ rolls up grape
leaves and partly cuts their stems, so that they perish, while another,
[Anthonomus pomornm, Sch.,) infests the blossom bud of the Apple,
and renders It unfertile. Still another inhabits the blossom bud of the
CheiTy. Balaninus nucum is found In the common Hazel-nut, and B.
cerasoru?n in Cherry pits; Afion apricans devours the seed of Clover;
Otiorhynchiis sulcatus, Sch., infests the crown of Strawberries, and two
different species, [Baris chlorizans, Schcen, and Ceutorhynchus napi,
Schcen,) Infest the stems of cabbages and turnips.

But after all, a single species — the " little Turk," for instance — some-
times causes more loss of fruit in this country than all the above
enumerated species do to the European cultivator, and though much of
this comparative incapaclt}^ for harm, on the part of their insects, may
be in a measure due to the better knowledge of his foes, which the
transatlantic cultivator possesses, to the more careful culture which he
pursues, and the usually limited extent of his orchard, compared with
ours; vet it greatly depends on other causes, which the time allowed will
not permit me to dwell upon. So I will at once proceed to say a few
words about those of our own Snout-beetles, which more particularly
interest you.

THE COMMON PLUM CURCULIO.

{Conotrachelus nenuphar, Herbst.)
IT IS SINGLE-BROODED, AND HIBERNATES AS A BEETLE.

At your last annual meeting, at Ottawa, I read an essay on this
insect, giving the established facts In its history, the artificial remedies to

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

95

be employed in fighting it; some account of the natural remedies and
concluded by referring to such points in its histoiy as were then unsettled,
or upon which there were different opinions expressed. It would be
needless to repeat any thing that was there said, for any new members,
who may not have heard the reading of that essay will find it in the
Transactions; so we will confine ourselves to some of the mooted points.
I am glad to be able to inform you that I have forever settled the prin-
cipal question, namely as to its being single or double-brooded.

[FlGURB I.]

(a) larva ; (b) pupa ; (c) beetle — all magnified ; (d) beetle natural size,
showing how it punctures fruit.

You will recollect that authors have, from the beginning, held differ-
ent views on this subject, and this fact should not surprise us when we
bear in mind that tliey reasoned simply from conjecture; nor will it
surprise us when we understand the facts in the case.

The facts that fresh and soft Curculios are found in this latitude as
early as the beginning of July, and that they still come out of the ground
in August, or as late as September and even Octobei*, in more northerly
latitudes, are well calculated to mislead; while it was difficult to imagine
an insect living ten months before ovipositing without its dwindling
away through the action of its enemies. But in the beetle state the
Curculio has few, if any, enemies, and in my former writings on this
subject I have shown that the other facts do not in the least prove the
insect to be double-brooded. Among those whose opinions commanded
respect, from their profound entomological knowledge and general
accuracy, was Mr. Walsh, who, during liis last years strenuously con-
tended that this insect was double-brooded. For several years I have
entertained a different opinion, believing that it was single-brooded as a
rule and only exceptionally double-brooded; and the facts so fully bear
me out in this opinion, that, were my late associate here with us, to-day,
I should bring forth the testimony with a feeling of triumph, for he was
not often in the wrong! It is worthy of remark, however, that Mr.
Walsh's first impression, as given by him in the year 1S67,* was that

♦ Practical Entomologist, vol. I, No. 7.

96

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

this insect is single-brooded ; his first opinion thus coinciding with what
I have now proved to be the facts in the case.

In the First Missouri Entomological Report, I have reviewed the
experiments which led him to change his opinion, and have shown that
they did not warrant his final conclusion.

The many words that have been penned in the discussion of this
question would fill a volume; but one stern fact, one thorough experi-
ment, is worth more than all the theories that were ever conceived, or
the phrases that wei'e ever written on the subject.

At first it seems to be a very simple question to settle, but the fact
that it i"emained unsettled so long would indicate the reverse. One of
your worthy ex-presidents. Judge A. M. Brown of Villa Ridge, at my
suggestion endeavored, in the summer of 1S69, to solve the problem by
imprisoning the first bred beetles and furnishing them with plucked
fruit. Dr. Hull partially performed a like experiment, and I did the
same myself; but we were met by the advocates of the double-brooded
theory with the objection that such a test was of no value, as the curculio
would not deposit on plucked fruit, or in confinement; and to add weight
to their argument they would cite us to numerous instances among
butterflies to prove that many insects really will not deposit in confine-
ment. But, as we shall see, they placed too much confidence in the
instinct of Mrs. Turk when, from such premises, they made these
deductions apply to her. As I proved over and over again, the question
could not be solved, with any more certainty, by confining beetles to
living boughs containing fruit, as the boughs could not well be covered
with any substance through which the beetles would not gnaw their way
out. So I determined last spring to build a frame over a large tree and
entirely enclose it In stout gauze that would neither let a flea In or out;
much less a curculio. Having accomplished this before the blossoms
had fallen ofi' the tree, I awaited with pleasurable Interest the result from
day to day, from week to week, and from month to month, engaging a
competent person to watch when, from necessity, I was obliged to be
away. It were worse than waste of time to detail here the many inter-
esting observations made on this tree which I had under control, or to
enumerate the many other experiments which I conducted in other ways,
or the Innumerable facts obtained ; and It will suffice to give In a sum-
mary manner the results, premising only that every precaution was
taken, and no expense spared, to prevent failure; that the experiments
were satisfactory beyond my expectations, the results conclusive beyond
all peradventure, and that I can prove every statement I make. To
sum up then : The Plum Curculio is siitgle-broodcd^ and I have with
me a number alive and kicking which were bred during the latter part
of Jtaie from the first stu?tg peaches. [These beetles, warmed by the
artificial temperature of the hall, were quite active, and were feeding
ravenously on a piece of apple which I had placed In the bottle.] But,
as there seem to be exceptions to all rules, so there are to this; yet the
exceptions are only just about sufficient to prove the rule, for as far south
as St. Louis, not more than one per cent, of the beetles lay any eggs at

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 97

all, until they have lived through one winter; or, in other words, where
one female will pair and deposit a few eggs the same summer she was
bred, ninety-nine will live on for nearly ten months and not deposit till
the following spring. In more northern latitudes I doubt if any
exceptions to the rule will be found.

As to the other mooted point, namely, whether this insect ever hiber-
nates under ground in the lar\'a state, I am perfectly satisfied that it never
does, but that it passes the winter invariably as a beetle under all sorts of
shelter in the woods; generally however, near the surface of the ground.
Indeed it often makes for itself a hole in the ground, seldom however
deeper than its own body. In short, there is very little to alter or modify
in the established facts in its natural history which I gave you last year.
The egg instead of being " oval " as there stated, would be better de-
scribed as " oblong-oval," measuring exactly 0.03 inch in length and
being nearly three times as long as wide. It should also be remarked here
that when depositing her eggs in apples the female often neglects the
usual symbol of Mohammedanism which she so invariably inscribes on
stone fruit; and that where this mark is made on apples, it more easily
becomes obliterated.

During their beetle life these insects feed continually just as long as
the weather is mild enough to make them active. While fruit lasts they
gouge holes in it, and after peaches have gone, apples are badly attacked.
They also gnaw large holes in the leaves, and when nothing else pre-
sents, will feed on the bark of the tender twigs.

Let us be thankful, therefore, tliat there can no longer reasonably be
difference of opinion, or discussion on these questions which, though
of no very great practical importance were yet of great interest to us all.

IT IS NOCTURNAL RATHER THAN DIURNAL.

Before leaving this little Turk however, I have some other facts to
mention which were first brought to light the present year, and which
have a most important practical bearing. You have been repeatedly told
and you no doubt have all come to believe it, that curculios fly only
during the heat of the day, and that it is useless to endeavor to catch
them after, say, ten o'clock in the morning. Well, gentlemen what I am
about to utter will no doubt astonish you, but I know whereof I speak.
2^/ie Curculio is a nociurfial rather than a diur?ial msect ; is far more
active at night than at day^ and Jlics readily at nighty into the bargain.
If anyone doubts this assertion, let him go into his peach or plum orchard
at midnight with a lantern and sheet, and he will catch more than he
could during the day, and will also find, to his sorrow, that they are then
much more nimble and much bolder — scarcely feigning death at all. In-
deed, with the exception of such females as are busily occupied in depos-
iting eggs, most of the Curculios rest during the day, sheltered either by
the foliage or branches of the tree, or by any extraneous substance on
the ground near by. They are also more active in the evening than in
the morning, and these facts lead us to the important question, whether
the morning or the evening is the best time to jar the trees. My experi-
10

98

TRANSACTIONS OF THE iLLtNOlS

ments so far are not conclusive, for I have some days caught more in the
morning, and at others more in the evening. All other things being equal,
the evening will prove preferable to the morning, from there being less
dew at that time; and I particularly draw your attention to this mattea*
now, that you may institute the proper experiments during the coming
year.

THE RANSOM CHIP-TRAP PROCESS.

Another grand and successful mode of fighting the little Turk was
also brought to light again, and to a great extent practiced the past sum-
mer. I allude to the Ransom chip-process for entrapping this insect.
About the middle of May the horticultural world was startled by a some-
what sensational article which was the burden of an extra to the SL yo-
se_p/i (Mich.) I/era/d, headed "Great Discovery — Curculio Extermina-
tion Possible." The process consists in laying close around the butt of
the tree, pieces of chips or bark under which, according to their instinct,
a great many of the Curculios secrete themselves during the day and may
thus be easily destroyed. Now that we better understand this insect's
habits we also better comprehend the philosophy of this process. Being
nocturnal in their habits, the beetles naturally seek shelter during the
day, and especially is this the case early in the season when the days are
chilly and before the females are too much engaged in egg depositing.
You are perhaps all familiar with the numerous opinions expressed as to
the value and efficiency of this method ; but I will here repeat my own
as given to the readers of the American Entomologist and Botanist., first,
because I endeavored to be candid and truthful, and secondly, because
the opinions expressed have been so fully corroborated by subsequent
experience.

" We are really sorry to damp the ardor and enthusiasm of any per-
son or persons, when enlisted in such a good cause, but truth obliges us
to do so nevertheless. Of course, Curculio extermination is possible!
but not by the above method alone, as our Michigan friends will find to
their sorro-w. For a short time, early in the season, when the days are
sometimes warm and the nights cold, and before the peach blossoms have
withered away, we have succeeded in capturing Curculios under chips
of wood and other such sheltered situations ; but we have never been able
to do so after the fruit was as large as a hazel-nut, and the Little Turk
had got fairly to work. Our Michigan friends will, we fear, find this to
be too truly the case.

" This process, furthermore, can not well be called a discoveiy, because
it was discovered several years ago, as the following item from Moore's
Rural New Torker., of January 3Sth, 1865, will show:

How TO Catch Curculio. — In May last we had occasion to use some lum-
ber. It was laid down in the vicinity of the plum-yard, and on taking up a piece
of it one cold morning, we discovered a number of Curculios huddled together on
the underside. On examining other boards we foimd more; so we spread it out to
see if we could catch more, and we continued to find more or less every day, for
two weeks. We caught in all one hundred and sixty-one. So I think if people
•would take a little pains they might destroy a great many such pests. These were

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 99

caught before the plum trees were in flower. What is most singular is, that we never
found a Curculio on a piece of old lumber, although we put several pieces down to
try them. They seemed to come out of the ground, as we could find them several
times a day by turning over the boards,

JOHNSONVILLE, N. Y. MrS. H. WiER.

" But though Mr. Ransom can not properly claim to have made a new
discovery, and though this mode of fighting will not prove sufficient to
EXTERMINATE the Curculio, yet we greatly admire the earnestness and
perseverence which he has exhibited. In demonstrating that so great a
number of the little pests can be entrapped in the manner described, Mr.
R. has laid the fruit-growers of the country under lasting obligations to
him. It is a grand movement towards the defeat of the foe, and one
which, from its simplicity, should be universally adopted early in the sea-
son. But we must not relinquish the other methods of jarring during
the summer, and of destroying the fallen fruit; for we repeat, that the
Plum Curculio will breed in the forest.

" I subsequently visited St. Joseph for the express purpose of exam-
ining more closely into Mr. Ransom's Curculio remedy. I found that so
few Curculios had been caught under the chips after the first week in
June, diat nearly everybody, except Mr. Ransom, had for some time
abandoned the method and were jarring their trees by one process or
another.

" Mr. Ransom himself, by dint of unusual perseverance and gi"eat care
in setting his traps, has had much better success than I had expected he
would. On the 15th June he caught 78; on the i6th, 97, and on the
17th, 71. For about a week after this, he scarcely caught any, but from
the 24th to the 37th inclusive, he caught about 300. On the 6th of July
I accompanied him around the outside rows of his orchard and caught
five under the traps. We had no opportunity to use the sheet, but I am
satisfied that more could have been jarred down. Mr. R. had a very
fair crop of peaches, and — forgetting that crops have often been gi^own
before with very little care, and that others around him who did not bug
so persistently had fruit also this year — is very sanguine of his new
method, and too much inclined, perhaps, to attribute his crop solely to this
remedy. Nevertheless, contrary to the impressions made by his published
views, he was candid enough to admit that it might be found necessary
to resort to the jarring process, after a certain season of the year; and
indeed the number of stung peaches on the ground showed too plainly
that there is no hope of exterminatiox by the chip plan alone. The
soil around St. Joseph is, for the most part, a light sandy loam, never
packing, and very easily kept in good cultivation. To this character of
the soil must be attributed much of the success with the Ransom method;
for I am satisfied, after full experiment, that in the warmer climate and
heavier soil of St. Louis, it is of no practical use after the middle of May,
or at the farthest, after the first of June. The few specimens that I have
captured by this method at St. Louis, were found under small pieces of
new shingle; and Mr. W. T. Durry, who has 2300 ti"ees in his orchard
at St. Joe., also found this tlie best kind of trap. Mr. Ransom, however,

loo TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

prefers small pieces of oak-bark, which he places close around the tree
with the inner or concave side pressed to the ground. Stones do not
answer well, and corn-cobs are objectionable because it requires so much
time to discover and destroy the Curculios, which hide in their deep
cavities."

The best time of day to take them from under the chips is undoubt-
edly in the afternoon; but it must not be left too long, as they begin to
leave and scatter over the trees as soon as the sun approaches the horizon.
The chips should be laid around the trees as soon as the frost is out of
the ground, for more beetles will be caught under them during a few
weeks thus early in the season than throughout the rest of the year.

KEEPING IT IN CHECK BY THE OFFER OF PREMIUMS.

After visiting St. Joseph and vicinity, I passed into Ontario, where I
found the trees overloaded with fine unblemished fruit. I found my
friend, Mr. Wm. Saunders, of London, also much occupied with, and
interested in, the Curculio question. He was, in fact, carefully counting
different lots of this insect which had been received from different parts.
of the Dominion ; for be it known, that the enterprising Fruit-Growers'
Association of Ontario, in its praise-worthy efforts to check the increase
of the Curculio, offered a cent -per head for every one which should be
sent to our friend, who happens to be secretary of that body. What
would you think, gentlemen, if the Legislature of Illinois, or if this
Society should offer an equally liberal premium -per capita for every little
Turk captured.'' Wouldn't you set about capturing them in earnest,
though ! The Legislature might stand it, and I am not sure but that
some such inducement, held out by the State to its fruit-growing citizens,
would pay, and prove the most effective way of subduing the enemy.
But the Horticultural Society that should undertake it, would have to be
pretty liberally endowed. Just think of it; ye who catch from three to
five thousand per day ! The bugs would pay a good deal better than
the peaches. However, very fortunately for the Ontario Fruit-Growers'
Association, their good offer did not get noised abroad as much as it
might have been, and the little Turk occurs in such comparatively small
numbers, that up to the time I left, only 10,731 had been received.

JARRING BY MACHINERY.

Of course there is no more expeditious way of jarring down the
Curculio than by the Hull Curculio-catcher. Yet I confess that after
extensive observations in many different parts of the country I am forced
to the conclusion that this machine does not give the satisfaction one
could wish. In my paper last year I showed that where it was con-
stantly used the trees suffered serious injury from bruising, and It is a
rather significant fact that in most orchards where it has been Introduced,
some modification has soon followed, or else it has been entirely aban-
doned; while in the East they still adhere to the improved stretchers,
and mallet. It seems to me that the machine, as made by your State
Horticulturist two years ago, was not only too heavy and unwieldy, but
incapable of giving the requisite sharp jairing rap to the branches of a

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lOI

large tree without causing too much injury to the trunk, and that if a
modification of it could be made to satisfy the peach-grower, there would
soon be a greater demand for such a machine.

[Figure 2.] "

Back view of Ward's Curculio-catcher.

As a step in the right direction I will briefly describe a machine which
I have herewith illustrated, and which I found in quite general use
around St. Joseph and Benton Harbor, Mich, It was gotten up by
L. M. Ward of the latter place, and proves, in the orchard, to have
decided advantage over the Hull machine, of which it is a modification.
It is a much lighter machine, and, :is the diagrams indicate, instead of
running on a single wheel it is can-ied and balanced by two, (Fig. 2, c c)
and supported with legs on the handles, (Fig, 2, b b), when not running.
The Curculios and stung fruit are brushed through a hole in the centre
(Fig. 2, of), and as the operator j^asses from one tree to another he closes
this hole, to prevent the beetles from escaping, by means of a slide
(Fig, 2, a) which he has under control. Bags previously prepared, by
being fastened on a sf|uarc piece of wood with a hole in the centre cor-
responding to a hole in the side of the bag, are snugly buttoned below
(Fig. 2,e andy) so as to secure everything that falls through from above,
and when one bag is full it is easily replaced by another and its contents
destroyed by scalding, or otherwise, and emptied out. In most of the
orchards where this machine was being used the jarring was performed
by a separate mallet, which is easily hung, as is also the brush, on the

I02

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

shafts -when the machine is being operated by one person ; or, which I
think a better way, where help is not scarce, it can, with the brush, be
carried by a second person (an intelligent boy will answer) who performs
the jarring and brushing while the first person wheels the machine.

[Figure 3.]

Front view of Ward's CurcuHo-catcher.

The machine is simple in construction and any one with ordinary
mechanical ability can build it; modifying, of course, the diameter of
the wheels and the inclination of the sheet to suit the character of his
trees or of his ground. Mr. Ward has taken no patent out for it and the
machine is, therefore, public property. It has been argued in favor of
the one-wheel machine that it can be more easily run on rough ground
and more readily turned, which in a great measure is b"ue ; but the Ward
machine is so light that it can easily be tilted on one wheel in turning,
and our Benton Harbor friends have so far found no difhculty in opei'ating
it. Either machine can be used with a bumper, or with a mallet, and
there are certain rules which should be adopted in jarring for the Curculio,
no matter whether a one-wheel or a two- wheel machine is used. These
rules are: first, in jarring with a mallet it is best to prepare each tree by
squarely sawing off some particular limb, or else the mallet must be well
protected with rubber to prevent bruising of the tender bark. The
former custom is by far the best as we are enabled to give the tree a sharp
vibrating rap with the bare hard wood. Secondly, if the mallet is dis-
pensed with and the tree is bumped with the machine — a method which
certainly has the advantage of expedition — it will be found altogether

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

103

more profitable to drive a shouldered spike in the trunk at the right
distance from the ground, and the jarring can then always be done on
this spike without injury to the tree.

[Figure 4.]

Sigalphus Curculio Parasite : (a) male ; (b) female ; (c) antenna.
TWO TRUE PARASITES OF THE PLUM CURCULIO.

Just 10 years ago, in his "Address on the Curculio," delivered at the
annual meeting of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, Dr. Fitch gave
an account, accompanied with a figure, of a small Ichneumon-fly which
he namtd Si o-alp/ms ciircidionis^ and which he believed was parasitic on
the Curculio. Before that time no parasite had ever been known to
attack this pestilent little weevil, and even up to the present time it is
currently believed that no such parasite exists; for unfortunately the evi-
dence given by Dr. Fitch was not sufficient to satisfy some of our most
eminent entomologists. These parasites were in fact received by him
from Mr. D. W. Beadle of St. Cathei-ines, C. W., who had bred them
from Black-knot, from which he bred at the same time a certain number
of Curculios; but as other worms besides those of the Curculio are like-
wise found in Black-knot, we had no absolute proof that this fly was
parasitic on the insect in question. Consequently we find that our late
Walsh, in his Report as Acting State Entomologist, rather ridicules the
idea of its being a Curculio parasite and endeavors to prove that it is par-
asitic instead on the lan^a of his Plum Moth {Scjnasia prunivora). But
I have this year not only proved that poor Walsh was himself wrong in
this particular inference, but that he was equally wrong in supposing his
little Plum-moth, so called, to be confined to plums; for I have bred it
from Galls {^iiercus frondonsa Bassett) ; from haws, from crab apples
and abundantly from tame apples.

To be brief. Dr. Fitch's Sigalphus is a true parasite on tlie Plum
Curculio and I have bred hundreds of the flies from Curculio larvte. The
first bred specimens gave me much pleasure, for as soon as I saw they
belonged to the same genus as Dr. Fitch's fly, I felt assured that another
disputed question was settled. But to make assurance doubly sure, I
repeatedly half filled large jars with pure earth, finely sifted so that no
living animal remained in it. Into these jars I placed Curculio larvje

104

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

from day to day as they issued from peaches that were thrown into
another vessel, and in due time the parasitic flies began to issue from the
ground along with the perfect Curculios. Nay more than this, I soon
learned to distinguish such Curculio larvte as were parasitised, and after
they had worried themselves under the ground — seldom more than half
an inch — I would uncover them, and on several occasions had the satis-
faction of watching the gnawing worm within reduce its victim until
finally nothing was left of him.* As soon as the Curculio larva is de-

[FlGURE 5.]

a. d ^

Sigalphus Curculio Parasite : (a) larva ; {V) cocoon ; (c) pupa.

stroyed by the parasite, the latter (Fig. 5, a) encloses itself in a tough
little yellowish cocoon of silk (Fig. 5, ^), then gradually assumes the
pupa state (Fig. 5, c) and at the end of about the same length of time
that the Curculio requires to undergo its transformations and issue as a
beetle, this, its deadly foe, gnaws a hole through its cocoon r .id issues to
the light of day as a black four-winged fly (Fig. 4, a, male; h^ female). In
the vicinity of St. Louis, this fly was so common the past season that,
after very careful estimates, I am satisfied three-fourths of all the more
early developed Curculio larvse were destroyed by it. On the 17th and
1 8th of April, in that locality a severe frost killed the peach buds on all
but a few of the young and most vigorous trees of Hale's Early and
Crawford, so that instead of a large and abundant crop of peaches to
depredate on, the little Turk had to concentrate its attacks on the few
peaches that were left ; and no one expected that any fruit would be
saved. Yet the work of this little parasite was so effectual that, wher-
ever fruit set, a fair crop was gathered even by those who made no effort
at all to protect their trees !

While visiting Dr. Fitch last August, at his house in Salem, N. Y., I
compared my bred specimens with his species, and found them identically
the same; but I shall, in this reading, omit the description which
follows and which may be read, by those interested, when this essay is
published.

As Mr. Walsh bred this same pararsite from the larvas of his little Plum
Moth, it doubtless attacks other soft-bodied larvae and does not confine
itself to the Plum Curculio. This is the more likely as it would scarcely
pass the winter in the fly state. The female, with that wonderful instinct
which is exhibited in such a surpassing degree in the insect world, knows
as well as we great Lords of Creation what the litde crescent mark
upon a peach or plum indicates ; and can doubdess tell with more surety,
though she never received a lesson from her parents, whether or not a

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I05

Curculio larva is drilling its way through the fruit. When she has once
ascertained the presence of such a larva by aid of her antenncC — which she
deftly applies to different parts of the fruit, and which doubtless possess
some occult and delicate sense of perception which, with our compara-
tively dull senses, we are unable to comprehend — then she pierces the
fruit, and with unerring precision, deposits a single egg in her victim, by
means of her ovipositor.

Now there is, as I shall show in the description, a variety- (/usca) of
this parasite with the ovipositor nearly one-fifth of an inch long, but in
the normal form the ovipositor is only twelve-hundreths of an inch long,
and the Curculio larva must therefore be reached soon after it hatches or
while yet very young. Consequently we find that the earliest Curculio
larvae, or those which hatch while the fruit is yet small, are the most sub- ,
ject to be parasitised, and while from larva obtained early in the season,
I bred more parasites than Curculios, this order of things was reversed a
little later in the year. Some persons will no doubt wonder how such a
large fly can be developed from a Curculio larva which is stung while so
young; but we do not know how long the parasitic egg remains un-
hatclied, and it must be remembered that it is a rule, wisely ordained and
long known to exist in insect life, that the parasitic larva does not
at first kill outright, but subsists, without retarding growth, upon the
fatty portions of its victim, until its own growth is attained. Thus the
first worm derives its nourishment from the jucy fruit, and grows on
regardless of the parasite which is consuming its adipose substance, until
the latter is sufficiently developed, and the appointed time arrives for it to
destroy its prey by attacking those parts more vital.

This parasite which I will now proceed to describe, belongs to the second
sub-family [Braconides) of the Ichneumon-flics {Ichncumonidcc)^ and
the venation of its wings, and 3-jointed abdomen place it in the genus
Sigalphus. Westwood (Synopsis p. 63) gives three cubital panes or
areolets in the front wung as characteristic of the genus; but Brulle
(p. ^10) and, as Mr. Cresson informs me, Westmael in his Braconides
de Belgique give only two, which is the number in our insect.

Sigalphus curculionis, Fitch — Imago — (Fig. 4, a male; h female) Head
black, sub-polished and sparsely covered on the face with short whitish hairs;
ocelli touching each other; labrum and jaws brown; palpi pale yellow: antenn£e
(Fig. 4, r) 27-jointed, filiform, reaching when turned back to middle joint of abdo-
men or beyond, the bulbus and small second joint rufous and glabrous, the rest
black or dark brown though 3-10 in many specimens are more or less tinged with
rufous; 3-14 verv gradually diminishing in size; 14-27 sub-equal. Thorax black,
polished, the metathorax distinctly and broadly punctate and the rest more or less
distinctly punctate or rugose, with the sides sparsely pubescent. Abdomen 'f\'ic\\y-
black, flattened, the dorsum convex, the venter concave, and the sides narrow-
edged and slightly carinated; the three joints distinctly separated and of about
equal length; the first joint having two dorsal longitudinal carina; down the middle;
all denseiv marked with very fine longitudinal impressed lines, and sparsely pubes-
cent: (Dr. Fitch in his description published in the Country Gentleman, under
date of September 1859, states that these lines leave ''a smooth stripe along the
middle of its second segment and a large smooth space on the base of the third :"
■which is true of a few specimens, but not of the majority, in which the impressed

io6

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

lines generally cover the whole abdomen.) Ovipositor longer than abdomen, but
when stretched in a line with it, projecting backwards about the same length
beyond; ntfous, with the sheaths black. Lc^s. pale rufous with the upper part of
hind tibia? and tarsi, and sometimes the hind femora, dusky. Wi'/iffs subhyaline
and iridescent, the veins pale rufous and the stigma black. Length female 0.15-
0.16 inch, expanse 0.30; male differs only in his somewhat smaller size and in
lacking the ovipositor. In many specimens the mesothorax and the eyes are more
or less distinctly rufous.

Described from 50 females, 10 males bred June 23d — July 29th 1S70 from larvae
of Conotrachelus 7ienufhar, and 2 females obtained from Dr. Fitch.

Larva, (Fig. 5, a) — white with translucent yellowish mottlings.

Pufa, (Fig. 5, c) — Female — 0.17 inch long; whitish, the members all distinct,
the antennae touching hind tarsi, the ovipositor curved round behind, reaching and
touching with its tip the third abdominal joint, which afterwards forms the apical
joint of imago; five ventral joints, which in the imago become much absorbed and
hidden, being strongly developed.

Cocoon, (Fig. 5, h) — Composed of one layer of closely woven yellowish silk.

VARiETi- RUFUS — Head, thorax and most of first abdominal joint entirely rufous,
with the middle and hind tibice dusky, and the ovipositor three times as long as
abdomen and projecting more than twice its length beyond its tip.

Described from three females bred promiscuously with the others. This variety
is slightly larger and differs so remarkably from the normal form that, were it not for
the absolute correspondence in all the sculpturing of the thorax and body, and in
the venation of the wings, it might be considered distinct. The greater length of
the ovipositor is very characteristic and accompanies the other variations in all
three of the specimens.

LFlGURK 6.]

Porizon Curculio Parasite : {a) female ; {h) male ; (c) antenna.

The other parasite works in very much the same manner btit instead
of issuing the same summer as a fly, it remains in its somewhat tougher
and more yellowish cocoon all through the fall and winter, and does not
issue in the winged state till the following spring. This parasite was
first discovered by Dr. Trimble who sent me the cocoons from which I
subsequently bred the perfect fly. It belongs to the first sub-family
{Ichneufnonides) of the Ichneumon-flies and apparently to the genus
Porizon'^ of which it forms a new species. But I shall here also, in this

* As I am informed by Mr. E. T. Cresson of Philadelphia, who pays especial attention to the
classification of the Ichneumonid.^, it might more properly he referred to Holmgreu's genus
T hersiloclms which differs from Porizon in the greater distance between the antenna; at base, and
in the venation of the wing.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I07

reading, omit the technical description which follows, and will only state
that it differs from the otlier species in its reddish-brown abdomen, as
well as in form, as may be readily seen by refen-ing to the ligures (Fig.
6, a female; b male; c antenna).

PoRizoN coxoTRACHELi, N. Sp. ITcad pitchy-black, opaque, the ocelli
triano-ularlv placed and close together; eyes oval, polished, and black; face covered
with a silverv-white pubescence; labrum rufous, with yellowish hairs; mandibles
and palpi pale yellowish-brown; antenna; inserted in depressions between the eyes,
reachini^ to metathorax when turned back, filiform, 24-jointed; black with basal
joints 6-— I becoming more and more rufous, the bulbus always distinctly rufous;
bulbus rather longer and twice as thick as joint 3; joint 2 about one-third as long.
Thorax pitchy-black, opaque, the sides slightly pubescent with whitish hairs, the
mesothorax rounded and bulging anteriorly, the scutellum slightly excavated and
sharplv defined by a carina each side; metathorax with the elevated lines well
defined and running parallel and close together from scutellum to about one-fourth
their length, then suddenly diverging and each forking about the middle. Abdoinen
glabrous, polished, very slender at base, gradually broader and much compressed
from the sides at the apex which is truncated; peduncle uniform in diameter and
as long as joints 2 and 3 together; joints 2 — 5 subequal in length; color rufous with
the peduncle wholly, dorsum of joint 3, a lateral shade on joint 3, and more or less
of the two apical joints superiorly, especially at their anterior edges, black; venter
more yellowish: ovipositor about as long as abdomen, porrect when in use, curved
upwards when at rest, rufous, with the sheaths longer and black. Lr^s, including
trochanters and coxie uniformly pale yellowish-brown with the tips of tarsi dusky.
Wings subhvaline and iridescent, wilh veins and stigma dark brown, the stigma
quite large, "and the two discoidal cells subequal and, as usual in this genus, joining
end to end, but with the upper veins which separate them from the radial cell,
slightly elbowed instead of being straight, thus giving the radial cell a quadrangular
rather than a triangular appearance. Male difiers from female only in his some-
what smaller size and unarmed abdomen. Expanse female 0.32 inch, length of
body exclusive of ovipositor 0.22; expanse male 0.28, length 0.18.

Described from 3 females, i male bred May 26th — 2Sth, 1870, from cocoons
received from Dr. I. P. Trimble, and i female subsequently received from the same
gentleman — all obtained from larvae of Cofiotrachelus nenufhar.

" But of what use are these parasites.'"' say you ! Well, they can not,
it is true, be turned to very great practical account, because they are not
sutHciently under our control; but it is a source of great satisfaction to
those who have been looking for many years for some natural aid to help
them in the artificial warfare waged against the Curculio, to know that
besides its several cannibal foes, there arc at last two true parasites which
attack it. Indeed with the knowledge of the Curculio-encmies figured
and described two years ago in the American Entomologist^ and of the
egg-destroying Thrips which I described to you last year, and these two
parasites, the grower of our luscious stone-fruits may with good reason
begin to hope for better days, for the prospect brightens. There is no
philosophy in the statement of Mr. Ransom,* that we can never hope
for assistance from pai'asites, Ijccause, as he confidently expresses it, "there
are none at present but what have always existed !" Such argument will
do for the believers in the old-school doctrine, that every thmg was cre-
ated just as we find it; but not for those who rightly comprehend the

* Prairie Farmer, June 4tli, 1S70.

Io8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Darwinian hypothesis of development, and who believe that life is slow^ly

undergoing change and modification to-day just as it ever has since it had
an existence on this Earth, For my own part, nothing has ever appeared
more absurd than the direct creation of something out of nothing, and I
would as soon believe that we all dropped full grown from the clouds,
just as we are here to-day — instead of being brought into the world
bjr natural means and gradually developing into manhood and woman-
hood— or that we have the same habits as our barbarous ancestors had,
as to believe that the animal life about us is now as it was in the begin-
ning! Therefore, though these Curculio parasites may have existed in
this country long ere the white man first beheld its shores, yet they may
only have acquired the habit of preying upon the Curculio within the
last comparatively few years. Moreover, much benefit may be derived
from their artificial propagation and dissemination, and — Utopian as the
scheme may appear to you — I intend next year, Deo volente, to breed
enough of the first mentioned species to send at least a dozen to every
county seat in Missouri, and have them liberated into some one's peach
orchard. By this means I hope to spread them all over the State, and if
in future years you Suckers should find that our peach growers are, by its
aid, able to get a fair crop of peaches every year while yours are con-
stantly destroyed by Mrs. Turk, our State Government may condescend
to send across the Mississippi a fe^v thousand pairs of the little Sigalphus
for the trifling consideration of $i.oo per pair! If the money derived
from this new branch of industiy should be safely set aside in the vaults
at Jeflerson City, until sufficient has accumulated to erect in St. Louis a
fire-proof building for a museum of Natural History, and Agricultural
and Geological rooms, there would be at least as much prospect of get-
ting such a building as there seems to be now !

THE APPLE CURCULIO.

{Antkonomus quadrigihbus. Say.)

" Prove all things ; hold fast that which is good !"

This injunction of St. Paul applies with just as much force to us to-
day, as it did in centuries past to the Thessalonians. In what has been said
above about the Plum Curculio we have had abuiadant opportunity of
testing the soundness of the old proverb, and in ascertaining the histoiy
of the Apple Curculio, wloich I am about to give you, it was very neces-
sary to bear the advice in mind. It often takes years to undo the asser-
tions of men who are in the habit of talking glibly of that which they
really know nothing about, and I ought to comment severely on what has
been said about this insect ; but I refrain from doing so, in this case, lest
it be said that my words are prompted from personal considerations. I shall
therefore content myself with a plain narrative of this insect's habits.

First then, let us explain the differences between the perfect states of
this insect and the Plum Curculio, that any one of you may distinguish
between them.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. tOg

The snout of the Plum Curculio hangs down like tlie trunk of an
elephant; it is short, stout, and does not admit of being stretched out
horizontally forwards; and as may be seen by referring to the figure
(Fig. I, c) is scarcely as long as the head and thorax together, and can be
folded back between the legs, where there is a groove to receive it. The
Plum Curculio is broadest across the shoulders and narrows behind, and
moreover, the black sealing-wax-like, knife-edged elevations on the back,
with the pale band behind them, characterize it at once from all our other
fruit-boring snout-beetles.

[Figure 7.]

Apple Curculio — (a) natural size ; (b) side view ; (c) back view.

The Apple, or Four-humped Curculio (Fig. 7) is a smaller insect,
with a snout which sticks out more or less horizontally and can not be folded
under, and which in the male is about half as long, and in the female is
fully as long as the whole body. This insect has narrow shoidders and
broadens behind, where it is furnished with four very conspicuous humps,
from which it takes its name. It has neither the polished black eleva-
tions nor the pale band of the Plum Curculio. In short, it differs gener-
ically and never attacks stone fruit.

The size varies, as you will see from the specimens in the lecturing
box, from less than i-30th to nearly i-i2th of an inch, but the colors
are quite uniform, the body being ferruginous or rusty-brown, often
with the thorax and anterior third of the wing-covers ash-gray — the
thorax having three more or less distinct pale lines.

ITS NATURAL HISTORY.

This beetle, like the Plum-weevil is a native American insect, and
has from time immemorial fed on, and bred in, our wild crabs. It
eventually learned to like our cultivated apples and pears, and is also
found on quinces. At present it does considerable damage to the crop
in some localities, though it yet prefers the wild to the cultivated fruit.
Like the Plum-weevil also, it is single-brooded, and winters over in the
beetle state, though I was led to believe differently a year ago. With its
long thin snout it drills holes into the fruit, much resembling the punc-
ture of a hot needle, the hole being round, with a more or less intense
black annulation, and an ash-gray centre. Those holes made for food

no TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

are about one-tenth of an inch deep and generally scooped out broadly
at the bottom in the shape of a gourd. Those which the female makes
for her eggs are scooped out still more broadly and the egg at the bottom
is often found larger than the puncture at the orifice — thus indicating
that it swells from absorption, by a sort of endosmosis, of nutritiv^e fluid
from the surrounding fruit, just as the eggs of many saw-flies and of
some other snout-beetles are known to do.

The egg is fully 0.04 of an inch long, nearly oval, not quite three
times as long as wide, and of a yellowish color with one end dark and
empty when the embryo larva is well formed. The egg-shell is so veiy
fine that the larva seems to gradually develop from it instead of crawling
out of it; and by taking a matured egg and gently rolling it between
the thumb and finger, the young larva presents itself, and at this early
age its two little light brown mandibles show distinctly on the head. As
soon as this larva hatches it generally goes right to the heart of the fruit
and it feeds there around the core, producing much rust-red excrement,
and acquiring a tint of the same color. It feeds for nearly a month, and
when full grown presents the appearance of Figure 8, d.

[Figure 8.]

Apple Curculio \{a) pupa ; (b) larva.

It diflers so remarkably from that of the Plum Curculio that the two
insects can be distinguished at a glance even in this masked form. It is
softer, the chitinous covering being thinner and much whiter. It can
not stretch straight and travel fast as can that of the Plum Curculio, but
curls round with an arched back, joints 4 — 7 being larger than the pre-
ceeding. It is more crinkled, each joint being divided into three principal
folds much as in the common White Grub. The space between the
folds is frequently bluish-black, and there is a very distinct, continuous,
vascular, dorsal line of a bluish color. It has no bristles like nenuphar
except a few weak ones on the first joint, arising from some ventral
tubercles which remind one of feet. The head is yellowish-brown with
the jaws somewhat darker, and the breathing pores, except that in fold
of first joint, are not easily seen.

IT TRANSFORMS IN THE FRUIT.

The fruit of the wild crab containing this larva never falls, and the
fruit of our cultivated apples seldom ; and in this respect the effect of its

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. HI

work differs remarkably from that of the Phim Curculio, or even of the
Codling Moth. Why such is the case it would be difficult to explain!
It is one of those incomprehensible facts which at every turn confront
the student of Nature's works. We might with equal reason ask why
it is that of the two stone fruits, the plum and the cherry, the larger falls
and perishes and the smaller hangs on and lives, when infested with the
Plum Curculio; and of the two pomaceous fruits, the apple and the
haw, the larger likewise falls and perishes and the smaller hangs on and
lives, when infested with similar larvaj? Most persons would naturally
infer that the larger instead of the smaller fruits would best resist the
injurious gnawings of the worm within; and though we may explain
away the paradox by supposing that the longer stem of the smaller fruits
prevents the injury from reaching its juncture with the branch, so readily
as it does through the shorter stem of the larger fruits; or that the greater
weight of the larger fruit causes it to fall so readily; yet this is only
assuming, and I doubt whether the vegetable pathologist will ever be
able to show the peculiarities of the fruits which cause the different
effects.

The larva of the Apple Curculio has no legs and is so hump-backed
that it can not stretch out, and would cut a sorry figure in attempting to
descend the ti"ee. Therefore, as the fruit containing it mostly hangs on
the tree, the insect is effectually imprisoned. But Nature's ways are
always ways of wisdom and her resources are inexhaustible! Conse-
quently we find that instead of having to go under ground to transform,
as does the Plum Curculio, the normal habit of our Apple Curculio is
to transform within the fruit. The larva after becoming full fed settles
down in a neat cavity, and soon throws off its skin and assumes the
pupa state, when it appears as at Figure 8, a. After remaining in this
state from two to three weeks it undergoes another moult and the perfect
beetle state is assumed. We thus see that the Aj^ple Curculio is cradled
in the fruit in which it was born till it is a perfect beetle, fully fledged,
and ready to carry out the different functions and objects of its life. In
other words, it never leaves the fruit, after hatching, till it has become a
perfect beetle. This fact I have fully tested by breeding a number
myself both from infested crabs which I collected, and from cultivated
apples, also infested, that were kindly forwarded to me by Mr. J. B.
Miller of Anna, 111. I learn also from Mr. Geo. Parmelee of Old
Mission, Mich., that he has satisfied himself of the same trait in the
natural history of this insect, and I fully convinced myself that such was
the normal habit, by repeatedly removing the full grown larva from the
fruit and placing it on the surface of the ground, when, in every instance
it would make no attempt to bury itself, but would always transform on
the surface.

THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE IT DOES.

The observations that I have been able to make on this insect's work
in our cultivated orchards are limited, but I think that it attacks with
equal relish both summer and winter apples. Whenever a beetle has

112 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

perfected in the fruit, it cuts quite a large hole for its escape, and these
holes are sufficiently characteristic to enable one who has paid attention
to the matter to tell with tolerable certainty whether an apple has been
infested with Apple-worm, Plum Curculio, or Apple Curculio — even
after the depredator has left.

In the southern portion of Illinois and in some parts of Missouri this
insect is very abundant and does much damage to the apple crop; it
occurs in greater or less numbers in most states of the Union, but in
other localities again its work is scarcely ever seen, and I am satisfied
that the damage it does has been much oveiTated. We can only judge
of the future by the past, and though we may expect this insect to
increase somewhat with the increase of our orchards, it is folly to sup-
pose that it can go on increasing in geometrical ratio; and the pretty
mathematical calculations which are intended to alarm the cultivator at
the gloomy prospects of the future, are never made by those who under-
stand the complicated net-work in which every animal organism is
entangled, or who rightly understand the numerous influences at work
to keep each species within due bounds. Such figures look well on
paper, but, like air-castles, there is nothing real about them.

Our apples suffer much more, in many localities, from the gougings.
of the perfect beetle and the burro wings of the larva of the Plum Cur-
culio, than they do from the work of this Apple-Curculio ; and this was
so much the case in my own locality the past summer, that I found a
dozen larvte of the former in apples, where I found one of the latter.

[At the meeting of the Society, Mr. E. Daggy of Tuscola, Ills., had
on exhibition some pears that were very much deformed and gnarled.
After the reading of this paper he informed me that this injury had been
caused by the Apple Curculio, which he recognized from my figure and
from the specimens in the lecturing box. Upon examining the pears I
found a little dark circular spot which indicated distinctly where the snout
of the beetle had been inserted. This spot was the centre of a hard and
irregular but generally rounded knot or swelling which was sunk in a
depression of the softer parts of the pear, thus indicating that the growth,
by some property of the puncture, was checked and hardened, while the
other parts went on growing and swelling. Some of the fruit was so
badly disfigured that it could no longer be recognized, and Mr. Daggy
informed me that his Vicar of Winkfield, and " Sugar Pear " were
most affected in this way, and tliat his Duchesse pears were unblem-
ished].

THE SEASON OF THE YEAR DURING WHICH IT WORKS.

The beetles come from their winter quarters and begin to work on
the fruit at about the same time as does the Plum Curculio — if anything
a little later. They have generally got fully to work, and larvas may be
found already hatched, by the first of June, and tliey may be found in
the fruit in one stage or another all along tlirough the months of June and
July and the greater part of August.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. IT3

REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

Notwithstanding we have had reports pubHshed, in the columns of
our agricultural papers, of the relative number of Apple and of Plum Cur-
culios captured from peach trees by jarring with the Curculio-catcher, I
am fully convinced that such reports were not based on facts, and that we
may ne\'er expect to subdue this insect by the jarring process. It is not
as timid or as much inclined to drop as the Plum Curculio, and though
it can occasionally be brought down, it generally remains defiantly
on the fruit or on the bough, through the gentlest as well as the
severest jarring of the tree. Indeed, its habit of transforming in
the fruit, places it in a great measure beyond our control, and I
fear that this is one of the few insects with which we can do but
little by artificial means. But we have only just commenced to under-
stand this foe, and there is much yet to learn about it. I sincerely hope
that the few facts which have been here given, will increase your interest
in this insect and enable you to carry on future observations and experi-
ments with a better understanding; so that they will at last result in
making us masters of this rather difficult situation. Mr. H. Lewelling
of High Hill, Montgomery Co., Mo., who has had much of his fruit
injured by this insect, informs me that Tallman's Sweet is preferred by it
to all other varieties, and our observations should, as much as possible,
tend in the direction of deciding which varieties are most subject to, and
which most exempt from its attacks; and which varieties fall most readily
when infested by it. For it is obvious that with our present knowledge,
the only real remedy which yet exists, is the destruction of the infested
fruit, whether upon or off' the tree ; and it may turn out that although we
can not jar down the beetles we can jar down much of the infested fruit,
which would, without jarring, remain on the trees.

Anthonomus quADRiGiBBUs, Saj — Larva (Fig. 8, V) — Average dorsal length
when full grown 0.45 inch; soft and white, with a very few sparse soft hairs; arched
and wrinkled Lamellicorn-fashion, the space between the wrinkles, and a distinct
dorsal vascular line bluish-black. Head free and almost perpendicular, yellowish-
brown with the mandibles darker. A pair of polishel ventral tubercles on each of
the three thoracic joints, and each bearing a distinct bristle.

Pupa (Fig. 8; a) — Average length 0.40 inch. Whitish, the snout of female
reaching beyond the lip of wing-cases, that of male not much beyond the elbow
of middle femora and tibia;. Thorax with a few short stiff hairs springing from
slight conical elevations. Wing-cases showing the stria; and humps of future
beetle, the tip of the upper case usually terminating in a thorn. The nine abdom-
inal joints deeply and distinctly separated, the first showing a rounded scuttellar
tubercle; the sides angular, conically ridged and armed on each joint with two
brown thorns or bristles, which become stouter towards apex; a transverse dorsal
row of about eight similar bristles on llie posterior sub-margin of each joint, also
becoming larger towards apex: Terminal sub-segment ending in one stout, slightly
curved, thorn.

THE QUINCE CURCULIO.

{Co7tolrac/ielus crnlagi, Walsh.)
HOW IT DIFFERS FROM THE OTHERS.

This insect has been called the Qiiince Curculio by Dr. Trimble, and
though it breeds in other fruits, the name is a good one as it will enable
II

114 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

us to distinguish it at once from our other fruit snout-beetles. I have had
the beetle in my cabinet for several years but knew nothing of its larval
history till a year ago last fall. It breeds veiy abundantly in our com-
rnon haws and I raised a number of them the present season from the
fruit of the Pear or Black Thoi^n {Cratcegus tof?ieniosa) obtained from
Mr. Walsh.

[Figure 9.]

Qiiince Curculio — (a) side view ; (b) back view.

Though belonging to the same genus as our Plum Curculio, and hav-
ing very much the same form, as may be seen by referring to the figure,
(Figure 9), yet it difters remarkably in its habits from both of the pre-
ceeding weevils. It is, like them, an indigenous species and its original
fruit was evidently the wild Haw, which in the West it yet seems to pre-
fer to the cultivated fruits. But in the East it has become very injurious
to the Quince and, as we might naturally expect, also attacks the Pear,
and especially the Lawrence and other late varieties. In September 1868,
I received specimens from W, W. Swett of Hightstown, N. J., with the
statement that they were found on pears, and Dr. Trimble at a late meet-
ing of the New York Farmers' club (Oct. 22, '70) gave the following
account of its injuries in New Jersey the present year:

" Yesterday five or six hundred were taken from tlie bottoms of two barrels of
quinces, although tliose quinces had only been gathered four days before. A friend
of mine has a quince orchard of 2S6 trees. These trees this season should average
seventy or eighty quinces to a tree, making more than twenty thousand. Upon a
most careful search I was unable to find one specimen perfect, or clear of one or
more blemishes caused by the punctures of this insect. Frequently four, five, or
six grubs will be found in a single quince. Mr. Goldsmith, the owner, keeps this
orchard in first-rate order; he has faithfully kept out the borers, so fatal to the
quince trees; has fertilized very freely, and the cultivation is perfect. He told me
yesterday, that his crop this year is thirty barrels, which will yield him about $125.
Had this insect let him alone he should have had at least 100 barrels, worth from $800
to $1,000. Many of his later pears, including the Seckel and Lawrence, have
suffered greatly, though not to the same extent as his quinces. A few days ago he
emptied a barrel of cullings, chiefly Lawrence pears, and in and near the bottom
of that barrel were found at least 400 of these grubs. A month ago I visited the
orchards attached to one of the best nurseries in Pennsylvania, and I found the
sad evidence of the presence of this enemy. Even the Seckel pears, though very
abundant, were almost worthless; later varieties still worse. Mr. Fuller tells me
that he has seen this season, in Western New-York, the same condition of fruit at
a well known nursery, even the Duchesse pears almost totally destroyed. This
fruit enemy seems yet confined to localities, but is spreading rapidly,"

This beetle was first very briefly described by Mr. Walsh in a note
in the Prairie Partner for July 18th, 1863, p. 37, from specimens found

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. II5

by him on the hawthorn, but until I bred it this sprino^ nothing was
known of its larval liistory. It is a somewhat larger insect than the
Plum Curculio, has a comparatively longer snout and is very broad
shouldered; thus tapering just the opposite way to the Apple Curculio.
Its general color is a tolerably uniform ash-gray, mottled more or less
with ochre-yellow, dusky and whitish, and it has a dusky somewhat
triangular spot at the base of the thorax above, and seven distinct narrow
longitudinal elevations on the wing-covers, with two rows of punctures
between each.

This beetle differs further from the others, in the fact that it does not
appear, even in the latitude of St. Louis, till about the first of June, and
I have had its larvie of the previous year in the ground in May when
the newly hatched larvie of the Plum Curculio were already working
destruction in the fruit. In some of the more Northern States it would
not appear till the middle of July.

ITS TRANSFORMATIONS AND HABITS.

This snout-beetle does not make a crescent like the Plum Curculio;
but, like the Apple Curculio, makes a direct puncture for the reception
of its egg, the hole being somewhat larger than that of the latter, and
the bottom of the cavit\' similarly enlarged and gnawed, so as to form a
neat bed for the egg. The egg is very similar to that of the Plum Cur-
culio, and hatches in a few days after being deposited. In all probability
it also swells and enlarges somewhat before hatching. The lai-va works
for the most part near the surface of the fruit and does not enter to the
heart. It is of the general form of that of the Plum Curculio, and
differs principally in being somewhat larger, more opaque-white, and in
having a naiTow dusky dorsal line and a distinct lateral tubercle on
each joint. When full grown, which is in a month or more from the
time of hatching, it leaves the fruit through a smooth cylindrical hole
and burrows two or three inches into the ground. Here, singularly
enough, it remains all through tlie fall, winter, and spring months without
changing — no matter whether it left the fruit as early as the first of
August or as late as the first of October. This is the peculiar feature of
the insect, namely, that it invariably passes the winter in the larva state,
and does not even assume the pupa state till the fore part of May or a
few days before issuing as a beetle. In this respect it resembles the
nut-weevils which infest our hickory-nuts, hazel-nuts, and acorns. In
higher latitudes than that of St. Louis there is evidence that some of the
late hatched larvae do not leave the haws they infest till frost overtakes
them, but pass the winter within the fruit as it lies on the frozen ground.
The pupa differs only from that of the Plum Curculio in the gi'eater
length of the proboscis.

It will be remembered, perhaps, by many members of this Society,
and I have before referred to the fact, that Dr. Fitch supposed the Plum
Curculio was two-brooded, and those who have read his " Address " on
this insect will readily perceive that he based this opinion on findingf
what he took to be its larvae in the tender bark of a pear twig late in the

Il6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

fall, and on finding what he similarly mistook for such larvze in haws in
winter. Of course we know positively now that the Plum Curculio
does not so breed in pear twigs, and it is very evident tliat what Dr. Fitch
took to be Plum Curculio larvte in such a twig were the young of some
other insect, or perhaps even the eggs of some leaf-hopper ( Tettigojzid)
which are generally placed in the position described by him. But
though this first error of Dr. Fitch's has been explained away, the second
never has till now, when we may assume, with gi'eat reason, that the
larvae which misled the Doctor and which were found in ha\vs in winter
time, were in reality the larvae of our Qiiince Curculio. How easily are
fallacies exploded, and errors corrected, even years after they are com-
mitted, by a few well tested facts!

The two former Curculios which we have been considering have a
beetle existence of between nine and ten months, during most of which
time, or as long as the weather is sufficiently mild, they feed in the man-
ner described. The present species has a beetle existence of not more
than two months, and as though aware of the short term allotted to it
for enjoyment, it endeavors to make the best use of its time. Conse-
quently we find it more ravenous than either of the other species, and it
is really astonishing how much this insect eats. It excavates immense
holes for food, often buiying itself in them completely; and I have known
apples furnished to these beetles in confinement, to have their substance so
completely devoured, that nothing but the rind was left. Two years ago
this fall there was scarcely a quince that came into the St. Louis market,
that was not marred by numbers of large gougings, and though I was
then inclined to attribute such holes, to the gnawings of grasshoppers,
I feel pretty well convinced at present that the work might with more
justice have been attributed to this Qiiince Curculio.

The question will naturally arise, since this insect breeds in the haw,
the quince, and the pear, whether it will also breed in the closely allied
apple .'' So far as my experiments go, they indicate clearly that it will
not; for although the beetle will eat and greatly disfigure apples, when
no other nourishment is at hand, yet a number which I confined to a large
branch of an apple tree on the 14th of June last, absolutely refused to
deposit eggs and died three weeks afterwards.

REMEDIES.

Very fortunately this insect drops as readily when alarmed as does
the Plum Curculio, and the jarring process will be found just as eflect-
ual in catching it, with the additional advantage that the jarring need
only be carried on for about ten weeks of the year, namely, from about
the first of June to the middle of August in this latitude. Moreover, in
accordance with its late appearance we find that, according to Dr. Trim-
ble, whenever it attacks pears, it prefers the late ripening varieties.
Again, it is, like the Plum Curculio, nocturnal in its habits, and secret-
ive during the day; so that the Ransom process will undoubtedly prove
effectual with it if used at the right season. All fruit that falls should
be destroyed, and as we know that the larva hibernates in the ground,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. II7

many of them will be injured and destroyed by late stirring of the soil.

CoNOTRACHELUS CRAT^Gi, Walsh — Larva — Average length when full grown
0.32 inch; 4^;^ times as long as wide, and straight. Opaque whitish, with a narrow
dusky dorsal line, generally obsolete on thorax, and a few very short hairs. Distinct
lateral tubercles on all the joints. Head rufous with mandibles black, except at
base, and distinctly two-toothed at tip.

Pufa — Average length 0.28 inch. Snout reaching a little beyond elbow of
middle tibiiu and tarsi, w ith two stout rufous thorns near the origin of antennae,
two more at base and sometimes others more toward the tip. Head and thorax also
armed with such thorns, and also two to each elbow of the femora and tibiae.
Wing cases with rows of short rufous bristles along the elevations between the
striae. Abdomen cylindrical, the basal joint with a central scutellar bristlelcss
tubercle and two others, one each side of it, each bearing a bristle: the other
joints conicallv tubercled laterally, each tubercle bearing a stout bristle, and each
joint bearing dorsally about four other bristles on its posterior sub-margin. Ter-
minal sub-segment squarely cut olf and bearing two stout inwardly-curved brown
thorns.

THE PLUM GOUGER.

{Atithonomus frunicida, Walsh.)

ITS CHARACTER, DISTRIBUTION, AND FOOD.

[Fig. 10.]

The Plum Gouger.

This name was given by Mr. Walsh to another indigenous weevil
which is represented enlarged in the accompanying illustration (Fig. 10).
It is easily distinguished from either of the preceeding weevils — as you
will see at a glance by referring to the figures and to the specimens in the
lecture-box — by its ochre-yellow thorax and legs and its darker wing-cov-
ers, which are dun-colored, or brown with a leaden-gray tint, and have no
humps at all. Its snout is not much longer than the thorax, but as in
the Apple Curculio, projects forwards, or downwards, but can not be bent
under as in the Plum Curculio. This insect was first described in the
Prairie Parmer for June 13th, 1S63, and the description was afterwards
republished in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History
for February, 1S64.

Mr. Walsh gave such a good account of it in his Report as Acting
State Entomologist that it is unnecessary for me to go into detail, and
I will therefore only briefly allude to those traits in its history which are
well established.

The Plum Gouger seems to be unknown in the Eastern States, but
is very generally distributed throughout the valley of the Mississippi.
As a rule it is much less common and does much less injury than the little
Turk, though in some few districts it is found equally abundant, and I

Il8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

received specimens on the first of June last, from my esteemed corres-
pondent, Mr. Huron Burt of Williamsburg, Callaway Co., Mo., with
the statement that it was doing great damage to the plums in that locality,
though the little Turk was scarcely met with. There is a plum known
there as "Missouri Nonsuch" which, though said to be Curculio proof,
is worked upon very badly by the Gouger.

The Plum Gouger is often found on wild crab trees, and may, like the
Plum Curculio, occasionally deposit and breed in pip fruit; but it is par-
tial to smooth-skinned stone fruit such as prunes, plums, and nectarines,
and it does not even seem to relish the rougher-skinned peach.

OFTEX MISTAKEN FOR THE PLUM CURCULIO.

It has often been confounded with the Plum Curculio, and was once
supposed by our friend L. C. Francis of Springfield, Ills., to be the male
of that species. We all have a right to suppose what we please, and as
long as our suppositions are not thrust on the public for ascertained facts,
they can do no possible harm. But Mr, J. P. Williamson, of Des Moines
County, Iowa, is not satisfied with supposing this or some other straight-
snouted weevil, to be the female of the Plum Curculio, but, in a last sum-
mer's issue of the Prairie Farttier^ not only emphatically speaks of it as
such, but, finding that these supposed females frequent the trees two weeks
earlier than the males, ( ?) he concludes for some unexplained reason,
that the sole object of visiting the fruit is for the deposition of eggs; and
straightway hatches the theory that the Plum Curculio can do no harm
till the males appear!! Consequently, instead of jarring our trees as long
as fruit remains on them, we are informed by Mr. W^illiamson that it is
only necessary to jar them about six weeks.

And thus it always is with men who do not sufficiently understand
the absolute importance of care and caution in reading Nature's
secrets: from supposition to assumption; from assumption to theory;
from theory to advice, which — it is unnecessary here to say — is of a most
pernicious character.

I ITS TIME OF APPEARANCE.

This beetle appears in the spring about the same time as the Plum
Curculio, but as no eggs are deposited after the stone of the fruit
becomes hard, and as its lai*va requires a longer period to mature than
that of the latter, its time of depositing is shorter, and the old beetles
generally die off' and disappear before the new ones eat their way out of
the fruit, which they do during August, September, and October, accord-
ing to the latitude.

ITS NATURAL HISTORY.

Though we have no absolute proof of the fact, analogy would lead
us to believe, and in my own mind there is no doubt, that this insect
passes the winter in the beetle state, and that it is, like the other species,
single-brooded. Both sexes bore cylindrical holes in the fruit for food,
and these holes are of the exact diameter of the snout, and consequently
somewhat larger than those of the Apple Curculio. These holes are

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. II9

broadened at the bottom, or gouged out in the shape of a gourd ; and
especially is this the case with those intended by the female for the
reception of an egg. The egg., in this case also, enlarges from endos-
mosis, and it is probable that all weevils that make a puncture for the
reception of their eggs, gnaw and enlargp the bottom, not only to give
the egg room to swell, but to deaden the surrounding fruit, and prevent
its crushing such egg — the same object being attained by the deadened
flap made by the crescent of the little Turk. Wherever this insect
abounds, plums will be found covered with its holes, the great majority
of them, however, made for feeding purposes. The gum exudes from
each puncture, and the fruit either drops or becomes knotty and worth-
less.

The young larva which hatches from the egg, instead of rioting in
the flesh of the plum, or remaining around the outside of the kernel,
makes an almost straight course for that kernel, through the yet soft
shell of which it penetrates. Here it remains until it has become full-
fed, when by a wise instinct it cuts a round hole through the now
hard stone, and retires inside again to change to the pupa and finally
to the beetle state. When once the several parts of the beetle are sufli-
ciently hard and strong, it ventures through the hole which it had already
providently prepared for exit with its stronger larval jaws, and then
easily bores its way through the flesh and escapes.

REMEDIES.

This Plum Gouger is about as hard to deal with as the Apple Cur-
culio. It drops almost as reluctantly and we therefore can not do much
by the jarring process to diminish its numbers. Moreover it takes wing
much more readily than the other wee\'ils we have mentioned; and
though fruit that is badly punctured for food, often falls prematurely to
the gi'ound, yet, according to Mr. Walsh, that infested with the larva
generallv hangs on the tree until the stone is hard and premature ripen-
ing sets in. In all probability the stunted and prematurely ripened fruit
containing this insect will jar down much more readily than the healthy
fruit, but I have so far had no opportunity of making any practical
observations myself, and must conclude by hoping that our plum-
growing members will make the proper experiments and give us the
results.

THE STRA WBERRT CROWN BORER.

{Analcis fragariie N. sp.)

This is another indigenous insect, which seems to be confined to our
Mississippi Valley, for I have heard no complaints in any of the Atlantic
States, of injuries that could be attributed to this weevil. In the Maine
Partner for July 25th, 1867, we find a brief reference, made by Mr.
G. E. Brackett of Belfast, Me., in answer to a certain "E. B.," of a
" worm that eats into the crown of the plant and kills it." The worm
referred to was, in all probability, the Crown Borer under consideration,
but as no post-oflice address of the questioner is given, the paragraph
might just as well never have been written, for any light that it tlirows

I20

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

on the distribution of the insect. However, no such insect has ever been
mentioned by our Eastern winters on the Strawbeny, and w^e must
necessarily conclude that it does not exist in the Atlantic States.

[Figure ii.]

Strawberry Crown Borer — (a) larva ; (b) beetle, side view ; (c) same, back view.

This insect has done considerable damage to the straw^berry crop in
the Southern portion of your own State, especially along the line of the
Illinois Central R. R. ; and I have seen evidence of its work in St. Louis
County, Mo. At the meeting of the Southern Illinois Fruit Growers'
Association, held at South Pass in November IS67, several complaints
were made by parties from Anna and Makanda, of a white worm which
worked in the roots of their strawberries; and in 1868, the greater
portion of the plants of a ten-acre field at Anna, belonging to Mr.
Parker Earle, was destroyed by it.

In the fall of 1869 I had some correspondence with Mr. Walsh on
this insect, and learned that he had succeeded in breeding it to the perfect
state; and had it not been for his untimely death, its history would no
doubt have been published a year ago. Through the kindness of Jos.
M. Wilson of Sterling, Whiteside Co., and of J. B. Miller of Anna,
Union Co., I received during the past year specimens of the larv^ from
which I succeeded in rearing the perfect beetle. It is therefore by the
aid of these gentlemen, and especially from the experience of Mr. Miller,
that I am enabled to give you the above illustrations (Fig. 11) of the
Strawberry Crown Borer, and the following necessarily imperfect account
of its mode of working. I give them in the hope that they will prompt
further investigation, and serve as a clue to enable our excellent friend
Dr. Le Baron to increase our knowledge of this pest; for there is much
yet to learn of its habits, and consequently of the best means of fighting
it.

From the middle of June to the middle of July in Southern Illinois, and
later further north, the larva hatches from an egg which, in all probabil-
ity, is deposited in the crown of the plant, and it immediately commences
to bore its way downwards, into the pith. Here it remains till it has ac-
quired its full size, working in the thick bulbous root and often eating
through the more woody portions, so that when frost sets in, the plant
easily breaks off and is heaved out of the ground. When full grown it
presents the appearance of Figure ii, a, being a white grub with arched
back and tawny-yellow head, and measuring about i-5th of an inch when

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 121

stretched out. It undergoes its transformations to the pupa and perfect
beetle states within the root, anil the latter makes its appearance above
ground during the month of August.

The beetle (Fig. ii, b side view; c back view) is about i-6th of an
inch in length, of a chestnut-brown color, and marked and punctured as
in tlie figure.

From analogy we may infer that the beetle feeds on the leaves of the
strawberrv, for it is a very general rule with snout-beetles, that the per-
fect insects feed on the leaves of such plants as they infest in the larva
state. But whether it lives on through the winter as a beetle and does
not commence depositing eggs again till the following June; or whether
it is double-brooded and produces a second lot of larvic which pass the
winter in the roots, are questions which are not yet decided ; and until we
get a more comprehensive knowledge of this insect's ways and doings,
we shall be in a measure powerless before it. From all the facts that can
be obtained, the first hypothesis is the correct one, and in that event we
can, in an emergency, easily get rid of this pest by plowing up and
destroying the plants soon after they have done bearing, or say about the
latter part of June In the southern part of the State. By doing this the
whole brood of borers will perish with the plants. Most strawberry-
growers renew their plants, in some way or another, about every three
years, and where this insect abounds, it will be best subdued by desti^oy-
ing the whole bed at the time alread}' suggested and afterwards planting
a new one; rather than by annually thinning out the old and leaving
the new plants in the same bed. Plere we have an effectual means of
extirpating tlic little pest, if, as I believe, the first hypothesis is the cor-
rect one; l)ut if the second hypothesis be correct — i. e., if the insect be
double-brooded — then it will avail nothing to carry out the above sug-
gestions, and we thus see how important it Is to thoroughly understand
an Insect's habits in order to properly cope with It. Though we may
occasionally hit upon some plan of remedying or preventing an insect's
injuries without knowing Its habits, yet as a general rule we but giope in
the dark until we have learned Its natural history!

According to Mr. Miller, all plants infested with this larva are sure to
perish, and he has also noticed that old beds are more apt to be injured by
it than new ones.

In one of the roots received from him, I found a parasitic cocoon, so
that there is every reason to believe that, as is so very generally the
case widi insects, this noxious species has at least one natural enemy
which will aid us In keeping It in due bounds. Indeed, Mr. Miller so
often found this parasitic cocoon, that he at first surmised that the Crown
Borer spun It. But no snout-bcetle larvai spin cocoons.

This Crown Borer must not be confounded with another white worm
of about the same size which lives in the ground and subsists on the
roots by devouring them from the outside. This last may always be distin-
guished by having six distinct legs near the head, and its habits are quite
different. It occurs earlier in the season, and, as I have proved the past
summer, is the larva of the little clay-yellow beetle, known as the Grape-
12

122 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

vine Colaspis [Colas pi s Jlavida, Say). A full account of this last insect,
with illusti-ations, will be given in the forth-coming 3rd Entomological
Report of Missouri.

This weevil belongs to the genus Anakis which is distinguished by its sub-
cylindrical oblong-oval body, its short robust snout which fits into a deep grove, its
lo-jointed antennce, and its simple or unarmed thighs. As our strawberry insect is
a new species I subjoin a description of it for the scientific reader: —

Analcis fragari.e, N. Sp. — Imago,F\g. ii,c — Color deep, sub-polished, chest-
nut-brown, the elytra somewhat lighter. Head and rostrum dark, finely and
ilensely punctate and with short coarse fulvous hairs, longest at tip of rostrum;
antennte rather lighter towards base, lo-jointed, the scape much thickened at apex,
joint 2 longest and robust, 3 moderately long, 4-7 short, S-10 connate and forming
a stout club. Thorax dark, cylindrical, slightly swollen across the middle, and uni-
fi-rmly covered with large thimble-like punctures, and with a few short coarse fulvous
hairs, unusually airanged in three more or less distinct longitudinal lines; pectoral
groove ending between front legs. Abdomen with small remote punctures and
hairs, which are denser towards apex. Legs of equal stoutness, and with shallow
dilated punctures and uniform very short hairs. Elytra more yellowish-brown,
dilated at the lower sides anteriorly, and with about 9 deeply-punctured strite, the
stri^ sometimes obsolete; more or less covered with coarse and short pale yellow
hairs, which form by their greater density, three more or less conspicuous transverse
bands, the first of which is at base: between the second and third band, in the mid-
dle of the elytron, is a smooth dark-brown or black spot, with a less distinct spot of
the same color below the third, and a still less distinct one above the second band.
Length 0.16 inch.

Described from four specimens bred from strawbeiT_\ -boring larvie. The black
spots on the elytra are quite distinct and conspicuous on two specimens, less so on
one, and entirely obsolete on the other.

Lurva,V\g. \i, a — White with back arched Lamellicorn-fashion. Head gam-
boge-yellow, glabrous with some faint transverse striations above mouth; mandibles
rufous tipped with black; labrum emarginate, and with palpi, pale. A faint narrow-
dorsal vascular line. Legs replaced by fleshy tubercles. Length 0.20 inch when
stretched out.

I had intended to say something of the Grape Curculio and the Grape
Cane Curculio; of the Hickory-nut and Hazel-nut weevils; of the Pea
and Bean weevils; of the Corn-weevil, Grain-weevil and some other
destructive weevils, but have already occupied more than the allotted
time, and must close.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I beg leave to assure you that
this paper has been written in the true interest of science. If a single
word has seemed to animadvert against any one of you, I hope you will
believe me when I tell you that no reflections A\ere intended, and that
my sole object is the dissemination of truth and facts. If these facts hit
with force and shatter some of the beautifid and visionary theories that
have been preached to you as gospel, it is not my fault. No one should
smother truth on personal grounds or because it conflicts with the ex-
pressed opinions of another. We are all liable to make mistakes, and
perhaps no man e\'er }et lived who did not at some time of his life com-
mit a blunder. But the difference between the man who writes for truth
and the man who writes for victory, is, that the former frankly confesses

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 23

his errors as soon as he is made aware of them, and even courts true crit-
icism, while tlie latter never will allow that he is wrong, but having
once made a false statement, will never go back on his word.

You are engaged in a most glorious work, namely, the advancement
of the beautiful art and science of Horticulture. You are each of you
doing what you can, in the first place to promote the aesthetic influences
of your calling so as to elevate and render it attractive to the young who
are constantly seeking occupation in the numerous walks of life; and in
the second place to make your business more profitable. To further
either, or both of these objects, true science — knowledge — must be ap-
plied to all your daily operations. 1 say tiue science, because we want
none of the bogus article. We must recollect that while man is the
interpreter of nature, science is its right interpretation, and that it is the
wrong interpretation of Nature's truths that has brought true science into
such disrepute among many practical men. We can not each of us
become piolicicnt in all departments, and must, to attain the greatest
good, confine ourselves in a great measure to specialties. Professor
Gould has truly said that "an equal culture in many directions is synony-
mous with superficiality in all, and an ' admirable Crichton ' is to-day simply
a ridiculous object."

Science means knowledge, and knowledge means power, and to
promote and advance the incipient Science of Horticulture which we
are engaged in, we must each of us bring the knowledge gained in our
several departments, and ofier it upon one common altar for the common
good. The man who receives an apple tree from the nursery, and who
plants and cultivates it without knowing anything of the insect enemies
that are likely to ruin it, will not stand the same chance of raising fine
fruit from that ti'ee, as that man will, who, with the requisite knowledge
guards against catastrophe, by first examining the young tree so as to
destroy bark-lice, root-lice, or the eggs of caterpillars that may be upon
it; who afterwards soaps it carefully, to prevent the borers, and eventually
when it comes into bearing, properly surrounds its trunk with rags to
entrap the Apple-worm; and the same argument applies to all other
kinds of knowledge necessary to the proper cultivation of such a tree.

"A little fire is quickly trodden out,

Which, being suffered, rivers can not quench,"

and we must always bear in mind in dealing with insects that it is far
easier to prevent than to cure.

You are no doubt all of you familiar with the quotation from Dean
Swift's account of what the King of Brobdignag said to Lemuel Gulli-
ver; "and he gave it for his opinion, that whoever could make two ears
of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot of ground where
only one grew before, would deserve better of mankind and do more
essential service to his country than the whole race pf politicians put
together."

I take it that we are each of us doing our utmost to carry out King
Brobdignug's idea, and in these annual reunions, when by interchange of

124 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the experience of the out-going year, we hope to benefit each other; let
the past be forgotten in the kindly feelings of the present and the hopes
of the future. Let us, in Tennyson's beautiful language,

'' Ring out the old,
Ring in the new.
Ring out the false,
Ring in the true."

Mr. Daggy had found the Apple Curculio at work on the fruit of
'he Pear, and exhibited a specimen of the fruit that had been attacked
! )y this insect.

Mr. Bliss said that the extent of the ravages of the Curculio is so
q-reat that we should use every means at our command to learn their
habits and eftect their destruction. He hoped more would be said and
;nuch more done in this direction by the members of this Society.

The paper on the Moral Influence of Horticulture which was due at
this time was presented by the Secretary — but on account of the absence
of the author it was on motion refen^ed to the Executive Committee to
be published at their discretion.

The paper of Mr, Bryant having been omitted from the morning
session, for want of time for its reading — he was requested, by vote
of the Society, to present it at this time; which he did — reading as
follows :

NOTES ON THE CULTIVATION OF SOME OF THE MOST VALUABLE

DECIDUOUS FOREST TREES.

The forests of Illinois may be said to be made up entirely of
deciduous trees; the few scattered specimens of pines and cedars not
being wortia taking into account. Twenty years ago there was more
wood in the neighborhood of the praii^es than at the first settlement of
the country; but since the advent of railroads, the destruction of timber
has been very rapid. The mission of civilized man in the United States
has hitherto been the destruction, rather than the propagation of trees.
Many people have no notion of worth in a forest tree aside from its cash
value, and would ridicule tlie idea of preserving a forest longer than till
it could be felled and taken to market. Such sentiments appear to have
prevailed in very ancient times. Mention is made in the 74th Psalm, of
the high i-egard in which skillful wood-choppers were held. As the old
Scotch paraphrase has it, —

A man was famous, and was had

In estima-ti-on,
According as he lifted up

His axe thick trees upon.

The evils resulting from a total destruction of "thick trees" are seen in
the utter desolation of large portions of Western Asia, and are al)l\' set
forth in the work of G. P. Marsh, entitled "Man and Nature," a book
well worth the perusal of every intelligent person.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I 25

The inconveniences :uul physical evils attending a destitution of
woodland, can only be prevented by appropriating a certain proportion ot
each farm to the growth of forest trees. There is reason to believe that if
one-fifth of each farm on the prairies were planted ^vith trees, the
owners would dcri\e far greater advantage from them, than if they were
to remain in their present state.

Tall, straight, clean timber is founil only in dense woods, and to
produce such in plantations, the trees must be thickly grown while young.
Lands designed for timber-planting, if tillable, shoukl be well ploughed
and harrowed, and marked out in rows four feet apart, for the reception
of the seeds or voung trees. Seeds of the diflcrent classes of trees
require somewhat dillerent treatment.

Undoubtedly the most important class of deciduous trees in our country
is that of the Cupuliferae, or cup bearing trees, which includes the Oaks,
the Chestnut, and the Beech.

The most valuable species of this class are. the white-oak, burr-oak,
swatnp white-oak, post-oak, and chestnut. The seeds should be gathered
as soon as ripe, mixed with damjj sand before they become dry, packed
in boxes, put in a cool place on the north side of a building or fence, and
covered with earth ; securing them against access by rats or mice. In
spring they should be planted as early as possible, one foot apart in the
rows. The seeds of the oaks should be planted where the ti^ees are to
remain, as they ai'c injured l)y being transplanted.

The young plants should receive clean culture until they are too large
to be smothered by weeds. If they are to be removed it is best to sow
in seed-beds and transplant when one, or at most, two years old. The
chestnut is sometimes killed to the ground the fix'st winter in northern
Illinois. This should be guarded against by ridging up the rows with a
plough, late in autumn, or by covering with litter. It is rarely, if ever
injured by cokl after the first winter.

Among the oaks of Illinois, the white-oak, (^uercus a/l>a), is unques-
tionably the most useful, and is also diflused in the greatest abundance
over the country. Its multiplied uses are well known; where strength,
solidity and durability are required, it is employed in preference to almost
any other tree. Its preservation and propagation is therefore a matter of
great importance. There are in this State many tracts of broken land,
mostly in the vicinity of the streams, which are covered with young trees,
principally oak, that only need preservation to become in time valuable
timber.

The burr-oak, (.ii>. i>iacrocarj)a)^ appears to be a stranger to the
Atlantic States. It grows in richer soils than the white-oak, and its wood
for most purposes is equally valuable. It is more durable when used for
posts, but its pores are more open, so that it is not used for casks intended
to contain liquors.

The swamp white-oak, {^. primis, var. discolor)^ is found mostly in
low, moist lands. Its wood resembles that of the white-oak, and is by
some considered equally valuable, but is much less common.

The post-oak, (^. obtusilobci)^ is common in central and southern

126

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Illinois. It is said to be found throughout the State, but I have never met
with it in the northern part. It vv^ill thrive on very poor soils. The wood
is heavier, stronger, finer-grained, and more durable than that of the white-
oak. It is a middle sized tree, and rarely affords timber of considerable
length. The superior quality of its wood renders it well v^orthy
cultivation.

The chestnut is not a native of Illinois, but will grow in all parts of
the State. It will thrive in almost any soil except one that is wet. The
wood IS more durable than white-oak for fence posts, and is much used
for cabinet work, and for the inside finish of houses, railway cars, etc.

A grove of the chestnut, if felled in winter will reproduce itself, in
fifteen or twenty years, by suckers from the stumps. These suckers grow
with astonishing rapidity, and need no other care than the exclusion of
stock, and thinning where they are too numerous. Unquestionably it
might be profitably planted for the fruit. Three trees 17 years old afforded
this year a bushel of nuts, besides the share which fell to the mice and
squirrels. For this purpose the trees should be planted fifteen or twenty
feet apart.

Next to the oak family the Ashes are the most important trees for
general use. The seed of the different species ripens about the first of
October, and should be mixed with moist sand and laid by till spring,
when it may be sown in seed-beds, and the trees transplanted when one
or two years old to the place where they are to remain. Two feet apart
is the proper distance to set them.

The white ash, [Fraxinus Americana)^ attains its fullest development
in cold climates. Its wood combines lightness with strength and
elasticity, in a degree which causes it to be preferred for the manufixcture
of agricultural implements, carriages, and all sorts of light machinery.
The consumption, for this and other purposes is very great, and the sup-
ply is rapidly diminishing. The white ash grows faster than the oak,
and is one of those trees in which the most rapid growth produces the best
timber. It is ever}^ way worthy of extensive culture.

The blue ash, Fraxinus quadrangulatd)^ is unknown in the Atlantic
States. In the West it is usually found in rich soils. It does not grow
to so great a size as the white ash. Its wood is applied to the same
uses, and is in no way inferior. South of latitude 40 degrees, it would
probably be more eligible for cultivation than the white ash, which is
essentially a northern tree.

The black ash, {^Fraxinus sambucifolid)^ commonly grows in wet
soils. The wood is tough and elastic, and the concentric circles are easily
separated, thus forming an economical material for hoops.

The red ash, {Fraxinus pubescens)^ and the green ash, [Fraxinus
viridis)^ afford timber similar in quality to that of the white ash, but are
smaller size.

The walnut family ranks next in this list. The nuts before becoming
dry should be laid in heaps on dry ground, covered with straw, and over
all three or four inches of earth. In spring they may be planted in the
same manner as acorns, except that the black-walnut and butternut may

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. T27

be placed two feet apart. The hickories, at one foot apart, will grow
large enough for hoop poles.

The black- wain lit {jfuglans nigra) is a very valuable tree, of rapid
growth and easy culture. Great quantities of its timber are consumed in
the manufacture of furniture, gun-slocks, and for various other purposes.
The supply is constantly becoming less, and the maiket value increasing.
There is no doubt that it is one of those trees whose cultivation will
idtimatcly produce the greatest profit. The black-walnut should be
planted b\ itself, as it is a bad neighbor for many other trees. Fruit trees
planted near it soon perish.

The butternut [yuglans cincred) grows farther north than the black-
walnut, and although less valuable, merits cultivation. The wood is
used for cabinet work, and the interior finish of houses.

The I{luropean walnut (^ uglans regia) is worth cultivating for its
fruit where it will endure the cliniate, which is not in northern Illinois.

Of the hickories the kinds most valuable for timber are the shell-bark
{Cai'ya alba) and the pig-nut {Carya porcind). The latter atlbrds the
longest wood of all the hickories, though their characteristic qualities are
much alike. The uses of the hickories are too well known to need
enumeration.

The sugar maple [Acer saccharinum) and black maple {Acer ni-
grum) are valued for the production of sugar, and for fuel. The seeds
lipen in the fall, and should be treated like those of the ash. The young
trees grow slowly at first, and should remain in the seed bed two or
three years. The silver maple {A. dasycarpiini) and red maple {A.
ruhrum) ripen their seed in the latter part of May. They must be
gathered and sown immeiliately. The timber of these and the box
elder {Negundo accroides) is not of the best, but their rapid growth
renders them desirable to plant where a speedy result is wanted. Other
valuable timber trees might be noticed, but the limits of this essay do not
permit it.

For the management of young plantations of timber, only general
rules can be given, and the exercise of judgment and common sense on
the part of the cultivator is necessary. Thinning should be done in time
to prevent the grow th of the trees being checked by crowding, and the
poorest trees should be first removed. Some trees throw out too strong
side branches, which must be shortened or removed. No tree should be
allowed to fork. All dead or sickly branches should be cut out, and after
the trees are ten or twelve feet high they should be kept clear of branches
for from one-half to two-thirds of their height. With proper care, nearly
every tree in a well-grown plantation will be of value for timl^er.

Stock of every description should be excluded from plantations of
trees. Wood lands of natural growth, intended to be permanent, should
likewise not be pastured. They will continually reproduce themselves,
if young trees are allowed to grow; but any forest will be in time
destroyed by a persistent course of pasturage. Many land-holders in
Kentucky formerly adopted the practice of cutting out the least valuable
trees from their woodlands, sowing blue grass, and pasturing them.

128 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Very fine parks were produced, but for twenty years past the old trees
have been fast dying out, and no young ones exist to take their places.

Arthur Bryant.

^Ir. WiER — The writer says that acorns should be gathered in the
fall, kept in damp sand, and planted in the spring. This plan will
answer about three years out of four, but not always, as sometimes the
acorns sprout in the fall.

Mr. Bryant — A part of them sometimes start to grow in the fall, but
not all. These may be rejected, thougli they are as likely to succeed if
kept in a cold place and not too wet — as I have directed — as they would
if planted at once.

Wr. WiER — I have made a special study of the modes of preserving
and planting acorns, chestnuts, etc. If they are dry before being
gathered, or become so soon after, they should be soaked in ice-cold
water for two or three weeks, and then planted.

Dr. Spaulding would caution against the planting extensively of
silver maples, as they are being destroyed in the vicinity of St. Louis.

Mr. Galusha said his neighbor, Mr. Henry Clapp, has eight or ten
acres of sandy land planted to silver maples. Trees are from two to six
inches in diameter. There are some trees of all the sizes in the planta-
tion injured by the borer, though the damage is not as yet very great.
A few have been entirely killed. Generally attacked on the southwest
side.

Mr. ScoFiELD gathers acorns and nuts in the fall ; spreads upon the
ground, covering them with litter to prevent drying; plants them in the
spring, when they are cracked.

The borers have attacked his sugar maples.

Mr. Riley being asked what borer it is that attacks these maples, in
reply said it w^as the common flat-headed Apple-tree borer. The trunks
of the maple trees should be soaped in May of each year to keep this
borer out. This is an effectual preventive.

Mr. Bryant — This borer is not confined to apple ti*ees, and hard and
soft maples, but also attacks various other species of smooth bark trees.
The Maple is particularly exposed to their depredations on account of its
smooth bark.

Mr. Spalding has known the borers to attack white maple trees fif-
teen to eighteen inches through — working upon them all the way from
the ground to where the branches put out, or higher up than he could
reach. Some trees had been killed in this way. He feared we should
be compelled to stop planting these trees.

Mr. Bryant — I would as soon think of giving up the apple tree as
the maple on this account.

Mr. WiER — I have no fears whatever of this borer. We owe its
presence to the presence of the Colorado potato-beetle. The enemies
which formerly preyed upon the borers, keeping them in check, are now

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, I 29

preying upon the potato-hug. When these disappear they will turn their
attention to the borers again.

Mr. Nelson had observed the work of this borer upon the white
maple, doing serious mischief.

Mr. Bryant said that one reason, probably, \\ hy the borers were
partial to these maples is that they are nursery-grown trees and are some-
what checked and injured in transplanting. The borers always choose
trees that are somewhat injured, in preference to thrifty, healthy ones.

Dr. Spalding asserted that the trees he had described were some of
them, when first attacked, apparently healthy. In one insttmce the large
trees mentioned were in close proximity to other varieties of forest trees
which were not depredated upon.

Mr. Baldwin had known these borers ever since he had been culti-
vating the white maple trees, or nearly twenty years, yet the damage done
by them was not ver^' serious and would not give up the tree.

Mr. HuGGiNS — I wish to speak in behalf of this tree in Macoupin
County. It is valued highly as a shade tree. Is healthy excepting when
it has been injured b}- some cause — then the borers attack it.

Mr. MuRTFELDT offered the following preamble and resolution \vhich
were unanimously adopted, viz :

Whereas, The ladies in attendance at these meetings have endeavored to get
scats near the stage, without being able to do so, therefore

Resolved, that from this time until the close of these sessions, the two front rows
of seats, entirely across the hall be reserved for the ladies, and that they be earn-
estly invited to "attend and occupy them.

On motion, the Society took a recess until time for the evening

session.

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

Society convened and was called to order by the President, a large
audience also being present.

The first business, in order, being a paper on

BIRDS BENEFICIAL AND INJURIOUS TO HORTICULTURE,

BY DR. J. W. VELIE.

The President announced Dr. Velie who read as follows:

Mr. President — and Members of the Illinois Horticultural Society^

By the kind invitation of Mr. O. B. Galusha, your Corresponding
Secretary, I have the honor and pleasure of meeting with your Society
for the first time, this evening, and to present for your kind approval, a
hastily prepared and incomplete paper on a few of our, as yet little
known, friends, the birds of Illinois, and, if possible, to enter a plea in
their defense.

I am aware it is a difficult task to urge patience in the case of the

130 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

" little robbers or pests," as some of our Southern Illinois Fruit Growers
are pleased to call them.

And yet there are many fine exceptions, where very much benefit is
done by them, and only kindness and protection is wanted in return.
The subject of Bird Economy has been a study of much interest to me.
for several years, and I can see that very much is yet to be learned.

The time of most Ornithologists of the present day has been devoted,
principally, to discovering new species, giving them names, describing the
form, plumage, size, and habitat. (The last we shall find of much value).

What we now most want to learn is Ornithology, not in a scientific
meaning of the term, but in its relations to " dollars and cents " — a sub-
ject which, at the present day is receiving much attention in the old coun-
tries of Europe, where the destruction of the small birds has been carried
on to an alarming extent; as without the assistance of the birds to
destroy insects, vermin and decaying animal matter, man could probably
not exist upon the earth.

Since the time of Audubon, Wilson, and Nuttall — whose writings
are not only very expensive, but rare and difficult to obtain by most stu-
dents in Natural Histoiy — very little, if anything, has been added to the
knowledge of the birds in regard to their food or habits. As the food of
many of them can only be determined by the aid of a competent ento-
mologist, Dr. De Ivay, in his Ornithology of the State of New York,
does not mention those which are beneficial or those which are injurious;
a subject which should have been as carefully studied as were the noxious
and beneficial insects by Dr. Fitch and Prof. Emmons. Very- much has
yet to be learned on this, to you, very important subject, and the same un-
certainty with regard to the practical value of many of the birds that now
exist may continue for years, unless some effort is made to have this sub-
ject investigated. It is not enough that birds should be collected, their
form, plumage, size, and locality described. To this information should
be added the time of an'ival in spring; season of nesting in different
localities of our »State; the distribution of the species; what is their food?
insects, fruit or grain .^ If insects, whether those that are noxious or ben-
eficial, and at what seasons of the year they feed upon such insects; as
many species of birds eat insects during the spring, which as soon as fruit
ripens feed almost entirely upon that.

My much lamented friend. Prof. B. D. Walsh, was of the opinion that
some of the birds eat species of insects which are beneficial to the fruit-
grower and farmer by feeding upon the noxious species, although of this
he was not positive; and during the last few years of his life was ex-
ceedingly anxious to have this subject properly investigated ; and in addi-
tion to his duties as State Entomologist was willing to do his part of the
work of such investigation, free of extra expense to the State. One thing
is most certain — the birds do interfere, very materially with the entomolo-
gist's crops of insects. In the last report of the Commissioner of Agri-
culture, at Washington, there is a paper written by Mr. E. A. Samuels,
on a few of the birds of New England. This is a beginning in the right
direction, as he writes of the food of the birds.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I3I

But these far away and isolated cases teach us very little in regard to
the birds of our own State; as our Fauna and Flora differ as much as
do our methods of agriculture from those of the New England States.

Until this work is done, and upon the same plan follow ed by Mr. S.,
it will be impossible to distinguish friend from foe.

Illinois, extending through more degrees of latitude than any other
State east of the Mississippi River, has therefore a greater diversity in
her climate, soil, birds, animals, reptiles, and plants, than any of the
other States. While the southern portion is peculiarly atlapted to fruit-
growing, the people of the northern portion of the State confine them-
selves principally to the cultivation of the cereals. Therefore, a bird
which may be injurious to the fruit-grower of the south may be of much
value to the grain-grower of the north ; and this leads us to the consider-
ation of localitv of the species, and the importance of regulating their
distribution. This, at first, may seem impossible, yet give us the knowl-
edge we want with regard to. the food and habits of the birds, then let
our legislatures give us laws based upon such information, and the most
difficult part of the work is done; for boys are fond of robbing birds'
nests, and we only need to teach them which to protect and which to
destroy.

Then let us first learn to distinguish friend from foe and we shall soon be re-
lieved from this bird-evil. Many species of birds we know to have changed
their habits and localities almost entirely by circumstances that are within
the control of man. As an example, Audubon relates that upon White
Head Island, at the entrance of the Bay of Fundy, he found the Heron
or Silvery Gull, nesting upon the trees to escape the persecution of egg-
ers and vermin; Avhereas, their usual habit is to nest upon the ground.

The Red-head Wood-pecker [Picus erythrocephalus^ Wilson), once
quite common in New York, is now seldom seen there, and your own
Prairie Hen {Cupidonio cupido) is fast disappearing, as the prairies are
settled up, and will, unless most stringent laws are properly enforced,
become a bird of the past in this, the Garden State of the World.

As evidence of what can be done in the opposite direction, I will
relate some of my own experience with the birds upon a small city lot,
45 bv 150 feet. Previous to my obtaining possession of it in 1862, it is
doubtful if a bird had nested on it for years. In 1S65, by care and pro-
tection, there were five species nesting there; and of one of these species
five families; this last was the Purple Martin {^Progne purpurea). The
other species were the Blue Bird {Sialia sialis)^ White-bellied Swallow
[Hirundo bicolor)., House Wren {Troi^lodytes acdon)^ Chirping Sparrow
[Spizclla sojrialis). and in the spring of 1867 a robin and mate added their
company. And although so many diflbrent species were nesting and rearing
their young on so limited a space, all lived harmoniously together, except
the wrens, who were always quarrelsome, giving the others much trouble.
In the same year (1867) I removed to New York, and now (1870) there
is but a single feeble colony of Martins remaining.

Thus we can, by kindness and protection, attract the birds about us,
to beautify our homes, or charm us with their melody; or by using the

13 2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

opposite means — continually harassing them during the nesting season —
may drive them away to other localities. And I will here remark, that
the proper time to war against the birds is during the nesting season, as
one nest destroyed is as good as a dozen birds killed.

Not wishing to give the observations of other writers upon the sub-
ject of the food of different species, I will confine myself to the limited
number of observations made by myself of a few species, with times of
their arrival at Rock Island in spring, taken from my notes, which I
kept for nearly ten years.

In the order Raptorcs. or birds of prey, which order includes the
Vultures, Hawks, Eagles, and different species of owls, there is quite -a
diversity of opinion among naturalists, some claiming them all more or
less beneficial, while others contend that but a few are so.

The most of the species of this order are difficult to obtain, con-
sequently I have examined but few.

The Sparrozu Hawk {Falco sparverius) arrives at Rock Island early
in March. I have found his food to consist, early in the season, of birds
and mice, and later of grasshoppers. I have caught him, in spring,
more frequently eating small birds than the other kinds of food named,
and I should, therefore, condemn him to the fruit-grower, while I think
him beneficial to the grain-raiser.

The Rough-legged Hawk {Archibuteo lagopus)^ a winter visitor
among us, makes his principal food — as I have discovered by dissection —
of mice, the "small field mice" (Arvico/a). I have shot these hawks
in winter, in the oak groves, where there were numerous prairie hens,
but did not find any but the first-named food in their crops.

The Alarsh Hawk^ or Hen Harrier {Circus Uudsonius)^ is one of
the most indvistrious of the Hawk tribe, as you will see him day after
day slowly sailing over your meadows on the prairie. You may always
tell this hawk by the broad white band across the tail of the females and
young males. That of the adult male is a fine light blue, but he is
seldom captured in perfect plumage. I have shot but one with perfect
plumage; that was on the plains of Nebraska, beyond Fort Kearney.
The principal food of this species is small mice, grasshoppers, frogs and
other vermin ; and although he sometimes makes an occasional meal
from some wandering poultry, I consider him, on the whole, one of the
most valuable of the species.

The Sharphshmned Hawk {Acci-piter fziscus), a. beautiful, daring
little species, as far as my observation has reached, prefers small birds to
any other kind of food, and does not scruple to attack birds of far more
weight than himself.

In March, 1863, Mr. R. B. Taylor, of Rock Island, brought me a
very fine specimen of the Broad-winged Hawk [Buteo Pennsylvanictis)^
whose crop I found, upon dissection, to contain the remains of one field-
mouse, some half dozen of a species of cetonia {Euryoinia Inda)^ and
about the same number of a large species of gi-asshopper {Acridium
Americanuni). The last found only in Southern Illinois.

The Swallow-tailed Hawk {Nauclerus furcatus)^ the most beautiful

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 33

of all the hawks, and once quite common in this State, is now seldom
seen. It is abundant in Western Iowa at the present day, as I have seen
a half dozen at one time, in that locality, flying over the prairie in search
of their food, \vhich consists entirely of snakes, lizards, frogs, beetles, and
grasshoppers.

Of the eagles, among \vhich is the bird of our country, I can say
but little in praise, and although from national pride I would sufl'er
them to live, yet I consider them thieves and robbei's.

Owls, coming next in order, and last of the Raptores, may, as a class,
be considered beneficial, some of them particularly so. The two small
species, wliich are quite common in this State, viz : the Mottled Owl
(Scops Also) and the Saw-whet Owl (Nictalc Acadica) being the best
of mousers, living, as the first species does, during winter, in the barn,
and almost wholly upon mice, those pests to the farmer, and during the
summer, with the above food, consuming large moths and beetles.

The Scansorcs or Climbers includes the Woodpeckers and Cuckoos.

Of the first I can not say much for or against, as I am not }'et satisfied
whether they are or are not more beneficial than injurious. But of the
two species of Cuckoos, the Yellow-billed and the Black-billed, the first
of which is quite common in Northern Illinois, I can speak in firm pnuse,
as I have know n a small orchard, which was terribly infested with the
American Tent-Caterpillar, entirely cleared of this great pest of the
orchardist, by a single pair.

The next, a third order, which includes the Insessores or insect-eating
birds, is the one in which we are all very much interested, as it contains
nearly all of our insect-eating birds.

The Blue Bird {Sialia sialis), arrives at Rock Island about the 24th
of Feb. to 1st of March. His food consists, in spring, entirely of insects.
It is not a seed-eating bird until small fruits are ripe, when it sometimes
takes the seeds, covered with their delicious envelope.

The Warblers, as far as determined, are all beneficial ; their food con-
sistingj entirely of insects, spiders, and bark-lice. But we can not keep
them among us; many of them prefering to migrate farther to the
north, to nest and Tear their young, though a few of them remain among
us during the summer months.

The Ilirundinidcc, Swallows and Martins, arrive at Rock Island
about March 25th. Mr. Green Smith has brought a charge against the
martin, but I will not condemn him for catching a few {Sihellala), or
Dragon Flies, for every year, he saved me many a fine dish of Doolittle
Black-caps, by driving away the blue-birds, cat-birds, robins, and black-
birds. I have found it a sure protection against the depredations of these
birds to place the martin-house among or very near the raspberries, as
the young are usually hatched about the time the fruit is ripe; and during
this season the martin is very pugnacious, and keeps the neighborhood
clear of intruders.

Of the swallows I have heard no complaint, and would, by all means,
cultivate their company by building boxes in plenty, for them to occupy.

Of the Laniidcc, or Shrikes, we have but two species, the Great

134 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Northern Shrike, or Butcher Bird, and White-Rumped Shrike. The
first is a winter visitor only, remaining about the cornfields and feeding
almost wholly upon mice.

Tlie White-Rumped remains in this State during the summer. Its
food consists principally of small snakes, grasshoppers, and beetles.

The Night Hawk and Whippowil both feed upon insects, but whether
those beneficial or injurious to the fruit grower, is yet to be learned.

In this order, also, are the Certhidce or Creepers, both the White and
and Red-Bellied Nuthatches. Of these species, the former is very common ;
but of the latter, very few are found in this State, as I have seeii but two,
in many years' collecting — one at Rock Island and the other in Lincoln
Park, Chicago. These active, industrious little fellows are continually at
work doing good, running over the bark of the fruit and forest trees, in
search of bark-lice and the eggs of spiders, and the small moths; and
although few remain with us to nest, yet, as they come here to spend the
winter, they should by all means be protected. Being veiy tame, many
are killed by boys, with stones ; as I have seen in several instances, within
a few weeks in this city, (Chicago).

The same good may be said of the Black-cap Titmouse [Parus
Atricapillus)^ which remains during the whole year, and may be seen
during the coldest days of winter, in the orchards and forests, looking
after his favorite food, the bark-louse and the eggs of small moths.

The Buntings, Finches, and SpaiTows, nearly all of whose food consists
of seeds, may with propriety be classed among the beneficial birds, as they
devour immense quantities of noxious seeds which would otherwise be
scattered by the winds to propagate again. A few of them eat insects,
but whether those beneficial or injurious, I am not yet certain.

Among the Rasores^ or Game Birds, I will make mention of our
beautiful little Quail {Ortyx Virgmiafius)^ w^hose good services in
destroying noxious seeds and insects, merit for them the kindest care and
protection, and if I was " lord of the soil," I would not allow one of them
killed upon my premises at any season of the year. I have heard from
several persons — one, in particular, was Prof. B. D. Walsh — that the
quail eats the chinch bug. Of this I have no positive evidence, but
would like to have this very important information confirmed. In nearly
20 specimens of quails, dissected last winter, I did not find that number
of grains of corn. The crops were all filled with the seeds of noxious
weeds, although the specimens were all shot in a cornfield.

Among the Water Birds [Grallatores)^ there are none that deserve
particular mention except, perhaps, the Actiturus hartramhis^ Old Field
Plover, which nests on the prairies and in the cornfields. He destroys
many grasshoppers, beetles, and small snails, doing us some good, and
certainly no harm.

The order Natatores^ or "swimming birds," includes Geese, Ducks,
Loons, and Grebes. These birds I consider neither especially beneficial
or injurious, except that they sometimes damage the farmer by feeding
in his cornfields in the fall.

You will perceive that In the above few species enumerated, I have

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I35

made no mention of the Robins, Cat-birds, Thrushes, or Blue Jays.
Very much has aheady been written in regard to both the benefits and
injuries done by these birds. Some in writing from the southern part of
the State claim them to be injurious, while the " Douglas " from the
North, claim these and also the gluttonous Cherr\- Bird [A?npelis
Ccdroruni)^ to be beneficial. This last I have looked upon as a Cherry
glutton^ in tfte last degree. I prefer to puss no judgment upon the other
species until I have determined the trutli by careful, personal examina-
tions of them in each of these localities.

J. \V. Velie, Chicago.

Prof. J, B. "Turner was next introduced to the audience and deliv-
ered his promised lecture on

EDUCATION.

There was a monomania in ancient times, both among the Persians
and Spartans, and among the more recent Christians, which mistook
asceticism for education; just as our American monomania mistakes
SCHOOLING for EDUCATION. Simple schooling can no more constitute
education, than simple eating can constitute health; all that it is possible
in any case to get out of formal school-rooms of any sort, makes but a
veiy small part of the real education, even of that small professional class
of men, with whom books are at once their tools and their stock in trade
in all their after life. We are all fully aware how raw and ungainly and
almost uneducated the divine, the doctor, the lawyer, and cadet, each
and all are, even in the line of their own life-work, when they first come
from the schools; however protracted their studies may have been, calling
them educated is much like calling tiie oak grown, while yet the acorn is
hardly sprouted; but of the proper education of all other men, it must
of course constitute a still smaller part. For example, John C. Calhoun
was a much more thoroughly schooled, but a far worse educated man
than Abraham Lincoln ; and this whole continent, in all spheres of life,
is full of similar examples. Our Fred Douglasses, and Revels, and multi-
tudes of others on the ebony side of the Republic, seem especially to inti-
mate to us that God and nature have still some little to do in the creation
of human souls, as well as the pedagogue and the grammar. Of course, if
a man is to deal in books as his life business, as at once the tools of his
profession and the source of his stock in trade, and especially if his pro-
fession itself is based on mere tastes, expedients, conventionalisms, prej-
udices and opinions, bare wind, no where to be confronted by solid fact,
he needs a more thorough knowledge of books and words, just as the
man who is to deal in soils, or machines, or merchandise, needs a more
thorough knowledge of these, than mere professional or literary men.
But the scholastic habits, like the midaival opinions of former ages, still
cling to us on this free soil, even where they can not be of the least use
to us, except to retard our earthly progress and becloud and befool our
immortal minds. From this source quite an unreasoning controversy
has, of late, sprung up in regard to the practical utility of the study of

136

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the dead languages, and of our ordinary collegiate curriculum, as it is
called.

At the time those languages were first introduced into the schools of
modern Europe, those nations had no written vernacular language of
their own ; no art, no science, no theology, no law, no literature of any
sort, that was not written in Latin and Greek; then, of course, the study
of these languages was not only the most practical of all possible studies,
but it was the only possible study, so far as books and schools were con-
cerned. Those who knew these languages constituted a scholastic, or
learned, ruling class, and all other people learned nothing, and could
learn nothing, and knew nothing from schools or books of any sort; and
this necessary beginning of things, taken in connection with the stupid
inertia, and the conservative force of mere habit, so natural to all men,
and especially to all thoroughly schooled men, fully explains all that has
since followed and all that now exists. It all grew out of this one root
of dire necessity, like all the direful tyrannies and scare-crow theologies
that emanated from the same iron age. There was no assembly of wise
and grave men that met together to deliberate upon what was best for
this human race as such, and to recommend it, because it was the best.
On the contrary, the knaves, who ruled the state and the church, had, by
their unjust oppression and tyranny, so crushed the people, body and
soul, into the earth, that they had no government they could submit to,
but a tyranny; no faith they could believe, but a self-evident absurdity;
no language they could study, no science, no literature and no art, but only
Latin and Greek. The people wisely took what they had, and tried to
do the best they could with them. We ought to do the same. But
most surely all must admit that in such an age the study of the classics,
as they are called, was most eminently pi-actical. What could be more
practical, when they were the only possible school-study of any sort.''

Again, I well remember when I was a boy, whether by force of law
or custom, or both combined I can not now say, in the Eastern States no
man could get into the regular ministry, or the practice of law or medi-
cine, or hold any high position or office whatever, in church or state, who
had not been through a regular course of Latin and Greek, at some
approved college. New England was then ruled by scholiasts and
theologians as rigorously, in fact, as Italy is by the ecclesiastics now. I
do not say that their rule was, on the whole, a bad one for that people
and that age ; I only say it existed. Through college — through a regular
course of Latin and Greek of some sort, the only road lay, to social,
professional, or political distinction of any sort; and the schools outside
of the regular colleges and academies, consecrated almost exclusively to
the study of Latin and Greek, afforded but a veiy meager pittance even
of rudimental knowledge for any purpose whatever.

A young man in this age of the world can not possibly conceive how
utterly all hope of social distinction was bound up in Latin, and labeled
in Greek in the minds of all the boys of my age, and the ages before
tliat. True we read of Washington, Franklin, Sherman and others of
the precccding Revolutionary age; but that was an age of miracles.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I37

There were giants, natural giants, we were told in those days; prodigies;
men who rose above all law; and wc need never expect such an age
again. But unfortunately for these theories, the miracles kept multiplying
till they became almost the only settled law of nature.

I think it will be seen by all, how eminently practical the study of
Latin and Greek was, in an age like that, to all young men who aspired
to any social or civil distinction whatever.

The first question that would everywhere be asked the man, as he veiy
well knew, was not what he knew, or whaf he could do, but where he
graduated ? But I can scarce believe that all will perceive with equal
readiness, that that scholistic age, and the rule which attended it, has now
forever passed away from this continent, with no possible hope of its
return, whether desirable or not. It is as much impossible to make the
boys now born in Illinois hold the same view of this college curriculum
that the boys of my own age almost universally held, as it is to take them
up beyond the fixed stars, and set them to dreaming over the vacuity and
frozen brilliancy that reign there. That style of scholarship was then a
practical, and the only practical ruling power in the church and in the
state. We boys all saw it to be so. It is not so here now, and never will
be; and our boys can not be made to see what does not exist and never
will again exist. True something of the kind, though infinitely weaker
in degree can be brought to bear on the minds of those already deter-
mined to enter the ministry, so-called.

Some few New England families have also striven to keep alive and
to transmit to their children, the old New England prejudices of both
scholastic caste and scholastic creed; but it is awful hard work for both
parents and children ; they both make up a world of wry faces over it.
And in so far as they really succeed, they become rather outcasts, than
the leaders and rulers of this new western age, into which we are all
inevitably born, whether we will or no.

I was once myself such an inevitable Yankee scholiast in all my
habits of thought and action, that it really seemed to me a sort of sacri-
lege for such men as Douglas and Lincoln to aspire to the rule of the
nation, without any knowledge of Latin and Greek, or any diploma
of any sort. But I have at last got bravely over it, and I really believe
that I could now listen with composure to the archangel Gabriel, should
he deign to speak to me, without asking him to show his sheepskin, or in
what college he graduated.

Scholarship is a good thing, just as eating is a good thing, but neither
scholarship nor eating, alone, ever made a man, though 7iotruc manhood
can be evolved^ in this age^ without the?n. But both are simply means to
this higher e?id of manhood, and only a small part of the indcspersihle
means at that ; neither is an ultimate end in itself. True manhood, moral,
intellectual, and physical, is the only end which we or our schools ought
to propose as an end for our children; to be determined, not by simply
what they know, but by what they can and will do, either in real mental
or physical labor, or both, for the good of mankind; not by the heiglit of
tiie pole they may climb or the wonders they may attract in reaching the

13

138

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

final sphere of their exploits, but in the intrinsic vakie of their labors,
whether in a high or low sphere. Better a thousand times to fill a clam
shop or a cabin xvclU than the White-house as it sometimes has been, and
I fear often in future will be filled. In other words, worth, not place, is the
real test of this true manhood. A drunken, perfidious, and reckless
President is far less respectable and shows less of a true manhood, than
a careful, discreet, and trust-worthy teamster. It can not be sufficiently
deplored that our youth in all our schools are so incessantly goaded
onward in this race of scholasticism by the untoward incitants of mere place
and power, equally illusory and demoralizing to both teacher and pupil.
If a boy has no other or higher ambiton in life than simply to be president,
senator, or something of that sort, a mere ambition of place and power, the
quicker he commits suicide the better it will probably be for the world, if
not for him. We have far too many of these educated, splendid rascals
on hand now — more than we know \vhat to do with, in all departments
of life; unfortunately we can never kill them off in war, nor starve them
out in peace. They contrive to dodge all that, but always at our expense.
The best and safest and truest models of imitation to be presented to all
our youth in all our schools, are those who have been exalted by no ad-
vantages of mei'e place or power, but who have still done great and true
service to their age and their race, in some sphere of useful employment.
If such samples are unknown to our teachers, they should be hunted up
for the special use of the school-room, for such is the life that the vast
majority of our pupils ought to expect, and prepare to lead.

But it is true that the school-room or schooling can take charge, in
the main, of only the development of one single part of our three-fold
nature, and that the lowest of the three, the mere intellectual. It seems
incapable, as yet, of devising any effective drill, or discipline, for the
higher faculties of emotion and taste, volition and will, though all know
that the power of right-feeling and right-willing is a far higher attribute
of any true manhood than any intellectual power of mere correct seeing.
It is true that this mere intellectual right-seeing comes first in the order
of nature, as the lower things usually do (that is, a man must mentally
see before he can either feel or will), and it is therefore, perhaps, properly
the main end of the school-room, or at least the main end of its peculiar
drill. Right here we see the exact difference between schooling and
EDUCATION. The one provides a drill of more or less value for the
development or education of the lowest faculties of the soul, the mere
intellectual. But education is the proper development of all the faculties
of the whole complex being of man, physical and mental, mtellectual,
moral, emotional, cEsthetic, and voluntary.

The army and navy, the field and the shop, in their actual service,
present the best theaters in which to educate and develop power of l)ody
and power of will, under due subjection to law and order, and with a
natural field for voluntary persistence in surmounting and overmastering
the natural obstacles to well-being. The family and the church should
present the best discipline for man's moral and emotional nature, and if
they fail to do it, no possible day-school can supply that deficiency.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I39

With all these lower bodily and higher moral, and emotional, and volun-
tary powers of the soul, the school-room, as such, can do but compara-
tively little for want of the indispensable means for such ends.

It is true that those boys, wlio are compelled of necessity to rely
mainly on themselves and their own industr) , skill, and thrift for sub-
sistence, while in the schools, receive incidentally some natural and
proper discipline of these higher powers of will and self-government,
self-support and self-control; hence we have all come to expect, that
such boys in the schools are the ones that will in some line make their
mark for good in the world. The reason is, they have been really
educated in the higher and more natural forms of moral and social cul-
ture, as well as in the lower forms of the bare con\ entional and intel-
lectual drill of the school-room. The two highest thirds of their complex
nature are not left to go to utter waste in an incessant chase after mere
intellections. But all this comes not at all out of the prescribed drill,
but rather in spite of it. It is true also that whenever the teachers or
the classes, and the social surroundings of the school or college, are
composed of and led by men of great vigor and force of mind, and will,
antl HEART, the natural and inevitable inspirations of such teachers and
such surroundings will arouse and animate, re-inspire and quicken all
the dormant energies of the pupil, whatever may be their drill in the
school-room; or even if, like Plato and the old Greeks, tliey walk about
in the shade and have no drill at all. But the deadest thine: in this dead
world of ours is a dead teacher reading the dead words of a dead lan-
guage to a dead boy out of a dead book. If they do not literally die all
in a heap together, it is a miracle of Divine grace, though one can not
readily devise what the Lord wishes to keep them alive for. It is one of
the mysteries not yet revealed. It is true also that those boys who, as
things now for the most jjart are, seek this more extended drill, are
naturally and necessarily the picked boys from select and well-to-do
families, who as natjiralty and necessarily become the social, civil, and
intellectual leaders of the land, whatever school drill they might be sub-
jected to, or whether to any at all or not. Our schools and school men
take an immense amount of very cheap sophistical credit to themselves
on this simple grf)und. If we had no schools at all of any sort whatever,
the same boys, out of these same families, would, for the most part,
inevitably constitute our civil and social leaders. So, after all, we are
beginning to see that the same prescribed drill will no more inspire all
souls than the same dose of calomel will cure all diseases, or the same
homily on predestination save all sinners.

On these jirinciples in physics, we have brought out and applied some
really true American ideas and results; hence, our locomotives, railroads,
telegraphs, iron-clads, and manifold mechanisms. In politics we have
created, for the most part, a truly new and fine American skeleton, still
waiting to be clothed upon with American flesh and inspired with a true
American soul. In faith we have gathered a perfect Babel of all the
sects under heaven — Christian, Jewish, Mohammedan, and Pagan; all
equally inspired of God, and equally incapable of inspiring anybody or

140 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

anything else — and yet, we are bound in the end, to be a wholly and
purely Christian nation, or perish from off the face of the earth. AH our
fundumental, civil, and social principles hold us fast to that, if to nothing
else. In education we have achieved vast mechanisms, and are applying
vast resources. We have a most magnilicent mill, and steam power
enough to keep every stone and wheel a whizzing from one year's end to
another. But what are we in fact grinding out.'' We are trying, through
our schools, to teach some forty millions of people to live by their wits,
without work; and surely they must, in the end, have avast deal of wit
or a very poor living. We are fitting them all by our incessant drill in
the school-room, to be pi'esidents, governors, preachers, senators, over-
seers, salesmen, agents, and place or ofhcc-seekers of some sort, while we
propose to teach none of them simply to think and to work.

This results Inevitably from taking all our children out of the natural
sphere of the family, the shop, and tlie field, and confining them in
crowds, through all their young and growing years, to the incessant, bare,
and bald intellectual drill of the school-room. It is no more possible to
inure a boy or a girl to a life of industry and its indispensible habits in
the school-room alone, than it is to inure them to a life of scholarship at
the plow-tail. The solitude of the ordinary labor of the field and the
shop, to the pupil who has lived all his days in the crowd of the school-
room, becomes, in itself, intolerably irksome, while the habits, both of
the body and of the mind, ground under our present drill, become totally
unsuited to its tasks. What would be said of the absurdity of keeping a
boy driven night and day, year in and year out, at the anvil, or the plow,
through all his growing years, allowing him only some two hours per
day to I'ead, in order to fit him for a literary career.? Is there a man on
the continent who would not at once see the absurdit}' of such a course.'*
What shall we then say of the converse and parallel absurdity of keeping
all boys under the drill of the school-room, year in and year out, in order
to fit them for any industi ial career, even though we allow them some
two hours or more per day for work or play.^

The results of this process are already coming before our eyes, if we
will but see them. The vast majority of pupils, so schooled, drill them
as you will, and on what you will, as soon as they can, will inevitably
seek some more congenial mode of life, than that of the shop or the field.
The whole force of this so-called education, drives them to this result — by
whatever name we please to call it, whether literary or industrial. If
other and more public and social spheres of life are open to them, they
will seek them; or if not, they will create them, however needless, woe-
begone, or disastrous they may be; till no man can save his own soul, or
insure his own shins, or sell his own potatoes, without some agent, clerk,
or middleman, or place-seeker, or administrator to help him ; and take soul,
shins, potatoes, and all, in part payment for services rendered. But when
this process is fully completed, when an entire generation of forty or fifty
millions of people have been so educated, that none of them can endure
the solitude and toil of the field and the shop, but all are in an agony to
become presidents, or preachers, or insurance-agents, or office-seekers, or

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I4T

overseers, or middlemen, or clerks, or place-men of some sort, who shall
we get to preside over and preach to? and what shall we have to oversee,
or sell, or insure? Fifty millions of people, all of whom have been
educated and habituated to live without work, simply by overseeing, and
insuring, and pleading for, and preaching to, and doctoring and governing
one another, will at least be an anomaly in the history of the world, and
yet this is exactly, what our present system of common and ux-common
schools, logically and inevit^ibly leads to. Hitherto we have had some ten
or twelve, or more millions of colored people, and people of foreign birth
on hand — not ground through this mill — to do our hard work for
us; but now we are getting them all together, black and white, as
fast as we can, into this universal hopper, and when we have ground them
all through, we fancy that the millennium will surely be on hand ; perhaps
it will; but I fancy that in any millennium of this world, when all over-
see, and no one works, others besides the "lion" will have to "eat straw
like the ox " ; if indeed they can get any straw to eat. Disguise it as we
will, there must needs be a "considerable sprinkling" of down-right hand
work on this continent of ours, done by somebody; in order to annually
feed and clothe fifty millions of people, whether anybody has been ,
educated to do it, or is willing to do it, or not. It can not all be done by
schoolmen, nor overseers, nor clerks; nor even by insurance-agents, or
office-seekers. But when no class has been either educated or insured to
do it, but all classes, black and white, native and foreign, have been
schooled into the same distaste and incapacity for work, as the vast
majority of our native Americans have been already, in all our larger
towns and villages, where this modern system has had full plav, who will
do the needful work? Johnny Chinaman may come in to help us out, it
is true — but is it probable that any such reliance will serve us? It is true
these evils like all other evils will at last cure themselves, either through
the timely reforms of social wisdom, or the inevitable disasters of social
folly.

"It is an old adage, that "No man can be a perfect fool until he has
studied Latin." ^ I have studied it for years, and have therefore a right to
the precedence. Like all old, terse, and exaggerated sayings, this one
also contains a great truth, namely: that the greatest of all possible fools
is the man who makes the book an end, instead of a means; his authorit}'^,
instead of his help; his master, instead of his servant: for no possible
language can be anything more than a bare symbol of some fact, rela-
tion, duty, or event, which it is intended to symbolize or signify. If it
actually helps us to find the real thing signified, therefore, it is of vast
use to us; but if not, it is at best of no possible use at all, and may, and
often docs, inflict upon us the curse of filling us with v^'ind instead of
wisdom for all after life. This results from the very nature of all possible
language itself, whether it be true or false, inspired or uninspired. If it
does not help us to find in nature and in fact the precise principle, or
thing, or event signified, it can do nothing for us, or only what is worse
than nodiing. The real principles involved in all past events, or sup-
posed events, and the results that are to come out of them, in the present

142 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

and the future, are the only things about which a true wisdom is in any
degree concerned.

Whoever uses books of any sort simply as a means for finding out
those great principles, moral, civil, social, natural, and spiritual, that thus
perpetually interlock the present with the illimitable past and future,
will be wise; whoever uses them for any other end, will at best
remain a fool. These principles can be tested not by mere words,
but only by laying them along side of great universal facts in nature, in
matter, force, or spirit. No mere authority on earth or in heaven, can,
for one moment, rescue any possible form of words from the necessity of
this test, or render them of the least use to the human race, in the long
run, when it is not applied. To sift the books themselves, and put them
vigorously through this indispensable test, is pre-eminently the business
of every man on this continent, in whatever sphere of life he may labor.
For thus alone can we rid ourselves, our children, and our countiy, of
those nameless and shameless shams, and deceits, in morals, faith, and
philosophy, falsely so called, which are ever the worst, most dangerous,
and the most absurd, even though the most learned, things we have to
do with.

So much for books, general school drill, and Christianity, and their
place in every scheme of American education, whether agricultural or
horticultural, literary or professional. We can not get rid of them if we
would. We would not if we could. We should only learn to use them
as the God and Father of all designed that we should use them when he
gave them to us. Then shall we be an united, a free and enlightened, a
happy and a blessed people indeed.

Entertaining these views, I have no doubt that vast amounts of money
and time are at present annually wasted, and worse than wasted, by the
American people under pretense of educating their children; and I
would really like to see it made a penitentiary offence all over the land,
to shut any young person up in the school-room under such pretext of
educating him, for more than six months of the year. Whether you
drill them on grammar, law, and theology, or on science, horticulture, and
mechanics.

The most vital and iinportant fact of education to any man,, and
especially to any American citizen, is to learn to live — to learn and to
practice the great lessons of self-government, self-restraint, and self-sup-
port, without depending or trespassing upon others; and it is only in
very limited and narrow spheres of human life where this greatest of all
arts can, to any considerable degree, be taught in the school-room.

Bearing these universal principles in mind, I can now say all that I
need say, on special horticultural education as such, in a few^ words. A
pupil should be instructed while in the horticultural school in the general
and universal principles of his ov^^n art as such. He does not propose or
need to become a special geologist, or meteorologist, or botanist, or
chemist, or entomologist, and least of all a scholar, but solely and simply
a horticulturist. He does not need to know all the tongues and all the
theories of earth, jiir. and sky, as though he expected to become

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 43

omniscient, nor all the Latin names of every plant, tree, fruit, bug^, and
flower in creation, but only to know those he is likely to be called to
meet, to use, or to combat in his own daily vocation, and the more
thoroughly he understands these the better. Some of the rudiments and
bare outlines of this special knowledge can now be acquired from the
books and the schools to the immense advantage of the pupil, while its
grand essential whole can only be obtained in the actual study, and toil,
and care, and conflict of the-field. But it will be found w^holly impossible
to make the best use of even our extant science for industrial ends, till
we have time to make special text-books for each special art.

What the horticulturist or agriculturist needs to know about geology,
botany, or chemistry, or entomology, is almost as wholly distinct from
what the special geologist, or botanist, or phvsician, or manufacturer, or
chemist, or entomologist, needs to know, or generally does know, as
though they were separate and distinct sciences; and yet the greater part
of the text-books we actually ha\e, are made by parties, who have
wrought in the interests of these specialties and professions; who cannot
tell us the precise things we need to know, simply because, for the most
part, they do not know them themselves.

We do not care by what Latin name any bug, tree, or plant may be
called, or to what artificial class it belongs, or what its chemical or
medicinal qualities are, except in so far as this knowledge may better
enable us to know either how to grow and use them, or how to defend
ourselves against them in the field.

Here then lies the greatest of all the works before us; the making of
proper text-books for our several special arts, or rather the educating of a
new race of men who can make them. When that is done we shall find
the fundamental principles, both of horticulture and of agriculture, taught
in every common school in the land. Till then, we must grope our way
along as best we can.

I trust I have already made concessions enough in regard to the dead
languages, to fully satisfy the most radical extreme ; and still I wish to see
these languages taught in our higher industrial schools and universities,
to all who voluntarily desire t6 study them.

The reason is obvious. We as industrial men must educate our own
teachers and professors from our own class, and prepare to make our own
text-books, or they never will be made. We can not allord to stand
forever, in the republic, as a mere underling class, and depend upon the
other professions above us to supply us with all the teachers and professors
and text-books \\c need. But to the man who undertakes to make text-
books of any sort, languages, both ancient and modern, are of great
importance. They are in fact as much the tools of his trade, as the plow,
spade, and the hoe, are the tools of the gardener and farmer. He is dis-
tinctly a dealer in words, and not in work; and therefore needs to study
words more than work. As words are in the very nature of the case, one
of the great instruments of his peculiar life-work — the more thorouj^hly
competent, drilled, sensitive, and certain, he becomes in their true meaning
and use, the better he is fitted for his task, all other things being equal.

144 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

That absurd and detestable "John Bull " pedantry, which has locked
up most of our sciences in a rigmarole of Greek and Latin barbarisms,
an}'^ to so wide an extent keeps them so locked up, renders it very con-
venient, to say the least, if not indispensably necessary, that our profess-
ors and book-makers should have some knowledge of those tongues.
However much we may regret this, for a whole generation to come, it
can not be helped. For these and similar reasons it seems to me that it
is not expedient for us, in deference to the old college curriculum, so
called, to compel all our boys, who seek any sort of knowledge, to dabble
away the entire years of their youth in dead languages, and abstractions
still more dead, or to shut down the gates upon those of our youth who
may honorably and properly aspire to furnish us, and our institutions,
with suitable teachers and text-books for each and all of our great indus-
trial arts, and eventually throw their influence and their instruction down
over every common school in the land. Still more, on general principles,
should any of our sons and daughters from inability for the harder and
more manly work of the field, or from inclination or taste, desire to pre-
pare themselves for any profession or pursuit, to which such studies are
apposite, why should we debar them .'' Is it not better for us to throw,
even liberally, from our own class, teachers and leaders into other pro-
fessions and pursuits, than to remain forever as a sort of underlings
beneath them in our own.'' I have thus intimated what I deem essential
to all true American and Christian education as a whole, and to horti-
cultural education in particular.

The needful and appropriate details, and courses of study appropriate
to these principles, it is not apposite to dwell upon here. They belong to
the school-room, and must, to a large extent, be left to the tastes, means,
and peculiar necessities of the pupils themselves. We want no iron
beds for any boy or man, not even if it is wreathed in flowers. And
beside, as I have already intimated, it will be a whole century yet, and
perhaps several of them, before the best thing can be done for the horti-
cultural or any other student of industrial science or art. Meantime we
must do as we can, even though not as we would.

Mr. Shepherd spoke at considerable length, giving a review of the
efforts that had been made by the friends of industrial education in the
State.

He claimed that the time has arrived when all those who believe in
studying ^/lings, as well as words, should act in concert to commence a re-
form in our common schools. He had little hope of converting the masses
of those who have had their minds steeped in Latin and Gi-eek, until
they have become so affected by the process that they can see no other
way to become learned, except by following in the same old ruts.

His hope lies in inspiring the young with ideas of true science.

We oug-ht to teach them that true education consists not in mere
proficiency in the use of words; that true science consists in unlocking
the great book of nature; in discovering processes which are transpiring
all around them. To do this the more effectually than can be done

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 45

solely through any text-hook that we have, he would have the children in
the primary schools not only taught the elements of Horticulture and
agriculture from books, but would have them encouraged to plant and
cultivate plants and flowers. He would have special premiinns offered
for the productions of boys and girls, in these departments, at our county
and State fairs. He would have lists of all the native plants and trees
of Illinois printed upon cards, and hung in every school-room in the
State, and the pupils taught the names and uses of at least all the most
important species and varieties.

JMr. Edwards presented the following resolution, which was
adopted :

Resolved, That each member of this Society shall be a committee to take such
measures as he shall deem desirable for the introduction and encouragement of
instruction in Horticulture in the primary schools in his immediate vicinity, and
report progress to the Secretary at or before the next annual meeting of this
Society.

Mr. Parker Earle — from the Committee ad interim — complied
with a unanimous vote of the society, and read :

P. EARLE'S REPORT, AD INTERIM— VY.KYL^.

In the division of labor among the members of your Committee
Ad hiterini^ the subject of Pears and Pear culture has been assigned to
me. While I have not been able to spend as much time as so important
an iiikrest demands, yet 1 have examined about seventy-li\e of liie larger
orchards of our own State, and some in adjoining states, and will give
you the substance of the suggestions which their condition has made
to me.

I have found among pear growers a more general feeling of discour-
agement from various causes, than I have before heard expressed. I
think tlie conclusion of most men is, that pear-gi-owing will not pay. To
this opinion there are, however, some notable and brave exceptions.

Probably no year before has ever shown so much desti'uction from
blight in our State, and this has been common to nearly all soils and
methods of treatment. This is doubtless mostly due to the unseasonable
cold of the past two winters. Early in December, 1868, we had the
coldest weather experienced in many years, which, following a warm and
gi'owing autumn, severely tried the hardiness of all young and fast grow-
ing trees, especially in the south part of the State. On the hills at
C(jbden, the mercury reached 10 degrees below zero, killing tnany trees,
and damaging many thousands beyond the hope of future health. These
weakened trees, while yet onlv convalescent, were struck by the snow-
storm of October, 1869, the devastations of which, in both nurseiy and
orchard, will not soon be forgcjtten. Added to this, we of the south
endured the still more ruinous snow-storm of the middle of April, 1870,
which killed most of our orchard fruits not only, but the papaws ancl
persimmons, and hickory-nuts, and acorns of the forest. So we have had
three destructive crises of cold following within a period of eighteen

H

146

TRANSACTIONS OF I'HE ILLINOIS

months, which, considering the condition of the trees at the several times,
has, I think, no precedent in American pear-growing. What wonder
that we have had a year of bhght — of blight sweeping through all
varieties and all ages, from the nursery to the old orchanl. The year has
therefore been an instructive one for noting the effects of \arious modes
of culture, and the endurance of varieties.

My leading conclusion, not only from this year's observation, but from
former experience is, that a pear tree which grows slowly, and whose
foliage is healthy and persistent, will never originate blight: and though
it may succumb like a strong man, when the air is full of contagion, it
possesses the best possible power of resistance to the disease. Nature
designs ail trees as well as all men to be healthy, and pear trees should
be as euduring and as reliable in crops as the oaks. But Nature has
assigned the oaks, and maples, and pines, to certain specific soils and
climates. She has not intended to have all fruits grown in all countries, ;
but has mapped her horticulture so as to set^ure large commercial inter-
changes and their civilizing results. Pear culture in this country has
mostly ignored these purposes of nature, but she gives us frequent hints
of them, which, we may not with impunity disregard.

The authorities in pear-growing commend us to plant in soils either
very rich naturally, or very much manured, or both, that we may get
luxuriant annual growths; and this in East and West, North and South,
on mountain and in valley alike, and for all kinds. Then we are prom-
ised pears — a thousand varieties or more. But nature interposes her
objections to this system in the form of wood-blight, and leaf-blight, and
fungus on the roots, and fungus on the fruit, until the question often arises
in our minds whether nature in her planning has assigned us in the Miss-
issippi valley any pears at all! At the best I am forced to the conclusion
that the limits of successful pear-growing are very narrow by comparison
in our rich western soils and most trying climate, and that, within these
limits where success is not altogether denied, we must pursue a very inde-
pendent system of management.

I have suggested that the conditions of health and longevity are
moderate growth and a good holding of foliage. I judge that nearl)-,
if not quite, all of our blight originates in the freezing of unripened
or too succulent wood. This state of the wood results mostly from
over-cultivation; and it would seem that all stirring of the soil is in
some cases excessive. All varieties which cast their leaves prematurely,
are liable to a second leaf and wood-growth, which is sure to be un-
healthy; while those kinds which hold their foliage well, like Bartlett
and Lawrence, will generally make succulent shoots after the normal
growth of the tree is completed, if stimulated by much stirring of the
soil. 1 have been able, as I think, to trace most of the original cases
of blight I have ever seen to some form of these late growths; and
I have myself secured almost entire exemption from it where I have
carefully pruned away all this unripe wood in the autumn and winter.
But how shall our trees be managed so as to get growth enough for
vigor and not too much for healthful maturity, and to keep the leaves

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I47

on the trees through the season? This is the great question in pear
culture. Any man wiio can answer it for himself in his own soil,
can for himself solve what has proven the most expensive problem in
Horticulture. But i feel sure that there can be no universal rules
"•iven. it is a question of soils, and climates, and varieties, and ot
native vigor of trees. I ha\e seen in the valley of the Illinois Kiver,
Flemish Beauty trees some twenty-five years old, standing on a ridge
of sand of great depth — standing in grass kept short, and said never
to have had manure or cultivation — which answered to my ideal of a
perfect tree in wood, leaves, and fruit. But in one instance only have
I ever seen Flemish Beauty trees hold their foliage and ripen their
fruit perfectly on the hills of Southern Illinois, whatever the treatment
given. And I recall several dozen very noble and healthy Tysons some
fifteen years old, and loaded with fruit, which were standing in a heavy,
fiat, retentive clay soil in Southern Ohio — seeded to clover; but simi-
lar treatment of the Tyson in lighter and better soils in Egypt fails
to hold tlie leaves. And I noted, in that Siune stiff' Ohio soil, some great
Bartletts, models of beauty, health, and fruitfulness, growing in a chicken
and hog-yard, and so subject to the most stimulating of manures. Any
gentleman who has so cultivated in Illinois will please tell us how long
his ti"ets lasted.

The able editor of the Gardener'' s Monthly has repeatedly advocated
the keeping of pear trees in a close grass sod, and has received much
severe, not to say mean, criticism therefor. But while I believe that, tliis
method can not bu adopted witliout due regard to local circumstances, yet
1 am quite clear that it is a far safer general recommendation to make,
than the system of generous culture commonly accepted as orthodox; and
I believe that the more carefully we study pear trees over any large extent
of country, the less we shall abuse Mr. Meehan. The fact that most of
the old pear trees in the West are standing, or have generally been kept
in grass, is worthy of regard. And the observation that we have all, I
think, often made in visiting pear orchards, that the few trees standing on
the lawn, or in some neglected corner with unstirred soil, have escaped
blight, while the ranks of the cultivated orchard have been sadly thinned
thereby, is full of suggestions unfavorable to the commonly received
theory.

The system of root-pruning, as so often presented by our earnest and
eminent co-laborer. Dr. Hull, has received all the investigation it has been
possible for your committee to make, and with conclusions in some cases
exceedingly favorable. It is much to be regretted that this experiment
lias been made by so few men in so few soils. All of us who have
repeatedly visited Dr. Hull's orchard, know that his ti"ees and fruit fully
sustain the claims of his theory, for his own locality. The root-pruned
trees grow very little, hokl their foliage \\ ell, do not bliglit, and bear
abundant crops of highly-colored and well flavored fruit. I can also re-
port that an (jrchard of liis, six years old, on the same soil, which had not
been root-pruned, commenced to blight last year, and badly this year by
the 20th of May. They were root-pruned soon after and the blight

I4S TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

seemed to be arrested for the year. I also found this system extensively
earned out in one of the largest, and by far the most valuable orchard,
in the neighborhood of Alton. Here our friend Hyde has root-pruned
several thousand trees and has apparently arrested the blight that was
threatening the entire destruction of the orchard vidien he commenced it
five years ago. It is proper to add that our energetic friend is one of the
very few men I have found who have faith in pear-growing as a remu-
nerating enterprise. Justice to all the systems under discussion, requires
me to say here, that the largest pear orchard in the Alton district (as I am
told), which greatly interested your committee three years ago, was this
year found most disastrously blighted. Very few trees were found, in
all this large and otherwise beautiful orchard, which were wholly free
from the disease. Dwarfs and standards were alike fatally affected ; but
the varieties the least so were the Seckel and Duchesse d'Angouleme.
This orchard had been cultivated in a careful manner until two or three
years ago, and has since been in grass and clover.

While I believe that root-pi'uning may be very profitably adopted by
many growers, especially in the vicinity of Alton, where the blight seems
alarmingly severe under all other kinds of management, yet I am reluct-
antly compelled to say that it is not, apparently, as etficacious in all places.
A large orchard of nine year old trees, mostly Bartletts, near Cobden,
was last spring root-pruned very faithfully and severely, as I believe, in
hope of stopping the blight which had increased for several years; but
without having any such result. The trees made a very small growth in
many cases, and in other trees it averaged a foot or more. The blight in
this case appeared not to distinguish the difference. A small orchard at
Benton Harbor, Michigan, standing on a sandy bluff', was last spring
very thoroughly root-pruned, and mulched but not cultivated afterwards,
and while no blight was manifested, I think that few observers of this
orchard would be tempted thereby to go and do likewise. And while I
do not consider this a fair test of the system, yet the extreme debility of
these trees suggests caution as to soil and other conditions which should
modify very rigid rules. In fact the rules found to be precisely adapted
to the loess soils of Alton are likely to require essential changes in other
localities.

I have found less blight in the neighborhood of Villa Ridge than in
any other where pear trees are extensively cultivated; and this is directly
traceable to the fact the trees in that soil retain their foliage in a very
healthy condition. In fact I have never seen any locality where so many
varieties of trees exhibited so great a luxuriance of gro\vth with so little
manifestation of disease. And I was much impressed with the appear-
ance of an orchard growing in the Ohio bottom, some three miles from
the river, and scarcely beyond the reach of high water, the roots evidently
penetrating below the high water line, which gave every evidence of
perfect health and great vigor. No blight had ever appeared in any
variety, although the oldest trees had been twelve years planted. But
all kinds held their leaves late in the season : it being remarked that the
Sheldon was somewhat faulty, casting its foliage in October.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I49

I presume it is understood that the kind of bh;j;^ht referred to in these
remarks is ihc/rozen sap bligJit^ and not the kind wholly pertaining to
the small branches, said to be caused by the Scolytus pyri insect, of
whose work I have little knowledge. But our neighbors in Mis-
souri are reported as sulfering badly from this last variety, which is there
manifested in a very alarming maimer, according to the eminent horti-
cultural editor of an intluential New York newspaper. A gentleman
writes from that unfortunate country, describing a kind of blight, which
not only kills this year's and last year's wood, but often " involves the
whole tree," and which " severe pruning done in May and the first of
June" not only failed to check, but fatally aggravated. This would look
like the work of our old and familiar enemy, did not the authority above
acknowledged tell us it was caused by a small insect which "girdles the
branches." And to another unlucky gentleman whose apple trees have
been "cultivated each year since planted, and have grown rapidly," but
which are now described as having " tlie bark cracked through from six
inches to a foot from the ground," and "loosened, some part of the way
round, and some all round, and dying," he says that "this appears from
the description to be the work of insect blight;" and he relieves the afflicted
correspondent, and all of us, with this remedy: "Cut off the diseased
part," (the entire trees were dying, you remember,) "and insert some
cions in the large branches next spring!" Any western gentleman
suffering from horticultural disease will be likely to get the proper
remedy by applying to any of the New York newspapers.

I am not prepared to recommend everybody to root-prune their trees,
or to seed their orchards to grass, but each of these courses will doubtless
be valuable in many localities; and my impression is that either will
essentially subserve the same end, viz : a moderate annual growth, an
early maturity of wood, a better holding of the leaves, and a much finer
coloring of the fruit, all of which show a healthier balance of the forces
of the tree. Root-pruning demands very thorough cultivation, which
renders it somewhat impracticable on our washing hill-sides, but on
ground not subject to wash, it may, in many cases, be better than grass-
ing, while a clean sod will be the most cheaply managed, and will save
our hill soils from waste. Either plan commends itself to my judgment
as far safer for western growers than the high culture, which so well
befits the lean granite soils of New England.

In my observation of pear-growing, no fact has impressed me more
forcibly than the wide diflerence in the constitutional vigor of varieties.
Our standard pomological books, and the bulky catalogues of our great
nurseries, coolly count up the varying virtues of many hundred kinds,
and tempt us to buy and plant them ; and, indeed, there are a couple of
hundred sorts, each one of which possesses some individual excellence,
some charm for the eye or the palate, without which a fascinated pear
amateur will feel hungry, impoverished, and continually defrauded of
his birthright. So let us bravely plant all that are large and showy, all
that are graceful in form, all that are beautiful in color, and all the
varieties of marked and delicious flavor, that each season of the year

150 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

may crown our tables, in qualities to please every taste, with the fairest
and most delightful of fruits! Shall we not soon begin to wish that we
lived 'at Rochester or Boston, as our cherished trees, with the most
sonorous names and the rarest excellences, rapidly perish in our mei'ciless
winters, and we learn a lesson not set down in the books, that nine out
of ten of all these varieties are only exotic in a western climate? My
friends, I speak from the sadness of experience. I have tried the two
hundred kinds, and more, and am now ready to divide that ambitious
number by twenty, and then subtract some, to find the list I would
advise a friend to plant.

The conditions which restrict us to a few varieties differ materially
in the many different soils and climates of our State, but I am acquainted
vvrith no locality where many dozen kinds have proved successful. In
the north this limitation consists mainly in the tenderness of trees in
winter; in the south this is combined with premature defoliation. I
judge that the Flemish Beauty has proved the most generally hardy in
the north, although it blights badly, and that it and the Bartlett have
given the gi'eatest satisfaction in crops; but the Flemish Beaut}' entirelv
fails in health of foliage in most places in the south, and it is rare to find
a crop perfectly ripened on any tree. Still it often bears immense crops,
which in some cases have yielded more profit, to the tree, than any other
sort, and it is very widely, if not largely planted. The Bartlett is not
reliably hardy either north or south, but its great merits of tree and fruit
overbalance all its faults, and it is pre-eminently the pear of the State,
as of the whole country. For average weight of crops and prices, it
considerably surpasses any other variety. All markets prefer it, and if
we could have it in ripening from June till January, most men's pear
lists would be reduced to this one variety. Indeed, with some planters
all considerations of season have yielded to the Bartlett passion, and they
are likely to meet the views of those Chicago dealers who declare there
are but two kinds of pears, " Bartlett pears " and " Fears," and they say
the last variety don't amount to much!

The Howell is better known in the south than in the north. I have
not often seen it north of Alton, but it is well worthy of wide planting,
for while it may fail oftener than some others from too early blooming,
yet its vigorous and hardy habit as a tree, with the superb nature of its
fruit, should place it in every list. I find the Belle Lucrative extensively
planted, and apparently well adapted to the climate everywhere. It is
one of our most prolific bearers, and has few equals in quality, and it is
one of the three or four best in respect to health of foliage; in fact I
sometimes think it stands at the head of the list in this important par-
ticular. But its color on rich soils is a dull unsalable green, while on
poor land it often attains perfection of form and most exquisite pencilings
of color. This is one of the two varieties I would prefer on quince
stocks — the other being the Duchesse d'Angouleme. This last kind
possesses great value for market, under favorable circumstances. I find
it everywhere regai'ded as one of the healthiest of trees. It is the one
variety which to-day redeems a once very large orchard planted on the

' STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I5I

prairies in Southern Illinois from beinp^ regarded as a total failure. It
rarely blights in the worst soils; it bears young; it is our largest pear,
and exhibits a rich gokien color when properly ripened. It has sold for
higher prices than any other pear, and when in its best estate, it is truly
a magnificent fruit in appearance, and scarcely second to the best in
flavor. But unluckily it is sometimes insipid in quality under the best
of treatment, and always so when allowed to overbear. It is a poor pear
for a lazy man. Next to Bartlett and Flemish Beauty, I think it the
most largely planted pear in the West. Presented to the public, as it ver)'
often is, when two-thirds grown, from overladen trees, perhaps no variety
has contributed so much to extinguish a liking for all pears among the
swindled consumers.

While pears are among the most cosmopolitan of fruits, 3'et there are
some varieties which seem to posess certain fixed adaptabilities to climate,
and develop their best points only under favorable temperatures. The
Louise Bonne de Jersey is a conspicuous illustration of this principle.
It grows to entire perfection in the Channel Islands; it does well in the
marine climate of New England, and is still a good pear at manv points
farther west, but it loses quality as it goes south, both in ti-ee and fruit,
generally becoming coarse and astringent in Southern Illinois. At Cob-
den it has suflered badly in our last two winters, and it loses its leaves
earlv in most locations. I have known it hold its foliage well in two or
three cases in grass, or grown in a shaded spot on the north of buildings;
but in the bottoms below Villa Ridge, its foliage is held as well as that
of Beurre d'Anjou. Wherever this pear is healthy in habit of tree and
free from astringency in fruit, it should be largely grown, for it gets a very
salable color, and its flavor is of a positive, aromatic, excellent quality.
The Vicar of Winkfield is another important instance of degeneration
by moving to lower latitudes. It was once ranked as first amonsr
Massachusetts pears, and still holds high position there; but it loses its
good quality in its emigration to the West and southward, until it has very
little of that article left on the hills of Egypt, and is said to be quite
inedible in the Gulf States. And yet I would not wholly discard the
Vicar in Illinois. It blights sadly in many places to be sure, but where
it can be kept healthy it will yield grand crops of robust, fair-formed
fruit. The Vicar has its own place to fill. It is generally good to bake,
to stew, to pickle; but it will prove more valuable as a market fruit. It
should be grown to sell in those markets which prefer the Pennock and
Ben Davis apples, or to the good people who buy the California grade of
pears.

The Seckel and Lawrence are examples of the reverse action of this
efl^ect of climate. Each of these pears is the standard of excellence in
its season at the North and East; and they both improve in size and flavor
as they move southward. The walnut-sized Seckels of the New York
market, or of Michigan and Northern Illinois, are all little mouthfuls of
delicious sweetness; \\ bile those grown at Alton, about St. Louis, and in
lower Egypt, have some three times the weight, and a positive improve-
ment in flavor; and my information is, that the further south they go,

152 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS '

the bigger and better they grow. So the Lawrences of the Hudson
River, Rochester, and Waukegan, are a fair and excellent fruit, but
several opportunities of comparison enable me to say that, they average
much larger and of finer flavor grown along the Mississippi blufls and at
Cobden ; while in middle Georgia, they are reported as often weighing a
pound a piece, and without any falling off in their high quality. I am
not sure that either of these pears will ever be as profitable for market
as the Bartlett and other large pears; for that vicious public taste that
prefers simple bigness and color to inside qualities, must largely guide all
planting for commercial profit. And as neither of these pears grow
very large in our State, and are too good by half to please the taste of
the demoralized people who buy California pears, rather than something
good to eat for one's self, and fit to give to one's wife, I would suggest a
cautious planting of them for market purposes.

There are several other varieties which should receive some mention
from me for their merits or demerits — mostly the latter — as they are
kept very prominently before the public, but space forbids more than a
hasty remark. The Beurre d'Anjou is a pear I think highly of, so far,
but I have never yet seen full crops from it anywere, and prefer waiting
until I do before commending it to planters. The Sheldon is a high
flavored fruit, and its rich bronze color will atti'act buyers. It is a fine
growing tree, but with me is not an early beai^er, and don't hold its leaves
very well. The Beurre Bosc and Beurre Clairgeau have great beauty of
appearance, but as they do not often " put in an appearance " in our
markets or even on our exhibition tables, I would not invest in them
largely. With me they are among the most tender and faulty of trees,
and I have (^ased hoping that I shall ever gi^ow the fruit. The Beurre
Easter is a very desirable pear to grow where it will ripen, as its fruit is
first-class in flavor, and keeps till spring; but it probably wont ripen very
far north.

I have not named any pear ripening earlier than the Bartlett. I am
not satisfied that there is any early variety worthy of much praise. I
have for years sought for such a pear for my own planting, and have not
yet decided what to plant. There are several kinds which show a little
local value, but I have not yet found the variety that will pay as much
profit as the Bartlett over any large area of country. I think the Made-
leine must be given up altogether. It is about the worst tree in the list
to blight, and the fruit cracks badly. The finest orchard of it I have ever
seen was at Centralia, two years ago. To-day, there is not one tree left
alive. Doyenne d'Ete is a little less hopeless as yet, but the tree is
among the most tender I know, and the pears are not often measured by
the bushel. Dearborn's Seedling is too small, and the tree is bad.
Rostiezer is better for growing fishing rods than pears ; and it is not of
much importance that we can't get the fruit, good as it is, as the little
copper-colored things wouldn't sell. Tyson is a delightful pear, but a
middle-aged inan, yet unmarried, shouldn't plant it for family use.
Beurre Giflard is a good pear and a beauty, but it rots quick, and the tree
is a provoking grower; I don't think it will ever get nick-named

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 53

" Dollars and Cents." Clapp's Favorite has the faults of Flemish Beauty
in casting its leaves, and in premature decay of fruit, hut it is a noble
looking pear, and worth hoping about, for a while yet. The Ott I have
never fruited, and have seen little of, but I like the ti-ee better than any
of the others. On the whole, 1 think I will plant a few more Bartletts
for early pears.

As most men conchide to substitute the Bartlctt for all the early kinds,
so they, many of them, decide to replace with it all the later ones. The
sum of the opinions I have gathered, is, that it pays best of all, notwith-
standing the competition of peaches and other fruits, during its season.
Possibly they may be nearly right, if the Bartlett can be successfully kept
in fruit-houses through the autumn months. This has been done for
several years past, in New York and elsewhere, and it will certainly be
better than to depend on the old favorite kinds, like the Beurre Diel,
Winter Nelis, and Glout Morceau.

The question of the future market for our pears is an important one.
I have been watching the influence of the California pears on our markets,
with much interest, and with rather discouraging conclusions. In fact as
I have looked abroad over our beautiful orchards, blackened by blight, or
standing naked in mid-summer from defoliation, or passing through the
destructive vicisitudes of our interior climate, or have heard the ever-
increasing hum of the myriad insect hosts which envelojoe them, I have
sometimes nearly reached the conclusion, that California is the most
promising land for growing pears for Illinois markets. The farmers of
the Pacific States grow pears about as cheaply as we do acorns, and with
greater certainty of crop, for severe freezes never occur, and insects and
funguses are almost unknown. They ship them to Chicago at rates only
equaling the express tariffs from Southern Illinois, and sell them for
nearly double the prices which we get, pound for pound. It is evident that
they are better paid than we are. It is true their pears are far inferior to
ours in flavor — especially the later ones; but many of them are very
beautiful, and we mtist expect them to sell, regardless of quality — as long
at least as this Society recommends the planting of the poorest apples on
the list, because they have good looks and will sell. Then as I think it
costs the California growers less money to set down a bushel of pears in
Chicago, than it does us, all the conditions of growing the crop, as well
as transportation expenses being counted, I think it is a very serious
question whether we can make pear-growing in Illinois a tempting
financial success, in competition with the immense advantages enjoyed
by those lucky dwellers along the Golden Coast.

Parker Earle.

At the conclusion of the reading of Mr. Earle's report, it was voted
to devote twenty minutes, to-moiTow morning, to a discussion of some of
its topics, also, that in such discussion, each speaker shall be allowed no
more than three minutes, except by unanimous consent of members
present.

On motion, adjourned.

154 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

THURSDAY MORNING.

The Society met pursuant to adjournment.

President Flagg called the meeting to order.

The exercises were opened with prayer by Prof. T. J. Burrill, of the

State Industrial University.

Mr. Porter presented the following resolution :

Resoh'rd, That this Society encourage the teaching and study of Horticulture
in our high schools, colleges, and seminaries, and that a committee of three be
appointed by the chair to prepare an address showing the benefits that would result
from a practical knowledge of Horticulture, and to publish the same in all the pub-
lic journals in the State whose proprietors will give it a gratuitous insertion.

On motion, this resolution was referred to a special committee of
three, consisting of Messrs. J. S. McClelland, J. E. Porter, and Smiley
Shepherd.

The special order of business for twenty minutes of the morning
session, viz : discussion on Mr. Earle's report, was then taken up.

Mr. Tallon, of Burlington, Iowa, being asked to give his experi-
ence in growing pears, said that he has grown pears since 1847; ^^^ ^^^^
good success. His trees are dwarfs, not planted deep enough to allow
the pear graft to take root. His trees are in grass, which he top-dresses
with manure in the fall and with ashes in the spring; had some blight
in his orchard previous to 1S64, but none since. The practice of top-
dressing his orchard begun at that time; hab about two hundred varie-
ties and has been successful with nearly all, but would especially recom-
mend Grey Doyenne, White Doyenne, and a variety called " Pennsylva-
nia." This last sort has never blighted, and he has had no trouble with
the, so called, tender varieties.

Mr. Shaw called the attention of the Society to a pear orchard in
Levviston which had been mulched with saw dust with success; also men-
tioned another orchard in which mulching had proved successful. Both
orchards consisted of standard trees.

Mr. Brackett, of Lee County, Iowa, said that the White Doyeime,
concerning which so much complaint has been made, had never cracked,
with him. Louise Bonne de Jersey has been very successful.

Mr. Snedecker — I have trees of the Seckel pear, thirty years old,
which have never blighted.

Mr. Bird, of Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, has cultivated pear trees for fifteen
years; manures in the fall on surface of ground, and forks in the manure
in spring. Most varieties have blighted badly; has a White Doyenne
that has never blighted. The Flemish Beauty is one of the very best.

The President announced that the time allotted to this discussion had ■
expired.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 155

THE AUDITING COMMITTEE

submitted the following report:

Gentlemen of the Society :

Having examined the accounts placed in the hands of this Committee,
we would report that we find eveiything in them correct.

We can not let this opportunity pass without commending the exheme
economy of our Secretary.

S. G. MiNKLER,

H. J. Hyde,
Lewis Et^lsworth,

Committee.

The report was adopted.

Also the following was presented :

report of committee on president's address.

The Committee to whom the address of the President was referred,
respectfully report that in their examination of it they have confined
themselves to that part which was read to the Society. The remaining
portion, which was but hastily looked o\tx by them, consists of an able,
and soinewhat elaborate discussion of the subject of "The Province of
Horticulture," which they hope the author will find time and opportu-
nity to read before the close of the meeting.

The first matter of interest mentioned in the address is the financial
condition of the Society, showing the necessity of economy in our
expenditures.

Your Committee approve the recommendation to apply to the legis-
lature for an increase of our annual appropriation to $3,000, which sum
would enable us to carry forward our work v\ith greater efficienc\-.

The purchase by the State, of the entomological collection of our
departed friend. Mr. Walsh, and the appointment of so competent a per-
son as Dr. Le Baron to the office of State Entomologist, made vacant
by the death of Mr. Walsh, are matters of satisfaction and congratula-
tion.

The importance and value of stations in difl!erent parts of the State
for agricultural and horticultural experiments, will not be questioned by
any one.

Your Committee think that these stations should be under the charge,
and their management a part of the work, of our Industrial University.

Whether the present is a favorable time for pressing this matter upon
the attention of our General Assembly may be doubtful, but it is cer-
tainly none too soon to call public attention to it.

Your Committee entirely agree with the President, that sound public
policy and forecasting statesmanship demand that we shall do all we
can to encourage the planting and growing of timber trees on the
prairies, and concur in the recommendation that a committee be
appointed to bring the matter before the Society and the General Assem-

I $6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

bly, in such a manner as to secure favorable legislation in relation to it.
They ask the adoption of the following resolution :

Resolved, That a committee of tnree be appointed to prepare a bill for the
encouragement of tree-planting, reporting it to this meeting, if possible, for dis-
cussion ; but if not practicable to report at this meeting, it shall be their duty to
present the same to the General Assembly, and urge its passage.

The recomniendation_ of the address, that engraved likenesses be
procured, of Messrs. Overman, Kennicott, and Harkness, deceased mem-
bers of this Society, w^ho were distinguished in the earlier periods of our
horticultural history, is approved, and w^e conclude the report with the
following resolution, viz :

Resolved, That the Executive Committee be authorized to procure engravings
of the likenesses of the three gentlemen mentioned for insertion in the forth-
coming volume of Transactions, if, in their opinion, the finances of the Society
■will justify the expenditure.

A. M. Brown,
T. McWhorter,
E. Daggy,

Committee.
This report was concurred in.

ELECTION OF OFFICERS.

On motion it was ordered that the election should be by ballot, when
ever two or more candidates were put in nomination for any office;
otherwise, by voice.

The following persons were put in nomination for the several offices,
as designated, each one of whom was unanimously elected, viz :

For President — Mr. Douglass nominated

ARTHUR BRYANT.

For Vice-President of First District — Mr. Earle nominated

ROBERT DOUGLASS.

For Vice-President of Second District — Mr. Burrill nominated

SAMUEL EDWARDS.

For Vice-President of Third District — Mr. Mason nominated

A. G. HUMPHREY.

For Vice-President of the Fourth District — Mr. Earle nominated

M. L. DUNLAP.

For Vice-President of the Fifth District — Mr. H. J. Dunlap
nominated

J. W. FLETCHER.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I57

For Vice-President of the Sixth District — Mr. Huggins nominated

H. J. HYDE.

For Vice-President of the Seventh District — Mr. Brown nominated

p. U. WRIGHT.

For Secretary — Mr. Starr nominated

O. B. GALUSHA.

For Assistant Secretary — Mr. Brown nominated

H. J. DUNLAP.

For Treasurer — Mr. Minkler nominated

J. HUGGINS.

The next business in order being the selection of a place for the next
Annual Meeting,

Mr. Fletcher, in behalf of the citizens of Centralia, and of the
Centi-alia Fruit-Growers' Association, invited the Society to hold its next
meeting at that place.

Prof. Turner spoke for the Morgan County Horticultural Society,
urgently requesting that the next meeting be held at Jacksonville. He
said he did not ask the Society there, because the citizens of Morgan
county were horticulturally worthy to have the Society go there, but
because tliey needed and craved the light and stimulus which such a
meeting would give to their Horticulture.

Mr. Bryant said that while Jacksonville might be called the Athens
of Illinois, in regard to general knowledge, yet, as admitted by Prof.
Turner, her citizens were somewhat in horticulttiral darkness; and as
the province of this Society is to diffuse light as well as to cr.jate it, he
would favor going there.

Prof. Burrill, in behalf of the Illinois Industrial University,
invited the Society to go there. He thought it would be well for ail
horticulturists of the State to see and know what steps are being tak^n
there to secure ultimate good to the horticultural interests of the State.
He would not urge that the Society go there for their next meeting, bat
hoped that if not, it would meet there in 1872.

Mr. Edwards spoke in favor of Champaign, urging that there we^e
being inaugurated extensive experiments in Horticultin"e, which should
be examined into by this Society, that tlie horticultui'al department of the
University would be aided in its work by our presence and our counsels
— that the well known hospitality of the citizens of Champaign promises
us a cordial welcome. A rising vote was taken upon selecting Jackson-
ville as the place of holding the next meeting, which resulted in the
unanimous choice of that place.

'58

TR.\NSACTIONS OF THE' ILLINOIS

On motion of M. L. Dunlap, the Time of the next Annual

Meeting was fixed for Tuesday, the Twelfth day of December,
1871.

Mr. Starr moved that the examination of new fruits and the
distribution of cions be deferred until after the reading of Judge Brown's
paper, which was agreed to.

Mr. Browx then read a paper upon

PACKING FRUIT FOR MARKET.

Our Secretary has assigned me a subject upon which it is difficult to
say anything that will be new or valuable. Intelligent horticulturists
fully understand the necessity of putting their fruit into market in proper
condition, as well as the means by which this is done. That large class
of people who fill our markets with unripe, ill-assorted, bruised, and rotting
fruit, never read the papers, and our Transactions are not likely to reach
tliem. They will continue to do as they have done to the end of time, in
spite of everything that may be said or written on the subject.

However, we have good authority for inflicting " line upon line, and
precept upon precept," and whatever may seem trite in what follows,
will be excused upon that principle. A reiteration of familiar facts or
principles — like the quack doctor's bread pills, will do no harm if it does
no good.

It was often said, a few years ago, tliat it made no difference how
fruit was packed, or what was the quality of the fruit itself, for it all,
good, bad, and indifferent, brought the same returns to the producers.
There was some truth in this, partly because consumers were less careful
in making their purchases than they have since come to be, but chiefly
for the reason that many commission merchants had the rascally habit of
making an average of each day's sales, and returning to all their corres-
pondents precisely the same prices. In this way the careless packer and
the producer of poor fruit, came in for an even chance with those who
had put their fruit in market in the best condition. But all this has been
changed, at least to a considerable extent. Purchasers, now, look pretty
sharply to the quality and condition of what they buy, and honest com-
mission men may be found, even in Chicago, who will retiu'n to each
shipper the price his own fruit sells for. It becomes every year, more
and more noticable that, in all our markets, the prices obtained depend
upon the quality and condition of the fruit sold, and this qualitv and
condition depend very largely upon the style of packing, especially when
it is to be transported long distances by railway. The finest fruit, care-
lessly put up, will reach the consumer in bad order.

SU-aivbcrries. — In our State, at least for distant markets, strawbeiries
are put up in the hollow-bottomed quart boxes with which all are
familiar, twenty -four of which, usually, are packed in a case made for
the purpose. The ben"ies are picked directly into the boxes, and the
essential thing to be attended to is the manner in which this is done.
They must be carefully handled to avoid bruising the tender flesh. The

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 159

careful picker seizes the stem between the thumb and fore-finger, and
pinching it off about half an inch from the fruit, transfers it at once to
the box. He will reject all that are too green, or over-ripe, or ver^' small.
The careless or uninslructetl picker will take hold of the berry, anil pull
it off, transferring it to the palm of the hand, until he has a handful.
The result is that the fruit is more or less bruised, and in a condition for
rapitl decay. The boxes should be well heaped up, and tlien carefully
set in the case, the top pressing gently upon the top of the berries in the
upper tier. Some are in the habit of turning the fruit out of the boxes
and assorting it. This is of doubtful value. The additional handling
involved probably does more damage than would be occasioned by the
over-ripe or imperfect beirics taken out. Certainly it is not necessary
when you have careful and well-managed pickers.

Raspberries and blackberries are packed for market in the same way,
except that the fruit parts from the stems. The same care in handling to
prevent bruising is requisite.

Peaches. — No fruit requires more careful management in its prepa-
ration for market, than the peach. The ilesh is exceedingly tender, easily
bruised, and it tends to rapid decay after it is fully ripe. They should be
gathered at that particular stage of maturity that immediately precedes soft-
ening. They should be ripe, but not mellow, and in order to secure
them in this condition the trees must be gone over every day. They
must be carefully handled to avoid bruising. The packer takes them,
one by one, and places them in the box, being caieful to get them as close
together as they can be made to lie, and the box must be so w ell filled
that the top will go on with considerable pressure. The object is to con-
fine them so closely that they can not become loose and rattle in the boxes.
They should be rigidly assorted, the best specimens going together, and
the smaller ones to themselves, to be sold as second-class fruit. The
tasteful packer will, of course, so arrange the fruit, with the best side
out, etc., as to make it present the best possible appearance when
opened.

The package almost universally used in Southern Illinois, is the box,
holding about one-third of a bushel. Baskets are not available with our
present mode and means of transportation. The box composed of seven
pieces is the best, consisting of three heads as they are called, one broad
piece for each side and single pieces for the bottom and top. The box
made of naiTow slats shows the fruit better, l)ut the numerous edges
and corners are apt to abrade the skin and cut into the flesh.

Pears. — Early pears, as well as the earliest apples, are usually sent to
market in the same kind of box used for peaches, and with these, the
essential things to be secured are proper assorting of the fruit and close
packing. Later in the season pears are best marketed in larger packages,
as bushel boxes, half barrels, or barrels. They ripen best when excluded
from the air, and for that reason the vessels should be close. In pack-
ing, the bottom of the barrel should be covered by placing the fruit care-
fully upon it, one at a time, so arranged as to make it show to the best
advantage; then pour in, shaking two or three times, briskly, as the fill-

l6o TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

ing progresses; heap the fruit a little and press in tlie head with a screw
or lever. Choice pears are sometimes sent to market wrapped singly in
tissue paper, a very good practice as I think. Some dealers in New Or-
leans prefer to have this fruit come to them packed in soft, dried grass.
Some such material must be used unless great care is taken in filling the
boxes or barrels so that the fruit can not become loosened by the rough
handling it is likely to be subjected to in the course of its ti'ansportation
to market.

Apples. — Apples, except the veiy earliest, are invariably sent to
market in barrels, holding from two and a half to three bushels each.
The bottom is first covered with a course or two laid in, one at a time,
w^ith the stems down. The barrel is then filled by pouring in from a
basket that can be let down and emptied inside, so as to prevent bruising,
shaking well as the filling progresses. The fruit is heaped up as high
as the top of the chine, the top laid on, and, by the use of a follower
and lever or screw, pressed into its place. The name of the fruit should
be plainly marked on the bottajJi^i which is the end that should be opened
when oflTered for sale.

Grapes. — Grapes are usually sent to market in light boxes holding
from three to ten pounds. The fruit should be spread out in the sun
for a few hours, or until the stems have wilted and become limp and
yielding. The bunches are then laid in the box as carefully and tastefully
as possible, filling up imtil the top will go on with some pressing. Mark
the name of the variety on the bottoiti., which, when in market, becomes
the top. These boxes are packed in crates of convenient size.

In marketing all fruits, clean, new packages should be used. After
this, the essential things to be attended to, as appears from what has
been said before, are careful assorting and close packing. The more
tastefully the fruit is arranged the better — appearances go a great way
in everything, and especially in the sale of fruit.

M. L, DuNLAP thought that the subjects treated in this pajDer are
very important, not only to the producer, but to the consumer. Fruits
can not be well packed and reach the market in such condition as to
secure the best price, unless they are properly picked and handled.
Strawberries and cheiTies should be picked with their stems left on, to
prevent too close pressui'e in the boxes, and consequent mold and
decay.

These and other fruits could be picked and taken to market, riper than
they usually are, if proper care were taken in picking and packing. It
will pay well to pick carefully and pack well. Careful pickers should
be paid more per box than careless ones. Purchasers may know whether
the fruit has been well picked and packed. If it has been, the boxes will
be full, othei"wise not.

Dr. Spalding — The writer recommends exposing grapes to the sun
a short time after picking before packing. The practice of grape-growers
in the vicinity of .St. Louis differs from this.

We take our packages into the vineyard and pick very carefully,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. l6l

handling as little as is possible in taking out all imperfect berries, placing
the bunches directly in the boxes. Tiiis is done to preserve the bloom
as much as possible, as the bloom gives |he fruit an attractive appearance
when oflered for sale, and fruit upon which it is well preserved commands
a higlier price than that from which it has been removed in handling.
When the boxes, or other packages are a little more than full, we set
them in the shade for a few hours, or a day, to shrink a little before
fiistening them up.

We ha\-e no package for grapes which exactU' meets our wishes —
are looking for something better — we use boxes of diflcrent sizes, and
baskets.

Mr. Bliss said it was his custom to put apples in heaps to let
them sweat before putting into tight barrels for winter. If put in directly
from the tree, they would not keep as well. Mellow or ripe apples ^\ ill
not bear much pressing, when heading up the barrels, for if bruised they
will decay.

Mr. Spaldixg — For home use we pack our grapes in boxes with
alternate layers of papers, renewing the packing after a time.

Mr. Nolan, of Benton Harbor, Mich., said that he wanted steps
taken to secure the regulation of the size of a peach box or basket, by
act of the Legislature of this State.

Chicago is the market for nearly all their fruit, and there is found
such a difference in the size of packages that it is not possible often to
get the honest value of a full one-third bushel basket or box of fruit. He
offered the following resolution :

J^csolvcd, That in the opinion of this Society, the size of a peach box or basket
should be regulated by law, and that we recommend that the size of such package
shall be one-third of a bushel.

TiiK President thought it more difficult to establish uniformity in
size, than to provide for the the sale of fruits by weight.

M. L. Dun LAP offered the following as a substitute for Mr. Nolan's
resolution, viz :

Resolved, That this Society memorialize the General Assembly ,of this State
to pass laws providing for the sale by weight, of all horticultural products hitherto
sold by measure,

which was supported.

Prof. Turner moved an amendment to the effect, " that this subject
be committed to a committee, to consist of President Flagg and two
other members who shall take tlie matter under advisement and lay it
before the next General Assembly."

Mr. Earle was opposed to the resolution of Mr. Nolan, and in favor
of the substitute of Mr. Dunlap. He could not consent to place this
whole matter in the hands of a committee without first knowing their
views respecting it. He regarded it as a matter of great iinportance,
which should have an earnest expression from this Society.

The President had examined this matter caiefuUy. A reform is
15

1 62 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

needed, hut liow is tlic best wav to brines it about? Two questions are
involvetl : what is right .- and how can we accomplish the right without
running counter to a conservative element which we can not overcome if
we would ?

He had become convinced tliat tlie best thing to do was to secure
tlie passage of a law regulating the number of pounds in a bushel of fruit.

The amendment of Prof. Turner was lost.

The question recurring" upon the adoption of the substitute of Mr.
Dunlap, prevailed.

Mr. J. II. TiCF.. of St. r.ouis. a member of the Committee of this
Society on Meteorology, then read, liv ri'ipiest. a paper which he had pre-
upon this sultject.

METEOROI.OCIC.M. KFFFXTS OF FORESTS.

j\fr. President^ Ladies, and Gcntlcnioi :

My object is to discuss a subject which lias had, and ever will have,
an important liearing on human well-being; which in the past has
rendered man a fugitive and a \-agabon(l on the face of the earth, and
which, in the future, will continue to scourge him, until experience and
reason w^ill bring him in harmony with Nature.

This sidiject is the great law which holds a climatic correlation
between moisture and the eartii's vesture, and between aridity and its
nakedness. The ignorance of this law, or of its non-obser\'ance, has, in
the past, indicted an untold amount of miserv upon man. and u]:ion its
knowledge and observance will depend his future prospeiity and happi-
ness. If this can be shown, then, if woe betide him hereafter, he must
acknowledge it as a just jiimishment for his delincjuency ; and if weal,
he will have the consciousness and satisfaction of knowing that it is a
reward for his faithfulness and obedience.

As il is impossible to lix man's ad\ent iipon the earth, so it were
futile to attempt it. All we do know is, that he appeared in the tertiary
period, and was cotemporaneous w ith the primitive horse and mastodon,
because stone implements have been found with figures of lioth engraveil
)ipon them. I>ut how long ago that has been — whether ten thousand
or ten hundred thousand vears, no one can tell or ever will know*.

In the time when Northern Europe was yet submerged — when the
reindeer roa:iied t)ver the Alps — man was there, (Kvelling in cav'es, and
his bones lie mingled with those of the primiti\'e horse, of the reindeer,
the mastodon and hos bifroyis^ making it probable that these animals
served him for food.

But in the j^rogress of time, either from increase in intelligence, or
of numbers, he forsook the caves and built for himself dwellings con-
sisting of four large stones for the sides and one for a cover. This is
called in archieology, the megalithic, that is the big stone age. These
houses, buried in the soil, are found from the British Isle to farthest
India, and south io the Cape of (lood Hope. Evidently these structures
were co-extensive with the human race at that period.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 63

In tlic mcjijalilliic :»;^e, ii);in became, if he was not Ix-forc. a tciTa-
cukurist; for petrified heads of wheat, rye, and barley nre found buried
with these houses in swani])y jihiccs; hence it is proI)al>le at tliis period
commences the date of his reactionary aj^ency upon climate. To raise
the cereals, and to lind pasture for his llocks. lie had to clear awav the
primitive forests, ami it was impossible for him to lia\e denuded lar^e
areas of land \\ itliout observinj4' the consequent climatic changes.

No facts exist to furnish us willi (he least clue for measuring the
length of the duration of this age, but probably it extended o\er tliou-
sands of years, lie its lengtli what it may, the whole of it was a pupilage
of the j)rimiti\e man in the school of experience, teaching him man\-
lessons that he will ne\er fcjrget. Amongst these lessons uiuiiu'stionably
was this, thai the destruction of forests smote climate with aridity, and
consecjuently the earth w illi sterility. As he could not penetrate to the
cause of this, his unsophisticated mind attributed these changes to the
wrath of the gods. l>ut why to the wrath of the gods.^ What had
otVended them .'' While the primitive forests remained, the gods were
propitious; the rains tlescended copiously, springs welled uj), and the
rivers llowed. The earth alst) was clothed with venlure and teemed
with bountiful harvests; the forests were lilled with game, and the w ater>-
vvith iish. Ibitwlicu the forests were gone, the laiii ceased, llie ibiinlains
and rixers dried up; the earth \\ as parched and liecame an inhospitable
desert; the tenants of the wood perished or lied, and the Iish disa])pcared
with the streams. SureK if calamities so great were not evidences that
the gods were olleiided. what could l»e receixed as such.' But what was
the cause of the oirense:

Wh-i.t so loveh as the grove, and what so li anscendently beautiful as
the forest, under whose shady caiiop\- is collected e\crything that ispleas-
ant to the eye or gratetul to the senses." There the waters gush up to the
sun, sparkle in the light, and murmur as they run. TheiL' nature's oi'-
chestra is never silent, but music mingling in symphonlous liainiony Irom
high alto to deep bass forever floats in the air. There gaudy insects dis-
port themselves in the sunbeam ; and there the shepherd seeks shelter
from the heats of summer, the c(jlds of w inter, and repose for himself
and his ilocks. There vo-dwi the graceful deer and lleet anlelo])e in free-
dom, and also the licrce leoijard, the ])anlher. the tiger, and the lion.
Surely, if the gotls dwell anywhere upon earth, or even have a temporary
sojourn here, it must be in the groves and the forests.^ vSo reasoned the
primiti\e man. Ileiice not onlv his interencc that war upon the forests
was war upon the gods, but also if man wished to draw near to the g()ds
and hold communion with them, he had to go to the groves, their dwell-
ing place, and diere pay his adorations and pi'efer his supplications.

So evidently was this the process of his reasoning, that its impros'; is
indelibly stamped on all the ancient religions. Diuid, Roman. Greek,
Heathen, and Hebrew, however widely dilVerent were the gods they
adored, they had one thing in connnon in which they all were in accord.
that of worshii>ing (iod in the groxes. Abraham planted a groxe in
Mamre, and there called upon (jod. Moses and Joshua, feeling thatthi^

164

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

then universal sentiment would lead the Israelites back to idolatry, en-
joined upon tliem to hew down and burn the groves of Palestine, for
there, they sa}^, the Canaanites worshipped false gods. Too faithfully did
the Israelites carry out this injunction, and Palestine, instead of a land
flowing with milk and honey, has become treeless, herbless, and almost
a desert. The early, that is the winter rain, yet comes in its season, but
the latter, the spring rain, no longer visits the naked plains.

The ancient legends and mytlis of Greece and of Rome, had we no
historical evidence of it, show not only that worshiping in the groves
was universal, but also the reason for it. It is a historical fact that the
ancient Pelasgic oracle of Dodona was situated in a sacred grove. So
also the Greek oracle at Delphi. But what is remarkable in this latter
case, is, that the cave whence issued the prophetic vapors that inspired
the Pythia, was situated in a sacred grove where the responses of the
oracle alone were delivered. In that magnificent poem, " The Forest
Hymn," Bryant, the most emotional of American poets, has beautifully
described this universal custom of the ancients:

" The groves were God's first temples. Ere nian learned

To hew the shaft and lay the architrave

And spread the roof above them, ere he framed

The loftj vault to gather and roll back

The sound of anthems, in the darkling wood

Amidst the cool and silence, he knelt down

And offered to the Mightiest solemn thanks

And supplications."

The religious sentiment that the groves were the natural temples of
the gods, necessarily carried with it the corollary that they were sacred,
and consequently the act of destroying them sacrilegious. Hence, Virgil
relates how .-^neas, being obliged to obtain timber from the groves of
Mount Ida to build his fleet with which to flee from Troy to Italy, durst
not do it until he had obtained permission from Cybele, to whom they
were dedicated. In fact the ancient priesthood, which represented
almost exclusively the intelligence of the primeval world, to pre-
serve the groves and forests, dedicated them to some deity, and
inculcated the dogma that he ^\'ho destroyed them, was guilty of sacri-
lege and would be punished by the offended god. A few myths and
legends will suffice to make this evident, and also the reason for incul-
cating it.

According to an ancient myth, Erisichton derided Ceres and cut down
her groves. This impiety so irritated the goddess, that she afflicted him
with continual hunger. He sacrificed all his possessions to satisfy the
cravings of his appetite, and finally devoured himself for want of food.
According to the ancients not only the groves were sacred, but each tree
had a nymph called Hamadryad, that cared for and protected it. More-
over, the fate of these nymphs had a dependence on their trees, and
they lived and died together. Apollonius relates a beautiful legend
illustrating this point, and incidentally the belief that trees and moisture
are concomitants. He says, " Rhaecus, observing an old oak ready to fall,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 65

ordered his servants to set it uprij^ht again, and put fresh earth and ma-
nure around its roots. The 1 laniaihyad, who must necessarily have per-
ished with tlie tree, grateful for what he had done, appeared to him to
thank him, offering at the same time to grant any favor he might ask.
He replied, the act was one of piety, and the consciousness of having
performed his duty, was ample re\vard to him. She then promised to
hless him with continueil prosperity, that his fields should teem with
abundant harvests, and his flock increase a hundred fold, which accord-
ingly came to pass. But in the lapse of time a severe adverse calamity
hefel him. Th'nking that the Hamadryad had violated her promise, to
avenge himself he cut down the oak. Immediately he was paralyzed
and rendered helpless, his fountains no longer sent forth water, his streams
dried up, his lands, parched b\- drought, were sterile, and he finally perished
\\ ith luniger."

This must suflice as evidence that in the earlier ages, ere history or
even tradition was born, man had learned an important lesson, which if
he had reduced to practice, the aspect of the globe and the distribution
of mankind would have been far different than what they no^v are. The
waters of the Dead Sea would still flow in to tli^e Gulf of Suez; the
river whose dry bed was traced by Belzoni through the centre of the
Great Sahara, and which is called by the Arabs " the river without an\'
water," would still bring its tribute to the Mediterranean. The plains of
Assyria and Babylon would still be the seats of opulence, population,
and power; Sahara, Gobi, and other deserts would find neither name nor
location on our maps; and Spain, Palestine, Egypt, and other arid and
sterile regions would still be the granaries of the world.

There have been received certain sayings, as though they embodied
unquestionable historical truths; for instance, that the children of Adam
followed the Sun, and that " Westward the Star of Empire takes its
way." Some have gone so far as to suppose that innate instinct deter-
mined this assumed course in man. Like many other dogmas, accepted
as true without investigation, these sayings will not stand the ordeal of
close scrutinv. The migi-ations of the Toltecs and Aztecs, on our own
continent, ha\-e been from north to south, while those of the Egyptians
have been the reverse, from south to north. It is only true of the
Asiatics and Europeans that they migrate from east to west. Philo-
sophically, therefore, no innate law of humanity is even supposable as
presiding over, and directing these migrations.

The direction of human migrations is not determined by an inherent
law; for, if it w^ere, it w^ould be as irreversible as solar and planetary
motion. It receives its entire impulse from a necessity imposed by man's
own agency. The edge of a forest being set on fire, the consuming
element travels necessarily in the direction not yet wasted by it. So it
is with man. He is a waster of forests, and hence in his migrations he
follows the receding forests, wdiether they lie norfli, east, south, or west.

While man remained a savage, and lived by the chase, forests not
only supplied his simple wants, but also aftbrded him shelter alike
against the scorching heats of summer and chilling blasts of winter.

1 66 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

But when he emerged from the savage state and became a terra-cnllurist,
trees liad to give place to the cereals, grasses, etc. From that day the
forests receded and disappeared before the advance of man, and the
degradation of climate commenced. Why.'' Because, not knowing the
great law of compensation, that forests hold climate in a mecHum cqui-
pose between opposite extremes, he tlestroyetl them and brought on
aritlity and sterility. Practically his advance was like that of lire
through a forest, exuberant fertility in front, and desolation in tlie rear.

If we examine the legends of ancient migrations, or the facts that
authentic history furnishes of such, this is the only explanation that
accounts for both, presenting them logically in the category of cause and
effect. Let us see. Erosioiis on the cliff's, high above the waters of Salt
Lake as at present, show that the lake formerly, must have been deeper,
covered a larger area, nnd consequently must have received more water
than now. Fossilized wood found all over the now treeless and almost herb-
less plains of the Great Basin, show that formerly it must have been a
well timbered country. Indications are also abundant that it was once
densely populated by a primitive race. South, on the San Juan River,
immense ruins of ancient cities have recently been discovered ; and further
south, on the Rio Colorado Chiquito west of Zuni, are the well-known
ruins of the seven cities of Cibola. All the region drained by the Colo-
rado is covered bv the ruins of ancient cities, and must have been densely
populated, and therefore must not have been, as now, a treeless, arid
desert. Great climatic changes must, therefore, have taken place to
have converted this once populous region into an inhospitable desert.
What causes were in operation to produce this effect.? The legends,
both of the Toltecs and the Aztecs of the valley of Mexico, point to the
Great basin, and the plains of the Colorado, as the ancient abode of their
ancestors, whence they emigrated to Mexico. We are justified in the
inference that necessity compelled their migration, and that they fled from
the desert, a curse they had brought upon the land and themselves. This
inference gains strength when we look into the civil polity of those
nations relating to forests, whence we infer that they had learned a severe
lesson by experience, namely, the cause that necessitated their migration.
Prescott, in his History of the Conquest of Mexico, informs us that both
tlie Tezcucans and the Aztecs had severe laws against the wasting of
forests. No one Avas permitted to gather wood except what was fallen
down, nor to cut timber without leave from foresters appointed by the
king.

Historically, we know that Egyptian migration was dow n the xallev
of the Nile, that is from south to north. Egpyt's first capital was Meroe,
in Nubia. Herodotus informs us that all the ancient traditions agreed
that at that time the valley of the Nile was covered with dense forests
and extensive marshes. Within the present century the truth of these
traditions has been verified by French savans, who exhumed at all points
petrified trees and stumps. No other explanation is possible, except by
the hypothesis that they grew where they are found buried, and that the
entire valley was once covered with dense forests. Belzoni, in 1817,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 167

tound the lied of :in ancient river tar ont in the desert, near the oasis
wlierc once stood the famous temple of Jupiter Ammon. The Aral)s
called it "the river without any water." Belzoni, in tracinj.;- its hed, found
what was once an Island covered with immense petrified stumps. Some
distance from Cairo, but out in the desert, is now to be seen a petrified
forest. These and other evidences show that Es^ypt, and at least a great
part of the Sahara, were once covered with forests. Now, since a search
of the entire surface of the earth will not reveal such an anomaly as trees
without rain, therefore the inference is irresistilile that Ei^^ypt and the (jreat
.Sahara were not formerlv as now, rainless. .\s the trees have disap-
peared by human agency, man is responsible for the climatic changes
elFected. Egyptian culti\'ation in ancient times, we know, extended far
into regions now covereil with the sands of the desert. The cause of the
degradation (^f the climate, it is now admitted by the Egvptiaiis them-
selves, was that itefore the maivh of man down the valley of the Nile,
the ]")rimeval forests disappeared until not even a representative tree was
left.

It is most true, that in Egypt civilization came dow n the vallev of
the Nile, but it is not the whole truth. Civilization in tlie past, like
many other benefits, has not been an unmixed blessing. Egyptian civil-
ization, like the Eastern civilization in Asia and Europe, and like the
Toltec and Aztec civilization on our own continent, left desolation in its
rear.

The successive removals of the capitals of anc'ent Egypt, first at
Meroe, next at Thebes, and finally at Memphis, wei"e necessitated by the
utter desolation caused by the encroachments of the deserts that success-
ively overtook them. So overwhelming and complete was the triumph
of desolation, that the very sites of these capitals became mooted ques-
tions; and the exact localities of Aleroe and Memphis (both now in the
desert), have onl\ been determined b\- researches made w itliin the pres-
ent century.

The most ancient traditions and Scripture place man's origin in
Eastern Asia, where lie \\as sunounded by an exuberant vegetation, and
consequently where the animal kingdom abounded in immense numbers,
and in innumerable forms. How long he lived upon the fruits of trees,
upon fish, the chase, and other bounties of nature, and how widely he
became dispersed before necessity forced terra-culture upon him, it were
futile to inquire, as neither tradition luir history informs us. Moses
informs us that, after the transgression, man was sent forth to till the
ground; and also that cherubim with a flaming swor({ were placed east,
whicii turned every way to guard the tree of life. The sending him forth
from the ganlen of lulen to till the ground, may dimly shadow forth the
great change in his physical condition when he ceased to be a beneficiary
on nature's bounty, and was doomed in the sweat of his face to eat his
bread all the days of his life. The Haming sword also mav ssmbolize
the scorching desert he had placed between himself and his last Eden,
since Ilagi Ismael describes a desert " as a place where the earth is of
fire, and the wind a fiame." Be this as it may, he turned his face to the

1 68 TRANSACTIONS OF tHE ILLINOIS

primiti\e forests of the West, which disappeared at his approach and
desolation followed in his rear. The present arid, desolate condition of
Persia, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Mesopotaniia, Syria, etc., countries
famous in history for their fertility, population, power, wealth, science,
and relinenient, shows that great climatic changes have taken place. Now
these changes must either have been wrought by human agency,
or by astronomical causes. If by the latter, then it must have been
by a physical change in the constitution of the Sun; as he is the
great vivifier not only of the Earth but of the universe. He
not only sets in motion the mainsprings of plant and animal life,
but with irresistible power and majestic grandeur he hurls our
globe and planets with inconceivable velocity around him through
space. Whatever of motion there is on the earth, in the ocean, the air,
or in the solar system, emanates from the energy of the sun. We know
planetaiy motions are not only uniform but invariable, not having changed
or deviated even a fractional jDart of a second since the days of Hipparchus,-
the first observer, two thousand two hundred years ago. Hence the energy
producing them must be constant, uniform, and invariable also. The
annual mean of all physical phenomena, hygrometric, meteorologic, elec-
tric, magnetic, thermal, etc., are also physical constants. It were there-
fore futile to look for the cause of climatic changes within the liistorical
period, to astronomical changes. Our only alternative then is to refer
them to human agency. Especially are we justified in so doing when all
admit that the natural operation of known physical laws is such as
to work these changes imder proper conditions; and that the opera-
tions of man can and do produce those conditions. Let us see how
this is.

About three tenths of the earth's surface is land, the remaining seven
tenths being water. As the average annual energy of the sun is a phys-
ical constant, so the annual average of water vaporized from the ocean,
and consequently the annual average of rain precipitated must be phys-
ical constants also. Neither the area nor the physical condition of the
water surface of the earth has changed within the memory of man.
Hence, neither has the reaction of the ocean upon the atmosphere changed
within that time. Then, consequently, as far as rainfalls on the ocean
are concerned, other things being equal, the amount of rain on the water
surface must not have changed either. But how is it with the land sur-
face of the earth? In Europe, Asia, and Africa, where thousands of
years ago were impenetrable forests, there are now treeless and desolate
plains. The condition of the land surface of the earth being different
now than formerly, its reaction upon the atmosphere must also be differ-
ent. In respect to rain and drought, this reaction is as follows. Rain only
falls from an atmosphere that is cooling after taking up and holding
vapor in suspension at a higher temperature. Volumes of air nearly filled
to saturation with vapor, are constantly drifting over surfaces of lower as
well as higher temperature. Those drifting over surfaces of lower tem-
perature become cooled, clouds form over, and rain falls on such cool
surfaces. Now, which are the cooler, surfaces clothed with vegetation,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 69

especially with trees, or barren naked plains? Even dumb animals know,
for they fly from the scorching rays of the sun in the open fields, to the
grateful cooling shades of the forest. While, therefore, the great physical
law remains in force, that rain can only fall from a cooling atmosphere,
and as long as it is a physical foct that the shade is cooler than the sun-
shine, so long must the amount of rainfall on timbered countries be
greater than that on naked plains.

Precipitation depends on saturation, and saturation upon temperature.
Generally, while the temperature of the air is rising, saturation can not
take place; but when it is falling, the point of saturation is reached at
some time, and rain begins to fall and continues to fall as long as the
temperature descends. Careful experiments show that air at the temper-
ature of 33 degrees Fahrenheit, when saturated, holds 1-160 part of its
volume of aqueous vapor in suspension. At 59 degrees, it is saturated
by i-8o part of its volume; and at 86 degrees, by 1-40 part of its volume
of vapor. Hence, every time the temperature of the air is raised 27
degrees Fahrenheit, its capacity to absorb and hold vapor in suspension
is doubled. Therefore, air saturated at S6 degrees holds in suspension
four times the quantity of water as when saturated at 32 degrees.

We have seen that forests are cooler during the heats of summer than
open fields or naked plains; consequently there must be a difference in
the temperature of their respective superincumbent atmospheres.
If the vapor be equally distributed in their respective atmospheres,
then that over the forest is nearer the point of saturation than
that over the adjacent plains ; and when that over the forest is
saturated, that over the adjacent plain is not so by the ratio of the
difference between their respective temperatures. But during the
day the sun's rays increase this difference, movements of air set in, and
the genc*'al tempei"ature of the whole atmosphere is raised. Thus still
greater quai^tities of vapor are taken up and held in suspension. This
process may go on for days and weeks, and even months, until saturation
at a high temperature is attained — then a reaction sets in, perhaps by the
intervention of a colder stratum of air, or by drifting over a cooler surface,
or which is more probable, by some change in the higher regions of the
atmosphere b)'^ ^^•hich the transmutation of heat into electricity is
facilitated. Whatever may be the approximate cause, the reaction is
violent in proportion as the phenomenon was abnormal by which satura-
tion was attained. Tornadoes, hailstorms, waterspouts, and deluging
rains are the natural and inevitable consequences of such abnormal
conditions. As might be expected, these hydrometeors mainly appear,
and develop their most destructive forms in the vicinity where large areas
of land have been denuded of vegetation and exposed to the direct
influence of the sun. The pleasant, cool, bracing, and often chilling
vveatlier, that follow these violent commotions, show that they were
brought about by some sudden cooling process in the atmosphere.

As the main pliysical law of meteorology concerned in the production
of rain mu^t now be sufficiently clear to comprehend and explain the
facts produced by its operation in various parts of the world within the
16

170 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

historical period, so we can now proceed to show what has been and ever
must be the effect of deforestation. These effects may be treated under
three different heads: fii"st, amehoration of chmate, where the forest is too
dense; second, degradation, where deforestation is carried beyond due
Umits; and third, permanent aridity and steriHty where the destruction is
total. First, then, examples of amelioration.

It can not be controverted that the climate of northern and central
Europe has been greatly ameliorated within the last two thousand years.
VaiTO speaks of the climate of southern France as unfavorable to the growth
of the vine and the olive. Virgil describes the Crimea as subject to the
rigors of an eight months' winter. Diodorus Siculus narrates how whole
armies crossed the frozen Rhine, Rhone, and Danube. In fact, all ancient
authors are agreed as to the rigors of the climate of central Europe at
their time.

America affords a similar example of amelioration. The early set-
tlers of New England and Virginia speak of the severity, length, but
equability of American winters, which is irreconcilable with their
comparative mildness, shortness, but extreme variability now. Jefferson,
in his notes on Virginia, records this testimony of the old settlers, which
he says is coiroborated by his own observation and experience. He says
within the recollection of the living generation, the climate has been much
modified. The snows are fewer and less in quantity, and remain a
shorter time on the ground. Streams that were formerly closed for
weeks with ice, now seldom freeze over. The changes from warm to
cold and vice versa are now more sudden, frequent, and extreme.
"When spring then came, it came to stay, and not as now relapse
suddenly back into winter."

Jefferson gave it as his opinion that these changes have been caused
by clearing away the forests, exposing the soil to the warming influences
of the sun, and by giving freer passage to air currents, whether warm
or cold. In Europe the amelioration of climate is attributed to the
same cause; and there can be no question as to the correctness of the
inference.

Who has not observed that the snows and ice of winter lie longer in
the forests than in the open fields.^ Europe two thousand years ago, and
America when discovered, were covered with an almost unbroken
wilderness of forest. The ice and snow then melted not so soon, and
consequently the winters were longer than now. Deforestation whenever
carried on within due limits has been a benefit, shortening the winters
and producing a general amelioration of climates.

Let us now give a few instances of degradation of climate. The
stringent forest regulations of the Tezcucans and Aztecs have already
been mentioned. The effects of these regulations and of their abroga-
tion by the conquerors.are thus described by Prescott, the historian :

" In the time of the Aztecs, the land was thickly covered with larch,
oak, cypress, and other forest trees, the extraordinary dimensions of some
of which remaining to the present day, show that the curse of barren-
ness in later times is chargeable more on man than on nature." And

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. l^Jl

again : " The soil once carpeted with a beautiful verdure, and thickly
sprinkled with stately trees, is now bare, arid, and parched, and in main-
places white with the incrustations of salt, caused by the diminution of
rainfall, and the evaporation of the waters consequent upon the denuda-
tion of the country."

Wm. C. Bryant, speaking of the effects of deforestation in Eastern
Ohio, says :

"It is a common observation that our summers are become drier and
our streams smaller. Take the Cuyahoga as an illustration. Fifty years
ago large barges loaded with goods went up and down the rixer, and
one of the vessels engaged in the battle of Lake Erie was built at Old
Portage, six miles north of Albion, and floated down to the Lake; now
in an ordinary stage of water a canoe or skiti" can hardly pass down
the stream. Many boats of fifty tons burden were built on the Tus-
carawas, and loatled at New Portage, and sailed to New Orleans without
breaking bulk; now the river hardly furnishes a suppl\' of water at
New Portage for the canal. The same may be said of other streams;
they are drying up and from the same cause, the destruction of our
forests; our summers are becoming drier and our winters colder."

The former rank and tall grasses on the primitixe prairies measurably
answered the purposes of forests. The summer rains certainly were
then more equable and abundant than now. Streams that forty or fifty
years ago furnislied milling jDower the whole year round are now dry,
except in time of freshets. The steady decrease of water in our \vestern
rivers, even in tliat of the great Mississippi, warns us of deleterious
influences at work and of impending danger. Our steamboatmen recol-
lect the time when steamboats that now can not, in low water, ascend
higher than Memphis, could, without difficult}-, at all seasons of the
year, ascend to St. Louis. Destruction of the forests at the sources of
the rivers tributary to the Mississippi, and the wasting the prairies along
the afiiuents of these rivers, are the causes of this deterioration. The
unshorn natural meadows, the prairies, are practically amongst the things
of the past. The I'ank, tall grasses, whose wavelike motion showed
every pulsation of the wind, are no more. Denuded by our flocks, and
the native grasses exterminated, there only remains the naked plain.
Now a naked, parched plain is a very difterent thing from one clothed
with the vesture of the primitive prairies. Its reaction upon the atmos-
phere, and consequently its meteorologic effects, are entirely different.
One favors the condensation of vapor and the precipitation of rain, the
other favors the dispersion of both. Hence we find xvith the disappear-
ance of the vesture of the primitive prairies, aridity of climate sets in
and the streams dry up. Tiie following fact illustrates this. Near
(^iiincy. 111., are several streams that forty and fifty years ago supplied
ample water for milling purposes. One of these still bears the name of
Mill Creek. Were it not for the old dams and dilapidated mills, the
tradition that they ai forded water power for mills might be regarded as
apocryphal; for now all the creeks afford but little running water at any
season, and during the whole summer and autumn they are perfectly dry.

172 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

In all respects the phenomena of gradual failing of summer rains,
aridity of climate, and diying up of fountains, are similar on the prairies
as in the forests. On the Atlantic slope, there is scarcely a mill-owner
who is not aware that as the country is cleared up, the springs fail, and
the streams gradually, dry up. New phenomena, however, appear.
The rains of summer, though fewer, are more deluging and destructive,
and freshets, formerly unknown, become common.

As already stated, all our rivers are suffering from a diminution of
water, and indications are thickening, of impending calamities still
greater. We are trying to deceive ourselves with the delusion, that our
rivers are becoming shallower, because cultivation has facilitated their
encroachments on the soil, and that they are only widening their chan-
nels. Now this is not the case; and no one can point to a solitary
instance that justifies such a hypothesis. In Germany, observations have
been made by actual measurements, on the river Elbe, for the last eighty
years. The width of the channel has been accurately measured and the
volume of water discharged, calculated. In that time the width of the
channel has remained the same, but its depth has deci'eased nine inches,
and the volume of water discharged is eighteen per cent. less. The
records of the observations and measurements, show that the decrease
was gi"adual and uniform for every decade. What was the cause of this .''
In the last eighty years, millions of cords of wood and billions of feet of
lumber have been cut from the forests and mountains along its sources.

Facts could be quoted indefinitely to prove that islands as well as con-
tinents suffer the same deplorable consequences; long drouths, alternating
with deluging rains, waterspouts, hail, and tornadoes. Ti'inidad,
Martinique, Cuba, San Domingo, in fact the whole West Indies and
Cape Verde Islands, as well as SjDain, Italy, Greece, etc., would afford
examples to this effect, but we must forbear.

There is, however, another class of facts which can not be omitted
without impairing the force of the argument and its application.
These facts show that a climate, however much degraded, can be
restored.

In the rear of the city of Caraccas, on an elevated plain, the Theo-
broma cacao from which chocolate is made, formerly found its most
congenial climate, both as to heat and moisture. But to extend the
plantations, the whole plain was denuded of its forests. The result was,
the rains ceased, and the climate became so arid that the cidtivation had
to be abandoned. But nature quickly restored the vesture of the aban-
doned plain, and the cultivation of the cacao has been resumed.
Farther in the interior and higher up on the mountains, is the valley of
Aragua. Having no outlet to the sea, its watei^s collect in a central plain
and form Lake Tariqua. In 151^5 the Spaniards founded New Valentia,
one and a half miles from the lake. In 1800, when Humboldt visited the
city, it was three and a half miles from the lake. In 1740, a fortress was
built upon an island (Cabiera) in the lake. When Humboldt was there,
Cabiera had become a peninsula. He also found new islands appearing
in the lake, and many hillocks on the shore called islands, from once

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 173

having been suirounded by water. Humboldt attributed this diminution
ot" the waters to the extensive clearings made in the valley. The elevation
of the valley and its immense fertility, had adapted its soil and climate to
the production of the cereals and fruits of Europe. Consecjuently it had
become almost as densely populated as the valley of the Rhine. When
the Revolution broke out, the peaceful valley of Aragua became the
theater of many bloody conflicts. At the first cry of independence, both
master and slave (the latter being freed) enlisted under the banners of the
Republic. Again and again its population was decimated until exter-
mination was accomplished. Plantations being abandoned, the recupe-
rative energies of nature in that tropical clime soon restored the forests.
Boussingault, who afterwards visited the valley, in his Eco7iomic Rurale
says :

" Twenty-two years later I explored this valley. For many years pre-
vious the inhabitants had discovered that the waters of the lake were no
longer retiring, but on the contrary were rising. Grounds not long before
occupied as plantations were submerged. The island of Nuevas Apare-
cidas, which appeared above the surface in 1766, was again covered with
water, and Cabiera had again become an island.

Clave, in his " Studies Upon Forest Economies," says : " St. Helena,
stripped of its ancient forests has become almost sterile from the failure
of rains. Within the last thirty years the wooded surface of the island
has been considerably extended by replanting, and the rain has increased
in proportion. The quantit} now falling is fully double what it was during
the imprisonment there of Napoleon."

Wolf Spring, in the commune of Souby, ninety years ago, had no
existence. Only after long rains, water temporarily oozed from the soil
where the spring afterwards appeared. The spot is in the middle of a
steep pasture. About that time the owner perceived younpj firs spring-
ing up on theheights, which under protection soon became P dense grove.
When the trees were fully grown a fine spring appeared in the place of
the temporary ooze, furnishing an abundant supply of water, even
during the longest drouths, for fifty years. Twenty years since, the grove
was felled, and to-day the spring is as dry as it \vas ninety years ago.

Mehemet Ali, the Viceroy of Egypt, fifty years since, planted some
forty or fifty millions of trees in Egypt to increase the rains. During the
time that the French under Napoleon occupied Egpvt (which was six-
teen months), not a drop of rain fell there. Since the trees planted by
the Viceroy have become gi'own, the annual average of rainy days is
thirty.

Since the Mormons have settled in Utah, and planted considerable
trees, the waters of Salt Lake have risen seven feet. A correspond-
ent in Utah of the Agricultural Department, in June last, writes as
follows :

"We must irrigate in most localities, but it has been demonstrated
that by planting trees and cultivating the soil the rainfall increases every
year, requiring constantly less irrigation. As we have not got the water
in all parts of the Territory, we resort to tree planting in the hope that it
will remedy the evil."

174 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

The English destroyed the forests of the Deccan, once of equable cli-
mate and exuberant fertility, until it now has become arid and sterile.
For several years the East India Company have been replanting large dis-
tricts with forests, in hopes of restoring its former climate.

In Qiieensland, Australia, aridity has so much increased by the indis-
criminate destruction of the forests that the Australian government has
taken the care of forests in charge, and is annually replanting the
denuded districts. If anything further were necessary to prove the dele-
terious effects of denuding the earth of vegetation, we might quote the
highest scientific authorities, who, from facts that have fallen under
their observation, have given it as their unqualified opinion that defor-
estation can not be carried on anvwhere without degradation of climate
following as an inevitable consequence. These are the well-known opin-
ions, as expressed in their works on physical science, of Humboldt, Her-
schel, Boussingault, Marsh, and others. But we prefer to let facts speak;
they are of higher than human authority.

We must now close the argument on this part of the subject, and
proceed to discuss another and perhaps the conti"olling law of Meteor-
ology, namely; that of electric tiction. Electricity is of two kinds : the pos-
itive and negative; or as it has been most pointedly yet typically expressed
in the Zend Avesta, the sacred book of the Parsees : " There are two
principles in nature : the male and female. In consequence of being of
opposite sexes they are perpetually seeking each other." Positive elec-
tricity (the male) fills interstellar space and penetrates somewhat into the
upper regions of our atmosphere. Negative electricity (the female) sur-
rounds and fills the Earth and all matter and bodies in space. Now if
an insulated conductor be charged with either positive or negative elec-
tricity, and brought in the vicinity of another but uncharged conductor,
by induction it separates the insensible electricities of the latter, attract-
ing the disgfcnilarto the nearer side, and repelling the similar electricity to
the farther side. Electric attraction, therefore, only subsists between the
opposite electricities. If a conductor is connigated, the ridges will show
greater electric tension than the furrows; in fact the latter maybe devoid
of any sensible electric excitement. The earth is a corrugated conduc-
tor; hence the negative electricity with which it is charged mounts to
the highest points, and therefore mountains are inore highly charged than
plains. The positive stoops down to meet the negative, but is prevented
by the intervention of the atmosphere, a non-conductor. Their meeting
is, therefore, only possible by the happening of either of two contingencies ;
first, when the mutual attraction is so great as to cause a disruption of the
intervening non-conductor, then thunder and lightning take place; or,
secondly, when the positive seizes upon some matter floating in the
atmosphere, as vapor or clouds, which give it transportation to its mate,
the mutual attraction giving the motion. This is the reason why clouds
dash themselves with such headlong fury against mountains. It also
shows why mountains are the recipients of greater quantities of rain than
plains.

In the West, it is a well known fact that rains gather over and follow

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 175

belts of timber. Why? Because the trees are higher than the adjacent
plains, and electricity everywhere mounts the hij2,"hest points. Conse-
quently, by the same law that operates in mountains, the areas covered
by trees must receive larger quantities of rain than naked plains.

The law of electi^ic distribution is, that it is evenly distributed over
equal areas of surface. Now everything on the surface of the earth, as a
house, tree, stem, branch, or leaf, adds its superficies to the superficial area
of the earth, and receives its equal part in an electric distribution. Hence
an area of timbered land bv its trees and their foliage may have its area
of surface increased five thousand fold over an equal area of plain. Con-
sequently its electi"ic potentiality will be increased in the same proportion.
Hence, its electric reaction upon the atmosphere will be in the same ratio,
and \\ill attract to itself more copious and abundant rains.

The great lesson inculcated by these facts for man's benefit, is that he
is endowed with power to become an ameliorating agent on the earth;
that he. within limits, can control the elements, and make them ministers
of his welfare and happiness by modifying climate where too rigorous,
and employ them to repair the waste places of the earth. To do this, he
has only to plant trees where they have been destroyed or are absent.
He will then realize the truth of Mahomet's benediction, " Blessed is the
man that planteth a tree;" and the philosophy of the remarkable aphorism
of Zoroaster in the Zend Avesta, " He that planteth a tree watereth the
earth, which is a more acceptable service to God than prayer and praise,
or burnt oftering and sacrifice."

The planting of trees will not only temper the heats of summer and
the rigors of the cold of winter, but it will effect a condensation of vapor
and facilitate the precipitation of rain. Moreover it will effect an accu-
mulation of electricity, and wherever there is an accuinulation of
electricity, there is a favorable condition for a wedding between
the son of Crrlus and the daughter of Terra. The bride, to meet
her spouse in the air, mounts the highest trees or ascends the highest
mountains; but he can only meet her by water. Hence he makes the
clouds his chariot and brings to the nuptials a shower, a gift so grateful
to Ceres and Pomona. The earth rejoices at the marriage, and teems
with bountiful harvests and luscious fruits.

The great lesson is now before us. Will we repair the injuries tlic
thoughtlessness and recklessness of man has inflicted upon the earth and
its climate.'* will we gfo forth and ameliorate the rigors of climate on our
great Western plains.'' yea, more, will we make the great Sahara again
blossom like a rose, and a congeinal habitation for man.'' Or, will we
make of ourselves, as man has made of himself throughout the past, a
fugitive and a vagabond on the face of the earth, ever fleeing from, but
never entirely escaping the curse wherewith our stupidity has smitten the
earth ? With us and ours is the responsibility, whether all the waste
places of the earth shall be reclaimed, or, whether greater calamities
now impending shall come upon us, fulfilling the vaticinations in tlie
solilocjuy of Bryant's Indian revisiting, in the East, the burial places of
his fathers :

176 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

"But I beheld a fearful sign

To which the white men's eyes are blind;

Their race may vanish hence, like mine,
And leave no trace behind,

Save ruins o'er the region spread

And the white stones above their dead.

Before these fields were shorn and tilled,

Full to the brim our rivers flowed;
The melody of waters filled

The fresh and boundless wood ;
And torrents dashed, and rivulets played,
And fountains spouted in the shade.

Those grateful sounds are heard no more;

The springs are silent in the sun;
The rivers by the blackened shore

With lessening currents run;
The realms our tribes are crushed to get,
May be a barren desert yet.

Discussions upon the topics of Mr. Tice's paper were postponed until
the afternoon session.

On motion, the Society then took a recess for dinner.

THURSDAY AFTERNOON.

The Society re-assembled at the usual hour, and devoted a half hour
to discussions upon topics of Mr. Tice's lecture.

Prof. Turner — Mr. President, I wish to express my hearty concur-
rence in the general scope and end of the highly interesting paper read
by Mr. Tice. But I wish to suggest also that there are other causes that
have operated to change the climates and the productiveness of the con-
tinents, besides the changes in their forests.

I believe, notwitstanding the counter opinions of the books, and the
theories, that it ean be mathematically demonstrated that the earth has
now, and ever must have had a slow and imperceptible oscillation, if not
an entire revolution from north to south. This is as demonstrable as its
revolution from west to east. Let any one reflect on the immense amount
of debris, the thousands of millions of tons of rocks, stones, and sand
that the great northern icebergs perpetually tear away from the shores of
our northern seas and bear towards the equator, building up whole con-
tinents of newly made shoals or banks, like those of Newfoundland;
and also on the immense amounts of slime and mud carried by the
rivers of the two continents, in the same direction, and he will see that
it is impossible that the earth's centre of gravity should not be changed;
and with it the relations of the Equator and the Poles to its whole mass.

This necessary motion will at last be found to be the true cause of all
the varied and complex j^henomena which have so long puzzled our
geologists; inducing them to fill good Mother Earth now with fire, now

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 177

with water, and now with wind, as if designing to throw her into a fit
of choHc and extort the secrets of nature from her by torture. But she
don't confess. Let any one tiiink this very simple matter through, and
he will find one single, simple cause, which, like the great cause of gravity,
is in itself alone adequate to account for the fact that marks of polar ice-
bergs are found under the Equator; while tropical products are every-
where found strewed about the poles: simply because the poles must
have been where the Equator now is, and vice versa, perhaps many
times, and will be again. And as the equatorial diameter of the earth is
about twenty-six miles longer than the polar diameter, this simple cause
alone would, in these changes, whelm all parts of the polar earth under
water, some thirteen miles deep, did the solid earth retain its shape in
the process; just as we now see all the European side of the globe
becoming warmer, and sinking, as it is said, relatively to the waters; that
it is dipping under t/ietfi, in the progress of its advance toward
the Equator; while other parts are rising or moving in an opjDOsite
direction.

But the solid parts of the globe, under this prodigious, perpetual
strain, can not bold their place. The strain generates heat; heat gener-
ates and inllames gases, and breeds earthquakes, volcanoes, and all that
perpetual train of phenomena by which the old crust of the globe is
broken up and new mountains and islands raised, as well as old ones
submerged, till the whole surface becomes re-adjusted to its perpetually
changing new conditions. True, an entire polar revolution may not be
attained in millions of years, but it is bound to come in time, if like
causes continue to produce like effects.

And in these apparent catastrophes (but in fact as regular a progress
of simple law as the return of night and day), new mountain ridges will
be thrown up, new wastes and sand deserts formed, new changes and
conditions of climate made, as much more potent than any simple
denudation of the earth of trees, as these mighty, perpetual, and irre-
sistible forces are greater than the simple power of the woodman's axe.
I think, therefore, that when we ascribe all these mighty changes in
the past, in the great deserts of the continents, to simple changes in the
forests, our cause is too narrow, although I agree fully with all that has
been said, or can be said of the immense importance of our planting
trees to ameliorate our climate, as a practical measure, so far as our feeble
endeavors can be made to go; still these higher, mighty causes will go
on, and over which human beings have no control. The earth will
continue to complete its destinies of revolution and change, of growth
and progress, as sure and certain as the growth of an animal or vegetable,
though by a law more terribly vast and resistless to earth and all its varied
destinies and races.

Mr. Douglass and Dr. Spalding followed with interesting remarks,
which, however, the Secretary was unable to take down.

Dr. Hull, State Horticulturist, then read the following paper on
Peaches, illustrating the same on the blackboard, and making explanatory
remarks: 17

178

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

rp:port.

It may with truth be said, that the cultivation and study of plants is
more ancient and as honorable as any other human pursuit. With equal
truth it may also be said, that much of the ardor in Horticulture is clearly
traceable to the fact that men constantly desire a change ; are always
seeking for something which is new; and in no department of industiy
are they so often gratified as when they familiarize themselves with the
growth and development of plants; for in the most of those which we
cultivate, a change is constantly going on, from the time the little plants
are out of the ground until they are of bearing size. Again, some of
these, when they come to perfect seeds, because of the change wrought
in them by culture, produce as many varieties as seeds. It is this yield-
ing condition which makes plants the most interesting of all cultivated
things.

In no department of fruit culture are variations more likely to occur
than in the peach; for were we to j^lant all the seeds perfected by certain
varieties, the probability would be that not a single seedling would be
like the parent, nor would any two be alike. It is true that some good
varieties having reniform glands generally come the same, or in the
majority of cases nearly the same. But with most varieties the fruit
would difier so widely, or be of so inferior a quality, that out of thou-
sands the chance would be that not one could be selected which could
compete in quality and size with any one of the ten or twelve which
have been selected as best for orchard culture.

With many new beginners one of the most common mistakes con-
sists in seeking after and planting comparatively new and untried
varieties, the high prices charged inducing the thought that lauded sorts
must possess some excellence which will give to the fortunate posessor
superior advantages over those who confine themselves to a few well-
selected varieties. The real truth is, the smallest and most select number
of well-tried sorts, which will give a regular succession, and about a
given supply each day through the season, will be more easily handled,
and prove much more profitable, than selections of either all early or late
varieties.

But a few years ago peach trees in nearly all the southern part of the
State had only to be grown, and they would produce abundantly, and
almost without care. But as orchards came to be greatly multiplied, the
supply of food by which noxious insects are sustained caused them to be
vastly increased; so much so, that now most of the fruit while imma-
ture, is spoiled, or, that which escapes destruction is so scarred and
tlamaged that it is of but little value, cither for family use or for market.
So rapidly, in fact, have some of the fruit insects spread over the land,
that at the present time there are but few orchards, in what are termed
the fruit districts, which pay more than the taxes, without yielding any
thing from which the farm can be kept up, or a family supported. It
is admitted there are exceptions to this rule, but the orchards forming
the exceptions are those which are kept free from insects by artificial

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I 79

means, or such as are isolated and bear occasional crops, or have but
recently come into bearini^.

Aofain, it sometimes occurs that all the fruit over a considerable extent
of country is killed in the bud by exti'eme cold ; by this means, the fol-
lowing^ summer the insects are starved out for want of fooct. The like
of this has probably occuned this year in much the larger part of
Southern Illinois.

In addition to variation in varieties and insects to infest the fruit,
there are manv other causes operating to make peach-growing as diversi-
fied an occupation as one well could wish, as wnll appear as we proceed.

It is common to divide peaches into three classes : ist, Glandless;
2d, Globose; 3d, Reniform.

We have on several occasions stated that the glandless varieties were
subject to diseases of the leaves and young branches, generally to such
un extent that this class ought whollv to be discarded.

The disease affecting this class is mildew, and in most years it
spreads from this to the other classes. In orchards where there is much
stung fruit, the mildew, which is common on trees of the first-mentioned
class, appears to spread and find a lodgment in the punctures made by
insects, and from these to the leaves, branches, and iinally to the sound
fruit, producing, as we think, that kind of disease now so commonly
known as peach-rot. It also produces the rot in plums, cherries, and other
fruits. In the past few years this rotting of the fruit has blighted
the hopes of thousands, and for aught wq can now see, it will continue
to do so for many years to come, or until orchardists shall do more to
check its spread. This rot in the peach, or rather the fungus which
causes it, is believed to exist in all our orchards, and will probably
continue as long as glandless peach trees are grown, or curculios are
permitted to make wounds in the fruit to which it can attach.

By this we would not be imderstood that there would be no rot, pro-
\ ided all varieties which are destitute of leaf glands were removed,
because we are not sufficiently familiar with fungi producing rot, to say
whether it must first be propagated on leaves or branches and afterwards
spread to the fruit. Our own observation, and facts respecting it which
we have gathered from others, lead to the conviction that whenever the
conditions for its growth are favorable, it will appear at first attaching
most to wounded or weakened structures, and later, when it comes to be
greatly multiplied, then to the healthy fruit, also to leaves and branches,
rotting the former and killing the two latter.

So little was there of peach rot at Alton, prior to 186:5, that no one
practically knew any thing about it. In the latter part of July of the year,
however, it appeared in several localities. It was first observed in an orchard
only one fourth of a mile from our own. The infected orchard is divided
by the highway, all the early glandless varieties are one side, and it was
on the fruit of these trees Ave first discovered the rot as a disease, that is,
sweeping off' all the fruit and destroying leaves and branches, as before
stated. The first intimation we had of the presence of this rot, was from
the stench which we encountered in passing along the road.

l8o TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

We had often heard of this disease in Southern Illinois, but until this
time, had formed no just conception of its destructive etl'ects.

It will be proper, here to remark, that the orchard in question
had been wholly neglected; the greater part of the peaches had been
stung, and the weeds were reaching well up into the heads of the trees.
It is needless to add more with respect to this orchard, tlian to say, since
the rot appeared, it has not paid interest on the cost of planting the trees.
About eight days after our attention was directed to this orchard, the rot
appeared in our own, and so rapid was its dissemination, that fully as
large a force was needed to pick and remove rotting fruit, as would have
been necessary for marketing the crop. The next year seven eighths of
our cherry crop rotted ; and each year since, our own fruit and that of
otliers near, has not escaped.

In our own grounds we have experimented a good deal on such
varieties as Tillotson, Serrate Early York, Hale's Early, and are well
satisfied that the rotting of the latter variety would never occur away from
glandless varieties, so long as the skin of the fruit is free from wounds.
But such as are stung by curculios or wounded by them at any time, or
even such as are punctured by a pin, after the stoning process is com-
pleted, will rot. When a tree has many damaged fruits on it, the
spores producing the rot seem to fall upon that which is sound, rotting
it also.

One of the ex-Presidents of the Illinois Horticultural Society, the
Hon. A. M. Brown of Villa Kidge, says that he has carefully experi-
mented by catching curculios, and picking every stung fruit oft' his
Hale's Early trees, and in every instance with satisfactory results. In
short, he does not consider either the curculio, or rot, any great hinder-
ance to peach growing; as he can easily catch the former, and thereby
prevent the latter.

Two years ago, last year, and again this, in our own grounds we have
clearly demonstrated the correctness of his views, as a brief statement
of this yeai-'s operations will show. We have about twenty bearing trees
of the Hale's Early. These trees were set in diflerent parts of an old
orchard, to fill vacancies, which from time to time had occurred. Three of
these trees stand at an exposed corner of the orchard, that is, where fruit-
insects come in from surrounding orchards.

Two of them were run once in two days until the stones were hard-
ened, when no further attention was paid to them. After this, eveiy
peach on these two trees was punctured, either for the deposit of eggs
or for food, and all rotted. The third tree was run every morning; and
each day, after the run of the orchard was completed, a curculio catcher
was left near for the convenience of jarring the tree in the evening or at
any other time any one should happen to pass that wa}-. About one-
third of the fruit on this tree was stung, but this was all picked oflT and
not a peach rotted.

Of the remainder of the trees, scattered over the orchard, four of them,
like the one we have just mentioned, were protected. From these a sup-
ply of fine peaches for the family and a few boxes besides were secured,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. l8l

while the fruit on nil the other b-ees, together with most other early
varieties, was spoiled.

From the information derived from these experiments, it appears that
the main ditiiculty to be o\'ercome in growing the peach is to stop the
breeding of ciirculios, wlien the much tlreaded rot will not be more com-
mon than in former years.

It is not our object here to show how this can best be done, but will
state that in properly grown, isolated orchards, the cost of complete pro-
tection need not exceed four cents per trt:c. Whatever will protect an
isolated orchard will also apply to a whole fruit district, embracing hun-
dreds of thousands of trees, when the whole arc treated as though they
were but one orchard. When this is done there will be no migrations
from one orchard to another, for in all, the little Turk would come to
grief at the same time. Desti'oy, then, this worst of all orchard pests and
our trees will once more, by the returns they will make, convince the
most skeptical that there is no such thing as natural deterioration of either
trees or fruits, but rather our misfortunes come from the common
neglect.

By this we would not A\ish to be understood that there are no diseases
affecting the vitality of the peach, for, not only in this, but in some of
the adjoining states, an incurable disease, known as the Yellows, pre-
vails.

In several places visited by us, the contagious nature of the disease,
or rather the disease itself, was not recognized. In these districts great
numbers of trees are now so contaminated that it is doubtful if healthy
orchards can be grown near, until all the trees now standing are first
swept oft', and time allowed for the disease to die out. This is a matter
in which all the counties in the State, where the peach is grown, are
deeply interested, for it is quite evident that a single tree aft'ected with
the yellows, may, through the agency of bees or the wind, disseminate
the disease to ti'ees over a wide extent of country, or to all such as the
bees happen to visit, with the pollen of the yellowed trees adhering
to them.

At the present time there is great danger that some of our nurscrv-
men may obtain their seeds for propagation from districts where the yel-
lows exists. Indeed, in the past summer in several nurseries we have
found unhealthy seedlings, which were but a few inches high. Ilealtliy
peach seeds can, with certainty, no longer be procured from the canning
establishments or hotels, either at St. Louis or Chicago; as very large
quantities of peaches grown on infected trees are consumed in those
markets, and more than this are, through the agency of commission houses,
sent to all parts of the West.

It is then to be hoped that hereafter all who propagate peach trees for
sale, will be cautious with respect to the source from which they obtain
their seeds.

We think very little is known of the causes producing the yellows,
neither can we add any facts of interest not already stated, unless it be
with respect to the color of the leaves. Such as are from diseased parts

1 82 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

of ti'ees, after being a day or two kept in corked bottles, show a yellowish
dust. This, when highly magnified, is found to be a minute cellular
growth, not unlike that found on blackberries, described by us during
the jear, with this marked diflerence, however, that the little cells on the
peach leaves are not more than one-twentieth part as large as those of
the blackberry, and what appear to be the older cells have a decided
tinge of red.

So amusing an incident has come to our knowledge, with repsect to
this disease, that the mention of it here may not be without interest.
A gentleman who had planted a number of Hale's Early trees was much
pleased to find one among them three to four weeks earlier than the rest.
His conclusion was that this tree was a chance seedling and that he was really
in possession of the earliest peach known. His first intention was to bud
largely from it and control the variety until he could get a bearing orchard
of it ; but his enterprising neighbors finding him the fortunate possessor of
so remarkable a variety, he was, as he thought, obliged to sell buds at
fifty cents each, or have them stolen. His plan was to sell the buds;
accoi'dingly, more or less trees in that neighborhood were budded from
this supposed early tree. It is unnecessary for us to state the estimation
in which this variety was held after the fact was made clear that it was
Hale's Early affected with the yellows. It is only necessary to add that
nearly every orchard in that neighborhood is badly, if not incurabl}',
diseased.

If to the difiuculties already explained, we add the peach tree
borer in the collar and larger roots of the trees, we have mentioned all
the insects and diseases which very materially interfere with growing the
peach. The mode of destroying the borer we will pass over, as we have
during the year, given the best means for ridding trees of them.

We will next treat of some other points which may be of more inter-
est. In the southern half of Illinois, peach trees come into bearing some
at three, others at four and five years of age. As trees are ordinarily
treated, the first crop is best. Each succeeding one the fruit is of dimin-
ished size. So true is this that no saying is more common than, " that
peach growers are lions in the market, while they are marketing their
first crops, but are not afterwards heard of." There is too much truth in
this remark, and it is exceedingly mortifying to most persons after having
once gained a reputation for growing fine fruit, to see their trees in suc-
ceeding years producing only small and inferior specimens. Notwith-
standing, but few persons endeavor to solve this. This falling oft' in
size with age, is wholly due to a condition the trees get into, which if
corrected, the old trees would, in many respects be better than younger
ones, because old trees can be made to produce the best fruit. But before
we can hope for much success in preventing this gradual falling oft' in
the size of the fruit, we must have a correct idea of the causes; other-
wise, all of our eflforts would be of that haphazard character which
would quite as likely increase as remedy the difticulty we desire to
avoid.

There are several reasons why young peach trees are more active and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 83

produce better fruit than old ones. On the former there is no more large
branch gi'owth than is required to support the smaller ones and the foliage ;
but as trees become older, the numerous branches forming in the interior
of the trees are gradually shaded out. In this way, each year the young
growth is made farther out; tliis in turn yields to such as afterward forms
still farther out. In this way long limbs are formed, having only small
branches and leaves at, or near their ends. Nor is this all, for in addi-
tion to tliese naked branches we find a corresponding growth below ground.
Here large roots, which at first were clothed with fibrous roots, in time
are quite destitute of them, often for many feet. Each branch root, as it
forms, is first clothed, but afterwards, when they become large, all their
fibrous or more active roots are at the ends. Let us for a moment
inquire the efl'ect these naked branches and roots are likely to exert on
the trees and on the fruit. To comprehend this, we must first consider
that each summer, layers, not only of wood, but of bark as well, must
be made throughout the entire length of these long roots and naked
branches, to connect the root feeders with the leaves.

To ascertain whether roots of old peach trees are in the condition we
have stated, one has but to inspect those of any old orchard. Then he
will more clearly comprehend how enormously the small roots and leaves
are taxed to make the annual layer of wood and bark growth, of which
mention has been made. By inspecting the tops of trees, one sees
less than half the naked surface yearly to be covered with new growth ;
for in nine cases out of ten a much larger disproportion exists between
active and naked roots, than between the leaves and branches.

This condition of all others, is most to be avoided ; for both tlie new
wood-growth and the fruit draw for the same material.

For this reason, when the trees make a crop of fruit, the new wood-
growth will be so thin, and liave so little plant food stored, that such trees
can not the following year produce much fruit, or if they do, it will
necessarily l^e small. We have within the past two years inspected the
roots of many trees, on which there ^\•as not a fibrous root nearer than
six feet from the trunks. By this we do not mean that in that distance
there were no branch roots, for in most cases there were manv, but each
in turn had become naked, with only tufts, as it were, of rootlets at their
ends.

Every time a tree perfects and carries safely through the winter a
large number of fruit germs, it is then taxed to carry them through their
period of bloom. In addition to this, the young fruit must be sustained
until near the time when the seeds begin to harden. This must be done
almost wholly out of materials which were stored in the tree the previous
summer. While this draft is being made, the tree has at the same time
to draw from the same material for the enlarcfcment of jrerm branches
and leaves, also for the production of new rootlets and root hairs. There-
fore, it can be comprehended, when all these parts have to ])e sustained
from a common store, afibrding, perhaps, but a scanty supply, that tlie
less active roots, as well as branches, will cease to act, and die; those
only sustaining themselves which are youngest and best situated with

184 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

respect to soil. It is for these and other siinihir causes that roots annually
become more and more naked, until they, in connection with the branches,
require so much to sustain them that the fruit they produce, with tlie
exception of a few at the ends of the branches, becomes so small that,
to sell it at all, some growers keep up a succession of young trees from
which to get good sized specimens to cover the exposed parts of their
packages.

There are so many other reasons why large roots, of which we have
spoken, become rootless, and branches branchless, that we shall not
attempt to enumerate them, but \\i\\ state some of the more prominent,
which operate most injuriously on young root growth, viz: larvae of
various insects feeding on the more tender and succulent parts, want of
cultivation in time of drouth, over fruiting, crowding the young top-
growth, so as to shade out numerous branches and leaves. But a more
ifruitful cause than all these is the severe top-pruning the trees often
receive in the summer.

From the several requirements of the j^each, and we have named
only a part, it will be seen that its cultivation, to insure success, requires
a practice quite as varied as that of almost any other tree or plant. At
least sufficiently so to employ an active mind years to understand and
master all.

E. S. Hull.

Jonathan Periam, who had prepared a paper on Gardening, being
unable to attend the meeting, had forwarded his paper to the Secre-
tary to be read.

ECONOMIC GARDENING.

BY JONATHAN PERIAM.

To attempt to cast any new light upon the subject of Gardening, I
am aware, would require the effort of one, who for years past had given
more practical attention to this branch of Horticulture than my other
duties have enabled me to do.*

I shall, therefore, attempt, Mr. President, only some brief remarks relat-
ing to laying out a garden in a compact and economical form,inti-oducing
therein a plan for combining some floral effect, to supply a want that is
sometimes felt among farmers who feel that their means will not allo\\'
them to gratify their taste for flowers in any other way. At the same
time I am well aware, and all must admit, that the vegetable garden is
not the place for true floral effect.

The importance of gardening, we all admit; its necessity, as a means
of greater enjoyment of the bounties with which Providence has blessed
us, all know. We also believe that the greater change of diet that it
will give will be conducive to increased health and longer life, enabling

♦Note. — Mr. P. has, doubtless, had as successful an experience in this business, in former
years, as any person in the St-atc. — Editor.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

i8S

US to dispense mainly with the services of the doctor. And yet, notwith-
standing all this appreciation, how few of the better class of our farmers
have even a passably good garden. How many of ordinary farmers
have none at all.

I shall endeavor, in a rough way, to show how to lay out a garden,
such as any practical farmer may have, leaving much, perhaps very
much, to the imagination of the reader. Any plan will, of course, be
modified or changed to accommodate the quantity or shape of the garden
plat, or to suit the taste of the owner.

rasaxs

■it -vt I*; ij Jfc ^" tf * k- nL V * V

i: <^ ill'* 1^ *^ t * * '*■ ^ *^ i
ifitKiHili^ *!-**■ *■ ^ '*'■'''•

II 11 11 iiin ^^"3

\^ 'a^^ \^ '^ (^ '..A '^ tk^ III tti

kit kW kk/ t* titf> £« x^ ,^ ^ 1^

UiJ jiiit k^ bkJ W W u' wJ k)

'iJJ Ji^'^ k.u< 'U W J** W «^

^ .a/ 4J> W) ui W« ^J W UL A' ^ <t^ ^

~ ,iMt (iJ u.^ liMi M» U' (/ ll^l ik' V «' «»

'iitf t> u' jj W m) kii< 'iLJ A^ UP ki' y)
-^w>ou'^ J **«-•' ly U *;> ^k/ U^ ^(1 '^' ^ «r W u'

GARDEN PLAT.

(Cot token from Prairie Famier Annual.)

A — Raspberries.
B — Blackberries,
C — Currants.
D — Gooseberries.
E — Asparagus.

F— Rhubarb.

G — Strawberries.

H — Roadwaj', ten feet wide.

J — Paths, five feet wide.

K — Flower beds, five feet wide.

L — Border for flowering plants, nine feet wide.

M — Pear-shaped bed, for ornamental plants.

N — Hot-bed ; sash with four rows of glass, forty inches wide.

P — Beds and curves, showing how ornamental effect can be produced.

I, 2, 3, 4 — Vegetables.
The two principal paths, J, are shown of the same width as the roadway.
They may be reduced to five or six feet if necessary, or may be left out, and tem-
porary paths made from year to year to facilitate planting. The circular roadway
enables you to manure each separate plat. The path to the right is shown with
rounded corners, which will enable you to introduce ornamental beds. The pear-
shaped bed should not be so large as to interfere with the passage of a cart or
wagon.

We will imagine the farm-house and offices located, as they generally
are, upon an eminence that is better than ordinarily drained, naturally;
for one of the pre-requisites to successful gardening is drainage^ although

i8

1 86 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the same ])ractice will apply also to successful fl^rming, for it is an excess
of water in the soil that more often destroys the hopes of the farmer
than drought. Drought scares the farmer, but water destroys his hopes.
This remarkably dry season has done more to satisfy me of the truth of
this proposition than all other years of my life put together; and if you
^vill allow me to diverge for a moment, I will state why.

The spring opened, in Livingston County, after a dry fall and winter,
with but little rain, enabling the farmer to get in his crops in good con-
dition. From the eighth of April until September we had but three
light showers, neither of them moistening the soil to a greater depth
than three inches; but, nevertheless, upon our deep foil plowing, we had
a good crop of corn and a good crop of beets. The land retained its
friability in a most unusual manner, and, if my obsei^vation is not at
fault, is owing to the fact that the soil being, from its dryness in the
spring, open and porous, has remained so during the season from the
absence of beating rains falling faster than the soil can filter them. It
is water running over or standing upon the surface that renders the soil
compact and impermeable to atmospheric influences. If thoroughly
drained, either naturally or artificially, this could not take place. But to
return to my subject.

Imagine the site for the garden selected as near the house as possible.
We will take a parallelogram ten rods wide by sixteen rods long. This
will make just an acre. We will divide it into three equal portions, each
five and a third rods by ten rods. A roadway should enter from one
side, at the center of the middle plat (or half the length of the garden),
parting at two and a quarter rods from point of entrance, and surround-
ing a circular plat in the center, letting the outer edge of the roadways
just touch the inner line of either of the other plats. The point of
emergence will then be exactly opposite the entrance, and the circle
enclosed by the roadway will be sixty-seven feet in diameter (the road-
way being ten feet wide). This circular central plat is to be dedicated
to the ladies of the household for a floral department, and may be laid
out in a variety of forms to accord with their tastes. •

The four corners, cut oft' by the roadway and between it and each
of the other oblong plats, are to be used for hot-beds, asparagus, rhubarb,
currants, and gooseberries. Now we have two-thirds of the acre for the
vegetable garden, divided into plats of one-third of an acre each. As
they are in two " lands," each five and a third by ten rods, they are easily
plowed. The plowing may be done by commencing in the middle and
backfurrowing, leaving the single last furrow outside, not next the fence
or barrier, for I would leave a strip and plant a row of blackberries,
raspberries, or dwarf fruit trees there, and the furrow into which all the
lumps and trash might be raked would be next them.

But soine might object to plowing in a garden, and with considerable
reason too. In these cases let them divide the oblong plats into squares
by walks, and they will have four squares, containing nearly one-sixth
of an acre each; and the borders of the walks may be planted with cur-
rants and gooseberries, and the portions previously set apart for them

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 87

(next the roadway), may be planted with blackberries and raspberries.
The borders next the fence may still be used for tender dwarf fruits, etc.
But, says the farmer, " what sball I do with the flower garden.^ I know
little or nothing about flowers." Well you are not expected to do any-
thing with them but admire them. These, and their culture, may, as I
said before, be safely left to the ladies. The flower garden is their natural
province. You are not expected to do much about the vegetable garden
either, except to furnisli the best man you have, always under the super-
vision of the ladies of the household, and enjoy the fruits thereof at
breakfast, dinner, and tea. The labor of one man will do it, and it will be
the best investment of a one-man-power that you have ever made. It will
bring plenty to your household, drive away fever and ague, and megrims,
and the various other diseases incident to a diet of "hog and hommy," to
say nothing of aftbrding a very pleasant place in which to stroll of a sum-
mer evening, after tea, and admire what a little pleasant labor will
accomplish. But perhaps you will say, "what has this to do with
economic gardening.'"' A part of the economy is in having a compact
little place combining the ornamental with the useful, but much more in
the renewed health and vigor that a diet composed largely of succulent
vegetables will give you.

But the next thing is how to grow them economically, and this can be
accomplished in a well-drained soil, deeply tilled, heavily manured,
and watered when diy. The drainage we suppose to be good. If not,
make it so by thorough draining with tile, laid at least three feet deep.
This may cost you sixty or seventy dollars, but it will be money well
expended. It is one of the pre-rcquisites in gardening. The deep
tillage may be accomplished by the aid of three horses, or which is
better, three mules, abreast. Each and every plat of this garden may be
manured from the inain and circular roadway, and the watering
may be accomplished by means of a force pump in the center, and a
hose.

The Hot-bed — that sine qua iion of ever)' well-airanged garden — is
placed near the entrance at the south of the road way. This will enable
you to handle the sash and covers easily, and it will, besides, be near
enough to the water to be easily accessible. In cropping a garden, the
deeper the tilth, the more manure may be applied; and this should
always be thoroughly decomposed if possible. If this is the case, one
hundred loads may be safely applied, to start with, and thereafter, from
thirty to forty loads annually. But some of you may say, " It is no easy
matter to plow under one hundred loads of manure." It is easy enough,
however. Spread, evenly, forty loads over the surface and harrow thor-
oughly, then with your deep tiller plow this in — a foot deep if you can.
Spread forty loads nnore and plow six or eight inches deep. Then spread
twenty loads of the flnest manure on top, and in the spring before work-
ing the land, harrow it until the tilth is perfect. The other work should
have been done in the fall. Upon a soil preparctl in this manner you
will not sufler from too much, or from a lack of moisture, and your
principal waterings will have to be expended upon yourrhubai'b, aspara-

1 88 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

giis, strawberries, lettuce, radish, celery, and other moisture-loving plants.
One reason why a garden should be heavily manured and have plenty of
water is, that the excellence of most vegetables consists in their succulence,
and this can only be produced by forcing their growth. This, plenty of
food, water, and good care (cultivation) will always accomplish.

No idle spots must be allowed in the garden. They will become
harbors for weeds. No useless fallows — the spaces between the rows are
the fallows — no yearly rotation. The land must labor with a rotation
each year — thus, early radish, lettuce, turnips, beets, top-onions, carrots,
spinach, and other quick-growing vegetables may be succeeded by sorts
transplanted from the hot-bed, and also by the late corn, beans, and.
melons. The only rotation being to succeed fibrous rooted plants, when
practicable, with top-rooted ones; and plants maturing their fruit above
ground, with those bearing their fruit below; and plants loving a partial
shade should be planted in s.ch portions of the garden as will most
easily ensure this. Pains should be taken also, to plant the taller growing
vegetables so as to obstruct the view from the walks as little as possible,
which may be accomplished, measurably at least, by the exercise of a
little skill and forethought.

Many veiy practical amateur gardeners object to the use of the
plow in the garden at all, and with very good reasons, especially in a
small place, but in the plan here described, the use of the plow in pre-
paring the land need not be dispensed with, since the cross-roadways need
only be temporary paths, which may be made yearly, while the central
portion of the garden is entirely filled up with perennial plants. The
principal objection to plowing, heretofore, has been that the spade would
more thoroughly pulverize the soil than the plow. But with our present
improved forms of plows, the pulverization is fully as complete as the
ordinary spadesman will effect, and much better than an unpracticed one
would accomplish. Within all the angular and circular surfaces, how-
ever, and wherever perennials are planted, nothing but the spade and
other hand-implements may be allowed.

Where scenery is an object, but little care need be required with the
roadways, except the wagon way. This ought, if possible, to present a
hard surface; but if this is not practicable, the surface should be kept
rounded, smooth and clean, as should indeed all the paths. This may be
accomplished, principally with a good rake, by raking to the middle of
the road-way from both sides. The great objection among formers, to
the kitchen garden is the cost. They dislike to spend fifty to one hundred
dollars a year upon an acre of land. But if they would reflect for a
moment that this outlay will produce from two to five hundred dollars in
produce, the surplus of which, or that not needed for consumption in their
own families may be easily sold at good prices in the nearest village or
city, if not indeed, to their inore negligent neighbors, the objection must
cease; for there is no doubt that the produce of an acre of garden, well
attended, will supply all the vegetables a large family will need, besides
selling enough therefrom to defray all the expenses of its cultivation.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 89

Dr. William Le Baron, State Entomologist, read a most
excellent paper upon The Sudden Appearance and Disappearance of
Noxious Insects, which was listened to with great interest. As however,
the greater part of the matter contained in this paper is to be found in
his report as State Entomologist, the reader is referred to this report,
in the Appendix of this volume.

After the reading of Dr. Le Baron's paper, the Society, by vote, had
a recess until the hour of the evening session.

THURSDAY EVENING.

Meeting called to order at the usual hour by the President.

A. M. Brown, from the committee on the President's Address, called
for the reading of the resolution in their report relating to legislative action
to encourage tree planting, which was read by the Secretar}' and adopted
by the Society.

The President appointed Messrs. Samuel Edwards, M. L. Dunlap,
and O. B. Galusha as the committee called for by the resolution.

Mr. Starr moved that Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass., be elected
an honorary member of this Society.

Approved.

Mr. Starr, from the Committee on Wines, presented the following
report :

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON WINES.

Your Committee on Wines, having examined those presented to the
Society, w^ould respectfully submit the following report :

From J. L. Moore, of Tower Place,

a White Concord, of vintage of 186S, graded 80

Delaware, of vintage of 1868, " 80

From A. H. & G. B. Worthen, Golden Bluff Vineyards, Warsaw,

Clinton of 1868, graded 70

Clinton of 1869, " 75

Norton of 1869, " 65

Catawba of 1868, '' 65

Concord of. 1 869, " 60

Hartford of 1869, " 55

From J. E. Starr, Eminence, Jersey County,

Concord of 1 869, graded 76

Taylor of 1869, '' 80

From A. & T. Starr, Godfrey,

Concord of 1869, graded 80

From James Keeler,

Ives of 1 870, graded 50

190 TRi\NSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

From Joseph Starkey,

Concord of ^870, graded 73

From D. B. Wier, Lacon,

Concord of 1870, graded 77

A. A. Hilliard, Brighton,

Concord, impure, cask-flavored.

Cider, six years old, nut-flavored, sweet and palatable.

Your Committee would be understood that in grading wines, one
variety is not compared with another, but each stands upon its merits.
We regret that there was not a better collection to represent this impor-
tant branch of Horticulture.

Respectfully submitted,

J. E. Starr, Chairman,

The following paper was then read by the author.

THE EFFECT OF SETTLEMENT AND CULTIVATION ON

FRUIT CULTURE.

BY ROBERT MANNING, SALEM, MASS.

The subject assigned to me, " The Efl[ect of Settlement and Cultiva-
tion on Fruit Culture," is a wide one, and, unlike most others, does not
become narrower but wider by division. The "Effect of Cultivation on
Fruit" might be taken to include all the changes which have been pro-
duced in fruit by the hand of man since Adam was placed in the garden
of Eden to dress it and keep it. But taken in connection with the " Effect
of Settlement," and with the subject on which I had the honor to send
you a paper a year ago, "The Deterioration of the Apple Crop," I infer
that the less favorable or positively injurious effects produced by settle-
ment and cultivation form the aspect of the subject which I am more
particularly expected to discuss.

There are plants which appear to have an instinctive love of human
habitations, and to linger around their ruins. The butter-cup and the
plantain spring up around the footsteps of man wherever he goes;
others seem as untamable as the Indian, and disappear before the advance
of civilization, among which, as a fruit-bearing plant, may be particu-
larly noted the wild strawberry ; so also birds and insects disappear, as
the country becomes settled, to be succeeded by others. The midges,
which are so annoying in wooded wildernesses, are almost unknown in
thickly-settled localities. On the other hand, the increase of destructive
insects is but too well known to fruit-growers.

Let us consider the effect of settlement on climate. The most notice-
able effect of settlement in wooded countries is the removal of the forests.
It is a well-established fact that trees and other plants possess a specific
temperature, though in a much less degree than animals; but whether
this is sufficient to perceptibly raise the temperature of the air in winter
can not yet be stated, though it seems not impossible that large extents of
forest might produce this effect. But there is no doubt that the shelter

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. I9I

from cokl winds artbrdeil by extensive tracts of forest does have an
influence on the temperature most beneficial to fruit trees, and even to
hardy young forest trees, and that the loss of this shelter, by the destruc-
tion of tlie forests, causes corresponding injury. The failure of the
peach crop in New England is attributed, by good authorities, to the
deprivation of the shelter formerly aflbrded by the foiests.

Continued cold weather, within certain limits, is less injurious to fruit
trees than frequent and sudden changes from warm to cold, and vice
versa. In the shade of forests the snow which foils remains on the
ground, \vhile, if the same land were cleared of wood, the snow might
fall and melt several times during the winter. It is easy to see that
when forests are of large extent the climiite would, in the former case,
be much less changeable than in the latter.

The specific heat of trees is not only greater in winter than that of
inorganic bodies, but less in summer, as is proved by the warmth of a
fruit just taken from the tree when compared with that of one which
has lain for any length of time on the ground, even when both are
equally exposed to tlie sun's rays. Every one must have noticed, when
a dense fog fills the air in summer, that water drops from trees long
before fences and buildings are wet; hence the moisture of the air is, in
wooded countries, condensed in the form of rain or dew much more
frequently and regularly than in treeless countries, which depend for
precipitation of the moisture of the air on causes far less constant than
I he continual presence of trees.

The electric condition of the air, as aflected by the thousands of miles
of conducting substances, which, in the form of railroatl tracks or tele-
graph wires, have been stretched over the country, deserves investigation. It
is noticed that summer thunder showers do not. as witliin my own remem-
brance, when over, leave the air bright, clear, and refreshing, but sultry
and close. It is thought highly probable by some who have given much
attention to meteorology, that this change, simultaneous with the intro-
duction of railroads and telegraphs, is closely connected with it. I know
not whether this change affects vegetation for good or ill, but it appears
to me likelv to favor the growth of fungi, and consequently to injure
other plants; but, as I have said, we need further obsen^ation on this
point.

Artificial drainage of land, though highly beneficial to fruit trees,
indeed absolutelv necessary when nature has not provided it, is yet too
limited to produce any general effect on the climate. But it can not be
doubted that with the increase of population and the necessity of pro-
ducing the utmost quantity of food from the land, this operation will be
carried to an extent which will produce a perceptibly beneficial effect on
the climate.

The extent to which fruit culture can be carried in large cities is of
course limited, but so far as it goes, the shelter afforded by high walls
surrounding small gardens, accumulating warmth by day to be imparted
to the air by night, has, in the oldest parts of the country, the same effect
in rejuvenating old fruits as is possessed by the virgin soils of Kansas and

192 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

California. Especially is this effect noticed as regards the pear, which,
to use the words of \'^an Mons, is " a tree of society and pleads to live
in town." I have the past season seen the W'hite Doyenne grown in
the city of Boston, in perfection as regards size and fairness, and the
Sweetwater grape is every year produced, free from mildew or other
imperfections, in similar situations.

The indirect effect of large cities in advancing Horticulture — drawing
tribute to their support from far and near, and returning more or
less of refuse to fertilize the land, though not as wide as the sources
from whence it is drawn — the stimulation given to Horticulture by wealth
which desires its^products, the accumulation of horticultural as well as
other intelligence at such centers of all that is good and all that is evil,
needs no more than passing mention. If it be true, as said by Lord
Bacon, that "■ men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely,"
we can only expect Horticulture to arrive at perfection after the growth
of great cities.

The extensive cultivation of fruit, by accumulating food for insects
and fungus growth, which under such circumstances will multiply with
far greater rapidity than when trees are scattered over a wide extent of
teiTitory, just as certainly as the trees themselves will thrive better in a
fertile soil, than if compelled to range over twice or thrice the extent of
meager soil, appears at fii'st sight to defeat itself. I need not expatiate
on the increase of codling worms, caterpillars, canker worms, curculios,
and the legion of other insects from this cause. It is sufficient to com-
pare New England with Kansas, or Ohio with California, to perceive
the change which has taken place.

Progress in fruit culture is impossible without the introduction of
new varieties of fruit, but in disseminating these we have hitherto been
unable to avoid the dissemination of noxious insects and diseases. The
introduction from Europe of the imported currant worm and the cab-
bage worm {Pieris rapce)^ as well as of that longer-known pest, the
woolly aphis, and other insects which have been mentioned here to-night,
are notable examples of this.

The effect of cultivation on the duration of varieties deserves attention.
Whatever we may hold in regard to the theories advanced by Knight or other
writers on this point. It must be practically admitted that certain varieties
of fruit, once of the highest excellence, have become worthless for general
cultivation over a large part of our country, and no means of staying the
progress of this deterioration are known to us. I must be permitted
once more to mention that oft-quoted trio of worthies, the White Doy-
enne, Brown Beurre, and St. Germain pears. It is undeniable that these
varieties are so subject to be attacked by fungus growth that their general
cultivation has been abandoned, and it has been generally taught and be-
lieved that other varieties, cotemporaneous with them, have been discarded
for the same reasons. But on recalling the observations which I have been
able to make on varieties dating back, like the three already mentioned,
two hundred years, (I do not mean to say that I have observed them
for that length of time.) I find that the great majority have not degen-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 193

erated in tree or fruit, but have been discarded for precisely the same
reason as we are to-day rejecting new fruits, viz: inferior quality. Many
of them are breaking pears, while our modern taste v\'ill be satisfied vN'ith
nothing in the shape of a pear that is not either melting or buttery.
Whence then the deterioration of these three kinds? The late A. J.
Downing, who maintained that it was caused by continued propagation on
unhealthy stocks and in unfavorable soils, might have found, in the fact
that tlie superior quality of these varieties had caused them to be more
propagated than others, an argument in support of that view , and I can
not undertake to say that it has not at least a portion of truth. But I
acccount for the failure of these varieties by their possessing a delicacy
of organization rendering them peculiarly liable to injury by fungus
growth, in precisely the same way as we find among the new varieties of
American grapes those of the finest quality possessing a like delicacy of
organization, rendering them subject to the attacks of rot and mildew,
from which those of coarser leaf and more vigorous growth, but infe-
rior quality of fruit, are free; just as the coarse breaking pears
remain uninjured by the causes which have so much injured their
compeers.

This subject is one to which it is difficult to do justice; not only from
its breadth, but from the obscurity and intangibleness of the causes
which have wrought the eftccts considered, and from the want of accu-
rate and extended observation of them, though this deficiency will, no
doubt, soon be remedied now that such societies as this and that of Ohio,
as well as horticulturists generally, are awakened to its importance. The
very idea of cultivation implies such processes, and such only as improve
the crops cultivated, and if other results have followed, it only proves
that some part of what we have called cultivation has been erroneous, or
something has been wanting from it, and it is for us to search out the
error or deficiency. There may be those disposed to point to the multi-
plication of noxious insects, and the scabby, spotted fruit in localities
free from these defects only a generation since, and ask if these are the
best results achieved by our horticultural societies, and all the other
means of accumulating and disseminating horticultural information,
v/hich the activity of our age has set in motion; but I must look upon
tliese as only temporary and incidental drawbacks, soon to be overcome
by patient and persevering skill. We can not believe that the cultivation
which has produced from the harsh and austere crab the delicious North-
ern Spy, and others which I might name, if there were need, and from
the more harsh and austere and tliorny wild pear such fruits as the
Clapp's Favorite and Sheldon, and hosts of others — which has trans-
formed the sloe into the Green Gage, and the dry and flavorless peach
into a melting and delicious fruit — we can not believe that all this is to
go for nothing, and its results all be lost, or be left to the tender mercies
of the curculio and canker worm, any more than we can believe that all
our civilization is to perish, and the red man re-occuppy our places.
Civilization and culture must ultimately triumph over nature without
culture. Even the insect tribes will be subdued, else the divine purpose

194 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

in making man to have dominion over every creeping thing that creepeth-.
upon the earth is but a miserable faihire.

At the risk of repeating ideas ah'eady expressed, I venture to state
some of the practical lessons which may be drawn from this subject.
And first it enforces the necessity of true cultivation, producing solid,
not excessive growth, and healthy plants and fruits, and avoiding the
over-cropping, which is one of the most fruitful sources of weakness and
disease. It enforces the necessity of careful observation of those pro-
cesses which are beneficial, that they may be repeated, and of those
which are injurious, that they may be avoided, and of selection of the
soils adapted to the different classes of fruit; of working so far as pos-
sible with nature rather than against her, for at the best the contest
with nature in the cultivation of fruit is severe enough to tax all our
energies.

Second, it enforces the policy of planting forest trees for shelter, and
emphasizes the beneficial effect which they otherwise exert upon the
climate. It gives me much pleasure to obsen'e that the people in various
sections of the country, and especially in the West, are becoming sensible
of the importance, the absolute necessity of providing for the prodigal
use of timber, and the planting of the vast areas of treeless prairie or
desert.

Third, it shows the importance of the study of the habits of insects
and of concerted, systematic, and general efforts for their destruction, and
still more of preventing their introduction into new countries now
exempt from their ravages. I notice in the catalogue of Kansas nurs-
erymen, the statement that every new plant received is carefully examined
with a magnifying glass and washed, to make sure that every insect or
^^% is destroyed — a most commendable practice, which, if it had been
followed with the currant bushes brought from Europe, would have saved
a world of trouble with the imported currant worm. Our watchfulness
ought to be such that the first signs of a new insect or disease should be
certainly detected and instantly trampled out like the rinderpest.

Fourth, we see more strongly than ever, the need of producing new
varieties of fruit which shall combine the highest quality, with strong
constitutions, capable not only of resisting the cold of winter, but the
attacks of other more formidable enemies. Just as the civilized man is
liable to a thousand diseases from which the savage man is exempt, so
our improved varieties of fruit are subject to a thousand ills unknown to
their wild progenitors. We can not for this reason give up these improved
fruits, any more than we can return to the savage state because nervous
diseases have increased, but we must continuallv remember that our finest
fruits are to a great extent artificial beings, liable to the attacks of insects
and fungus diseases exactly in proportion to their refinement, and con-
sequently that the more their character is elevated, the more they need
the constant care of art.

When a country ceases to be new, it also ceases to produce fruit with
that spontaneousriess and absence of care found in new countries, and we
can no longer have perfect fruit without untiring watchfulness, system^,
and energy, but with these we can.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 95

MR. tick's remarks ON MR. MANNING'S ESSAY.

Air. President., The excellent paper just read, contains many sugges-
tions aflbrding food for thought, and deserving tlie most serious consid-
eration ; it also states certain physical facts, which can be satisfactorily
explained by the operation of well known physical laws. I will instance
of these latter, the fact that forest timber always shows a higher tempera-
ture than surrounding objects. The essay truly says, no adequate explan-
ation has been given to account for this foct, though it is generally
supposed to be owing to inherent specific heat.

In this fact itself, we may find the elements of a universal law of the
physical world, whose knowledge may be of transcendent importance to
us in our co-operation with Nature, for securing to ourselves the greatest
possible amount of comfort and prosperity flowing from an ameliorated
climate. Upon it may depend the solution of the problem, whether we
can close the back door against the intrusions of those arctic storms, that
now often sweep, in winter, with such fury and destructive violence
from the north and northwest over the entire valley of the Mississippi.
We ought then to investigate the nature and cause of this fact, and not
remain satisfied by accounting for it by an untenable hypothesis. Hold-
ing as I do the opinion that it can be shown, incontestibly, that the higher
specific temperature of forest trees than surrounding objects is the nor-
mal and necessary- result of a great universal law, I undertake the task of
explaining it.

But before doing so, it is necessary to state the facts, so distinctly and
circumstantially that their characteristics will stand out in bold relief.

Some six or seven years ago I read somewhere (perhaps in the
Annual ReporL of the Maine State Board of Agriculture), that certain:
experiments had been made in the forests of that state, to ascertain the
relative temperature in winter, of different kinds of trees. For this pur-
pose thermometers were inserted in auger holes bored in growing trees,
both deciduous and evergreen, and the holes closed. When the weather
was intensely cold the thermometers were examined, and those in ever-
greens invariably showed a higher temperature by from 8 to 10 degrees,
than those in deciduous; and that the difference in favor of the ever-
greens increased as was the increment of the force of the wind. These
facts show two things : first, a difference; and secondly, a variation of
difference under changed conditions. It therefore overturns the
hypothesis, that inherent specific heat is -the sole cause of the
higher temperature of trees; for if it were, then although there
might be a difference in specific heat between different kinds of
trees, yet this difference would remain invariable imder all conditions^
It is not then to an empirical, but to some universal law of Nature that
we must look for a solution of the problem. In the conservation, cor-
relation, persistence, and equivalence of the physical forces, we find this
great law. Although this law is now generally accepted by both physi-
cists and scientists, yet it is not as generally applied to the elucidation of
physical phenomena as it should be and must be, if we are ever to be

1^6

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

enabled to comprehend the nature of these phenomena and understand
their teaching.

But before that can be done, we must rise to the conception that
Force is as indestructible as Matter; for as Matter can exist in three
different states, solid, liquid, and gaseous, so Force can exist in different
•forms, as light, heat, electricity, magnetism, actinism, etc. Matter, under
the inffuence of Force, can pass from one state to the other, and relapse
into it again; and Force is constantly being converted from one form to
another, and reverts into any or all of its forms. But neither Mattter
nor Force can arise out of nothing, or relapse into it again. Every one,
therefore, who accepts the doctrine of the conservation and persistence
of Force, must accept the consequences that result from that dogma.

Of Absolute, Infinite Energy, I need not speak. Though it fills
interstellar space, yet we can know nothing of it, excepting what is
manifested to us through the relative and finite phenomena of Matter.
All we know of Force is manifested to us through Matter; and since
Matter is finite, so must its manifestation of Force be. The forces so
manifested are light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and actinism or chem-
ical affinity. Hence if these constitute a full inventory of the physical
forces, then all motion, or other manifestation of Force in Matter, must
■originate in one of these forces. I differ with those physicists, who class
Motion as a physical force. Matter is a force-bearer, and when it is
affected by any force, it manifests that affectation to us by motion.
Hence Motion is not a physical force, but merely a manifestation of
force; and its momentum is the exponent of the physical force that pro-
duced it.

As Force is indestructible, the arrestation of Motion can not anni-
hilate it. What then must ensue .'' Why, it must necessarily follow that
when motion is arrested, an equivalent of force equal to the original
force producing the motion must appear. This is found to be the case.
The simplest experiment for illustrating this is the rubbing of the hands
together. We immediately feel a glow of heat. The hands are put in '
motion by the muscles of the arms and body. The friction between the
hands is the amount of resistance offered to the motion; therefore, the
harder the hands are pressed together, the greater is the friction, conse-
quently the more force is required to sustain the motion as more motion
is an-ested, and the more motion is arrested, the greater is the amount of
heat evolved. Car-breaks are another familiar example of the arrestation
of motion producing heat, the heat evolved being often so great as to set
the breaks on fire.

If we extend our survey so as to include all cases where motion is
arrested, we find the law to be universal, that the arrestation of motion
produces heat.

In the great law we find not only the explanation of the phenomenon,
why forest trees are warmer than surrounding objects, but also the
•explanation of the phenomenon, why there is a difference between the
temperature of evergreen and deciduous trees. As the perennial foliage

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 97

of the evergreens offers greater resistance to the motion of the air, so we
find they have the higher temperature.

Several years since, in an essay prepared for the Horticultural Society
of my own state, I fully explained the operation of this great law, and,
by the application of well known mechanical laws, showed the amount
of heat evolved per second by the arrestation of the motion of currents
of air having ditt'erent velocities. While engaged on that essay, an
intensely cold day occurred favorable for verifying the theory advanced
in it, but which had not then, nor, as far as I know, has yet, met with a
verification. Not having on my own premises suitable means of verifi-
cation, I took a thermometer and went to the well-known botanical gar-
den of our munificent citizen, Henry Shaw.

There is on the west side of his fructicetum a dense hedge of Scotch
pine {Pimis sylvesiris)^ planted in triple and quadruple rows. The
hedge runs north and south, and is about twenty feet high and about as
wide as high. The sky was overcast with a dense, unbroken cloud and
the sun had not shone all day. The ground also had for several days
been covered with sleet, ice, and snow, several inches in thickness. There
was a brisk wind blowing from the west; and the time of day was
between two and three o'clock in the afternoon ; so that, if there was any
solar influence, it was exerted in favor of the temperature on the west
side of the hedge. I found on the west side uniformly a temperature of
one degree below zero. Passing to the easb side of the hedge, at some
four or five feet from it, I found tliroughout a temperature of four degrees
above zero, thus making a diflcrence between the east and west side
of the hedge of five degrees. On the northern extremity, the ground
rises somewhat abruptly eastwardly. To test the modifying effect of
the hedge, I carried the thermometer up eastwardly and found it gradu-
ally sinking. At some sixty feet from the hedge I still found it one stand
de^riee above zero. I since regret that I did not make observations close
to the sides and in the interior of the hedge. I have no doubt it would
have shown still greater differences of temperature, since at the nearest
distance (four or five feet), where I made the observations, I could feel
the rebound of the wind that poured over the hedge.

The question now arises, what was the cause of the difference in tem-
perature between the eastern and western side of the hedge } Unques-
tionably it was owing to the arrestation of the motion of the air, its
motion being converted into heat. To put this air in motion, some force
had been expended, whether heat, light, electricity, or magnetism, it mat-
ters not, for the immediate force arising in all cases of an^estation of mo-
tion is heat. But, then, heat can not affect matter without starting electric
currents, nor can an electric cun-ent exist without magnetism at right
angles to it. Again, magnetism develops electricity, and by electric-
ity, light, heat, magnetism, and actinism are reproduced. Given any
physical force, we can develop any and all the rest by its natural meta-
morphosis. Protean like, a physical force is ever changing its form, but
never either losing its identity or integrity. This is the great law that
unlocks the mysteries of Nature's economy in all her departments, and

198

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

by whose intelligent application we can not only modify climate, but all
the operations of Nature.

Light falls upon the ocean; since it can not perish what becomes of
it? A small poition is reflected, but since the bottom of the ocean is
dark, what is not reflected must pass into some other mode of force. We
know some of it passes into heat, by whose agency that immense amount
of water which falls in rain, is evaporated. Again, light falls on the land
surface of the earth. What becomes of it.'' A portion we know is
reflected, and another portion we know is transformed into heat. But
since earth currents are started under solar action, a portion of the light
must also be converted into electricity. The electricity of the earth being
negative as respects that of the air, it mounts the highest objects such as
hills, trees, and mountains^ so as to bring it in as close proximity as possi-
ble to the positive electricity of the air. The dry atmosphere being a
non-conductor, neither electricity can pass through (unless by disruptive dis-
charges), except by making a vehicle of matter for transporting it. Hence,
the positive electricity seizes upon the aqueous vapor over the ocean, and
the mutual elective attraction gives motion to the molecule of water thus
affected. Hence, it is drawn from over the ocean to the continents,
especially to the mountains, and is there condensed and precipitated as
rain.

But once more : light falls upon vegetation. Here only a small por-
tion is converted into heat, 'because the foliage of all vegetation I'emains
cool. What becomes of the light in this case.? We know under its
influence, chemical action is started ; water and carbonic acid are decom-
posed, and under electric currents and magnetic force, the hydrogen and
carbon obtained is utilized in building up vegetable tissue, while the oxy-
gen is let free. Animals, in digesting vegetable tissue, develop again the
heat absorbed and fixed in growth. The conservation of force, by the
mutual convertibility of its forms, therefore, is an endless chain that runs
through and binds the physical universe together.

Here, then, is the great law that we must make available in all our
dealings with Matter. By planting belts of timber, we not only apply the
principle of this law to sheltering ourselves and our flocks against the
rigors of winter, but we check the inroads of those arctic tempests,
^vhose icy breath smites with paralysis and death our flocks, fields, and
orchards.

Dr. Warder said that he had been unwilling to accept the proposi-
tion that the specific heat of trees was of much value in raising the
temperature of the atmosphere. Other well-known and often explained
causes, he thought sufficient to account for the modifying influences which
forests are known to exert.

Mr. Douglass quoted Louden's assertion, that snow melted sooner on
Norway Spruce than on any other tree ; he also said that Mr. Meehan,
who is good American authorit}', insists that evergreen trees emit heat,
from the root upward, even when the earth is frozen solid around the
roots. He referred to the fact tliat hyacinths have been known to grow,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1 99

emittinsT rootlets into frozen earth. He said that the amelioratincr effects of
forests are sho\vn by the fact, that in Great Britain, double rent is paid
for pasture hnids which arc sheltered by timber.

Mr. Flagg stated that it is well known, that in Siberia, the roots of
Einopean larch and other ti^ees, penetrate and grow in ground that is
perpetually frozen.

Pkof. Turner said that he believed in planting trees, both evergreen
and deciduous. He had put out on one of his farms 10,000 evergreen
trees. He had offered to donate frees to the proper officers to plant along
the streets in Jacksonville, and along the highways for sevei"al miles
between one of his farms and the city. He contended that one of the
imperative demands upon the j^resent generation of dwellers upon the
prairies is the planting and the care of trees.

]Mr. Bryant referred to his experience in tree planting at Princeton,
commencing, in 1S33, in the planting of that avenue of hard maples,
which is now the admiration of all travelers along the iiighway which
they border. He said he regarded the compliments paid him for this
•work not so much as praise to himself as they are a reproach to others
who ought to have done as much or more than he has, yet have done
nothing.

Dr. C. W. Spalding read the following essay :

WILL THE USE OF WINE BENEFIT THE AMERICAN PEOPLE ?

To this question, proposed to me by tlie officers of this Society, I
answer,_)'e5; but as in this age of inquiry, men are expected to give good
and substantial reasons for the faith they hold, I shall, in this brief paper,
endeavor to offer some of the principal reasons which lead me to gi\'e
this affirmative reply.

Let us first notice some of the physical benefits which result from the
use of wine. The climate of the United States, and especially that of
the valley of the Mississippi, is noted for the prevalence of bilious dis-
eases. Fevers of various kinds — fever and ague, dysentery, jaundice,
etc., etc., are of frequent occurrence throughout its entire extent, from
the Gulf of Mexico to the Lake of the Woods. Other diseases, entirelv
dissimilar to those commonly called bilious, are here more or less modified
by becoming intermittent in type. Thus, under the inffuence of our
climate, many diseases become periodic which do not have that charac-
ter elsewhere, and nearly all assume more or less of the remittent aspect.
Diseases of the class first mentioned are met with in all fertile countries,
and prevail in proportion as fertility is accompanied by moisture, or by
any climatic conditions which favor the rapid decomposition of vegetable
substances. The condi lions for development being fa\orable, and being
likely for a long time to remain so, we may regard bilious dieases, in all
their wide-spreading influences, as a permanent legacy, bequeathed to
us by the soil and climate of the region we inhabit. Or, if any cliange
in this regard is to happen in the future, it will take place so gradually

200 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

that many generations must pass away before any essential modification
will become established.

It has been a favorite theory w^ith certain writers on hygiene, that
every country contains or produces within its limits the natural remedies
for its most prominent diseases. I do not endorse this hypothesis, not
knowing whether it is true or false, nor do I propose at this time to even,
discuss its merits. I merely state it in connection with a pretty well
observed claim, which has often been asserted as the result of experience,
namely, that the wines produced in any particular country, are best suited
to the wants and needs of the people thereof.

Americans traveling, or temporarily residing in any of the wine pro-
ducing countries of Europe, ai-e frequently advised by medical men tO'
drink the wines of the country in which they are sojourning, as being
the best protection against the diseases incident to its climate, and also as
a useful coiTcciive where disease already exists.

The acids contained in our American wines serve as antidotes, not
only to the miasmatic poisons which so generally prevail in all this region
of country, but they also stimulate the action of the biliaiy system,.
which has become torpid under the influences of our debilitating climate.
Numerous instances might be cited, where whole families have beent
preserved from bilious diseases, throughout the summer and fall, solely
by a moderate but daily use of acid wines, while all around them typhoid
and bilious fevers, and chills and fever, were almost universal.

Again, certain individuals who have practiced the use of wines have
escaped disease, while other members of the same family who did not
use them have been attacked. These and similar results have been
observed over and over again, until the conclusions I have stated have
been fairly reached. The evidence, therefore, does not rest upon the
results in a few isolated cases, but the principle has been verified again
and again. Thus the products of our soil yield a beverage pleasant to the
taste and wholesome to the stomach, and one that has proved itself a
wonderful palliative of, if not an absolute specific against, the various dis-
eases begotten of our summer sun.

Medicines of some kind have been found necessary for the preserva-
tion of health with those who live in the unhealthy districts of our Great
Valley. If, then, we are imder the necessity of employing a remedy,
which think you is most to be commended, a bottle of wane or a box of
pills .^ — a glass of Concord or a dose of quinine.? — a cup of Catawba or
a spoonful of calomel and jalap.? The one is inviting, and therefore
likely to be taken in time ; the other is repulsive, and hence only resorted
to when the necessity becomes great. One leaves the head clear and the
system free and elastic; the other shatters the nerves, poisons the humors,
debilitates the powers, and leaves the man far more liable to disease than
he was before. Which then shall we choose, wine or physic? Shall
we dose ourselves with mineral and vegetable poisons as a remedy for
diseases that are already upon us, or drink the fermented juice of the
grape, and enjoy that immunity from our prevailing diseases, which is
promised to him who uses it aright.?

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 20I

Perhaps of all questions relating to the subject under consideration,
that commonly called the temperance question, more than any other,
engages the attention of the public mind. All agree that temperance is
a sterling virtue; and, on the other hand, no one doubts that intemper-
ance is a great evil. But temperance is an avoidance of extremes. At
one end of the series is drunkenness, at the othei^otal abstinence. Cer-
tainly temperance can be neither of these, for temperance signifies mod-
eration. The true philanthropist does not restrict the meaning of the
term to the excessive use of strong drinks. In its application it includes
eating, working, thinking, reading, equally with drinkmg, and extends
to the indulgence of all the appetites and desires. In a word, it is appli-
cable to every pleasure, and to every labor of life.

I am an advocate of temperance in its broadest sense; and I favor its
widest, deepest, and its most searching applica}:ion to every class of
society, to eveiy act of life, and even to every emotion of the human heart.
But because men may and do become gluttons, shall we abstain from
food ? Because men may kill themselves with ovenvork, shall w^e cease
from labor.'' Because men poison the very fountains of life, and destroy
both soul and body by the excessive indulgence of certain passions, shall
celibacy be imposed upon the whole human race.'' No! let him rather
who has not sufficient self-command to assert his manhood, and to subject
his appetites to an intelligent control, draw lessons from his daily experi-
ence, and learn to compel himself to such wholesome restraints in all the
manifold duties and pri\ileges of life as shall preserve him from excess,
and lead him to a temperate life; for intemperance dwells only in the
abuse and not in the right and orderly use of any of the blessings which
God has vouchsafed to man.

The temperance movement of our time includes only that branch of
intemperance which relates to the use of intoxicating drinks. The most
zealous total-abstainer in the land is not more fully aware of the enormity
of the evil, nor can he more deeply deplore its existence than I do. I
know the suffering which it inflicts on societ)^ and the misery it entails
upon mankind. Yet if I were assigned the task of curing the world of
drunkenness, I should look to the use of wine as a most important
element in the forces I should feel bound to employ. I speak from expe-
rience as well as from observation, when I assert that pure acid wines do
not cause that insatiable thirst for more, which comes of drinking distilled
liquors. A man is as easily and as uniformly satisfied with a glass of
pure wine as he is with a cup of tea or coffee; provided, always, that he
does not inherit a taste for liquors, and that his taste has not been already
depraved by the habitual use of distilled spirits. The people of wine-
growing countries employ acid wines in place of both tea and coft'ee
at their daily meals, with a decided advantage in physical developemcnt
in favor of the wine.

Men who have spent their lives in the vineyard and wine-cellar are
remarkable rather for their abstemiousness than for the opposite. Can
the opponents of the use of wines point me to a single instance where the
use of acid wines only, has produced an inebriate.

19

202 TR.\NSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

I admit that whisky and brandy-drinkers will become intoxicated on
wine when they can not get distilled spirits ; but to prepare the way for
such drunkenness, it is necessary that they already possess the love of, and
the desire for distilled liquors.

The point I here make is, that in the main, distillation is the parent
of drunkenness, and consequently, tliat those only who have a love for
these strong drinks are likely to abuse the use of wine. Stop distillation,
and in a single generation drunkenness would be almost unknown. But
how can this be done ? is the question that immediately suggests itself.
So long as the demand exists, a supply will surely be furnished. The
experience of nations, and the history of the world, show that, right or
wi-ong, men will indulge ni the use of stimulating drinks. They have
done so from the remotest times of which we have any authentic record,
and will probably continue to do so for many generations to come. Any
effort, therefore, which looks to an entire abolition of stimulants must,
at this day, necessarily result in failure. Restrictive legislation has been
tried without benefit. Moral suasion has, with few exceptions, reached
that class of men only w^ho need no reform. Thei"e remains, therefore, only
one other method that has not yet been fairly tried, namely, the substitu-
tion of a beverage, the use of which shall not be open to the objections
which are so justly urged against the use of ardent spirits. Such a sub-
stitute we have in the pure acid wines of our own country. As a means
of lessening the consumption of distilled liquors, it is my firm belief that
their general use would accomplish more than has heretofore been accom-
plished by all other means combined. If my premises are correct,
should we not encourage their manufacture and their wide-spread con-
sumption throughout the land.

When I speak of wines, I mean the fermented juice of the grape. I
am no advocate of manufactured compounds, nor am I favorable to the
addition of sugar and water for the purpose of increasing the quantity of
the product. In unfavorable seasons the mus^ may, and sometimes does,
require an increase of the saccharine matter contained in the juice, but all
such additions should b? made with sole reference to imjn'oving the
quality of the product, and not to an increase of quantity. We may
boldly challenge the use of such wines with confidence that the result will
inure to the moral as well as physical benefit of the American people.

Mr. Daggy presented the following j^reamble and resolution, and
moved their adoption by the Society, viz :

Whereas, There is a growing tendency in this country to introduce wine as a
beverage, under the delusion of preserving health, or producing a temperance
reform by substituting it for the intoxicating drinks now in use.

Resolved — That in the Grape for edible purposes, we find one of our choicest
fruits; but in the manufacture of wine as a common beverage, we recognize a dan-
gerous tendency to dissipation and excess.

He said that he was not willing the paper just read should go upon
the records without a protest also accompanying it from himself and such
and sxich other members as would vote for this resolution. He wished to

STATE HORIICLLTURAI. SOCIETY. 203

have this Society stand in its true position, on this subject before the peo-
ple of the State.

He (lid not know \shether a majority of the members of this Societ}-
aij^ree witli the views of tlie writer or not; if not, it would do no harm to
adopt this resolution: ami if they do, the minorit}- certainly have the right
to have their views made a matter of record. He did not wish to discuss
the temperance question; that was not the proper place for such discus-
sions. He did not present the resolution for such purpose, but hoped the
vote upon it woukl be taken by calling a}es and nays.

Mr. McKixsTRV spoke to the same eflect as Mr. Daggy, adding that
he thought wineHlrinking led to drunkenness; therefore wished to record
his vote for the resolution.

Dr. Spalding said he was not there as a volunteer. He had been
invitetl by the officers of this Societ)- to prepare and read a paper upon
the subject. He was only responsible for his own opinions, which were
tlie results of many years of careful observation. If he had thought any-
thing in this essav would tend to pnmiote intemperance, he would cer-
tainly ha\e not written it. It was clearly ever)- man's duty to gu:u(l the
morals of the community. The Society was not responsible for his
opinions ; and while he respected those of gentlemen who favored this resolu-
tion, knowing they resulted from a sincere desire to secure the well-being
of Society, he was foiccd to conclude that they were based upon the
well-known effects of those vile compounds, called wines, which have no
just claim to the name, and to the use of which he was as nmch opposed
as any one.

President Flagg said that Dr. Spalding was here by invitation to
open a discussion upon this veiy important subject. The Society, as such,
is not responsible for the views of any person, either uttered at its meet-
ings, or written out, unless by vote it endorses such views.

All subjects directly related to Horticulture are legitimate matters for
discussion, and each sjjeaker or writer is entitled to have a fair hearing
and to have his opinions made a matter of record. It is, and ever should
be the object of this Society to extend equal courtesy to members upon
both sides of ever^' question upon which there are honest differences of
opinion.

Dr. Hrr.MPHREV thought the premises of the writer of the essay were
not well taken, in one important point, viz: — that "some kind of stimu-
lant was necessary in this climate." This is not a physiological fact. Our
constitutions do not need either stimulants or drugs; they need food.
There is no food in acid wines, such as the writer recommends. They
may be better than diugs many times, if one were compelled to choose
one or the other, but thev can not make good bloo<l; they can not build
up bone, muscle, or nene.

Prof. Turner spoke as follows:

Mr. President: I feel that I have a right to speak upon this question,
for I am on both sides of it. I have always supported in action, sympa-
thy, and by vote, the Anti-Liquor reform. I never keep or use as a bev-

204 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

erage alcoholic liquors, not because I do not love them, but because I
always did love them, and therefore am, and ever have been, afraid of
them ; though I w-as never drunk in my life, and intend never to be.

Beside, in this present age of the world, an age coiTupted and depraved
to its very bones by that free flow of distilled liquors that every\vhere
abounded when I was a boy; an age still interfused, interpenetrated, and
pen-erted by all the unnatural hereditary tastes of that unfortunate pre-
ceding age, I think the resolution offered by my friend on the left,
" that the introduction of pure native American wine to our people is
attended with danger," is true; great, imminent, and perilous danger;
while still I believe every word that I distinctly heard of the able essay of
my friend, Dr, Spalding, is also true,

Mr. President: from Noah's day to our own, the human race has
been encompassed with dangers, great, appalling, and unavoidable dan-
gers, on this and on many other sides; and we can not avoid them if we
would, and ought not to if we could, except in that veiy way that God.
our Heavenly Father, has provided : by personally meeting them and per-
sonally resisting them.

This is the necessary^ and inevitable, and I will also say the most ben-
eficial trial, or rather elaboration of our personal virtue ; and without
just such a school appointed by our Heavenly Father for our trial and our
good, all virtue would be a self-evident impossibility.

By that voice of authority to which alone of all beings or asso-
ciations of beings that ever trod this earth of ours, I am, by the veiy con-
stitution of my mind accustomed to bow in devout deference, in spite of
all possible human opinions, laws, usages, customs, or resolutions, in
church or in state, we are taught to pray evermore, that we may not be
personally led into these temptations, and not that these temptations may
be annihilated by law or otherwise, so long as we are left personally free
to choose and to resist them.

Freedom here, therefore, as everywhere else, is our grand, Amer-
ican remedy; free thought, free action, free choice, free discussion eveiy-
where.

I am glad, therefore, that Dr. Spalding has expressed to us freely his
opinion. I am as glad, also, that those of a different opinion should give
us theirs. But I regret that either side should throw their opinions into
the form of a resolution requiring the vote and the decision of this
Society. It is unusual and unnecessaiy. This Society is not convened
to vote up or vote down questions of morals, or of religion, or of policy.

Still, we do r?i\?A grapes^ and must decide what as good citizens we
may and what we may not do with them ; not by any vote of this So-
ciety, but by free discussion, and then allowing each man in the Society,
and all over this free land, in the light of this discussion, to decide for
himself. I am not responsible for what Dr. Spalding chooses to say in
this Society, nor is any other man ; neither is this Society — and I have no
doubt that Dr. Spalding is exceedingly thankful that he is not — responsi-
ble for all that I may say. But it is dangerous, it is said, to throw his
unendorsed opinion out to the world.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 205

Is that so? Is all the wisdom of this continent assembled in this
hall? Will not this great American Republic knoNv as well as we know
what to think of Dr. SpaUlinsr's opinions, unless this infallible Society
first votes and instructs them what to think ? It may be the vote of this
Societv is infallible, but I doubt it.

What then is Dr. Spalding's offense? precisely the same as the
oflense of the Savior of men on this same point : pure bread and pure
wine He continuously used himself. The only two things he wrought a
miracle to produce were pure bread and pure wine; better than tlie com-
mon sort, as our good doctor proposes; so much better that men craved
it, even after "they had well drunken " of the old. The only two things
He gave the world, as a perpetual memorial of Himself and of His pecu-
liar inspiring and regenerating power, for all ages past and to come, drunk
or sober, were pure bread and pure wine; and so long as I remember the
Savior of men I can not smite the author of this essay with a very hard
fist, or a yen' hard vote.

I have well read and well considered all that miserable twaddle of
special pleading, by which we are to believe that the commended wine
of diose days was not intoxicating; an argument to prove that they did
not make bread of flour in those days, would be just as conclusive.

A man's language, really and necessarily means only what he knows
it will be understood to mean, by his own hearers and in his own age.

Now. for hundreds and thousands of years, by all the millions who
ever read the Greek Testament, this new intei-pretation of the text was
never dreamed of. Ditl the Savior of men then really and practically
lie to all these g'^nerations of men who have gone before us, in order that
He might teach our ultra-temperance men a doubtful truth now: This
is indeed, "a hard saying; who can hear it?"

No : He meant that we should personally and individually meet this
gjeat danger of humarf life and necessaiy human responsibilits-, and per-
sonally vanquish it. each for himself alone, as He did. This is the
only possible solution either of His words or His acts. He drank wine,
but He did not get drunk; nor should we. He made and commended
pure bread and pure wine; and so may we. He neither made nor com-
mended bread with arsenic in it, or ^^•ine with str\chnine or rot-gut
whisky in it. neither may we; at least so says Dr. Spalding, and so I
say. Others may be of different opinion.

But. after all, I must correct Dr. Spalding on one point.

He talks about our foreign wines that come over the salt water. But.
Mr. President, not one-hundredth part of our "foreign wines" ever
smelled salt water. Tliey are manufactured out of our rot -gut whisky,
stn-chnine. l(\g-wood. etc., etc., in New York and our other great cities,
and put into foreign and counterfeit casks and sold for pure wine. Dr.
Spalding, no doubt knows this better than I do; and it is these vile and
miserable compounds that he proposes to supplant with our pure Ameri-
can wines, notwithstanding that the attempt, with our present depraved
American tastes and habits, may be and will be attended witli those
great and appalling dangers and evils which the resolution sug-

2o6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

gests, and which his paper fully and distinctly admits and deplores.

Mr. President, let us all speak our honest opinions upon this as upon
other subjects. Let us have free discussion, and leave the great world
to I'udge of it in the same freedom, without any attempt on our part to
vote one another uj) or down, or to instiuct the big world of mankind
how they shall or shall not decide the case.

Beside, anv even pretended opinion of this Societs, on either side of
this general question, would be but a sham; for tlie plain tiuth is, this
Society has not and can not have any settled opinions on the subject.
Some of its members think one way and some another, and will, if we
discuss it till next year at this time.

To tell the world that it has a fixed opinion, when it has none, upon
a point which it is imder no necessary or constitutional obligation to vote
upon or decide either way, is only and simply to tell the world a quite
fashionable, it is true, but nevertheless, a real and practical lie. We can
never humbug intemperance or any other great practical evil out of sight
by any such legerdemain.

What does the big world care, or what need it care for what we, in this
room think, any further than we are able individually and severally, to give
a good reason for our thought ?

I am, therefore, in favor of free discussion here and everywhere, but
against all votes and all resolutions of whatever sort, outside of those
we are compelled to vote upon by our own chosen constitution and lav^'S.

This Society is neither an ecclesiastical, nor a legislative assembly,
nor yet a club, assembled to debate for victory. It is simply a gathering
for the free expression of personal opinion on tliose beautiful and humane
topics of our practical art, which, in their wide-spread relations, reach out
over all morals, all legislative acts, and all religious opinions. But we do
not propose to settle, by our great vote^ all those ^incidental topics and
interests over which our wide and beautiful art spreads, or through which
our free discussions must necessarily and inevitably range.

I go in, therefore, for the discussions without either votes or resplu-
tions on all such topics; leaving the Society uncommitted.

Dr. Hull was glad the subject had come up for discussion. He was,
and had always been, a temperate man; did not use any kind of fer-
mented drinks or distilled liquors habitually, yet he was convinced that
it would be a great improvement upon the present state of things if pure,
native wines could take the place of distilled liquors and all the abomin-
able compounds called wines, which were poisoning and degrading the
American people.

He had never yet known an instance in which the use of pure acid
wines caused drunkenness, and he hoped for a reform through the substi-
tution spoken of in the essay.

Mr. Shaw said he had always found it a safe practice in his family to
keep and use pure wine.

Dr. Spalding would not intioduce the Scriptures here to prove the
positions he has taken. He revered the Scriptures, and if the time and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 207

place were proper, he coukl show from the whole tenor of the Bible from
one end to the other, that the use of such wines as he recommended was
not only not forbidden, but their proper use sanctioned.

Dr. Pennington said he had never used wines, or kept them m his
family. He regarded the habitual use of any alcoholic drink as fraught
with danger. He had found the diluted juice of lemons, taken ice
cold, to answer the ends which the doctor would accomplish witli acid
wines.

Mr. Bliss thought this Society should take a stand upon this ques-
tion. Its published reports convey the impression to the reader that it
favors the manufacture and use of wine. He did not favor its use, and
agreed with the sentiment expressed in the resolution.

Mr, Earle:

Mr. President : — I occupy on this question an attitude of entirely
calm but earnest inquiry. I want more light; and it is of vast importance
to the interests of human nature that more light be given us on this wine
question. It seems to me that our Society, as well as most of the horti-
cultural societies of the country, has, in its numerous exhibitions, reports,
and discussions, and other encouragment gi\en to the production of native
wines, assumed a position of very grave responsibility to the people — to
society at large; and it has seemed to many of us to be quite time to justify
our active encouragement of the wine interest, by such an amount of
facts and arguments as would fairly remove the impression existing in
many minds, if that be possible, that we are giving the great influence of
our society to a sj^stem \\hich tends to the moral damage of community.
Hence I fa\ored the invitation to our able friend from Missouri, to come
here and state the grounds upon which American wine growing is
recommended as the proper remedy for the evils of intemperance. I do
not believe it is the province of this Society to discuss the question from a
physiological standpoint, but we may investigate it as a question of social
science; we may inquire what has been the result of general wine using
among those peoples where it has been common for ages. Dr. Spalding
asserts very positively in his paper, that there is no tendency to excess in
the use of pure acid American wine; that it may be used habitually
without any increase of appetite for itself, or any creation of appetite
for distilled licjuors. I hope the Doctor's position is well taken. I do
profoundly hope that abundant facts justify that assertion. But he has
not given us the facts, as I hoped he would ; and while his simple state-
ment has great weight with me, I must in so important a matter ask for
more proof.

I do not believe that we have the necessary' experience in this countiy
upon which to base this opinion. The personal experience of our dis-
tinguished friend is not enough; his observations in the limited circle of
men who have for some years used American wines is 1 ot enough ; this
is all limited to a narrow district, and to a single generation. It is valua-
ble evidence as far as it goes, but it is far too limited to justify our taking
any position of Influence on this great question.

2o8

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

My friend on the left has alluded to the cider drinking experience of
a part of our people as evidence favorable to the wine theoiy of reform ;
but it seems to me that this is a very unfortunate evidence for that side.
It is true we have had several generations of cider drinkers in this coun-
try, but I believe it is true that cider drinking never restrained men
from the use of distilled spirits, but always excited an appetite therefor;
and more than this, it has in itself caused an immeasurable amount of
intoxication. I was myself raised among the green hills of New Eng-
land, and I know whereof I speak; and I know that it was the common
remark in my neighborhood, that cider diamkenness was the most degrad-
ing and beastly of all forms of inebriety. But I know that cider is not
wine; it differs from it essentially in its chemical constitution, and doubt-
less also in its constitutional effects. I only allude to cider here, because
our friend* unluckily used it as an argument for wine.

But what we want in considering the question of the probable influ-
ence of wine drinking on the American character, is to know what that
influence has been on the character of other nations. In some of the
States of Europe, wine has been the common beverage of every day, of
all classes of the people, for hundreds of years. We want reliable evi-
dence of the geheral results. How does the temperament, the moral
character, the civilization of these peoples differ from the same character-
istics of those communities which have drunk little wine ? We have
some testimony on this point, but much of it is conflicting. I shall be
glad if our discussion to-night shall lead to a more thorough, impartial,
and exhaustive investigation of this subject; that we may be more wisely
guided in our course regarding this most important subject. I am not
willing that this Society shall act decisively at this time on the resolution
of my friend Daggy, and I move the reference of the whole subject to a
committee of five.

Mr. Shaw moved to lay the whole subject on the table.
Lost.

The question on Mr. Earle's motion was taken by a standing vote,
and largely prevailed.

Prof. Burrill moved that the report of the Committee shall be
confined to facts, not opinions.
The motion was lost.

Mr. Galusha moved that this Committee be instructed to report at
the next annual meeting. He said that the importance of this subject,
both in respect to] its immediate results and its far-reaching and wide-
spreading influences, demands that we shall not act rashly or unadvisedly
upon it.

The time for closing the present session was near at hand, and it was
impossible that a committee could, in the short time left them, calmly and
thoroughly look over the vast field to which this resolution will
introduce them, so as to point out the best practical course for this Society
to pursue. He knew the President would select five men in whose good

♦NoTfi. — The speaker referred to, wai not distinctly heard by the Secretary.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ^09

judgment, in whose devotion to the interests of this Society and in whose
integrity of purpose to seek the highest good of their fellow men, we will
all conhde. Let us give these men time to look at this subject in all its
bearings, and they would, no tloubt, present a platform upon which all
members can stand and act in harmony.

This motion prevaile<l.

Tlie President subset[uontly announced the committee, viz : Parker
Earlc, of South Pass; Lewis Ellsworth, of Naperville; D. VV. Scott, of
Galena; Jonathan Iluggins, of VVoodburn, and A. M. Brown, of Villa
Ridge.

On motion, the Society adjourned till to-morrow morning,

FRIDAY MORNING.

The Society met at the usual hour, President Flagg in the chair.

Mr. Edwards, President of the Northern Illinois Horticultural
Society, read the follo\\ing notice, adding his own personal invitation :

Air. President:

On behalf of the Officer i and Members of the Northern IlHnois Horticultural
Society, an invitation is extended to tlie members of our State Society to meet with
that Society at Rockfoid, on January, 24, 25, and 2(1, 1S71. The usual Railroad
facilities will be attbrded, and the cordial hospitality of the citizens of Rockford ik
extended. D. Wilmot Scott,

CorrcsfondiviT Secret ar v.

Mr. Jackson, of Benton Harbor, Presitlent of the Ilorticultiual
Society of Western Michigan, read the following:

On behalf of the Horticultural Society of Western Michigan, ourhearty thanks
are hereby tendered to Dr. Hull, your worthy State Horticulturist, for the valuable
services rendered our Society by his recent visits and lectures.

W. H. Ragan, Con"esponding Secretary of the Indiana Horticul-
tural Society, invited the members of our Society to attend the annual
meeting to be held in Indianapolis, on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thurs-
day, the 3d, 4th, and 5th days of January, prox.

E. Daggy, President of the Illinois Central Horticultural Society,
invited the members of the State Society to the meeting of that Society,
to be held at Carlinville, February 7, 8, and 9.

The Committee on Horticultural Education., through Mr. McClel-
land. Chairman, reported as follows:

Your Cominittee, to whom was referred the resolution in regard to
the advancement of Horticultural Education in our institutions of learn-
ing, have given the subject what consideration they have been able in
so short a time, and on account of the great importance of the subject, and
the necessity of matiuing some feasible plan which will promote its great
ends, would recommend the appointment of a committee of three, to pre-
pare an address to the people of Illinois, and to be published in the
Transactions of this Society, calling attention to the importance of intro-
ducing into all our schools, the study of practical horticulture, arboricul-
20

2IO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

ture, floriculture, and landscape gardening, with botany and geology, as
a means of improving, elevating, and refining our industrial population.

J. S. McClelland,
S. Shepherd,
J. E. Porter,

Committee.

The reconnncndation of tlie Committee was adopted, and on motion,
the same Committee was continued for the purpose specified.

The Committee on the Terminology of the Grape-vine reported,
through its chairman, as follows:

TERMINOLOGY OF THE GRAPE VINE.

To the Illinois State Horticultural Society:

Your Committee, to whom was referred the subject of '' Terminol-
ogy" of the Grape-Vine, would respectfully submit the following for
your approval :

'■'■ Roots" — That part of the vine gi-owing below the surface of the
ground.

•' Stem " — The main stock below the branches.

'■'■ Arin" — A branch permanently trained in a horizontal position.

'-'■Shoot" — Green wood. This consists of "Fruit Shoots," "Young
Canes," and " Suckers."

'■'•Lateral" — A branch from a shoot.

" Cane^^ — A ripened shoot, grown from the stem, arm, or spur.

'■'■Spur" — A cane cut short.

'•'-Joitit or Node" — The enlarged part, whence come buds, leaves,
and tendrils.

'■'• Internode" — The part between the joints.

" Tendril" — The twining support.

J. E. Starr,

JRor the Committee.

The report was adopted.

Dr. Warder presented the following, which was received:
FRUIT COMMITTEE'S REPORT.

We find quite a large display of apples, many of which are of high
quality, well grown, and generally well named, giving an evidence of
the advance of Horticulture and of horticultural knowledge among us,
which is truly encouraging.

We find the following on exhibition :

By Wm. T. Nelson, Wilmington :

Fifteen varieties of apples, including The Nelson., a handsome, large,
sweet apple, a long keeper. This fruit was described in tlie Journal of
Horticulture about two years ago.

^ Mr. Nelson also showed the Grimes' Golden., and his specimens of

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 211

White Winter Pear ma in are very smooth and fair; the Wincsaps are
of large size, and said to have been taken from an old tree.

By S. G. Minkler, Oswego:

His own seedling, the Alinklcr, in its perfect state, and another
variety unknown.

By E, C. Hathaway, Ottawa :

Four varieties, including '•'■ Htibbcll^ or Bethlemite," which seems not
to be the Bethlemite of Oliio.

By A. C. Hammond, Warsaw: •

Twenty-four varieties, including many choice kinds, well named;
also a seedling from an old orchard — tree thirty years old. Fruit large,
handsome, splashed carmine; flesh tender, very juicy; flavor peculiar,
sub-acid; quality good. Also an apple marked "^«fl? Winter Szueet.,"
which is veiy rich, sweet, and a keeper — unknown.

By J. B. Phinncy, Champaign:
Sudbury Sweet, and another unknown.

By S. S. Ebersole, Ottawa :

An unknown small red apple ; said to be a very healthy and produc-
tive annual bearer. The fruit continues in eating condition from Sep-
tember till June. Flavor sweet; not very fine.

By M. L. Comstock :

One variety unknown, medium size, red, very good; unknown to the
Committee,

By E. Childs. Oneida :

Two varieties — His White Winter Pearmains are very smooth and
tine.

By L. Flahert) , Galesburg :
One variet\ , unknown.

By D. B. Wier, I.acon :

Five varieties, among which his Willoxu 7\vio'isvery large and fine.
We also find a new Siberian apple, which is called the 5"/. Paul — some of
these are full medium size, others small, so that the \anety appears to be
variable in this resi)cct. Fruit globular, slightly conical, regular — surface
smooth, red, faintl}- striped — flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, having the true
Siberian flavor.

A sample of )clh' made from this tVuit gives evidence of its adaptation
to this purpose.

By N. Overnian and S(?ns, Canton:

Some f )urtecn varieties in (juantit}- and great perfection. Among
these are Fulton, still in good condition, and Ortley, flee from scab.

By Adams County Horticultural Society:

Twenty-one varities. making a \ery fine display of well-grown fruit.
The White Winter Pearmain is very fair. We here find aj^ples named
'' Northern Spy" and '' Doinine" which we believe to be incorrectly
marked, though unable to correct the labels.

212 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

By O. B. Galusha. Moiris :

A fine apple marked '' Seedling" from P. Collins, of Grundy Co.,
thought to be the Large Striped Pearmain.

By S. Jackson, Benton Harbor, Mich. :
Four varieties.

By B. M. McKinstry, Kankakee :
Twelve kinds.

By J. N. Ridings, Grundy Co.:

" A Seedling," said to be a keeper — fruit sadly wilted and not in con-
dition for a test.

By C. N. Bennett, Pontiac :
Eight varieties for names.
By A. Calkm, Woodhull, Henry Co. :

A seedling from Columbia Co., N. Y. Said to be very hardy and
productive; ripens in December — not known.
By W. Durley, Hennepin :
Eight varieties, including good specimens of Jonathan.

By Dr. Humphrey, Galesburg:

A noble collection of twenty-seven varieties from Knox County,
which give a fine showing of her apples. These have been well selected,
and handsomely presented in profuse abundance.

The White Winter Peartnain is here larger and fairer than in any
other collection. The Ortleys are remarkably fine and fair. The
Domine is unusually smooth and handsome. The " Red Winter Sweet-
ing.,'^ a line looking fruit — said to keep well — is not known to us. The
'■'• Siveet Romanite" is the Kentucky Sweety as we suppose. The '■''Red
Winter Peartnain " is believed to be Ben Davis.

By A. R. Whitney, Franklin Grove :

Some large and handsome apples from Kansas, including the Rawlcs'
Janet and White Winter Peartnain., both very large and fine; also
specimens of his seedling Siberian apples, including Nos. 25 and 12^,
both good keepers. The latter is of full, medium size, globular-oblate,
angular; surface smooth bright red on yellow, with distinct splashes of
carmine on gray shading; dots few, minute, indented; basin rather
deep, abrupt, a little folded; eye closed; cavity deep, acute, wavy; stem
variable in length, slender. In form this beautiful fruit looks more like
the common apple than the Siberian.

Pears were represented by a single speciriien of the old Pound Pear
brought from California.

Plums were exhibited by Joseph Fuller, of Ottawa, in alcohol, which
were intended to show the benefits derived from the use of Dr. Hull's
Curculio-catcher — a long branch crowded with fruit of Blue Gage.
Signed, W. H. Ragan,

A. G. Humphrey,
Samuel Jackson,
A, R. Whitney,
Jno. a. Warder.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2I3

Mr. Ellsworth moved that, in view of our financial condition, we
dispense with the sen'ices a State Horticulturist, during the coming year.

Mr. Browx moved to amend the motion to the eflcct that if the
Society receives an appropriation of $3,000 from the State, then the
Executive Committeee may employ a State Horticulturist at its dis-
cretion.

The amendment was apj)ro\ed. and the motion, as amended,

ADOPTED.

Mr. WiER offered the following resolution, which was adopted:

Resolved, That W. C. Flagg and William Reddick, members of the Slate Sen-
ate, and James Shaw, member of the House of Representatives, be a Special Com-
mittee to look after the interests of this Society at the next session of the
General Assembly.

The Committee on Final Resolutions presented the following, which
were unanimously adopted :

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are hereby tendered to the officers
of the following Railroad Companies for facilities extended to the officers of this
Societ\' and the members of the ad intrrim Committee by passing them over their
respective roads when in the prosecution of their official labors, viz: The Illinois
Central; Chicago and St. I_x)uis; Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific; Chicago, Bur-
lington and Qiiincy; Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw; Indianapolis, Bloomington and
Western; and the Mobile and Ohio.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are hereby tendered to the officers of
the following Railroad Companies, who have returned members, attending this
meeting, at the usual reduced rates: Chicago, Burlington and (j^iiincy; Chicago,
Alton and St. Louis; Illinois Central; Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific; Chicago,
Danville and Vincennes: Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Minnesota; Indianapolis,
Bloomington and Western; Chicago and Northwestern; Peoria, Pekin and Jackson-
ville; Rockford, Rock Island and St. Louis; Burlington and Missouri River; Toledo,
Peoria and Warsaw.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are tendered to the retiring Presi-
dent, Hon. W. C. Flagg, w hose active labors have done so much to fiuther the
interests of this Society' ; and to the other Officers and Committees who have more
generally, than usual, performed the duties allotted to them, and done their work
so well.

Resolved, That the thanks of this Society are most cordially tendered to the
gentlemen from other states who have so interestingly addressed us during this
session, namely: Dr. John A. Warder, of Cincinnati, O.; Robert Manning, of Salem,
Mass.; Dr. C. W. Spalding, of St. Louis; J. H. Tice, of St. Louis, and C. V.
Riley, of St. Louis; not forgetting the many valuable contributors from our own
State.

Resolved, That this Society extend to the citizens of Galesburg their cordial
thanks for the generous hospitality that has been extended to its members, in enter-
taining them at their homes and firesides; also, for the lurnishing of ample and
comfortable quarters for holding the sessions of this Convention.

Resolved, That it is with much pleasure and satisfaction that we observe an
increased attendance of ladies at our annual sessions, and especially at the present
one; and we trust the satisfaction it has aflbrded them is equal to the pleasure it
has given to the members of this Society.

Mr. Galusha, from the Executive Committee, announced that the
Committee Ad Interim for the ensuing year would consist of A. M.
Brown, of Villa Ridge; E. Daggy, of Tuscola, and A. R. Whitney, of
Franklin Grove.

214 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

President Flagg requested Mr. Ellswortli to give his views as to what
laws should be passed by our Legislature to encourage tree planting.

Mr. Ellsworth replied that he would favor offering a premium for
the planting of forest trees. The money expended by the State for this
purpose would be many times returned in the increased amount of rev-
enue that would indirectly flow back into the treasury from the benefits
of the trees.

Mr. Shepherd mought that the object could be better accomplished
by aiding such Societies as ours sufficiently to enable them to publish
large editions of their transactions for gratuitous distribution. This would
enlighten the people upon the subject. ,

President Flagg thought that a small bounty — say a half cent for
each hard-wood tree planted, provided a sufficient number planted to
produce any valuable results, would be sufficient to offer, and that the
offering such bounties would be a proper course. He would have the
count)% in which the trees stood, pay the bounty.

Mr. Ellsworth agreed to this. The influence of our reports and our
examples are good in this direction to direct the way, but it is " money
that makes the mare go." The State can well aflbrd to pay a bounty to
encourage tree planting.

He moved that the Committee appointed by the supplementary
report of Judge Brown, be instructed to report a bill to the President of
the Society for presentation to the Legislature, at its next session, to
encourage tree planting; wHich was agreed to.

Mr. Hale moved that an additional member of the Ad Interim
Committee be appointed, whose duty it shall be to report upon the
special subjects of Ornamental and Landscape Gardening.

The motion was sustained, and the Executive Committee soon there-
after announced T. J. Hale, of Galesburg, as such member.

Mr. Ellsworth said that the members of this Society have been
pretty well drilled in the so-called practical departments of Horticulture,
and he now wished to see more attention paid to the ornamental part of
our art.

Prof. Turner said that we, of necessity have been engaged upon
these rudimental portions of our art. We have been making the bones
and the muscle, the general structure of our Society, and now we should
put on the feathers — let us now begin to adorn it.

Mr. Ellsworth — In our grounds we have always more or less of
flowers. Nothing brightens the eyes of children more than the sight of
beautiful flow^ers. Every autumn, at the approach of frost, we allow the
children to pick freely. This practice tends to increase their interest in
flowers.

Mr. Hale thought that the ladies would attend, and take part rn
our discussions upon flowers, if we were to give the topic of floriculture
a place in our proceedings.

He oflercd the following resolution, which was adopted :

STATE HORTICULTURAT. SOCIETY. 215

Resolved, — That the Ladies of the Stnte of Illinois, and of the adjoining States,
be cordially invited to attend the next, and all subsequent sessions of J.his Society.

Prof. Tuuner — If we want the ladies to attend our meetings we
must have the vacant places upon the stand filled with llowers and plants.
We can not talk so badly that they would stay away from such attractions
as these would present.

Secretary Galusiia said it was a source of deep regret to him
that the ornamental department of our art had not received its due
attention at this meeting. He had engaged an essay from one of the
best of Western landscape gardeners; also one from Illinois' leading
florist, Edgar Sanders, of Chicago; but both these gentlemen had failed
us, though not without substantial reasons, probably. He would pledge
that at the next annual gathering such a disappointment would not
recur.

The following question was sent t(j the Secretary's desk, as a topic
for a half hour's discussion, viz: "Are house-plants in a room dele-
terious to the health of the inmates.''"

Mr. Ellsworth — From my observations for many years, I do not
think plants in a room are injurious. It is quite probable, as it is claimed,
that cut flowers may be so. A distinction should be made between
growing plants and cut flowers, since the exhalations are chemically
difterent.

Mrs. Prof. Standish is accustomed to keep house-plants in her
sitting-room, and has never perceived or suspected any injurious effects
resulting from the practice.

Mr. Hale — Persons who cultivate plants in the house do not oflen
have cut flowers in the same room with them. He was aware that there
exists a wide-spread prejudice against plants in living-rooms, but thinks
it is not well founded.

Prof. Turner — When the earth w as fitted up. there was perhaps a
time when the atmosphere was surcharged with carbonic acid gas to such
a degree that the higher order of animals could not exist upon it until
plants had been de\eloped to absorb the surplus of carbon. There may
be danger to persons affected by tubercular disease from an accumulation
of moisture in a room where many plants are liept and frequently
watered, as such persons sliould breathe a dry atmosphere. When we
specify plants, we find that there are some whose odor, while in bloom,
is deleterious.

Mr. Hale has kept plants in his sitting-room for years; thinks it
important to have good ventilation, as rooms containing plants are kept
too warm, usually, and thinks this accounts for the impression that the
plants themselves produce a deleterious effect.

Mr. WiER thought that the decaying vegetable substances in the soil
in the pots might affect the air of a room injuriously.

Mr. Hale — This may be so, but it can be obviated by mixing a little
charcoal with the soil.

2l6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Prof. Turner called attention to the fact that dry earth was one of
the very best absorbents of noxious gases.

The Secretarv, from the Executive Committee, announced the
standing committees.*

Mr. Hale, on behalf of the Galesburg Horticultural Society, and
of the citizens of Galesburg, returned thanks for the favor conferred
upon them b}'^ holding the meeting of the State Horticultural Society
in this place.

President Flagg responded that it is a source of gratification to
the members ©f this Society to know that their presence and their coun-
sels are of value to the horticulturists of the place where the annual
meetings are held; and in behalf of the Society, he could assure
the good people of Galesburg that their kindness to us is fully appre-
ciated.

On motion, the Society adjourned.

MEETING OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD.

A meeting of the Executive Board of the Society was held at
the Union House in Galesburg, Dec. i6, 1870, at which the following
Standing Committees for the year 1S71 were appointed:
Meteorology — James W. Tolman, Wm. M. Baker, John H. Tice. '
Geology and Soils — J. Shaw, W. F. Bliss, H. C. Freeman.
Botany and Vegetable Physiology — H. H. McAffee, T. J. Bur-
rill, George Vasey.
Entomology — Wm. Le Baron, C. V. Riley, T. E. A. Holcomb.
Ornamental and Timber Trees — Samuel Edwards, J. W. Fell,

Geo. W. Minier.
Fruit Packages— H. D. Emery, E. A. Reihl, P. R. Wright.
Testing New Varieties — J. W. Cochran, Samuel Edwards, D. B.

Wier, M. L. Dunlap, B. Pullen, H. J. Hyde, P. R. Wright.
Ad Interim— -A. M. Brown, E. Daggy, A. R. Whitney, T.J. Hale.

The Secretary was instructed to purchase from C. V. Riley, elec-
trotype plates, in amount not exceeding thirty dollars, to illustrate his
paper on Snout Beetles.

The following- bills were allowed and warrants ordered to be drawn
on tlie Treasurer for the several amounts:

Express Company — $ 21 50

J. S. McClelland, for Printing and Posting Bills 10 00

Robert Manning, Expenses 75 '-^

O. B. Galusha, for balance due 207 oS

Dunlop, Reade, & Brewster, for advance payment on contract

for printing Transactions 200 00

*NoTE.— The list of these committees may be found in its proper place at the beginning of thi«
•wolnme. —Secreiary.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 217

REPORTS AND PAPERS

SK?rr TO THE Secretakv for Publication, but not read at the

Annual Meeting.

SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE STATE HORTICULTURIST.
TREES INJURED liY THE OCTOBER FREEZE.

Over a very large part of the central and northern parts of the State,
great numbers of trees, both evergreen and deciduous, were, tlie past
spring, found to be incurably diseased or much damaged. The follow-
ing, which we published in the Prairie Farmer^ fully explains the
cause:

Mr. J. R., Galesburg, HI. The box was duly received containing
samples of Norway Spruce, White Pine, and Red Cedar, some of which
you say were taken from trees twenty feet high, and which died the past
spring. We have devoted much time inspecting each sample, but can
find no evidence of disease on any of them. However, on all the young
shoots or branches of last year's growth, scarcely a bud had been formed
near the ends. On all, the large terminal bud, usually so conspicuous on
matured shoois, was wholly wanting, or but barely perceptible. This
proves to our mind that ti'ees from which these specimens were cut were
growing freely up to the time of the October freeze, which arrested
their growth.

This it seems to have done on evergreen trees without lifting or crack-
ing the bark, as was common on many deciduous plants, of which tlie
Osage orange, in nurseries, and in some hedge rows, are examples now
familiar to all north of 42 degrees. We are glad to know that only a
comparatively small per cent, of trees were killed, and that many are
wounded only in the top. Possibly a hundred years may elapse before
causes will again combine to produce a like destruction in cither evergreens
or deciduous trees.

ORANGE RUST OF THE BLACKBERRV.

Whoever has been careful to observe has seen an occasional bush of
the wild blackberry with the under side of its leaves covered with a yel-
lowish dust, or orange rust, as it is now called. Probably but few arc
aware of its blighting effects on the cultivated blackberry, and much less
of the extent it is spreading over the country. This rust is no new thing;
to our certain knowledge, it has existed in the neighborhood of Alton,
on wild blackberries, in old fields and in the forest, for upwards of
twenty years. It has not, however, so far as we know, attracted n\uch
21

2l8

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

notice in the above-mentioned locality on cultivated blackberries untii
the past few years; indeed, the first patch wholly killed, or made unpro-
ductive by it, of which we have any knowledge, was one owned by Air.
A. S. Barry, near Godfrey Station, five miles north of Alton, From
such facts as we are able to obtain of this patch, it is probable that at
first it appeared only on a few bushes, but afterwards spread so that at
the end of the second summer all the canes were either killed by it or
made unproductive.

Of late we have met with this disease on cultivated blackberries in
several localities in the West. In all of which, judging from the rapidity
it is spreading, it is to be feared that whole sections of coimtry may yet
be swept by it. So contagious does it appear to be, that we believe that
not more than three summers will be likely to elapse, after it appears in
a plantation, before all the bushes in it will be made unfruitful. But
where the bushes mature the fungi, and it is allowed to remain to scatter
the seeds, it does not appear possible that a plant could escape its blight-
ing effects to the end of the second season. That the reader may form
his own opinion with respect to its contagious nature, we will give a
brief history of our own blackberry patch, together with experiments
and observations of this rust as we have found it elsewhere.

To set our patch, we obtained roots enough from- the most vigorous
part of the Godfrey plantation, before mentioned, to set two acres. At
the time we took our roots, Mr, Barry, nor any one else, had supposed
that his bushes were diseased, only that the patch became unproductive
by peach trees growing up and producing an excess of shade, or had
exhausted the ground too much. Our roots were set on ground recently
reclaimed from the forest. On this new land the roots pushed up young
canes with great vigor. In the month of July, however, on perhaps a
hundred shoots last foimed, the young leaves had a crimped appearance,
with a perceptible tinge of }tllovv. This yellowish cast deepened daily
for from six to eight days, when the under sides of the leaves were cov-
ered with a deep colored orange-rust. So much would accumulate that
on the bush being jarred, or shaken, the rust would float oft' in the air,,
so as to be seen at a distance of several yards. Fearing that this floating
dust was the spores of the rust, and if left itvvould spread, we accordingly,
as soon as a bush became aficcted, dug it up. At the end of the first
season, this prompt treatment appeared to have exterminated it. In the
spring and early part of the second summer, only here and there a dis-
eased plant could be found. As in the first year, these were promptly
removed; but b)*. this time the roots of aflbcted plants had extended in
among those that were healthy, and the two had become so interwoven
that when a diseased plant was cut or dug up, from its distant roots dis-
eased plants would quickly appear. It also seemed to spread by the
mature rust being blown and lodging on the tender leaves of the
shoots; those just unfolding appearmg to be the only part on which
the rust vegetates.

Our blackberry field is now four years old, and, after the second year,
diseased shoots have been constantly increasing, and in spite of all our

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 219

watchfulness some of them, h'uldcn among healtliy canes, would occa-
sionally escape notice, mature, and disseminate the rust. Of the two acres
before mentioned, not a single stjuare rod of it can now be found which
does not contain roots that send up diseased canes.

But a few days since we inspected a lot of blackberry vines in the
grounds of B. L. Kingsbury, a neighbor (^f ours. His canes are growing
along a fence. Early this spring the rust appeared on a plant or two,
and in a few days spread about two rods, completely covering the under
side of all the leaves. But for a thicket of wild growth intervening
between these and other canes, it doubtless would have spread much
farther.

Mr. K., fearing to cut and move the bushes lest the jarring should
cause the dust to be disseminated to other parts of the ground, by our
advice spread among them dry leaves, and burned the whole. Soon
after a plant assumes the yellowish hue, its growth is a good deal checked.
Under these conditions, each of the affected canes pushes from near the
ground a great number of other and smaller canes, or shoots, and each
of these being sooner checked than those that preceeded them, pushes a
great number of shoots, and each new cane prochiced, as we have
described, being incapable of perfecting leaves, the mother plant soon
becomes exhausted, and in the following spring rarely produces new
growth; or if new canes are produced, they generally show the rust
on the first leaves, and are soon killed. Such canes as are afiected late
in the f:dl may produce bloom in the following year, but will rarely
perfect fruit. We have likewise observed that the same rule will apply
to plants which were healthy in the fall which lose their new canes by
rust early in the spring, or such as are checked in their growth by it.
Whoever is familiar with the yellows of the peach can not but notice
the marked resemblance of the eflects of the orange-rust on the black-
berry and the yellows on the peach. Indeed, so closely are these two
diseases allied that, with the exception of slight diflerences, one descrip-
tion would answer well for both.

The flesh of peaches grown on trees suffering from yellows shows a
peculiar logwood-red stain. The subsequent crops of shoots from the
canes of the blackberry show the same. The yellowed peach tree
exhausts itself by the production of new branches from the axils of all
its leaves, or from such buds as under normal concHtions would have
remained dormant until the following spring. The blackberry, by
pushing buds ordinarily dormant near the roots. The fungi on the
peach, though its cells are much smaller, closely resemble those found on
the leaf of the blackberry. The cells of each, thougli alike in form and
both yellow, diflcr, in that of the blackberry being higher colored. If
we are to judge of the relative productiveness of the two kinds of fungi
as it occurs on single leaves, then that found on the latter is a thousand
times more productive than tiiat of the peach.

Next to a remedy, it is of interest to know how diseases are dissemi-
nated. To determine this point, if possible, with respect to the orange-
rust of the blackberry, a few days since, we selected healthy blackberiy

2 20 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

shoots just appearing above ground ; some of the young leaves of these
we dusted thickly with mature dust or rust; on others we slightly abraded
the upper surface of the leaves, and after moistening tliem, rubbed a
rusted leaf over them. It has now been seven days since these shoots
were so treated ; to-day they all present the unmistakable signs common
to plants that become affected without artificial aid.

TWIG BLIGHT OF THE APPLE.

A good deal of mquiry has been made with respect to the Twig-blight
in apple trees. The following letter, by Mr. Daggy, and the reply, will
indicate what has been done in this direction :

Dr. E. S. Hull, Alton. — Dear Sir: Enclosed please find a twig of an apple-
tree, showing the blight, found in a neighbor's orchard. All the trees are affected
more or less. This twig may not be in condition to show the character of the dis-
ease, but your familiarity with it may suffice. It is in spots all over the trees, from
the trunk to the tips of the branches — some branches entirely girdled with it; yet
there are green, healthy looking leaves and fruit above it; some trees (Rambo)
are damaged to the extent of perhaps a fifth twig all over the tree, making them
the worst cases I ever saw.

The owner of this small orchard is an amateur fruit-grower, who cultivates
highly and prunes judiciously, but feels rather discouraged with the appearance of
this indication of the destruction of the tree, while the insects are taking the
fruit.

Can you give us the cause, cure, or future prospects of this blight, or rather your
opinion and experience with it? We look to the " Farmer" for your reply.

Tuscola, 111., June ii, 1870. E. DAGGY.

P. S. — I cut over two inches, and four healthy looking leaves from the present
year's growth on the top of this twig.

The branch of an apple tree, with the above, came to hand a day or
two after date. The branch was a good deal dried. We cut from it,
however, several small slices of bark, going deep enough to include a thin
slice of wood ; with these we inoculated several succulent pear shoots, by
tying in the pieces of bark as in budding. This was done during the
recent drought, when it .was not only dry, but extremely warm. These
conditions of course were not the most favorable to the spread of blight,
since in addition to heat and warmth, a humid condition of the atmos-
phere is also required.

Soon after inoculating the pear shoots we were for several weeks con-
fined to the house by illness, and to-day (July 20th), after a lapse of thir-
ty-four days, by reading the communication a second time, were reminded
of the experiment on the pear shoots. On inspecting them, we found
them all blighted.

The blight had gone above inoculated parts, varying from one half-mch
to two inches, and descended from three to fourteen inches, further con-
firmino- the opinion we have before several times expressed, that the
fungi causing pear and apple tree blight are identical. This disease in
thelwigs is not new to the apple trees, nor is it unusual to see trees which
are susceptible to it, made more so by late growth, as we will attempt to
bhow further on.

In free-growing ti'ees this twig-blight, so called, is not confined to the

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 221

twigs, but in such trees, and indeed, in all under certain conditions, the
diseased sap is carried downward into the larger branches and kills them,
and sometimes the whole tree. This most often happens to those highly
cultivated, growing in rich land. This disease will continue until late in
the season on trees pruned heavily, either in the fall, winter, or spring.
On the contrary, there are many causes which retard blight, such as non-
cultivation, drought, seediilg the ground under the trees to grass, over-
cropping, root-pruning, etc. In short, anything inducing early maturity,
or tending to arrest the rapid How of sap, will prevent this disease from
being disseminated through the tree.' VVe do not, in stating these several
checks, wish to be understood as recommending all as a means of protec-
tion, since some of them, if employed, would produce so much debility
that the trees would be of but little value for fruit.

If you have been careful to obsei've the trees in your neighborhood,
which were losing their small branches by this blight, you, doubtless,
have seen that there was an abatement of the disease at the time the
current year's shoots began to develop their crown, or terminal buds. It
is also probable that you have noticed on some varieties — slow growers —
that the disease extended only through a few days, killing but a few
inches of the ends of the shoots. But when the malady descended to
the larger limbs, it has generally been supposed that the trees were suffer-
ing from another form of blight, when in reality the cases were identical,
varying only in extent. Persons who have not had to contend with
blight under varying conditions can hardly understand this, and are apt
to consider trees blighting only in the twigs, and those blighting down
into the large branches, affected differently. In localities where there is
no blight, it will make no difference, so far as inducing disease is con-
cerned, how severely the trees are pruned or highly they arc stimulated;
but where blight is present, much pruning, or extra cultivation, or any
treatment tending to prolong growth must be guarded against, or be
combined with some means whereby growth may be checked in time to
prevent sap, vitiated by blight, being circulated through the system of
the tree.

To show the injurious eflects which severe pruning may have on tlie
health of trees where the twigs are diseased, we will cite one case out of
many of an orchard in the neighborhood of where we write : Some six
years since, a gentleman unaccustomed to the management of trees came
into possession of a proiluctive apple orchard, which was then about
fifteen years old. The new proprietor, after examining the condition of
his trees, decided that not less than three-fourths of the branches, large
and small, ought to be lopped off. Accordingly, early in the spring, our
new orchardist had his trees pruned to suit his own understanding of
their wants. In the month of May following, the blight in the twigs
appeared, but instead as in former years of being confined to the twigs
and small branches, it made its way further down than ever before.
Soon the trees were covered with water shoots. These ccjntinued to
grow to the end of the season, affording an active circulation of the sap,
whereby the poisonous impression of the blight-cells was carried down

222 TRANSACTION'S OF THE ILLINOIS

to the large branches, the most of which were either killed or so wounded
that but few of them have since escaped destruction by borers.

Had this orchard been thoroughly root-pruned at the time the top-
pruning was done, then there would have been no excessive or prolonged
top-growtli, and the vitiated sap would have been confined to the small
branches, where it would have dried up, instead of having been carried
do\N-n\\-ards into the older parts of the trees; or had the trees, after they
were pruned, luade excessive bloom, followed by a large set of fruit,
tlien the draft upon the trees to sustain these would have lessened to a
certain extent the vigor of the trees, and an earlier exemption from blight
and less disastrous results would have followed.

KOOT-PKUNING TREES IN THE SUM.MEH.

When sjDeaking of root-pruning trees, we have often atlirmed that, '
theoretically, the summer was the best time to do the work, especially so,
when the operation was resorted to to induce a fruitful condition; but
practically, that some time between late fall and early spring would be
best. This, of course, was said with respect to trees planted in clayey
soils, which in the summer months become so compact and hard at a
little depth, that the labor of opening a trench deep enough .to reach the
roots would be attended with too great cost, as well as fatigue to the
operator. In the winter the sub-soil becomes saturated and soft, and so
long as it remains in this condition, several times as many trees could be
operated on in a given time, as in hard soils. These are the princiiDal
reasons why we have so often directed to shorten the roots of trees in
winter.

But we are aware that thefe are parts of the country where the sub-
soil is sandy, and where it would require but little, if any, more force to
move it at one season than another. Of course in all such soils it doubt-
less would be practical to delay the pruning until within a week or two
of the time it might be desirable to check growth. Especially would
this be the case with trees -which it might be desirable to fruit early.
Until the present year, we have had but little practice in root-pruning in
the summer, and on that account can not speak with as much certainty
of its effects as we could of winter pruning. Here (at Alton), this year,
as early as the 25th of May, pear twigs, the longest of them, had attained
the length of about one foot. About this time one hundred young pear
trees of ours, not before root-pruned, vaiying in height from seven to
fourteen feet, commenced to blight badly. \Ve had all these trees root-
pruned between the 2i^th of May and the 3nd of June. After the prun-
ing was completed, fully a week to ten days elapsed before terminal buds
on the young branches were formed; during all this time the blight
spread rapidly, killing some of the trees and greatly disfiguring others.
Had these trees been operated on in the winter or the previous summer,
all would ha^•e reached a necessary condition of growth in time to have
entirely escaped the blight. We had other trees root-pruned in all the
early jDart of May, at intervals, until the 3otli of the month. Those first
pruned wholly escaped injury, while some three or four trees pruned as

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 223

late as the 18th and 20th. blighted a good deal, losing half or more of
tlieir tops, and one of thcni died quite down to the ground. From what
has been explained, here and previously, it will be seen that when trees
are to be root-pruned to prevent injury from blight, it must be so per-
formed that the trees can not extend their branches after the time blight
is expected. Or when blight is likely to appear early, summer pruning
must be done the previous season. Here perhaps it will be well to state,
that when the pruning is delayed until the 20th of May, double the
amount of roots would have to be cut, to force a tree to rest by the first
of June, that would have been required if the operation had been done
before the trees leaved out.

If, however, as before intimated, our object in pruning be to secure
early fruitfulness of the trees only, then we can see no objection to delay-
ing the operation until such time in tlie summer as trees have made a
fair growth, or until about the time the alburnuni is forming rapidly.

If, however, the trees are pruned at this late period, the soil under
them must be kept carefully stirred, otherwise little or no root growth
w ould be formed until the following year.

Al'PLE-TKEP: PLANT LOUSE [Apkls mall).

During the past summer several packages of diseased apple leaves
w^ere received, to each of which a reply similar to the following was
made. The leaves were in precisely the condition that the leaves of many
varieties were in this region last year. Each diseased part has a center, or
several of them, caused by punctures of apple tree lice. On the most of
these leaves the punctures were made while they were unfolding, before
the under side was accessible to the lice, probably before the trees were in
bloom or very soon after.

The eggs of the louse, wdiich is the cause of this mischief, as well as the
louse itself, are preyed upon by quite a small bird, early in the spring; at
the same time, and later, by the lady bugs and their larvai. Also by the
larvie of lace-wing flies, and other cannibal insects. Last year, through-
out a consideral)le part of Illinois, the apple-tree louse infested trees in such
vast numbers as almost to conceal the young branches, yet within five or
ten davs after tiie larvic of the lace-wing flies appeared among them,
scarcely a louse could be found. At the time of the disappearance of the
lice, and for several days afterwards, their punctures were not perceptible
to the unaided eye. With the help of a good lens, however, the wounds
made by them were plain to be seen. It was also apparent that as soon as
a louse was removed, the puncture it made in sucking the juices of the
leaves, became a nidus or point to which that species of fungi which
clouds the fruit, became attached.

As seen, when highly magnified, the spores of this fungus w^ere
heaped up manv deep, and spread rapiilly around the wounded part,
until th(j the diameter of the patch would be an eighth of an inch or
more. Another noticeable feature of the spread of this rust the past year,
was that when it became largely multiplied around wounds, it spread to
healthy leaves, tender branch growth, and to the fruit.

3 24 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Leaves or fruit injured as we have just stated never show the
arrested central point of attachment unless they have been previously
punctured.

The leaves you sent represent both of the conditions we have men-
tioned. If you will carefully inspect the fruit on your Prior's Red, from
which you took these leaves, you may on a few of the apples find a small
circular patch of rust; with the finger rub this off" and near the center
you will discover one or more points which were the punctures ot
the lice.

It is worthy of note, that nearly all the fruit of russet or rough-skinned
apples are but rarely punctured by lice, while they feed freely on the
young twigs or leaves. If you find no wounds on your Prior's Red,
tlienlook on the Red June or Early Har\-est, the fruit of either of which
the lice prefer to the leaves.

From what has been said you will readily understand that it is too late
to apply a remedy to your trees this year; but the coming spring you can
keep your ti'ees quite free from the apple-tree louse by simply slacking
quicklime with boiling hot water, using just water enough to reduce the
lime to a dry powder.

This powder should be thrown over the trees when they are wet,
just before and after they are in bloom. One pint of the lime is suffi-
cient to protect the largest tree. Or if you have a garden engine, a
decoction of tobacco, water, and soap will answer equally well. Two
men with a team can tlirow this decoction or the lime over five hundreii
trees per day.

THE ST. JOSEPH FRUIT REGION.

During the past summer and fall we spent some eight or ten days at
Benton Harbor, across the river from St. Joseph, inspecting orchards, vine-
yards, etc. The shore of Lake Michigan, at St. Joseph, extends nearly due
north and south. Although the east shore of the lake is far nfjrth of the
line of successful peach-growing, excepting only such sites as occur along
large water courses, yet this region is, nevertheless, well adapted for most
fruits of temperate climates. The reason of this is found in the modify-
ing effects of the open waters, so tempering the west and northwest
wind in its passage over the lake that a difference of fifteen or more
degrees is often observed at the same parallels between the two shores;
also, when the wind is blowing directly up the lake from the north, there
are points along the shore which are nearly, or, perhaps, quite as well
protected from severe freezing, as though the wind were to blow across
the water. The reason of this is that the winds in their passage up for
a long distance are unobstructed, thereby acquiring great force, and
whenever any great opening occurs in the high banks of the lake shore,^
as at the mouth of St. Joseph river, there the stiller air on the land is
pressed back by the lake breeze. In this way the wind from the lake
passes a considerable distance up the valleys and over the adjacent lands.
At times so great is the lake current of air that after its passage into-
the valleys, it turns and blows a considerable distance in an opposite

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 225

direction to the wind on the lake. It is to this cause that sites opposite
St. Jo. can be selected, against which north land breezes can work but
little harm.

Doubtless there are many other places along the east shore of the
lake equally protected as are the lands at St. Jo.

With respect to fruit insects, they are abundant, both at SfT Jo. and
Benton Harbor, and arc increasing. Among those which we observed
to be most troublesome on the fruit of the apple was codling moth;
apple and plum curculios, trunk and limb borers were plenty, wliile the
leaves, fruit and branches are sometimes infected with lice, and the fruit
scabs. Peaches, plums, and cherries arc much stung by the curculio.
In some orchards it was claimed tliat in the past year no very marked
increase was noticeable, while in others the ratio of increase in one year
was estimated as high as one thousand per cent. Here, as in other
States, the grape-vine insects abound, and some of them in great lunn-
bers. In some of the vineyards the grape-vine louse had spoiled all, or
nearly all, the early vine and leaf growth. The iettigonia vitiSy or leaf
hopper, did not appear to be near so numerous as in localities much
further south. They were sufficiently numerous, however, to show
that they could be depended on whenever vine growing at that point
shall become well established. The Grape-vine Fidia^ the steel-blue
beetle, and several other of the grape insects of Southern vineyards,,
were here found; also, that pest of the grape grower, the grape codling.
This last insect, though much smaller, closely resembles the codling
moth, and is, perhaps, more destructive, and more likely to rapidly increase
fn northern climates than either of the other grape insects which we have
named. Our neighbors across the water are not strangers to tree diseases
other than those induced by insects. There, as in Illinois and elsewhere,
where fruits are largely grown, the pear tree is subject to the disease
known as pear-tree blight, the leaves to leaf-blight, and the fnjit to the
russet patches and bands so prevalent in the southwestern state?. Apple
trees die from some aflection of the roots. CheiTy-tree leaves and young
branches mildew. The leaves of the plum are attacked by fungi,.
Grapes rot, while the peach is not in all cases as vigorous as could be
desired, nor is its fruit exempt from rot. Whoever goes to Michigan^
or to any other fruit district, to engage in fruit growing ought first
to understand that all the difficulties we have mentioned, and many
more, will sooner or later have to be encountered.

TRAPPING CURCULIOS.

In company with Dr. Le Baron, State Entomologist of Illinois, we
arrived at St. Joseph, Michigan, May 23d. We proceeded at once to the
residence of Mr. W. B. Ransom, the discoverer of the new mode of
destroying the curculio. We found Mr. Ransom in his peach orchard
on his knees, under a tree, lifting his traps and exhibiting to several vis-
itors present the curculios which were adhering to the under side of covers
which he had laid around the trees. After receiving a cordial greeting
from Mr. R. and others present, we. in company with Mr. R., carefully

226 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

prospected trees in that part of the orchard which had not been gone
■over that morning. Tiie traps for capturing the " little Turk" were
pieces of bark, say tln-ee or four inches long and about half as wide.
These were laid close around the trunks of the trees, three or four of
them to each tree. Before putting these down the ground was smoothed,
and the earth pressed close to the trunks, so as to leave no hiding places
for the curculios to enter. Four or five such bits of ba^k as we have
mentioned arc made to encircle the trunk of a tree. Air. Ransom thinks
it of much importance, on placing these bits of bark around the ti'ee,
that thev should be down in contact with the earth, so that only very
small openings under them be left. Pieces laid close to the ground, with
one edge touching the tree, were generally selected by the insect to those
that were loosely laid, and that were at some distance from the tree.
The object of the insects in going under these seemed to be to shelter
themselves, while at rest, from observation, and possibly from cold. So
long as they remained under the covers, it was only necessary to pick up
the bark and kill such insects as were under them, replace the traps, and
in a like manner go from tree to tree. In this way it was supposed a
man and an active boy could daily visit a thousand trees.

As soon as it was known that Mr. Ransom had clearly determined
that curculios could be taken in large numbers by merely providing shel-
ter for them, the St. Joseph Herald issued an extra, which was sent to all
the fruitgrowers in the vicinity, setting forth the efficiency of this method,
and urging immediate action and co-operation, on the grounds that the
whole brood could be gathered and destroyed before they were ready to
sting a plum or a peach.

The fruit growers, being thus timely notified and encouraged by the
fact that all who laitl traps caught insects, generally engaged in this novel
mode of warfare; some averaging, for a time, as high as ten or a dozen
per tree for the whole orchard. On the 3 2d, however, the weather had
become warmer, and curculios were taken under the traps in diminished
numbers; while in fact their numbers were rapidly augmented in the
trees. About this time several persons tried jarring their trees. On the
morning of May 19, Dr. Winans jarred from one plum tree 180 curcu-
lios; 20th, 94; 23d, 310, and on the morning of the 23d, 25 were taken
by jarring, and two under the traps.

Several other persons had likewise resorted to both trapping and jar-
ring; in every instance reported to us, many times more insects were
captured by jarring than \Nere taken under the traps; and at the time we
left it was g-eneralU' conceded that from that time to the end of the
season the sheets were the only reliable means by which the peach crop
could be secured free from worms.

On the last day of our visit (May 23), peaches at St. Joseph were
about the size of a small hazel-nut, and probably the first cuts made by
the curculios were on the 22d, possibly not till the 23d; and yet in both
Mr. Ransom's and Mr. Whittlesey's grounds many peaches were stung.
Dozens were picked ofl' Mr. W.'s trees containing eggs pf the curculio,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 227

and yet Mr. W.'s trees had traps under them, and had heen carefully
tended from near tlie time of Mr. R.'s discovery.

A query here presents itself and one too of much practical importance.
For example: Supposing no bugging by traps or otherwise had been
<lone, up to the very morning of the day when curculios commenced
stingmg the fruit, and that on that morning a curculio catcher or other
contrivance for thoroughly jarring the trees liad been used, would not all
the curculios have been taken which had previously come into the orchaid
and l)een trapped, together with those which diil not enter the traps.''
This query seems to us all the more important from the fact that at the
time curculios began to sting, the peaches on those trees which had been
most thoroughly bugged seemed to have curculios enough on them to
<lestroy all the fruit in a few days. If all the curculios on entering the
orchard would go down under the cover jorovided for them, then the new
mode of catching them would be best, since the labor could be performed
by women and children. But any method of catching which fails to
take all the insects, would not lighten the labor of jarring the trees. We
have long since determined that it makes no difference how many curcu-
lios come together in the orchard for mating, or how long they are in
doing so, provided the orchard is run in time to jar the trees twice before
any of the fruit is stung. For aught that we can now see, jarring trees
may safely be delayed as long when trapping is not resorted to as where
it is; and for this reason, we can not understand how results of much
practical im})ortance can be realized by laying traps for curculios.

From present appearances, it seems that as soon as the weather
becomes very warm, or by the time peaches are as large as a small hazel-
nut, curculios mainly go into the trees and do not descend to the traps.
From this time there are not less than thirty days of active work to be
done with a curculio catcher, and that, too, in the very height of the cur-
culio season, during which time fully nine-tenths of all the insects which
enter the orchards are to be taken. At Alton, sweet cherries and plums
have to be run from about May ist to June 30th. Peach trees, from, say
May 15th to the latest date named. Judging from the diflerence in cli-
mate between Alton and St. Joseph, their curculio season would com-
mence about fifteen days later than at Alton ; and by reason of their
cooler climate, their curculios would continue active until August ist,
after which, at both points, stragglers would appear near to the end of
the season.

At Alton, curculios, from neighboring orchards and from the forests,
begin to migrate freely about the first of June, and from that time on
for the next twenty to thirty days they are most difficult to control,
because they fiy freely the after part of the day; and during this later
period, when they enter the orchard they are ready to lay their eggs;
therefore, they must be caught as soon after they enter as possible.

On Mr. Random's first making known his discovery, it was, we believe,
generally regarded as being a sure and easy way of ridding the orchard,
or as the editor of the vSt. Joseph Herald stated: "There is no doubt
whatever that the long-desired means of exterminating the curculio is

2 28 TkANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

discovered." On the first day of our visit to the St. Joseph and Ben-
ton Harbor orchards we were strongly inclined to believe that a remedy,
at least nearly perfect, had at length been discovered, and had we returned
without making a second day's investigation, we might have been at a
loss to know whether it would do or not to trust to trapping to save a
crop of fruit.

On first seeing the insects under the traps we were at a loss to deter-
mine whether they were apple or plum curculios. To determine this we
brought home specimens, and after carefully comparing them with those
known to make the crescent cut, we find nearly all were plum curculios.
When wc left, Mr. Ransom or others did not seem to be quite as hope-
ful as they were at first. The last day we were at St. Jo. Mr. Ransom
told us that since the weather became warmer but few curculios would
come down from the trees, and that himself and assistant were hand-
picking the trees.

This sudden failure of the curculios to go under the shelter provided
for them, caused quite an animated discussion, and as several practical
gentlemen participated in it, some valuable experience was elicited.

Many instances were mentioned of gronnd which had been recently
stirred or dug up, on which bits of bark or boards had been laid, of cur-
culios at once adhering to the imder side of them as though they had just
come out of the new stirred ground. Others were found with mud or
clay adhering to their backs, looking as though they had just come np
from a considerable depth. A popular theory with some was, that the
curculios crawled at nigiit from their winter haunts to the orchards, and
after feeding on the foliage by night, had crawled down the trees and
under the nearest cover, where they remained during the day, but each
night returned to regale themselves on the foliage of the trees after which
they again sought shelter to take their daily nap. This theory has not
been sustained, no one ever having seen a curculio descend from the fruit
trees, either to shelter itself, or for any other purpose.

Since so much interest and importance has attached to the discovery
made by Mr. Ransom, several persons have had the cheek to claim that
they have known for many years that curculios would avail themselves
of shelter when it was provided for them. Without advising our readers
to rely on this discovery to save their fruit crops from the " little Turk,"
we would nevertheless advise all to experiment in this new field so
recently opened to them.

When we arrived at home from our Michigan trip, curculios had been
at work in our grounds about twenty-five days. We were, on that
account, at least that number of days too late to fairly test the value of
Mr. Ransom's discovery for this latitude. But that we might know with
respect to its merit in our warmer climate, as a means of exterminating
or capturing such curculios as yet remained in the orchard, or those which
came in from the forest or surrounding orchards, we at once selected five
of our largest Nectarine trees in fruit.

The trees we selected were those most exposed to insects coming in
from other points. The neccessary preparation of grovmd was made, by

May

29

May

31

11

May

31

((

((

((

((

June

I.

((

((

((

C(

June

2.

u

((

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 229

removing all rubbish under which the insects could secrete themselves,
and by perfectly leveling and smoothing the earth under the trees, and
especially around the stem of the trees so as to leave no lumps of earth,
or cracks, or crevices under or in which a curculio could secrete itself.
This done, we surrounded the stem or trunk of each tree with corn cobs,
pieces of bark, etc., placing these so the edges next to the trees should
touch the trunks, and pressed them down gently into the earth so as to
leave only small openings under them into which the insects could enter.

Now for results :

Curculios taken under trap. o

On curculio catcher . ..., 63

Taken under traps o

On curculio catcher 38

Cloudy and rainy a little.

Under traps, Plum curculio 2

Under traps, Apple curculio 3

On curculio catcher 41

Taken under traps, Apple curculios -. 3

Plum curculios, on curculio catcher 58

On two corn cobs, laid together in forks of tree. i

Taken under traps. Plum curculio i

Apple .-- — -.- 4

" " On curculio catcher 109

The catcher was run about seven o'clock each morning, and the traps
were examined at five, at noon, and again between six and seven each
evening.

We trust that our Michigan friends, Messrs. Ransom, Whittlesey,
Jackson, and Dr. Winans, and others who are trapping their insects, also
jarring them down, will continue both modes, at least on a limited num-
ber of trees, to the end of the curculio season, carefully note the results,
and forward the same to us for publication.

Connected with this new discoverv, it seems to us that it would be
well to mark, as near as may be, the earliest and latest periods at which
the larvae of the curculio leave the fruit, as well as the earliest and latest
periods at which curculios, bred this year, emerge from the ground as
beetles; also, how large a proportion, if any, hibernate below ground
during winter, in the larvae form. This would aid in the coming year in
ascertaining what proportion of other curculios, than those which come
out of the ground in the spring, are captured by traps.

Last fall we were at Benton Harbor, Mich., as late as October 20th.
On some peaches of the Key Port white variety brought home by us, a
few, half to two-thirds grown larvae were found. These, and probably
all the larvai that left the fruit after the middle of August, would retain
the larval form until the following spring.

On our kite visit, May 22d, nearly all the curculios furnished us by
Mr. Ransom, taken under his traps, had the bright and lighter colors

230 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

peculiar to those just emerging from the ground. So uniform were they
in this respect as to lead us to suspect that they could not be plum cur-
culios, while curculios caught in Mr. Whittlesey's grounds, in the act of
puncturing fruit, were darker colored, looking like those taken farther
south.

Attention to the suggestions we have made would aid in clearing up
several mooted points concerning the habits of the curculio, as well as
furnish accurate data on which to base future operations.

All our orchard ground has been thoroughly stirred, and cobs or
other traps will be placed around all the trees early in April. And we
advise all to devote time to this means of trapping. Do it early and
thoroughly, and report results. But at the same time be sure to have a
curculio catcher ready in case of need.

We will cite only a single case, though numerous others could be
adduced, showing how rapidly curculios increase and advance upon new-
territory :

We recently inquired of Mr. B. Pullen, one of the most extensive
and successful peach growers of Centralia, 111., with respect to the sea-
son's catch of curculios at that point. He informed us that most of the
orchardists united for the purpose of capturing these insects, some run-
ning as many as three catchers. His own orchard the previous year was
barren of fruit, or nearly so; but notwithstanding this, from his own
trees upwards of 70,000 curculios had been numbered as the product of
this season's run.

GRAPE CODLING.

Among the insects injurious to the vine, which have within the past
few years become numerous in most, probably all, of the large vine dis-
tricts of the West, none have spread so rapidly, or appear to be so
little known, as the Grape Codling.

During the past few years we have repeatedly visited vineyards in
which twenty, antl in some as high as fifty per cent, of the grapes were
spoiled or had rotted from injuries clearly traceable to the work of these
insects; and that too, without its presence being suspected, the proprietors
generally supposing that the damage was to be attributed to rot. At the
meeting of the Mississippi Valley Grape Growers' Association, held at
St. Louis the past spring, it was stated by prominent vineyardists that
the ratio of increase of these Grape Codlings was 25 per cent, per
annum ; and that up to that time no parasitic insect or other natural check
was known to have appeared to materially interrupt their regular increase.
A nuinber of years since we read a paper before the Missouri State Hor-
ticultural Society, in which we referred to the codling moth having become
domesticated in the okler vineyards around Alton, apparently being as
much at home in grapes as in apples.

At that time, and until the editors of the American Entomologist
decided differently, we had no doubt that the larvae found in grapes and
those in apples were one and the same insect.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 23 I

It is true that the worms in the grapes were known to be one-halt'
smaller than those which matured in the apples, yet, in every other par-
ticular, wccoulil see no very marked diffl-rence.

We have been acquainted with the larvic of the Grape Codling since
near the time we settled in the West; this insect, therefore, can not be
considered a new enemy of the vine. Previous to the great increase of
vineyards it, like many other insects, does not appear to have attracted the
special notice of entomologists.

We do not speak disparagingly when we state that prior to the sum-
mer of 1S6S we believe that the then State Entomologist of Illinois or
of ^Missouri practically knew nothing of it.

About the i6th of June of that year, Mr. Walsh, the party first
referred to, paid us a week's visit, and we directed his attention to what
we, up to that time, had believed to be apple worms in our grapes. lie
at once made a careful comparison of these" larvae, under the microscope,
with those of the codling moth taken from apples, and stated that he
believed them to be diflerent, but that they would probably be found to
belong to some some closely allied moth.

A few days after Mr. Walsh left us, we were with the Ad Interim
Committee of the Missouri State Horticultural Society, visiting the Iron
Mountain district. We there directed the attention of the Missouri State
Entomologist to the same insect, and after a tedious search in the vine-
yard of Dr. Dyer, near V'ilieland, we succeeded in finding two or three
of the larvif.

Some time after this he stated he had bred to the perfect state, and
found diem to be distinct from the colding moth. Figures of this Grape
Colding were published on page 77 of the American Entomologist for
May, 1S69. The manner in which the larva cuts and folds the cocoon
out of the leaves of the grapes is shown on the page following. While
we do not doubt that these delineations of the three stages of the insect
are conect, nevertheless, we think the writer has fallen into an error witb
respect to the manner they prepare for their transformation, especially in
the open ground. Never having experimented with the larvae in confine-
ment, of course we do not know what use they would make of pocket
handkerchiefs or leaves, if provided with those articles. We now quote
from the article above referred to, last half of paragraph headed, " Its
Natural History :"

" The cocoon is often formed on the leaves of the vine, in a manner essentially
characteristic. After coverinjT a given spot with silk, the worm cuts out a clean
oval flap, leaving it hinged on one side, and, rolling this flap over, fastens it to
the leaf, and thus forms for itself a cosy little house. One of these cocoons is rep-
resented at Figure 124 b, and though the cut is sometimes less regular than shown
in the figure, it is undoubtedly the normal habit of the insect to make just such a
cocoon as represented.

" Sometimes, however, it cuts two crescent-shaped slits, and, rolling up the
two pieces, fastens them in the middle as shown at Figure 125. And frequently it
rolls over a piece of the edge of the leaf, in the manner commonly adopted by leaf
rolling larva-, while we have had them spin up in a silk handkerchief, where they
made no cut at all."

232 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

On reading this and looking at the drawings representing hinged flaps
in the leaves, we could not divest our mind of the fact, that we had often,
as we thought, found the larvae of these Grape Codlings under cover of
loose bark, and in the crevices of grape supports.

The past fall fully sixty per cent, of our Catawba grapes were hollowed
out by these pernicious insects; or to state the case differently, had a
careful computation of these larvae at the time been made, and the same
of the leaves on the vines, we believe the former would have outnum-
bered the latter; and yet, the most careful inspection made by us and
others, extending on till the late frost, failed to detect a single grape
-worm, folded in a leaf, preparatory for summer transformation or for hiber-
nation. On the 23d of July of the present year, we visited Kirkwood,
Mo. While there we were shown a vine, in Dr. Spalding's grounds,
which was growing in an open field at considerable distance from other
vines. Aided by the doctor, we inspected each leaf of this vine, and
though some thirty of the grapes on it had contained grape codling larvae,
which had evidently reached their full size and crawled out to seek a
cover under which to transform, notwithstanding, not a leaf on this vine
had been rolled near the edge, nor had any flaps cut in them. Again,
late in November last, we looked over the stakes in our vineyards, and
finding numerous cocoons of Grape Coldings in them, we had them car-
ried to the wood pile and new stakes set. Either from burning these old
stakes, or from some other cause, this season, for the first time in seven
years, the Grape Codlings are so scarce in our vineyard, that probably as
an average not more than one wounded grape in five bunches could be
found.

Does the general reader ask what particular advantage is to come
from knowing the habits of our insect enemies ? We answer, that such
knowledge is the basis of all successful remedies. For instance, plum
curculios are known to be timid, and to drop to the ground on the approach
of danger; tliis has been taken advantage of by receiving them on sheets
spread under the trees from which they are jarred.

Qiiite recently it has been discovered, with respect to this same insect,
that in the early spring many of them seek shelter. Advantage has been
taken of this by providing shelter for them, by which means vast num-
bers of them are carught.

As far back as 1832, Mr. Joseph BuiTel, of Massachusetts, practiced
laying rags in the forks of his apple trees. This was done because he
knew that when other cover was removed from the orchard the larvae of
the codling mothj'so destructive to aj)ples, would accept those in which to
spin their cocoons, and while there would be easily killed. So it is of
almost every mode of attacking our injurious insects.

We first determine their habits, and having learned these we discover
some period when they may be successfully attacked. Hence, was it true
that grape codlings hibernated folded up in the leaves; the remedy th?*t
would very naturally present itself would be, to collect all the leaves in
the fall, and burn them; or judging from the nature of the larvae, what
would be equally well, plow the leaves under to rot.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETV. 233

But if these insects, especially the last brood, have not the habit, at
iome period of their larval existence, of attaching- themselves to the leaves,
then it needs no argument to show how useless an operation it would be
to gather and burn the leaves of a whole a ineyard. as has been recom-
mended in the Etitonwlogist^ expecting thereby to destroy insects which
had taken refuge somewhere else. On the other hand, observation
has taught us that these Grape Codling larvic have the same habit, on
leaving the fruit, as their near relatives, the apple worms. Where, then,
should we search for them except under such cover as \\-ould afford them
needed protection against storms and observation.^ Such places in a vine-
yard would be in crevices and holes in bellis posts, or, if stakes are
employed, under the bark or in openings, as the stakes might afford. It
is in such places, we will here state, that we ha^'e alw ays found them
rolled up in a little cocoon — smaller, but not otherwise unlike that of the
apple worm.

The principal facts in the history of these j^-ape codlings may be
summed up briefly as follows: That the winged-moth appears early in
May, and durjng the first warm days lays her eggs, only one in a grape,
in a crescent, which she previously makes; that these eggs are hatched
in from three to ten days' time, varying with the temperature; each egg
producing a worm, \vhich at fifst is too small to be detected by the
unaided eye; that in from four to six weeks they attain to their full "larva
size, and soon after leave through the opening by which they entered,
and lower themselves by a web w hich they spin from their mouths, and
afterwards crawl to some secure retreat, where they form a cocoon, in
which they transform.

In conclusion, these insects are several brooded, and appear to be on
the increase, infesting most districts occupied largely by the vine. Judg-
ing from the similarity of habits of the grape and apple codling, it may
prove that our defense against their depredations will also be similar.

From this time (August) until cold weather occurs in the fall, vine-
yardists will do well to watch the doings of these grape codlings that
they may devise more eflectual means for their destruction than any
which have heretofore been practiced.

The al)Ove was published in the Prarie Farmer early the past fall,
since which time we have experimented by tying bundles of leaves to
grape supports, also binding rags aromid thein. Others have done the
same, Avith results as was expected, viz : The larvie entered and spun
their cocoons. Remedy — late in the fall, gather the bundles of leaves
or rags and burn them.

ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE APPLE IN NORTHERN ILLINOIS.

BY DR. L. S. PENNIN(;T0N, WHITESIDE CO.

To improve and make successful the cultivation of the apple, in this
new country, and especially in this portion of tlie Northwest, has engaged,
and still continues to claim, the attention of our most intelligent and

22

234 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

thinking mind. Pioneers in a great enterprise (Horticulture), new and
untried, is it not strange that their failures have been so few, and their
successes so great?

It is with pleasure and with pride, that I read from year to year, of
the efforts made by the horticultural societies of Illinois, as well as by
many of the kindred associations of the West, in this field of labor, con-
tinued as they have been through so many successive years, and some,
with gi-eat failure and loss; yet the work ceases not, and the work-
men turn not back. Such perseverance can but result in improvements,,
lasting as they are beneficial. We are in many respects a fast people;,
our habits but little induce to-^ that patient toil and careful obsei-vatioa
necessary to secure such results. Yet much useful knowledge has been
gained since the settlement of our country.

It is the experience of those that have lived here since 1840, and cul-
tivated the apple since that time, that they have lost a large number of
the varieties planted, from climatic changes, or they have proved worth-
less from their unproductiveness, or from the inferior character of the
fruit; and I regret to say that some sorts, which for years appeared to be
a success, have in the end failed. This has not only been the case with
the old varieties, but with a large number of the new (seedlings).

These lessons should make us slow to introduce either old or new
varieties, except they first shall have passed unharmed through a cycle
of our years, which, as many claim embraces, as a rule, about fourteen
(14) years. We know that three such cycles or great climatic changes
have taken place since 1829; but it is to be hoped that hereafter these
changes may be greatly modified by the continued planting of trees, and
the general improvements that are constantly going on in the West.
We shall be mistaken, if this is not so.

My own efforts have been to produce new varieties, adapted to our soil
and climate; and after experimenting with a large number for more than
twety (20) years, have, I regret to say, produced none equal to some of our
old standard varieties. For home purposes, and for the amateur, a larger list
can be indulged in ; but for shipping purposes, the list is as yet but a very
meager one. The many thousands of trees that are now everywhere
found as mere cumberers of the ground, are so many standing witnesses
of our inexperience. But that shield can not longer protect those that
raise for the market, nor those that plant orchards expecting to make
them remunerative.

Our horticultural and agricultural societies should offer a high pre-
mium for a commercial apple of high merit — the tree as well as the
fruit, making up the conditions.

Among the number that have best succeeded in this locality, I would
name the Red Astracan, Yellow June (or Kirkbridge White.'') Early White
(tender), Soulard, Early Nonsuch (or Early Nonpareil), Haas or Horse,
Fameuse or Snow, Rambo (tender), Early Pennock (tender), Domine
Gilpin, and Willow Twig.

As a shipping or commercial variety, I have raised none that can
compare with the Willow Twig, and the experience of years but confirms

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 235

its value. There are other reliable varieties raised in Northern Illinois,
but not having so long an experience with them, I leave their com-
mendation to others.

The number, I feel well assured will, step by step, be increased, but
not so soon as our earlier years had anticipated. As to the diseases inci-
dent to the tree and to the fruit, no enemy at the present time can be
compared to the codling moth, and yet we hope that this will soon find
its destroyer. None of the remedies, or moth catchers yet proposed, can
be made to pay on a large scale; at least that is my understanding and
experience.

The only apparent exemption from this destroyer which I have noticed
was where the orchard was used as a cattlej pasture. I would inquire if
others have, to any extent, noticed a like exemption? I would here sug-
gest that if no feasible remedy shall soon appear or be discovered, whether
it could not be reached by some statutory provision by which the fruit
shall be either consumed or destroyed as fast as it falls? More than half
the labor and capital invested in the orchard is now lost, or in a measure
destroyed, by this moth. Is it not worth some sacrifice and labor to pro-
vide for its destruction ?

The rotten root spoken of by some is, with me, an enemy of the past.
It was always found on a wet and compact soil, l)ut since drainage was
resorted to, and the soil has become dry and friable, it has entirely disap-
peared. I am led to believe that the diversity of opinion that exists to
so great an extent among our fruit growers as to tiie hardiness, bearing
qualities, and diseases of our orchards, depends largely on the drainage,
both natural and artificial, of the orchard site.

The geological relations of a soil may exert an influence in modifying
the character of a fruit, but if so they have escaped my observation. I
have, for evidence of this, with some care watched the orchards planted —
some on a soil resting on the Galena limestone of the lower Silurian,
some on the magnesian rocks of tiie upper Silurian, and others on the
Devonian. Qiiestions like this require much time and careful observation,
in order that they may be more widely and better understood.

REPORT FROM THE SECOND HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT.
O. B. Galusha, Secretary of the Illinois State Horiictiltural Society:

I^ear Sir : — The closing year has been one of peculiar interest to the
horticulturist.

Spring opened about the first of April, and, with little exception, the
weather was quite warm and dry; no general rain until September.
The first hard frost occurred November 9th; plowing was stopped by
frost December 15th.

The season throughout has resembled those of extreme Southern
Illinois more than it has the average ones of our own latitude. As a
consequence of the excessive drouth, the losses in transplanting have
been very great.

236 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Strawberries were finely flavored, but in most localities they were
small, and their season of short duration. Those who formerly grew
them for the Chicago market became discouraged by the low prices a
few years since, and abandoned their culture to such an extent tliat the
county towns take the crop grown in their respective vicinities at fair
prices.

The crops of Raspberries^ Currants^ and Blackberries were also cut
short by the drouth, which will induce many in the future to adopt the
practice of mulching.

Gooseberries^ in my immediate vicinity, were in some gardens a full
crop, and in others an entire failure.

Cherries — Common and English Morello wxre abundant. Early
Richmond generally matured not more than one-fourth of a crop. E. A.
Richmond, of Geneseo, says: "Not one perfect specimen."

Peaches are not generally grown. Qiioting from I. VV. Stewart, of
Florid, Putnam County : " not so much as they should be (in the south-
ern part of this district). I have had peaches for the last three seasons,
and a fair crop each year; this season more than we wanted to use —
seedlings, of course — but many of them of very good quality."

Apples. — Apples were generally an abundant crop, free from scab,
in marked contrast with the crop of 1869. The codling moth still con-
tinues to be a great evil. Pasturing with an}- kind of stock to eat the
fallen fruit tends to keep them in check in some degree; but it is hoped
that many will be induced to try bands of hay or rags placed around the
bodies or in the forks of the trees, examining them, and killing the
worms as often as once in ten days. In my own orchard, there seems to
be a difference in varieties, as to their liability to be attacked by tlie
moth. Westfield Seek-no-further appears to be troubled less than anv
other variety.

The borer is very troublesome where introduced. Washing with
hot soap has not with me proved good protection. Careful inspection
twice a year is the only effectual remedy that I have tried, though it
would seem that encasing trees with bark, as practiced by Mr. J. W.
Cochran, of Blue Island, or with tarred paper, applied in May, must be
effectual. In consequence of the length of our warm season, many
perfect beetles anticipated their proper time for exit, and came out late
this fall, it is hoped, to be killed by the frost before depositing their eggs;
or if deposited, that the frost may destroy them.

Pears gave but a light crop; in some localities, as in Putnam County,
Mr. Stewart reports "free from blight;" but they never blighted worse
with me. One standard tree of White Doyenne, which appeared dying
from blight in the spring of 1869, was then thoroughly root-pruned, antl
is recovering. One tree, twenty-five years old, on thorn root, bore a good
crop of fine fruit.

Plums were generally destroyed by curculio. Mr. S. D. Scofield,
of Freeport, reports " the Miner is the only plum tree that has seemed
to repay for planting; has done well in moist land, and I am told by
close observers, that in such localities it seldom, if ever, fails of producing

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 237

gCKxl crops. I know of high and dry localities in our own city where
the crop the past season has been immense, but such are exceptions.
We would not exchange it for all the other plums ever planted in the
county, as one year's crop would pay more than \\e could ever hope to
realize from all others." A basket of this fruit, sent me by my friend
D. W. Scott, of Galena, came fully up to the recommendations of its
friends.

Grapes. — Grapes are represented as a perfect success in all parts of
the district. Mr. Alex. Strachn gives an account of a great exhibition
held by the Rockford Horticultural Society. He says, " 7?<Jf^<:'/''5 Hy-
brids were well represented, and gained many admirers. They will
receive more attention. Dclaxvarc is rather losing ground ; lieing hard
to manage. Concord still holds its own, as does the Hartford Prolijic,
although tlic fruit of both cracked badlv in some localities. lona is work-
ing its way up. Ejimelan is promising. On the whole, our grape crop
is all that could be asked for. The market was well supplied, and the
growers complained of the price."

Mr. Strachn strongly urges the forming of llt)rticultural Societies in
each county, auxiliary to the vState Society. The work accomi)lished by
the societies at Rockford and Galena are powerful arguments in favor of
their multiplication.

The work which the Northwestern German-English Normal School
at Galena, is doing, under the management of Prof. J. Wernli, is second,
in our State, only to that of the Industrial University in atlvancing the
interests of Horticulture and a love of rural life. In a letter just received
from Prof, Wernli, in alluding to their local Horticultural Societv, he
says :

" The old members of this Societv are men oi great experience, and
of real philanthropic views and actions. Mr. Robson worked last winter
with great zeal to enlighten the youth and the aged on the advantages of
horticulture, and other members assisted him. I am richl\- rewarded by
attending the meetings of the Society; adding to my knowledge on this
subject eveiy time. * * * * Our young men prefer the store and
the city and leave their fathers' homesteads. Whv ? !Many answer,
' their parents do not make home attractive to them.' I ventin-e to say
their teachers and school-books make city life more attractive to them
than do their parents the farm.

Do not, in most cases, our reading books give examples of success 111
life, illustrating the smart farmer becoming a merchant or a lawyer? Are
not the teachers, especially those educated in colleges and normal schools,
strangers to farm life.' and does not their city-like deportment betray
them.? I helieve that our Normal Schools should educate the teachers
more in accordance with the wants of the country. They should
study horticulture, natural history, botan\', and agriculture mdre; and
if they could be inspired A\ith love for the garden and the orchard, this
love would be transmitted to their pupils, and we might soon see the
effect in scientific farming, and in beautiful orchards.

Agricultural Colleges will certainly be beneficial; but their useful-

238 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

ness can never stand a comparison with the henefits that might be derived
from a Normal School where these branches are taught. We have here
a larger attendance of students than ever. Tiie six weeks before Christ-
mas we spent in some lessons on arboriculture, and I hardly know who
was most interested, the teacher or the large class of young men. I
felt mvself tenipteil to teach more practical lessons, by starting a fine
forest somewhci\.- in Iowa.*

Now we commence the raising of fruit trees. I like this branch, on
account of the interest taken in it by the students, and its great usefulness;
but what is this small beginning, compared to our great want.?"

May such schools, antl such teachers, increase and multiply. Let
our young men learn that the Creator makes no mistakes. When
he placed man in the country, it was for his best good and highest hap-
piness, here and hereafter.

Yours tioily,

Samuel Edwards.

A VOICE FROM TAZEWELL COUNTY.

The history of the fruits and plants cultivated, of the trees artificially
planted, trained, and enjoyed in the diflerent counties of our State, w^ould
form a very interesting item of our yeai'ly Transactions; it would also
form a volume of very large dimensions, and entirely too voluminous
for practical purposes. If eveiy pioneer of the divine art of Horticul-
ture w^ere mentioned as he should be, it would occupy too much space;
and if all the congregation of worshipers at the shrine of Pomona were
catalogued, we could hardly find time to speak to them, or shake hands
with the immense crowd. This is a sort of natural religion. One that
children have never got to be converted to. It is taken the natural way.
In this religion of agriculture there is no total hereditary depravity.
Every child born into this natural world is a lover of flowers; a lover of
fruits; an admirer of trees and natural out-of-door's scenery. Hence it
is urged that there is no hereditary total depravity in the religion we
preach in this hall, on this ground, and among these brethren. But as
childhood vanishes into maturer years, our miserable systems of educa-
tion come along and bring in a sort of depravity, and in some it becomes
total depravity, from which we have to convert men and women, but not
children. Having now stated the two prime articles of our creed, viz.:
Every body has this religion naturally, and by a sort of unnatural educa-
tion almost eveiy man and wouian become depraved, and some totally
depraved — it is proposed to say something of the progress of this refor-
mation in Tazewell county, Illinois. This county is bounded on the
upper side by the zenith, and on the nether side by the nadir. So if it
is not very broad it is both high and deep. It has a soil well adapted to
trees, plants, fruits, and flowers. Many of the citizens are availing them-
selves of these natiu'al advantages.

*Qj;ery by tub Editor.— Why not upon tlie large prairies of our own State:

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETV. 239

Apples, pears, peaches, quinces, cherries, grapes, gooseherries, cur-
rants, strawberries, blackberries, and raspberries, together witli esculent
vegetables of all kinds suited to our climate, are cultivated in great abun-
dance. We have the usual insect enemies to contend with, and the usual
helps from birds and cannibal insects, which said birds never fail to call
in autumn for iheir pay, and sometimes with the audacity of man, almost,
levy iieavy contributions, which we are not willing to yield, but which
are generally admitted to be just.

Birds may live very well without the biped called inan^ but man
would soon be driven from his planetary hoiiie without birds.

Very great injustice will be done by this report, unless special men-
tion is made of the increased interest manifested by the ladies in plants
and flowei's, and especially house plants. One would like to mention
tlie names of some of these converts to the true religion of horticulture,
and of their fiivorite plants; but space will not permit, and discrimina-
tion would be unjust, and therefore we must let them pass". Upon the
whole, '• Old Tazewell" is progressing rapidly in fruits and flowers; in
orchards and vineyards; in ornamental trees and shrubs; in the more
constant use of fruits, as an every-dav diet, and as a matter of course, in
the health and intelligence of her people. Finally, to the parent Society,
"The Horticultural Society of the State of Illinois," she sends a friendly
greeting, a hearty '• God bless you" and a most earnest desire for your
prosperity.

Very respectfully submitted,

Geo. W. MiNiER.

OSAGE ORANGE HEDGES.

BY JOHN TUNNELL, PLAINVIEW, IL^.

I hope, at this late day, it will not be necessary to offer any arguments
in favor of Hedge Fences. It has not been many years since hedging with
the 0>>age Orange was an imtried experiment, and, when first introduced
into this country, it was taken hold of by farmers with a great deal of
caution. Some claimed that the hedge would " sprout up " from the roots,
and encroach upon the adjoining fichls, and finally become a plague that
could not be ea.Nily subdued. Others argued, that the cost of the cultiva-
tion and of pruning and disposing of the brush would be too great to
admit of its coming into general use, while still another large class chose
to use such fences as their fathers had used before them, without troub-
ling themselves for a better or a cheaper one. These objections do not
now exist. The country is full of evidence of the beauty and u.sefulness
of the Osage Orange hetlgc, and the only question necessary to discuss
is, "How can we grow the best hedge, in the shortest time, and at the
smallest cost.''" In giving my views on this matter, I hope I may be
indulged in giving the details of my practice and observation in hedging,
as it is often by the obsei"vance of these small considerations that we
.attain the vrreatest success.

240 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

The preparation of the seed should commence about a week before
vou wish to plant in the nusery, and may be accomplished in the follow-
ing manner :

First, soak the seeds five or six hours in water as warm as you could
hold your hand in comfortably, then place them in an open vessel which
\v\]\ allow all the water to pass off freely. Place them out in the sun in
the day, and by the stove at night — if it should be cool. Keep the seeds-
constantly warm and moist, by occasionally pouring warm w^ater over
them. Spread something over them to prevent the top from becoming
tlry. Watch them closely, and when you see the mass beginning to " pip,"
they are ready to plant.

In selecting your ground for a nursery, the following considerations-
are most prominent: The ground should be warm and dry, and of that
active, mellow character which will not be " run together " by the rains
which may chance to fall before the plants are up. It should also be free
from weeds, as the young plants are very tender and easily overrun by
vegetatioti of a more rank growth. It should also be selected w ith a view
to its freedom from moles, as they are very damaging to the plants — sO'
much so that they must be destroyed if they make their appearance. The
preparation of the ground should be most thorough. To accomplish
tliis, plow deeply, that any over charge of water may quickly pass below
the seed, and that t)ie seeds of noxious weeds may be covered so deeply
as not to vegetate readily. Hanow well, that the groimd may be thor-
oughly pulverized, and loll, that all the vacuums in the surface may be
filled up, thereby preventing the ravages of di'ying winds in case of drouth.
When this is done, take your corn-marker and mark out the ground the-
width you would for corn. If you intend cultivating with a horse, this
will be a convenient width. If you wish to cultivate by hand, you can
go over the ground again, with the same instrument, and divide rows,,
which will afford ample room for hand cultivation. As soon as the
ground is marked out, and while the furrows are yet fresh and moist, die
seeds should be planted, which may be done by hand, drilling in from
two dozen to three dozen seeds to the foot. The covering may be very-
well done with a common garden rake, drawing in the mellow soil and
removing the clods and trash. Nothing is now to be done until the plants
are nearly ready to come through the ground, at which time much can be
accomplished by going over the rows again with a rake, by which means
you break any crust which may have formed, and destroy any weeds
which may be coming in advance of the plants. From this time, close
attention will be necessary. The horse cultivator, by frequent use, will
do most of the work, but the hoe and even the hand-pulling of the weeds
may be necessary. The soil must be kept stirred and the weeds must be
kept down.

TIME OF PLANTING.

The seeds should not be planted imtil all danger of frost is past. In
fact the ground should be allowed to become quite warm, as our success,
oflen depends upon getting the plants up quickly.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 24I

PKKPARATION OF THE HEDGE ROW.

The hedge row ought to have a preparatory plowing in the fall before
planting. Plow your first fuiTow on the Une of the contemplated hedge
and bed up a width of eight or ten feet. This preparatory plowing
insures the necessary drainage, and exposes tlie soil to the action of the
winter's frost, making it much more friable the following season. In
the spring as soon a.s your hedge row is in good order to work, take a
good team and plow the hedge row very deeply, throwing the soil out
and making the dead furrow where you want the hedge. Hanow
thoroughly, and, if necessary, roll the ground. Then plow again, com-
mencing in the dead furrow and bedding up as before, after which
harrow again, if necessary. Much time in transplanting is saved by
tliorough preparation of the ground. This mode of preparation can
hardly fail to give satisfoction. A very deep and mellow seed-bed is
obtained, and the drainage is very much assisted by the deep plowing.
It may be well to remark here, that in low places it will be necessary to-
bed up the row above the water, as the plants will not succeed where
water is allowed to stand about them. To insure a straight line, set
stakes along at intervals, as if to set a fence, then take a steady tean^
and draw a fuirow \ ery deeply on the line of the stakes. If the plow
has been kept to its place, and given a deep, clear fuiTOw, you may think
yourself ready for planting. The plants should be carefully examined,
and all dead or doubtful ones thrown out. Failure in hedging, as well
as tree planting, often results from an admixture of worthless plants.
The tops should be cut oft' some three inches above the yellow pail of
the plant. Place the plants along the row, leaning them on the bar side
of the furrow. Follow with a hoe or garden rake, which is better, and
draw a light covering of the soil up against them, after which press the
dirt on the plants by placing the foot on every one. This fills up the
vacant places about the roots, and assists in retaining moisture, after
which a plow may be used to fill up. The plants should be almost
entirely covered up, as this protects the buds from the drying influence
of the sun and winds. It will be observed that those plants which shoot
from below the surface are generally the most vigorous in their growth.
*rhe distance between plants is a question which is not yet fully settled
among growers. The most of the hedges now growing in this country
were probably planted at a distance of from four to six inches asunder.
It has been observed in these close-planted hedges that the plants will
not all prosper and maintain their relative strength in the hedge. Some
will make a very vigorous growth, w hlle adjoining plants, being sapped
by their stronger neighbors, will pine and die. This results in gaps,,
whicli have to be closed by plashing. Admitting these facts, I shoukl
plant with a view to plashing, at the start, and should plant far enough
apart that every plant would })e able to maintain itself. About one foot,
I think, to be the proper distance to set the plants. When the buds begin
to burst on the plants, cultivation mavl'e very much forwruded b\ taking

242 TR.\NSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the ro\v with a coinmoii g^arden rake, draw ing the rake across the row
the way the plants are leaned. This desti'oys any weeds which may be
coming- in advance of the plants, removes any crust which may have
formed, and leaves the hedge in nice order for after cultivation. The
-cultiviition, the first year particularly, should be verv thorough, as this
is the only means of insuring the life of the plants and the success of the
hedge.

After the foregoing considerations have been complied wiUi, the
ground verj' deeph' and thoroughly pulverized, and sufficient drainage
insured, if the ground is frequently stirred and kept free from weeds and
grass, no drouth whicli we are likel>- to have, will prevent a good stand
-and a fine growth. There is probably no better mode of cultivation tlian
to take a one-horse i^low and throw the dirt away from tlie hedge, plow-
ing quite close to tlie hedge, but taking proper care not to run under, or
otherwise disturb the plants. Then follow with a hoe. removing all
•U'eeds and grass which the plow may have left. You may then turn
witli the plow, and throw the soil back again, as it would not be prudent
to lea-\-e the hedge for a great while with the soil thrown from it. By
this course you ^^'ill secure the best results, and prevent that excessive
"bedding up" of the hedge row which Ave sometimes see. After the
first year very little hoeing vi^ill be required — the plowing, if nicely done,
being generally suffieient. .Let one thing always be borne in mind, that
to insure the best hedge in the shortest time, it must be \^c'^\.ioeU "joorked^
and free fro?n weeds.

I should not advise any pruning until the plants arrive at a proper
size for plashing, which, to insure the best results, should be as large at
the ground as a common hay-fork handle. If plashed whilp too small,
strong shoots will start up from .the stump, and supplant and destroy the
original trunk. The plashing sliould be done before the sap rises in the
spring, otherwise the bark will slip in handling and the growth will be
injured.

Trim the sides to enable you to get to the hedge, then with a light
axe cut the plants half oft' at the ground., and press them back on the
hedge at an angle from the ground of say 30 degrees to 40 degrees.

If laid too flat, the flow of sap is so obstructed that it will be diverted
from the main ti'unk and centered upon a vertical shoot from the root,
while the original plant will die. It also fails to jnake a hedge of suffi-
cient height, if laid very flat.

While plashing, a plant should be left oecasionally, say once in ten
'feet, to prevent strong cross winds from displacing the hedge. These
plants should be trimmed up to the height vou wish the hedge, and cut
-off", and the hedge pressed back on them, part on one side, and part on
the other.

Wlien the hedge is laid down, it should be trimmed to a uniform
height and thickness, after which one trimming each year, in lieat of
summer, before the wood begins to ripen, will keep the hedge within due
.bounds.

This yearly pruning niay be done with a good corn knife, if nothing

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 243

better is at hand, but should be done while tlie plant is yet tender and
full of sap, as it is then much more easily accomplished. Probably the
best implement vet oftered to the public for this purpose is one manu-
factincd at the Douglass Axe Factory, and is Sold by dealers at three
dollars each. It i> much the shape of a corn knife, but is much heavier,
and is w ielded by both hands, with a long handle. With an implement
of this kind, it will not be found a great job to tiim any amount of hedge
usually found vn a farm of ordinary size.

Hedges thus kept, while they stand the fury of our prairie winds,
and resist the encroachments of thievish animals, also give diversity and
beauty to our prairie firms, and go far towards removing the tedious
monotony whicli natuially attaches to a level prairie countiy.

THE SIBERIAN APPLE.

BY C. ANDKKWS.

If we were to name a number of varieties of the apple as types of the
best in quality for all purposes, we might mention among them, perhaps,
the Early Harvest. Sweet Bough, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Seek-
no-fiutlier, and the fanciful Ladv Apple

Could these and others like them be grown with certainty^ and per-
fection in eveiy part of the country, it might seem that very little room
VvouUl, be left for improvement in that department of Pomology.

But would such be the case.'' Can we conceive of no desirable addi-
tion to our lists, even thougli all our best apples were constantly reliable in
producing their annual crops of fruit? This certainly is putting the ques-
tion in the ver\ strongest terms of concession to those who would really
have Us seek-no-further for excellence in apples. For, as in everything
else, we have old fogies in fruit culture — men who would have us believe
that nature has no ''germins" locked in her secret cuisine which can pro-
duce fruits capal)le of giving a new sensation to our palates, or supplying
us witli new sources of sustenance, delight, and abundance. But even
when put upon these broad and liberal grounds, we believe that the fore-
going (luestion must be answered in the affirmative. To some it may be
a surprise to announce thai such fruits have already found their way into
our markets, and are silently solving the question of their claims to recog-
nition by the reports of veracious figures. The prices paid for fruits,
when in direct and continued competition with others of the same season
and in the same markets, ought to settle the question of their relative value
for the ))urposes required. For, whatever may be said to the contrary,
poor fruits can not long sustain themselves in competition with good, if
the latter are in constant and abundant supply. The reason why coarse,
showy apples sell, while dull, delicious ones do not, is that in most cases
the delicious ones are not there, or have not become known, else they
would sell in spite of more gaudy competit<Vrs. The Rhode Island
Greening always sells, though it has no color. The Rawles' Janet is no
beauty, yet in districts where it abounds, no apple can compete with it in
market. Novell}- and beauty may affect prices for a season, but the latter

244 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

is bound soon to become based on intrinsic value. This principle, how-
ever, of the popular estimate of fruits by their appearance docs not, cer-
tainl}', operate in favor of the class of fruits we are to consider. All
varieties of the species commonly known as the Siberian Crab-
apple are small, to begin with. The newer varieties are but
little known, and when placed in market alongside of well known
varieties, they are obliged to overcome the immense advantage of large
size — an element as attractive in big apples as it is in big men; and I
may add. often as deceptive ! Crab-apples, like women, may be small,
and handsome; but if, like them, they are not also "good for use as well
as ornament," they will be rejected in the market. At any rate, the prac-
tical purchaser will seldom be caught the second time by the blandish-
ments of mere beauty, (in apples.)

To show that the Siberian Apple is not without grounds of favorable
comparison with the common apple, in point of quality' and market value, if
would only be necessary to show the uses to which the former is applied,
and to give names, dates, places, quantities, and prices at which they are
sold in our markets. Such testimony could be adduced in abundance^
but would make this paper too ponderous for the present purpose. A
few instances only can be mentioned.

Mr. A. Sharpe, of Lockport, N. Y., an extensive fruit-grower, in the
heart of a splendid fruit section, raises Transcendent Crab-apples, and
sells them at good prices. In 1869 he sent twenty barrels of this O'uit to-
Boston, and realized fifteen dollars per barrel for them. In Burlington,
Iowa, another fine apple region, we have it on good autliority that the
same fruit has been sold for four dollars per bushel. The market of
Chicago is always well supplied with the best apples grown in Michigan
and Ohio. Yet D. S. Dunning, of Jefierson, Cook county, sells annually
Transcendents at three dollars to four dollars and a half per bushel,
when the best common apples brought only five to six dollars per barrel.
A mass of similar facts, comprising more than a hundred cases, from
Maine to Minnesota, could be given, but these are sufficient as samples,
showing that there is intrinsic value in the Siberian Apple. Would it
not be sheer insanity to suppose that the mere beauty of this small apple
so carries away the heads of people in these well-supplied fruit markets
as to cause them to pay such disproportionate prices for a really poor
fruit ?

It may be asked, " What are the points of excellence which recom-
mend these fruits? Superior richness and flavor for cooking, and con-
venience of preparation for use are the principal ones in the case of the
Transcendent. Yet there are many Siberian apples that are good dessert
fruits, ripening in succession, and extending the season through the winter
and spring. Among those before the public, are Whitney's No. 20, and
Tuttle's Sweet, for summer, and Marengo Winter, No. one and two, for
winter and spring. Unlike the Lady apple, w^hich is on/y valuable as a
fancy dessert fruit, these Siberian apples are fully equal to the Lady apple
in beauty and quality for the dessert, and are also unrivaled for cooking,
drying, and conserving. Some of the highest hordcultural authorities in

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 245

this State have, on actual test, found Sibcnans superior to the best varie-
ties of the common apple for cookinji;. Brevity will not permit me to
speak of all the points of merit, economy, and utility, which attach to this
•class of fruits; hut enough has been shown to prove that even in their
best pro\ided districts this new species is demonstratinj^ itself as a decided
addition to the pomolo;j;ical treasures of the country. Certainly we can
not believe that in this instance amelioration will <i^n backward. In the
impression already made upon the country by the irresistible logic of
results that have been brought about by no charlatanry of advertising, or
other fictitious means, we can not fail to discern the landmarks of oreniiine
pomological progress. The present popularity of the Transcendent aj^ple
can not be accounted for on any other snppo'^ition. For never did any
horticultural novelty reach such" reputation and sale with so little trumpet-
ing and push. Even its place of origin is unknown. It had no ardent
friends or advertisers at the start. Air. H. E. Hooker was amons" the
first to desseminate it from Rochester, N. Y. I le obtained it about
eighteen years ago, but atter a slight sale, suffered it to drop out. and for
years he received not an ordci. It iiail a similar course in the hands of
Messrs. Elwanger &. Barry. If this fruit has not found its way into pub-
lic favor by force of wcril, how has it arrived there.'' Who has pnfledit.'
What Pomologist ever described or ever noticed it until two years ago.''
On the contrary, it has had to cany the odious associations of the term
"Crab," and fight its way against the prejudices of all classes. Yet it
would be entircl}' safe to estimate that it has reached a sale of several
millions of trees for actual planting within the last si.x years.

The Transcendent is only a type of others that are following in its
steps — quietly introducing themselves without the clangor of oily tongues
or clatter of steel pens.

I have thus far only alluded to the merits and success of the Siberian
apples in tlie most favtred fruit districts, for it is upon their true appre-
ciation here, when fully known, that we can correctly base our estimate
of their real excellence.

I am aware that it is in its relation to the extreme ' North that the
Siberian species is generally referred to as the harbinger of pomological
progress. But while its importance to that region can scarcely be exag-
gerated, yet if we were to claim any merit of originalitv in this discussion
it would be in making the claim, tliat the improved varieties of the Sibe-
rian .species were destined to make innovations upon the pomology of the
whole country ; and (without rivaling or displacing any of our best fruits)
to make such desirable additions to it, as to form a distinct epoch in the
jorogress of that ennobling

Art

Which does mend nature — change it ralher — but
The art itself is nature."

246 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

THE STRAWBERRY.

BY O. M. COLEMAN.

Lowly and humble, as the really good ever are, little need be said in
its defence; having hosts of friends and few or no enemies. Happy the
mortal possessed of the above qualities of mind and heart, succeeding
measurably well in the great battle of life!

The object of this article is to give a few plain, practical thoughts on-
the Strawberry^ as to varieties, manner of planting, cultivation, etc.,
etc.

The writer has had in cultivation, first and last, most of the leading
varieties of the countiy; such as Early Scarlet, Crimson Cone, Austin,
Russell's Prolific, Triomphe de Gand, Agricultural, etc., etc.; but has.
dispensed with all of them, and cultivates nothing but W/lson's Albany,
However much may be said in favor of other varieties, it can not be
denied that the Wilson (though perhaps a little sour), is still a fine, lus-
cious berry, when ripe; an immense bearer; a splendid, showy, market
fruit.

I would choose moderately diy land (vmder-draining undoubtedly
would be well), plow deep; firstly, secondly, and thirdly, manure "well;
making the soil loose and mellow, and in good condition to stand a drouth,
should it occur about the time the fruit is maturing, as our heroine needs
much moisture.

What to flant — Would plant only new runners of the previous sum-
mer's growth.

Time to plant — Would plant as early as April, if possible, in which
case your plants will be well started before much diy weather, and if the
season is favorable, you will have a fine prospect for the coming year, pro-
vided you have kept the ground clean and loose, so as to allow the run-
ners a chance- to- make a strike of root.

How to platit — For small beds, would put the plants in rows 18
inches apart each way, and let them run together; or, as some prefer,
keep them in hills by cutting off the runners.

For large plantations, I would plant in rows three feet apart — plants
18 inches apart in the row. Keep clean with a horse and a hoe, letting
tlie plants run together in the row, keeping the spaces clean and well
stirred ; failure and vacancies may be filled with the first runners.

Protection — In December, or about the time the ground freezes, cover
the plants lightly (say two or three inches), with prffirie grass, straw, or
corn stalks. The grass is preferable, having no seeds. This will keep the
plants from heaving out by the frost.

In the spring, as vegetation begins to start, uncover the plants, leav-
in the covering in the spaces as mulching, shading the ground and mak-
ing it clean for the picking of the fruit. Would not cultivate at all till
after fruiting; then with plow, cultivator, and hoe.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 247

Plantations should be renewed, /. e., new ones planted each year, as-
they will not bear well more tlian three seasons, the first iivo crops being
the best.

With a little outlay for plants, some care and attention, every family
having a garden spot may have all the delicious strawberries they need,.
just as easily as all the potatoes. Who will try it.-*

RASPBERRIES.

BY O. B. GALUSHA.

There has been such a magnificent display of representations of beau-
tiful fruits, accompanied by an array of '• first class" testimonials of the
superior merits of each, pictured and published in the circulars and in all
the agricultural and horticultural journals, during the last few years, as to
bewilder the mind and unsettle the choice of almost every one who
attempts, through these means, to learn what varieties are best suitctl to
his purpose or adapted to his locality. Next to grapes and strawberries
there is, perhaps, more risk in raspberries in this respect, than in any other
species of fruit, tree, or shrub. If we consult the advertisements and pic-
tures, we are assured that there are about fifty sorts (more or less), each
one of which is the " very best in cultivation."

The credulous and hopelul purchaser buys almost at random among
these varieties, and in a majority of instances finds — after one or twO'
years' cultivating and waiting — that lie has cumbered the ground with
plants, to eradicate which he would gladly pay a sum equal to their first
cost, so as to make room for some variety that has been tested and found
good and productive in his own neighborhood.

Since thousands of dollars are thus yearly thrown away in our State,
it is a matter of considerable importance to know what sorts are good and
reliable.

Having ti'aveled considerably in the central and northern parts of the
State during the raspberry season, noting the characteristics of diflicrent
sorts, and also having quite a number of "highly approved" varieties in
cultivation upon my own grounds, I am prepared to judge of the merits
of the more prominent varieties in this region.

First, and far in advance of all others for productiveness, throughout
the territory inilicated, stands the Philadelphia. In all soils and situa-
tions, where observed, it bears a third more than any other variety, and
in sandy soil, fully double. It proves hardy here, though reported to
have been somewhat injured in the tops, last winter, in the southern part
of the State.

The fioiit, though not as rich as many other sorts of red or purple
berries, is of good size, pleasant, pulpy, and refreshing; and with "sugar
to the taste" is relished quite as well as othcrvarieties; it has been longer
in season with me than any other sort, continuing, in sufiicient quantity
to well repay the gathering, up to August second (about ten days after
the last picking of other sorts), and as late as August 6th fine berries

248

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

■were gleaned from the bushes. These berries were the product of shoots
thrown out fiom the main stem at or near the ground, the side shoots
farthest from the ground generally ripening their fruit first. This pro-
longing of the season of the fruit is partially owing to the mode of
pruning the bushes, which I will describe presently.

The Philadelphia is not as fii'm as the Black Cap varieties, but keeps
pretty well, and will bear shipment in pint boxes any reasonable dis-
tance. This fruit, shipped in quart boxes, brought from five to ten cents
more per quart in Chicago, last season, than the Cap varieties. The
•expression so often used by fruit-growers in connection with the Concord
giape and Wilson strawbeny may be applied to this variety, viz : " It is
a variety that will do to tie to."

The Doolittlc still maintains its position at the head of the Early
Black Caps, though the Miami which immediately succeeds it in season
is more prolific.

The AIa7nmoth Cluster^ claimed to be a new variet}'^, is apparently
'identical with the " McCormick " or " Large Miami."

This variety is perhaps the best, all things considered, of all this class.
The canes are strong, the fruit large, pulpy, of good flavor; and, grow-
ing in clusters, is readily gathered. It is a good bearer, though I doubt
if it will produce more quarts to the acre than the old Miami, yet the
superior size and good quality of the berries more than compensates for
a little difference in quantity. I would plant as many of this sort, either
for market or family use, as of all the other Black Caps together. I feel
constrained to give a word of caution, right here, to those \vishing to pui^-
chase the best of the Black Caps. It is probable that a hundred Doolit-
tle and Miami (old) plants have been sold under the name of " Mam-
moth Cluster" for every one of the true variety sold. It is not enough
for the purchaser'to be satisfied of the good intentions of the vender, but
should also be convinced that he (the seller) can discriminate in varieties,
and knows what he is selling.

Davison's thornless.

" It will not scratch your hands." " It will not tear your clothes in
gathering the fruit." " It is hardy and productive."

These, or similar encomiums, on this fruit hei^alded its advent, and have
"been flaunted in the face of every reader of agricultural and horticultural
journals for the last two yeai's. These were the very best baits that could
have been thrown out, and hundreds of greenbacks have been caught
thereby. As far as my experience and observation extended, the most of
these averments have proved correct. It seems "hardy," and "does not
scratch," as it is nearly free of thorns, and bears so little fruit that the
owner has little occasion to come in contact with the bushes. It seems
to be qiute a harmless variety. It may, however, increase in productive-
ness, with age. The fruit is of good size and flavor.

The Clark has generally failed to realize the hopes of the planter.
It is a moderate growing bush, an inveterate sprouter; bearing moderate

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 249

crops of very rich fruit It is scarcely hardy and not wholly reliable on
this account.

The Elm Cily, which I have seen only at Lacon, is an early variety
of the same class — said to be a good, unifoiin bearer. It bore a good crop
this year. Fruit of high flavor.

jEllisdale is a rich fruit, but has a rank flavor which is not generally
relished.

Naomi is too tender to be of value here, except with protection.

Among the yellow varieties, the Golden Cap seems to be the only
one that gives uniform satisfaction. The fruit is of fair size, rich golden
color, and very palatable. The Minnesota is a new yellow berry that
I saw on the grounds of D. B. Wicr, of Lacon. It was not bearing
more than half the quantity of the "Golden Cap," planted near it,
though Mr. W. assured me that "it beat the 'Golden Cap' last year."

There are many other varieties that " promise well," but which should
be taken in homoeopathic proportions imtil their superiority over well-
tried varieties is fully established. A half dozen plants are suflicient to
test a new variety. With my present knowledge of varieties, gained by
an experience of twenty years in tiiis State with very many recom-
mended sorts, and by obsen-ations in many other fruit gardens, my
selection of 200 plants for family use would be 100 Philadelphia, 25
Doolittle, 75 AlcCormick, or Mammoth Cluster. I would also add
"just a few" plants of the "Golden Cap," to provide nice ornaments for
the berry dishes, without detracting much from the refreshing delicious-
ness of the contents.

The mode of pruning above referred to, and which I ha\e found to
increase the size of the hemes and amount of product, is as follows:

When the young canes have grown to be about three feet high, clip
them down to about two feet. If allowed to grow taller before clipping,
the plant will have lost valuable time, as the sap going to make the
destroyed cane would have been building up wood for next year's use.
When the buds have again pushed into shoots, clip these — both the
upright and side shoots — to within six or eight inches of the main
cane. A third clipping similar to the second may be found necessary.
This mode of pruning gives stifl, large, upright canes, which will hold
up a heavy crop of fruit, which can be gathered with less labor and
vexatious scratching of hands and clothing than that from rambling
bushes. The same kind of treatment is the best known, also, for the
blackberry. Canes thus pruned ripen better, and consequently endure
the winter better, than unpnmed ones.

23

250 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

FRUIT LISTS.

VARIETIES OF FRUIT FOR THE ORCHARD.
CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

O. B. Galusha, Secretary of State Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir : — In accordance with your request, I will proceed to give
you my views in regard to a list of fruits for the Commercial Orchard :

We must be admonished by the experience of Eastern orchardists that
there are but a very few out of the many thousand varieties of fruits that
have, on the whole, proved highly satisfactory.

If we go over the same gi'ound, and prove the same thing in regard to
the value of varieties for our State, we need not be disappointed. The
Baldwin and Rhode Island Greening, which stand at the head of their
lists, we , have tlirown aside as not proving as valuable with us. The
Baldwin has shown itself a little tender in some exposures, and the fruit
fails to keep as well. This is due, no doubt, to the higher average tem-
perature of our summers, and the changing, open condition of our win-
ters. If we would harvest the crop at maturit}- — say when the stem will
part on lifting up — and keep in a cool, well aired cellar or room, these
popular Eastern varieties would, no doubt, give us better satisfaction.

These remarks are applicable to all our apples and pears, and attention
thereto will be found useful.

REQUISITES OF A GOOD APPLE.

The tree must be hardy, producing fair annual crops.

A tree with a round or spreading head will be the most certain to
meet these requirements; more especially the latter.

A red color is the most popular; for in case of bruising, the injury is
less apparent, and generally less serious, bruised places of such apples
having a greater tendency to remain dry. Then the skin of the red
apple is thicker and tougher than that of the yellow, thus enabling them
the better to stand the friction of railroad transit. All other things being
equal, the red apple will command the highest price in the market.

To sum up, the apple that will produce the greatest net profit is the
best for the orchard, though we have not had a full opportunity to test
this with exactness ; yet there is such an apparent difference that we are
able to reject at least ninety per cent, of the list of named apples.

Among those the best proved are

1 Red Astrachan Summer.

2 Sops of Wine -- "

3 Golden Sweet "

4 Duchess of Oldenburg "

5 Early Pennock "

6 Keswick Codlin "

7 Lowell "

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 25 I

No. 2 may be placed at the head of the list; tlie others axe of value
in extending the season, and in giving a variety.

S Fall Wine. ...Autumn.

9 Maiden's Blush "

10 Rambo . - — "•

1 1 Snow "

1 2 Porter • - - - ''

Nos. 9, 10, and 1 1 are always in demand. No. 8 has been considered
too tender to ship, but when carefully pressed into the package it will
carry, and commands a higher price. No. 12 has not been so fully tested,
but comes in seasonable time, and is growing in favor.

13 Stannard, Early - Winter.

14 Jonathan — "

15 Ben Davis "

16 Rawles' Janet — "

17 Smith's Cider "

18 Winesap ''

19 Willow "

26 White Pippin "•

These are valuable for tlieir several seasons, ranging from December
to June, inclusive, a period of six months.

No. 13 is strictly an Autumn apple in the south part of the State, and
is there liable to overgrow, crack, and speck; north of 40 degrees it has
no rival in its season. Nos. 16, 17, 18, and 19, are very profitable, No.
19 being the more valuable of the long keepers. It is large, showy,
keeps sound, and the tree is productive. It grows slowly in the nursery,
but gives satisfaction in growth as it gets older.

Here we have about one percent, of the named varieties, of which we
may speak with some confidence.

On further trial we may find others of equal value; but the practical
orchardist had better wait until they are tested, before he plants largely.

Then again there are varieties that do remarkably well in some loca-
tions; such as the Buckingham, at Cobden; the Newtown Pippin, neai"
Alton ; INlinkler, at the North, and Gilpin for those who winter their
apples in pits out of doors; and the Milam along the Wabash.

PEARS.

" I never knew a dear gazelle,
To please me with its mild blue eye,"

But then it died.

So of the Pear. " In the midst of life, we are in death."

Up to the present year I have had a list of hardy varieties, small
it is true, but now reduced to smaller numbers. Of those remaining, I
will name :

1 Bartlett.

2 Belle Lucrative.

3 Buftam.

4 Louise Bonne de Jersey.

252 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

It is with regret that I leave the Onondaga out of the list, as it had
given me great satisfaction, but suffered badly the past season.

I would call attention to the remarks of Parker Earle in regard to the
value of the Bartlett, in his paper on the pear.

CHERRIES.

The May, or Early Richmond is the only cherry that has stood the
test for the commercial orchard. In a few locations the sweet cherries
have found their way to market, but even this small supply is growing
less annually, while the Richmond is growing in favor.

The invention of the cherry stoner, by Mr. George Gore, of Gales-
burg, will add greatly to its value; as it may now be very cheaply canned.
Orchards of this variety containing 500 trees each, are becoming com-
mon, while some number as high as 3,000 to 3,000 trees.

The Late Kentish, or probably the Kentish of Downing, is about two
weeks later. This and the Large English Morello, that foUovfs the lat-
ter two weeks, may prove valuable for canning, if the curculio can be
kept from them.

The Richmond is a tolerable cherry for the table when fully ripe, and
it may always be sent to market in that condition, if the fruit is plucked
singly, with the stem on, not touching the fruit.

In packing, they may be gently pressed into the quart boxes, in order
to prevent friction on the cars.

In order to make the apple orchard the more profitable, we must
make vinegar of the refuse, cider of all the small, sound apples, retain-
ing only the best for market ; which will be found to be about one half of
the crop.

I have ommitted the Peach and Plum in the list, as I have not suffi-
cient personal experience to warrant an opinion in regard to varieties;
and I suppose it is facts, not mere theories or vague opinions, that you
desire. Yours respectfully,

M. L. DUNLAP.

LIST OF FRUITS.

RECOMMENDED BY SAMUEL EDWARDS OF LAMOILLE, BUREAU COUNTY.

The following list embraces varieties that have been tested and found
valuable here. My design has been to retain none but those which, for
some good season, were deemed indispensable :

APPLES.

Early Harvest, Keswick Codlin, Red Astrachan, Dyer, Duchess of
Oldenburg, Sweet June, Maiden's Blush, Soulard, Twenty Ounce,
Lowell, Snow, Bailey's Sweet, Domine, Yellow Bellflower, Wagoner,
Westfleld Seek-no-further, Winesap, Jonathan, Roman Stem, Rawles'
Janet, Ben Davis, Willow, Sweet Pear, Sweet Vandevere.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 253

PEARS.

Doyenne de Ete, Bloodgood, Tyson, Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Belle
X.ucrative, Seckel, Bufliun.

CHERRIES.

Early Richmond, Large English Morello, Reine Hortense.

PLUMS.

Lombard.

GRAPES.

Concord, Clinton, Hartford Prolific.

STRAWBERRIES.

Wilson, Crimson Cone, Russell, Green Prolific.

RASPBERRIES.

Purple Cane, Doolittle, Miami, Philadelphia, Clark, Brinckle's
•Orange, Golden Cap.

CURRANTS.

Red Dutch, White Grape, Black Naples, Long Bunch Holland.

GOOSEBERRIES.

American Seedling, Houghton, Downing.

LIST OF APPLES.

BV S. G. MINKLER, KENDALL COUNTY.

Secretary of State Horticultural Society :

In complying with your request, to furnish a list of such apples as
succeed well in niy locality or region — comprising the counties of Ken-
dall, Du Page, Will, Grundy, and La Salle — I give a list of those which
have succeeded well with mc, and with others, as far as I know, after
twenty-five years' exjoerience, and such as I would plant again, with
reasons why I \\ould plant them.

SU.MMER VARIETIES.

The first on the list is the Early Harvest — not very profitable, but
we have no variety to take its place.

Red yune — Salable fruit tree; a good bearer; Hal )le to overbear; a
slow gi-ower and hardy.

Befioni — The best in its season ; salable tree ; an upright grower.

Duchess of Oldenburg — Fruit always fair; good size; excellent for
cooking; very salable.

Early Pcnnock — Fruit good size; tree a good bearer, and hartly.

254 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Summer ^ueen — I have found it profitable ; good size ; skin tough,
and stands handling well; tree a spreading grower; good bearer and
hardy.

FALL VARIETIES.

Kes-vick Codlin — Fruit good size; quite tart; one of the best for
cooking; very salable; tree an upright grower, and an abundant bearer,
even while quite young.

Ratnbo — Good dessert apple; salable; tree not the hardiest, but a
good bearer.

Lozvell — A choice apple ; good size ; sells well in the market ; tree
hardy ; a good bearer.

Fall Winesap — How it should get this name, I do not know. There
is no red about it, and it should be classed among the white apples. It
comes in avery good season, just before the Fameuse; a good apple;
tree hardy.

Cayuga Red Streak — This is one of the good, large apples; I have
found it very profitable; the tree is a good grower, and hardy.

WINTER VARIETIES.

yonatha?i — An excellent apple; profitable; tree spreading, slow
grower, and hardy.

English Golden Russet — A good apple ; should be kept in the dark ;
tree large, spreading, good bearer, hardy.

Domine — Good fruit; sells well; tree a good bearer; open gi-ovver,
and not the hardiest.

Winesap — Good from December to May ; has the longest season of
any apple that I grow ; good for dessert and culinary purposes ; sells well ;
tree hardy.

Tellow BellJJxnver — No discount on the fruit. It succeeds well
with me on clay sub-soil, but is generally understood not to do well on
gravelly sub-soil.

Minkler — I will say nothing about this variety, lest you may think I
am "blowing my own horn."*

Ben Davis — Not the best-flavored fruit; of good uniform size; a
good late keeper ; tree very hardy ; an enormous bearer and a very hand-
some grower.

Willow — The longest keeper; good size; salable late in the season;
tree a good bearer, and one of the hardiest.

I would mention that the Rhode Island Greening and Esopus Spitz-
enburg have done veiy well with me. The trees are not very hardy.

*N0TE.— This variety is acknowledsjedby all knowing it, within the territory named by Mr. M.,
to be one of the most profitable. The tree is verj- hardy, forms a large, spreading head, and bears
regularly good crops of fair, red apples of a medium quality, which keep well into spring— 5ee-
rtlary.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 255

I have sixty other varieties that I would not plant again, or advise oth-
ers to do so.

SIBERIAN APPLES.

Of the Siberian family the Large Red, Yellow, and Montreal Beauty
are good varieties, and one tiee of each is sufficient for a family.

I have not consulted books in making this list, but have made my own
comments.

Yours respectfully,

S. G. MiNKLER.
LIST OF APPLES.

RECOMMENDED BY N. OVERMAN, OF CANTON, FULTON COUNTY.

SUMMER.

Early Har\'est, Benoni, Red Astrachan, Red June, Sweet June.

AUTUMN.

Maiden's Blush, Green Sweeting, Fameuse.

WINTER.

Willow, Domine, Roman Stem, Smith's Cider, Fulton, Winter-
Sweet Paradise, Rome Beauty, Belmont, Northern Spy, Winesap, Win-
ter Swaar, Rawles' Janet, Jonadian, Newtown Pippin, Ben Davis, Cay-
uga Red Streak, American Golden Russett, White Bellflower.

LIST OF FRUITS FOR MACOUPIN COUNTY.

BY JONATHAN HrGGINS.
APPLES — SUMMER.

Early Harvest — Earliest; not most profitable; fruit perfect in 1870.
Sops of Wine — A sure shot every time ; best early market apple.
Keswick Codlin — Does well also, and is profitable for market.

LATE SUMMER AND EARLY FALL.

Maiden's Blush, Porter, Rambo, Fameuse, Rhode Island Greening,
Jonathan, and Baldwin.

WINTER.

Rawles' Janet, Northern Spy, Willow, Ben Davis, Pennock, Gilpin,
Limber Twig.

PEACHES.

Hale's Early — We plant because of its earliness; but it rots badly.
Cole's Early (rots), Haine's Large, Early York, Early Crawford, Old
Mixon, Smock, Morris White, Late Crawford, and Heath Cling.

256 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

CHERRIES.

Early May and English Morello.

QUIN'CES.

Orange and Rhea's Seedling.

CURRANTS.

Red Dutch. ^

RASPBERRIES.

Doolittle, Miami, and Philadelphia.

BLACKBERRIES.

Lawton and Kittatinny.

STRAWBERR I ES.

Wilson.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Houghton's .Seedling.

GRAPES.

The Concord is the main one planted. Of course we plant other
varieties of fruits than the above, but these are the most certain and
profitable.

HORTICULTURE IN LOGAN COUNTY.

Mr. O. B. Galusha, Morris, Illinois:

Dear Sir : — In response to your request, I will proceed to give you
such local items of interest to Horticulturists as occur to me.

Our soil being a rich, sandy loam, or black, vegetable mould of from
x\ to 3 feet in thickness, with a pervious clay sub-soil, is well adapted to
fruit culture, and all varieties of hardy fruits succeed admirably when
not affected by blight, noxious insects, or unseasonable frosts.

I think that fruit culture judiciously managed would be fully as remu-
nerative here as other branches of industry. Much depends on
the varieties planted. The culture of small fruits for market has not been
practiced to any great extent ; but I believe could be made quite profitable
at present. Corn, pork, and cattle are the great staples of our county,
and Horticulture has been comparatively neglected ; but our people seem
to be taking more interest than formerly in this subject.

Our orchards are mostly on the prairie lands. I am not quite sure but
that the value of shelter for orchards has been rather overrated. I believe
that orchards on the open prairie have been fully as productive as those
that are in sheltered localities, especially those that are situated on elevated
ground in the open prairie.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 257

I have sometimes noticed a lack of fruit on tlie west or southwest side
of trees, which may be caused by the strong winds whicli prevail from
that quarter about the time the trees are in bloom, blowing too much of
the pollen from blossoms on that side.

I have also seen good crops of peaches on bleak, elevated sites in the
prairies, when there was a complete fiiilure in more sheltered situations.
My father, some years ago, had a piece of land cleared off in the timber
for the purpose of planting a peach orchard ; but he became so thoroughly
convinced that shelter was not necessary for peach trees, that he never
planted it.

I should prefer hill sides, or at least well drained lands, for orchards;
do not consider shelter essential; would not go into extremes in regard to
low heads, and in our rich soil would not plant apple trees, to stand per-
manently, closer than thirty feet, and might plant peach or dwarf pear
half way between the apple trees, and cut them out when they get in
the way; would rather prefer fall planting; would mulch the first sum-
mer; cultivate well initil the trees got large enough to take care of them-
selves, then seed down with red clover. It might be well to turn hogs
in the orchard, first ringing their noses to prevent rooting, except in very
old orchards; the hogs would eat up the fallen fruit, and thus destroy
larvae of insects. But one of the most important points with the orchardist
is to know just what varieties to plant. It is very essential that he should
post himself thoroughly in regard to the \'arieties which succeed best in
his particular locality.

We have been experimenting with a gi'cat many varieties, and find
that it will not do to adopt or reject a variety on too short acquaintance.
Some seasons our favorite varieties prove almost complete failures; yet
we do not feel justified in rejecting tliem on that account. We must
consider tlie average productiveness and other qualities for a number of
years before making up our verdict.

From our own experience, I would recommend the following list for
this section :

SUMMER APPLES.

Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Sops of Wine, Carolina June, Kes-
■wick Codlin, Pomme Royal.

FALL.

Maiden Blush, Jersey Sweet, Fameuse, Rambo.

WINTER.

Winesap. New York Pippin, Newtown Pippin, Fulton, Jonathan,
Rawles' Janet, Milam.

PEARS.

Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, Bulfum, Buerre d'Anjou.

CHERRIES.

May Duke, English Morello, and Early Richmond.

258 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

PEACHES.

Hale's Early, George the IV., Yellow Alberge, Crawford's Early
and Late, Old Mixon, Coolidge Favorite, Royal Kensington, Early
York.

PLUMS.

Lornbard, Yellow Gage and Italian Damask.

GRAPES.

Concord, Isabella, Rogers' Hybrid, Nos. 3 and 4, Delaware, Hart-
ford Prolific.

CURRANTS.

Red Dutch.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Houghton's and Downing's Seedlings.

BLACKBERRIES.

Lawton and Wilson.

RASPBERRIES.

Doolittle, Miami Black Cap, and Philadelphia.

STRAWBERRIES.

Wilson's and Green Prolific. ^

I think that our orchards have suftered more during the past year
from insects and from blight than in all the previous years since the settle-
ment of the country. Up to that time we had been pretty successful in
pear culture; only now and then losing a ti-eefrom blight; but last year
made almost a clean sweep of all the bearing pear trees in the neighbor-
hood. Their ruined and blackened wrecks disfigure our orchards and
grounds, and almost discourage all hopes of our ever succeeding again in
raising this delicious fruit. •

The destruction was so sudden and complete that it seemed useless
to apply any remedies. The twigs of the apple trees were also consider-
ably affected in the same way.

We can assign no cause for this unusual prevalence of blight; but
think that it is owing to climatic influences. Perhaps the extreme wet
summer of 1S69 had something to do with it. We have never tried the
root-pruning remedy ; in fact have no faith in it, and find that trees that
are standing in grass, and those that are well cultivated, are equally
affected.

I am inclined to think that the fungus theory is the true one, and that
wet seasons are most favorable for the spread of this fungus; and that
where it can be done, cutting out and destroying the affected branches is
about the only remedy.

The blight of thc'apple trees seems to be confined to the twigs, and
is not so serious a matter. •

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 259>

In regard to last year's fruit crops: The apple trees set an unusually
heavy crop, but it was very much thiimed by the codling moth, which is
becoming a very serious pest. Probably half the crop fell from the ti-ees
before maturity, and of the remainder, fully one-half was wormy. Peo
ple are complaining that apples are not keeping well this winter. Of
course it is the wormy ones that are rotting. The Winesap seemed the
most exempt from worms, and produced heavy crops of handsome and
salable fruit.

The Peach and Cherry crops were good. Cherries not so wormy as-
the year before.

Jrears set pretty well, but die blight finished them.

Plums, as usual of late years, a complete failure.

Qiiinces ditto.

Grapes a fair crop.

Small fruits, of all kinds, a very good crop.

Respectfully yours,

C. S. Capps.

Mt. Pulaski, January, 1S71.

HORTICULTURE IN THE ILLINOIS INDUSTRIAL UNIVERSITY..

BY T. J. BLRKILL.

Illinois justly claims a proud prominence in the agitation and dis-
cussion which finally resulted in the munificent land-grant of Congress
to the several states, for the purpose of establishing a system of schools,
of high rank, whose main object should be, " to promote the liberal and
practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and
professions of life."

After the thorough organization of the State Horticultural Society,
much was done towards securing and keeping together this valuable
donation of Congress, both by the Society as such, and by its individual
members. And since the inauguration of the University, no one ought
to have, or has felt, a deeper interest in the workings of the school than
the members of this Society. It is, therefore, meet that a few words be
now recorded in regard to the work done in the Horticultural Depart-
ment of the University at Urbana, Champaign County, 111. True, but
a short time has elapsed since even a beginning was attempted, and it is
well known that horticultural operations require, aye demand time. The
location of the University was finally settled May 8th, 1867, and the
school went into operation the following March, 186S.

At first everything was new and crude, so that much time was
necessarily consumed in getting ready to even make a start in a direction
known to be right. No model existed from which to copy. Theories
there were, but such as had never been reduced to practice. All had to
be worked out from the mass of half-digested, often discordant opinions
everywhere so freely ollered. There were, however, upon the lirst Board
of Trustees the following well-known gentlemen specially interested ia

:26o TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Horticulture: W. C. Flagg, O. B. Galusha, A. M. Brown, Samuel
Edwards, M. L. Dunlap, Burden PuUcn, and others; and in the first
report ever made to this Board of Trustees upon departments and studies
in the University-, Horticulture, and horticultural . science were recom-
mended as a part of the practical education of students in the University.

See pp. 50, 51, first Annual Report of Board of Trustees.

Of the 980 acres belonging to the University, 135 acres, lying near
the Universit}'^ buildings, have been set apart for horticultural purposes.
*In addition to this the forest-tree plantation is designed to cover 80 acres
of the main farm. During the summer of 1867 nothing was attempted,
save the grading and fencing of the college grounds. In November,
J 867, at a meeting of the Board of Trustees, Samuel Edwards, O. B.
Galusha, and C. H. Topping, from the Horticultural Committee, recom-
mended a survey and mapping of the grounds, and in the following
spring the planting of screens upon the west and nortli sides of the entire
•farming lands and trees upon the University grounds. This was adopted
by the trustees, and the work was accordingly done.

By authority granted at this meeting of the Board (Nov. 36, 1867,)
Jonathan Periam was chosen Head Farmer, and in January, 1868,
assumed charge of the whole University lands, there being at the time
no division between agricultui"al and horticultural domains. But he
found the previous tillage had been so bad, and the ground so tramped
and subject to still further inroads of stock, owing to bad fences, that
■^little, comparatively, was done during the summer of 1868. (See his
report p. 43 Second Annual Report of Trustees.) Still considerable
work was done in setting out hedges, trees, etc., and testing a large
variety of vegetables, under the direction of Mr. Periam, and in laying
out and planting the ornamental grounds, under the supervision of the
regent. Mr. Thomas Franks was employed as gardener, and entered
upon his duties in June, 186S. This position he still retains. Dr.
Warder, of Ohio, was elected Lecturer upon Vegetable Physiology and
Fruit-Growing, March 11, 1868; but his first lecture was given January
12, 1869.

In Septembei", i868, W. F. Bliss entered upon his duties as Professor
of Agriculture, having also temporary charge of the Horticulture.
During this month, by order of the Executive Committee, a propagating
house was built, which furnished a fine show of bedding and other
plants upon the grounds the following summer. This committee also
ordered the tile drainage of the forty-acre plat designed for horticultural
uses, and after a careful topographical survey by Prof Shattuck, the
work was commenced. It has been prosecuted since, in spring and fall,
as opportunity offered, and is now about half completed. This work
has been done entirely by the students, under proper instruction. The
drains are three to four feet deep, fort}' feet apait.

At a called meeting of the Board of Trustees, Nov. 18, 186S, the
Committee on Horticulture made the following report, which was
■adopted, and the Legislature subsequently appropriated $20,000 of the
amount asked for:

I

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 261

To the Board of Trustees of the Illinois Industrial University :

The Cominittee on Horticulture respectfully beg leave to report.

Section seven of the Act of Incorporation, among other things, author-
izes the Board of Trustees to " establish and pro\iile for the management
of such model farms as may be required to teach, in the most tliorough
manner, such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and tiie
mechanic tu-ts."

As a part of such model farm, and for the more perfect demon-
stration of that department of agriculture known as horticulture or
garden culture, we beg leave to make the following recommendations:

The plat hereunto attached as a part of this report, marked A, exhibits
the ground plan of die grounds proposed to be occupied, and the sched-
ule shows how they niay be planted, and also contains the list of forest
trees recommended for trial.

No extended argument is required at this time to pro\e the need of
teaching the cultivators of the soil the importance of forest tree planting,
of orcharding, and of other departments of gardening.

In regard to the orchard proper, the most important feature that we
now recommend, is the procuring and planting of samples of all the
improved varieties of fruits for identification and for comparison — a sort
of fruit-tree museum of varieties, that will be at all times accessible for
reference.

The management of the orchard, vineyard and garden will more
properly come under the care of the Professor of Horticulture, or head
gardener. But we would urge that the grounds reser\ ed for the orchard
be occupied for that purpose at as early a day as possible. The estimate
for the cost of trees will be found in the schedule, but that for labor and
other material are combined in the ground plan, and its proportion, to
some extent, must be left to the discretion of the person in charge of the
improvements.

The great feature of these grounds, and what is of paramount impor-
tance, at this time, to the whole people of the State, is the planting of
forest trees for useful purposes. It is a new demand upon their industry
and upon their lands, from which they can not fail to reap the most valu-
able results.

The new condition of things, created by railroads and improved agri-
cultural implements, presents new industries, both to the cultivators of the
soil and to the mechanic, in which they have a mutual interest. The
forests are rapidly disappearing, or at least those useful trees that have a
commercial value, and yet many of the new demands have not been met^
nor is the old supply likely to hold out. But, if the forests of Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Indiana were adequate to the demand, as a
matter of economy in freights, if not in the superior quality of our second-
growth timber, especialy of the deciduous varieties, it is an object togrow
them at home, rather than to buy them.

Timber for railroad ties, culverts, cars, roadways, and buildings, fenc-
ing, vineyard stakes, hop poles, stanchions for coal banks; softwood, like

262 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

white willow and the poplars, for ben*y boxes, crates and staves ; hoop poles,
w^igon and caniage material, agricultural implements, and the multiform
wants of the age, make up a demand of most surprising magnitude, that
will add to our rural industiy an importance that the most sanguine have
not hitherto dreamed of.

If we look at this as simply the demand of agriculture, it must be
conceded that it is legitimate, and ought to be granted without an objec-
tion ; but we have added to this the claim of the mechanic, who is also
largely interested, for it will enable him to compete with those of other
states in the supply that commerce demands.

The state that sells the raw products of its soil is never rich, while
the states that manufacture for others do well ; those that grow the raw
material and manufacture it at hoine are the most prosperous. No doubt
the State of Illinois had these facts in view when it established this great
school of the industries for the especial benefit of those two classes who
create the w^ealth of the State.

There are in this State about eighty species of forest trees, besides the
larger shrubs. With the exception of the oaks, yellow poplar, and hick-
ory, we have not drawn largely from our native forests ; and to-day w^e
purchase nearly all of our timber. Nearly all of the ash timber used for
agricultural implements, a part of our fence posts, and a portion of our
railroad ties come from other states. Added to these is the greater part
■of the material for our wagons and caniages, when »ot wholly manufac-
tured in other states; timber for railroad cars, and hard wood lumber for
many other useful purposes, that ought to be grown near the place of
manufacture.

To bring these useful trees within the bounds of culture and to utilize
them, is one of the objects of this industrial institution. To teach the
people of the State how to add these products of the forests to their
other crops, and thus add millions of dollars annually to the wealth of the
State, to give labor a wider range and a more comprehensive field for its
employment, are objects worthy of such an institution.

Thousands of acres of timber can be planted in shelter belts, to check
the winter wind that comes down from the north, with its polar cold,
destroying the plants that the genial summer, fanned with the breath of
the tropics, has made to flourish on our open plains. Wall in these prai-
ries of Centi-al and Northern Illinois with belts of conifers and deciduous
trees, and we shall have one of the best climates; genial and equable, and
with the best soil in the Union, with a geographical position midway
between the two oceans, over which must pass a large part of the com-
merce of the world, and if we are not laggards in the world's progress we
may reap from such surroundings a rich reward.

The Committee have divided these thirty species of useful forest trees
into three classes, according to their supposed value for the demands of
commerce and for domestic use. In the first class they include the Euro-
pean Larch, Austrian Pine, and Norway Spruce, native trees of Europe,
and the Osage Orange, native of the Southwestern States. In the second
.and third class, White Willow, a native of Europe ; Black Spruce, and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 263

Norway Pine, natives of the more Northern States; thus making up the
list with four European varieties, three from other states, and twenty-
three species from the forests of Illinois.

Our odier native trees, of minor importance, will llnd a place in the
aboretum, where those of other sections of this continent and of Europe
may be tested side by side. It is probable that among them may be found
many of value.

The ten acres reserved for a commercial garden and grounds — for
testing new vai'ieties of plants — for comparing and further testing old
ones — for proving new modes of culture and testing new implements —
can not ftul of proving useful, especially to tliose students who remain at
the University during the spring and summer, occupied in some •• indus-
trial avocation." As the larger part of this plat of ground will be devoted
to a market garden it is hoped that it will prove to be a paying investment.

We recommend the planting of an Osage hedge around the two hun-
dred acres embraced in the jDlat.

We recommend that so much of lot Y, as is suitable for the purpose,
be planted to an experimental orchard of the apple; two trees of each
variety; the rows to run north and south, twenty-four feet wide, and the
trees twenty-five feet in the rows; the trees in each tenth row to consist of
Norway Spruce. In this connection, we also recommend that the offer of
A. JM. Lawver for duplicates of his collection of varieties, be accepted, and
the proper order drawn for the amount.

We also recommend that there be an additional experimental orchard
of twenty acres, to be located on the stock farm (Busy farm), for testing
varieties of the peach, pear, plum, cheny, quince, apricot, nectarine —
two trees of each variety, to be planted in rows sixteen by sixteen feet,
with every tenth row running north and south, planted with Nor-
way spruce. Pears to be both standard and dwarf; one half of the dwarf
pears to be planted eight feet in the row, thus: 8 by 16 feet. The relative
value of standard trees and those on quince stock to be tested with same
varieties, both as regards market value and quality. Cherries to be tried
on Morello, Mazzard, and Alahaleb stocks. The whole to be surrounded
with a double row of Norway spruce, set eight feet apart. The site
selected to be the highest point, or points, best adapted to the purpose.

Also, one acre of vineyard, two plants of a variety, and so planted
as to test the relative value of diiVerent modes of training and priming.

Also, that lot B of the plat, containing one acre, be devoted to testing
new varieties of the small fruits. It is probable that at some future
time it may be found advisable to extend the plantation of small fruits for
market, for the purpose of giving employment to those students who
may, in accordance with the law, desire to remain in the University dur-
ing the summer.

We also recommend the formation of an arboretum, to be located
north of the new street running east and west on the forty acre tract,
to contain about ten acres, and marked on the plat " W." So far as prac-
ticable to make the same ornamental, on the ground plan of a park, for
the use of the University, and the citizens of Urbana and Champaign.

264

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

13

PLAT A.— SCHEDULE.

SOUTH,

5

i
K

J

I

H

G

F

E

D

c

B

A

11

I

12

&

Y

2

L

M

N

0

P

S

T

R
U

V

1

9 10

SPRINGFIELD ROAD.

X

w

' 1

Shelter belt of two rows of trees, the one sixteen feet inside of the
hedge, and the other eight feet therefrom, and trees eight feet in the

Lots Al6f #ach 188 feet wide, and 908
{eet fp-ng.
" L, M, N, O, each 260 feet wide, and

669 feet long.
'• P, S, Q^ T, each 260 feet wide, and

335 feet long.
" U, R, each 12S feet wide, and 335
feet long.
Lot V, 10, 17-100 acres, 669x662 feet.
" X, about 26 acres, excluding streets^
" W, Arboretum, about ten acres.
" Y, inclosure for Apples, about -^3
be slightly curved. acres.

Alley west of "A" 33 feet wide. " Z, one acre for Gardener's residence

Alley west of belt 33 feet wide. " &, two acres for Superindent's house

An Alley A to K 24 feet. and outbuildings.

Alley between 24 feet. Avenue i to 12, 80 feet.

Half of street 6 to 8, 33 feet.

rows.

as follows :

From

I to 2, 80 rods European Larch

«

2 " 3, 108 "

Norway Spruce.

((

3 " 4. So "

White Ash.

(I

4 " 5, 80 "

Austrian Pine.

i(

5 " 13, 40 '•

Silver Maple.

((

13 " ■ 6, 40 "

White Pine.

K

6 " 7, 60 "

Arborvitae.

<(

7 " 8, 48 "

Green Ash.

II

8 " 9, 60 "

Red Cedar.

II

9 " 10, 60 "

Blue Ash

Ave.

I " 4, 80 feet wide.

II

7 " II, 66 feet wide, and may

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 265

USEFUL TREES — FIRST CLASS.

Lot A, 4 acres European Larch. Lot F, 4 acres Green Ash.

" B, 4 " Osage Orange. " G. 4 " Arborvita'.

" C, 4 " White I'ine.^ "II, 4 " Blue Ash.

" D, 4 " While Ash. " I. 4 " Red Cedar.

" E, 4 " Austrian Pine. " J. 4 " Norway Spruce.

SKtONI) H.ASS.

Lot K, 2 acres White Sugar Maple. Lot N, 2 acres Norway Pine.

•' " 2 " Black Sugar Maple. " O, 2 " Silver Leaf Maple.

" L, 2 " American Chestnut ( 10 bushels " " 2 " Tulip.

nuts). " M. 2 " White Willow.

" " 2 " Shellbark Hickory— nuts. " " 2 " Black Walnut.

" N, 2 " Cucumber.

THIRJl CLASS.

Lot P, I acre Red Maple. Lot S, i acre Heinlock.

«' " I •' White Elm. " •' i '• Basswood.

" Q^ I " Red Elm. " T, 1 " White Oak.

" " I " Butternut (nuts). " " i " Black Spruce.

" R, I " Catalpa. " K. i " (South end) Burr Oak.

The White Pine, Austrian Pine, Norway Spruce, and Hemlock, to be planted
S by S teet; all others 4 by 4 feet — the tbrmer requiring 680 trees to the acre, and
the latter 2,720. The above distances to be varied 10 some extent, by \vn\ of
experiment, to ascertain, by actual trial, the proix.'i- distances tor the planting ot
the several species.

We would recoinmeiid that the Legislature of the State be asked to
make an appropriation o( eleven thoiisantl dollars a year, for two years,
for tlie above purpose.

B. PULLEN,

S. Edwards,
O. B. Galusha.

M. L, DUNLAP,

W. C. F1.AGG.

At this meeting it was voted to purchase 3,000 apple trees, two of a
variety, and plant them for experimental purposes upon the west end of
the 160 acre plat. Accordingly, about 1,3^0 varieties, two trees each, are
now growing tliriflily upon ground referred to.

Beginning January 12, 1869. Dr. Warder gave twelve lectures upon
Fruit Growing to the entire body of students, awakening much enthu-
siasm upon the enticing subject. Upon this same date was inauginated
an anniuil lecluie-coiuse of about two weeks, tlcvoted to Agiicidturaland
Horticultural topics. Among the lectures for 1869. Jonathan Periani
gave tvvo. " Potatoes" and "Root Crops"; Dr. Hull, -'Orchard P^uits";
(jeo. Husman, "Grapes"; Samuel Edwards, "Small Fruits"; T. J.
Burrill, "Agricultural Botany"; J. II. Tice, '• Vegetable Physiologv and
Economy", and O. B. Galusha, " Timber Growing".

In March, 1S69, Mr. II. K. Vickroy was employed as orchaidist,
which ptisition he still retains.
24

266 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

At the annual meeting of March, 1869, tlie Horticultural Committee
was made to stand as follo\AS : A. M. Brown, Pullen, Galusha. Pearson,
and Edwards. This Committee concurred in the plans already given, and
recommended certain appropriations for currying out the plans of the
Committee. (See page 81 of Second Annual Report of Trustees.)

After amending", authorizing Prof. Bliss to purchase and receive the
trees, the Committee's report was adopted. During the fall and winter
of 1869, Prof. Bliss contracted for the following trees, which were le-
ceived and planted, mostly in nursery rows, in the spring of 1870 :

From W. A. Nourse, Moline. 111.,
20,000 White Ash.
10,000 White Sugar Maple.
6,000 White Elm.

From D. B. Wier, Lacon, 111.,

7,300 Silver Maple.
600 White Ash.
From Samuel Edwards, La Moille, 111.,
14,000 Norway Spruce.

2,000 Nonvay Pine {rcsinosus).

3,000 Butternut.

2,000 Black Spruce.

8,000 White Willow (cuttings).

6,000 Tulip.

8,000 White Pine.

8,000 Black Sugar Maple.

4,000 Bass Wood.

3,000 Hemlock.

From Storrs & Harrison, Painesville, O.,
6,000 American Chestnut.

From Robert Douglass & Son, Waukegan.
250 American Arbor Vitie.
50 Red Cedar.

To these there were added in the Spring of 1S70:

From F. K. Phosnix, Bloomington, 111.,
130 White Elm.
170 White Pine.
88 Sugar Maple.

From Messrs. Boatman & Co., Champaign, 111.,
2,500 Osage Orange.

From Purdy & Hance, South Bend, Ind.,
1 1 Varieties Gi'apes.

4 " Currants.

2 " Gooseberries.
14 " Raspben-ies.
it^ " Strawberries.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 267

From Elhvanger <t Bnrry, Rochester, N. ^'.,
10 Varieties Grapes.

3 " Cuirants.

:: " Gooseberries.

4 " Raspberries.

5 " Strawberries.

rcxj Mahaleb Cherries.

ICO Anger's (Quinces.

100 Pear Stocks.

From M. L. Dunhip, Champaign, on Champaign County donation,
Nursery stock, etc., amounting to $2,500.

From Arthur Brvant, Princeton,
4 IJarrels Butternuts.
3 " Wahiuts.

From W. C. Flagg, Moro, 111..

Catalpa Seed, donated by him.
8,000 Seedling trees now in nursery.

From Samuel Edwards,

18 Varieties Pear trees.^
15 " Apple ti'ees.

From Storrs & Harrison, Painesville, O.,

600 Concord Grape-vines.

200 Ives "

100 Delaware •'

100 Hartford " •

100 Creveling '•
50 Clinton
And some other things, of which the record is not now at hand.

Din-ing the summer of 1869 the gardener's house was erected, and
has since been occupied by Mr. Franks. At this time was attempted
the commercial garden provided for in the Committee's report already
cited, and while the proceeds did not so nearly as hoped meet expenses,
the practical lessons gained, and the labor furnished stutlents, made it a
prominent feature of the hoiticultural work of the season. The same
may be said of the garden for the summer of 1870. Many kinds of vege-
tables and garden crops were tested, and some account thereof published
in the public prints. At the March meeting, 1870, the Horticultural
Committee was made to stand as follows: Brown, Pullen, Galusha,
Pearson, and Dunlap. T. J. Burrill was elected Professor of Botany
imd Horticulture, and immediately assumed charge of the department.
During the summer the chief attention was given to the tree plantations
and the vegetable garden. Yet the ornamental grounds were not neg-
lected, and in the latter part of the season shone in peerless beauty. A
tine green-house was erected and partially stocked with plants. This
will l)e lilled next season in accordance with arrangements already made.
A barn near the gardener's house was built tliis summer.

268 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

The plans for the future may be be briefly summed up as follows:
The planting, on a large scale, trees for shelter and for timber; the test-
ing of the largest variety possible of fruits and vegetables; the culture of
a few varieties of small fruits and other crops for profit, and to furnish
labor to students; together with extended experiments in tillage and prop-
agation, while, at the same time, classes will receive instruction in such
sciences and practical matters as will the better fit them for advancing
the great horticultural interests of our State and those adjoining. Cabi-
nets, already begun, are to be largely increased, showing collections of
seeds, woods, fruits, etc., which shall be as attractive as new. It is
hoped, too, that much may be done towards establishing the facts now
only partially known or accepted, about insects, birds, moles, etc.

The following course of study is suggested for those proposing to
become horticulturists:

FIRST YEAR.
Terms. '

I. — Chemistry, Geometry, English or Latin, History — two Lectures per

week.
2. — Chemistry, Botany, English or Latin, History — two Lectures per

week.
3. — Chemistry, Botany. English or Latin, Lectures on Agriculture, etc.

SECOND YEAR.

1. — Soils and Fertilizers, Botany, Sm-veying, Chemistiy or German.
2. — Chemical Treatment of Soils, Zoology,
3. — Mechanical " ^ Entomology,

u a

THIRD YEAR.

I. — Fruit Growing, etc.. Comparative Anatomy, French or History.
2. — Nursery work. Flans, etc.. Geology, French or History.
3. — Garden and Small Fruits, Political Economy, Book Keeping, French
or Histoiy.

FOURTH YEAR.

I. — Hot and Green Houses, Rural Economy, Literatme.
3. — Rural Architecture, Meteorology, History of Civilization.
3. — Landscape Gardening, Geology of Illinois, Histoiy of Philosophy
and Inductive Logic.

Like all other courses of study in the University, this is only suggest-
ive. A student may take it all or choose such parts as he likes, but the
times at which the different subjects will be taught as arc indicated.

Donations to the Horticultural Department have been received from
a large number of nurserymen, implement manufacturers, tlealers in
seeds, and florists, of their several manufactures and products, aiding the

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 269

Trustees in making this department more useful in illustrating and
practicing the \arious improved modes of culture, and in largely increasing
its stock in almost evei y branch of its operations, besides demonstrating
the general, wide-spread interest which is felt in its success through-
out the State.

HORTICULTURAL HISTORY.

JO DAN'IESS COUNTY.
O. B. Gai.usha, Esq., Secretary Illinois State Horticultural Society:

Dear Sir: — Yours of the 22d ult., asking for an account of mv
experience in Pear culture, etc., is duly received and contents noted. 1
regret that I can communicate so littl^ that would be of interest in the
direction indicated.

In the fall of I8^4 I purchased of Elhvanger A: Bany, Rochester,
N. Y., from 1^0 to 200 pear trees — standards and dwarfs — and planted
in the spring of 1855 on a piece of ground that had long been in culti-
vation— eastern exposure, clay sub-soil. These trees did well, but the
cold winters of 18^6 and 18^7 injured them, and many of the trees were
killed down to the ground. But those recovering bore me one or two
fine crops of pears, ecjual to any in the State. After this profuse bear-
ing, the ti'ees began to blight, and many of my best trees died out; but
from a second growth from the stump, and from those that continued in
a crippled state, I have had an abundance of fruit for family use, but no
sui'plus for sale, \\\\\\ the exception of one or two years. The past six
years I have permitted my pear orchard to run to blue grass, and the
trees have less blight, but tlie fruit has not been quite so abundant, nor
of so good quality, as when cultivated, but I ha\e probably more living
trees.

I have foimd no profit in pear culture, yet 1 am not prepared to say
that to one well understanding the business, and with good location, soil,
etc., it could not be made to pay. My own experience would lead me
to the following:

That to attain success in pear culture in this latitude, with a clay sub-
soil, such as we have, good, hardy varieties should be selected, soil in
good state of cultivation, well drained naturally; if not, artificial drains
must be made, cither by tile or by sinking shafts though the clay to the
rock or strata that will drain, and filling up with coarse material; and
upon or near these shafts set the trees, either dwarfs or standards. Plant
deep, if well drained, not othenvise. Culti\ate moderately, or mulch.
Protect on west and north with belts of timber. Plant and train trees
with low tops; be prepared to reset annualh- a few trees to take the
place of those lost by accident or otherwise. This will applv to apples
as well as pears. This is not a natural climate for fruit, and conseciuenth
a little more care must be given to culture, as we find the case in many
or all agricultural pursuits as far north. Cattle in Texas will thrive and

270 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

be piofitablc without care; grapes in California produce abundantly in
their wild state, whilst in Northern Illinois cattle can only be made
pi-ofitable with the best of care, and Avith it grapes, as we know, can be
profitabl}^ grown. In each case where so much care, by reason of
climate, is made necessary for success, we tind the quality of the matured
article, or gi'owth produced, much improved thereby. It is so with the
pear. The quality of those raised here can not be surpassed. I have
raised samples of the Duchess de Angouleme weighing twenty-five
ounces, and of very fine quality.

We have many good farmers, who have made fruit culture only
incidental, who will say fruit-raising is not profitable, and all because
they do not devote as much attention to this branch, and do not give
their trees credit for the bushels used by their large family of children
and the many more bushels allowed to waste for the want of attention
whilst they are seeking profit from some other branch of their business
to the neglect of this. Place these same orchards in the hands of others,
who, from a limited amount of acreage for other crops, are compelled to
see after this interest, to the sale of all surplus, and we see quite a difler-
ent result.

Of such, we have many examples in this county. Men who have
accumulated money, built good houses, etc., all from the product of
their orchards. But such we find have made choice (by accident or
otherwise) of some naturally well-drained and sheltered location for their
enterprise.

I have sometimes found a few remaining trees — in good bearing
condition — of some old pioneer orchard thirty to thirty-five years planted,
whilst the orchard has disappeared, and have been led to seek a cause for
this; and upon close investigation have found that some old washed-out
roadway, eight or ten feet in depth, has furnished drainage to such trees.
In other cases, I have found a well from which the farm has received its
supply of water the cause; and again, a drain laid to drain the cellar,
giving life and usefulness to these old relics of the past. From such
out-croppings in favor of drainage, we should be quick to receive instruc-
tion; but we too frequently pass over such teachings, preferring to be
teachers rather than to be taught.

The old mining lots (perforated with shafts as they are) in this
vicinity will at some future day be found to be our very best locations
for fruit-raising.

Yoiu's, very respectfully,

R. S. NORKIS.

Galena, December, 1870.

RICHLAND COUNTY.

(). B. Galusha, Secretary^ etc., Morris, III. :

Dear Sir: — Replying to your communication of Nov. 7, I submit
the following facts:

In 1823, James Parker planted the fii"st orchard in the southern portion
of Richland County. There v^'ere seven or eight varieties of apples in

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 27 I

said orchard, but I have the names of only two — Rawles' Janet and
Pennock or large Romanite. This was planted in prairie soil, and culti-
vated t'or about twenty years, as other farm land, in corn, wheal, oats, etc.

The orchard yielded well during the twenty years it was cultivated ;
afterwards it was left to grow over with grass and weeds, and as soon as
the cultivation was neglected the orchard began to ilecline.

In 1S25 and 1826, several orchards of seedlings were planted, and
those that have been well culti\ ated have been thrifty and have borne
well.

About the vear 1836, J. ^1. Park planted an orchard of about three
hundred grafted trees, but the names were not given. In 1845 °^' 184^^'
Park left his farm, and a mmiber of the trees have died for want of proper
care.

In 1834, I planted an orchard of about forty trees, procured from a
Mr. Woods, near Albion, Edwards County. I did not get the names,
but they were good varieties. Having no experience, I took the advice
of others, and planted thein about two feet deep, which I found by expe-
rience to be a mistake, as many died and the lemainder were only saved
bv high cultivation — ne\\' roots starting near the surface.

In 1 8158, planted one hundred and tifty from Knox nursery, Vin-
cennes, Ind. The varieties that have boi'ne most, and been most profita-
ble are Early Harvest. Earl}- Pennock, Carolina Red June, Ben Davis
(the most salable), and VVinesap, and Rawles' Janet (the best bearers).

We shipped to Chicago atone time, but owing to the delay on account
of re-shipping, it did not pay, and our market has latterly been local or
in Cincinnati.

Dr. Samuel McClure, of Olney, has been kind enough to fiu-nish the
desired information relating to peaches and all varieties of small fruits
grown here, which I inclose herewith.

Very respectfully,

George Masox.

Olnkv, Richi.axd Coi ntv, Ii.i.., Dec. 16, 1870.
O. B. Galusha;

fJear Sir: — George Mason Esq., of this vicinity, handed me your letter of
inciniry, relative lo fruits grown in Rirliland County, requesting nie to reply to it.
I roniply as follows :

Pcac/ies are more generally grown than any other fruit; probably on account of
their easy propagation and their earliness and certainty in bearing. In no year
since my residence in the county, now twenty years, has there been a total
failure.

Some orchards, containing from forty to fifty acres each, which ha\ e been
planted on the prairies within the last five years, have been very successful. .\ gen-
tleman residing in Ohio, who furnished the trees and had them planted and culti-
vated " on the shares," realized nine thousand dollars net profit in iS6n, from
those growing in this county. He has other orchards in Ohio and on the Leiitral
Railroad in Illinois, but his orchards in this coimty have been the most remunera-
tive, excelling tho-^e at other places in the superior iiuality of the liuit, and cer-
tainty in bearing.

272 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Troth's Early, Old Mixon Tree. Smotk Free, and Jleath Cling are the best
bearers.

Pears' are but little grown except in gardens, where they seemed to be free
from disease until two years ago. Blight has destroyed at least one-third of the
trees; all varieties seeming alike susceptible to its ravages.

It may possibly be caused by climatic influences, and if so, we may entertain
the hope that we will have another period of freedom from its destructive effects.

Grafes are but little grown for wine: Concord is the most popular variety:
Catawba is liable to rot, except when trained on the side of a house or barn, and in
mv experience no blight or rot ever attacks it when grown in that way.

lona and Rogers, No. 15, are the most delicious grapes we ha^•e for the table,
and have nearly equaled in productiveness the Concord.

Taylors Bullit I have banished from my grounds on accoimt of its peculiar lia-
bilitv to attacks of the " Procri$ Afnert'cnvar

Plutus and Africots blossom and produce fruit in abimdance, which is destroyed
by the Curculio long before coming to maturity.

Blackberries — A number of varieties are indigenous in this section of the
State, and when transplanted into the garden, never produce fruit equal to that
obtained before removal. 1 have grown the I^awton tor a niunber of years, and it
has always escaped being winter-killed.

Siravjherrics iwc but little grown for market. Wilson's Albany is the most pro-
ductive varietv. Longworth's Prolific will continue to produce good fruit a greater
number of vears, without removal, than any other variety; others produce one or
two good crops, after which they are unproductive.

Raspberries — Philadelphia, Miami, and Purple Cane are our most productive
varieties.

Cherries — Early Mav- bears well; Gov. Wood and Yellow Spanish do the best
of the more tender varieties.

Mr. Mason has written a report on the Apple.

We ha\ e no Horticultural Society in this county, but there is a great deal of
taste displayed in the embellishment of our home-groimds, with trees and flowers.

Yours, respectfully,

Samuel McCi-ure.

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

BV H. f. DVXLAP.

This county is located nearl\- on the same latitude as Springfield, and is
traversed by tlie Illinois Central R. R., running from Chicago to Cairo,
the Indianapolis, Bloomington, and Western, and the Toledo. Wabash,
and Western, running east and west.

It will be seen that it has the advantage of markets in all directions,
an item of no small value to tlie fruit grower.

Its surface is generally undulating; enough so to give good drainage.
There are no large streams in the county, but several small ones have
their sources in the northern part. Running through the center from N.
W. to S. E., is a ridge, which forms a water shed, from which the water
runs west to the Mississippi and east to the Wabash.

All of these small streams are bordered by hea\y growths of timber,
which is, however, being rapidly destroyed by the artisan's axe.

The entire county is supposed to be underlaid with coal, but as yet
no successful efforts have been made in reaching it.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 273

The soil of the county is the ordinary black loam of the prairies.
Occasional deposits of sand and gravel are found scattered through it.

The first orchard planting of which I have been able to obtain any
information, was done about the year 1838, by William Sadoras, in the
timber near the southwest corner of the county, now called Sadoras'
Grove. It was made of c;o Milam sprouts obtained near Tena Haute,
Indiana, 80 miles distant, and afterwards extended by planting 150 more
of the same sort. These trees commenced to bear in 1 834, four years
after planting, and continued to produce large annual crops until 1854 or
185=;, since which time there have been several failures, and many of the
trees are now dead or dying. Several years after the orchard was
planted, some of the ti'ees were grafted over to Vandevere Pippin, Yel-
low IJellllower, Roxbury Russet, etc. Some of these varieties have
borne good crops, the V. Pippin being especially productive, but not of
very good qualitv. The Roxbury Russet does not bear large crops, and
is not a veiy good keeper. This orchard is in a cove in the timber, pro-
tected on the south, Avest, and north. IVIr. Sadoras is still living, and
takes quite an interest in Horticulture.

Many other orchards were set out in this neighborhood from the
sprouts produced from these Milams. The only valuable apple that was
planted seems to have been the Milam.

Several years after Air. Sadoras' planting, orchards were set at or near

Big Grove, near Urbana, by James T. Roc, Robt. Brownfield,

Fielding. Martin Rhinehardt, James Clemens, Wm. Robert, and others.
James T. Roe had a small nursery which consisted principally of Milams.
Mr. Brownfield procured one hundred trees from Kentucky, mostly
Milam, Winter Wine (r), and Yellow Bellilower, which continue
healthy, and bear good crops.

Martin Rhinehardt's orchard consisted of Bcllflowers, Vandevere
Pippin. Seek-no-further, Winter Wine, Fall Pippin,' Pound Sweet, and
Pumpkin Sweet. Mr. Brownfield now owns this orchard, also the one
of one hundred trees originally planted l)y liim. Four years ago the first
one hundred trees yielded 400 bushels. This season both orchards had
only 600 bushels. There had been no insects to diminish the yield of
fruit until two years ago, when the codling moth first made its appear-
ance in numbers sufficient to destroy nearly the entire crop. Mr. B.
turned in his hogs to eat the fallen fruit, and thinks, had they been kept
in it all the season, that he would have headed the moth; but as soon as
the fruit was large enough to sell, the hogs were removed. The fruit
was not picked up every day, so that a sufiicient number of worms
escaped to injuie tiie past season's crop, but not to as great an extent as
the preceding one.

Josh Trickle planted twelve seedling trees at an early day, some of
which are now dead, others remaining thrifty and fruitful.

Mr. Brownfield thinks the Green Winter Pippin (?) his most valuable

winter apple. The Rawles' Janet is one of the best keepers. Large

Romanite was also planted quite extensively by the early settlers. The

principal varieties brought to market from the old orchards, are Milam,

25

274 ' TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Pennock, Vandevere Pippin, Yellow Bellflower, Rawles' Janet, and
Winesap.

It is almost impossible to find a good eating ajDple in either Cham-
paign or Urbana during fall or early winter, except Milams; but Snow,
Rambo, Porter, and some others of the newer varieties, begin to make
their appearance from the later planted orchai'ds. Of these there are
quite a large number commencing to bear. Prominent among these are
the orchards of M. L. and M. Dunlap, J. B. Phinney, C. F. Columbia,
R. Allen, and others.

Until 1856 there had been no established nursery in the county, but
several parties had kept small stocks sent from abroad to be sold here.
Nearly all the trees, prior to that time, came from the Rochester nurse-
ries, and were mostly Baldwins, Northern Spys, Russets, Greenings, etc.,
nearly all of which are valueless on the prairie, although isolated instances
occur where individual trees of these varieties, from some local cause,
have done well.

The Messrs. Curtis, of Paris, Edgar Covmty; L. Ellsworth & Co., of
Naperville,DuPage County, and other Western nurserymen, furnished more
or less trees. To their credit be it said, more of them are better adapted
to our climate and soil than those brought from the East. I suspect this
to be more the result of accident than design, for fifteen or twenty years
ago the subject of what varieties were best adapted to the West was but
little understood, owing to the limited experience of the orchardists in the
West. Now the thing is different, and there is no valid excuse for a man
to plant trees that are not hardy, productive, and valuable.

In April, 1856, M. L. Dunlap established the first nursery for grow-
ing and selling trees, commencing by planting 1 30,000 grafts, comprising
nearly ic^o varieties. Owing to the extreme dryness of the season, nearly
all the grafts failed to grow. Doubtless this was a blessing to the future
purchasers of those trees, had they lived and grown, for in this list of
varieties were nearly one hundred that are unsuitable for Western
orchards; but at that time they were untried, and, therefore, it was not
possible to know their value. The writer has often sold one hundred
trees for an orchard, in which were from sixty to seventy varieties, the
purchaser wanting as many varieties as possible. Now, the desii^e of
most planters has been narrowed down to ten or fifteen well-known
sorts, and a disposition manifested to let some one else experiment.

Mr. D., intending to make fruit-growing a part of his business,
planted an orchard of fifteen hundred trees, five hundred of these being
seedlings, into which it was the intention to top-graft new and untried
varieties. Some of them have been grafted, others still remain. The
first orchard was more an experimental one than .anything else, many
varieties being then planted that the proprietor would not now allow to
be set on his grounds, while others, new and untried, have proved
valuable.

Other nurseries soon sprung up, and tree planting was stimulated to
a gi-eat extent; and had all the trees lived that have been planted in the
county, we should now be supplied with an abundance of fruit; but, as

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 275

is usual (so far as my observation goes), not "one in ten has ever brought
forth fruit.

Ill the early planting of fruit trees, I have been unable to find that
any pears, quinces, cherries, or plums were planted, except the common
Morello cherry ; but of late years they have been extensively set out.
The first cherry ti'ees sold were, of course, from Rochester, and consisted
of Black Tartarian, May Duke, and others of tliose classes; but out of
many thousands, I doubt if one tree ever bore a full crop, or else did it
once, and died. The principal variety now planted is the Early May
(Richmond), of which hundreds of bushels are sent to the Chicago
market from this station annually.

Pear culture is yet in its infancy, but there is no good reason why it
should not be as successful here as plsewhere. In the spring of 1865, the
writer planted the first acre of strawberries in the county for market.
The next season, Mr. G. M. Rice set out five acres, Piatt, Fuller, &.
Earle twenty, G. D. Wicks three, and several other parties smaller
quantities. From that beginning of one acre five years ago has sprung
up a large trade in this fruit, several thousand bushels being shipped from
the county every season.

In raising other small fruits, not much is done, although the culture
of raspberries, blackberries, and grapes is extending, so that in two or
three years the products from the present plantations will begin to make
a perceptible impression on the markets.

In mv conversations with the old settlers, I have often inquired if
seedlings appear to retain their vigor longer than grafted varieties, and
ha\e been told that out of a given number of trees by far the largest
number of seedlings give uj) the ghost first.

It also appears strange that there should not be some old pear trees,
but I can not hear of one more than twenty years old.

The first May cherries, of which 1 have any knowledge, were planted
fourteen years ago. They were on Mazzard, Mahaleb, and Morello
stocks. Those on Mazzard are years since dead and forgotten ; some of
the Mahalebs still lead a sickly existence, while of the five original
Morellos all are still alive, and bear good crops, although the annual
cuttings they received in their early days when cions were scarce has
sadly marred their beauty and thrifty look.

Peaches were extensively gi'own, while the country was new, and
before railroads brought in the curculio; but the winters of 185c; -6
destroyed many trees, since which time, owing to the unfavorable
seasons and curculio, not enough of this fruit has been raised for home

use.

WOODFORD COUNTY.

BY JOHN G. ZELLKK.

Apples. — In 1834 Austin Crocker planted the first apple orchard in
the river bottom on section 35, Spring Jiay township.

Charles Fielder commenced planting in 1826, on section 24 of
same township. Probably one-fifth of these trees are still alive and in
good bearing condition.

276

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Fo.ur years ago a tree ' in the Crocker orchard yielded fortv-five
bushels. Many of the trees were seedlinos, and even the g-rafted fruit
was rather inferior. They were brought from New York and Ohio, and*'
were planted on the second bottom, in a rather sandy soil. A large por-
tion of them were prostrated by a terrible gale on the 13th day of May,
185S, but most of these have continued bearing in their prostrate posi-
tions up the present time.

In 1840 Joseph Pelzley planted the first orchard on the Bluff" on clay
soil. The trees in this orchard were mostly grafted fruit. While the
above-mentioned orchards have been badly neglected and mostly in grass,
this one has been well cultivated and manured, and is in a sfood bearinsf
condition, making a source of revenue to the owner. At present there
are many fine ordiards on the clay soil of the upland.

Grapes — In 1848 Adam Erkstien brought the first Catawba and
.Isabella grape layers from Cincinnati, and planted them on the steep
slope of a branch of Partridge Creek. He raised a number of canes and
cut them all back to two or three buds each, on what might be called
the " Spur system," continuing this mode of pruning, accompanied with
severe summer pruning. These vines, though still living, have never
borne well, and ha\e been affected with leaf-blig-ht. The beiries have
rotted to some extent.

The soil is a black sand and gravel, well adaj^ted to grape growing,
but the situation is a bad one, being on the declivity of a narrow creek
valley, where late frosts in the spring frequently destroy the tender shoots,
and the heated air of damp summer days brings mildew on fruit and
foliage.

Grape Rot seems to be most destructive where the vines do not have
a free circulation of air — at least my own observation has proved it so.
During the wet season of 1S69, I lost my whole crop by rot, my vines
being planted on bottom soil and sheltered by an elevation on the east
and west; while in the same season some of my neighbors, only a few
hundred yards distant, had a full crop, their vines being in more exposed
situations, and on poorer soil.

In 1858 I planted the following, which were then new varieties here,
viz: Concord, Delaware, Hartford, Virginia Seedling, and Herbemont.
Of all these varieties the Concord seems to be the only remunerative one,
except where the Hartford can be sold as a table grape, on account of its
earlincss.

Virginia Seedling is a good wine grape, but does not yield suffi-
ciently.

Delaware suffers from leaf-blight, and is badly preyed upon by the
gall louse.

Herbemont is too tender. Rogers' Hybrids, Nos. 4 and 15, I find
commendable varieties.

Grape growing has lately been tried on prairie soil, and partly with
good success, especially where the soil is well drained.

Pears — There are sevei"al old standard pear trees (of summer and
fall varieties), in the bottoms, and some on the bluffs — the oldest probably

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 277

twenty-five years old — which fre(|ucntly hear large crops of fruit. Some
of these trees are :i^raftecl on Hawthorn stocks, which has the eflect to
dwarf them.

A larji^e nuniher of pear trees has hcen planteil of late years, mostly
of the Madeline, Doyenne d'Ete, Hartlett, Seckel, Louise lionne de
Jersey, llemish Beaut}', Easter JJeurre, Vicar of Winkfield. and Winter
Nells. Many of these trees are in bearing-, and produce excellent fruit.

For my part, I can recommend the Vicar of Winkfield, Winter
Nells, and Easter Beurre, as standanls, and Bartlett, and Lcniise Bonne
de Jersey, as dwarfs. The blurt's or slopes of the river bottoms seem to
be better adapted to fruit culture than the bottom itself, both for quality
and quantity of the products.

Fruit cultuic in the county is in the ascendency; thousands of trees are
annually planted. ^

MARION COUNTY.

15 Y J. S. TAYLOR.

(). B. Galusiia, Secretary Illinois State Horticultural Society:

In response to your re(|uest to be furnished with the Horticultural
Ilistoiy of Marion County, for publication in the Transactions of your
Society, I have, as far as practicable, gathered the facts relating to such
history, and herewith submit them.

Prior to the completion of the Illinois Central Railroad through the
State, and the consequent opening up of a valuable fruit market, but
little attention had been given to fruit culture in this county.

With a few exceptions, the seedling apple and peach and the Morello
cherry were about the only fruits attempted to be cultivated.

The wild blackberry and wild plum, then as now, grew spon-
taneously in abundance, but were made of comparatively little use.
There being no facilities for shipping, the production of fruit for market
was not thought of, and not until the introduction of improved varieties
of fruit, particularly of peaches, some three or four years after the com-
pletion of the railroad, did this branch of industry begin to receive much
attention.

The surplus of the orchard, if sold at all, was commonly hauled to
the nearest store, and there traded for store goods at from twenty-five to
fifty cents per bushel, for both peaches and apples. No longer ago than
1857 and 1S5S, the abo\e price was paid for the seedling fruit oOered for
sale to the merchants in the then infant city of Centralia. Some of this
fruit was shipped to Chicago by the more enterprising purchasers, where
it realized them a handsome profit, being sold at live and six dollars per
bushel.

As a thought bearing upon supply and demand of fruit, it may be
here stated that notwithstanding the vast increase m the production of
fruit, so great intleod that we now ship a thousand boxes from this
county for every one shipped at that time — the price even of the same

278

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

quality of fruit is thought small indeed, when it does not bring to the
producer three times as much as then.

Of the apple orchards planted from 40 to 45 years ago with improved
varieties, a few are yet in existence.

The oldest one of these, situated four miles east of Centralia, was
planted 45 years ago, by Mr. C. W. Jennings, who still resides upon the
place. The trees were brought from Bond county, and consisted of the
following varieties, viz :

Limber Twig, Milam, Little Romanite, Pennock, and Rambo.

After coming into bearing, the orchard proved entirely satisfactory
until a few years since, when either from the ravages of insects or
a want of proper culture, the fruit has greatly degenerated and the trees
fallen into decay.

Another of the pioneer orchards was planted about the same time,
on the " H. Copple " place, three miles southeast of Centralia, by a
Mrs. M. Taylor. The trees in this orchard were almost exclusively of the
Pennock (Big Romanite). These two and one or two others constituted
the pioneer orchards of the count)', and the history of one will suffice for
that of each.

The orchards planted subsequently to these and before the introduc-
tion of improved varieties consisted mainly of seedlings, with some-
times a few trees of the Big and Little Romanites and the Hoops apple.

All -these earlier orchards proved entirely satisfactory to their owners,
furnishing plenty of fruit for the uses of the family, with a surplus to be
fed to the hogs, or traded for goods at the store. But, as we have often
heard it expressed by these pioneer fruit growers, " Since the introduction
of improved varieties into the county, our apples have been a failure."
"The trees have become diseased, and the fruit knotty, rotten, and full
of worms."

While we are veiy far from admitting that the multiplication of
varieties has effected the change, yet we do know that the apple crop, as
regards quality, is not what it was ten years ago, and from the first plant-
ing of trees up to that time. What has produced this change it is not
the province of this paper to discuss, even if I had the ability or incli-
nation to do so.

Peaches — As has been already stated, the peaches grown'during those
earlier days of our county were almost exclusively seedlings.

These were commonly planted in the fence corners, or out-of-the-
way places, and left mainly to care for themselves. In this way an
abundance of fruit was obtained for home consumption, and as this con-
stituted its principal value, nothing further was sought after.

Some of these seedlings were of excellent quality, and I have no
doubt a list of good varieties might have been made out of the seedlings
originating in this and the adjoining counties. No attempts were made,
however, to disseminate them, and their virtues have remained unknown,
except in the neighborhoods where they originated.

An exception to this may be found in the case of one variety, that of
the Alman Cling.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 279

This peach has been propagated and extensively distrilnitetl by Mr,
B. Pullen, of Centralia.

Its history dates its origin, in this county about the year 1838, on the
Thomas Ahnan place, five miles north of Salem. About 1S32, D. W.
Alman (son of Thomas) planted quite an orchard of trees propagated
from the original seedling.

This orcliard proved valuable, its fruit being much sought after. It
came into bearing about 183:;, and continued to bear profitable crops
until about 1S60, when it began to fall into decay. A few of these
decaying trees yet remain, and bore fruit in 1870 at thirty-five years old.

A NEW ERA.

With the completion of the Illinois Central Railroad, dates a new era
in the history of Horticulture in Marion County, as, indeed, in all the
southern part of the State, since it afforded an easy and rapid transporta-
tion of fruit to a good market.

The geographical location of the county afforded a season and climate
wherein could be produced fruits and vegetables far in advance of the
colder and more backward North. These advantages attracted the
attention of many fruit growers elsewhere, who sought here new homes
and a new field wherein to follow their avocation. They came bringing
with them varieties of fruit, as well as ideas of culture, entirely new
to the older settlers. *

They planted these improved varieties, and practiced improved modes
of culture with such success that others were induced to follow their
examples. Thus were laid the foundations of a business, which in a
brief period widened and increased in importance until the income
derived from it is annually counted by hundreds of thousands of dollars.

Among the pioneers in this enterprize, in ^Marion County, may be
mentioned the names of A. P. Crosby, M. Frazer, and B. Pullen, of
Centralia; John Martin, of Alma, Thomas Ray, of Tonti, and Isaac
Ileaton, of Kinmundy.

To Mr. Crosby belongs the credit of planting the first general variety
of improved fruits near Centralia, and, so far as I can learn, in the county.
He began in 1853 setting peach, apple, pear, cherry, and some of
small fruits. The apple orchard set at that time contained Red June,
Sunomer Qiieen, Franklin Pippin, White Bcllflower (or Ortley), Little
Romanite (Gilpin), and Rawles' Janet.

The orchard is in healthy condition, and, with the exception of
Franklin Pippin, the varieties have proved satisfactory.

COMMERCIAL PEACH ORCHARDS.

The peach orchard, planted at that time, came into bearing in 1856;
the fruit, being the first production of improved varieties (excejDt the
"Alman"), within the county, sold at fair prices. This orchard proved
profitable up to 1864, when the unprecedented freeze of that winter
nearly destroyed it.

28o TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

In I857, Mr. B, Pullen set the first large peach orchard ever planted
in the county; setting, in that and the following year, 5,000 trees.

In 185S, Isaac Heaton, Thomas Ray, and John Martin, planted
orchards of from 500 to 1,500 trees each. Mr. Crosby also planted an
extensive orchard the same year. These orchards have all proved more
or less valuable, but like Mr. Crosby's original orchard, and indeed all
the peach orchards in the county at that time, were seriously damaged by
the frost of 1864,

To these men belong much of the credit for the reputation which
Marion County has acquired for fruit-growing. It is no disparagement to
others, but a simple act of justice to say that to Mr. B. Pullen, of Cen-
tralia, more than to any other one man, is this credit due. Making peach
culture — both of trees and fruit — a speciality, he has, during the thirteen
years that have passed since he began the work, labored with untiring
faithfulness to widen and extend the Influences of his chosen avocation.
The success of peach culture naturally led to the extensive planting of
other fruits.

The pear began to be planted in about i860, but the tendency to blight
in the trees has greatly retarded the extension of its culture.

Grapes — In i860, Mr. V. Betz, and in the following year his brother,
John Betz, planted vineyards of Catawba and Isabella which proved
nearly failures.

Subsequent plantings of Concord and Hartford Prolific, and to some
extent, Delaware, have proved more successful.

One or two vineyards in the county, particularly that of Mr. A.
Blum, at Centralia, have been reasonably successful. This vineyard was
jDlanted in 1865 on prairie soil, trenched (inverted) two feet deep, but not
under-drained. The vines were set four feet apart each vray, and trained
to wire trellises. It has produced two large crops of fine fruit in the three
years since it came into bearing. Successful grape culture in this section,
however, may be set down as yet doubtful.

Strawbc7-ries — The cultivation of the strawberry began in 1864, by
Messrs. Sims and Wilson, at Centralia, who that year planted thirteen
acres. Since that time its production has increased rapidly until it now
ranks second in importance among the fruit crops of the county.

Within the past six or seven years the gathering of the wild blackberiy
and shipping to northen inarkets has become an extensive business,
and is rapidly increasing. The superior character of the Lawton and
other improved varieties is beginning to attract attention, and their culti-
vation is increasing.

The Raspberry and other small fruits are also beginning to receive
attention.

BOND COUNTY.

BY HENRY W. WAIT.

In answer to your interrogatories, I will say that the first orchard of
any extent in Bond County was planted in 1820, by John Smith, com-
monly called Apple John, and is situated about three miles southwest of

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 28 1

Greenville. Mr. Smith came to this county in 1S18, brini^infj cionswith
him, and started a nursery; from which a large part of the trees set out in
this county, in its early settlement, were obtained. Mr. S. planted 600 trees
in iSzoand added thereto until he had one of the largest orchards in the
State. This orchard, like many of those first planted, is now in a dilap-
idated condition. The severe winter of 1855 and 1856 made sad havoc
with the trees.

Mr. James Smith, a brother of John and next neighbor to him,
planted out an orchard at about the same time, though of less extent.
Of the other large (old) orchards, the most prominent were those of Bcnj.
Johnson, near Pocahontas; Bcnj. Allen, in the south part of the county,
and that of Wm. S. Wait, near Greenville. Of large orchards of later
date might be mentioned those of Wilson Leaverton, James S. John-
ston, E. Gaskins, and others. Almost every farm of any age has its
ajjple orchard, and "Old Bond" has always stood No. i, both in ([uan-
tity and quality for apples. We believe that when reasonable cultiva-
tion is given, we can and do raise as fine fruit here as can be produced
anywhere.

The leading varieties in the old orchards are the Yellow Jime, Red
June, Queen, Rambo, Pennsylvania Redstreak, Milam, Pryor's Red,
Newtown Pippin, Big Romanite, Little Romanitc, "Jenneting."

The most profitable of these have been the Jenneting (Rawles' Janet),
Big Romanite (Pennock), Rambo, Pryor's Red, Little Romanite (Gil-
pin), and Newtown Pippin. I have endeavored to mention these in
their proper order as regards profit^ taking into consideration longev-
ity, health, and productiveness of the trees, salableness of fruit, etc.

Of later planted varieties (for profit), and superior to some of the
foregoing, are the Ben Davis, Winesap, Rome Beauty, Smith's Cider, etc.

Summer apples, with us, have seldom sold at remunerating prices.
The Yellow Bellilower, Northern Spy, and some other fine varieties,
have proved shy bearers. The apple crop of 1S70 is quite light.

But little attention has been paid to pear culture. Peaches of the
finest quality are raised in abundance for home use, but are not a sure
crop. There have been few peach orchards planted in this county for
market purposes.

Grapes, strawberries, and the small fruits generally, all do exceedingly
well here, though they have not been cultivated to any great extent,
except for family use. Until the last two years we have had poor fiicili-
ties for marketing, but since the completion of the St. L., V. and T. H.
Railroad tluough the center of our county, the small fruits are looking up.

Ornamental Horticulture is not so far advanced as could l)e wished,
though we compare favorably with our neighl)oring counties.

There is now no nursery in Bond County, which is a great drawback
to the horticultural art.

GRUNDY COUNTY.

ItY O. H, GALUSHA.

"Little Grundy" has a brief, and not highly interesting horticultural
history. Yet, as important hints arc often taken from the observations

282 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

of little things, I hope some benefit may be derived from a consideration
of what has been done here. This county is divided by the Illinois river,
which runs through it from east to west, near its north side, cutting off
one entire tier of townships and about a third of the second. The slope,
and there is but little upon either side, is toward the river. The Mazon
Creek, of national fame, for furnishing from its bed and banks beautiful
and rare fossils of plants and animals, of the "coal period," drains a por-
tion of the east side, south of the river. There are several other streams
empt^'ing into the Illinois that drain portions of the county. These
streams are skirted with timber, and the lands adjoining are somewhat
undulating, but the general surface of the county is nearly level, and of
rich, prairie formation.

In these belts and groves the oldest orchards of apple trees were
planted. The first of these was planted by William Hoge, in Nettle
Creek township, north of the river, in the year 1832. This orchard is
sheltered by dense timber on the north, west, and. east sides. The soil is
a rich, black loam, with a clay sub-soil.

The varieties planted were Early Han'est, Carolina Red June, Ram-
bo, Roman Stem, White Winter Pearmain, Milam, Domine, Golden
Russet, Vandevere, Rhode Island Greening, Rawles' Janet, Green New-
town Pippin, Talman's Sweet, and a few others. These varieties proved
profitable up to the winter of 1855 and 1856, in about the following
order: Rawles' Janet, Domine, Carolina June, Rambo, Roman Stem,
Golden Russet, White Winter Pearmain, Milam. The remaining
varieties did not prove uniformly productive. A part of this orchard
was root-grafted and a part stock-grafted, but no difference has been
observable on this account. When the writer first visited this orchard,
about twenty yeai-s ago, the proprietor showed him ^^wo trees of the
Green Newtown Pippin standing side by side, which had, as he said,
never paid for the ground on which they stood. He was then advised to
dig up the sod under and around one of the trees (every body in those
days seeded down their orchards after two or three years' cultivation), and
apply a liberal dressing of leached ashes, of which he had a ton or more.
He did so, and the next year was rewarded by as large a crop of exceed-
ingly fine fruit as has ever been seen of this variety in the West. The
other tree remained unfruitful. " The winter of 1855 and 1856 was
particularly severe upon this orchard," as well as upon one near it belong-
ing to a brother of Mr. H., Hon. Samuel Hoge, killing many of the
trees outright, and damaging others so sadly that they have been dying
from year to year ever since. Had the owners at once broken up the
ground in their orchards, scraped, washed, pruned, and manured the
trees, doubtless they would have saved many more of them.

In 1835 J^cob Claypool planted an orchard in the timber land on
Waupacan creek, south of the river. The soil is a deep, joorous clay,
with sand about eight feet below the surface. The varieties planted
were Rawles' Janet, Yellow and White Bellflowers, Little Romanite,
Rhode Island Greening, Sweet Vandevere, and several others unknown.
The trees all thrived, and, with the exception of Yellow Bellflower and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 283

Rhode Island Greening, bore well for twenty years from setting, or until
the winter of 1855-6, which killed many and injured all the trees except
the Sweet Vandevere, which has shown no signs of injury. This is
regarded as the best winter sweet apple, by those who have it in bearing.
The ground on which this orchard stands has never been plowed. Hogs
have been pastured in it from die first. The fruit has been fair and fine
until two years since, when it became wormy. The codling moths, of
which the worms are larvie, doubtless came from an orchard near this,
on the west, which then came into bearing and was infested with them.

Seedling peach trees were interspersed with the apple trees in this
orchard, and prospered well, continuing to bear good crops once in two
or three years, until the harcl winter which destroyed all the peach trees
in the county. Mr. C. planted an orchard of seedling apples in 1S39,
which has given good results. This also has been used as a pasture for
swine. Both these orchards are surrounded by a grove of thin timber.
Jesse Newport and A. K. Owens planted orchards at the same time as
Mr. C.'s first orchard (1S35), and from same lot of trees. They were
root-grafted trees, brought from Belmont county, Ohio.

Mr. Newport's orchard is on Mazon Creek — " bottom land " — a clay
loam. His success has been about the same as that of Mr. C. ISIr.
Owens' orchard is on hazel ban-ens, with a sandy loam soil (also protected
by timber). This orchard suflered less from the effects of the hard winter
than either of the others mentioned.

There were many other orchards planted soon after these, but the
history of the majority of them would be a repetition of what is written
of these.

The orchard which I planted on the prairie upon the north line of the
county, in iS50Tind 185 1, consisted of sixty varieties of apples, such as
were then reputed to succeed well, or promise well, in this part of the
State.

For a list of the leading sorts that proved profitable, I refer the reader
to my report " Ad-Intcrim " published in this volume. I will add to
that list, however, a few that succeeded well in my orchard and in others
where I have seen them in the county, viz: Hubbardston's Nonsuch,
Michael Henry Pippin, Golden Greening, May (of Myers) Hocking,
Black Apple, (Hodge's) Autumn Sweet — an upright growing tree, good
bearer of fair, medium fruit; Tvlilam — poor apple, but "bears well, keeps
well, and sells well;" Pomme Grise — good for dessert, but too small to
sell; and Montreal Beauty Crab,

This orchard sufi'ered less from effects of the terrible winter of 1855-6
than any one that I know. The trees are nearly all "low-headed trees,
branching from two to three feet fi-om the ground. They have never
been pruned, except to cut away sprouts from the bases of the trunks,
and remove those branches which crossed or chafed each other. It was
cultivated up to the lime of the hard winter, after which the land was
manured upon the surface, and the entire surface covered with old straw
to the depth of six inches. This heavy mulching was partially renewed
tlie succeeding spring, and turned over to keep down the weeds. This

284

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

orchard has never ceased to be productive (except the Yellow Bellflower
and Northern Spy varieties — the latter has lately commenced, and now
bears fair crops annually). It is partially sheltered by an artificial grove
and another orchard on the west and northwest on higher ground and
about twenty rods distant. The soil is ordinary prairie soil, with a stratum
of sand and gravel al:)out five feet below the surface. The remarks in
my report upon apple orchards will apply to the orchards generally
throughout this county.

Some persons who have planted orchards upon flat lands, without
ridging it for the trees, are complaining that " it is not a good country for
fruit."

The orchard described in the " Ad-Interim " report, as being the most
profitable one seen this year, belongs to Wm. Reardon of this county, and
is situated four miles west of Morris, on the north side of the river. It
is in this orchard that the trees producing the new or unknown apj^les
which I described at the meeting of 1869 stands, and from vvhich cions
were distributed to members of the Society, both at that meeting and
the one of 1870. As the fruit could not be kept for exhibition at the
winter meeting, I give a description of it :

Fruit medium" to quite large ; color light yellow ground, mostlv over-
spread with stripes and plashes of light and dark red ; form round,
slightly in'egular or ribbed, smaller at the stem end ; basin rather wide,
somewhat furrowed; calyx closed; stem long, slender, in a narrow, deep
cavity; flesh tender, crisp, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, sub-acid flavor;
quality good; season middle of September through October, succeeding
the Lowell.

Mr. R. says : " I eat no other apples, while these are in season."
From my own knowledge of this apple — having used it last year for
cooking — I think it a very valuable acquisition, and, perhaps, taking into
account the remarkable and constant productiveness of the tree, the very
best of its season. I have christened it Fall King.

Two valuable seedling apples found in this county were exhibited by
me at the meeting, and cions distributed. Both these give promise of
taking rank among our best.

Pears. — Standard pears upon the sandy soil near the river have
succeeded tolerably well. Trees of Bartlett, Flemish Beauty, White
Doyenne, Louise Bonne de Jersey, and perhaps others have been bearing
in one of the gardens in Morris for six or eight years, and show little
signs of blight. Those on quince are not adapted to sandy soils, but
succeed well on the prairie in this county, until attacked by the blight,
as the most of them are, before they have borne their third crop. Good
culture without the use of stimulating manures has generally proved
better for dwarf trees than neglect or grass.

The dwarf pear orchard of E, Sanford, of Morris, on a black prairie
soil, has been manured with liberal dressings of lime and also of stable
manure, the earth being plowed up to the trees, until the surface
along the rows is two feet higher than midway between the rows. The
orchard is also under-drained with tile. The trees are thrifty, with very

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 285

little indications of blif:jht, and the fruit is remarkably large and fair.
This orchard was deeply trenched before the trees were planted.

Grapes. — On the south bank of the river is a strip of sandy loam,
varying from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width, and elevated twenty
to fifty feet from the bottom lands, upon which grapes succeed admirably.
The fruit contains more saccharine than that grown upon prairie soil, or
^ven the true ''Loess" of tlie higher blulFs. There is a less luxuriant
growth of vine, but both wood and fruit ripen early and fully. The
Concord vineyard of Henry Clapp, two and a half miles southeast of
Morris, upon sandy land, was visited by the Committee Ad-Interim just
before the ripening of the fruit this year, and they pronounced it unsur-
passed by any they had seen in the State, both in respect to the healthy
luxuriance of the foliage and the clusters of fruit. (The Committee had
not then seen the vineyard of jSIr. A. Adams, of Rome, Peoria County,
planted also upon the same sandy formation, near the Illinois river, which
even surpassed that of Mr. C.)

The vineyard of Mr. E. Sanford, Esq., of Morris, contains twenty or
more varieties. The soil and cultivation same as in his pear orchard.
He has realized fine crops for several successive years, but the foliage is
not as perfect or the fruit quite as sweet as that upon lighter soil. I
think I have never seen, however, more weight of fruit, in proportion to
size of vine, than that upon the Concords, Hartfords, Isabellas, Dela-
wares, and several of Rogers' Hybrids in tliis vineyard.

Plums here, as elsewhere, are a prey to the curculio. One orchai'd,
however, planted on rich timlier laml, vciy near the house of the owner,
and where a large number of domestic fowls scratch and wallow, pro-
duced, this year, a large crop of exceedingly fine fruit.

Cherries — Early Richmond alone, has been planted to any extent.
This flourislies everywhere. The English Morello is no~v being jDlanted
for canning, etc. Of course this will do well — for it always does wher-
ever planted.

Peaches — Few peach trees have been planted since the hard winter.
I think nearly every tree there is in the county bore this year. Previous
to 1856 good crops were realized once in three or four years.

Of Blackberries.^ the Kittatinny alone repays. This is hardy and a
good bearer of good fruit. I have plowed up my Lawtons, " Missouri
Mammoths," and Wilson's Early.

Raspberries — The following are cultivated and valued in about the
order named : Mammoth Cluster (same as " McCormick," Collinsville,
Miami, and Large Miami), Philadelphia, Clark, Miami, Doolittle, Piu"-
ple Cane, Davison's Thornless.

Among Strawberries., Wilson's Albany here, as throughout the State,
takes the lead. French's Seedling, Russell, and Green Prolilic are piof-
itable; especially French's Seedling for family use — too soft for market.

Gooseberries — White Smith succeeds admirably in some of the gar-
dens4n Morris. Houghton's, of course, is the prominent variety, and

286 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

always pays two hundred per cent, on the cost of production for use in
the family. Ainerican SeedHng or Pale Red is very productive, but not
valued on account of its smaller size and tougher skin.

Currants continue to be healthy and productive, the currant worm
not having, as yet, made his appearance in the county. The best crops
are obtained by manuring and heavily mulching.

Market Gardening — Very little has been done in this county in
market gardening, owing to the limited home market and the distance —
60 miles — from Chicago. It is doubtful, however, if there is any soil in
the State in which garden roots and vines flourish better than on the
sandy loam refeired to.

TIMBER PLANTING.

The sentiment prevails over the county that groves and belts of tim-
ber are almost a necessity, for the protection of orchards, as well as
to promote the comfort of man and his domestic animals.

Some good examples are found here, in the good work of tree-plant-
ing. One man has over a mile in length of evergreen trees planted, and
a quarter of a mile of double rows of maples. Another has ten acres
planted to trees; another eight, and thus I trust the work will go on
until the influence of these groves and lines of trees is felt all over the wide
piairie which constitutes four-fifths of the area of the county.

CARROLL COUNTY.

BY J. HALLET.

It has proved very difficult to obtain correct information concerning
fruit culture in the early history of Carroll county. It is, however, a fact
that nearly all the oldest apple orchards were planted with seedling trees.
I have an orchard that was planted in 1843, by David Emmert, on high,
brush land, with clay sub-soil. This orchard (of the original trees), is
now in good health, and bearing regularly. Varieties — White Winter
Pearmain, Smith Cider, Maiden's Blush, Carolina Red June, and Red
Stripe. The Yellow Bellflower, same age, large and thrifty — apples few,
if any.

In later planted orchards, the following have become great favorites :

Summer — Red Stripe, Trenton Early, Early Pennock, Red Astra-
chan.

Fall — Fameuse, Maiden's Blush, Fall Winesap, Rambo.

Winter — Willow Twig, Ben Davis, Domine, Little Red Romanite.

The oldest orchards were seriously injured, I think, in 1858, by sun-
scald on the southwest side of largest trees, and of the best and most
tender varieties. This, with the ravages of the bark louse, destroyed
about one-half of the trees, more especially those trained with high tops,
thus exposing the body of the tree to the sun.

This fact caused the adoption of the plan of " low heading" young
orchards quite extensively. This inethod being somewhat contrary to

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 287

nature,* and also a great obstruction to cultivation, renders the system
very objectionable, and the opinion is becoming quite general tliat low-
headed apple trees are not so productive. Experiments have proved that
old apple trees, nearly destroyed by bark lice and neglect, can be entirely
renovated and made productive bearers by the following treatment:
Prune severely; a thorough mulching; old bark scraped ofV to the quick,
and a wash applied in June to the bodies of the trees, composed of
one pound rock potash dissolved in three quarts of water. I have trees
that were planted in 1S42 and in 1S4S, to which the above treatment was
applietl, which required three years' time cutting away, about one-third
of the old tops each year, thus producing an entire new top selected from
the suckers or water sprouts which naturally appear among the branches
of an old decayed tree. These new branches began bearing in about
four years, and now the entire tree has as fine an appearance, and is as
good a bearer as if it were only one-half its honest age.
I have received the following letter, which 1 insert :

Elkhorn Grove, November, 1870.
James Hallet, Esq.:

Dear Sir: — In regard to the oldest orchards in this vicinity, I behave that Sam-
ple M. Journey was about the first to plant trees in or about the Grove in the year
iS^j. There might have been otiier orchards planted there about the same lime;
am not certain. Mvown orchard was started in 1S40, when I planted one hundred
trees, and afterwards as fast as I could get them, till I had planted four hundred trees;
and for best winter varieties I don't think l»had anything above the medium kinds, ,
as I bought such as were otYered for sale, good or bad. Of such as I have, the Pen-
nock has proved hardy and a good bearer; also, Rawles' Janet, White or Green
Pippin, Romanite, Milam, White Winter Pearmain, and Roman Stem. The Yel-
low Bellflower has proved a poor bearer; never has paid for the ground it has occu-
pied. The Golden Pippin has proved hardy and a good bearer, but I am not sure
as I have the true name.

Yours truly, H. SMITH.

Henry Smith's farm lies on the north side of Elkhorn Grove, in the
southeast corner of Carroll county; soil high rolling prairie. I lis orchard
has been well cared for; is quite productive, and is, at present, considering
its age, in good condition. The other orchard referred to by Air. Smith
as having been planted by Sample M. Journey, is in location, soil, etc.,

* Note. — " Nature " always " protects " the trunks of trees. When she plants them singly
she protects by forming side branches ; when in groups or groves tlie side branches (gradually decay
and drop off — from the >jround upward — when not needed for the purpose of preTlecting the indi-
viduaJ tree, since the branches of each protect the liodies of others, and the heiglit to which they
are thus " naturally'" pruned is in direct proportion (m any given variety), to the closeness of the
planting. Hence, if we follow " Nature, in this respect, we must either allow the side branches
(laterals), to grow naturally on our iruit trees, to protect their trunks from the full force of the
sun's rays, or we must plant our trees so closely in the orchard that they will naturally and volun-
tarily cast otV their side branches, growing into groves of tall trees, each one of which forms a
sun-shade for the trunks of its neighbors. In this case what would our fruit be worth if we could
get it ? but —

" This is an art

Which does mend Nature — change it rather ; but

The art itself is nature."

But in "changing Nature" we cannot go diametrically counter to her laws with impunity ; and ii
we expose the bodies of our trees to the sun before the bark b<iomes thick enough to protect the deli-
cate alburnum from the sudden effect of its rays, we do so at the peril of the health and longevity of
our XXKCS.—Secretary.

288 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

very much the same as Mr. Smith's. This farm passed into the hands of
R. & H. Wilson, in the year 1849. Mr. Wilson informs me that the
orchard trees proved to be mostly seedlings, but have borne vv^ell and
have proved hardy, and some of the fruit from the seedling stock is very
good. None of the choice varieties have proved so hardy and productive
as the Willow Twig.

JACKSON COUNTY.

BY J. S. HARTMAN.
PHYSICAL FEATURES.

This county presents a greater diversity of surfiice and soil than, per-
haps, any other in the State. Its southern boundary runs through the
sandstone plateaux of the Grand Chain or Fruit Belt, so called from their
elevation into high, breezy hills, that overlook the valley of the Big Muddy
on the north, and the lower limestone levels towards Cairo on the south;
and from the warm, rarified air that surrounds their summits during tlie
spring and summer months. The latter fact has rendered these high
plateau much sought for as favorable localities for such fruits as are lia-
ble to injury from the early spring frosts that prevail on the lower levels.
The mud-lime drift of the Big Muddy River which runs through the
center of the county, and the broad bottoms of the Mississippi on the
west, with the fine yellow loams of the Alpine summits on the south,
present a variety of scenery, soil, and productions. The coal formation
here finds its southern limit, and ends in broken, dctatched strata among
the hills. To show the surface elevations, as compared with other parts
of the State, we adduce the following figures from the engineer's survey
of the road-bed of the Illinois Central Railroad : From low water mark
in the Ohio at Cairo, tlie natural elevation of Drury Summit, or the
" Makand Hill," as the railroad men term it, on the southern boundary of
this county, is 333 feet; De Soto, in the valley of the Big Muddy, 115
feet. The road-l)cd then rises gradually, culminating at Monee, 523 feet,
and finally descends to Chicago 300 feet above low water at Cairo. So
it will be seen that the first-mentioned point is the highest south of Mo-
nee, and 33 feet higher than the city of Chicago.

FRUIT GROWING.

Until the advent of the Central Railroad, little was known of the
capabilities of this section for fruit growing. But since then, with an
abundant market opened to all points, this industiy has been pushed witli
the characteristic energy of Americans, until the fruit interest here is the
prevailing one among the people living near the stations. Apples,
peaches, pears, cherries, grapes, strawberries, raspberries, and blackber-
ries, all flourish with astonishing perfection. The amount of fruit
shipped to the Chicago market alone, is something wonderful. The
strawberry train began running this year, 1870, on the 23d of May, and
ran till the 9th of June, during which time Chicago received 84 cars,
with anaggiegate of 992,601 lbs. of strawberries. The peach train ran,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 289

from July 2Sth to Sept. 12th, 350 cars, and transported 4.433,289 lbs. of
peaches. A few unreported trains ran after this, making, it is estimated,
by both trains, an aggregate of about 6,000,000 lbs. These figures are
certainly flattering ; but, with the fruits sent to other markets direct, the
amount coukl not have been less ihan 10,000,000 lbs. All this with but
a partial peach crop. The untimely storm about Easter, which killed the
entire peach crop south of Du Qiioin, was a sad blow for the Grand
Chain, where the greatest ninnbcr of orchards are planted. Had there
been a full crop, Egypt alone would have deluged the entire Northwest
with peaches.

Not only ill the above fruits docs Jackson County abound, but in the
apple, and more especially in the grape, does she find her highest capa-
bilities. In the vicinity of Makanda, the vine has found its highest per-
fection. On the table lands the grape is very sound and healthy. About
Soo acres of vineyard are now planted. But a small portion of the
fruit is converted into wine, the largest share being marketed for table
use.

VARIETIES.

Peaches — Hale's Early (rots). Large Early York, Cole's Early Red,
Early Ann (wormy), Early Crawford (shy), Early Tillotson, ^'cUow
Alberge, Heath Free, Coolidge's Fa\orite, George the Fourth, Jacques'
Rare-ripe, Oldmixon, Royal Kensington, Ward's Late, President, Stump
the World, and various others.

Apples — Early Harvest, Red June, American Summer Pearmain,
Buckingham, Horse Apple, White Winter Pearmain, Winesap, Roman-
ite, Nickajack, Pryor's Red, May, Stark, Lawver, and other southern sorts.
All the standartl northern varieties for winter, here become fall apples,
owing to the long, warm season.

Pears — Since the last reports on this fiuit, which is not extensively
grown in this county, many varieties, which had hitherto found favor,
have been entirely discarded. With l)ut a very few exceptions, the Amer-
ican varieties are relied upon, as most of the foreign sorts persist in shed-
ding their leaves, even when grown on the best of soils. Bartlett, Belle
Lucrative, Dearborn's Seedling, Howell, Lawrence, Onondaga, Sheldon,
Steven's Genessee, etc., are relied upon.

Grapes — The Concord still holds pre-eminence. Under our hot suns
and breezv skies, this popidar variety attains a perfection found nowhere
north of 37 degrees, 30 minutes. Hartford is profitable; Delaware, sheds;
Martha, good — rots a little; lona, worthless; Eumelan, not fairly tested ;
Diana, good.

For wine, the chief varieties are, first — N(«-ton's Virginia, hardy as
an oak and never rots; Small Black, late — holds foliage till frost — ram-
pant grower; Cynthiana, similar; Ives' Seedling, fine, and tolerably free
from disease; Herbemoiit and Delaware, when grown in favored spots,
do fairly and make a high-priced wine. "Sparkling Ruby," from the
Concord, has lately been introduced, autl is meeting much favor.
26

290 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Stratvbcrries — Wilson, only.

Raspberries — Mammoth Cluster or McCormick and Doolittle.

Blackberries — Wilson's Early and Lawton.

STARK COUNTY.

BY W. H. BUTLER.

In things material, since the advent of the pioneer and early settlers.
Stark County, I may say with truth, has made wonderful progress.

Comparing what it was in 1S36, when it was a wilderness of beauti-
ful, undulating prairie, with what is seen to-day, and considering that all
these changes have been wrought in so short a period of time, with
comparatively little capital, without a railroad (until within a year), and
being remote from markets, one might almost imagine that a race of
Titans had been at work, instead of common mortals — for there is
scarcely a quarter section in the county but what has been reclaimed
from a state of nature and made a farm, with all the appurtenances of a
home.

But here, as almost everywhere in the West, fruit raising has been
much neglected, the early settlers having turned their attention — neces-
sarily, perhaps — more particularly to substantial, while they have, in a
great measure, neglected the luxuries, and not until recently — though
there are many good orchards in the county — has their attention been
turned so much to fruit raising as a specialty.

Within the past few years a general activity has been awakened upon
this subject, and such has been the demand for trees and plants of all
kinds of fruits, as well as trees and shrubbery for ornamental purposes,
that the supply has not been equal to it. Large sums, in the aggregate,
have been expended, not only for trees, but for grafts and grafting, to
improve the seedlings and those varieties which have proved to be poor
bearers, or not adapted to our soil and climate.

The kinds of fruit trees mostly — I may say generally — set out by the
early settlers were seedlings, obtained principally, I believe, from Mr.
Hodgson, an old pioneer, who has long since been "gathered to his
fathers;" but as soon as grafted fruit could be obtained, the seedling
business came to naught, and that system was adopted which was founded
upon intelligence and the practical knowledge and tests of our nursery-
men, who have done so much to improve the tastes of our people, and
for the advancement and progress of Plorticulture generally. The results
of their labors and investigations have demonstrated beyond dispute the
fact, and in this their services have proved invaluable, that fruit can be
raised upon the rich prairies of Illinois as easily as corn, if those who go
into the business will avail themselves of the knowledge and experience
of our best fruit growers, whose means of communication iire the pub-
lished Transactions of the State Horticultural Society.

Judging from my own observations, there will be a great demand
for fruit and ornamental trees and shrubbery the coming season, and as

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 29 1

we have now the faciHties of a raihoad, the demand will be so much the
gi"eater as the means of transportation are made easier. And no report
of consequence should be made, especially upon so interesting and
important a subject as Horticulture, without making honorable and
respectful mention of the name of Dr. Alfred Castle, of Wyoming,
to whose exertions the people of Stark County are indebted for a rail-
road. Isolated as we had been for thirty years and upwards, with no
means of intercommunication but the common wagon-roail, the doctor,
who was a large farmer, as well as an intelligent horticulturist, for two
years neglected his own private business, and directed liis energies and
his labors for that object, and linally convinced the high oiTicials of the
"C. B. & Q_.," and what was more dithcult, our own people, of the
mutual benefits and advantages of a railroad, which will give a greater
impetus to horticultural as well as other material interests.

As there are no nurseries in this county, and we have to depend
entirely upon those that are either near or distant to supply our wants,
the railroad will be felt as a great present aid to both seller and pur-
chaser. My own experience in such matters is, in order to avoid getting
into the predicament of the man whose "whole life was a failure in
fruit raising," for obvious reasons, to buy from home nurseries instead of
foreign.

As to the mode of culture practiced by our orchardists, there is
nothing peculiar. Some attention is paid at the start, until the trees get
into bearing, when the \\ ord fieglect will ;ipply as a rule, and care and
attention the exception. There are examples of the latter, and thrift
and plenty of fruit are the consequences; but many of the orchards in
this county are already upon the decline; the effect of ignorance, the
raids upon them of the various insect tribes, the want of proper cultiva-
tion and timely and judicious pruning, sufficient draining, etc.

It is conceded, I believe, that timber locations are better for fruit than
the bleak prairies, on account of soil as well as protection ; but there
are good orchards upon the prairies, some of our best, and I append a
list of fruits furnished me by Mr. Perry Stanclift' and Mr. James M.
Roofers, two anion^" the best orchardists of the countv, which those
gentlemen ha\e proved to be good varieties for this section :

SUMMER APPLES.

Early Harvest, Red June, Sweet June, Red Astrachan, Benoni.

FALL APPLES.

Fameuse, Fall Wine, Alaiden's Blush, Autunni Swaar, Golden
Sweet, Seek-no-furthcr, Rambo, Bailey Sweet, Autumn Strawberry,
Pennsylvania Vandevere.

WINTER APPLES.

Domine, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Rawles' Janet, Willow Twig, White
Winter Pearmain, Roman Stem, Fulton, Talman Sweet, Wagoner,
Northern Sp)-, Winesap, Canada Red.

292 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

PEARS.

White Doyenne, Louise Bonne, Flemish Beauty.

GRAPES.

Concord, Chnton, Catawba, Delaware, Hartford Prolific.

CHERRIES.

Early Richmond, or Early May.

CURRANTS.

White Grape, Red and White Dutch.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Houghton's Seedling.
Doolittle Black Cap.

Wilson's Albany.

RASPBERRIES.

STRAWBERRIES.

Note. — There is an apple in this county, I believe not known to nurserymen
generally, and found in but few orcliards, which is worthy of introduction, and
recommendation for general cultivation. Its name is the " May Flower," and was
i-aised from a seedling by the late eminent Bishop Chase, of Jubilee. It is a late
summer variety, a perfect beauty, and possesses all the characteristics of a good,
popular, and profitable fruit, I commend it to the attention of nurserymen, to
orchardists, to the consideration of the State Horticultural Society. Information in
regard to it can be obtained from Rev. Philander Chase, of Valley Township, Stark
County, 111. w. h. b.

MORGAN COUNTY.

BY H. H. MASSEY.

Horticulture, as practiced by the first settlers of Morgan County, was
limited to a few seedling apple and peach trees; these few being the
" stepping stones," so to speak, to the more extensive plantations of the finer
kinds of grafted and budded fruit trees of the present day. John Wilson
planted the first orchard of seedling apple trees set out in this county, in the
spring of 1831. Thisorchard, and many others planted at or near the same
date, are still standing; old familiar landmarks, like old sentinels, shaky,
yet steady and ever ready to do their duty. For although useless as fruit
bearers, except where top-grafted, their grateful shade and never failing-
bloom are always acceptable. The first nursery in the county, that we
have any account of, was that of Dr. Langworthy, planted near the
western extremity of Diamond Grove; and this only on a limited scale,
for private use; altliough many trees were scattered from this small
beginning, among the most notable of which is the orchard of Silas
Massey, situated on the north side of Diamond Grove, in said county.
The first nursery for commercial j^urposes was opened in the spring of
1825, near Jacksonville, by Mr. Timothy Chamberlain. The honor of

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 293

opcninjT the first nursery for everp-een trees, we believe belonc^s to the
pioneer Osage hedgeiiian of our State, Prof. J. H- Turner, of Jackson-
ville. This nursery was commenced about the year 1840.

It is to the Osage orange that Morgan county owes her glory (if she
has any) as a horticultural county. About the year 1S32, Prof. Turner
commenced experimenting with difl'erent hedge plants for the purpose of
obtaining a live fence that would eft'ectually turn stock, and endure our
dry summers. As professor in college and lecturer on common schools,
his main object, at first, was educational; desiring to enable the popula-
tion then almost wholly scattered on the timber borders, to concentrate, so
as to form compact and available common school districts.

These experiments were conducted with much labor and care, and as
the plants had, many of them, to be obtained from abroad, they were
attended with no little expense. The return for this was, usually, a silly
jeer, or an incredulous laugh from the passer by. Even the Osage orange
for the first year or two, had the very pretty appellation of " Prof. Tur-
ner's Folly " or " Morus Multicaulis Hedge." While these experiments
were progressing. Dr. Nelson called one e\ening to see him, and the con-
versation turning to the subject of hedges, the Doctor entered into it warmly,
expressing similar views to his own in respect to their value and impor-
tance, and then remarked that while itinerating in the Southwest, years
before, he remembered seeing a plant growing on the Osage river, called
there the Osage orange, which, from its tenacity of life, and sharp thorns,
he thought might answer the purpose. He gave such a description of
the plant that the Professor immediately determined to send for it, and
accordingly wrote to every one in the Southwest he could hear of that
would be likely to give him any information about it. Put as the Doctor
had failed to give him the name, " Bois-d'Arc," by which it was known
farther west, these inquiries were pushed for sometime without any satis-
factory results. Finally an answer came from a correspondent in Ala-
bama, who sent him a few roots, which w'ere put out and found to grow
well; he now turned his attention to propagating from these with pretty
good success. But with a new supply of roots, came a few seeds taken
from the orange. The planting of these showed that from the seed it
could be propagated with great ease and facility. Experience with the
plant soon convinced him that the object of his search was now fully
attained.

So the honor of first suggesting the Osage orange, as a hedge plant,
unijuestionably belongs to tlie learned Dr. Nelson, while onr county may
justly claim the honor of having brought it into use. In the earlier years
of the eighteen hunched and fortys, Prof. Turner had a good sample of
hedge, well made, which was inspected by many men of this and adjoin-
ing counties.

But thousands of circulars were printed and circulated in the State
gratis, in addition to the continuous articles in the public papers by Prof.
Turner, before the plant gained any considerable public confidence. The
Morgan County Agricultural and Horticultural Society, established in
1850, has done much good work in promoting the interests of Horticul-

294 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

ture. But perhaps the greatest help in the cause was given hy the organ-
izing, in iS6S, of the Jacksonville Horticultural Society, since which
time its progress has been steady and the interest gradually increasing.
The Superintendents of our State Institutions have all manifested a com-
mendable taste and zeal in the horticultural arrangement and adornment
of their respective grounds, thereby adding greatly to the credit of the
State and the beauty of our city.

MONROE COUNTY.

BY CHARLES HENCKLER.

There are very few interesting points in the Horticultural record of
Monroe county, and although cut otl' and formed of parts of the old
counties of St. Clair and Randolph as early as 1816, it may be safely said
that there has never been a fine orchard in the county. There are, in-
deed, fruit trees here of near a centui-ys growth, but they are seedlings,
and of quite inferior qualities. There are also numerous small collec-
tions of excellent improved fruit, of modern date, but nothing deserving
the name of horticultural taste and improvement has ever been developed
or has ever found place in the county. Our horticulturists are all ama-
teurs, and have confined their operations within veiy narrow limits.

Considered with reference to fruit raising, our county may be divided
into: 1st. Hickory and Black-oak ridges; 2d. The Mississippi bottom;
3d. Prairie lands; 4th. Post-oak lands; valuable, perhaps, in the order
named. The hickoiy and black-oak ridges form two narrow meridional
ridges — one near the bluffs, and the other running east of Columbia,
towards and through Waterloo, which, before clearing, are covei'ed with a
growth of black-oak, white-oak, hickory, hazel, sumach, sassafras, wild-
cherry, and wild-grape. The Mississippi bottom is four to six miles wide
along the Mississippi river. The prairie land is much like the black-oak
lands, and occupies the eastern part of the county. The post-oak and
black-jack lands are scattered all through the hill part of the county.

The old seedlings are all small apples, of rather agreeable taste, gen-
erally gi'een, or green and red, with dark blotches, having accidental,
arbitrary, local, and luicertain names. After 1835 some improvement
began, and Russets or " Leather-coats," Big and Little Romanites, Pip-
pins, Bellflowers, Wincsaps, Red and Yellow Junes, began to be planted.
Since 1S45 nearly all the varieties of any catalogue have found place in
one part or another of the county. In one or two instances as many as a
thousand trees were put out by a single owner; but for the most part the
collections are small, hardly sufficient for home use. A little cider is
made, some vinegar, and an occasional load of fruit taken to market; but
very few farmers in the county have a real abundance of apples, or other
fruits, for their own home use. The old orchards m the American Bot-
tom were nearly all destroyed by the flood of 1S44; some few have been
set out there since, and seem to be flourishing. But the whole subject of
fruit-growing is, and has long been, greatly neglected in the county, with
here and there exceptions. Its iniprofitableness and uncertainty are the
principal causes of this, arising from the difliculty and distance of trans-

I

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 295

portation, and the terrible ravages of the insects and ]jliL;ht. Wc have
no raihoad, and it is a long way to haul frnit in wagons to St. Louis
market, which is our nearest. The river transportation ofVers better facil-
ities to the orchardists upon the river bottoms, and doubtless more care
and culture would abate the ravages of those enemies of horticulturists
throughout the county. It might be added that the leading popular
varieties here are those recommended by the Illinois and Missouri State
Horticultural Societies, and this is true also of all other kintls of fruit.
There are some nice small collections of pears, and they do very well
in the American Bottom. There are fine, vigorous trees there, over a
century old, but their fruit is inferior.

The Bartlett is the favorite pear here, but there are other excellent
varieties common in the fruit catalogues.

The cultivation oi f caches has proved almost a failure, and little or no
attention is paid to it. The crop is uncertain, and the fruit and trees have
so many enemies that the planter puts out his peach trees, not from any
hope of return or profit, but from a sort of habit founded upon old recol-
lections. The varieties planted are those usually prominent in popular
catalogues.

If anything is a greater failure here than peach culture, it is that of
the plums^ owing to the ravages of that little Turk of the Crescent, the
Curculio, which our people, not being Russians, have been unable to fight
successfully. Even wild plums are becoming exceedingly rare.

Cherries generally do well, the principal varieties being the Morello,
May Duke, Early Purple, Downer's Late Red, and Yellow Spanish.
Cherry trees are not numerous, however. Very little small fruit is raised.
Houghton seedling gooseberry, red, white, and black currants, red and
yellow raspberries, are all occasionally seen, and do very well. Blackcap
raspberry has been but little tried. Not a tithe of the small fruit neces-
sary for home use is raised here.

Grape culture has received considerable attention, and is in quite an
advanced condition. John VViesenborn, in 1S3S, went to Cincinnati and
brought thence a number of Isabella and Catawba vines, and set out the
first vineyard in this county; and from his, the principal vineyards were
planted, until 1863, at which time there were about one hundred acres in
the whole county. Then a new era commenced ; the Concord and other
fine varieties took the place of the Catawba, which has become ^'ery
uncertain in its crops and yield. Now at least two hundred acres, nearly
all bearing, are scattered over the county.

In 1864 gi-eat numbers were obtained from Hermann, IVIo. Many
varieties have been tried here, and the best are Norton's Virginia, Con-
cord, Ives' Seedling, Rulander, Maiy Ann, Hartford Prolific, Clinton,
North Carolina Seedling, Martha, Goethe, Nortliern ISIuscadine, Ilerbe-
mont, Cunningham, Blood's Black, Taylor, Waterloo, ami CynUiiana.
The Isabella and Catawba are filling, and Canada, Delaware, lona, Tsra-
ella, and Riessling have proved almost worthless. In preparing the
ground for planting, we break up deep, dig holes, and plant about twelve
to fourteen inches deep, six or eight feet by eight feet apart, cultivate with

296 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

plow and hoe, use wire trellises, usually, and train to bow system. But
few gi'apes are sent to market, and those to St. Louis. They are mostly
made into wine, a])out forty thousand gallons having been made this
season. The best wine years for quality and quantity were 1S4S, 1857,
and 1S67.

.ORNAMENTAL AND TIMBER TREES.

BY SAMUEL EDWARDS.

It is gratifying to see an mcreasmg interest manifested in the planting
of forests ; yet we have no reason to hope for general and extensive oper-
ations, in this important work, at all commensurate with the prospective
need of our people, unless it receives the stimulus of a bounty from our
State or National Government. Is it not fully as deserving this, as the
growing of sugar cane, or the various manufacturing interests which
receive aid to a large amount from the duties on imports?

Kansas has set us a good example in the encouragement given by her
legislature, already inducing many to begin extensive plantations.

A very common error with beginners, is planting at too great dis-
tances.

From nearly thirty years' experience, the rule is now fixed, with me, at
— rows four feet apart and trees two feet apart in the row, of European
Larch and other varieties ; planting among them White and Scotch Pines,
12 by 12 feet, for a permanent grove of evergreens.

I would plant almost any varieties of deciduous trees, except Ash-leaf-
maple, Silver-leaf, and Lombardy poplars. Any of the hardy evergreens
are highly valuable for a forest or grove, but the above are the most prof-
itable to grow for lumber.

Experience fully establishes the fact that planting at about these dis-
tances is the best, cheapest, if not the only way to induce that upright
growth, which is a prime necessity in timber culture.

The Chestnut is highly recommended by some, and it is desirable to
have a few trees of this variety ; but for extensive plantations it is too
expensive. They grow no more rapidly than White or Burr oak, the
acorns of which are easily gathered in our native groves, and the timber
of these, at maturity, is more valuable.

COMMITTEE REPORT ON NEW FRUITS.

BY D. B. WIER.

As a member of this Committee, I have received but four parcels of
plants or cuttings during the year, to wit: Of Stephen Underbill, Croton,
N. Y., his three hybrid Grapes — " Croton" " Senasqua" and " Long
White" These were very fine vines, and were planted with Ordinaiy
care, and had the treatment usually given vines. They made a remark-
ably strong, healthy growth, considering the intense drouth and heat of
the season. But this was by no means a test season for health in the
vine; yet it is to be hoped that these very fine varieties will prove adapted
to our climate.

Pears — Charles Downing, of Newburgh, N. Y., has sent me cions

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 297

of twenty -eight varieties of pears. Many of these are varieties but Httle
known, and having, in certain localities, where they had been introduced,
or originated, an enviable reputation for health, vigor, and productiveness,
though many of these are not tii'st-class in fruit. Mr. Downing thought, with
the writer, that if we could have healthy, vigorous trees, that would
give us regular crops of good fruit, not best, that we would be better
satisfied than we are now, when trying to get a few superlatively good
fruits from feeble, unhealthy ti'ees. I shall watch the fruiting of these
grafts with great interest. Among them is the celebrated Japan Pear,
a fruit entirely unfit for eating, but of great excellence for stewing, bak-
ing, and drying; — tree, so far, in the United States, I believe, perfectly
healthy and productive.

Wc raise Qiiinces and Cranberries,''and people are willing to pay
large prices for them for cooking purposes alone — then why not grow
pears for this puipose .''

I have been noticing, for the last ten years, a pear tree growing near
here. During that time it has borne enormous crops every other year,
and a handsome crop in the alternate years. The tree has had no care
whatever. At times it has been cultivated by growing garden truck
around it; at others it has been surrounded by weeds or grass. During
the whole time it has been a perfect picture of health and ^•igor. Not
being able to recognize it in any of the books, I, this fall, sent speci-
mens of the fruit to some of our most noted pomologists, none of whom
were able to recognize it as a known variety. Charles Downing says of
it : " In quality, very good, if not best." The original tree was bought
as " Heniy the IV," which, it is supposed, died back, and the present
variety sprang from the roots. This \ariety may prove a grand prize
to Horticulture in the West.

My attention has also been called to some wonderful pear trees, of an
iniknown variety, near Peoria, the largest of which is over six feet in
circumference. The most wonderful stories are tokl of their great pro-
ductiveness, health, and goodness of the fruit.

We need a gi^eat experimental orchard, located at some point where
trees will grow; or, series of orcliards, supported by the State, in which
all these new fruits may be planted and tested.

Clapps Favorite — Three years has proven that this splendid nevv
pear has foliage which, if it does not look good, is good — rather better
than its supposed parent, Flemish Beauty.

New Siberian Crab Apples — Of these I have a collection of seed-
lings, which vary more than seedlings of the common apple, both in fruit
and foliage, and all, so far as can be seen, appear to be etjual in hardi-
hood. I have several varieties grown by A. R. Whitney, of Lee county,
selected, while in fruit, in his orchard, all of which are valualile and
interesting — one in particular shows such qualities as an eating apple
as to give us hopes that we may yet get, from this hardy stock, fruit
of the best quality for all purposes. We have them already as large
as average VVinesaps, and witla varieties ranging in season frona July

298 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS '

until March. I have particularly observed, this season, that the Codling
Moth does not prey upon the Siberian Crab to near the damaging
extent that it does the common apple.

Stfawherrics — Amongst the many new kinds brought to my notice
this season, I found none thought worthy of notice except the following :

Boyden's No. 30, Michigan, and Downei*'s Kentucky. These are all
well worthy of extended trial. The Mexican Ever-bearing can now
return again to Mexico, Juarez having proclaimed an amnesty. Its dis-
seminators could be very well spared also.

Raspberries — " Baldwin's choice of the Turner Seedlings." The
variety bearing this short and poetical name, I examined pretty closely, in
fruit, and was very favorably impressed with it. It belongs to our Wild
Red species [Rubus strigosics.) The fruit is very large, bright red, and
veiy firm for fruit of this species, appears very productive, and is of
undoubted hardihood.

This is the only new variety seen of any merit.

The variety sent out by Purdy and Johnson as " Mammoth Cluster,"
proves, in every instance — and I have seen it in a score of places — to be
exactly the same as the true Large Miami, or McCormick.

I do hope the friends of Horticulture will persist in planting seeds of
the Raspbcny. The Black-cap [R. occide72talis)^ia.m\\y is the one for the
West. We ought to tame down that rank, wild flavor, and put more
flesh on its bones (seeds).

Grapes — Besides the Underbill Seedlings, before spoken of, I have
seen, of the newer varieties —

U?ta — This has a very foxy appearing vine, but perfectly healthy —
not in fruit.

Walter — Unhealthy in vine and fruit, and vine badly milldewed.

Eumelan — Same as last.

Cynthiana — Healthy in fruit and vine, quite productive — well
worthy the attention of the wine-grower South.

Rodger's Hybrids — All large and beautiful in fruit, but vine and
fruit unhealthy. If the use of sulphur will cure the diseases of these
vines, they should certainly be quite extensively planted. The fruit is so
large and fine, keeps so well into winter, that the extra labor required
would be amply repaid. The same may be said of the

lona — A fruit of great beauty and excellence, if we can get it.

Aletha — I have before given it as my judgment that this is the same
as the Hartford Prolific. If I was mistaken I had good reason to be, as my
comparisons were most careful. If it is not, and will continue to ripen
ten days before the Hartford, it will prove quite an acquisition, as an early
market grape, and to those who live so far North that later varieties will
not mature.

Martha — One would suppose, by the way that this grape has been
pushed and praised by its disseminators, and prominent pomologists, that
if one had Martha he would be sujorcmely happy. Now I have grown

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 299

Martha, seen Martha, and tasted Martha, and this close personal inspec-
tion did not result in a very deep falling in love with her. The young
lady produced very grave suspicions in my mind, by the very strong
smell of vitisk about her person. That highly praised, fair complexion
of hers was found spotted and blotched with foul disease. Seriously I
have not seen a person in this State, who has grown and fruited this
grape, who does not denounce it in the strongest terms. But opinions
drawn from the quality of the fruit this season, can scarcely be just, for
the reason that all grapes of its family ( V. Labrusca)^ were \woxc foxy
than usual. The vine has not done well with me, and I have heard com-
plaints from others. As healthy and productive a vine as I have seen this
season, was a vine of that notoriously unhealthy thing, Allen! s Hybrid.
This was trained on a high arbor., ten feet high., and 1 was informed by
its owner, that this was not an exceptional year; that it had been healthy.
1 name this to induce persons to experiment more in the manner of grow-
ing vines. I also saw a vine covering at least five thousand square feet,
clambering over trees of many varieties, the vine bearing hundreds of
pounds of healthy fruit.

Blackberries — A new^ thornless variety fruited on my grounds this
year, quite late; fruit, medium; plum shaped; of good quality and pro-
ductiveness; bush dwarf; a nice little thing.

Needham's White and Crystal White; \Qry prett}' and very good.
Fruit small ; valuable as curiosities.

Wilson's Early ; though I have had it old enough to bear some time,
it gave, this year, its first small crop of very large and veiy poor fruit.

Plums — I have had for the first time, this year, fniit of the celebrated
Townsend, iSIincr, or Hinkley Plum, and find it a veiy much better fruit
than I had anticipated. There is no doubt in my mind but what this,
and others of the same family [Prunus chicasa)^ will eventually take a
high position among the standard fruits of the country. I had thought
that the Miner and the Wild Goose Plum of Kentucky and Tennessee,
were one and the same thing; but having last spring procured the gen-
uine Wild Goose from an undoubted source, there was found, when grow-
ing them side by side, a very great difference in the two trees. In a letter
of a late date, my friend, J. S. Downer, of Kentucky, says, in speaking
of the Wild Goose: "This plum, in no instance that has come to my
knowledge, has reproduced itself from seed, and the country is almost
full of spurious Wild Goose Plums. Many nurserymen and others are
now selling what they call Wild Goose plum trees on their own roots.
They are mistaken, I think. All such are only off-shoots from some seed-
lings of the Wild Goose Plum, and not the genuine sort.'' No man
has had a better chance to obtain the facts about the matter than the
veteran Downer, and there is no doubt but all the disparaging accounts
published of this fruit, have been caused by parties seeing fruit from spu-
rious trees.

Apples — Of new sorts of these I will say nothing, leaving the task to
our worthy Secretary.

300 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

LOCAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

ONARGA HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1S7O.

OFFICERS:

President — E. D. Robbing.
Vice President — Horace Pinney.
Recording Secretary — J. D. Van Norman.
Corresponding Secretary — Lyman Pike.
Treasurer — H. Pinney.
Librarian — -J. W. Owen.

The abundant harvests of the present year have done much to encour-
age us in our labors for the future, and we hope tliat in the years to come
it may be said that we are neither dead nor sleeping.

Our crops of Blackberries, Gi^apes, and Apples for this year, were
abundant; other fruits, for the most part, fully medium.

The fruits in the following list will be found generally profitable in our
locality. Many others are doing well; some not fully tested.

Apples — Red Astrachan, Sweet June, Early Harvest, Summer
Qiieen, Fameuse, Rambo, Yellow Bellflower, Limber Twig, Maiden's
Blush, Tolman's Sweet, Domine, Milam, Seek-no-further, Vandevere
Pippin, Winesap, Smoke House, Smith's Cider, Willow Twig, Wag-
oner.

Blackberries — Lawton.

Cherries — Early Richmond, Gov. Wood, English Morello.

Currants — Red arid White Dutch, and Cherry.

Gooseberries — Houghton's Seedling.

Grapes — Concord, Clinton, Delaware, Hartford Prolific, Massasoit,
Ives' Seedling.

Pears — Louise Bonne de Jersey, Bartlett, Duchesse d'Angouleme.

Besides these, there are many others that have done well, and very
many others that are being tested, of which we expect to report in the
future.

The vegetable crops are large, with the exception of late potatoes,
which were much damaged by the Colorado Potato Bugs and dry
weather.

Our Society, which has heretofore been a very good one in theory,
is this year becoming a really practical one, as the large crops of fruit
fully attest.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3^1

True, we have some slight discouragements; the early ripening of
the apple has been followed by the rot in cases where tlicy have not been
properly cared for; the Concord Grape cracked soniewliat; the birds
have taken a small share (rewarding us \vith a song) ; the ciwrant \\orm
has been busy.

Still we have had enough, if not to fill our wallets, yet to give us

" The rosy hue of health,"

And fill us with new hopes for the future.

We have a most delightful region for small fruit-farms, which can be
bought at moderate prices.

Lyman Pike, Cor. Sec'y.

FARINA AGRICULTURAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR 1870.

The territory embraced within the limits of this society has been very
sparsely settled, till within five or six years; the oldest war/C'^/ orchard
being that of the late Wm. A Goodrich, which was planted about the
year 1863. Mr, Goodrich was an enthusiastic and enterprising horticul-
turist, as well as farmer, and the success which attended his efibrts and
the efibrts of a few smaller orchardists, has stimulated the business of
fruit culture so that nearly all who have since opened up farms on our
beautiful jDrairie, have planted an abundance for home consumption and
generally for market purposes. Of the 35,000 or 30,000 fruit trees planted
within a radius of three miles of Farina Station, about one half are
peach; three-fourths of the rest are apple. CheiTy, pear, and quince
make out the rest of the list, in the order learned.

The peach and apple crop of 1870 was quite fair in quantity, but
inferior in quality; apples are not keeping well. Mr. A. S. Coon is our
most successful pear culturist, and has had abundant ahd regular crops
since his trees were large enough to bear. He cultivated pears for many
years in New York State before coming here, and reports that his fruit
here is much superior to that called good fruit in Central New York.

Quite an interest is also manifested in the small-fruit business. Straw-
berries, blackbeiries, raspberries, gooseberries, and ciUTants, receive
attention in about the order named. The April frost of 1870, which did
so much damage in the more southern portion of the State, was not very
severe here, and we had a fair crop of strawberries. For market, Wilson
and Green Prolific are best; for table use, French Seedling and a variety
called Pine Apple (local name), brought from Connecticut by Daniel B.
Irish. The writer prefers these in a collection of over twenty sorts, with
which he has been experimenting. Of blackberries, Lawton and Kittatinny
are most cultivated, though there are some of many other sorts. The
Lawton resists the cold better than the native wild varieties, yields abun-
dantly, and is gaining in public opinion, as is also the Kittatinny. Large
quantities of wild blackberries are shipped north from here — and years
ago, this station was generally J<no\vn, by expressmen and others,
as " Blackbeiry," on account of the predominance of this fruit in its
season.

302 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Grapes do well, generally; thousands of vines are being planted,
mostly Concord. Indeed nearly all the fruits suited to this latitude are at
home here, and recompense the grower in proportion to the care he
bestows upon them.

In times past, we have been sadly imposed upon by that creature
"who goeth about seeking whom he may" — swindle, till most of us are
shy of traveling tree-peddlers.

The mercury -went down to 14 degrees below zero, in the cold snap in
December, and nearly all the peach buds are killed. Cherries not much
hurt. Our location is in the S. E. corner of Fayette county, on the Chi-
cago branch Illinois Central Railroad, 324 miles from Chicago — 141
from Cairo. Fruit nearly all sent to Chicago. Our Society now holds
meetings once a month.

LIST OF OFFICERS.

President — O, B. Irish.
Vice-President — Isaac Clawson.
Recording Secretary — Wm. B. Irish.
Corresponding Secretary — E. W. Irish.
Treasurer — -James Clawson.

Directors — Jno. Dunham, Albert Persels, Wm. H. Rich.
By order of the Society,

E. W. Irish, Cor. Sec'y.

CENTRALIA FRl^T GROWERS'.ASSOCIATION.

REPORTED BY THE SECRETARY.

Mr. O. B. Galusha, Secretary of State Horticultural Society :

In compliance with your request, I herewith transmit a portion of the
proceedings of our local Society, whose regular meetings on the first
and third Satui'days of each month are still maintained, excepting in July,
August, and September, when the pressure of picking, packing, and
shipping fruit, overrides everything else. Several new members have
been added during the year, and one has passed over the mystic river.

May, 21, 1870.

* * B. Pullen, Chairman of Committee on Orchards and
Fruits, reported that the prospect for an abundant crop was still good.
Strawberries are beginning to be ripe, and the coming week shipping
will commence. Tliis fruit especially is needing rain, and unless it comes
soon the crop will be materially shortened.

Several members reported having had ripe berries enough for home
use for several days.

June iS, 1S70.

* * There were on exhibition fine samples of large orange-
colored raspberries from the garden of Mrs. Phelps, who desired to learn
the name. They were thought to be Clarke Raspberries.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 303

There was also a box of ripe blackberries, as well as a branch, show-
ing tliat it was very prolific as well as early. It is a wild variety, discov-
ered by President Brunton, several }ears since, who has propagated and
tested it \\ ith satisfactory results. It is no doubt a desirable acc[uisition,
being hardy, early, and prolific. lie had a few ripe berries by the loth
of June. Mr. Cooper called attention to them; had seen and tasted of
the fruit before. Was satisfied that it was better and earlier than the Wil-
son's Early Blackbeny. Moved that the Association take the liberty of
naming it '• Brunton's Early Prolific Blackberry," which, being submitted
to the meeting by the Secretary, was carried unanimously.

September 24, 1870.

J. W. Fletcher stated that our President had recently returned from
a trip to Chicago and the Michigan orchards; thought that it would be
interesting and instructive to hear the result of his observations. Tliis
opinion being unanimous,

President Brunton was induced to say that he had observed matters
pertaining to fruit and fruit culture as closely as he knew how, and had
learned a new thing or two. Supposed the permanent commission houses
were conducted by foir-dealing business men. Some of them were,
perhaps, rather partial to particular shippers, and would fill orders at
$1.25 per box from the shipments of favorites, while the balance would
only bring $1 or less per box. This would account, frequently, for the
difierence reported in the account of sales. Thinks the red rag, tied
over the baskets of peaches from Michigan, is the main reason for their
bringing a higher price than those from this locality. The peaches are
no better, but they look finer through the mosquito-bar cover. In proof
of this, he stated that he had watched the course of fifty boxes of Cen-
tralia fruit. Saw it sold in the morning — it remained on the sidewalk till
night, when it was removed to a convenient store-room and re-packed
into baskets, covered with the inevitable red rag, and placed on the side-
walk again early in the morning. Where the joke came in was, that the
dealer bought them for $1 per box, which was the best price paid for
box fruit, and sold them readily for $1.50 per basket, besides gaining one
basket out of cveiy twenty boxes. The peaches raised in Michigan are of
no l^etter quality than ours. The crop may be more sure, as the trees are of
slower growth. Their soil is generally sandy and more easily cultivated.
Berries are planted between the rows. Thought many of our peaches
had been picked too early; three or four days longer on the tree would
have improved the quantity as well as quality. Thought it would be
policy Yor us to ship our best and ripest peaches in baskets — such fruit as
would be consumed in Chicago. The true way is to ship in such pack-
ages that the fruit can be examined and sold by weight. The com-
mission men of Chicago, as far as he consulted them, favored boxes for
peaches from Southern Illinois.

Deckmi5i;r 3, 1870.

President Brunton had been furnished with some books and papers

SO^ TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

eulogizing California in general, and as a fruit-growing region in par-
ticular, with a request that he would lay them before the Associa-
tion.

Mr. Reeder said that the accounts of gentlemen who went there
under tlie auspices of the Farmers' Club, of New York, were unfavora-
ble, so far as profit in raising fruit was concerned. Understood that pear
trees were cut down, not because they could not raise pears, but because
it would not pay.

Mr. Hooton said that distance lends enchantment to the view. Our
pears may not be as large as those raised in California, but they are supe-
rior in quality. This was also true of apples and plums.

Mr. Pullen thought Illinois was a good State enough for him, and
would not exchange this locality for any other in it. Besides being pre-
eminently a fruit-growing region, we could raise grain with advantage.
Doubted whether even stock could be grown with more profit in any part
of the State. They could produce corn some cheaper in the northern part,
but their longer, colder winters used it up and more to. Fruit-growing
has done more to increase and build up Centralia than any other interest
since the railroad was located. We have the right kind of soil for fruit,
a favorable climate, good markets, and quick transportation. If any one
fails of success in a series of years, it is to be attributed to careless or
improper cultivation, rather tlian to soil or climate.

Mr. Cooper thought if any one should go from this section to
California for the purpose of making more money by raising fruit, he
would find he had made a mistake. A pel'son with a taste for raising
fruit is as favorably situated here as any where; had better hold steadily
on; attend regularly the meetings of this Association; discuss his failures
as well as successes, and not relax his energy or courage. There are dif-
ficulties to be overcome in all kinds of business. Perseverance is almost sure
to be crowned with success.

The President maintained that facts were the surest test as to success
in fruit raising. He was told by Mr. Kohl, a few days ago, that he had
paid out over the counter of the First National Bank $200,000, in pay-
ment for fruit sold the past season. The amount received by Express
and in Post Office orders probal^ly would swell the amount to $2=50,000.
It would be found, on observation, that nearly all shippers of fruit had
been making improvements of various kinds this fall.

December 10, 1870.
Notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather the usual number
were in attendance. As most of the members of the committee on
Orchards and Orchard Fruits were absent, it was deemed best to post-
pone definite action upon revising the Fruit List recommended by this
Association. From remarks by several members it seemed to be the
opinion that it would be unadvisable to change the list at present. The
season has been a remarkable one. Very few apples have been raised, and
no experience gained that would justify a change. The failure of the
crop was attributed mainly to a late frost and the Codling Moth,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 305

together with the alternate hot, dry, and wet weather. It was stated
as a common fact that apples did not keep as well as usual this year.

THE CURCULIO

Claimed and received a good deal of attention. The result of the dis-
cussion may be summed up as follows : That it was necessary to tight
the Little Turk early and often. P'all and summer plowing; plenty of hogs
in the orchard; clean tillage around the trees, and the use of the curcu-
lio catcher as long as any were to be found. In fact, any and all ways to
destroy the insect should be resorted to, if a fair, sound crop was expected.
It was admitted that an orchaicl or two had yielded a fair crop the last
season without the use of the catcher, but these were regarded as excep-
tional cases, and in these, if only a light crop had set, the curculios would
have destroyed it.

The President was aware that some of the members were tired of
hearing this so often repeated, but he considered it essential to impress the
important fact upon the minds of all who desired to realize a profit from
the cultivation of peaches; thought this locality had sustained a loss of
$20,000 in the aggregate the last season by picking peaches too soon. If
they had remained on the trees three to six days longer, the fruit would
have been larger, finer, and consequently would have made more boxes
and brought a better price.

Considerable was said in reference to the failure of the Hale's Early
peach. Some attributed the decay to the attack of the curculio. This
peach has a thin, smooth skin, and being early, is attractive to the rascals.
Others thought the loss might be attributed to other causes. Mr. Brun-
ton suggested that such culture as would give an excessive growth of
wood was favorable to the rot in this variety. Mr. Taylor's orchard, on
the best of land and highly cultivated, had a remarkable growth of wood,
but the peaches rotted very badly, while the fruit of wormy trees, or
those on poo'r soil, was generally sound.

December 17, 1S70.
Extracts from a report made to this Association by Mr. B. Pullen,
from the Committee on

ORCHARDS AND ORCHARD FRUITS.

Mr. President : — * * * \Yg ^..^j^g pleasure in being able
to report the condition of orchards, as a general rule, good. The maturity
of the immense crop of peaches the past season seems to have alfected
the thrift of the trees but little, and judging from appearances, we can
not see but that the prospect for a crop the coming year is as good as it
was for the past. We might make the single exception, that the fruit
buds seem to be slightly swollen; vet it is so slight that it is diillcult to
determine if it be so or not.

We are inclined to the opinion, that the good condition of our
orchards, after such an exiiaustive season as the past, is attributable to

27

^o6 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

the superior cultivation that has been given them during the past tvv^o or
three years. Tliis is apparent on comparison, for we still have orchards
amongst us that receive very little, if any, attention.

Some of your Committee are of the opinion that too much ridging
in our orchards is attended with injurious results, unless the precaution is
taken to keep the surface of the beds as level as possible, to prevent the
water passing off too rapidly, in order that the soil may receive its due
proportion of moisture. We regard this, however, as a matter for dis-
cussion, the Committee not agreeing to recommend it.

Our experience teaches us that the Early Mountain, Serrated Early
York, Early Tillotson, Cole's Early Red, White Free Stone, Heath, and
Hale's Early, are worthless on account of their disposition to rot, mildew,
etc. They can not be recommended with safety for this section. If we
f>ermit the latter to occupy our ground, it will be more for the purpose of
having a few specimens left to remind us of our folly, than with the
expectation of receiving any benefit from them.

THE APPLE CROP

Was very light, and the fruit mostly destroyed by the Codling Moth. The
trees are in line condition, and promise well for another year. This
being the q^ year, as politicians would say, one may expect a full crop
next year. Every precaution should be taken this winter and coming
spring to save the crop from destruction from this moth. Our opportu-
nities for judging of the merits of varieties being so limited, we shall pass
them by.

PEAR ORCHARDS

Generally in good condition ; crop light but fruit good ; more blight the
past season than for the two previous years. As to varieties — were we
going to plant a thousand trees — we coidd hardly persuade ourselves to
select anything but Bartlett. It is an early and prolific bearer; hardy,
and as free from blight as any, fine size, of good quality, and always brings
the highest market price. Our conviction now is that cultivation for the
standard pear should be discontinued after the trees come into bearing.

CHERRY TREES AND ORCHARDS

Also look well. The only variety cultivated, indeed, the only variety
worthy to be cultivated in our locality for market purposes, being the
Early May or Early Richmond. A fair crop the past season, but not so
large as the year previous; yet much more profitable. The season was
more favorable for this fruit, being dry, giving us better quality and con-
dition, therefoie better prices.

B. PULLEN,

M. M. HooTON,
A. P. Crosby,
• Committee.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 307

Centralia, 111., Dec. 31, 1870.
For ten days we have had very cold weather, with four or five inches
of snow lying on the ground for a week. I have never known fair
sleighing to last that length of time in this vicinity hcfore. On the
morning of the 23d, thermometers indicated from 12 to 16 degrees below
zero. It is now generally understood that the peach crop for 1871 is
destroyed. Although the freeze was severe, I am in hopes that there
will be a sprinkling of peaches yet, from the fact that the air was dry, the
ground also, and covered with a mulch of snow; besides, the wood was
well matured, and the weather moderated gradually. However, the hope
is neither large or strong, and is entertained under dithculties. There is
some consolation in tlie thought that what kills the fruit will starve the
curculio, and be all the better for us another season. This disaster aftbrds
another striking proof that horticulturists should adopt a mixed hus-
bandry.

ALTON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The meetings of this Society have been held regularly during the
past year — 1870. They have been numerously attended, and the interest
generally well sustained. The proceedings are pul)lished monthly, in
pamphlet form, and the following reports and essays are selected from
them :

From report of the May meeting.

REPORT OK COMMITTEE ON ORCHARD FRUITS.

On behalf of the Committee on Orchard Fruits, I respectfully submit
the result of some observations of peach buds since the cold of April
15th, i6th, and 17th. Up to that time about 80 per cent, of the peach
buds on my place had been killed ; about 50 per cent, in February, and
about 30 per cent, in March. This left enough of all varieties for a very
large crop; but the cold, sleet, and snow of the dates above mentioned,
have left a very few of most varieties.

I find a fair crop left, of Hale's Early, Early York (Serrate), and of
seedlings, as well as of the new White Nectarine. Alltliese are varieties
with large blossoms, a fact which, after previous observation, I judge to be
connected with the size of the blossoms; whether it be owingf to the larjrer
petals enclosing and better protecting the vital organs, as I am inclineil
to believe, or whether the large blossom is evidence of extraordinary
vitalit}', the fact is suggestive and ought to be looked to in the selection
of varieties for profitable planting.

Second in hardines, I name Troth's Early, Red Rareripe, Magnum
Bonum, Oldmixon Free, and Delaware White.

A third class includes, Columbia, Large Early York, Yellow Rare-
ripe, Late AdmiraV)le, Health Cling, Smock, and La Grange. But
in other years. Yellow Rareripe, has not, and Health Cling has been
hardy.

3o8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

A fourth includes Early Tillotson, White Heath Free, and Craw-
ford's Late.

A fifth comprises Crawford's Early, and Morris' White, which are
tliis year, with me, most tender of all.

Dr. Hull reports as follows :

Hardiest — Hale's Early, and perhaps Serrate Early York.

Second — Haine's Early, Coolidge's Favorite, Heath, Columbia,
Smock.

Third — Geoi'ge IV, Oldmixon, La Grange, Late Red Rareripe.

Fourth — Oldmixon Cling, Barnard's Yellow, and Early Tillotson.

Fifth — Bergen's Yellow, Crawford's Early, and Crawford's Late.
Dr. Hull reports about a quarter crop of Sweet cherries, hardiest of
which are Yellow Spanish, and Gridley. Next, Knight's Early Black ;
and third, the other varieties cultivated without much distinction. The
Duke's, etc., he finds damaged about ten per cent. The hardiest are
Belle Magnifique, May Duke, and Belle de Choisey. Next, English
Morello, Early Richmond, and Common Morello.

Mr. Brown finds Hale's Early and Seedling Peaches hardy.

Mr. Hyde reports Hale's Early, Early York (Serrate), and Seed-
lings, a fair crop.

Mr. Huggins finds Heath Cling, and perhaps Hale's Early, the best
of budded sorts. Seedlings all right.

Mr. Johnson finds Seedlings all right, and Hale's. Early and other
large blossomed varieties hardy.

Mr. McPike finds Hale's Early hardiest, and next, perhaps, Large
Early York. About ten per cent, of a crop on the average.

In general, the estimates vary from twenty-five to ten per cent, of a
good crop. I consider the latter the nearest right.

Apples and pears are generally believed to be unhurt, and to promise
a good crop thus far.

Mr. Hilliard shows blossoms of apples injured, he thinks, by the frost
of last week. Mr. Hyde reports considerable inequality of blooming on
the Lawrence, some trees being in very full bloom and others quite
destitute of bloom.

W. C. Flagg.

Note by the Editor. — At the June meeting, Mr. J.E. Starr read a very able
paper on Wine ; but as the views and arguments presented in it are so nearly
identical with those subsequently read before the State Society and already pub-
lished in this volume, it is omitted for this reason, and from want of space.

At the July meeting the topic of small fruits being called up, D. L.
Hall gave his experience with

RASPBERRIES IN 187O.

I have fruited this year ten varieties of raspbenies, and the following
is the result of my observations :

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 309

Commencing with black caps — Doolittle ripened first berries June
5th; first picking for market June nth; a good bearer and grower; of
fair quality; suffered much from drouth.

DavissotCs Thornless — First berries June 9th; first picking for market
June 1 2th; fully as good as Doolittle in every respect, and to be preferred
to it, on account of its thornless character.

Miami — First ripe June 13th; for market June i8th; berry larger
and sweeter than either of the others; much stronger grower, and an
enormous bearer; stood the drouth best of any berry I had.

Red Raspberries — Clarke: winter killed somewhat, as did all other
varieties with me, owing partially, I think, to the late cultivation given
them last season; ripe June 14th; good size; moderately firm, and judg-
ing from the few plants in bearing of my own, and obseiTations of other
plantations, vei7 productive; an inveterate suckerer; cjuality, only second
rate. I think it our best market red berry, so far.

Philadelphia — Ripe June 14th; very productive, but requires extra
care and heavy manuring; quality poor and rather soft; generally hardy,
but killed some the past winter.

Franconia and Fastolf — Both tender; quality good, but too soft, and
so uncertain as to be worthless for market.

Belle de Fontcfiay — RijDe June i6th; in quality best; good bearer
and generallv hardy; requires good soil and cultivation, and heavy
manuring, for the best results; but from the large size of the berries,
and their handsome appearance and color, they will command a high
price in any market.

Yellow Raspberries — Golden Cap: ripe June loth; has winter killed
two years; quality only good ; poor bearer; worthless.

Brinkle^s Orange — Too tender ; the best of all berries where you get
it; would pay to protect them for fomily use.

Were I to recommend raspberries for market, I should say plant,
1st, Miami, and for next best black, Davisson's Thornless; for red, Clarke
and Belle de Fontenay. As our market now stands, I think quality —
especially in red berries — of more consequence than firmness. With the
shallow pint box, as now made, any berry, unless too ripe, can be shipped
from Alton at night by express, and arrive in Chicago next morning in
good condition. I would recommend for all varieties, thorough culti-
vation, and, if possible, mulching. For the black caps, severe pinning
(in summer), both of cane and laterals, and for the red varieties increasing
war on the suckers. Fortunately as yet, we have no serious disease to
contend with in raspberrv' culture, but I am afraid of the "orange rust"
of the blackbeiTy, which can not be too carefully guarded against.

Wm. E. Smith said the drouth had cut down the raspberry crop,
probably one-third; preferred the Philadelphia to the Cl;u"ke for a
market berry. The quality was poor, but it is showy and sells well,
winter-killed about one-fourth ; Clarke, one-half; all varieties carry well
in the pint boxes.

Pearson — Would you cut back Red Raspberries during the growing
season, or leave them until early spring.''

3IO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Hall — I should leave them until spring, so as to have more wood to
work upon in case of partial winter-killing,

AT THE OCTOBER MEETING

The essayist for the day, Prof. Barler, read the following:

MANURES.

Anything that promotes the growth of plants, when applied to the
soil, is called manure.

It may be a vegetable, animal, or mineral substance.

To know what will promote the growth of a plant, we must study
the plant itself, and ascertain, if possible, what are the constituent ele-
ments of plants, organic and inorganic.

Organic elements are the portions that pass off in the air when
burned. The joarts that remain are called ashes, and constitute the inor-
ganic elements.

The organic elements are oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen.

The inorganic elements are soda, potash, lime, silica, iron, sulphuric
and phosphoric acids, etc.

These elements are the appropriate food for plants, and if wanting in
the soil, must be supplied, if we expect the best results.

Not all the elements are found in all plants, nor in the same propor-
tions.

For example : in grains, phosphoric acid predominates ; in root crops,
potash abounds; and in grasses, fruit and forest trees, lime is a most
important element.

These are foundational truths, which every tiller of the soil must
know, in order to the judicious manuring of land.

It would be wholly out of place, on this occasion, to enter, at length,
the discussion of this subject.

To offer two or three practical hints is all that will be attempted.

As before stated, we have vegetable, animal, and mineral manures — all
of them valuable, but not equally so, to all kinds of soil.

Where a soil is wanting in organic matter, vegetable manures are
demanded. Of these, clover is, probably, the best in this part of the country.

The broad leaves of the clover draw from the air an immense amount
of fertility in the shape of carbon, amonia, and nitric acid, which, when
buried beneath the soil, yield up their stores of wealth in most grateful
style. While the leaves are thus active, the long, heavy, searching roots
are not idle, but are plowing the subsoil far and wide, compelling it to
give up those mineral substances which are so effective in the perfecting
of plant life.

Of animal manures, the stable furnishes the standard article — more
valuable, powerful, and and lasting than any vegetable substances.

We have not time nor patience to apostrophize in regard to the prac-
tice of a class of farmers who are so eternally busy that they never get
time to save and apply these elements of fertility to their soil. We have
heard some hard stories about them, which we do not now care to repeat.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3^^

We have often thoiio^ht if old Hercules, of antiquity, had been
a farmer, and held tlie contract with those fametl stables of his time, as he
did, he would have acquired immense wealtli, and died a rich man!

Raw-bone Superphosphate, which we have used for a few years with
profit, is properly classed as animal manure. It is " meat and bone "
ground up and dissolved in oil of vitriol. When pure, it must make
a most efll-ctive manure. We have used it two years with results highly
satisfactory, especially on cabbage, melons, and corn. We have reason
to believe that on wheat and grains generally — but have not tried it — it
will eftect excellent results. Gardeners, especially, can hardly aftbrd to
dispense with this fertilizer.

Under the head of mineral manures we mention, as the most import-
ant, lime, gA'psum, and ashes.

Lime siiould be applied in small qantities, and is especially beneficial
to cold, stiff', sour lands. Its effect is to hasten decomposition and
ameliorate the soil, aside from furnishing food for plants.

Gypsum is a sulphate of lime, and is especially beneficial in absorbing
ammonia, and preventing its escape. It is sown upon grass lands at the
rate of one bushel to the acre, with marked eftect. In applying it to the
potato crop we cut the seed potatoes, and roll them in the plaster. In
applying to corn land we would adopt the same practice of coating the
seed-corn with it.

Ashes are, perhaps, more valuable than either lime or plaster, inas-
much as they contain all the inorganic elements of plants, and generally
in pretty nearly the right proportions. Even leached ashes are valuable,
having lost only a portion of their potash and soda.

But this subject is so vast in its proportions, and has so many parts, it
is impossible to do it justice here.

We add but one other remark in regard to the the management of
manures.

We do not practice the "well rotted" system of composting, turn-
ing and overhauling, and holding on till the day of planting. If it had
any advantages — which it has not — tliey would be more than overbal-
anced by the excessive labor which it necessitates.

We have, from necessity, spread manure in the spring and late in the
fall, but will do so no more, if it can be avoided by doing it at the proper
time.

Now is the best time. Now while the days are growing shorter,
haul from your stables the green article itself and plow it under. It is
worth douVjle that which has decomposed and wasted in the sun and air,
under the approved process. Then labor is less, and what is more, it is
done at a time when other work presses not, and your conscience upbraids
you not for other duties left undone.

The reports of the Committee on Entomology, Major Muhleman,
Chairman, have been regular, practical, and interesting. We would
insert some, did space admit.

Respectfully submitted,

Daniel L. Hall, Secretary.

3 I 2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

WARSAW HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
OFFICERS FOR 1 87 I.

President — Asaph C. Hammond, Warsaw.
Vice-President — Dr. Charles Hay, Warsaw.
Secretary and Treasurer — Thomas Gregg, Hamilton.

abstract of proceedings 1s7o.

January, 26.

W. S. Hathaway read an Essay on the Deterioration of Fruits and
Trees, and asked for criticism upon points presented.

The chair called upon Mr. Willis for his opinion upon what is con-
tained in the essay about Pear Culture.

Mr. Willis — The more I study and examine, on these horticultural
subjects, the more I feel myself a member of the know-nothing society.
I have had several years experience in the cultivation of the pear, have
now several hundred dwarfs and standards. I think dwarfs in particu-
lar need draining, and also need to be protected against wet. With
proper culture and care, I think the pear can be made to do well here —
in this respect differing from the essay. I shall continue to plant, and
closer than formerly, setting standards about ten feet by twelve feet. I
have also commenced root-pruning, and shall top-prune, likewise. I root-
pruned, last fall, all the trees I have, in a tliorough manner, about two
feet from the stem, as a remedy for the blight, of which I have had some;
have also lost some by drought. My trees have generally been well
mulched with straw or cornstalks. I am satisfied a standard pear will
blight sooner than a dwarf.

Mr. Spitze — I have both dwarfs and standards. The latter grow five
or six years before fruiting. Dwarfs bear earlier. Those in wet-like
ground died ; those on poor ground, naturally drained, lived. Think the
tendency of mulching trees is to cause them to grow in the fall. Would
mulch in August, and take off the mulch afterwards, so as not to cause
too late a growth.

Mr. Willis — My trees that were well mulched, ripened their wood
well last fall — and that certainly was a growing season.

Mr.Whitaker — On the subject of the deterioration of trees, alluded to
in the essay, I would say that, as to an inherent or constitutional change
in the variety itself, it is not so clear; but that a deterioration will result
from neglect or want of proper ingredients in the soil adrrfits of no
doubt. Am inclined to the opinion that deterioration results in no other
way.

The President expressed the opinion that varieties do deteriorate,
without regard to soil or surrounding circumstances; mentioned the
Catawba gi-ape and the Rawles' Janet apple as late examples.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 313

As to pears, he believed that they can be made to do well here, with
the right sort of care and management. He had seen, at the fairs and
Society meeting, pears from all sections of the ITnion, and he could say that
Illinois pears were equal to any. The California pears were larger and
handsomer, but wei'e not nearly equal in quality. He referred to JMr.
Mcchan's recommendation to allow pear trees to grow in sod — as V)eing
cooler by 20 degrees, and thus preventing a second growth of wood.
He believed that anything that will prevent a second growth will prevent
blight.

Mr. Willis — In reply to the opinion of Mr. Chittenden on the failure
of the quince root, stated that he had, last fall, root-pruned all his dwarfs,
as well as standards, and had invariably found tfie quince roots to be
sound.

The Secretary remarked that he had frequently before called attention
of the Society to the fact that nothing seemed to be settled. Pie read
some extracts from a report of proceedings of the Adams County Horti-
cultural Society, lately held, in which the non-ciilture and grass-sod
theory was advocated by certain members, and repudiated the idea in toto.
Talk of poor soil, and shallow culture, and sod, for fruit trees! As well
recommend them for corn. For his part he believed that good soil, and
deep and generous culture, was good for all kinds of fruit trees, as it was
for corn or any other crop. He believed it to be utter folly for us to be
drifting about in this manner. A year or two ago high culture was the
cry. Deep tillage was the theory recommended by these men. Well,
they planted pears, and they applied deep culture, and for some cause
their pears have not answered their expectations. So they jump to a
conclusion — good culture has done it I I don't believe a word of it.
One man's trees in the dooryard sod have done well; have liad no blight.
Now I have a tree that blighted badly last season. Good culture did not
cause it, for it had none for three or four years. Sod did not prevent
blight, for it stood in blue-grass sod. I don't pretend to put forth a theo-
ry about pear-blight; I have none; but I do adhere still to the doctrine,
and maintain that it is a sensible one, that deep culture and tilth are
necessaiy among pear trees, or apple trees, or trees of any kind, although
I have not practiced it as I have desired.

Mr. Willis referred to an old pear orchard at Riverside, whose owner
has been absent for several years, and consequently the trees have had no
culture, and stand in grass sod. Yet these trees are doing badly — are
dying, and are badly blighted. He also mentioned another young
orchard in deep sandy soil, and on side-hill bluft", with good natural
drainage. These had received moderate cultivation. The blight is there
also.

Mr. Brill suggested, that in Germany, the healthiest pear trees were
seedlings.

Mr. Hathaway — Had blight in apple trees. Blighted in poor soil,
and near hog-pen and manure heap; moderation is desirable; moderate
culture — not too much, nor too little, is doubtless best. What does root-
pruning do.^ If it checks growth of wood, and induces fruiting, why

314 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

not cause moderate growth fey non-culture at first? He suggested that
members who have blighted trees would examine them bodily, root and
branch, and endeavor to find a cause.

President Hammond — I conversed with an Alton cultivator who says
he has practically conquered the blight by root-pruning.

Air. Chittenden mentioned his brother's pear trees in Keokuk: has
fine crops yearly; trees stand in grass in his door-yard, and are let entirely
alone, except to cut back fi*eely. Invited members to go and see
them.

Dr. Hay — I believe we have epidemic diseases that attack trees and
fruits. I have read that the rot among grapes was not known in Europe
or America till some twenty-five years ago. So mildew was not known
till discovered in a hot-house in England. So with blight in frviit trees.
So cholera in the human system, though long known in the East, only
lately visited Europe and America. It baflled the skill of physicians, as
these fi^uit-tree and other diseases are now bafl^ing us. And I am in
hopes that they will disappear as they came. Yet I would not recom-
mend the do-nothing policy. We must not give up, but use our skill
and judgment in seeking for the cause and the remedy.

February 23d.

The President, A. C. Hammond, Esq., as essayist for the day,
read the following essay :

INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK AND CION UPON EACH OTHER.

BY A. C. HAMMOND.

Whatever opinions may have formerly prevailed among orchardists,
it is now generally conceded by intelligent writers and cultivators, that
the stock affects the fruit of the cion, in quality, productiveness, and time
of bearing. And that the cion increases or retards the growth of the
stock, and in some instances imparts its own peculiarities to the root.
Because a tree, under certain conditions, is tender and unproductive, it
does not necessarily follow that under all conditions it will be so.
Every observing orchardist has noticed the difference in the growth, har-
diness, and productiveness of the same variety, when a portion of his
trees have been root-grafted and a portion top-grafted. Some varieties
succeed best on their own stock, others on a borrowed one. It is, there-
fore, evident that we cannot be governed by any arbitrary rules in this
matter, but must be guided by the light of experience, and should study
the habits and peculiarities of each variety, if we would obtain the best
results.

Some horticultural writers tell us that root-grafted trees are short lived
and unproductive. Others that they are superior to those propagated in
any other way. Probably these opinions have been reached without
proper investigation, and both are partly right and partly wrong. For,
as I before remarked, it is very evident that some varieties are success-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 315

ful root-grafted, and others are not. For instance, the Red June, which
has a great number of small, fibrous roots, reaching but a short distance,
soon absorbs all the specific elements necessary for the formation of per-
fect fruit, when the fruit becomes small, scabby, and worthless. But if
double worked on a strong free-growing stock, well supplied with strong,
far-reaching roots, like Pennock or Pryor's Red, it succeeds much better,
but it is longer coming into bearing. The Westfield Seek-no-further and
Wagoner, when root-grafted throw up a great number of water sprouts,
which affect the growth and the health of the tree. But when w^orked
above the collar, this objection is obviated, and the tree is much more
healthy and productive. Again, the Yellow Bcllflower, Summer Qiieen,
and Red Astrachan, root very readily from the cion, and thus soon become
established on their own roots, which are very strong and numerous.
In this condition they grow very rapidly, expend all their energies
in producing wood, and, therefore, yield little or no fruit. But top-work
them on a slow growing stock, and they become productive. On the
other hand, the Ben Davis, Little Romanite, and Maiden's Blush, being
well supplied with both fibrous and large extending roots, grow very rap-
idly, come into bearing early, and annually produce large crops of
perfect fruit. Top-grafted, they grow with less vigor and are not so
productive.

But, says the planter, if all varieties do not succeed root-grafted, why
is this mode of propagation so universally practiced by our nurserymen .'*
Why do they not rather propagate each variety in that way that will make
the most successful tree? We must bear in mind that we live in an age of
tree-planting; that the demand is for cheap trees, and that it often exceeds
the supply. And when we remember that root-grafted trees can be put
into market in half the time and for half the price of those stock-grafted,
we shall be able to understand why all are propagated alike. There are
doubtless some varieties, which, if double worked on such a stock as the
Pryor's Red or Ben Davis, would be intrinsically worth five times as
much as when they are propagated in the usual way. And in my opin-
ion, the time is not far distant when our western planters will understand
this matter, and be willing to pay for trees in proportion to their value.
And, as the demand increases, our enterprising nurseiymen will soon be
able to furnish the requisite supply.

That I may not be misunderstood on this point, I will say that in my
opinion, root-grafted trees are just as reliable as they would be stock-
grafted on promiscuous seedlings. And that to secure the best
results, we must work those sorts that do not succeed root-grafted, on
certain cultivated varieties that we know will produce the desired
results.

Fruit trees are generally dwarfed by working them on an uncon-
genial stock, or, a stock that does not form a perfect union with the
cion. The sap is thus checked in its downward ilow, and the result is
the formation of fruit buds and the early fruiting of the tree. Dwarf
apples, pears, and cherries, are very appropriate for small gardens and
ornamental grounds; but are totally unfit for orchard planting, as many

3i6

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

a planter has discovered to his sorrow, after having been persuaded by a
smooth-tongued eastern tree-peddler, to buy and plant them as orchard
trees. Some instances are recorded of large profits realized from dwarf pear
orchards, but standards are undoubtedly the most valuable for commercial
orchards. The so-called dwarf peach and plum trees are produced by
working them on the Chickasaw stock. They are only slightly dwarfed
by this process, and the only benefit arising from it, is their partial exemp-
tion from the peach borer; but this is more than counterbalanced by the
great number of suckers thrown up from the roots. The nurseiymen find
them more profitable than the fruit grower.

As to the propriety of grafting old orchards, there is much diversity of
opinion. In the Eastern States, they find no difficulty in changing the
tops of their trees from one variety to another; but our cliinate is so
fickle, and we have such great extremes of heat and cold, that it is very
difficult to get a new top established on a tree after it has reached the age
of twelve or fifteen years, without a portion of the old wood becoming
diseased. Yet we have so many varieties that are but cumbei-ers of the
ground, that it becomes necessary to make many changes. And here the
question arises: "What varieties shall I work on my unprofitable
trees to secure the best results.?" All of us have more or less of
Red June, Summer Rose, and Newark Pippin, which are very
slow growers and have been found unprofitable. On these I shall
work Yellow Bellflower and Red Astrachan, as the stocks will
dwarf them sufficiently to bring them into early bearing. Some of
us have planted quite largely of Winesaps — from twenty to fifty per
cent, of our whole planting. While I would not think of discarding this
variety yet, it has suffered so severely from scab and spur-blight the past
season, as to cause it to be looked upon with some suspicion. I would
suggest the propriety of reducing it to fifteen or twenty per cent, of the
w^hole number of trees in the orchard. Upon my own trees of
this variety, I shall work Red Canada, Grimes' Golden, and Willow
Twig.

In many orchards we find White Bellflower, White Winter Pear-
main, Summer Qiieen, Limber Twig, Grindstone, and numerous varie-
ties of sweet apples, which have been found to be worthless. On these
I should not hesitate to graft Peck's Pleasant, Red Canada, Maiden's
Blush, and Willow Twig, as these varieties will succeed under any ordi-
nary circumstances. True, many of these trees will not make first-rate,
or even second-rate stocks; yet when they are under ten or twelve
years old, it will be found profitable to top-graft to some productive
variety.

As belonging to the topic for discussion, Mr. Willis presented sections
of a seven-year-old pear tree, cut from the stem, near the root, showing
discolored and peeling bark around the whole body, while cuttings from
the top are fresh and green. His inquiry was. What has caused this tree
to die.'' He had root-pruned it in November, when it was perfectly
sound, and the wood had seemed to be well hardened. • Was it killed by
the hard freeze in October.'

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3 17

President Hammond expressed the opinion that the injury was occa-
sioned by the October freeze, and is what is termed sap-blight.

The Secretary suggested that it may have been occasioned by too close
and too severe root-pruning in the previous fall.

Mr. Grover — As to discarding those standard varieties, as recom-
mended in the Essav, I think it is too soon vet. To be sure some of them
are doing badly. Red June for two or three years has scabbed badly in
most orchards; but has read that high culture will probably remedy that
defect. Early Harvest is reported as doing well till within a year or two.
Is a showy apple, and sells well. So with several others of our most
reliable apples heretofore. Probably high culture will remedy their defects.
But I think it is too soon to give them up.' As to grafting, shall go into
it cautiously; shall top-graft a few only at a time.

Mr. Hathawav — Nearly all varieties scabbed to some extent last sea-
son in my orchard; Yellow Bellflower the worst. I thin out many of
the small branches in the spring, thus thinning the fruit, and securing larger
and fairer fruit, and of better quality.

The President inquired of Mr. McCune concerning the Bellflower on
his farm — the old Dr. Griswold place.

Mr. McCune — My Bcllflowers have borne two good crops since I
have owned the orchard; do not know how much they had done before.
They are top-worked trees. Some of them are planted in a body together,
and some are scattered among other trees in the orchard ; and I notice a
fact for which I am unable to account, that those planted together do
better than those scattered about.

President Hammond — Those Bellflowers of Mr. McCune's are prob-
ably the best bearers of that variety in the country, which I ascribe to the
fact that they are top-grafted.

Mr. McCune — The year before I came to the place Winesaps bore
a heavy crop; next year a light crop. Last fall they scabbed badly,
and 1 got none worth saving. The size is also an objection to the Wine-
sap; -it is too small. They will not sell as well as a larger, though a poorer
apple. My best selling apple last fall was the Lyman Pumpkin Sweet.
Pryor's Red is healthy, hardy, and profitable; Red Canada, perhaps, the
most profitable.

Mr. Homer D. Brown, of the Montebello Nursery, pi'esented a num-
ber of specimens from his nursery of the wood of diflerent varieties of
apples, showing the efi'ect of the past winter, some of them being very
badly injured, and some only slightly. Those specimens were cut from
his one and two year old b-ees.

Of his one year trees, they rate as follows:

Ben Davis, VVinesap, and Rawles' Janet, uninjured.

Red June, Red Astrachan, Early Harvest, Vandevere, Little Roman-
ite. White Winter Pearmain, badly injured.

Willow Twig, Rambo, and Maiden's Blush, very badly; the last
worst of all.

Of two year trees: Ben Davis, Winesap, and Rawles' Janet, were
sound; while Little Romanite, Early Harvest, Red June, Pearmain,

3l8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS '

Jonathan, Red Asti^achan, and White Bellflower, were very slightly
injured; and the Maiden's Blush and Rambo, badly.

The Secretary submitted the following, and moved its adoption, viz :

Resolved — That we recommend the Morello as a stock on which to work the
less hardy and finer varieties of cherries.

Mr. Willis suggested a modification, to include those only that will
not overgrow — which was accepted by the mover.

Mr. Grouse objected to the Morello on account of its sprouting qual-
ities, and suggested that the Mahaleb was also a slow grower, and would
make as good a stock. . *

July, 27.
Society met at the residence of Mr. Louis Stracke, in Warsaw.

A ramble over the grounds of Mr. Stracke reveals what drainage and
deep culture will do. His 1300 pears, all under-drained, and thoroughly
cultivated, look green and healthy; while his grapes, under-drained
and trenched, are looking extremely well — especially an acre of two-year-
old Delawares.

President Hammond requested Dr. Hay to take the chair, which he
did, and called the meeting to order, stating that the subject for discussion
to-day is, " Small Fruits — Modes of Culture."

The Secretary said he would set the ball rolling by mentioning rasp-
berry culture. He had formerly allowed the canes to grow too long.
The true system is to cut or pinch back the new shoots as soon as they
reach a height of three feet, or even less. This will be late in June;
they will then throw out lateral shoots. These side shoots should also
be shortened as soon as they reach one foot or fifteen inches in length.
This shortening in causes the plants to grow more stubby, and they stand
up better, besides yielding a larger quantity of fruit. In th.is way they
require little or no staking; though a single wire run along tlie row two
feet or two and a half from the ground, furnishes a good support. They
should be tied to it with a coarse string or bark. As soon as the fruit is
off, the bearing wood should be cut away. This treatment, with good
cultivation and thorough mulching, will ensure a good crop of raspber-
ries or blackberries.

The red sorts, such as do not take root from the tips, but sucker so
profusely, he had long ago discarded ; but believed that by close atten-
tion and free use of the knife and hoe, good crops of these also might
be had.

Mr. Chittenden combatted the idea of cutting back, as requiring too
much time and instanced the cultivation of the Red Antwerp and
Golden Cap, in cases where they were allowed to do as they pleased
— good crops being the result. Ilad tried cutting back and cultivating,
both with raspberry and Lawton blackberry, and should do so no
more.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 319

Mr. Grouse advocated the theory of good culture and cutting back,
as the true way to grow the raspberry and blackberry, and insisted tliat
much larger crops of better fruit could be obtained in that way. He
mentioned several varieties — Alammoth Cluster, Doolittle Black Cap,
Franconia, Philadelphia, etc. — tliat were doing well in his grounds.

Mr. Willis grows the Ohio Everbearing chiefly. Believes in deep
culture, thorough culture, and mulching. By this method he gets a fair
crop all summer. Has tried the Catawissa, the Red Antwerp, Philadel-
phia, etc. Thinks the Ohio is preferable to all otliers.

President Hammond expressed the opinion that cutting back was the
true theory, in most cases, but would not cut the Lawton blackberry
so much. He believed that it had a great influence in causing the wood
to harden, and thus prevent winter killing.

August 31.

Meeting held at the Golden Blufl' vineyard of A. H. and G. B.
Worthen, four miles below Warsaw. The Messrs. Worthen have twen-
ty-three acres in gi'apes, including the vineyards of T. A. W. and A. H.
W. Junior, and from their respective vineyards there were upon the table
twenty-nine varieties, viz:

Rogers' Nos. i, 3, 4, 5, 9, 15, and 19, Martha, To-Kalon, Ives' Seed-
ling, Concord, North Carolina Seedling, Diana, Clinton, lona, Israella,
Maxatawney, Creveling, Oporto, Perkins, Logan, Blood's Black, Tayloi-'s
BuUit, Norton's Virginia, Dracut Amber, Isabella, Miles, Delaware, and
Catawba.

The vote taken on the quality of the grapes present resulted as fol-
lows :

Delaware, best; lona, second; Rogers No. 3, third. There were also
votes for Rogers No. 15, and MaxataAvney.

December 7.

report ok committee on orchards.

The Committee on Orchards, witli the limited opportunities for col-
lecting information allowed diem, will merely make the following state-
ments :

appi.es.

With respect to apples, regarding both quality and profit, they will
say that the question, what are the best varieties for summer, fall, and
winter marketing, may still be an open one, requiring furtlier experience
to settle. As a general statement, the Earl)' Harvest and Red Astrachan
among the early summer; Maiden's Blush and Rambo among the fall,
and Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Rawles' Janet, and Winesap among the
winter sorts, with some have proved most successful, while in some of
our largest orchards, especially that of Mr. McCune, Red Canada, and
Prj'or's Red, have also proved very satisfactory. With Mr. A. C. Ham-

320 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

mond, on an adjoining quaiter section, several of the varieties found
profitable in Air. McCune's orcliard have been veiy unsatisfactory.
Especially is this the case with the Winesap and White and Yellow
Bellflower, each of which has given satisfactory results with Mr. Mc-
Cune.

It may be here stated that the orchard of the latter was planted in
1S46-7, consisting of some sixteen hundred trees, embracing near one
hundred varieties, about one-half of which may be said to have proved
nearly worthless. That of Mr. Hammond, near by, was planted in part
in i8c;o, and now^ consists of over twenty-three hundred trees, with about
one hundred varieties — all of which, with the exception of some twenty
sorts, have proved nearly worthless. It is proper to remark generally,
that each quarter section, and each locality on each quarter section, has its
peculiar characteristics, which seem to suit the habits of one or other of
these varieties better than others. Of one thing further the committee feel
assured — that an orchard of the most hardy and productive varieties must
be cultivated with care and judgment, to insure success. Aside from the
depredations of insects which must be combated, we may as well look
for repeated large crops of wheat and corn ft-om the same ground, with-
out restoring its fertility by proper manuring, as to look for repeated
large crops of apples without restoring the loss sustained. This
remark is especially true of orchards which have passed their twentieth
year, when the period of decay with many varieties may be said to have
set in.

PEACHES.

With regard to successful peach culture, the committee will say that
no commercial orchard has yet been brought into bearing in our vicinity;
but from the success attending small orchards, we feel authorized to say
that, on the bluffs of the Mississippi at least, there seems to have been
reasonable encouragement for the future pursuit of this branch of fruit
culture. Mr. B. G. Grover, on the bluff' immediately near the river, from
an acre of peach orchard, all seedlings, marketed this year one hundred
and eighty bushels in Keokuk, at an average price of one dollar and fifty
cents per bushel. The same ground contained, scattered among the peach
trees, eight Rawles' Janet apple trees, from which were marketed sixteen
bushels of apples. The peach orchard is ten years old from the seed —
has had no cultivation for four years, and is now well set in clover. The
custom of planting peach trees alternately witli apple trees has been tried
by some, but has been generally abandoned or condemned, as not proving
a success.

PEARS.

There are so far, no orchards of pears planted for commercial pur-
poses, which have yet come into bearing. That of Mr. Louis Stracke,
consisting of some thirteen hundred trees, mostly dwarfs, is in a ffour-
ishing state of growth, but has not yet borne aci"op. Mr. Stracke says, fur-
ther, that whenever a tree dies, he follows Dr. Hull's advice, and replaces

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 321

it with a standard. The pear orchard planted by the late Abram I.
Chittenden, of some five hundred trees, has died out, in a great measure
from blight; but of those varieties still producing, his son tells us that
the Duchesse d'Angouleme, Bartlett, and Scckel, have given the best
crops.

CHERRIES.

W'e have not yet many cherry orchards of large size; but among the
\'arieties so far planteil for profit, the Early Richmond has given the most
satisfactory results. The early sweet varieties arc preyed upon by the
birds so as to render them unprofitable.

Charles Hay,
Wm. N. Grover,
A. C. Hammond,
H. M. Crouse,
E. McCuNE.

Committee.

REPORT ON (iUAPES.

The Committee on Grapes would respectfully report:

As far as our observation extends, most varieties have done finely this
year. There have been a few sorts that have not averaged more than
half a crop; but they had not probably recovered from the wet summer
of 1869.

The Catawba seems to have taken the lead this year — setting and per-
fecting its fruit even better than the Concord. One vineyard, belonging
to John Rinkel, of one and a fourth acres and nine hundred vines, made
thirteen hundred gallons of wine, or nearly six quarts to each vine.

The Delaware did only tolerably well, and that is as much as could
be expected, as the vines lost all their foliage by mildew the year previous,
before they had ripened their fruit or wood.

The lona has done better than ever before, having held its foliage and
ripened its fruit. One of the Committee has been able to make five
gallons of wine from three hundred vines three years old ! \Notc by the
Secretary — The birds are said to have taken two-thirds of the fruit, and
the family used them quite freely — two facts certainly exjjressive of the
quality, at least.]

Clintons rotted a good deal in some vineyards, and the fruit did not
set as well as usual. They may have sullered from the drouth.

Concords did well, as they always do; and when the shoots were
pinched to two bunches, the bunches were very large.

The Virginia Seedling perfected a very heavy crop where the fruit
was grown on spin's.

All of the Rogers' Hybrids that have been fruited here have given
good satisfaction.

Ives' Seedling did well, and the wine is preferred to the Concord by a
good many persons.

Below we give the weight of the must of the wine grapes raised in
28' ■

32 2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

this vicinity. Also the statistics, as far as could be ascertained by the
Committee, of the number of acres planted, the number of gallons of
wine made this year, and pounds of grapes sold within the limits of the
city of Warsaw and township of Wilcox, embracing an area of about
twent\'-five sections of territory.

WEIGHT OF MXJST.

Catawba, Oct. 3 So degrees

Clinton, Oct. 13 95 ''

Catawba, Oct. 24 90 '^

Delaware, Sept. 7 103 degrees

Taylor, Sept. 8 85 "

Concord, Sept. 11 So "

Virginia, Sept. 28 100 '•

[Note by the Editor. — This list contains the names of 79 Grape Gro\vei-s,
with the No. acres each has in grapes, the No. lbs. fiiiit sold, and the No. gals,
wine made by each; making in the aggregate, 209 acres; 138,100 lbs. sold, and 39,873
gals, wine made. Want of space excludes the details.]

Of course a number of small lots are not enumerated in the above ;
while of some of the acres named, the yield could not be ascertained.
Portions of the above are in their first and second years of growth.

Other members of the Society, residing outside of the limits named,
have more or less of vineyard, the product of which is not included in
this table. Among these, the most noteworthy, is that of Mr. Gabriel
Marlot, ten miles east of town, consisting of about fifteen acres, of various
ages and sorts, producing this year about seven thousand gallons of
wine.

Respectfully submitted,

Geo. B. Worthen,
William Bauder,
Louis Stracke,
Claus Albers.

Committee.

December, 28.

A. C. Hammond, Esq., President of the Society, read the fol-
lowing

annual address.

Custom demands of me, as your presiding officer, a few remarks, at
this annual meeting. I shall endeavor to be brief, that we may proceed
with the regular and more important business of the Society.

Perhaps we may, without egotism, congratulate ourselves that we are
making some progress, and with each passing year beginning to under-
stand the peculiarities of our surroundings, and some of the causes of
our many failures and disappointments.

But — asks one — why so many failures in Horticulture "i — for they ai^e
apparently the rule, and success the exception. As a business is it not
attended with so many fluctuations and subject to such great risks, as to
make it unsafe for a man to enter into it as a means of livelihood.'' In
other words, Will it Pay ? This is the all-important question to be

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 323

decided, ^vhen about to embark in any business, and sbould be carefully
considered and wisely decided. In its solution, we should bear in mind
that this pursuit is governed by the same laws that prevail in other call-
ings. In all the departments of business into which men enter as a
means of livelihood, some succeed and others make lamentable failures.
In fruit-growing, the man who is patient, persevering, industrious, and
shrewd, will make it pay. All others will fail disastrously.

The products of Horticulture, being generally considered articles of
luxury, arc subject to more violent fluctuations than those of prime neces-
sity. There are certain great staples — such as wheat, corn, and beef —
that arc always in demand; and if the market is tcinporarily depressed,
they can be held without loss until it revives. But our strawberries,
peaches, and grapes must be sent to market when they are ripe ; and if
it is overstocked, we must sell for what we can get. It is, however, a
well-understood fact, that articles of luxury often come into general use,
and thus, after a time, become articles of necessity. So it will be with
all our finer fruits, as the supply becomes more reliable and prices better
regulated. It maybe safely laid down, as a general rule, that the demand
for any product increases with the supply.

The grape crop of the present season illustrates this principle. The
supply has exceeded that ev'er grown before fully one hundred per cent.,
yet the amount sold in our great markets has fully kept pace with the
increased supply. We may, therefore, reasonably conclude, that the
supply of really good fruit will not soon be greater than the demand;
but inferior fruit is always a drug in the market. The past fall, poor to
fair A^jplcs have been selling in the St. Louis and Chicago markets at
from one to two dollars per barrel, while really choice fruit, in good
order, has brought from three to four dollars much more readily. From
these facts we should learn valuable lessons, and make it a point to grow
nothing but the choicest, though the quantity may not be so large. To
bring about this result, we must plant only the best varieties, cultivate
well, prune judiciously, and fight persistently the insects and diseases
that annoy us.

Speaking of insects and diseases reminds me of the suggestion of a
friend, that they may not be enemies, but blessings in disguise. That if
we were free from them, the over-production would be as great as in
California, where the finest fruit — such as pears and peaches — is consumed
by the hogs, or permitted to rot on the ground. There no special skill
or industry is required, and the fruit grower can make nothing. Here
he must be persevering, skillful, and industrious, and his reward is sure.

While this subject is before us, let us stop to enquire if there is any
practicable way of arresting the ravages of our most destructive insect,
the Codling Moth. Unless some parasite attacks them, or we can devise
some method of trapping them, the time will very soon come when we
shall be exempt from the great drawback of the California horticulturist.
The past season this insect has utterly ruined the fruit in many orcharils
in this county, and unless a united and persistent effort is made to destroy
thtyn, we may expect them to be more numerous the next year; for we

324 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

find them secreted in every available place in the orchard, and buildings
and cellars where apples have been stored. I have, during the past year,
tiied tlie plan of placing rags in the forks of the trees, and find that great
numbers of them can be trapped in this manner. The cloth band is,
however, much more effective, as the worm, in its downward journey,
is sure to come in contact with it, and finding it to be a convenient place,
spins up and goes into the chrysalis state. Vast nuinbers of the first
brood may be destro3'ed by pasturing the orchard witli anything that
will eat the fallen fruit, as it drops before the worms escape. But the
second brood generally leaves the fruit while upon the tree. Hence our
dependence must now be on the cloth band. Old gunny sacks will be
found to be the cheapest and best material, as they can be removed from
the tree, and the insects killed by scalding, or some other process, and
then carefully replaced. Very little can be accomplished in this direc-
tion, however, without concert of action ; for my neighbor may carefully
desh'oy the larvas in his orchard, yet if I permit muie to become a breed-
ing ground for the moth, he suffers from my negligence almost as much
as myself.

When we take into consideration the difficulties, and on the other
hand, the great importance of horticultural pursuits, in a moral, estheti-
cal, and sanitary point of view, we can but wonder at the indifference man-
ifested in relation to it, by the great mass of our people. Is it not pass-
ing sti'ange that our Society, situated in the midst of one of the best
fruit-growing districts in the West, should have so few earnest, working

members.'^

********

In conclusion, let me for a moment speak of the responsibilities that
invite, and the duties that urge us on, in this beautiful profession, for
they are many and pressing; but its reward is ever present. The man
who dwells in the midst of Pomona's treasures — whose garden is fragrant
with the blooming rose, and around whose roof-tree the honeysuckle
twines, lives in a pure and refining atmosphere. With such surround-
ings nature grows brighter; in such a home man grows better.

Home is not simply a dwelling place, in which to eat and sleep and
spend our leisure hours; this w^ould identify it with the wigwam of the
Indian, the ice house of the Esquimaux, or the ruder hut of the South
Sea Islander ; but a place where the higher elements of man's nature are
brought into action, and where he may and should create a little world
of beauty. Man's first home w^as in Eden, where grew goodliest trees,
loaded with fairest fruit —

" Blossoms and fruit at once of golden hue
Appeared, with gay enameled colors mixed,
On which the sun, more glad impressed his beams
Than in fair evening cloud, or humid brow.
When God has showered the earth, so lovely seemed
The landscape."

His last home will be in heaven, where upon the banks of the Crys-
tal River grows the Tree of Life, which yields immortal fruit, and " whose

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 325

leaves arc for the healing of the nations." In creating our earthly homes,
the nearer we make them approach our final one, the more perfect they
will he.

CONCLUSION. '

In concluding this report for tlic year, the undersigned will only cite
the following as items of the most especial interest to the fruit grower in
this section of the State:

I. The unprecedented grape crop, and the marked absence of its dis-
eases and insect enemies.

3. The superior quality of the wine made.

3. The unusual prevalence of the pear blight; seemingly attacking
all varieties, and trees in all conditions of growth and culture.

4. The increase of many of the insect enemies, more especially the
Codling Moth, and in some instances, the peach Curculio.

5. The increasing attention given to the planting and culture of small
fruits for market.

Th. Gregg, Secretary.

GALESBURG HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY— ITS ORGANIZATION AND

ITS WORK.

BY J. S. m'cLELLAND, SECRETARY.

On the 25th of February, 1S69, a notice appeared in the Galcsburg
Free Press, calline a meetinsr of Horticulturists at the residence of Prof.
J. V. N. Standish, which meeting was held, according to the notice, and
preliminary steps taken toward forming a Horticultural Society,

At an adjourned meeting, held IVIarch i ith, 1869, this Society was
fully organized by adopting a constitution and by-laws, and by the elec-
tion of officers.

At a meeting held on the 16th of March, reports were read from the
different members of the Committee on Flower Seeds and Bedding
Plants.

T. J. Hale gave his views on various flowers, which w'cre received
with great attention. He said the French and German standard Asters
are very desirable — the dwarfs unworthy of cultivation. Many of the
newer kinds of Balsams, especially the dwar.^s, are exceedingly hue, and
shoukl be largely grown. The Chinese and Japan Pinks are among the
finest of garden flowers; with a good assortment of these alone, you can
have a splendid flower garden from June until October. The double
Portulaca should be planted by all. Tlie auricula-flowered Sweet Wil-
liam has been greatly improved, and is now very fine. The double
Zinnia should be propagated under glass to secure the best results. The
Verbena we all grow, and know its beauties; some kinds will not bloom
well if allowed to root at the joints, others do better thus, only experience
can teach us how to treat them. The finest of all bedding plants is the
Zonale Geranium, and it should be extensively grown. He had a scarlet
one last year that was a perfect mass of brilliant flowers, from eight to

326

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

ten inches in diameter. The variegated Dahlias are better than the selfs,
but even they do not generally give good satisfaction. The Gladioli are
at the head of all flowering bulbs, and are worthy of all praise. Every
garden should be supplied with the newer sorts, which are indeed superb
They are as sure to gi^ow and bloom as a thistle.

On the 29th of March the discussion was on the Grape.

President Fuller has not had a great deal of experience with the Grape,
but has tried trenching, and has experienced the best results. He dug
his trenches two feet deep, and then put in bones, lime, plaster, etc., and
had them spaded in with the sub-soil ; then he put back the top soil, and
planted his vines. Was careful to have his ground so drained that the
water would be carried away from the trenches. His vines had made a
growth the first season of from 8 to 10 feet. Did not know whether his
success depended entirely upon this method of planting. He planted
principally Rogers' and Allen's Hybrids, and Delawares. Thinks trench-
ing very important. Everybody admits Delaware to be the best native
grape, yet we do not want all Delawares ; a variety is indispensable.

R. W. Hunt thought this a very important question. He grows
Hartford Prolific, Concord, Delaware, Clinton, and many others. He
liked Clinton ; it was a late and a good grape. He gave great credit to
those who have brought forth new varieties, but we should obey that pre-
cept of St. Paul: " try all things and hold fost that which is good."
Those grapes that did not prove to be valuable, should be thrown over
the fence. He expressed himself as entirely opposed to trenching. We
should endeavor to keep the i"oots as near the surface as possible. Any
soil that will grow good corn will grow good grapes. They should not
be plied with stimulating manures, nor the roots driven down into stagnant
water nor uncong^enial soil. Such treatment has brought disease and
death among our grapes. He read from authorities to prove his positions.
His sytem of planting would be to stake off' the rows and then turn fur-
rows up on both sides, planting the vines on the ridge, and having an
open furrow between the rows to cany off" the surface water. Would
not use a particle of manure, but would mulch. The roots musi be kept
near the surface if we would have healthy vines.

Pres. Fuller did not believe in high manuring, and when trenches
were used they should be drained.

Mr. Hunt said the drains should not be under the vines, but between
the rows.

Judge Kitchell has had some experience. He had planted vines near
his house, on the east and south sides, which bore well and the fruit did
not rot, while that on other vines, well drained, 30 feet from these, rotted
badly. The vines near the house were planted on top of a pit, some four
to six feet deep.

Mr. Hunt stated that all vines here should be covered through the
winter to secure the best results. He laid his on the top of the ground and
threw a couple of inches of soil over them. They should not be trimmed
too much. To severely prune our most vigorous vines injures them very
materially.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 327

At the meeting' on the 3d of April, Dr. Ilumphrcv made some
inciuirics in res^ard to hot-beds, and was replied to by R. \V. Hunt. He
stated that he places the manure in a heap some time before it is wanted,
and stirs it up frequently, but does not add water to it, though it might
be necessary to do so if there were no rains. It is necessary to have the
manure heat before it is put into the bed. Three weeks' heat is sufficient.

Dr. Humphrey never heats the manure before using it, as he thus pro-
longs the season of heat.

T.J. Hale recited his experience in regard to hot-beds. The manure
should lie as fresh as possible, and be well worked over.

The subject of the evening — the grape — was then taken up.

Mr. Hale said surface culture of the grape is very important. The
culture should be deep for vines, garden, and the lawn, and should not be
less than two feet. No plow should be taken into a garden. It is no
sort of use. The spade and fork should alone be used. On gravelly
soil there would not perliaps be the need for deep culture there is here,
where we have a clay subsoil. The need of deep culture here is to lower
the water table. Unless we assist the Avater in escaping, the ground
becomes water clogged. Deep culture should always be performed in
the fall, and not in the spring. Does not believe in cultivating a few feet
wide for grapes. The vines should be planted just as deep as they were
raised. Care should be taken not to plant too deep. After planting, the
ground should be kept forked up. jNIulching has a tendency to keep the
groimd cold, and is bad for the grape. The roots should be allowed to
run into the ground — it is not necessaiy to keep them near the surface.
He does not like close pruning. It is not good policy in this country,
though it may succeed in the humid soil of Europe. The pul)lic are
being taught to plant the rank growing grapes. Any one can raise a
Concord grape — or field corn — but he would not reccommend a hor-
ticulturist to raise field corn in his garden, or Concord or Hartford
grapes in his yard. The slower growing vines, such as the Delaware,
lona, and Rebecca, he would recommend. They will not need continued
cutting back to keep them in their proper space. The first year of bear-
ing, the Concord will exceed the Delaware, but forever thereafter the
latter will produce more pounds of much superior grapes. He regards
the Delaware as the best flavored of either native or foreign grapes. The
lona may prove good. Next to the Delaware is the Diana, which,
although somewhat of a gross grower, is a good grape, and one that every-
body can grow. The Creveling is good, but its southern origin may
make it tender. He said he had planted 39 varieties, and in this way
expected to test which is best to grow here.

Rev. W. S. Balch thought we should try difierent exposures, as this
has a great deal to do with the quality of the grape.

Mr. Hale thought no grape will ripen without exposure to the sun.

R. W. Hunt was opposed to deep culture, but dicl not think twenty
inches was more than surface culture. Gra])e borders are injurious where
the land is not drained. He advocated shallow planting. They should
not be planted deeper than six inches.

3^8 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Mr. Hale thinks fall planting best, and Mr. Hunt coincided with
him.

At the next meeting the discussion on the grape was resumed.

Judge Kitchell stated that the Isabella did and the lona did not ripen
for him, in a shaded position.

T.J. Hale, from the committee to prepare a general and an amateur
list of grapes, reported the following lists:

Select List, No. i — Delaware, Creveling, Diana, Concord, Maxataw-
ney, Hartford Prolific, Rogers' Hybrids, Nos. 3, 4, and 15, and
Clinton.

Select List, No, 2 — Rogers' Hybrid No. 19, Salem, Lenoir, Allen's
Hybrid, lona, Walter, Martha, Miles, Israella, and Ives' Seedling.
The report of the Committee was adopted.

The first list is the one recommended to all as hardy, easily raised,
and satisfactoiy ; while the second list contains those more tender or yet
untried here, though perhaps of equal or superior flavor.

Mr. Hale stated that the Creveling is to be one of the most delicious
grapes on the list. It is a rank grower, and is inclined to be a little late,
but with a proper exposure will prove a fine grape. The Lenoir is the
earliest of the grapes, having a southern origin, is a fine grape, and needs
a southern exposvu'e to ripen the fruit.

During a discussion on shade trees, many of those now most fre-
quently planted were strongly condemned, and a decided preference
seemed to be manifested for the elm and sugar maple. The opinion
seemed also to be universal that no tree should be planted more than two
inches deeper than it originally grew.

On the 25 th of May, T. J. Hale, in a discussion on the Flowering
Shrubs, said that we should pay more attention to many of them.

The Rhododendron is the most beautiful of this class, and he thought
that with proper care it could be grown here in perfection. He was
experimenting with them, as was Secretary McClelland, Prof. Standish,
and others. Their adaptability to our soil and climate will thus be thor-
oughly tried.

The Azalia is a very fine deciduous shrub, perfectly haixly, and should
be planted a great deal more than it is. The Tartarian Honeysuckles, in
different colors, are very effective. There are about a dozen varieties of
Weigelias. Some of the Spiraeas are fine and exceedingly ornamental,
while others are poor.

J. S. McClelland urged the planting of azalias; they are beautiful
shrubs, and with him have proved perfectly hardy. His success witli the
rhododendron has not been encouraging, having succeeded in securing
blossoms but one year.

A most successful Fair was held by the Society in *he afternoon
and evening of Saturday, June 19th. The largest hall in the city was
filled with tables, on which were exhibited the choicest ffowers, ffowering
plants, and fruits. It was estimated that more than three thousand per-
sons visited the exhibition. Admittance was free, and one hundred and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 329

eighteen premiums were awarded. It was a decided success, and by it
the membership of the Society was increased fully one himdred.

A meeting of the Society was held at Dr. llumphrey's fruit farm,
January 25th, 1S70.

Orchard fruits being under discussion, the Doctor presented forty-two
varieties, which the Society proceeded to discuss and test. Owing to
the large number of varieties, there was, perhaps, more testing than
discussion.

The following was recommended as a list of one hundrctl apple
trees :

SUMMER APPf.ES.

3 Keswick Codlin, 2 Red Astrachan,

2 Early Harvest, i Retl June,

2 Duchess Oldenburg, 2 Benoni,

I Sweet June.
Varieties, 7; trees, 12.

AUTUMN APPLES.

2 Fameuse, or Snow, 2 Rambo,

3 Maiden's lilush, i Bailey's Sweet,

1 Autumn Swaar, 2 Fall Pippin.

Varieties, 6; trees, 11.

WINTER APPLES.

6 Jonathan, 3 Milam,

5 Domine, 3 Ramsdell's Sweet,

4 Roman Stem, 5 Ben Davis,

3 Yellow Bellflower, 3 Westfield Seek-no-fur dier,

5 Fulton, 3 Smith's Cider,

2 Northern Spy, 3 Prior's Red,
5 Rawles' Janet, 4 Wagoner,

3 English Golden Russet, 3 Michael Henry Pippin,

5 Tolman Sweet, 3 Peck's Pleasant,

6 Willow Twig, 4 Winter Swaar.

Varieties, 20; trees, 77.

Prof. Standi sJi., from the Committee on Small Fruits, reported a list
of small ii'uits, which was discussed, amended, and adopted as follows:

Strawberries — Shaker's Seedling, Downer's Prolific, Downing's
vSecdling, French's Seedling, Green Prolific, Russell's Prolific, Wilson's
Albany, Lenig's White; and for trial, the "President Wilder."

Currants — Red Dutch, White Dutcli. Cherry, and White Grape.

Raspberries — Dooliltle Black Cap, Miami Black Cap, Purple Cane,
Davisson's Thornless; and EUisdalc and Clarke for trial.

33° TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

Gooseberries — Houghton's Seedling, American and Mountain Seed-
lings, and Whitesmith Enghsh.

Blackberries — Wilson's Early and Kittatinny.

Grapes — Delaware, Concord, Clinton (for cooking and canning),
Rogers' 4, 15, and 19; lona, Diana, Creveling, Hartford Prolific, Ives'
Seedling, and Salem. For trial — Walter, JMartha, Eumelan, and
.Israella. ,

An Election was held on the first Saturday in March, at which the

following officers were elected :

President — A. Kitchell. •
Vice President — Mrs. L. F. Chase.
Secretary — -J. S. McClelland.
Treasurer — Miss Emily Post.

Executive Committee — T. J. Hale, J. W. Cothren, Dr. A. G.
Humphrey, Mrs J. W. Tryon, and Mrs. F. Fuller.

The Second Annual Fair of the Society was held June 10, 1S70,
which, like the first, was very successful. At this fair the fruits, plants,
and flowers were arranged in classes^ which added much to the effective-
ness of the display. We do not believe that a more successful exhibi-
tion of fruits and flowers has ever been held in the West.

At a meeting held at the residence of Secretary McClelland, on the
9th day of August,

Prof. Standish delivered a discourse on Bugs. He explained the
habits of various bugs and beetles injurious to vegetation, and dwelt
upon the best way of destroying them.

Ex-President FviUer had practiced sifting Paris green on iiis vines,
of squash, melon, cucumber, and potato. It killed all the bugs of all
kinds which infested them, and did not perceptibly injure the vines.

R. W. Hunt coincided with Captain Fuller in regard to his method
of using Paris green. Has tried it with the best results.

After a discussion on the birds that should be destroyed by horticul-
turists, by various members of the Society, it was decided to devote the
next meeting to an address on birds. Dr. Humphrey was invited to
open the discussion by a speech on that interesting subject.

" What birds are injurious to the horticulturist ?" is a question fre-
quently discussed in the Society.

At a meeting held August 33d Dr. Humphrey led oft' in the discuss-
ion on birds. He commenced by dividing the birds into seven orders:
Raftores (robbers), Passeres (perchers), Scansores (climbers), Rasores
(scratchers), Ciirsores (runners), Grallatores (waders), and Natatores
(swimmers). The Doctor's remarks were more general than particular,
although he would preserve the woodpecker family from the sports of
the hunter. He thought that those birds that destroyed our fruits should
be killed.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 33 I

Mr. Standish was opposed to killing the birds, except those that do
more harm than good. Most of the birds, save the hawk tribe, were
insectivorous in their habits, and destroyed innumerable larvie and insects
injurious to vegetation. God made them for a purpose, and it is wrong
to kill them. He deprecated the barbarous practice of men and boys
assembling together, choosing sides, and having what is called a "shoot-
ing match." He mentioned two instances: one at North Bridgewater,
Mass., the other on the Isle of Bourbon, where the extermination of the
birds was followed by swarms of insects that made the region
entirely bairen and desolated. He was decidedly opposed to killing
the robin.

Several membei's participated in the discussion; favoring the killing
of those birds which greedily devour their grapes and cherries.

I'o amateur flower-growers there is no more entertaining subject than
the winter ti'eatment of bedding plants, roses, etc.

This subject was ably discussed at a meeting of the Society, held on
the 1 2th of December.

R. \V. Hunt opened the discussion. The treatment of roses is very
simple. They should be taken up, set aside, and allowed to remain in a
dormant condition for a long time, and only brought to heat and regular
watering moderately. Geraniums may be taken up and put right in the
house. Large ones should be severely cut back two or three weeks
before lifting them. Roses, for winter blooming, should be prepared for
it during the summer, by being kept in pots, and only allowed to make
a moderate growth, and all buds carefully pinched olV. They can not
be made to bloom both summer and winter. None are at all suitable to
take in the house but the monthly roses. Fuchsias should be treated the
same as roses. They will not bloom in winter, if the buds are not
pinched off in summer. He has not had much success in blooming
carnations during the winter months. Camellias should have very care-
ful handling. They will require the coolest part of tbe room, and must
have an equable temperature, and must be watered carefully. There is
more danger of over-potting plants than of under-potting. The quality
of the pot has much to do with the health of the plants. The hardy
plants sliould have the coolest part of the room, and the more tender
ones — especially the the sub-tropical — the warmest. When plants are
watered, it should be done thoroughly. Plants, when in bloom, require
more water than when out of bloom. Keeping plants in small pots and
withholding water will force them into bloom. Bottom drainage is use-
less when proper pots are used. The space which drainage occupies in
the pot is much better to be filled with good soil. Cuttings of verbenas
for winter blooming should invariably be struck in SeiDtember. \^cr-
benas will either grow or die; there is no half way with them.

Dr. Humphrey related his experience in growing plants in a lighted
cellar. His success was not flattering.

A discussion on the proper temperature for plants ensued. The gen-
eral opinion seemed to favor a temperature of from 65 degrees to 70
deg^'ees in the day time, and from 45 degrees to 50 degrees at night.

33 2 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

T. J. Hale combated the statement that no drainage was necessary.
Neither was it necessary to devote one-third of the pot for that purpose.
He uses a great deal of charcoal for both drainage and to enrich the soil.
He deprecated puttisg common soil in pots. Prepared compost should
be used in all cases. Plants that are kept in living rooms are apt to be
drawn and unhealthy. There are many that should be kept dormant
through the winter. He uses a cold frame for this purpose.

A discussion in regard to the fundamental requisites for the growth of
plants was canied on by Messrs. L. Woodard, Arthur Bryant, of Prince-
ton, Parker Earle, of South Pass, and others.

R. W. Hunt advocated the mulching of currants. Mr. McWhorter
said currants probably do better under a heavy mulch than any other
fruit. If they are planted on the north side of a board fence and heavily
mulched, they w^ill do their very best.

The list of membership contains 134 names of gentlemen and ladies.
This Society invited the Illinois State Horticultural Society to hold its
Annual Session for 1870 at Galesburg, and when the invitation was
accepted, did all they could to entertain its members and forward the
interests of the Society.

Our Society has already accomplished a good work for Galesburg,
and the interest in its meetings is constantly increasing.

J. S. McClelland, Secretary.

CENTRAL ILLINOIS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORTED BY GEO. HUNTER, SECRETARY.

This Society held its third annual meeting at Carlinville, Illinois, on
the 7th, Sth, and 9th of February, 187 1. The use of the Citj' Hall was
kindly tendered for the session, and the members and friends were enter-
tained as the guests of the local Society.

A few words of cordial welcome were offered in behalf of the Macou-
pin County Horticultural Society by Capt. George Hunter, its Secretary.

President M. C. McLain, of Charleston, then delivered his annual
address, after which cherries and plums were discussed.

The Pi'esident's address v^^as discussed in the evening. " The Neg-
lected Spot in Horticulture" — an essay by Mr. Murtfeldt, of St. Louis —
illustrated the subject of farmers' gardens, and elicited comment as to the
ways and means of cultivating gardens.

The apple list was taken up, and a running fire of orchard experiences
closed the first day's session.

Proceedings of second day opened with prayer by Mr. Murtfeldt, of
St. Louis, and an essay, entitled " Hints and Suggestions on Raising of
Fruits," was read by H. W. Davis, of Decatur, which raised interesting
questions as to the standard of excellence among fruits, and the state of
knowledge among planters, professional fruit-growers, and the public at
large.

An essay sent in by A. L. Hay, of Jacksonville, on " Vegetable Gar-
dening," was then read, and the discussion which followed turned princi-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 333

puUy upon the culture and consumption of asparagus and the uses of
pieplant.

The afternoon of the second day was devoted mainly to Major Muhle-
mann's entertaining paper on "• Mimicry in Insect Life." Though this
essay was not in itself lengtli^, it elicited lengthy discussions, and drew
out the savants, and as Professors Riley and Tice of St. Louis were most
prominent in discussion, their views will he given Vniefly in connection
with Major Muhlemann's essay as published.*

The evening of the seconcl day was devoted to President McLain's
essay on " Dutch Bulbs," and the " Essay on Floriculture," by Dr. W.
H. Chaffee, of Carlinville, and it is to be regretted that the rain storm of
this evening pre\ented the attendance of such numbers as the occasion
would have otherwise called out.

Proceedings of the third day opened with prayer by J. Iluggins, of
Woodburn, 111.

The essay by E. Daggy, of Tuscola, 111., on "Horticultural Hum-
bugs," was read, and a lively discussion ensued, in which the question of
wine and wine-making requested its right to be settled.

This was followed by an essay from A. A. Hilliard, of Brighton, 111.,
on " Osage Hedging," and the subject was discussed at some length in its
bearings on Horticulture.

" The best of the wine at the last of the feast" was given us on the
afternoon of the third day. Professor Turner's lecture on " Climatology,"
and Professor Tice's lecture on " Teirestrial Radiation."

Nothing short of a carefid perusal can do justice to these excellent
productions. Vice-President's report by B. O. Curtis, of Paris, 111. ; re-
ports of committees and reports of other officers were disposed of, and
added to the list of material on file; and the Society elected its

OFFICERS FOR 1871:

President — M. C. McLain, Charleston, 111.

Vice-Presidents — A. A. Hilliard, Brighton, 111. ; B. O. Curtis, Paris,
111. ; Isaac Baldwin, Jacksonville, 111.

Treasurer — H. W. Davis, Decatur, 111.
Secretary — Geo. Hunter, Carlinville, 111.

MEMBERS FOR 187I :

H. W. Davis, Decatur. C. McNutt, Tuscola.

D. S. Curtis, Paris. Tyra Montgomery, Mattoon.
Jno. M. Pearson, Godfrey. B. H. Burton, Areola.

J. Huggins, Woodburn. S. B. Dugger, Carlinville.

B. O. Curtis, Paris. J. Baldwin, Jacksonville.

Isaac Snedeker, Jerseyville. G. W. Hilliard, Brighton.

M. C. McLain, Charleston. Geo. Hunter, Carlinville.

E. Daggy, Tuscola. M. Eldred, »

E. McCarty, " A. A. Hilliard, Brighton.

A. Wallace, " F. Taggart, Carlinville.

NoTS. — ^The essay of Major Muhlemann has not been received for publication. — Editor.

334 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

NORTHERN ILLINOIS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

The Annual Aleeting of this Society for 187 1, was held in Rockford,
January 34, 25, 26. The meeting was well attended and all its sessions
were interesting and profitable, a large range of horticultural topics being
ably discussed.

The oflicers elected for 1 87 1 , are as follows :

President — Samuel Edwards, LaMoille.

Vice-Presidents — E. Ordway, Freeport ; D. C. Scofield, Elgin ;
Lewis Ellsworth, Naperville ; Robert Douglass, Waukegan ; E. H.
Beebe, Galena; Arthur Bryant, Ji'., Princeton.

Corresponding Secretary — D. W. Scott, Galena.

Recording Secretaries — J.W. Robson, Galena, and H. H. McAflTee,
Freeport.

Treasurer — S. Woodard, Marengo.

Executive Co?nmittee — L. Ellsworth, E. H. Skinner, S. Edwards.
Princeton was selected as the place of the next annual meeting.

JO DAVIESS COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

OFFICERS FOR 1 87 1.

President — A. L. Cumings.

Vice-Presidents — Capt. E. H. Beebe, J. M. Harris, T. Hallett, Dr.
E. D. Kittoe, D. W. Scott.

Corresponding Secretary — D. W. Scott.

Recording Secretary — -J. W. Robson.

Treasurer — Robert Brand.

Executive Board — A, L. Cumings, J, G, Soulard, Mrs, D, S.
Harris, Mrs. J. A. Newhall, Mrs. H. P. Corwith.

MACOUPIN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
OFFICERS FOR 187I.

President — Dr. Wm. Stevenson.
Vice-President — Wm. H. Fishback.
Secretary — George Hunter, Carlinville.
Treasurer — Milo Graham.

Directors— Dr. Wm. H. Chaflee, Geo. Fishback, Dr. J. P. Mat-
thews, Henry W. Burton, A. S. Ruark.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 335

HORTICULTURAL HISTORY. — ADDITIONAL COUNTY

REPORTS.

FAYETTE COUNTY.

BY J. F. JERAULD.

Mr. Secretary:

In compliance with your request, I will give a short synopsis of the
Horticultural History of Fayette County.

The most of its surface havin<:j been originally covered with timber,
makes it well adapted to the cultivation of such varieties of fruit trees,
vines, and shrubs as flourish in this climate. The most of the early set-
tlers availed themselves of diese favoring conditions of soil and climate,
and planted orchards of apples and peaches, together with a few pears.

But being for inland, and having to haul the fruit in wagons seventy
miles to St. Louis, which was the only accessible market, and that over
rough roads, injuring it in transit so that it was often sold for little or
nothing, they did not find fruit growing a source of much profit ; and in
consequence, this branch of industry received a serious check.

The opening of the Illinois Central Railroad, however, revived the
interest in fruit raising, by providing means for reaching markets, both
in the North and South, and in bringing emigration from the East.

Many new orchards were soon planted, and old ones pruned up and
put into shape; and, from that time to the present, fruit growing has
been a success. Larger profits have been realized from a given amount
of ground, with proper care, than have been realized from any other
branch of agriculture.

APPLES.

Many varieties of fall and winter apples were introduced from the
Rochester nurseries, knowing them to be good sorts or late keepers, but
our soil and climate change the late keepers, such as Golden Russet,
Rhode Island Greening, Gilliflowcr, Spitzenburg, and Bellflower, into
fall apples.

Our Western nurseries furnish us with Winter Winesaps, Rawles'
Janets, Romanites, Green Pippins, Limber Twigs, Baldwins, and many
other good winter apples, salable in any market.

Our summer and fall varieties usually bring us from forty to fifty
cents per bushel at home markets; while the winter apples range from
sixty to seventj'-five cents per bushel, at the nearest railroad stations.

PEACHES.

The soil, in many locations in our county, being excellent for peaches,
several enterprising fiumers have set out extensive orchards of peach trees,
and have realized large profits from them.

ZZ^ TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

This year has not been as favorable for budded fruit as some others,
yet there have been about 30,000 boxes of peaches shipped out of Fayette
County this year, at an average of about fifty cents per box.

The}^ were shipped to Chicago, St. Louis, Iowa, and Minnesota,
while a considerable portion went to Indianapolis antl farther East.

GRAPES.

Grapes have been equally productive with peaches, and a large por-
tion of the crop has been made into wine. Among the leading varie-
ties are Concoi'd, Isabella, and Delaware (many others being cultivated).
The Concord takes the lead, as being the best bearer, and sells well in
the marker.

PEARS.

Pears are not successfully raised here, as the fire-blight destroys nearly
all the trees.

Nectarines^ Apricots^ and Plums are so much the prey of the cur-
culio and borer that people have become disheartened about trying to
raise them.

This year my Nectarine and Plum trees were full of fruit, early in
the season, which all dropped off or rotted upon the trees.

Small fruits, such as gooseberries, currants, strawberries, raspberries,
and blackberries are pretty generally cultivated, and succeed well.

ALEXANDER COUNTY.
O. B. Galusha, Secretary of State Hotlcultural Society :

Dear Sir: — On account of sickness I have been delayed in comply-
ing with your request in regard to the Horticultural History of Alexan-
der county; and where so little has been done, a few words will be
sufficient.

The north half of Alexander county is well adapted to fruit culture,
being composed, or partly so, of the range of hills extending from the
Mississippi to the Ohio river.

This range is, I believe, what geologists call Loess. It is rather
broken, but is a rich soil, and under-laid, within twenty feet of the sur-
face, everywhere, with a gravel bed, which gives it a natural drainage.
All of the hilly portion, comprising about one-third of the county, is well
adapted to fruit-growing; yet little fruit has been raised, for want of
facilities for marketing; this portion of the county being too far from
Cairo to market with a team and wagon, and having no convenient
access to a railroad, the only available point for any part of this fruit dis-
trict being Villa Ridge, on the Illinois Central. A few seedling apple
trees, planted twenty years ago, though neglected, are still in a healthy,
fruitful condition.

There are no commercial orchards in the county.

At Cairo nearly all the cultivated varieties of fruit trees, vines, and
shrubs have been planted, and flourish remarkably well. The growth in

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 337

this wash-soil is twice or three times as great as that of the same varietie*
in any other part of the State with which I am acquainted.

To ilhistrate the vigor and productiveness of plants ifi this soil, I will
state that I have seen seventy-five pounds of grapes, grown on a single
vine, the second year after planting, and apparently without injury to the
vine. The kinds of grapes which have rotted more or less, here, are
Creveling, Rogers' No. 4, Concord, Hartford, and Rogers' No. 15.

The following have resisted or escaped the rot, viz : Delaware, Diana,
Rogers' No. i, Herbemont, Norton's Virginia, lona, and Martha.

No Pear ti'ees have been known to blight in this county, though they
have been quite extensively planted by amateurs at Cairo. A few have
died by what is known as root-rot.

Peaches do remarkably well at Cairo, where they escaped the hard
freeze of last April, owing, probably, to the influence of the Mississippi
and Ohio rivers.

Small Fruits (except currants) do remarkably well every where on the
tillable lands of the county.

Should the projected railroad from Cairo to St. Louis be built soon,
I predict that the northern part of this county will settle up rapidly with
fruit growers, and become one of the most desirable places in the State
for fruit raising.

Yours ti-uly, E. J. Ayres.

LA SALLE COUNTY.

BY E. C. HATHAWAY.

The apple crop the past season was larger than ever before known in
this county, but owing to the ravages of the Codling Moth, the crop
was of but little value; the most of it finding its way to the stock pen, or
vinegar barrel, or what is worse, remaining on the ground to rot, thereby
insuring an almost certain crop of the moth or apple worm for another
yeai-'s depredations. What apples were gathered in fall, for winter use,
are not keeping well ; but are rapidly going by the board with rot, with
two notable exceptions, the Little Romanite and Rawles' Janet.

Pears were a failure in this section the past season.

Cherries — A fair crop, except Common Morello, of which there were
none.

Small Fruits gave promise, early, of being a large crop, but were
almost destroyed by heat, except in a few instances, where they were
heavily mulched or shaded.

Vegetables — Poor, until quite late in the summer, when the rains
came upon them, and they recuperated almost as if by magic, yielding
a bountiful harvest.

APPLES.

The first orchards south of the Illinois River, were set in 1S33 or 1S34,
by Mr. Charles Brown, Esq. Suley, Mr. Slater, and Kent & Bailey.
The varieties were mostly Large and Small Romanite, Rambo, and
29

338

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

several other varieties, the names of which w^ere not known. These trees
were mostly set on the south side of the timber bordering the Vermillion
river, and are still alive and apparently healthy.

In 1837, Curtis and Sons, of Edgar Co., came through this county
south of the river, with a covered wagon loaded with trees, drawn by
oxen. These trees were from two and a half to four feet in height.
That wagon contained, what are now the old orchards in the southern
part of this county, and traces of them can be found from the extreme
west to east limits of the county. The varieties were largely Milam and
and Rawles' Janet, with several varieties not known to farmers; some
good, others not. In winter of 1855-56, the Milams were mostly killed,
though many still survive, but are feeble from the injuries then received.
They have proved very productive and profitable.

Mr. Hoag set several hundred trees on river bottom opposite Mar-
seilles, about 1845. The varieties were principally Yellow Bellflower,
Rawles' Janet, Rambo, R. I. Greening, Tolman's Sweet, Domine, and
others ; trees apparently healthy and productive, but have, of late years, suf-
fered much from neglect. Samuel R. Lewis, in 1844, set 50 trees of
Large Romanite and Yellow Bellflower — nearly all killed in winter of
1855-56. In 1S56 he set an orchard of lOo trees, Hubbells, Winesap, R.
Janet, etc., all doing well ; the Hubbells are remarkably productive,
and are what he considers the finest apple he has any knowledge of. The
above orchard is on the south bluft'of river, south of timber belt.

Geo. H. Rugg set an orchard 1852, south of Illinois river, on what
was originally timber bordering the prairie. The trees (200) were obtained
near Toledo. Varieties: Baldwin, Esopus Spitzenburg, Belmont, Yel-
low Bellflower, Rox. Russet, R. I. Greening, Rambo, Mayflower, Au-
tumn Strawberry, Fallen walder, Sweet June, Winesap, and many others.
He has had ths most decided successes with the apple called the May-
flower, considering its qualities as a good grower, healthiness of tree
and its productiveness.

The fruit is about the size and color of the Domine, but not quite as
flat; better flavored but not quite as late a keeper. Russets and Green-
ings nearly all killed in winter of 1855-56. He has since added to his
orchard 300 to 400 trees, all of leading varieties, which have done well.
The premises upon which these orchards stand, passed out of his posses-
sion four or five years ago, since which time they have been very much
neglected, and now appear very much in want of spade, scraper, and
pruning knife. O. O. Wakefield, in 1852, set an orchard of 200 trees,
principally Domine, Yellow Bellflower, Winesap, Willow Twig, and
Jonathan. This orchard has done well; is situated on a prairie knoll;
no protection. His Yellow Bellflower proving very unproductive, he had
them grafted with Domine, which now yield very large annual crops of
fine fruit; the other varieties are quite productive, especially Willow
Twig.

D. S. Ebersol has 200 trees set in 1854. Varieties: Baldwin, Rambo,
Yellow Bellflower, Harpei-'s Sweeting, Dutch Mignonne, Pennock, Gil-
pin, Rawles' Janet, Early Joe, Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, and others.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 339

Trees all vigorous and healthy, except Baldwin, which is troubled with
canker spots, and seems to be generally unhealthy, with him. Red
Astrachan is very productive. Rambo, American Siunmer Pearmain,
and Dominc do well. Soil: black loam, sub-soil drift, southwest expo-
sure— no protection.

The foregoing are all the orchards on the south side of the Illinois
River, which I will make mention of, although there are many as large
or larger, dotting the prairie over here and there; and to-day almost every
quarter section contains its dozens, fifties, or hundreds of apple trees,
growing more or less thriftily, and are more or less productive, according
to variety, soil, and cultivation.

North of the Illinois River, north of Utica, I find an orchard set by
Truman Hardy, on open prairie, with no protection, containing about
c;oo trees, most of which were set in 1S48. The varieties are principally
RaAvles' Janet, Domine, Little Romanite, Pennock, Red Astrachan,
Rhode Island Greening, Winesap, Yellow Bellflovver, Northern Spy,
Newtown Pippin, Early Harvest, and many other varieties. Many of
these trees have been set since the first plantings, and are of later and
newer varieties; names unknown to the occupants, no records having
been kept of the same. Many of the old trees have been grafted over,
especially the unproductive sorts, such as Yellow Bellflower. This
orchard, a few y^^rs ago, was in a vigorous, thrifty, and productive condi-
tion ; but bark-lice, borers, and more especially neglect^ are fast decimat-
ing it.

In another orchard I found many trees of the American Summer
Pearmain, which, though much neglected, were annually producing large
crops of fine fruit.

North of Ottawa, in the town of Dayton, I find a large orchard con-
taining thirty-five acres, set in 1844, by Col. Wells Wait, who at that
time had also a nurseiy there, from which the trees were obtained for
planting many of the older orchards in the northern part of the county.
This orchard staiids on rather high ground, on open prairie, without pro-
tection, and has been quite neglected, yet the larger portion, say three-
quarters of the original planting, are alive and doing quite well now.
Neglect, bark-lice, and borers seem to be its chief troubles. The varie-
ties are about the same as mentioned in orchards spoken of before. Of
these, the present proprietor informs me that he regards, as best for all
purposes. Domine, Rawles' Janet, Winesap, Fall Pippin, Winter Pippin,
Rox. Russet, Snow (Fameuse), Large and Small Romanite.

In response to inquiries made of Martin Allen, of Mendota, I
received the following reply, which I have condensed somewhat from
original :

" In 1833, J. and P. Dewey (father and son), settled on north side of Troy Grove.
They came from Ohio; brought with them apple seeds {from good sorts), which
they planted. N£xt spring got 100 trees from Teoria, which were sent out the year
before from Ohio. There were thirteen sorts in the lot; some wrongly labeled and
others not known. In 1836, fifty more grafted trees were obtained. Of these plant-
ings, strange to say, Early Pennock and Winter Pennock, three of each, are ^et
standing and doing well; while the Red Romanites are all gone. AH the Rambos

340 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

yet doing well. Of the sorts that are known — Domine, Early Pennock, Rawles' Janet,
and Sweet Vandevere have been the best and most profitable. Soil, deep, rich prai-
rie loam; trees set twenty-five feet apart, protected by timber on the south. The
trees from seed, before named, produced some fair fruit, but none worth propa-
gating. 1

In 1837, R. H. Wixom bought twenty-four stock-grafted trees from a peddler
from the Wabash country; planted them sixteen feet apart, on soil not so deep or
rich as Mr. Dewey's, They were protected by timber on the southeast. Maiden's
Blush has done well; Yellow Bellflower, never borne much. I think four, bought
for Rhode Island Greenings, are Willow Twig; three of them yet standing. Two
out of three Rambos yet remain, and have done the best of any in the lot. Mr.
Wixom, at the time of planting the above orchard, also obtained seed from cider
press, which he planted, raising ti-ees from which he set an orchard, which has
produced fruit only fit for cider.

In the spring of 1846, S.J. Haight set 200 trees, obtained from Curtis' nursery
in Edgar County. Eifty trees of Milam, which he obtained under the name of Red
Winter Pearmain, he says have been worth double all of the balance, except Maid-
en's Blush, of which he has ten trees. These have done very well. Tolman's
Sweet and Sweet June have been satisfactory, also White Winter Pearmain. The
latter is liable to scab. Sweet Bough, together with ten other sorts all failed in the
winter of 1855-56. About 175 of the trees yet remain, and are in fair condition. The
above favorably-mentioned sorts are all he considers worthy of notice in the lot.
This orchard was planted on soil medium between prairie and timber, at southeast
corner of Four-Mile Grove.

In the last few years we have had home nurseries of the most approved sorts
of fruits; since which the plantings of Apple and Early Richmond Cherry trees,
have become quite general, 2,000 apple and 600 cherry being the largest individual
risk I know of here."

Mr. Baldwin, northwest of Ottawa, set an orchard of 300 trees in
1847; could get no further information respecting it, than that the trees
were apparently healthy and quite productive. They were set on timber
land; some protection on north and east.

Wm. Galvin, who has an orchard near the last-named, speaks highly
of the Early Red Margaret, on account of its great productiveness.

In 1852 Nathan Hardy set 300 trees of Domine, Large and Small Ro-
manite, Westneld Seek-no-further, Autumn Strawberry, Rox. Russet, M.
Blush, and Early Harvest. The orchard looks neglected, some trees
having been killed by borers. Mr. Hardy speaks highly of M. Blush
and Seek-no-further. These trees are set on the north side of the timber
belt on the bluff.

In 1845 Jonathan Massey set three acres, consisting of Early Harvest,
Early Sweet Bough, Barnhill Summer, Milam, Eng. Golden Russet,
Domine, R. I. Greening, Bellflower, and Tolman Sweet. This orchard
is on the prairie, with no protection; southern exposure; trees all healthy
and vigorous.

D. L. Carpenter, at Seneca, has fifteen acres planted twelve years
ago, upon the Illinois river bottom, and protected on the northwest, north,
and northeast by high bluffs and timber. The trees are generally healthy,
when exempt from borers. The Varieties are Early Harvest, Sweet
Bough, » Red June. M. Blush, Snow, Hawley, N. Spy, Jonathan, R.
Janet, Flushing Spitzenhurg, Westfield, Seek-no-further, Belmont, Gilpin,
Tolman Sweet, Eng. Golden Russet, Domine, Milam, Limber Twig,

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 341

American Summer Pearmain, and Bellflower. All are fair to good
bearers, except Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Tolman Sweet, Hawley,
and Yellow Bellflower. Belmont scabs badly, and Red June is too
small.

N. C. Wickwire, at Manlius, set ten acres in 1S55, on prairie soil,
yellow clay sub-soil, well drained, no protection, northwest exposure;
trees healthy and vigorous; varieties same as mentioned above, w'ith
addition of Autumn Strawberry; some good and some poor bearers.

Mrs. Ann Rolph in 1S5C;, set three acres; soil same as VVickwire's.
The trees are healthy and vigorous; varieties: Sw^eet Bough, American
Summer Pearmain, Lowell, Domine, Milam, Jersey Sweet, Tolman
Sweet, N. Spy, R. I. Greening, Swaar, Baldwin, Holland Pippin, Van-
devere, Eng. Golden Russet, Westfield Seek-no-further, Flushing Spitz-
enburg, Pomme Grise. All fair to good bearers, except Sweet Bough,
Early Harvest, Swaar, Vandevere, and Tolman Sweet. The Baldwin
and Holland Pippin trees are troubled with canker spots.

S. Hutchinson and the Messrs. Forbes have planted upon high prai-
rie knolls four miles north of Seneca, about seventy acres of apple
orchards, embracing a large number of varieties. These orchards have
been planted at various times from 1856 to 1S67. The soil consists of
black, prairie loam, generally well surface-drained. There is no protec-
tion.

The leading varieties are Duchess of Oldenburg, Red Astrachan,
Maiden's Blush, Snow, Autumn Strawberry, Jonathan, Winesap, Mink-
ler, Gilpin, Willow Twig, Ben Davis, Perry Russet, Grimes' Golden
Pippin, Cole's Qiiince, Rawles' Janet, White Pippin, Red June, Wag-
oner, Sweet June, and Bailey's Sweet.

North of Seneca, skirting the timber, I find an old orchard, planted
about 1840. This orchard, owned by Geo. Bosworth, stands on the east
side of a fine grove of young timber, which gives it complete shelter
from the west and southwest winds. It has received excellent care ; trees
very healthy, vigorous, and productive. I attribute the cause of this to
the extraordinary good care taken of them, together with protection from
southwest winds.

On the premises now owned by the writer, but formerly occupied, in
part, by Norris & Murphy's Ottawa Nurseries, stand about two hundred
trees, set about 1850. The varieties are, principally : Early Harvest,
American Summer Pearmain, Sweet Bough, Yellow Bellflower, Rox,
Russet, Maiden's Blush, Spitzenburg, Westfield Seek-no-further, Tol-
man Sweet, Red-cheek Pippin, Hubbell, Porter, Autumn Strawberry,
R. Janet, Domine, Baldwin, Keswick Codlin, Pound Royal, and others.
All are fair bearers except Yellow Bellflower, which is worthless. The
Hubbell, R. Janet, American Summer Pearmain, Maiden's Blush, and
Seek-no-further are very good and annual bearers. Soil — alluvial deposit ;
sub-soil — drift underlaid with sandstone, givingperfect natural under-
drainage. Location — blufl^, bordering immediately on Illinois River.

I will make no further mention of orchards; but as before related
regarding the county south of the river, so on the north, the prairie and

342 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

farms bordering the timber skirting the streams, are all more or less pro-
vided with orchards, large or small.

I will now make a few remarks, that observation and inquiry have
led me to believe connect, on the different varieties of apples :

Duchess of Oldenburg — Perfectly hardy ; an annual, early, and great
bearer on all soils; of large, handsome fruit; quality second rate.

Red Astrachan — Neither a good nor regular bearer, except on timber
land, with gravel sub-soil.

Red yunc — Tardy in coming into bearing; good bearer; but fruit
altogether too small to be valuable in this county, especially for the
market.

Col^s Quince — Spoken of very highly by Messrs. Forbes as an early
bearer; perfectly hardy; good market apple.

Fameuse or Snow — Not very early bearer ; good for prairie ; not for
light soils.

Maidens Blush — Spoken of by some on prairie as not being per-
fectly hardy ; the reverse the case on light soils and on the bottom lands ;
an early and immense annual bearer of very fine market fruit.
Ranibo — Tender; not valuable.

Sweet June — Conducts itself well on the prairie ; early, hardy, good
bearer; good quality.

Sweet Bough — Poor bearer; tender in tree.

Hawley — Shy bearer.

Early Pennock — On prairie, the tree seems to be defective ; on light
soils good.

Early Harvest — Generally a poor bearer.

Wagoner — Good and very early bearer; tree moderately hardy.

Jonathan — Sufficiently hardy; an early bearer; hangs well.

Winesap — Perfectly hardy; tardy in coming into bearing, but a
great bearer.

Willow Twig — Perfectly hardy ; an early bearer of first-rate market
fruit.

Gilpin or Little Rofnanite — Hardy; good and early bearer.

Domine — In north part of the county it is not spoken very well of,
but in the central and southern part it is an immense bearer, alternate
years, of excellent fruit, both for market and family use; tree perfectly
hardy. I have found a number of trees of this variety, top-grafted on
the Yellow Bellflower, that annually bear immense crops of extra fine
fruit.

English Golden Russet — Good and sure bearer everywhere; tree
very thrifty. Roxbury Russet, do.

7l^/«/^/er— Perfectly hardy; an early and sure bearer of large, fine
apples, which hang well to tree and also keep well.

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 343

Rawlcs' Janet — Not superior on all soils; requires cultivation, with
quite severe thinning of fruit.

Ben Davis — Hardy, and good grower; very few in bearing in the
county.

Gaines' Golden Pippin — Messrs. Forbes inform me that the tree
appears perfectly hardy, and is remarkably vigorous in the nursery; trees
two years old blossom two years from setting.

Peicry Russet — Perfectly hardy; a fine grower; good fruit.

White Pippin — Moderately hardy ; an early and good bearer of large
apples.

Autumn Strawberry— Y^xiccXXy hardy; an annual bearer of good
crops of not large, but fair, handsome apples of the best quality.

Rhode Island Greening — Does not do w'ell.

Baldwin — Trees perfectly hardy, and most generally healthy; but
tardy in coming into bearing; trees tender in nursery; on bottom soils
this apple does well.

Tompkins County King — Hardy; early and good bearer; not
planted much here.

Kcs-wick Codlin — On the prairie opinions regarding it are veiy con-
flicting; some having success with it, others, not. On the bottom lands
it is highly esteemed.

Pall Sxvaar — On prairie, good; on bottom, worthless. The same
may be said in reference to Winter Swaar.

Lowell — Perfectly hardy ; a very great bearer of large, first-rate fruit ;
superior on all soils.

Red Canada — Hardy; rather tardy in coming into bearing; good
bearer of firm, first-rate apples.

Cayuga Red Streak — Has bad reputation generally, everywhere I
can hear of it.

Vandevere — Same as last named.

American Summer Pearmain — Immense bearer, alternate years, of
splendid fruit for market or family use; good on all soils.

Hubbell — Perfectly hardy; a great bearer of fine fruit of first-rate
quality.

West field Seek-no-further — Does well generally; tree hardy; an
annual bearer of first quality fruit, which is generally exempt from attacks
of Codling Moth, as far as I have observed.

Yellow Belljlower — Unproductive, except in a very few instances, on
very heavy clay soil.

Other varieties I might mention, but must forbear, lest I task your
patience beyond endurance.

There are many conflicting opinions respecting soils, situations, pro-
tection, etc., all sorts and conditions of each having their advocates as to
their being the best suited for orchard purposes; concerning which opin-

344 TRANSACTfONS OF THE ILLINOIS

ions I will not open any discussion, but merely jremark that I find the
greatest success among those who cultivate and feed their trees the ?nost
thoroughly.

PEARS.

I find but few trees of any varieties living, although thousands of
them have been planted in this county. Most of the older trees have
either died from blight or neglect. Almost every farm has its few pear
trees, but the owners keep no record of them, and know but little about
them.

About the towns I find some small orchards, mostly dwarf trees;
varieties principally Louise Bonne de Jersey, Duchess d'Angouleme,
Vicar of Winkfield, Bartlett, Beurre Diel, Beurre d'Anjou, Seckel, and
others. The Louise Bonne de Jersey, by all odds, does the best (as
dwarf), and is of good quality of fruit, also.

Geo. H. Rugg, of Ottawa, has about 450 trees, very few in bearing yet.

I have on my place about 200 trees, old and young, both dwarf and
standard, including many varieties. AH do well, except White Doy-
enne, which cracks badly some years. The past season it was very fine.
I have but very little blight.

Early Richmond Cherry, also Large English Morello and Belle
Magnifique, do very well here, bearing heavy annual crops. May Duke
does moderately well; other varieties are not much known. Of the
sweet varieties, veiy few, if any, of the trees can be found ; the trees of
this class all having been, swept away by the cold winter of 1855-6, since
which time none have risked planting them.

There are now being planted in this county many orchards contain-
ing from 50 to 500 trees, principally E. Richmond. My own trees are
nearly all on Mahaleb stock, which experience has taught me to be pref-
erable to the Morello on our light, bottom soils; but for the prairie, in
heavy, black soil or clay, would rather have trees on Morello stock. With
me I can see no difference in bearing, on account of the stock, but if there
is any, consider it is in favor of the Mahaleb.

There are a great many Plum trees scattered over the county. The
varieties are principally Magnum Bonum, Smith's Orleans, Coe's Golden
Drop, all of the Gages, Yellow and Purple Egg, and others, which
annually set fine crops of fruit, but which nearly all fail to mature, and
drop from the tree on account of attacks by the curculio. It seems a
pity that the fruit which seems to be the surest here, and would never fail
otherwise, should be lost in this manner; but the people are getting awake
to the idea of combating the " Little Turk," which they can now do
without fear of defeat, by the use of the " catcher," invented by Dr.
Hull.

Peaches are not grown to any extent of late years, as the cold winter
before mentioned destroyed all the trees (which were many) at that time,
since which, no one has had faith enough in them to plant.

Grapes do remarkably well here, both upon the broad, open prairie,
and upon our sheltered river-bottoms. There are a number of old vine-

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 345

yards of Catawba, Isabella, and Clinton, of a few hundred vines each,
along the Illinois River, which, in years past, have done very well when
well drained and cultivated thoroughly; but of late years most of them
have suffered neglect, and have become diseased. Very many grape
roots have been planted, within a few years, all through the county, and
very many quite large vineyards have sprung up. I find the Concord to
be the one great grape of them all, although the Delaware does finely
on the prairie and bluffs, but is almost worthless on the bottom.

The vineyards with which I am acquainted, consist, principally, of
Concord, Delaware, Diana, Ives', Hartford Prolific, Perkins, Isabella;
with a few Catawba and Clinton ; also a few of the newer varieties, as
Martha, Eumelan, Walter, Salem, Rogers' and Arnold's Hybrids, and
others. Almost all seem to do well in whatever soil they are placed, and
yield generous returns to the cultivator.

Stnall Fruits all seem to be perfectly at home here. Of Raspberries,
Doolittle and Golden Cap are the best. The Kittatinny Blackberry has
done moderately well, while other varieties winter-kill, except Missouri
Mammoth, which is good neither to bear fruit or anything else. Straw-
berries, Currants, Gooseberries, and other small fruits, yield abundant
returns.

CLAY COUNTY.

BY C. H. MURRAY.

Clay City, III., Dec. 15, 1870.
Mr. O. B. Galusha, Secretary of State Horticultural Society :

Dear Sir: — In reply to the request you make of me to give some
account of the first orchards planted in Clay County, I have the honor to
report as follows :

This information, as far as I have been able to get it this year, attaches
chiefly to the southern part of our county. In 1838, Aaron Smith, who
then resided in the southern part of our county, began a nursery of apple
trees. Two years later, Aaron O. Finch, his neighbor, also planted a
nursery of apple. From these two efforts nearly all the old trees of this
county were derived. Their fate, as far as I have been able to learn, has
been quite similar under like circumstances. The orchard of Mr. Finch
merits a detailed statement.

He planted the seed in 1840, and in the spring of 1843 he set out fifty
trees, and the following fall, fifty more along side of those, on like soil.
The orchard was set two rods apart each way in quadrangular style.
The entire orchard always received the same culture, yet notwithstanding
this, the half set in the spring rapidly out-grew the other, and the differ-
ence at this date between the two parts of the orchard is so reinarkably
in favor of the spring-set, that a person would have no hesitation in say-
ing that they had been planted ten years earlier.

This orchard of 100 trees always received from Mr. Finch, during his
lifetime, tlie greatest care and supervision. It was kept in a fine state of

34^

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

cultivation; the trees were frequently washed with caustic solutions; the
bark was kept smooth and healthy, and borers and all other insect pests
wei'e perseveringlv dealt with. The result has been that the trees have
made a most astonishing growth, many of the spring-set being now from
1 6 to 1 8 inches in diameter, with very heavy tops, and the largest trees
now look to be perfectly healthy. The bark is almost as smooth and
fresh as on a young tree, and the active growth of the tree seems uninter-
rupted. The location of this orchard is on a slope declining to the south.
Ever)' part of it is naturally well drained. It is protected by woods on
the west, southwest, and south. The varieties were, origmally. Pound
Pippins, 5 ; Yellow Bellflowers, 5 ; Summer Qiieens, 5 ; a few nameless
ones, and the rest (the largest number of the orchard), the Vandevere.
A very few of these trees were grafted on the stock at the ground. The
balance were budded from one to four feet high. The present proprie-
tor, Mr. J. R. Finch, tells me he can see no difference between the
budded and grafted ones in respect to hardiness or other qualities.

Now as to results : This orchard that appears so vigorous and healthy,
is almost worthless. Last year it had at least one thousand bushels of
apples on, and the proprietor did not get a bushel of winter apples. The
bitter-rot blasts them like the breath of ruin, and the promise of spring
ends in disappointment and decay. Many experiments have been tried
to arrest this evil, but so far none of them have proved efficacious. Trees
have been trimmed and thinned; holes have been bored into their trunks,
and sulphate of copper, iron filings, salt, sulphur, etc., have been plugged
up in the wood. Squire Finch tells me that this orchard was in its prime
from the time it was 8 until 18 or 19 years old. For ten or eleven years
it gave the most bounteous returns, and produced wagon loads of the
finest fruit. It then began to decline. The fruit commenced to speck
and the evil increased until the trees are little more than an encumbrance
on the ground. The hogs have been kept in this orchard for a long time.
Pens have been made under some of the trees and the hogs fed there to
try the effect. It has done no good in preventing the rot. The Vande-
veres all have the "bitter-rot;" also, the Bellflowers; but the Pippin and
Summer Queen have not, he thinks, been attacked with bitter-rot; but
they have a sweet or suinmer-rot.

In contrast to this I wish to give a short account of an orchard in the
same vicinity set about the same time, but which received very different
treatment. Nearly as soon as set it was seeded down to timothy and
kept in sod for ten years. The consequence was that it was so stunted
that it scarcely grew at all. The trees just made out to live. After this
the ground was broken up and thoroughly cultivated. The trees began to
grow and are at this time thrifty and fruitful, and so far the fruit does not rot.
I do not cite this case to recommend this treatment, for doubtles after
these trees have arrived at a certain stage of growth^ their fruit will also
rot.

The experience with the apple, in this county, may be summed up as
follows: The trees are in their prime from eight to twenty years after
setting. After twenty years they begin to decline. If the trees keep

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 347

growing, the fruit rots. In many orchards, after twenty-two or twenty-
three years, many of the trees, from some unknown cause, die. No
orchard, and no known tree of thirty years' growth, provided it has had
reasonable cuhivation, produces healthy fruit after tliat age.

The soil in our county is varied. The swells and hills are generally
a warm friable clay, containing considerable oxide of iron, as indicated
by a strong reddish color. The more level lands, in many localities, have
a whitish appearance, and are composed of soil in a state of very fine
comminution. The former appears to be the best adapted to fruit of any
kind, and on it young apple orchards are very fruitful and healthy. We
produce some magnificent fruit, not to be excelled anywhere in the
country, either in color, size, or flavor. The Ben Davis or New York
Pippin thrives here, and is of much better quality than is customary with
that apple. The Yellow BcUflower, although I observe you have
dropped it from the list of reliable apples, does handsomely here with us,
and young trees bear heavy crops of splendid specimens. The Rome
Beauty also is superior.

LIVINGSTON COUNTY.

BY L. BANCROFT.

The oldest orchards in this county that I know, are two of seedling
apples, planted in the year 1832 by Uriah Blue and Garret Blue.

Uriah Blue planted thirty trees in the town of Owego, in timber
land, protected by timber on the south and sotithwest. In 1S33 this
orchard passed into the possession of David Rockwood.

In 1835 ^^- ^' pliii^ted fifty trees of grafted fruit of several varieties.
Among them were Domine, Greening, and Ram bo. The ground was
well cultivated ; they came into bearing quite young, and most of them
pro\ed to be annual bearers of good fruit. In 1854 he gathered fifteen
bushels of large, fine fruit from each of his Greening trees. In the terribly
cold winter of 1855-56 nearly all of his grafted trees split from the
ground to the limbs, leaving a few trees of the Domine and Rambo,
which still remain standing, and produce moderate crops of apples.

Of the fifty planted by Mr. Blue, forty remain, and produce good
crops every second year of rather an inferior quality. He continued to
plant, and fill vacancies with seedlings, thinking it of no use to plant
grafts. He thinks that protection on the south and southwest is neces-
sary.

In 1834 Garret Blue planted 200 seedling apple trees, in the town of
Pontiac, on timber land, surrounded on all sides by belts of timber.
Nearly all of the trees lived and grew well, and came into bearing in
eight or nine years.

The ground was planted to corn annually, until the trees came into
bearing, when it was seeded to grass and pastured. In 1850 it passed
into the possession of Pliram Young. Mr. Y. says the orchard has
borne regularly, and that the most of the fruit is as good as grafted fruit,

348

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

and that timber land is absolutely necessary for the annual production of
remunerative crops of apples.

Dr. C. B. Ostrander, of Avoca, has about 200 trees entirely sur-
rounded by a high Osage orange hedge, planted in 1857 and 1858, which
he reports as being very productive. His most approved varieties are
Smith's Cider, Rawles' Janet, Northern Spy, Domine, Winesap, and
Jonathan; productive in alternate years. Smith's Cider is the most
valuable; Raw^les' Janet and Northern Spy are No. i ; Domine is a good
bearer, but not alw^ays salable ; Winesap proves a shy bearer, and Jona-
than fails to keep well.

Robert Smith, of Owego, Samuel Garner, of Epperd's Point, and C.
M. Bennet, of Pontiac, have orchards planted in 1857 and 1858, in all
1,700 trees, all on prairie soil, and unprotected. They commenced bear-
ing in six or eight years.

The following varieties prove to be annual bearers, viz: Greening,
Baldwin, Red Asti^achan, Snow, Minkler, Winesap, Milam, Fall Pippin,
and Red and Sweet Junes.

Mr. Garner has two orchards on sandy land ; one has a sandy sub-soil,
and produces light crops alternate years; the other a clay sub-soil, and
produces full crops every year.

C. N. Bennet recommends the Early Harvest, Red Astrachan,
Keswick Codlin, Snow, Minkler, Hubbardston Nonsuch, and Swaar,
as being the most productive with him.

With regard to the relative value of prairie and timber soil, I am
inclined to agree with Messrs. Young and Blue, that timber land, or that
of a similar nature, sand and clay is absolutely necessary to produce
annually remunerative crops of fruit; and protection on the south and
southwest sides is at least desirable, if not necessaiy. I know that
orchards, unprotected, occasionally produce good crops. On timber soil,
protected by belts of timber, most of the varieties with which I am
acquainted will produce annually paying crops.

I would say, plant shallow ; keep the roots near the surface ; cultivate
thoroughly, not deeply, until your trees shall attain bearing age; then I
would not seed to grass, but let the orchard grow up to weeds, and at the
time of gathering fruit, if they are in the way, roll or drag them down to
mulch and finally decay and enrich the land.

Accompanying the above report was a letter from Mr. Amos Edwards,
of Amity, Livingston county, containing the following valuable sugges-
tions, as the result of his thirty years' experience and observations : He
recommends shading the southwest and south sides of the trunks of tender
varieties of apple trees with boards, until the branches extend sufficiently
to afford a partial protection from the rays of the sun. This prevents the
injuries so often seen upon the southwest sides of the exposed bodies of
trees.

He practices covering the ground under his trees with a thick coating
of straw, in the spring, as far as the spread of the branches. This has
the three-fold effect of affording a mulch, keeping the ground cool and
moist, making a soft bed for the apples to fall upon when gathering, and

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 349

enriching the land when it decays. He finds this practice gives him
larger and fairer fruit than when it is neglected. This letter closes with
this sensible remark: '' I believe it is too miserly to rob the orchard of its
own rights by raising crops of grain or grass in it, and removing them."

PULASKI COUNTY.

BY JAMES H. GRAIN.

The people of Southern Illinois, in common with those of other por-
tions of our country, having a high average temperature, and also a deep,
rich soil, experience difficulties in the production of apples which, with
ordinary care, will keep through the winter season.

This applies to our position with marked force, as we occupy the
extreme northern of the isothermal, or heat-line east of the Rocky Moun-
tains, and our soil to quite a depth is of sandy loam, largely admixed
with decomposed organic matter.

Unfortunately, circumstances connected with the early settlement of
this country brought here varieties of apples from localities having quite
opposite conditions; varieties which were at home in — and which would
uniformly ripen in — short seasons of low average temperature,
where the soluble matter present in the soil is far less abundant than in
ours. Consequently, nearly all the orchards planted here anterior to i860
have proven disastrous foilures, so far as the production of winter apples
is concerned. Indeed, they do not serve well for autumn use, as they
evidently require the restraining influences of cold, or some analogous pre-
servative, the moment they attain full growth. Without apprehending
the cause of this uniform failure, our people had at one time almost
despaired of success with winter apples of fine texture and appearance;
but coming gradually to note a few examples of success with native
seedlings, and with varieties satisfactorily tested in similar or more south-
ern localities, they were led to extended research in that direction, and
to-day we can boast of assured success with the apple in all its seasons of
development. It is true there are those who still cling to the old northern
and eastern favorites, regarding them as desirable in consequence of pecu-
liarities of flavor, and hoping yet to succeed with them by destroying the
curculio. •

Without doubt the curculio hastens the decay of many tender kinds,
old as well as new; still this does not aflect the general proposition, that
no apple which completes its growth before the approach of frost, can.
anywhere be successfully grown as a winter fruit, except upon the theory
of substituting other than ordinary preservative measures. How far
such extraordinary means can be made available remains for the future
to prove, there having been but little eflTort in that direction as yet. Some
trials made with saw-dust, finely-powdered charcoal, sand, and earth, point
strongly towards success, and promise to work a revolution in the hand-
ling of all apples in all climates; but, however successful, they can not
justify planting the kinds accustomed to a short summer season, in local-
ities having long ones. It is true that among the old kinds tliere are

35^ TRANSACTIONS OF THE ILLINOIS

those very desirable, in consequence of appearance, texture of flesh, and
agreeableness of flavor; but among the new varieties there are many
with all these qualities combined in a rare degree.

Although our people may confidently hope to make the growing of
winter varieties profitable for shipment to Southern markets on the Mis-
sissippi River, yet it is unquestionably true that the production of the
extremely early sorts must always preponderate in orchards near favoring
lines of transportation northward. This is made more apparent by not-
ing that all early varieties do well with us. The prevalence of readily
soluble elements in our soil, with warmth and mixture conjoined, bring
them to maturity, to meet the want of our northern neighbors, who are
in the main a fruit-consuming people. Add to this the fact that tlie im-
mense region north of us is filling up rapidly with population and wealth.
Those who contemplate planting trees here will have before them a
sketch of the obstacles already surmounted, together with those yet to be
met; a history of how progress thus far, has been made, and hints
of the rewards of future labors.

HAMILTON COUNTY.

BY HOSEA VISE.

The first orchards, about fifteen in number, were planted in the years
1818 to 1S30, and consisted principally of seedling trees. Each orchard,
however, contained a few grafted trees, the varieties in which were
mainly the following :

Summer and Fall Apples — Yellow June, and an apple called here
the " Bunch Apple," Horse Apple, Seek-no-further, and Winesap.

The most durable Winter varieties are Green Geneting, Pearmain,
Limber Twig, New York Pippin, and Roman Stem. The Rambo
bears well for a few years, but soon dies. Orchards do best here on tim-
ber soil. Trees grow more thriftily, grow larger, and bear better crops.

Grapes have not been cultivated to any considerable extent in the
county, though they prosper well where they have been tried.

This county is well adapted to the culture of Peaches. There are
large localities here where they never fail, but the distance we are from
market renders the raising of peaches unprofitable, to sell in the fresh
state. When dried they bring remunerative prices.

The small fruits do well here when properly attended to.

There is probably no county in the State better adapted to fruit raising
than Hamilton County. At present it is nearly all dried before
marketing.

Our markets are Du Quoin, Tamaroa, and Ashley; towns on the
Illinois Central Railroad, thirty-five to forty miles distant,

WILLIAMSON COUNTY.

BY WM. P. WHITE.

The first few orchards planted in this county, from fifty to seventy-five
years ago, were seedlings, from apples grown in the States of Tennessee

STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 35 1

and Kentucky; some of which are still standing. The introduction of
grafted trees is of comparatively recent date. The principal part of the
grafted trees first introduced, are still in good bearing condition.

The varieties are mostly Limber Twig, Rawles' Janet, Summer Pear-
main, Horse Apple, Hall's Seedling, Islem, Pennock, Smoky Twig,
Winesap, and a few Ben Davis. Tliese earlier grafted orchards were small
and turned to no account, except for family use. The orchard, as a source
of profit, was scarcely thought of twenty years ago by any of our people,
the market for green fruits being inaccessible until the Illinois Central
railroad was built; but since that time tlie enlarging and planting of
orchards has been wonderful. The orchard ists of the county have, how-
ever, sustained a great loss, and disappointment, too, by planting Eastern
and Northern varieties with the expectation of producing good winter
fruits, superior in size and flavor to our orignial sorts. 1 suppose that
about fifty thousand trees were set between the dates of 18150 and i860,
the principal part of which are still in bearing, but are almost worthless.
The change in climate did not aiFect the quality of the fruits, as I can see,
but it has changed the season of its ripening. Such varieties as Tomp-
kins County King, Northern Spy, Riiode Island Greening, ripen and
drop their fruit in August or September, and are, consequently, almost
worthless here as market fruit, except they can be marketed in the sum-
mer season.

The soil and situation of Williamson County are adapted to the grow-
ing of all kinds of fruit that can be grown successfully in this latitude.
The land 'is generally high; the forest growth is composed of oak, pop-
lar, walnut, dogwood, and hickory; the soil is a little sandy, with a
pale-red clayey, and somewhat porous sub-soil. Apples, peaches, pears,
cheiTies, plums, grapes, and strawberries do well on our soil, no drain-
age being nccessaiy.

Our market has been growing better for several years. Speculators
have been buying fruit and shipping it to Chicago.

In the year 1868 the apple crop of the county was a very full one, and
dealers in fruit paid, at Carbondale, an average of about seventy-five cents
per bushel. In my opinion the apple crop of that year brought more
money into the county than the wheat crop of the same year.

The most popular varieties now grown in the county are Limber
Twig, Rawles' Janet, Earley Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Pennock, Sum-
mer Pearmain, Horse, Hall's Little Seedling, Islem, Smoky Twig,
Smith's Cider, Winesap, Ben Davis, Yellow Bellfiower, and Summer
Qiieen. These varieties are all hardy in tree and fruit except perhaps the
Rawles' Janet, which will not live long on wet land; while the Limber
Twig will thrive on the borders of a swamp, and is not subject to any
disease. I do not remember to have seen a blighted limb on a Limber
Twig tree.

Pears — The quantity of pear trees in the county is quite limited, and
confined to door-yards and gardens; are more subject to blight than
apples. Dwarfs soon die, after coming into bearing, from want of suffi-
cient roots to support fruit and foliage. They can be saved by raising the

35 2 TRANSACTIONS.

earth around the tree so as to induce the trunk to put forth roots above
coition. The most hardy variety we have is the Bartlett. Standards of
it are generally preferable, as they come into bearing sooner than most
varieties.

The Peach is very abundant, and succeeds best on our highest north-
ern slopes. The cultivation of this fruit has not been very remunerative
so far, for the want of a railroad.

The best soil for the peach is a loose, lively loam, with a tough, red
sub-soil. An occasional dressing around the roots with wood ashes, to
stimulate the trees and keep out the borers, allowing the hogs to devour
all the fallen fruit, is about all that is necessary for the good of both tree
and fruit. Swine, in eating up the prematurely-foUen fruit, eat up with
it the larvae of the curculio. One hog in a peach orchard is worth more
than a man with sheet and bumper. Heath Cling is our best peach.

Grapes — But little attention has been paid to vine culture until within
a very few years. Preparations are being made now, however, to grow
grapes to a considerable extent. Several vineyards have been planted
within the last few years for the production of wine, succeeding well.
The Concord is claimed to be the hardiest of all the varieties that have
been thoroughly tested. We believe the Herbemont will prove to be very
hardy. I am giving it a fair trial. I produced about twenty-five pounds
of them the past season on a two-year old vine, grafted on the wild stock,
notwithstanding this was the worst season for grapes we have had for
years.

Cherries, plums, and strawberries are abundant. Wilson is consid-
ered the best shipping strawberry,

[Explanation — Owing to delay caused by the burning of the State Bindery at
Springfield, the report of the State Entomologist has not been received for publi-
cation in this volume. — Secretary.]

TABLES OF

FRUITS, FLOWERS, TREES, ETC.

KECOMMENDED UV THh

Illinois State Horticultural Society.

LATEST REVISION;

MADE AT TIIK

Annual Meeting at Ottawa, December, 1869.

N — Noi-thern, C — Central, and S — Southern Illinois. Numerals — The number of
Horticultural Districts, i aud 2 — Northern; 3 and 4 — Central; 5, 6, and 7 — Southern
Illinois.

Recommendations of Fruit made by the Society are: m — market; f — family use;
c — cider; b — baking, and trial, a — denotes for special locatities.

■Recommendations of Fruit made by individuals are denoted by. a star (*).

Recommendations of Trees, etc., made by the Society arc marked \\\t'.\ a double
star (**). Those made by individuals with one stir (*).

The arrangement is in the botanical order according to Gray's "Forest, Field, and
Garden Botany."

C^° The figures, upon the left and right-hand margins, ^yill aid the reader in tracing
the line of anv varictv.

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

DISTRICTS.
1 N. C. S.

1 I 234567

Origin. 1 Use.

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc. jHei't or Shape

CROWFOOT FAMILY.

Clematis.

Patens .

1
1
i ■-

Asia, etc.- orn

Japan . orn

climber

* *

Japan

Japan

America...

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

G toHiiJfJoftz {l^oj'^n J^^.)

* * *

climber

i'lrgiiiiatiu yCniiiinnn Wild)--
Anemoise ( Wind Floivt-r).

* * * * * * *

climber

erect heibs-
tuberous

iofeet

** ** ** ** ** ** *#
** ** ** ** ** ## **
** ** ** ** ** ** ♦*

S. Europe.
S. Europe.

Delphi.niu.m {Larkspur)

P.KONIA (P.EOPwY)

annual, etc.
herbs, etc "

Officinalis ( Common 1

Pt'rcs^'rijia

** ** ** ** ** ** S:*

Old World
Europe

China

herb

herb

AlbifiOya {Cliinesc).

* * *

herb

shrubby

tr"s&shrubs

tree

tree

shrub

tree

small tree..

tree

small tree.-
shrub .

3feet

Sf'^et

AJoutan ( C liina )

* * *

ma(;nolia family.

LlRIODENDKON.

Tulipifira (Tulip Tree)

!MaGN(iLI.V.

Grandiflora {Great T/oirered )
Glauca {S-^veet Bay)

* * * * * * *

* * *
* *

America .-

South

America ..
America ..
America ..
America ..

China

Japan

America ._

Europe

Oregon --.

or. tim..

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

orn

or. fruit.

or. fruit,
orn

100 feet

80 feet

Kfeet

So feet

15 — 30 feet

30 feet -

15 — 20 feet

Acuminata ( Cucumber) _ .

Macrophylla {Great Leared).
Umbrella...

*******
* * *
* *

Conspicua{2 ulan) _

* *

Purpurea {Purple)

* * *

CU&T'RD- APPLE FAJVPY.

ASIMINA.

Triloba {Papa-w)

****** *

* ******
*****

small tree.-

shrub

shrub

perennial ..

herb

perennial ..
herbs _

15^20 tett

BARBERRY FAMILY'.
Berberis.
Vulgaris { Common)

Aquifo liu m { J\fa li o n it r )

3— 4 feet

WATER-LILY FAMILY.

Nymph.«:a.
Odor at a (Sv.>eet Scejited)

* * *

East

N.China..

orn

orn

sal. etc..

FUMITORY FAMILY.

DiCENTRA.

Sped a bilis { Bleed ins;' Hea rt )
MUSTARD FAMILY.
Bkassica.
Oleracea ( Cabbage )

** ** ** ** ** ** **

Early Flat Dutch

Early York

Early Winningstadt...

* * * *

*******
* * # *

Flanders

* *

N. T.

American Drumhead . .
Drumhe.id, Savoy

* * * * * * *

* * * *

* *

Premium Flat Dutch
{CaulifloTver.)

* * * *

* *

Earlv Pans

* * * *

Half Early

* * * *

Campestris {Turnip).

Flat Strap-Leaved

Purple Top Strap L\'ed
White Dutch

* * * * * * *
*******

* * * * *

* * *

NASTURTIUM FAMILY.
Nasturtium.

Armor acia ( Horse Radish)

Rapiianus.

*******

Europe ...
Europe ...

cond

Chinese Rose

* *

cond

Late

*****

Lon^ Scarlet Short Top

*******
* *

cond

cond

VIOLET FAMILY.'
Viola.

Odorala { Sweet Violet )

Tricolor { Pansy)

* * *

* * *

Europe

Europe -..

orn

orn

herb

herb '

PINK FAMILY.

1

APiT-NDIX.

OF PLANTS. Etc.

ri-:cri

• I.VUITIF.S or FRUIT, Etc.

Season.

Hardin'sj

1

Foliage, etc

Flowers.

Product.

Si/.c.

Shipe.

Color.

Flavor.

d
7:

1

■

1

hardy. . . 1 in threes. . .
hardy... In threes. ..
hardy... in threes. ..
hardy . . . ' 3, cut-tooth .

i* — 7'

. ..

1

•

l\J

1

1

j

not hani

finely cut ..

verv In.rp*!' •

,,,

i

large

red etc

i

." brjghtgreen

Ipale, large .

1

1

'

_---

.

1

hardy.. -
half hard

rich green .

evergreen..

ijliucous

thin

very large.,
'irge

vellow"

wliite

white 1

,

i

" "

half ha.rd

verv larff"e

hardy- --
half hard

dark green.

small ...

bean _

oblong

vcl. gvceii.

red

blue-black

sweet

Sep. Oc.

ha-dv...
half hard

yellow

product..

,.

hardv

white

hardv

ninW-rpfl

1

hardy. . -

very large..

large ...
small ...
large ...
large ...
large ...
large ...

round

roundis!i..
pyramiilil
pvramidal
round

ash-grecn.

2:ood

medium
early ...
medium

late

1

product..

2

a

product..

glaucous.. ;

sea-green .'good

4

5

(i

hemisph'l
flat

sweet

best

fate

early ...
earlv ...
medium

7

hardy

product..

large ...
large ...

blu'h-gr'n

fi

large

large

, _,....'_.

1

white

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'."'.

0

3

r

1

hardy...

few

1

prolific ..

medium

flat

purple

white

nurnle. etc

mild

best

sugary

early ...
earlv ...

late'.

2
3

hardy. . .
hardy...

deep green.

globular ..

4

,

laree

pink

-sharp

late

I

very long

isoherical. scarlet

best

V. early.

earlv ... 4

heart shap'd

' 1

1
, 1

1

1
1

1

hardv

various

1 1

1

1

i

1

APPENDIX.

\AMES.

DISTRICTS.

N. C. S.

Origir

Use.

PECULIARITIES

3 4

6 7

#* #^ #:¥ *^ ** I

* S. Amt r... orn

** ** ** ** ** :^* ** Syria orn

** ** ** #* ** ** **

DIANTIIUS.

C /linens is ( China Pink)

PURSLANE FAMILY

PORTULACA.

Graihiifiora ,

MALLOW FAMILY.

Alth.ea.
Rosea {Hollyhock) ,

Hibiscus.

Syrtacus {Althea\

Escnlentus ( Okra\

LINDEN FAMILY.

LiLIA.

Americana {Bassz'jood)

RUE FAMILY.

Zanthoxylum.

Amcricanum {Prickly Ash")...

QUASSIA FA-VIILY.

AlLANTIIUS.

Glandttlosiis (Tree of Heaven)
VINE FAMILY.

VlTIS.

Labrusca {Fox Grape).

1 Adirondac

2 Catawba j mfmfmwmw

.3 Concord mf nif mfmf mfmfmf

4 Creveling? 1 trial f f f f f

5 Delaware j f f mfmf f f f

tj Diana mfmf f f f f f

7 Hartford Prolific* 'mfmf mfmfmf mfmf

8 lona I * *

9 Ives' Seedling j trial trial trial

10 Martha ' --.- trial

11 Maxatawney ' * *

12 Northern ^luscadine

13 Rebecca ?

14 Rogers No. i, Goethe ?..

15 '' N0.3, r^Iassasoit ?

16 " No. 4, Wilder? ..
ir " No. 7. ?

18 " No. i5,Agawam.'

19 " No. 22, Salem?.! * *

j^stivalis {Summer Grape) ..\ \

20 Herbemont I f f f

21 Norton's Virginia ' wine wine

22 Rulander ...: I * * f f f

Cordijolia { Winter Grape). \

2-3 Clinton mfmfmwmw wine

Ampflopsis.

■ Smnquefolta {Va. Creeper)...

■ STAFF-TREE FAMILY.

Celastkl's.
\Scandens {Bitter-Szueet)

I EU'iN-VMUS.

^Americanus {Stravjberry Tree)
' SOAPBERRY FAMILY.

^ESCfLUS.

HiPPOCASTANLM (H. Ches.)
Acer (Maple).

Platanoides {Norvjay)

Saccharinum {Snffar) ,** ** ** ** ** ** **

Nigrum (Black Sugar) | * *

Dasycarpum (White) ■** ** ** ** ** ** **

Negundo.

Aceroidcs {Box Eldcr^ 1** ** ** ** ** ** **

PULSE FAMILY.

Laburnum.

Vulgare {Common Laburnum)

RoBINI.\.

P.':eudacacia ( Common Locust)

Hispida {Rose Acacia)

Wistaria.
Frulescens {Am. Wistaria)...

Class, Etc. Ilei't or Shape

annual.

herb .

Levant orn shrub S feet.

E. India ..! herb

America., or. tim.. tret; 100 feet.

i

or. med- small tree.. 25 feet..
China 'orn tim. tree 60 feet..

f f trial

f'f .].."!
f f .....

N. Y fruit |Vine vigorous .

N. C fruit vigorous .

Mass fruit ' strong ...

Penn fruit ' vigorous .

Ohio fruit ' weak

Mass fruit vigorous .

Conn fruit ' strong...

N. Y fruit ' - weak

Ohio fruit ' strong ...

Penn fruit ! vigorous .

Penn fruit ' vigorous

N. Y fruit ' 'strong...

N. Y fruit - weak . ...

Mass fruit vigorous .

Mass fruit vigorous .

Mass fruit ; vigorous .

Mass fruit ' vigorous .

Mass fruit i vigorous .

Mass fruit ' vigorous .

S. C.?.
Va....

fruit \ I strong ...

fruit ' vigorous .

iruit 1 vigorous .

N. Y fruit [ strong .

America., orn climber ' cp feet.

j I

America., orn climber '15 feet.

* America., lorn

Asia orn ,

shrub

Europe . .
America .
America .
America .

America .

-tree.

50 — 60 feet.
60 — 70 feet.

orn tree __ ,_

or. tiin..jtree 70 feet

or. tim.., tree 70 feet

or. tim..jtree 50 feet

or. tim.. tree 20 — 40 feet

Europe .. 'orn .

** ** *# ** ** ** **

:it :i: * # * # :>(

America
America

.timber .
orn

.\merica . orn .

small tree.

tree So— 7S feet.

shrub

climber '20 feet

APPENDIX.

OF PLANTS, Etc.

Il.inUn's Foltatfcetc.

hardv -- l.inceolate..

Flower?. Proihict.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Size. I Shape.

Color.

Flavor.

Season.

o

harily .. heartshap'd various .
half hard three-Iobed various ,

hardy .. h»artshap*d cream color

hardy?., pennate ill-scented . .

hardy ..
hardy ..
hardy ..
hardy ..
hardv ..
hardy ..
hardy ..
hardv ..
hardv --

laree ' - medium.

niilde-vs Jmedium.

coarse '.- product.. larsre ...

liir^e I jmedium.

n.iidews ...' small ...

mildews small ..

laree ...
medium
medium

coarfe product..

mildews '

coarse ' product..

hardy.. ' I. larofe

hardy.. 1 ' [medium

hardv.. 'coarse ! jmedium

not hard mildews j |mediuiii

hardy.. ■ i product... v. large

hardy large ..

hardy ; large ..

hardy I

round

'round

'round

round

round

round

round

loval

round

round

round oval

round

oval

oval

round

'round

black ...

red

Mack

black

red

red

bl.ack

red

black

green, yel.
green, wht

red

amber

yel. green.

red

bl.ack

hardy jlarge ..

hardv ilarge ..

half hard smooth ' ' ;small ..

hardv.. smooth, small..

half hard round ' small ..

roundish.,
round

maroon —
red

sweet early 1

sweet late 2

sweet early — 3

sweet early 4

V. sweet -.'early ... .5
v. sweet -.medium. 6

harsh 'v. early- 7

V. sweet ..early -.. 8

Iv. early. 9

sweet 'early — 10

V. sweet .. late 11

foxy earl}' — 12

V. sweet .- late 13

sweet late 14

early — 15

sweet 'early -.- 16

17

foxy medium. 18

stveet early 10

. round black sweet late 20

.'round Mack sweet late 21

. round black v. sweet .. medium. 22

hardiest smooth ' product., small ... ronnd

hardy.. i

green white .

. black

I
I

three-lob., crimson

large white

hardv.. ;briehlereer'
hardv .. '

hardy .. i

hardy .. Jight green

v. hardy ' small, gr"ish]

half hard' 'gold.j-ellow

small

white .
rose ..

blue purple

harsh medium. 23

4

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

c

DisTracTS.

N.

■ 234567

Original. Use.

PTiCULIAR'.TiES
Class, P^tc. Hei't or Shape

China-

Europe? .
England . !

S. A.

Mass.

1

2j
3,

t^
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

55

Si'nettsis ( Chinese Wistaria)

PHASEOI.US.

Vulgaris (Bean)

Early Valentine

Fejec

London Horticultural ,
Red Speckled Valentine

Speckled Cranberry

Speckled Crowder

AVhite Dwarf

Lunatus {Lima Bean).

Lima -

Sieva

DOLICHOS.

Sinensis ( China Bean )

PisuM (Pea).
Sativum (Comnio?i Pea).

Daniel O'Rourke

Extra Early. —

May

McLean's Advancer.

Tom Thumb * * ..

Champion of England.! * * *
Missouri Marrowfat..-! * * *
Cercis.

Canadensis (Red Bud) * * *

Gymnoci.adus.
Canadensis (Ky. Cojfee Tree).\ * * *

Glrditschia. I

Triacanthos{Honev Locust).- ** ** **
ROSE FAMILY.

Prunus. j

(Amygdalus) Nana. .

Flowering- Almond * * *

White P~lower'g Almond' *

(Amvgdalus) Commu7iis. I

Hard Shell Almond ' *

(Amygdalus) Persica. ] i I Asia

Bergen's Yellow ! * * *;n. Y

Cole's Early Red * * ..iAmerica

Columbia. -. - * * mfmfmfiN. J

Coolidge's F.aVorite j * * iMass

Crawford's Early.. | mf mfmfmfmf N. J

Crawford's Late'. mf mfmfmfmflN. J

Delaware White? *

Druid Hill 1 * * *

'orn climber .

table bush

table.,
table.,
table..
'laMe..

Stable..

! table.,
'table..

annual,
annual-
annual,
annxjal-
annual-

16 inches

iS— 20 i.iches-
6feet

. - perennial
. -Iperennial

. 10 feet

.10 — 12 feet

itable.

America..

i table
Itable
I table
Itable
Itable
[table
Itable

15 inches.

*; America., orn tree.

* * * I America.,
** ** ** America. -

* Asia .
. . Asia .

orn

1
or. hedge

tree,
tree.

9 inches-
5 — 6 feet
3—4 feet

lorn shrub

orn shrub

30 feet

60 ieet

50-75 feet

2 — 3 feet
3-3 feet

* * *;Asia.

nuts tree.

I fruit 1 tree -

'amateur j

Imarket-.i

am. can.'

Early Tillotson *

Illinois

N. Y

France - ..

Ohio

Maryland -

* *

Early York (serrate) ! * * *

Galbraith ' *

George the Fourth '. mf mfmfmfmf

Grnsse Mignonne ' *****

Hale's Early ! mf mfmfmfmf

Heath Cling I *****

Honest John (yellow) ' nifmfmf

Jacques' Rareripe I * *

'Kenrick's Heath * * *

La Grange * * *

J^arge Early York

Late Admirable

Lemon Clin?

Morris White

Mountain Rose

Oldmixon Cling j * * ]

Oldmixon Free mf mfmfmfmf |

President * * *.L. I

PuUen's Seedling * * *'

Red Cheek Melocoton * * * America

Reeves' Favorite- - * * *N.J

Smock mt mf.nfmfmf N. J

Snow - .' * * * America

Stump the World L-.. * * *,N.J

Susquehanna * * *|Penn

Switzerland ' mfrnfrnf

.mf mlmfmfmf

* * *
# * * * *

. f f * * *

* * *

imarket..
mar.can.
Imarket..

Maryland . I
N. Y....

market-,
amateur

Mass...
N. E...
N.J....
N. Y...
France .
S. C...

mar. etc.
mar. etc,
mar. etc.

market. -
can. etc.
mar. etc.
can. etc.
can. etc.
can. etc,

ivigorous .

'mildews .

family .
market,
family .

market,
market,
market-
family .
market.

mar. etc,

vigorous -

vigorous,
vigorous.

vigorous .
vigorous,
vigorous,
vigorous -
vigorous -
vigorous .

APPENDIX.

OK PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Hardin's Foliage, etc Flowers. Product, i Size. Shape.

Season.

Color. Flavor.

o

\ product pink , early ...II

V. luirdv. deep creen. white prolific kidney -drab 'best early ...\%

1 purple ' »4in. Tfj. igg flesh while! 3

5

■7

tender .. lo'g, smooth 'green, yel.
lo'g.siiiooth 'green, yel.

hardy ... yel. green., white product.

■ ■ ' I I

hardy ' prolific.

broad kid.
Ibroad kid.

dull white,
dull white.

l:.te.

white .

round.

-v. early.
. |v. early.

I prolific,
product-

Jiirge ...'

large ... flattened .

cream .
white .

V. good ..., medium.
V. early.

Igood

hardy ...narrow
hardv . . . narrow

pink...
white .

half hard

rose
w

hite.

buds ten.
hardy ...
buds ten.
hardy ...
buds ten.
buds ten.
hardy ...

not h«alt
buds h'y

hardy ...

buds h'y
hardy . . .

reniform .
globose ..
reniform .
globose ..
globose ..
globose ..
globose ..
globose ..
serrate...
serrate...
globose ..
globose ..
globose ..
globose .-
reniform.

Ismail moderate

Ismail fruitful...

small jmoderate

small fruitful...

Ismail jfruitful...

■ small I

small fruitful...

small fruitful...

small , moderate

ilarge product..

small . . --

small moderate

Ilarge

large jiroduct..

Ismail moderate

large ..
medium,
large ...
large ...
V. large.
V. large,
medium,
hirge ...
medium,
iiicdiuin.
medium.

loundish.
roundish,
'globular .
roundish.

oMong

roundish.

oblong

loundith.

round

roundish,
roundish..

large .
lutUiuni
V. lirge.

roundish.

round

'oblong...

yellow . .
red

brown

red A-white
jellokv ...
yellow . . .

white

red. white.

red

red it white
red Jiwhiie

best Aug ]

V. good ...Jul. Aug'

ibtst l^ept -.—

good ... [Aug ,

good.

good

good

V. good...
V. good...
V. good...
V. good...

1
2

3
4
5
6

7

8

9

10

Aua-lii

y el . red .

red

white ...

|Aug

Sept I

Sept

,Sept....
Jul. Aug
Jul. Au '
Jul

Aug.... 12

V. good... Aug |13

good Julv H

best bept.Oct 1.5

16

good f-cpt 17

good i-ept 18

best Sept. Oct 19

V. good... Aug 20

best Sept 21

good Sept. Oct 22

V. good... Sept [23

24

best Aug. Sep 25

V. good Aug. Sep 20

V. good... Sept 27

...r :... |28

good Aug. Sep 2')

good Sept ^30

good Sept.Oct,31

V. good. .- Aug. Sep 32

V. good-.-;Sept :w

V. good... Sept ,34

reniform.

reniform.

hardy... reniform.
hardy .. . globose ..
hardy ... globose ..
hardy ... reniform.
buds ten. reniform .

small product.

small product.

small 'product.

small product.

small 'product.

small iproduct.

small product.

I large ...
IV. large.
'v. large,
large ...
|V. large.
,v. large,
(large ...

'roundish .
oblong...
oblong. ..
roundisli.

oval

oblong...
oval

yellow . . .

white

white

red&white
white A- red
yellow ...
white

globose.-.- small large

globose small 'product., jlarge

globose small I'^rge

round-ova!
roundish.,
round-oval

white-red.

red

green

buds ten. globose ..
hardy ... globose ..
buds ten. reniform.

reniform.

globose ..

small

small

small

small white
'small

product,
product,
product.

product.

Ilarge
large
large
large
large
large

round-oval
roundisli --

oval -

globular . .
roundish. .
globular ..

yellow. . .
yellow. ..
yellow. . -

white .

white-red
yellow. ...

APPENDIX.

DISTRICTS.

NAMES.

N.

C.

Origin.

34567

Use.

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc. IIei"t or Shape

36

37;

38;
30
40

41

Troth's Early Red ' »pf mfnifmfnif N. J market. .

Walker's Early * * * niarket--

Ward's Late Free -- [ mfmf nf America .. market. .

White Imperiil... «■ * * X. V family..

Yellow Alberge mfmf Fr.ince ... 1...

Yellov.' Rareripe * * * America .. mar. eic.

yar. Icon's {jVeciari'iie). 1

1' Boston * *

21 Downton * *

3; Early Violet ; * *

4i Elruge - ' mfmfmf England ..;

5 Pitmaston's Orange ' mfmfmf England - vigorous

\Armetiiaca (Apricot). \ ' ' "

* Mass. ...

* England

* France.-.

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

vigorous.

vigorous-

Breda * * mfmfmf Africa ...

Early Golden * * * * * N. Y

Hemskirke -. mfmfmf England .

Large Early mfmfmf France. ..

Moorpark ._ ...: mfmfmf Eng:and '

Peach ' * * * Piedmont..' ,.

Sf'inosa Insii!ti\!,oy Doiiiesiica I i 1

( Garden Plum) ■ '

Coe's Golden Drop. * * mfmfmf England ..' ...'branches

Coe's L'ite Red , mfmfmf [ |do\vny

Columbia ' mfmfmf N. Y '

Damson ' * * mfmfnif cook, etc slender, etc...

DomineDuIl ' * * * N. Y | Ilong, smooth..

Duane's Purple 'mfmf * * N. Y ' ' 'very downy ...

German Prune 'mfmf * * * * * Ger., etc. . dry, etc. - smooth

Green Gage ' * * 'France ' short jointed..

Imperial Gage 'mfmf * * mfmfmf N. Y. J ■ - dark, downv ..

Jefferson _ ' * * * N. Y { ; 'downy

"Large Green Drying ' * * 'England..' ' smooth

20
21
22

Lawrence's Favorite ' mfmfmf N. Y ' _ .'smooth

Lombard- - 'mfmf * * N. Y ' ...' nurple, glossy

McLaughlin • mfmfmf Maine smooth

Prince's Yellow Gage * * N. Y ' '

Red Diaper [ * * France 'smooth

Reine Claude de Bavay.. * * France smootu

Smith's Orleans mfmfmf X. Y i...' wiossy, purple

Washington ' mfmfmf N. V I ' '3o\vny

Chicasa ( Chickasaw). I i II I

Chickasaw ' ****** * America..'

Miner '... * 'La '

WildGoose ' * * * Tenn '

I Cerasus ( Garden Red Cherry) .\ \

1 Kentisli or Early Rich'ndmfmf mfmf mfmfmf Belgium ..'

2 Late Kentish * * *' * *,

3 Morello, Common.

4 Morello, English.
^ Avium {Bird Cherry).

10
11
13

13
14
15
16

17
18
19
20

* * ' :): # *

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf .

sm'th, d'k red.

spreading-,
spreading',
spreading.

Belle de Choisey * *

Belle Magnifique j * * * *

Bigarreau or Yel. Spanish * * *

Black Eagle *

Black Tartarian I *

Cleveland 1. _ *

Early Purple Guigne *

Early White Heart ' *

Elton •>:■

Governor Wood '* * * * *

Gridlev

. . France ' ' upright . . .

* market..! spreading

*lEngland..' ,

* Russia ... market..' ...upright ...

* Ohio j ,. ' ".

*.. ' ..I. 'spreadmg.

*:. j r. upright.

* England . . '

Late Duke

M ly Duke

Napoleon Bigarreau

Reine Hortense

Tradescants Black Heart

Mahaleb * * *

Seroti7ia ( Wild Black) * * *

Padtis (Bird Cherry) *

SiViRjE.K (Mkadow Sweet).

Optdi folia i^Nine Bark)

Donglasii

Caliosa * * *

* Ohio .

* ...market.

'round.

I

* j 'fastigiate

* 'market..!

I

* I Europe | market..

* 'st'ks orn

* wood or.

..'... cm

..'America., orn
.. Oreg., etc. orn

-- Japan orn

shrub

■^bru''
shrub

3— 0 feet.

APPENDIX.

OF PLANTS, Etc.

Hardin's Foliag^cetc Flowers. ! Product

globose. ..

g^lobose...

globose...

globose...

globose...

buds ten globose...

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Size. Shape.

Color.

Flavor.

Season.

. small product., medium

-iSmall product., large ...

. small ... product., large ...

. small large ...

. small ■ medium

. fsmall moderate large ...

hardy... globose small product., large ...

reniform small | large ...

reniform... small large ...

reniform small . medium

globose large large ...

Ill'
buds red. ..jproduct.. 'small ...

product., small ...

medium

I i large ...

... I I modenite large ...

j V. large.

roundish.. 'red

roundish., white-red .
roundish., white-red .

white

roundish. .[yellow

roundish. .lyel. red...

ro'nd-ov'l 'yel. red...
ro'nd-ov'l green-red
ro'nd-ov'l green-red
ro'nd-ov'l :green-red
roundish., or. vellow

v. good... Jul. Aug. 36

V. good... Aug 37

V. good-.- Sept 38

jbest
;good . ...

|v. good..

Aug.... 39

Aug 40.

Aug 41

roundish.,
roundish

orange,
orange

roundish-, yellow

roundish., orange

roundish., orange

roundish . . ' orange

v. large,
medium
v. large,
small ...
medium
V. large,
large .--
small ---
large

product..

V. prod--.

vigorous' I product-.

I [ product..

i product..

product..

' product..

; I product..

I moderate large

vigorous! , large .-.

thrifty..!. I product.- large. ..

hardy.. .j | v. prod... medium

hardy I I product.- large -..

hardy... j product., large ...

slow 1 large

vigorous! pioduct-. large ...

V. prod... large —

large

vigorous
hardy...

oval

round

globular .-

oval

long, oval

oval

long, oval

round

oval

oval

round

roundish.,
ro'd-oval .

round

oval

obovate

roundish..

oval

ro'd-oval .

yellow

purp. red .

purple

purple

purple

purple

blue

green

green

yellow

gr. yellow
yel. green

red

yellow

yellow

purple

gr. yellow

purple

yellow

good Aug I 1

V. good...iAug 2

V. good... Aug 3

V. good... Aug 4

best Aug 5

best I Jul. Aug.' 1

V. good...|Tulv 2

best Ijuly 3

V. good...ijuly 4

best Jul. Aug. 5

best Jul. Aug. 6

iv. good.-.'Sept 1

V. good--- Oct 2

good Aug 3

good Au.Sept. 4

good lAu.Sept. 5

good jAug 6

jv. good-.- Sept 7

best Aug I 8

best Aug I 9

best Aug 10

good Sept 11

best Aug 12

good Aug 13

best Aug 14

V. good... July, etc. 15

v. good Aug 16

best Sept 17

\'. good Aug 18

Iv. good Aug |19

20

medium oblong pur. red...i Sept 21

small ...I purple j... July 22

vigorousi

hardy ' v. prod..

hardy... ." product-
hardy... product.

hardy.

I

medium Iround

medium round

medium 'round

large ...iheart-sh'd

moderate ..round-

red acid v. g'd.iTune 1

red V. good. ..! July 2

black V. good... Julv : 3

black Igood July ; 4

hardy...; product., large .--

I V. large.

moderate large

large large...

medium

hardy ilo'gpetioles .good medium

small ...

large

V. prod... large

product.- large ..-

large ...

product., medium
product.. V. large

red foot stks

[roundisli.-
lob. h't sh.
job. h't sh.
jheart-sh'd
r'dh't sh.
r'd h't sh.
h't-shape .
p'k h't sh.
h't-shape .
h't-shape .
ob. h't sh.
ob. h't sh.
h't-shape -

amber

red

vellow

(.1. purple..

black

red

purple

yellow

yellow

vellow

Mack

red

red

yel. red...

best June .

sub.acid .-July ..

sweet jjune .

rich June .

June
Ijune
IMav.etc. 11

5
6
7
8
9
10

rich
V. good..
V. good...
good iMay, J'e 12

V. rich ..

best .

good

sub-acid

rich

good

iune . .. 13
une — 14
'e, 'ulv 15l
ulv ■..-". 16
"Mav. J'e 17
J'e, July 18
......... 19

J'e, July 20

large ... h't shape . black

good

small black

small red ..

hardy... heart shap'd white .

jlanre-obl'g. pink -.

ll.ance-obl'g pink..

APPENDIX.

PECULIARITIES

Use.

Class, Etc.

* China orn shrub

* * * *'Japan orn shrub

1
2
8

4
6
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
18
14
15
16
17
18

Lanceohta, or Reevesiana...' *

Prunifolia * _ .

Fragaria (Strawberry)... I iruit run. herbs.

Agriculturist - ****** *|j,j.j

Austin * * N. V

Downer's Prolific. * * * * Kentucky

Fillmore * * - Maryland

Hei't or Shape

slender

French's Seedling * * f i f N. j:

Green Prolific tr tr tr tr trtrtrN.J.

Hovey's Seedling , ****** * Mass jmarket.

Jenny'Lind ' * * * Mass market.

La C'onstante * * * i

strong ..
vigorous.

moderate
vigorous,
vigorous
vigorous.

Large Early Scarlet .
Longworth's Prolific.
McAvoy's Extra Red.

McAvoy's Superior

Monitor.

f f

f f f f lOhio.

trial trial Ohio .

* * f f Ohio..

* * N. Y..

I

Necked Pine f f -America

Russeirs Prolific

per herbs.

small

vigorous.

vigorous,
vigorous.

strong ..
vigorous,
vigorous.

****** * N. Y

Triomphe de Gand , * * * * * Belgium

Wilson's Albany mfmf mf mf mfmfmf N. Y

RuBus (Bramble). . |.

Occidentalis{B lack Raspberry) , \ curv. canes, long

American Black * * * * ; America ..i cook, etc j

American White * * * * * America.. ;

Doolittle mfmf mfmf mfmfmfN. Y 'market..

McCormick, or Miami --- mfmf mfmf Ohio jmarket

Ohio Everbearing f f mf mf mimfmf Ohio i- i

Purple Cane f f f f f f f America., family .. |

Idaus {Red Raspberry) , ; erect canes

" '-■-■- . Penn everbearing

- Conn market.- upright

1' =f * market-.,

* * [France 'canes green

* * Penn amateur

mfmf * * * * * Penn market

* * *

branching.

* * Penn

* * *'Illinois ...

* * Mass

* * trial * * * N.J

amateur

market,
market.

7| Catawissa , * *

S' Clarke I trial

9J Hudson River Antwerp

10, Imperial — .....

11 Orange

12i Philadelphia

13 Red Antwerp

Villosus (Blackberry) ......

1 Crystal White

2 Dorchester

3 Kittatinnv

4 New Rochelle or Lawton mf mfmfmfmf N. Y

5 Wilson's Early * * iN.J

ROSA (rose). I

\Setigera {Prairie) America

Ij Baltimore Belle I* ***** * America .. cUmbe^

2, President * * * * *!America .. climber -

3 Queen of the Prairies ****** * America ..climber -

\Rubtginosa {Szveet Brier) i ., Europe

4, Common Sweet Brier ! ****** *j —

\Sempervirens {E-vergreen), ! ]

5, Bennett's Seedling * * *

6 Dundee Rambler . * *
Multi flora.

7 Seven Sisters

[Indica, {China^ etc.)

8 Coup d' Hebe

9, George IV

Madame Plantier ,

Aurora

Bougere

Caroline

Devoniensis

10
11
12

13

14]

15
16
17
18
19
20'
21
22
28
24

* *

* *

Gloire de Dijon j *

Homer

Appoline

George Peabody

. Hermosa

Joseph Gourdon

Mrs. Bosanquet

Paul Joseph

Queen of the Bourbons..
Sir Joseph Paxton

tall

V. strong,
short

erect.

I — 6 feet
slender .,

* * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * * * *

* * *

* *

hybrid Chi.
hybrid Chi-
hybrid Chi.
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented

Bourbon

Bourbon

Bourbon

Bourbon

Bourbon

Bourbon

Bourbon...
Bourbon

lO

APPENDIX.

OF PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc. 1

Season.

Hardin's Foliage, etc.

1

Flowers. Product.

Size.

Shape. Color. Flavor.

oblonp*

\vh'e,showy
double wh'e
white

1

small

1 . 1

May, J'e

hardy ..
hardv

arge, dark.

V. large,
large ...
medium,
large ...

large

V. large.
V. large,
large ...
large ...
medium,
large ...
large ...
large ...
large ...

conical ... crimson...
roundish., b. scarlet .
roundish., scarlet ...
ob. con ...'d. crimson
conical ... d. scarlet .

round scarlet ...

conieal crimson...

conical .. .ih. scarlet .
conical ... red

V. good *

1

............{

moderate
product.,
moderate

good early ...

?ood early ...

V. good ... ..

3
8

4

hardy '

lars'e.rouErh

1

............

pistillate ...

hardy ..\
hardy ..]
no^ hard

medium i

arge, thick

burn

product..

product..

pistillate . . . ,

product..

good early

»^ood...^. early . ..

^ood ..^.

V. good ... May, T'e
best [May, J'e

6

6
7
8
9
10

1

roundish.,
roundish.,
irregular.,
round, con
conical ...
round, con
conical, etCi
irreg. con.

b. crimson
sc;irlet ...
crimson ..
b. scarlet .

May, j'e

n

pistillate v. nrod...

eood

1?l

pistillate. ..

product.,
moderate

18
14

1

pistillate —

early ...

IS

1

larfire

product..

V. large.
V. large,
large ...

d. crimson

p-Qod

1A

1. crimson
d. crimson

17

hardv -- ---

product..

prnod

/tnrlv

18

white

1

J'e July

small ...
small ...
large ...
large -.-

flat 1

flat

flat

flat

flat

oblate

black

white .-

1

?l

V. prod...
product..

black

black

black

8

sweet late

1

4

5

medium.

pur. mar'n

a

tender .. thick

white --

J. ju. etc

product.,
product..

medium.

large

large . ..
large ...
large ...
large ...
large ...

flat '

conical ...
conical ...
roundish.,
conical ...
roundish.,
globular ..

d. crimson
br't crim..
dull red...
bright red.

orange

pur. red...
dark red..

rather acid

7

hardy?..

8

_ _

pleasant

9

10

V. prod -
product. -

11

hardy

1

V. eood

12

in

not hard

1 — c;

Jul. Aug

not prod.

medium,
large ...
large ...
V. large,
large ...

oval

ob. con

round, con

oval

ob. oval...

cream wh.
deep black

black

black

black

sweet.

1

9

hardv -

product.,
product.,
product..

sweet. ...

8

4

sweet

early ...

5

clusters

blush wh't
blush

summer,
summer,
summer.

1

2

haidv -.

large ...

globular ,.

rosy red

8

sinp'le

pink

4

..

pure white

summer.

n

6

clusters I'ge
briffht - -.--

bl'h to crim
br't pink..

summer.

summer.

summer,
summer,
summer.

7

large ...
V. large.

beautiful .

R

dark crim.
pure white
yellowrose
deep blush
rosy flesh.,
cream whi.

q

m clusters .

10

ill

larffe

fine .

'19.

laree

perpel'al
perpet'a,
perpet'a
perpet'a
perpet'a
perpet'a
perpet'a
perpet'a
perpet'al

il3

larere . .

14

large ...

lull

fine form .
double ...

15

free bl'mr

rosy pink,
light pink,
dvirk crim .
light blush
rosy flesh,
pale flesh,
violet pur.
fawn

16

17

18

bl'ms pro

large

double ...

19

90

large ...

double ...

91

99.

pro. blmr
Ifrce bl'mr

perpet'a
perpet'a

93

1

deep rose.

i24

II

APPENDIX.

25
26

27
28
29
30

31
32
33
34
35

NAMES.

Souvenir de la Malmaison
Imperatnce Eugenie

Moschata Hybrid.

America

Celine Forestier

Lamarque

Solfaterre

Centifolia {Provence).

Commoi^Ibss

. Common Provence *

Dwarf Burgundy *

DISTRICTS.

N.

I 234567

Origin.

30

37
38

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47|
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Luxembourg

White Bath

Darnascena iDaviask).

Madame Hardy

Lutea ?

Harrison's Yellow

Persian Yellow ..
Not Referable?

Arthur dc Sansal .

Baronne Prevost..

Caroline de Sansal.

Dr. Arnal

Dr. Arnold

Gen. Jacqueminot .

Giant des Batailles.

Gen. Washington..

L'Enfant du Mont Carmel

La Reine

Lord Raglan

Lion des Combats

Madame Laffay

Madame Rivers

Madame Charles Wood.

Mrs. Elliott

PaBonie

Portland Blanche

Pius IX

Prince Albert

Sydonie

Amelanchier.
Canadensis CJ line-Berry's.

Pyrus.
Communis (Pear) ,

Bartlett

Belle Lucrative

Beurre Bosc

Beurre Clairgeau

Beurre d'Anjou

Beurre Die!

Beurre Easter

Beurre Giffard..

D.C.

Use.

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc.

Bourbon...
Chi.orBeng

Noisette
Noisette
Noisette
Noisette

Hei't or Shape

very strong...

vigorous.

moss

Provence .
|Provence .

moss luxuriant .-K..

moss

America .

Europe . .
mfmfmfmfmfmfmf England,
mfmf mf mf mfmfmfj Belgium .

* * mfmf mfmfmfj Belgium..

* * * j France - .

mfmf * * mfmfmfj France

* * * * [Belgium..

mf mf mfmfmf I .*..-'

mfmf * * *|France ...

vigorous,
vigorous,
vigorous .

dwarf.

vigorous.

vigorous .

or. etc.

hy. per.

good grower.

shrub or tr. 10 — 30 feet

Beurre Langelier ' * * Ijersey

Bloodgood ' mfmf mfmfmf

Buffum I mfmf mfmf mfmfmf

Chaumontel * *

Clapp's Favorite ] trial

Oearborn's Seedling * * *

Doyenne Boussock f

Doyenne d'Ete

Doyenne White

Duchesse d'Angouleme. .

Flemish Beauty

Glout Morceau

Howell

Kirtland

Lawrence

Louise Bonne de Jersey .

Onondaga

Osband's Summer

Rostiezer

N. Y

R. Island .

France ...

Mass

mfmfmfj Mass

f f f f j Belgium ..
mfmf f f m m m; Belgium ..

amfanif amf amfamf France •

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf I France

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf] Belgium . .
f f .'Belgium..

table jtree

mar. etc. 'shoots y.br.upright

des. etc. vel. brown, spreading.

des. etc.ibr. olive

market.- [reddish vigorous..

mar. etc.'yel. brown, spreading.

mar. etc.j vigorous..

des. etc. red. yellow, vigorous ..
mar. ete.iyel. brown.

yel. brown.

table etc.: red. brown .
tab: & m.

moderate

vigorous

moderate

reddish |vig. upright...

slender

market., j red. brown. 'vig. upright

table I red. brown. '

tab. &m. red. brown, up. spreading.

tab. &m. red. yellow, upright

table jligrht brown iipriglit

mar. etc. yel. brown, strong

mar. etc. olive brown luxuriant

. j^._ dessert .jdark olive., spreading

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf Conn 'mar. etc. red. yellow upright ,

* * |Ohio amateur, olive brown moderate

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf L. Island. -imar. & d. {yel. brown, moderate

mfmf mfmf mfmfmfl France mar. etc.jolive brown upright

mfmf * * * * * Conn ^mar. etc. lOlive brown vigorous

mfmf mfmf * * *'N. Y Imar. etCiyel. brown. '

mfmf * * f f f| amateur, olive brown, straggling ..

Seckel {mfmf f f mfmfmf Penn jdes. etc.. olive brown, symmetrical

Sheldon ' * * * N. Y Imar. etc. |yel. brown .erect ,

12

APPENDIX.

OK PLANTS, Etc.

Hardin's Foliage, etc

Flowers.

Product.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Size. { Shape.

Color.

Flavor.

Season.

o

V. large.

.free hl'mr
.free bl'nir

large.

Wnis pro large ... full

'large double.

paie flesh.
clear rose.

perpefl-

V. sweet... perpet'l.

cream yel.

pale yel... ,- ,-

pale lemon perpet'l

sal. yel fragrant .. perpefl

perpet'l.
'perpet'l.

suniiner

V. sweA... summer

25

'27

28

129

i30

I

iSl

,32

33

34

35

.37

38

39
|40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59

free bl'mn

delicate.

pur. crrni.-
pure white

large ... double

white .

double
double

yellow ..
gold. yel.

summer
summer

summer
summer

luxuriant

.labu.bl'mr
.free bi'mr

V. large,
large ...

full ....
double

deep rose. best,
clear flesh, best
br't crini-.lbest

I perpet'l,
perpet'l
perpet'l

. free bl'mr
. free bl'mr
.free bl'mr

free Wmr

V. large -
V. large.
V. large.

full ....
double

Ifree bl'mr

. abu. blmr
.free bl'mr

!pro. bl'mr

large
V. large
V. large

. full

crini. scar-
fiery crim.
rosy car...
pur. red...
rosy lilac . sweet
fiery crim.i.
red scar...
rosy crini-
pale flesh,
brill, red.,
rosy pur ..
cherry red.
pure white j
pur. red... I best

perpefl
perpet'l
perpet'l
perpet'l
perpet'l
perpefl
perpefl
perpefl
perpefl
perpefl

iPerpef 1-
perpefl.

hardy... white

:ber. like.

purplish ..sweet

hardy?., ovate Iwhite product. . large ..

folded '- v. prod... large ...

blights I product..

. I I regular .

product.

blights.

leaf blights.

product .

meduim.
large ...
large ..
large ...
large ..

I large..

' medium

medium

Jregular ..imedium

regular ..medium

large ..

I V. prod... large ..

I V. prod... small ...

I I large ...

.... small ...

j ' 'medium.

....j ^ V. large.

! product., large ...

blights.. I ' large ...

' jL.. early product, .'large ...

1. medium.

hardy...! j medium.

! product., large ..

I ] large ...

prolific... Ismail ...

healthy. I prolific... ismall ...

hardy ...! ' prolific small ...

hardy ...\ ' g. bearer., medium.

13

tap. to s'k.

ob. pyr

variable.. .
pyriform .
pvriform -

ob. pyr

pyriform .
roundish.,
pyriform .
pyriform .
turliinate..
ob. obov. .
pyriform .

ob. pyr

round i)yr.
obovate. ..
round ob..
obovate ..
obovate ..
obovate ..
variable...
round pyr.
obovate...

ob. pyr

ob. pyr

ob. pyr

[obov. pyr.
jobl. pyr. ..
! obovate...
round obo

green, etc.

yellow

green

russet

|blushed ..
greenish ..
yellow ...

green

yellow ...
iyellow ...
yel. rus...
yellow ...
yellow. ...
lem. yel...
light yel..
deej) yel..
yellow ...
pale yel...
green yel .
pale yel...
^reen yel .
light yel...

russet

lem. yel. ..
bluslicd...
yellow.. ..

yellow

blushed ..
blushed ..
russet

high

jvinous ...

.sweet ...
sweet ...

.[sweet ...
vinous ...
sweet ...
[sweet ...
vinous ...
vinous ...
aromatic.

'sweet ...

sweet ...

sweet ...
I sweet ...

sweet ...

liigh

sweet ...

sweet ...

sweet ...

vinous ...
[sweet ...
1 sweet ...
I rich

vnious ...

sweet ...

sweet ...
j sweet ...
isweet ...

Sum .etc.
. Aug. Sep

.Sept

. Oct?....
. Oct. Nov
.Sept. Oct
. Sep. Dec'
. Jan. Mar.
. Aug....
-Nov. Jan
. July ;... 10
. Aug. Sep n
. Nov. Dec 12
. Aug.... 13

. Aug 14

. Sent.... 1.^
. Jul. Aug 16
. Sept. Oct 17
. Sept. Oct 18
- Sept.... 19
. Dec. Feb 20
. Sept.Oct 21
. Aug.Scp 22
. Nov. Dec 23
. Sept.Oct 24
. Sept.Oct 25
. Jul. Aug. 26
. Aug.Sep 27
. Aug.Sep[28
. Sep^t.Octl2ft

8

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

SO
81
82
83
84
35i

ij

21

^
5l

6

7
8|

10

11

121

13

14

15

16

17

18,

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26:

27

28|

29

30

311

321

33]

34

35'

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

64

55

66

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66l

Genesee.

Stevens'

Tj-son

Urbaniste

Vicar of Winkfield

Waterloo?

Winter Nelis

Malus {Apple.)

American Gold. Russet

American Sum. Pear

Autumnal Strawberry.

Baccolinus

F5aile)' Sweet *

Baldwin *

DISTRICTS.

N.

S.

Origin.

I

34567

Use.

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc.

Belmont

Ben Davis

Benoni..

Broad we' 1

Bucking^ham

Garbage

Carolina Red June.
Cole's Quince.

* * * » * N. Y lamateur dark eray..

mfmf mf mf * * *|Penn |des. etc. 'ol. yel. br..

mfmfmf Belgium ..' !yel. brown.

mfmf mfmf m m m France mar. etc. | dark ol. br..

* jamateur [ol. br. gray

mf mf mfmfmf mfmfjBelgium ..|des. etc. jred. brown.

Asia jfruit 'tree

mfmfmf des. etc. red. gray br.

* ♦ f f mfmfmf America .desert .. | slender

m m mfmf. JN. Y \ |

* * *

'" n'y

* * I Mass

* *Va..-

* *iKy-
t f Mass
f f Ohio

Hei't or Shape

*
*

* *

m m

mfmf

f f

* *

m m
f f
* *

.mfmfmf Va

-- dark

jred. brown.

table light olive. .

yellowish ..
. slender br..

red. brown.

red. dark

upright ..

mod. vig: ..

thrifty

vigorous .

straggling

20 — 50 feet .

upright .

slow, large

upright .

thriftv

vigorous .

spreading

spreading

large, upright
small, upright

spreading

upright

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf N. C table slen, dark..

* * Mass.' I |red. brown.'

Cooper - ! * * i liable red. slender

Grain's Spice j * * *

Cullasaga * * * N. C,

upright

spreading,
spreading.

Sweet.

Danvers' Win

Davidge

Domine

Duchess of Oldenburg

Dyer

Early Harvest

Early Pennock

Early Strawberry.

English Golden Russet..

Esopus Spitzenburg

Fallawater

Fall Janneting

Fall Orange

Fall Pippin

Fall Wine

Fall Winesap

Fall Swaar of the West..

Fameuse

Father Abraham, of 111..

Fink

Fulton

Gilpin

Golden Sweeting

Gravenstein

Grimes' Golden

Harrison

Hawley

Hawthornden

Hewes' Virginia Crab —

High -Top Sweeting

Hocking

Horse

Hubbardston Nonsuch..

Hurlbut

Terrall

Jersey Black

Jersey Sweeting

Jewett's Fine Red

Jonathan

"Kentucky

Keswick Codlin

King of Tompkins

Kirkbridgf White

Ladies Sweeting..

Lady Apple

Large Striped Pearmain .

Large Yellow Bough

Limber Twig

Lowell

mfmf *

mfmf m

f f f

f f f

mfmf f

f ..[Mass 'gray brownirapid growth

*iIllinois.'' .. j 1 .

* * |N. Y ....ireddish '

m j Russia? | cooking. stout,br'wn

f JFrance ...itable dark, erect.

f mfmfmfiN, Y ; tab. cook red. brown.

f mfmfmf jCOoking. 'erect, dark.

m m
* *

m m

f f

* *

* *

N. Y

* * *

mfmfmf|N'Y"..'"^I

* * *!Penn

* * * Conn

mfmf iMass

if. if. % % % % if America .

f f f

f f

mfmf

* *

mfmf

Illinois .

mfmf mf mf * *

Va

*,Ohio..,

*|lllinois

c c m m m m rnJVa

mf mfmfmf mfmfmfConn
*******

trial

* *

* *

f f

f f

mfmf
* *

f f f

mfmfmf mf mfmf mf

Holstein..

Va

N.J

N. Y

Scotland .

Va

Mass

N. C. .
Mass .
Conn ,

H.
Y.

slen. olive .
slen. olive .

slender

istout, dark.
stout, dark,
cooking. |red. diverg.
stout, br'wn
stout, dark.

- stout, dark.
. ired. brown.

symmetrical ..

small

spreading

spread, small.

upright. .

upright, large.

spreading

drooping ..

rapid spread ..

vigorous

strong, erect..

spreading

slender, med.-
drooping .

slen. red.br.
jShootsdark.
ierect,stout-
ired. brown.
stout, dark-
stout, olive

c'k. dry.

des. etc.

mfmfmf mf mfmfmf
trial

* * *

♦ * *

'Kentucky,
England ..
N.J.?....

*
* * *
m

mfmf m

* nifmfmf

* nit mfmf
m nifml'inflN
m f f f L.

France ...
Kentucky.

C.?....

mar. etc.

mar. etc.

mar. etc.
desert ..
des. etc.

des. etc.

red. brown.

sparse

Ight, red,br.

Ight, red,br.
gray brown
stout

drooping

laig:e

upright

large, upright.

slender med

spreading

spreading

large

large, spread.

round, ugl}'

small, droop.,
largje, spread..

upright

spreading

vigorous .

drooping.

spreading

small ..
strong.

spreading-

upright e —

vigorous

strong

spreading.

V. dark-

light green.

slender

slender

vigorous .

small
large

compact

roundhead.

H

APPENDIX.

8

OF PLANTS, Etc.

Hardin's

hardv.

Foliage, etc.

hardy. -.1

hardy--- i

tender ..serrate,
hardv

tender .

Flowers. Product.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Size. Shape. Color.

tardv ..

white, etc-
reddish .--
white

product,
product,
regular .

-] large .-.
. medium.
. 1 medium.

. I large

-large ...
. medium.

roundish,
ac. pyr...

ob. pyr

long pyr.
ob. pyr...
r'na obo .

yellow

Iblushed .
'pale yel..
pale yel.-
blushed .
'russeted .

large . . .

tender .. crenate

hardy large

thin. long..

hardy...
cankers ,

narrow

dark

not hardnarrow
short liv

crenate

tender .., crenate
short liv. large ..

hardy.

short liv. I serrate.

not hard

hardy,
hardy.

short liv,

whitish
white ?

product,
product,
product -
product-
product .
product,
product,
product,
product,
product.

reddish .

whitish

reddish

product. -

whitish
reddish

white .' .
reddish ,
whitish .
white . . ,

reddish

whitish ,
reddish

V. prod.-,
product . -
product --
product ..
product .-
product . .
not prod .

late bear,
product. -
product.,
product.,
product. -
product..
Dears y'g.

snKill

medium,
medium.

small

large

large —
large - . .
large ...

small

latge ...
large ...
medium,
medium,
large ...
large ...
small ...
lar^c ...
large . . .
large ...
large ...
medium,
medium,
medium,
large . . .
medium,
medium,
medium,
[large ...

conical...

round

r'd obi ..

round

round

flat

oblong...

oblong

round

ronnd

conical

r'nd. con-
oblong...

rouiad

flat

fiat

round

round

oonical...

iflat

flat

round

flat?

conical

conical

round

conical...
round

reddish

white ..
reddish

white .

hardy.

hardv.

product .
not prod,
product .
not prod,
product-,
product. .
late bear,
product .

reddish
red ....

ear. bear
,ear. bear

whitish
reddish

reddish

product

I .. —

I product -
[product.

[large

V. large,
medium,
[medium,
large ...
medium,
medium.
I small ...

large

small -..
large ...
large ...
medium,
small ..

large

large

small ...
medium.

large

large

large

medium.

russet ..

striped..

blushed

striped..

striped..

I striped.,

blushed

striped..

striped..

blushed

striped-.

vellow ..

blushed

yellow . .

striped. -

dull red.

striped..

green ..

striped..

striped..

striped..

yellow ..

white

striped.,
striped. -
russet ..
striped..
green ..

Flavor.

sweet. .
sweet. .

rich

good...

nous
sweet. .

Season.

Aug.Sep 30
Aug. Sep 31
Sep. Oct. 82
Oct. Jan. -33
Sep. Oct. 34
Nov. Jan 35

sub-acid .. Nov. Dec
sub-acid .. Aug Sup
sub-acid .. Aug. .Sep
sub-acid .- Dec.Mli.

sweet Oct .

sub-acid .. Oct. Jan.
sub-acid .. Oct. Pec.
sub-acid .- Dec. I an.
sub-acid .. Jul. Aug.

sweet Dec.

sub-acid .- Oct. Dec.

sweet Sep. Oct. 12

sub-acid -- Junejuly'l3

sub-acid -- Aug 14

sub-acid .- Sep. Oct. 15

spicy Mar. J ne 16

sweet Jan. Ap'l 17

sweet iDec.jan. 18

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

round

round

flat

round

roundish-
round

flat

flat

flat

round

round

flat

flat

conical-..

flat

flat

round

round

flat

round

round

flat

blushed

yellow ..

striped..

blushed

rus. yel.

striped..

striped-.

wh. yel .

blushed

striped..

yellow ..

striped..

yellow ..

yellow ..

yellow ..

striped..

striped.-

yellow ..

striped..

yellow ..

striped..

striped..

sweet

acid

acid

sub-acid ..
sub. acid ..

acid

acid

sub.acid ..

acid

sweet.'

acid

acid

sub-acid .-

acid

sub-acid . .
sub-acid . .
sub-acid .-
sub-acid -.
sub-acid .-

sweet

sweet

acid

sub-acid -.
sub.acid ..
I sub-acid --
sub-acid --

acid

sweet

sub-acid ..
sub-acid ..
sub-acid ..
acid

Mar. Mv 19
Oct. Dec. 20
Jul. Aug 21
'Sep. Oct. 22

Iunc Vy 23
ul.Aug. 24
ul.Aue. 25
an. I'eb. 20
)ec. I'eb 27
Nov. D'r 28

29

Oct. No? 30
Sep. Pec. 31
Sep.Oct. 32

33

Sep. Oct. 34
Oct.Dcc. 35
M'y July 36
Nov. Jan 37
Nov. D'r 38
Apl.May 39

Aug 40

Aug.Sep 41
Dec. Mar 42
April ... 43
Aug.Sep 44
Jul. Aug. 45
Nov Jan 46
June J'y 47
Aug.-^ep 48
Aug.Sep 49
Oct. Pec. 50
Dec?. -.151

52

Dec .... 53
Aug.Sep .54
Dec .... 55
Nov. Jan 50
57

product . .

whitish . product..

; product..

I sparse i whitish product ..

hardy. ..i

hardy |..

hardv ]

thrifty ..|toothed
idark

whitish

whitish

reddish . .

-I-

. product
. product
. product
. product
-product., [small

i'arge..

large .

medium,
medium,
medium,
medium,
large ...
meaium.
large . ..
medium,
large ...

flat

conical...

flat

oblong...

oblong,
flat

oblong,
round. .

flat

striped.,
striped,,
striped.,
striped..

sub-acid -.

sweet

acid

sub-acid ..

.crenate | whitish not prod

thrifty--! ^reddish not prod

I i product.

small
large.

conical,..

conical

round

yellow

striped

yellow

striped...
blushed .
striped...
j yellow ....
striped...
lyellow

acid

sub-acid ..
sub-acid .-

sweet

sub-acid .-

June Au 58
Nov. Jan 59
J ul.Aug. 60

Dec 61

Pec. Mar 62
63

sweet

sub-acid . .
sub-acid ..

Ju. Aug. 6'!
Mar.Apl 65
Aug. Si p 06

15

APPENDIX.

o

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77|

78!

791

SO

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95!

96

97'

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107,

108

109

110

111

112|

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

1201

121

122,

123 1

1241

125

126

127 i

1281

DISTRICTS.

NAMES.

N.

C.

Orig-inal.

Maiden's Blush

May of Myers

Melon ...

Michael Henry

Milam

Minkler

Mother

Newtown Pippin

Northern Spy.

Northern S\\ eet

Nickajack

Ortlev

Paradise Win. Sweet

Peck's Pleasant... —

Pennock

Perry Russet

Poninie Grise

Porter

Primate

Pryor's Red

Rambo

Ranisdell's Sweet

Rawles" Janet

Red Astrachan

Red Canada .

Red Russet

Rhode Island Greening-..

Richards' Graft

Roman Stem

Rome Beauty '

Roxbury Russet

Sangamon Red Streak

Sine Qua Non

Smith's Cider

Sn-oke House.

Sops of Wine

Sparks' Late

Stannard

Stark

Stri'd or Scoll'd Gillifl'r..

Striped Pippin

Summer Queen

Summer Rose

Swaar

Sweet \'andevere

Tart Bough

Tewksbury Win. Blush..

Tolman's Sweeting

Transcendent Crab

Twenty Ounce Apple

Vandevere Pippin

Wagener

Westfield Seek-no-further

White Pippin

White Winter Pearmain.

Winesap

Willow Twig

Wiliiams' Favorite

Wine Ap.Hays'or Pa.R.S

Yellow Bellefleur

Yellow Ingestrie

Yellow Si^'enan Crab

Spectabilis{ CliineseFlovj. Crab)

Frtinifolia (Siberian Crab)...

Baccafa {Berry Crab)

Coronaria {American Crab)..

Americana (Mountain Asli)...

Aucuparia {European Ash)

Cydonia (Quince).

Vulgaris ( Common Quince)

Orange

Portugal

yaponica ( "Japan Quince)

I 2 3 4 567

mfmf mfmfmf mfmf

trial

* * f f f

mfmf * * *

* * f f f f f
mfmf

f f f f

* * * * amfamf
amfamfmfmf* * *

* *

* * mfmfmf

* * mfmf mfmfmf
f f f f f

* * * * f f f

* *

N.J.

N. Y.
N.J..

Use.

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc. Hei't or Shape

mar. etc. spreading,
market..

Illinois .' .

Mass

N. Y

N. Y

\'ermont.
Georgia ..
N.J.^....

Penn

R. I 'eating

Penn m.arket

market..

-Idark

'reddish

table dark green.

tab., etc. reddish

spreading..

small

round head
spreading..

eating ..stout, red.

market., stout

eating .. dark

eating ..'

large .
large .

large

larif e

upright

spreading,
large

mfmf mfmfmf mfmf ; Mass.
* *

mfmf

mfmf

mfmf

* *

mf mfmfmfmf
111^ fmf mfmf

mfmf

mfmf mfmf mf
mfmf

Va

Penn

Conn

Va

Russia ?.

* N. H.

I — [slender L

;mar. etc. slender small

eat. etc.. slender 'stocky

eat. etc.. reddish large

eat. etc upright...

slender upright

mar. etc. brownish .. spreading.

market

mar. etc. slender ...

* #
mfmf

I *

uf mf * * *j

f f mfmfmf

*

* *

* * *
*****

IN. Y.

N.J

Ohio . ..

Mass

Illinois?.
N. Y....
Penn

imar. etc. dark crooked

I I stout, dark.

eating ..1 small

market.. I slender, red

market.. I spreading..

market.. !.

eating .. light green, round head.
market., slender jvigorous

mfmf mfmf mfmf mf
* * *

mfmf I

trial trial I

mfmf
trial
m m

* *

* *

* *
f f

mfmf

* *

N. Y...

-imarket.. stout ispreading.

5^ tout ; upright ...

. mar. etc. large Ispreading.

. ' ; brown, red. I upright

- lof-R ' — -

m m

* *

f f "f'Y "f'

* * *

N. Y..
N. T...
N.V..

market. . ! spreading.

eating ..jstout spreading.

eating ..jstout, dark, spreading.
slender '

mfmf
mfmf

* *

* *
mfmf
mfmf
mfmf

mfmf
mfmf

* * *
mf mf * * *

N.J eating ..1 upright...

R. I feed, etc. I spreading.

f f
mfmf

* *
mfmfTY "f'

mfmf

mfmf

f f mfmfmf
mfmf mfmfmf
m m m m m

m m m

* * * * *

mfmfmf

* *

mfmf mfmfmf

* * * * *

Conn...
Penn ?.
N. Y...
Conn.-.

'eating .
tab. etc.

N.J......

^ irginia
Mass

^^J

Eni^land .

China.

* *

* *

* * *

* * *1

* * *

America.
America.
Europe. .

slender round head ..

stout spreading

stout upright

spreading

mar. etclshoots dark upright

dark spreading

tab, etc..' spreading

mar. etc. 'slender spreading

! spreading

cook. etc. slender upright — 1..

eat. etc.. [yellowish .. drooj.ing

orn I .

orn. etc. |.

orn I.

orn ' .

orn '.

orn !.

mfmf mfmf mfmfmf I

* * *

*******

Levant

small tree

small tree

medium tree.,
low trees, etr.

Japan.

16

APPENDIX.

OF PLANTS, Etc,

Hardin'slFoliage.etc.

hardv

Flowers. ' Product.

red

hardy. .
hardv- -

.1.

.1.

product.,
product..

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Size. Shape.

Color.

Idark reddish

product .

dixrk

tender ..

wliite .
V. late

. .. whitish
ireddish

hardy.

hardy,
hardy,
hardy.

sharp
large .

hardy.,
tender .

reddish

product .
moderate
product.,
product.,
product.,
product.,
product.,
product..

reddisli .
scattering',
lisrlit green, whitish .
wiiitish

tender ,
hardy.,
hardv..

large
wavy

tender .. dark

hardy.,
tender .

.gray.

hardy,
hardy-

hardy.

white ..
reddish

prcduct-
product .
product,
product -
product -
product,
p: oduct .
product .
shy?....
product

whitish
late

product,
product,
product .
prodvrct.
product.

white ..
whitish

product-.

whitish

product,
product,
product,
product.

large .-.

medium-
large ...

medium.

sni;:ll

large

large ...

I medium.

.large ...

Ilarge ...

large

I large ...

large ...

large ...

large ...

'medum.

'small ...

jlarge ...

meaiuni.

'large ...

nicdium.

medium.

medium.

large ...

'medium.

large ...

large ...

riiedium.

luedium.

'large ...
,! large ...

large ...

med'um.
, iTiedium.

large ...
. medium.
, medium,
.'large....
, jlarge. .

'flat blushed

round. yellow ..

flat slriptd..

conical ytllow..

striped,
striped.

large

conical

flat

joblong striped

round 'yellow .

conical j striped.

|round yellow .

flat striped.

jo'- long yellow .

round white . .

round lyellow .

I5at striped.

flat irusbct .

flat ruhset .

joblorg [yellow .

[round jyellow .

round russet .

fl.at striped.

'oblong 'striped.

|coniciu jstriped.

flat striped.

conical ^striped.

'rourid russet .

flat green .

flat 'striped.

jiound yellow .

'flat.' striped.

jflat russet .

'conical 'striped.

'conical white ..

round striped .

I flat striped.

'round striped.

oblong j'tllow .

roundish., striped.

roundish., striped.

oblong 'striped .

Season. ,
Flavor. '*

acid ,

swtet

sub-acid

sweet

ub-acid
sub-acid ,

sweet

acid

acid

.^pweet

sub-acid

ac id

s'.veit

sub-acid
sub-acid

acid

sub-acid

acid

sub-acid
sub-acid

sub-acid
sweet...
sub-acid

acid

sub-acid
sub-.acid
sub-acid
sub-acid
sub-acid

- jsub-acid

- acid

- 'sub-acid
. sub-acid
. |sub-acid
. sub-acid

- sub-acid
. 'sub-acid

--- sub-acid
..sub-acid
..'sub-acid
I ..

.'Sep. Oct.

- May Jun
. Nov. Jan
. Dec.Jan.
. Dec.Jan.
.Mar. Mv
-iCct. Jan.

- Dec.Mh.

- Die. -M'y
-ISept....'
.Mar. My
.Nov. Jan
. Dec. Mar
,. Dec.Jan. i

.'Dcc.Veb
.. Dec.Jan.
.. Jan. M'h
.. I Aug. Oct
..Jul. Aug.
..,Dec.Feb
..Oct Dec;

. Sep. Pec.
.. Feb. M'h
lulv ..-I
. )ec. Feb
--ijan. Ap'l
-.:f;ct.Dtc.'
-- Sep.Gct.[
.-Dec. Jan. j
--Dec. Feb
..Nov Jan
..iNov.?...

67

m

69
70

7.3

74
75
70

IJul.Aug.
jDec.Jan.

78
7!)
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89

Julv 1 90

Dec. Feb! 91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
1 99

loo

.Oct. Nov Idi
.July Sept 102
. Dcc.Jin. 1(3
. Nov. Feb 104
.'Dec. May 105
. Sepl ...- 106

•- 107-

-llul.Aug. 108
..Jul. Aug. 109
- Dec.Jan. llO
-iDecIan. IH
.--—."-— 112
.-iMar..\pl 113
.- Sep.J.iu. 114
.-'Aug. Sep ll5
..Oct. Dec. Il6

..jDec 117

..jNov.Dec 118

..|Dec 119

..jDec.fan. 120
.iDec.Mar 121
.. Jan. .Mar. 122
.. Dec. Apl 123
..Jul. Aug. 124
..Oct. Dec. 125
..jOct.Jan. 126
..[Sep. Oct. 127
.. Aug.Stp 128

hardy?., crenate .whitish

hardy glaucous

iTarge . ... reddish

product?,
product,
product.,
product..

large ...
small ...

large

large

cor ical

round

round

flat

hardv.. 1 waved

hardy... ,

I'arte .

whitish

hardv jserrate.

large

hardv.

red

reddish ..

product.,
product.,
product.,
ear. bear
product.,
product.,
produi t .,
product,
product .
product .
product.

lender .-small

wlutisli

i

product
shy? ...

large . .
smooth .

ovate ...
poii.ted ,
oblong.

white.. ..
rose, etc.

white

.white

reddi.Oi ..

'white

'white

product

small ...
medium .
small ...

;large

large

jlarge....
medium,
medium,
medium,
medium.

large

medium,
large ...
,)arge ...
small ...
, small ...

flat

round

oblong

conical

flat

flat

conical

round

'conical

conical

round

round

flat.

conical

round

otlong

stripi d..
striped.,
yellow ..
striped..

white

blushed

yellow ..

Hushed

striped--

striped..

striped..

striped..

white

Acllow ..
hlushcd
striped.,
striped.,
striped.,
yellow ..
yellow ..
yellow ..

,. sub-acid
.. sub-acid
.. sub-.acid
.-'sweet--.

.-lacid

..[acid

.. |Sw eet...
. . sub-acid

.-'acid

.-lacid

.-'sub-acid
.- |sub-acid

..acid

. .'sub-acid

..lacid

,. [sub-acid
.. sub-iicid

. . arid

,. acid

-acid

.-'acid

yellowish .

.1

green .
scarlet .
scarlet .

oval ! white ]

large white shy . . .

large round

V. Targe, ob. ovate.

yellow I Sep. Oct.

yellowish .'mild

'7

lO

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

DISTRICTS. j

i

Use.

PECULIARITIES

1

i

N. C. S. Origin.
1234567

Class, Etc. Hei't or Shape

Blush

Crimson

CALYCANTHUS FAM'Y.

CAI.YCANTHUS. 1

Floridus I

SAXIFRAGE.
RiBES (Currant, Etc.)

Grossularis {Eng. GooseFry.)
Woodward's Whitesm'h.

Hirtelliim f •

Downing's Seedling

Houghton's Seedling

Mountain Seedling

Pale -Red

Ruhrum (Red Currant.)

Cherry-

* *

* «

***** America .1

orn

truit. or.'

shrub

•

1
1

1

* * * * _

inf uifmf ml rafmfmf

* *
*******

mtmf * * mfmfmf;
* * '

* * * *

* * j

Europe ...
England ?

N. Y -

Mass

fruit

family...

erect '

slender

upright

spreading

straggling....
upright

3

4

1

2

N. Y

Italy

market..

strong

slander

stout.

strong

3 La Versaillaise..

France

4 Long Hunched Red

5 Red Dutch '

i

mimfmf mf mfmfmf

f f f f fj

mfmf mf mf * * *j
f f mfmfmfmfmf

fam. etc.

erect

6 Victoria

slender

spreading

7 Whitfi nntrh

8

amateur t slender

spreading

Black Naples..

mfmf * *

coarse

* * * *

* *

America .

i

Large Fruited Missouri.

Sa flP'U 271 SU 1H

fruit, etc.
orn '

* *

Oreg., etc.

'apan?

] apan, etc.

" "

Philadelphus syringa.
Coronarms {Mock Orange)...

Deutzia.
Gracilis

********

'*'"*"'*"* * * *

* * * *

orn. erect

1

shruh

shrub

2 feet

Scabra

*****

America ..

S feet-

i3(l,feet

WITCH HAZEL.

LiQlTIDAMBAR.

* * *

orn

tree

annual

GOURD.
CucuKBiTA (Pump. & SquA.)
Pepo (Pumpkin).

1

* * * *

«

«)

* *

1

3

Yellow Field

* * * *

stock ...

cooking,
cooking.

12 feet..

1
2

3

Verrucosa, etc.

Bush Sum. Wart Cr.Neck
Early Yel. Bush Scollo'd.

Autumnal Marrow

Hubbard

*******
*******
*******
4: ***** *
*****

2 1-2 feet

2 1-2 feet

12 feet

4

12 feet

5

Turban

fi

Vegetable Marrow

Citrullus (Watermelon)
Vulgaris.

Black Snanish

*******
* *

12 feet

1

o

*****

3

* *

:::.::::.:

4

Mountain Sprout

CucuMis (M'k. Melo.^, &c.)
\Melo.

*******
*

1

<?

* *

mar. etc.

3

*****

>1

*

5

W^hite Taoan

* *

6

Ward's Nectar

* *

7

* *

*

East India.

1

Earlv Cluster

*****

^

Farlv Frame

*****

6 — 10 feet

3

* «

4

« « * « *

PARSLEY.
Daucus (Carrot.)
Car Ota (Common Carrot).

Eur'e.,etc.

bien Iierb. .

18

APPENDIX.

lO

OF PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Hardin's Foliage.etc. Flowers. Product. Size.

Shape.

oval Iblush

oval 'crimson .

small .
Ismail .

dull red.

Color. I Flavor.

Season.

green

Igreen

uneatable.

mildews ' product.. 'large

'roundish..! white best.

vigorous
vigorous
vigorous!
vigorous'

thick.

large

V. prod... irediuui. rourdish ..[whitish ...
v. prod... intdiuni. roundish.. [pale red...

product., large oval jbrown red

V. prod . small oval pale red...

product?. !v. large, round 'deep red..

product.. jlarge — round yellow ..

iv. good...

Iv. good

good.

V. good j'e.

product
V. prod...
V. prod...

V. prod

product?,
product?.

V. large, round dark red ..

large round deep red.

large — round dee]) red..

large — round light red..

large ... round yel. white.

V. large, round white yel .

nch acid..; '

acid.. jlate .

sweetish .., early
sweet

I product.

V. large black

sweet.

yellow . .
rose red.

V. large.

black

ovate .creamwhite

jlate sp'g

ovate snow white

'ovate ......'dull white..

white .

.'late sp'g
■ summer.
• late

:aut. pur. red|greenish

'large

V. prod

j large

product.

. imedium.

large ... flat red or

large ...'roundish..'or. yellow

medium. I oblong yellow

small ... hcmisph'l. [yellow

medium, ovoid cr. yellow.

medium.'oval 'cl.bl.ol.gr.

medium. I turban t^rick rea..

small ...'oblong pale yel...

sweet.,
coarse .

.1.

hardy
hardy

product., large ...Iroundish.. d. green'.,
prolific... [large ...'round pale green

v. good .

food ...
est ...

best

best

early .
early
;late .
;late .
late .

best.

[early .

V. prod... 'large — long oval ,

product,
product.

.]large 'roundish.. v. good

striped.

best.

product..

medium . round ' grccn

niedium.

[large ...joMong

medium, roundish..

pale green
cream whi.

V. good.

best

best .. ..
V. good.

early

haidv

hardy

v. prod.
V. prod.
V. prod.

small 'oblong

small ...[oblong...
small ...[oblong...
large long

'd'p

good

good

good

green, v. good-

green ...
. 'd'p green

early . ..
[early,. ..
V. early .

19

II

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

DISTRICTS.

Original.

Use.

PECULIARITIES

N. C. S.
I 234567

d

Class, Etc.

Hti't or Shape

1

TT-irlv Horn

*****

eating ..

0 inches

2

I.onti^ Orange

Apium (Celery, Etc.)

* * * *

st'k, etc.

15 inches

Europe ..

bien. herb

1

White SoHd

* * * *

eat. etc..

stronggrow
bien. herb..

tall

Carum (Caraway, Etc.)

* * *

Europe ..

cookinff.

Pastinaca (Parsnip).

s

Europe ..

bien. herb..

1

2
3

Ouernsev

* *

Guernsey, cook.etc.

i feet

Large Hollow Crown

* * * *

* * *' ' '

^DOGWOOD.

CORNUS.

Florida ( Flozveriiiff Dogvjood)

Sa?igt4ima ( Red Ttvig' Dog''d)

HONEYSUCKLE.

LONI.-ERA.

Semtervi'en^i Trumpet Flozv)

Sc-irlet Trumpet

^nf^onicci ( C/tinese^

:?:***** -T^

orn

12 — 30 ftet

* * * * * Eurone 1

orn

-

*******

*******

America..

orn

orn

climber

1

climber

Japan?

climber

Tarlnyica ( 'Tartarian^ '

shrub

5—8 feet..

1

2
3

1
2

***** * *
* *

Upritrlit White

orn

TJnrio-ht Vellow

* *

orn

Viburnum.
Opuhis

Cranberrv Tree

America..
Europe ...

China

Mexico

fruit, etc.
orn

Snowball

COMPOSITE.

Callistephus.

Chincnsis ( C!i ina Aster)

Dahlia.
Varia b His

****** *

** ** ** ** ** ** **

* * *

orn

5

3

4
5
6

7
e

orn

per. herb...

* * *

Bannaid

Clio

Dandy

Dr. Bozes

Duke of Wellington

* *

_ * * *

* *

* *

^

* * * * 1

* * <

Q Kr':inlf !smith

* * 1 1

10

***** 1

11

12
13
14

John Keynes

Marc Antony

Mauve

* *

* * *
* *

j

Mt RUinr

* * '

15 Pafillo

Ifi rinfiTi Mnh

* * *

' ] " 1 ] * * *

* -f *

1

17
18

1

"R*ir-nl-it-^1TlHf

* *

19 Rirhard Cohden

20 \Vil1!-,im DnHrl _

* * * *

* *

■

HEAIH.
Gaylussacia (Huckleb'y')
Kesinosa (C(m. c- Black H.)

Vacctnium.
Corymhosnyn ( Com. S. Blue''y]
Pen iisylva n icit m[ Dzu'J Blue'' v]

■

America -.

fruit

eat. etc..
fruit

shrub 1—3 feet

1

shrub '3 — 10 fe-t

shrub 6 — 15 inches. ..

shrub I — 3 feet

1

tree 20 — 60 feet

1 .

1

EBONY.
DiosPY'Ros (Persimmon).
Virgtniana ( Common)

* * * * <

1

America. -

fruit, etc.

orn

orn, etc
orn

• BIGNONIA.

Tfcoma (Thumpet Flow).
Radicans (Triimpet Creeper).

Catalpa.
Higno7iioides -

*******
** ** ** ** ** ** KA

1

America ..
Amp^rirn

climber

tree

herbs

30—90 feet

1

VERVAIN.

Verbena.
POLEMONIUM.
Phlox.

** ** ** ** ** ** ** America.-

1

20

APPENDIX.

II

OF PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Season.

Hardin's

Foliage, etc

Flowers.

Product.

Size.

Shape.

Color.

Flavor.

6

■ 1

small ...
large ...

cylindrical

orange

red or

V. good...
good

early ...
late

1

■" 1

2

j

1

hardy ...

1

1

1

1

earlv ...

1

1

"**""""""""i

!

i

1

1

s!iort '

9,

R

1

ovate

in. white yel

dark .

scarlet, etc.

red

1

I

heartshap'd

1

red

red

,

1
2

3

white '

1

1

white

small ...

oblong

bright red

acid

1

•?,

1

pinnate

""

1

9

p

4

hlu. cri. etc.
bright scar.

'

5

"

H

7

vel. it white

8

..

9

.--

scarlet, etc.
rose & buff.

10

11

n

1

13

pure white.

!

14

1

■

15

Ifi

17

scar-&white
dark

1

"

18

1

19

20

"

liardv •

oval

small miind

black

sweet

small ...
small ...
small ...

sma. etc.

round

oW'g, etc.
round, etc.

roundish..

ililack

;bl.ck

red

i

yellow

sweet

sweet

acid

v.swett...

i
1

late

Scpt.Dec

1

yellow, etc

tender

21

12

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

DISTRICTS.

N.

234567

Origin.

Use.

PECULIARITIES

Drummondii I** ** ** ** ** ** ** Texas

CONVOLVULUS.
IpoMCEA (Morn. Glory).

Batatas ( Szveet Potato)

Brazilian

Nanseinond

NIGHTSHADE.
Lycopersicum (Tomato), i '

.Esaikntum ,S. America]

. E.&W.Ind :tuberous
. ;S. Amer. ? market- -
*; Virginia ..'eat. etc..

IN.J.

Class, Etc.

annuaL

herb .

per herb.

an. herb

Cook's Favorite I *

Fejee I *

Keyes' Early Prolific 1 *

Large Red *

Large Round Smooth 1 * * *

Larare Yellow . * * *

lild'en * * *

SoLANUM (Nightshade). i i

Melonge7ia {Egg Plant) ! ; Africa, etc. [cooking, lan. herb

Long Purple i * * * * *' 1 |

Hei't or Shape

2 — 3 feet

1
21
3

^1

6'

i

10

11

12

* West

* * * *

* * * *

* * * *

vigorous.

medium..

Tuberosum (Potato).

Buckeye --1 * * *

Early Dvkeman | * * *

Early Goodrich *

Early Rose - *

Earlv White Sprout *

Earlv York- * * *

English Fluke * * *

Gleason - *

Neshannock ' *

Peach Blow _ * * *

Prmce Albert--. !- *

Shaker Russet | *

Petunia.

VioJacea (Petunias), ** ** ** ** ** ** **S. America orn

DOGBANE.
ViNCA (Periwinkle). ** ** ** ** ** ** **i
OLIVE.

FORSYHIA.

Viridissima - * *

Sy'ringa.

Vulgaris {Common) * *

Persica (Persian) ' * *

Chionanthus.

Virginica (Fringe Tree) tend.

Fraxinus (Ash). , ; : '

Excelsior (English Ash) * * , Europe ... orn ,tree 80-90 feet

Pendula i --*

Americana ( White).

Europe ? .

an. herb .

I
orn ! perennial

China, etc. orn i shrub

Persia? ..-iorn .
Persia orn .

* America-- orn .

shrub
shrub

shrub .

trailing herb..

vigorous

8— isieet

* lEurope.

Samhucifolia ( Black)

^uadrangulata ( Blue)

GOOSEFOOT.
Beta (Beet).

Vulgaris (Common Beet)

Bassano

Blood Turnip

Long Smooth Blood.. ..

White Sugar

BUCKWHEAT FAMILY
Rheum (Rhubarb). |

Rhaponiicum •■

Linnseus ' *

Victoria.. i * * *

LAUREL FAMILY. |

Sassafras | —

Officinale ! * * ..

SPURGE. !

Buxus.

Sempervirens ( Box)

NETTLE.
Ulmus (Elm).

Fulva (Slippery)

Campestris ( English)

Americana ( White)

** ** ** ** ** ** ** I America

* America

.. * * * I America

..orn \ I

..itim. etc.jtree lioo feet .

.. ih'ps, etc. small tree..]

tim. etc. 'tree - 70 feet ..

S. Europe, food
Italy I

bien. herb.

Asia?.

food, etc

per herb.

America ..orn. etc.

Mediter'n orn. bor,

tree.

♦* ** ** ** ** ** ** America..

, * * European-

[** ** ** ** ** ♦* ** America ..

22

orn tree.

orn tree .

orn. etc.ltree-

18 inches .
16 inches .

20 — 70 feet

40 — go feet

60 — ^70 feet

100 feet --

APPENDIX.

12

OF PLANTS, Etc. |

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Season.

Hardin's!

Foliagfcetc 1

Flowers. ' Product.

Size.

Shape.

Color. Flavot.

d

'

1

various ...........■•-!

1

1

1 j

.. , . ... i

...........I....... ;

laree 1

; 1

1

yellow sweet-

early ...

2

1

'

lightgreen.^ |

prolific...

medium

oval 1

deep red-.l

1

hardy- --

red good

... ,

1

V. early.,

late

late

.1

2

8

.'."......

large ...

flat

round

flat

red igood

br. red

4

5

prolific

prolific...

large-
large ...

yellow

scarlet

sweet 1

6

oval

good '

early ...'

7

..... -.--

.--.-.....*.

purple

product.,
product..

oblong

large ...iround

large ... roundish..

purple

white v. good

white variable- --

white V. good...

V. early,
early ...
v. early.

1

1
9

3

4

5

.. ..

6

7

8

9

*■

product?.

large...

roundish..

pink red .-

10

11

1?

oblong

ovate

purple, etc.

.... .....

pale vio. etc
lilac pur.etc

.

hardy.. -

brightgreen

flat, ob

...

Iiardv

num. erect,
erect scanty

small ...
medium
v. large
large ...

flat

turbincle.-

rose red...
nur. red...
Diack pur .
white

1

good

V. good...
V. good...
sugary

v. early,
early ...

late

late

1

•?

3

fusiform ..

4

small '

DTOduCt

high flavor
acid

early ...

1

*

dp gr.aut.rd

small ...

oblong

purple

late

tender . .

rose red

aut. yellow,
aut. vellow.
aut. vellow.

»3

13

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

DISTRICTS.

N.

234567

S. Origin.

Use.

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc. iHei't or Shape

Alata ( Winged)

MoRus (Mulberry.)

Rubra {Red)

Alba

Downing's Everbearing.

M-ELURA.

Aurantiaca {Osage Orange)..

PLANE-TREE FAMILY,

Platanus.

Occidentalis {Syrainare)

WALNUT FAMILY.
JUGLANS (Walnut.)

Cinerea (Butternut)

Nigra {Black Walnut)

Regia {English Walnut)

Carta (Hickory.)

Oliiceformis {Pecan)

Alba [She/lbark)

Sulcata ( West. Shellbark)

Amara ( Bitter nut)

OAK FxVMILY.

QUEKCUS.

Alba {White Oak)

Macrocarpa {Orercup)

Primes {Chestnut)

j Cocciiiea {Scarlet) -

Tinctoria { Black)

\Rubra {Red')

\Palustris (Su'atnp, Spanish).
I Castanea (Chestnut.)

Vesca (European)

{Americana)

Fagus (Beech.)

Ferrufiinea {American)

Sylvatica {Etiropeati)

Purpurea -

CORYLUS.

AreUana {Filbert)

[Americana (Hazel)

OSTRYA.

Virgtnica (Hop Hornbean) ..

■ BIRCH FAMILY.

Bjtula (Birch.)

\Lenta (Sweet) -

\Alba {White)

\Populifolia

\ Nigra (Red)

\VlLLOW FAMILY.
Salix (Willow.)

Purpurea {Purple)

Vim inalis ( Basket).

Babylonia ( Weeping)

Alba ( White)

Vitellina { Golden )

Caprea { Goat if '. )

Forbyana {Forbes W.)

PopuLus (Poplar.)

Alba{Abele\....

Dilatata {Lombardy)

Monilifera { Cottotnvood)

Balsamifera ( Balsam)

PINE FAMILY.

PiNUS (Pine.)

Ponder osa {Heavy Wooded)..

Sylrcstris (Scotcli^

Austriaca {Austrian)

Resmosa (Red) -

Sirobus { White)

Abies (i-PRUCE Fir.)

Excelsa (Norway)..:

Nigra (Black)

Alba { White) --.

Canadenf is (Hemlock '

* * *
*******

America .. orn ,

America .
Ciiina

* * *

** ** ** ** ** ** **

N. Y,

tim . etC-
leav. etc.
fruit

Ark., etc.
America .

hed. etc.

** ** ** ** ** ** ** America .
** ** ** ** ** ** **lAmerica .
* * *!Asia

* * *llll., etc. .

** ** ** ** ** ** ** America .

* * * * * America .

* * * * America.

** ** ** ** ** ** **' America.
** ** ** ** ** ** ** America .

* * * * * America.

America.

****** *! America.
** ** ** ** *♦ ** **lAmerica.
* * * America.

** ** ** ** ** ** **

* * *

* -T^ ^ •P *

Europe ..
America .

Anitrica .
Eurrpe ..

tim. etc.
tim. etc-
nuts, etc.

nuts,etc-
tim. etc.
nuts, etc.
timber ..

tim. etc-
tim. etc.
tim. etc.
tim. etc.
tim. etc.
tim. etc-
orn. etc.

lEurope..

* * * America.

fruit, etc,

orn. etc-
orn. etc.

* * * *

* * * * [America.

■|

nuts

* * I America .

* * * * * * *|

* * * * 'America.

* * America.

* *

* * * *

* * * *

** ** ** ** ** *-.:

******

* *

* *

Europe . .

Europe ..

Orient

* I Europe ..
*lEurope ..

England.

England .

* * Europe..

** ** ** ** ** ** ** liurope
** ** ** ** ** ** ** America .

* * 'America.

** ** ** ** ** ** ** California.

** ** ** ** ** ** **lEurope

** ** ** ** ** ** **! Austria

I ***** * *|America..
** ** ** ** ** ** **! Am.erica ..

**■ ** ** ** ** ** **iEurope

* * * * 'America..

** ** ** ** ** ** **'America,.

I** ** ** ** * * *l America..

timber .
timber .

orn

orn

tree.

lovvtree 15— 25 feet

small tree.-!

low tree,
tree

25 — 50 feet ..
125 feet

tree :20 — 50 feet ..

tree jiio itet

tree

130 feet

[60— So feet

60 — So feet

160 feet

70 — 100 feet.

[125 feet

90 feet

8c — 90 feet..
60—90 feet..
60 — 80 feet. . .

60 — 80 feet
loo feet

5 — 10 feet
4 — 6 feet .

30 — 50 feet.

30 — 60 feet..
20 — 25 feet..
20 — 25 feet.
40 — 70 feet.

baskets .
baskets .

orn

tim. etc.
os'rs, etc

orn

bask, etc

30 — 50 feet
30 — 60 feet
30 — 50 feet

orn spreading

orn |fastigiate.

tim. etc. [spreading ..
medici'al round head.

timber ..
timber ..
timber ..
timber ..
tim. etc.

^'30 — 60 feet ■
.60— So feet ,

130 feet

So feet

orn. etc.

orn

orn

orn

100 feet
So feet .

50—80 feet ...
100 — 200 feet .

I2C — 150 feet -

75 feet

25 — 50 feet

7c — 80 feet ...

24

APPENDIX.

13

OF PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF. FRUIT, Etc.

Season.

Hardin's Foliage, etc|

Flowers. 1

Product.

Size. 1

Shape.

Color.

Flavor.

d

1

1

.. 1

1

small --.

:ylindrical

jurple

sweet

early ---

tender -

small ...

:ylindrical

black

sweet

ev. bear-

1

''lossy ----- i

1

tend. N. ^

V larp^e -.

globular . .

oblong

roundish..

d'p. brown

brown

black

1

1

aut. yeUow]

aut. Vellowi

■ 1

1

large ..-i
large .--

sweet 1

.1

sweet 1

tender . -

:::: : .:: : i

1

1

medium,
small ...
V. large.
mcdium.

small ...
V. large,
larsre . . .

oblong-. .-

best

[

1

flat

flat

globular .-

oblong

white

yellowish
white

V. good

1

good -

'

bitter

pale ^reen.

sweet

1

roundish..

" • *

"■

oblong

lanceolate .

lanceolate .

ob. ovate

^1. —
small

sweet

small

brown

sweet

..•...--•

..

..... >..-

heart-shape
heart-shape

ovate .

large ...
small--.

roundish.,
roundish..

brown

brown

sweet

ovate . .

trloSSV ....

ovate . - - - . -

..

..

lanceo'ate .

ovate --_ -

lipart-shan**

triangular

lancc-ovate

3 in sheath.

J2 in .sl.cath.
|2 in sheath.
2 in sheath-
's in sheath.

short

.

1
1

j large

■

medium,
medium,
medium.
' lare^e

1

i

la.rE^e

|v. short

small

.

short

small

tender . .

'v. short

1

V. small.

.-...----

35.

14

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

o,

Balsamea (Balsam)

Pectinata (Silver Fir)

Larix (Larch.)

Etiropea (European.)

Americana (American)

Taxodium (Cypress.)

Disticliuin (American)

Thiija (Arbor Vit^.)

Occide)italis (American)

Var. Siberian

JuNiPERUS (Juniper.)

Virginiana (Red Cedar)

Sabina (Savin)

Salisburia.

Adiantifolia (Ginkgo) Tree...

AMARYLLIS.

Narcissus.

Polianthes (Tuberose.)

Tuberosa

IRIS FAMILY.
'Iris (Flower de Luce.)

Germanica ( Comtnon)

LILY FAMILY.

LiLIUM.

Tigrinum ( Tiger)

Carol! num ( Carolina)

Speciosum

Auraium ( Golden)

yaponicujn ( Japan)

Candidum

Lon^iflorum

TiLiPA (Tulip.)

Gesneriana (Comtnon)

Allium (Onion, £tc.)

Cepa ( Onion)

Clove

Top

Wethersfield Large Red.

DISTRICTS.

N.

S. Origin.

23456

* *
tend.

* *

* *

♦(America ..
* Europe

* Europe. --

* N.Amer...

* * * *, America..

** ** ** ** ** ** *=i-, America --
** ** ** ** ** ** **^England .''-

I
** ** *# ** ** ** ** America --
* * * * * Europe

Use.

orn .
orn .

tim. etc.
tim. etc.

tim. etc.

orn
orn

tim. etc.

Japan

** ** ** ** ******

** ** ** ** ** ** ** Mexico

** ** ** ** *>;■ ** **

Yellow Danvers-
Hyacinthus.

Orientalis

YUCCA.

Filamentosa

GRASS FAMILY.
Zea.
Maize (Indian Corn).

1 Adams' Early

2 Bates' Early

3 Forty Days

4 Mammoth Sugar

5 Stowell's Evergreen.
6, Tuscarora

Europe

PECULIARITIES

Class, Etc. IHei't or Shape

. I30 — 40 feet

. iioo — iSo feet ..

. 'So— 100 feet...

ji20 feet

1 20 — 25 feet

130 — ^40 feet

*, China orn .

♦America .. orn .
orn

*****

* *

__ * *

* *

* * * * * Japan

* jPersia, etc

* * *Japan

* * I Japan

* --Japan

AsiaMin..
[Europe ...

.1:

* Conn.

* Mass.

orn .
orn .
orn .
orn ,

40 — So feet...

per. herb .
per. herb .

per. herb .
per. herb .

orn

eat. etc.

per. herb .
per. herb .

4— S feet .
2 — 3 feet .
1—3 feet.
I — 3 feet .
2 feet

I foot.

. |mar. etc.

** ** ** ** ** ** **, Levant
** ** ** ** ** ** **

orn per. herb ,

* *

* *

America - -

gram

mar. etc.

an. herb .

3—6 feet.

8— II feet

6—7 feet .
S— 6 feet.

26

APPENDIX-

H

OF PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

Season.

Hardin's

Foliage, etc.

Flowers.

Product

Size.

Shape.

Color.

Flavor.

6

2;

tender

short

larp'e

short ..'

laree

short

small

V. small-

short

'small ...

sm'\ll

,, small

*

small

- 'small ._

small

-- small

while, etc. .
deep violet.

1

.

or. red ...1 .-_...'.-._.

while, etc 1.... ...

...

white

,

hollow

1

1

large ...

roundish. -

coarse

9.

roundish.,
globular..

red

3

product. . 'large

yellow

mild ...

4

!

large

T— S in _

cylindrical

white, etc.
white

not sweet.

early ...

1

'

9,

8

late

medium
medium

4

product.. '6—^ in

conical

5 el. white,
white

sweet

not sweet.

5

|i2 m

6

27

INDEX.

Address — Of A. C. Hammond 322

Of President W. C. Flagg 5

Of Welcome, A. Kitchell 3

Allen Martin — Report 339

Amendment of Constitution 38, 40

Andrews, Dr. C.^Essay 243

Annual Meeting- — Place'of- 157, 15S

Apples 335, 337

Bitter Rot of. 346

Crop of 1870, 29, 34, 36, 71, 73, 74, 76,

86, 236, 306

Crab, Siberian 26, 84, 211, 243, 255

Grafting 315

History of 12

Lists of, 234, 250, 352, 253, 255, 256, 257,
283, 286, 289, 291, 300, 319, 329, 339,

340, 341, 342. 350, 351 34S
Orchards, Cultivation of, 233, 282, 383,

^ . . ■ ^ 346, 34S

Orchards m Grass 29, 83

Preservation of.. 349

Reports upon 78, 210

Seedling 84

Trees, Cultivation of 78

Variations in 66

Varieties of

Am. Sum. Pearmain 339, 343

Autumn Strawberry 85, 343

Baldwin Sj, 87, 339, 343

Barnhill Summer Sj

Belmot 341

Ben Davis, 29,85, 251, 254,315,

3+3. 347
Benoni ij, 253

Carolina June, 34,68,85,253,317

Cayuga Red Streak, 85, 254, 343

Cole's Quince .342

Domine..85, 234, 254. 342397, 348
Duchess ot Oldenburg, 85, 87,

250, 253, 342

Early Harvest 255, 342

Early Nonpareil 234

Early Nonsuch 234

Early Pennock, 85, 234, 250,253,

339i 342

Early Red Margaret 340

Early White 234

Esopus Spitzenburg 85, 87

Fall King 284

Fall Orange S5

Fall Swaar 85,343

Fall Wine 85, 251

Kail Winesap 85, 254

Fameuse 68, 85, 234, 251, 342

Gilpin 85, 234, 315, 342

Golden Russet, 35, 76, ^5, 254, 342

Golden Sweet 250

Green Newtown Pippin 282

Grimes' Golden 343

Hawley 342

Varieties of

Holland Pippin 85

Horse (Haas) 234

Hubbell 33S, 342

Jonathan, 76, 85, 251, 254, 342, 348
Keswick Codlin, 85, 250, 255, 343

Kirkbridge Wliite 234

Limber Twig 29

Lowell 85, 250,254, 343

Maiden's Blush,35,85, 250, 315,

,, n 34O' 342

Ma^ flower 292,335

Mifam... 273,283,338,340

Mmkler 85, 254, jiz

Northern Sp)' 76, 254

Northern Sweet.. 85

Ortley 28, 212

Pennock 339

Perry Russet --343

Porter 251

Pryor's Red 67

Rami'" 35' 251. 342. 347i SJO

Ramsdell's Sweet 85

Ra'vles' Janet, 29, 85, 242, 251,

,, , . o ^73. 343

Red Astrachan, 39, S7, 233, 250,

3«S' 342
Red Canada 343

Rhode Isl. Greening, 67, 85, 87,

^ ^., . 343.347
Romanite — See Gilfnn.

Ro}Tian Stem 35, 85

Rome Beauty 35-347

Seek-no-further (Westfield),

^ . , ^. , ^S. 236, 315. 343

Smith s Cider 76, 251, 34S

Snow — -See Fameuse.

Sops of Wine, 85, 87, 250, 254, 255

Soulard 234

Stannard 85, 251

St. Paul 211

Summer Queen 254,315

Swaar 85

Sweet Bough 342

Sweet June. 85, 342

Sweet V'andevere 2S3

Tetofsky. 87

Tolman's Sweet 85

Tompkirs Co. King 343

Trnnscendent 244

Twenty Oz.— See Cayuga Red
Streak.

Vande vere 85, 343

Vandevere Pippin 273

Wagoner --S'S' 342

White Pippin 251, 342

White Winter Pearmain, 28, 85,

211, 212
Willow. 29, 34, 65, 85, 87, 234,

251, 254, 2SS, 34J

28

INDEX.

Apples — Varieties of

Winesap. 251,254,317,342, 34S

Yellow Bellflower, 254, 27^,315,

33S. 343- 347

Yellow June 234

Argyll, Kxtracts from S9' °S

Bacon, T. L. — Letter 36

Bancroft, L. — Report 347

Barlcr. O. L.— Essay 310

Belts, or Wind Breaks, 16, 30, 36, 3S, 51 , 56, S3, 286

Bills. Audited 216

Bindings Transactions 40

Birds 37, 129, 330

Blackberry — Disease of 217

Blackberries — Lists, 256, 258, 290, 300, 301, 330

Natives 301

Pruning 318, 319

Varieties —

Crvstiil White 299

Kittatinny 36, 37, 285, 301, 345

La-vton 36, 37, 272, 301

Xeedham's White 299

Thornlcss 299

Wilson's Early 37

Black Walnut. " Poisonous," S3

Blia:ht... 30-75' '^o, ■23f^ 258. 3' 2. 3^5' .336

Borer — Apple 239

Bourland, B. L. T.— Letter 26

Brown. A. M. — Essay 15S

Report as \'ice President 75

Bryant. Arthiir — Essay 124

Bud Variation 6t

Burrill, Prof. T. J 259

Butler, W. H. County Report 290

Capps, C. S. — Report 256

Ccntralia — SJiipnients from 71

Cherries, 13, 27, 28, 29, 35, 37, 252, 253, 256,

257, 272, 285

Crop of 1870 -236, 259, 306

Lists of 253, 256, 292, 29s, 300, 30S

Profits of ". 27

Stock for 344

A'arietics of —

Belle .Maarnifique 344

« Early May (Richmond), 27,

236, 252, 30(1, 344

English Morello 27, 236, 34.4

Late Ken tish "252

Circular i

Clay County — Horticultural History 345

Cocl'.rane. J. — on Timber Trees 31

Codling Moth 34, 81, 235, 236. 259, 273

Tr.ip for 232, 236, 323

Colman, O. M. — Essay 246

Committees-
Ad Interim — expenses for 1870.. 23

Report on Apples 7S

On Grapes 40

On P'-aches 178

On Pears 145

Appoiiiliiiei.t of 25, 2ib

Auditing '. 25

Repoit of. 15s

On Fruits 23

Final Resolutions 35

President's Address 25

Report of. ice

Russian Cions SS

Tree Planting 189, 214

Wine 200

Stxnding vii

Constitution.. xiii

Amendments of.. 38, 40

Grain, J . H .—Report 349

Crown Borer — Strawberry 119

Curculio -Apple 108, 124

Curculio— Plum. 30, 93, 94, 180, 225, 227, 229,

33'''. 35^

Curculio —

Catcher 100, iSo, 305

Parasites of. 103, 100

Ransom's Trap qS

Remedies 113, 285

Trapping 325, 230

Qiiince 113

Currants 29, 36, 286

Crop of 1870 236

Cultivation of. 332

I-'stsof 253,256,258, 300.329

Daggy, E.— Letter 220

Resolution of 202

Darwin's Theory 59

Douglass, R. — Essay 51

Drainage 30, 31S

Drouth — Kflects of 28, 29, 36, 72

Dunlap, H. J. Report trom 272

Letter 36

Dunlap, M. L — Fruit List 250

Resolutions 38, 40, 161

Earle. Pariver — On use of Wine 208

Report, All. Interim — Pears 145

Education — Letter from Prof. Wernli 237

Tlorticultural 26S

Turner's Lecture on 135

Resolution on 145

Edwards, Amos— Letter 348

Sam uel — Fruit List 252

Report on Trees 296

Report as Vice President 235

Resolution of 145

Election of Officers 15O

Entomological — Walsh's Coll 7

Entomology — Lecture by Riley 89

Evergreens for Prairies.. 50

Lisc of Varieties 52

Nurse-trees 53

I''"itinP S4. 55

Executive Board — Meeting of. 21, 216

Expenses for 1869 70, 7

Ad. Interim Committee 22, 23

Secretary 22, 23

Experiment Stations — Agricultural 8

Fair — Action relating to 8, 20

Final Resolutions 213

Flagg, Pres , W. C. — Address j

Fletcher, J. W.— Report 70

Flower hardening 17

Flowers, cultivation of 325

Varieties of 3^5' 3^6, 331

Forests — Meteorological effects of. 162

F'orestTrees — Essay by Bryant.... 124

Frost— Effects of. 317

Of October. 1869 25,35,52,76. 211

Fruit-crop of 1870, 25, 28, 29. 31, 34, 35, 36. 71,
72, 74. 75. 2S8,'30o; 30V, 304,337
Culture— Effects of settlement and

cultivation on 190

Exhibition at Winter Meeting 210

Growing n

Injured hv Frost 302

Fruits — Orrhar d 11

Lists— 250, 252. 253. 255, 257. 272, 289,

29'. 295, 300, 301, 329, 350

Appendix 2

Variations in 56

Galesburg llort. Society 315

Galusha. O. M. — Report as Secretary ai

Ad. Interim 78

Essay 247

Report of Grundy County 281

Garden— Plat of 185

Gardening. Vegetable 15, 184

Gooseberries 29, 36, 37

Crop of 1870 236

List of 253, 356, 258, 285, 330

Grapes 30, 31, 37, 73, 336, 345

29

INDEX.

Grapes —

Californin 41

Codling .230, 232, 233

Crop ot 1S70— 29, 34, 36, 73, 237, 259,

296. 325
Cultivation of— 14, 37, 41, 45, 46, 2S0, 326

Growing from seed 48

Insects preying upon 226, 230

Lists of^253, 258, 272, 276, 2S9, 293,
29s. 300, 319, 321, 326, 328, 330, 337, 345

Must— Weight of 322

Planting 46

Pruning 46

Report — Ad Interim 40

Report on 321

Rot - -.276

Training on Trees 47, 49

Varieties —

Adirondack _ 29

Aletha 44, 50, 298

Allen's Hjhrid 29

Catawba— 29, 31, 34, 42, 50,

272, 321

Clinton 42, Ji, 321, 326

Concord— 29, 30, u, 37, 42, 50,

256, 272, 276, 2S9, 321, 352

Cre veling _ 328

Croton 4E

Cynthiana 2S9, 5

Delaware — 42, 237, 276, 2S9,

321. 327

Diana 2S9, 327

Euinelan 45, 237, 29S

Golden Chasselas 49

Hartford Prolific 42, 237, 2i'9

Hsrbemont -276, 289, 352

lona 29, 272, 29S, 321

Isabella 29, 37, 42

Israella 29

Ives 42, so, 321

Lacon 45

Martha.- 44,49,289,25^

Norton's Virginia, 34', 42, 50,

276, 289, 321
Rogers' Hybrids, 42, 237, 272.

298, 321

Senasqua 45

Telegraph 44

Una _29S

Walter ._ ---4S' ^

Vineyards 285, 322

Gregg, Th. — Report 312

Hale, T.J. Appointed Ad. Int. 214

Resolution of 215

Halle, J. — Report from. .2S6

Hammond, A. C— Address 322

Essay 314

Report 28

Hartman J. S.— Report 288

Hathaway, E. C. — Report 337

Hedges 239

Hedging 15, 31

History of 293

Henckler, Cha rles — Report 294

Horticulture — Ornament;il 17, 27

Province of 9

Scientific 18

Useful II

Horticultural Education 142, 154, 237

History^ Alexander Co 336

Bond 280

Carroll 2S6

Cham paign 272

Clay 345

Fayette 335

Grundy 281

Hamilton 350

Jackson 288

Horticultural History —

Jo Daviess 269

La Salle 337

Livingston 347

Marion 277

Monroe , 29J.

Morgan 292

Pulaski 349

Richland ^i'jo

Stark 290

Williamson 351

Woodford 275

Societies — Alton 307

Centralia 307

Central 111 332

Farina 301

Galesburg 325

Jo Daviess 334

Macoupin 334

Northern 111 334

Ona rga '. 307

Warsaw 312

House Plants 215

Huggins, J. — Fruit list 255

Letter 74

Report as J'reas 24

Hull, E. S. — Appointment 22

Anpu.l Report 217

List of Peaches 308

Report Ad. Int. Peaches 177

Hunter, Geo. — Reportr. 332

Hyde, H. J.— Report V. P 72

Illustrations, 95, loi, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109,

no, 114, 117, 120, 185

Industrial University 87, 259

Influence of Stock and Cion 314

Insects .31, 37, 74,80,84,128

Apple Borer 128, 236

Bark Louse - 82

Plant Louse 81, 223

Leaf Grumpier.' 82

Tent Caterpillar 82

Codling Moth 23S, 306, 323

Curculio — See " Curculio."

Grape Codling »-230

On Grape ^'ines 225

Remedies, 31, 34, 71, 74, 81, 82, 98, 100,

113, 116, 119, 128, 273, 287, 330, 352.

Introduction iv

Irish, E. W.— Report -301

/Kitchell, Hon. A. — Address 3

Ladies — Invitation to meetings .129

Landscape Gardening 17

La Salle Co. Hort. Hist 337

Laws Relating to Horticulture — xiv

Le Baron, Dr. Wm 189

Lists of Fruits 289, 291, 300, 301

Livingston Co. Hort. Hist 347

Logan Co. — Horticulture in 256

Manning, Robert — Essay 190

Manures — Essay 310

Marketing Fruit 158

Marshall Co.— Report 29

Massey, H. H. — Report 292

McClelland, J. S.— Report 325

McWhorter, T.— Report 28

Meeting of 1S71 — located... --'S7

Membership Fee 38, .jo

Members — List of. • ix

Mete orol ogy— Lecture on 162

Discussion on ..176

Minier, George W. — Paper 238

Montgomery, T.— Report V. P 35

Motions — See Resohitio)is.

Mulching ....348

Murtleldt, Resolution 129

Murray, C. H.— Report 345

New Fruits^Report on 296

30

INDEX.

Nowlan — Resolution i6i

Officers, List of vi, 156

Orange Kust 217

Orchard Fruits — Report upon 307

Orchards, Applj — cultivation of, 78, S2, 83,

320. 343. 34S

In Grass., 29.83

Protection to 83, 341

Reports upon 305, 319

Ornamciilal and Timber Trees 296

Tree Pluntinpr 17, 27

Osage Oranpe, Hedges 239, 293

Overman, N.— Fruit List 255

Packages for Fruit 303

Packing F'riiit 158,159, 160, 17S

Peaches 30, 31, 335

Crop of 1S70 34, 236, 259, 28S, 33d

Culture 320

History of 13

Report Ad. Int. on 178

Lists 25s, 258, 2S9, 306, 307

Packages for 303

Rot of. 179

Soil for. 352

X'arieties, Hale's Early. .iSo, 182,255, 3°S

^'ellows ol 181

Pears, 27. 30, 31, 34, 71,145, 296, 300, 320. 336, 344

Ad. Int. Report on 145

Blight in Trees 145, 146,230

California 73.jiSi, 152, 153

Crop of 1870.... 29, 74, 75, 76,236, 259,306

Cultivation of. 146, 154, 269, 2S4, 312

Dwarf 351

Lists of 2S'i2S3. 277. 284.292

Root Pruning 146

^^arieties :

Bartlett, 76, 150, 153, 251, 284,

306, 352

Belle Lucrative 76, 150, '251

Beurre Clairgreau 152

Beurre d'Anjou 150, 152

Beurre Diel 153

Beurre Giftard 152

Beurre Rose 152

BufTuin 251

Clapp's F"avorite 153, 297

Dearborn's Seedling 152

Doyenne d'fite 152

Duchess d'Angoulemc, 76, 150,

270, 321

Easter Beurre 7^' 'S2

Flemish Beauty 150,284

Glout Morceau 153

Grey Doyenne 154

Howell 150

Japan 290

Lawrence 151

Louise Bonne 151, 251, 284, 344

Ott 153

Pennsylvania 154

Rostiezer 152

Seckel 151, 321

Sheldon 152

Tyson 152

Vicar 151

Winter Nelis 151

White Doyenne 154, 284, 230

Pennington, L. S. — Paper 333

Periam, Jonatlian —Essay 184

Persimmons 67

Petition to Legislature 156

Pike, Lyman — Report 300

Plants — Listof, Appendix a

weti^Winter Care 331

Plates— Order for Purchase 216

P'ums. 13, 30, 31, 37, 272, 299, 3<i4

•— rrJ^Crop of 1870 236, 259, 285

Plum Gouger 117

Plums — Lists of 253, 358

Varieties —

Blue Gage 212

Chick.asaw ij

Min«r 236, 299

Wild Goose 299

President's Address 5

Programme a

Province of Horticulture 9

Pruning 13

Pulaski County Horticultural History 349

Quinces 256, 259

Ransom's Process 225

Raspberries 29, 36, 37, 236, 2S5, 29S

Cultivation of 318

Discussion on. 308

Essay ou 247

Lists of— 349, 253, 256, 25S, 272, 2S5,

,r . . T,,, . ,29;,. 3«>. 3'9, 329. 34S

Varieties — Baldwin s Choice.. 298

Belle de Fontenay. --309

Br'uckle's Orange 309

Clarke 24S, 309

Davisson'sThornless — 36, 24S, 309

Doolittle 36, 248, 319

Ellisdale 249

Elm City 249

Fastolf 309

Franco nia 309

Golden Cap , 249, 309

Mammoth Cluster 24S, 319

McCormick — See above.

Miami 36, 24S, 309

Minnesota 249

Naomi .. 249

Ohio FIverbearing 319

Philadelphia 1 247, 309, 319

Purple Cane 36

Report Ad-Interim— Apples 78

Grapes 40

Peaches 178

Pears 145

Auditing Committee 155

Central Illinois Hort. Society, 332

Champaign County 36

Christian County 36

Fourth District 35

Final Resolutions 213

Fruit Committee 210

Grape Committee 321

Hancock County 34

Horticultural Education 209

Jersey County 73

Logan County - 256

Macoupin County 74

Marshall County 29

Mason County 31

Mercer County 28

Minier, G. W 238

New Fruits 296

Ornamental and Timber Trees, 296

Peoria County 30

Printing 40

Secretary 21

Terminology 210

Timber Trees 31

Treasurer 34

Vice President — First District, 25
Second " 235
Third " 2.S
Fourth '• 35
Fifth " 70

Sixth *• 72
Seventh " 75

Washington Co 74

Wine 189

Woodford Co 30

Resolutions and Motions — Binding Reports, 40

INDEX.

Resolutions and Motions —

Encouraging Tree Planting 156

Engraving Likenesses 156

Final 213

Fruit Packages 161

Horticulture in School 145, 154

Invitation to Ladies 215

Membership Fee 38, 40

Reserved Seats 129

Russian Cions 87

Selling by ^Veight 161

State Horticulturist 213

Terminology 210

Wine 2o8

Riley, C. V.— Lecture 89

Root Pruning 222

Rotten Root 235

Rules — Pomologicai xii

Scientific Horticulture 18

Secretary — Report 21

Seeds and Nuts — Treatment 125, 12S

Shepherd, S. — On Education 144

Shrubs, Flowering 328

Siberian Apples 26,84, ^n, 212, 243, 244, 297

Small Fruits 15, 29, 30

Smith, H. — Letter 2S7

Snedecker, J. — Letter 73

Snout Beetles 89, 93

Soils 25

Spalding, Dr. C. W. — Essay 199

Standing Com mittees. 216

Starr,J. E. — Reports 69, 189

State Ag'l. Society 20

Horticulturists, Employed 22

Reports 217

Resolution, Concerning 213

St. Joseph's Fruit Region 224

Storms 75, 76, 14S

Effects of 289

Strawberries 29, 36, 37, 272

Crop of 1S70 230, 2S8, 301

Cultivation 246

Essay on.. 246

Lists". 253, 256, 2S5, 290, 292, 329

Varieties, Boyden's No. 30 298

Early Scarlet 29

Extra Red 29

Fillmore 29

I French's Seedling 301

Green Prolific 301

Strawberries — Varieties of—

Jenny Lind 29

Kentucky 298

Longworth's Prolific 273

Wilson 39, 36, 272, 301

Swine in Orchards 273. 2S3, 305, 352

Taylor, J. S. — Report 277

Tazewell Co. — Report of 238

Terminology of tlie Vine 69, 210

Tice, J. H. — Lectuie 162, 195

Timber Plantations 16,31,127

Transactions — Distribution of 38, 39

Treas u rer — Report 24

Tree-Growing, forTimber 8, 15, 16, 124

Peddlers 302

Planting — Resolution 156, 214

Lists, 16, 27. 31, 32, 33, 125, 126, 127, 296,

323, Appendix 2

Tunnell, John — Essay 239

Turner, J. B.— Lecture 135

On Meteorology 176

Use of Wine 203

Tvsig Blight 220

Variations in Fruit 56, 66

Causes of ..60, 63, 66

Vegetable Gardening 184

Velie, Dr. J. W. — Essav 129

Vice-Presidents — Reports,25, 28, 35, 70, 72,75, 235
Vineyards — Planting and Culture, 34, 45. 46,

73. 205, 319

Vise, Hosea — Report 350

Wait, H. W.— Report 280

Warder, J. A. — Lecture - -- 56

Warrants.. 7, 23, 24

Warsaw Hort. Society. 312

Wernli, Prof. J.— Letter --237

White. W. P.— Report 350

Wier, D. B.— Letter 29

Reports 40, 296

Williamson County — Report 350

Wilgus. G.— Letter 74

Wine 4i> SJ' 73

Discussion ivpon 202

Essav on - -'99

Report on 189

Resolution on 202

Woodard, L. — Report as Vice President 25

Yellows of Peach 219-

Zeller, J. G.— Letter 30

Report 27s