UMASS/AMHERST 1111 31EOEitOOS3TTbl4 %i V>?*s 'Jhv Sr r"^ ;»« V 3ft. **~ «**^ A*- LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE No._3_a4_i4z_„ DATE__s-arj_m .Ma** Ll TL.Soc_.__ Source SB 21 nio-/( ■ This hook may be kept out TWO WEEKS only, and is subject to a fine of" TWO CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on the dav indicated below. / -*.iwiii»- i TRANSACTIONS OP THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 19 10 PART I PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY BOSTON NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TEN TRANSACTIONS Itosatlnisttis JiflrUtoal Sbamty FOE THE YEAE 1910 PART I BOSTON PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TEN CHA! mmfymztU Ijortitultunil Squatty. OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1910. President. STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham. Vice-Presidents. WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston. CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston. Treasurer. WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston. Secretary. WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.* Trustees WALTER C. BAYLIES, of Taunton. WILLIAM H. BOWKER, of Boston. WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of North Easton. GEORGE B. DORR, of Boston. ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston. JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston PETER FISHER, of Ellis. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton. JOHN A. PETTIGREW, of Boston. THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant. CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline. WILLIAM WHITMAN, of Brookline. Nominating Committee. CHARLES H. BRECK, HARRY F. HALL, of Boston. of Waban. DUNCAN FINLAYSON, CHARLES S. MINOT, of Jamaica Plain. of Milton, HERBERT W. RAWSON, of Arlington. ♦Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be ad- dressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston. COMMITTEES FOR 1910. Finance Committee. WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman. ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD. Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions. J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR, Chairman. ROBERT CAMERON, WILLIAM N. CRAIG, M. A. PATTEN, JOHN A. PETTIGREW, CHARLES S. SARGENT. Committee on Plants and Flowers. T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman. DUNCAN FINLAYSON, PETER FISHER, SAMUEL J. GODDARD, THOMAS ROLAND, WILLIAM THATCHER. Committee on Fruits. EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman. J. WILLARD HILL, JAMES WHEELER. Committee on Vegetables. JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR., Chairman. VINCENT BUITTA, GEORGE D. MOORE. Committee on Gardens. CHARLES W. PARKER, Chairman. ARTHUR F. BARNEY, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, T. D. HATFIELD, JULIUS HEURLIN, WILLIAM NICHOLSON, WILLIAM P. RICH, JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, Jr., WILLIAM J. STEWART, WILFRID WHEELER. Library Committee. CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman. ERNEST B. DANE, GEORGE B. DORR, CHARLES S. MINOT, Committee on Lectures and Publications. WILLIAM J. STEWART, Chairman. HARRY F. HALL, WILLIAM P. RICH, EDWARD B. WILDER. Committee on Children's Gardens. MRS. ROBERT G. SHAW, Chairman. MRS. E. M. GILL, MRS. W. RODMAN PEABODY, MRS. DUDLEY L. PICKMAN, MISS MARGARET A. RAND, MRS. JOHN E. THAYER. 37414 Massachusetts Horticultural Society 1910 The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications. Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi- cations, exhibitions, and membership, maybe addressed to William P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts. William J. Stewart, Chairman •> Co mm if iee Harry F. Hall on William P. Rich | Lectures and Edward B. Wilder J Publication*. CONTEXTS The Inaugural Meeting 7 Horticultural Papers and Discussions Plant Collecting in the Heart of China. By E. H. Wilson ........ 13 The Use of Water in Commercial Gardening. By H. M. Howard 25 A. Study of Continental Landscape Gardening. By Albert D. Taylor 33 Apple Growing in New England as a Business. By E. Cyrus Miller 45 The New Agriculture and its Significance to New England. By G. C. Sevey 57 Horticulture as a Profession for Women. By Miss Laura Blanehard Dawson ..... 67 Lilies for the Home Garden. By E. S. Miller . . 79 The Dietetic Value of Fruit. By Prof. William R. Lazcnby 89 THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 1, 1910. TRANSACTIONS OF THE 1910, PART I. INAUGURAL MEETING. The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for the year 1910 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Saturday, January 1, at twelve o'clock, noon. President Stephen M. Weld presided and opened the meeting with the delivery of the following inaugural address: Inaugural Address of President Weld. To the Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society: For the fourth time I appear before you to give an account of the doings of your Society for the past year, and to fill, to the best of my ability, the position you have honored me with as your President for the fourth time. I am glad to be able to state to you that this last year we have turned the corner and shown quite a profit in receipts over expendi- tures. It inaugurates, I hope, a new departure, as since entering our new building in 1901 this is the first time our receipts have been more than our expenditures. The change and getting used to our new quarters caused many expenses and diverted many visitors 8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. who otherwise, in our old quarters, would have kept in touch with us. Now that we are comfortably settled in our new quarters everything seems to be going in the right direction. This increase in receipts is largely owing to the fine exhibitions which the Society made at the Spring Show in March in the Japanese Garden, and at the Chrysanthemum Show in November; the net receipts from entrance fees to these exhibitions having been the largest in the Society's experience. All the exhibitions of the year have been of a high order and have shown an increase in the interest the members have taken in the Society's welfare, which it is hoped and believed v\ill be maintained and even increased in the following season. The Japanese Garden at the Spring Show, designed and constructed by the Messrs. Farquhar, marks an epoch in horticultural exhibitions never before attained in this country. The annual meeting at this time occurring so early in the year has made it impossible to give an exact estimate of the receipts and disbursements for the past year. It is estimated, however, that the Society's income has been about $23,000, and the expenditures about 823,000. It should be borne in mind that this statement includes the amounts paid for prizes and gratuities for the years 1908 and 1909, owing to a change made the present year in the plan of pay- ment of these items. Hereafter the amounts appropriated annually for prizes and gratuities will be paid in the year in which they are made, and charged to the account of that year, and not to the succeeding year as has been the custom previously. Thus the actual result of the year's work is a surplus of about $5600, if the above estimates prove correct, as the prizes in 1908 amounted to $5623. The sum received from Mount Auburn is about $600 more than last year. The rental of the hall has fallen off some five or six hundred dollars from last year. This falling off in the rental of the hall is something your Trustees are giving attention to. Several of the causes are largely beyond our control, but we hope to meet the wishes of the hiring public so that this revenue wilNncrease. Now that we have made this step forward it is earnestly hoped that we shall continue in the same line, and that the need of careful management and economy of administration will still be kept in mind. THE INAUGURAL MEETING. 9 There has been a notable increase the present year in the amount received from membership fees, about $500 in excess of the pre- ceding year. Thirty-five new life members and one annual mem- ber, and one corresponding member have been added to our list. We have lost by death seventeen members and two corresponding members, among whom are several who have been identified with us for many years. Appropriate record of all these deaths will be made in the forthcoming number of the Transactions of the Society. I cannot commend too highly the work of the various Committees appointed to carry on the work of the Society, especially the Com- mittees on Prizes and Exhibitions, on Plants and Flowers, on Fruits, and on Vegetables. The Chairmen of these various com- mittees have performed their work with great faithfulness and have been ably assisted by the members. I hope this coming season will be one of great prosperity. The Orchid Show in the Spring promises to be the event in the history of the Society. All the members of the Society must take hold and help this showr along, if for no other reason to back up and support the committee in charge who are laboring unceasingly to make it a great success. At the conclusion of his address the President called for the annual reports of the various officers and chairmen of committees which were presented in the following order. Report of the Board of Trustees. Report of the Finance Committee. Report of the Treasurer. Report of the Secretary and Librarian. Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, Wilfrid Wheeler, Delegate. Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, William J. Stew-art, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, John K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, T. D. Hatfield, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Fruits, Wilfrid Wheeler, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Vegetables, J. B. Shurtleft', Jr., Chairman. 10 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Report of the Committee on Gardens, Charles W. Parker, Chair- man. Report of the Committee on Children's Gardens, Mrs. R. G. Shaw, Chairman,. The reports as presented were separately accepted and referred to the Committee on Publications. The meeting was then dissolved. William P. Rich. Secretary, HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. PLANT COLLECTING IN THE HEART OF CHINA. By E. H. Wilson. Delivered before the Society, with stereoptieon illustrations, January 8, 1910. Any garden, greenhouse, or florist's shop will speedily prove to those interested how deeply indebted we are to the different parts of the world for the beautiful plants and delicious fruits we have around us and enjoy so much. It is true that the bulk of our every- day flowers and fruits are the result of the cultivator's skill, but the raw material necessary for him to work on had to be procured first. To secure this the world has been ransacked to such an extent that few countries remain unexplored. Our subject today is ''Plant Collecting in the Heart of China" and in order to better understand it a glance at the topography of China may be useful. China proper is, roughly speaking, a nearly square tract of country, 20° of longitude by 20° of latitude. Its southern part is just within the tropics, while the northern part enjoys a very cold climate indeed. The climate is essentially continental, with a rainfall varying from 30 inches in the north to over 100 inches in the south. The country is split up into a series of wild mountain ranges, fertile valleys and plains, and is drained by a network of rivers, twTo of which, the Yangtsze and Yellow Rivers, rank among the largest rivers of the world. The Yangtsze River has its source in the highlands of Central Asia and after pursuing a tortuous course due south through wild and unknown territory for 1000 miles suddenly turns east and flows right through the heart of China for a distance of 2000 miles, emptying itself into the Yellow Sea just north of Shanghai. The Yangtsze is navigable for steamers as far as Ichang, 1000 miles from its mouth, and a huge fleet of merchant steamers ply constantly on its waters. The journey, however, is dull and uninteresting 13 14 MASSAl BUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. being through one vast alluvial plain. Here and there a few hills crop out ami at Kiukiang the Luschan Mountains approach the river making a break in the monotony. As Ichang is approached the country begins to act broken up and by the time the town is reached we arc fairly among the mountains. These mountain ranges vary in Central China from the low foothills around Ichang to peaks S000 to 10,000 feet high, the latter themselves being spurs from the gigantic snow-clad ranges of the Chino-Thibetan borderland. In such a mountainous country, affording such altitudinal extremes and favored with a copious rainfall, a rich and varied flora is to be expected. Few, however, realize the enormous richness of the Chinese flora. The most competent authorities estimate it as containing no fewer than 15,000 species, half of which are peculiar to the country. These figures speak for themselves and yet fail to give a truly adequate idea of the profusion! of flowers. The wild mountain fastnesses of Central and Western China are simply a botanical paradise, with trees, shrubs, and herbs massed together in bewildering, chaotic confusion. On arrival in a new and strange country it is difficult to recognize the plants one is familiar with under cultiva- tion in our gardens and many months necessarily elapse ere one is in any sense familiar with the common plants around. During the ten years I have travelled in China I have collected some 05,000 specimens, comprising about 5,500 species, and sent home seeds of over 1,500 different plants. Nevertheless, it was only during the latter half of my travels that I was able to grasp an intelligent idea of the flora of China and properly appreciate its richness and mani- fold problems. Now in the heart of China there are two ways of travelling: — on the rivers, by means of specially constructed boats, and overland, by means of sedan-chairs and porters. By river: — The boat shown in the illustration is the kind ordinarily used for travelling on the upper Yangtsze. Such boats are styled house-boats by foreigners residing or travelling in China. Travelling up river is painfully slow, the journey to Chungking from Ichang •'about 400 miles) occupying a month on the average. But the time is well spent. Immediately to the west of Ichang the world famous Yangtsze gorges commence. These extend westward PLANT COLLECTING IN CHINA. 15 for about a hundred miles and afford some of the most sublime and awe-inspiring scenery in the world. The cliffs are of limestone, often a thousand or more feet sheer. In these gorges the river is narrowed to less than half its usual breadth, and the difference between winter and summer level is between 60 and 120 feet. Between Ichang and Chungking the Chinese Gazetteer enumer- ates a thousand rapids and dangerous rocks. If the journey is made in winter this does not seem an outlandish estimate but in the early summer, with the water 20 to 30 feet higher, many of the vigorous rapids alternating with smooth stretches of river disappear along with boulder-strewn shores, rocks and islets, giving place to a broad and tremendous volume of water swirling seawards at the rate of 7 to 10 knots per hour, forming many daugerous whirlpools. It is not possible to exaggerate the sublimity and risks of the naviga- tion of the upper Yangtsze. Of the vast fleet of boats which navi- gate its perilous waters, 500 on an average are annually wrecked and one-third of the cargo transported is damaged by water. I have had my own share of accidents and have witnessed many catas- trophes, but perhaps enough has been said to impress you with the dangers of travelling on the upper Yangtsze. Overland travel: — A marked and striking feature of Central and Western China is the absence of pasture-land and roads as we understand the term. A main road in these regions is only 6 to 8 feet wide and usually in a sorry state of disrepair, whilst an ordinary road is a mere sheep-track. There is nothing fitted with wheels in these parts and everything has to be transported on men's backs. Now a word or two with respect to transport may be interesting. No traveller in these regions who possesses any sense of self-respect should journey without a sedan-chair, not necessarily as a con- veyance but for the honour and glory of the thing. Unfurnished with this indispensable token of respectability he is liable to be thrust aside on the highway, to be kept waiting at ferries, to be relegated to the worst inn's worst room and generally treated with indignity or, what is sometimes worse, with familiarity, as a ped- dling foot-pad who, unable to gain a living in his own country has come to subsist on China. A sedan-chair even though it is carried piecemeal is far more effective than a passport though this, of course, is indispensable. 16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. On all the main roads there are inns of sorts, usually very filthy, for the accommodation of travellers but on the byways, and more especially in the mountain districts, accommodation is hard to find and of the meanest description. Here, back again in civilization, I often shudder when thinking of the filthy and abominable lodgings I have suffered during my peregrinations in the heart of China. Having now given a brief description of the country, its moun- tains and methods of travel, we will proceed to the main subject of our discourse, namely, the Flora of China. One feature of the Chinese flora and one which is of peculiar interest to all garden lovers is that it includes the original types of so many of our most familiar garden plants and the home of many of these is the immediate neighborhood of Ichang. For example, the chrysanthemum. This queen of autumn flowers is, as you all well know, a native of China and the wild forms, both C. indicum and C. sinense, are common weeds around Ichang. The chrysan- themum has been cultivated in China and Japan from time im- memorial and up to the middle (1860) of last century the introduc- tion of new varieties from these countries to the Occident was considered of great importance. Now all is changed, China and Japan today are acquiring the new varieties raised in this country and in Europe. Chrysanthemum sinense was first cultivated in Europe in the gardens of Holland as early as 1689, no less than 6 kinds being known. These were subsequently lost and when the plant was again introduced, in 1789, through the agency of Sir Joseph Banks, the plant was absolutely unknown to Dutch gardeners. Chrysanthemum indicum was cultivated by Philip Miller in the Chelsea Physic Gardens in 1764, having been discovered in 1751, near Macao, South China, by Osbeck. This species has, however, had much less to do in the evolution of our present-day chrysan- themum than has C. sinense. Again take the rose: — Rosa indica, the Chinese monthly rose, is the parent of the tea rose. It is native of the Ichang neighbor- hood where wild specimens were discovered by Dr. Henry. Rosa indica was introduced into England by Sir Joseph Banks in 1789. Altogether about 30 species of roses are known from China and rose- bushes are extraordinarily abundant. In the warmer parts we PLANT COLLECTING IN CHINA. 17 find Rosa laevigata, R. rnicrocarpa, R. microphijlla, and R. Bank- siae; in the cooler places are Rom moschata, R. multi flora, R. macrophylla, and R. sericea. Other Chinese species are R. bracte- ata, R. ivichuraiana and R. rugosa. Take away these and their numerous progeny and our rose gardens would look sorry objects. The peach, perhaps the first of all fruits, is likewise a native of China. It reached Europe from Persia and in all probability travelled thither by way of the old trade route from China, via Bokhara. Other notable plants are: — Rhododendron (Azalea) sinense, R. indicum, camellias, Chinese asters (Callistephus horten- sis), sweet orange, mandarin orange, lemon, grape fruit, and lastly, but not the least, Primula sinensis. This plant, the parent of the Chinese primroses of our green- houses, is native of Ichang, where it occurs in great abundance on the dry, precipitous, limestone cliffs of the Ichang gorge and its lateral glens. The wildiing is a true perennial with flowers a uniform mauve-pink color. Primula obeonica occurs in this same region but in moist loamy situations. For the sake of convenience and in order to make the subject clear I propose to divide the flora into altitudinal zones or belts. The nature of the country lends itself to this; indeed, this seems the only tangible way of dealing with a subject so vast and unwieldy. The climate of the Yangtsze Valley up to 2000 feet altitude is essentially warm-temperate. Rice, cotton, sugar, maize, and tobacco are the principal summer crops; in winter opium, pulse, wheat, and rape are generally grown. The flora is of a warm- temperate nature, the following plants being characteristic: — Melia Azedarach, Phyllostachys mitis, Trachycarpus excelsus, Hibiscus mutabilis, Lac/erstroemia indica, Ficus infectoria, Gardenia f.orida, Melastoma Candida, Gleichenia diclwtoma, Pinus Masson- iana, Cupressus funebris, etc., etc. Between 2000 and 4000 feet we have an evergreen belt composed principally of various Laurineae and oaks. The Laurineae con- stitute fully 50% of the vegetation in this zone. This belt is inter- esting also as being the home of nine-tenths of the monotypic genera, so prominent a feature of the Chinese flora. From 4000 to 9000 feet is the largest and most important zone of all and is composed principally of deciduous flowering trees and 18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. shrubs characteristic of a cool-temperate flora and belonging to familiar genera. To these must be added forests of Conifers and many ornamental tall-growing herbs. It is in this zone that we find the astonishing variety of flowering trees and shrubs which is the preeminent feature of the Chinese flora: — of Clematis 65 species are recorded from China, Lonicera 60 species, Rubus 100 species, Vitis 35 species, Euonymus 30 species, Berberis 40 species, Acer 40 species, Viburnum 40 species, Ilex 30 species, Prunus 50 species, Senecio 110 species, and so 1 might continue. Pyrus is a prominent family in the belt and is in China what Crataegus is here in the United States of America. The genus is in a dreadful mess and we have no real idea of the number of species. Amongst such enormous wealth it is difficult to make selections, but if any one family has outstanding claims it is Rhododendron. As in the Himalaya so in Western China Rhododendrons are a special feature. Indeed Rhododendron is the largest genus re- corded from China, no fewer than 150 species being known. I, myself, have collected about 80 species and have introduced about 50 odd species to the Arnold Arboretum and elsewhere. About 25% of these are new and hitherto undescribed species. Rhodo- dendrons commence at sea-level, but do not get really abundant till 8000 feet is reached. They extend up to the limits of ligneous vegetation, 15,000 feet circa. Rhododendrons are gregarious plants, and nearly every species has a well-defined altitudinal limit. In size they vary from alpine plants only a few inches high to trees 40 feet. In color they range from pure white, through clear yellow to the deepest and richest shades of scarlet and crimson. In June the mountains are one mass of color and no finer sight can be imagined than miles and miles of these mountain sides covered with Rhododendrons in full flower. In western China the character of the flora above 9000 feet changes immensely, and the narrow belt, 9000 to 11,000 feet, forms the hinterland between the temperate zone with its wealth of flowering trees and shrubs and the alpine zone with its equally great variety in herbs. This narrow belt is mostly moorland and where the nature of the country admits, forest. The moorlands are covered with dwarf, small-leaved Rhododendrons and scrub-like shrubs, chiefly Berberis, Spiraea, Caragana, Lonicera, Potentilla fritticosa, PLANT COLLECTING IN CHINA. 19 and HippopJtae rhamnoides, with willows, prickly scrub-oak, coarse herbs, grasses, and dense impenetrable thickets of dwarf bamboo. The forests are composed exclusively of Conifers, chiefly larch, spruce, silver fir, hemlock, and here and there pines. Specifically we know very little about the constituent of these forests, but, to illustrate their wealth I may mention that on my last journey I collected some thirty different species of spruce! These forests of China are unfortunately fast disappearing and are only to be found ill the more inaccessible parts. The tree limit varies according to rainfall and may be put down at between 11,500 and 12,000 feet. Our final zone, the alpine zone, extends from 11,000 to 16,000 feet. The wealth of herbs in this belt is truly astonishing. Their variety is well-nigh infinite and the intensity of their colors a striking feature. Pedicularis with 100 species is perhaps the most remarkable constituent of this zone. These are largely social plants and occur in countless thousands supplying all the colors save blue and purple. These Pedicidaris are really most fascinating plants and it is a great pity that their semi-parasitic nature prevents their cultivation. Senecio with 100 species supplies the yellow and is represented from cushion plants to strong herbs 6 feet or more tall. Gentiana with 90 species supplies the blue. These again are social plants and on sunny days the ground for miles is often nothing but a carpet of intense blue. Corydalis with 70 species supplies both vellow and blue and is not to be denied a place in this floral paradise. Then there is Primula. This genus is represented in China by some 90 species, four-fifths of which occur in the west. These, like gentians, take unto themselves in their season large tracts of country and carpet it with flowers. Sometimes it is a marsh, at other times it is bare rocks or the sides of streams. One of the most beautiful is Primula sikkimensis. Along the sides of stream- lets and ponds this species is as common as is the cowslip in some English meadows. Associated with it we find its purple congener P. vittata. Other striking species are P. Cockburniana with orange- scarlet flowers, a color unique in the genus, P. pulverulenta, a glorified P. japonica with flower-scapes 3 to 4 feet tall, covered with a white meal and flowers of a richer color, and P. Veif.chii which is best described as a hardy P. obronica. 20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Incarvillea compacia and /. grandiflora both with large, scarlet flowers and Cypripedium tibeticum with its enormous pouches, dark red in color, arc other striking herbs. Also we have Meconop- sis in half a dozen spe< ies — M. Hewrici with violet colored flowers, M. punicea with dark-scarlet flowers, and .1/. integrifolia with yellow flowers S inches or more across and possibly the most gorge- ous alpine plant extant. The limit of vegetation is about 16,500 feet, a few cushion plants belonging to Caryophyllaceae, Rosaceae, Cruciferae, and Com- positae, with a tiny species of Primula and Meconopsis racemosa being the last to give out. Above this altitude are vast moraines and glaciers culminating in perpetual snows. The snow-line can- not be less than 17,500 feet. This, though at first sight remarkable, is easily accounted for by the dryness of the Thibetan plateau and highlands to the immediate west. Having briefly outlined the different altitudinal zones and instanced some of the more striking plants characteristic thereof, it may be of interest to point out the altogether anomalous condition of things obtaining in the river valleys of western China. These valleys, between 4000 and 9000 feet, enjoy a much warmer climate than their altitude warrants. They are all very similar being narrow and shut in by steep and lofty mountains. The climate is dry and the flora characteristically xerophytic. The shrubs are characterized by being either spinous with very small leaves, or, the leaves and young shoots are covered with dense, felt-like hairs. The herbs have either tuberous roots, fleshy leaves or stems. The thorn apple (Datura Stramonium), henbane (Hyoscijamus niger), and Verbascum Thapsus are common roadside weeds. Artemisia is the genus richest in species and individuals. From an orna- mental standpoint, however, the various species of lilies are the most important constituents of this river-valley flora. Thirty- three species of lilies are known from China, 17 of which are peculiar, and the majority are denizens of these -warm, dry, river valleys. Of these we have L. Henryi, Brovmii, chlorastcr, 'leucanthemum, myriophyllum, Bakcrianum, formosnm, sutchuenense, and many others. In the valley of the Tung River, in the far west of China, an American plant, the prickly pear (Opuntia Dillenii), has become PLANT COLLECTING IN CHINA. 21 naturalized and miles and miles of the river banks are covered with this plant. Associated with this plant is a mimosa-like legume. So much does the presence of these two plants approximate to what obtains in Texas and New Mexico that if a traveller could be sud- denly dropped there from a balloon or aeroplane he would be unable to tell from the nature of the flora around whether he was in the above states of America or in China! Another interesting fact and one that has peculiar relation to the flora of western Hupeh is the number of plants bearing the specific name, japonica, which are only Japanese by cultivation and really Chinese in origin. The following well-known plants are examples: — Iris japonica, Anemone japonica, Lonicera japonica, Kerria japonica, Aucuba japonica, Senecio japonica, and Eriobotrya japonica. Possibly some of these (and there are heaps more) may be common to both countries but, I am convinced, that when the subject is properly threshed out it will be found that fewer plants are common to both countries than at present are generally sup- posed to be. The affinity of the Chinese flora writh that of contiguous and distant countries is another interesting theme, but time and space forbid of our discussing it in a general way. There is, however, one phase of this subject which cannot be omitted, namely, the ancient character of the Chinese flora and its close affinity with the flora of the Atlantic sea-board of the United States of America. That the Chinese flora is an ancient one is evidenced by the number of old types it contains, — for example, Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree). In ancient times this tree was found not only in Asia but in Western Europe and in Greenland also, fossil remains being found in the Jurassic beds of these countries. Today it exists only in China and Japan and as a cultivated tree, being preserved to us by the Buddhist and the religious communities. Cryptomeria japonica is another old type preserved through the same agencies. Cycas, Cephalotus, Torreya and Taxus are other old types which occur both in a wild and cultivated state in China today. Many of the old types of ferns such as Osmunda, Glei- cheriia, Marattia, and Angiopteris are commonly and widely spread in China. The affinity between the floras of Eastern Asia and the Atlantic 22 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. states of America has long been recognized and the more we learn of the Chinese flora the stronger is this affinity emphasized. On my last journey in China I discovered, for the first time in history, a species of Symphoriearpos. Heretofore this genus was unknown outside of the American continent. Indeed the most interesting result of our extended knowledge of the Chinese flora is the dis- covery, in the heart of China, of representatives of genera originally known only from the Atlantic side of the United States of America. In fact, the headquarters of certain genera originally known only from the southern states of the United States of America is now proven to be the Chinese continent. Magnolias afford a good illustration of this remarkable affinity. This genus, absent from Europe and western North America, is represented by 7 species in the Atlantic side of this continent and by 12 or more species in China and Japan. The following brief list still further illustrates this: — Genera common to China, Japan, and the Atlantic side of the United States of America. China and Japan Genus No. of species United States of America Genus No. of species Magnolia Schizandra 12 7 species a Magnolia Schizandra 7 1 species << Itea 4 it Itea 1 (t Gordonia 3 it Gordonia 2 tt Hamamelis 2 il Hamamelis 1 tt Shortia 3 a Shortia 1 a Catalpa Negundo (Acer) Wistaria 5 5 4 11 a a Catalpa Negundo (Acer) Wistaria 2 2 1 tt it u Astilbe 10 a Astilbe 1 tt Podophyllum lllicium 7 7 a Podophyllum lllicium 1 2 tt it Stuartia 2 tt Stuartia 2 tt Gleditschia 7 tt Gleditschia 3 a Nyssa 1 a Nyssa 5 " Again we find genera represented by one species each in China PLANT COLLECTING IN CHINA. 23 and the United States of America, — for example, the tulip tree (Liriodendron), the sassafras, the coffee bean tree (Gymnoeladus), and the lotus lily (Nelumbium). But perhaps even more remarkable than anything else in plant distribution is the fact of the same species occurring in China and Japan and in the Alleghanies, and nowhere else in between. Dip/n/Ileia cymosa is an example of this. The eastern Asia form is absolutely identical with the Alleghany form, showing no variation though the two habitats are separated by 140° longitude! The explanation of this remarkable affinity is to be sought in ancient glacial phenomena. There can be little doubt but that in pre-glacial times the latitude around the present Arctic circle enjoyed a wrarm temperate climate and that the land connection between eastern Asia and America was complete. The homogene- ousness of the Arctic flora is most marked and this lends support to the hypothesis that the interchange between eastern Asia and America took place in high northern latitudes. Conclusion. In the foregoing, largely by means of pictures, I have attempted to give some idea of the marvellously rich flora of Central and West- ern China. Though much work has been done it must not for one moment be supposed that the Chinese flora is in any sense exhausted. Large tracts of country and even whole provinces, such as Honan, have never had a plant collected in them. When it is remembered that in China every glen and mountain range possess plants peculiar to themselves it will at once be understood that our subject is far from being exhausted. It is, indeed, inexhaustible. My last expedition, recently concluded, wras promoted by Prof. C. S. Sargent in the interest of the Arnold Arboretum. As the result of this expedition seedlings of nearly 900 different plants are at this present moment growing in the nurseries of that institution. Seeds and plants, too, have been distributed in a most liberal way to ardent cultivators in this country and in Europe, in order that in so far as is possible nothing may be lost. The hardiness of these new introductions is the crucial thing. This must, of necessity 24 MASSA< BTOSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. be a matter for experiment. All that can be said at present is that in England these new Chinese plants have proved much hardier than was expeeted and are giving even satisfaction. Since decid- uous trees and shrubs generally from China and Japan thrive better here than in England there is reasonable hope that the majority of these new introductions, when established, will prove hardy here around Boston. Should, however, only a moderate percentage prove hardy they cannot fail to have great influence on our gardens in the near future. A writer in a recent Kew Bulletin declared the present to be the " Chinese era in horticultural history." Ladies and Gentlemen, this is a strong term but those interested will speedily learn that it is a simple truth. Plant collecting, like everything else, has its own peculiar diffi- culties and disappointments. Nature herself, the birds of the air, and the animals of the field and woodland often seemingly combine and prevent the collecting of seeds of this or that particular plant. These, however, are minor things. But no collector, be he ever so energetic, can accomplish much unless ably supported by the men at home who handle the seeds and cultivate the plants. Delays in sowing the seeds, too much or insufficient water, and a hundred and one things may ruin the work of the collector in the field. For my own part I have been singularly fortunate in this respect. In England my seeds were handled by the foremost propagators in that country. In America by Jackson Dawson and others. I take this opportunity of placing on record my whole-hearted appreciation of the care and attention these competent and skillful propagators have bestowed on the seeds and plants I have been privileged to introduce. THE USE OF WATER IN COMMERCIAL GARDENING. By H. M. Howard, West Newton, Mass. Given before the Society, January 15, 1910. Water is the great essential to all plant growth. No growth whatever can go on long without the necessary amount of water being present. Not even a seed will germinate without water. We may have conditions of heat, light, and air favorable but if conditions of moisture are unfavorable there will be poor germina- tion or none at all. Too much water with a low temperature will cause seed to spoil. Very careful attention is needed to get a good germination of seed under glass. The ground should be thoroughly wet and allowed to stand a few days, two or three, then dug over and made fine. The seed is then sown and pressed firmly into the soil. Proper temperatures for germination vary with varieties. The closer the seed is to the soil the more readily it will absorb water. The soil may be made firm over the seed by use of hoe, spade, or board. In outdoor work the roller is often a great help. The seed properly sown and covered will begin at once to absorb water and continue to do so till germination is complete. If for any cause there is a lack of moisture the germination will be un- satisfactory no matter how favorable the other conditions are. The firming of the surface does not increase the amount of water in the soil. It does increase the capillarity of the surface soil so that enough water can be brought up from below to germinate the seed. I have seen large fields of lettuce and onions where the germina- tion was very poor simply because seeding was delayed until the surface soil particles were too dry to pack closely enough to promote good capillarity. A difference of a few hours will often make a "Teat difference in 25 26 .MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. germination. Dry seeds put into dry soil and kept dry will never germinate. Freshly plowed soil has usually a dampness about it which is sufficient if properly firmed about the seed to promote capillarity of water toward the surface and germinate the seed. When sowing beans in a very dry time, it is advisable to open only about four rows at a time. Sow and cover those before opening any more. I have seen some sad failures of bean planting in a dry time because the furrows were allowed to dry a few hours before covered in. Cultivation should begin as soon as possible after the crop is up or after a rain to preserve the soil moisture. The less the depth of cultivation the more frequent it should be. One-half to three- quarters of an inch is good for lettuce, spinach, radishes, and celery. Two inches is good cultivation for corn, peas, beans, and tomatoes. I like to get over all the farm with shove hoes or cultivator once in five days. It is just as necessary to cultivate in wet as in dry weather. Neglecting to cultivate in wet weather will allow the roots to develop very near the surface. Then a sudden change to dry weather and intensive cultivation will cut off so many roots that the crop will be liable to suffer from blight or other disease. Everv plant requires a certain amount of water to produce a healthy growth and if by root pruning we cut down the possibility of the plant getting that amount of water we are liable to get a diseased plant. The cultivation and hoeing lets air into the soil, kills weeds, preserves soil moisture, prevents blight and disease, and makes the plant grow. All the food of plants is taken by them in solution. The water which holds and carries this food is thought to be the hygroscopic- water, that which is clinging to the soil particles. There is a great difference in soils in ability to hold water due to the size of the soil particle and the amount of humus in the soil. The smaller the soil particle the greater its capacity to hold water. A large amount of humus in the soil makes it more retentive of moisture. A clay soil has very small particles; a sand soil has large soil particles. WATER IN COMMERCIAL GARDENING. 27 Plants send out their roots more evenly in a sandy than in a clayey soil. The roots go down four feet or more and as far horizontally, sending out a multitude of root hairs which come in contact with the soil water and take it up with what food it contains to the leaves where the plant can make use of it. Plants when young need very little water but their demand for it increases till near maturity. Crops like corn, beans, onions, to- matoes, and squash are good examples. They pay well for irriga- tion. The surface soil of our gardens is full of microscopic life which is bound to be of increasing interest in years to come. Plant diseases are caused by microscopic life. All this life needs water to develop and we need water to aid us in spraying mixtures and solutions to fight these plant diseases. The finer we can make the spray in applying these mixtures the more beneficial they are. The water used for washing vegetables for market must be from a good source. Well or spring water while cold is the very best for use in summer as it will cool, clean, and freshen them. Vege- tables that are washed clean at time of harvesting and cooled by cold water will look better and stand up better and be better than those washed any other way. If there is any dirt left on the spinach or lettuce it will not keep well. For washing radishes, beets, and onions there is nothing better than a New Boston nozzle on a three-quarter inch hose of city water supply. For carrots, parsnips, and celery a brush must be used and plenty of rinse water. To wash lettuce nicely without breaking do not allow too many heads in the tub at once. Have a supply pipe from above near the centre of the tub with a quarter-inch stream falling fifteen inches free from the pipe. Bring each head by hand under this stream to rinse and then place on a shutter to drain before packing. The rainfall in Massachusetts over a period of from 1871 to 1910 has averaged 42.71 inches a year. This rainfall is usually well distributed so that most farm crops mature well. But in 1S79 the rainfall was phenomenal, being 65.53 inches, and in 1908 the rainfall was again phenomenal, being only 30.07 inches. But every summer lately we have had droughts of varying length and there are verv few commercial gardeners but have found it -s MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. necessary to use some water for irrigation. The city or town water supply has been used first and is now the mast common one in use. The expense of such supph makes us all very careful of the amount we use. The cost of water in the different towns and cities varies from locts. to 30cts. per thousand gallons. But besides this cost there is the expense of applying the water to the land and this varies in my experience from 2cts. to 20ets. per thousand gallons. The methods of applying water are by spraying, running in furrow, and flooding. Of these methods the spraying and furrow methods are most in use. Whirling spray machines are in common use and must be set so as to overlap each other in their work; they are economical of time and labor and put the water on in a fine spray doing little if any damage to the crops. The hose method of watering costs a lot of money for labor and there is considerable loss of crop at times because of being broken down by the hose or men in getting ready to water. There is one great advantage in the hose method, you can easily get the water where it is wanted. A three-quarter inch hose with a full three-quarter hose bibb will deliver 900 gals, of water an hour where the piping is ample size. However, when watering all day I have never been able to get on more than about 600 gallons an hour for each line of three-quarter hose. Never use more than one fifty-foot piece as the friction cuts down the delivery. The cost of labor in applying water with this size hose and boy labor has been with me about 20cts. per 1000 gallons. The use of the inch and a quarter hose enables us to put on about four times as much water per hour and by using man labor will cost in my experience about lOcts. per 1000 gallons. If you are going to use city water get as large a supply and meter as you can. A two-inch pipe will carry all the water needed on the average market garden farm of ten acres. Get your two-inch iron pipe on as close to your meter as possible and use two-inch for all mains and one and a half for laterals if the hose method is to be used. I would not run any lateral of less than one and a quarter inch pipe for any hose. WATER IN COMMERCIAL GARDENING. 29 The mains should be along roads, drives, or headlands, and the laterals run off fifty to sixty feet apart for hose watering. If you can run the laterals at right angles to the prevailing winds it will enable you to have the water put on to much better advantage. Have numerous flange unions on your mains to enable you to make repairs or changes in fittings and to drain out the system in the fall. I prefer to have all pipes for field work on top of the ground. Put in good valves and do not spoil them in fitting or careless use. It is easy enough to spoil a valve by letting it fill with dirt and then trying to screw it down, or by allowing it to freeze, or by taking hold of a valve on the wrong side when screwing it on or off; it should be gripped on the side where the thread is being made up. When setting down a valve set it down hard and then turn back just enough to loosen the spindle. Put hose bibbs or lever nozzle on all laterals where hose watering is to be done, and have them not over fifty feet from either end. Then divide up the remaining distance so that no space between nozzles will be over one hundred feet. Never have a hose bibb or lever nozzle on the extreme end of a line as it is almost sure to be injured and give poor service. The best hose you can buy will be found most economical; three-quarter inch costing about 16cts. a foot and one and one- quarter inch costing about 30ets. Get that hose with a coupling having the full size inside diameter of the hose. In care of the hose keep it coiled when not in use; attach to the hose bibb and roll out in one direction as wanted. Have washers to fit the hose and when through using make one roll of hose from bibb of good size, tie this roll and continue to roll till all is coiled, then couple with washer inside and tie the coil and place in shade till wanted again. It takes 27,154 gallons of water to cover an acre one inch deep. At a cost of 30cts. per 1000 gallons as applied, each application of an acre inch will amount to $8.15. July and August and parts of June and September are the times when water is liable to be needed in excess of the rainfall. The water may be put on any time of day or night with a prefer- ence for the night or early morning where the spraying method of application is used. If the water is put on with a three-quarter inch 30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. hose it will take about four days to get over an acre; if put on with an inch and a quarter hose it will not take over one day. Running water in the furrow is a most ecomonieal way of applying water so far as labor is counted. This method is very satisfactory where the soil is loamy and slope convenient. It is used for water- ing cabbage, cauliflower, cucumbers, corn, and tomatoes. The use of water on my farm has cost me a little over $30.00 per acre per year over a period of ten years and has given good satis- faction. Benefits. The irrigation of crops may be made to increase the yield from 50 to 100 or 150 per cent and at the same time immensely improve the quality of the crop making it more salable. The time of maturity may be hastened from three to ten days by judicious use of water. It is particularly noticeable on crops of corn, beans, and tomatoes. All the crops we send to market are from 70 to 95 percent water and we should aim to always have enough present in the soil to supply all the plants need. Where one crop is thoroughly irrigated the ground is in excellent condition to cultivate and prepare for the next succeeding crop. For example, we apply two or three acre inches of water to a field of beets in late June and the beet crop matures very rapidly and we have considerable water left in the soil when preparing this same field for celery and lettuce. In my experience I have found all crops to respond most heartily to irrigation but particularly cucumbers, tomatoes, beets, lettuce, carrots, celery, onions, summer squash, and radishes. Irrigation makes possible a more intensive business. I think we can spoil any crop with too much water but most of us never will. The use of water in irrigation seems to cause neglect in cultivation, not because lack of the grower's faith in cultivation but because the help are all busy harvesting the increased crop caused by irrigation. The Skinner system of irrigation is being installed on many farms in eastern Massachusetts and wherever installed it seems to be giving great satisfaction. WATER IN COMMERCIAL GARDENING. 31 It costs as I have installed it about S40.00 per acre and ought to be good for several years. It consists of a large main from which laterals are taken off every 56 feet and run parallel to one another. Every lateral is fitted as it leaves the main with a valve and then a union fitting so that the lateral may be easily revolved. Inside this union fitting is a strainer which removes any dirt or rubbish which may be in the water as it comes in the main. There is a handle to this union fitting and through it all the dirt collected on the strainer may be blown out. These laterals after being set up are drilled and tapped every four feet and fitted with nozzles of brass having discharge openings of ^ of an inch. The water supply is turned on from the main and each one of the nozzles begins to spurt out water which goes 28 to 30 feet from the nozzle with a pressure of 50 to 55 lbs. There is always movement of air enough to break up these fine streams so that when the water reaches the ground it is very fine and will not injure any crop by falling on it. The union fittings have handles by which to set the nozzle lines at any angle and always at right angles to line of the lateral. Galvanized pipe should be used for all the laterals and for runs of 200 feet I have used 75 to SO feet of one inch and the balance of three-quarter-inch pipe. There are some parts of fields that need more water than others and by placing nozzles nearer on the laterals in these places we can get all the water wanted. The most convenient distance for laterals above the surface in my experience has been about three feet, using pipe or sash bar stock for posts. I prefer to have laterals run at right angles to direction of prevail- ing summer winds as then the water will be more evenly distributed. In using this system for lettuce or any other plant setting or watering for germination of seed the laterals may rest on the ground. This system is particularly good for the small grower and for lawns; the water can readily be put on any time of day or night as needed. The same system with a different nozzle is adapted to greenhouse 32 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. irrigation and I know is a big saving in amount of labor, costing not over 2cts. per thousand gallons to tend to its application. Wetting down land for setting plants is practised whenever the soil is not moist enough to lump and hold together on being pressed together in the hand. The amount of water to be used can easily be determined by experience but the whole of the surface soil to a depth of seven inches should be moist. It is best to use two applications of water, one to moisten the soil enough so it will work well, and another after the plants are set to settle the soil more closely about the roots. The roots should be made so firm in the ground that the tender leaves of the plant will break before the plant is at all loosened in the soil, when testing to see if the plants are properly set. Many plants need water before being taken up for transplanting. If not possible or economical to do this watering then the plants should be prepared for transplanting by standing them in water for a half-hour or more. New roots will begin to grow at once and new white roots can be seen in twenty-four hours. Plants well filled with water as above explained will not feel the check of transplanting much. In transplanting under glass it is best not to give much ventilation and if the air is getting too hot give shade. Keep the air about the plant moist and thus lessen the amount of water the roots will have to bring up for evaporation. After two days more ventilation can be given and shade removed. A STUDY OF CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING. By Albert D. Taylor, Boston, Mass. Given before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, January 22, 1910. In making a study of continental landscape gardening, one finds that the field to be covered must be considered from a quite differ- ent view point than would American landscape gardening be con- sidered. This art as seen on the continent has flourished in varying degrees of intensity for a number of centuries, and unlike the art in the American field, the growth of which spans but a few decades, it has not continued to develop along a consistent path for any great number of years free from the impeding influences of outside factors. In our own country there are a few well-known exponents of the art whose dominating influences have raised it as such to the high standard of today. The names of such men as Downing, Rep ton, and Olmsted are those which we at once associate with its progress. We need but study the lives of these men to understand thoroughly the history underlying and affecting the growth of the field in Amer- ica up to the present day. To cover comprehensively the European field in which the growth has been affected in widely different ways, the student must first bring to light the factors most potent in its history. I would not suggest that by so doing I would advise making a complete his- torical study. It is only by such an investigation that one brings to light, not the names of a series of individuals, but rather a number of dominating influences which have been the important factors in its development. These are three in number, and may be termed as: chronological, geographical, and political; each having its important bearing upon the varying character of continental land- scape gardening. To understand more clearly the meaning of these adjectives in their relation to the art, we first must understand that from a chron- ological viewpoint, the gardens of ancient Italy are but the fore- 33 34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. runners of those typical of the great Renaissance which in turn leads us down to the gardens of modern Europe, many of the best examples of which are but those of the great Renaissance period I deserved more or less carefully to the present day. From a geo- graphical standpoint we must consider the wide variation in the topography of the different garden spots on the continent, ranging from the rugged landscape of Italy to the great flat expanses of country seen throughout France. This topographical variation had its marked influence on the general design of the gardens laid out in these different countries. Last but not least, the political influence brought to bear by the different rulers — emperors, popes, cardinals, and kings — effected the development of this art in a way little dreamed of by the superficial observer. This influence was most marked in Italy from the days of ancient Rome up to and through the period of the high Renaissance, extending well into the 16th Century; there being but one notable illustration in the French history, namely, the Great Gardens of King Louis the 14th, sur- rounding the palace at Versailles. Now that I have defined the influential factors to be kept in mind during this discussion, let me say that while it is no difficult task to study the modern gardens of our own country and from that study to formulate well-marked conclusions upon the existing and the growing tendencies of the profession today, I freely confess that it is with a great deal more difficulty that one is enabled to formulate conclusions concerning the status of the foreign art. To study continental gardens and their relation to the growth of this art, it is necessary to confine ourselves not alone to the modern practice, but to turn back into the pages of history for authentic information. Strange to state the more we delve into the history of the subject the better informed we become with reference to its status as existing in Europe today. This is not often a generally accepted fact, but to the careful observer it at once becomes a stern reality. It is my intention in the following discussion to confine my thoughts specifically to two great nations, a study of the gardens of which practically covers the field of continental gardening. These countries are Italy and France, in which the art has had its most marked development. It is from these countries, too, that the other countries probably have obtained their inspirations for the CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 35 development of the art. The lover of gardening might dwell for hours on the numerous details of the notable examples to be seen in the beautiful villas and chateaux of France and Italy, which are truly continental. I can, however, within the limited space at my disposal but cite the best examples and draw a few general conclusions from those. As above stated, the clearest conception is to be obtained by tracing carefully its growth from the beginning in ancient Italy. One would do well to go back even farther than this into the gardens of Egypt, Persia, and Greece and study the gradual development up to the days where we begin. Suffice to say, it is from these countries that the art gained its initial inspiration. I would there- fore first have you study with me the great masterpieces remaining to us from the early Christian era; such as have been partially spared to the present generation in varying degrees of preservation. Beginning with the celebrated gardens of Pompeii, once obscurely buried beneath the ashes of Vesuvius in the year 79 A. D., but long since brought to light through the efforts of the Italian Government, and restored with all due care, one finds a typical garden of ancient Italy. These gardens, filled with their miniature statuary and basins, and enclosed by colonnades or porticoes, all being beauti- fully carved in Italian marble, served as the outdoor homes of the aristocracy of that small city in those ancient days. Here in these small enclosed gardens, amply well supplied with vines and flowers, the wealthy families of Pompeii bathed in the sunshine and feasted upon the mural paintings surrounding the small rectan- gular enclosure. All of these gardens were on a miniature plan yet unquestionably harmonious in every detail. They represented the first real attempt at gardening which was undertaken by the wealthy class. They are but one type however of the ancient gardens. There are left to us today, two other types widely differing in their archi- tectural detail and their adaptation of design to the specific needs of their creators. These are represented in the picturesque ruins of the Villa Tiberus situated on the summit of the little Island of Capri, far out in the beautiful bay of Naples; and in the magnifi- cent ruins of the wonderful Villa of Hadrian situated far across the great expanse of the Roman Campagna, among the Tivoli hills. 36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. From the ruins of these two equally historic Villas the student sees in the decaying skeletons, an indication of the elaborate detail both in the architectural and gardening sculpture of that period. I refrain from mentioning in detail the much-heralded Villas of Pliny at Laurentum and at Tusculum for the reason that today there remains nothing on the site of these villas to tell the student of their original design. It is only from descriptions, and from the fine bits of statuary unearthed, and now the pride of various European art galleries that we can picture their once beautiful splendors. It is not so with the great Villas of Hadrian and of Tiberus, each of which at one time was the magnificent home of a Roman Emperor. It is here that the observer can ponder for hours, building in his imagination the pictures of beautiful entrance courts, stairways, baths, dignified marble-faced avenues, Greek theaters, and garden courts from the ruins scattered on every side. To be sure there is at best very limited ruins which would give to the student more than a real glimpse into the many beautiful concep- tions of the design and sculpture which was the life of these gardens. The present generation is fortunate in having preserved for them even the little which we can study in these villas today. These great villas are the landmarks of Ancient Italy and of the Roman Empire. They flourished during a period when the Emperors ruled supreme and the freedom for the exercise of an artistic temperament was at its best, with unlimited wealth and power at the disposal of these men. It was during these early centuries that such garden creations as those above cited were laid out, only to be devastated and robbed of their wealth of sculpture in the centuries of the dark ages that followed, when art in all Europe remained stagnated. Beginning with the dethroning of Augustus as Emperor by the Ostrogoths in the fifth century A. D., the death knell of gardening as an art was sounded. From then until the days of the early Renaissance marked by the beginning of the fifteenth century, this entire continental country was the scene of warfare and invading tribes. The constant turmoil between the empire and the papacy in the individual struggles of each for supremacy, left deep imprints on the history of the country. The invasions of the various foreign tribes including the Lombards, the Franks and many others from north of the Alps, not only served to CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 37 strip the country of all artistic tendency but removed from those great creations of the garden world already existing much that was at one time the pride of Emperors. Art, as such, cannot flourish under the adverse influences of un- settled social conditions ; it is an evidence of prosperity and of social harmony . The only evidence of the least tendency towards art in the gardening world during this long period is to be seen in the Monastery gardens. This much unsettled condition led to the establishment by little bands of people known as monks, a number of monastery gardens. These monasteries established by St. Gregory and St. Benedictine grew through the natural desire of certain orders of monks to be away from the open exposure to political warfare, and to live in their own communities without fear of molestation. Situated among the hills of France and Germany, and at a later date in the lowlands, these self-supporting communities practiced the art of gardening merely as a means of support. No pretence from the standpoint of a decorative art was made. While this barren period of garden history is far from interesting to the student as such, it is a portion which bears an important relation to our discussion. Society, as such, having been demolished, business and commercial interests remaining unstable, the country showed but little evidence of progress. It seems necessary that we should cite this bit of history as a connecting link between the decline and the new birth of the continental art. Gradually social conditions changed, commercial prosperity in various cities flourished and with both the desire for homes out of the city became stronger. Small cities such as Florence, Venice, Bologna, Milan and others gradually emerged from this darkness as brightly illuminated spots of thrift in their relative commercial industries. It was thus but natural to assume that with this opening of the Renaissance period in the fifteenth century, evidenced first in northern Italy, the art of gardening should again flourish with the other arts. Florence became the focal center of this outburst of art in general, and the villas seen today overlooking the city and the Arno were many of them conceived at this very period. The motives which inspired their construction were similar in character to those evi- denced in our great American cities today, namely, the desire to be 38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. away from the turmoil and the atmosphere of city life. From this period on, new life spread rapidly and the result was that for a period of more than two eenturies Europe was the scene of an unpreeedented tendency to build country homes for both winter and summer use. These beautiful villas were established among the hills of northern Italy and Switzerland, around the lakes, and on the shores of the Mediterranean. Hand in hand with the development of art in sculpture and painting went this great gardening movement. The Medici family, which was the ruling power in Florence — at that time the art center of Italy — caused to be built the beautiful Villa of Poggio a Caino and others just outside of the city limits. These villas were but the modest forerunners of a score of elaborate villas built at a later date and seen today throughout Italy. We have now reached in our discussion that which appeals to me as being the real heart of continental gardening — in Italy at least — and perhaps throughout Europe. This is a study of the gardens of the great Italian Renaissance. The student finds here a group of villas possessing a series of characteristics peculiar to this period. The ever dominating and foremost principle on which the design of these great villas is based, is that as the house is designed for its various uses with its numerous subdivisions, fulfilling different requirements, so should the garden be divided into its different parts for the enjoyment of the occupants of the building. Thus one finds a principle which is the key-note of the design at this time. There does not exist however any strong similarity of design in any two of these gardens. Each garden in itself is quite different from the preceding. Water, statuary, and certain types of vegetation are the ever present features; but the careful observer is always conscious of the guiding influence of a master hand that has by ceaseless study created something which though bubbling with grandeur and elaborateness of detail is fully in harmony with its specific location and with its surrounding landscape. This fact has always impressed the writer, namely: that in all of these celebrated villas, with few exceptions, the most careful thought and the best efforts of great artists and sculptors have been given to the general design of the garden and to the refined character of the statuary through- out, often to the apparent sacrifice of many architectural details CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 39 concerned with the building itself. The best talent in Europe was devoting itself to this work. Such exponents of the art as Bernini, Bramante, Bounalesci, Michael Angelo, and Vignola are associated with the best works of the high Renaissance. Can one then be surprised at the degree of perfection attained in even the very minor details. The gardens of Italy, dependent first upon their design, are quite different from what many believe and picture them to be. These much-heralded old villas are not rich in their abundance of flowers; they are not virtual paradises on earth filled with vines and the beautiful flowering plants so common to the American garden. They rather may be described as wonderfully ingenious designs enhanced with an abundance of running water and statuary, the whole framed with a simple but dignified planting of trees and shrubs. They are designed with the idea that they may be gardens to look into and to look out from. An excellent illustration of the former is the Villa Lante, and of the latter is the Villa D'Este over- looking the Campagna. As the Renaissance reached its height at the close of the 16th and the beginning of the 17th centuries the spirit of the gardening art changed very much. Gradually the influence of the Baroque period made itself felt, and the decline from the refined to the grotesque became very marked. An excellent example of this is seen in a careful study of the old Villa D'Este at Tivoli. Here at every turn the observer is confronted by these ambitious designs executed in plaster and stucco, and intended to convey the idea seen in the refined statuary of such gardens as those at the Villa Lante, and the Boboli Palace. This tendency marked the rapid decline of the most fruitful period in the history of continental gardening, a period the influence of which has been felt I might say throughout the entire world. The gardens of these celebrated villas of Italy may be summarized in a few words. 1. The dominating influence is the presence of an admirably adapted design set off with a great variety of running water used in different ways. 2. The topography of the country demanded comparatively small garden areas which were so ingeniously designed on the different terrace levels that the actual size of the garden was often over-estimated. 40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 3. The presence of an abundance of statuary and interesting architectural features was the key-note of the garden. 4. A closely matted vegetation of Ilex, Myrtle, Cypress, Olives, and Pines, together with many smaller shrubs gave the dense shade which was required in this country of sunshine and intense heat. It may seem that I am placing too much importance upon these gardens of Italy. I do not believe that the student of continental gardening can place too much stress upon the value of an intimate knowledge of the art as exemplified in Italy. These villas of Italy moulded through design to a nicety, combine use and convenience with art for art's sake to a degree which is rarely seen in an Ameri- can garden. There is another type of continental gardening widely varying from its predecessors in this Italian country. This type is well illustrated by one excellent example, namely, the great Chateau of Versailles. I might also mention the Chateau Vaux which together with the foregoing consummate two of the masterpieces worked out under the guiding hand of the celebrated landscape artist, Le Notre. The last-named Chateau is much less pretentious; but still equally as well worthy of careful study provided the time permitted. Versailles is the monument to the memory of King Louis the 14th and an emblem of his reign. A description of this wonderful park may give to us a clearer conception of the principles underlying the art in France, which are typical of the tendencies at the present day. Here, unlike Italy, is a country of an entirely different character. It is a country with broad expanses of fertile lands marked by slight undulations admirably adapted to gardening on a scale of grandeur not to be seen in any other portion of the continent. King Louis the 14th established here just outside the City of Paris, early in the 16th century, these gardens of Versailles which consist of an immense park covering thousands of acres elaborately laid out and completely finished in every respect. This great park was allowed like other art creations of this kind to slowly decay after the great ruler's death, until the time of the French revolution when it was secured by the French government and preserved for the admiration of thousands of tourists every year. To describe adequately its interesting features would require a small volume; CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 41 their number and their scale of grandeur can be but partially grasped from the photographs now extant. Their extent, refine- ment of design, and harmonious details can only be fully appreciated by personal contact. To stand on the main terrace above the great orangery and view in the distance the equestrian statue of King Louis located at the end of the Swiss lake; to look again along the main alley over the fountains of Latona and of Apollo towards the grand canal; or perhaps over the series of pools to the fountain of Neptune which is the crowning triumph of the gardens, at once fills the student's mind with an indescribable admiration for the master genius who conceived and carried to its realization this beautiful conception of art. On either side of this main axis terminated at either extreme by the main terrace and the grand canal, and among the heavy growth of beech and bass wood are numerous small paths or alleys lined on either side with hedges of European beech. These alleys radiating in various directions focus at different intervals upon the many interesting fountains located at their intersections, and in turn upon the great Mirror lake, and the Colonnade which is a large circular area surrounded by a series of marble columns supporting arches under each of which is a marble basin. In the center of this great circle is a well-designed group of marble statuary known as the Rape of Proserpine. Beyond the Mirror lake the visitor comes upon the King's small English park, and here in the midst of extreme formality is a pleasing bit of naturalistic gardening. Leaving the great gardens of Versailles and approaching the Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon there looms up before the visitor two other parks adjoining this main park of Versailles. These parks, though not as elaborate in their detail, are equally as interesting. In the extreme corner of the Petit Trianon gardens is the little English Hamlet and its unique bit of English gardening, all of which was carried out in accordance with the wishes of that unfortunate Queen Marie Antoinette, to have something restful and natural, savoring with the spirit of the English landscapes. Versailles is the great garden which is typical of the French art and the main characteristics may be summarized as follows: 1. Distinct formality with large areas devoted to Parterre work, all of which is closely clipped and edged to a nicety. 42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 2. An elaborate display of fountains and marble statuary with broad expanses of water and formal pools. 3. The use of many herbaceous flowering plants in sharply defined border plantations surrounding the shubbery plantings. 4. The presence of very formal avenues of trees pruned to solid perpendicular faces of foliage. The entire underlying principle may be summed up as design plus plantings as an accessory. Unlike the Italian spirit of gardening in which the design was the strong underlying motive, very much subdued by plantings etc., the motive in these French gardens is design which is always the dominating spirit. In the Italian gardens the student is impressed with the wonderful adaption of the design to the specific location only after careful study, and he is not impressed with the formality seen on the scale of grandeur illustrated by the noted gardens of France. I would not have you feel that the gardens of these countries as such are the only features worthy of study. Within the recent past the various cities have established beautiful parks, extensive boule- vards, public squares and play grounds to the careful study of which much time might well be devoted. The city of Paris has done more than any other city on the continent to improve and plant its boulevards and parks. Other foreign cities among which are Reims, Nancy, and Orleans, together with a great number of the important cities of Italy, are fostering with a great deal of civic pride the growth of art as evidenced in these public improvements. The distinctive characteristics of these parks etc. are not of a widely varying nature except as influenced by the different variations of climate, etc. as seen on the Mediterranean coast and in southern Italy, where the vegetation used is as different in character from that of Northern Europe as is our own North different from the South. The time of distinctive types of gardens in the different countries of Europe is passing into history, and a more universal Continental art is replacing the old and widely differentiated influences. The progressive exponents of the landscape gardening art upon the continent are making their imprints on the gardening work over that entire country, and the tendency seems to be that in time to come there will exist no modern Italian, German, or French school CONTINENTAL LANDSCAPE GARDENING. 43 distinct in itself, only in so far as the topographical and climatic requirements of the various countries must demand a type of design and vegetation solely adapted to the various sections of country. The period is fast passing, when as formerly, we needed to look to continental work for our inspirations. The profession upon the American continent, through its growing standards, is progressing rapidly to the point where from the very nature of the country and its problems we shall have a type of landscape gardening as dis- tinctly American as has been the foregoing European. It is destined to be one from the study of which the student of the art will only be enticed as a matter of pure curiosity into these foreign fields. The age and attending sentiment still surrounding the continental masterpieces is something, which with intelligent preservation, will undoubtedly always fill the lover of the garden art with an admira- tion and appreciation which no sentiment associated with the American gardens can supply. APPLE GROWING IN NEW ENGLAND AS A BUSINESS. By E. Cyrus Miller, Haydexville, Mass. Given before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, January 29, 1910. Perhaps no other phase of agricultural effort has been so promi- nently before the people of New England for the past year as has the apple industry. Everyone has taken to talking, speaking, or writing on this subject until it must seem that everyone must be at least reasonably well informed on the subject. While I have been talk- ing for years about the great advantages which New England possesses for growing apples, both for home use and for commercial purposes, and while I have continued to plant new orchards and give better care to those already established, and while I am as optimistic as ever regarding the future of apple growing, I do believe the time has come to approach the subject in a most careful, sane, and conservative state of mind. Much has been said and written that, while in a measure true, has been somewhat highly colored and sometimes exaggerated, so that many who might be interested in this line of thought might become somewhat deceived as to the true facts in the case. First of all, in my opinion, apple growing in New England is not a get-rich-quick proposition, neither is it the easy way of acquiring a competency that some might and do picture it. It is, however, in my opinion, one of the surest, safest, most interesting and profitable lines of agricultural effort that can possibly be associated with our section of the country. All natural economic conditions favor the development and extension of the apple industry with us. Our climate, which means the proper amount and relation of heat and moisture, as related to the growing and developing the crop; our soil, which means a soil which is reasonably well supplied with latent fertility; and our elevations, which afford us most excellent surface and drainage, all make for conditions which are unexcelled, if even equalled, in any other one section of our country. 45 46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The varieties which are peculiarly adapted to New England conditions are, when well grown, of the very highest degree of quality and excellence. Our markets are here in the East. Nearly one-third of the population of our entire land is found in the Eastern section of the country. New England apples, if of good quality, find a ready market in the chief cities of our great Middle West, mid even the extensive orchards of Michigan do not by their nearness • lose the markets of Chicago and the Northwest to New England fruit. Our New England apples, particularly the Baldwin, are in great favor across the water, and this already great demand can he still further increased by a better business arrangement regarding the sale of our product there. Much is beginning to be said regarding both over-production of apples in the East and competi- tion from Western box apples. I do not for a moment fear over- production in the best varieties and grades which we may grow. I have heard this talk, in various forms, all my life, and still the demand for apples which I may grow is greater each year and the average price per barrel is considerably higher this present decade than it was during the past decade. Neither do I fear the competi- tion of Western box apples. If there is any overplanting of apple trees anywhere on our continent, and if there is to be an over- production of any grade of apples which reaches our markets, it is going to be, in my opinion, in Oregon and Washington, where perhaps it may be said they have gone apple crazy, and it will be this high-grade fruit which costs some $300 per car in transportation before it is even placed in our markets. When we adopt Western methods with our varieties we may be assured of all the markets we can supply. We have got to have a greater confidence in our soil, climate, varieties, and markets, or in other words, in this superb combination of economic conditions which places us in the strongest possible strategic position, and most of all faith in ourselves that we may utilize all these natural forces and produce the finest apples in the world. Some countenance and counsel large orchard operations in New England. Large operations are all well and good for those who are skilled in orchard work and in the modern methods of orchard management, but I believe the interests of the apple industry of New England will be best served by making the unit of orchard operations reasonably small. A few hundred trees or a few acres APPLE GROWING AS A BUSINESS. 47 should be the unit at the start for the average farmer apple grower. A few well-cared-for and profitable apple orchards scattered over many sections of New England, serving as a valuable object lesson as to the possibilities of this line of effort, would do more for the upbuilding of the industry than a few large orchard enterprises, even if they should chance to be well managed. No one thing will add such permanent value to our naked lands as will the planting upon them of apple trees that are of the varieties that are suited to their several localities. The value of a season's growth on an apple tree should be at least SI, and with the proper cultural treatment it should approximate $3 per tree. This measure of increase will add value to land very rapidly. For the further promotion and development of orchard planting in New England it might be well for the several States to pass statutes permitting the exemption from taxation of tracts of land planted out in orchards from the time of planting until maturity. Laws in our New England States should be amended so that orchardists should be better protected from the ravages of the deer. Outside the San Jose scale, the deer is the most serious menace to orchard operations which we have. Strange that we should handicap our agricultural development and prosperity by a misplaced sentiment regarding the proper measures of control of these animals. As a distinct business proposition for the investment of capital under able, honest and efficient management, I cannot think of anything more inviting than an apple-growing company under corporate management. A company organized for this purpose and successfully conducted could not fail of assisting very materially in establishing the apple industry of our section on a far higher plane and firmer base. I cannot refrain from mentioning a few of the many points of advantage in a corporate form of management of orchard properties: First, the ability to purchase the best avail- able locations for such orchards. Second to conduct all operations from the start on a basis of reducing expenses to a minimum. Third, to introduce modern methods of management which look to the ultimate end of fruit production of the best quality and the largest quantity, and to dispense with much of the usual crop producing that is found necessary in the average orchard. Fourth to plant orchards and care for them until the bearing period, and 4S MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. then sell them to individuals who may desire them in small tracts for homestead purposes. Fifth, to furnish sufficient storage capacity to handle fruit with the greatest economy, and to hold same many times until the usual fall glut in the market is over. Sixth, the ability to convert the by-products of the orchards into profits instead of losses. Seventh, to attract by judicious advertis- ing dealers who are interested in the buying and handling of the best class of fruit. The outlook for the still further development of the apple industry was never more promising and bright than it is at present. Our large towns are becoming cities and our cities are increasing tre- mendously in population. Our chemical cold-storage houses were never more perfectly equipped or better managed than at present. These houses, in my opinion, are one of the most important adjuncts of the apple industry, for without them it would be simply impossible to extend the season of green apple supply over such a long period of time. A few suggestions to the individual apple grower may be appropri- ate and helpful. Where trees in your old orchard are too closely planted cut out every other one. Remove all undesirable varieties. Begin pruning at once, but extend this operation over several years rather than try to do it all in one year. Seal all wounds with lead and oil. Wherever possible plough and cultivate the orchard; when this is not possible pasture orchard to hogs or hens. Accurate data show that best results are attained where tillage is the rule. Apply each year a reasonable dressing of stable or chemical fer- tilizers. Spray your trees and fruit each year. It will add fifty cents per barrel to the value of your crop. Graft and care for your native apple trees. By care and attention they may be made a source of great profit. In planting new orchards choose a few of the best varieties. Plant on the best land that is suited to apple grow- ing that you have. Buy stock of a good nursery firm and get the best two-year-old trees obtainable. Prepare land carefully, as for any hoed crop, space trees a good distance apart, prune back severely, plant carefully, and then enjoy seeing them grow. Head back trees each year as long as the top can be reached. Spray each season when dormant with "scalecide" to control all scale insects and to cleanse and invigorate the trees. When old enough APPLE GROWING AS A BUSINESS. 49 to bear, spray for fungus and chewing insects. Pick your apples in the proper season according to varieties. Have at hand a supply of packages, either barrels, boxes, or baskets, in which to put your apples. Handle apples carefully so as to injure fruit and trees as little as possible. If not sorted in the field put them at once in a cool, dark place. Pack apples in boxes or barrels, according to grade of fruit. Never box any but the finest specimens, remember- ing that the Western box apples are the standards by which we shall be judged. Have neat and attractive packages. Grade and pack apples fairly and honestly. Have sorting table to work at, as it greatly lessens labor. Pack barrels thoroughly; on face end stencil plainly grade and variety. Sell according to your market, location and inclination; early selling for the average apple grower is usually the best policy. To anyone who will give careful and earnest consideration to the economic advantages which New England possesses and apply these practical and common sense suggestions in the growing and handling of the fruit, I think their point of view will soon coincide with mine that apple growing is one of the most profitable lines of agricultural efforts in New England, and that an acre of mature, well-cared-for bearing trees is the most valuable acre of land devoted to agricultural purposes in New England. THE NEW AGRICULTURE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE TO NEW ENGLAND. BY G. C. SEVEY, SPRINGFIELD, MASS. Delivered before the Society, February 19, 1910. Today this subject is one being approached from many view points since its resourcefulness attracts the layman and the skilled public speaker alike. At the outset please understand I shall make no pretense to beautifully rounded sentences that sparkle with historic references, nor shall I attempt to please through humorous anecdotes, carefully arranged climaxes, or happy figures of speech. However, I have a message which I wish to deliver and it is to be given in the most simple, direct way, without frills or flourishes. My arguments are based on a rather extensive field of observation and knowledge of rural life that comes through practi- cal experience and hard knocks with which a farmer's boy without funds is so fortunate as to face in his competitive battle for success and usefulness. Thus severing any impression of blue-blooded aristocracy and trusting you will understand this personal reference, I want to consider with you some phases of this new agriculture of the 20th century and its significance to New England. Now what is this new agriculture? The equation constitutes so many factors that to answer the question in a single sentence is well-nigh impossible. But for the lack of a better summary I will say that the happy combination of science and practice, plus a redirected education equals this new agriculture. It is a matter of common knowledge that in the early days the science of agri- culture was little understood. Farmers sowed their crops and were confident of a harvest. Yet the why and the whyfor of this and that condition were not understood, if indeed they were even given a thought. Later, the Yankee characteristic to know the reason why de- veloped a dissatisfied condition of mind and questions were asked 51 52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. about why certain results followed specific conditions. This inquisitive spirit led agriculturists to experiment for themselves and compare results. Then came the establishment of the de- partment of agriculture and in due time our agricultural colleges and experiment stations. In most cases these institutions in the several states passed through a fiery ordeal and were very indif- ferently supported by the citizens. Particularly were these insti- tutions censured by the everyday farmer who classed the work of colleges and experiment stations as mere theory and absolutely of no interest or help to the everyday life of the farm. In fact it has been only a few years since these worthy institutions were greatly maligned and even today there is an occasional instance of people believing their agricultural colleges, experiment stations, and department of agriculture at Washington, are simply creations to give a lot of college professors a job. But the rank and file of these educational institutions have proved their usefulness and are being recognized by urban and rural citi- zens alike as a mighty factor in the country's progress. Right here is where the new agriculture applies. At the start the pendulum swung far to the side of practice. Then followed the reverse swing to science, but what was lightly called theory. Now we have a happy combination of the two and that is where you get your new agriculture. If knowledge is power, applied knowledge is results, and we must remember results is the goal. Whatever the under- taking, be it agricultural, industrial, social or spiritual, what really counts is results. However brilliant an intellect a man may have, however highly educated, and however many rich uncles may have left him a fortune, he cannot be considered a success unless he is able to so correlate his powers as to produce tangible results. If the individual, if the horticultural society, if the state, the nation are unable to accomplish results worth while to mankind they are failures. If the farmer ignores nature's laws he cannot attain the greatest success even if he works nights and Sundays. If our institutions of learning ignore practical application of their knowl- edge they cannot be a complete success even though they have the combined knowledge of the new and the old world. Yet note the wonderful possibilities within reach just the moment these forces are sympathetically combined. As yet the transforma- THE NEW AGRICULTURE.- 53 tion and the amalgamation of practice and science are not complete, but the unifying process is already in progress and that is what I choose to term our new agriculture. Along with this, and running so closely as to really constitute a part thereof, comes a redirected education. As a nation we are only beginning to realize that our system of education is a false one. For centuries the subject matter, and even the process of education, have been as thoroughly agreed upon as are the orbits of the planets. It has been taken for granted that the education for a common man is the knowledge of the three R's — reading, 'riting, and 'rithmetic. The favored few might bask in the drying sun of Latin, Greek, and the so-called arts. Xow we are beginning to learn that all this training bears no practical relation to success in actual life. The dunce at school and the boy of a few winters at the district school have become the men of keen judgment, remarkable initiative, and have the highest esteem of their communities. If the past system of schooling should assert its superiority in any direction more than another, it would be expected in the realm of the literary world. Note that the great genius, Shakespeare, had little school training; Bums and Bunyan had less ; and it remained for Chaucer to cut loose from scholarship before his best work was forthcoming. Our schools have failed to touch the vital human characteristics of the soul of the child, of the man. The system has worked against human nature rather than with it. The school courses have catered to the head rather than to the heart and the hand. But this well-meaning, though ill-advised system of education, is being redirected and that is another point bearing on our new agriculture. Various agencies are contributing to this redirected education. There are the agricultural colleges, experiment stations, federal department of agriculture, our schools, boards of agriculture, vari- ous associations representing dairying, horticulture, livestock, etc. There are our fairs, agricultural societies, boards of trade, and com- mercial organizations, the grange, the church, and the press. The work of our agricultural colleges has already been referred to briefly and the campaign of our own institution at Amherst shows that its applied knowledge reaches farther than the boys and girls who happen to be at the institution. Its full-fledged normal depart- 54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ment, summer school, short courses, farmers' weeks, graduate schools, and demonstrations on steam and electric railways, not to mention the many experiments in progress on farms in different parts of the state suggest how great a circle its usefulness includes. This extension work is specific proof of a redirected education that reaches the people and the spot. ( >ur schools (graded, high, and industrial) are undergoing great changes. In this connection it is interesting to note that while agriculture has been taught for one-third of a century in land grant colleges, only one agricultural high school was reported 12 years ago and only IS high schools taught agriculture two years ago. Now there are more than 100 high schools in 17 different states, besides several thousand high schools in 23 states giving instruction in agriculture. Recent data show that agricultural instruction is given in the rural schools of 44 states; 14 states by law require that the elements of agriculture be taught in rural schools and 12 states require it in graded schools. There are 28 states that have enacted special laws permitting such instruction, while in others local authorities are free to introduce the subject. Does not this re- markable change within a half-dozen years indicate a redirected education? And is it not a factor in our new agriculture? Then this spirit of associated science and practice, or applied knowledge, is being carried into every section of the state through various agricultural organizations like the board of agriculture, dairymen's associations, horticultural societies, poultrymen's asso- ciations, bee keepers' societies, swine and sheep breeders' associa- tions, and agricultural societies which give annual fairs. Note that most of this work is being conducted along redirected lines. The aim is to reach the everyday farmer who has practical problems which must be solved. In many cases this applied knowledge almost has to be forced upon the farmer, so firmly rooted is the spirit of opposition to science or theory. Occasionally communities are found which have not yet felt the power of this redirected educa- tion. None of the agencies contributing to this new order of things gives me more satisfaction than the work of boards of trade and commercial organizations. They are rapidly waking up to the fact that they and the industries they represent cannot prosper THE NEW AGRICULTURE. 55 unless agriculture prospers. Thus they are more willing to meet the farmer half way and co-operate in those things of mutual interest. You well recall the fine showing made by the Boston Chamber of Commerce last year at the time of the Xew England Fruit Show. It was a great inspiration to the assembled agricul- turists to witness the cordiality and hospitality of the chamber of commerce. Furthermore, I think the members of the organization learned a thing or two about resources of New England soils of which they never dreamed. Boards of trade in various towns and cities are not only showing an interest in the rural development of sections upon which they draw, but they are actually encouraging members to invest money in the many semi-utilized farms. In this great work the educating influence of the grange cannot be ignored. With nearly 30,000 members in Massachusetts, and about half a million throughout the country, the grange is a factor in promoting a "better manhood and womanhood." With the exception of a few city granges, composed almost wholly of those who believe they have no direct interest in agriculture, the thousands of meetings held are directed along the lines of this new agriculture. They are in touch with the agricultural colleges and all the later agencies of promoting an applied knowledge. One especially strong factor in the grange is the fact that the whole family has the privilege of joining, and as you attend some of these neighborly gatherings which are dominated by a spirit of good will and progress, you realize better than words can express the power that this organi- zation may exert in the redirected education of a new agriculture. Then again, note the possibility of the rural church in this new order of usefulness. True, the problem of the country church is a complex one with its overly churched communities and inadequately paid ministers. Yet there are those shining examples that show what a power the church can have upon rural life. Such a one is at Xew Lenox, Massachusetts, where the minister has fitted up a large room for members of his congregation and towns-people to gather every other week and listen to addresses and discussions concerning problems local to the section. Good speakers are secured; and so far agriculture has occupied a conspicuous position as several of the professors from the agricultural college have been called upon to give lectures. Through this movement the towns-people have 56 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. become interested, first in the work in question, then in the kind- hearted minister, and finally in the church itself. In this way many people are reached by the church in a spiritual way who would otherwise not be accounted for. Another example of this class of work exists at Ludlow, and another at Middleboro. These are ones with which I have happened to come in personal contact and there are dozens of others. The point I emphasize is that the church, heretofore supposed to have had only the spiritual welfare of the world at heart, is now recognizing that through a redirected education it benefits not only itself but rural life as well. Many of these church pastors are entering into the daily life of members, becoming interested in things in which the members are interested, and thus being able to appeal to the human side of their lives. Do you note the close relation of this very movement to a redirected education in our schools which aims to first understand the child and make available his human characteristics rather than lay down Puritanic rules and regulations which the nature of a child has no appreciation of or sympathy with. Finally, there is the press working in sympathy with this redi- rected education. It includes not only the agricultural press but the reputable Metropolitan press as well. Editors and publishers are very quick to sense the public pulse and as a rule are men of high character, ambition, and resourcefulness. By a word here and there, and editorials carefully directed, they are able to lead their readers along the paths of high ideals. We all remember when the farmer was freely caricatured as a hayseed and rural life likened to darkest Africa. Yet within a half-dozen years there has been a remarkable change of heart in this respect and with few exceptions you will find the press recognizing agriculture as an art and a dignified calling. The agricultural press would naturally be expected to foster high ideals of rural life and it is fortunate the Metropolitan press is giving such loyal support. Therefore, we have all these agencies, not to mention others, contributing toward a redirected education, which among other things is teaching the dignity of labor and of agriculture. In the past children were taught that farming was about the lowest occu- pation on earth. The rural schools and even the fathers and mothers themselves perpetuated that idea. The brightest children THE NEW AGRICULTURE. &t were picked out to be doctors, lawyers, statesmen, bankers, mer- chants, etc., and those who were less brilliant were selected to stay at home and help on the farm. Those designed for the city were given special advantages, father and mother working overtime and denying themselves to push forward the hopeful son or daughter. In many cases the advantages were actually snatched away from the less brilliant sons and given the brilliant. As time went on those who went to the city, in most cases made a success and were the ones which contributed so largely to the development of the industrial world. The surprising fact is that the fathers and mothers were keenly disappointed to think their city boys succeeded so well when the sons who remained at home did nothing remarkable. It is another case of false standards of education and a redirected education is reminding these farmers and their wives that the best blood was sent to the city and that in the future a part of it should be kept at home. The farmer who has thoroughbred stock and who gives it extra advantages expects more from it than from inferior stock which has been stinted and poorly fed. So are they realizing that there is a variation in children and a similar variation in advantages given them. Particularly in the West where this redirected education along rural lines is so marked, will be found examples of what rural life offers to young men and women with brains. Some of the brightest sons are remaining on the farm and the accomplished daughters are marry- ing farmers. They have ideal homes fitted with all the conven- iences and pleasure-giving appurtenances. These same sons are banking more money annually than 90% of the people in our cities today. They are driving automobiles, taking occasional trips in neighboring states, and making the most of life. This is a re- directed education. Have I said enough to convince you that there is a strong movement toward a redirected education which in turn means a new agriculture. The second phase of the subject is What significance this new agriculture has to New England. In a word it means the realiza- tion and appreciation of New England resources; also the suprem- acy of optimism as opposed to conservatism. This one matter of Xew England's resources is broad enough to include an address of double the time allotted the speaker. If time permitted I would 58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. like to tell you about the productiveness of New England soils as compared with other sections of the country. How this soil is not dead hut is teeming with countless millions of bacteria, anxious to produce crops for the farmer if only given an opportunity through improved methods of tillage, crop rotation, soiling crops, and judicious use of lime and fertilizers. I would like to speak in detail of the unusual opportunities in practically every town in New Eng- land. I can show you how New England beats the country in the production of crops and the income per acre from our farms. For instance, the average yield of corn in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa is only 37 bushels to the acre, valued at SI 4.09. Connecticut's average yield is 40 bushels, Massachusetts 37, with a value of $27.54 per acre for the former, and $25.26 for the latter. Notice the return for the New England product is nearly double that of the middle western corn states. Furthermore, the average income per acre of improved land on Connecticut farms is $26. 50, Rhode Island $33.80, Massachusetts 832.74. The average for Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa is only $12.58, less than half as much as for the New England states. I would like to consider some specific cases of gratifying returns from New England produce. I would speak of roasters selling at $4 each, hothouse lambs at $10 to $15 each, strawberry returns of $200 to $1500 an acre, asparagus at $100 to $600 an acre, onions at $1000 to $1500 an acre, many of the truck or market garden crops at $600 to $1500 an acre. Large fruits such as apples and peaches at S500 to $1000 an acre, tobacco at $200 to $800, not to mention the profits of other special crops, livestock enterprises, and general line of farm activities. These figures are not exaggerated for I have personally visited farms and have friends who are securing the returns indicated. I could cite dozens of instances where enterprising men have bought places, paid for them, made a living, given their children an education, and actually saved money besides. Compare these figures with some of the western receipts and note the superior results of New England. When I visited homepeople back in Michigan they can hardly credit the stories of New England possibilities, which I am not bashful about relating. Remember, too, the price of farm and fruit lands in New England as compared with that in the West. In the latter section prices have advanced THE NEW AGRICULTURE. 59 from the early figure of $50 and $75 an acre to $100, $150, and $200. Here in New England thousands of acres of good fruit land are available at §10 to $25 an acre. In many cases buildings are found on these farms which are actually worth the price paid for the farm. Of course nearer the large cities for the intensive market garden crops rand values run to 81000 or more an acre, but the fact that the owners are making money shows that a fine dividend can be declared on Xew England lands at an exceedingly high valuation. You are familiar with the strong argument of nearby markets for the New England farmer and the overwhelming percentage of consumers as compared with producers. You are also familiar with the superior transportation facilities, including good roads and a network of steam and electric railways which are not only carrying passengers but produce of the farm as well. You know about the educational advantages, including schools, libraries, reading circles, women's clubs, colleges, etc. New England is noted for its culture and superior advantages in the way of our higher education. There are different phases of all these subjects which I would like to consider with you but must hasten on. If there is any one factor which is sure to revivify New England more than another it is the development of the spirit of optimism. We have kept within our conservative shell so long that it is not surprising rural sections have suffered. Conservatism is all right but you can have too much of a good thirig. We have been living too much to ourselves and covering our lights with a half-bushel. If the truth about New England resources could only be known by the country at large you would see as big a stampede for the East as there was to the West back in '48 and '49. Resolutions recently adopted by the Pilgrim Publicity association of Boston express my sentiments so accurately that I desire to repeat them. The code includes the following: "I believe in the tremendous transforming power of optimism; I believe that it is lack of faith which checks the development of individuals, associations and sections; that skepticism is the only thing which stands between New England and her great destiny, and that when pessimism is transformed to optimism New England will again take her right place in the vanguard of industrial progress. "Therefore, I am resolved that I will avoid and help others to 60 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. escape from the deadening and demoralizing rut of criticism, skepticism, and inertia. That I will he a hooster, not a knocker, and that I will neglect no opportunity to show my faith in the future of New England and to labor unceasingly for its fulfillment." That is the spirit which quickeneth; and will repopulate New England's hills and valleys with ambitious, enterprising and cul- tured people. History records that the great tide of population has ever been westward. A thousand years before Christ it started on the shores of the Mediterranean, oyerflowed Rome and Europe, and centuries later reached the new world in a few broken ripples. Then, after centuries deyoted to gaining strength, the tide again set westward and finally has broken on the shores of the Pacific. Whither now can it go? If this human wave crosses the broad Pacific it will be face to face with the millions of the Orient. There can be but one result, as Pres. W. C. Brown of the New York Central lines so well said in his recent address in New York, from whom I quote: "The advance column of this great westward moving procession of the centuries has encircled the globe. Soon a great human undertow must set back toward the east and the westward tide will settle in turbulent, dangerous eddies and whirl- pools about the great centers of population." Therefore, I say it is the psychological moment for Xew England to make known her resources, show her optimistic spirit, and confidence in our lands, in our industries and our people. This is a factor of significance to New England agriculture. Associated closely with this influence of optimism and confidence comes the all important matter of capital. The Boston Chamber of Commerce at the time of the fruit show prepared a very elaborate folder reflecting credit to rural New England. This was highly complimented, except one phase, which was the ignoring of the necessity of capital. J. H. Hale, the peach king of America, was quick to see the mistake and declared that all of these rural resources and possibilities cannot be fully realized upon unless there is capital to develop them. The business man knows he cannot go far without capital, either in the way of available funds or confidence. It is just as important, if not more so, for the farmer, for in many cases the rural dweller sees opportunities which he simply cannot improve owing to lack of funds. What we want is more investment THE NEW AGRICULTURE. 61 of New England money in New England resources rather than sending it into the great northwest to develop irrigated fruit lands, "dividendless" mining schemes, or into southern rubber planta- tions. I claim that in this new order of things that the desired capital will be forthcoming, for after the conditions are known the business man will prefer to invest his money at home as a hard- headed business principle. This then is another important factor in the significance of the new agriculture to New England. Now is there anything to show that the era of new agriculture is dawning and that it has significance to us ? If what I have been say- ing is founded on facts one would expect a few straws in the current showing its direction. Any man who is a reasonably close observer has not failed to note the change which is so rapidly taking place. Many of these are local but there are some which are interstate. For instance, you remember the Better Farming Special Train which toured Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut some four years ago. The railroad people supplied the train and equipment, and the colleges and agricultural organiza- tions, the speakers. The itinerary covered more than a month and nearly 100,000 people visited the train as it stopped for one to two hours on a siding at local points. Following that closely came the Conference of New England Governors with which you are familiar and which developed a commendable get-together spirit. Then came the New England Fruit Show which has revived horticultural interests in New England in a remarkable way. It is admitted on all hands that it was the most successful horticultural event ever held in the East. Plans are now well in hand for a New England corn exposition and a premium list is on the press which will provide about $7000 for the winners. Notice that these are New England events emphasizing the resources of not one, but all of the six New England states. These events are published widely and cannot fail to draw attention to this quarter of the globe. Proof that it is so is shown by the actual inquiries about New England industries and farms. I have recently communicated with boards of agri- culture, railroads, commercial organizations, and real estate dealers, with an effort to learn what renewed interest, if any, is manifest. In a word the verdict is that the inquiry for New England property is more than double what it was four or five years ago. For instance, 62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. O. L. Martin, commissioner of Vermont agriculture, says he has received 85 inquiries for farm property within six months, with ")0 of them outside of New England, and a dozen are from west of the Mississippi, and as many more south of the Mason and l)ixon line. W. T. Billings of the Boston & Maine railroad says that inquiries for New England real estate, particularly farms, originating from points west of Chicago, or south of New York ( ity during the past six months number 56. This does not include the dozens of inquiries made to the department regarding New England products, opportunities, and general information. T. F. Mahoney, manager of the New England real estate com- pany, says: "The demand for New England farms today is ten times greater than in years gone by. I can safely say not a day has gone by in the past six months but we received anywhere from five to fifteen inquiries about New England farms." One of the most extensive real estate concerns doing business in New England is the E. A. Strout company, and Pres. Strout says: "Our sales of New England farms to men from west of Pennsylvania were double in 1908 what they were in 1907, and for 1909 our sales were three times what they were in 1907. The best part of this new move- ment is that these western men are young, and usually have a capital of several thousand dollars. They are experienced and are buying large farms. The New England farmer for years has brought his children up to look down upon farming as an occupa- tion and he and his wife have scraped and saved to send John to college to become a one-horse doctor, a seedy lawyer, or a mellow- headed clergyman. Their daughter was sent to normal school or college. She has married away from the farm for her mother brought her up to look higher than a farmer for a husband. In the West farming for years has been a respected business. Farmers brought their sons up to become farmers and encouraged their daughters to marry farmers. Today what is the result? In New England there are more good fertile farms than there are farmers to farm them. In the West there are many more farmers than there are farms. New England needs those surplus farmers. Those western farmers need New England's idle farms. The time is ripe for action. Hundreds of thousands of western farmers move on to cheaper lands every year. They are going now to THE NEW AGRICULTURE. 63 Canada, to Texas, and a dozen other western points. They will come to New England if we will only tell them the truth about our soils, our crops, our markets, and our people. These, then, are some of the actual facts going to prove that the undertow which President Brown so aptly applies, is setting rapidly toward New England. Understand, I do not argue there are no problems yet to solve, or that New England's future is to be one long sweet song. We have problems today, and there will be plenty of others for the future. Just now the labor question is vexing. Then there is the satisfactory assimilation of immigrants which are said to equal 2,000,000 annually, counting the natural increase. I am not so sure but the matter of labor and immigra- tion are two factors which will eventually be amalgamated to the advantage of both, and two of our problems largely solved. Just now we are in the throes of meat boycotts owing to high prices. This simply means that the producer and the consumer are too far apart. The future must bring them closer together. Right here is a significant factor of a new agriculture, and that is a tendency of the consumer to recognize the problems of the pro- ducer, and the producer to recognize the problems of the consumer. There is a growing desire of each class to get nearer the other while in former days the feeling has been quite the reverse. Producers are learning they must give consumers what they want if they are to get best results and supply it when wanted. Consumers on the other hand see that this catering to their special wants is likely to cost a little more. In other words, I can see developing a spirit of take and give, which is a recognized principle with all business men who have dealings with their fellow-men. There is a pro- nounced recognition of the symbiotic relation between the producer and the consumer. An excellent example of such a relation in the plant world is the bacteria that live on the roots of the legume family, like clover. The clover plant supports these bacterial organisms and in return receives nitrogen which these tubercles gather from the air and which the clover plant needs for its success. Then you have heard about ants which take care of plant lice or aphides through the winter, and in return gather exuding honey dew. In the same way this new agriculture gives the soil air, light, fertility; and the soil in return gives bountiful crops; both factors 64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. in the equation profiting by the exchange, a true symbiotic con- dition. The same principle well applies in the case of the great masses of producers and consumers. Each is essential to the other. As Longfellow says: "As unto the bow the cord is, So unto man is woman. Though she bends him, she obeys him, Though she draws him, she follows, Useless each without the other." This getting-together of the producer and the consumer will see much associated effort, or as is frequently termed co-operation. Again this one point of co-operation among farmers, business men, corporations, and states, is sufficiently fertile for an address by itself. In a word, New England is just on the threshold of great develop- ments along the lines of co-operation. The get-together spirit or associated effort is in the very air. It is more highly developed in the west than in the east, but New England is rapidly catching on and had I the time I could give you the specific movements, particularly along rural lines, which show what is being done in each of the New England states. Our system of doing business is the most extravagant on the face of the globe. Why should consumers pay 9 cents a quart for milk when the producers receive only 4, or at the most \\ cents for the same amount ? Why should meats for which the producer receives 4 to 10 cents cost the consumer 15 to 40 cents ? Why should eggs for which the farmer receives 16 cents go into cold storage and be peddled out as the fresh product to consumers at 40 cents ? I feel that part of this is due to the unreasonably large dividends of middlemen. However, the system of doing business accounts for no small portion. For instance, in peddling milk you will see any- where from two to a dozen peddlers driving over the same route picking up a customer here and there. Then again with meats and groceries, the consumer will order 25 cents worth and expect the storekeeper to deliver the goods with an expensive outfit includ- ing man, horse, wagon, etc. All these things cost money, and both the producer and the consumer eventually foot the bill. If the system is not wrong, it is certainly extravagant. These are ques- THE NEW AGRICULTURE. 65 tions which the future will consider and which our redirected edu- cation and optimistic spirit of progress will solve. Denmark was once one of the poorest nations on the continent but through asso- ciated effort and the remarkable development of co-operative associations the country has become one of the richest. So will we become prosperous as we utilize the powers of cooperation. What has all this to do with the Massachusetts Horticultural Society? I maintain it has a great deal. The society is to share in this new agriculture which in itself is significant to New England progress. I believe your organization will help push along this redirected education, this combination of science and practice, and help to self help. Especially do I urge that you get in touch with the boys and girls and the young people. There is where the most telling work can be perfected. Perhaps you are familiar with what some cities are doing in the way of school gardens and organization of boys' and girls' clubs. The neighboring city of Worcester is developing one of the most commendable enterprises in the way of training the young which has ever come to my attention. I refer to the Garden City idea with which perhaps you are familiar. From most unruly and wayward children they are developing model citizens. Those in charge have not only given the boys and girls a garden each but they are developing the civic idea. These gardens are located in what was formerly an unsightly spot of the city. The boys and girls elect their city officers, including the mayor, alderman, councilmen, policemen, etc. Instead of the unruly and bothersome individuals they formerly were, they are learning to appreciate law and order, and they themselves are the ones to lift the ideals higher. I know of no more worthy work which the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society could do than to make possible some such enter- prise for the youth of Boston. A report from the department of agriculture at Washington early this year says that information from 395 counties in 28 states, in which boys' and girls' agricultural clubs were organized, showed a membership above 144,000. New York has about 75,000 members, Nebraska 25,000 and one county in Pennsylvania 2000. Think of the tremendous influence on future agriculture that this proper training of so many children means. It is the sort of redirected education for which I plead and G6 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. which I sincerely hope your organization will foster in every possible way. With the best of financial backing the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society has an unusual obligation. It has been given many talents and much will be expected. May I suggest too that in your campaign for horticultural improvement that you place increasing emphasis on the practical everyday side of the matter. The millionaire horticulturist is not to be ignored, but after all he is able to take care of himself and the real educational and most valuable work to mankind of this association can be through encouragement of the man who is not so rich in this world's goods and who must depend on the profits of his daily toil for a living. If advisable, I would like to see this extension work go back into the homes of the hill towns in the central and even western portions of the state. Your society carries the name of the state and I believe the policy in the past has been to restrict activities to eastern sec- tions. It is not for me to object to such a policy and I only want to remind you that there is worlds of work out in these sections of the state waiting to be done. Were such a campaign decided upon I would be very glad to go into specific details associated therewith. Following the report of the country life commission, Ex-President Roosevelt said: "There are three main directions in which farmers can help themselves: Better farming, better business, and better living on the farm." Anything which this organization can do to promote such progress will be much to its credit. In so far as you sense your responsibilities and help humanity to help itself, so far will you prosper. The home is the basis of all progress and if you can reach it you reach a mighty factor of the nation's prosperity. By thus bringing success to the people you inevitably bring success to your own organization. Combining your efforts with those of other organizations, colleges, schools, individuals, and modifying agencies, is there any doubt about a redirected education; about a greater New England; or about the new agriculture; with partic- ular significance to each and every New England state. HORTICULTURE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN. BY MISS LAURA BLANCHARD DAWSON, JAMAICA PLAIN, MASS. Given before the Society, March 5, 1910. The subject of Horticulture as a profession for women has been for some years past a topic of widespread interest both in Europe and America. Now, while Horticulture means primarily the culture and care of a garden, or of the plants for a garden, I am using the word in its broadest sense to include floriculture, fruit culture, vegetable culture, and the culture of plants for landscape gardening. I shall stretch the point even a little further and include the practice of landscape gardening itself. Even back in Colonial days women did much along horticultural lines. Mr. Robert Manning, in his History of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, tells us that the first person who cultivated a garden on a large scale in Charleston, South Carolina, was Mrs. Lamboll. This was about the middle of the eighteenth century, at which time, Mr. Manning goes on to say, "her garden was richly stored with flowers and other curiosities of Nature, as well as useful vegetables. She was followed by Mrs. Martha Logan who when seventy years old wrote a treatise on gardening called the Gardener's Kalendar, which was published after her death in 1779, and as late as 1S08, regulated the practice of gardening in and near Charleston. She was a great florist and uncommonly fond of a garden." The letters of Abigail Adams, the wife of the second President of the United States, show us that about this time she did much to advance the interest in Horticulture by the beautiful gardens which she so successfully managed. Since then from time to time women have not only contributed substantially to the practical side but also to the literature of Horticulture. In 1843 an Ameri- can edition of Mrs. Loudon's works, "Gardening for Ladies" and "Companion to the Flower Garden," were published by A. J. 67 68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Downing, who hoped "that the dissemination in this country of works like the present might increase among our own fair country- women the taste for these delightful occupations in the open air, which are so conducive to their own health and to the beauty and interest of our homes." This was the first work of a practical nature directed to women and seems to have accomplished much towards realizing Mr. Downing's hope. Previous to 1880 we find on the list of honorary members of this Society the names of six women, and since that time in constantly increasing numbers women have accomplished much of merit and value along horti- cultural lines. Now that I have touched upon what women have done for Horticulture, let us come to the more immediate object of this discussion. What can Horticulture do for women? What is the chance of women entering its ranks professionally? Is it a field in which they can earn a substantial livelihood ? I believe it is. There are many phases of it for which women are peculiarly adapted, just as there are phases of it that are decidedly too great a tax on woman's physical endurance. For some time there has been a movement on foot both in this country and abroad toward the undertaking by women of Horticulture on a money-making or professional basis. Although this has not been done widely in the United States until quite recently, in Europe, particularly in Germany and in England, the opening of horticultural schools for women some fifteen or twenty years ago has given a great many women and young girls the opportunity for efficient study in these subjects. In Germany there are five horticultural schools at the present date, all of them conducted by women and each one furnishing a two years' course. The oldest of these, near Berlin, was established twenty years ago, the rest, with one exception, have been established by pupils of this school. Women are also admitted to the course at the Royal Horticultural School but are not allowed to pass the State examinations. The best paid positions are those of horticultural teachers at the sanatoriums where horticultural work is a part of the cure. There are other positions open, as teachers of gardening in household schools in the country, in the State schools for girls and in the large private schools for boys. Women in Germany HORTICULTURE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN. 69 also take up the positions as gardeners on the large estates of land- lords. This is not so well-liked, because the woman usually is not taken into the circle of the noble family and at the same time has birth and education which makes her far above the other people with whom she comes in contact. The daughters of these landlords often take up gardening courses and return from their studies to take charge of their fathers' estates. A few months ago the German Government even sent a young woman to German Poland to instruct some of the German emigrant families there in horticulture and farming. This is of course done to strengthen the position of the German element in the new possessions. A few women have bought estates of their own and started fruit farms or large florist establishments, but these are much in the minority. In England, too, there are two very good horticultural schools exclusively for women. The school at Swanley in Kent has from sixty to eighty pupils each year, and turns out many women well qualified to take positions as gardeners, poultry raisers, et cetera. For some years women were admitted also to Kew Gardens as students, but the authorities there have decided that the training at Kew is unsuitable for women, maintaining that one cannot expect a woman of culture and refinement to be able to push a barrow and spade and fork by the side of a man for eleven hours a day unless she is physically as strong as the man, and that is very rare. This is the cause of the dissension in England on the subject of the "lady gardener," who has been much discussed and dissected. It is this position of gardener, a position which requires much and hard manual labor, to which the woman is not physically equal. There is but one woman out of all those who have studied at Kew who is at present holding such a position in England, and she is possessed of almost masculine strength. But there are other positions closely allied to that of gardener, in which woman can with success make use of her knowledge and love of Horticulture. Almost every city finds its successful woman florist. Not far from Boston is a woman who has made a pronounced success for many years of a small florist trade, with a specialty of wedding, funeral, and table decora- tions, for which she raises her own flowers. Several women of whom I know have done this. Another woman has had splendid good luck in growing carnations for the wholesale market. A 70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. woman on the Western coast who had a small range of greenhouses in which she raised the usual florist line of goods for some years made large additional profits by raising tomatoes, at a time of year when her houses were empty of flowers, and shipping them while almost green to Alaska. Still another woman earns a good salary by having charge of the shop of a large retail florist establishment. She keeps thoroughly posted on the names and varieties not only of the ordinary flowers but of all the new varieties, and her employer says "knows how to use them, too." A similar position is held by a woman who runs the office departments, keeps in touch with new varieties, writes them up for trade papers, etc., in a large wholesale establishment, the rest of which is run by the men of her family. One runs a market garden with success. Three women have made splendid reputations as landscape architects. One of the most important and at the same time pleasing of horticultural pursuits is the growing of flowers — floriculture — which includes both the retail and wholesale florist business. The retail florist business seems to be one to which women who have a love of flowers can readily adapt themselves. The handling of flowers for the retail trade and the designing and making up of bouquets, wreaths, etc., and decorating, seem for a woman of taste not only a pleasing but a profitable business. Of course with this if one goes into business for herself she must combine executive ability. For retail work one can gain knowledge by entering a first class establishment and working up, and although difficult to find in the East, there are well established firms in Baltimore which employ women, while in the Middle West throughout Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois, even in establishments conducted by men, it is quite the custom to employ women to do the above mentioned things. One man frankly told me that for these things, i. e., for making up and decorating, he preferred to employ women, saying that he found that as a general rule they had more taste and that the results were more artistic than when the work was done by men. The store of this particular man is managed by a woman. The wholesale florist business is much more intricate and difficult and requires a greater knowledge and greater executive ability, particularly if one desires to combine growing and selling. For the growing one must have had a practical training, even to make a HORTICULTURE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN. 71 beginning, for, as one woman has very truly expressed it, there are few lines of study that require closer application and higher gifts of observation, to say nothing of actual scientific knowledge, than the growing of plants under glass. This necessitates constant vigilance both night and day. Of course one can always hire men to do the heaviest and most wearing work, but even then a woman should consider very carefully before risking her capital in a large florist's plant. A great many of the women who are now in the florist's business in this country have either grown up in the business or have fallen heir to it upon the death of husband or brother. Quite as often we find a woman who is the mainstay of a business, but whose identity is merged in that of the men of her family. A few have taken it up because of ill health, but this is not advisable from the standpoint of financial success. For with success in view we need for this business not only good health but a tremendous re- serve energy and vital force. Fruit culture seems to offer success to women without the mental and physical drag upon her strength that is attendant upon the complicated details of growing flowers under glass. With a suitable piece of land this branch of Horticulture can be made not only pleasing but profitable. In the far West, particularly, there have been marked successes among the women who have raised orchard fruits, as well as small fruits. I am advised that it has also proved profitable to have in connection with the raising of fruit a system wherein fruit can be put up or canned ready for sale. Still another branch of Horticulture in which women have suc- ceeded in making a livelihood is vegetable culture, the most common form of which is market gardening. Here in New England there are one or two women who have excelled in this. This is one of the practical lines which is rather simple and extremely interesting and remunerative, but in connection with which there is much back-breaking work, and very long hours, for the marketing of vegetables requires an early start in the morning before the day's work begins. Fancy vegetables, or those out of season, from the greenhouse, are always in demand and generally command good prices. Then we have the growing of plants for landscape gardening, which is, broadly speaking, the nursery business. This is much 72 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. too difficult an undertaking for the ordinary woman to assume. The responsibilities, the host of widely differing problems to be solved, the traveling about and actual presence upon the spot in all sorts of weather, the directing of employees, are but a few of the conditions which make plain the necessity of possessing unusual ability both physical and mental. Only the woman who would succeed in any undertaking should attempt this. I know one woman in the West at the present time who is the head of a large nursery business and whose identity is entirely merged in that of her husband and brother. Of course in the herbaceous department of the nursery business we have a more pleasing and less complicated line of work. This is profitable and well within a woman's province. So far we have been dealing with the commercial side of Horti- culture. We have still the professional side to consider, and that is landscape gardening. This again combines a wide practical knowledge of trees and shrubs and herbaceous plants with the theory of design both as applicable to the garden and grounds, and of course a well-founded knowledge of architecture, drainage, engineering, and a keen sense of color and form. There are in various parts of this country several eminently successful women landscape architects. Miss Beatrix Jones of New York, who is one of the best known, has already written in a concise and well- balanced manner as to the advisability of women entering her profession. Through the courtesy of Miss Jones and of the editors of a book shortly to be published on Woman's Work, I am per- mitted to quote from these advance sheets: "It is a profession which no woman should attempt who is not above rather than below the average of physical strength and endurance, as the work swings from one extreme to another; some- times meaning eight hours or more office work; making plans, drawing up specifications, and draughting, and this continued for several days, followed by the entire change which field work means. This not infrequently involves a week's continuous work in which the average day, including time spent in traveling, is twelve hours or over. The engagements for field work must sometimes be made weeks ahead in the busy season and must be kept irrespective of weather or bodily condition, for the reason that in such work the meeting must be carefully arranged beforehand in order to be HORTICULTURE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN. 73 adjusted to the engagements of the client, the contractor, the engi- neer, and the landscape gardener. "No one should attempt the profession who has not by nature a quality which corresponds to the musician's ear for music, that is, the power to perceive and assimilate the characteristics of land- scape : in other words, no one can be a landscape gardener who has not an eye any more than a musician can be made from a person who has no ear. This means the appreciation of the texture as well as the colour of the landscape, the peculiar quality of each individual place and its adaptation to specific treatment; for it cannot be too strongly borne in mind that landscape gardening is the profession of a painter built on the substructure of that of an engineer. "If after consideration the young woman decides that she wishes to become a landscape gardener, a thorough preparation should follow this determination. The actual studying should be supple- mented by a journey to Europe, as essential to the landscape garde- ner as it is to the architect, and for the same reason that it tends to form and educate the eye and train it to perceive what has been done with the opportunity given. At present the work of women in the profession consists almost entirely of what may be called the domestic branch. By this is meant the laying out and manage- ment of private places as opposed to public parks or land develop- ments or town planning. The landscape gardener's equipment must consist of a sufficient knowledge of engineering to read and comprehend a survey and to detect any errors, which means of course the capability to make a survey, however halting and labori- ous the effort. The drainage of land must be well understood, as well as the various methods of road construction and the ability to calculate the grading cross sections and the quantity of soil to be removed. In the architectural department the landscape gardener must know enough of construction to build proper retaining walls and terraces, balustrades, steps, summer houses, etc., suited to the architecture of the house and the general character of the country. "The technique of the planting is one of the most important parts of the landscape gardener's education, and here is where the instinctive appreciation of the appropriate cannot be dispensed with. A wide familiarity with the growth, needs, and expression of the 74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. trees, shrubs, and herbs is required to give the landscape artist the palette which is needed to paint the open air picture. Landscape gardening is an exact profession. No mental slovenliness can be tolerated. Specifications must be accurately made out, plant names properly spelled, and the necessarily complicated accounts carefully kept." This profession is one of luxury and even more dependent upon the prosperity of the country than the florist's business. Miss Jones has said that women are restricted more or less to the domestic branch of landscape gardening. In this restricted branch the flower garden itself is one in the making of which women can paint a picture of great charm and harmony which is an expression of the peculiar sympathy which exists between womankind and flowers. The most charming garden which I ever saw was designed and carried out by a princess who is also a sculptor of merit. In this garden one feels the touch of the woman and the princess. It has always seemed to me that there should be an opening for women as consulting gardeners. In small towns often there are one or two gardeners, more or less inexperienced, who go for one or two days each week to the small place, where there is not enough work to require a regular gardener all the time. A well-informed person coming in and superintending the work of such inexperienced men results in a much more satisfactory looking place, and is quite within a woman's sphere. If one is fond of children and combines a practical knowledge with theoretical teaching, a very acceptable departure is the teach- ing and management of school gardens. There has been a general movement throughout the country in this direction and much has been accomplished both by establishing in cities garden plots for children who would otherwise have no opportunity of getting so close to Nature, and by teaching country children many things which will direct their interest toward their home gardens which otherwise they take for granted and pay little attention to. It has the added value, of course, of teaching the children a great deal about Nature and keeping them occupied in a healthful and in- structive way. This work, while it requires a great deal of tact and knowledge of children, to say nothing of an ability to teach, is a healthful, attractive, and remunerative occupation which does not HORTICULTURE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN. 75 involve too great a tax upon physical strength and in which capital is not a requisite. While school gardening has already spread throughout many of the principal cities and towns in this part of the country, there is still room for its development in each city or municipality in which it does not already exist. Teaching of Horticulture and writing on allied subjects form a large part of what women can do in the way of earning a living from their knowledge of horticultural subjects. The latter hitherto has been one of the means by which woman has contributed most to Horticulture. This is a very important branch, for it is through the literature on the subject that the interest of the general public is aroused and the future generations will get the greatest benefit of what has already been accomplished. As to the modes of studying these various phases of Horticulture, as I have already mentioned, it often happens that a young woman has been brought up in the business. In that case she has little need of going to a school to perfect her knowledge along her chosen line. As there is no training, particularly in the raising of flowers, fruits, and vegetables, so valuable as the training one gets from the continued practical work of helping others of more mature experi- ence and competence. There are, however, horticultural schools. All the State agricultural colleges, I believe, open their doors to women, and statistics show that a few women enter each of these colleges every year. In the far West, at any rate, at the Washington State College, at Pullman, there are more women in proportion than in the more Eastern colleges. In the East there are private horticultural schools where one may obtain knowledge along these lines. One of these is Lowthorpe, the School at Groton, Massa- chusetts, which, however, pays more attention to its landscape classes and to the side of Horticulture which bears upon the land- scape values, than it does to commercial floriculture, although that, too, receives some attention. Since the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has eliminated its special course in landscape archi- tecture the Lowthorpe School is the only school in the Eastern States where women may study landscape gardening to a full extent. A school of Horticulture for women is about to be opened at Chelten- ham near Philadelphia. This school aims to give more attention to Horticulture than to landscape work, and includes in its cur- 76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. riculum poultry raising, bee culture, dairying, and in fact follows closely the line of study of the English horticultural schools. There are courses both of Horticulture and of landscape gardening at Wellesley and Smith Colleges, but these are open only to the stu- dents of these institutions. Each of the courses is a year's course, the Wellesley course paying greater attention to landscape work than does that at Smith College, where the aim is to give the student a good foundation in Horticulture and a fund of knowledge from which to draw in the superintending of her own estates. There is, undoubtedly, for the energetic woman with a taste and liking for this kind of work, an opening in this country. For those who are in pursuit of commercial horticulture, such as florist's work, fruit and vegetable raising, the opportunities seem rather greater in the West, particularly in the far West, for there Horti- culture has moved along with great strides and it is a country which is still growing rapidly and therefore offers more to the early comer. The climate and the soil conditions also assist materially. The private estates in the West are still in such a rough state that the demand for landscape gardening is very slight, although already it begins to look as if that occupation would become profitable there within a few years. At the present time there is much more of an opening in this profession and less prejudice against the practice of it by women than in the Eastern States. If a few energetic women should go West and "talk it up" it would be profitable to them and open the doors to others who might come in a more practical capacity. One woman of my acquaintance has been doing this in Portland, Oregon, but she feels that as far as landscape work is concerned the time is not quite ripe there and has recently gone to try her luck in California. Although I have spoken already of this, do not forget that no woman should undertake any of these practical branches of Horti- culture unless she has good health, business ability, and some capital with which to start. To quote again from Mr. Robert Manning's History of this Society, — "Horticulture is the perfection of Agriculture and as population increases and with it the necessity for more careful cultivation, we may expect that all the operations of Agriculture will ultimately be performed with the precision, nicety, and refinement of Horticulture until the whole world shall HORTICULTURE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN. 77 become a garden." What more fitting than that woman while deriving profit from Horticulture should be assisting in this making of the whole world into a garden ? Discussion. Robert Cameron said that at the Kew Gardens women had been received during the last fifteen years for instruction in practical greenhouse work with good results. They work here along with the men but he knew of no place in this country where such experi- ence could be had. He thought too much attention was given to landscape work. He gave several instances of women in the vicinity of Boston who had made a success in floricultural work in the growing of plants and flowers as well as in finding a profitable market for them. Duncan Finlayson remarked that in Europe more women are employed in florists' stores than is the custom in this country, in fact nearly all the florists employ women to arrange flowers in bouquets and to perform other floral work. "William N. Craig said he thought it strange so few women were found in our florists' establishments, a work for which they were peculiarly fitted. He thought there was not much of a field for women in gardening, for it was too hard work for them. Their best field was in the flower shops and also in such greenhouse employment as the growing of violets and carnations rather than in outside work. In his opinion there was not much of a field in America for women's work in horticulture except in the florists' stores and in some features of landscape gardening. Miss Dawson said she had in mind the possibility of women finding suitable and profitable employment in directing the manage- ment of small estates and gardens in the vicinity of their own homes. The ordinary gardeners usually employed on such places lacked the taste and knowledge required to bring about the best results and often spoiled what would be otherwise an attractive place. While a woman gardener could not do the hard practical work she could direct such operations as pruning and planting to advantage by reason of her superior knowledge of the character of the indi- vidual plant or shrub. 78 MASSACHUSETTS BORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. As a man specializes in these days in certain lines of horticultural work such as spraying, etc., so a woman could find opportunities for congenial employment in gardening work suitable for her. Miss Dawson said she thought the reason for the prejudice against woman in horticulture arose from the feeling that she was not physically adapted to the work. William P. Rich remarked that there were abundant opportuni- ties for women in our suburban towns who were interested in flori- culture and who were skilful in the cultivation of flowers to add materially to their income by means of their gardens. He related an instance that had come to his attention in illustration of this statement. A woman who was very fond of flowers had a garden in a neighboring town that attracted so much notice that those walking or riding by were accustomed to stop and admire it. To these visitors she often presented bunches of the flowers and soon they came to her to buy them, although at first she had not thought of selling them. These sales, very small at first, have gradually increased until last year they amounted to $270.00, and she has now built a small greenhouse for the further extension of the busi- ness side of the work, and in a few years will have undoubtedly established a very good business. This same thing can be done in many other localities by those similarly situated who have a love for horticultural pursuits. LILIES FOR THE HOME GARDEN. BY E. S. MILLER, WADING RIVER, N. Y. Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, March 12, 1910. The lily has been given us in song and story for three thousand years. Solomon sang of its grace and loveliness. Other writers in the Old and New Testaments have mentioned its beauty. Poets have sung of its worth and loveliness down to the present time. We have this mythological account of its origin: "Jupiter wished to make his boy Hercules (born of a mortal) one of the gods; so he snatched him from the bosom of his earthly mother, Alcmena, and bore him to the breast of the godlike Juno. The milk is spilled from the full-mouthed boy as he traverses the sky (making the Milky Way), and what drops below stars and clouds and touches earth, stains the ground with lilies." The identity of the different species is wTrapt in obscurity. While Lilium chalcedonicum, the Scarlet Martagon, covers the plains of Syria and Lilium candidum, the Annunciation lily, grows abun- dantly in these regions, it is generally conceded that the lily of the field, mentioned centuries later, was the anemone. Notwithstand- ing the early obscurity of the species referred to in the Bible we find that chalcedonicum and candidum were introduced into England prior to 1590, over three hundred years ago. Gerarde in his herbal, published in 1596, speaks of candidum as an old and well-known flower, and mentions Martagon lilies as being under cultivation as early as 1562. Pijreniacum was brought from the Pyrenees to England before this date. In this time much has been written of them, and about 150 species and varieties have been introduced to cultivation. Parkinson in his "Paradisus or Garden of Pleasant Flowers," published in 1689, gives the lily the most prominent place, "because (as he says) the Lily is the more stately flower among manie." He 79 SO MASSACHUSETTS BORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. mentions thirteen: five varieties of the Martagon Imperial, among them the Spotted Martagon of Canada (our native canadense) ; six varieties of the Umbellati lilies; croceum, the golden red lily; bulbiferum, the red bulbed lily; and the remaining two he describes as white lilies. He adds: "the Martagon is so common I will not lose time to bestow many lines upon it." Kaempfer, Linnaeus, and Thunberg described several species and varieties as early as 1712. The earliest attempt to publish a mono- graph of the genus Liliuni was in 1847, by Spae. He, being a skilled horticulturist and botanist, based his work on careful ob- servations of living forms making it by far the most complete and useful account of the genus, until DuChatre of Paris, Baker of Kew, and Max Leichtlin of Carlsruhe gave the results of their labors to the world in 1870. In 1879 Prof. Sereno Watson published his revision of North American Lilies, a very complete work. Other workers have given the results of their labors in various publications. The finest work devoted exclusively to lilies is a monograph of the genus by Henry John Elwes, published in 1880, containing about 50 folio plates colored by hand, illustrating over 60 species with very full and accurate description, life history, classification, geo- graphical distribution, habitats, culture, etc. Very little literature is found in American publications previous to 1870. Since that time the horticultural press has given us notes and articles on the subject, but mostly on forcing lilies, and quota- tions from foreign publications, excepting "Garden and Forest," which contained many original articles on the species. Horticul- ture met with a loss in the discontinuance of this excellent paper. If, however, the amateur looks to foreign publications for notes and cultural directions, he finds they are not suited to his needs in this climate. As for instance telling us to grow Lilivm tenuifolium (from seed) in a hot bed, at a temperature of 70°; and in pots or pans of turfy loam, peat, and leaf-mould with the addition of one-sixth part of silver sand; also the seeds to be covered with fine soil to a depth equal to the diameter of the seed, i. e. one-eighth of an inch, and gently watered; when the plants appear to re- move them to a vinery or greenhouse, where they should be placed in an airy position, kept well supplied with water, which in Sep- tember should be gradually withheld and discontinued after October; LILIES FOR THE HOME GARDEN. 81 the seeds to be placed so far apart that they can grow in the pots or pans as sown (an inch to suffice) ; in November to pot them singly in four-inch pots or three of them in a seven-inch pot, and to winter them in a cool greenhouse. Now if this early treatment should be practised here the chances are we would have no use for the directions for culture after Sep- tember, for in our humid days in July and August the novice would find about ninety per cent of his seedlings had disappeared from damping off. Here, we sow all the lily seeds out of doors in well-prepared beds five feet wide, in rows one foot apart, covering the seed about an inch with not too fine soil. Instead of an inch apart we sow five to ten or more seeds to the inch; covering the bed thinly with excelsior at once. As soon as the plants appear, removing the excelsior. The only care bestowed upon them after this is to keep the ground clean and the soil loose between the rows. Neither are the dealers' catalogues, with a dozen lines of cul- tural directions, of much assistance. While lilies have been culti- vated extensively for nearly three centuries in England very little attention was paid to them here previous to 1850. When this country was colonized, Michaux, Pursh, Bartram, Collinson, and others collected and sent bulbs of our east-coast lilies to Europe, where they have been extensively grown since. Comparatively few varieties of lilies are grown here even today. When the speciosum and auratum and their varieties were introduced they gave an impetus to lily culture. Magnificent results have been obtained in the culture of these, particularly auratum, in the vicinity of Boston and elsewhere. From 1860 to 1870 the west-coast varieties were discovered and introduced. There seems to be no more interest in growing now than in the 60s or 70s. Could not this be remedied by more vigor- ous, aggressive work by the press and dealers ? Taking up a dozen catalogues offering lilies, I find one offers 38, one 22, one 13, and the rest less than a dozen varieties, while one dealer in 1876 offered over 40 varieties, and in 1880 one firm offered 59 varieties, having them in stock. This offering only a few varieties, and the fact that the dealers tell you that they are hardy, are two causes why lilies are not more generally grown. I am speaking now of the home 82 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. garden of the average flower lover. In the gardens, for instance, in the rural districts where flowers are grown, the tiger lilies are often seen, and occasionally auratum, speciosum, or elegans, but beyond this the lily family is not represented. Few people succeed with lilies outside of the varieties mentioned. Failures result from various causes: lack of knowledge of the varieties best suited to the climate; soil, location; and cultural treatment. Some people will succeed with lilies in situations where others fail. Some will suc- ceed with one manner of treatment while others will succeed with another. As a rule all lilies are given as hardy by the dealer and the major- ity are, under certain conditions, but the climate is so varied in this country that lilies that are hardy in one section may not be in another; for instance, they are able to withstand the winter in Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont, while they will succumb on Long Island, New Jersey, and even farther south, because the ground usually has a blanket of snow in the northern states all winter, while on Long Island and farther south the ground freezes and thaws all winter and snow rarely covers the ground for more than a week at a time, and then only three or four times during the winter. This is death to most lilies; the frequent freezing to a slight depth lifts the bulbs and pulls them off the roots the same as it does with many perennials. Iris Kaempferi often freezes out this way. Funkia subcordata alba we have to lift and heel in over winter. I have had seedling tenuifoliums and sets of other lilies, where they were not covered, frozen out so they were entirely out of the soil. Now we imitate the snow blanket by using coarse stable manure, or gladioli tops which is our most available mulch. Particularly tender sorts we plant in frames, mulch with litter, and cover with sash or tight shutters to carry off the water. If sash is used we cover lightly with litter to keep out the sun. We never mulch until the ground freezes, to avoid giving the mice a harbor. In my early days I bought a lot of lilies, among them Hansoni at $5.00 each. Thinking to do well by them, I prepared a fine border in early fall, planted them carefully at the proper distance and depth. To make sure that they would not be injured by frost I gave them a heavy covering of leaves before the ground froze, thinking I would have a good show the next year. When I uncovered them in spring, to my dismay, I found that the mice had destroyed every one. LILIES FOR THE HOME GARDEN. 83 Many lilies cannot stand our hot dry summers, coming from cool, moist ravines or mountain sides, borders of streams, or other places where the drainage is natural and perfect. To succeed with such, we must imitate nature. Aesop told the gardener of his master, Xanthus, that; "The Earth is stepmother to those plants which are incorporated into her soil, but mother to those which are her own free production." This may be the reason why our own native species are capable of withstanding the severity of our winters, while those from foreign countries are not. The late Peter Hanson of Brooklyn, for whom our beautiful Hansoni was named, was one of the most successful growers in this country, growing from 1870 to 1885 all the varieties known at that time. He planted them in properly constructed rock-works where they had moisture and shade for the bulbs, thus imitating their native habitats. I visited him one summer morning at six o'clock, his only leisure time, and saw his success with many varieties which baffled the skill of others. The late Peter Barr, when visiting this country, insisted that we should cover our lilies with lath shades. This is good for varieties which cannot stand our dry, hot days of summer, but there is no need to do it with spcciosum, tigrinums, elegans, Batemanniae, and auratum, in field culture, as we have grown them successfully without artificial shading, with the two-horse cultivator thoroughly and often stiring the soil, supplying and conserving the moisture where needed. The amateur has to accomplish this by other means as did Hanson and others by mulching and shading. I have found excelsior an excellent mulch using it thinly on seed beds, and thicker on older stock; it is neat and clean; weeds can be easily removed or it can be taken off while the weeds are pulled and the soil stirred and then replaced. Coarse manure, peat, cocoa fibre, leaves, etc. may be used. A common practice among amateur cultivators is to plant lilies in shrubberies ,with good results. Care should be exercised in selecting a good location for the lily bed to have it well drained, for no lilies can thrive in ground that is water soaked. Even those growing in swamps or on the margins of brooks are found growing in the surface soil, above the water or often in the sphagnum where the medium is aerated. Lilies in their native habitats grow in a varietv of soils. It does n't matter so much 84 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. what the soil is, so long as there is the requisite amount of moisture and plant food during the growing season, and perfect drainage at all times. This is a very important matter and if not attended to, failure is inevitable. Our Long- Island soil is naturally drained, hut where this is not the ease care should be taken to plant where water will not settle or where the bulbs may be kept comparatively dry when at rest. If water settles about the bulbs it will either rot them, or when freezing will disintegrate them. This may be obviated by planting on side hills or in raised beds. Hanson's system overcame all difficulties along this line. Any soil that will grow good crops of other flowers or vegetables will grow good lilies, if plenty of fertilizing material is used. Much difference of opinion exists on this point. Some advise stable, some cow-manure; others neither, using peat or leaf mould alone; and some advise commer- cial fertilizers. We use a compost of vegetable matter and animal manures, making up the pile in winter, and using it the following fall, turning it well in the mean time. It is thoroughly rotted and would nearly all pass through a sieve of one-inch mesh. We find we can use this on all lilies, even seedlings and sets plowed in for the large bulbs and forked in for the beds of sets and seedlings. We use it also for top dressing and mulching in summer. I think the commercial fertilizers containing the various elements of plant food are beneficial if thoroughly incorporated in the soil. Much depends on the time and manner of planting. The best time to plant lilies is when the tops have ripened and the leaves have fallen, and a greater measure of success results if they can be planted as soon as dug, before the bulbs or their roots get dry. But this is impossible with bulbs not at hand. In the case of Japan bulbs, their season is such that they cannot ripen the bulbs and get them to us before December, when the ground is frozen. Then they have to be kept until spring, or if they are expected, the bed can be prepared and covered with a heavy mulch to keep out the frost, when on the arrival of the bulbs they can be put in on a mild day. Few bulbs are kept over winter in as good condition as they were in the fall, except in cold storage. The amateur and dealer who must keep them on hand often do not have a proper place to keep them and they come out in the spring in too weak a state to survive more than one season. In the case of lilies from India and LILIES FOR THE HOME GARDEN. 85 the Philippines it is still worse. Of importations of Philippinense arriving in July, not over 10% grew and those in a crippled condi- tion, and none survived to grow the following year. Some years ago it was stated that 70 % of auratum failed in England and 90 % in America in customers' hands the first season; but since the Japan- ese have allowed the bulbs to come to maturity before digging, there has been much less loss. Lilies are often planted too near the surface in our dry climate. All lilies emit roots from the stems above the bulbs for the support of the steins, and to assist the bulb in nourishing the stem, leaves, and flowers. Now the more vigorous those roots are the finer the growth and bloom will be. The depth should be at least three inches for the small bulbs like tenuifolium, concolor, coridion, and our eastern native lilies. The larger bulbs should be planted deeper, six to eight inches for Tigers, aumtums, speciosums, etc.; while Henryi, Humboltii, W ashingtonianum, and others having large bulbs, from eight to twelve inches. W ashingtonianum is found growing from twelve to twenty inches deep in its native habitat. We now come to the subject proper of our talk, "Lilies for the Home Garden." We would find every variety of the family beauti- ful if we could grow them, for, quoting from the "Garden's Story," Mr. Peter Henderson says: "The Lily has no poor relations, and that in a general collection of species all that can be imagined desir- able and perfect in floral forms will be realized. Indeed, it is beautiful in all its varied forms; and when we consider that except one or two species it is a flower with no insect pests, the lily may well be regarded as one of the greatest treasures of the hardy flower garden." The following species and varieties can be recommended, most of which are too well known to need any description. Candidum. The Madonna or Annunciation lily. The white lily has always been a favorite. It has been the theme of the poets, the model of the painters, and the symbol of purity. Chalcedonicum. The scarlet Martagon or Turk's Cap, said by many writers to be the "Lily of the Field." Martagon, Album, and Dalmaticum are attractive and beautiful when well grown. These three species are of easy culture and thrive if left undisturbed; they have been in cultivation over three centuries. 86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Excelsum or Testaceum, a cross between candidum and chalce- donicum, is worthy of a place in every garden. It inherits all the good qualities of both parents. Auratum. The Hill lily and varieties are grand members of the family and well repay any care bestowed upon them. These with the speciosums delight in peat. The type is well known and appreciated. Conspicuous among the varieties are: rubro-vittafrum, virginale, JVittci, and platyphyUum. One of the finest of the auratum varieties, Parkmani, raised by Mr. Francis Parkman of Boston, is almost lost to cultivation in this country. Hardly less grand and beautiful are the various forms of speciosum: rubrum or roseum, and album are the common varieties, but equally easy of culture are the finer ones: ■melpomcne, magnificum, Kraetzeri, and Opal. Many of the type of elegans, which now includes Thunbergianvm, are of the easiest culture, thriving in any soil and under difficulties which would be death to some lilies. The sturdiest are robusta, Leonard Joerg, bicolur, atrosanguineum, Aurora and Midnight, Alice Wilson (lemon colored, broad-petaled, one of the handsomest of the group), Wihoni (the tallest and latest to bloom, apricot tinted with purple spots). The most beautiful of all is Prince of Orange (a spotted form of a soft pleasing buff tint, very dwarf) and Peter Barr, a new and beautiful orange spotted form. The lily most frequently seen in old gardens is the tiger lily. It will grow and thrive under any amount of neglect, in fact it is naturalized along roadsides in many places on Long Island. In addition to the type, the variety splendens, with taller stems and larger flowers, and the form with double flowers are showy and worthy a place in our gardens. The coral lily of Siberia, L. tenuifolium is a graceful and showy lily, blooming from the middle to the last of June. It grows from one to two feet high with six to eight flowers, about two inches across, coral red in color. Lilium Batemanniae is a sturdy grower with upright cup-shaped flowers, pure apricot color. A white lily with upright flowers is unknown. In 1889 Dr. Henry sent from China to Kew Gardens a new lily which flowered that summer and was named Lilium Henrijl. It is LILIES FOR THE HOME GARDEN. 87 similar to the speciosums and is popularly known as the yellow specio- sum. Although it has been cultivated for twenty years it is yet rare and high in price. It is very hardy, thriving where speciosums and tigrimims grow. Strong bulbs throw up stems four to six feet high with a wealth of green foliage and a pyramidal corymb of six to ten orange-yellow flowers. Lilium Wallacei has a beautiful vermilion orange colored cup- shaped flower, spotted with maroon-colored, raised dots. A late bloomer, very healthy, and of easy culture. The true type of Lilium longiflorum is very satisfactory in the garden. The forcing variety, Harrisi is not so amenable to outside culture. Lilium Davuricum is a little known lily, often confounded with umbellatum, from which it is distinct. It resembles philadelphicum, more than umbellatum. A good grower with six to eight erect scarlet flowers with black spots; blooming in July. Lilium Hansoni is one of the harbingers of spring, starting into growth the first warm days. It is of easy culture and very attractive. Of our many native lilies, but few will thrive well under ordinary treatment. The following succeed best : The superbum or meadow Turk's cap is a grand plant when established and wrell fed. It grows from four to six feet tall and bears from six to twenty-five flowers. The graceful meadow lily, Lilium canadensc and varieties flu rum, pure yellow, and rubrum, dark red, grow and flower well in cultivation. The panther lily, Lilium pardalinum, a native of California, yields readily to cultivation and is very showy when established. Many other beautiful lilies will repay the cultivator for the trouble bestowed, but the foregoing list will afford a succession of bloom and well represents the lily family in the home garden. Discussion. "William N. Craig referred to the difficulty in growing Lilium caudidum out of doors on account of its susceptibility to disease. He stated that for a good many years he had seen no disease on plants grown in pots under glass. Good spikes would carry 10 to 88 M \>>A( 111 >KITS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 15 flowers each, while outside they averaged 5 to 10 flowers, rarely more. In some seasons the plants would flower before disease appeared, but usually it came just when the flowers were about to open, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture had not proved of much avail.. He said it should be borne in mind that there were two distinct types of Liliitm candidum ; one with large rather flat bulbs, with thin scales, which produced narrow foliage and stalks carrying only 3 to 6 flowers with narrow petals; the other had smaller but rounder and proportionately heavier bulbs with thicker scales and carried broader foliage and strong spikes frequently two to the bulb; the flowers were longer and rounder with more substance than the other type. The large majority of American dealers carried only the poor, narrow-petaled variety and people planting them had become discouraged. The good type was mostly produced in the north of France and anyone purchasing these bulbs should insist on being given north of France stock. Mr. Craig said that he had found IAlium Brownii very reliable, also L. Hansoni, and neither had shown disease. E. H. Wilson gave an interesting account of the Chinese species of lilies and their native habitats. He said that China was the home of the lily; and of 30 species known to grow there 17 were native. Lilies can be grown from seed in pots with good results in from 12 to 18 months. He spoke of their economic properties, and that leucanthemum and tigrinum bulbs were eaten as delicacies. THE DIETETIC VALUE OF FRUIT. BY PKOF. WILLIAM R. LAZENBY, COLUMBUS, OHIO. Given before the Society, March 19, 1910. In order to support life and growth and to maintain the strength and efficiency of the human body, some things are absolutely neces- sary. Among these, named perhaps in order of importance, are pure air; wholesome, nutritious food; prompt and regular removal of the excreta ; unbroken sleep ; and some form of muscular exercise. No one can long enjoy a full measure of health and strength without due regard to each and every one of these. Pure air is placed first, for if this is lacking, however great the attention to the others, health is soon undermined. Ordinarily we supply the body with food in three daily meals, with intervals ranging from four to twelve hours, and this fully meets the demands of the body through the stomach. The de- mands of the body through the lungs are more imperious. They require, at least, 20,000 meals a day, with intervals of only a few seconds. But if pure air is absolutely essential to good health, food is no less so. It is necessary to form the material of the body and repair its wastes; it is also necessary to keep up the proper temperature and furnish the muscular and other power that the body exerts. In other words, it serves not only for building and repair, but for fuel as well. Science teaches us that the energy of the sun which lights and heats this restless planet we inhabit, is stored in wood and coal, petroleum and gas, and is constantly being transformed into the heat of the furnace, the light of the lamp, the power of the steam engine, or into electricity and then into light or heat, or mechanical power again. The same energy from the sun is stored in the pro- tein, the fats, the carbohydrates of the various foods we use, and the physiologists and chemists are today telling us how they are trans- 89 '.•I) MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. mitted into the heat that warms our bodies, and into the power exerted by muscle, nerve and brain. [f the propositions just stated are correct, food may be defined as anything which taken into the body aids in the building of tissues, keeping up the body heat or in the production of energy. From this it logically follows that the most healthful foods are those which are best fitted to the wants of the user, and that the best foods are those which are most wholesome and most economical. There is much talk about the relation of diet to health that is equally foolish and hurtful. Foolish because it subserves no good purpose and hurtful because it tends to fortify the pernicious idea that our bodies are in such wretched condition as to need constant tinkering, and that some sort of self-medication is a positive duty. In the place of this wide-spread delusion there should be an inbuilt conviction that there are various products known as foods in the choice of which, and in the quantity used, each one has daily oppor- tunity to exercise the virtues of common sense and moderation. One of the most pitiable errors with respect to certain food pro- ducts is that which somehow confounds them with medicine. For example when one eats freely of fruits he does not feel justified in simply saying he does so because he finds them agreeable, he likes and enjoys them, but is constrained to look wise, and solemnly observe that "fruits are healthy." Some even go so far as to have for each bodily ailment a different variety of fruit. Let us banish the idea of making a drug store of our fruit gardens and orchards, and cease looking upon the family fruit dish as a sort of homeo- pathic pill-box. Foods are not medicines. A medicine is something which is taken into the body to produce a certain specific and unusual effect, the object being to counteract some injurious tendency, or correct some abnormal condition. If taken when not needed its effect is likely to be directly injurious. The normal healthy body demands what is wholesome, not what is medicinal. Anything that has real medicinal value is almost certain to be unwholesome, but an almost uncontrollable appetite may be developed for what, if properly used, may be considered medicinal. "Blessed are they that hunger and thirst" can be as truly said THE DIETETIC VALUE OF FRUIT. 91 of our bodily wants as of our spiritual necessities. "Blessed" because hunger or thirst are indicative of health, and when in health the plainest food tastes good and with it we can be "filled." Nothing gives more genuine pleasure than wholesome food and good water to a hungry and thirsty man. Among the many kinds and classes of wholesome foods, few should rank higher in importance and value than the common fruits from orchards and gardens. In satisfying our natural appetite for fruit, fruit that is well matured, juicy and fine flavored, we probably reach the highest form of palate gratification with the least possible digestive effort. Our ordinary fruits contain eight distinct substances or com- pounds in greater or less proportion. These are: 1. A large proportion of water; the usual amount ranging from 85 to 90 per cent of the total weight of fresh, well-matured fruit. 2. Sugar in the form of grape and fruit sugar; the percentage is quite variable ranging from about 1.5 per cent in apricots and peaches, to about 12 per cent in some varieties of grapes and cherries. An average well-grown, fully matured apple contains about 8 per cent of sugar. 3. Free organic acids; varying somewhat according to the class of fruit, and of several kinds in each class, but altogether forming usually something less than one per cent. The predominating acid in the apple and pear is malic; in the grape tartaric; and in the orange and lemon citric. 4. Fats, oils, and ethers; abundant in some mature fruits, like the olive, occurring in small quantities in others, and in some almost wholly wanting. 5. Protein or nitrogenous compounds; forming a very small proportion of most fruits, often not more than .2 of one per cent. 6. Pectose; a substance which gives firmness to fruit, and upon boiling yields various fruit jellies. It often forms from three to five or more per cent of the weight. 7. Cellulose and starch; the former often called vegetable fiber is the material that forms the cell walls, and is found in all parts of all plants. It is less abundant in fine fruits than in any other part of plants. Starch which is found so largelv in the cereals, and in certain (.)2 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. garden vegetables, is almost wholly absent in ripe fruit, being con- verted into sugar during the process of ripening. 8. A very small percentage of ash or mineral salts. The substances named above with the possible exception of cellulose are all essential constituents of an ideal or well-rounded diet. The proportion of the more important nutrients, however, are so small that much of our fruit has little direct nutritive value. Suppose we take the three principal groups, viz: carbohydrates, proteids, and fats, which together may justly be called the grand tripod of nutritive substances, and see what some of our represen- tative fruits will furnish. The Horticultural Department of the State University has made quite a number of analyses of the straw- berry, and of the substances just named the average results are as follows : Carbohydrates 8.0 per cent. Proteids 0.3 per cent. Fats a mere trace, practically nothing. It has been estimated by students of dietaries that the minimum daily ration of nutrients for a man of average weight performing an average day's work is: Carbohydrates 500 grams or 17.8 ounces. Proteids 118 grams or 4.2 ounces. Fats 56 grams or 2.0 ounces. Taking the analyses of the strawberry, a simple calculation will show that a person would have to consume 200 ounces or 13 pounds of this fruit daily in order to obtain the requisite amount of carbo- hydrates from this source. To secure the proteids a daily con- sumption of 1,400 ounces or 88 pounds would be required. This would be a task that even those who have the most ardent taste and liking for this fruit could scarcely be prevailed upon to attempt. Even though he should eat the amount named he would still be deficient in approximately all the required fats. Take another illustration: The nutrients contained in the apple according to the analyses that we have made are as follows: Carbohydrates (including cellulose) 10 per cent. Proteids 2.5 per cent. Fats 0.2 per cent. THE DIETETIC VALUE OF FRUIT. 93 Applying the same calculations as before, we find that one will have to eat 178 ounces, or a little more than 11 pounds of apples a day for the requisite carbohydrates; he would be obliged to eat 168 ounces or lOh pounds for the necessary proteids, and for the fats it would require 1,000 ounces, or 62£ pounds daily. This demonstrates that however valuable strawberries and apples may be as a part of an every day diet, they can scarcely be considered as nutrients. In other words their actual nutrient value is exceedingly low and this is true of practically all our fruits. In order to support life and maintain strength, strawberries and apples like most other fruits must be eaten in connection with more concentrated foods. Wherein then does the dietetric value of fruit consist? Let us briefly consider. The qualities which render fruit and some of the more delicate garden vegetables wholesome, and cause us to have a natural appetite for, and hence to enjoy them, are their acid juici- ness and flavor. The juice is largely water, but it contains the sugar and acid of the fruit, and if these are present in large quan- tities and in the right proportion, it is agreeable and refreshing. Most of our food products are valued on the basis of the dry matter they contain; not so with fruit. Pure milk is 87 per cent water and may be further diluted by breed, feed, and greed, and its value as food diminished thereby. Many of our fruits contain as much water as average milk, but, as a rule it is the best fruit that contains the most water. I have fre- quently tested the amount of water in "nubbin" strawberries, "cull" peaches, and "runty" apples, and have found less than 80 per cent. In the finest specimens of each of these fruits, not overgrown but perfect samples, that would sell for the very highest price, I have usually found over 90 per cent of water. A heaped bushel of fine large peaches, that contain 100 specimens showed when tested 92 per cent of water, leaving only 8 per cent solids. This bushel of peaches sold readily at $3.00. A heaped bushel of small peaches of the same variety, this bushel containing 400 specimens, showed 84 per cent of water, and 16 per cent of dry matter. These were sold with difficulty at 70 cents for the bushel. This shows that the acid juiciness is one of the main factors in the value of fruit. Flavor also adds to the quality of fruit. Flavor is due in part to the 04 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. organic acids already mentioned, but more largely to certain vola- tile oils and aromatic ethers. It is to these oils and ethers that those delicate characteristic flavors of different varieties of fruit are chiefly due. Chemistry and physiology have taught us that when these "fruity" acids, oils, and ethers are taken into the body, they undergo oxidation, which process tends to lower the temperature of the blood or at least to modify our temperature sensations, and thus correct or allay any slight feverishness that may exist. They also tend to keep the organs of secretion, the liver, kidneys, etc., as well as the whole digestive tract in healthy condition. The free acids of fruits, especially citric and malic, are highly antiseptic bodies, and tend to prevent disease germs from finding a lodgment and developing in the body. In our climate, subject as we often are to rapid changes and extremes of temperature, the physical system is naturally more or less debilitated. In this connection we are predisposed to colds, fever, and other troubles. Fruits and acid vegetables are known to be good correctives for this debilitated condition. We should remember that as a rule, the full beneficial effects of fruit are only to be found in those that are well grown and mature. Green or unripe fruit may have an abundant supply of acids, but such fruits are usually injurious when eaten on account of their indigestibility. This is due partly to the fact that the starch is not yet converted into sugar, and partly to the coarse and hard condition of the cellu- lose. When fruits are perfectly developed and properly matured, practically all the starch is converted into sugar and the cellulose is soft and fine. We know that unripe fruit is not wholesome. It digests slowly, often ferments in the stomach, and is the cause of painful disorders. It is unwise to take into our stomachs unripe fruit, it is equally unwise to eat that which is over-ripe. The best results from the dieteric use of fruits come from eating those that are fresh, healthy, and well matured. Fine fruits are the flowers of edible commodities. They please the eye, gratify the taste, and minister to our health. If we appre- ciate them at their worth, we should use them more freely and our markets would be better supplied with this wholesome, palatable class of food products. The increasing interest manifested in food reform, which has THE DIETETIC VALUE OF FRUIT. 95 already resulted in the more general use of a balanced ration for the human stomach, should, in view of the high cost of living, consider the dietetic value of nuts as well as fruit. It is not unlikely that our present dietaries will be so modified in the near future as to include a larger use of these two important classes of food products. The use of nuts, particularly, may well be encouraged at this time, when meats of all kinds are so high as to be almost prohibitive, and a more purely vegetable diet is demanded on the score of economy. As is well known a large part of our vegetable foods are deficient in fat. Nuts excel in fat. Chemical analysis has* shown that the kernels of the butternut may contain as high as 60 per cent of fat, the black walnut 50 per cent, and the American chestnut 15 per cent. This proves that a comparatively small quantity of nut kernels will supply the requisite amount of this ingredient for a well balanced daily ration. Nuts are also comparatively rich in proteids. The Waste and Economic Value of Nuts. In the following comparisons the term nut is used in the com- mercial rather than in the structural or botanical sense. The first table shows the number of nuts in a pound for the various kinds examined. The smallest numbers are represented by the black walnut, large hickory nuts, Brazil nuts and foreign chestnuts, while the largest numbers are found with the peanut, filbert and American chestnut. There is a marked difference between different species or varieties of hickory nuts. For example, it takes nearly four times as many of the shell-bark hickory nuts to weigh a pound as it does of the large or "king" hickory nuts. The table also shows the percentage of kernel or edible portion and the percentage of shell or waste. It will be seen that the largest percentage of kernel (87 per cent) is found in the Spanish chestnut. The second highest (75 per cent) is given by the American chestnut. This is closely followed by the peanut, which contains 72 per cent of kernel or edible portion. The lowest percentage (20) is found in the large hickory nut. The black walnut and butternut also stand very low in percentage of kernel. Comparing the Maderia nut (English walnut) with the 96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. black walnut, another species of the same genus, we observe that it has nearly twice the amount of kernel. A comparison of the two varieties of chestnut well illustrates the influence of cultivation and selection in the improvement or amelio- ration of our nut fruits. The difference makes the ratio of shell to kernel 1 to 3 in one ease, and 1 to 6 in the other, or in other words, the shell or waste of the Spanish chestnut has been reduced one- half. It might be inferred from the comparative size of the two varieties as indicated by the respective number it takes to make a pound of each, that there would be a still greater difference in the weights of the kernel. Inspection shows, however, that the kernel of the large chestnut is not compact and solid like that of the small variety. It should be noted that the sample of Brazil nut examined was poor, a considerable proportion of the nuts being bad, which had the effect of reducing the percentage of kernel. It was found during the course of the investigation that with the most careful cracking of some of the larger nuts, there is a "milling" or cracking loss of nearly two per cent of the total weight of kernels. Table No. 1. Kind of Nut Large Black Walnut Small Black Walnut English Walnut Butternut Large Hickory Shell-hark Hickory. Spanish Chestnut . . American Chest nut. . Filbert Large Pecan Small Pecan Brazil Nut Almond Peanut Number in I Percentage of one pound shell or waste 20 56 54 41 54 179 37 230 222 100 216 48 83 256 82. 79.7 58. 79.4 80. 68. 12.5 25. 55. 51. 61.8 62.3 72.5 26.5 Percentage of kernel or edible part 18. 20.3 42. 20.6 20. 32. 87.5 75. 45. 49. 38.2 37.7 •J 7.5 73.5 THE DIETETIC VALUE OF FRUIT. 97 Table Xo. 2 shows the financial side of the question. The small boy with a burning nickle in his pocket, or any one with an un- satisfied appetite for nuts will find this table of great value. If we throw aside individual taste and consider the question from a strictly economic basis, we find that the peanut is the cheapest nut in the whole list. Coming next are black walnuts and hickory nuts. Compare the peanut with the pecan. The small pecan sells for one-third more per pound, but the actual value received is over fifty per cent in favor of the peanut. One of the most expensive nuts is the almond at twenty cents a pound. Compared with the English walnut which usually sells at the same price it is one-third more expensive. The prices mentioned in the table are current market quotations: Table No. 2. Market value per pound Amount that Per cent of Amount of can be pur- chased for 5 cents whole nut that is kernel kernel bought for 5 cents 2 cts. 40 oz. 18. 7.2 oz. 2 " 40 20.3 8.1 " 15 " 5.3 " 42. 1.7 " 2 " 40 " 20.6 8.2 " 3 " 26.6 " 20. 5,3 " 3 " 26.6 " 32. 8.5 " 15 " 5.3 " 87.5 4.6 " 15 " 5.3 " 75. 3.9 " 15 " 5.3 " 45. 2.3 " 20 " 4 49. 1.9 " 15 " 5.3 " 38.2 2. " 15 " 5.3 " 37.7 1.9 " 20 " 4 27.5 1.1 " 10 " 8 " 73.5 5.8 " Kind of Nut Large Black Walnut Small Black Walnut. English Walnut Butternut Large Hickory Shell-hark Hickory. . Spanish Chestnut . . . American Chestnut . . Filbert Large Pecan Small Pecan Brazil Nut Almond Peanut TRANSACTIONS* OF THE JLgrioi||firQ. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 19 10 PART II PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY BOSTON NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ELEVEN ^j TRANSACTIONS assatjntsetts Jortkititural §^atittv FOR THE YEAR 1910 PART II BOSTON PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ELEVEN Massachusetts Horticultural Society 1910 The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications. Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi- cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, No. 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts. William J. Stewart, "1 Chairman Harry F. Hall William P. Rich Edward B. Wilder Committee on Led arcs and Publications' 100 CONTENTS Annual Reports for the Year 1910 Report of the Board of Trustees Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers Report of the Committee on Fruits Report of the Committee on Vegetables Report of the Committee on Gardens Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul- ture ...... Report of the Secretary and Librarian Report of the Treasurer The Annual Meeting, November 19, 1910 Necrology, 1910 Officers, Committees, and Members, 1910 105 119 121 175 183 187 193 197 201 209 213 219 101 ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1910. TRANSACTIONS ^mM\mMtt& gMtifltttttai $F ocijetg. 1910, PART II. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1910. The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society presents herewith a report of the various items of business acted upon at its sessions during the year 1910. There have been held eight meetings with an average attendance of nine members. January 1. The following communication from George R. White, Esq., was presented- Boston, November 27, 1909. The Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Gentlemen : I have long thought that there is an opportunity for broadening the field of influence of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and of ex- tending the interest in its work if some suitable recognition were made of those persons who have accomplished important results in horticulture. The award to be made independently of or in addition to any prizes or certificates of merit that may be bestowed by the Society in the course of its regular schedule of premiums. I therefore offer to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society the sum of two thousand five hundred dollars to be securely invested as a permanent fund and the income thereof to be devoted annually for the specific purpose of providing a substantial gold medal to be awarded by the executive 105 106 MASSAi BUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. management of the Society to the man or woman, commercial firm or institution, in the United States, that has done the most during the year to advance the interest in horticulture in its broadest sense. This award to be known as the George Robert White Medal of Honor. In addition I will defray the cost of a permanent die for the medal, the cost of a die for a button of gold that may be added to the medal to be worn by the recipient in lieu of it, and the cost of producing the first medal and button; all to be contributed at this time to enable the Society to award them the present year. (Signed) Geo. R. White. On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to accept the offer of Mr. White and the Secretary was instructed to express to him the thanks of the Society together with the expression of the appreciation of the Board of Trustees of his generous interest in the Society's work. It was voted also, on motion of Mr. Dorr, that a committee of three be appointed, of which the President should be one, to present the name of a candidate for the first award of the George Robert White Medal of Honor for the year 1909. The President named as this committee Messrs. Dorr, Farquhar, and Weld. Mr. Hunnewell, the Treasurer, reported favorably in the matter of paying the amounts awarded for prizes and gratuities in the year in which they are made and of charging them to the account of that year. On motion of Mr. Dorr it was voted that the suggestion of the Treasurer be adopted and that the change in the method of paying the awards for prizes and gratuities begin with the year 1909. Mr. Pettigrew, chairman of the committee appointed to present a list of nominations for the standing committees of the Society for the year 1910, submitted the following report: Your committee appointed to nominate candidates for the com- mittees of 1910 beg to submit the following for your consideration : Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook, Stephen M. Weld. Library: — Charles S. Sargent, Chairman, Ernest B. Dane, George B. Dorr, Charles S. Minot. REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 107 Prizes and Exhibitions: — John K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman, Robert Cameron, William N. Craig, M. A. Patten, John A. Pettigrew, Charles S. Sargent. Plants and Flowers: — T. D. Hatfield, Chairman, Duncan Fin- layson, Peter Fisher, Samuel J. Goddard, Thomas Roland, William Thatcher. Fruits: — Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, J. Willard Hill, James Wheeler. Vegetables: — Josiah B. Shurtleff, Jr., Chairman, John W. Duncan, George D. Moore. Gardens: — Charles W. Parker, Chairman, Arthur F. Barney, James H. Bowditch, Arthur H. Fewkes, T. D. Hatfield, Julius Heurlin, William Nicholson, Wm. P. Rich, Wrm. J. Stewart, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., Wilfrid Wheeler. Children's Gardens:— Mrs. R. G. Shaw, Chairman, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs. Katharine P. Peabody, Mrs. Dudley L. Pickman, Miss Margaret A. Rand, Mrs. John E. Thayer. Lectures and Publications: — Wm. J. Stewart, Chairman, Harry F. Hall, Wm. P. Rich, Edward B. Wilder. (Signed) Wm. N. Craig John A. Pettigrew Peter Fisher Committee. On motion of Mr. Farquhar, the list of nominations as presented by the nominating committee was unanimously adopted. On motion of Mr. Kidder it was voted that the President appoint a committee of three to consider the matter of a revision of the salaries of the exhibition committees. The President appointed as this committee Messrs. Farquhar, Pettigrew, and Dorr. Appropriations for the current year were voted as follow: For the Committee on Library, $400.00 in addition to the income of the French and Farlow Funds. For the Committee on Lectures and Publications, $300.00, to include the income of the John Lewis Russell Fund. For the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, for the arrange- ment of the exhibitions during the year, $250.00. 108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Prof. Sargent, chairman of the Committee on Library, called attention to the desirability of publishing a new catalogue of the library, none having been printed since 1873; and he moved and it was voted that an appropriation of $500.00 be made towards the preparation of such a catalogue. Mr. Farquhar called attention to the valuable and interesting collection of 750 photographs of Chinese plants, animals, and scenery, made by Mr. E. H. Wilson of the Arnold Arboretum, Botanical Exploration Expedition, now on exhibition in our hall, and suggested that some suitable recognition should be made of it by the Society. Mr. Farquhar moved and it was voted that the Society's Gold Medal be awarded to Mr. Wilson for this exhi- bition. The special committee appointed to suggest the name of a can- didate for the first award of the George Robert White Medal of Honor for the year 1909 reported the name of Prof. Charles S. Sargent, Director of the Arnold Arboretum. This report was unanimously approved. The following named persons having been duly recommended in accordance with the By-laws were elected to membership in the Society: Henry O. Underwood of Belmont, proposed by N. T. Kidder. Emil Camus of Boston, proposed by C. W. Parker. George C. Thurlow of West Newbury, proposed by W. P. Rich. Prof. William Fenwick Harris of Cambridge, proposed by R. Cameron. David R. Craig of Boston, proposed by R. Cameron. William Downs of Chestnut Hill, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar. Frederick Wm. Dahl of Roxbury, proposed by W. P. Rich. G. C. Andrew of Boston, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar. Herbert Jaques of Chestnut Hill, proposed by C. S. Sargent. January 31. President Weld presented a letter from Joseph B. Warner, Esq., advising the Society's assent to a decree of the Supreme Judicial Court in Equity re Augustus P. Loring et al, Trustees, vs. William Power Wilson et al. On motion of Mr. Hunnewell it was voted to accept the recommendation of Mr. REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 109 Warner and that he be authorized to earn' out the provisions of the decree, and that each side pay its own legal fees. The Board confirmed the appointment by the President of Messrs. J. A. Pettigrew, Wm. N. Craig, and Robert Cameron as a committee to represent the Society in the proposed exhibition of the Society of American Florists in 1911. Mr. Walter Hunnewell was appointed Treasurer of the Society and Mr. Wm. P. Rich was appointed Secretary, Librarian, and Superintendent of the Building for the current year. It was voted that the George Robert White Medal of Honor Fund be invested by the Treasurer with interest at four per cent. On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted that the board floor of the large exhibition hall be taken up and that the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions be authorized to relay such portions of space with cement as may be desirable for the Orchid Show of May next. On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to authorize the Com- mittee on Prizes and Exhibitions to suspend the publication of the Schedule for 1910 to such an extent as the committee may see fit. The following named persons were elected to membership in the Society : William C. Rust of Brookline, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar. Mrs. Francis H. Stone of New Bedford, proposed by N. T. Kidder. Mrs. George R. Briggs of Plymouth, proposed by N. T. Kidder. Miss Natalie S. Whitwell of Boston, proposed by A. H. Parker. D. Roy Smith of Boston, proposed by H. F. Hall. April 5. The President stated that the principal business of this meeting was the consideration of the matter of renovating the interior of the Society's building and asked for an expression of opinion from the members of the Board as to the desirability of the proposed alterations. He said that the present arrangement of the halls was not satisfactory and he thought the time had come when something should be done to remedy the existing defects that the work of the Society might be more satisfactorily carried on and the revenues from rental of the halls increased. Mr. Farquhar spoke in favor of remodeling the building and 110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. exhibited some plans outlining the changes which he thought should be made. Mr. Dorr suggested that the first step to be taken was a vote of the Trustees on the desirability of the proposed undertaking, and on his motion it was unanimously voted that in the opinion of the Board of Trustees the proposed alterations of the Society's building are desirable. On motion of Mr. Dorr it was further voted that a committee of three be appointed, of which the President should be one, to consider ways and means and to have authority to procure plans from architects and to report to the Board at a future meeting. It was voted also that this committee be authorized to spend a sum not exceeding $1000.00 for architects' plans. The President appointed as this committee Messrs. Weld, Dorr, and Kidder. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: Prof. F. C. Sears of Amherst, proposed by Wilfrid Wheeler. C. B. Turner of Roxbury, proposed by W. N. Craig. Harold S. Ross of Hingham, proposed by J. G. Jack. Mrs. Julie R. French of Reading, proposed by Charles N. Brush. June 14. A communication from Secretary Ellsworth of the State Board of Agriculture was presented suggesting that this Society contribute $25.00 to the Corn Exposition to be held at Worcester in November next. On motion of Mr. Farquhar this amount was voted. On motion of Mr. Parker it was voted that Mrs. Ellen M. Gill of Medford be made a life member of the Society, with remis- sion of the usual dues, in recognition of her eightieth birthday and also of her long and faithful interest in the work of the Society, ^he having been an annual member since 1865. President Weld, for the committee on the proposed alterations of the Society's building, reported that on account of the great cost of the work the members of this committee were of the opin- ion that no changes should be made at present. Mr. Farquhar expressed the hope that the matter be not dropped and the subject was referred back to the special committee for REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 1 1 1 further consideration. This committee was authorized also to report on the matter of a new floor for the large exhibition hall. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: J. F. Flanagan of Newton, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar. A. H. Handley of Newton, Lewis Kennedy Morse of Boston, " Frederick R. Galloupe of Lexington, proposed by A. F. Esta- brook. Edward J. Halloranof Roxbury, proposed by James H. Bowditch. June 30. A communication from Lewis H. Farlow was presented offering to the Society a fund of $2500.00 left by his father, the late John S. Farlow, to the Newton Horticultural Society. Inas- much as the Newton Society is inactive and inoperative Mr. Farlow desires to turn the fund over to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. The income of this fund is to be expended in prizes and gratuities for pear and foreign grape culture. Mr. Farlow also requests that the fund be so designated as to perpetuate the name of the donor, John S. Farlow of Newton, Massachusetts, (died March 20, 1890) and that of the Newton Horticultural Society. On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted that the generous offer of Mr. Farlow be accepted together with the conditions attending it and the income of the fund devoted to the purposes stated. The special committee on the proposed alteration of the Society's building reported through its chairman, President Weld, that it was inadvisable at present to make any change in the interior of the building. On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted that a new floor be laid in the large exhibition hall at an expense not exceeding $2000.00. It was voted also, on motion of Prof. Sargent, that the matter of electrifying the freight elevator and of putting in a passenger ele- vator be referred to the special committee on alteration of the building. James G. Freeman of Boston, proposed by Walter Hunnewell, was elected a member of the Societv. 112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. August 4. The Secretary reported the receipt of a letter from Lewis H. Farlow containing a check for the amount of $2882.87 in conformity with his offer read at the previous meeting and accepted by the Hoard of Trustees. The fund thus established to be known as the John S. Farlow Newton Horticultural Society Fund. On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to accept the communication of Mr. Farlow with the thanks of the Society for his interest in the matter and that the amount be referred to the Finance Committee for investment. Mr. Hunnewell read a statement, prepared by J. B. Warner, Esq., in explanation of the recent settlement of the petition of William Power Wilson to the Trustees of the Hayes Estate. It stated that Mr. Wilson offered to settle the matter by accepting .fbOOO.OO. This offer was accepted by vote of the Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and the remaining money in the hands of the Hayes Estate Trustees to be held in trust, the income to be paid to Mr. Wilson during his life and on his death to be paid to the Horticultural Society if Mr. Wilson left no chil- dren. Mr. Warner stated that it is always to be borne in mind that the Horticultural Society will have to pay over to Harold Hayes, the son of Mr. Hayes, one-third of what it may get on Mr. Wilson's death. President Weld and Mr. Hunnewell the special committee on the subject of the new contract with the Proprietors of Mount Auburn Cemetery reported favorably on the acceptance of the proposed new agreement and on motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to accept the amended contract as presented by this com- mittee. Mr. Farquhar presented a request from the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions for an appropriation of SbOOO.OO for Prizes and Gratuities for the year 1911. On motion of Mr. Estabrook it was voted that a sum not exceeding $6000.00 be appropriated for this purpose subject to the approval of a special committee ap- pointed by the President. The President appointed as this com- mittee Mr. Estabrook and the Secretary. It was voted also, on motion of Mr. Farquhar, to give the use of the halls to the New England Dahlia Society for the purpose of holding its annual exhibition for the current year. REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 113 It was further voted that the matter of cooperation with the Society of American Florists at its exhibition in Boston in March, 1911, be referred to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions without additional expense to the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to request the special committee on the matter of elevators in the Society's building to postpone action for the present. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: Miss Elizabeth G. Houghton of Boston, proposed by C. S. Houghton. John G. Morrison of Cambridge, proposed by Mrs. E. M. Keyes. Albert Geiger, Jr., of Brookline, proposed by C. W. Parker. October 10. A communication from H. F. Hall was presented suggesting that this Society invite the Vegetable Growers' Associa- tion of America to hold its next annual meeting at Horticultural Hall, Boston, and that if possible a large and complete exhibition of vegetables be arranged for the same date. Mr. Bowker spoke in favor of the propositions made in Mr. Hall's letter and on motion of Mr. Kidder it was voted to invite the Vegetable Growers' Association of America to hold its annual meeting in 1911 in the Society's building. It was further voted that this Society offer to cooperate with the Vegetable Growers' Association in the matter of holding a large vegetable exhibition on that occasion. The President reported for the special committee on the subject of a new contract with the Proprietors of Mount Auburn Cemetery that the members of this committee had carefully considered the matter and favored the cancellation of the old contract of December 18, 1858, and the substitution of a new one in which the obligations of the Society were more definitely stated. The terms of the new contract were presented and explained to the Board by F. W. Hunnewell, 2d, Esq., attorney for the Society. The principal point at issue was the relieving of the Society of any obligation to contribute towards the purchase of any lands that may hereafter be purchased by the Proprietors of the Ceme- 114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. tery or of the cost of any columbaria now erected or that may be erected in the future. In consideration of the Society being relieved of these obligations it agrees to relinquish all rights to share in the proceeds of the sale of such lands or in the income of any such columbaria. On motion of Mr. Bowker it was voted to accept the recommen- dations made in the report of this committee and to authorize the President in the name of the Society to execute and deliver a contract between it and the Proprietors of the Cemetery of Mount Auburn annulling the contract heretofore existing between said corporations, dated December 18, 1858, and amendments thereto, and substituting in place thereof the contract hereby authorized; said last named contract bearing date October 8, 1910, and that the Treasurer be authorized to affix thereto and attest the corpo- rate seal. The President appointed Messrs. Pettigrew, Craig, and Parker a committee to present at a future meeting a list of candidates for the various standing committees of the Society for the year 1911. Mrs. W. E. Hayward of Ipswich, proposed by C. A. Campbell, was duly elected a member of the Society. December 10. The following communication from George R. White, Esq., was presented: Boston, November 7, 1910. To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Gentlemen : I desire to increase the amount of the George Robert White Medal of Honor Fund to $5000.00 and therefore offer to the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society an additional sum of $2500.00 to be invested as stated in 1 1 iy previous gift and for the purpose therein set forth. I also desire to incorporate in the conditions for the award of said Medal of Honor the following additions: 1st. That the Medal may be awarded to the person, firm, or institution whose work for the advancement of horticulture may not have been wholly done in the year in which the award shall be made, but the results of whose work in recent years shall be deemed by the executive management of the Society as worthy of recognition. 2d. If in any year or in the recent years preceding the time for making the award there appears to have been accomplished no work of a sufficiently REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 115 high standard to warrant the award of said Medal of Honor the income of the Fund for that year shall be added to the principal of the Fund. 3d. While the medal is intended principally to recognize work done by a resident of the United States in advancing the interest in horticulture it may be awarded from time to time to a person, commercial firm, or institution of some foreign country the results of whose work in horti- culture may be of direct benefit to the interests of horticulture in the United States. 4th. The Medal shall be awarded but once to the same person, firm, or institution. 5th. I hereby withdraw my previous offer in regard to a button to be given with the Medal. (Signed) Geo. R. White. Oh motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted to accept the gift of Mr. White together with the additional conditions in regard to the award of the Medal. It was voted also to appoint a special committee to report a can- didate for the award of the Medal for the present year; the same committee to have authority to consider the awrard for the year 1911. The President appointed as this committee Messrs. Sargent, Far- cmhar, and Roland. The special committee on nomination of Standing Committees for the year 1911 submitted a report which after some modifica- tion was accepted as followrs: Standing Committees for 1911. Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook, Stephen M. Weld. Prizes and Exhibitions : — John A. Pettigrew, Chairman, Robert Cameron, William N. Craig, John K. M. L. Farquhar, J. Willard Hill, M. A. Patten. Plants and Flowers: — T. D. Hatfield, Chairman, Joseph Clark, Arthur H. Fewkes, Peter Fisher, Thomas Roland, William C. Rust. Fruits: — Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, William Downs, Wilfrid Wheeler. Vegetables: — Duncan Finlayson, Chairman, Vincent Buitta, Wil- liam N. Craig, Edward Parker, Herbert W. Rawson. 116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Gardens: — Charles W. Parker, Chairman, Arthur F. Barney, Arthur H. Fewkes, T. I). Hatfield, William Nicholson, J. A. Pettigrew, Wm. P. Rich, Charles Sander, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., Wilfrid Wheeler. Library: — Charles S. Sargent, Chairman, Ernest B. Dane, George B. Dorr, Charles S. Minot. Lectures and Publications: — C. W. Hoitt, Chairman, John K. M. L. Farquhar, Wm. P. Rich, Edw. B. Wilder. Children's Gardens: — Mrs. Robert G. Shaw, Chairman, Mrs. E. M. Gill, Mrs. W. Rodman Peabody, Mrs. Dudley L. Pickman, Miss Margaret A. Rand, Mrs. John E. Thayer. Mr. Farquhar spoke on the subject of the proposed vegetable exhibition for the year 1911 and advocated the holding of such an exhibition to be devoted entirely to exhibits of vegetables. He also, as chairman of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, pre- sented a draft of the Schedule for the ensuing year which was accepted and its publication ordered. Prof. Sargent presented the following nominations for Corre- sponding Membership: Mr. W. J. Bean, Royal Gardens, Kew, England, Prof. U. P. Hedrick, New York Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion, Geneva, N. Y., Mr. John Dunbar, Rochester, N. Y., Mr. E. H. Wilson, London, England, Mr. Wilhelm Miller, Garden City, Long Island, N. Y.; and Mr. Parker presented the names of Mr. Adin A. Hixon, Worcester, Mass., and J. Ewing Mears, M. D., of Philadephia. It was voted to recommend them for election as Corresponding Members at the next meeting of the Society. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 117 Frank J. Dolansky of Lynn, proposed by Thomas Roland. Martin Sullivan of Brookline, proposed by D. Finlayson. Edward Parker of North Easton, proposed by W. N. Craig. Mrs. J. A. Garland of Buzzards Bay, proposed by J. H. Gardiner. Richard Hittinger of Belmont, proposed by H. F. Hall. William P. Rich, Secretary. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PRIZES AND EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1910. BY JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, CHAIRMAN. During the year 1910 only four exhibitions were held by the Society. The first took place February 26, 27, and 28 and included primu- las, cyclamens, orchids, hyacinths, tulips, narcissi, and other spring-flowering plants; also cut roses, carnations, and sweet peas. There were also collections of winter apples and forced vegetables. This exhibition was remarkably good and was well attended. The usual spring show in March was omitted in favor of an extraordinary exhibition of orchids to take place two months later. The Orchid Show opened at eight o'clock on the evening of May 2f> and continued for five days, closing at ten o'clock p. M. on May 30. The attendance the first evening, at which admission to non- members of the Society was three dollars, was not large; but on the two following days there was a large attendance, the admis- sion being one dollar. The total receipts were $2884.25. The three halls of the Society were completely filled with magnificent groups of plants and cut blooms, representing a value far exceeding that of any other exhibition ever held in the United States. Visi- tors from Europe who came expressly to attend this show were unanimous in proclaiming it the finest orchid exhibition they had ever seen. This was the first occasion in the history of American horticul- ture when an extensive exhibit of plants was sent from Europe to be shown at an exhibition in this country. Numerous photographs of groups and specimen plants were taken and will be reproduced with the records of the exhibition. The individual exhibits will be described in the report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers and need not be mentioned further in this report. 119 120 MASSA< HUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The importance of such an exhibition in the advancement of horticulture may be understood when it is stated that one exhibitor in the orchid classes estimated the advertising value of his exhibits at the Orchid Show at twenty-five thousand dollars. No large exhibitions were held after the Orchid Show on account of a desire on the part of the Trustees to remodel the Society's building. This project, we regret to say, the Trustees later saw fit to postpone to some future time. The Schedule for the year 1911 provides for the usual exhibitions of the Society except the Spring Exhibition which has given place to the National Flower Show of the Society of American Florists to be held during the last week of March in the Mechanics Building and in which our Society will cooperate. Your committee is indebted to Mr. Robert Cameron for the able manner in which he has superintended the exhibitions. We wish also to commend the work of Mr. Joseph Spry, the Janitor of the building, for his care of the exhibition property, tor the great pains he takes in getting the halls in condition to receive exhibits, for his general outlook for the interests of the Society, and for his helpfulness to exhibitors and others during the exhibitions. John K. M. L. Farquhar ) Robert Cameron William X. Craig M. A. Patten John A. Pettigrew Charles S. Sargent Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1910. BY T. D. HATFIELD, CHAIRMAN. The exhibitions for the year 1910 were limited on account of proposed alterations of the interior of Horticultural Hall. In consequence no regular schedule was issued and no regular dates fixed. The shows have been held at irregular intervals and have been up to the average. On January 22 a gratuity was awarded Joseph R. Leeson for a small but well-grown collection of orchids. Midwinter Flower Show. On February 26 to 28 was held what was called a Midwinter Show, corresponding in time with what used to be termed the Spring Show, and was well up to the average in quantity and quality of the exhibits. Nicholson's giant mignonette and Sim's sweet peas were special features. The best among the sweet peas were Christmas Pink, Mrs. Wallace, Florence Deuzet, Pink Beauty, Mrs. W. W. Smalley, and Greenbrook. This collection received a Silver Medal. The competition was very close between the exhibitors for the prize for the best vase of 100 blooms of sweet peas and the first prize went to William Sim, Norris F. Comley being a close second. There was an extra large carnation display which every year becomes more and more a feature of our winter shows and we ought to be grateful to the carnation growers for the splendid displays they put up and keep up. We do not see how in any way it can pay them to exhibit so many choice flowers for the small prizes 121 122 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. the Society gives. The names of the prize winners and varieties are as follow: White, White Perfection, M. A. Patten; Scarlet, Beacon, M A. Patten; Yellow, Hattie Starritt, M. A. Patten; Mixed, Mrs. Frederick Aver; Flesh Pink, Pink Delight, S. J. Goddard; Winsor Shade, Winona, M. A. Patten; Crimson, Harry Fenn, Backer & Co.; New varieties, not in commerce, Wodenethe, Winthrop Sargent, awarded a Silver Medal; Light Pink, May Day, Peter Fisher, awarded a Silver Medal. S. J. Goddard and M. A. Patten were awarded a Silver Medal and a Bronze Medal respectively for a vase of 100 blooms. The New Hampshire College received Honorable Mention for a collection of seedling carnations and the same award was given to John Barr for a variegated seedling. Cyclamens were as usual very good. Dr. C. G. WTeld won the Silver Medal for the best 24 plants in seven-inch pots. We would prefer to see well-grown year-old plants in seven-inch pots rather than larger and older ones which hardly ever have the quality of bloom. Competition for first and second for 25 cyclamens in six- inch pots was very close, Dr. Weld again obtaining first with F. J. Mitton a close second. William Whitman's and Mrs. J. L. Gardner's Primula stellata, which took first and second prizes respectively, were both very good. Schotel's blue hyacinth as shown by William Whitman and Mrs. J. L. Gardner was extra fine and Mr. Whitman's collection of spring-flowering bulbous plants was equal to the first class even though there was no competition. ( ompetition for the prizes for early tulips was not extensive. The prize for the best six pans went to Mr. Whitman. The first prize for the best collection of Large Trumpet Narcissi also went to Mr. Whitman; prominent varieties in the display were Emperor, Horsfieldii, Mrs. J. B. M'Camm, and Mine, de Graff. He also took first for a collection of Short Trumpet Narcissi. The Langwater Gardens of North Easton, Wm. N. Craig, Superintendent, made a beautiful display of orchids and was ;i\v;irded a Silver Medal. The following species and varieties were included in this exhibit: REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOW KRS. 123 white forms rich crimson maroon lip each very distinct and extra fine forms Laelia anceps alba pure white " Schroderae Schroderiana " Dawson ii " Stella " Sanderiana " Amesiae " Protheroiana " Winniana " Hillii " X Bella Cypripedium X Olivia (tonsum X niveum) insigne Sanderae Ernesti [ yellow forms Amesiae J villosum albo marginata Sallieri aureum Dendrobium X Luna X Edithae X Euryalus X Juno X Cybele X chrysodiscus nobile pulcherrimum virginale " Ballianum nobilius " Amesiae it a • majus Schneiderianum grandiflorum Amesianum Cattleya Trianae alba Leeana, very broad petals and rich lip X Eurydice Brasso-Cattleya Digbyano-Mossiae Selenipedium X Brysa X Helenae 124 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Thomas Watt, gardener to Mrs. Pauline Durant of Wellesley, took first prize for a specimen orchid with a fine plant of Laelia anceps. Mrs. J. L. Gardner's collection of hard-wooded plants was especially good. It included Chorizemas. especially well grown, Acacia Drummondi, . 1. longifolia, A. keterophylla, A. pubescens, A. cultriformis, Erica mediterranea, and Rondeletia gratissima. There was a very showy vase of the new African starwort, Dimorpkotheca aurantiaca, from L. E. Small of Tewksbury, and some very fine Primula kewensis from Mrs. Winthrop Ames of North East on. Roses attracted more than the usual attention. The prize for 25 Killarney went to Wm. H. Elliott; for 25 White Killarney also to Mr. Elliott; to Montrose Greenhouses for 25 Richmond; and to Brant Brothers, I'tica, X. Y., for 25 Bridesmaid. Violets were shown quite largely. Eor 100 Princess of Wales the competition was close; the first prize went to Dobbins & Shan- non of Woburn; J. H. Newman & Son were a close second. For 100 Lady Hume Campbell the prize was won by H. F. Woods of Brookline. For 100 of any other variety the prize was awarded to A. F. ('alder with Marie Louise. J. H. Leach &: Son of North Eastern won the first prize for lily of the valley with some very good spikes. The flower basket competition was as usual an unsatisfactory proposition for the committee. Hardly any of those shown were what good judges would like and many of our lady acquaintances could not give a satisfactory opinion about them or agree to any extent. The committee awarded Henry R. Comley's basket of roses the first. His basket looked nicely when just finished but before the day was out was miserably wilted. Edward Mac- Mulkin's basket of Narcissi and pussy willows was very much admired. Honorable Mention was made of a seedling azalea shown by Dr. ('. (I. Weld and named Mary Weld. It is very much like what we know as Rhododendron fragrantissima. Honorable Men- tion was made also of a display of orchids by Mrs. Oliver Ames which included extra fine specimens of Lycaste Skinneriwith 10, 11, and 12 Mowers each on the plants and very fine flowers and foliage. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 125 A Vote of Thanks was given Mrs. Sarah C. Sears for a beautiful display of cut camellias. A. Zvolanek received Honorable Mention for a collection of sweet peas. Thomas Roland made an excellent display of hard-wooded plants. His Acacias were quite a feature and his heaths were awarded a Silver Medal. He showed Acacia hctcrophylla, A. longifolia, A. Drumrnondii, and A. atmata; also Boronia mcgastigma, the power- ful perfume of which pervaded the hall. Mrs. Frederick Aver (George Page, gardener) made a beautiful display of neatly grown plants, mostly Acacia heterophylla and Erica melanthera. The Messrs. Farquhar put up a very neat group in a rather awkward space on the floor of the Lecture Hall, and showed what experts could do. The plants were suitably grouped for a flat arrangement and included Cyclamen in colors, ferns, palms, Primulas in colors, and a general assortment of seasonable plants. The display received a First Class Certificate. Mrs. Sarah C. Sears' display of Amaryllis (Win. C. Ritchie, gardener) occupied a prominent position in the Lecture Hall. It was a fine lot of plants and showed good culture. A Gold Medal was awarded for it. Edward MacMulkin made a striking display of Anthurium Scherzerianum and A. Brownii, as well as a group including plants of Pandanus, Azalea, Cytisus, Acacia, Mahernia, Rhododendron, Ficus, palms, and Baby Rambler roses. A Leuthy & Co.'s group, which took a Silver Medal, was a neatly grown lot of commercial varieties, including besides many unusual plants, palms — the true Phoenix rupicola and P. Roebe- liana — very nice compact specimens, Dracaena Sanderiana, Acacia heterophylla, Prunus triloba (forced), Araucaria Bidwellii, A. iinhricata, A. glauca, A. excelsa, A. braziliana, Aucuba japonica in fruit, Adiantum "Santa Catrina," a large-fronded variety, A. picturatum, Aralia elegantissima, Nephrolcpis Scholzellii, Ficus pandurata, lilacs, and azaleas. Lager and Hurrell received a Vote of Thanks for a collection of orchids; conspicuous among them being CaMleya Schroderae, C. Harrisonae, Dendrobium Wardianum, and several species of Phal- aenopsis. 120 MASSAC IHSKTTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A Vote of Thanks was given William Whitman (Martin Sullivan, gardener) for a superb plant of Cattleya Trianae, and the same award was made to .Julius Roehrs Co. for a display of orchids includ- ing several forms of Cypripedium, Miltonopsis Blcui, Cattleyas, and Laelias. The Montrose Greenhouses received Honorable Mention for a dark pink sport of the Killarney rose and Honorable Mention was made of Cattleya Schroderae alba shown by Duncan Finlayson of Weld Garden. Exhibits in March and April, 1910. March 5 a Silver Medal was awarded to Dr. C. G. Weld for an exhibit of Dendrobium nobile virginale, a very fine form. March 19 Mrs. Frederick Aver made a very neat display of Acacias. April 23 the Messrs. Farquhar exhibited under " No. 426 Wilson " a Clematis from seed collected by E. H. Wilson in China and sup- posed to be C. Armandi until it bloomed when it was found to be a far superior plant. The flowers are pure white, three and a half inches across, borne in axillary cymes, and very sweet scented. It flowers in midsummer naturally and so comes in at a time when ( lcmatis is growing scarce or otherwise not in. It was awarded a First Class Certificate. At the same time Walter Hunnewell exhibited Azalea 'milieu (Wilson 5000 ft. alt.). The flowers are pale red, or but with slight variations we should say it resembled in the color of its flowers the Japanese Azalea Kaempferi. There is a difference however which we believe will become more pronounced as the plants grow older. The flowers of this A. indica are larger, flatter, and are slightly marbled where the blotch usually is. This season's growth has shown the habit to be very different from A. Kaempferi and it has great promise. The Orchid Show, May 26-30, 1910. The exhibition of orchids and other plants held in Horticultural Hall, Boston, on May 26-30, 1910, was the most remarkable assemblage of rare and beautiful orchids ever seen in the United REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 127 States and seldom equaled anywhere. The halls of the Society are not well adapted for exhibitions of this kind, especially where skill in display counts, or rather we would say there are few good posi- tions, and some exhibitors are always handicapped in this respect. It is difficult for judges to compare groups where the positions of display are so different, so that the element of effectiveness of dis- play never enters finally in a decision. Decisions have to be based on other predominating qualities such as the number of genera or the rarity of the plants. The Julius Roehrs Company of Rutherford Park, New Jersey, took the first prize, $1000.00 and a Gold Medal, in Class No. 1, for a display of orchid plants in bloom, to fill a space of four hun- dred square feet, arranged for effect, embracing at least twenty orchid genera and bi-generic hybrids, and unlimited as to number of species, varieties, and hybrids. This was probably the most remarkable group of orchids ever put together in the United States, and in some respects anywhere else. The grouping was very good in the matter of keeping species together and in the massing of colors effectively; but for the wealth of material at the disposal of those who made the arrangement it was not as effective as it might have been. There is nothing so destructive of effectiveness of display as waste of material, which means in many cases re- dundancy of color, for too much is always worse than too little. Notable plants in this group were Cattleyi Mossiar aurea; C. Mossiae Mrs. Julius Roehrs, pure white sepals and petals, lip splashed rosy purple and margined with white, a most beautiful variety; C. Mossiae Reineckiana; C. Mossiae Gravesiana, nearly white with yellowish throat; Laelio-Cattleya luminosa; L.-C. "Fas- cinator"; Brasso-Cattleya "Queen Alexandra," white; B.-C. Maroni, a very handsome hybrid of rich bronzy yellow tone and yellow throat; Cypripedium callosum Sanderae, an albino hybrid; C. Emodi, another valuable albino (C. callosum X Sanderae X Lawrenceanum var. Hyeanum); C. Lawrenceanum; Coelogyne speciosa, rare; Another beautiful albino is Cypripedium Rossetti (Cypripedium insigne Sanderae X Lawrenceanum Hyeanum aureum; Odontoglossum eximea, pale claret with white lipped sepals and petals; 0. Caulstonii, densely spotted lilac margined white (Alex- andrae X Hardyana); 0. album, creamy white; 0. Reichcnheimii, 128 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. barred chocolate, pink lip, very large spike; 0. drrhosum X crispum, white with red spots, yellow disk, large spray; Odontioda Ivditia, almost wholly orange, reticulated yellow; 0. Ckarlesworthii, brick red; Pescatorea clabochorum, very near Zygopetaluni ; and a fine group of Dendrobium nobile virginale raised from seed in England and very effective. A complete list of the orchids exhibited by the Messrs. Roehrs is given herewith. List of Orchid Plants exhibited by Julius Roehrs Co. Angraeeum sesquipedale Bifrenaria Dallemagnei Bollea coelestis Brassavola Digbyana Brassia verrucosa Brasso-Cattleya X Heatonense X Maronae " Queen Alexandra X Veitchii Brasso-Laelia X Gratrixiae . " X Veitchii Cattleya citrina X Dusseldorfii Undine " Forbesii gigas Harrisoniana " intermedia Jocasta " Lawrenceana Mendelii " alba, Roehrs' variety " Mossiae aurea " C. Brown " coerulescens " Mrs. J. Roehrs " Reineckiana " Rutherfordense " superba REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 129 Cattleya Schilleriana " Skinneri alba X suavior Warneri X William Murray Chysis bractescens ( 'ochlioda sanguinea ( 'oelogyne tomentosa ( ymbidium insigne Lowianum Lowio-eburneum ( 'ypripedium barbatum superbum bellatulum X Boadicea flamboyant callosum Sanderae caudatum Chamberlainianum concolor Curtisii Dayanum Dicksonianum X Euryades Black Empress Fairrieanum nigrum X Frau Ida Brandt insigne Luciana J. Muller X Kamilii X Kubele Lawrenceanum Hyeanum X Maudiae niveum purpuratum X Pytho magnificum Rossetti Rothsehildianum 130 -MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cypripedium Stonei X Swinburnei magnificum villosum Dendrobium atro-violaceum Bensonae clirysotoxum clavatum crassinode crystallinum cupeta Dearei formosum giganteum infundibulum Jamesianum lituiflorum X melanodiscus nobile virginale Parishii Pierardi regium thyrsiflorum velutinum Wardianum Epi-Cattleya Nebo Epidendrum aromaticum cochleatum fragrans Godseffianum X kewense nemorale prismatocarpum radicaiis Randii vitellinum Epi-Phronitis X Veitchii Eria obesa Laelia cinnabarina X cinnabrosa REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 131 Laelia purpurata tenebrosa Laelio'-Cattleya X Canhamiana X Dominiana X Lady Wigan X luminosa X Mercia Lycaste Skinneri Masdevallia Estradae Harryana ignea Maxillaria Houtteana Sanderiana Miltonia X Bleuana X Hyeana phalaenopsis vexillaria leueoglossa magnifica Odontioda Bradshawiae Charlesworthii Lutetia Odontoglossum album Cervantesii citrosmum crispum X exc^llens Harryanum hastilabium X loochristiense X Ossulstonii Pescatorei X Phoebe Reiehenlieimii . X Rolfeae Kossii majus triumphans Ven ilia 132 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Odontoglossum X Wilckeanum Oncidium altissimum ampliatum majus " concolor " cornigerum " flexuosum " fuscatum leucochilum Marshallianum phymatochihim varicosum Rogersii Phalaenopsis amabilis " Rimestadiana ( lynthia Pholidota monostachys variegata Platyclinis Cobbiana latifolia Renanthera Imschootiana Sophronitis grandiflora Trichopilia Hermisii tortilis Vanda coerulea " cristata " teres " tricolor Charles G. Roebling's group (James Goodier, gardener), entered in Class No. 1, which took second prize, $500.00 and a Silver Medal, was badly handicapped in position. It was set up in the Lecture Hall in the form of an oriental bazar or maybe an indoor garden. However, it was impossible for anyone to see all the orchids without going through the maze of winding paths with many plants hanging overhead. In fact, it was an exhibit that could not be seen. In variety his group stood with the highest and it was this which won the exhibit the second prize. There were many unusual kinds and some rare ones, but few remarkable speci- mens. MASS. HORT. SOC, 1910 PLATE 3 Orchid Show, 1910. Exhibit of Charles G. Roebling MASS. HORT. SOC, 1910 PLATE 4 Orchid Show 1910. Exhibit of W. A. Manda REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 133 Unusual kinds noted were Brasso-Cattleya Jessopii; B.-C. Veitchii; Cattleya maxima; Laelio-Cattleya Arnoldiana; L.-C.Baden- Powellii; L.-C. Cankamiana; Odontoglossum Rolfcae; Odontioda Bradshavriae, rosy flowers with white margins, very pretty. In fact all these hybrid Odontoglossums are valuable in respect to color, being distinct additions. Besides the above named Odontioda there were 0. Goodsoniae, 0. Charlesworthii, and 0. Vuylstekcar, all with rose tinted flowers. We noted also Oncidium triumphans; O.fuscatum, violet and white; Chysis bracfcscens; Miltonia Roezlii; Rcnanthera Imschootiana, a pretty little thing with reddish flowers and very rare; Brassavola Digbyana and several of its hybrids; Avguloa modestans, lovely white-flowered scapes of spurred flowers; Vanda cocrulea; Lelio- Cattleya C. G. Roebling, handsome, with white-tinted sepals and petals and big violet blotch on lip; and Dcndrobium Jamesianum, white with yellow throat. Mr. Goodier has furnished a complete list of the orchids in his exhibit as follows: List of Orchids exhibited by charles g. roebling. Angraecum articulatum citratum Leonis Brassavola Digbyana Brassia brachiata " maculata " verrucosa " species Brasso-Cattleya Jessopii Brasso-Laelia Veitchii Broughtonia sanguinea Calanthe Masuca Regnieri Cattleya citrina " Forbesii " Gaskelliana X Mossiae gigas 134 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cattleya Harrisoniae " intermedia " Lawrenceana " X Mossiae " Loddigesii " maxima Mendel ii " Mossiae " Schroderae " Skinneri " Warneri Chysis bractescens Cochlioda Noetzliana Coelogyne cristata alba " Dayana " Massangeana " speciosa Cymbidium eburneum " Lowianum Cypripedinm barbatum Warneri " bellatulum " call osu m " concolor " Curtisii " Desdemona " Drnryi Elliottianum exnl X Boxallii " gigas " ( 'orrudean Hall " hirsutissimum illustre " To grandis " John I). Adams " Lawreneeannm " Lowianum " Mons. de Cnrte " liivcuiii REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 135 Cypripedium Philippinense Pollettianum porphyrochlamys Rothschildianum Stonei U. S. Grant villosum X bellatulum W. H. Harrison Yvette superbum unnamed hybrids Dendrobium atro-violacum Barbrigium bigibbum chrysotoxum crassinode crystallinum . " Dalhousieanum Dearei densiflorum Devonianum Findlayanum formosum giganteum Jamesianum Johannis X murrhiniacum nobile " Ashworthianum " virginalis Parishii phalaenopsis Schroderianum superbiens thyrsiflorum Wardianum Diacrium bicomutum Epi-Cattleya Guatemalensis Nebo Epidendrum aurantiacum 136 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Epidendrum elatins O'Brienianum Oncidioides " radicans Stamfordianum vitellinum species Laelia Boothiana " cinnabarina " elegans " Latona " purpurata " tenebrosa Laelio-Cattleya Arnoldiana Baden-Powellii ( anhamiana C. G. Roebling cinnabarina X xanthina Epicasta Eudora fascinator magnificum " Gottoiana Lucia superba Lycaste aromatica " Skinneri Masdevallia Chimaera Harryana Maxilliaria tenuifolia " Turneri Miltonia Bleueana magnifica Roezlii " spectabilis " vexillaria Odontioda Bradshawiae " Charlesworthii Goodsoniae Vuylstekeae Odontoglossum X Andersonianum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 137 Odontoglossum ardentissimum citrosmuin cordaturo X crispo-Harryanum crispum elegans excellens X Harryano-triumphans maculatum Pescatorei Rolfeae Rossii majus triumphans unnamed hybrids in variety Oncidium ampliatum majus barbatum Carthaginense concolor " crispum flexuosum " fuscatum Gardner i Kramerianum Marshallianum ornithorynchum papilio phymatochilum Reichenheimii sphacelatum Phalaenopsis amabilis Rimestadiana grandiflora Lueddemanniana Sanderiana Platyclinis latifolia Renanthera Imschootiana Selenipedium Brownii cardinale L38 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Selenipedium caudatum grande Roezlii Sedeni Sobralia macrantha alba \\ ilsoniana Sophro-( 'attleya Psyche Thunia Wrigleyana Tricopilia coccinea marginata Vanda Bensoni " coerulea coerulescens Denisoniana suavis teres Andersonii aurorea Candida tricolor Zygopetahim erinitum Lager & Hurrell of Summit, New Jersey, took the third prize in Class No. 1, ($250.00 and a Bronze Medal). The display was well placed and creditably put up but the owners were handicapped by delay and did not have time to do themselves full justice. It contained a large number of plants and a few large specimens. It was this lack of specimen plants which went against the display in making a decision. Large specimens are needed to make a large exhibit effective. Good plants noted were Oypripedium bellatvlum, Cattleya Warneri, C. labiata, Sobralia macrantha alba, Phalaenopsis amabilis, Dendrobium formosum, Coehgyrie Dai/ana, Odontoglossum citrosmvm, and Laelia grandis var. tencbrosa. In the center of their group was a very rare specimen of Cattleya gigas alba which was awarded a Gold Medal. La el io-C attleya G. S. Ball and L.-C. callistoglossa were especially notable plants. A list of the orchids exhibited in their collection is as follows : report of committee ox plants and flowers. 139 List of Orchids exhibited by Lager & Hurrell. Ada aurantiaca Aerides violaceum Angraecum Scottianum Bifrenaria tyrianthina Brassavola fragrans Brassia Lawrenceana Iongissima " verrucosa Broughtonia sanguinea Bulbophyllum Lobbii Calanthe Veitchii ( lattleya citrina " Gaskelliana " gigas " alba " Harrisoniae " X interglossa " intermedia alba " labiata Mendelii " Mossiae " Reineckiana " Schroderae " Skinneri " rosea " speciosissima " Trianae Warneri Cochlioda Noetzliana # Coelogyne Dayana ocellata maxima tomentosa Cypripedium albo-purpureum barbato-Mastersii bellatulum Browni leucoglossum 140 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, Cypripedium calurum caudatum conchiferum Creon C'unia < 'urtisii purpuratum Dayanum dilectum Dominianum Euryale Harrisianum insigne (montana var.) Lawrenceanum leucorrhodum luriduni Lowir Mdme. Barbey Mrs. W. A. Roebling nitidissimum Sedenii candidulum superbiens superciliare Swanianum tenellum tonso purpuratum Uranus Urgandae villosurn Dendrobium albosanguineum anceps Bensonae Cambridgcanum Cassiope chrysodiscus chrysotoxum clavatum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 141 Dendrobium crassinode " crystallinum " Dalhousieanum " Dearie " densiflorum " Devonianum " Falconeri " Farmeri " fimbriatum var. oculatum " Findlayanum formosum " infundibulum " Jamesianum nobile " " Mrs. Larz Anderson Parishii phalaenopsis Pierardi Rolfeae thyrsiflorum " Wardianum Epi-Cattleya Nebo Orpetiana Epidendrum Burtoni O'Brienianum rhizophorum " stenopetalum vitellinum Wallisii species Epi-Phronitis X Veitchii Laelia cinnabarina " " X xanthina " elegans " purpurata Russelliana Schroderae " Williamsii " tenebrosa 142 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Laelio Cattleya callistoglossa " eximea " G. S. Ball species Lycaste aromatica Skinneri Masdevallia Harryana lutea (scarlet). Veitchii Maxillaria nigrescens Sanderiana tenuifolia Miltonia Bleueana flavescens phalaenopsis Roezlii alba vexillaria roseum ( Wontoglossum Andersonianum citrosmum crispum Hastilabium Pescatorei Reichenheimii Rossii majus Oncidium ampliatum barbatum concolor crispum flexuosum fuscatum graminifoliuiQ Kramerianum Marshallianuin sarcodes splendidum thvmatochilum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 143 Oncidium tigrinum unguiculatum varicosum species Phalaenopsis amabilis " Cynthia Lueddemanniana Sanderiana Platyclinis Cobbiana Pleurothallis Sobralia macrantha alba. Sophronitis grandiflora Vanda Amesiana " coerulea " teres " " Anderson ii " tricolor Warscewiczella discolor W. A. Manda of South Orange, New Jersey, was a fourth entra- in Class Xo. 1, but no prize was awarded it. It was probably the most tastefully arranged display of the four. There is no question to whom the first prize would have gone if this exhibit had had material enough. Class Xo. 2 was for a display of orchid plants in bloom to fill 150 square feet, arranged for effect, embracing ten orchid genera and bi-generic hybrids, and unlimited as to number of species, varieties, and hybrids. Entries in this class were made by Ernest 15. Dane of Brookline and Walter Hunnewell of Wellesley. Both were badly placed in the Lecture Hall and neither could do himself full justice. The arrangement was very similar and the competition close. The bi-generic hybrids won the first prize for Mr. Dane ($200.00 and a Gold Medal). The second prize was awarded to Mr. Hunnewell ($100.00 and a Silver Medal). Mr. Hunnewell's lot had some very fine Miltonias and was the most effective group. Appended are lists of the plants shown by these two exhibitors in Class 2. 144 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. List of Orchids shown in Class 2 by E. B. Dane. Angraecum modestum Brasso-Cattleya X Mariae (B. Digbyana X C. Warneri) X Maronae (B. Digbyana X C. Mendelii) X Thorntoni (B. Digbyana X C. Gaskelliana) X Veitchii (B. Digbyana X C. Mossiae) Cattleya X Claesiana (intermedia X Loddigesii) " Gaskelliana " gigas " maxima Mendelii " Mossiae " " Reineckiana " Schroderae " Skinneri Warneri ( 'oelogyne Massangeana ( ymbidium Lowianum Cypripedium bellatulum concolor " Curtisii Druryi exul " Gowerianum Lawrenceanum niveum Rothschildianum Dendrobium Bensonae " chrysotoxum " Dalhousieanum densiflorum Jamesiannm nobile phalaenopsis Schroderianum " thyrsiflorum " Wardianum Epidendrum prismatocarpum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 145 Epidendrum Randii not named Laelia X Latona (cinnabarina X purpurata) " purpurata X Ragotiana (cinnabarina X grandis) tenebrosa grandis Laelio-Cattleya General French (L. cinnabarina X C. Trianae) G. S. Ball (L. cinnabarina X C. Schroderae) highburiensis (L. cinnabarina X C. Law- renceana) Laelio-Cattleya X Lucia (L. cinnabarina X C. Mendelii) X Phoebe (L. cinnabarina X C. Mossiae) Masdevallia cocci nea " ignea Miltonia vexillaria Odontoglossum crispum vars. Oncidium excavatum Kramerianum leucochilum Phalaenopsis amabilis Schilleriana Vanda suavis List of Orchids shown in Class 2 by Walter Hunnewell. Calanthe Regnieri Cattleya gigas " intermedia Mendelii Mossiae Reineckiana Victoria " Skinneri Warneri ( Vmbidium Lowianum Cypripedium Boxallii Curtisii exquisitum 1 16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cypripedium Swanianum villosum Dendrobium aggregatum majus nobile Cooksonii murrhiniacum nobilius rubrum Tollianum Victoria Regina Pierardi Epi-Cattleya Nebo Epidendrum O'Brienianum Laelia cinnabrosa " elegans Schilleriana majalis purpurata Laelio-Cattleya G. S. Ball Masdevallia Harryana Miltonia vexillaria H. H. Hunnewell Odontoglossum ( lervantesii crispum Rolfeae Rossii majus Oncidium crispum papilio liiajus \ anda I )enisoniana tricolor The Gold Medal offered in (hiss NO. 4 for the best seedling orchid plant not previously exhibited in the United States was awarded to the Julius Roehrs Co. for Catfleya Dusseldorfii, var. ['inline, white, one of the rarest and best in the exhibition. ('lass No. 5 was for the largest and best display of cut orchid I ill Huns, arranged with ferns or other foliage. The first prize, a Gold Medal and $100.00, was won by Joseph Manda of West REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 147 Orange, New Jersey, with an elegant display in which Cattleyas predominated. Bromelies were used to good advantage in the formation of a sort of fountain display. The design was most graceful, was nicely kept up, and won besides many compliments throughout the exhibition. A complete list of Mr. Manda's exhibit is given herewith. List of Orchid Blooms shown by Joseph Manda. Broughtonia sanguinea Bulbophyllum lilacinum Lobbii Calanthe discolor Catasetum viridiflorum Cattleya citrina Gaskelliana gigas Sanderiana " granulosa " guttata " intermedia Lawrenceana Mendelii " Mossiae Hardy ana " Schroderae " Skinneri " alba speciosissima Warneri " marmorata Cirrhopetalum Lendyanum Coelogyne cristata alba speciosa Cymbidium Devonianum Cypripedium Albanense Almum " atro-purpureum 14S MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, ( Jypripedium Ashburtoniae var. barbatum illustre superbum \\ amen Brysa calurum ttougien ( Ihlorops ( 'olmanii nigrum conchife rn m concinnum Creon Curtisii Dauthieri Dayanum Dominianum Euryale exul Frau Ida Brandt Gandianum Godseffianum Gowerianum Harrisianum superbum Hera Fautzianum hirsutissimum " insigne Lawrenceanum longifolium Louryanum Madiotianum Mastersii Pavonianum inversum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 149 Cypripedium Priapus Robinsonianum superciliare Swanianum excelsus tenellum tonso-barbatum " tonsum Uranus villosum Weidlichianum Dendrobium barbrigium bigibbum calceolus chrysotoxum Leechianum nobile thyrsiflorum Epidendrum anceps cochleatum kewensis longifolium palleaceum vitellinum majus Watsonii " xanthinum species Eria gigantea Galeandra Devoniana Laelia cinnabrosa grandis tenebrosa purpurata Williamsii Laelio-Cattleya Canhamiana " Clive Martineti " hybrid Lycaste aromatica " Harrisoniae 150 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Masdevallia coccinea " ignea Maxillaria angustifolia Galatea Henchmanni tenuifolia Miltonia flavescens " phalaenopsis " vexillaria Odontoglossum citrosmum cordatum Rossii Oncidium ampliatum concolor cornigerum fuscatum graminifolium Wrayii Kramerianum longipes Marshallianum ornithorynchum Reichenheimii sphacelatum Banrei Pescatorea cerina Phalaenopsis amabilis " Rimestadiana " Cornu-cervi Lueddemanniana Platyclinis latifolia species Pleurothallis gelida Polystachya cerea rufinula Sobralia macrantha Spathoglottis aureo-Viellardii Thunia Marshalliana Trigonidium Amesianum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 151 Trigonidium species Vanda Bensoni " sua vis " teres " " Andersonii " tricolor Warscewiczella discolor Zygopetalum Gautieri The second prize (a Silver Medal and $50.00) in Class No. 5 went to W. A. Manda of South Orange, New Jersey. Mr. Manda's list follows: List of Orchid Blooms shown by W. A. Manda. Brassia verrucosa ( lattleya gigas, 6 var. " Harrisoniae " violacea " Loddigesii Mendelii, 14 var. " Mossiae, 12 var. " Trianae " Warneri " " superba ( lymbidium Lowianum " " aureum ( Ypripedium Ashburtoniae var. expansum callosum " Curtisii " Dauthieri Lawrenceanum " superbum Leeanum villosum " " aureum " 12 seedling hybrids Denrlrobium crassinode 152 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Dendrobium Findlayanum formosum giganteum Parishii phalaenopsis Schroderianum " Statterianum Wardianum Lowii Epidendrum cochleatum Laelia cinnabarina X xanthina " elegans Schilleriana " var. " purpurata, 6 var. Laelio-Cattleya (L. cinnabarina X C Schroderae) Lycaste Deppei Skinner i Miltonia Roezlii alba " vexillaria Odontoglossnin citrosmum album roseum crispum, 6 var. Hallii luteo-purpureum Pescatorei, 4 var. Oncidiuni ampliation niajus concolor papilio varicosum Elogersii Phalaenopsis amabilis " Rimestadiana grandiflora In Class Xo. 6 a Gold Medal was offered for the best collection of cut orchids of new varieties not before exhibited in the United States. This was won by W. A. Manda with Cattlcya Mossiae REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 153 Hardy ana, striped pink and white; Cattleya Mossiae "American Flag"; Cattleya Mendelii "American Beauty," white striped and tipped; Cattleya gig as Mandaiana; and eight distinct crosses of Odontoglossums. lti Class No. 14 the first prize of a Silver Medal and $50.00 for six orchid plants, distinct genera, went to Julius Roehrs Co. with Cypripedium Curtisii, Cattleya Mossiae, Dendrobium virginale, Phalaenopsis Rimestadiana, Miltonia vexillaria, and Odontoglossum Pcscatorei. The second prize in this class — a Bronze Medal and $25.00 ■ — was awarded to Mrs. B. B. Tuttle of Naugatuck, Connecticut, (M. J. Pope, gardener) for Cymbidium Lowianum, Coelogyne asperata, Broughtonia sanguinea, Odontoglossum crispum, Cattleya eitrina, and Phalaenopsis Aphrodite. In Class No. 15 for three orchid plants, distinct genera, the first prize of a Silver Medal and $25.00 went to W. A. Manda with Cattleya Mossiae, Dendrobium Findlayanum, and Odontoglossum eitrosnium. The second prize of a Bronze Medal and $15.00 was won by J. T. Butterworth of South Framingham with Cattleya Mossiae, Miltonia vexillaria, and Odontoglossum Ruckerianum. In Class No. 16, for three distinct Cattleyas, the first prize of a Silver Medal and $25.00 was won by W. A. Manda with C. Gaskel- liana, C. gigas, and C. Mossiae. In No. 17, for best specimen Cattleya, any species, the first prize, a Silver Medal, went to J. T. Butterworth for Cattleya Mossiae var. Reineckiana, and the second prize, a Bronze Medal, was also awarded him for Cattleya Mossiae " Mrs. J. T. Butterworth." In No. 18, for best specimen Cymbidium, the first prize, a Silver Medal, was awarded to Weld Garden, Brookline, Duncan Finlay- son, Superintendent, for Cymbidium Lowianum. The second prize, a Bronze Medal, went to W. A. Manda for the same species. In No. 19, for three distinct Cypripediums, the first prize, a Silver Medal and $15.00, went to Julius Roehrs Co. with C. cal- losum Sanderae, C. caudatum, and C. Hyeanum. In No. 20, for specimen Cypripedium, the first prize went to Dr. C. G. Weld, of Brookline, (Wm. C. Rust, gardener) for a very fine plant of Cypripedium Lawrenceanum. In No. 21, for specimen Dendrobium, a Silver Medal was awarded 154 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. to Weld Garden for D. chrysotoicum, and a Bronze Medal to Julius Roehrs Co. for D. crassinode. In Class No. 25, for six Miltonias, the first prize, a Silver Medal and $25.00, went to Walter Hunnewell for M. vexillaria; and the second prize, a Bronze Medal and $15.00, was awarded J. T. Butterworth with the same species. In No. 2('i, for specimen Miltonia, the first prize went to J. T. Butterworth for .1/. vesrillaria and the second to Walter Hunnewell for the same. In No. 27, for six Odontoglossums, the first was awarded Julius Roehrs Co. for 0. Andersonianum, 0. ardentissimum, 0. cordatum, 0. crispum, and 0. Pescatorei. In No 28, for specimen Odontoglossum, a Silver Medal was awarded Walter Hunnewell for 0. Rolfeae. In No. 29, for specimen Oncidium, first was awarded Mrs. B. B. Tuttle with a large plant of 0. sphacelaium, and second to Julius Roehrs Co. with 0. ampliatum majus. In No. 32, for specimen Vanda, first went to Howard Gould of Port Washington, New York, Harry Turner, gardener, for V. coerulea. In Class No. 36, for specimen orchid, any genus and not otherwise provided for in the schedule, a Silver Medal was awarded Col. Charles Pfaff, George Melvin, gardener, for a grand plant of Brassia a rrucosa, and a Bronze Medal to Mrs. B. B. Tuttle with Phalacnop- sis Lueddemanniana, A special prize, a Gold Medal, was awarded Julius Roehrs Co. for a group of Brasso-Cattleya hybrid orchids. For the best specimen orchid on exhibition a Gold Medal was awarded Julius Roehrs Co. with Cattleya Mossiae. A special prize, a Gold Medal, was awarded Lager & Hurrell for a unique specimen of Cattleya gigas alba. A special prize of a Silver Medal and $25.00 was awarded J. T. Butterworth for a group of orchids, and a Bronze Medal and $20.00 was awarded Mrs. J. L. Gardner (Win. Thatcher, gardener) for a group of orchids arranged with other plants. G. L. Freeman of Fall River was awarded Honorable Mention for a lot of collected orchids. Besides orchids there was a large display of other choice plants. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 155 R. & J. Farquhar & Co. were awarded a Gold Medal for a very interesting collection of Chinese plants grown from seeds collected in China by E. H. Wilson, the botanical explorer. A list of the plants exhibited is given herewith together with the original col- lector's numbers. Many of them have not been identified as yet and will probably prove to be new species. The Messrs. Farquhar showed also a few interesting plants from Europe and elsewhere of which mention is made as follows: A new seedling Iris, a cross between Iris Kacmpferi and /. pallida dalmatica, the characters of both parents very plainly shown. This was awarded Honorable Mention as was also a summer-flower- ing Pelargonium " Oster Gruss" ; and the same award was made for Geranium Mrs. Charles Pfaff. A First Class Certificate was given for the Begonia Pink Beauty in this collection. List of Chinese Plants Exhibited by R. k J. Farquhar & Co. 181 497 257 Acer 339 cc 434 it 434 C( 424 Henryi 347 Actinidia sinensis 391 Berberis 557 « 930 1 AQQ lUoo 1083 a 1137 " 1284 " 387 Betula alnoides 439 Calcycarpa japonica 681 Carcococea 1130 a 636 Catalpa vestita L56 M VSSACBTDSETTS BORTICTTLTURAL SOCIETY. 444 Oeltis 68 Cherry 95 Clematis Armandi 338 grata 587 montana rubens 426 quinquefoliata 383 u L02 [« 403 it 403a ' 127 i 655 t 668 t 672 ' 679a " 425 < Icrodendron 12 ( orearia nepolensis 133 Cornus contraversa 140 macrophylla 136 paniculata 153a Cotoneaster 217 it 227 " 327 (( 334 a 481 " 662 ( Crataegus 570 Deutzia 762 Diervillea versicolor 441 Diospyrus 622 Emmenoptus Henryi 247 Evodia 387 (< 397 Exochorda 487 Idesia polycarpa 325 [tea ilicifolia 576 Lespedeza 1075 Ligus trum REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 157 1075a Li gust rum 1290 it 254 Lonicera Henryi 457 Mackii var. prodocarpa 14 Standishii var. lancifolia 500 Paliothyrsis chinensis 484 Phatinia crenata serrata 905 Pinus 1378 tt 1387 (i 1390 it 1395 Li 437 Polygonum multiflorum 1213 Potentilla fruticosa 137 Rhamnus 871 Rubus 1070 Schizandra 490 Spiraea Henryi 568 Veitchii 195 tt 499 a 372 Styrax 518 Trachelosperum 790 Vi tex 126 Vi tis chinensis 126a t tt 215 i it 454 Henryana 464 t tt 124 Paederia 235 Thomsoni 150 170 242 440 1046a 1351 158 MASSA< BUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Thomas Roland was awarded a Gold Medal for the best species of stove or greenhouse plant in bloom, not previously exhibited in the United States. The plant exhibited was a new and very handsome Japanese Hydrangea, of a peculiar shade of pink, with incurved florets and stiff flowers and truss. For a group of flowering and foliage plants arranged for effect the first prize, a Gold Medal and $100.00, went to Julius Roehrs ( '<>. with a super!) collection of what we should call "commercial varie- ties." Notable plants in this group were Heliconia Edwardus Rex, very dark purple; H. illustris; II. rubicunda, violet tinted; Dra- caena Victoriae, striped yellow; 1). Doucetti; D. Godsrffimia; Phoenix Roebelini; Kentia Sanderiana; Anthurium "Bon Soir," brick red; Pkyyllotaenium picturaium; Ficus pandurata; Dieffen- bachias; Azaleas; Crotons; Pandanus; and many others. In Edward MacMulkin's group the notable plants were Cattleya Mossiae, C. Warneri alba, Anthurium Scherzerianum, A. Brownii, Stephanotis, Abutilons, Pelargoniums, Dracaenas, Crotons, Pan- danus, Hydrangeas, palms, and ferns. William A. Riggs' group had Clerodendrons, Hydrangeas, ivy- leaved Pelargoniums, Cattleyas, Calceolarias, Godetias, Aralias, Anthuriums, ( 'rotons, Dracaenas, roses, including the Tausend- schon, palms, ferns, and marguerites, all very tastefully set up. In (lass No. 10 a Gold Medal was offered for the best species of coniferous plant, not yet disseminated, likely to be hardy in Massachusetts. This was awarded to W, A. Manda of South Orange, New Jersey, for an unnamed species of Juniperus. A First (Jass Cultural Certificate was given the Waban Rose Conservatories for a handsome vase of rose White Killarney, and a First ( 'lass ( 'ertificate was awarded Thomas Roland of Nahant for a collection of new Hydrangeas. Honorable Mention was made of the Croton Fred Sander exhibited by Julius Roehrs Co. and of Malmaison carnations shown by Howard Gould of Port Washing- ton, New York. Cold Medals were awarded Robert Cameron of the Botanic Garden of Harvard University for superior cultivation of stove and greenhouse plants, and Prof. C. S. Sargent of Brookline (( harles Sander, gardener) for a collection of azaleas. Silver Medals were awarded Charles Sander for a collection of REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 159 cut blooms of tree peonies; William Sim of Cliftondale for a col- lection of sweet peas; Henry A. Dreer of Philadelphia for hybrid tea roses; Duncan Finlayson of Weld Garden, Jamaica Plain, for a group of Canterbury bells arranged for effect; and to L'Etablisse- ment Horticole le Lion of Gand, Belgium, for a display of Cocos Weddelliana. A Bronze Medal was awarded Norris F. Comley of Lexington for a collection of sweet peas. The Peony Exhibition, June 14 and 15. The Peony Show was held June 14 and 15 and was hardly up to the average on account of the uncertainty of date. Mrs. McKissock's group included an extra good selection. Some of the best were La Tendresse, white; Eugene Verdier, pink; G. G. Hill, deep rose; Saucy Lass, deep pink, yellow center: La Fontaine, pink guard petals, yellow center; Belle Chatelaine, light pink, tinted center; La Petite Reine, pink; La Tulipe, light pink; Festiva maxima; Adolphe Rousseau, deep red; George Washington, red, yellow center; La Rosiere, sulphur, white center; Ruy Bias, pink; Mute. Calot, silvery white; Carnea Elegans, pink, yellow tinted ; La Fayette, pink; Alfred de Musset, silvery, tinted white; Mme. Guyot, white guard petals, yellow center; Dorchester, white, yellow center; Auguste Dessert, light pink; Mons. Bouchar- lataine, pink; Grazella, white, feathered center; Bunch of Per- fume; and several others. G. H. Peterson of Fair Lawn, New Jersey, showed some very fine blooms; among them were noted Auguste Villaume, pink; Con- stant Devred, deep reddish pink; Mathilde de Rasseneck, light pink; Mons. Krelage, large, pink; Albert Crousse, light pink; Marie Lemoine, white, light yellow center; Marie, light pink; Avalanche, white; Mme. Lemoine, light pink; and Mireille, white. T. C. Thurlow & Sons Co. of West Newbury also showed some good flowers and took several prizes. They took the prize for a vase of 25 blooms of any other color with Mme. Coste. S. G. Harris of Tarrytown, New York, took the prize for a vase of 25 blooms light pink with Baroness Schroeder. Vase of 25 blooms 160 MASSA< BUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. rose was won by G. H. Peterson with Mad. de Galhau, as was also vase of 25 blooms red or crimson with Rubra Superba. The prize for the largest and best display of peonies went to R. & J. Farquhar & Co. and the specimen bloom prize to G. H. Peterson with Mad. de Galhau. The prize For the best collection of 12 named varieties was awarded William Whitman (Martin Sullivan, gardener) with Lady Bram well, pink; Dr. Kennion, pink; Camille Calot, pink; Alex. Dumas, single, pink; Lady Carington, single, red; and Louis Van Houtte, deep red. These were the best. It would be impossible to give descriptions of Mr. Shaylor's superb collection to which was awarded a well-deserved Silver .Medal. The varieties exhibited were Faust, Boule de Xeige, Mme. Calot, Souvenir de Gaspard Calot, Triomphe de 1' Exposition de Lille, Due de Wellington, Duchesse de Nemours (Calot), Venus, Marguerite Gerard, Mme. de Verneville, Mme. Crousse, Mme. Boulanger, Mons. Dupont, Bastien Lepage, Mad. de Vatry, Mdlle. Rousseau, Marie Crousse, Octave Demay, Mme. Emile Lemoine, Suzanne Dessert, Mad. de Galhau, Grandiflora Lutescens, Mme. Emile Galle, Germaine Bigot, Adolphe Rousseau, Armand Rous- seau, Aurore, La Fayette, Mme. Barillet Desehamps, Mine, de Treyeran, Mme. Lemoinier, Marcelle Dessert, Mireille, Mons. Martin Cahuzac, Neptune, Therese, Pierre Dessert, Asa Gray, Carnea Triumphans, Marie Jacquin, Eugene Verdier, Baroness Schroeder. James Kelway, and Coronation. R. & J. Farquhar 's display of herbaceous plants was awarded a Silver Medal. It contained single and double Pyrethrums, Iris pallida dalmatica, Ba/ptisia australis, white lupines, foxgloves, veronicas, and grasses. A Silver Medal was awarded Mrs. Frederick Aver (George Page, gardener) for a display of fuchsias. A particularly handsome one was Elm City; others were Gloire des Marches, double white; Lustre, red; Black Prince Trophe, double purple; Fulgens; and the old Rose of Castile. The same exhibitor had a fine lot of specimen Rex begonias. William Whitman (Martin Sullivan, gardener) had a tasteful display of foxgloves, irises, and peonies. The Eastern Nurseries made a display of herbaceous plants REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 161 comprising Iris sibirica, Clematis recta, Papaver orientate in variety, Phlox Carolina, Ceniaurea dealbata, Veronica alpestris, Campanula persicifolia, Spiraea filipendula, Valeriana officinalis, Armcrias, and foxgloves. The Old Town Nurseries of South Natick received a Vote of Thanks for Iris orientalis "Snow Queen." The display of the Blue Hill Nurseries of South Braintree in- cluded a very fine lot of double and single Pyrethrums; the new Lupinus Moerheimii, a remarkably charming soft pink variety; Phlox divaricata Laphami, fine deep blue; Ononis rotundifolia, reddish pink pea-like flowers, an English wild plant commonly called the "rest harrow"; and Gypsophila repens. Mrs. E. M. Gill had some nice Conrad Meyer roses, Carmine Pillar roses, candytuft, peonies, and stocks. Special Exhibits during the Summer. On June 25 William Whitman was awarded a Silver Medal for a superb collection of seedling Delphiniums. At the same time Honorable Mention was given Charles W. Parker for a collection of roses. On July 2 William Whitman of Brookline received a Silver Medal for a grand display of Japanese irises, and on the same date Mrs. J. L.Gardner of Brookline was awarded a Silver Medal for a display of Japanese irises and Phlox Mine. Lingard. On August 31 Mr. Whitman made an interesting display of phloxes, dahlias, and annuals; Mrs. E. M. Gill, a collection of annuals and other flowers; Mrs. Gardner, a very good collection of annuals; and B. Hammond Tracy of Wenham, a collection of gladioli for which he received Honorable Mention. The Autumn Exhibition. The annual Autumn Exhibition, generally known as the Dahlia Show, was held on September 23. It brought out the usual num- ber of dahlia enthusiasts, but on looking over the tables we found nothing especially new. The lists were thoroughly gone over in last year's report and will not be repeated here. 162 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The principal exhibitors in the "Show," "Decorative," and "Cactus" classes were A. E. Johnson, W. D. Hathaway, Herman Winter, J. K. Alexander, and Mrs. L. A. Towle. The Messrs. Farquhar put up a very interesting and beautiful lot of the new "Peony-flowered" kinds prominent among them being Hollandia, pink; Solfatarre, red; King Leopold, yellow; Garibaldi, dark red; Paul Kruger, red, lighter shadings; and Baron de Graney, white. Other especially good dahlias noted were Semiramis (Decorative), pink with yellow shadings; Ajor (Cactus), salmon red; John Walker (Show), white; and Lemon Giant (Decorative). The Henry A. Dreer Co. of Philadelphia made an attractive display of water lilies, and B. Hammond Tracy of Wenham put up a neat dinner table decorated with gladiolus " Dawn," a lovely shell pink variety. Mr. Tracy also made an attractive display of gladioli among them being especially worthy of note the following: Independence, salmon rose, deeper eye; Liberty, red, banded with light yellow; Seedling No. 24, deep red banded with white, Lemoine type; Sunrise, light yellow, not large flowered; Jean Findulay, white, tinted deeper throat; Purity, tinted white; Harvard, dark red; Kathryn, magenta; Princess Sandersoni, white; Seedling No. 8, satin buff, banded yellow, deeper eye; Seedling No. 78, rose, banded lemon, deeper eye; Mcintosh, deep red; Seedling No. 1, light pink flushed, deeper throat; Mrs. Frances King, satin red; Dawn, flushed pink, large, deep eye; and Fireside, large, red streaked. Mrs. J. L. Gardner had some good specimen ferns as Adiantum polypkyUum, A. Wiegandi, and D avail in fijicnsis, and Thomas Watt sent a fine plant of Onddium varicosum Rogersii. The Messrs. Farquhar had their new double tuberous begonia Alice Manning which was awarded Honorable Mention. It has handsome pendulous yellow flowers. They also received a Vote of Thanks for a collection of new Chinese plants, including Clematis, Lonicera, Sobraria, and a Rubus in fruit. Thomas E. Proctor of Topsfield made a large display of excel- lently grown Adiantum Farleyense accompanying his fruit exhibit, and the Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co. made a very attractive display of dahlias, showing their holder, and received a Silver Medal. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 163 On November 5 Seth A. Borden of Fall River received a First Class Certificate for a very fine plant of Vanda Sanderiana and a Silver Medal for a rare specimen of Cattleya Gaskelliana alba. In addition to Medals $3860.00 has been awarded in money prizes and gratuities and a detailed list of the awards made is appended to 1 1 lis report. PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. January 8. Gratuity: — William Whitman, Chinese Primulas, So. January 22. Gratuity: — J. R. Leeson, collection of Orchids, $10. February 5. Gratuity: — William Whitman, group of Cinerarias, $5. Midwinter Flower Show. February 25, 26, and 27. Palms. — Three distinct varieties, not less than eight feet high: 1st, William Whitman, $15. Hard-wooded Plants. — (Azaleas, Acacias, Arecas, etc.). — Twelve: 1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $20. Group of flowering and foliage plants, covering one hundred square feet: 1st. A. Leuthy & Co., $40 and Silver Medal; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $30; 3d, W. W. Edgar, $20. Primula Kewensis. — Six plants, in not less than seven-inch pots: 1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $5; 2d, Winthrop Ames, $3; 3d, Dr. C. G. Weld, $2. 164 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Primula STELLATA. — Six plants, in not loss than six-inch pots: 1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $5; 2d, William Whitman, $3. Primula OBCONICA varieties. — Six plants, in not less than six-inch pots: 1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, William Whitman, $3; 3d, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $2. Cyclamens. — Twenty-four plants, in not over seven-inch pots: Dr. C. C. Weld, Silver Medal. Twelve plants, in not over seven-inch pots (commercial growers ex- eluded i : 1st, .1. S. Bailey, $15; 2d, E. J. Mitton, $10; 3d, .1. S. Bailey, $6. Six plants, in not over ten-inch pots: 1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $25; 2d, E. .1. Mitton, $15; 3d, J. S. Bailey, $10. Hyacinths. — Six pans not exceeding ten inches in diameter, six bulbs of one distinct variety in each pan: 1st. William Whitman. $12. Single pan not exceeding twelve inches in diameter, with ten bulbs of one variety: 1st, Mrs. .1. L. Gardner, $4: 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3; 3d, William Whitman, $2. Early TtTLIPS. Six eight -inch pans, nine bulbs of one distinct variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $10; 2d, William Whitman, $8. NARCISSUSES. — Collection of barge Trumpet varieties, ten eight-inch pots, one distinct variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12. Collection of Short Trumpet varieties, ten eight-inch pots, one distinct variety in each: Lst, William Whitman, si;,; 2d, William Whitman, $12; 3d, Mrs. .1. L. Gardner, $8. General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes, to be arranged with foliage plants: 1st, William Whitman, $30. Forced Bulbs ' for amateurs only). — Six pans, six inches in diameter, grown without the aid of a frame or greenhouse: 1st, Miss M. A. Hand, $5. Orchids. — Specimen plant : Lst, Mrs. H. F. Durant, $6; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $4; 3d, Mrs. Oliver Ames. Sr., $2. ROSES. Twenty-five Killarney: 1st, W. B. Elliott. $12. Twenty-five of any other pink variety: 1st, Brant Bros., $12. Twenty-five White Killarney: 1st, W. H.Elliott, $12. Twenty-five Richmond : 1st, Montrose Greenhouses, $12 AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 165 T\\ -iity-five of any other variety: 1st, Brant Bros., The Bride, $12; 2d, W. H. Elliott, Safrano, $8. Carnations. — Fifty white: 1st, Mi A. Patten, White Perfection, $6; 2d, M. A. Patten, Shasta, $4; 3d, C. S. Strout, White Perfection, $3. Fifty flesh pink (Enchantress shade): 1st, S. J. Goddard, Pink Delight, $6; 2d, M. A. Patten, May Day, $4; 3d, G. E. Buxton, Pink Delight, $3. Fifty light pink (Winsor shade): 1st, M. A. Patten, Winona, $6; 2d, M. A. Patten, Winsor, $4; 3d, S. J. Goddard, Winsor, $3. Fifty deep pink (Lawson shade): 1st, S. J. Goddard, Helen Goddard, $6; 2d, A. D. Emerson, Mrs. T. W. Lawson, $4. Fifty scarlet: 1st, M. A. Patten, Beacon, $6; 2d, C. S. Strout, Beacon, $4; 3d, S. J. Goddard, Beacon, $3. Fifty Crimson: 1st, Backer & Co., Harry Fenn, $6; 2d, S. J. Goddard, Ruby, $4; 3d, M. A. Patten, Sara Nicholson, $3. Fifty white variegated: 1st. A. Roper, Bay State, $6; 2d, M. A. Patten, Bay State, $4. Fifty yellow or variegated: 1st, M. A. Patten, Hattie Starritt, $6; 2d, Backer A Co., 14 A, $4. Fifty mixed (private gardeners only): 1st, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $6; 2d, Mrs. J. C. Whitin, $4. One hundred of any one variety with foliage: 1st, Peter Fisher, $12. Vase of one hundred blooms, in not less than four varieties, arranged for effect with their own foliage: 1st, S. J. Goddard, Silver Medal; 2d, M. A. Patten, Bronze Medal. Fifty blooms of the best new named variety not in commerce: Winthrop Ames, Wodenethe, Silver Medal. Sweet Peas. — Six vases, distinct varieties, one hundred blooms in each: 1st, William Sim, Silver Medal. Two vases, distinct varieties, one hundred blooms in each: 1st, William Sim, $5; 2d, William Sim, $4. Violets. — Bunch of one hundred blooms of Princess of Wales: 1st, Dobbins & Shannon, $4; 2d, J. H. Newman & Sons. $3; 3d, Estey Bros., $2. Any other. single variety: 3d, H. F. Woods, $2. Lady Hume Campbell: 1st, H. F. W'oods, $4; 2d, E. Bingham, $3; 3d, H. F. Calder, $2. Any other double variety: 1st, H. F. Calder, Marie Louise, $4; 2d, H.'F. Calder, Farquhar, $3. lti(i MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Mignonette. — Twenty-five spikes: 1st, William Nicholson, $5. l.ii.v of the Valley. — Fifty .-prays: 1st, .1. H. Leach & Son, $5; 2d, John McFarland, $3; 3d, T. J. Grey Co.. $2. Basket of Flowers (For retail iloristsi: 1st. H. R. Comley, $15; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, $10; 3d, Penn, the florist, $5. Gratuities: — Thomas Roland, display of hard-wooded and other flowering plants, $25. Mrs. Winthrop Ames, display of Primulas, Begonias, and Ferns, $10. Mrs. Frederick Aver, display of Acacias and Ericas, $10. Dr. C. G. "Weld, Lachenalia Nelsoni, $3. " ' 'nn raria hybrida, $5. " Acacias, $2. Edward MacMulkin, collection of Anthurium Scherzerianum, $5. E. J. AJbearn, vase of yellow Marguerites. S3. Mrs. Sarah C. Sears, Camellia blooms, $5. William Sim. display of Violets, $5. L. E. Small, Dimorphotheca aurantiaca, $2. F. IF Houghton, ancient bouquet, $3. Edward MacMulkin, display, $3. Mrs. F. M. Gill, display. S3. March 19. Gratuity: — Mrs. Frederick Aver, group of Acacias, $10. Orchid Exhibition. May 26, 27, 28, 20, and 30. Orchids.- Display of plants in bloom, to fill four hundred square feet of space: 1st, Julius Etoehrs Co., Cold Medal and $1,000; 2d, C. G. Roebling, Silver Medal and $500; 3d, Lager A- Hurrell, Bronze Medal and $250. Display of plants in bloom, to lill one hundred and fifty square feet of space: 1st. E. B. Dane, Gold Medal and $200; 2d, Walter Uunnewell, Silver Medal and $100. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 167 Best recently introduced plant not previously exhibited in the United States : Lager & Hurrell, Cattleya gigas, white variety, Gold Medal. Best new seedling plant not previously exhibited, in the United Stales: Julius Roehrs Co., Cattleya Dusseldorfh Undine, Gold Medal. Largest and best display of cut blooms arranged with ferns or other foliage : 1st, W. A. Manda, Gold Medal and $100; 2d, W. A. Manda, Silver Medal and $50. Best collection of cut blooms of new varieties not before exhibited in the United States: W. A. Manda, Gold Medal. Six plants, distinct genera: 1st, Julius Roehrs Co., Silver Medal and $50; 2d, Mrs. B. B.Tuttle, Bronze Medal and $25. Three plants, distinct genera: 1st, W. A. Manda, Silver Medal and $25; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, Bronze Medal and $15. Three Cattleyas, distinct species: 1st, W. A. Manda, Silver Medal and $25. Specimen Cattleya, any species: 1st, J. T. Butterworth, C. Mossia? Reineckiana, Silver Medal; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, C. Mossiae Mrs. Butterworth, Bronze Medal. Specimen Cymbidium: 1st, Weld Garden, Silver Medal; 2d, W. A. Manda, Bronze Medal. Three Cypripediums, distinct species: 1st, Julius Roehrs Co., Silver Medal and $15. Specimen Cypripedium : 1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, Silver Medal. >!>ecimen Dendrobium: 1st, Weld Garden, D. chrysotoxum, Silver Medal; 2d, Julius Roehrs Co., D. crassinode, Bronze Medal. Miltonia vexillaria, six plants: 1st, Walter Hunnewell, Silver Medal and $25; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, Bronze Medal and $15. Specimen Miltonia vexillaria: 1st, J. T. Butterworth, Silver Medal; 2d, Walter Hunnewell, Bronze Medal. Six Odontoglossums, not less than three species: 1st, Julius Roehrs Co., Silver Medal and $25. Specimen Odontoglossum: 1st, Walter Hunnewell, O. Rolfeae, Silver Medal. Specimen Oncidium: 1st, Mrs. B. B. Tuttle, O. sphacelatum, Silver Medal; 2d, Julius Roehrs Co., O. ampliatum majus, Bronze Medal. Specimen Vanda: 1st, Howard Gould, V. coerulea, Silver Medal. 168 MAS>\< ETJSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Specimen orchid, any genus not otherwise provided for in the schedule: 1st, Col. Charles Pfaff, Brassia verrucosa, Silver Medal; 2d, Mrs. B. B. Tuttle, Phalaenopsis Lueddemanniana, Bronze Medal. Best specimen orchid plant in the exhibition: Julius Roehrs Co., Cattleya Mossiae, Gold Medal. Flowering and Foliage stove or greenhouse plants. — Group, arranged for effect : 1st, Julius Roehrs Co., Gold Medal and $100; 2d, Edward MacMulkin, Silver Medal and $50. Best plant in bloom, not previously exhibited in the United States: Thomas Roland, Gold Medal. Coniferous plant. — Best species, not yet disseminated, likely to be hardy in the United States: W. A. Manda, an undisseminated Juniper, Gold Medal. Gratuities: — Mrs. J. L. Gardner, group of Orchids, Bronze Medal and $20. J. T. Butterworth, " " " Silver Medal and $25. G. L. Freeman, display of cut Orchids, $10. Edward MacMulkin, decoration of Orchids and flowering plants, $20. W. A. Riggs, group of flowering and foliage plants, $50. Waban Rose Conservatories, White Killarney Rose, Cultural Certificate and $25. Dr. C. G. Weld, specimen Azalea, $10. Patten & Co., display of Carnations, $5. Mrs. H. F. Durant, Statice Halfordii, $3. Peony Exhibition. June 14 and 15. Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of thirty or more varieties, double, one flower of each: 1st, Mrs. James McKissock, $12; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $8. Collection of twelve named varieties, double, three flowers of each: 1st, G. H. Peterson, $12; 2d, William Whitman, $8; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6. Specimen bloom, double: 1st, G. H. Peterson, Mme de Galhau, $2. Vase of blooms on long stems, arranged in the Society's large China vases : 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6. Collections of six named double varieties, white, one flower of each: 3d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $1. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 169 Rose Pink: 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $2. Red or Crimson: 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $2. Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, white or blush: 1st, S. G. Harris, $5; 2d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $3; 3d, B. H. Farr, $2. Pink or Rose: 1st, G. H. Peterson, $5; 2d, G. H. Peterson, $3; 3d, William Whitman, $2. Red or Crimson: 1st, G. H. Peterson, $5; 2d, G. H. Peterson, $3; 3d, T. C, Thurlow's Sons Co., $2. Any other color: 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $5; 2d, William Whitman, %:>>. Collection of twelve named varieties, double, one flower of each, for non-commercial growers only: 1st, William Whitman, $6; 2d, T. A. Havemeyer, $4; 3d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3. Best display of peonies arranged for decorative effect, to occupy a space not exceeding one hundred square feet : 1st, R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Silver Medal and $10. Gratuities: — T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of single Peonies, $4. William Whitman, display of Foxgloves, Irises, and Peonies, $10. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Roses and Peonies, $10. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Begonia Rex, $10. Blue Hill Nurseries, display of Pyrethrums, $8. Eastern Nurseries, display of miscellaneous herbaceous flowers, $8. June 25. Gratuity: — William Whitman, collection of seedling Delphiniums, Silver Medal and $10. July 2. Gratuities: — Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Japanese Iris, Silver Medal and $10. William Whitman, display of Japanese Iris and Phlox Mme. Lingard, Silver Medal and $10. August 31. Gratuities : — William Whitman, display of Phlox, Dahlias, and annuals, $10. B. H. Tracy, collection of Gladioli, Honorable Mention and $3. Mrs. E. M. Gill, miscellaneous collection of annuals and other flowers, $3. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of annuals, $5. 170 massachusetts horticultural society. General Autumn Exhibition. Septembeb 23, 24. and 25. Hardy Herbaceous Plants. - For the besl collection of cut blooms, to cover not less I han one hundred square feet of space: 1st, a. & J. Farquhar & Co., Silver Medal. Dahlias. — Show, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. 1). Hathaway, si; 2d, A. E. Johnson, $3; 3d, E. W. Ela, $2. Show, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st. \Y. K. Hall, $3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2; 3d, Mrs. L. M. Towle, $1. Peony flowered, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. 1). Hathaway, si. Peony flowered, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. F. Turner & Co., $3. Cactus, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: l-i, W. I). Hathaway, si: 2d, Joseph Thorpe, S3; 3d, .1. K. Alex- ander. s_>. Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties: l-i. \Y. F. Turner & Co., $3; 2d. Joseph Thorpe, $2; 3d, E. W. Ela, $1. Decorative, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. I). Hathaway, $4; 2d, A. E. Johnson, $3; 3d, W. H. Gruff, $2. Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. F. Turner & Co., $3; 2d, W. F. Hall, $2; 3d, E. W. Ela, $1. Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties: 1st, J. K. Alexander, $3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2: 3d, W. D. Hathaway, $1. Single, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties: 1st, W. F. Turner & Co., $3; 2d, E. W. Ela, $2. Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each: 1st, G. H. Walker, $8; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $6; 3d, H. L. Winter, $4. Gladioli. — Best display arranged for effect : 1st. B. H. Tracy, Silver Medal. Gratuities: — W, D. Hathaway, display of Dahlias, $3. A. W. Preston, " " " $3. G. B. Gill, " " " $2. Mrs. H. F. Durant , specimen Oncidium varicosum Rogersi, $3. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of ferns, $5. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $4. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AXD FLOWERS. 171 Additional A wards. Gold Medals. February 25. Langwater Gardens, Display of Orchids. Mrs. Sarah C. Sears, display of hybrid Amaryllises. May 26. Julius Roehrs Co., group of Brasso-Cattleyas. Harvard Botanic Garden, group of stove and greenhouse plants. Prof. C. S. Sargent, collection of Azaleas. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., group of shrubs and climbers from China. Silver Medals. February 25. Thomas Roland, display of Erica meianthera. March .">. Dr. C. G. Weld, Dendrobium nobilc virginale. May 26. Gen. S. M. Weld, specimen Rhododendron. " " Walter Hunnewell, " " " " Etablissement Horticole Le Lion, collection of Cocos Weddelliana. " " T. D. Hatfield, superior cultivation of Fuchsias. " " Duncan Finlayson, group of Canterbury Bells and other plants. " " Thomas Roland, collection of new Hydrangeas. " " Charles Sander, collection of new single Tree Peonies. " " Henry A. Dreer Inc., collection of Hybrid Tea Roses. " " William Sim, collection of Sweet Peas. June 14. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of Fuchsias. " " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Peonies and Foxgloves. " Walter Hunnewell, display of Rhododendron blooms. " " E. J. Shaylor, display of Peonies. September 23. Henry A. Dreer Inc., display of Water lilies. " Fottler, Fiske, Rawson Co., display of Dahlias. November 19. E. B. Dane, Cypripedium Dante magnificum. First Class Certificates of Merit. February 25. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Palms, Azaleas, Primu- las, and other spring flowering plants. " " William Sim, Sweet Pea No. 107. April 23. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Clematis " No. 426, Wilson." May 26. " " " " Begonia Pink Beauty. Mount Desert Nurseries, Nephrolepis Milleri. C. W. Brownell Co., potting materials. November 19. E. B. Dane, Cypripedium Tityus. 172 \l\»A(il( -I ITS HOKTHTLTIKAL SOCIETY. C'n/ruRAL Certificates. January 22. William Earvey, collect inn of Orchids. November 5. S. A. Borden, Vanda Sanderiana. 19. E. B. Dane, Oncidium crispum. " " " " " Vanda ccerulea. " " " " Cypripcdium Sanderee. " J. R. Leeson, Acineta Loddigesii. HoNORABLI. M KNTION. January 8. Dr. C. G. Weld, Cineraria grandiflora var. matador. February 25. John Barr, variegated seedling Carnation. " Montrose Greenhouses, dark pink sport from Rose Killar- ney. " Dr. C. G. Weld, seedling Azaleas. " Weld Garden, Catileya Schroderce var. alba. " Backer & Co., Carnation Red Prince. " New Hampshire College, collection of seedling Carnations. " Anthony Zvolanek, collection of Sweet Peas. April 23. Walter Hunnewell, Azalea indica Wilsoni. May 26. G. L. Freeman, collection of Orchids. W. W. Rawson & Co., collection of Tulips. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Pelargonium Oster Gruss. " Geranium Mrs. Charles Pfaff. " Seedling Iris. Julius Roehrs Co., Croton Fred Sander. Howard Gould, Malmaison Carnations. Thomas Meehan & Sons, collection of Japanese Maples, Peonies, and Golden Privet. " John Lewis Childs, exhibit of Gladioli. June 25. C. W. Parker, collection of Roses. September 23. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Roses, Palms, and Ferns. " " " " " " seedling Phlox. " " " " " new Tuberous Begonia Alice Manning. " G. B. Gill, seedling Cactus Dahlia Mrs. E. M. Gill. " T. E. Proctor, display of Adianium Farley ense. November 19. E. B. Dane, Cypripedium Wm. McKinley. " " " Ci/pri pcdunn Lccanum X ptirum. " " " " Catileya labiata X C. Maroni. " " " " Laelio-Cattleya Timora X C attic ya Loddigesii. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 173 Vote of Thanks. February 25. Mrs. H. F. Durant, display of miscellaneous plants. " " Mrs. Oliver Ames, display of Orchids and cut flowers. " " William Whitman, Cattleya Trianae. " Julius Roehrs Co., display of Orchids. " • " Lager & Hurrell, " " Winthrop Sargent, display of cut Amaryllises. June 14. Oldtown Nurseries, Iris Snow Queen. " " J. S. Chase, seedling Peony. September 23. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Peony-flowered Dahl- ias. " " R. & J. Farquhar & Co., display of Chinese plants. T. D. Hatfield Duncan Finlayson Peter Fisher Samuel J. Goddard i Thomas Roland William Thatcher J Committee Plants and Flowers. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FRUITS FOR THE YEAR 1910. BY EDWARD B. WILDER, CHAIRMAN. The report of your committee must necessarily be brief as the suspension of the schedule for fruit at the beginning of the season and the elimination of the exhibitions leave little to note. We were glad to see an increase in the amount of fruit exhibited at the Midwinter Show, February 25-27, and trust it betokens a deeper interest in this show in the future. At the Peony Show, June 14 and 15, George V. Fletcher exhibited a collection of strawberries consisting of the Golden Gate, Marshall, and Barrymore. The Barrymore was particularly fine and worthy of mention. On August 31, James Garthly exhibited a very fine collection of melons for which he received a Silver Medal. The members of the committee were impressed with the great value of the new green-flesh melon, Mrs. H. H. Rogers, also shown by Mr. Garthly, and awarded him a First Class Certificate of Merit for the same. In a description of this melon he says it averages from four to six pounds, green fleshed, smooth green skin, of a rich and delicious flavor, sets its fruit well and is very prolific, yielding from ten to fifteen melons to each hill. At the Autumn Exhibition, September 23-25, Edward E. Cole displayed the finest plate of Maiden Blush apples seen in the Hall for many years. Dr. W. G. Kendall exhibited pears, grapes, and peaches, and especial mention should be made of the Chair's Choice peaches which were very large, uniform in size, and beautiful in color. Perhaps the entry which was most appreciated was the table of foreign grapes from Thomas E. Proctor of Topsfield, James Marl- borough, gardener. On this table, beautifully decorated with 175 176 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. plants of maiden hair fern (Adiantum Farleyense), were eleven varieties of foreign grapes. Never in the history of this building, at least, has the Society had the pleasure of seeing sneh a fine exhibit. The fruit was well grown, beautifully staged, and of the b< -t quality. This exhibit goes to prove that with a little encouragement From the Society fruit of this class will be shown at our exhibitions, thus stimulating a revival of the culture of hot-house fruits and of their exhibition. Morton F. Plant of Groton, Connecticut, Thomas W. Head, Superintendent, also had a very fine collection of four varieties of foreign grapes showing wonderful culture. The bunches were very large, the berries of great size, and the bloom perfect upon them. YYe hope in the future more thought will be U'iven to the artistic arrangement of exhibits of orchard house fruits. In 190S the Society offered two special prizes of $100.00 and $50.00 for apple orchards, said prizes to lie awarded after three consecutive years of examination by the Committee on Fruits. The First Prize- lias been awarded to Lyman F. Priest of Gleason- dale, and the Second Prize to F. Cyrus Miller of Haydenville. As the orchards entered for these prizes have been viewed the two previous years and also visited this year by the former Chair- man of the Fruit Committee, Mr. Wilfrid Wheeler, he has been requested to make the report which is appended herewith. Repout on the Orchard Contest of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society. by wilfrid wheeler. In L908 tins Society offered a prize for the besl apple orchard in bearing in .Massachusetts, hoping thereby to create a renewed interest in apple production, and bring to life an enthusiasm along this line, which for the pasl twenty-five years or more, has been steadily declining. The carrying out of this contest was left in the hands of the Committee on Fruits which now submits Hie following report. There were only four entries made in the contest, but in these we had three distincl types of orchards represented, and different methods in regard to care and management, so lhat there was much of interest to see and compare. Two of the four entries referred to were large commercial REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 1 77 orchards, both in splendid condition. One of these, which is about twenty years old and owned by Mr. Lyman F. Priest of Gleasondale, shows a fine example of the sod or uncultivated orchard. The trees have never been cultivated since coining into bearing, but a fertile condition of the soil has been maintained by the application of manure, sulphate of potash, bone meal, and lime. This is broad-casted over the orchard. The hay crop is cut and removed; spraying, pruning, and thinning the fruit, and all other scientific orchard methods are practised; with the result that a product is obtained which commands the best prices and makes a market for itself. The varieties grown by Mr. Priest are Mcintosh, Wealthy, Gravenstein, Roxbury Russet, Rolfe, Hyslop Crab, and Yellow Transparent. Probably nowhere in the East can apples be found that compare in quality, size, and color to those produced in this orchard. Our .Society has had abundant proof of this in the specimens exhibited here by Mr. Priest. The second of the commercial orchards is of about the same age as the one just described, and is owned by Mr. E. Cyrus Miller of Haydenville. In this orchard only one variety of apples is raised to sell. The orchard is partially cultivated; that is a strip of sod is left under the trees while the strip of ground in the open is cultivated. The fertilizers used are largely stable manure and wood ashes. The trees show good health, are free from insects, and well pruned, but the fruit of this Haydenville orchard is not of as high quality as that at Mr. Priest's and is shipped principally to the wholesale markets. The orchard of Mr. Edward E. Cole of Greenbush belongs to an entirely different class from the two we have already mentioned, having been planted for a home orchard, and containing many varieties of apples such as Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Maiden Blush, Alex- ander, Roxbury Russet, Chenango, and Fameuse. This orchard is in sod and has never been cultivated. The fertilizers used are manure, nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, and bone meal, sown broadcast over the ground. Careful methods of orcharding are used by Mr. Cole, such as spraying, pruning, and thinning the fruit, and one seldom sees a better grade of apples than that which comes from these trees. The fruit is very care- fully picked, too, and what is not used by the family commands a high price. The Society has seen some good examples of Mr. Cole's fruit in the past few years at its exhibitions. The last, orchard entered was of old trees, many of them over fifty years of age, and until within five years practically worthless. The owner of this orchard, Mr. George F. Root of Concord, began work on it when it was in the worst possible condition and by pruning, spraying, and thor- oughly ridding the trees of dead bark, lichens, etc. has entirely changed their appearance and materially improved their condition. The ground about the trees was then ploughed and successive crops of clover, cowpeas, and buckwheat were turned under during three seasons, and a dressing 178 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of poultry manure was added. This treatment has changed the orchard from a state of aegled and decay, to one of thrifty, healthy growth, and best of all, the apples, which a tew years ago were worthless, being full of apple maggot, codlin-moth, sooty fungus, and other pests, are now of good size, tine color, excellent quality, and sell for the best prices. It is the practice of the owner of this orchard to grow even- year some crop which can be ploughed into the soil to supply nitrogen; this is now all the cultivation the orchard receives. Summing up results as to the value to this Society of the experiment of the orchard contest, in the tirst place, it has emphasized the fact that good apples can be grown in almost any location provided the grower will use the best known methods of orchard culture, and give the care and attention to this business that it receives in the West. Apple growing has gol to become a business in Massachusetts, so the days of the apple tree of the pasture and roadside are numbered, for with insects and disease abroad, the tree which receives no care will soon succumb to its cmemies. In the second place this contest has again impressed the fact that spraying i~< a very necessary part of orchard management, being most essential in controlling the various bacterial, insect, and fungous enemies. Spraying also adds greatly to the appearance of the fruit, the health of the bark and the leaves of the trees, in short solves many of the most difficult of orchard problems. Such contests, as the one we have reported to you, tire undoubtedly of value and should be encouraged by our Society especially along the lines of new orchards. The Society appropriated $193.00 for fruit prizes during the year 1910. Of this amount $178.00 has been awarded, leaving an unexpended balance of $15.00. There have been awarded also 2 Silver Medals and 1 First (lass Certificate of Merit. The awards made during the year are as follow: PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR FRUITS. 1910. Midwinter Flower Show. February 25, 26, and 27. For the best collection of Winter Apples, not less than four varieties: 1st. (i. V. Fletcher, $5. Gratuities: — L. F. Priest, Roxbury Russet apples. $2. (i. Y. Fletcher, collection of pears, $2. F. W. Dahl, •' " " $1. report of committee on fruits. 179 Peony Exhibition. June 14 and 15. Gratuity : — G. V. Fletcher, collection of strawberries, $2. August 31. Gratuities: — James Garthly, collection of melons, Silver Medal. " green flesh seedling melon Mrs. H. H. Rogers, First Class Certificate of Merit. General Autumn Exhibition. September 23, 24 and 25. Special Prizes. Foreign Grapes. — Collection of not less than four varieties, two bunches of each: 1st, T. E. Proctor, Silver Medal; 2d, M. F. Plant, $10. Benjamin V. French Fund. Apples. — Gravenstein: 1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, H. A. Clark, $1. Marshall P. Wilder Fund. Pears. — Bartlett: 1st, W. G. Kendall, $3; 2d, G. V. Fletcher, $2; 3d, C. B. Travis, $1. Society's Prizes. Apples.— Gravenstein: 1st, Elliott & H.W. Moore, S3; 2d, E. E. Cole, $2; 3d, L. F. Priest, $1. Maiden Blush: 1st, E. E. Cole, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, $2; 3d, Winthrop Ames, $1. Wealthy: 1st, H. J. Andrews, $3; 2d, L. F. Priest, $2; 3d, J. W. Fletcher, $1. ISO MASSACHUSETTS BORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Sutton Beauty: Lst, 11. A. Clark. $3; 2d, E. R. Farrar, $2. Mcintosh: 1st, Cheney Bros., $3; 2d, EUiotl & H. W. Moore, $2; 3d, L. F. Priest, si. Porter: 1st, Wilfrid Wheeler, $3; 2d, G. E. Morris, $2; 3d, W. Heustis A- Son. SI. Any other variety: 1st. Klliott & H. W . Moore. Washington Strawberry, s:;; 2d, Winthrop Ames, Fall Pippin, $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, Pound Sweet, $1. MELONS. — Sweet, three specimens: 1st, James Garthly, Improved Honey Drop, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Maine's Honey, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Tip Top, $1. Watermelons, three specimens: 1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2. Pears. — Hart let t : 1st, G. V. Fletcher, S3; 2d. H. A. Clark. S2; 3d, F. W. Damon, $1. Beurre Hose: 1st, W. G. Kendall, S3: 2d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr.. S2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, SI. Sheldon: 1st, F. W. Dahl, S3; 2d, F. W. Damon. $2; 3d, G. V. Fletcher, $1. Seckel : 1st, W. (i. Kendall, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, F. W. Damon, $1. Any other variety, ripe: 1st, F. W. Dahl, $3; 2d, F. W. Dahl, $2; 3d, J. L. Bird, SI. Peaches. — Any variety: 1st, A. F. Estabrook, Stump, $3; 2d, A. F. Estabrook, Lord Palmerston, $2; 3d, W. G. Kendall, Chair's Choice, $1. Plums. — Collection of not less than four varieties, twelve specimens of each: 1st, G. V. Fletcher, si; 2d, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3. Single plate of any variety: 1st, G. V. Fletcher, Bradshaw, $2; 2d, W. T. Hutchinson, $1. Native Grapes.— For the best White Grape: 1st. C. W. Libby, Moore's Diamond, $3; 2d, C. F. Hayward, Niagara, $2; 3d, .John Bauernfeind, Moore's Diamond, SI. For the best Red Grape: 1st, C. W. Libby, Brighton, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Salem, $2; 3d, C. W. Libby, Delaware, $1. For the best Purple ( Irape: 1st, H. J. Andrews, Worden, $3; 2d, W. G. Kendall, Worden, $2; 3d, E. R. Farrar, Worden, $1. For the best collection of five varieties, three bunches of each: 1st, W. G. Kendall, $5; 2d, J. Bauernfeind, $4; 3d, C. W. Libby, $3. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS. 181 Gratuities: — C. A. Campbell, Willett peach, $1. L. F. Priest, Hyslop Crab apple, $2. Mrs. J. C. Whitin, collection of grapes, $5. J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., collection of grapes, $2. J. S. Chase, " " " $1. E. B. Wilder, collection of pears, $5. Special Prizes for Apple Orchards. For the best bearing apple orchard in Massachusetts, not less than three acres : 1st, L. F. Priest, $100; 2d, E. C. Miller, $50. Edward B. Wilder 1 Committee J. Willard Hill [ on James Wheeler J Fruits. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON VEGETABLES FOR THE YEAR 1910. BY JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, JR., CHAIRMAN. Your committee regrets that owing to the proposed changes in the Society's building only two exhibitions have been held the past year. We believe these changes are necessary and hope they may take place at no distant date. The past season was one of the dryest ever known; for that reason and on account of the small number of exhibitions we have very little to report. The exhibits were of the usual superior quality notwithstanding the unfavorable conditions and almost every class was competed for. The committee is quite gratified that the Society has favorably considered its recommendation of a large exclusively vegetable show in 1911 and we feel sure that it will awaken more life and vigor and create more enthusiasm for this line of work. The National Vegetable Growers' Convention will be held at the same time and the Boston Market Gardeners' Association is already formulating plans to have its members assist and exhibit* We feel sure that the members of the Society will enter into the spirit of making this the largest and best vegetable show ever held, a revelation to our visiting friends, and of national benefit. We are pleased that the schedule is to be such a broad one and that the prizes are to be so liberal. Heretofore we have been unable to get many collections staged for decorative effect because of the expense involved, so we suggest that even larger prizes be offered for this class. We would also recommend that one of the Vegetable Committee again be made a member of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibi- tions, for now if mistakes happen in our section there is no way to avoid a repetition. The February exhibition, although of few classes, had some fine mushrooms and tomatoes. 183 184 MASSACHUSETTS HORTK lULTURAL SOCIETY The collection of salad plants, many of them new, exhibited by Vincent Buitta was exceptionally fine. A gratuity was awarded F. W. Dahl for his display of Erfurt celery. The quality of the vegetables shown at the September exhibition was of the usual high standard but the exhibits were not large in number. Charles A. Campbell's exhibition of potatoes attracted much at- tention for their unusual size and quality. The total amount spent for prizes during the year was $149.00 and a detailed list of the awards made follows: PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR VEGETABLES. 1910. Midwinter Exhibition. February 25, 26, and 27. William ./. Walker Fund. Lettuce. — Four heads: Lst, Halifax Gardens, $3. Mushrooms. —Twelve specimens: l>t. Bellevue Greenhouses, $3; 2d, Vincent Buitta, $2. Tomatoes. -Twelve specimens: 1st, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $3; 2.1, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $2. Collection of Forced Vegetables. — Not less than four varieties: lst, Vincent Buitta, $8. Gratuity: — F. W. Dahl, Erfurt celery, SI. General Autumn Exhibition. September 23, 21 and 25. BEANS. Lima, two quarts, shelled: 1st, Frederick Mason, $3. BEETS. -Twelve specimens: 1st, Frederick Mason,*:;: 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d,W. Heustis&Son, AWARDS FOR VEGETABLES. 185 Brussels Sprouts. — Half-peck. 1st, Oliver Ames, $3. .Cabbages. — Three of any variety, trimmed: 1st, Oliver Ames, $3. Celery. — Paris Golden, four roots: 1st, W. Heustis & Son, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2; 3d, John Ryan, SI. Corn.— Sweet, twelve cars: 1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, Mrs. R. Goodnough, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1. Culinary Herbs, Green. — Collection, named: 1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $4. Egg Plants. — Four of any variety: 1st , Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, C. A. Campbell, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, SI. Endive. — Broad Leaf or Escarol, six specimens: 1st, Frederick Mason, $3. Lettuce. — Four heads: 1st, A. W. Preston, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Salamander, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Deacon, $1. Cos or Romaine: 1st, Frederick Mason, Express, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Whitehead;, $2. Onions. — Twelve specimens: 1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., $2; 3d, Oliver Ames, $1. Parsley. — Four quarts: 1st, A. W. Preston, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, SI. Peppers. — Twelve specimens: 1st, Oliver Ames, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Squash, S2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Chinese Giant, $1. Potatoes. — Twelve Hebron : 1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2. Twelve Green Mountain: 1st, C. A. Campbell, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, $2. Twelve of any other variety: 1st, Elliott & H. W. Moore, Drought Proof, $3; 2d, Oliver Ames, Delaware, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Rose, SI. Radishes. — Four bunches: 1st, Oliver Ames. $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Bright Breakfast, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, Vick's Scarlet, $1. Squash. — Hubbard, three specimens: 1st, J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2. Any other variety: 1st, Frederick Mason, Marrow, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, Turban, $2. Tomatoes. — Twelve of any variety: 1st, Frederick Mason, S3; 2d, Oliver Ames, S2; 3d, Wilfrid Wheeler, SI. 186 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Collection of four varieties, eight of each: 1st, Oliver Ames, S3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2. Collection of Vegetables. — Twelve varieties, decorative arrangement to be considered: 1st. Frederick Mason, $8; 2d, Vincent Buitta, $5. Gratuity: — J. B. Shurtleff, Jr., collection of peppers, $2. Josiah B. Shurtleff, Jr. 1 Committee Vincent Buitta [ on George D. Moore J Vegetables. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GARDENS FOR THE YEAR 1910. BY CHARLES W. PARKER, CHAIRMAN. The Committee on Gardens is pleased to report that the interest in its department of the Society's work has been well sustained during the year and the various estates and gardens visited are reported upon herewith. Estate of Col. Harry E. Converse at Marion. June 29 the committee again visited the "Moorings," the estate of Col. Harry E. Converse at Marion, now in its second year of entry for the Hunnewell Triennial Premium. The committee noted with much interest and pleasure the vari- ous improvements made since the visit of inspection the previous year. Especially noteworthy among these improvements were the water garden with its rustic bridges, the open gymnasium, the tennis court, and the various flower gardens of roses and other plants. A new bell tower has been also erected and a plantation of dwarf fruit trees started. A half-dozen or more greenhouses were well filled with a great variety of flowering and foliage plants as well as with grapes, nectarines, peaches, pears, and apples. The vegetable and small- fruit gardens have been much enlarged and the whole estate shows the intelligent and progressive superintendence of the general manager of the property, David F. Roy, under whose skilful care the estate has been developed from a condition of wildness to a garden of beauty and harmony. The extensive open ground between the residence and the rocky shore was occupied this season by a very promising crop of potatoes in order to prepare the ground for a fine lawn in the future. 187 188 MASSAI 111 sKTTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Miss E. M. Tower's Flower Garden at Lexington. July 1 a visit was again made to the attractive flower garden of Miss Ellen M. Tower at Lexington. Repeated visits to this notable garden only serve to increase the admiration of it. It was a pleasure to again stand at the neat gate at the entrance to the garden and look down the velvety grassy path bordered by brilliant masses of canterbury bells, foxgloves, larkspurs, and daisies which were at this time the prominent features in the floral display. It is also a pleasure to again commend the taste and skill shown in the general arrangement of the garden which is still under the care of Otto Strassenburg the head gardener. The Rose Garden of W. S. and J. T. Spaulding at Prides Crossing. July 6 the committee inspected the notable rose garden of Messrs. W. S. and J. T. Spaulding at Prides Crossing. Here are cultivated some four hundred varieties of roses representing most of the prominent classes of hardy roses known to the horticulturist of today. The rose garden is a separate enclosure in the midst of other large- areas devoted to ornamental gardening. All around the sides masses of ramblers on wire trellises form the walls enclosing a wealth of bloom probably unequaled in this section of the country. The foliage of the rose plants was in unusually fine condition show- ing watchful and intelligent care and attention. This garden was planted three years ago by Mrs. Harriet R. Foote of Marblehead, whose knowledge of roses and ability as a rose grower entitle her to distinction as a rosarian. Mrs. Foote still continues to have the care and direction of the rose garden and the results thus far accomplished are alike creditable to her and to the estate. Km ate of George E. Barnard at Ipswich. August 19 the committee again had the pleasure of visiting " Riverbend," the interesting estate of Mr. George E. Barnard at Ipswich. REPORT OF COMMITTEE OX GARDENS. 189 The display of herbaceous flowering plants exceeded anything the members of the committee had seen the present season and produced a brilliant color effect. Amongst the masses of flowering plants were numerous specimens rarely met with in our gardens and the ramble along the grassy paths of the flower beds was interesting and instructive. The rose garden of unique scroll-work design, the water and rock gardens, and the vegetable gardens were all inspected and the whole estate was one that the committee has no hesitancy in hold- ing up as a model worthy of the Society's approval. In addition to the floricultural features the plantations of conif- erous trees in great variety were noteworthy. Among these were many of the golden variegated forms, planted in masses, which give a touch of brightness to the landscape after the season of flowers is passed. This is the third and final year of entry of this estate for the Hunnewell Triennial Premium which the committee awards to it. The personal interest of Mr. Barnard in the general supervision of his place and the fine taste shown in its development have been very pleasing to the members of the committee, who also recognize that the successful accomplishment of the ideas of the owner of such an estate depends in large measure upon the ability of the person employed to carry out his plans. The committee feels that a great deal of credit is due to the super- intendent of the estate, Mr. John S. Critchley, for his part in the work, which has required a high degree of horticultural skill and knowledge. Axdrew G. Weeks' Estate at Marion. September 8 the committee was again invited to visit the beau- tiful home of Mr. Andrew Gray Weeks at Marion. This estate was described in detail in the report of the committee for the pre- ceding year and on this the second visit the effects of the planting plan are becoming noticeable. The rambler roses are fast performing their office in wreathing the white columns of the pergolas with beauty and the whole estate is assuming a finish that will soon make it one of the most notable estates in the Buzzard Bay region. 190 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Dr. W. G. Kexdall's Fruit Garden at Atlantic. September 13 the committee inspected the fruit garden of Dr. Walter G. Kendall at Atlantic. This estate, covering an area of about one acre, is devoted almost exclusively to the production of high-grade fruits for private use. Dr. Kendall has been a con- stant exhibitor of the products of his garden at the exhibitions of the Society for a number of years and his name is well known in the list of prize winners. High quality is his motto and he gets it. Among the varieties of fruits grown most of which were particu- larly in evidence on the day of the committee's visit were the fol- lowing: Apples. — Maiden Blush, Mcintosh, Gravenstein, and Hubbards- ton. Pears. — Dana Hovey, Bosc, Seckel, Bartlett, Worden Seckel, and Souvenir du Congres. Peaches. — Foster, Mountain Rose, Chair's Choice, Greensboro, and Carman. Plums. — Burbank, Jefferson, and October Purple. Dr. Kendall speaks very highly of the Jefferson, an old variety of a yellow plum. He considers it the most desirable variety for this vicinity. Grapes. — Some sixty vines among the most noticeable being Campbell's Early, Salem, with unusually full bunches, Niagara, Worden, Green Mountain, Delaware, and Moore's Diamond. There were also gooseberry, currant, and strawberry plants. The successful results obtained in this extraordinary fruit garden are won by constant attention and vigilance. The specimens of the various fruits were larger and finer than those usually seen in private gardens and were almost entirely free from blemishes and other defects of insect and fungous depredations, and a particu- larly savage looking bulldog ensures the owner of his full share of the products of his skill and labor. L92 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. For a Rock Garden: First, George E. Barnard, [pswich Silver Medal For a Water Garden: First, George E. Barnard, Ipswich Silver Medal For a Fruit Garden of large or small fruits: First, Walter G. Kendall, Atlantic Silver Medal Second, F. W. Dahl, Roxbury Bronze Medal For a Vegetable Garden, not commercial: First, George E. Barnard, Ipswich Silver Medal Second, F. W. Dahl, Roxbury Bronze Medal Special Awards. John S. Critchley, Ipswich, in recognition of his work on the Barnard Estate, First (lass Cultural Certificate. Otto Strassenburg, Lexington, for superior cultivation of Sum- mer and Fall-flowering plants, First (lass Cultural Certificate and 810.00. Mrs. Harriet R. Foote, Marblehead, for superior cultivation of Roses, First Class Cultural Certificate and $10.00. ( ha rlcs W. Parker, Marblehead, for tasteful planting of his estate "Redgate," First Class Certificate. The Estates of Col. H. E. Converse and A. G. Weeks at Marion were reported favorably for the first and second awards respectively in the second year's competition for the H. H. Flunnewell Trien- nial Premium. ( iiarles W. Parker Arthur F. Barney Arthur H. Fewkes T. D. Hatfield Julius Heurlix William Nicholson Wm. P. Rich Wm. J. Stewart J. B. Shurtleff, Jr. Wilfrid Wheeler Committee on Gardens. REPORT OF THE DELEGATE TO THE STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEAR 1910. Since 1905 the office work of the State Board of Agriculture has nearly doubled, while its outside activities have also increased in a large way. The additional work in the office consists mainly in answering increased inquiries concerning all phases of agriculture; the publication and distribution of useful bulletins and reports; furthering good legislation; and checking that which would in the best opinion of the Board be bad for the farmers of the state. The outside work consists in the holding of institutes and public meetings; in demonstrations along lines of interest and usefulness to the farmers of the state; and in visits by the secretary and other members of the Board to various farms where special lines of work are being conducted. All of which goes to show that there is a renewed interest in agriculture and that farmers and land owners all over this and other states are awakening to the possibilities in scientific agriculture. The Board has held two public meetings the past year; the first at Amherst in June, and the second at Northampton in December. At both meetings the attendance was very satisfactory especially at Northampton where over 300 persons came to the sessions. Subjects of general interest were discussed, such as Orcharding, Draining, Poultry Keeping, Care and Management of Horses, Tobacco Growing, etc. The regular annual meeting of the Board was held in January last as usual. Reports of committees, of the Secretary of the Board, State Forester, Cattle Bureau, Dairy Bureaus, State Ornithologist, and State Nursery Inspector were read, discussed, and approved. These reports will be found in full in the Report of the Board for 1910. Legislation was recommended and adopted as follows: Milk Standard. — Law relieving the milk producer from criminal liability when his milk is not up to standard, and giving him 193 194 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICri.TCRAL SOCIETY. twenty days in which to get it right. Under this law there have been very few prosecutions; warnings have been sufficient, and the farmers feel much more secure than under the old law. A Bill appointing an Inspector of Apiaries was passed. Diseases among bees have threatened to wipe out this growing industry in Massa- chusetts, and it has been considered necessary to take some step relative to stamping out the particular disease known as Foul Brood. While bee keeping for honey may not be as yet very important in Massachusetts, bees are a very important factor in horticulture. Mr. Gates of Amherst has been appointed Inspector. Another Bill appropriating $500.00 to be expended by the Board to encourage orcharding in the state was passed through the efforts of the Board. This money has been expended by giving prizes as follow: For the best yield per acre of apple orchard; for the best yield per tree; for the best results from spraying; and for the best young apple orchard planted in 1908 or 1909. Entries for all these prizes were very satisfactory, there being sixteen for the young orchards. These orchards were judged by your Delegate who is very glad to report to you that progress is being made in Massachusetts in planting new orchards, and that there seems to be an optimistic spirit toward apple production. Many of the orchards visited are being conducted along lines similar to those followed in the West. The Board also recommended a Bill allowing for an open shoot- ing season of one week for deer. This Bill was passed and over 2000 deer have been reported killed in the state. It is estimated that there are over 8000 deer in the state and they increase at the rate of 40% a year, so that the killing of 2000 does not take care of the increase. The regular appropriations for agricultural societies were also made. The publications of the Board for the past year are as follow: Annual report for 1909; Crop reports for six months, containing the following articles: Corn selection for seed and show; Aspara- gus culture; Alfalfa in Massachusetts; Celery growing; Grape mowing; Bulletins: No. 1. Poultry Raising; No. 2. Orcharding; No. 3. Grasses and Forage Crops; No. 4. Small Fruits and Berries; and Nature Leaflets: Xo. 43. The Leopard Moth; REPORT OF DELEGATE TO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. 195 No. 44. Root and (left Grafting; No. 45. Planting and Care of Trees; No. 4(i. Beautifying Home Grounds. The publication entitled Farm Lands of Massachusetts, authorized by the Legis- lature of 1908, came out this year, and contains descriptions, locations, and values of over 250 farms. It will be necessary to ask for reprints of many of these publica- tions as the supply is nearly exhausted. On the whole the work of the Board for the year has been satis- factory, but that there is a larger held than ever open for work is also apparent, and the needs of tomorrow cannot be filled by the needs of today, so that unless the Board can keep up with the times, its usefulness will be questioned and its efficiency doubted. Wilfrid Wheeler, Delegate. Concord, Massachusetts. December 31, 1910. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN FOR THE YEAR 1910. The work of the Society during the year 1910 has been somewhat interrupted by reason of proposed alterations of the interior of the building in order to adapt the halls for more general public- uses and thereby to increase the income from rentals. After a careful study of the several plans presented it was at length decided by the Trustees to indefinitely postpone the pro- posed changes. The expense of the alterations was found to be so great that it was deemed inadvisable to proceed further in the matter. A new hard-wood floor was laid in the large exhibition hall during the summer which has improved the appearance of the hall and has already paid for its cost in additional rentals of the building. For these reasons the publication of the usual Schedule of Prizes and Exhibitions for the year was suspended, notwithstanding which four important exhibitions have been given which are briefly men- tioned herewith, and are more fully referred to in the several reports of the Chairmen of the various committees. The first was the Midwinter Flower Show held February 25. 26, and 27 which took the place of the usual Spring Show. The next was the Great Exhibition of Orchids and other Plants on May 20 to 30 in which was arranged what was probably the grandest display of orchids ever shown in this country. The Peon}' Exhibition which followed on June 14 and 15 was held in connection with the annual meeting of the American Peony Society and proved as usual a most successful show. A General Autumn Exhibition of plants, flowers, fruits, and vegetables was held September 23 to 25. In addition to these exhibitions the New England Dahlia Society held its third annual Dahlia Show in the building on September 16 to 18. Early in January an exhibition of 700 photographs of Chinese plants, animals, and scenery was held in the lecture hall. These L98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. photographs were the property of the Arnold Arboretum and were made by Mr. E. II. Wilson, the head of the Arboretum Botanical Expedition to central and western China (hiring- the years 1907-08. The photographs were of unusual excellence and attracted much attention. The Society's Gold Medal was awarded Mr. Wilson in recognition of the value of his work. Two noteworthy additions to the list of special prize funds of the Society have been made (hiring the year. The first was the gift of $5000.00 by George Robert White of Boston tor the establishment of the George Robert White Medal of Honor Fund, the income of which is to be expended annually for a substantial gold medal to be awarded to the man or woman, commercial firm, or institution that has done the most during the year or in recent years for the advancement of horticulture in its broadest sense. The other addition was the transfer to the Society by Mr. Lewis H. Farlow of the fund bequeathed to the Newton Horticultural Society by the late John S. Farlow amounting to $2882.87. Inas- much as the Newton Society is not now in operation Mr. Farlow has turned the fund over to the Massachusetts Society with the condition that the income is to be expended in prizes and gratuities for pear and foreign grape culture. The publications of the year and the dates of issue areas follow: May IS. Transactions, 1901), Part 2, pp. 153 303 and plates 1 and 2. August 18. Transactions, 1910, Part 1, pp. 1-97. The Library. The need of a new catalogue of the library to which attention has been called in the recent reports of the Librarian has at last assumed material form and work upon it has been in progress dur- ing the greater part of the present year. The plan adopted is that of a classified list based upon the present arrangement of the library followed by a very full alphabetical index of authors and subjects. In this index all the publications of an author will be given under the author's name, arranged chronologically in abbreviated form, REPORT OF SECRETARY AND LIBRARIAN. 199 and with number of the page in the classified list where the full title of the book can be found if desired. It is expected that the completed work will be of value as a bibliographical reference to horticultural literature as well as serving the purpose of a catalogue of the library. There have been numerous gifts to the library during the year of books and pamphlets relating to horticulture. In January a collection of books was presented from the estate of the late Henry A. Wilder, a member of the Society since I860, among which weir several volumes which proved desirable additions. In June there was received from the Library of the United States Department of Agriculture several hundred horticultural trade catalogues both American and foreign. Most of them proved to be additions to those already on hand. In August the Essex Institute of Salem, through its Secretary, George Francis Dow, presented to the library several thousand volumes, pamphlets, and periodicals, among which were found many items of great interest relating to American horticulture and agriculture, dating from 1820 to 18b0. Other acceptable gifts were made during the year by Messrs. Oakes Ames, Wm. N. Craig, N. T. Kidder, E. E. Norton, C. S. Sargent, and E. F. Sweet, whose kind interest in the library is much appreciated. William P. Rich, Secretary and Librarian. REPORT OF THE TREASURER FOR THE YEAR 1910. Massachusetts Horticultural Society in account current with Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer, December 31, 1910. Dr. Paid for Library from Appropriation . . . . " J. D. W. French Fund . . " J. S. Farlow Fund . . . Heating Lighting Labor Stationery and Printing Postage Insurance Incidentals Repairs Committee on Lectures and Publications . Salaries of Officers " Committee on Plants and Flowers " " " Fruits . . . . " " Vegetables . . . " " " Prizes and Exhi- bitions . . . Expenses Committee on Gardens . . . Legal Expenses Medals Prizes for Plants and Flowers Prizes for Fruits Prizes for Vegetables Prizes for Gardens and Greenhouses . . H. H. Hunnewell Triennial Premium . . Special Prize Estate 1 to 3 acres . . . . $4000 Telephone Bonds bought . . . . Balance December 31, 1910, Treasurer and Bursar $400 00 203 9S 104 31 $708 29 710 99 1,018 40 2,144 11 920 17 190 96 216 54 998 35 1,194 31 255 00 3,228 63 247 50 116 00 112 00 150 00 70 80 621 25 1,215 09 13,410 10 3,880 00 330 00 149 00 20 00 160 00 25 00 4,564 00 4,110 00 18,261 66 $41,054 05 201 202 MASSA< in skits HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cr. Balance December 31, 1909 $11,893 97 Received Rents $3,201 15 " Exhibitions 2,984 25 less expenses 1,960 51 1,02:; 71 " Membership Fees 1,076 00 " Mount Auburn 2,686 28 " Special Prize 25 00 " State Bounty 600 00 Sundry Donations 7,936 92 Hayes-Loring Trustees 1, ISO 10 17,729 19 " Interest on securities from the follow- ing funds: S. Appleton 50 00 J. A. Lowell 50 00 T. Lyman 550 ()() J. Bradlee 50 00 B. V. French 25 00 H. H. Hunnewell 200 00 W. J. Walker 117 72 L. Whitcomb 25 00 B. B. Davis 25 00 M. P. Wilder 50 00 J. L. Russell 50 00 F. B. Hayes 500 00 H. A. Gane 50 00 J. S. Farlow 100 00 J. D. W. French 200 00 B. H. Pierce 32 00 J. C. Chaffin 40 00 B. V. French, No. 2 120 00 G. R. White 100 00 J. S. Fallow Newton 50 00 •I. A. French 200 00 2,584 72 Interest and dividends on securities other than those for the above funds 8,846 17 41,054 05 Assets. Real Estate $518,564 63 Furniture and Exhibition Ware 10,796 96 Library 45,110 47 Plates and History 235 50 $2,000 Kansas City, Clinton, and Springfield Bonds 1,980 00 REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 203 10,000 Lake Shore and Mich. So. Bonds 21,000 City of Newton Bonds . . . 50,000 Atch. Topeka and S. F. Bonds . 50,000 Chicago Burl, and Quincy Bonds 10.000 Chicago and West Mich. Bonds 25,000 K. C. F. S. and Memphis Bonds 50,000 C. B. and Q. Blinois Bonds S.000 Boston and Maine Bonds . 5,000 West End Street R'y Bonds 5,000 General Electric Bonds $-4,000 Amer. Tel. and Tel. Bonds 150 shares General Electric Stock Hayes and Loring, Trustees . ■. Cash in hands of Treasurer " " '" " Bursar . . . Liabilities. Funds invested in Bonds and Stocks: S. Appleton Fund J. A. Lowell T. Lyman J. Bradlee B. V. French H. H. Hunnewell W. J. Walker L. Whit comb B. B. Davis M. P. Wilder J. L. Russell F. B. Hayes H. A. Gane J. S. Farlow J. D. W. French B. H. Pierce J. C. Chaffin B. V French, No. 2 J. A. French G. R. White J. S. Farlow, Newton Sundry Donations C. L. W. French Surplus $10,415 25 24,228 75 44,693 25 50,012 50 9,987 50 27,523 75 51,625 00 8,710 00 5,162 50 5,164 20 4,110 00 7,745 70 2,308 66 17,579 74 681 92 $846,636 28 $1,000 00 1,000 00 11,000 00 L000 00 500 00 4,000 00 2,354 43 500 00 500 00 1.000 00 1,000 00 10.000 00 1,149 00 2,514 65 5,000 33 800 00 L201 89 3,000 00 5,000 00 5,000 00 2,900 42 164 50 10 80 60,596 02 . . . 786,040 26 $846,636 28 Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer. 20 1 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. MEMBERSHIP OF MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. December 31, 1910. Life Members, December 31, 1909 679 Added in 1910 22 Changed from Annual 2 703 Deceased 18 685 Annual Members, December 31, 1909 154 Added in 1910 10 164 Deceased 3 Resigned 3 Changed to Life 2 Dropped for non-payment of assessment for 2 years . 1 9 155 Membership, December 31, 1910 840 Income from Membership. 22 New Life members at $30 $660 00 10 New Annual Members at $10 100 00 1 Changed to Life 18 00 1 " " " (Dues remitted) Assessments for 1910 298 00 $1,076 00 Walter Hunnewell, Treasurer. REPORT OF THE TREASURER. 205 AUDITOR'S CERTIFICATE. 28 State Street, Boston, January 31st, 1911. To the Finance Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Gentlemen: In compliance with your request I have made a thorough audit of the books and general accounting affairs of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for the year which ended with the thirty-first day of December, 1910. and herewith submit to you my report of the same. Report. I have proved the correctness of the ledger, journal, and cash books and the small books tributary to the cash books, and saw that all balances were properly carried forward. I examined all vouchers and checks repre- senting the disbursements during the year and found the amount of cash required by the cash book upon the first day of January, 1911, to have been on hand and also examined the securities of the Society, finding them in all details in accordance with the requirements of the records. I traced all postings from the journal and cash books into the ledger and certify that the balance sheet taken from it as of the 31st of December, 1910, is a correct abstract and that the Treasurer's statement of the assets and liabilities of the Society upon said date is true to the best of my knowl- edge and belief. In short, I satisfied myself that the work in connection with the account- ing affairs of the Society was being intelligently performed and that the books and papers of the Society were in their usual good condition. Yours very respectfully, Andrew Stewart, Certified Public Accountant. THE ANNUAL MEETING, NOVEMBER 19, 1910. ANNUAL MEETING FOR THE YEAR 1910. The Annual Meeting of the Society for the year 1910 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Saturday, November 19, at twelve o'clock, with Vice-President Hunnewell in the chair. In calling the meeting to order Mr. Hunnewell stated that it was held in accordance with the By-laws for the election of officers for the ensuing year and for the transaction of such other business as might be legally presented; and that a printed notice had been mailed to the address of every member of the Society as it appeared upon the records of the Secretary. The record of the Annual Meeting of November 13, 1909, was read by the Secretary and duly approved. The Vice-President also announced that the Board of Trustees had made an appropriation of $5500.00 for Prizes and Gratuities for the year 1911. He then appointed Messrs. Edward B. Wilder, J. Allen Crosby, and E. A. Snow, a committee to receive, assort, and count the ballots, and to report the number, and declared the polls open until four o'clock. At four o'clock the polls were closed and the ballot committee through its chairman, Mr. Wilder, reported as follows: Whole number of ballots cast 40. For President, Charles W. Parker, 40; for Vice-President, John K. M. L. Farquhar, 34; for Trustees, Ernest B. Dane, 39, John A. Pettigrew, 39, Stephen M. Weld, 39, Wilfrid Wheeler, 39; for Nominating Committee, Francis H. Appleton, 39, Frederick W. Damon, 39, Harry E. Fiske, 39, Charles W. Hoitt, 39, Josiah B. Shurtleff, Jr., 39. Chairman Wilder declared the list as follows to be the duly elected officers of the Society for the year 1911 : President Charles W. Parker Vice-President John K. M. L. Farquhar (for two years), Trustees Ernest B. Dane (for three years), John A. Pettigrew Stephen M. Weld Wilfrid Wheeler 209 I'll) \l i.SSACHUSETTS HORTK I'l.TrRAI. SOCIETY Nominating Committee, Francis H. Apple-ton Frederick W. Damon Harry E. Fiske ( Iharles W. Hoitt Josiah B. Shurtleff, Jr. The meeting was then dissolved. William P. Rich, Secretary. NECROLOGY, 1910. NECROLOGY, 1910. Professor Peter MacOwan, a corresponding member of the Society since 1889, died at his residence in Uitenhage, South Africa, December 1, 1909. He was born in England in 1830 and was until recent years the government botanist of the Cape Colony. Henry Sturgis Grew, a member of the Society since 1896, died at his home in Boston, February 7, 1910. Mr. Grew was born in Boston in 1834. Although for many years actively engaged in business pursuits he was also actively interested in many of Bos- ton's charitable and philanthropic institutions to which he gave generous support and encouragement. Samuel Dennis Warren died at his country home in Dedham, Massachusetts, February 20, 1910, at the age of 58 years. He was admitted a member of the Society in 1899. James John Howard Gregory, for many years a widely -known . seedsman, died at his home in Marblehead, Massachusetts, February 20, 1910, in his 83d year. He was born in that town, November 7, 1X27, and lived there throughout his life. In 1859 he became a member of the Society and was one of the very few remaining mem- bers of that period of its history. In past years he was a frequent participant in the meetings held for the discussion of horticultural topics and the following more formal papers prepared by him are recorded in the Transactions of the Society: The Origin of the Hubbard Squash, 1857. Nitro- gen in Agriculture, 1885. The Onion; Its Varieties and Cultiva- tion, 1889. Growing Seeds for the Market, 1894. He was also the author of numerous small volumes on the general subject of vegetable culture which have had an extended circula- tion. Mr. Gregory was very successful in his business and was much interested in many philanthropic movements for the uplifting of his fellow men. He was also prominent in the public affairs of his native town and state. 213 214 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Marshall W. Chadbourne of Watertown, Massachusetts, died at his home there February 20, 1.910, at the age of 76. Mr. Chadbourne had been a member of the Society since 1865, was greatly interested in practical horticulture, and was a frequent contributor of fruits and flowers to the exhibitions of the Society. Edward Hatch, a member of the Society since 1895, died March 11, 1910. Mr. Hatch was a. well-known auctioneer of Boston and a devoted and liberal friend to the gardener and florist fraternity. His interest in horticulture dated back to the years when he held auction sales of plants in the old Horticultural Hall on Tremont Street. His genial nature and ready wit won him many friends in the trade, and his death is a loss to the horticultural interests of the city. George Cabot Lee, a member of the banking firm of Lee, Higginson & Co., of Boston, died at his residence in Boston, March 21, 1910, in his 80th year. He was admitted to membership in the Society in 1899. Charles Herbert Watson, a member of the banking firm of Estabrook & Co. of Boston, died at his home in Brookline, Massa- chusetts, April 20, 1910, at the age of 54. Mr. Watson became a member of the Society in 1905. Stacy Hall, one of the oldest and best known marketmen in Faneuil Hall Market, Boston, died at his home in that city, May 26, 1910, at the advanced age of 91 years. Mr. Hall had been identi- fied with the Society since 1887. Thomas W. Dee, one of the older Boston florists, and a member of the Society since 1884, died at his home in Cambridge, Massa- chusetts, July 3, 1910, at the age of 73. He was a veteran of the War of the Rebellion. George Cleveland Wright, a well-known Boston merchant, died at his home in West Acton, Massachusetts, July 10, 1910, in his 88th \ear. He had been a member of the Society since 1807. NECROLOGY, 1910. 215 George Dexter, a member of the Society since 1899, died at his summer home at Beverly, Massachusetts, July 2, 1910, in his 76th year. Gustavus Crocker Holt, formerly of Belmont, Massachusetts, and a member of the Society since 1900, died at his summer resi- dence in Hingham, July 29, 1910, at the age of 59 years. He was for many years a member of the insurance firm of John C. Paige & Co. The Honorable Mrs. George Duncan of Boston died at her summer home in Nahant, Massachusetts, August 17, 1910, in the (iOth year of her age. She was elected a member of the Society in 1905 and was much interested in horticultural matters. George Mixter of Boston, who died at his summer home in Hardwick, Massachusetts, August 2(i, 1910, had been identified with the Society since 1894. He was 67 years old. Mr. Mixter owned and managed a large farm in Hardwick, his special interest being dairying, and his farm was noted for the high-grade herds of cattle maintained there. William Benjamin Whittier, proprietor of the Framingham Nurseries, Framingham, Massachusetts, died at his home there August 27, 1910, at the age of 51. He was elected a member of the Society in 1900. Charles Anthony Goessman, Ph. D., LL.D., a corresponding member of the Society since 1889, died at Amherst, Massachusetts, September 1, 1910, at the age of 83. Dr. Goessman was connected with the Massachusetts Agricultural College and the Agricultural Fxperiment Station at Amherst for nearly forty years. His special work was in agricultural chemistry. Max Leichtlin of Baden-Baden, Germany, a corresponding member of the Society since 1882, died September 3, 1910, at the age of 80. He was a noted botanist and horticulturist and his name is preserved for the future in connection with numerous plants introduced by him and named in his honor. 216 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Professor W. M. Munson, formerly of Orono, Maine, and a member of the Society since 1894, died at Morgantown, West Virginia, September 9, 1910. GEORGE SPRINGALL of Maiden, Massachusetts, a member of the Society since is<>4, died at his home in that city, September 13, 1910, in his 89th year. Doctor Melchior Teeub, a corresponding member of the Society sine*' 18S9, and Director of the Botanic Gardens of Buiten- zorg, Java, for 29 years, died at St. Raphael, France, October 3, 1910, at the age of 59. An accomplished botanist he devoted his life also to the development of the agricultural resources of Java. Professor David Pearce Penhallow, a corresponding member of the Society since 18S7, died October 20, 1910. Professor Pen- hallow was born at Kittery, Maine, in 1854. His principal scien- tific work was done as Professor of Botany at McGill University, Montreal, Canada, a position he occupied from the year 1883 until his death. John Appleton Burnham, a prominent Boston business man, and a member of the Society since 1899, died at his summer home in Wenham, Massachusetts, November 2, 1910, in his 71st year. Prosper J. A. Berckmaxs of Augusta, Georgia, widely known in the horticultural and pomological world, died November S, 1910, in his 81st year. Mr. Berckmans was born in Belgium in 1830 and came to the United States in 1850. A few years later he located in Augusta, Georgia, where he established what devel- oped into the largest nursery business in the southern states. He was one of the founders of the Georgia State Horticultural Society in 1876 and its president from that date to the year of his death. He was elected a corresponding member of the Society in 1869. Georok W. TUFTS of Rockport, Massachusetts, died in that town November 28, 1910. He was elected to membership in the Society in 1907. GEORGE DOANE Low, a member of the Society since 1902, died in Boston, 1 >ecember 17, 1910, at the age of 81. OFFICERS, COMMITTEES, AND MEMBERS, 1910. fflassacbusctts 'Ijcrrtitultiual ^ntietj). OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1910. President. STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wabeham. Vice-Presidents. WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston. CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston. Treasurer. WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston Secretary. WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea.* Trustees. WALTER C. BAYLIES, of Taunton. WILLIAM H. BOWKER, of Boston. WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of Nobth Easton. GEORGE B. DORR, of Boston. ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston. JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR, of Boston. PETER FISHER, of Ellis. NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton. JOHN A. PETTIGREW, of Boston. THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant. CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Bbookline. WILLIAM WHITMAN, of Bbookline. Nominating Committee. CHARLES H. BRECK, HARRY F. HALL, of Boston. of Waban. DUNCAN FINLAYSON, CHARLES S. MINOT, of Jamaica Plain. of Milton. HERBERT W. RAWSON. of Ablington. ♦Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston. 220 MASSACHUSETTS BORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. COMMITTEES FOR 1910. Finance Committee. WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman. ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK. STEPHEN M. WELD. Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions. J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR. Chairman. ROBERT CAMERON, WILLIAM X. CRAIG, M. A. PATTEN, JOHN A. PETTIGREW, CHARLES S. SARGENT. Committee on Plants and Flowers. T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman. DUNCAN FINLAYSON, PETER FISHER, SAMUEL J. GODDARD. THOMAS ROLAND, WILLIAM THATCHER. Committee on Fruits. EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman. .1 WILLARD HILL, JAMES WHEELER. Committee on Vegetables. JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF. JR., Chairman. VINCENT BUITTA, GEORGE D. MOORE. Committee on Gardens. CHARLES W. PARKER. Chairman. ARTHUR F BARNEY, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, T. D. HATFIELD, JULIUS HEURLIN, WILLIAM NICHOLSON, WILLIAM P. RICH, .IOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, Jr., WILLIAM J. STEWART, WILFRID WHEELER. Library Committee. CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman. ERNEST B. DAVE. (iKORGE B. DORR, CHARLES S. MINOT, Committee on Lectures and Publications. WILLIAM .1. STEWART. Chairman. HARRY F. HALL, WILLIAM P. RICH, EDWARD B. WILDER. Committee on Children's Gardens. MRS ROBERT G. SHAW, Chairman. MRS. E. M. CULL. MRS. W. RODMAN I'EABODY, MRS. 1)1 1)1. FY I. PICKMAN, MISS MARGARET A. RAND, MRS. JOHN E. THAYER. MEMBERS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 1910. Revised to December 31, 1910. HONORARY MEMBERS. Members and correspondents of (he Society and all other persons who may know of deaths, changes of residence, or other circumstances showing that the following lists are inaccurate in any particular, will confer a favor by promptly communicating to the Secretary the needed corrections. Sir Trevor Lawrence, President of the Royal Horticultural Society, London. Joseph Maxwell, Rio Janeiro, Brazil. Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Washington, D. C. George W. Smith, Boston. Albert Yiger, President of the National Society of Horticulture of France, Paris. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS Edouard Andre, Editor-in-chief of the Revue Horticole, Paiis, France. George Francis Atkinson, Professor of Botany in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. Professor L. H. Bailey, Director of College of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. John Gilbert Baker. F. R. S., F. L. S., Kew, England. Napoleon Baumann, Bolwiller, Alsace. D. W. Beadle, Toronto, Ontario. Professor William J. Beal, Agricultural College, Michigan. Charles E. Bessey, Ph.D., Professor of Botany in the Industrial College of the University of Nebraska, Lincoln. 221 Ill MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Dr. Ch Bol i. k, Berlin. Prussia. Col. Gustavus B. Brackett, Pomologist of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Alexander Burton, Tinted States Consul at Cadiz, Spain, Phila- delphia. Sib W. T. Thiselton Dyer. K. C. M. G., F. R S., "Witcombe," Glouces- ter, England. Parker, Earle, Presidenl of the American Horticultural Society, Ros- well, X. M. H. J. Elwes, F. R. S., Colesborne, Cheltenham, England. William G. Farlow, M. D., Professor of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge. B. E. Fernow, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Beverly T. Galloway, Horticulturist and Superintendent of Gardens and Grounds of the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash- ington, D. C. George L. Goodale, M. D., Professor of Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge. Professor Byron D. Halsted, Botanist and Horticulturist at the New- Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, New Brunswick, X. J. J. H. Hart, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Trinidad. Dr. Augustine Henry, Cambridge, England. J. W. Hoffmann, Colored State University, Orangeburg, S. C. J. C. Holding, Ex-Treasurer and Secretary of the Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society, Cape Town, Africa. Sir Joseph Hooker, K. C. S. I., The Camp, Sunningdale, England. Senor Don Salvador Izquierdo, Santiago, Chile. Professor William R. Lazenby, Department of Horticulture and Forestry; Secretary College of Agriculture and Domestic Science, Ohio Slate University, Columbus, O. Victor Lemoine, Nancy, France. George Maw, Benthal, Kinley, Surrey, England. T. C. Maxwell. Geneva, N. Y. I". W. Moore. A. L. S., Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens. Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland. Sir Daniel Morris, C. M. G., D.Sc, M.A., F. L. S. T. V. Munson, Denison. Texas. Peter N»vik, Secretary of the Norwegian Horticultural Society, Chris- tiania. Lieut. Col. David Prain, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. P. T. QUINN, Newark. N. J. Cavaliere Enrico Ragusa, Palermo, Sicily. S. Reynolds, M. I)., Schenectady, N. Y. Dr. Henry L. Ridley, Director of the Botanic Garden, Singapore. Benjamin Lincoln Robinson, Ph.D., Curator of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge. CORRESPONDING MEMBERS. 223 William Robinson, Editor of Gardening Illustrated, London. William Salway, Superintendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, O. William R. Smith, Superintendent of the Botanic Garden, Washington, DC. Robert W. Starr. Wolfville, N. S. William Trelease, Director of the Missouri Botanic Garden, St. Louis. H. J. Veitch, Chelsea, England. Maurice, L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France. Philippe L. de Vilmorin, Paris, France. William W'atson, Curator of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England. Miss E. Willmott, Essex, England. Professor L. Wittmack, Secretary of the Royal Prussian Horticultural Society, Berlin, Prussia. 224 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. LIFE MEMBERS. Adams, Mrs. Charles Francis. South Lincoln. Adams, George E., Kingston, R. I. Adams, Henry Saxton, WeUesley. Agassiz, Mrs. George R., Yarmouth Port. Allen, Hon. Charles H., Lowell. Allen, Thomas, Boston. Ames, F. Lothrop, North Easton. Ames, John S., North Easton. Ames, Miss Mary S., North Easton. Ames. ( takes. North Easton. Ames. Oliver, North Easton. Ames. Mrs. Oliver. Sr., North East- on. Ames, Miss Susan E., North Easton. Amory, C. W. Boston. Amory, Frederick, Boston. Anderson, Larz, Brookline. Andrews, Charles L.. Milton. Appleton, Hon. Francis H., Boston. Arnold. Mrs. ( teorge Francis, Brook- line. Ash, John. Pomfret Centre, Conn. Atkins, Edwin F., Belmont. Aver, .James 15., Boston. Backer, Clarence A., Melrose. Badger, Walter I., Cambridge. Bailey, Jason S., West Roxbury. Bailey, Robert M., Dedham. Baker. Clifton P., Dedham. Baker, James E., South Lincoln. Balch, Joseph, Dedham. Baldwin, Frank F., Hopkinton. I '.at i field, Francis L., M. D.. Wor- cester. Barber, J. Wesley, Newton. Barker, George, Swampscott. Barnard, George E.. Ipswich. Barnes, Walter S., Boston. Barney, Arthur F., Dorchester. Barney, Levi C, Boston. Barry, John Marshall, Boston. Barry, William C, Rochester, N. Y. Bartlett, Francis, Beverly. Bartlett, Miss Mary F., Boston. Bates, Miss Mary D., Ipswich. Baylies, Walter C, Taunton. Beal, Thomas P., Boston. Becker, Frederick C, Cambridge. Beckford, Daniel R., Jr., Dedham. Beebe, E. Pierson, Boston. Beebe, Franklin H., Boston. Beebe, J. Arthur, Boston. Bemis, Frank B., Beverly. Bigelow, Albert S., Cohasset. Bigelow, Joseph S., Cohasset. Bigelow, Dr. William Sturgis, Bos- ton. Black, George N., Manchester. Blake, Mrs. Arthur W., Brookline. Blake, Edward D., Boston. Blake, Francis, Weston. Blanchard, John W., West New- ton. Blood, Eldredge H., Cambridge. Boardman, Miss Eliza D., Boston. Boardman, Samuel M., Hyde Park. Boardman, T. Dennie, Manchester. Bolles, William P., M. D., Roxbury. Bosler, Frank C, Carlisle, Penn. Bowditch, Charles P., Jamaica Plain. Bowditch, Ernest W., Milton. Bowditch, James H., Brookline. LIFE MEMBERS. 225 Bowditch, Nathaniel I., Framing- ham. Bowditch, William E., Roxbury. Bowker, William H., Boston. Breck, Joseph Francis, Waban. Bremer, Mrs. John L., Manchester. Bresee, Albert, Hubbardton, Vt. Brewster, William, Cambridge. Briggs, Mrs. George R., Plymouth. Briggs, William S., Lincoln. Brigham, William T., Honolulu, Hawaii. Brooke, Edmund G., Jr., Provi- dence, R. I. Brooks, Henry, Lincoln. Brooks, J. Henry, Milton. Brooks, Peter C, Boston. Brooks, Shepherd, Boston. Brown, Mrs. John Carter, Provi- dence, R. I. Brown, Samuel N., Boston. Brush, Charles N., Brookline. Buitta, Vincent, Newton Upper Falls. Burlen, William II., Boston. Burnett, Harry, Southborough. Burr, I. Tucker, Milton. Bunage, Albert C, Boston. Butler, Aaron, Wakefield. Butterworth, George William, South Framingham. Butterworth, J. Thomas, South Framingham. Buttriek, Stedman, Concord. Cabot, Dr. Arthur T., Boston. Cabot, George E., Boston. Calder, Augustus P., Mattapan. Cameron, Robert, Cambridge. Campbell, Charles A., Ipswich. Campbell, Francis, Cambridge. Carr, Hon. John, Roxbury. Carr, Samuel, Boston. Carter, Charles N., Needham. Carter, Miss Maria E., Woburn. Cartwright, George, Dedham. Casas, W. B. de las, Maiden. Chamberlain, Chauncy W., Boston. Chamberlain, Montague, Newton Highlands. Chapman, John L., Prides Crossing. Chase, Philip Putnam, Milton. Cheney, Mrs. Elizabeth S.,Wellesley. Choate, Charles F., Southborough. Christie, William. Everett. Clapp, Edward B., Dorchester. Clapp, James H., Dorchester. Clapp, William C, Dorchester. Clark, B. Preston, Cohasset. Clark, Miss Eleanor J., Pomfret Centre, Conn. Clark, Herbert A., Belmont. Clark, J. WTarren, Millis. Clark, Winslow, Milton. Clarke, Miss Cora H., Boston. Clarke, Eliot C, Boston. Clough, Micajah Pratt, Lynn. Cobb, John C, Milton. Coburn, Isaac E., Everett. Codman, Miss Catherine A., West- wood. Codman, James M., Brookline. Coe, Miss Mary Alma, Boston. Cogswell, Edward R., Jr., Newton Highlands. Cole, Edward E., Boston. Collamore, Miss Helen, Boston. Colton, Samuel H., Worcester. Comley, Norris F., Lexington. Converse, Col. H. E., Maiden. Coolidge, Harold J., Boston. Coolidge, J. Randolph, Chestnut Hill. Coolidge, Mrs. J. Randolph, Chest- nut Hill. Coolidge, T. Jefferson, Jr., Boston. Cottle, Henry C, Boston. Cox, Thomas A., Dorchester. Craig, David R., Boston. Craig, William Nicol, North East on. Crane, Zenas, Dalton. Crawford, Dr. Sarah M., Roxbury. 226 MASS.U III SF.TTS HOKTK TLTTRAL SOCIETY. (linker, Hon. George G., Boston. Crocker, Miss S. H., Boston. Crosby, George E., West Medford. Cross, Alfred Richard. Nantasket. Cumner, Mrs. Nellie B., Brookline. Curtis, Charles F., Jamaica Plain. Curtis, Charles P., Boston. dishing, Livingston, Weston. Cutler, Mrs. Charles F., Boston. Cutler, Judge Samuel R., Revere. Damon, Frederick W., Arlington. Dane, Ernest B., Brookline. Dane, Mrs. Ernest B., Brookline. Daniels, Dr. Edwin A., Boston. Danielson, Mrs. J. DeForest, Bos- ton. Davenport. Albert M., Watertown. Davis, Arthur E., Dover. Davis. Mrs. Arthur E., Dover. Davis, Edward L., Worcester. Davis, L. Shannon, Brookline. Dawson, Henry Sargent, Jamaica Plain. Dawson, Jackson T., Jamaica Plain. Day, Frank A., Newton. Day, Henry B., West Newton. Denny, Clarence H., Boston. Denton, Eben, Dorchester. Dexter. Gordon, Beverly Farms. Dexter, Philip, Beverly. Dike, Charles C, Stoneham. Doane, Edgar Howard, Wonham. Doliber, Thomas, Brookline. Donald, William, Cold Spring Har- bor, N. Y. Donaldson, James, Roxbury. Doten, Scott T., Brookline. Downs, William, Chestnut Hill. Dowse, William B H., West New- ton. Draper, Hon. Eben S., Hopedale. Draper. George A., Hopedale. Dreer. William F., Philadelphia, Pa. Dumaresq, Herbert, Chestnut Hill. Duncan, James L., New York, N. Y. Duncan, John W., West Roxbury. Dunlap, James H., Nashua, N. H. Dupuy, Louis, Whitestone, L. I., N. Y. Durfee, George B., Fall River. Dutcher, Frank J., Hopedale. Dwight, Theodore F., Kendal Green. Dyer, Herbert H., Arlington. Baton, Horace, Cambridge. Eldredge, H. Fisher, Boston. Elliott, Mrs. John W., Boston. Elliott, William H., Brighton. Ellsworth, J. Lewis, Worcester. Emerson, Nathaniel W., M.D., Boston. Endicott, William, Boston. Endicott, William, Jr., Boston. Endicott, William C, Danvers. Estabrook,* Arthur F., Boston. Estabrook,[Mrs. Arthur F., Boston. Eustis, Miss Elizabeth M., Brook- line. Eustis, Miss Mary St. Barbe, Brook- line. Fairchild, Charles, New York, N. Y. Falconer, William", Pittsburg, Pa. Farlow, Lewis H., Pasadena, Cal. Farnsworth, Mrs. William, Dedham. Farquhar, James F. M., Roslindale. Farquhar, John K. M. L.. Roxbury. Farquhar, Robert, North Cam- bridge. Faxon, John, Quincy. Fay, H. H., Woods Hole. Fay, Joseph S., Woods Hole. Fay, Wilton B., West Medford. Fenno, L. Carteret, Boston. Fessenden, George B., Allston. Fewkes, Arthur H., Newton High- lands. Finlayson, Duncan, Jamaica Plain. Finlayson, Kenneth, Jamaica Plain. Fisher, Peter, Ellis. Flanagan, Joseph F., Newton. LIFE MEMBERS. 227 Fletcher, George V., Belmont. Fletcher, J. Henry, Belmont. Forbes, Charles Stewart, Boston. Forbes, Mrs. J. Malcolm, Milton. Forbes, Mrs. William H., Milton. Foster, Charles H. W., Needham. Foster, Francis C, Cambridge. Fottler, John, Jr., Dorchester. Fowle, George W., Jamaica Plain. Freeman, James G., Boston. French, Miss Caroline L. W., Boston. French, Mrs. Julie R., Hingham. French, S. Waldo, Newtonville. French, W. Clifford, Brookline. Frohock, Roscoe R., Boston. Frost, Harold L., Arlington. Frost, Irving B., Belmont. Galloupe, Frederic R., Lexington. Gardner, Mrs. Augustus P., Hamil- ] ton. Gardner, George A., Boston. Gardner, George P., Boston. Gardner, John L., Boston. Gardner, Mrs. John L., Brookline. i Gardner, William Amory, Groton. Garland, Mrs. J. A., Buzzards Buy. Garratt, Allan V.. Holliston. Gaston, William A., Boston. Geiger, Albert Jr., Brookline. GUI, Mrs. E. M.. Medford. Gill, George B., Medford. Gillard, William, Dorchester. Gilson, F. Howard, Wellesley Hills. Goddard, Joseph, Sharon. Goddard. Samuel J., Framingham. Goodale, Dr. Joseph L., Boston. Goodell, L. W., Dwight. Gowing, Mrs. Clara E , Kendal Green Grandin, J. Livingston, Boston. Gray, Mrs. John C, Boston. ( rreenough, Mrs. Charles P., Brook- line. Grew, Edward S., Boston. Hale, James O., Byfield. Hall, Edwin A., Cambridgeport. Hall, George A., Chelsea. Hall, Jackson E., Foxboro. Hall, Osborn B., Maiden. Halloran, Edward J., Roxbury. Harding, George W., Arlington. Harding, Louis B., Chestnut Hill. Hardy, F. D., Cambridgeport. Hardy, Miss Susan White, Boston. Hargraves, William J., Jamaica Plain. Harris, Thaddeus William, A. M., Littleton,' N. H. Harris, Prof. William Fenwick, Cambridge. Hart, Francis R., Milton. Hartshorn, Arthur E., Worcester. Harwood, George Fred, Newton. Hastings, Levi W., Brookline. Hauthaway, Edwin D., Sharon. Hawken. Mrs. Thomas, Rockland, Me. Hayward, George P., Chestnut Hill. Head, Thomas W., Groton, Conn. Hellier, Charles E., Boston. Hemenway, Augustus, Canton. Hemenway, Mrs. Augustus, Canton. Henshaw, Joseph P. B.. Boston. Henshaw, Samuel, Cambridge. Heurlin, Julius, South Braintree. Hewett, Miss Mary C, Canton. Higginson, Francis L., Boston. Higginson, Mrs. Henry L., Boston. Hilbourn, A. J., Boston. Hittinger, Jacob, Belmont. Hoitt, Hon. Charles W., Nashua, N. H. Holbrook, E. Everett, Boston. Hollingsworth, Z. T., Boston. Hollis, George W., Allston. Holmes, Edward J., Boston. Holt, Mrs. Stephen A., Cambridge. Holt, William W., Norway, Maine. Hood, The Hon. Mrs. Horace L. A., London, Eng. 228 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Hoop:T, William, Manchester. Horsford, Miss Kate, Cambridge. Hosmer, Oscar, Wenham. Houghton, Clement S., Chestnut Hill. Houghton. Miss Elizabeth ('.., Bos- ton. Hovey. Charles II.. South Pasa- dena, Cal. Hovey. Stilhnan S., Woburn. Howard, Henry M., Wesl Newton. Howard Joseph W., Somerville. Hoyt, William J., Manchester, X. II. Hubbard, Charles Wells, Weston. Hubbard. James C., Everett. Humphrey, George W., Dedham. Hunnewell, Henry Sargent, Welles- ley. Hunnewell, Walter, Wellesley. Hunt. Dudley F., Reading. Hunt, Franklin, Chariest own, X. H. Hunt, William H., Concord. Hutchins, Rev. Charles Lewis. Con- cord. Jack, John George, Jamaica Plain. Jackson, Charles L., Cambridge. Jackson. Robert T., Cambridge. James, Ellerton, Milton. James, Mrs. Ellerton, Milton. Jam< f3, ( leorge Abbot, Nahant. Jaques, Herbert, Chestnut Hill. Jeffries, William A., Boston. Jenks, Charles W.. Bedford. Johnson Arthur S., Boston. Johnson, J. Frank, Maiden. Jones, Mrs. Clarence W., Brookline. Jones, Jerome, Brookline. Join-. Dr Mary E., Boston. Jordan, Eben D., Boston. Jordan, Henry (!., Brookline. Jose Edwin H.. Cambridgeport, Kellen. William V.. Marion. Kelly. George B., Jamaica Plain. Kendall I). S., Woodstock, Ont. Kendall. Edward, Cambridgeport. Kendall, Joseph R.. San Francisco. Cal. Kendall. Dr. Walter G., Atlantic. Kendrick, Mrs. H. P., Boston. Kennedy. George G., M. D., Milton. Kennedy, Harris, M. D., Milton. Keyes, Mrs. Emma Mayer, Boston. Keyes, John M., Concord. Kidder, Charles A., Southborough. Kidder, Mrs. Henry P., Boston. Kidder, Nathaniel T., Milton. Kimball, David P., Boston. Kimball, Richard D., Waban. King, D. Webster, Boston. Kingman, Abner A., Wakefield. Kinney, H. R.. Worcester. Kinnicutt, Mrs. Leonard P., Wor- cester. Kirkland. Archie Howard, Reading. Knapp, Walter H., XTewtonville. Lamb, Horatio A., Milton. Lancaster, Charles B., Boston Lane, Gardiner M., Boston. Lanier, Charles, Lenox. Lawrence, Amory A., Boston. Lawrence. Amos A.. Xew York, N. Y. Lawrence, James. Groton. Lawrence, John, Groton. Lawrence. Samuel C, Medford. Lawrence, Rt. Rev. William, Bos- ton. Learned. Charles A., Arlington. Lee Daniel, D., Jamaica Plain. Lee. Francis IL, Salem. Leeson, Hon. Joseph R., Newton Centre. Leighton, George B., Monadnock, X. H. Lemme, Frederick. Charlestown. Libby, Charles \\ ., Medford. Lindsey, X. Allen. Marblehead. Little, James L., Brookline. LIFE MEMBERS. 229 Little, John Mason, Swampscott. Locke, Isaac H., Belmont. Lodge, Richard W., Boston. Loomis, Elihu G., Bedford. Loring, Augustus P., Beverly. Loring, David, Boston. Loring, Mrs. William Caleb, Bev- erly. Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, Boston. Lowell, Miss Amy, Brookline. Lowell, James A., Chestnut Hill. Lowell, John, Newton. Lowell, Miss Lucy, Boston. Luke, Otis H., Brookline. Lunt, William W., Hingham. Lyman, George H., Wareham. Lyman, Mrs. Theodore. Brookline. Mabbett, George, Plymouth. McCarty, Timothy, Providence, R. I. * Mackie, George, M. D., Attleboro. McWilliam, George, Whitinsville. Mahoney, John, Boston. Mallett, E. B., Jr., Freeport, Me. Manda, W. A., South Orange, N. J. Mandell, Mrs. William D., Boston. Mann, James F., Ipswich. Manning, J. Woodward, Reading. Manning, Warren H.. Brookline. Marble, Benjamin G, Manchester. Marlborough, James, Topsfield. Marshall. Frederick F., Everett. Marston, Howard, Brookline. Mason, Miss Ellen F., Boston. Mason, Col. Frederick, Taunton. Mathison, Fred R., Waltham. Matthews, Nathan, Boston. Maxwell, George, H., Newton. Melvin, George, South Framing- ham. Melvin, James C, Boston. Meredith, J. Morris, Topsfield. Merriam, Charles, Weston. Merriam, Herbert, Weston. Merry, Louis E., West Somerville. Metivier, James, Cambridge. Milmore, Mrs. Joseph, Washington, D. C. Minot, Charles S., Milton. Minot, Laurence, Boston. Mitton, Edward J., Brookline. Montieth, David, Hyde Park, Vt. Montgomery, Alexander, Natick. Montgomery, Alexander, Jr., Na- tick. Moore, George D., Arlington. Moore, John H.; Concord. Morgan, George H., New York, N. Y. Morse, John T., Boston. Morse, John Torrey, 3d., Boston. Morse, Lewis Kennedy, Boxford. Morse, Robert M., Jamaica Plain. Morton, James H., Mattapan. Moseley, Charles H., Roxbury. Moseley, Charles W., Newburyport. Moseley, Frederick Strong, New- buryport. Mudge, George A., Portsmouth, N. H. Murdoch. Albert L., Boston. Murray, Peter, Fairhaven. Mutch, John, Waban. Nevins, Mrs. David, Methuen. Newman, John R., Winchester. Newton, Rev. William W., Pitts- field. Nickerson, William E., Cambridge. Norton, Charles W., Allston. Norton, Edward E., Boston. Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr., Brook- line. Olmsted, John C, Brookline. Orpet, Edward O., South Lancas- ter. Page, George, Newton Highlands. Page, George William, Newton Highlands. 230 MASSAi 111 SETTS BORTK (JLTURAL SOCIETY. Page, Mrs. Henrietta, Cambridge. Paige, Clifton EL, Mattapan, Parker, Augustine H., Dover. Parker, Charles \\ '., Boston. Parkman, Henry, Boston. Parsons, John E., Lenox. Patten, Marcellua A., Tewksbury. Paul, Alfred W., Dighton. Peabody, Francis. Jr.. Milton. Peabody, Mrs. Francis. Jr. Milton. Peabody, Frank E., Boston. Peabody, George A., Darners. Peabody, John E., Salem. Peck, William G., Arlington. Peirce, E. Allan, Walt ham. Pentecost. Mrs. Ernest Harvey, Topsfield. Perry, George W., Maiden. Perry, Oliver Hazard, Lowell. Pfaff, Col. Charles, South Framing- ham. Phillips, John C, North Beverly. Phillips, Mrs. John C, North Bev- erly. Phillips, William, North Beverly. Pickman, Dudley L. Boston. Pickman, Mrs. Ellen R., Boston. Pierce, Dean, Brookline. Pierce, George Francis, Neponset. Pierce. Wallace L., Boston. Pierson. Frank II , Tarrytown, N. Y. Pond, Preston, Winchester. Porter. Alexander S., Boston. Porter, James C, Wollaston. Pratt, Laban, Dorchester Pratt, Robert M., Boston. Prendergast, J. M., Boston. Prescott, Eben C, New York, X. Y. Presson, Alfred, Gloucester. Preston, Howard Willis. Provi- dence, R. I. Pringle, Cyrus G., Burlington, Vt. Proctor, T. E., Boston. Putnam, George, Manchester. Putnam, George J., Brookline. Quinby, Hosea M.. M. 1)., Worces- ter. Raddin, Everett W., North Cam- bridge. Rand, Harry S.; North Cambridge. Rand, Miss Margarel A , Cam- bridge. Rawson, Herbert W.. Arlington. Ray, James F., Franklin. Raymond, Walter, Pasadena, Cal. Read, Charles A., Manchester. Reardon, Edmund, Cambridgeport . Rcardon, John B., Boston. Remick, Frank W., West Newton. Rice, George C, Worcester. Rich, William P., Chelsea. Richards, John J., Brookline. Richardson, Mrs. F. L. W., Brook- line. Richardson, Dr. William L., Boston. Rigjis. William Allan, Jamaica Plain Ripley. Charles, Dorchester. Ripley, Ebed L., Hingham Centre. Robb, Russell, Concord. Roberts, Miss Anna B., Boston. Robinson, Alfred E., Bedford. Robinson, John, Salem. Robinson, Joseph B., Dorchester. Rodman, Miss Maty, Concord. RofTe, Albert H., Newton Centre Rogers Mrs. Jacob C., Peabody. Roland, Thomas, Nahant. Ross, Harold S., Hingham. Rothwell, James E., Brookline. Roy, David Frank, Marion. Ruddick, William H.; M. D., South Boston. Russell, George, Woburn. Russell, James S., Milton. Salisbury. William C. G, Brook- line. Saltonstall, Richard M., Chestnut Hill. Sanger, Mrs. George P., Boston. LIFE MEMBERS. 231 Sargent, Andrew Robeson, Brook- line. Sargent, Charles S., Brookline. Sargent, Mrs. Charles S., Brookline. Sargent, Charles Sprague, Jr., Brook- line. Sargent, Mrs. Francis W., Wellesley. Scorgie, James C, Cambridge. Scott, Charles, Newton. Seais, Miss Clara E.. Boston. Sears, Dr. Henry F., Boston. Sears, Mrs. J. Montgomery, Boston. Sharp, Miss Helen, Boston. Shaw, Christopher C, Milford, X. H. Shaw. Francis, Wayland. Shaw. Mrs. Robert G., Wellesley. Shea, James B., Jamaica Plain. Sherman, J. P. R., Newton. Shore.v, John L., Lynn. Shuman, Hon. A.. Roxburv. Shurtleff, Josiah B., Jr., Revere. Sias, Charles D.. Wenham. Siebrecht, H. A., New Rochelle, N. Y. Skinner, Francis, Dedham. Sleeper, Henry Davis, Boston. Smiley, Daniel, Lake Mohonk, N. Y. Smith. Archibald, Oxford, Eng- land . Smith, Charles S., Lincoln. Smith, Edward. N., San Francisco, Cal. Smith, Thomas Page, Walt ham. Snow, Eugene A., Boston. Sohier, Col. William D., Beverly. Spaulding, Edward, Weston. Spaulding, John T., Prides Crossing. Spaulding, William S., Prides Cross- ing. Sprague, Isaac, Wellesley Hills. Stearns, Charles H.. Brookline. Stearns, Frank W., Newton. Stedman, Henry R., M D., Brook- line. Stewart, Willaim J., Winchester. Stone, Charles A., Newton. Stone, Charles W., Boston. Stone, Mrs. Francis H., New Bed- ford. Stone, Prof. George E., Amherst. Stone, George F., Chestnut Hill. Storrow, James J., Boston. Stratton, Charles E., Boston. Strong, William C, Waban. Strout, Charles S., Biddeford. Me. Sturgis, Richard Clipston, Boston. Sullivan, Martin, Brookline. Swain, Charles E., Roxburv. Sweet, Everell F., Maiden. Sylvester, Edmund Q., Hanover. Taylor, Charles H., Boston. Tenney, C. H., Methuen. Thatcher, William, Brookline. Thayer. Mrs. Alice R., Boston. Thayer, Bayard, South Lancaster. Thayer, Mrs. Bayard, South Lan- caster. Thayer, Mrs. Eugene V. R., South Lancaster. Thayer. Henry J., Boston. Thayer, John E., South Lancaster. Thayer, Mrs. John E., South Lan- caster. Thayer, Nathaniel, Lancaster. Thayer, Mrs. Nathaniel, Lancaster. Thiemann, Hermann, Owosso, Mich. Thomas, W. B., Manchester. Thurlow. George C.,West Newbury. Tilton, Stephen W., Brookline. Tolman, Miss Harriet S., Boston. Toppan, Roland W., Maiden. Torre}-, Elbridge, Dorchester. Torrey, Everett, Chariest own. Tower, Miss Ellen May, Lexington. Tower, Mrs. Helen M., Cambridge. Travis, Charles B., Brighton. Trepess, Samuel J., Glencove, L. I., N. Y. Tucker, Lawrence, Boston. 232 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Turner. Chester Bidwell, Roxbury. Underwood, Henry 0. Belmont. Underwood, Loring, Belmont. Vander-Woerd, Charles. WaJtham. Vaughan, William Warren, Boston. Vinal, Miss Mary L., Somerville. Vining, R. William E., Hingham. Wainwright, Arthur, Milton. Wakefield, E. H.. Cambridge. Walcott, Henry P., M. D., Cam- bridge. Waldo, C. Sidney, Jamaica Plain. Wales, George <>., Braintree. Walsh, Michael H., Woods Hole. Walt ham, George C, Dorchester. Walton, Arthur G., Wakefield. Warburton, Chatterton, Fall River. Ward, Francis Jackson, Roxbury. Ward, John, Newton Centre. Ware, Miss Mary L., Boston. Warren, Bentley W., Boston. Watson, Benjamin M., Jamaica Plain. Watson, Thomas A., East Brain- tree. Watts, Isaac, Waverley. Webster, Edwin S., Chestnut Hill. Webster, Frank G., Boston. Webster, George H., Haverhill Webster, Hollis, Cambridge. WCbster, Laurence J., Holderness, X. H. Weeks, Andrew Gray, Marion. Welch, David, Dorchester. Welch, Edward J., Dorchester. Weld, Christopher Minot, Read- ville. Weld, (Jen. Stephen M.. Wareham. West, Mrs. Maria L., Neponset. Wheeler, Frank, Concord. Wheel.']', .lames, Brooklinc. Wheeler, Wilfrid, Concord. Wheelwright, Edmund M., Boston. Whit comb, William B., Medford. White, Mrs. Charles T., Boston. White, Francis A.. Brookline. White, George R., Boston. White, Harry K., Milton. White, Joseph H., Brookline. Whitman, William, Brookline. Whitney, Arthur E., Winchester. Whitney, Ellerton P., Milton. Whitney. Henry M., Cohasset. Whit tier, George E., Groton. Wigglesworth, George, Milton. Wilbur, George B., Boston. Wilde, Mrs. Albion D., West Rox- bury. Wilder, Edward Baker. Dorchester. Willcutt, Levi L., Brookline. Williams, Miss Adelia Coffin. Rox- bury. Williams, George Percy, Boston. Williams, Henry Bigelow, Boston. Williams, John Davis, Boston. Williams, Mrs. J. Bertram, Cam- bridge. Williams, Mrs. Moses, Brookline Williams, Philander, Taunton. Winsor, William Power, Boston. Winsor, Robert, Weston. Winter, Herman L., South Medford. Wood, William K., Franklin. Woodberry, Miss E. Gertrude, North Cambridge. Woodbury, John, Canton. Woodward, Mrs. Samuel Bayard, Worcester. Wright, John G., Brookline. Wyman, Oliver B., Shrewsbury. Wyman, Windsor H., North Abing- ton. ANNUAL MEMBERS. 233 ANNUAL MEMBERS. Allen, Mrs. Sallie R., Wilmington. Anderson, George M., Milton. Balme, Juan, Jr., Queretaro, Mex- ico. Bangs, Francis R., Boston. Barker, John G., South Bend, Ind. Barr, John, South Natick. Bennett, John W., Springfield, Vt. Bigelow, Arthur J., Eastlake, Wor- cester. Bigelow, Mrs. Nancy J., South- borough. Bird, John L., Dorchester. Blackmur, Paul R., Quincy. Blanchard, Herbert W., Concord. Bolton, Sabin, Hingham. Borst, Theodore F., South Fram- ingham. Bradley, Miss Abby A., Hingham. Breck, Charles H., Newton. Breed, Edward W., Clinton. Briggs, Frank P., Ayer. Brigharn, Mrs. Clifford, Milton. Butler, E. K., Jamaica Plain. Camus, Emil, Boston. Chandler, Alfred D., Brookline. Chase, Joseph S., Maiden. Child, Stephen, Kendal Green. Chubbuck, Isaac Y., Roxbury. Churchill, Charles E., Milton. Clark, John \\\, North Hadley. Clark, Joseph, Manchester. Collins, Frank S., Maiden. Colt, Mrs. J. D., Chestnut Hill. Crosby, J. Allen, Jamaica Plain. Curtis, Joseph H., Boston. Cutting, Mrs. Isabelle Ladd. Rox- bury. Dahl, Frederick William, Roxbury. Davis, Frederick S., West Rox- bury. Dorr, George B., Boston. Doyle, William E., Cambridge. Evans, Frank H., Maiden. Farlow, Mrs. William G., Cam- bridge. Fiske, Harry E., Wollaston. Fitzgerald, Desmond, Brookline. Forbes, William H., Jamaica Plain. Freeman, Miss Harriet E., Boston. Fuld, Maurice, Boston. Gardiner. John Hays, Longwood. Garthly, James. Fairhaven. Gordon, Samuel C, Ipswich. Grey, Robert Melrose, Belmont, Cuba. Grey, Thomas J., Chelsea. Hall, Harry F., Waban. Hamilton, Mrs. George Langford, Magnolia. Handley, A. H., Newton. Harrison, C. S., York, Nebraska. Hatfield, T. D., VVellesley. Hayward, Mrs. W. E., Ipswich. Herff, B. van, New York, N. Y. Heustis, Warren II., Belmont. Hildreth, Miss Ella F., West ford. 234 M \>sH 'HI SKITS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Hill. Arthur Dehon, Huston. Hill, J. Willard, Belmont. Hollingsworth, Miss Rose, Boston. Eollis, George, South Weymouth. Howden, Thomas, Whitinsville. Howe, Miss Louise, Brookline Hubbard, Allen, Newton Centre. Hubbard, F. Tracy, North Easton. Illehberger, Henry W., Lake Gen- eva, Wisconsin. James, Robert Kent, Newton Cen- tre. Jameson, G. W., East Lexington. Johnston, Robert, Lexington. Keith, Mrs. Mary R., Washington, D. C. Kelsey, Harlan P., Salem. Kennard, Frederic H., Brookline. Knott, N. W. T., Waban. Lancaster, Mrs. E. M., Roxbury. Lawson, Joshua, Brookline. Leuthy, A., Roslindale. . Lewis, E. L., Taunton. Lincoln, Miss Agnes W., Medford. Lockwood, R. Wilton, South Or- leans. Loring, Mis. Thacher, Brookline. Loring, William C, Beverly. Lothrop, Thornton K., Boston. Low, Hon. Aaron, Essex. Lumsden, Davis, Durham, N. H. McKenzie, John, Cohasset. MacMulkin, Edward, Boston. Manning, A. Chandler, Heading. Means. Arthur F., Somerville. Meriam. Horatio C, D. M. D„ Sa- lem. Morrison, John G., Cambridge. Morrison, William, Dedham. Newton, John F., Roxbury. Nicholson. William, Framingham. Nicol, James, Quincy. Nixon, J. Arthur. Taunton. Norton. Patrick, Dorchester. Oakes, F. L., Newton. Parker, Eliab, Roxbury. Parker, Walter S., Reading. Parker, W. Prentiss, Roxbury. Peabody, Mrs. W. Rodman, Cam- bridge. Pettigrew, John A., Jamaica Plain. Pierce, Mrs. F. A., Brookline. Pray, James Sturgis, Cambridge. Pritchard, John, Madbury, N. H. Purdie, George A., Wellesley Hills. Rane, Prof. F. W., Waban. Rea, Frederic J., Norwood. Rich, Miss Ruth G., Dorchester. Rich, William E. C, Roxbury. Richards, Mrs. P. D., West Med- ford. Robb, Peter B., Whitinsville. Robinson, Walter A.. Arlington. Ross, Charles W., Newtonville. Ross, Henry Wilson, Newtonville. Ross, Walter D., Worcester. Russell, Charles F., Weston. Rust , William C, Brookline Sanborn, Edward W., Boston. Sander, Charles, Brookline. Saunders. Miss Mary T., Salem. Scott, Augustus E.. Lexington. Scudder, Samuel H.. Cambridge. Searles, E. F., Methuen. Sears, Prof, F. C, Amherst. Seaver, Robert, Jamaica Plain. Sharkey, John F., Cambridge. Sharpies, Stephen P., Cambridge. Sim, William, Cliftondale. Smith, D. Roy, Boston. Stuart, James, Mamaroneck, N. Y. Symmes, Samuel S., Winchester. ANNUAL MEMBERS. 235 Tailby, Joseph, Wellesley. Thorpe, Joseph, Taunton. Tracy, B. Hammond, Wenham. Turner, Everett P., Arlington. Tyndale, Theodore H., Boston. Vaughan, J. C, Chicago, 111. Ware, Horace E., Milton. Warren, Samuel H., Weston. Waugh, Prof. F. A., Amherst. Welch, Patrick, Dorchester. Westwood, Thomas H., Jamaica Plain. Wheeler, George F., Concord. Wheeler, Henry A., Newtonville. Wheelwright, George William, Ja- maica Plain. Whipple, Frank L., Lynn. White, Miss Margaret, Cambridge. Whitwell, Miss Natalie S., Boston. Wilder, Miss Grace S., Dorchester. Wilder, Miss Jemima R., Dorches- ter. Wilkie, Edward A., Newtonville. Winter, William C, Mansfield. Wood, Elijah A., West Newton. Jtfjusrae/oit"' £& TRANSACTIONS °*u*|d OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1911 PART I PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY BOSTON NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ELEVEN TRANSACTIONS ^litssacljusctts pDtlintltitral ^atuty FOR THE YEAR 1911 PART I BOSTON PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ELEVEN flassacbusetts horticultural $0txctn OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES FOR 1911 President CHARLES W. PARKER, of Boston Vice-Presidents WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston JOHN K. M. L. FARQUHAR. of Boston Treasurer WALTER HUNNEWELL, of Boston Secretary WILLIAM P. RICH, of Chelsea * Trustees WILLIAM H. BOWKER, of Boston WILLIAM N. CRAIG, of Nobth Easton ERNEST B. DANE, of Brooklixe ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, of Boston PETER FISHER, of Ellis NATHANIEL T. KIDDER, of Milton JOHN A. PETTIGREW, of Boston THOMAS ROLAND, of Nahant RICHARD M. SALTONSTALL, of Brookline CHARLES S. SARGENT, of Brookline STEPHEN M. WELD, of Wareham WILFRID WHEELER, of Concord Nominating Committee FRANCIS H. APPLETON, HARRY E. FISKE, of Boston of Wollaston FREDERICK W. DAMON, CHARLES W. HOITT, of Arlington of Nashua, N. H JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, Jr., of Revere "■Communications to the Secretary, on the business of the Society, should be addressed to him at Horticultural Hall, Boston. COMMITTEES FOR 1911. Finance Committee. WALTER HUNNEWELL, Chairman. ARTHUR F. ESTABROOK, STEPHEN M. WELD. Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions. JOHN A. PETTIGREW, Chairman. ROBERT CAMERON, WILLIAM N. CRAIG, J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR, J. WILLARD HILL, M. A. PATTEN. Committee on Plants and Flowers. T. D. HATFIELD, Chairman. JOSEPH CLARK, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, PETER FISHER, THOMAS ROLAND, WILLIAM C. RUST. Committee on Fruits. EDWARD B. WILDER, Chairman. WILLIAM DOWNS, WILFRID WHEELER. Committee on Vegetables. DUNCAN FINLAYSON, Chairman. VINCENT BUITTA, WILLIAM N. CRAIG, EDWARD PARKER, HERBERT W. RAWSON. Committee on Gardens. CHARLES W. PARKER, Chairman. ARTHUR F. BARNEY, ARTHUR H. FEWKES, T. D. HATFIELD, WILLIAM NICHOLSON, JOHN A. PETTIGREW, WILLIAM P. RICH, CHARLES SANDER, JOSIAH B. SHURTLEFF, Jr., WILFRID WHEELER. Committee on Library. CHARLES S. SARGENT, Chairman. ERNEST B. DANE, GEORGE B. DORR, CHARLES S. MINOT. Committee on Lectures and Publications. EDWARD B. WILDER. Chairman. J. K. M. L. FARQUHAR, CHARLES W. HOITT, WILLIAM P. RICH. Committee on Children's Gardens. MRS. ROBERT G. SHAW, Chairman. MRS. ELLEN M. GILL, MRS. KATHARINE P. PEABODY, MRS. DUDLEY L. PICKMAN, MISS MARGARET A. RAND, MRS. JOHN E. THAYER. Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 1911. The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications. Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi- cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, Xo. 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts. Edward B. Wilder, Chairman Committee John K. M. L. Farquhar on Charles W. Hoitt Lectures and William P. Rich J Publications. CONTEXTS The Inaugural Meeting 7 Horticultural Papers and Discussions Gardening for and by Amateurs. By ./. Otto Thilow 13 The Local Plant Doctor. By Prof. H. H. Wketzell . 27 New England Market Gardeners and their Competitors. By Prof. L. C. Corbett 41 Summer Blooming Bulbs. By Isaac S. Hendrickson . 51 The Outlook Countryward. By Prof. L. H. Bailey . 61 Treatment for Old Orchards. By Dr. G. M. Twitckell 65 The Horticultural Awakening of New England. By John H. Hale 73 THE INAUGURAL MEETING, JANUARY 7, 1911 TRANSACTIONS ^mutlmttU *§Mtu ultiwal f witty. 1911, PART I. INAUGURAL MEETING. The Inaugural Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for the year 1911 was held at Horticultural Hall, Boston, on Saturday, January 7, at twelve o'clock, noon. In the absence of President-elect, Charles W. Parker, by reason of illness, Vice-President Hunnewell occupied the chair. The following communication from the retiring President, Stephen M. Weld, was read by the Secretary: To the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Boston, Mass. Ladies and Gentlemen : Four years ago at this time you honored me with an election to the presidency of your Society. I now resign the office after four years' service with thanks for the honor conferred upon me, and taking with me a very much greater interest in the success of your corporation than I ever had before. It will be perhaps of interest to you if I recall to your mind what has happened during the four years that I have been President. 8 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Society, for the first time since occupying its new building, has been put upon a paying basis. The much vexed question of the Hayes Estate property and will has been settled to the satis- faction of the heirs and the Society. The differences of opinion which have arisen with the Mount Auburn Cemetery Corporation have been disposed of to the satisfaction of both parties, relieving our Society from the danger of a call for a large amount of money, and settling questions which were liable at any moment to break out and cause us a great deal of trouble. The income bearing funds have been increased during the last four years $15,900.00. My own feeling is that a more equitable division of interest should perhaps be made in the Board of Trustees so that every branch of horticulture in its broadest sense should be represented. Apart from this it seems to me that everything is in splendid condi- tion and will surely keep us in the position we now occupy of being the leading horticultural society in the United States. Yours very truly, (Signed) Stephen M. Weld. New York, November 15, 1910. The reports of the officers of the Society and of the chairmen of the various standing committees were presented as follow: Report of the Treasurer, Walter Hunnewell. Report of the Board of Trustees, by the Secretary. Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agriculture, by Wilfrid Wheeler, Delegate. Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions, by John K. M. L. Farquhar, Chairman. Report of the Secretary and Librarian. Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers, by T. D. Hatfield, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Fruits, by Edward B. Wilder, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Vegetables, by Josiah B. Shurtleff, Jr., ( hairman. THE INAUGURAL MEETING. 9 Report of the Committee on Gardens, by Charles W. Parker, Chairman. Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, by Wil- liam J. Stewart, Chairman. The reports as presented were accepted and referred to the Committee on Publications. The following named persons, duly recommended by the Board of Trustees, were elected Corresponding Members of the Society: Mr. W. J. Bean, Royal Gardens, Kew, England. ' John Dunbar, Park Department, Rochester, New York. " E. H. Wilson, London, England. " Adin A. Hixon, Worcester, Massachusetts. " Wilhelm Miller, Garden City, Long Island, New York. J. Ewing Mears, M. D., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Prof. U. P. Hedrick, Geneva, New York. " John Craig, Ithaca, New York. The meeting was then dissolved. William P. Rich, Secretary. HORTICULTURAL PAPERS AND DISCUSSIONS. GARDENING FOR AND BY AMATEURS. By J. Otto Thilow, Philadelphia. Delivered before the Society, January 14, 1911. The greatest activity in the past decade in horticulture has been through the enthusiasm of the amateur. Much of this inspira- tion has been created by the great amount of travel abroad, where the minutest detail is of interest, because everybody is more or less busy in some branch of horticulture; and since the interest shown by our own plant and flower lovers at home, it has spread and reached nearly all parts of the country. By and through this interest the whole country has awakened to the fact that great returns have come to those who are active in the work, not from a remunerative standpoint, but in interest, better knowledge of plants and trees, studying the varied aspect of nature, aiding in the development of vegetation, and conforming as much as possible to natural conditions. This is perhaps the most interesting part of the work, as there is so great a variation that it becomes interesting and responsive, while landscape archi- tecture and formal gardening adhere so much to set conditions that they become tiresome, neither can they be attempted cheaply. ^Ye would not decry the skill of the landscape gardener, architect, and engineer; were it not for these, much of the beautiful city environs would not be known. Much credit is due to many of these skilful artists for having brought order out of chaos, and for having been instrumental in beautifying the localities adjacent to our cities. Massachusetts can boast of having taken the lead in town and country improvement and in railroad station better- ment. The florist and nurseryman are all busy people, overrun during the period of planting, and busy at other seasons preparing for the rush; awake only to inquiries and matters that lead to business; but never have they time to educate or to inculcate the taste and 13 14 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. love for flowers, plants, and trees; nor time even to assist in the work of civic betterment; all of which emanate from a horticul- tural standpoint. We well know the attention paid to horticulture, ornamental and natural, in connection with the Expositions and World's Fairs held in this and other countries. Before anything is done in erecting buildings, the landscape architect is consulted as to the most judicious lay out in conformity with the space allotted; for without the attractive approach amid grass, shrubs, flower-beds, and tree clusters, the undertaking does not make and leave an impression, nor is it attractive. My experience with people who have visited Industrial Exposi- tions of this country and Europe has been that they bring with them an impression of the horticultural setting, or the memory of some special feature in floriculture; so, from an educational standpoint, it pays to adhere to and improve in the landscape effect. The landscape gardener studies for effect and impression, by establishing harmony and scenery. Nature supplies the ground- work and the embellishment, the trees and shrubs, plants and grass; the individual applies these to his or her liking, and through this, every conceivable style and art have sprung up that it is possible to conceive; but in nearly all cases the adherence has been toward a natural condition, such as stone or grass steps from which alpine plants protrude from the crevices, irregularly laid flat stone walks with fragrant herbs of low growth planted in the joints, so as to emit fragrance when disturbed by walking over them, inclined walls with forgetmenots, columbines, or hardy pinks growing from the irregular crevices, or an accidental and irregular brook or stream planted with arrowhead, cat-tail, or wild rice. The terrace garden is another and very resourceful style to which a varied and interesting study of floriculture can be applied. Annuals in connection with perennials make variety year after year and suggest colors for localities where best suited. All these and myriads of styles conforming to the varied tastes are to be found in all parts of the country where it is possible to get even a suggestion of life and color in plants of all kinds. Emanating from this activity in horticulture has sprung the GARDENING FOR AND BY AMATEURS. 15 demand for the literature which has become so highly interesting to the horticulturist and the amateur, acquainting the reader with the possibilities in all parts of the country, illustrating some of the most attractive places which have been entirely conducted from the beginning by the amateur; these illustrations show admir- able taste and art. It is not surprising that one will find a whole family taking active interest and personally conducting and doing the work needed to bring about the results in either the hardy garden, rose garden, rock or water garden. Tastes vary as much in this direction as in any other hobby, except that there is none other that offers as much variety, health, enjoyment, and information. By this personal application the amateur becomes laden with ideas which are responsive to the successful experimenting with plants, and being capable of describing, the write up by such, with the living illustrations from photography, has been the means of great inspiration among plant lovers the country over; and in few places is there a spot so sterile that there is not a bloom of some kind during the growing season. It can be claimed therefore that the impetus given to horticul- ture and floriculture has been by and through the enthusiastic amateurs who have been rewarded with results for their personal efforts, close application, and common sense practice. It is not uncommon to find among the amateurs many with as good botani- cal intelligence and knowledge of a wide range of plants as are found among the professionals. The reasons are obvious, for our state institutions are thoroughly equipped in their horticultural departments for practical work for men and women. At Ambler, Pennsylvania, has been estab- lished a school of horticulture for women. The full course consists of two years of twelve months each. The plan of the Pennsylvania School of Horticulture for Women has originated in the desire to offer to women an opportunity to fit themselves for an occupation at once healthful, pleasant, profit- able, peculiarly fitted to their gifts, and in which they have taken an intelligent interest and active part. An outline of the courses given is as follows: 16 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1. Horticulture. Growing of vegetables and flowers, including study and preparation of the soil, planting, propagating, fertilizing, etc. Use and care of tools. Care of lawns and shrubbery. Plant- ing and care of orchards and small fruits; trimming, pruning, propagating, gathering. Control and elimination of insect and fungus pests. 2. Botany. Systematic and economic botany as directly applicable to practical horticulture. Practical experiments in germination and nutrition. 3. Chemistry. Elementary, theoretical, and practical. Agri- cultural chemistry, analysis of soils. Chemistry of garden crops and its relation to the use of fertilizers. 4. Marketing of Produce. Study of market condition. Prepa- ration and arrangement of produce for sale. 5. Agricultural book-keeping and business correspondence. 6. Garden carpentry and greenhouse construction. Use of simple wood-working tools; making of light boxes, frames, etc.; glazing and painting sash; lectures on green-house construction. 7. Preserving of fruits and vegetables. 8. Bee keeping. 9. Poultry raising. 10. Elements of surveying and garden design. 11. Demonstrations and opportunity for some practical work in the ordinary care of a horse and cow. The most able and beneficial assistant to the commercial florist of this country and Europe is the wife or other assistant of the fair sex. The success of a very large proportion of florists is directly attributable to the help and counsel of the wife, and in many instances where it has been necessary that she take the helm the business continues with the same success. This proves the efficiency of woman in a vocation in which she is well fitted. This is simply to show that there is at present a live and deter- mined effort made by the amateur which is beyond the experi- mental stage, and from this and other like interests have sprung the many interesting publications, books, and magazines. Exponents in civic work have also stirred the whole country. School gardens are established in most of the states and are showing great possibilities; the instruction imparted to the children GARDENING FOR AND BY AMATEURS. 17 is practical from the beginning and leads to systematic work. Records show a remarkable increase, and as the enrolment is on the increase each year, it means eventually "A garden for every home." A glance at the commercial side will clearly prove the advancement made. Within a very few years four weekly publi- cations have been established which are devoted to the florists' and nurserymen's interest altogether, besides a market gardeners' journal and one for parks and cemeteries. These facts illustrate what might be claimed a reasonable condi- tion owing to the increase in population, yet it is a fact that today, we are blessed with an array of horticultural enthusiasts who have stimulated to a great degree the keen activity in floriculture, and engendered a taste and live interest among those from whom no response was expected. The school garden is directly the result of amateur enthusiasts; it has a two-fold mission; first, to keep children active during a period which would be devoted to idle- ness; second, to inculcate a taste as well as knowledge of plants, so that this knowledge would be put into practice in many homes where these conditions were not known before, and ultimately leading to better civic conditions in the home and the country throughout. Many garden clubs have been formed by the best ladies of the land who through personal application have gained a knowledge of plants and put into practice their ideas which have given us unlimited styles, from the quaint and old-fashioned formal garden- ing, with its boxwood borders and clusters of perennials of species long since obsolete, to the highest and newest order of rock, terrace, roof, and aquatic gardening. Our strongest and most influential exponents of gardening and the care of flowers are women who have been enthusiastic, and have applied their skill with such profitable and gratifying response that they have given their experience through the pen and have enthused many anxious and willing students in the same direction; and while it might appear to some to be only a sport in a certain fad, the commercial horticulturist can testify that it has been an uplift to his business and is constantly increasing. Those who are con- nected with leading horticultural establishments have the oppor- tunity to feel this upward tendency and experience a more direct association with those we style the active amateur horticulturist. 18 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Suffice it to say, that none but a thoroughly experienced horti- culturist can keep pace with and give the required information that is demanded by the average amateurs, men and women. Catalogues issued in the interest of horticulture are more compre- hensive, instructive, and suggestive with each issue from year to year. A commendable feature in the experience of all is to try out novelties of merit; it gives opportunity to become familiar with the new introductions and individually test for quality. The experimental feature in gardening is perhaps the most interesting, owing to the constant springing up of new things in all classes; it keeps up the effervescent anxiety to become acquainted with all new things. There has been a great trend toward gardening with color schemes. This can be accomplished only when space will permit, as quantity is necessary to secure the color, and space for variation and effect ; and unless one is fairly familiar with the blooming period the effect is spoiled by a portion of the plantings being either not in bloom or beyond that point, thus destroying the harmony of bloom at a period when most needed. The best way of overcoming these troubles is to have a space in a well cultivated garden large enough to hold a few specimens of each of the varieties in different colors and in different classes, noting the blooming period of the varieties and the variation of the same. With all this close attention and study the period of perfection is short and the places taken by one variety and color show to greater disadvantage than were the spaces filled with plants of different species of the same color. Those experienced in the use of seeds of annuals can do much better and get a much longer blooming period when annuals are used in connection with perennials. For example, in yellow, to begin with the opening of the season — Doronicum and pansies would be the first. Wallflower and eschscholzia the second. Trollius, aquilegia, coreopsis, and calendula the third. Hemerocallis, gladiolus, helenium, and hollyhock would be the fourth. Marigold, hardy sunflower, zinnia, and gaillardia the fifth. GARDENING FOR AND BY AMATEURS. 19 You will at once perceive that this can only be done where space is large enough to contain from three to five distinct classes, and planted in such way that with one variety blooming, to produce the whole effect in yellow, and this effect to continue from the beginning of the doronicum to the hardy sunflower and zinnia, which really run into the frost season, making the period from frost to frost. The same effect can be had with other varieties in pink, white, red, and blue. It must also be observed that the color block will not maintain the same height throughout the season. If the first period is to be yellow with pansies, it will be dwarf, and if with doronicum it will be from IS to 24 inches high. The same would be true of other colors, but a choice can be made from a complete list of plants or seeds, divided up in color and height. It is to be observed when seedlings are used that the seed is not to be sown in the show bed but in either boxes, frames, or borders, where they can be cultivated to the blooming size and then trans- planted to" the permanent place in the show garden, with the excep- tion of poppies. The following list is made up of varieties in color and height to give a good effect when used as named and in that portion of the border as the height will require: For Borders. Combination 1. Delphinium (Gold Medal Hybrids). White Phlox (hardy). Pink Phlox (Drummondi, annual). Alternated with pink Snapdragons. Combination 2. Pink Hollyhocks. Pink perennial Phlox. Blue and white Campanula or Platycodon. Combination 3. Digitalis, pink and purple and pink Physos- tegia. Blue Delphinium and Eupatorium. White hardy Phlox and Achillea the Pearl. Plants for Back Row (Tall). Hardy Asters. Bocconia, at intervals. Boltonia. Delphin- iums (King and Gold Medal Hybrids). Digitalis. Eupatorium. Grasses. Heliopsis. Hardy Sunflower (Single and Double). 20 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Hollyhocks. Japan Iris. Lobelia cardinalis. Physostegia. Rud- beckia. Tritoma. Thalictrum. Yucca. Mallows. Medium Height. Achillea the Pearl. Anthericum. Aquilegias. Campanulas (Tall growing sorts). Caryopteris (Blue Spirea). Cimicifuga (Snakeroot). Coreopsis. Delphiniums (medium heights). Eu- phorbia corollata. Helenium (Sneezewort). Hemerocallis. Japan Iris. Liatris (Blazing star). Lysimachia clethroides. Bergamot. Pentstemon. Platycodons. Sweet Williams. Low Growing. Achilleas (cut-leaved sorts). Anemones (Japanese). Chelone (shell flower). Shasta Daisy (Nipponicum types). Dielytra (bleeding heart). Eryngium (sea holly). Echinops. Gaillardia. Gypsophila. Hypericum. German Iris. Lychnis. Lupinus. Nierembergia. Oenothera. Dwarf Phlox. Pyrethrum. Saxi- fraga (Megasea). Sedum. Stokesia. Trollius. Veronica. Wall- flowers. Pansies. From the following list can be selected preferred species in desired colors, the numbers indicating their succession of bloom: Red. First. Lychnis. Poppies. Second. Aquilegia. Digitalis. Hollyhock. Third. Gladiolus. Dwarf Carinas. Geranium. Heuchera. Salvia. Phlox. Fourth. Pyrethrum. Gaillardia. Zinnias. Tritoma. Pink. First. Stocks. Phlox subulata. Second. Lavatera. Geraniums. Phlox (annual). Third. Gladiolus. Hollyhock. Phlox (perennial). Fourth. Sedum spectabile. Japanese Anemone. Geranium. Vinca rosea. gardening for and by amateurs. 21 White. First. Pansy. Alyssum. Phlox subulata. Second. Pansy. Arabis. Candytuft. Third. Alyssum. Iris. Stocks. Fourth. Phlox (annual). Hollyhock. Vinca rosea. Fifth. Phlox (hardy). Nicotiana. Euphorbia. Pyrethrum. Zinnia. Dwarf Dahlias. Geranium. Anemone. Hardy Aster. Blue. First. Phlox divaricata. Pansies. Second. Aquilegia. Iris. Third. Delphinium. Nemophila. Campanula. Cornflower. Fourth. Stokesia. Veronica. Fifth. Hardy Aster. The following is an abridged list of favorite and leading species in their respective colors from which can be selected distinct colors and heights: Yellow. Eschscholzia. Calliopsis. Coreopsis. Gaillardia. Helenium. Hollyhock. Marigold. Tagetes. Wallflower. Calendula. Zin- nias. Gladiolus. Pansies. Aquilegia. Doronicum. Heliopsis. Hemerocallis. Trollius. Hardy Sunflower. Blue. Campanula. Cornflower. Delphinium. Iris. Nemophila. Phlox divaricata. Hardy Aster. Stokesia. Veronica. Pansies. Aquilegia. White. Candytuft. Phlox. Alyssum. Arabis. Euphorbia. Holly- hock. Iris. Nicotiana. Pyrethrum. Stocks. Vinca alba. Zin- nias. Dwarf Dahlias. Geranium. Pansies. Anemones. Hardy Asters. Red. Coxcomb. Hollyhock. Digitalis. Marigold. Poppies. Pyre- thrum. Gaillardia. Salvia. Vinca rosea. Zinnia. Dwarf '2'2 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Cannas. Geranium. Gladiolus. Aquilegia. Heuchera. Lychnis. Tritoma. Pink. Hollyhock. Phlox. Lavatera. Stocks. Vinca rosea. Gera- nium. Gladiolus. Anemones. Sedum spectabile. To the amateur credit must be given for the widespread interest which has been awakened throughout the country in civic work. The American Civic Association owes much of the active work for which it gets credit to the horticultural amateurs among our American ladies. The forming of clubs and other organizations have been the means of interesting communities where civic pride was not known and where now the influence has been brought to bear upon the authorities to enact such laws as are necessary for the establishing of discipline against untidiness and neglect of home surroundings, protection of trees, urging uniformity in street regulations, etc. These organizations promote the civic and moral welfare of home owners and the protection by every proper means of the mutual interest of individual householders, to safeguard their families, encourage home-makers, develop community spirit, and foster social intercourse. All of this has grown out of the individual interest of the amateur horticulturist; this contagion-like enthusi- asm is easily contracted, and is wielding a widespread influence wherever introduced, because the results of minor efforts have been so very gratifying that it is impossible to do other than progress, and this we hold is a commendable branch of gardening for and by the amateur. Discussion. At the conclusion of the lecture many questions were asked Mr. Thilow which were answered in a manner that showed his great familiarity with the subject under consideration. Many of the questions were propounded by the ladies in the audience which led Mr. Thilow to remark that woman's interest in horticulture was having a great influence in the improvement of our towns and cities. Nine out of every ten of the organizations for GARDENING FOR AND BY AMATEURS. 23 civic improvement throughout the country are composed of women and much good is being accomplished through their efforts in planting and protecting street trees, in establishing children's school and home gardens, and in calling attention to the desira- bility of tidiness around the home grounds. He said that horti- culture is not a fad but a real thing and that children brought up in its environment become better citizens. A lady inquired concerning the winter covering of perennial plants and also how to exterminate the cutworm. The Lecturer replied that perennial plants had better not be covered until the ground was frozen, even if not until January, and the same was true of bulbs. If covered before freezing the ground is likely to be unevenly frozen and in places may become too moist. The cutworm, as is well known, is nocturnal in its habits and is especially destructive after a hot day. There is a preparation containing corrosive sublimate which will kill the cutworm but it is too expensive. A simple and effective remedy is to mix a preparation of cornmeal or bran, softened with molasses and water, to which is added a few tablespoonfuls of Paris green or arsenic. Lay this on leaves or pieces of wood, or scatter it about the plants in the evening. To avoid danger of poisoning birds or domestic animals it would be safer to cover the poison with a board. The Lecturer said that there was another pest that was very troublesome in strawberry growing. It was the white grub, the larva of the May beetle or June bug, which eats all around the roots and is a difficult insect to reach by ordinary means as it burrows deep in the ground. Samuel H. Warren said that he had grown strawberries for 56 years and had had much experience with the white grub, so trouble- some to strawberry growers. The grub is most plentiful in newly plowed grassland. Grass roots are their food before the sod is turned and it is not advisable to plant strawberries on such land for a few years until these bugs are eradicated. Fall plowing has been recommended but as the bug goes below the frost line in freezing weather he has found that method ineffec- tual. He has found that picking them out by hand during fre- quent plowings of the ground had rid his garden of them. There 24 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. was also a parasite that lays its eggs on the white grub thereby destroying great numbers of them. Questions were asked concerning the value of lime and nitrate of soda in cultivated ground. The Lecturer replied that lime is not a fertilizer but is often useful on soil that has become sour through an excessive use of barnyard manure. It eliminates the impurities and rejuvenates the land. Thirty to forty bushels to an acre should be used and harrowed in in the early spring. Nitrate of soda is a food for growing plants only. It is expensive and wasteful to apply it to the ground before you have plant life. Use a tablespoonful of nitrate of soda to a gallon of water while the plant is growing. In answer to a question as to the best fertilizer for a light, sandy soil with gravel underneath the Lecturer recommended sowing with clover, cow peas, or vetch, which when plowed in added humus to the ground. In regard to the planting of sweet peas he advised planting either at the beginning of winter or the opening of spring. Plant in a trench four inches below the surface. When the peas come up after the freezing of the ground they will have more wood and larger blooms; but do not plant them in the same spot each year. In California they can grow a crop year after year, but not here. They convert the soil a little each year and plant again. Sweet peas have to be hybridized by hand and in Europe and America new varieties are being introduced constantly by hand hybridi- zation. The question was asked how to rid the squash of the borer. The best way was to get borer proof vines which he said could be obtained, otherwise use tobacco dust, pyrethrum powder, etc. The little borer which destroys the squash vine has its breathing apparatus under its wings and on the hottest days in summer they breathe the fastest, so if you freely sprinkle the vines with these powders you will rid the plants of a great many. A lady inquired the cause of a clematis vine suddenly wilting and dying down to the ground, almost in a single day. The Lecturer replied that this was sometimes caused by the sun shining directly upon the lower part of the plant and upon the GARDENING FOR AND BY AMATETjRS. 25 roots on the surface of the ground, causing them to burst. He advised planting something around it to protect the plant from the sun's heat and to shade the ground. He said also that there was an insect which bores its way into the root just under the surface of the ground and causes the stems to die right down. In that case the plant should be cut down just below the surface and left to grow up again and make new and stronger shoots. For the cabbage worm he recommended spraying with kerosene emulsion and for the black fungus on Delphiniums, dry Bordeaux or sulphur and lime. THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. By Prof. H. H. Whetzel, Ithaca, New York. Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, January 21. 1911. The John Lewis Russell Lecture. The study of human diseases began in the misty days of pre- historic times. Even among savage tribes the "medicine man" has been an important and powerful member of the community. The study and treatment of animal diseases (Veterinary medicine) is by no means a modern science, but the study of diseases in plants has been developed almost entirely within the last 60 years. Human ills have called forth the development of one of our most important and powerful professions. This great army of trained physicians and surgeons, constantly recruited from our medical colleges, work night and day to relieve our aches and pains and stay the spread of contagious diseases. The humblest citizen has at his call the immediate services of a general practitioner or expert specialist. The farmer or stockman no longer depends upon his own limited knowledge for the treatment of his sick animals. Even that voluminous "horse doctor book" which used to occupy so prominent a place along with the family Bible on the center table of his father's home, has been carried to the garret. He has learned that it is more profitable to depend upon the skill of the professional Veterinarian at the village, than to try to treat diseases and apply remedies, the nature and effects of which he too little understands. The rise and development of Plant Pathology has come relatively late in the history of the race. In fact, Plant Pathology as a dis- tinct profession can scarcely be said to have more than just appeared in our economic system. So far as I know, only two institutions in this country at present maintain distinct teaching departments 27 28 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of Plant Pathology, namely, Cornell University and the Uni- versity of Wisconsin. Some of our experiment stations have, within the last four or five years, appointed to their staffs investi- gators with the title of Plant Pathologist. Nowhere, so far as I know, have trained men gone forth to practice the profession of Plant Pathologist as do our doctors or veterinarians. The delayed development of this field of professional service is, it seems to me, but a natural phenomenon in the evolution of our economic civi- lization. Human medicine developed early and has been pushed forward with such mighty strides, chiefly because of the natural desire of the human individual for self preservation and perpetua- tion. It has called forth the highest type of scientific endeavor and professional heroism, chiefly because of the human element involved. That animal pathology should have been the next to receive consideration is natural. Recognizing the close relationship between himself and the animals that serve him, it is but natural that man should early have sought to treat their wounds and relieve their sufferings. Another and not unimportant factor in the devel- opment of animal pathology was its economic importance. The loss of a horse, a cow, or a dog is often a calamity. Upon the life and health of his animals may depend the worldly prosperity, in fact, even the existence of the owner himself. This has been an added and sometimes a most potent force in impelling the careful study of animal diseases and their control. Plants represent the other type of life expression different from that of the animal kingdom of which man himself is the highest development. He has, therefore, looked upon plants from quite a different point of view from that with which he has regarded his animals. Unlike the horse, the cow, or the dog they have seldom been his servants, rarely his companions. He regards them as so much material, to be chopped, reaped, eaten, burned, or trampled upon, often less to him than the rocks of the field or the ore of the mines. The ease and readiness with which new plants may be grown to replace those he has eaten or wasted, their great abundance and variety, and their helplessness before his onslaughts, have demanded of him little respect or consideration. Since their ways of manifesting injury, sickness, starvation, and death are so different from his own or his animals, their ills have not appealed THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. 29 to his sympathy or philanthropic nature. It is only as popula- tion increases, and the thoughtless waste of his lands becomes appallingly evident in the rapidly disappearing lumber supply, depleted soils, and reduced crop production, that diseases in plants begin to demand his careful consideration. It is the eco- nomic features of the case alone that appeal to the plant producing public. Occasionally there appears a man who would save the plant for the plant's sake. This is the rare exception. With most of us it is a question of whether it will pay or not. As I see it, then, the very recent rise and development of Plant Pathology as a science and profession is but a logical sequence in the world's economic evolution. All the lands of the earth are discovered and possessed. There are no more great tracts of virgin forest to yield us unlimited timber supplies, and no great unplowed continents to grow the grain for teeming millions soon to be born. Conserva- tion is the war cry of the world's economists. We shall nurture and develop the science of Plant Pathology, we shall train and send forth a great army of practical Plant Pathologists and trained experts, solely for economic reasons; simply because it will pay. But Will It Pay? Some of you, most of you, in fact, may doubt whether the devel- opment of a great number of professional plant pathologists is actually warranted by the economic losses from plant diseases at the present time. Are the annual losses to our crops sufficient to maintain a corps of such high-priced servants and still pay a good profit on the investment? A glance at some of the well established facts as regards losses from plant diseases and insect pests will, I think, serve to convince us on this point. Under the direction of Mr. F. C. Stewart, of the N. Y. State Experiment Station, extensive experiments have been conducted by a consider- able number of potato growers in the State of New York, during the past seven years. These experiments have shown that the potato growers of that state are losing annually an average of 50 bushels to the acre. This loss may be saved by spraying which they themselves can do at a cost not to exceed $5.00 per acre. Experi- 30 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. incuts carried out under Mr. Stewart's immediate supervision showed that the average annual loss, which the direct supervision of a trained plant doctor might eliminate is over 100 bushels per acre. An exceedingly small percentage of our potato growers spray at all, and few or none with that thoroughness or effective- ness which should certainly result, under the immediate direction of a specialist in potato disease control. On a basis of average acreage, yield, and price, this represents a total annual loss to the potato growers of New York of approximately 810,000,000, a loss which they themselves, by the application of known methods of spraying, could save or an annual loss of about $20,000,000 which might be saved by the employment of expert plant pathologists to direct their potato disease control work. The average annual loss from the loose smut of wheat in New York is not less than 5% of the crop of wheat each year. Yet a practical and effective means of saving this loss could be worked out and applied by properly trained experts in the field. While it is difficult to get reliable estimates of the annual losses from diseases of fruit and fruit trees, one has only to compare the yield and quality of apples from sprayed and unsprayed trees, season after season, to realize the tremendous losses from apple scab and codling moth, or from peach rot and curculio. Little peach and peach yellows, collar rot and root rot, crown gall and many others of like nature, continue year after year to take unchecked a heavy toll from our plant resource-. The control of these maladies would swell tremendously the gigantic annual crop production of this country. Wherever a thorough and practical study of such a disease problem has been made, it has almost always resulted in the discovery of an effective, practical, and profitable method of control. One of the greatest leaks in our modern agricultural business is that from pests and diseases. It is a loss of gilt edged profits and the saving of it adds but very little to the cost of production, even with the expense of an expert to stop the leak. It certainly will pay to train and main- tain, at the direct expense of the grower, expert plant pathologists. THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. 31 HOW ARE THESE EXPERTS TO BE TRAINED AND MAINTAINED? Not, I believe, as we now train and maintain our local physi- cians and veterinarians. I think the character of the problem before us, if it does not actually forbid such an economic develop- ment, at least permits of a more satisfactory and rational one. The primary object of the plant pathologist is to prevent diseases, not to cure them. The plant doctor should be a public servant sup- ported in part, at least, by the local growers. He must see, in his position, the same opportunities for scientific investigation and pecuniary advancement, the same chance for place and influence in the agricultural affairs of the State as his colleagues in the experi- ment station and colleges. In fact, I believe, he should be, in some way, directly connected with such state institutions. In short, the growers must meet the state at least half way in the training and support of experts for the solution of their plant disease prob- lems. I believe we have made some progress in this direction in the State of New York. Already eight industrial fellowships have been established in the Department of Plant Pathology by growers and commercial firms interested along the lines of plant disease control. These each provide for salary and expenses for young men to take up the investigation of the diseases of certain crops or particular lines of disease control, fungicides, etc. These fellow- ships represent financial cooperation between the grower or manu- facturer and the state, through the college which furnishes the necessary laboratory equipment, training of the men, and compe- tent supervision of their work. The work during the growing season is conducted in field labo- ratories in different parts of the state where the particular disease problem can be studied to best advantage in the orchard, the field, the garden, or the greenhouse. The grower not only has the advantage of seeing the problems solved in his own locality but has the special advantages of the young plant doctor's advice and supervision in his spraying and other disease control operations. During the winter, the young pathologist studies at the university and continues his investigations on the problems to be grappled with in the field the next season. The result of this scheme of training and developing specialists '■V2 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. on the diseases of crops has thus far been most satisfactory and congratulatory. It is expected that it will require from three to four years to complete the training of these young plant doctors. They devote at least eleven months of the year, in most cases, to such study and investigation. That means from four to five seasons in the field, in intimate relation with the crop, the diseases of which they are working to control. They get practical expe- rience. At the end of this period they receive their Ph.D. degree, if their scientific attainments warrant it, and as expert pathologists are ready for their life work. They are high class, expensive men. Where are they to find their opportunity for a livelihood? I answer: in that locality, county, or state where they were trained. They are worth more to those growers with whom they have lived, for four years, than to any one else and those growers will retain them as experts on the diseases of their particular crops. Our plan is that they shall he maintained by groups of growers as their expert on our staff, the state providing facilities for these men to continue their labors for the benefit of the growers of the state. Some Results. If it is true that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, it is equally true that the proof of this scheme is in the results obtained. The most convincing proof of the success of the plan is the con- stantly increasing demand of the growers for more of these field- laboratory -fellowship cooperations with the College. Not only in Plant Pathology but in economic entomology as well are these fellowships being established. You will better appreciate the value of these young experts if I show you some of the results which they have obtained for the growers of the state. I shall select the work of two of our men. The Lime-Sulfur Investigations. The serious injury to the fruit which so frequently results where bordeaux is used in the control of apple scab convinced our growers that some substitute equally effective but less injurious must be THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. 33 found. The report of remarkable results with lime-sulfur in some of the western states brought from our apple men an insistent demand that we give them some definite data on the subject. Manufacturers of concentrated lime-sulfur solutions were urging its use as a summer spray. We of course refused to recommend it without sufficient evidence as to its safety and reliability. With no special funds at our disposal we were unable to press the investi- gations. The establishment of the Niagara Sprayer Company Fellowship in the spring of 1909 enabled us to put a man on the problem at once. A field laboratory was established and has been maintained during the growing seasons of 1909 and 1910, right in the orchards in a different locality each year. The results obtained by Mr. Wallace, the holder of the fellowship, are best shown in these slides. I leave it to you to judge whether his work has been profitable or not. (Series of lantern slides were shown illustrating some of the results obtained.) Apple Scab. Important Facts which have been established in regard to Apple Scab. 1. The apple scab fungus winters only in the old apple leaves on the ground; not in the twigs on the tree. The early applica- tion for scale and blister mite is not usually effective against scab and cannot safely be substituted for the application to be made just before the blossoms open. 2. The application just before the blossoms open protects the foliage, and often insures a set of fruit. This application was especially necessary this past season. 3. Proper spraying just before the blossoms open (that is when the color shows in the buds), by eliminating scab infection, pre- vents burning of the foliage by the application to be made just after the blossoms fall. Mr. Wallace has shown that scab infected foliage is much more seriously injured by lime-sulfur or bordeaux than is foliage which is free from scab spots. 4. The application just after the blossoms fall is usually the one which gives clean fruit. The fruit at this time is usually infected by the conidia from the scabbed leaves about them which 34 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. were infected just before the blossoms opened, by the ascospores from the old leaves on the ground. 5. That late infection which often ruins the crop just about picking time may be prevented by a late application (that is, when the fruit is about one-half or two-thirds grown). 6. Spray just before rain periods, not after them. The spores of the scab fungus are distributed, germinate, and infect the leaves and fruit only during rain periods. Watch your weather map! 7. The development of the buds and fruit, and the character of the weather must be the guide in spraying for apple scab. The character of the weather during the season will determine Aery largely how many applications are to be made. Some seasons one application alone, will be sufficient, as was the case last year (1909). Other seasons, four applications must be made if a perfectly clean crop is to be obtained. LlME-SuLFCR AS A SUMMER SPRAY. 1. Evidence shows that lime-sulfur is equally efficient with and safer than bordeaux mixture for the control of apple seal). 2. The fungicidal value of lime-sulfur is not due to the soluble sulfide of the solution directly, but is quite certainly due to sub- stances derived from the oxidation of the free sulfur which has resulted from the drying of the solution on the leaves. That the soluble sulfids are not the active agents has been clearly proven by Mr. Wallace by the simple experiments of precipitating lime- sulfur with carbon dioxid and then, by tests, showing that it was exactly as efficient when sprayed on trees as was the unprecipitated solution. 3. The fungicidal value of the lime-sulfur solution is increased at least oU'.', by the addition of arsenate of lead at the rate of two pounds to fifty gallons. This is one of the most remarkable dis- coveries which Mr. Wallace has made. You will remember that we were told two years ago that the addition of arsenate of lead to the lime-sulfur solution could not be made as it would destroy the value of the lime-sulfur and decrease the effectiveness of the arsenate of lead as an insecticide. By an ingenious laboratory THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. 35 test, together with confirming experiments on the trees, Mr. ^Yallace has shown that exactly the reverse is true as regards the fungicidal value and in his experiments it has been uniformly proven that the codling moth is almost perfectly controlled when this combination is used. In other words, lime-sulfur plus arsenate of lead has much more fungicidal value than lime-sulfur alone and is at least as effective an insecticide as when lead arsenate alone is used. 4. The burning qualities of lime-sulfur are actually reduced by the addition of arsenate of lead and not increased as we were told would be the case. 5. Arsenate of lead is the only fungicide which, so far as we know at the present time, may be used with safety in the lime-sulfur solution. Arsenite of lime, so highly recommended and urged by some investigators last year has proven, not only in our experiments this season, but in the experiments of others in widely separated parts of the country, to be entirely unsafe and especially dangerous to the foliage. 6. The addition of lime or the presence of sediment in the lime sulfur does not appear to materially affect the burning qualities one way or the other. 7. Precipitation by carbonic acid gas (gas sprayer) does not reduce the fungicidal value of lime-sulfur when used alone or of lime-sulfur with arsenate of lead added. It tends to increase the arsenical injury by setting free some arsenic, when arsenate of lead and lime-sulfur are used together. This is especially injurious to peach foliage. 8. The soluble sulfids in the lime-sulfur solution are not prob- ably a factor in causing russeting of the fruit. The russeting which appeared on the lime-sulfur sprayed trees this season was very probably due to the wetting of the fruit merely, since unsprayed trees in the same orchard have been, in all cases observed by us, practically as badly russeted as the sprayed trees. In fact, in our own experiments both last year and this, lime-sulfur sprayed trees have had less russeting of the fruit than the unsprayed trees beside them. Cordley as a result of his observations this season holds that under certain conditions lime-sulfur is responsible for russeting of fruit. 36 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 9. Magnesium oxid (found in magnesium lime) has considerable fungicidal value. Used alone it is not an especially good fungicide for apples as it does not stick well. 10. The value of the sediment in the lime-sulfur solution seems to depend directly upon the magnesium oxid content. Mr. Wallace found, by simple laboratory tests, that the sediment in the Niagara Heavy Grade has about 50% as much fungicidal value per volume as the clear solution. That is, the precipitate filtered out from the clear solution thoroughly washed with clear water, and then diluted at the rate of 2-30, when sprayed on Greening trees, gave approxi- mately as large a percentage of fruit free from scab as did the clear solution used at the rate of 1-30. 11. Lead arsenate alone was found to have marked fungicidal value, especially in the tests on the trees. This, Mr. Wallace believes is due, to a large extent, to its spreading and sticking qualities. August 5 and 6, 1910, at the summer meeting of the State Fruit Growers' Association, over 1000 growers saw the results of these experiments right on the trees in the orchards near Sodus, N. Y. B. J. Case, President of the Fruit Growers' Association, in whose orchards some of these experiments were conducted, declared that if the fruit growers of that locality would retain Mr. Wallace, as their local plant pathologist, he would save that town $50,000 the next vear. Control of the Fire Blight in Nursery Stock. For many years nurserymen in central New York have lost more or less heavily from fire blight in their blocks of pears, apples, and quinces. By a cooperative arrangement with the Department of Plant Pathology, in the spring of 1909, the C. W. Stuart and Co., nurserymen, provided for one of our men to undertake the study and control of this malady in their nurseries. The young man had never seen a nursery before going on the job, but he had good scientific training, the result of four years of conscientious work in college preparing himself for the profession of plant pathologist. He was given to understand that upon his efforts and results in THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. 37 that nursery that season depended future opportunities to get advanced training in his chosen line. It was distinctly up to him. When he came to the nursery in June the disease was already well established in a block of quinces and was spreading into the pears. By systematic and untiring efforts this young fellow regu- larly inspected about 130 acres of nursery stock from one to three times a week, wiped out the blight already established, and promptly suppressed several new outbreaks of the disease. He discovered that the bacteria were spread chiefly by the aphis and with a crew of Italian laborers, armed with whale oil soap in dippers, dipped every aphis infested block of apples, pears, and quinces and effectually stayed the progress of the disease. By systematic inspection, he was able to detect the disease in the tips of the young shoots before it reached the body of the tree and so, by cutting out the diseased shoot and disinfecting the cut with corrosive sublimate, stay its further spread and save the tree. He kept an accurate record of all trees removed (because too far gone to save) and a record of all trees saved by prompt removal of diseased shoots. This table shows the results for the season. Apples Pears Quince Total No. of trees from which blighted shoots only were removed 834 32 1451 2317 No. of trees entirely removed. 83 7 256 346 Not only did he save the company these 2317 trees which they would certainly have lost but he indirectly saved at least as many more by preventing the general spread of the disease. So satis- factory was his work that at the close of the season the company established a fellowship for him in order that he might continue to investigate this and other diseases of nursery stock. So well had he done his work of eradication during 1909 that none of the disease was carried over for 1910, and while a few infections were brought in to some blocks late in the season, they were easily and promptly suppressed with insignificant losses. 38 massachusetts horticultural society. Conclusion. But why retain these experts permanently? For the same reason that we retain our physicians, our surgeons, our veteri- narians. Because new diseases and epidemics of old ones will be constantly appearing. It requires the training and experience of men who make Plant Pathology their business, to successfully and profitably cope with these. The grower will never learn the technique of plant pathology any more than he will that of veteri- nary medicine, and he will soon learn that it is not only necessary but highly profitable to pay for the services of expert plant doctors. There will be a constantly increasing demand for the professional plant pathologists in the conservation of our crop production. Discussion. The encouraging feature of Prof. Whetzel's lecture was that the various plant diseases can be prevented or controlled by proper and educated attention, which is greatly aided by the scientific researches carried on by the agricultural colleges and the several state experiment stations. There is a growing belief that lime and sulfur, with a small addi- tion of arsenate of lead, are the best and most effective fungicide and insecticide yet developed. Bordeaux mixture, hitherto relied upon, has been found not wholly satisfactory, especially on fruit trees, because of its injurious effect in the russeting of the fruit. Other points brought out in the discussion are herewith briefly noted. Fire blight of fruit trees. This blight is carried by insects. They deposit the bacteria in a wound on the tree and it is only In- constantly inspecting and taking out the diseased portion that it can be got rid of. Cut about four inches below the infection and disinfect the cut with corrosive sublimate of a strength of 1 to 1000. Commercial and home made lime-sulfur. Home made lime- sulfur, if made properly, is exactly as good as commercial lime- sulfur. It can be made more cheaply at home, and there is no THE LOCAL PLANT DOCTOR. 39 particular advantage in the commercial preparation and not much difference in the various brands. The cucumber wilt. A good deal of trouble comes from the cucumber vines wilting and dying down almost in a day. This wilt is a bacterial disease and is carried by squash bugs and beetles. The bacteria are introduced into the veins and gradually spread over the whole leaf. The best remedy is to get into the garden the first thing in the morning and crush the beetles on the leaf, then take out the diseased leaves and burn. Spraying is of no value whatever. Cedar rust on quinces. The cedar rust on quinces comes so very seldom, about once in every ten years, that there have been no particular experiments in regard to it. Anthracnose of beans. Bean seed in the market is never with- out disease. The only way to get clean seed is to pick it out yourself. Buy the variety you want to grow, plant and save the pods which have no spots on the sides. Select and plant the seeds back in the garden. The disease is not in the soil, it is in the seed. The fungus consists of spores produced at the surfaces of the black spots. From clean seed you can get clean crops. Avoid working when it is wet and you will get less anthracnose. After a heavy rain or dew the spores may easily become attached to insects which carry them to the healthy plants. There is no uniform difference in the susceptibility to this disease of wax beans and green beans. The question was asked if soaking bean seed in formalin or corrosive sublimate would rid them of anthracnose. To which the Lecturer replied that this treatment was not very satisfactory. The fungus is inside the seed coat and while soaking may be of some help, still the anthracnose is inside the bean. To get good results and to wipe out the disease the best way was through the careful selection of good clean seed. Mildew of gooseberry. Potassium sulfide or lime-sulfur diluted 1 to 30 should control the mildew on the gooseberry. Mildew on roses. The lime-sulfur spray ought to prove as effective as any fungicide. The rust on hollyhocks. The spores of the hollyhock rust are produced very abundantly and so it is necessary to spray frequently with Bordeaux mixture. Cut off the diseased leaves in the fall 40 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. and destroy them. The fungus is carried over by the common round-leaf mallow so it is desirable to eradicate all these plants in the vicinity. Treatment of soil to eliminate disease germs. Steam steriliza- tion of the soil has given good results in the destruction of disease germs and injurious insects. Also the use of formalin can be recommended; one part to one hundred, sprayed on with a sprink- ling can, a gallon to the square foot. Carbon bi-sulfide kills insects in the soil, but formalin seems to be as effective as anything against fungi. NEW ENGLAND MARKET GARDENERS AND THEIR COMPETITORS. By Prof. L. C. Corbett, Washington, D. C. Delivered before the Society, with stereopticon illustrations, January 28, 1911. It is indeed carrying coals to Newcastle to say to an audience living in the environs of such a virile center as Boston that this is the great commercial era of the world's history. Never before has the production of the world's food supplies been so important a matter as today. The great staples like corn, wheat, and rice have long been important commodities in the world's markets, but it is only within recent years that products of the market garden and truck farming have come into the commercial horizon. The reason for this is to be found in the tremendous increase in our urban population. The ratio of producers to consumers has changed remarkably in the past twenty years. This change has created a demand which is ever increasing. It is this demand for wholesome, fresh products of the field and garden which has made possible our present market garden and truck farming enterprises. Another important factor wmich we must not forget is the part which modern transportation has contributed to both the cities and to those who feed them. Without adequate transportation the cities could neither be established nor fed, and without facilities for the rapid movement of immense quantities of highly perishable products which we now have the markets would be but meagerly supplied with many of the luxuries which have come to be regarded as necessities. Without rapid transportation there could be no competing truck industry, and without the truck industry the cities would be fed from the local gardens and greenhouses. As a result of opening the doors of our markets into the gardens of the South the normal season for many of our vegetables has been obliterated. 41 42 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. But for this, each crop would still be anticipated as was the condi- tion fifty years ago. As a result of all this change, we think, we have competition between the market gardeners, who are the grow- ers living within the range of the wagon haul of a city, and the truck farmers, who are the extensive producers of a few staple articles, often only one or two, who live at considerable distance from the centers in which their products are consumed. I have defined these two industries because I consider them distinct and natural outgrowths of modern economic conditions. Those engaged in market gardening feel that because truck farming is a more modern development that it is an encroach- ment upon our field, but is this the case? Can the market gardens supply all the potatoes, cabbage, celery, onions, kale, and spinach the markets demand the year round? These are the crops on which the great truck industry of this country is chiefly based. Let us briefly review the economic status of some of the more important truck crops which form the basis of the real or suppos- able competition between the market gardener and the truck farmer. The potato industry of the country stands fifth as a wealth producer in the category of the nation's crops. The early crop is the only phase of this industry that can in any way affect the market garden. It is never mentioned as a competitor yet it is the greatest of all truck crops. Cabbage is probably second in commercial importance of the crops grown by the truck farmer. But this is one of the cheaper and coarser products of the garden. The extra early crop will continue to be grown at the South and the great winter supply by the farmers of New England, New York, Wisconsin, and Colo- rado. The more refined members of this family of plants such as brussels-sprouts, kohl rabi, and the fancy cabbages of the savoy and red sorts will likely continue to be products of the market garden. In making this explanation I have suggested the lesson of my theme, i. e., that the market garden is the place in which the refined vegetable gardening is to be done. Take for instance the onion industry. The large field crops will continue to be produced in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Ohio, Texas, and California, but the potato onion for early bunchers will probably ever continue to be a factor in the market MARKET GARDENERS AND THEIR COMPETITORS. 43 garden. There is usually some side line or refinement of each crop which is better adapted to the conditions of the market garden than the truck farm. Tomatoes are an important crop, not only with the truck farm- ers of the South but with those of Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, and New York, where immense quantities are annually produced for canneries. The early southern crop comes into competition with the spring crop under glass to a considerable extent, but the Cleve- land and Ashtabula growers maintain that this competition is not destructive. The house grown product outsells the southern field product in the same market. The growers have seen to it that their customers were taught to discriminate between the vine ripened house grown product and that ripened in transit from the southern fields. They are further fortifying their industry by growing under glass special types of tomatoes not produced in the field. The house grown product differs in color, size, texture, and flavor. These points of difference are carefully pointed out as the reason for the higher price. This is perfectly legitimate. There is a place for the southern product in the market, but it should not be a competitor of the house grown fruit. If it is it is because the market has not yet become discriminating. A little educational work on tomatoes is needed in that market, and that is the grower's task. Let us consider the cucumber situation. This crop is extensively grown by truck farmers both in frames and as a field crop. The season of the frame crop overlaps that of the northern forcing house product to some extent, but as it costs a great deal to produce the frame crop and as it only overlaps the house crop for a short period it is not a formidable competitor; but why be content to have it a competitor at all? We have based our whole cucumber forcing industry outside the New Orleans district on the White Spine, the great American field type of cucumber. Why not make the cucumber forcing industry distinctive as it is in England. If the English sorts do not suit our markets make new ones that fit American conditions, but which are as distinctive as are the English forcing type. This will solve the problem of competition once and for all. I have never thought the White Spine the ideal forcing cucumber. It shows its age in the market too soon. It is too 44 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. perishable for the effort it costs. The ideal forcing "cuke" is one which can be marketed as soon as large enough regardless of its age; one which remains a long time on the plant without ripen- ing and one which does not age quickly in the market. Our growers and market men tell us that the English fruit does not take in our markets. How do they know? Has the market ever been tested? So far as I know the only market in the United States to which these fruits are offered is New Orleans and there they sell readily. Is not this suggestion worth our consideration? We think it is and have set as one of our tasks the finding of a sort which possesses these desirable qualities. But everyone has been impatient lest I forget lettuce, the great forcing crop of America, and Boston the market which has set the standard for this crop. Boston gardeners have adopted as their forcing sort the variety which thrives best in the open. Perhaps this is the result of chance, but I dare say that the evolution of Big Boston or Hittinger's Belmont Forcing lead along a line of an- cestors that came first from the open into frames and hotbed and finally into the forcing house. To begin with it was the best and toughest outdoor lettuce. It is not a child of the greenhouse ex- cept by adoption. In growing it in the field the southern growers are only taking advantage of the sorts and markets which you have for years been preparing for them. As long as there was no field crop in Florida and no frame crop about Wilmington, Newburne, and Norfolk this dual type lettuce was satisfactory. It served the gardener better than two sorts, one distinctly a forcing variety and the other a special outdoor sort. But conditions have changed and with the change a new problem is presented to those growing lettuce under glass. The problem as I see it is that of finding a special sort for each particular purpose. Since we have prepared a dual purpose lettuce which thrives equally well in the open and under glass, if we are to continue the cultivation of this sort under glass, it must take on some distinctive mark or character when so grown which cannot he acquired in the open. We have reached the stage in our plant work which was reached many years ago in animal industry. We have, as it were, need for a milk producing breed and a butter producing breed. In the MARKET GARDENERS AND THEIR COMPETITORS. 45 animal world this was solved by evolving the Holsteins on the one hand and the Jerseys and Guernseys on the other. Our lettuce problem is the same. But the unfortunate part of it is that we have built up our butter business on a beef breed. The horticultural literature prior to 1850 is full of references to the culture of lettuce both in the open and in the frame and hot- bed. The variety discussions of the time substantiate the state- ments I have already made that the favorite lettuce of the Boston market came from an ancestry which had qualities fitting it to endure trying conditions. The success in the open at the South of the varieties you have produced is only a verification of the general purpose character of these lettuces. I am sorry that we are confronted by a condition so serious as this really is, but we should not be discouraged or lose hope. There are other centers in the United States successfully producing lettuce under glass which do not feel the competition of the outdoor crop. Perhaps their success holds a suggestion. Let us at least take an inventory of their situation. West of Pittsburg the lettuce forcing industry is founded upon a different type of lettuce from that grown about Boston. This lettuce is the product of the forc- ing house. It is not at all adapted to outdoor conditions, in fact, it is one of the most uncertain lettuces for outdoor planting. Spe- cial care must be exercised to secure germination of this sort in the field. It will, therefore, probably never be a popular outdoor sort. Its progenitors are fairly good field sorts the same as is the Black Seeded Tennis Ball from which your own heading sorts have originated. If you were producing in your forcing houses a sort which did not thrive well in the open or was in some particular decidedly different from the outdoor crop, your forcing industry would be on a much safer basis. This is what the western growers possess in their bunch or cutting type of lettuce. A year ago in speaking before the Market Gardeners' Associa- tion I ventured to suggest some of the advantages of this loose quick growing type of lettuce which is used by our western friends. I wish to more emphatically bring this matter to your attention at the present time. As I have already said, this lettuce is distinc- tively a forcing lettuce. It grows more quickly than does the sorts which are produced in the region about Boston. Four crops 46 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. instead of three can be grown during the winter season and, while as a rule, it does not command as high a price per plant as does the well-grown head sorts, it can be planted closer on the bench, and the fact that another crop can be harvested in practically the same period makes it a more profitable crop than the one now chiefly handled by the Boston growers. But you will say, "we are confronted by market conditions of long standing which have been built up after many years of careful work on the part of our growers. It will be a difficult and very expensive operation to bring the market to substitute this loose grass for the type which it has grown to consider as of highest quality." I appreciate all this, but I believe that in the long run the forcing house industry will be better off to gradually make the change. I wish to tell you something of our own experience in this work. Three years ago when we first offered the loose lettuce to the Washington market, all dealers and marketmen said that they could not handle this type of lettuce. They could not handle it because they had never had any of it to handle, they knew nothing of it. They were making assertions without any evidence. We induced one man to take our product and offer it to the trade. We did not do as I would advise you to do, make a specialty of the new type of lettuce with some of the leading restaurants or hotels of the city. Our hotel and restaurant people, however, were not long in finding this product and only a few experiences demonstrated to them that the general public would eat the loose lettuce quite as readily as any other, that it was quite as satisfactory for garnishing as the head lettuce, and, that it is very much more economical for them to use. The statement that I am going to make is not a very elegant one, but it emphasizes what I wish to impress upon you. I believe the loose lettuce of the Grand Rapids type is more profit- able to the consumer, particularly the boarding house and restau- rant keeper than any type of lettuce grown. He can make more show for his money with this lettuce than with any other type produced. You will at once realize that this is a great factor with people who have the problem of garnishing their table and at the same time placing before their patrons an attractive and acceptable menu. The result is that while it was difficult for us to move this type of lettuce in the Washington markets in the beginning, after MARKET GARDENERS AND THEIR COMPETITORS. 4/ the first crop was disposed of the second crop was anticipated by telephone orders, and this has been the condition ever since. Our crop has always been solicited before it was ready for market. There are no other growers about Washington who are producing this type of lettuce, and that which we have been growing is the only product of this kind offered to the Washington trade. The experiences of the Cleveland and Ashtabula growers cor- respond exactly with our own except that they have never felt any competition between the house product and the field grown product of the South because the two were very distinct in appear- ance and character. The house grown product has, as I have already suggested, many good points and these the dealers in the markets to which the Cleveland and Ashtabula people cater have been careful to keep before their customers. I do not mean by this that they have talked down the southern products. It too has a place in the market the same as the forcing house product, but there has not been competition between the two types. The forcing house product should be early, easily handled under glass, of high quality, and sufficiently distinct from the field grown sorts to attract attention and sell for a higher price in the market. This gives me an opportunity to again repeat my text that it is the task of the market gardener to refine horticulture, and to produce distinctive products which are not generally produced by the truck farmers of the country who can, as a rule, produce large quantities of the standard vegetables more cheaply than can market gardeners. Instead of trying to win in a competitive undertaking let us rather win our financial success by growing a distinctly different type of product than that grown in the open. The work that we are doing at the Department of Agriculture along this line has for its object furnishing the foundation on which such a distinctive industry may be built up. It is our desire to place the forcing industry and the field industry on different founda- tions. To develop a group of varieties which are distinctive forcing sorts and another group which are equally as distinctive field sorts. This we believe to be the simplest way of overcoming competition and maintaining both industries. We are at present engaged in determining the sorts which are distinctly adapted for forcing conditions. We are endeavoring to improve the quality 48 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of the seed of those sorts so that those who wish to engage in the production of such specialties may call upon us for a small quantity of stock seed from which to produce their own crop of seed. We do not anticipate growing seed in a commercial way. All we hope to do is to maintain small plantations of distinctive strains of field and forcing house products from which commercial growers may secure sufficient stock seed to enable them to grow seed for com- mercial purposes. The only thing we ask is a pledge of good faith, good cultivation, and an honest endeavor to keep the strains pure, but if for any reason the seeds become mixed or lose cast the grower should return to headquarters for a fresh supply of stock seed. Our endeavor is to maintain the strains true to type from year to year, so that growers in any locality using these strains of seed will be able to offer to the market, provided the cultural condi- tions are the same, a product of the same grade each year. This we anticipate will work a revolution along some lines which will probably be slow and may cause some little inconvenience, but eventually it will be to the advantage of the industry. The outdoor sorts with which we are working will be handled in exactly the same way. We are endeavoring to produce strains which are uniform in character and which come so true that one using the seed will be justified in expecting 95 per cent of the product to be identical in character. In the case of cabbage we are endeavoring to overcome the heavy annual loss, amounting in many cases to 40 per cent or more, from the admixture of late sorts or those off in type, from shooting to seed and from lack of uni- formity in the period of maturity of the predominant type in the mixture. For at best most of our so-called varieties are only mixtures. They are not even worthy the title of a homogeneous mixture unless we were to admit that the homogeneity consists of a conglomeration of all possible types. Some of the commercial truck fields one sees would make him a convert to this belief. The aim is to place at the disposal of the trade as well as to the growers stock seed from which they may hope to grow a crop that will produce 95 merchantable heads from every 100 plants set in the field, all of which can be harvested in two cuttings. This should ultimately come to be the government standard for all MARKET GARDENERS AND THEIR COMPETITORS. 49 important commercial sorts. This is the aim and object of one of the lines of work which we are pursuing for the benefit of the market growers of Boston and elsewhere throughout the United States. I wish to leave the impression that we are not endeavoring to produce new varieties, but rather to bring about a high standard of excellence in the best commercial sorts already upon the market. We are interested in the producer of the commercial crop and we feel that if we can place this choice stock seed at the disposal of those who grow the seed, we can to that extent insure the producer of the market product. This we think is one of the cheapest crop insurances which the government can offer to the gardeners and truck farmers of the United States. SUMMER BLOOMING BULBS. By Isaac S. Hendrickson, Floral Park, New York. Delivered before the Society, February 4, 1911. I do not presume to bring to you anything particularly new or startling in this talk about summer blooming bulbs, but perhaps together we can bring out some interesting points on a subject that is old yet ever new, for while bulbs are simply bulbs, always have been, and always will be, requiring about the same treatment in the way of culture, etc. that has been in vogue for all time, when we once take up the subject and delve into species, varieties, freaks, etc., there seems to ever be something new. It is like walking in a rose garden on a morning in June ; as we walk we see the same kind of roses we have seen year after year, yet when we stop to examine our favorite Jack, or Mrs. Laing, or Frau Karl Druschki, we are led to exclaim "was there ever such exquisite beauty revealed to any one before this particular morning." There is something very fascinating about bulbs to nearly every flower lover, and rightfully so, for no class of plant life can give more enjoyment. There seems to be something almost human and immortal in a bulb as we handle and examine it, and find that very often the perfect form of the future flower is wrapped up and hidden in the heart of the bulb. When we buy seed from the seedsman, it requires almost a professional gardener's skill to bring forth the flower, but not so the bulb, for when you receive it from the hands of the grower it already contains within itself the food for the future flower. I suppose that nearly everyone in this room today has cut a hyacinth bulb in half and discovered the tiny blos- som in perfect form ready to push out in perfection of bloom when submitted to proper conditions. I shall never forget my sense of wonder when I first discovered this secret, and I have ever since held a peculiar feeling for a bulb. In speaking of summer flowering 51 52 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. bulbs, we expect to deal in nearly every ease with what we call tender bulbs, or in other words a class of bulbs that must be planted in the spring, cared for during the time of bloom, which is usually during the warm months, and then lifted and stored in a warm store room or cellar away from cold and exposure, and treated with almost as much care as a child. In fact, when we stop to think of it, there is something very human about all plant life and especially so with the tender bulbs, but I think you will agree with me when I say they are worth their extra care when we fully realize their possibilities in the way of bloom. To take our subject alpha- betically we will begin with Amaryllis formosissima, called Jacobean lily, or Indian red daffodil. While this bulb is really a Sprekelia, and not an Amaryllis at all, we seldom hear it called by its true name. It is a native of South America, and was first introduced in Europe in 1593, but owing to its being classed with the daffodils, and its nature not properly understood, it was soon lost to cultivation for a time until greenhouses and stove houses were brought into use so that the tender bulbs could be protected during cold seasons. It is one of the first and brightest of the tender bulbs to bloom ; they are hardly more than put in the ground when the bright red petals push their way through the brown earth in advance of any foliage, and when they are planted in quantity the effect is striking. It must be a sight to see them blooming in their natural haunts. Miller's Gardening Dictionary speaks of them as producing flowers two or three times a year, but this I do not know from experience. For garden cul- ture plant the bulb in May, and cover about three inches; when the foliage has ripened in the fall they must be lifted and stored in a warm place. We next come to the Arums, which are often called snake lilies, black callas, monarch of the east, etc. For my part I cannot see ' any particular beauty in these bulbs, the flowers of which emit a very disagreeable and offensive odor; however, there seems to be quite a demand for them; the fact of their making a large bulb may account for it somewhat, or they may be useful for foliage effects after removing the blossoms. A bulb that should be better known and more freely planted is Bcsscni elegans or coral drops. It is a very small bulb, but the red flowers are borne on long grace- SUMMER BLOOMING BULBS. 53 ful stems which make a pleasing effect when planted in clumps, and are useful for cutting. They are native of Texas and Mexico. In connection with this bulb I would like to divert from the alphabeti- cal order and mention two other bulbs which are often classed with Bessera, and called the three Mexican gems, namely, Cyclobothra flava, a very graceful plant with bell-shaped flowers, bright yellow dotted brown, and Mitta hi flora, often called Mexican star of Bethlehem, producing the purest waxy white flowers imaginable, often measuring about two inches in diameter. A class of summer bulbs recently come into prominence are summer blooming Callas, or correctly spoken of as Richardias. Several new and valuable varieties have been produced, and introduced during the past few years, among them I will mention the following: Aurata, called the lemon calla has a light lemon yellow flower with a chocolate patch in the throat, which brings out a conspicuous contrast of color; the foliage is spotted white. Mrs. Roosevelt is a late intro- duction and sometimes comes very fine; the flowers are white, tinged with lemon, not very free flowering. Rhemanni, largely advertised as the "pink calla sensation," is a dainty little flower much smaller than most of the other Callas, and I am inclined to think it is useful as a novelty only. Pentlandi certainly produces a very beautiful flower of a rich golden yellow, but the bulb seems to be weak and not very prolific, so it appears that if a yellow calla is wanted (and I believe it is) we have everything that can be desired in the variety Elliottiana "the peer of them all"; not a new one by any means, but one that is not known as it should be. I have seen quantities of this calla on a commercial place grown and treated just about the same as one would treat potatoes, and the sight when in flower is indescribable. You can get some idea of it when I tell you the flower is nearly, if not quite, as large as the ordinary white calla of the greenhouse, and the color a beautiful deep golden yellow, not simply tinted yellow or lemon, but actually golden yellow, and every bulb will produce a bloom; its time of flowering is July. It must be taken up in the fall and cared for about the same as a gladiolus bulb. Cooperia pediinculata, commonly known in the South as rain lily or fairy lily, is a bulb that produces a beautiful little white waxy, fragrant flower which opens usually at night, and remains 54 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. open for three days and three nights, closing on the fourth day. In their native haunts it is said they often bloom two or three times a season, clusters of them springing into bloom immediately after every shower. In the north, they must be treated as other tender bulbs; they can be planted in May about three inches deep and they flower about August. They should be lifted in the fall and kept in dry soil. Coopcria Drummondi or evening star has a longer tube than the rain lily, but the flat portion is not as wide. It blooms later and the flower does not last as long. Eucomis punctata, pineapple flower, does not seem to be very common, but it is really a most satisfactory bulb; it is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, but does very well in the open ground, treated as other summer bulbs. It produces a wavy, crinkled foliage from the center of which shoots a stem about two feet high with a head of greenish-white flowers with dark centers; it is not hardy so must be lifted and stored. While I understand that the subject of the gladiolus has been treated at a previous meeting of your Society, I am going to ask that you bear with me for a few moments, as I feel I must touch on this very important, if not the most important, group of summer blooming bulbs. First as to the pronunciation. I am free to admit that I incline to the old-fashioned way of gladiolus, and I believe I have some good authorities to bear me out, but as I know some of my best friends are on the other side, perhaps we will have to compromise and adopt the language of the vendor on the street, and just call them "glads." Whichever way we decide to pronounce the name, they are a class of bulbs demanding our attention now as never before, and with cause; for never before were such beautiful and vivid colors seen in any flower, and I believe that we are only on the threshold, so to speak, of what is iii store for us in the way of color, size, and beauty in the gladiolus; and where is there any class of bulbs or plants with the possible exception of dahlias, that will give us such a protracted season of bloom with so little care and attention. The bulbs can be planted with safety just as soon as the ground can be worked in the spring, and by planting in succession up to July, the blooming season will extend to October freezing weather. The progress made in the development of this ' 'King of summer SIMMER BLOOMING BULBS. 55 flowering bulbs" is certainly remarkable; where a few years ago a few small flowered varieties were now and then seen, occupying only a small part of the seedsman's catalogue, they are now grown by nearly every flower lover, and the dealer is giving them more and more attention every year, and I believe the time will come when they will be as widely known as the rose, dahlia, sweet pea, etc., for they are indeed the "Orchid of the common people." Their low cost combined with their ease of culture puts them within reach of all. While they will yield good returns with ordinary treatment, they will surprise us if given a little special treatment in the way of good rich soil. I would advise planting the bulbs about four inches deep in garden culture, as they then will be better able to withstand any drought they may have to contend with, and will not be disturbed so easily by the wind, as is the case wThen planted shallow. It has been said that the matter of naming the varieties has been overdone, and I certainly agree in this, as I do not believe any other class of plants has been blessed with so many descendants. Perhaps you will be surprised when I say that I have in my possession an indexed book containing the names and de- scriptions of nearly 3000 varieties; of course most of these are from foreign catalogues. However, as the raising of new varieties from seed is so very easy, and so intensely interesting, we shall probably never see the end and of course we do not want to, if the future will bring forth varieties of real merit; but the danger lies in the fact that many are raised and named by people who have no way of knowing, or do not take the trouble to find out just how good or poor their pets are when compared with varieties already in commerce. The recently formed American Gladiolus Society hopes to do some good work along these lines. Just a word in regard to the habits, etc. of the various varieties. We are very often asked why the light and more beautiful colored sorts are more expensive than the dark; my answer is, that in nearly nine cases out of ten, the light colored sort will produce only a small percentage of bulblets where a dark or inferior sort will produce an abundance; for example, the bulb I have here is a very ordinary variety and one that is very persistent in its growth and habits. Observe the large number of bulblets. This other sample is a much finer variety and note the absence of bulb- .")() MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. lets. Again when we watch a customer selecting bulbs at the flower shop we notice that only the very largest ones are taken, which is altogether wrong, if we want a genuine mixture, as nearly every variety makes a different size and shape of bulb, and very often it happens that the choicest flowers are concealed in the small- est bulbs. Considering that nearly every catalogue lists the Ismene cala- thena grandiflora, it seems that about every one must be familiar with it, either from personal experience or seeing it in a neighbor's garden, but I cannot refrain from speaking of it as a very useful and easy to handle bulb. It is very often called the white amaryl- lis, a very appropriate name, as it resembles an amaryllis flower in shape and habit very much. The bulbs do best when planted in May and covered over with soil to a depth of three or four inches; during June and running into July they will produce their pure white fragrant blossoms very freely before the foliage appears. Another bulb that should be given more attention is what we usu- ally call the summer hyacinth or Hyacinihus candicans, or more properly speaking Galtonia candicans. This bulb grown singly does not attract much attention, but when grown as it should be in masses of at least twenty-five or more, it makes a fine show and a splendid background for other flowers, and they will remain in flower several weeks. While it is a native of South Africa, it is considered quite hardy, but my experience has been that it is better to take it up altogether, and treat as a tender bulb, or cover well with a mulch. The bulbs grow readily from seed, and will sometimes produce bloom the second year and always the third year. We now come to another important group of summer blooming bulbs, namely, Liliums, but as this subject has been fully covered in a recent lecture, I will not dwell at length, although there is temptation to do so, for where can we find a nobler, grander group of flowers than we find among the lilies; how their purity compels our admiration; how their fragrance charms and soothes and seems to carry us into another world. I must speak of two or three which really ought to be better known. Hansoni, which is a variety named in honor of P. Hanson, of Brooklyn, by Max Leichtlin, of Germany. It is a fine variety growing from two to three feet SUMMER BLOOMING BULBS. 57 high with bright green foliage, producing from four to twelve dark yellow flowers remarkable for their thickness of petals and wax- like appearance. It will grow as easy as a tiger lily, and is just as hardy; it flowers in June. Perhaps the hardy garden lily with the greatest future is Henryi, the yellow speciosum. This lily has been brought to us from the mountains of China, and it is indeed a gem, as it will thrive without any special care, producing strong panicles of yellow flowers, resembling very strongly the much admired speciosum form. Lycoris squamigrra, or Amaryllis Hallii, or called by some magic flower, is a most interesting subject; the bulb is similar in shape and size to an amaryllis, but really belongs to the Nerines. It can be planted either in spring or fall, but I would prefer the fall, as there would be more time for the roots to form, as the foliage starts out early in the spring and grows quite rank until sometime in July, when it begins to dry up, and any one not familiar with its nature would think it had died, but about a month later, as if by magic, the flower stalk springs from the ground for a height of about two or three feet, producing an umbel of beautiful lily shaped flowers three or four inches across, and eight to twelve in number, of a delicate lilac pink, shaded with clear blue. It is perfectly hardy and makes a splendid acquisition to the hardy border. Cover about four inches. Montbretias are coming more and more into prominence, and some of the newer sorts such as Germania, Geo. Davison, Martagon, etc. are very charming and useful, and I believe are destined to be grown more and more for cutting as they mix well with other flowers. Tigridias, commonly called shell flowers, owing to their resemblance to beautiful sea shells are very interesting from a standpoint of color, form, etc., but their great drawback is the short life of the individual flower, which never lasts more than a day, therefore it is almost useless as a cut flower; however, by planting a number of them we are apt to have a few blooms at almost any time during the summer. Zephyranthes, or zephyr lilies, are very close relatives of the Cooperias and may be grown in about the same way. There are several varieties and species, but the best ones are Rosea, a rosy red color, and Candida, pure white, the most beautiful of all. 58 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. These both bloom late in the summer and the bulbs must be taken up and stored before freezing. They are very useful for planting in the borders. Discussion. In reply to a question as to how long it takes for a bulblet to flower the Lecturer said that it would be two or three years before you could count on much bloom. Another asked if seven or eight inches was too deep to plant gladiolus bulbs. The Lecturer said that seven or eight inches was too great a depth for them where the soil was not sandy. He found that in field culture about five inches was a good depth for large bulbs. When they have been planted about ten days he went over them with a harrow to destroy the weeds , which took off about an inch of the ground covering. The smaller bulbs are covered only about an inch. In planting dahlia tubers, if the soil is very heavy, three inches is the right depth to plant, but if the soil is sandy and you are plant- ing a bull) which will produce a heavy flower, they should be planted about two inches deeper. A heavy flower cannot stand in shallow ground. ( oocerning the planting of bulbs in grass the Lecturer said that it was all right for spring bulbs but not for summer bulbs. Sum- mer bulbs need cultivation and would be choked out in grass. An inquiry was made as to the cause of the disappearance of some lilies a year or two after planting, to which the Lecturer replied that one reason was that the bulbs became diseased, as is the case with Lilium auratum, and that there was great danger of losing this handsome lily. Also that mice were destructive to some bulbs, especially those of Tigridia, of which they were particularly fond, and would pick them out of a fifty acre field. < loncerning the method of obtaining new varieties he stated that by planting the seed you would be sure to get something different and new. In gladiolus we depend on the seed. Select seeds from the best varieties and sow them and you get variation. He had not done any hand crossing but by selecting the seeds from the best formed and best colored varieties and sowing them the best SUMMER BLOOMING BULBS. 59 results would be obtained. In dahlias all the variation comes from planting the seeds. William J. Stewart spoke on the subject of growing bulbs in grass and said that we ought to distinguish between the bulb grown in grass and that grown on the lawn. The bulbs must be allowed to grow and die a natural death without being disturbed by the cutting of the grass and they will grow another year. Cro- cuses will disappear in a year or two if the leaves are prematurely cut but narcissuses if left in a corner and neglected will flower year after year. Mr. Stewart called special attention to the orange day lily (Hemerocallis) which is frequently met with in New England as an escape from old gardens and despite all abuse and neglect persists in flowering year after year along broken-down stone walls and fence-rows. In a visit last summer to New Jersey he was much impressed with the beautiful picture presented by the great masses of this brilliant flower growing everywhere along the roadsides and around dwellings. They had maintained themselves for years and the more neglected the more beautiful and attractive appearance they seemed to make. THE OUTLOOK COUNTRYWARD. By Prof. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, New York. Delivered before the Society, March 11, 1911. Two important movements are now before the country — the country -life movement and the back-to-the-land movement. The country-life movement is the expression of the desire to make the farming regions as satisfying and effective socially and eco- nomically as are the towns and the cities. The movement is not only sound but is fundamental, for the reason that an effort to effectualize any necessary existing society is part of the progress of civilization. The present back-to-the-land agitation is largely a city effort, expressing many motives and ideas. It is in part an effort of the city to relieve its congestion, in part a desire to find labor for the unemployed, in part the result of the doubtful propaganda to de- crease the cost of living by sending more persons to the land, in part the desire of certain persons to escape the city, and in part the effort of real-estate dealers to sell land. There can be no objec- tion to properly qualified city persons moving out to the open country, and many of them make good farmers; but for the most part the back-to-the-land movement is socially and economically unsound. Something can be done, perhaps, to relieve city congestion by finding opportunities for urban citizens in the country, but the extent of relief that really can be secured in this way is very small and it does not reach the core of the question; for the core of the question is that the city must learn to take care of its own and to solve its inherent problems, and that the whole interrelation of city and country must be solved by fundamental processes. Part of the congestion of cities is the increase due to immigration. Undoubt- 61 62 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. edly much can be done properly to disperse our aliens and to place them where they will be of service to themselves and to employers without constituting a problem of congestion. This, however, is a question of plain distribution rather than of land settlement. The real country-life movement itself will do something directly to relieve city congestion, because it will tend to keep country people in the country; and yet we must recognize the fact that many country people are better fitted by temperament for city life than for agricultural life. There seems to be much needless alarm over the decline of rural populations. We must remember that we have passed through the rural or agricultural phase of our evolution. In 1790, about nine-tenths of all our people were on the farms; a hundred years later about one-third (counting men, women, and children) were on the land or very closely connected with it. I expect that the present census will show a smaller proportion, and possibly the census of 1920 will show a still smaller ratio, although the ratio has already undoubtedly sunk too low in some localities or regions. We shall never again be a rural people. The best society is neither exclusively rural nor exclusively urban. What proportion the rural population must hold to the whole population, no one now knows. The decline in rural population is only one expression of the sorting of our people into their groups; and we have not yet struck bottom in this process. The powers of a single farmer are being much augmented by the application of knowledge, the development of business manage- ment, the use of machinery, and by cooperative enterprises. Of course, the actual number of farmers will immensely increase, but the ratio cannot be expected to increase: There will be a great increase in demand for products of the farm as civilization prog- resses and as tastes become more complex, but the expanding powers of individual landsmen will be able to supply these enlarging demands. What will be the ratio of increase in demand for agri- cultural products, no one yet can say. It is true that the progress of civilization does not greatly enlarge a man's eating capacity, but it greatly increases the variety of his food and improves its quality, and this of itself, wholly aside from the quantity of the demand, will call for much greater activity and skill on the part of the farmer. THE OUTLOOK COUNTRYWARD. 63 But human food crops are probably not one-half the agricultural produce, and these other products increase in intimate ratio with the progress of civilization. These other supplies are cotton, wool, hemp, and other fibres, timber and all timber products, all paper materials, the output of floriculture and other special industries, leather, and practically all other produce of the earth with the exception of metals and minerals and coal. Very much is going to be demanded of the farmer to supply all this wealth and variety of material. There is probably sufficient ratio of persons now living on the land, to supply all this increasing demand for the raw materials, if only these persons were properly effective. To displace them or to augment them by city people may provide a corrective here and there, but it can be only an incidental factor. The great question is how to reach the people who live on the land, how to sort out those who ought not to live on the land, and how to direct our economic and social growth so as to make it profitable and attrac- tive and in every way worth while for a man to live on the land throughout his life. I do not think that the mere lessening of the numbers of rural people has any very close relation to the cost-of-living question. The great problem in this regard is to improve our means of dis- tribution, so that the materials may be taken from the producer to the consumer with the least delay, the least cost, and the least waste. It is a shameful commentary on our economic and social system that in these days of great production of agricultural prod- uce in the fertile land of North America, people still suffer for food in the great cities. We need to give much more attention to the distribution of our products than merely to placing more persons on the land. Persons will be satisfied to live on the land just as rapidly and as far as it is economically profitable and socially pleasant for them to live there. Our civilization is a system of economic loss. Society is built on the process of waste. The city drains the goods from the open country, extracts the kernel, and throws the husks into the rivers and the sea. The cities are half-way stations between the potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen of the farms and the bottom of the ocean. The city tends always to destroy its province. It sits 64 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. like a parasite, running its roots into all the surrounding country and draining it of its life-blood. Many a rural community is already sucked dry. Our business or commercial structure is responsible for the wastes of distribution. That it should require sixty-five cents out of every hundred to remove a good part of our produce from the land to the dinner-table is an indication that we are living in a very imperfect and undeveloped economic era. The organization of society does not seem to have within itself the means of its own correction or salvation. We are obliged to apply correctives by extraneous legislative and legal processes in order to control the streams of waste. Until we evolve a structure in which economic waste is inherently reduced to the minimum, we cannot expect to make great progress toward a self-sustaining civilization. We have yet no large permanent agriculture; and this means that we have yet no permanent civilization. To find some real economic relationship between city and country whereby the city will give back something to the country rather than to take everything from it, and whereby it will be as much interested in maintaining the producing-power of land as in devel- oping art and literature and municipal systems, is the fundamental problem of civilization. City and country are coming together sympathetically, but this is largely a matter of acquaintanceship. There is no real adequate coordination between the two. If the city is ever really to aid the country it must be mostly by the development of this mutual coordination and not by the city going into farming. Farming is a business for farmers. TREATMENT FOR OLD ORCHARDS. By Dr. G. M. Twitchell, Auburn, Maine. Delivered before the Society, March IS, 1911. A great injury is being done our fruit industry by the over stimulation given the setting of new orchards. Under conditions prevailing all over this country it is wellnigh impossible to get the quality of trees, of the right varieties, for our market and climate, and until we are aroused to the absolute necessity for giving these trees better care and attention, as well as protection from pests and diseases, it would be well for the future if we made haste slowly. The man who fails in his duty to his old orchard never will make a success of the new. The State of Maine is well covered with apple trees showing, in far too many cases, evidence of neglect. Our fruit crop is practi- cally one and one-half million barrels, but if the trees now living were properly cared for the crop would be doubled and the small and defective apples wiped out. Our first duty then, is to the old orchard, yes, those scattered trees with seemingly little of live wood in their trunks. Given a chance they will come back wonder- fully. Wisdom and prudence demand that, without delay, all dead or worthless trees or trunks be removed and burned. They are the natural and most inviting lodging places for all pests and disease spores, and, suffering as our orchards are, with contagious diseases, like canker, the removal of these promoters of evil should not be delayed. Another important step is to promptly remove all dead wood or branches, cut in pruning, and burn, keeping the ground about the trees clear of all waste material, the very best harboring place for pests. A neglected tree is like a sick man. It cannot do its normal work; it cannot resist disease attacks; it cannot digest hearty food; and it must be treated as weak and lacking in vitality. This 65 66 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. explains why these old trees suffer from spraying solutions, while normal trees are benefited. Experience has forced the conclusions here presented. The first step is to begin to free the tree from its burden of dead wood and scraggy growth of water shoots, suckers, etc. Two to three years are necessary to properly prune one of these trees. It has not the vitality to withstand too many ampu- tations. Clear out the dead wood, cut the shoots and prune slightly to open the top, at the first treatment, before the sap starts. In the fall give another pruning and be satisfied to get the desired top in three years. As soon as spring opens and before the leaves start, give each tree a moderately stimulating dose of good food. The leaves being lungs and stomach their increase and vigor must first be secured. These being dependent on nitrogen we feed what otherwise would be an excess. Never lose sight of the physical condition of the tree. Experience justifies the statement that the cheapest, safest, and most efficient medicine to be fed at this time is what we know as Fisher formula fertilizer, made up from 700 lbs. nitrate of soda, 300 sulphate of ammonia, 460 sulphate potash, 440 acid phosphate, and 100 of kainit, or 8 per cent of nitrogen, in form to be at once available, 3 of phosphoric acid, and 11 of potash. This is an unbalanced fertilizer and if continued after leaf and new wood growth is abundant will work injury. Its province is to put the old tree in normal condition so far as abundance of large, rich leaves and new wood growth can do this. Ten pounds to a full grown tree is the dose, applied early in May, to be scattered out where the branches drip and the feeding roots congregate. Better results will obtain if this food be spread upon the surface, and the grass cut later and spread as a mulch. Another important step is to thoroughly scrape trunks and large limbs, being careful not to injure the new wood. This removes quantities of eggs, scale, and other pests which have found lodgment under the rough bark. Then carefully slake one-third cask of fresh lump lime, add one bushel of hard-wood ashes, one can of caustic potash, and a little Portland cement to deaden the color of the wash. Fill the barrel with water and you have an ideal wash with which trunks and branches should be scrubbed. It will do them good, they will thank you for it. This work should be done TREATMENT FOR OLD ORCHARDS. 67 the last of March or the first of April, just when other work waits settled weather. By the time the tree is pruned its normal condition should be in evidence as a result of the treatment given, and more radical steps can be taken to protect from insect pests and diseases. What nature asks is that we cooperate. Very little can be accomplished by forcing. In fact, lasting injury is almost certain to follow the attempt to spray for either pests or diseases when the tree is in a sub-normal condition. If it has suffered because of neglect the fruit certainly cannot be normal in quality, and this suggests a study of the problem of fertilization to furnish the elements neces- sary for the perfecting of fruit. It may be questioned today whether acid phosphate is the best or proper source of phosphoric acid supply. In some experiments, to remove the wroody spots in Northern Spys and brown rot in Baldwins, basic slag meal gave results not obtained from acid phosphate and, while the problem is not solved, the line of practice for another year is certainly indicated. The fertilizer to be used on these old trees this year will carry 3 per cent of nitrogen, partly from nitrate of soda and the remainder from bone meal, 11 of phosphoric acid from basic slag and bone meal, and 10 of potash from sulphate of potash. Fifteen pounds should be spread under these full grown trees early in May and raked in, but not within six feet of the trunks. Later all grass will be cut and used as a mulch. The formula for this fertilizer is nitrate of soda 300, bone meal, fine, 300, basic slag meal 1000, and sulphate potash 400 lbs. Time alone can determine to what extent quality and freedom from disease can be controlled by feeding, but I submit that here is an open field for experimentation full of suggestion and rich in promise. There must be a soil condition favorable to tree and fruit development in the highest degree, else failure will result. The robber system which for years has prevailed, taking all we could and giving little in return, has produced lop-sided conditions in trees and soils. Our first duty is to seek to restore the balance, else success will be impossible. If this calls for study and investi- gation, so much the better for the man. Dealing with different soil conditions in different localities it is not possible to establish any definite rule of action. The objective 68 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. point is clear and the steps leading thereto must necessarily re- quire individual investigation and interpretation. The attempt to unify all practices and methods of treatment must in some cases lead to failure. It is as necessary that one ascertain wherein his soil is deficient as that he feed it intelligently when the facts are established. Xo analysis can reach this. It must be solved by individual experimentation. The extremist admits no line of action but that of cultivation; the grower finds equally as good results by mulching, thereby proving the wonderful adjustability of nature, but no man ever succeeded by neglect of any particular. "But," says one, "my old trees are poor in quality, not wanted in the market, what shall I do?" Restore your trees, then graft to that variety which thrives best in your locality, is of the right color, and has good quality. Never use a scion simply because it came from a tree of the desired variety. Make certain that it represents reproductive power; that it came from a tree of high colored, typical fruit of choice quality. The scion from a Baldwin tree giving an average of ten barrels yearly for five years is more certain to give satisfaction than from a more attractive tree yielding ten barrels in five years. Only recently have we been aroused to the importance of this principle recognized everywhere in the breeding of pure bred stock. Viewed from a business standpoint, every item must be considered and the value of this one of selecting scions cannot be magnified. Use none except from trees known to have been persistent bearers of the right type of fruit. The quality of New England fruit is superior, but it is made so only by feeding, pruning, protecting, spraying, and caring for tree and fruit in such manner as to promote best growth and high- est quality. Whether, in reaching after this end, one relies on barn manures or chemicals, the lesson is the same, the food supply must be adjusted to the balancing of tree and soil, and the stimu- lating of that which each tree or the fruit is deficient in. When this balance is struck we approach ideal quality and always liberal quantity. Looking at the proposition from a commercial standpoint the value of a tree is proportionate to its normal capacity to produce and yet maintain its powers. Every old tree in rugged, healthy TREATMENT FOR OLD ORCHARDS. 69 condition should yield an average net income of at least six per cent on one hundred dollars yearly. If the variety is inferior, work it over; if the cost of picking is too great, cut back the main trunk branches and make a new top; if the fruit is imperfect, balance the food supply. The lesson is as applicable here as with the dairy cow. The American people accept results but fail signally to recognize how these obtain. Our whole crop condition would today be in a deplorable condition but for the services of the scientist and experi- menter, and those services should be recognized. The man who refuses to spray his trees or his fields invites ruin. We have passed out of the experimental stage here and must accept as fundamentally true what these scientists for the last forty to fifty years have been demonstrating. If they have found more light and safer or less injurious agents, it only proves that they are still diligent in seeking the truer way. That Bordeaux mixture injures fruit and trees is no argument against spraying, but indicates that we are yearly meeting new conditions which upset old theories and make necessary further research. It is for you and me to thank- fully accept what they offer and faithfully labor to make the same effective in largest degree. Our trees must be more thoroughly sprayed in 1911 than last year. Not one spraying, but three at least, must be the rule, and let this be thoroughly done, using only such sprayers as are easily controlled and where abundant power can be maintained. Spraying benefits the tree and crop, provided solutions are harm- less to leaf and twig. It is profitable from the standpoint of added vigor as well as that of destruction of pests or protection from disease. Given like conditions in all other respects the fruit from a sprayed tree will be larger, choicer, and of better color than from one not sprayed. The steadily increasing army of insect pests and multiplying forms of fungous diseases make absolutely necessary this spraying at regular periods and with varying solutions. In 1908 the fruit from a lot of old trees, on which work of reclaiming began that year, was forty per cent wormy. In 1909 twenty-five per cent. Spraying once, the first of June, 1910, for codling moth, using 15 lbs. Bug Death to 50 gallons water, the per cent was less than one. Unfortunately the old time practice was to set trees by the roadside and along the line fences, adding materially to the cost of spraying, but this cannot excuse for neglect. 70 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The certainty of the industry, the rapidly increasing competi- tion New England is to meet, the rigid sorting, grading, and pack- ing followed elsewhere, force a study of the situation not necessary before. New England holds the best markets of the East and her manufacturing towns are multiplying rapidly. In location the apple grower here occupies a vantage ground of priceless value if he will but step in and occupy it. The hill slopes, cooler climate, and abundant springs insure a texture, juiciness, and flavor not to be equalled on irrigated lands. All that is required is that we balance the soil, feed the trees, prune, protect, spray, and carefully pick the fruit, for the New England apple to take its place in the great markets and bring increasing prosperity to all this section of country. In the competition of the near future something more will be demanded than trueness to name, evenness in color, or uniformity in size, and New England orchardists should be prompt to apply the lesson. An apple carries 82 to 85 per cent of water. Sugar 8.16, sucrose 4.16, ash .26, acid .59, and insoluble organic matter 1.85. The skill of the orchardist must be directed to increasing the essential qualities of his fruit. Apples as food owe their value largely to the acids they contain, as well as the starch and sugar, in that these play an important part in the complete digestion of other food. With the call everywhere for a finished product and the Far West putting on our market fruit of size and color we can hardly hope to equal, for the present it behooves the Eastern grower to intensify quality, texture, flavor, juiciness. These are the essentials of our fruit and the field is ours if we will but occupy it. More trees are dying from starvation than are injured by excess of food. In setting a new orchard allow ample space between the trees. Never employ a man who boasts of how many trees he can set in a day. You are here at the gateway of a full century and thorough- ness should be the word. Give every young tree a four feet square hole of good depth. Look well to root development. Trim oft' all bruised roots. Work into the soil two quarts of fine bone meal about every tree. Later when the leaves start give them one-fourth pound of fertilizer upon the basis of 200 lbs. nitrate of soda, 400 TREATMENT FOR OLD ORCHARDS. 71 tankage, 400 basic slag, 200 sulphate potash (N. H. Station for- mula). This gives 5 per cent of nitrogen, 8.3 of phosphoric acid, and 8.3 of potash. The second year apply one-half pound, third year three-fourths, and so on, extending the amount each year. Some may question the profits. Let me cite a few cases coming under my own observation the past few years. In one case the old trees on one acre of light soil, so poor in condition that when purchased five years ago the trees were counted worthless, were treated much the same as my own and for three years past the net returns from the fruit gathered have exceeded two hundred dollars yearly. Four and one-half acres in a Massachusetts town gave in 1910 S00 barrels of choice Baldwins and Spys. One Baldwin tree gave 17 barrels and two Spy trees 28 barrels. These trees have been sprayed once yearly since 1896. No brown-tail moths, no scale, no codling moths in that orchard, yet all around the orchards in as good condition as this when spraying commenced are all dead. An old orchard of this neglected description composed of 500 trees, taken in hand and put in shape, at the end of four years from the time the work of reclaiming began, had returned its owner 83400. Another of 140 trees not in prime condition, surely not fertilized properly, returned, in eight years, six thousand dollars to its owner, with a total outlay for fertilizer, barrels, picking, and packing of one thousand dollars. In 1909 the yield was 260 barrels, selling for S3. 25, and in 1910, 287, for which the owner realized 84.05 per barrel. All over New England these illustrations might be dupli- cated. One little section in Northern Massachusetts, rocky, not to be cultivated, covering a small fraction of three or four towns, sent out last year more than forty thousand dollars' worth of apples, mostly from reclaimed trees, and there is promise of great increase, for the work begun has not yet borne full fruitage. The mainspring of success lies in producing a choicer product than your neighbor. The shortest route to this end lies in the creating of pedigree trees. The influence of root or trunk upon fruit through scion is not yet fixed, but there is the certainty that the better the quality of the tree in which the scion is set the greater the promise for improvement through the graft. A field of experimentation is here suggested at once inviting and promising. <_ MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Already we have found that by wise selection of varieties in tree and scion it is possible to materially change the habits, hasten the bearing period, strengthen against decay, and produce a more resistant apple. The field is open for a wonderful advance and the old orchards offer a grand opportunity for the live orchardist. When once we are made alive to the possibilities through specific fertilization, intelligent pruning, and skilful grafting, New England orchards will demonstrate their ability to produce the choicest fruit of any section of the country. Those looking for an investment, for a country home, and a permanent income, can find none surer than the old hill orchards of New England, and as these are reclaimed, the possible extension by setting new trees will lead directly to substantial profits and an enduring industry. New England when aroused to the worth of the industry will swing into line to hold the markets of the East and perfect the choicest apples of the world. Never forget that the granite soil, pure water, and hillsides of old New England can produce a quality of apples unequalled in any other portion on the globe. It remains for you and me to go forth and prove faith by works. THE HORTICULTURAL AWAKENING OF NEW ENGLAND. By John H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut. Delivered before the Society, March 25, 1911. The records of this, the oldest horticultural society in America, and of the Massachusetts Historical Society, show a New England interest in horticulture from our earliest settlement, particularly in orchard and vineyard products as a source of food and drink supply for the family. Later and wiser generations have mostly done away with the drink, and fruit as food for both family and market is yearly becoming more and more a very important factor in our agricultural and commercial life. The necessities of New England small farming, with only the help of " the boys" and possi- bly one ' 'hired man " for a portion of the year, resulting only in small cash crops in variety as could be sold in local markets, prevented specialization in orcharding on any extended scale. In recent years, however, fruits produced at a distance, so far away that they must be well grown and packed, have been coming into New England in such quantities and of such beautiful appear- ance as to greatly stimulate consumption and cause our most thoughtful horticulturists to take serious notice and many to ask' the reason why with the same care and attention New England orchardists could not produce fruit equally good in appearance and of far better quality. With the agricultural experiment stations and colleges, state and local horticultural and pomological societies, farm institutes and granges, almost with one accord, investigating, experimenting, and talking modern methods of orchard management, as taught by scientists and practised by the few pioneer orchardists in each of the six New England States, there has at last come an awakening to a full realization of the wonderful orchard possibilities so long neglected, while less favored 73 74 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sections far away have been filling our markets with beautiful, but inferior fruits. ( onnecticut, with more than one million peach trees in orchards, now produces a greater annual output than Delaware, while Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, stimulated by Connecticut's success, have now more than 300,000 trees in orchards and from the middle of August well into October more peaches are produced in New England than her markets can consume, and if present contemplated plantings are continued we will soon be hunting for markets in sharp competition with the South and West. The taking up of many of our small and semi-idle farms by new- comers from the North of Italy, who, just as quickly as they are well settled on the land, plant a vineyard, is bringing about some remarkable results in grape production, especially in Massachu- setts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, where five to eight tons of grapes per acre are annually being taken from lands considered almost worthless before. This so clearly indicates the great com- mercial possibilities of grape culture in New England as to lead to the belief that before many years grapes now coming from other states will largely be replaced by those of higher quality of our own growing, for there is no question but that fruits grown on the rocky hill lands of New England are richer in quality than similar varieties grown elsewhere. Those who, not so many years ago, sold out their New England farms at from $20 to $50 per acre, and because of alluring advertisements, went to remote sections of the country, paid higher prices for land to grow fruits upon, are waking up to the fact that the "stay-at-homes" and the incoming foreigners, who had faith in New England lands, are with the aid of modern horticultural science and practice, reaping far greater cash rewards from the cheap lands of New England than are those on the high-priced lands so far away. The cost of transportation alone takes from one-third to one-half of the gross sales. It costs me $415 for freight and packages to place a car of my Georgia peaches on the New England market, while the same amount of Connecticut peaches can be placed for $75, making a sum of $340 per car in favor of New England, and the unification of our railroads, through the practical consolidation of the New York, New Haven & Hartford and the Boston & Maine THE HORTICULTURAL AWAKENING OF NEW ENGLAND. t O means much to us in the way of better and quicker distribution. The Connecticut Pomological Society, starting- twenty years ago with seventeen members, now has nearly 700, and its summer field meetings, where around tree, plant, and vine, its members and visiting horticulturists discuss practical fruit questions, is perhaps the one greatest factor in our awakening, followed up as it is by associations of kindred nature in the other states and supplemented by farm institutes and grange meetings to the extent of several thousand each year, all culminating in that great New England Fruit Show held in this building in October, 1909. So successful was it that one of far greater magnitude likely to be held this coming fall is attracting the attention of the whole country. This horticultural awakening has found its greatest opportunity in the apple, the best, yet most neglected of all our fruits, which in spite of more than 250 years growing in sod without feed or culture, and only an occasional butchery for pruning, has been giving to New England in reasonable abundance fruits of inferior appearance, yet so much superior in flavor and keeping qualities to apples from any other section of the country as to clearly indicate New England as the home of ' 'the apple of quality." Beautiful apples from the Far West, superbly graded and packed, coming to our markets in recent years, filling the show windows of fruit stores, so that they and the fruit stand displays have taken on a touch of color never dreamed of until King Apple came to its own, have crowded all else into the background. This tempting of consumers through their eyes has stimulated the apple market more in the past ten years than in the whole century preceding and finally awakened the owners of thousands of New England's old apple trees, so that culture and feeding is rapidly displacing the old-time orchard robbery of mowing and pasture. And as spraying, that prime necessity for the production of good fruit, could not be well and economically done three or more times each season on the old high-top trees, developed through more than two centuries of neglect, a process of beheading or "dehorning" is now being practised, by taking out from ten to twenty-five feet of the central top of each tree, smoothing up and rounding off the edges of all large cuts and painting them heavily. Leaving on all lower branches and suckers, cutting out all dead wood, scraping 76 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. off the rough bark, then while in dormant condition spraying the tree thoroughly with lime and sulphur to be followed during the growing season with two other sprayings of self-boiled lime and sulphur to which four pounds of arsenate of lead is added to each 100 gallons of spray mixture. Very old trees so treated put on a wondrous new growth, and by thinning out the suckers and shaping the tree a little each year thereafter, broad, low-headed, vigorous, productive trees are being made in two or three years out of these old fellows, so that thirty to forty bushels of high-class apples per tree are being produced where none grew before. Ten thousand young trees in one orchard in Xew Hampshire and 14,000 in my own Connecticut orchards, and many orchards of two or three hundred trees each all over New England are being cared for on best modern lines, and while I am not able to speak for the others, the fact is that one of my or- chards of twelve-year old Baldwins produced three to five barrels per tree this last season. Owing to their being modern, low-headed trees, 90 per cent of the fruit was harvested without the use of ladders of any kind, and because of three perfect sprayings, 98 per cent of the fruit was marketable. Six per cent of the lowest grade was good enough to sell at $3 to S3.50 per barrel, 26 per cent No. 2 selling at $5 to $6.50, while 66 per cent of the entire crop of 8000 bushels graded Al, selling early in the winter at S2.50 per fifty-pound box and 86.50 and $7 per barrel, and now at $8 per barrel and boxes at 83, retailing in fancy fruit stores at 75 cents to SI per dozen, as against 30 cents per dozen for Florida and California oranges and 50 to 60 cents for Western apples. In shipping these Connecti- cut apples to consumers in twenty-two different states, each and every one has reported in substance, "Best apples we ever had." A recent letter from a wholesale fruit firm in New York which handles Oregon and Washington apples by the tens of thousand boxes, says ' 'As far as we are concerned can truthfully say that we have not had any good eating apples until this lot arrived, for the flavor is simply immense." That's not bad for New England quality, when for five months past these people have daily had the choicest of Oregon and Washington Jonathan and Spitzenburg to pick from. This is only mentioned to show ' 'What fools we mortals be," when New England people and New England capital have THE HORTICULTURAL AWAKENING OF NEW ENGLAND. t / been rushing to the far West, paying $300 to $500 per acre for apple lands, which would have to pay $300 per car freight to reach our markets and then sell for less money than the New England apples of quality, that can be grown on $25 per acre land and pay less than $50 per car freight to reach the thirty million people living in the northeastern corner of the United States. To the conference of New England governors held in this city three years ago, that banquet given to 600 New Englanders by the Boston Chamber of Commerce at the time of the great fruit show in October, 1909, and to Charles M. Cox, and his fellow work- ers, on the agricultural committee of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, much credit should be given for the intelligent way they are presenting New England's horticultural advantages to those who were blind before. And while a few years ago State street was shy of investing in landed operations so near at home, things are changing and the right men can now get all the money they want for its development. Sylvester Baxter's article on "Golden New England" in the Outlook magazine and the contributions of Forrest Crissey in the Saturday Evening Post, all conspire to present our horticulture in its true light and largely account for the horticultural awakening that is turning all eyes to New England as the "Undiscovered country" of America. Overplanting may never go quite so far here as it has in the Northwest, yet I doubt not but what "boom" orchard companies, controlled by inexperienced, impractical, and possibly unscrupulous men, will ere long be offering stocks and bonds of their schemes or be working over the old Western one of selling orchard tracts to be cared for on the installment plan. Unquestionbly there is a field here for legitimate investment in our orchard properties if handled by men of wide experience and strict integrity. However, danger signals should be hung out warning the inexperienced from town and country that good fruits are not to be grown on "Easy street, ' that money, skill, hard work, love of trees and plants, and long, patient waiting are even more important factors than our splendid soil, fine climate, -and superb market conditions. 2&tv tisei 012 ==== Jkgricxi. TRANSACTIONS CWU:fl» OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY FOR THE YEAR 1911 PART II PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY BOSTON NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TWELVE tsra! TRANSACTIONS Massachusetts Dortirultutal &rrifto FOR THE YEAR 1911 PART II BOSTON PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TWELVE S Massachusetts Horticultural Society 1911 The Transactions of the Society are issued annually in two parts under the direction of the Committee on Lectures and Publications. Communications relating to the objects of the Society, its publi- cations, exhibitions, and membership, may be addressed to William P. Rich, Secretary, Horticultural Hall, Xo. 300 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts. Edward B. Wilder Chairman John K. M. L. Farquhar Charles W. Hoitt William P. Rich Committee on Lectures and Pultlications 80 CONTENTS Annual Reports for the Year 1911 Report of the Board of Trustees Report of the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions Report of the Committee on Plants and Flowers Report of the Committee on Fruits Report of the Committee on Vegetables Report of the Committee on Gardens Report of the Committee on Lectures and Publications Report of the Delegate to the State Board of Agricul- ture Report of the Secretary and Librarian Report of the Treasurer The Annual Meeting, November 18, 1911 Necrology, 1911 Officers, Committees, and Members, 1911 85 93 95 125 137 151 163 165 169 173 181 185 191 si ANNUAL REPORTS FOR THE YEAR 1911. 1 v TRANSACTIONS ^mMkmttti g0*tw»lttt*al f of idg. 1911, PART II. REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES FOR THE YEAR 1911. The Board of Trustees of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, in compliance with the requirement of the By-laws, presents herewith a report of the business transacted at its meetings during the year 1911. There have been held three stated meetings and one special meeting with an average attendance of ten members. January 7. A communication from Hon. Charles W. Hoitt was read declining the chairmanship of the Committee on Lectures and Publications, and on motion of Mr. Farquhar the declination was accepted and Edward B. Wilder was appointed chairman of that committee. On motion of Prof. Sargent Richard M. Saltonstall was elected a Trustee for the current year to fill a vacancy existing in the Board. Walter Hunnewell was appointed Treasurer of the Society for the year 1911 and William P. Rich was appointed Secretary, Librarian, and Superintendent of the Building. Appropriations were voted as follow: For the Library, $400.00, in addition to the income of the French and Farlow Funds. 85 86 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY For Lectures, a sum not exceeding $500.00, including the income of the John Lewis Russell Fund. For arrangement of exhibitions, $250.00. For library catalogue, $500.00, the same amount as appropriated last year but not used. The special committee on the award of the George Robert AM lite Medal of Honor reported the name of Jackson Thornton Dawson and the report of the committee was unanimously accepted and approved. Mr. Farquhar, for the special committee on revision of the sal- aries of the exhibition committees, made a verbal report and asked for further time, which was granted. Mr. Farquhar also called attention to the special prize funds of the Society and on motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted that the Secretary report the condition of all these funds at a future meeting. On motion of Mr. Wheeler it was voted to appoint Prof. F. C. Sears of Amherst to represent the Society as vice-president of the New England Fruit Show. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: Franklin Wyman of Arlington, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar. William Anderson of Lancaster, proposed by J. K. M. L. Far- quhar. Lyman F. Priest of Gleasondale, proposed by Wilfrid Wheeler. April 1. A letter from Jackson Thornton Dawson was read, expressing his appreciation of the honor conferred upon him in the award of the George Robert White Medal of Honor. Letters were presented also from Professor John Craig, Pro- fessor U. P. Hedrick, Dr. J. Ewing Mears, and Messrs. W. J. Bean, John Dunbar, and Wilhelm Miller, conveying their thanks for the honor of election to corresponding membership in the Society. A communication from Richard J. Walsh, Secretary of the Conventions Committee of the Boston Chamber of Commerce, was presented referring to the proposed annual meeting in Boston this vear of the American Association of Nurservmen. REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 87 On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to invite this associa- tion to hold its annual convention in Horticultural Hall, Boston. A letter from N. B. White of Norwood was considered in refer- ence to his work in developing and disseminating new varieties of grapes, and it was voted that the matter be laid upon the table. A report was received in writing from Mr. Pettigrew, chairman of the special committee on the prize funds of the Society, con- taining several recommendations regarding methods and rules for the proper exploitation of these bequests. On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted that the matter be referred to the Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions with instruc- tions to give such publicity to these funds in the publications of the Society as is desirable, and that special prize cards be prepared on which shall be printed the name of the founder of the fund. On motion of Mr. Wheeler it was voted to grant the use of the halls of the Society's building, subject to expense of lighting and service, to the New England Fruit Show, Inc., for the purpose of holding an exhibition of New England fruits in October next. Mr. Farquhar presented a proposition for a special exhibition of an indoor garden to be arranged by him in the main and small halls for two weeks in March, 1912, subject to the same conditions as those voted by the Trustees in regard to the exhibition of the Japanese Garden in 1909. He also suggested that in connection with it the opening night be reserved for a special private opening with admission fee for all attending it whether members of the Society or not. General Weld offered the following motion which was adopted: That the Massachusetts Horticultural Society offer the use of its building for two weeks in March, 1912, to the Messrs. Farquhar for the purpose of an exhibition of flowers and shrubs. That in so doing the Society wishes to express its full appreciation of the liberal offer made by the Messrs. Farquhar and that the Society will do all in its power to make the exhibit a success. On motion of Mr. Farquhar M. Emile Lemoine of Nancy, France, was recommended for election to corresponding membership in the Society. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Societv: 88 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Augustus Bacon of Roxbury, proposed by E. B. Wilder. John L. Smith of Swampscott, proposed by J. K. M. L. Farquhar. William C. Briggs of Newton, proposed by H. E. Fiske. Donald McKenzie of Brookline, proposed by E. B. Dane. John McFarland of North Easton, proposed by N. F. Comley. Charles A. Ufford of Dorchester, proposed by E. B. Wilder. Fred'k W. Kelsey of New York, proposed by C. W. Parker. W. Atlee Burpee of Philadelphia, proposed by C. W. Parker. Mrs. William Edgar of Waverley, proposed by W. P. Rich. October 7. On motion of Mr. Craig it was voted to transfer to the life membership list of the Society, with remission of the usual dues, the names of Mrs. Josephine L. Richards of West Medford and Patrick Norton of Dorchester. This action was taken in recognition of their services to the Society for many years past. On motion of Mr. Saltonstall, a committee consisting of Mr. Kidder and the Secretary was appointed to consider the matter of an amendment to the By-laws relating to life membership. On motion of Mr. Roland it was voted to refer to the President the appointment of a nominating committee to prepare a list of the committees of the Society for the ensuing year. The President appointed as this committee Messrs. Wm. N. Craig, Chairman, Peter Fisher, and C. S. Sargent. Mr. Craig brought up the subject of the appropriation for prizes and gratuities for the year 1912 and it was voted to defer the matter to the next meeting. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: Heinrich Unverhau of Marblehead, proposed by C. W. Parker. Mrs. James G. Freeman of Boston, proposed by J. G. Freeman. Frank D. Gavin of Manchester, proposed by G. R. WThite. Miss Adeline Bradbury Gill of Medford, proposed by Mrs. E. M. Gill. Miss Eliza M. Gill of Medford, proposed by Mrs. E. M. Gill. Miss Marion Roby Case of Weston, proposed by F. W. Rane. November 11. Communications from Mrs. J. L. Richards and Patrick Norton were presented acknowledging with thanks the REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 89 action of the Board in transferring them to the life membership list of the Society. A communication from Miss M. R. Case was read asking if it would be acceptable if she offered a prize for large blueberries grown in Massachusetts. The communication was accepted. A letter from Prof. E. A. White of the Massachusetts Agricultural College was read suggesting the appointment of a committee to represent the Society in the proposed extension of the work of the College. The letter of Prof. "White was accepted and it was voted that a committee consisting of Messrs. Farquhar, Fisher, and Roland be appointed to represent the Society in the matter. On motion of Mr. Farquhar it was voted to invite the National Sweet Pea Society of America to hold its next annual meeting and exhibition in connection with the Sweet Pea Exhibition of the Massa- chusetts Horticultural Society. On motion of Prof. Sargent it was voted that a special committee consisting of Mr. Saltonstall and the Secretary be appointed to consider the method of the accounting of the trust funds of the Society and to report in detail at a future meeting. On motion of Mr. Pettigrew it was voted to appropriate the sum of $6,000.00 for prizes and gratuities for the 3'ear 1912. The special committee appointed to present a list of nominations for the various committees of the Society for the ensuing year reported through its chairman, Mr. Craig, the following list: Standing Committees for 1912. Finance: — Walter Hunnewell, Chairman, Arthur F. Estabrook, Stephen M. Weld. Prizes and Exhibitions: — John A. Pettigrew, Chairman, Robert Cameron, William Downs, J. K. M. L. Farquhar, M. A. Patten, Wilfrid Wheeler. Plants and Flowers: — T. D. Hatfield, Chairman, Arthur H. Fewkes, William Nicholson, Thomas Roland, William C. Rust, William Sim. Fruits: — Edward B. Wilder, Chairman, William Downs, Wilfrid Wheeler. 90 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Vegetables: — Duncan Finlayson, Chairman, Win. N. Craig, Edward Parker. Gardens : — Charles W. Parker, Chairman, Jackson Dawson, Arthur H. Fewkes, Thomas J. Grey, T. D. Hatfield, William Nicholson, William P. Rich, David F. Roy, Charles Sander, William Thatcher, Wilfrid Wheeler. Library: — Charles S. Sargent, Chairman, Ernest B. Dane, George B. Dorr, Charles S. Minot. Lectures and Publications : — William J. Stewart, Chairman, Robert Cameron, J. K. M. L. Farquhar, Edward B. Wilder. Children's Gardens: — Henry Saxton Adams, Chairman, Joseph Clark, Harry S. Rand, William P. Rich, B. Hammond Tracy, James Wheeler. It was voted, on motion of Mr. Farquhar, that the list as pre- sented by the committee on nominations be accepted and adopted. Prof. Sargent, for the special committee on the award of the George Robert White Medal of Honor for the year 1911, reported the name of Victor Lemoine of Nancy, France. The report of this committee was accepted and it was voted to award the George Robert White Medal of Honor for the current year to Victor Lemoine of Nancy, France, in recognition of his eminent service in the inteiest of horticulture. Prof. Sargent called attention to the deficiency of books on landscape gardening in the library and on his motion a special appropriation of S200.00 was voted for the purchase of books for this department of the library. On motion of Mr. Kidder it was voted to add Mr. Saltonstall to the special committee on the proposed amendment to the By- laws relating to life membership; and it was further voted that this committee consider and report on the advisability of any other amendments. Mr. Craig called attention to the work of the Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston which meets once a month in Horti- cultural Hall. He said that much inconvenience had been ex- perienced through the rental of the Hall for other purposes on the evenings of the club meetings and asked that the use of the Lecture Hall be reserved for the club on regular dates. REPORT OF BOARD OF TRUSTEES 91 Mr. Farquhar spoke in favor of the suggestion of Mr. Craig and on his motion it was voted to grant the exclusive use of the Lecture Hall to the Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Boston on the third Tuesday of the month, with the exception of such occasions as the rental of the Hall for two or more days at one time, or of rental of the entire building, when fifteen days notice of such rental shall be given to the club. The following named persons were duly elected to membership in the Society: Ralph B. Williams of Boston, proposed by J. G. Freeman. John T. Burnett of Southboro, proposed by A. F. Estabrook. Dexter M. Rogers of Allston, proposed by W. P. Rich. William P. Rich, Secretary. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OX PRIZES AND EXHIBITIONS FOR THE YEAR 1911. by John A. Pettigrew, Chairman. Your Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions submits the follow- ing report on the work of the Society for the past year : Exhibitions were held as follow: Midwinter Flower Show, February 24, 25, 26. May Exhibition, May 20, 21. Rhododendron Exhibition, June 10, 11. Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition, June 24, 25. Sweet Pea Exhibition, July 15, 16. Summer Exhibition, August 19, 20. Children's Garden Products Exhibition, September 2, 3. General Autumn Exhibition, September 8, 9, 10. Special Vegetable Exhibition, September 21 to 24, inclusive. Chrysanthemum Exhibition November 9 to 12, inclusive. The exhibitions of the past season, taken as a whole, with the exception of the vegetable show, were not so large as usual. This was due, in a great measure, to the long-continued heat of the summer. Another contributory cause resulted from the desire of the growers to save their energies for the great national show held in Boston. However, on the whole, the quality of the material shown was very good. At the September Show, the dahlias were especially fine, while the grapes exhibited by Thomas E. Proctor (James Marlborough, gardener) were exceptional; probably it was the best exhibit of that fruit ever staged in Boston. The special vegetable show in September brought together the best collection of vegetables ever seen in the Hall. The public showed a high appreciation of it, as evinced by the attendance. The Gladiolus Show. Good exhibits of gladioli were displayed at the August exhibition, including fine novelites. Potted fruit 93 94 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY trees, plums, apples, and pears, also were very interesting and well done. A fine show of annuals lent interest. The Farquhar Brothers, as usual, took a leading part in prize getting, by their superb collections of herbaceous plants, and showed frequently their generosity and public spirit, by voluntary and free contributions of decorative plants, to embellish vacant spaces on the exhibition walls. One of Farquhar Brothers' interesting exhibits was a lot of E. H. Wilson's new lilies, from northern and western China, and a beautiful lot of Lilium leucanthemum , one of the best of the garden lilies. Mr. Robert Cameron, aside from his efficient services as super- intendent of exhibitions, often came to the front when decorative plants were much needed. Mr. M. H. Walsh, as usual, led in exhibits of the rose, as did Mr. Walter Hunnewell (T. D. Hatfield, gardener) with peonies. The total net earnings of the exhibitions, for the season, were $414.40. The Society has trust funds in over twenty legacies, amounting to about $50,000, the earnings of which are to be applied, in a general way, to the promotion of horticulture, mostly in prizes for excellence in flowers, fruits, and vegetables. It is the intention of your committee to give more publicity to this fact, by marking the winning exhibits in such a way as to call closer attention to them and the story they tell. Due credit will be given to the donor, which may serve as a suggestion to those who might be desirous of encouraging horticulture in some such manner. John A. Pettigrew John K. M. L. Farquhar Robert Cameron William N. Craig J. Wtillard Hill M. A. Patten Committee on Prizes and Exhibitions. REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS FOR THE YEAR 1911. By T. D. Hatfield, Chairman. The exhibitions of the year 1911 have been hardly up to the Society's standard of excellence. There has been for some years a gradual change in the character of the exhibitions, especially of plants and flowers, and in this respect two things can be distinctly recognized: First, that the private gardener is not doing his full share in making the flower shows more successful, and second, our dependence upon trade exhibits. This is not a very satisfactory situation, not that we should object to commercial exhibits, but that we are dependent upon them. We often wonder what some of our exhibitions would be without these trade exhibits. One notable firm has wisely, we believe, refused to accept gratuities in the shape of money. This is the proper position for the trade to take. The advertisement gained at the exhibitions of this Society ought to be enough. Some trade people have been com- petitors and have received liberal gratuities because, in the opinion of the committee, these would be acceptable and also because the committee thought it good policy to thus secure their continued interest in our exhibitions. January 7, Duncan Finlayson of the Weld Garden, Brookline, was awarded a Cultural Certificate for a group of Calanthes, includ- ing Calanthe Sandhurstiana, a deep rose colored variety; C. vestita oluteo culata, a creamy white with yellow center; C. vestita rubro oculata, rosy; George McWilliam's hybrid, C. Veitchii X C. Regnieri, much like C. Regnieri, but earlier; and C. Cornelius Vanderbilt (C. vestita rubro oculata X C. Veitchii). Besides these Mr. Finlayson showed Cymbidium Holfordianurn {C. eburneum X C. Hookcrianum). It is handsomer than either of its parents, a creamy white at opening, changing to pure white with age. Ernest B. Dane (Donald McKenzie, gardener) showed some 95 96 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY handsome Cypripediums : C. X Merlin magnificum, for which a Silver Medal was awarded; C.insigne; Sanderianum X Leeanum; and C. insigne nigrum, for which a First Class Certificate was awarded. January 14, William Whitman (Martin Sullivan, gardener) made a handsome display of Chinese Primulas. January 21, Walter Hunnewell showed a new seedling Laelio- ( lattleya — L.-C. Clancyana — (Laelia elegans X CaMleya Minucia), sepals and petals pale lilac, throat nearly white, lip pale lilac with deeper markings of lilac purple, practically self colored. It may not be out of place here to comment on the increasing difficulties in orchid nomenclature and other matters relating thereto. It is argued by orchid growers and raisers that because a certain cross has been made between two orchids, say two Cattleyas or a Laelia and a Cattleya, and progeny raised and named, that any others of that cross are from that fact the same thing and should have the same name. This argument would not hold in the hybridization of othei plants, and naturally it should not, and does not among orchids. In the cross made which resulted in L.-C. Clancyana we have had two other seedlings bloom and they bloomed when L.-C. Clancyana was in flower for the second time, enabling us to make very inter- esting comparisons. All three are very distinct, though showing coloring and form peculiar to both parents and their antecedents, for both parents were hybrids. Each was as much worth a dis- tinctive name as the other, and the question one naturally asks is what limit can there be to the naming of every hybrid raised, and how can we here tell whether what we make awards to are really distinct, or have not been already recognized elsewhere. We take this opportunity to suggest that the Society appoint an Orchid Committee, for we feel that the Plant and Flower Com- mittee, as now made up, cannot do the judging of orchids, espe- cially new or rare ones, in an efficient manner. February 4, Mr. Dane showed Cypripedium Olivia (C. tonsum X nirrum). The whole flower is pale pink with deeper lines and the pouch reminds one very much of that of C. spcctabilc. He also exhibited C. Minos Youngii (C. Arthurianum pulchellum X C. Spiccrianum), a large flower, upper petal striped and tinted as in C. Spicerianum, bronzy lower petals and pouch. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 97 The Midwinter Flower Show. The Midwinter Show was held on February 24 and took the place of the Spring Show, which was once one of the most important of the year. It was much below the average. Roses and carnations were badly missed. There was only one entry for roses, and many classes were not filled, and in others no competition. William Whitman (Martin Sullivan, gardener) was the principal exhibitor of bulbous plants and in some classes the only one. It is very gratifying to state that, as usual, his exhibits were of a high standard of merit. His best hyacinths were Garibaldi, pink; La Grandesse, white; and King of the Blues. Of tulips, Joost van Vondel, white; Mon Tresor, yellow; Duchess of Parma, orange; Pink Beauty and Proserpine, rose; Couleur Cardinal, red; Van de Neer, purple; Keizerkroon, red and yellow. Mr. Whitman's Collection of Narcissi included, among Trumpets, Emperor, Golden Spur, Horsfieldii, Mme. de Graaf, Princeps Maximus, Trumpet Maximus, Vanilla, and Victoria. Medium Trumpets were, Barri Conspicuous, Barri Flora Wilson, Incompara- bilis Autocrat, Incomparabilis Beauty, Incomparabilis Sir Watkin, Incomparabilis Princess Mary. Of the Leedsii type, Leedsii Duchess of Brabant, L. Katherine Spurrell, L. Minnie Hume, and L. Mrs. Langtry. A. W. Preston (John L. Smith, gardener) put up a neatly arranged display of spring flowering plants, including Indian azaleas, Acacia hctcrophylla, Primula obconica, Erica mclanthera, marguer- ites, Narcissii, Cinerarias, palms, tulips, and Schizanthus. W. P. Harvey, gardener to J. R. Leeson, Newton Center, showed an extra fine specimen of Cymbidium Tracyanum and was given a Cultural Silver Medal. The plant had 15 spikes with 167 open flowers. The flowers are brown striped, with a marbled-yellow lip. R. & J. Farquhar & Co. had some new plants from China, includ- ing Clematis montana rubens, with light pink flowers and handsome bronzy foliage. Also, a dwarf flowering cherry {Prunus Cerasus Wilson i) with white flowers. It promises to be a distinct and showy plant for the front of the shrubbery border. 98 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Primula ubconica from Mr. Lothrop Ames of North Easton was distinctly good, as were also Cyclamens from William Whitman. Dr. C. G. Weld showed a neat specimen of Dendrobium virginale. From Mrs. Frederick Ayer (George Page, gardener) came nice specimens of hardwooded plants. Noteworthy among them were Acacia luicrophylla, A. verticillata, Erica melanthera, E. Caffra, and E. meditteranea. An extra fine specimen of E. melanthera was awarded a Cultural Certificate. Mrs. J. L. Gardner had some very nice specimen Cinerarias. Ernest B. Dane (Donald McKenzie, gardener) made a superb exhibit of Cypripediums, among which were the following: C. aurcum Rex, rare, bronze sepals, petals and pouch, upper petal pink; C. aurcum Oedippe, larger and deeper colored than the preceding; C. Mandiae magnificum (C. Lawrencianum Hyeanum X C. Callosum Sandcrac), in character of flower it was fairly inter- mediate between the two. It had handsome tassellated and mottled foliage, a distinct feature; C. aureum virginale X Acteus, a dwarf grower, flowers large, petals pink, upper petal light buff pink, beautiful; C. Gay Gordon X (Lady Wimborne and Thom- sonianum, a bronzy flower, peculiar; C. Venus (C. niveum X insigne Sanderae), flowers nearly white, finely dotted with violet. March Exhibitions. March 5, John McFarland was awarded a Silver Medal for a seedling orchid — Cattleya John McFarland — (C. Dowiana X C. Lawrenciana) , the last named showed distinctly in the cross. Later in the season Mr. McFarland showed another seedling from the same parents which showed decidedly different characteristics. At the National Flower Show held in Mechanics Building, March 25 to April 1, the Massachusetts Horticultural Society awarded three Gold Medals, and six Silver Medals for the most meritorious exhibits there. A Gold Medal was awarded W. A. Manda of South Orange, New Jersey, for a magnificent display of tropical plants. The group included excellent specimens of Encephalortos pungens glauca, Anthurium Andrcana, A. Brownii, A. Rcynoldiana, and REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 99 A. carneum. There were 15 species and varieties of Dracaenas, including D. Rothiana, D. Mandaiana, D. Bronze Beauty, D. Shepherdii, D. Lindeni, D. Victoriae, D. Godscffiana, D. Youngii, D. Dr. Smith, and D. Black Beauty; Ficus pandurata, Pandanus Sanderiana, Bougainvillea Harrisii, Anglaonema Roebeliana, Phyllo- tacnium Lindeni, P. magnificum, Cyathca medullaris, Cibotium Scheidii, Cibotium glaucum, Polypodium Mandaianum, Polypodium aureum, Davallia Mooreana, Platycerium Alcicone, var. biformis, Platycerium Hillii var. Major, Nephrolepis exaltata in many varie- ties, Kentia Canterbury ana, K. Mandaiana, K. Aurescens, K. Bclmorcana, K. Fosteriana, Rhapis flabelliformis, R. humilis, Phoenix Roebelinii, R. rupicola, Licuala grandis, Chamaedora elegans, Levistonia rotundifolia, Latania Borbonica, Cocos plumosus, C. Bonnetti, Areca luteseens, and A. Vcrschaffcltii. A Gold Medal was awarded Thomas Roland for a grand display of hardwooded plants. The collection was especially rich in Acacias, including A. affinis, A. armata, A. cult rif or mis, A. pendula, A. Bailey ana, A. cordata, A. dealbata, A. grandis, A. hispidis- sima, A. lineata, A. longifolia, A. longifolia, var. magnified, A. ornata, A. paradoxa, A. pulchella, A. pubescens, and A. floribunda. Among Heaths were Erica melanthera, E. cupressina, E. codo- nodes Veitchii, E. urceolaris, E. ventricosa, E. ventricosa major, E. ventricosa magnified, E. persoluta alba, and E. pcrsoluta rosea. A Gold Medal was awarded R. & J. Farquhar & Co. for a Dutch Garden. All the accessories required were present, even to the Dutch attendant in sabots. It certainly was a beautiful picture and did James Farquhar and his assistants great credit. The main feature was Dutch bulbous plants, which were admirably set off by the use of foliaged and other flowering plants. A Silver Medal went to Clement Newbold of Germantown, Pennsylvania, for two immense specimens of Azalea indica — alba and Iveranna. A Silver Medal to Professor Sargent for a unique display of hybrid Imantophyllums. A Silver Medal to Thomas Roland for a Rose Garden. This was most effectively done by the use of trellises, arbors, flower beds, and neat paths. Among the varieties of Rambler roses used were: Lady Gay, Crimson Rambler, Dorothy Perkins, White Dorothy 100 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Perkins, Hiawatha, American Pillar, Mrs. W. A. Richardson, Paradise, and Baltimore Belle. Among bushy kinds were Mrs. Cutbush, Baby Rambler, Perle d'Or, Mignonette, Catherine Ziemet, Clothilde Soupert, Hermosa, Irish Elegance, and Amy Muller. A Silver Medal was given M. H. Walsh for a collection of speci- men Rambler roses. This was an unusually fine exhibit and did great credit for the excellent way the plants had been prepared, were transported, and held throughout the exhibition; not least of all was the fact, that of all the varieties shown, eighteen were raised by the exhibitor. Here follows a list of the varieties in Mr. Walsh's exhibit : Arcadia, Celeste, Coquina, Delight, Excelsa, Hiawatha, Kalmia, Lady Blanche, Lady Gay, Lucile, Milky way, Minnehaha, Maid Marion, Mrs. M. H. Walsh, Paradise, Summer Joy, Troubadour, and Winona. A Silver Medal went to Mrs. Frederick Ayer (George Page, gardener) for a display of Acacias and heaths. The group was neatly staged and was a great attraction. Acacias were A. paradoxa, A. pulchella, A. Drurn/mondii, A. longifolia, A. hybrida, and A. hcterophylla. Ericas were E. arborea, E. persoluta alba, E. urccolaris, E. melanthera, and E. meditteranea. Sidney Hoffman was awarded a Silver Medal for a miniature Topiary Garden which was well worked out and at the same time forming a very cosy retreat. May Exhibition. On May 20 the Messrs. Farquhar made an attractive display of May-flowering tulips and narcissi. They also showed a new Campanula per sicif alia called Fairy Queen; white and said to be a continuous bloomer; also Lilium myriophyllum which received Honorable Mention. It has a large white flower with a yellow throat. This is one of the best of several new lilies collected by Mr. E. H. Wilson in China. The Arnold Arboretum sent a large collection of spring-flowering shrubs, including lilacs, Halesia, Forsythias, Spiraeas, Deutzias, and Azalea Kaempferi. Fancy Pelargoniums shown by William Whitman included REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 101 Purity; Alice Love, light rosy pink; Duke of Fife, red and white tinted; Linda, salmon-red; and two pretty seedlings. Mrs. John L. Gardner also had some nice specimen Fancy Pel- argoniums. Among them were, Mandarin, light pink; Satanella, deep pink; Duchess of Teck, deep salmon-red, and Maid of Honor, white. Among Mr. Whitman's Zonal Pelargoniums were Richmond Beauty, red, with white shadings; Sidar, red; Claire Frenot, light pink; Jacquire, crimson; and Prince Olaf, light pink. Edward A. Clark (Alex McKay, gardener) showed some extra good specimens of herbaceous Calceolarias; also the small yellow- flowered C. rugosa. The new hybrid C. Stuarti was shown by Dr. C. G. Weld (Wm. C. Rust, gardener). Dr. Weld exhibited a seedling Laelio-CaMleya (Hyeana X L.-C. Canhamiana). It looked like a very fine form of Cattleya Lawrenceana. A very fine specimen of Cattleya citrina from Miss Cornelia Warren (H. Stuart, Gardener) received a Cultural Certificate. Mrs. J. L. Gardner made a neat stand of orchids with Cattleya Skinneri, C. mossiae, Cypripediums, Masdevallias, and others. Mrs. E. M. Gill showed cut flowers — Alyssum, sweet peas, marguerites, stocks, lilacs, lily of the valley, and petunias. Mrs. Frederick Aver had a very fine specimen of Oncidium sphace- lation; Edward A. Clark, American Beauty roses; and Dr. C. G. Weld a specimen Hydrangea hortensis; A. W. Preston was awarded a Silver Medal for an extra fine plant of Hydrangea Otaksa. The Blue Hill nurseries showed an instructive lot of cut lilac blooms. Among them were Michel Buchner, blue; Marie Lemoine, white; Belle de Nancy, reddish, white tinted; Souvenir Ludwig de Spath, red, blue tinted; Mme. Briot, violet; Souvenir Louis de Thibaut, blue; Obelisque, white; Mme. Abel Chatenay, white; Marleyense, blue; Frau Bertha Damman, white; President Carnot, blue, red tinted; Mine. Casimere, white; President Grey, blue; Charles Joly, deep purple; Mine. Leon Simon, blue; Mira- beau, deep purple; and De Marley, light blue. 102 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS June Exhibitions. June 10 was the date set for the Rhododendron and Peony Show. Peonies formed the bulk of the flowers shown and were in excellent condition, considering the unfavorable weather. A Vote of Thanks was made to AY alter Hunnewell and a gratuity to Mrs. J. L. Gardner for displays of rhododendrons. R. & J. Farquhar & Co. was awarded a Silver Medal for a select lot of peonies. William Whitman and Mrs. J. L. Gardner also had meritorious displays of peonies. E. J. Shaylor of Weston, was awarded a Gold Medal for "present and previous exhibits of peonies, and for high culture, and correct nomenclature." This was a well-merited honor. The Harvard Botanic garden, Robert Cameron, superintendent, had an interesting tank of water lilies. Among them were, Nym- phaea aurora, X. Gladstoniensis , X. Marliacea var. albida, X. Marliacea rosea, X. Marliacea chromatella, X. Marliacea carnea, and X. Robinsonii. Wilton Lockwood of South Orleans showed the new and rare peony, L'Esperance; F. J. Rea, a new herbaceous aster, Beaute Parfaite, which is as near sky blue, as could be imagined; and the Messrs. Farquhar a collection of tree peonies. A Cultural Certificate went to J. T. Butterworth of Framingham for a splendid specimen of Cattleya Mendelii var. Morganiana, and a Bronze Medal for a very fine specimen of Miltonia rexillaria. The Langwater Gardens, Wm. N. Craig, Superintendent, showed three seedling orchids: Cattleya Loddigesii X Laelia purpurata. All showed the cross distinctly. Two had white sepals and petals with magenta lip and yellow throat; the other, suffused pink sepals and petals, and yellow throat. A Silver Medal was awarded Walter Hunnewell for seedling Laelio-Cattlcya Wellesleyana {Laelia elegans X Cattleya Mossiae Wineckiana; whole flower pure white excepting a faint line of violet purple on the throat. The Rose Show was held on June 24. It was much below the average. But for Miss Fay and M. H. Walsh of Woods Hole, it would hardly have been worth the name. Peonies again were KEPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 103 the most important feature. Messrs. Shaylor, Farquhar, Whitman, and the Thurlow Company were the largest contributors. For roses the prize for the best three blooms, white, was won for Frau Karl Druschki; best three blooms, pink, Mrs. John Laing; best three blooms red, Ulrich Brunner; best new Hybrid rose offered since 1900, Frau Karl Druschki. Hybrid Tea roses were shown by Miss S. B. Fay; and the best were Antoine DeVoire, rosy flesh; Avoca, velvety crimson; Caroline Testout, satiny rose; Betty, coppery rose; Mme. Abel Chatenay, carmine rose, shaded salmon; La France, light pink; La Tosca, soft pink, shaded rose and yellow; Miss Cynthia Ford, rose pink; and Killarney, pink. Among Miss Fay's best Hybrid Perpetual roses were Heinrich Schultheis, soft pink; Hugh Dickson, crimson; Mrs. R. G. S. Crawford, rosy pink; Merveille de Lyon, white, shaded rose; Jubilee, very deep maroon; Prince Arthur, crimson; Ulrich Brunner, red; Mrs. John Laing, pink; Urania, deep red; Mme. Gabriel Luizet, pink; Margaret Dickson, white; Perfection des Blanche, white; and Marie Baumann, red. The Messrs. Farquhar had some unusually fine peonies, including Richardson's Perfection, light pink; L. B. Hayes, pink; Baron Schroeder, white; Albotre, white; Dorchester, light pink; Mare- chal Vailliant, deep pink; Henry Fourth, white; Claire Dubois, light pink. Among Mr. Shaylor's superb collection were Rosa Bonheur, Tourngalle, Milton Hill, Marie Lemoine, Emperor Nicholas, Mme. Galhau, Asa Gray, Model of Perfection, and Richardson's Rubro Superba. The Messrs. Farquhar showed herbaceous flowers: Pentstemons, Heuchera sanguinea, Hemerocallis flava, Oenothera speciosa, Spiraea Excelsior, Campanula glomerata, C. persicifolia alba, C. persicifolia Moerheimii, Canterbury bells, Lychnis chalcedonica, Coreopsis (jrandifiora, Digitalis ambigua, and Astilbe chinensis. J. T. Butterworth sent some well-grown orchids — Cattleya Mendelii X Brassavola Digbyana, chrome yellow, sepals and petals suffused with purple; Cattleya Gaskellmna X Harrison i alba, light mauve sepals and petals, pale yellow throat, very pretty; this hybrid did not appear to resemble either parent; Laelia purpurata 104 REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS X Brassavola Digbyana, sepals and petals light mauve, yellow throat. Mrs. Gill made an attractive display of cut flowers. July Exhibitions. On July 1 Mrs. Dolbear of South Braintree exhibited some pretty seedling Crimson Rambler X R. Wichuraiana roses, and William Whitman collections of seedling larkspurs and Japanese iris. The Sweet Pea Show came on July 15. Owing to extremely hot weather sweet peas generally were a failure. There were only two competitors and both were from Taunton. The best white variety appears to be Gladys Unwin; best light pink, Countess Spencer; blue, Navy Blue; lavender, Flora Norton; crimson, George Washington; orange, Helen Lewis; orange red, King Edward. The Messrs. Farquhar again showed the beautiful IAlium myriophyllum, this time from the open ground. It is different from any lily hitherto introduced, is perfectly hardy, and promises to be a distinct and valuable acquisition. The Messrs. Farquhar had also a display of herbaceous flowers including Tritonias, Silphium perfoliatum, Anihemis tinrtoria, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, AscJepias tuberosa, Lathyrvs latifolius White Pearl, Centaureas, Rudbeckias, Delphiniums, Hemerocallis aurantiaca major, II. lateola, and a selection of choice Japanese irises. Mrs. Gill made a display of sweet peas, hollyhocks, peonies, Delphinium, Phloxes, Asclepias, roses, Gypsophila paniculata, and dahlias. Dr. Harris Kennedy of Milton received Honorable Mention for an exhibit of the Japanese method of displaying iris. It was simply dishes of water with lead holders made in the shape of small turtles. The beauty of the arrangement was in being able to give any alignment to the flower stems desired for effect. On Saturday, July 22, the Messrs. Farquhar exhibited one of Wilson's Chinese lilies. It has been named in honor of the Far- REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 105 quhars, LiMum Farqukari. It is a remarkably robust-growing species, six to seven feet high, carrying six to ten flowers, six or seven inches long, and the same across the face. The flowers are white with greenish bands on the outside, tips shortly recurved, and the flower is strongly scented. A Silver Medal was awarded. August Exhibitions. On August 12, Walter Hunnewell was awarded a Silver Medal for seedling Cattleya Waban (C. Warneri X C. gigas). Flowers very large, sepals and petals light rose, lip crimson-purple, sweet scented, handsome. August 19. This was a good show. The Messrs. Farquhar had an excellent display of herbaceous flowers and the color effect was good. It included the following species and varieties: Rudbeckia Golden Glow, Campanula persici- folia alba, Rudbeckia speciosa, Hemerocallis luteola, a lovely pale yel- low flower, Li/thrum Salicaria roseum, Helianthns rigidus, Callirhoe inwlucrata, Statice Gmelifii, Aconitum autumnale, Boltonia latis- quama, Lilium speciosum, Monarda mollis, Rudbeckia purpurea, Clematis Davidiaua, Euphorbia corollata, Veronica longifolia, V. subsessilis, Liatris pyenostachya, Heuchera sanguined, Vernonia novaeboracensis, Pentstemon barbatus Torreyi, Coreopsis lanceolata, Campanula pyramidalis, Calimeris incisa, and Calluna vulgaris, called sometimes Scotch heather. Besides these this firm also showed some of their new lilies from China, including what was called Lilium leucanthemum. This is a robust-growing species from China, introduced by collector Wilson. It was first shown by Walter Hunnewell of Wellesley, who had specimens seven feet high, with ten to twelve flowers which open buff, later changing to white. A botanical examination has proved it a distinct species and it has been named in honor of Mrs. C. S. Sargent. They also made a fine display of Lilium auratum, L. Batemanae, and L. Henryi; other Chinese plants, not hitherto exhibited, were a yellow-flowered Clematis, unnamed; Clematis althnsifolia, white; and C. ligusti- folia, also white. A First Class Certificate was awarded R. & J. Farquhar & Co. 10G MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY for a new Viola cornvia var. inn-puna. The flowers were a rich purple, and it promises to be a valuable bedding variety. A table of herbaceous phloxes, and Lilium tigrinum came from William Whitman, and also a very effective one of mixed flowers, mostly annuals — Zinnias, marigolds, Scabios, sunflowers, Celosia, Antirrhinums, and Rudbeckia Golden Glow. The T. C. Thurlow Company showed herbaceous phloxes; the best were Mme. Meuret, Le Pole du Nord, Le Soleil, Mine. Papa Carpentier, Saison Lierval, Stellas Choice, Elizabeth Camp- bell, Mme. Paul Dutree, Baron von Devan, B. Comte, Brunette, and Le Feu de Monde. Mr. Whitman's phloxes were, La Candeur, white; Le Feu de Monde, red; Le Soleil, rose; Richard Wallace, white, pink eye; Stellas Choice, white; L'Esperance, lilac; R. P. Struthers, salmon-red; Aglae Adamson, white, red eye; Charles Darwin, salmon-pink; La Neige, white; and Mme. Meuret, red. F. J. Rea had some promising new and unusual phloxes — An- toine Mercie, white; Dawn, delicate, pink; Gen. Chanzy, scarlet; M. Langier, salmon-pink; and Richepin, white. Mrs. E. M. Gill had a table of annuals — dahlias, phloxes, larkspurs, petunias, and marigolds. Mrs. J. L. Gardner's table of annuals is one of the features of every August show. It was admirably set up and attracted a good deal of attention. Among them were stocks, asters, zinnias, Helichrysum, marigolds, Indian pinks, Scabios, candytuft, Phlox Drummondii, portulaccas, Matthiola bicomis, Nigella Miss Jekyll, Celsosia, and several others. Mr. Montague Chamberlain of Groton made an extensive display of new and rare gladioli; Rajah, crimson, was awarded a Silver Medal; Niagara, buff, a First Class Certificate. Besides the above, Mr. Chamberlain had Glory, cream colored; Laconia, bright pink; Margaret, crimson; Mrs. F. King, bright red; Sul- phur King; Canary Bird; Baron Hulot, purple; Reine Blanche, white; Isabel, white, suffused pink; Princeps, bright red; Margot von Quaita, white, with pink tips; Dora Krais, buff pink; Europa, white; I lohenstaufen, white, pink markings; Wild Rose, pink and white; Meteor, deep orange; Dawn, salmon pink; and Mrs. Frank Pendleton, salmon-pink, suffused white, crimson blotch. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 107 W. P. Lothrop of East Bridgewater showed a very fine orange- colored Cactus dahlia named Lothrop 's Seedling and was awarded a First Class Certificate. September and October Exhibitions. September 8. What was once the Autumn Show of stove and greenhouse plants is now the Dahlia Show. The Schedule calls for herbaceous plants and Tea roses. There were no entries for these and very few herbaceous flowers among the general displays. There was a good exhibition of dahlias, but the blooms generally were not up to the average. The committee has always had some difficulty in judging the classes of Show, Fancy, and Decorative. All three classes run one into the other and they can be graded all the way. It is possible to have Show and Fancy on the same plant, by " sporting." The typical Decorative flowers open more at the tips of the florets than they should for admission properly into the Fancy class, yet some varieties come so near this class, that it is hard to find a place for them. It was suggested by several of the dahlia fanciers at the exhibition that this variation in the Decorative varieties be made the basis for a class by themselves. As stated above, Show and Fancy blooms often grow on the same plant and these two should be merged. B. Hammond Tracy of Wenham had an artistic display of gladi- oli, including the very best grown and several seedlings of his own. Among Mr. Tracy's best were America; Augusta, white; Blue- jay; Daybreak; Dawn; Fireside; Gil Bias, salmon-rose; Har- vard, red; Independence, rose-pink; Isaac Buchanan, yellow; Kathryn, orchid-flowered, rosy heliotrope with white throat and veinings, a most beautiful variety; Mme. Butterfly, yellow, flecked with rose; Maiden Blush; Mephistopheles; Mrs. Beecher, rosy crimson; Mrs. Lancashire, cream; Mrs. Francis King, flame pink; Niagara, yellow; and Princess Sandersoni, white, pencilled crimson. The new and distinct Gladiolus primulinus, said to be a native of South Africa, was on exhibition, and received Honorable Men- tion. 108 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The Messrs. Farquhar received Honorable Mention for a display of garden lilies, including L. Henryi, L. spcciosum, L. auratum, and some of the new Chinese kinds. Mrs. Frederick Aver had a fine specimen tree fern, Cibotium Schcidii, as well as a neat lot of other ferns and Crotons. William Whitman received a gratuity for a handsome display of cut flowers, including asters, Celosia, gladioli, sunflowers, Heleniums phloxes, zinnias, and marigolds, set off with tall grasses. Mrs. E. M. Gill had a pretty table of cut flowers — dahlias, marguerites, phloxes, roses, clematis, petunias, and sunflowers. J. K. Alexander's general display of dahlia blooms was very large and attractive. It occupied six tables. J. H. Flint of Salem received a First Class Certificate for a handsome Decorative dahlia — light pink, salmon shaded, named Dorothy Flint; and Honorable Mention for a new red Show variety, named Hetta. George B. Gill was awarded Honorable Mention for a handsome maroon-colored Cactus dahlia named Mrs. E. M. Gill, and Forbes and Keith of New Bedford were awarded a First Class Certificate for a rose-pink seedling Cactus dahlia named Endymion. Both these Cactus dahlias are of the highest type, and are considered by experts quite an achievement for American raisers. Cactus dahlias do not come easily. A First Class Certificate was awarded Walter Hunnewell for Laelio-Cattleya Gottoiaua var. Wellesley&nsis which may be described as a very fine dark-colored form of L. C. Gottoiana; the parentage is Lai Ha tenebrosa X Cattleya Warneri. On October 7 John McFarland of North Easton showed a new seedling Cattleya — C. Lawrenciana X C. Dowiana; sepals and petals lavender, lip unusually large, much curled and twisted, in the way of Brassavola Digbyana, although it did not have the fringe characteristic of a Digbyana cross. It had however, its greenish-yellow throat. As orchid parentage is becoming so much entangled, it is difficult to tell what will come of any crosses made. It was a distinctly handsome specimen and a Silver Medal was awarded. REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON PLANTS AND FLOWERS 109 The Chrysanthemum Show. November 9-11 was the date set for the annual Chrysanthemum Show. The only trained specimen plants shown came from the estate of Thomas E. Proctor of Topsfield. Col. Harry E. Converse of Marion had the only short-stemmed specimen blooms. Mrs. E. A. Clark showed long-stemmed blooms in the Society's vases, and was the principal exhibitor of large blooms. The W. W. Edgar Company of Waverley had some very good blooms of Major Bonaffons. James Nicol of Quincy exhibits every year for Henry A. Gane Memorial Premium. This prize was left by the late H. A. Gane of West Newton for exhibits of Mrs. Jerome Jones and its sports. This variety was raised by Mr. Gane. It is a very handsome white-flowered Japanese variety. Mr. Ni col's blooms have always been of a high standard of merit and this season the committee awarded him a Cultural Silver Medal. Among Mr. Proctor's specimen plants was a very fine specimen of a new single white variety raised at Topsfield and named Emmy Lou. To this a First Class Certificate was awarded. The best of the long-stemmed blooms were Mrs. Wm. Hankey, Pink; Mrs. Jerome Jones, White; Major Appleton, yellow; Beatrice May, white; Rose Pocket, bronzy; and Morrison, red. William H. Elliott's commercial plants were excellent, including Jos. H. White, white; John Shrimpton, red; Ethel Robinson, pink; Clinton ChafFaut, yellow; Garza, white; Savannah, yellow; Mme. Perrin, pink; Dr. Enguehard, pink; and H. L. Sunderbruck, yellow. There was a large variety of single-flowered chrysanthemums. The multiplication of names given to these is perplexing and it is a mistake to give every little variation a name. The prize for the best arranged group of flowering and foliaged plants went to Edward MacMulkin. The plants used were palms, ferns, Pelargoniums, chrysanthemums, Crotons, Abutilons, Acaly- phas, Cypripediums, Cattleyas, bay trees, rubber plants, Pandanus, Antirrhinums, and Grevilleas. The W. W. Edgar Company also competed for the same prize. 110 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY They had if anything better plants, but their arrangement was not so good. Their plants included, Ardisias, palms, Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, bay trees, Cibotiums, Boston ferns, Adiantums, Cycla- mens, Azaleas, Poinsettias, Crotons, chrysanthemums, oranges, Aspidistras, Dracaenas, Phoenix, Ficus pandurata, Araucaria exceha, Marantas, and Cocos Weddelliana. Thomas Roland sent a neat lot of commercial plants — oranges, Begonia Glorie de Lorraine and the white variety, Boston ferns, Cibotiums, Pandanus, heaths, Acacias, Crotons, Araucarias, Dracaenas, Ficus, and Ardisias. Carnations came from Strout & Co. Biddeford, Maine. Besides the standard varieties there was a new one named White Wonder. A. A. Pembroke of Beverly had a general collection of carnations of high quality, and one salmon-pink seedling named Beverly. E. S. Webster of Chestnut Hill (William Downs, gardener) showed two new Begonias of exceptional merit — Winter Cheer, carmine, and Elatior, cerise-pink. It is difficult to trace the parentage of these handsome winter-flowering hybrids, but evi- dently Begonia Socotrana and some shrubby, possibly some tuber- ous (B. bolivensis) species enter into their make up. Another distinct-looking Begonia of allied character was shown by E. H. Wetterlow, gardener to Mrs. Lester Leland of West Manchester. The parentage of this is B. incarnata X a tuberous variety. It shows B. incarnata distinctly and has the large crim- son flowers of some tuberous variety. A. N. Pierson of Cromwell, Connecticut, and S. J. Reuter of Westerly, Rhode Island, showed blooms of the improved White Killarney rose. From a commercial point of view we should consider it an improvement. Mr. Pierson sent also rose Killarney Queen, a beautiful shade of pink. C. H. Totty of Madison, New Jersey, showed his new rose Sun- burst, a tawny yellow, about the shade of the Gloire de Dijon rose. A First Class Certificate of Merit was awarded Duncan Finlayson of the Weld Garden for a new Cattleya — C. bicolor X C. labiata, violet sepals and petals, deep maroon lips, handsome. Wheeler & Company of Waban made a strikingly beautiful display of orchids. All his plants were specimens, including AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 111 Oncidium varicosum Rogcrsii, Phalacnopsis amabilis, Cypripedium Harrisonianum, Cattleya labiata and Cattleya labiata alba, Brassavola acaulis, Miltonia Morelliana, Cypripedium Charlesivorthii, Dendro- bium formosiun, and Oncidium tigrinum. Paul de Nave of Fall River had good plants of Cattleya labiata, C. Trianae, C. Bowringiana, Miltonia Roezelii, Cypripedium insigne Sandcrae, Dendrobiumformosum, Oncidium triumphans, and Odonto- glossum grande. Mrs. Frederick Ayer showed good specimens of Phoenix Rocbelini, Caryota urens, and Rhapis flabclliformis. J. T. Butterworth & Son of South Framingham had some nice Cattleyas, hybrid Laelio-Cattleyas, Vanda caerulea, Oncidiums, and Phalaenopsis. H. H. Barrows & Son of Whitman put up a neat table of the com- pact form of the Whitman fern which is one of the many forms of the so-called Boston fern Nephrolcpis cxaltata. William Sim of Cliftondale put up an attractive display of Tri- mardeau pansies. The table decorations, as usual, attracted a good deal of atten- tion. Opinions were almost equally divided between Sidney Hoffman's and Edward MacMulkin's tables. Hoffman's table was a symphony of yellow and bronze, but rather heavy. Mac- Mulkin's white Garza and yellow Pompon chrysanthemums, and better balanced. W. T. Walke of Salem, made an attractive pyramid of Gloire de Lorraine Begonias and ferns. PRIZES AND GRATUITIES AWARDED FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS. 1911. January 7. Gratuity: — Mrs. J. L. Gardner, Cattleya Trianae (cut flowers), Eranthemum pul- chellum, and Cactus-flowered Cineraria, $3. 112 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY January 14. Gratuity: — William Whitman, group of Chinese Primulas, $5. Midwinter Flower Show. February 24, 25, and 26. Primula Kewensis. — Six plants in not less than seven-inch pots: 1st, Winthrop Ames, $5; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Aver, $3; 3d, Winthrop Amos, $2. Primula .stellata. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots: 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3. Primula obconica hybrids. — Six plants in not less than six-inch pots: 1st, Winthrop Ames, $6; 2d, Winthrop Ames, $3; 3d, Mrs J. L. Gardner, $2. Cyclamens. — Twelve plants in not over seven-inch pots (commercial growers excluded) : 1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10; 3d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $6. Six plants in not over ten-inch pots: 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15. Hyacinths. — Six pans not exceeding ten inches in diameter, six bulbs of one distinct variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10. Single pan not exceeding twelve inches in diameter, with nine bulbs of one variety: 1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $4; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $3. Early Tulips. — Six eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one distinct variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $10. Three eight-inch pans, nine bulbs of one variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $6. Narcissuses. — Collection of Large Trumpet varieties, six eight-inch pans, one distinct variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, William Whitman, $12. Collection of Short Trumpet varieties, six eight-inch pans, one distinct variety in each: 1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $12. General Display of Spring Bulbous Plants. — All classes, to be arranged with foliage plants: 1st, William Whitman, Silver Medal and $25; 2d, William Whitman, $20. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 113 Forced Bulbs (For amateurs only). — Six pans six inches in diameter, grown without the aid of a frame or greenhouse: 1st, Miss M. A. Rand, $5; 2d, Miss M. A. Rand, $4; 3d, H. L. Rand, $3. Orchids. — Specimen plant: 1st, Dr. C. G. Weld, $6; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $4. Roses. — Vase of twenty-five blooms of any red variety, arranged for effect : 2d, Montrose Greenhouses, Richmond, Bronze Medal. Gratuities: — William Whitman, display of Primula obconica and P. kewensis, $5. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Acacia heterophylla, two plants, $6. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, collection of Cinerarias, $6. A. W. Preston, display of spring flowering plants, $20. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, display of hard-wooded plants, $15. William Sim, display of Sweet Peas and Violets, $10. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display, $3. National Flower Show. March 25 to April 1. W. A. Manda, display of tropical plants, Gold Medal. Thomas Roland, group of Acacias and other plants, Gold Medal. R. & J. Farquhar & Co., Dutch garden, Gold Medal. C. B. Newbold, Azalea indica alba and A. indica Iveranna, Silver Medal. C. S. Sargent, collection of hybrid Imantophyllums, Silver Medal. M. H. Walsh, collection of Rambler Roses, Silver Medal. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, collection of Acacias and Heaths, Silver Medal. Thomas Roland, Rose garden, Silver Medal. Sidney Hoffman, Formal garden, Silver Medal. C. S. Sargent, specimen Imantophyllum, First Class Certificate of Merit. May Exhibition. May 20 and 21. Calceolarias. — Six varieties in pots: 1st, E. A. Clark, $15. Pelargoniums. — Six named Show or Fancy varieties, in not less than eight-inch pots, in bloom: 114 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 1st. William Whitman, $10; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $6; 3d, William Whitman, $4. Six named Zonale varieties, in bloom: 1st, Winthrop Ames, $8. Gratuities: — E. A. Clark, Calceolarias, four plants, $2. William Whitman, display of Zonale and Fancy Pelargoniums, $5. Dr. C. G. Weld, Hydrangea hortensis, six plants, $5. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Orchids, $15. George Page, specimen orchid, Onddium spliacelatum, $3. Blue Hill Nurseries, collection of Lilacs, $5. George Page, Iris Florentina and cut Lilacs, $3. E. A. Clark, vase of American Beauty Roses, $2. Dr. C. G. Weld, vase of Darwin Tulips, $1. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of annuals and other flowers, $4. Rhododendron Exhibition. June 10 and 11. Orchids. — Display of twenty-five plants, in not less than four genera, arranged for effect with foliage plants, in a space eight feet by five feet: 1st, J. T. Butterworth, $25; 2d, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $15; 3d, J. T. Butterworth, $10. Gratuities: — Mrs. J. L. Gardner, display of Rhododendrons, $3. T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., display of Peonies, $10. William Whitman, collection of Peonies, $8. Mrs. J. L. Gardner, " " " $8. J. T, Butterworth, display of Orchids, $3. Harvard Botanic Garden, display of Water Lilies, $10. William Whitman, display of Palms and Canterbury Bells, $3. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $5. awards for plants and flowers 115 Rose, Peony, and Strawberry Exhibition. June 24 and 25. Theodore Lyman Fund. Hardy Roses. — Collection, named, not less than twenty varieties filling fifty vases, one rose in each vase: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $20. John C. Chaffin Fund. Best three blooms of any white Hybrid Perpetual Rose: 1st, Robert Seaver, Frau Karl Druschki, $5. Best three blooms of any pink Hybrid Perpetual Rose: 1st, Robert Seaver, Mrs. John Laing, $5; 2d, Robert Seaver, Mrs. R. G. Sharman-Crawford, $3. Best three blooms of any red Hybrid Perpetual Rose: 1st, Robert Seaver, Ulrich Brunner, $5; 2d, Robert Seaver, Gen. Jacqueminot, $3. Best three blooms of any new Hybrid Perpetual Rose not offered in any American catalogue previous to 1900: Robert Seaver, Frau Karl Druschki, $10. Society's Prizes. Hybrid Perpetual, twelve named varieties, three of each: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $12. Six named varieties, three of each: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $6; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $4. Six named varieties, one of each: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3. Best collection of Hybrid Tea Roses, not less than twelve varieties, three blooms each: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $15. Best three blooms of a variety introduced since 1905 : 1st, Robert Seaver, J. B. Clark, $3. Six blooms of Frau Karl Druschki : 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2. 116 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Six blooms of Mrs. R. G. Sharman-Crawford: 1st. Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, \V. J. Clemson, $2. Six blooms of Margaret Dickson: 1st. MissS. B. Fay, $3. Six blooms of Ben Cant : 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3. _ Six blooms of any other variety: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $3; 2d, J. T. Butterworth, $2. General display, one hundred bottles of Hardy Roses, named, in the Society's racks: 1st, Miss S. B. Fay, $15. Sweet Williams. — Display, eighteen vases, not less than six varieties: 1st, William Whitman, $3; 2d, George Page, $2; 3d, William Whitman, $1. Herbaceous Peonies. — Collection of twenty or more named varieties, double, one flower of each : > 1st, T. C. Thurlow'sSons Co., $12. Collection of twelve named varieties, double, three flowers of each: 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $12. Specimen bloom, double: 1st, William Whitman, $2; 2d, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $1. Collection of six named varieties, double, white, one flower of each: 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $3. Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, pink or rose : 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., Grandiflora, $5. Vase of twenty-five blooms, double, red or crimson : 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., Marechal Vaillant, $5. Campanula Medium. — Collection, not less than fifteen bottles: 1st, William Whitman, $4; 2d, George Page, $3. Delphiniums. — Display, twelve spikes, in twelve different varieties, named : 1st, William Whitman, $8. Gratuities: — W. J. Clemson, display of Hybrid Roses, $5. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of Roses and other flowers, $8. Miss Cornelia Warren, three plants in bloom of Oncidium flexuosum, $3. William Whitman, display of herbaceous flowers, $8. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 117 July 1. Gratuity: — William Whitman, display of seedling Delphiniums and Japanese Iris, $15. Sweet Pea Exhibition. July 15 and 16. Sweet Peas. — Display of thirty distinct named varieties, filling thirty vases, twelve sprays of one variety in each vase : 1st, W. J. Clemson, $8. Best twelve varieties, named, six sprays of each: 1st, Frederick Mason, $3. Fifty sprays, any named white variety: 1st, Frederick Mason, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2. Fifty sprays, light pink or blush : 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3. Fifty sprays, rose colored: 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3. Fifty sprays, blue or purple : 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3. Fifty sprays, lavender: 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, Frederick Mason, $2. Fifty sprays, red or crimson: 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3. Fifty sprays, orange or salmon: 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3; 2d, W. J. Clemson, $2; 3d, Frederick Mason, $1. Fifty sprays, any other color: 1st, W. J. Clemson, $3. Gratuities: — Frederick Mason, collection of Sweet Peas, $6. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $5. August 19 and 20. Perennial Phloxes. — Twelve named varieties, one truss of each: 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $8; 2d, William Whitman, $6. General display, in not less than thirty vases, named: 1st, T. C. Thurlow's Sons Co., $6; 2d, F. J. Rea, $5; 3d, J. K. Alex- ander, $3. 118 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Gladioli. — Twelve named varieties, one spike of each: 1st, Montague Chamberlain, $5; 2d, Montague Chamberlain, $3; 3d, J. K. Alexander, $2. Display of named and unnamed varieties filling one hundred vases, arranged for effect with any foliage: 1st, Montague Chamberlain, $8; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $6. China Asters. — Display of large flowered of all classes, named, not less than fifty vases, three flowers, in each: 1st, William Whitman, $6. Annuals. — General display, named, not less than thirty species, filling not less than one hundred vases: 1st, Mrs. J. L. Gardner, $10. Gratuities: — William Whitman, display of Herbaceous Phloxes, $5. W. P. Lothrop, display of cut Dahlias, $3. William Whitman, display of annuals and perennials, $8. George Page, display of foliage plants, $8. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut flowers, $4. General Autumn Exhibition. September 8, 9, and 10. Dahlias. — Show, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $3. Show, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. P. Lothrop, $3; 2d, Mrs. L. A. Towle, $2; 3d, Mrs. L. M. Towle, $1. Fancy, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4. Fancy, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. P. Lothrop, $3; 2d, Mrs. L. A. Towle, $2; 3d, J. K. Alexan- der, $1. Cactus, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, J. K. Alexander, $4. Cactus, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. P. Lothrop, $3; 2d, W. D. Hathaway, $2; 3d, Forbes & Keith, $1. Decorative, twenty-four blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. D. Hathaway, $4. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 119 Decorative, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, W. P. Lothrop, $3; 2d, J. K. Alexander, $2; 3d, Forbes & Keith, SI. Peony-flowered, twelve blooms, named varieties: 1st, Forbes & Keith, $3. Pompon, twenty-four vases of three blooms each, named varieties: 1st, J. K. Alexander, $4. Pompon, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties: 1st, Mrs. L. A. Towle, $3; 2d, W. P. Lothrop, $2. Single, twelve vases of three blooms each, named varieties: 1st, J. K. Alexander, $3. Largest and best collection of named varieties, one vase of each : 1st, Mrs. L. M. Towle, $8. Gratuities: — J. K. Alexander, display of Dahlias, $20. W. D. Hathaway, " " " $5. Mrs. L. A. Towle, " " " $5. G. B. Gill, " " " $3. Mrs. L. A. Towle, vase of Asters, $1. R. N. Lister, Celosia magnified, $2. William Whitman, display of cut flowers, $15. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, collection of Crotons and Ferns, $15. Mrs. E. M. Gill, general display, $5. Chrysanthemum Show. November 9, 10, 11, and 12. Flowering and Foliage Plants. — Best arranged group covering three hundred square feet: 1st, Edward MacMulkin, $50; 2d, W. W. Edgar, $35. Orchids. — Best table of Orchids, both plants and flowers, six or more genera, accurately named: 1st, Wheeler & Co., $50; 2d, Paul de Nave, $40; 3d, J. T. Butter- worth, $30. Chrysanthemums. — Four specimen plants, any color or class : 1st, T. E. Proctor, $60. Twenty-five plants, commercial specimens, in not less than six varieties, in not over eight-inch pots: 1st, W. H. Elliott, $30; 2d, W. H. Elliott, $20. Twelve plants, single-flowering sorts, not less than three varieties: 1st, H. E. Converse, $15. 120 MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Six plants, of six different varieties, grown to six stems with one bloom to each stem, in seven-inch pots: 1st, -Mrs. Lester Leland, $10; 2d, Mrs. Lester Leland, $8. Best Chrysanthemum plant on exhibition: T. E. Proctor, Silver Medal. Kentia. — Two plants eight feet high or over: 1st, William Whitman, $15; 2d, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $12. Areca. — ■ Two tubs, one or more plants in a tub, eight feet or over in height: 1st, Mrs. Frederick Ayer, $15; 2d, William Whitman, $12. Henry A. Gane Memorial Fund. Chrysanthemums. — For the best vase of blooms of the Mrs. Jerome Jones or the Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones: 1st, James Nicol, Mrs. Jerome Jones, $20; 2d, James Nicol, Yellow Mrs. Jerome Jones, $10. Society's Prizes. Twelve blooms, Japanese Incurved, named: 1st, H. E. Converse, $8. Twelve blooms, Reflexed, named : 1st, H. E. Converse, $8. Twelve sprays or branches of Pompon, distinct varieties: 1st, E. K. Butler, $5; 2d, P. B. Robb, $3; 3d, P. B. Robb, $2. Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Pink, named: 1st, James Nicol, $10; 2d, E. A. Clark, Wm. Duckham, $8. Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Red, named: 1st, E. A. Clark, Morrison, $10. Vase of ten blooms on long stems, White, named: 1st, E. A. Clark, Beatrice May, $10. Vase of ten blooms on long stems, Yellow, named : 1st, E. A. Clark, Mrs. Wm. Duckham, $10; 2d, E. A. Clark, Col. D. Appleton, $8. Vase of ten blooms on long stems, any other color, named : 1st, E. A. Clark, Rose Pockett, $10. Twelve vases, Singles, twelve distinct varieties, six cut sprays each, not disbudded: 1st, George Page, $10; 2d, W. A. Riggs, $6; 3d, H. E. Converse, $4. Best decoration of Chrysanthemums for table of ten covers: 1st, Edward MacMulkin, $40; 2d, Sidney Hoffman, $30; 3d, Mrs. E. M. Gill, $20. Best vase of seventy-five Chrysanthemum blooms in the Society's large China vases: 1st, E. A. Clark, $40; 2d, W. W. Edgar Co., $30; 3d, W. W. Edgar Co., $20. AWARDS FOR PLANTS AND FLOWERS 121 Gratuities: — Thomas Roland, display of flowering and foliage plants, $25. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, six Decorative Palms, $8. W. A. Riggs, vase of Chrysanthemum Major Bonaffon, $15. William Whitman, display of Palms and Chrysanthemums, $10. Mrs. E. M. Gill, display of cut Chrysanthemums, $8. Mrs, Frederick Ayer, six vases of cut single Chrysanthemums, $3. Strout & Co., collection of Carnations, $10. A. A. Pembroke, five vases of Carnations, $5. Mrs. Francis Peabody, specimen plants of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $5. W. I. Walke, artistic display of Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $20. James Wheeler, three vases of Antirrhinums, $3. W. W. Edgar Co., display of Cyclamen and Begonia Gloire de Lorraine, $12. Mrs. Frederick Ayer, Variegated Pineapple, $1. A dditional A wards . Gold Medal. June 10. E. J. Shaylor, collection of Peonies. Silver Medals. January 7. Weld Garden, superior culture of Calanthes. " " E. B. Dane, Cypripedium X Merlin magnificum. " 21. Walter Hunnewell, seedling Laelio-Cattleya Clancyana (L. elegans X C. Minucia). February 24. W. P. Harvey, Cymbidium Tracyanum. March 4. John McFarland, unnamed seedling orchid (Cattleya Dowiana X C. Lawrenceana) . May 20. A. W. Preston, specimen Hydrangea horlensis. June 10. R.